CT j? 4» CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 189I BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Date Due ||U «w> ■fMt#l)> '" *W i t;-"lO ,l U 195F"-'* U MET 2* '** - — ■ #&» y &r£ i \ 23 233 Cornell University Library CT119 .M5 1899 Men and women of the time: a dictionary olin 3 1924 029 787 136 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 9240297871 36 MEN AND WOMEN OE THE TIME 5Hbl%. MEN AND WOMEN OF THE TIME A DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARIES FIFTEENTH EDITION REVISED AND BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME VICTOR G. PLARR, MA. Oxon. LIBRARIAN OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OP SORGEONS OP ENGLAND LONDON GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, Limited Broadway, Ludgate Hill 1899 /V \^ut Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson 6* Co. At the Ballantyne Press THE EDITOE'S PKEFACE TO THE FIFTEENTH EDITION THE^Fifteenth- Edition of "Men and Women of the Time" contains 1560 new. biographies. Very many of the old lives have been re-written or greatly extended, and the volume is longer than its predecessor by nearly three hundred pages. It is, therefore, no exaggeration to speak of it as almost one half new. The Editor in his long labour of love has had much encouragement from his many correspondents, notably from experts in biography, whose candid estimate of " Men and Women of the Time," especially in its connection with the "Dictionary of National Biography," has been in the nature of a vote of confidence in the book. He desires to offer his sincere thanks to these gentlemen, and to couple with them all those who have assisted in the work of production. Especially is the Editor indebted to the late Mr. Edmund Routledge, whose sudden and pathetic death occurs on the eve of publica- tion, and who in 1898 gave him much advice and assistance, particularly in the compilation of lists of new biographies, and allowed him to make use of his well-known "Book of the Year," and the materials employed in its compilation; to his venerable friend Sir John Simon, K.C.B., for permission to use a privately circulated pamphlet ; to Mr. Auberon Herbert, ex- Governor Eyre, Dr. Haffkine, Mr. James Knowles, and a number of others, for important but hitherto unpublished matter ; to Mr. Mackenzie Bell for a revision, from personal knowledge, of the life of Mr. Swinburne; to the Rev. R. C. Fillingham for personally interviewing Count Okuma on behalf of the book ; to his American Editor, Dr. Winkelmann, for Transatlantic memoirs and additions; to Mr. Payen-Payne, and his collaborator, Mr. Holford Knight, for undertaking all lives, both new and old, of foreign celebrities ; to Mr. C. R. Hewitt, of the Royal College of Surgeons' Library, for memoirs of soldiers, sailors, and such statesmen as Lords Salisbury and Rosebery, of Mr. Cecil Rhodes, Dr. Jameson, and leading members of the Royal Family; and to Mr. F. W. Walton, M.A., Librarian of King's College, London, for various biographies and considerable sub-editorial assistance. The book has necessarily been long in the press, and it has therefore been found impossible to note some of the changes of the last nine or ten PREFACE months in their proper places. Among these mention should be made of Mr. Justice BucknilFs elevation to the Bench, and Sir Joseph Russell Bailey's elevation to the Peerage as Lord Glanusk, under which title he should properly appear. Sir Henry Hawkins also should be under "Baron Brampton," Sir L. Alma-Tadema, R.A., should appear as a Knight, and Prof. Sir Michael Foster as a K.C.B. (both created June 1899). Sir David Barbour's recent services and honour should have been mentioned, as also Sir Godfrey Lushington's G.C.M.G. (June 1899), and the G.GB.'s of General Sir Robert Biddulph, Admiral the Hon. Sir E. R. Fremantle, and Admiral Sir John Ommaney Hopkins (June 1899), while to the name of Sir F. M. Hodgson the birthday honour of K.C.B. should have been added, and Earl Beauchamp's appointment to be Governor and Commander-in-Chief of New South Wales in succession to Viscount Hampden (January 1899), and his creation to be K.C.M.G. should also have been recorded. Dr. William Selby Church became President of the Royal College of Physicians, London, in March 1899, Dr. Lewis-Lloyd of Bangor is deceased, the young Duke of Albany, as heir-apparent to the Grand-Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was taken by his mother, H.R.H. the Duchess of Albany, to complete his education in Germany (August 1899), and Maitre Labori was dangerously wounded on his way to the daily sitting of the Rennes court-martial (August 15). A short Appendix at the end of the book contains lives unavoidably omitted in the body of the work, in which the memoir of Jules Ferry should not, of course, appear. The List of Assumed Names has been doubled, and the Classified Index has been entirely re-cast, care having been taken to repeat individual names under all the necessary categories. A Subject Index, such as that attached to Mr. Boase's dictionary of deceased celebrities, would undoubtedly have added to the value of a work which is a storehouse of historical details as well as of biographies. The Editor sometimes thought of compiling such an Index, but found that even a scanty one would have proved inordinately long. The reader who is in search of movements rather than of men will doubtless know under what names to look for his facts, e.g., for "Lancet Commission" see "Twining, Louisa," and for "Jamaica Revolt" see "Eyre." During the passage of " Men and Women of the Time " through the press the following have died :— Latimer Clark, F.R.S. (Oct. 30, 1898), Prof. George James Allman, F.R.S. (Nov. 24, 1898), John Barrow, F.R.S. (Dec. 1898), William Black (Dec. 10, 1898), Sir William Anderson, K.C.B. (Dec. 11, 1898), General M. Annenkow (Jan. 22, 1899), Harry Bates, A.R.A. (Jan. 30, 1899), the Rev. C. A. Berry (Jan. 31, 1899), Count Caprivi (Feb. 6, PREFACE 1899), the Right Hon. Sir J. W. Chitty (Feb. 15, 1899), the Right Hon. Sir George F. Bowen, G.C.M.G. (Feb. 21, 1899), Dr. A. K. H. Boyd (March 1, 1899), J. R. Bulwer, Q.C. (March 4, 1899), Hon. S. J. Field (April 9, 1899), Major-General Sir J. Alleyne, K.C.B. (April 23, 1899), the Duke of Beaufort (April 30, 1899), F. K. 0. L. Biichner (May 1, 1899), Einilio Castelar (May 25, 1899), Prof. W. G. Blaikie (June 11, 1899), H. Wollaston Blake (June 27, 1899), Victor Cherbuliez (July 1, 1899), Sir William H. Flower, K.C.B. (July 1, 1899), Sir Alex. Armstrong, K.C.B. (July i, 1899), Prof. Banister Fletcher (July 5, 1899), Richard Congreve (July 5, 1899), P. C. Chesnelong (July 1899), the Right Rev. C. Graves (July 17, 1899), and the Right Rev. Daniel Lewis-Lloyd (Aug. 1899). Mention of these names will be found in the Obituary, which has been brought down to the end of July 1899. Some 370 biographies have, in fact, lapsed out of Edition Fifteen. But though the average of distinguished mortality in the period 1895-99 has been less than in that between 1891-95, scantier losses have been well-nigh counterbalanced by the importance of those lost. One need only cite at random such names as Bismarck, Gladstone, Alphonse Daudet, Lord Leighton. The death of Mr. Gladstone, whose biography was the lengthiest in the book, removes one of the survivors of the 1st Edition of "Men of the Time," published in 1852. These survivors now only number seven. They are Queen Victoria, the Emperor of Austria, the Prince de Joinville, the Duke of Argyll, Mr. T. Sidney Cooper, R.A., Mr. Frederick Goodall, R.A., and Mr. Philip James Bailey, author of "Festus." Kensington, August 1899. KEY TO ASSUMED NAMES, &C. 1 Pseudonym. Name. Pseudonym. Name. Albani, Madame Madame Gye. Enotrio Romano Giosue' Carducci. Alexander, Mrs. Mrs. Annie Alexander Fane, Violet . Lady P. W. Currie. Hector. Farren, Nellie . Mrs. R. Soutar. Aling Frau Alice Liebling. Garrett, Edward Isabella Fyvie Mayo. Anderson, Mary Mdme. Antonio de Glouvet, Jules de Jules Quesnay de Navarro. Beaurepaire. Arnaud, Arsene Jules Claretie. Goddard, Arabella . Mrs. Davison. Bab William Schwenck Gould, Bernard Bernard Partridge. Gilbert. Gray, Maxwell Miss M. G. Tuttiett. Barker, Lady . Lady Broome. Green, Anna Katha- Bartet, Mdme. Jeanne Julia Reg- rine Mrs. Charles Rohlfs. nault. Greenwood, Grace . Sara Jane Lippincott. Bateiuan, Kate Greville, Henry Alice Marie Celeste Josephine Mrs. George Crowe. Durand. Belloc, Marie Guilbert, Yvette Madame Schiller. Adelaide Mrs. Lowndes. Gyp. Comtesse de Martel Besieged Resident H. Labouchere. de Janville. Bickerdyke, John C. H. Cook. Historicus Rt. Hon. Sir W. Har- Boldrewood, Rolf Thomas Alex.Browne. court. Bon Gaultier . Sir Theodore Martin. Hobbes, John Oliver Mrs. Craigie. Braddon, Miss Mrs. John Maxwell. Hope, Anthony Anthony Hope Haw- Breitmann, Hans Charles Godfrey Le- kins. land. Hyacinthe, Father Pere Loyson. Brynjolf Bjarme Henrik Ibsen. Ignatius, Father Rev. Joseph Leycester Byr, Robert Karl Emmerich Lyne. Robert Bayer. Ik Marvel D. G. Mitchell. Caran dAche . Emanuel Poire 1 . Iota . . . . Mrs. Mannington Carle Victorien Sardou. Caffyn. Carmen Sylva Elizabeth, Queen of Iron, Ralph Olive Schreiner (Mrs. Roumania. Cronwright- Carolus-Duran Charles August e Sm- Schreiner). ile Durand. Istria, Princess Dora Princess von Koltzoff- Centurion Sir Graham J. Bower. d' . Massalsky. Cerito, Fanny . . Mdme. St. Leon. Jaff, Pierre P. F. de Rodays. Claudius Clear Dr. Robertson Nicoll. Jopling, Louise Mrs. Rowe. Cleeve, Lucas Mrs. Kingscote. Kendal, Mr. . William Hunter Ken- Columbine J. F. H. Fouquier. dal Grimston. Coquelin Aine Benolt Constant Coq- Kendal, Mrs. . Mrs. Kendal Grim- uelin. ston. Coquelin Cadet Ernest Alexandre H. Kennedy, Kevin W. P. Ryan. Coquelin. Lamber, Juliette Mme. Edmond Corno di Bassetto GeorgeBernard Shaw. Adam. Dagonet . George Robert Sims. Lee,' Vernon . Violet Paget. Dalmacond . George Macdonald. Loti, Pierre Julien Viaud. Daly, Frederic. . Louis F. Austin. Lucca, Pauline Mdme. Wallhoffen. Daryl, Sidney . . Sir Douglas Straight. Luke Limner . John Leighton. Dilke, Mrs. Ashton . Mrs. Russell Cook. Lyall, Edna Ada Ellen Bayly. Dowie, Menie Muriel Mrs. Norman. Mabon William Abraham. Duncan, Sarah M'Grath, Terence Henry Arthur Blake. Jeanette . Mrs. Everard Cotes. M'Kenzie, Marian Mrs. Smith-Williams. Eames, Emma . Mme. Emma Eames Maclaren, Ian . Rev. John Watson. Story. Macleod, Mrs. Alick Mrs. Frederick Egerton, George . Mrs. Clairmonte. Martin. Emery, Isabel Wini Madge Mrs. Humphry. fred . Mrs. Cyril Maude. Marryat, Florence Mrs. Francis Lean. Englishman in Paris Albert "Dresden Van- Mathers, Helen Mrs. Henry Reeves. dam. Melba, Nellie . Mrs. Armstrong. 2 This list contains only such assumed names, &c, as are mentioned in the text of the work. KEY TO ASSUMED NAMES, &c. Pseudonym. Merriman, Henry Seton . Miller, Joaquin Murray, Alma . Nauticus . Nauticus . Neilson, Julia Neruda, Mme. Norman Nestor Nilsson, Christina Nordica, Mme. Novello, Clara Ogilvy, Gavin . 0. K. Oldcastle, John O'Bell, Max Oscar Frederick Osman Digna -. . Ouida Fatti, Adelina Pen Oliver Petit Bob Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart . Philistine, The Poel, William . Rejane, Madame Q • . . Q. E. D. . Rapier Redspinner Ristori, Adelaide Rives, Amelie . Name. Hugh S. Soott. C. H. Miller. Mrs. Alfred Forman. Wm. Laird Clowes. Owen Seaman. Mrs. Fred. Terry. Lady Halle. F. F. H. Fouquier. Countess of Miranda. Mme. Doehme. Countess of Gigliucci. J. M. Barrie. Mme. Olga Novikoff. W. Meynell. Paul Bloue't. Oscar II. of Sweden and Norway. Osman Ali. Louise de la Ramfe. Baroness Cederstrom. Sir H. Thompson. Comtesse de Martel de Janville. Mrs. Herbert D. Ward. John Alfred Spender. William Pole, jun. Madame Porel. A. T. Q. Couch. Lady Colin Campbell. Alfred E. T. Watson. William Senior. Marquise del Grille Mrs. Amelie Chanler. Pseudonym. Robertson, Mary F. Robins, Elizabeth Rochester, Mark Rorke, Kate Ross, Adrian . Samarow, Gregor Schreiner, Olive Showman i Scrutator Sigerson, Dora Silent Member, The Spectator Sterling, Antoinette Swift, Benjamin Sylva, Carmen Terry, Kate Thackeray, Anne Isabella Theodoras Thomas, Annie Toby, M.P. Twain, Mark . Vanbrugh, Violet Vasili, Count Paul . Warden, Florence . Winter, John Strange Woolgar, Sarah Jane Name. Mme. Darmesteter. Mrs. C. E. Raimond. William Charles Mark Kent, Mrs. James Gardner. Arthur Reed Ropes. J. F. M. 0. Meding. Mrs. Cronwright- Schreiner. John Latey. Canon Malcolm Mac- coll. Mrs. Clement Shorter. John Latey. Arthur Bingham Walkley. Mrs. JohnMacKinlay. William Romaine Paterson. Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania. Mrs. Arthur Lewis. Mrs. Richmond Ritchie. James Bass Mullinger. Mrs. Pender Cudlip. Henry W. Lucy. Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Mrs. Arthur Bour- chier. Mdme. Edmond Adam. Mrs. James. Mrs. Arthur Stannaid. Mrs. Mellon. MEN AND WOMEN OF THE TIME ABBAS PACHA, Khedive of Egypt, K.G.C.B., is the eldest son of the late Tewfik Pacha. He was born on July 14, 1874, and succeeded his father in January 1892, when he was eighteen years of age. He had previously studied with his brother, Mehetnet Ali, at the Theresianum Aca- demy, in Vienna, and was still there at the time of his father's death. He studied law and politics, for which he displayed great aptitude. Prince Abbas Pacha was made Hon. K.G.C.B. by the Queen in 1892. His attitude towards Great Britain is not considered a friendly one, he having early in 1893 substituted statesmen of anti- English sympathies for those appointed by England. Lord Cromer remonstrated with him, and the Khedive was persuaded to compromise ; but he is still not really friendly towards England. In July 1893 he paid a visit of homage to the Sultan of Turkey. In 1895 a daughter was born to him in his harem, and he afterwards married the mother. ABBE, Cleveland, born in New York City, Dec. 3, 1838, is the son of George Waldo Abbe and Charlotte Colgate, both natives of the United States of America, and of purely English ancestry. The earliest American ancestry of this family was John Abbey, of Salem, Massachusetts, in 1637. Mr. Cleveland Abbe graduated in 1857 at the College of the City of New York, studied astronomy under Briinnow at the University of Michigan, 1859-60, also under Gould at Cambridge, Massa- chusetts, 1860-64, and under Struve at Poulkova, 1865 and 1866. He took the degree of A.B. 1857, A.M. 1860, LL.D. (Michigan University) 1889, Ph.D. 1892; was Director of the Cincinnati Obser- vatory, 1868-74, Professor of Meteorology in the Signal Service, and Assistant to the Chief Signal Officer, 1871 to 1891, and is now (1893) Senior Professor of Meteorology in the "Weather Bureau of the Department of Agriculture." He is a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, and of numerous other scientific societies in America and Europe ; author of "The Weather Bulletin of the Cin- cinnati Observatory," 1869 ; " Annual Summary and Review of Progress in Meteorology," 1873 annually to 1889; ' ' Report on the Signal Service Observa- tions of the Total Eclipse of 1878 " ; " Treatise on Meteorological Apparatus and Methods," 1887 ; "Preparatory Studies for Deductive Methods in Storm and Weather Predictions," 1890; "The Mechanics of the Atmosphere," 1891 ; and numerous smaller memoirs. He was Delegate to the International Convention of 1893 in Washington on Prime Meridian and Standard Time ; and to the International Conference of Meteorologists in Munich, 1891. As Meteorologist to the United States Scientific Expedition to the West Coast of Africa, 1889-90, he made the first extensive set of accurate observations at sea of the movements of upper and lower clouds — using a marine nephroscope devised by him for this purpose. ABBEY, Edwin Austin, R.A., R.I., was born April 1, 1852, at Philadelphia, U.S.A., and was a pupil of the Pennsyl- vania Academy of Fine Arts. In 1871 he began drawing for the publications of Harper Brothers. In 1876 he became a Member of the American Water- Colour Society. In 1878 he removed to England. He has illustrated the following works : " Selections from the Hesperides and Noble Numbers of Robert Herrick," 1882 ; "She Stoops to Conquer," 1887; "Old Songs," 1889 ; " Sketching Rambles in Holland," 1885 (in conjunction with G. H. Broughton, A.R.A.) ; "The Quiet Life," 1890 (in conjunction with Alfred Parsons). The following are his principal water- colour pictures: "The Stage Office," 1876 ; "The Evil Eye," 1877; "The Sisters," 1881; "The Widower," 1883; " The Bible Reading," 1884; "An Old Song," 1886; "The March Past," 1887; "Visitors," 1890. His oil-paintings are as follows: "May- A ABBOT— ABBOTT day Morning," exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1890 ; " Fiatnetta's Song," Royal Academy, 1891; "Richard III. and the Lady Anne," Royal Academy, 1896; "Hamlet," 1897; "'King Lear," "The Bridge," and "Rebecca and Rowena," 1898. Mr. Abbey was elected an Aca- demician in July 1898. He was elected Member of Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours in 1883, and received a second-class medal at the Munich Inter- national Exhibition in 1883, and a first- class medal at the Paris Exposition Uni- verselle, 1889. Address : Morgan Hall, Fairford, Gloucestershire. ABBOT, Lyman, D.D., son of the late Jacob Abbot, was born at Roxbury, Massachusetts, Dec. 18, 1835. He gra- duated at the University of New York in 1858 ; studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1856. After practising that profession for a short time he abandoned it for the study of theology, and was ordained a Congregational Minister in 1860. He was pastor of various churches until 1865, when he was appointed Secre- tary of the American Union (Freedmen's) Commission, a position retained by him until 1868. For a portion of this time he was also pastor of the New England Church in New York, but he resigned in 1869 to devote himself to literature and journalism. He had charge of the "Literary Record" in Harper's Magazine for several years, at the same time con- ducting the Illustrated Christian Weekly. Subsequently he was associated with Mr. Beecher in editing the Christian Union, now called The Outlook, of which he later became (and still is) the senior editor. On Mr. Beecher's death he was invited to fill temporarily the pulpit of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, and in 1889 was settled permanently over that church. In con- junction with his brothers Austin and Benjamin he wrote two novels, "Cone-cut Corners," 1855, and "Matthew Caraby," 1858, which were published under the pseu- donym of " Benauly, " formed from the ini- tial syllables of the authors' names. He is the author also of " Jesus of Nazareth, His Life and Teachings," 1869; "Old Testament Shadows of New Testament Truths," 1870; "A Dictionary of Bible Knowledge," 1872 ; "A Layman's Story," 1872 ; " Illustrated Commentary on the New Testament," 4 vols., 1875-87; "Life of Henry Ward Beecher," 1883; "For Family Worship," 1883 ; " In Aid of Faith," 1886; "Signs of Promise," 1889; "The Christian Workers," "Illustrated New Testament Commentary," 1895; "Chris- tianity and Social Problems," 1896 ; " The Theology of an Evolutionist," 1897 ; in addition to which he has published a number of pamphlets, among them "The Results of Emancipation in the United States," 1867; and has also edited two volumes of sermons of Mr. Beecher, and a selection from Mr. Beecher's writings, entitled "Morning and Evening Exer- cises," as well as "The Soul's Quest after God." The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the University of the City of New York in 1876, and by Harvard University in 1890. ABBOTT, The Rev. Edwin Abbott, D.D., son of Edwin Abbott, Head Master of the Philological School, Marylebone Road, N.W. Born on Dec. 20, in London, in 1838, he was educated at the City of London School (1850-57), and at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he became a Fellow (B.A., 7th Senior Optime and Senior in the Classical Tripos, 1861 ; first- class in Theological Tripos, 1862 ; M.A. 1864). He was Assistant Master in King Edward's School, Birmingham, from 1862 to 1864, and subsequently at Clifton Col- lege till 1865, when he was appointed Head Master of the City of London School. This school was at this time in Milk Street, Cheapside ; it now possesses sumptuous new buildings on the Embankment at Blackfriars, and under the Head Master's guidance has taken a position as one of the most efficient day schools in England. Dr. Abbott was twice Select Preacher at Cambridge ; Hulsean Lecturer in that University, 1876; also Select Preacher at Oxford, 1877. The Archbishop of Canter- bury conferred on him the degree of D.D. in 1872. Dr. Abbott has published the following theological works: "Bible Lessons," 1872; "Cambridge Sermons," 1875; "Through Nature to Christ," 1877; "Oxford Sermons," 1879; the article on "Gospels" in the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica ; and (in con- junction with Mr. W. G. Rushbrooke) "The Common Tradition of the Synoptic Gospels," 1884. His other works are a "Shakespearian Grammar," 1870; "Eng- lish Lessons for English People " (written in conjunction with Professor J. R. Seeley), 1871; "How to Write Clearly," 1872; "Latin Prose through English Idiom," 1873; "The Good Voices; or, A Child's Guide to the Bible," and "Parables for Children," 1875 ; an English Grammar, in two parts, entitled " How to Tell the Parts of Speech," and "How to Parse," 1875; an edition of Bacon's " Essays," 1876 ; "Bacon and Essex," 1877; a First Latin Book, entitled "Via Latina," 1880; "Hints on Home Teaching," 1883 ; " Francis Bacon, an Account of His Life and Work," 1885 ; and a First Latin Translation Book, entitled "The Latin Gate," 1889. Other works published anonymously, but subse- ABBOTT — ABDULKAHMAN quently acknowledged by Dr. Abbott, are "Philochristus," 1878 ; "Onesimus," 1882 ; " Flatland ; or, a Romance of Many Dimen- sions," 1884; and "The Kernel and the Husk," 1886. Dr. Abbott resigned the Head Mastership of the City of London School in 1889, and received a pension from the Corporation in 1890 ; since which he has published " Philomythus," 1891; " The Anglican Career of Cardinal New- man," 1892; a First Latin Construing Book, entitled "Dux Latinus," 1893 ; and "The Spirit of the Waters," 1897. Address: Wellside, Well Walk, Hampstead, N.W. ABBOTT, The B.ev. Professor Thomas Kingsmill, M.A., B.D., Litt. D., Librarian of Trinity College, Dublin, was born in Dublin on March 26, 1829, and educated at Trinity College, of which he became a Fellow in 1864, where he has held successively the Professorship of Moral Philosophy from 1867 to 1872, of Biblical Greek from 1875 to 1888, and, since 1879, of Hebrew. He is the author of various theological and philosophical works, having published, amongst others, " Sight and Touch ; an Attempt to Disprove the Berkeleian Theory of Vision," in 1864; "The Elements of Logic," in its third edition, in 1895; "Essays chiefly on the Original Texts of the Old and New Testaments," and "Short Notes on Some Epistles of St. Paul," in 1892 ; a " Com- mentary on Ephesians and Colossians," 1897 ; and a translation of Kant's "Ethics," with a Memoir and Kant's "Introduction to Logic." In 1880 he published a biblio- graphical work, "Par Palimpsestorum Dub- liniensium." He married in 1859 Caroline, daughter of the Rev. Joseph Kingsmill. Address : Trinity College, Dublin. ABD-UL-HAMID II., Sultan of Turkey, was born Sept. 22, 1842, being a younger son and the fourth child of Abd- ul-Medjid, the Sultan, who died in 1861. On August 31, 1876, he succeeded his brother, Mourad V., who was deposed, on proof of his insanity, after a reign of three months. Abd-ul-Hamid was solemnly girt with the sword of Othman in the Eyoub Mosque, Constantinople, on Sept. 7. He is a Turk and a Mussulman of the old school, and though without allies, he fought Russia rather than submit to any conditions which should bring about a disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. On April 21, 1877, Russia declared war against the Porte, and in February 1878, after the fall of Plevna and the passage of the Balkans, the Turks were compelled to sue for peace. Since the Treaty of Berlin, in 1878, the Sultan has shown no great anxiety to carry out the reforms, either in Europe or in Asia, which were therein stipulated, though in regard to Bulgaria and Eastern Roumelia he has been fairly loyal to that treaty. He was often praised by Lord Beaconsfield for his courage and ability ; but of late years he has been given over to the fear of assassination, and his dis- trust of his ministers is proverbial. He has been at various times under English, German, and Russian influence ; the last seems to be now prevailing, although his conduct towards Sir Philip Currie has been most flattering. The Sultan has never ceased to protest against the pro- ceedings of England in Egypt, and is believed to have secretly stimulated the rebellion of Arabi. His treatment of his Christian subjects in Armenia and Crete during the past three years has stirred up against him an almost universal feeling of contempt and execration. In August 1896 an outbreak took place in Constantinople itself, which resulted in the murder of thousands of Armenian Christians in the city. The Sultan was directly accused by the ambassadors of the Powers of having instigated the perpetration of this massacre. No further steps, however, were taken, and he succeeded in emptying the city of nearly 30,000 Armenians by expulsive measures. Amongst his own Turkish subjects the successful issue of the war with Greece, in the early part of 1897, has placed him on a more secure footing. On the occasion of the marriage of his daughter, the Princess Naime, in March 1898, the Sultan arranged that dinners should be given at his expense at different points throughout Constantinople, in order that rich and poor should share in the festivities. ABDTJLRAHMAN or ABDTJR- RAHMAH KHAN, Ameer of Afghani- stan, is a Barakzai, and was born about 1830. He is the eldest son of Afzul Khan, and nephew of the late Ameer Shere Ali. During the civil war in 1864 Abdurrahman played a leading part on the side of his father against his uncle, and gained several battles. The great victories of Shaikhabad and Khelat-i-Ghilzai were mainly due to his ability. He was entrusted with the Governorship of Balkh, where he made himself popular by his moderation, and by marrying the daughter of the chief of Badakshan. In 1868 he was unable, how- ever, to offer a successful resistance to his cousin, Yakoub Khan, son of Shere Ali, who defeated him at Bajgah, near Bamain, and also finally at Tinah Khan. Abdur- rahman then fled from the country, ulti- mately reaching Russian territory. General Kaufmann permitted him to re- side at Samarcand, and allowed him a pension of twenty-five thousand roubles a year. He remained in Turkestan until ABDY— A BECKETT 1879, when he slowly made his way through Balkh to the Cabul frontier, and in July of the following year he was for- mally chosen by the leading men of Cabul, and acknowledged by the British Indian Government, as Ameer of Afghanistan. It has been pointed out by an eminent orientalist, "that he not only occupies the throne by right of heredity and national election, but that he is also a religious Sunni ruler, who reigns over a ' God- given ' country by the consensus fidelium." He has still further strengthened this strong position by the firmness and vigour of his administration. From the British Government he receives a regular subsidy of £160,000 a year, with large gifts of artillery, rifles, and ammunition to improve his military force. On Dec. 26, 1888, he was shot at by a Sepoy at Mazar-i-Sherif, but without injury. In September 1893 the Ameer cordially received a British mission headed by Sir Mortimer Durand. His sympathies are British rather than Russian, and in letters written both before and after the Durand mission, to his friend Dr. Leitner, and published by the latter, he has expressed warm friendship for England. He suffered from a serious illness in the autumn of 1894, which caused considerable anxiety in England and India. He was made a G.C.S.I. in January 1894, and was invited by the Queen to visit England. Being, however, unable to come himself, he sent his second son, the Shazada Nasrullah Khan, who received a warm welcome, in 1895. He was sus- pected of conniving at the rising of the tribes along the Indo-Afghan frontier in July 1897, and he was requested by the Indian Government to prevent his subjects from participating in these revolts. His answer showed him to be thoroughly friendly to the British Government, and he gave further proof of this disposition when he refused in September to receive a deputation of Afridis which had set out for Cabul in order to beg for his aid against the English. ABDY, John Thomas, L.L.D., son of Lieut.-Colonel James Nicholas Abdy, was born July 5, 1822, and educated at the Proprietary School, Kensington, whence he proceeded to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated as Senior in the Civil Law Tripos in 1844. In 1847 he took the degree of LL.B., and was created LL.D. in 1852. In 1850 he was elected a Fellow of his college, and in January of that year was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple. For a short time he went the Home circuit, but subsequently chose the Norfolk circuit. In 1854 he was ap- pointed Regius-Professor of Civil Law in the University of Cambridge, and he held that office till the close of the year 1873. He is Lecturer on Law at Gres- ham College, London. In 1870 he was appointed Recorder of Bedford, and in the following year was promoted to be County Court Judge of Circuit No. 38. Judge Abdy has published "An Historical Sketch of Civil Procedure among the Romans," 1857; and an edition of "Kent's Commentary on International Law," 1866. In collaboration with Mr. Bryan Walker, M.A., he edited, translated, and annotated "The Commentaries of Gaius," 1870, and the "Institutes" of Justinian. He has retired from his judgeship, and in June 1898 was succeeded in the Recordership of Bedford by Mr. W. Russell Griffiths. A BECKETT, Arthur William, youngest surviving son of the late Gilbert Abbott a Beckett, the well-known metro- politan police magistrate and man of letters (a descendant of an old West country family), by his wife Mary Anne, daughter of the late Joseph Glossop, Esq., of the Hon. Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, was born at Portland House, Hammer- smith, Oct. 25, 1844, and educated at Honiton and Felstead schools. He entered the War Office, but left the Civil Service after three years' experience of it to be- come, at the age of twenty, editor of the Glowworm, a London evening paper. During ten years he edited with much success several weekly periodicals and monthly magazines. In 1870-71 he was special correspondent to the Standard and Globe during the Franco-German War. For the next two years he was private secretary to the Duke of Norfolk. Since 1874 he has been on the staff of Punch, to which periodical he has contributed, amongst other series, "Papers from Pump-handle Court, by A. Briefless, Junior " ; published in a separate volume in 1889. From 1891 to 1894 he was the editor of the Sunday Times. In 1897 he accepted the editorship of the Naval and Military Magazine. After serving for two years as Vice-President of the Newspaper Society, he was elected President for 1893-94 in succession to Sir Algernon Borthwick, Sir Charles Cameron, and Sir Edward Lawson. In 1898 he was elected Chairman of the London District of the Institute of Journalists. He is also a Member of the Council and Committee of Management of the Society of Authors, and an Hon. Member, "for distinguished services to journalism," of the Foreign Press Association. He is also a Captain (retired) of the 4th Battalion (Militia) of the Cheshire Regiment. Mr. a Beckett is author of several novels and of two three- act comedies, "L. S. D." and "About Town"; a domestic drama in one>act, "On Strike"; "Faded Flowers"; and "Long ABEL — ABEBDEEN Ago." He has also dramatised (in con- junction with the late Mr. J. Palgrave Simpson) his novel "Fallen among Thieves," under the title of "From Father to Sod." In 1887 he edited and in some parts re-wrote his father's "Comic Blackstone," originally published in 1845, bringing it up to date. Having, in 1881, been called to the Bar by the Hon. Society of Gray's Inn, in 1887 he was appointed Master of the Revels of that Society by H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, Treasurer, and the other Masters of the Bench, and in that office edited and produced "The Maske of Flowers " in the Hall of Gray's Inn, in honour of Her Majesty's Jubilee. The performance was repeated in 1891 at the Inner Temple, when Mr. k Beckett had the unique honour of being licensed by the Lord Chamberlain (the Earl of Lathom) "sole and responsible manager of the Inner Temple Hall Theatre " for the purpose. Mr. a Beckett married in 1876 Susannah Frances, daughter of the late Forbes Winslow, Esq., M.D., F.R.C.P., D.C.L. (Oxon.), and granddaughter of the late Captain Thomas Winslow, of the 47th Regiment, first cousin of Singleton Copley, Esq., R.A., the father of Lord Chancellor Lyndhurst. Mr. and Mrs. a Beckett have had four sons, two of whom survive. ABEL, Charles Nicolas, archaeologist and politician of Lorraine, was born at Thionville, Dec. 2, 1824, and was educated at the Lycee of Metz and at Paris, where he obtained the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1847. After the annexation of Lorraine in 1871, he was elected to the Reichstag in 1874, and protested with the other French deputies against the German occupation. Knowing little of German, he retired from Parliament in 1878, and in 1882 devoted himself entirely to his work on the local history of Lorraine, especially of the Moselle department. His chief works are : " Se'jour de Charles IX % a Metz," 1866 ; "Rabelais, me"decin stipendie' de la ville de Metz," 1870; "La Bulle d'Or a Metz," 1875 ; and in 1881 a collec- tion of his speeches was published. ABEL, Sir Frederick Augustus, K.C.B., D.C.L, F.R.S., was born in London in 1827, and is known principally in con- nection with chemistry and explosives. His published works are : " The Modern History of Gunpowder," 1866; "Gun Cotton," 1866; "On Explosive Agents," 1872; "Researches in Explosives," 1875; and "Electricity Applied to Explosive Purposes," 1884. He is also joint-author with Colonel Bloxam of a "Handbook of Chemistry." Sir Frederick Abel has been President of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians. He was Professor of Chemi- stry at the Royal Military Academy from 1851 to 1855, and was Chemist of the War Department from 1854 to 1888. In 1883 he was one of the Royal Commissioners on Accidents in Mines, and President of the Committee on Explosives from 1888 to 1891. He has been Organising Secretary of the Imperial Institute from 1887, and is at present also its Honorary Secretary and Director. He was President of the British Association at the Leeds meeting, 1890. He has also been President of the Iron and Steel Institute, Chemical Society, Institute of Chemistry, Society of Chemical Industry, Institute of Electric Engineers, and Chairman of the Society of Arts. He is Albert, Royal, Telford, and Bessemer Medallist. He was created C.B. in 1877, and Hon. D.C.L., Oxford, in 1883, and was made a KGB. in the same year. Addresses : 2 Whitehall Court, S.W. :' and Athenaeum. ABERCORN (Duke of), James Hamilton, K.G., Chairman of the British South Africa Company, was born in 1838, and succeeded his father, the first Duke, in 1885. He was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford (M.A.). He represented Donegal in the House of Commons for twenty years, 1860-80, and was Lord of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales from 1866 to 1886. Since the latter year he has been Groom of the Stole in the same household. He married in 1869 Lady Mary AnDa Curzon, daughter of the first Earl Howe. Addresses : 61 Green Street, W. ; Baronscourt, Newton Stewart, Ireland ; and Duddingston House, Edinburgh. ABERDEEN AND ORKNEY, Bishop of. See Douglas, The Hon. and Right Rev. Aethue Gascoigne. ABERDEEN, Earl of, the Right Hon. Sir John Campbell Hamilton- Gordon, G.C.M.G., born Aug. 3, 1847, is the grandson of the Earl of Aberdeen who was Prime Minister in 1854. He was educated at the College Hall, in connection with the University of St. Andrews, and at University College, Oxford, where he graduated M.A. in 1871. He was made LL.D. of St. Andrews in 1883, Hon. LL.D. of Queen's University (Ontario), M'Gill University, Ottawa, Toronto, and Laval in 1894, Hon. D.C.L. of the University of Bishops College, Lennoxville, in 1895, Hon. LL.D. of Princeton University in 1K97, and LL.D. of Harvard in June 1898. He suc- ceeded to the title on the death of his brother, Jan. 27, 1870. He entered the House of Lords as a Conservative, but in ABERGAVENNY— ACLAND the session of 1876 he disagreed with some of the principal measures of his party, and in 1878, when the Earls of Derby and Carnarvon resigned their offices, Lord Aberdeen heartily supported the views of these statesmen. In the debate on the Afghan war he voted against the government of Lord Beaconsfield. In 1875 he was a Member and subsequently Chair- man of a Royal Commission to inquire into the subject of Railway Accidents. In 1877-78 he was a Member of the Com- mittee of the House of Lords on Intem- perance. In 1880, having by that time become a recognised member of the Liberal Party, he was appointed Lord- Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire, and High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1881 and four succeeding years. In 1885 he was Chair- man of the Royal Commission on Loss of Life at Sea. In January 1886 he was ap- pointed by Mr. Gladstone Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, with the mission of carrying out the Home Rule policy of the Govern- ment. In this capacity he was immensely popular in Ireland, and the scene in Dublin on the occasion of the "leave-taking" after the fall of the Gladstone Cabinet in July, is said to have been such as had never been witnessed there' before, at least not since the departure of Lord Fitzwilliam in 1795. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1886. Subsequently Lord and Lady Aberdeen made a trip round the world, visiting India and the principal British Colonies. In May 1893 Lord Aberdeen was appointed Governor- General of Canada. Lord Aberdeen has been largely connected with various re- ligious and philanthropic associations, and is president of not a few such societies. Since 1891 he has been Vice-President of the Royal Colonial Institute. He was married in 1877 to Ishbel Maria, second and youngest daughter of the 1st Lord Tweedmouth, and has four children. Lady Aberdeen is well known for the interest she takes in all movements affectiDg the welfare of women and of the Irish peasantry. In July 1898 his retirement from the Governor-Generalship was an- nounced. Addresses : Government House, Ottawa ; Haddo House and Tarland Lodge, Aberdeenshire. ABERGAVENNY (Marquis of), Sir William Nevill, K.G., was born in 1826, and is the son of the fourth Earl of Aber- gavenny. He succeeded as fifth Earl in 1868, and was created Marquis in 1876. He is Lord-Lieutenant of Sussex. He married in 1848 Caroline, daughter of Sir J. V. B. Johnstone. Addresses • 64 Eccleston Square, S.W. ; and Bridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells. ABNEY, Captain William de Wive* leslie, C.B., D.C.L., E.R.S., was born at Derby on July 24, 1844, and is the eldest son of Canon Abney. He was educated at Rossall, and privately, and at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. He was appointed lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1861, and captain in 1873. He was formerly Instructor in Chemistry to the Royal Engineers, Chatham, and is now Director for Science in the Science and Art Department. He was President of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1893 to 1895, and of the Physical Society from 1895 to 1897. He was one of the scientific observers of the transit of Venus in 1874. His works are : "Instruction in Photo- graphy," 1870; "Treatise on Photography," 1875 ; " Colour Vision, Colour Measure- ment and Mixture," 1893; "Thebes and its Five Greater Temples," 1876 ; and "The Pioneers of the Alps," written in conjunction with C. D. Cunningham, 1888. He is the author also of many papers in the Philosophical- Transactions, and the Proceedings of the Royal Society and the Philosophical, Magazine. He obtained the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society in 1883 for his researches in photo- graphy and spectrum analysis. Addresses : Measham Hall, Leicestershire ; Rathmore Lodge, Bolton Gardens, South, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. ABRAHAM, Miss M. See Tennastt, Mes. ABRAHAM, William ("Mabon"), M.P. for the Rhondda Valley Division of Glamorganshire, was born in 1842, and is son of the late Mr. T. Abraham, a working miner, collier, and copper smelter. Edu- cated at Carnarvon village school, he has been a miners' agent from 1873 onwards, and in 1885 was returned to Parliament for the Rhondda Valley, retaining his seat ever since. He is Vice-President of the Mon- mouth and South Wales Mining Associa- tion, J.P. for Glamorganshire, and Member of the Royal Commission on Labour and Mining Royalties. He is prominently iden- tified with Labour questions, especially as they affect Welsh miners, and is a warm supporter of the Eistedfodd and all that it implies in the literary and social life of the Welsh. "Mabon" is Mr. Abraham's bardic name. Addresses : 6 Llewellyn Street, Pentre, Pontypridd ; and 8 Suffolk Street, S.W. ACLAND, The Right Hon. Arthur Herbert Dyke, M.A., M.P., late Vice- President of the Council of Education, is the third son of the late Right Hon. Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart., and was born in 1847. He was educated at Rugby and ACLAND Christ Church, Oxford, matriculating at the University in May 1866, and taking his B.A. degree in 1870 and his M.A. in 1873. He was ordained about this time, but after- wards retired under the Clerical Disabilities Relief Act of 1870. At Oxford he was for long a prominent don, having been ap- pointed successively Hon. Fellow and Senior Bursar of Balliol and Steward of Christ Church. His interest in economic questions and politics was always keen, and when at Christ Church, he gathered round him a group of similarly-minded dons and undergraduates, who were known as " The Inner Circle." From 1875 to 1877 he was Principal of the Oxford Military School at Cowley. In 1885 he entered Parliament as Liberal member for the Rotherham Division of Yorkshire, and has, since 1886, continued to represent that constituency as a Gladstonian. He has been very prominent, in Parliament and out of it, in promoting the cause of Inter- mediate and Technical Education, and in August 1892 was appointed Vice-President of the Council of Education, a position which he held till the change of Govern- ment in 1895. He is author of a " Hand- book Political History of England" and of "Working-men Co-operators." He married, in 1873, Alice Sophia, eldest daughter of the Rev. Francis Cunningham. Addresses : 28 Cheyne Walk, S.W. ; West- holme, Scarborough ; and Athenseum. ACLAND, Sir Charles Thomas Dyke, M.A., son of the late Right Hon. Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 11th Baronet, was born July 16, 1842, and succeeded to the baronetcy in May 1898. He was edu- cated at Bradfield, Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he obtained third-class hon- ours in Classics in 1866. He is a barrister, a Deputy Warden of the Stannaries, and was formerly Lieut. -Colonel of the 1st Devon Yeomanry Cavalry. He sat in Parliament as member for East Cornwall from 1882 to 1885, and represented North Cornwall from 1885 to 1892. He was ap- pointed a Church Estates Commissioner in 1886, and was Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade from February to August of the same year. He is a Justice of the Peace for Devon, Somerset, and Cornwall, is an Alderman of the Devon County Council, and has been Chairman of the Technical Education Committee of the Devon County Council from its beginning. He is besides a Vice-President of the Bath and West of England and Southern Counties Agricultural Society, and has acted on various occasions as chairman of the different committees of this society. In 1879 he was married to Gertrude, daughter of Sir John Walrond Walrond, Bart. Addresses : Holincote, Taunton ; Killerton, Exeter ; 50 Lennox Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaaum. ACLAND, Sir Henry "Wentworth, Bart., K.C.B., F.R.S., Emeritus Regius- Professor of Medicine in the University of Oxford; Radcliffe Librarian, Oxford ; Hon. D.C.L. of Cambridge, Edinburgh, Durham, and Hon. M.D. Dublin, OR Empire of Brazil, Member of various Medical and Scientific Societies in Athens, Christiania, and the United States, is the fourth son of the late Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, tenth baronet. He was born in 1815, and educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford, and was elected, in 1841, to a Fellowship at All Souls. He took the degree of M.D. at Oxford in 1848, having been appointed Lee's Reader in Anatomy in 1845. In that capacity, with several able assistants, especially Professors Beale, Victor Carus, Melville, and Mr. Charles Robertson, he made the extensive Christ Church Physio- logical Series, on the plan of John Hunter, now in the Oxford University Museum — an institution to the foundation of which Dr. Acland's labours contributed not a little, his aim being to lay the foundation, on the widest basis, of a complete study of the Kosmos in the old classical university. He published, in 1859, with Mr. Ruskin, a short account of the aims of the Museum in "The Oxford Museum," republished in 1894, with additions by Mr. Ruskin and himself. He became Regius-Professor of Medicine in 1858, and Radcliffe Librarian, and is Curator of the Oxford University Galleries and of the Bodleian Library. Ho was appointed a member of Mr. Gathorne Hardy's Cubic Space Commission in 1866, and of the Royal Sanitary Commission from 1869 to 1872. He represented the University of Oxford on the Medical Council from 1858 to 1875; has been President of the British Medical Associa- tion, of the Physiological section of the British Association, and of the Public Health section of the Social Science Asso- ciation. He published a treatise on " The Plains of Troy" in 1839, with a large care- ful drawing made on the spot in 1838. He has written several works on medical, scientific, and educational subjects, in- cluding an important sanitary work under the title of "Memoir on the Visitation of Cholera in Oxford in 1854," and another, called "Village Health," in 1884. He accompanied the Prince of Wales to America in 1860, and on his return was appointed honorary physician to his Royal Highness. Sir Henry Acland was also Physician to H.R.H. Prince Leopold dur- ing his Oxford career. From 1 870 to 1872 he was member of the Sanitary Commission, was President of the General Medical Council from 1874 to 1887, and was made ACTON — ADAM K.C.B. in 1884. He retired from the Regius-Professorship of Medicine in 1894. He married Sarah, daughter of the late William Cotton, D.C.L., F.R.S. She died in 1878, and the Sarah Acland Nursing Home at Oxford is founded in her memory. Addresses : Broad Street, Oxford ; and Athenaeum. ACTON (Lord), The Eight Hon. Sir John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, Bart., D.C.L., son of Sir Ferdinand Richard Edward Acton, Bart., of Alden- ham, Shropshire, by the only daughter of the Duke of Dalberg (afterwards wife of the second Lord Granville), was born at Naples in 1834, and when about three years of age succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father. For a few years he was a student in the Catholic College of St. Mary's Oscott, at the time when Dr. (afterwards Cardinal) Wiseman was at the head of that institution ; but his education was mainly due to the re- nowned ecclesiastical historian Dr. Dbl- linger, of Munich, with whom he lived for a considerable time. Sir John Acton re- presented Carlowin the House of Commons from 1859 to 1865. In the latter year he stood as a candidate for the borough of Bridgnorth, when he announced in a speech delivered to the electors that he repre- sented not the body, but the spirit of the Roman Catholic Church. He was success- ful at the poll by a majority of one, but on a scrutiny was unseated. In 1869, on the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone, he was created a peer of the United Kingdom by the title of Baron Acton of Aldenham. In the same year he repaired to Rome, on the assembling of the (Ecumenical Council, and while there rendered himself conspi- cuous by his hostility to the definition of the doctrine of Papal Infallibility, and by the activity and secrecy with which he rallied, combined, and urged on those who ap- peared to be favourable to the views enter- tained by Dr. Dollinger. It is believed that he was in relation with the AUgemeine Zeitung, and that much of the news pub- lished by that journal on the subject of the Council was communicated by his lordship. Lord Acton may be regarded as the leader of the "Liberal Roman Catholics," who are more or less out of accord with the traditions of the Holy See. He was the editor of the Home and Foreign Review, a trimestral periodical, commenced in 1862, and carried on till 1864, when it ceased to appear, having been condemned by the English Roman Catholic hierarchy. At a later date he edited the Chronicle, a weekly newspaper, which for want of adequate support had but a brief existence ; and still more recently he conducted the North British Review, formerly an organ of the Congre- gationalists, which expired under his man- agement. His lordship also published in September 1870 "A Letter to a German Bishop present at the Vatican Council" (Sendschreiben an einen Deutschen Bischof des Vaticanischen Coneils, Nordingen, Sep- tember 1870). This elicited from Bishop Ketteler, of Mayence, a spirited reply, which has been translated into English. His lordship zealously advocated the cause of Dr. Dollinger,hisformer preceptor, and of the "Old Roman Catholic" party; and, con- sequently, upon the occasion of the Jubilee of the University of Munich, in August 1872, the Philosophical Faculty conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor. In 1874 he rendered himself conspicuous by the prominent part he took in the con- troversy which was raised by the publica- tion of Mr. Gladstone's pamphlet on the Vatican Decrees. His lordship, in a series of letters to the Times, brought grave charges, against several of the Popes, although he said that there was nothing in life which he valued more than com- munion with the Roman Catholic Church. Lord Acton is the author of the article on " Wolsey and the Divorce of Henry VIII." in the Quarterly Review for January 1877. A French translation of Lord Acton's two letters on Liberty was published with a preface by M. de Laveleye, under the title of " Histoire de la Liberte dans l'Antiquite' et le Christianisme," 1878. One of his most recent publications is a reprint, en- titled " Lecture on the Study of History," 1895. In 1887 Lord Acton was made D.C.L. at Oxford, and in 1890 was elected to an honorary fellowship at All Souls' College, Oxford — a distinction shared only by Mr. Gladstone. He was made an Hon. LL.D. of Cambridge in 1888. In 1892 Lord Acton was appointed a Lord-in- Waiting, and remained so until 1895. Lord Acton married Countess Marie Arco-Valley in 1865. Addresses : Aldenham Park, Bridgnorth ; and Athenaeum. ADAM, Mme. Edmond, nie Juliette Lamher, was born at Verberie Oct. 4, 1836, the daughter of a doctor. She started writing in 1858 under her maiden name. She first married M. la Messine and afterwards M. Edmond Adam, deputy for the Department of the Seine ; he was Prefet de Police at the time of the Franco-German war, and during the siege of Paris remained in the city ; he was created a life Senator, but died in 1877. Mme. Adam was with him, and after- wards recorded her experiences in "Le Siege de Paris : Journal d'une Parisienne," published in 1873. Mme. Adam has pub- lished a number of works on political and social subjects, especially the position ADAM — ADAMS 9 of women. Amongst her other works are " Garibaldi," 1859 ; " Le Mandarin," " Mon Village," 1860 ; "Recits d'une Paysanne," 1862; "Voyage autour du Grand-Pere," 1863 ; " Recits du Golfe Juan," 1865 ; "Dans les Alpes," 1867; "Saine et Sauve," 1870; "Laide," 1878; "Palnne," 1879 ; " Poetes Grecs Contemporains," 1881 ; " La Patrie Hongroise ; Souvenirs Personnels," 3rd edit., 1884 ; " Le Ge'ne'ral Skobeleff," 1886; "Jalousie de Jeune Fille," 1889. She is also credited with having written the studies of foreign nations — Berlin, Vienna, London, St. Petersburg, Madrid, and Rome — published under the pseudonym of " Count Paul Vasili," which appeared within the years 1884-87. In 1879 Mme. Adam started the Nouvelle Revue, which she continues to conduct with great ability, and personally contributes the fortnightly articles on Foreign politics. Her " Memoires," begun in 1895, are promised us. Her address in Paris is 190 Boulevard Malesherbes, where, under the Empire, she kept up her famous political salon. ADAM (Lord), James Adam, Judge of the Court of Session and Commissioner of Justiciary, Scotland, was born in Edin- burgh on Oct. 31, 1824, and is the son of James Adam, S.S.C. He was educated at the Academy and University, Edinburgh. He was Advocate-Depute from 1858 to 1859, from 1866 to 1867, and in 1874. In the latter year he was also Sheriff of Perthshire. In 1876 he rose to the Bench. Addresses : 34 Moray Place, Edinburgh ; and Athenieum. ADAMS, Charles Francis, great- grandson of John Adams, the second President of the United States, born in Boston, May 27, 1835, graduated at Harvard College in 1856, and admitted to the Bar in 1858. At the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion in 1861 he entered the army, in which he served until June 1865, attaining the rank of Colonel of Cavalry. At the close of the war he was breveted Brigadier-General. Subsequently he identified himself with questions connected with the development of the railroad system, and in 1869 was appointed one of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of Massachusetts, which position he resigned in 1879. In June 1884 he became President of the Union Pacific Railway Company, resigning there- from in November 1890. He has contri- buted a number of articles to the North American Review, and in connection with the subject of railroads is the author of "A Chapter of Erie," 1869 ; "The Railroad Problem," 1875 ; " Railroads, their Origin and Problems," 1878; and "Notes on Railroad Accidents," 1879. He delivered at Cambridge, in 1883, the Phi Beta Kappa oration, entitled "A College Fetich." Since resigning the Presidency of the Union Pacific he has devoted himself to literature and historical research, publish- ing the "Life of Richard Henry Dana," in 1890 ; " Three Episodes of Massachusetts History," in 1892 ; and "Massachusetts, its Historians and its History," in 1893. In addition to the above he has contributed a number of papers on historical topics to the Proceedings of the Massachusetts His- torical Society, of which society he is a Vice-President. ADAMS, Charles Kendall, LL.D., was born at Derby, Vermont, Jan. 24, 1835. A.B. (Univ. of Michigan), 1861. He was appointed Assistant Professor of History and Latin at the University of Michigan in 1863, becoming full Professor in 1868. In 1881 he was made Non-Resident Pro- fessor of History at Cornell University, where, in July 1885, he succeeded to the Presidency on the resignation of President White. While at the former university he reorganised the methods of instruction in history substantially in accordance with the German system, and in 1869-70 founded an historical seminary, which was very efficient in promoting the study of history and political science. He was also made Dean of the School of Political Science on its establishment at the University of Michigan. In 1890 he was elected Presi- dent of the American Historical Associa- tion. In 1892 he resigned the Presidency of Cornell University and accepted the Presidency of the University of Wisconsin. He has published "Democracy and Mon- archy in France," 1874; "Manual of Historical Literature," 1882, 3rd edit. 1889; "Representative British Orations," 3 vols., 1884 ; " Christopher Columbus : His Life and Work," 1892 ; and in 1892 became editor-in-chief of "Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia." He is also the author of a large number of pamphlets and papers on historical and educational subjects. ADAMS, "William, F.R.C.S., was born in London Feb. 1, 1820, his father being a surgeon in Finsbury Square. He was educated at Mr. W. Simpson's, Hack- ney, and afterwards at King's College, London. He was appointed in 1842 Demonstrator of Morbid Anatomy at St. Thomas's Hospital ; in 1851 Assistant Surgeon ; and in 1857 Surgeon to the Royal Orthopoedic Hospital ; in 1854 Lec- turer on Surgery at the Grosvenor Place School of Medicine ; in 1855 Surgeon to the Great Northern Hospital ; and in 1874 Surgeon to the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic. Mr. Adams was elected Vice-President of the Pathological 10 ADAMS — ADDEELEY Society of London in 1867 ; President of the Harveian Society of London in 1873 ; and President of the Medical Society of London in 1876. He is the author of "A Sketch of the Principles and Practice of Subcutaneous Surgery," 1857; "On the Reparative Process in Human Tendons after Division," 1860 ; " Lectures on Path- ology and Treatment of Lateral Curvature of the Spine," 1865, 2nd edit. 1882 ; "On the Pathology and Treatment of Club- foot," 1866 (being the Jacksonian Prize Essay of the Royal College of Surgeons for 1864), 2nd edit. 1873 ; " Subcutaneous Division of the Neck of the Thigh Bone for Bony Anchylosis of the Hip-Joint," 1871 ; "On the Treatment of Dupuytren's Contraction of the Fingers ; and on the Obliteration of Depressed Cicatrices by Subcutaneous Operation," 1879, 2nd edit. 1890 ; " On Congenital Displacement of the Hip-Joint," 1890; "Congenital Wry- Neck," in the Trans, of the Amer. Ortho}}. Assoc, 1896, &c. Address: 7 Loudoun Road, St. John's Wood, N.W. ADAMS, 'William Davenport, author, critic, and journalist, son of the late well-known author W. H. Davenport Adams, was born in 1851, and educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Edinburgh University. He contributed to boys' magazines at an early age, and began regular journalistic work in 1870. He has been editor of five newspapers, daily and weekly, and since 1885 has been on the editorial staff of the Globe as head of its Reviewing Department, besides contribut- ing much to the press at large. As a literary and dramatic critic he is well known. His chief publications include "A Dictionary of English Literature" and "English Epigrams," 1878; "The Witty and Humorous Side of the English Poets," 1880; "By-Ways in Bookland," 1888; "A Book of Burlesque," 1891; "With Poet and Player," 1891; "A Dictionary of the Drama," and several anthologies in prose and verse. His wife, Mrs. Estelle Davenport Adams, is the compiler of "Flower and Leaf," 1884; "Sea-Song and River Rhvme," 1887; and the "Poets' Praise of Poets," 1894. Ad- dress : Globe Office, 367 Strand, W.C. ADAMS, Professor William Grylls, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S. , was born at Launces- ton, Cornwall, and is the brother of the famous astronomer John Couch Adams. He was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy at King's College, London, in 1863, a post which he still retains. He is a Member of Council of the Royal Society, and is Vice-President of the Physical Society. He was President of the Mathematical and Physical Section of the British Association at Swansea in 1880, and delivered the Presidential Ad- dress. He has published many papers on physical subjects in the Philosophical Transactions, Nature, the Philosophical Mai/azine, and kindred journals. Address ; 43 Campden-Hill Square, W. ADAMS - ACTON", John, sculptor, born Dec. 11, 1836, at Acton, Middlesex, and educated at Ealing Grove School, was admitted to the Royal Academy in 1855, where he gained the first silver medal in each school and also the gold medal for an original composition in sculpture, subject — " Eve Supplicating Forgiveness at the Feet of Adam." He was sent to Rome by the Royal Academy as travelling student. His principal works in ideal sculpture produced in Rome and in Eng- land are : " The Lady of the Lake," " The First Sacrifice" (Abel), "II Giuocatore di Castelletto," "Pharaoh's Daughter," "Zenobia," "Cupid," "Psyche," from Morris's "Earthly Paradise." Mr. Adams- Acton has executed portrait statues or busts of Mr. Gladstone (St. George's Hall, Liverpool), Lord Brougham (Reform Club and Fishmongers' Hall), Mr. Bright (Sea- forth Hall, and the National Liberal Club, the last bust for which Mr, Bright gave sittings), Mr. Cobden, Sir Wilfrid Lawson, George Cruikshank, John Gibson (Royal Academy), George Moore, Charles Dickens, Dr. Jobson, and John Prescott Knight, R.A. ; also the following statues and busts for India : The Prince of Wales, Lord Napier of Magdala, and E. Powell (for Madras). The most important monu- ments executed by him are the Angel of the Resurrection, Mausoleum of Sir Titus Salt at Saltaire, Memorial to John and Charles Wesley in Westminster Abbey, the Waldegrave Memorial in Carlisle Cathedral, Charles Prest, Rev. John Farrar, and Sir Francis Lycett in the City Road Chapel, a bust of Mr. George Routledge, J. P., and a half-length portrait of Mr. John Landseer, A.R.A.. reading a book. Address: 8 Langford Place, St. John's Wood, N.W. ADDEBXiEY, The Hon. and Rev. James Granville, M.A., is the fifth son of the first Lord Morton, and was born on July 1, 1861. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained a third class in the School of Modern History in 1882. At the Univer- sity he was distinguished as an amateur actor, and in 1879 he founded the Pbilo- thespian Club, which in time became the Oxford University Dramatic Society. At College he also began to interest himself in those social movements with which he is now prominently identified, and was Head ADLER 11 of Oxford House, Bethnal Green, from 1885 to 1886. In 1887 he took orders, and was ordained Priest in 1888. From 1887 to 1893 he was Head of the Christ Church, Oxford, Mission ; and has been successively Curate of Allhallows, Barking, from 1893 to 1894, and of St. Andrew's, Plaistow, E., from 1894 to 1897. In the latter year he was appointed Minister of Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair. He labours with a small Brotherhood of Mercy, and is on the Council of the Christian Society Union. One of his best-known works is "Stephen Remarx," a religious novelette, published in 1893. He has also written "Fight for the Drama at Oxford," 1885; "The New Floreat, a Letter to an Eton Boy," 1895; "Social Prayers," "God's Fast," and " Looking Upward," 1896 ; and " Paul Mercer," 1897. Address : Berkeley Chapel, W. ADLER, Felix, Ph.D., was born at Alzey, Germany, Aug. 13, 1851. He went to America when young, and graduated at Columbia College (N.Y.) in 1870, and subsequently studied at Berlin and Heidel- berg, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. in 1873. He was Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages and Lite- rature at Cornell University from 1874 to 1876, and since then has been at the head of the Ethical Society of New York (the first of a number of similar societies now spread over the United States and other countries), a new religious society esta- blished by him, which he addresses every Sunday, and which maintains a number of charities. His principal works are "Creed and Deed," 1877, and " The Moral Instruction of Children," 1892 ; in addition to which he has contributed many papers to periodical literature. ADLER, The Rev. Hermann, Ph.D., M.A. , son of Dr. Nathan Marcus Adler, was born in Hanover on May 29, 1839, and in 1845 accompanied his father to London when the latter received his call as Chief Rabbi. He studied at University College, London, and subsequently at the Universities of Prague and Leipzig. He obtained his B.A. degree at the University of London in 1859, and that of Doctor of Philosophy at Leipzig in 1861. In 1862, having completed his theological studies uuder his father and the famous Rapoport, Chief Rabbi of Prague, he was ordained as Rabbi by the latter. In 1863 Dr. Adler was appointed Principal of the Jews' Col- lege in London, and in the following year Chief Minister of the Bayswater Syna- gogue. When the health of his father, the Chief Rabbi, began to fail in 1879, he was appointed his coadjutor, with the title of Delegate Chief Rabbi. In 1881 he served as a Member of the Mansion House Committee constituted for the relief of the persecuted Jews of Russia. In this capacity he attended, in conjunction with Sir Julian Goldsmid, M.P., conferences of representatives of the principal Hebrew congregations in Europe and the United States, held in Paris and Berlin. In 1885 he went to the Holy Land, and visited several of the colonies founded there by Russian refugees. In 1888 he gave evi- dence before the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the sweating system. After the death of his father he was elected Chief Eabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire by the unanimous vote of the Delegates of the various committees, and was installed at a solemn service held at the Great Synagogue on June 23, 1891. Dr. Adler has aided in the establishment of many benevolent and educational institutions in his community. He was one of the founders of the Bayswater Jewish Schools, has assisted in establishing religious classes in connection with the Board Schools in the East of London, and helped to start a fund for subventioning poor ministers in the provinces. He is President of the Jews' College for the Training of Ministers and Teachers, founded by his father, and one of the Vice-Presidents of the Anglo- Jewish Association, of the Jewish Religious Education Board, and of numerous other institutions. He is also a member, and was in 1897 President, of the Jewish His- torical Society of England, founded during recent years. Dr. Adler is one of the Vice- Presidents of the Mansion House Council for the Dwellings of the Poor, and in this capacity he has formed a local branch for Paddington. He is an active member of the Hospital Sunday Fund, and of the Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund, a member of the Mansion House Committee to con- sider the best means of dealing with the distress in London caused by lack of em- ployment, and is one of the administrators of the People's Palace. He has also written much on religious, social, and literary themes. He is the joint author of " A Jewish Reply to Dr. Colenso's Criticism on the Pentateuch," 1865. He has pub- lished " Sermons on the Passages in the Bible adduced by Christian Theologians in Support of their Faith," 1S69 ; " The Jews in England"; "The Chief Rabbis of Eng- land"; " Ibn Gabirol, the Poet Philosopher" ; "The Purpose and Methods of Charitable Relief"; "Hebrew, the Language of our Prayers"; "A Pilgrimage to Zion : A Father's Barmitzvah Exhortation"; "The Sabbath and the Synagogue"; Sermons in memoriam of Sir George Jessel, Master of the Rolls, Sir Moses Montefiore, and the Baroness de Rothschild ; " Is Judaism 12 AD YE — AGNEW a Missionary Faith 1 " in answer to Pro- fessor Max Miiller ; "The Ideal Jewish Pastor"; "The Functions of the Jewish Pulpit"; "The Nation's Lament for the Duke of Clarence " ; " The Loss of H.M.S. Victoria"; "The Jews in the Victorian Era," &c. The Chief Eabbi has published also "Comments in Hebrew on the Pass- over Ritual," and many lectures and articles which have appeared in various periodicals, more especially in the Nine- teenth Century, in which review he con- ducted a vigorous polemic against Pro- fessor Goldwin Smith, and vindicated his co - religionists against the charge of "incivism." He has taken part in Symposia on the Foundation of Belief in Immortality ; on Irresponsible Wealth ; and delivered lectures on the Wisdom and Wit of the Talmud ; Sanitation as taught by the Mosaic Law ; Jewish Wit and Humour ; Menasse ben Israel ; Moses Mendelssohn, &c. In 1867 he married Rachel, elder daughter of the late S. Joseph, by whom he has issue one son and two daughters. His City residence and office are at 22 Finsbury Square ; his West End residence at 6 Craven Hill. AD YE, General Sir John Miller, G.C.B., son of the late Major James P. Adye, R.A., was born on Nov. 1, 1819, at Sevenoaks, Kent, and entered the Royal Artillery at the close of the year 1836. Throughout the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny he was Adjutant-General of the Royal Artillery. He also served in the Sitana Campaign of 1863-64, for which he received a medal ; and he has received besides, the Crimean, Turkish, and Indian Mutiny medals, and the 4th Class of the Medjidieh. He was created a C.B. in 1855, and a K.C.B. in 1873. In February 1874 the Queen granted to Sir J. M. Adye her royal licence and authority to accept and wear the insignia of Commander of the Order of the Legion of Honour conferred upon him by the President of the French Republic as a promotion from the class of Officer of the same Order which he received for his services during the Crimean War. He was Director of Artillery from 1870 to 1875, and was ap- pointed Governor of the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in July 1875. He became a Lieutenant-General in the army in 1879. In 1880 he resigned the post o"f Governor of the Royal Military Academy nt Woolwich on being- appointed Surveyor- General of Ordnance. The following year he became Colonel-Commandant of the Royal Artillery. He was Chief of the Staff and second in command of the expedition- ary force sent to Egypt in 1882, and for his services he received the Egyptian medal and Khedive's star, the thanks of Parliament, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and the 1st Class of Medjidieh. In January 1883 he was appointed Governor of Gibraltar, in succession to Lord Napier of Magdala, from which ap- pointment he retired in November 1886. Sir John Adye is the author of " The Defence of Cawnpore by the Troops under the Orders of Major-General C. A. Windham in Nov. 1857," 1858 ; "A Review of the Crimean War to the Winter of 1854-55," 1860; "Sitana: a Mountain Campaign on the Borders of Afghanistan in 1863," 1867; "Recollections of a Military Life," 1895; "Indian Frontier Policy,'" 1897. He married in 1856 Mary Cordelia, eldest daughter of the late Vice- Admiral the Hon. Sir Montagu Stopford, K.C.B. Residence, 92 St. George's Square, S.W. AFLALO, Frederick George, was born in London on the 17th of August 1870. He was educated at Clifton College and at Rostock University, Mecklenburg, and during 1891 he pursued his studies in Italy. In 1895 he travelled in Australia, giving his attention more especially to Queensland. He founded the British Sea Anglers' Society in 1893 ; and he is editor of the Encyclopaedia of Sport, and of the Angler's Library. He is the author of " Sea Fishing on the English Coast," 1891 ; "The Sea, and the Rod, and Myamma" (in conjunction), 1892; "Sunny Dover" (in conjunction), 1893 ; " Hints and Wrinkles on Sea- Fishing," 1894; "A Sketch of the Natural History of Australia," 1896 ; " A Sketch of the Natural History (Vertebrates) of the British Islands," 1897; "Sea Fish," 1897. He has also edited "The Literary Year Book," 1896 and 1897. Address : 50 Carlton Hill, N.W. AGNEW, Sir 'William, Bart., son of the late Thomas Agnew, Esq., of Man- chester, was born Oct. 20, 1825. He was educated privately in Manchester by the Rev. J. H. Smithson. He is a J.P. for Lancashire, Manchester, and Salford. He was for many years senior member of the firm of Thomas Agnew & Sons, London, Liverpool, and Manchester, and he is still Chairman of Bradbury, Agnew & Co., the proprietors and publishers of Punch. He was M.P. for South-East Lancashire in 1880, and for the Stretford division of that county in 1885. He unsuccessfully contested the Prestwick division of the county in 1892. A Liberal in politics, he was President of the Salford Liberal Association, President of the Manchester Reform Club, and one of the founders of the Devonshire and National Liberal Club. He was Chairman of the Art Committee of the great Jubilee Exhibition in Man- AIDlt — AITCHISON 13 Chester in 1887, was on the Royal Commission of the Melbourne Centenary Exhibition, and is a Member of the Royal Commission for the Paris Exhibition of 1900. He married in 1851 Mary, the eldest daughter of George Pixton Ken- worthy, Esq., of Peel Hall, Lancashire, who died in 1892. His son and heir, George William, was born in 1852. Ad- dress : 11 .Great Stanhope Street, Park Lane, W. AIDE, C. Hamilton, was born in Paris, his father being a Greek, and his mother the daughter of Sir George Collier. He was educated at Bonn University, served for a few years in the army, and then turned his attention to literature. Amongst his publications may be men- tioned : "Rita," "The Marstons," "Mr. and Mrs. Faulconbridge," "Morals and Mysteries," "A Voyage of Discovery," " Poet and Peer," &c. In 1872 he wrote a play, "Philip," which was produced by Sir Henry Irving, and in 1874 the Kendals and John Hare played his "A Nine Days' Wonder." He has also written "A Great Catch," and has adapted "Doctor Bill" from the French. Mr. Aide is, moreover, known as a ballad writer, his best-known songs being perhaps " The Danube River" and " Remember or Forget." Addresses : Ascot Wood Cottage, Ascot ; and Athe- AIKINS, The Hon. James Cox, a Canadian statesman, was born in the township of Toronto, county Peel, Ontario, March 30, 1823. He was educated at Victoria College, Cobourg, and entered public life in 1854 by representing his native county in the Canadian Assembly, which he continued to do until 1861. In the following year he was elected a Member of the Legislative Council for the " Home" Division, comprising the counties of Peel and Halton. He continued to sit in the Council until it was abolished by Confederation, after which he was raised to the Senate. In December 1869 he be- came a Member of the Privy Council, and entered the Macdonald Government as Secretary of State,- remaining in that office until the fall of the Government in 1873. In 1872 he framed and carried through Parliament the Public Lands Act of that year, and subsequently organised the Dominion Lands Bureau, a depart- ment of government entrusted with the management of the lands acquired in the North-West, chiefly from the Hudson's Bay Company, a department which is now controlled by the Canadian Minister of the Interior. On the return of the Mac- donald Government to power in 1878 Senator Aikins resumed the portfolio of Secretary of State, exchanging it two years later for the office of Minister of Inland Revenue. In 1882 he was ap- pointed Lieutenant-Governor of the pro- vince of Manitoba and district of Keewatin, an office which he retained until his term expired in 1888, when he returned to Tor- onto, and in 1896 was again called to the Senate. He received the degree of LL.D. from Victoria College in 1892. AINGER, Canon Alfred, M.A., LL.D., Master of the Temple, was born in London on Feb. 9, 1837, and is the son of Alfred Ainger, architect. He was educated at King's College and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He took orders, and was ordained Priest in 1863. From 1860 to 1864 he was Curate of Alrewas, Lichfield, and from the latter year to 1866 was Assistant Master at the Sheffield Collegiate School. In 1866 be was appointed Reader at the Temple Church, a position he con- tinued to hold until 1893. In 1894 he was appointed Master of the Temple, in suc- cession to the late Dean Vaughan, who had resigned the Mastership owing to ill- health. He is a Canon of Bristol and Chaplain in-Ordinary to the Queen. As an author, Canon Ainger is best known for his editions of Lamb's Collected Works, and for his "Memoir of Charles Lamb." He has also published "Sermons Preached in the Temple Church." Addresses : Master's House, Temple, E.C. ; and Athenaeum. AITCHISON, George, RA„ architect, Athenaeum Club, was born at 52 Edgware Road, London, went to Merchant Taylors' School until his sixteenth year, was then articled to his father, George Aitchison, architect, and became student of the Royal Academy in 1847, and subsequently entered University College, London, where he gained prizes for mathematics, and gradu- ated B.A. at the London University in 1850. From 1853 to 1855 he travelled in France, Switzerland, and Italy ; was elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1862 ; subsequently became a Member of the Council, and in 1889 was elected Vice-President, and President in 1896. He was for several years one of the examiners for the Volun- tary Architectural examination, and is also one of the examiners for the National Art Prizes at South Kensington. Mr. Aitchison gained medals at the following exhibi- tions, viz. : Philadelphia, 1876 ; Sydney, 1879; Adelaide, 1887; and two at Mel- bourne — a bronze in 1881, and silver in 1888 ; and one at Chicago in 1893 ; was made an Officer of Public Instruction by the French Government in 1879, having designed the fittings and furniture for 14 AKERS-DOUGLAS — ALBERT the British Art section of the Paris Exhi- bition, 1878. On June 2, 1881, he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, and R.A. in 1898. He gave lectures on architecture at the Royal Academy in 1882, '83, '84, '85, '86, and '87. In 1885 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Society Centrale des Architectes Francais, in Paris ; was elected Professor of Archi- tecture at the Royal Academy in 1887 ; in 1888 he gave the Cantor Lectures on Decoration at the Society of Arts, and lectured on Renaissance Architecture at the South Kensington Museum in 1893. He decorated Kensington Palace for H.R.H. the Princess Louise, and the house and Arab hall for Sir Frederick Leighton, P.R.A., and did the coloured decoration of the Livery Hall for the Goldsmiths' Company. He has added to, altered, and decorated houses for the Duke of Montrose, Lord Hillingdon, the Duchess of New- castle, Lord Leconfield, Sir Wilfrid Law- son, M.P., Sir S. Waterlow, M.P., and others; and has built 60 and 61 Mark Lane, E.C., Founders' Hall, and the Royal Exchange Assurance Office, 29 Pall Mall, London. He was presented with H.M. the Queen's Jubilee medal, 1897; and nominated for the gold medal of the R.I.B.A. in 1898. In 1897 he was elected A.R.A. of the Royal Academy of Belgium. He is one of the contributors to the " Dictionary of National Biography." AKERS-DOUGLAS, Right Hon. Aretas, M.P. , D.L., eldest son of the late Rev. Aretas Akers, of Mailing Abbey, Kent, was born Oct. 21, 1851, and edu- cated at Eton and at University Col- lege, Oxford. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1874, and in 1875 assumed the additional name of Douglas. In 1880 he entered Parlia- ment as Conservative member for the East Kent Division, and now represents the St. Augustine's Division. In Lord Salisbury's administrations of 1885-86 and 1886-92 he held the office of Parlia- mentary Secretary to the Treasury, and was principal "Whip " to the Conservative partv from 1885 to 1895. He was made a Privy Councillor in 1891. In 1895 he entered the cabinet, holding the office of First Commissioner of Public Works and Buildings. Addresses : Chilston Park, Maidstone ; 106 Mount Street, W. A.K.H.B. See Boyd, The Rev. A. K. H. ALB AN I, Madame. Madame. See Gye, ALBANY (Duchess of), H.R.H. Helene Fredrica Augusta, the daugh- ter of the Prince and Princess of Waldeck- Pyrmont, and sister of the Queen of the Netherlands, was bom on Feb. 17, 1861. She married H.R.H. the late Prince Leo- pold, Her Majesty's youngest son, on April 27, 1882, and became a widow by his sudden death at Cannes on March 28, 1 884. The Princess lost her mother in 1888. She has two children, one of whom was born after the Prince's death ; the Prin- cess Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline, born at Windsor Castle, Feb. 25, 1883 ; and the Prince Leopold Charles Edward George Albert, Duke of Albany, born at Claremont, July 19, 1884. The Princess receives a pension of £6000 a year from the British Government. ALBERT, King of Saxony, K.G., born April 23, 1828 ; succeeded his father Oct. 29, 1873. He received a thorough military education, and took part in the Danish war of 1848. He fought also on the side of the Austrians in the disastrous battle of Sadowa in 1866, and likewise in the Franco-German war in the opera- tions before Metz, and in the operations which terminated in the surrender of Napoleon at Sedan, and the siege of Paris, when he held the right bank of the Seine. On the conclusion of the war he was made Field-Marshal and Inspector-General of the German Army. He married Caroline, the daughter of Prince Gustavus Vasa of Sweden. His heir is his brother, Prince George. ALBERT (Archduke of Austria), Frederick Rodolph, born Aug. 3, 1817, is the son of the late Archduke Charles and the Princess Henrietta of Nassau- Weilburg. He married in 1844 the Princess Hildegarde of Bavaria, who died April 2, 1864, leaving two daughters. At an early age he entered the army, com- manded a division in Italy in 1849, took an important part in the battle of No- vara, received at the end of the campaign the command of the 3rd Corps d'Armee, and was afterwards appointed Governor- General of Hungary. During a leave of absence accorded to Field-Marshal Bene- dek in 1861 he was appointed to the command of the Austrian troops in Lom- bardy and Veuetia. During the campaign of 1866 he gained a victory over the Italian army at Custozza, and after the battle of Sadowa he was made (July 13, 1866)" Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Army, which title he retained till March 1869, when he exchanged it for that of Inspector- General of the Army. He published in 1869 a work on " Responsibility in War" ( Tiber die Verantwortlichkeit im Kriege). This has been translated into French by L. Dufour, captain of artillery, and an Eng- lish translation of it is giVen in Captain ALDEN — ALEXANDEK 15 W. J. Wyatt's "Reflections on the Forma- tion of Armies, with a View to the Reor- ganization of the English Army," 1869. ALDEN, William Livingston, was born in the United States on Oct. 9, 1837, and is the son of the Rev. Joseph Alden. He was educated at Jefferson College and at La Fayette College, both in the States, and practised as a barrister at New York from 1860 to 1865. He was then occu- pied as a journalist in the same city from 1865 to 1885 : and in the latter year was appointed iS.S. Consul-General at Rome, a position which he held until 1889. Since then he has been engaged in novel writing. Amongst his publications there may be mentioned : " Domestic Explosives," 1877 ; "Shooting Stars," 1878; "Life of Chris- topher Columbus," 1S81 ; " Moral Pirates," 1881 ; " Cruise of the Canoe Club," 1883 ; "Adventures of Jimmy Brown," 1885; "New Robinson Crusoe," 1888 ; "A Lost Soul," 1892; "The Mystery of Elias G. Roebuck," 1896; "His Daughter," 1897. Address : 61 Cloudesdale Road, S.W. ALDRICH, Nelson Wilmarth, American statesman, was born at Foster, Rhode Island, Nov. 6, 1841, and received an academic education. He was President of the Common Council of the city of Providence, R.I., 1871-73; was a member of the Legislature of the State of Rhode Island, 1875-76, serving the latter year as Speaker of the House of Representatives in that State. He was elected to the Forty- sixth and re-elected to the Forty-seventh Congresses. Elected to the United States Senate, he took his seat Dec. 5, 1881, and was re-elected in 1886 and in 1893. ALDRICH. Thomas Bailey, an American author, was born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Nov. 11, 1836. He has contributed prose and verse to various periodicals, most of which has subsequently been published separately. Among the collected volumes of verse are: "The Bells," 1855; "The Ballad of Baby Bell, and other Poems," 1856; "The Course of True Love Never Did Run Smooth," 1858 ; "Pampinea, and other Poems," 1861; a volume of '■ Poems," 1865; "Cloth of Gold, and other Poems," 1874 ; " Flower and Thorn," 1876; "Lyrics and Sonnets," 1880; "Friar Jerome's Beautiful Book," 1881; "Mercedes, and Later Lyrics," 1884; "Wyndham Towers," 1889; and "The Sisters' Tragedy, and other Poems." Among his prose writings are : " The Story of a Bad Boy," 1869; "Marjorie Daw," 1873 ; " Prudence Palfrey," 1874 ; "The Queen of Sheba," 1877; "The Still- water Tragedy," 1880 ; and a volume of travels, entitled "From Ponkapay to Pesth," 1883. From 1881 to 1890 he was the editor of the Atlantic Monthly, Boston, but he resigned that position in order to de- vote himself entirely to writing. Since his retirement from editorship he has published "Two Bites at a Cherry, with other Tales," and "An Old Town by the Sea," 1893; "Unguarded Gates, and other I'oems," 1894; "Later Lyrics," 1895; "Judith and Holofernes," 1896. ALEXANDER, Mrs. See Hector, Mes. Annie Alexander. ALEXANDER I. (Obrenovitch), King of Servia, was born on Aug. 14, 1876, and succeeded his father, the ex- King Milan, who abdicated in favour of his son, March 6, 1889, after divorcing his consort, Queen Natalie (}.t>.). He was under the guardiant-hip of two Regents till 1893 (April). When Crown Prince he accompanied his mother, Queen Natalie, into exile after her separation from the King, but was forcibly removed from her at Berlin, and conveyed back to Belgrade. In 1893 the Prince suddenly dismissed his Regents, and assumed the reins of power. Under his rule Servia has suffered less from civil dissensions than during the Regency. In 1894, at his request, his father returned to Belgrade, for the pur- pose of assisting him in the government of the country. In 1897 he paid a visit to the Austrian Emperor at Vienna ; this incident may possibly indicate closer rela- tions between the two countries. ALEXANDER, George (George Alexander Gibb Samson), was born at Reading in 1858, and is the son of an Ayrshire man who married an English wife. He was educated at the school of Dr. Benham, Clifton, then at the High School at Stirling, and subsequently studied medicine at Edinburgh ; but after a short time went to London to take up a commercial life. Finally, however, after a good deal of amateur acting, he adopted the stage as his profession, first appearing in 1879 in Mr. Sydney Grundy's "The Snowball," at Nottingham. In 1881 Mr. Alexander joined Mr. Henry Irving at the Lyceum to play Caleb Deecie in "Two Roses," and afterwards Paris in "Romeo and Juliet." Then for a time he joined the Hare and Kendal Company at the St. James's and on tour. In 1883 he again joined Mr. Irving, and went with him to America, and then remained at the Lyceum until 1888, making his chief successes as Faust and Macduff ; after that he went to the Adelphi. On Feb. 1, 1890, he opened the Avenue Theatre as manager with "Dr. Bill." The other productions at this theatre were "The Struggle for 16 ALEXANDER — ALFOED Life " and " Sunlight and Shadow." With the last-named play Mr. Alexander pro- ceeded to the St. James's, which, under his management, has since been famous for such successes as "The Idler," "Lady Windermere's Fan," "Liberty Hall," "The Second Mrs. Tanqueray," " The Masque- raders," "The Prisoner of Zenda," "As You Like It," " The Princess and the Butterfly," "The Tree of Knowledge," "Much Ado About Nothing," and "The Conquerors." In 1882 Mr. Alexander married Miss Florence Theleur. Address : 57 Pont Street, S.W. ALEXANDER, The Most Rev. William, D.D., D.C.L., Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, son of a clergyman beneficed in the north of Ireland, and nephew of Dr. Alexander, late Bishop of Meath, and cousin of the Earl of Caledon, was born at Londonderry, April 13, 1824. He was educated at Tunbridge School and at Exeter and Brasenose Colleges, Oxford, where lie graduated B.A. and M.A. He graduated in classical honours (Honorary 4th, 1847). He won the Theological Prize Essay in 1850, and the Sacred Prize Poem in 1860, and was selected to recite a congratulatory ode to Lord Derby in the Sheldonian Theatre, 1853. Having entered Holy Orders, he served a curacy in the north of Ireland, and was preferred to one or two livings in the gift of the Bishop of Derry. He was formerly Bector of Camus- juxta-Morne, co. Tyrone, and Chaplain to the Marquis of Abercorn, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1864 he was nominated to the Deanery of Emly, and in 1867 was an unsuccessful candidate for the chair of poetry at Oxford. He was appointed to the Bishopric of Derry and Raphoe, rendered vacant by the death of Dr. Higgin, July 12, 1867, being consecrated in Armagh Cathedral, October 13 following ; and enthroned as Archbishop of Armagh, March 24, 1896. Before his elevation to the episcopal Bench lie was created D.D. by diploma, and subsequently D.C.L. at the Encasnia, 1876, at Oxford. The Bishop has been Select Preacher before the Uni- versities of Oxford (1870-72 and 1882), Cambridge (1872 and 1892), and Dublin (1879). He is author of Commentaries on Colossians, 1st and 2nd Thessalonians, Philemon, and the three Epistles of St. John; vols, iii., iv., "Speaker's Com- mentaries"; of "The Witness of the Psalms, Bampton Lectures," 1876; of " The Great Question, and other Sermons," 1885 ; of " Epistles of St. John, Twenty- one Discourses," 3rd edit., 1892, and of other works of a similar character. In 1887 he published a volume of poems, entitled " St. Augustine's Holiday, and other Poems." He is also the author of a large series of single sermons, charges and reviews, essays and poems, in periodicals of the day. The Bishop has endowed his See permanently with £2000 a year and the See House, for which he has received the thanks of the Diocesan Synod of Derry and Raphoe, and a recognition from the Diocesan Council of "gratitude for his large sacrifice of income." He was married to Miss Cecil Frances Humphreys, who was herself well known as the author of "Moral Songs," "Hymns for Children," and' "Poems on Old Testament Subjects," and who died Oct. 15, 1895. ALEXANDER, William Henry, a Hampshire country gentleman, was born in 1842. He became a barrister in 1863, and since 1890 has been a Trustee of the Na- tional Portrait Gallery, towards the build- ing fund of which he subscribed £80,000. ALEXANDRA, Princess of Wales. See Wales, Princess op. ALFONZO XIII., King of Spain, was born (posthumously) May 17, 1886 ; his mother, Maria Christina, being appointed Queen Regent. In August 1897 Queen Victoria made him an Hon. Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. ALEORD, The Right Rev. Charles Richard, D.D., formerly Bishop of Vic- toria, Hong-kong, was born Aug. 13, 1816, at West Quaxtonhead, Somersetshire, of which parish his father was rector. From St. Paul's School he was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge, with a Camden Ex- hibition (B.A., 1839; M.A., 1842; D.D., 1867). After taking orders he became Incumbent of St. Matthew's, Rugby, in 1841 ; Incumbent of Christ's Church, Don- caster, in 1846; Principal of the Metro- politan Training Institution at Highbury in 1854 ; and Incumbent of Holy Trinity, Islington, in 1865, where he had a high reputation as an Evangelical preacher. He was consecrated Bishop of Victoria, Hong- kong, Feb. 2, 1867, in place of Dr. George Smith, who had resigned that See in the previous year. He himself resigned the See of Victoria in 1872. He was Vicar of Christ Church, Claughton, near Birken- head, from June 1874 till September 1877, when he accepted the incumbency of the new district of St. Mary, Sevenoaks, Kent. He was appointed Acting-Commissary of the diocese of Huron, Canada, in 1880,. and retired in 1881. Dr. Alford is the author of " First Principles of the Oracles of God " ; a " Charge" on China and Japan ; and various sermons and pamphlets. Ad- dress : 30 Wilbury Road, West Brighton. ALGEE — ALISON 17 ALGER, Russell Alexander, American soldier and political leader, was born in Medina County, Ohio, Feb. 27, 1836, and comes of New England stock, his ancestry being Scotch and English. He was educated at the Richfield Academy in Summit County, Ohio, attending the autumn and winter terms, and working on a farm the remainder of the year. He studied law at Akron, Ohio, during 1857 and 1858, and in 1859 was admitted to the Bar. He practised law but a short time, removing to Michigan on Jan. 1, 1860. He entered the Army, Oct. 2, 1861, as Captain in Second Michigan Cavalry ; Major of same regiment from April 17, 1862; Lieutenant-Colonel Sixth Michigan Cavalry, Oct. 30, 1862 ; and Colonel of Fifth Michigan Cavalry, June 11, 1863. He was severely wounded at the battle of Boonsboro, Maryland, July 8, 1863, and received brevet commissions as Brigadier-General and Major-General of Volunteers for gallant and meritorious services during the war between the States. He resigned from the army, and was discharged Sept. 20, 1864. He was Governor of Michigan in 1885 and 1886, and was appointed Secretary of War in President M'Kinley's Cabinet on March 5, 1897. ALGER, William Rounsville, was born at Freetown, Massachusetts, Dec. 28, 1822. He graduated at the Cambridge Divinity School, 1847, and became pastor of a Unitarian Church in Roxbury. In 1855 he removed to Boston, and in 1874 became Minister of the Unitarian Church of the Messiah in New York, where he remained until 1879. Since then he has resided in Boston, engaged in literary work. He has published ' ' A Symbolic History of the Cross of Christ," 1851 ; "The Poetry of the Orient," 1856 (five editions); "A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life," 1861 (14 editions); "The Genius of Solitude," 1866 (11 editions) ; " Friendships of Women," 1867 (10 editions); "Prayers Offered in the Massachusetts House of Representa- tives," 1868; "Life of Edwin Forrest," 1877; "The School of Life," 1881; and "Sources of Consolation in Human Life," 1892. ALINGr. See LiEBLiNa, Alice. ALISON, General Sir Archibald, Bart., K.C.B., son of Sir Archibald Alison, the first baronet, author of " The History of Europe," was born at Edinburgh, Jan. 21, 1826, and received his education in the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. Entering the military service of his country in 1846, he became a Captain in the 72nd Highlanders in 1853, Brevet-Major in 1856, Lieutenant-Colonel in 1858, and Colonel in 1867. In the latter year he succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father. He served in the Crimea, in the expedition to Kertch, and at the siege and fall of Sebastopol ; in India during the Mutiny as Military Secretary on the staff of the late Lord Clyde ; and on the Gold Coast as Brigadier-General of the European Brigade, and second in command of the Ashantee Expedition in 1873-74. He com- manded his brigade at the capture of Requah, the battle of Amoaful, the action of Ordashu, and the fall of Coomassie. He lost an arm at the relief of Lucknow. Sir Archibald was Assistant Adjutant- General at Aldershot from October 1870 to October 1874, andDeputy Adjutant-General in Ireland from October 1874 to October 1877, when he was promoted to the rank of Major-General. Subsequently he was ap- pointed Commandant of the Staff College in January 1878, and Chief of the Intelligence Department at the War Office from May 1878 till 1882. A few days after the bom- bardment of Alexandria by Sir Beauchamp Seymour (now the Right Hon. Baron Alcester) a small body of British troops was landed (July 27) under the command of Sir Archibald Alison. He confined his proceedings at first to securing a position covering Alexandria, and occupying the line of railway which connected Alexandria with the suburb of Ramleh. After the arrival of the expeditionary force from England he commanded the 1st (the High- land) Brigade, 2nd Division, and at the decisive battle of Tel-el-Kebir, where it fought so gallantly on that memorable occasion. The Salahijah army laid down its arms to him at Puntah, and after Arabi's surrender a British army of occu- pation, consisting of 12,000 men, under the command of Sir Archibald Alison, was left in Egypt to restore order and protect the Khedive. Sir Archibald was included in the thanks of Parliament for his energy and gallantry, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General (November 1882). In May 1883 he relinquished the command of the army of occupation of Egypt and returned home. In August 1883 he was appointed to the command at Aldershot, and in February 1885 he became Adjutant- General. In October 1885 he resumed the command at Aldershot on the return of the force for the relief of Gordon at Khartoum. He was appointed Military Member of the Council of India at White- hall in 1889, and was promoted to the rank of General Feb. 20, 1889. He published an able treatise "On Army Organisation" in 1869, and has contributed at various times articles in Blackwood's Magazine. Address: 93 Eaton Place, S.W. 18 ALLBUTT — ALLCOCK ALLBUTT, Thomas Clifford, MA., LL.D., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., F.L.S., J. P., D.L., is the son of the Rev. Thomas AUbutt, sometime Vicar of Dewsbury, in Yorkshire, and afterwards Rector of Debaoh-cum-Boulge, in Suffolk. He was born at Dewsbury in 1836, and was edu- cated by a private tutor at Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, and afterwards under Archdeacon Hey, at St. Peter's School, York. He went up to Caius College in 1856, took a scholarship in his first year, and subsequently three other scholarships in the college. Soon afterwards, however, he decided to enter the medical profession, and after a pass degree in Arts, went out in the Natural Science Tripos in the first class, with distinctions in chemistry and geology. On leaving Cambridge he entered at St. George's Hospital, and afterwards spent some time in the hospitals of Paris, and graduated in due course as M. A. and M.D. of Cambridge. After a brief stay in London Allbutt removed to Leeds, where he was soon after elected physician to the Leeds Infirmary, and rapidly ob- tained a large consulting practice in me ik-.ine, and for the last fifteen years of his residence in Yorkshire had perhaps the largest purely consulting physician's practice ever carried on in the provinces. During the same time he contributed largely both to medical and general lite- rature. His earliest works were concerned with the bodily temperature in health and disease, and by devising the "Short Clinical Thermometer," he did much to forward clinical thermometry in hospital and general practice. His friendship with Gr. H. Lewes and Lockhart-Clarke engaged him in the study of the pathology of the nervous system, and in the " Pathological Transactions " and elsewhere he published researches on this subject, among which his demonstrations of the pathology of tetanus and hydrophobia are best known, the latter being the first observations of the kind. Dr. Clifford Allbutt was also an early worker in the field of medical ophthalmoscopy, and published a work on that subject in 1868, which included in- vestigations on insanity, and the first demonstration of changes in the optic nerve in general paralysis and meningitis. Other researches were published at various dates on diseases of the nervous system, of the stomach and kidneys, and on the nature and treatment of consumption, in which latter attention was drawn to the value of the climate of the high Alps in the cure of phthisis, then little recognised in England. In 1884 Dr. Clifford Allbutt delivered the Gulstonian Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians on Visceral Neuroses, which were published in the same year ; and in 1885, in conjunction with Mr. Teale, he published a volume on the " Treatment of Scrofulous Neck." In 1888 he delivered the Address on Medi- cine to the British Medical Association at Glasgow, his subject being the Classifica- tion of Disease, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. of that University. In 1889 he was appointed a Commissioner in Lunacy, an office which he held for three years, when he was appointed by the Crown to be Regius - Professor of Physic in the University of Cambridge in succes- sion to the late Sir George Paget. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society and of the Society of Antiquaries in 1867, and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1 880. He is editor of the " System of Medicine," in course of publication by Messrs. Mac- millan, the first volume of which appeared in the spring of 1895. He acted for some years as a Justice of the Peace for the West Riding of Yorkshire, is a Deputy- Lieutenant for the West Riding and the city and county of York, and Justice of the Peace for Cambridgeshire. Permanent address : St. Radegund's, Cambridge. ALLCHIN, William Henry, M.D., was educated at University College, Lon- don, and took the degree of M.D. at the University of London in 1892. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1878, andis a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He is at the present time Senior Physician to the Westminster Hospital, and Examiner in Medicine for both the London Uni- versity and the Army Medical Services. Dr. Allchin is the author of "Duodenal Indigestion " (Bradshaw Lectures of 1891 at the Royal College of Physicians), " The Breaking Strain" (oration at the Medical Society of London in 1896). Articles : " Disorders of Digestion, and of Digestive Organs," and "Diseases of Intestines," in Quain's "Dictionary of Medicine"; "Chronic Peritonitis," "Tuberculous Peri- tonitis," and "New Growths of the Peri- toneum," in Clifford Allbutt's " System of Medicine," and other articles in various medical journals. Address : 3 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. ALLCOCK, Rev. Arthur Edmund, M.A., is the son of the late Thomas All- cock, and was born at Harborne, Stafford- shire, on Feb. 16, 1851. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Appointed an Assistant-Master at his old school in Birmingham in 1874, he became an Assistant-Master at Wellington College in 1880, and was ordained in 1889. Mr. Allcock was, in 1893, appointed Head Master of Highgate School. Address- The School House, Highgate, N ALLEN — ALLIES 19 ALLEN, Charles Grant Blairfindie, B.A., best known as Grant Allen, the second son of Joseph Antisell Allen, In- cumbent of Holy Trinity, Wolfe Island, Canada, was born at Kingston, Canada, Feb. 24, 1848, and educated in the United States and France, at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and at Merton Col- lege, Oxford : matriculated Oct. 19, 1867 ; B.A. 1871. Mr. Allen began to write early, and soon established a reputation as one of the most popular of scientific authors. He has been called "The Darwinian St. Paul"; his expositions of the Darwinian theory being particularly vivid, clear, and captivating. Besides a multitude of con- tributions to periodical literature, he has written the following books on more* or less serious subjects : " Physiological .Esthetics," 1877; "The Colour Sense," 1879 ; " The Evolutionist at Large," 1881 ; "Anglo-Saxon Britain," 1881; "Vignettes from Nature," 1881 ; " Colours of Flowers," 1882; "Colin Clout's Calendar," 1883; " Flowers and their Pedigrees," 1884 ; and "Charles Darwin" (in Mr. Andrew Lang's series of " English Worthies "), 1885. In 1883 Mr. Allen began to attempt fiction, his first attempt in which line was "Strange Stories." Since that date he has produced the following works: "Philistia," 1884; "Babylon," 1885; "For Maimie's Sake," 1886; "In All Shades," 1887; "The Devil's Die," 1888; "This Mortal Coil," 1888 ; " The Tents of Shem," 1889 ; "Dr. Palliser's Patient" ; "Force and Energy" ; "Dumarescq's Daughter " ; " The Attis of Catullus"; "Science in Arcady " ; "The Woman Who Did," a novel which stirred up a storm of controversy, 1895 ; " The British Barbarians " in the same year ; and in 1898 a novel dealing with missionaries in the South Seas. He has also contributed a series of papers ("Post-prandial Philo- sophy ") to the Westminster Gazette, re-pub- lished in book-form in 1894 ; and in 1897 he published " Historical Guides " to Paris, Florence, and Belgium, and "The Evolu- tion of the Idea of God." Address: The Croft, Hind Head, Haslemere. ALLETNE, Major- General Sir James, K.C.B., was educated at Chelten- ham College and at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. Entering the Boyal Artillery in 1862, he was present at the Red River Expedition of 1870, where he was in command of the Artillery. He next took part in the Zulu campaign, was present at the battle of Ulundi, was men- tioned in despatches, and received a medal and clasp. In the Egyptian Expedition of 1882 he served as Deputy Assistant- Adjutant-General, witnessed the action of Tel-el-Mahuta, and the battle of Tel-el- Kebir, was again mentioned in despatches, and received a medal and clasp, and the bronze star of the Osmanieh. During the years 1884-85 he was employed in the Soudan Expedition, was Director of River Transport, and Assistant-Adjutant-General at headquarters ; he commanded a separate contingent at the battle of Kirbekan, was mentioned in despatches, received two clasps, and obtained his colonelcy. He served as Commissioner for the Sub-divi- sion of Zululand in 1879, and was again employed in that capacity to delineate the Transvaal-Swazi boundary in 1880. Colonel Alleyne was created C.B. in 1891, and became Major-General in 1895. He received the Queen's Jubilee Medal in 1897, and in the same year was created K.C.B. He now commands the Royal Artillery in the Aldershot district. Ad- dress : Aldershot. ALLIES, Thomas William, the son of a gentleman of Bristol, was born in 1813, and educated at Eton, where he ob- tained the Newcastle Scholarship. He afterwards became in succession Scholar and Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1832, taking a first-class in classics. He became examin- ing chaplain to Dr. Blomfield, Bishop of London, who appointed him in 1842 to the rectory of Launton, Oxfordshire, which he resigned in 1850, on becoming a Roman Catholic. He had previously published a volume of sermons, a work entitled "The Church of England Cleared from the Charge of Schism, upon the Testimonies of Councils and Fathers of the First Six Centuries," 1846, 2nd edit., 1848; and "Journal in France in 1845 and 1848," with "Letters from Italy in 1847 — of Things and Persons concerning the Church and Education," 1849. To give the grounds of his conversion he wrote " The See of St. Peter, the Rock of the Church, the Source of Jurisdiction and the Centre of Unity," 1850, 4th edit., 1896; preceded by " The Royal Supremacy viewed in reference to the Two Spiritual Powers of Order and Jurisdiction," 1850. He has since written " St. Peter, his Name and Office as set forth in Holy Scripture," 1852, 4th edit., 1895 ; "Dr. Pusey and the Ancient Church," 1866 ; " Per Crucem ad Lucem, the Result of a Life," 5 vols., 1879 ; "A Life's Decision," 1880, 2nd edit., 1894 ; and several other works. His great work is entitled " The Formation of Chris- tendom," and is in 8 vols. (1865-96), which sell as ten, viz. : Vol. 1, "The Christian Faith and the Individual"; vol. 2, "The Christian Faith and Society " ; vol, 3, "The Christian Faith and Philosophy"; vol. 4, "Christendom as seen in Church and State"; vol. 5, "The Throne of the Fisherman built by the Carpenter's Son " 20 ALLINGHAM — ALLMAN vol. 6, " The Holy See and the Wandering of the Nations " ; vol. 7, " Peter's Rock in Mohammed's Flood " ; and vol. 8, " Monas- tic Life from the Fathers of the Desert to Charlemagne." Mr. Allies was appointed Secretary to the Catholic Poor School Committee for Great Britain in 1853, and continued to 1890. He was created Knight Commander of St. Gregory by Leo XIII. in 1885. Address : 3 Lodge Place, St. John's Wood, N.W. ALLINGHAM, Mrs. Helen, eldest child of Alexander Henry Paterson, M.D., was born near Bnrton-on-Trent, Sept. 26, 1848. The family removed to Altrincham, Cheshire, and after Dr. Paterson's death, to Birmingham. At the beginning of 1867 Miss Paterson came to reside in London under the care of her aunt, Miss Laura Herford, who was an artist, and who, about seven years previously, had practi- cally opened the schools of the Royal Academy to women. Miss Paterson her- self entered the Royal Academy schools in April 1867. She afterwards drew on wood for several illustrated periodicals, and eventually became one of the regular staff of the Graphic. She also furnished illus- trations to novels running in the Cornhill Magazine : " Far from the Madding Crowd," and "Miss Angel." In the inter- vals of drawing on wood she produced several water-colour drawings. "May," "Dangerous Ground," &c, were exhibited at the Dudley Gallery ; " The Milkmaid," and "Wait for Me," at the Royal Academy, 1874. "Young Customers," 1875, attracted much attention ; as did also " Old Men's Gardens, Chelsea Hospital," at the Old Water-Colour Exhibition, 1877. In 1875 she was elected an Associate of the Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colour, and in 1890 to the honour of full membership. Mrs. Allingham has also exhibited "The Harvest Moon," "The Clothes- Line," "The Convalescent," " The Lady of the Manor," "The Children's Tea," "The Well," "Lessons," and many scenes of English rural life. Among her later works are several portraits of Thomas Carlyle. Special exhibitions of Mrs. Allingham's drawings were held in 1886, 1887, and 1889, also in 1891, 1894, and 1898, at the rooms of the Fine Art Society, and had great success. Miss Paterson was married, Aug. 22, 1874, to the late Mr. William Allingham, the poet. Address : Eldon House, Lyndhurst Road, Hampstead, N.W. ALLISON, William B., American statesman, was born at Perry, Ohio, March 2, 1829, was educated at Western Reserve College, Ohio, and studied law and prac- tised his profession in Ohio, until he removed to Iowa in 1857. He served on the staff of the Governor of Iowa, and aided in organising volunteers in the be-, ginning of the war between the Northern and Southern States, was elected a Repre- sentative in the Thirty-eighth, and re- elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, and Forty-first Congresses, and was elected to the United States Senate, taking his seat March 4, 1873. He was re-elected in 1878, 1884, 1890, and 1897. He is leader of the Senate Committee on Appropriations. ALLMAK, Professor George James, M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.S.I., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., M.R.I.A., F.L.S., Corr. M.Z.S.L., Hon. F.R.M.S., Hon. Fellow Royal Geolo- gical Society of Cornwall, Member of the Royal Dublin Society, and Hon. Member of various British and foreign societies, and Emeritus Regius - Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh, is the eldest son of James Allman, Esq., of Bandon, and was born at Cork in 1812, and educated at the Belfast Academical Institution. Warmly attached to the prin- ciples of civil and religious liberty, he threw himself actively into the agitation which led to Catholic Emancipation ; and, believing he could best promote its object by engaging in the profession of the law, he resolved on studying for the Irish Bar. The love of natural science, however, which had at a very early age taken pos- session of him, caused him, before he had completed the required number of terms, to give up the profession of law for that of medicine. He graduated in Arts and Medicine in the University of Dublin in 1844 ; and in the same year was appointed to the Regius-Professorship of Botany in that university, when he relinquished all further thought of medical practice. In 1854 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ; and in 1S55 he resigned his pro- fessorship in the University of Dublin on his appointment to the Regins-Professor- ship of Natural History and Keepership of the Natural History Museum in the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, which he held until 1870. Shortly after this the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of Edinburgh. His chief scientific labours have been among the lower organisms of the animal kingdom, to the investigation of whose structure and development he has specially devoted himself. For his researches in this depart- ment of biology the Royal Society of Edin- burgh awarded to him in 1872 the Brisbane Prize ; in the following year a Royal Medal was awarded to him by the Royal Society of London ; in 1878 he received the Cunningham Gold Medal from the Royal Irish Academy, and in 1896 the Linnean Gold Medal from the Linnean Society of ALLMAN — ALM A-TADEMA 21 London. He was one of the Commis- sioners appointed by Government in 1876 to inquire into the state of the Queen's Colleges in Ireland. Soon after his elec- tion to the Edinburgh chair he was nomi- nated one of the Commissioners of Scottish ■Fisheries, an honorary post which he con- tinued to hold until the abolition of the Board in 1881. On the resignation of Mr. Bentham he was elected to the presidency of the Linnean Society, a post which he held until. 1983, when he resigned it in favour of Sir J. Lubbock. In 1879 he was President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. On the com- pletion of the exploring voyage of the Challenger, the large collection of Hydroida made during that great expedition was assigned to him for determination and de- scription — a service which he had already performed for the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream under the direction of the United States Government. He has served on the Coun- cil of the Royal Society of London, and on those of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Royal Irish Academy, and has filled the post of Examiner in Natural History for the Queen's University in Ire- land, for the University of London, for Her Majesty's Army, Navy, and Indian Medical Services, and for the Civil Service of India. Results of his original investi- gations are contained in memoirs published in the Philosophical Transactions, the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh, the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, and the Transactions of the IAnnean and Zoological Societies of London; as well as in reports presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, to the Mus. Comp. Zool. Har- vard University, and to the Commission of the Challenger Exploration ; and in com- munications to the Annals of Natural His- tory, the Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science, and other scientific journals. His more elaborate works are "A Monograph of the Freshwater Polyzoa," fol., 1856, and "A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic Hydroids," fol., 1871-72, both published by the Ray Society, and largely illustrated with coloured plates. Dr. Allman is a member of the Athenseum Club, to which he was elected by the Committee. He married Hannah Louisa, third daughter of Samuel Shaen, Esq., of Crix, J.P. and D.L. for the county of Essex. Ad- dresses : Ardmore, Parkstone, Dorset ; and Athenseum. ALLMAN, Emeritus Professor George Johnston, LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S., Senator of the Royal University of Ireland, younger son of William Allman, M.D., Professor of Botany in the University of Dublin (1809-44), born in Dublin Sept. 28, 1824, was educated at Dr. Wall's School and Trinity College, Dublin. He graduated in the University of Dublin, B.A. 1844, and LL.D. in 1853, and in the same year he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in Queen's College, Galway, and a Professor of the Queen's University in Ireland. He was also appointed Bursar of the Queen's College in 1864, Member of the Senate of the Queen's University in Ireland in 1877, and in 1880 he was nominated by the Crown one of the first Senators of the Royal University of Ireland. He was a Member of the Council of Queen's College, Galway, 1863-93, and in 1888 he was sent by the Corporate Body of the Queen's College as delegate to the University of Bologna on the occasion of the celebration of the Octo- centenary of that University. He is LL.D. ad eundem of the Queen's University (1863), and D.Sc. honoris causd (1882). In 1884 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1893 he resigned his professorship and the bursarship of Queen's College, Galway. In 1853 Dr. Allman communicated to the Royal Irish Academy "An Account of the late Pro- fessor MacCullagh's Lectures on the Attraction of Ellipsoids," which he com- piled from his notes of the lectures (Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. xxii.). He has since published " Some Properties of the Paraboloids " (Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, 1874); also " Greek Geometry from Thales to Euclid" (Hermathena, vol. iii., No. V., 1777; vol. vi., No. XIII., 1887), and has collected these articles and published them in a volume with the same title ("Dublin University Press Series," 1889). He has also contributed "Ptolemy" (Claudius Ptolemasus) and other articles to the last edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." Permanent address : St. Mary's, Galway. ALMA-TADEMA, Lawrence, R.A., R.W.S., H.R.S., F.S.A., painter, was born at Dronryp, in the Netherlands, Jan. 8, 1836. His father was Pieter Tadema, a notary. He was intended for one of the learned professions, and in training for it the works of the ancient classical writers of course engrossed much of his attention. In 1852 he went to Antwerp, and entered the Academy there as a student. After- wards he placed himself with the late Baron Henry Leys, whom he assisted in painting several of the large pictures with which the Baron's name is associated. Subsequently he came to London, where he has resided for many years. He ob- tained a gold medal at Paris in 1864 ; a second-class medal at the International 22 ALMOND Exhibition at Paris in 1867 ; a gold medal at Berlin in 1872, and the grand medal in 1874. Mr. Alma-Tadema became a member of the Academy of Fine Arts at Amsterdam in 1862 ; Knight of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) in 1866 ; Knight of the Dutch Lion in 1868; Knight First Class of the Order of St. Michael of Bavaria in 1869 ; Member of the Royal Academy of Munich in 1871 ; Knight of the Legion of Honour (France) in 1873 ; Member of the Society of Painters in Water-Colonrs in 1873 ; and Member of the Boyal Academy of Berlin in 1874. In January 1873 he received letters of deniza- tion from the Queen of England, having resolved to reside permanently in this country. He was nominated a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1873 ; and elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of London, Jan. 26, 1876. In the latter year he was also elected a Knight of the Third Class of the Golden Lion of Nassau ; in 1877 a Knight of the Third Class of the Crown of Prussia, and an Hon. Member of the Royal Scottish Academy ; in 1878 he obtained a first-class medal at the Paris International Exhibition, and he was nominated an Officer of the Legion of Honour in the same year. Mr. Alma- Tadema was elected a Royal Academician June 19, 1879. He is an Hon. Member of the Royal Academies of Madrid, Vienna, Stockholm, and Naples. The Emperor of Germany, in January 1881, appointed him a foreign Knight of the Order Pour le Merite (Art and Sciences Division) ; and in the following month the French Academy of Fine Arts elected him its London correspondent in the section of Painting. His principal paintings are : "Entrance to a Roman Theatre," 1866; "Agrippina visiting the Ashes of Ger- manicus," 1866; "A Roman Dance," 1866; "The Mummy," 1867; " Tarquinius Superbus," 1867; "The Siesta," 1868; "Phidias and the Elgin Marbles," 1868; "Flowers," 1868; "Flower Market," 1868; "A Roman Amateur," 1868; "Pyrrhic Dance," 1869; "A Negro," 1869; "The Convalescent," 1869; "A Wine Shop," 1869; "A Jnggler," 1870; "A Roman Amateur," 1870; "The Vin- tage," 1870; "A Roman Emperor," 1871 ; "Une Fete intime," 1871; "The Greek Pottery," 3 871; "Reproaches," 1872; "The Mummy" (Roman period), 1872; "The Improvisatore," 1872; "A Halt," 1872; "Death of the Firstborn," 1872; "Greek Wine," 1872; "The Dinner," 1873; "The Siesta," 1873; "The Cher- ries," 1873; "Fishing," 1873; "Joseph Overseer of Pharaoh's Granaries," 1874 ; "A Sculpture Gallery," 1874 ; " A Picture Gallery," 1874 ; "Autumn," 1874 ; "Good Friends," 1874; "On the Steps of the Capitol," 1874; "Water Pets," 1875; "The Sculpture Gallery," 1875; "An Audience at Agrippa's," 1876 ; "After the Dance," 1876; "Cleopatra," 1876; "The Seasons" (4 pictures), 1877; "Between Hope and Fear," 1877; "A Sculptor's Model" (Venus Esquilina), "A Love Missile," 1878; "A Hearty Welcome," " Down to the River," " Pamona Festival," "In the Time of Constantine," 1879; "Spring Festival," "Not at Home," "Fredegonda," 1880; "Sappho," 1881; "An Oleander." and "The Way to the Temple" (his diploma work), 1883 ; "The Emperor Hadrian visiting a British Pottery," 1884; "AReadingfrom Homer," 1885; "An Apodyterinm." 1886 ; "The Roses of Heliogabalus," 1888; "At the Shrine of Venus," and "A Dedication to Bacchus," 1889; "Comparisons," 1893; "At the Close of a Joyful Day," 1894; "Spring," 1895 ; " Whispering Noon," and "The Coliseum," 1896; "Watching," and "Her Eyes are with her Thoughts," &c, 1897; and "The Conversion of Paula," 1898. At the Grosvenor Gallery in 1876 he exhibited a series of three pictures : "Architecture," "Sculpture," and "Paint- ing, "also "Cherries." A special exhibi- tion of his pictures was held at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1883. He received the Fine Art Medal of Honour at the Paris Exhibition, 1889. By his first wife he had two daughters, one of whom, Miss Laurence Alma-Tadema, is the author of "Love's Martyr," a novel; "The Wings of Icarus," a novel ; a translation of Maeterlinck's " Pelleas et Melisandre"; and a volume of poems, "Realms of Unknown Kings " ; and the other, Miss Anna Alma-Tadema, has made a brilliant dibut as a water-colour painter, gaining the second medal at the Paris Exhibition in 1889. His second wife, whom he married in 1871, was Miss Laura Theresa, youngest daughter of Dr. George Epps. This lady is an accomplished artist, and has exhibited several pictures at the Royal Academy, at the Society of French Artists, at the Grosvenor Gallery, and New Gallery. She won the gold medal at Berlin in 1896. Addresses : 17 Grove End Road, St. John's Wood, N.W. ; and Athenaeum. ALMOND, Hely Hutchinson, M.A., LL.D., was born at Glasgow on Aug. 12, 1832, and is the son of the Rev. George Almond. He was educated at Glasgow University and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained first-class Honours in both Classical and Mathematical Modera- tions, and second-class Honours in both the final schools of Lit. Hum. and Mathe- matics. He is an Hon. LL.D. of Glasgow. He was appointed Second Master of Merchiston Castle School in 1858, and AMAGAT — ANCASTEE 23 became Head Master of Loretto School in 1862. Mr. Almond is also the author of the following : " Sermons by a Lay Head- master," 1886 and 1892 ; " Edinburgh Health Lectures," 1884; "Football as a Moral Agent," published in the December 1893 number of the Nineteenth Century, "English Prose Extracts," 1895. He was married in 1876 to Eleanora Frances, daughter of Canon Tristram. Address : North Esk Lodge, Musselburgh. AMAGAT, Emile Hilaire, was born in 1841 at St. Satur, near Sancerre, a village in the Department of Cher. His first intention was to become a manufac- turing chemist, which calling, however, he soon abandoned, and made up his mind to enter the profession of teaching. His early struggles were hard, and it was under difficult circumstances that he ob- tained the various degrees which the University of France grants. He was for some years assistant to the celebrated chemist Berthelot, at the College of France. He lived in Switzerland, and was a master at the Lycee of Fribourg from 1867 to 1872, using this opportunity for composing his Doctoral thesis, which he presented at Paris in 1872. He taught chemistry for five years at the old normal school of Cluny, and in 1877 he became Professor of Physics in the free university of Lyons. This institution was then in course of formation, and he created there the de- partment of Physics, in which he carried out his principal experiments, and re- corded their results. He returned to Paris in 1891, and became an assistant at the Ecole Polytechnique, where he is at the present time occupied in examining candi- dates for admission to the school. He has been a Member of the Institute of France since 1889, was elected a Member of the Eoyal Society of London and of that of Edinburgh in 1897, and is a Member of the Dutch Society of Sciences, an Hon. Member of the Philosophical Society of Manchester and of the Scientific Society of Brussels. His principal experiments are connected with the study of the elas- ticity and expansion of fluids, which he observed under such conditions of tem- perature, and especially of pressure, as had hardly been reached up till that time in recent investigations. His most im- portant memoir is the one which he pub- lished in 1893, and which recapitulates the whole of the laws relating to the statics of liquids and gases. These laws were the outcome of his experiments. He has also published several memoirs relat- ing to the elasticity of solids. Since 1894 he has particularly endeavoured to deduce the logical inferences resulting from his experimental investigations ; he has pub- lished, with this idea, his researches on the variation of the specific heats of fluids under the influence of temperature and pressure, and his researches on the in- ternal pressure of fluids. All his writings have been published in the "Comptes Eendus " of the Academy of Sciences, mid most of his memoirs have been given in full in the " Annales de Chimie et de Physique." Address: Ecole Polytechnique, Paris. AMPTHILL, Lord, Oliver Arthur ViUiers Russell, B.A., J.P., son of the 1st Lord Ampthill, the well-known am- bassador, was born in Rome on Feb. 19, 1869. He was educated at Eton and New College, Oxford, and was President of the University Union Society in 1891. In politics he is a Liberal Unionist, and he contested Fulham in the L.C.C. election of 1895 as a Moderate. He was Assistant Private Secretary to the Right Hon. J. Chamberlain, Colonial Secretary, from 1895 to 1897, and in the latter year was appointed Private Secretary to that, states- man. At the present time (June 1898) he is engaged on the Sugar Bounties Confer- ence, which is sitting in Brussels. Lord Ampthill has a very considerable rowing reputation, inasmuch as he was a member of the Eton Eight from 1886 to 1888, and was their captain from 1887 to 1889 ; whilst at Oxford he rowed in the Uni- versity Eight from 1889 to 1891, and was the President of the O.U.B.C. in 1891 ; he is, moreover, at the present time President of the London Rowing Club. He was formerly a Lieutenant in the Royal 1st Devon Yeomanry Cavalry, and is now a Captain in the 3rd Battalion of the Bedford- shire Regiment. In 1894 he was married to Margaret, daughter of the 6th Earl Beauchamp, and has a son and heir, John Hugo, born in 1896. Address : 109 Park Street, W. ANCASTER, Earl of, The Right Hon. Gilbert Henry Heathcote Drummond Willoughby, was born in 1830, and succeded his father as 2nd Baron Aveland in 1867, and his mother as 24th Baron Willoughby de Eresby in 1888. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. From 1852 to 1856 he represented Boston in the House of Commons as a Conservative, and ;ilso sat for Rutland in the same interest from l x 56 to 1867. He is Joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain of England, and was created Earl of Ancaster in 1892. He is married to Evelyn Elizabeth, second daughter of the 10th Marquis of Huntly, and has a son and heir, Lord Willoughby de Eresby, M.P. for the Horncastle Divi- sion of Lincolnshire. Addresses : Nor- 24 ANDERSON manton Park, Stamford ; Drummond Castle, Crieff, Perthshire; and 12 Bel- grave Square, S.W. ANDERSON, Mrs. Elizabeth Gar- rett-, M.D., daughter of Newson Garrett, Esq., of Aldeburgh, Suffolk, was born in London in 1836, educated at home and at a private school. Miss Elizabeth Garrett began to study medicine at Middlesex Hos- pital in 1860, completed the medical curri- culum at St. Andrews, Edinburgh, and the London Hospital, and passed the examina- tion at Apothecaries' Hall, receiving the diploma of L.S.A. in October 1865. She was appointed General Medical Attendant to St. Mary's Dispensary in June 1866, ob- tained the degree of M. D. from the Uni- versity of Paris in 1870, and in the same year was appointed one of the visiting physicians to the East London Hospital for Children and Dispensary for Women. On Nov. 29, 1870, Miss Garrett was elected a Member of the London School Board, being returned by a large majority at the head of the poll for Marvlebone. She was married Feb. 9, 1871, 'to Mr. J. G. S. Anderson, of the Orient line of steamships to Australia. In 1872 Mrs. Anderson aided in the establishment and organisation of the New Hospital for Women, then at 222 Marylebone Road, and now at 144 Euston Road, of which the acting medical staff is composed entirely of women. Mrs. Ander- son has been for some years its Senior Visiting Physician. For twenty - three years she was Lecturer on Medicine at the London School of Medicine for Women, Brunswick Square. She is still Dean of the school. She was for many years on the Councils of the North London Col- legiate School for Girls, and of Bedford College. Mrs. Garrett-Anderson continues to practise in London as a physician for women and children. She has written various papers on medical and social questions, and is a Member of the British Medical Association. In 1897 Mrs. Ander- son was elected President of the East Anglian Branch of this Association. She was also for some years President of the Association of Registered Medical Women. Permanent addresses : 4 Upper Berkeley Street, Portman Square ; and Westhill, Aldeburgh, Suffolk. ANDERSON, Dr. John, LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S., &c, son of the late Mr. Thomas Anderson, Secretary to the National Bank of Scotland, Edinburgh, was born in that city on Oct. 4, 1833 ; educated at the George Square Academy and the Hill Street Institution and finally at the Edinburgh University. He took the degree of M.D. in 1861, and received a gold medal for his thesis, entitled "Observations in Zoology." Immediately after his graduation he was appointed Professor of Natural Science in the Free Church College, Edinburgh, but he re- signed the office in 1864, having been offered the Curatorship of a Museum which the Government of India intended to found in Calcutta, and of which the collections of the Asiatic Society of Bengal were to form the nucleus. He arrived in India in July 1864, and in the following year was appointed Superintendent of the Indian Museum, and two or three years afterwards he was also given the Chair of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical College, Calcutta. In 1868 he was selected by the Government of India to accompany an expedition to Western China, vid British and Independent Burmah, in the capacity of Scientific Officer. Again, in 1874, he was chosen by the Government of India to proceed once more to Western China in the same capacity as on the former expedition, and with instructions to ad- vance from Bhamo to Shanghai. This expedition was attacked by the Chinese, and was obliged to retreat to Burmah ; Augustus Raymond Margary having been treacherously murdered at Manwyne. In 1881 Dr Anderson was sent by the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, to investi- gate the Marine Zoology of the Mergui Archipelago, off the coast of Tenasserim. In 1887 he retired from the service of the Government of India. Besides numerous papers on zoology, a list of which is to be found in the Royal Society's Catalogue of scientific papers, Dr. Anderson is the author of the following independent works: "A Report on the Expedition to Western China vid Bhamo," published by the Government of India, 1871 ; "Man- dalay to Momien," an account of the two expeditions to Western China, the first under Major (afterwards Colonel Sir Edward) Sladen, and the second under the command of Colonel Horace Browne, 1875; "Anatomical and Zoological Re- searches," including an account of the zoological results of the two expeditions to Western China, 1868-69 and 1875, 4to, with 1 vol. plates, 1878 ; " Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Indian Museum," Part I. published by the Trustees of the Indian Museum, 8vo, 1879; "Handbook to the Archaeological Collections of the Indian Museum, Calcutta," 2 vols., 8vo, published by the Trustees, 1881 and 1882. The scientific results of his researches in the Mergui Archipelago were published by the Linnean Society of London in vols. 21 and 22 of their Journal, which were devoted exclusively to the subject, the various animal groups having been worked out by specialists. Dr. Anderson described the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Bat- ANDERSON •25 rachia, and gave an exhaustive account of the Selungs, the human inhabitants of the islands, adding a vocabulary of their language. And in connection with the same expedition to Mergui, a town which was once in Siamese territory, he published in 1890, in Triibner's Oriental Series, a full account of " English Intercourse with Siam in the Seventeenth Century." Dr. Ander- son is a Fellow of the Eoyal Societies of London and Edinburgh, of the Linnean Society, and the Zoological Society of London, of the Royal Geographical Society of London, of the Society of Antiquaries of London and of Edinburgh, of the Royal Physical and Botanical Societies of Edin- burgh, and of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He is also a Fellow of the Calcutta Uni- versity, and is a Corresponding Fellow of the Ethnological Society of Italy. In 1885 the University of Edinburgh conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1896 Dr. Anderson published a small volume on "The Herpetology of Arabia," and he is now engaged issuing a work on " The Fauna of Egypt." The first vol., on "The Reptiles and Batrachians of Egypt," is illustrated by fifty-two 4to plates, the majority of the subjects having been drawn from life. ANDERSON, Mary. See Navakko, Madamb Antonio de. ANDERSON, William, F.R.C.S., born in London on Dec. 18, 1842, is the son of Mr. William Henry Anderson. He was educated at the City of London School, St. Thomas's Hospital, and in Paris. After passing through his medical career at St. Thomas's Hospital, where he became Cheselden Medallist, he was appointed in 1873 Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Japanese Naval and Medical College at Tokio. In the following year he became Medical Officer to the British Legation at Tokio, and an adviser to the Sanitary De- partment of the Japanese Home Office. While organising the Naval Medical Ser- vice, and studying the diseases peculiar to the country, he devoted his leisure to in- vestigating the history and technique of the pictorial Arts of China and Japan, forming a large collection of illustrative paintings and engravings, which were after- wards acquired by the British Museum. Returning to England in 1880 to take the appointment of Assistant - Surgeon and Lecturer on Anatomy at St. Thomas's Hospital, he practised as a consulting sur- geon, and was elected full Surgeon to the Hospital in 1891, Hunterian Professor of Surgery and Pathology at the Royal College of Surgeons in the same year, and Professor of Anatomy in the Royal Academy of Arts in 1892. In the same year he took part in the formation of the Japan Society, and was elected its first Chairman of Council. He became an Examiner in Surgery at the University of London and at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1894, and Vice-President of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland in 1895. He is a member of several learned societies, and an Hon. Member of the American Society of Anatomists, and of the Japanese Society for the Advancement of Medical Science (Sei-I-Kwai). In 1895 he was honoured by the Emperor of Japan with the decoration of the Third Class Order of the Rising Sun for services in connection with medical education in Japan and with the literature of Japanese Art. His published works include numer- ous standard contributions to the medical press, and to various literary and artistic Magazines and Reviews ; a short essay on the history of Japanese painting in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan for 1875 (the first outline of the subject in any European language); a "Treatise on the Pictorial Arts of Japan" (1 886) ; a descriptive and historical cata- logue of the collection of Japanese and Chinese pictures in the British Museum (1886) ; and a monograph on Japanese wood engravings (1895). His collection of Japanese and Chinese paintings was ex- hibited in the White Gallery of the British Museum in 1888-89, and a collection of engravings and illustrated books at the Burlington Fine Arts Club in 1890. Address : 2 Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W. ANDERSON, General William Warden, second son of the late Sir George Anderson, K.C.B., Governor of the Mauritius and of Ceylon, was born at Surat, in India, 1824, and appointed Cornet in the 2nd Bombay Lancers in 1840. He served through the Punjaub campaign of 1848, and was present at the siege and capture of Mooltan, as well as the siege of Awah and of Kotah, 1857. He served throughout the Indian Mutiny, 1857, and was severely wounded in the engagement with the rebels at Gwalior. From 1858 to 1867 he acted as Assistant-Political Resident, and Superintendent of the Gui- cowar's contingent of horse in Katywar. From 1867 to 1874 he was Political Agent in that province. He was pro- moted to Brevet-Major for services at Gwalior against the rebels, 1857 (medal with clasps) ; Major-General, 1878 ; Lieu- tenant-General, 1882 ; General, 1888. He more than once received the thanks of the Governor-General of India for the efficient manner in which he had dis- charged the duties of Political Agent in Katywar. 26 ANDERSON— ANDREE ANDERSON, Sir William, K.C.B., F.R.S., D.C.L., J.P., Director-General of Royal Ordnance Factories, was born at St. Petersburg on Jan. 5, 1835. He obtained his early education at the High Com- mercial School in his native city, and when he left in 1849 he was head of the school, silver medallist, and, although a British subject, he had conferred upon him the freedom of the city of St. Peters- burg. In 1849 Mr. Anderson became a matriculated student in the Applied Sciences Department of King's College, London, and went through the complete three years' course, taking many prizes, and leaving in 1851 with the degree of Associate, to become a pupil of the late Sir William Fairbairn at Manchester. He remained with Messrs. William Fairbairn and Sons for three years, and during that time was much employed in looking after important outwork. In 1855 Mr. Anderson entered into partnership with Messrs. Courtney & Stephens, of Dublin, and remained with them till 1864, being engaged chiefly in the construction of bridges, cranes, signals, and other fittings for railways. He devoted much attention to the theory of diagonally braced girders, then but little understood, and contributed several papers to the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland, of which body he became President in 1863. In the autumn of 1864 Mr. Anderson removed to London, joining the old-established firm of Baston and Amos, with the object of building new works on the Thames at Erith, the old premises in Southwark Street having been found inconvenient for large and heavy work. Mr. Anderson, under whose direct management the Erith works have been since their erection, became eventually the head of the firm of Easton & Ander- son. He is a Member of Council of the Institute of Civil Engineers, a Vice-Presi- dent of the Institute of Mechanical En- gineers, a Visitor of the Royal Institution, a Vice-President of the Society of Arts, and has contributed numerous papers on a variety of subjects to these bodies. His knowledge of the Russian language has enabled him to abstract many interesting papers for the "Foreign Abstracts" pub- lished by the Institution of Civil En- gineers. He has also translated the re- markable works of Chernoff on steel, and the researches of the late General Kala- kontsky, on the internal stresses in cast- iron and steel. He was selected by the Institute of Civil Engineers to deliver one of the heat series of lectures, namely, that on the "Generation of Steam"; by the School of Military Engineering at Chat- ham, to lecture on " Hydraulic Machinery and on Hydro-pneumatic Moncrieff Gun- Carriage " ; and delivered for the Society of Arts, under the Howard Trust, a course of lectures on the "Conversion of Heat into Work." In August 1889 he was appointed by Mr. Stanhope (Secretary of State for War) Director-General of the Royal Ordnance Factories, which comprise the laboratory, the carriage departments, and the gun factory at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, the Royal Gunpowder Factory at Waltham Abbey, and the small-arms factories at Enfield and Birmingham. The University of Durham has conferred on him the honorary degree of D.C.L., and he was in 1889 elected President of section G of the British Association. In June 1895 he was made C.B., and in May 1897 K.C.B. He is married to Emma, daughter of the Rev. J. R. Brown, Knighton, Rad- norshire. Address : Royal Arsenal, Wool- wich. AETDREE, Dr. S. A., Swedish aero- naut, began studying air currents in 1877 when on a voyage to the United States, with the idea of crossing the Atlantic in a balloon. Since 1892 he experimented in Sweden with the help of King Oscar. His now famous balloon, in which he and his two companions, Dr. Strindberg and Herr Fraenkel, started, was constructed under the superintendence of M. Henri Lach- ambre, and was taken to the N.W. corner of Spitzbergen, with the object of crossing the North Polar area. Herr Andree went there in 1896, when he did not consider the atmospheric conditions favourable enough for his enterprise ; but on July 11, 1897, he started on his hazardous voyage, and only once has reliable information reached the expectant civilised world since that date, when the balloon disappeared behind the ice hummocks of the Frozen Sea. As in the case of Franklin, we consider Herr Andre"e to be alive till we have posi- tive proof of his death. His balloon was so constructed as to be capable of re- maining in the air for over fifty days, but he took provisions for only four months. He also took thirty-two carrier-pigeons, and told his friends not to be alarmed if they did not hear from him for a year. Of these pigeons, only one has brought a message ; it was shot near Spitzbergen on July 22, 1897, and carried a message dated July 13, stating that all was well. It was sent off in 82'2° N. lat., 15 - 5° E. long., and so in two days the balloon had ad- vanced 187 miles in a N.N.E. direction. He hoped to make land in Siberia or Alaska, but if he descended on the ice N. of 82° it is doubtful whi ther he would be able to secure a sufficiency of food by means of his gun. Several rumours have reached Europe of his having arrived at the Pole, but as yet none have received confirmation (August 1898). ANDEEWS — ANGELL 27 ANDREWS, Thomas, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., M.Inst.C.E., F.C.S., &c, was born Feb. 16, 1847, in Sheffield, and is the only son of the late Mr. Thomas Andrews of the same town. He was educated at Broomhank School by the late Rev. Thomas Howarth, M.A., and subsequently by private tuition, and was carefully trained in metallurgy, mining, and engineering by his father. On the death of his father in 1871 he succeeded him as proprietor of the Wortley Iron- works (one of the oldest-established iron- works in England), and the Wortley Silkstone Colliery. In addition to con- ducting and managing the ironworks, Mr. Andrews has rendered excellent service to metallurgical, physical, and engineering science, by a series of original researches, extending over many years, and con- nected with various branches of the above sciences. He has determined the relative corrosibility of wrought iron and modern steels in sea-water and in tidal streams, and shown that iron corrodes much less than steels. He has made elaborate re- searches, published by the Institute of Civil Engineers, on the " Effects of Tem- perature on the Strength of Railway Axles, in an Investigation extending over Seven Years," and has therein determined, on a large experimental scale, the resistance of metals to sudden concussion at varying temperatures down to zero Fahrenheit ; and indicated the influence of climatic temperature changes on the strength of railway material, and at the same time has ascertained some of the causes lead- ing to accidental fractures on railways. He has also studied the influence of sudden chilling on the physical properties of metals. He has conducted numerous other original investigations on the electro- motive force between vessels at high temperatures, &c. , and also an intricate research on "Electro-chemical Effects on Magnetising Iron," Parts I., II., III. ; the results of the latter research have shown that magnetised iron or steel is electro- positive to unmagnetised in certain chemi- cal solutions. In another part of this research Mr. Andrews observed that a current was produced when the opposite poles of two electrically connected magnets of approximately equal strength were im- mersed in solutions of various chemical substances, the north pole being generally positive to the south pole. Mr. Andrews has written papers on the " Passive State of Iron and Steel," discovering in these researches that the passive state of iron was influenced by magnetism ; and he also determined the relative passivity of the various modern steels, and the in- fluence of chemical composition, physical structure, &c, on the passivity of the metals. Mr. Andrews has also experi- mented on the "Heat Dilatation of Metals from Very Low Temperatures." In the course of another research he has made determinations of the plasticity of ice, and also on the relative conductivity of ice and snow, and on the contracti- bility of ice at low temperatures. He has also contributed various articles to Iron, The Engineer, Chemical Ncu'S, Nature, Poggendorff's Annalen, and other periodi- cals. The results of these numerous researches are embodied in about thirty- three papers, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, London ; Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society, Edin- burgh; Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers ; Transactions of the Society of Engineers; Transactions of the Midland Mining Institute: British Association Re- ports ; Transactions of the Institute of Marine Engineers, &c. For some of these papers Mr. Andrews was awarded at dif- ferent times by the Institute of Civil Engineers a Telford Medal and three Telford Premiums successively, and also a premium by the Society of Engineers. In 189S the Society of Engineers awarded him the Bessemer Premium. He was in 1888 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, London, and has also been elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers, Fellow of the Chemical Society, &c. Numerous quotations are made from his metallur- gical researches in the recent valuable standard work on the " Metallurgy of Steel," by Henry M. Howe, Boston, U.S.A. He is patentee of an invention for hydraulic machinery in connection with the manufacture of iron. Mr. Andrews takes a practical interest in all Christian and educational labour, and has conducted large night-schools. In 1870 he married Mary Hannah, eldest daughter of the late Mr. Charles Stanley, of Rotherham. Ad- dress : Ravencrag, Wortley, near Sheffield. ANDREWS, The Right Hon. William Drennan, is a Judge in the Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice, Ireland, and was sworn a Member of the Irish Privy Council in 1897. ANGELL, James Burrill, American educator and statesman, was born at Scituate, Rhode Island, Jan. 7, 1829. He graduated at Brown University in 1849, and spent some time in Europe studying and travelling. On his return to America in 1853 he was appointed Professor of Modern Languages and Literature at Brown University, where he graduated. In 1860 he became editor of the Daily Journal of Providence, and retained that position until called to the Presidency of 28 ANGUS — ANNENKOW the University of Vermont in 1866. In 1871 he became President of the Univer- sity of Michigan, an office he has since continued to fill, except during the years 1880-81, which he spent in China as Minister from the United States, and in 1897-98, when he was United States Mini- ster to Turkey. In 1880-81 he was also chairman of a special commission to nego- tiate a treaty with China. This commission made a treaty in commercial matters, and also one on Chinese immigration. ANGUS, Joseph, D.D., was born Jan. 16, 1816, at Bolam, Northumberland, and educated at King's College, Stepney College, and Edinburgh, where he graduated in 1836, taking the first prizes in nearly all his classes, and at the close of his course gaining the University Prize for an essay on " The Philosophy of Lord Bacon," open to all students, both literary and medical. In 1840 he was appointed Secretary of the Baptist Missionary Society, and visited the West Indies on the churches in that island becoming independent of the Society. In 1849 he became President of Stepney College, which College was removed to Regent's Park in 1857. Dr. Angus, who was for several years English Examiner to the University of London and to the Indian Civil Service, is the author of the " Handbook of the Bible," "Handbook of the English Tongue," "English Litera- ture," "Christ our Life," and several other works. He has also edited Butler's "Analogy and Sermons," with notes, and Dr. Wayland's " Moral Science." He was a member of the New Testament Com- pany for the Revision of the Scriptures, and for ten years a member of the London School Board. In recent years the College at Regent's Park has made provision for largely extending its work ; and, in addition to the foundation of several scholarships, the sum of £30,000 has been contributed to it, through Dr. Angus, for increasing its efficiency. Special chairs were founded, and more than one lecture- ship has been established. ANHALT, Grand Duke of, Leopold Frederic Francois Nicolas, was born at Dessau on April 29, 1831, and suc- ceeded his father in 1871. He is a General of Prussian infantry, and a Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle. He was married to Antoinette, Princess of Saxe-Altenburg, in 1854, and his heir is the Hereditary Prince Leopold Fre'de'ric, born in 1856, and married to Marie, Princess of Baden. The fifth son of the Grand Duke, Prince Aribert, was married at Windsor Castle in 1891 to the Princess Louise of Schleswig- Holstein, daughter of the Princess Chris- tian, and granddaughter of Queen Victoria. ANN AND ALE, Charles, M. A., LL.D., was born in Kincardineshire on Aug. 6, 1843, and was educated at Aberdeen Uni- versity. He is engaged in all kinds of literary work, and has edited several im- portant works of reference, among which may be mentioned : " The Imperial Dic- tionary," Blackie's "Modern Cyclopaedia," " The Popular Cyclopaedia," " The Student's Dictionary," Burns's Works, &c. He was married in 1877. Address : 35 Queen Mary Avenue, Glasgow. ANNAND ALE, Professor Thomas, F.R.S.E., M.D., F.R.C.S. London and Edin- burgh, and Member of many Foreign Societies, was born at Newcastle - on - Tyne, Feb. 2, 1838, and educated at the Newcastle Infirmary and the University of Edinburgh. He became private assist- ant to the late Professor Syme, Demon- strator of Anatomy in the University of Edinburgh, and Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Dr. Annandale's high reputation as a prac- tical and operating surgeon and teacher of surgery led to his appointment in October 1877 as Regius-Professor of Clinical Sur- gery in the University of Edinburgh. He is Senior Surgeon to the Royal Infirmary, Consulting Surgeon to the Royal Sick Children's Hospital and to the Royal Maternity Hospital ; and is the author of "The Malformations, Diseases, and Injuries of the Fingers and Toes, and their Surgi- cal Treatment," 1865, being the Jacksonian Prize Essay of the Royal College of Sur- geons of London for 1864; "Abstracts of Surgical Principles," 1868-70, 2nd ■edit., 1876; "Clinical Surgical Lectures," 1874-75, reported in the Medical Times and British Medical Journal; "On the Pathology and Operative Treatment of Hip Disease," 1876 ; author of articles "Diseases of the Breast," "Internal De- rangements of the Knee-joint, and their Treatment by Operation," "On the Re- moval of Bone to Promote Healing of Wounds," and numerous contributions to professional periodicals. Address : 34 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. ANNENKOW, General Michael, son of General Michael Annenkow, and constructor of the Russian Central Asian Railroad, was born in 1838, and educated in St. Petersburg. He received his first com- mission in 1863, in the mounted Pioneers of the Guard. He afterwards entered the Russian Staff College, and served as a staff- captain during the'Polish insurrection ; at the end of which he became colonel, though only twenty-eight years of age. He spent four years in Poland, in police service, and in 1870 was attached to the German armies during the campaign in ANNUNZIO — AEABI 29 France ; and was afterwards given the chief direction of troops in Russia, and organised the railway battalions. Subse- quently he was one of Skobeloff's staff officers in the Merv campaign. Not only the Samarcand line, bat several other Russian strategic lines are due to him. To him is due a project for the creation of a Trans-Siberian Railway, which is to extend from Moscow to the borders of China. During a sojourn in Paris in 1891 General Annenkow made his latest plans in this direction known to the French press. Since then his ideas have taken concrete shape in the greatest railway scheme in the world, being over 4700 miles long, and costing over £55,000,000 sterling. By means of this line Russia will soon be connected with Vladivostock and Port Arthur, on the Pacific Ocean. The Trans- Siberian Railway has now reached the Manchurian frontier, and the length in Chinese territory will be 950 miles. ANNUNZIO, Gabrielle d'. See D'Annunzio, Gabrielle. ANSON, Sir William Reynell, D.C.L., son of the late Sir John W. H. Anson, 2nd Bart., and Elizabeth Catherine, second daughter of General Sir Denis Park, K.C.B., was born on Nov. 14, 1843, at Avisford House, Walberton, Sussex. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a first-class in the school of Lit. Hum. He graduated B.A. in 1866, M.A. in 1869, B.C.L. in 1875, and D. C.L. in 1881. He was a Fellow of All Souls' College from 1867 to 1881, and in the latter year was elected Warden of that society. He was called to the Bar in 1869, and held the appointment of Vinerian Reader in English Law at Ox- ford from 1874 to 1881. He was an Alderman for the city of Oxford in 1892, was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Oxfordshire in 1883, and was Chairman of the Quarter - Sessions in 1894. He was elected a Fellow of Eton College in 1883. Sir W. Anson is the author of "Principles of the English Law of Contrast," and "Law and Custom of the Constitution," Part I. "Parliament," Part II. "The Crown." Addresses : All Souls' College, Oxford ; and Athenaeum. ANSTRTJTHER, Henry Torrerjs, M.P., second son of the late Colonel Sir R. Anstruther, Bart., M.P., was born in 1860, and was educated at Eton and at the University of Edinburgh. He was called to the Scotch Bar in 1885, and was elected Liberal-Unionist Member for the St. Andrews Burghs in 1886. He was re- elected for that constituency in 1895, and in the same year, on the formation of the present administration, he was appointed a Lord of the Treasury, and second Whip. He now, however, fills the office of prin- cipal Liberal-Unionist Whip. Mr. Ans- truther was at one time a Lieutenant in the Fife Light Horse Volunteers. He was married in 1889 to Eva, daughter of th 4th Baron Sudeley. Addresses : 6 Chester Street, S.W. ; and Gillingshill, Pitten- weem, Fife. ANTHOPOULO, Pasha. See Cos- TAKI ANTHOPOULO PASHA. ARABI, Ahmed, the leader of the military insurrection in Egypt, 1882, was born of a fellah family, resident in a small village in the province of Charkieh, in the eastern portion of Lower Egypt, nearly on the borders of the Desert. He was enlisted in the army during the reign of Said Pacha, who initiated the system of replacing the foreign officers by native Egyptians. Arabi was one of those thus selected, and he rose rapidly in rank ; but the Viceroy was capricious, and one day he had Arabi punished with some hundred blows of a stick, and relegated him to half - pay. Arabi, who had learned to read and write, and had compatriots at Ezher, the reli- gious university of Cairo, went thither to study science, and although he could not complete a course which requires about twenty years to accomplish, he learnt sufficient to enable him to pass for a savant among his colleagues in the army. Ismail Pacha restored him to the army, and from this time Arabi was regarded by his Egyp- tian colleagues as a pious and learned man, his conduct being, according to Mussul- man morality, irreproachable. He married the daughter of the nurse of El Hami Pacha, son of Abbas Pacha, who had been brought up in the Prince's palace : this afforded him somewhat of a competence. During the Abyssinian campaign he man- aged to have the charge of the transport, and remained at Massama to forward the convoys. After the campaign he was employed in the transport of sugar from the Khedive's factories in Upper Egypt, and, having a quarrel with the manager of the Khedive's property, he returned to Cairo, and was again replaced in the army, being at the time lieutenant-colonel. He became the intimate counsellor of Ali Bey El Roubi, who was the means of raising Arabi from his obscurity. During the years 1876-78 he organised a sort of secret society among the fellah officers, which was not noticed in consequence of the events that were then engaging the atten- tion of the Khedive and the State. Some weeks previous to the coup d'ttat of Ismail Pacha against the European Ministry, several officers, among whom were Arabi .30 AKBUTHtfOT and El Koubi, went to Ali Pacha Moubarek, a. fellah of Charkieh, and proposed to place him at their head to overthrow the Khe- dive and the European Ministry. Ali Pacha Monbarek, who was a member of the Ministry of Wilson and Blignieres, related the whole to the Khedive, who had an interview with the society of El Roubi and Arabi, and with their aid made the iamous revolution which brought about the fall of the European Ministry of 1879. Ismail Pacha would, doubtless, have sup- pressed the society had he remained a week or a fortnight longer in Egypt. At the accession of Tewfik, the bulk of the public were yet ignorant of the name of Arabi. In a short time afterwards the Khedive made him colonel, and entrusted him with a regiment. Ali Bey El Roubi was sent to Mansourah as President of the Tribunal of First Instance ; but the con- spiracy could not be destroyed, especially because no one in the Government, except perhaps the Khedive himself, considered that it had any real importance. At this time began the intrigues of the ex-Khedive, of Halim Pacha, and the Porte, and each party endeavoured to get hold of the only power that appeared to remain in Egypt, that is to say, this conspiracy of officers, which had drawn to it a large number of non-commissioneri officers, and even of soldiers, by promising them an increase of pay, with better clothing and rations. The tactics of Arabi were to awaken the interest of the people in the movement which he was preparing, and to which he gave the name of " The Awakening of the National Party." In September 1881 Arabi appeared at the head of a military and popular revolt, compelling the Khedive, Tewfik Pacha, to dismiss his former Minis- try, and to convene a sort of Parliament called the Assembly of Notables, which met about the beginning of 1882. The affair of September 8 resulted in the overthrow of Riaz Pacha's Administration, which was unpopular because it was supposed to be too deferential to certain foreign interests. Cherif Pacha, who was there- upon appointed Prime Minister, pledged the Khedive to establish a Parliamentary Government. A manifesto was issued by the "National Party" on Dec. 18, 1881, containing an exposition of their views and purposes. They professed loyalty to the Sultan both as Imperial Suzerain and as Caliph of the Mussulman community, but would never suffer Egypt to be reduced to a Turkish Pachalic, and they claimed the guarantee of England and of Europe for the administrative independence of Egypt. They also professed loyalty to the Khedive, but would not acquiesce in a despotic rule, and they insisted upon bis promise to govern by the advice of a representative assembly. At the beginning of 1882 the Khedive and Cherif Pacha called together the Assembly of Notables. Arabi was then appointed Under-Secretary for the War Department, and was raised to the rank of Pacha. The Assembly of Notables wanted to vote the Budget. This claim was refused by the Khedive's Government on account of the financial Controllers, and hence arose the Egyptian crisis. Arabi and the army had, however, a monopoly of power. The Khedive was forced to accept a National Ministry, and the Organic Law, adopted in defiance of the protests of the Controllers, placed the Budgets in the hands of the Notables, thus subverting the authority of England and France embodied in the Control. Arabi, now substantially Dictator, and supported almost undisguisedly by the Sultan, proceeded to more daring measures. Eventually the English Government felt obliged to intervene by armed force. Then followed the bombardment of Alexandria by the fleet under the command of Sir Beauchamp Seymour (July 11, 1882), and subsequently (Sept. 13) the decisive defeat of Arabi and his army at Tel-el-Kebir by the British troops under Sir Garnet Wolseley. Arabi and his lieutenant, Toulba. Pacha, fled to Cairo, where they surrendered to General Drury Lowe. It was intended at first to charge Arabi with murder and incendiarism, but he was actu- ally brought to trial on the simple charge of rebellion (December 3). He pleaded guilty, and was condemned to death, but immediately afterwards the sentence was commuted by the Khedive to perpetual exile from Egypt and its dependencies. Ceylon having been chosen as the place of banishment, Arabi, with other leaders in the rebellion, were landed at Colombo, Jan. 16, 1883. ARBTJTH1TOT, Sir Alexander J., K.C.S.I., CLE., son of the then Bishop of Killaloe, was born in Ireland on Oct. 11, 1822. He was educated at Rugby and at the old East India College at Haileybury, and entered the Madras Civil Service in 1842. Appointed a Member of the Coun- cil of Madras in 1867, he filled that posi- tion until 1872. Subsequently he was a Member of the Governor-General's Council from 1875 to 1880 ; and eventually he be- came a Member of the Council of India in 1887. He published in 1881 "Selections from the Minutes, and other Official Writ- ings, of Major-General Sir Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras," with an introductory Memoir and Notes. He was created a K.C.S.I. in 1873; is Vice-Chancellor of Madras and Calcutta Universities; and is a Fellow of thie Royal Historical Society. Sir A. Arbufchnot is married to Frederica, ARCH — ARCHER 31 daughter of Major-General Fearon, C.B. Addresses: Newtown House, near Newbury; and Athenajum. ARCH, Joseph, leader of the agricul- tural labourers' movement, was born at Barford, Warwickshire, on Nov. 10, 1826. His father was a labourer, and he himself had, from an early age, to work in the fields for his living, beginning life, like Cobbett, as a scarer of birds. He married the daughter of a mechanic, and at her suggestion he added to his slender stock of book-learning. He used often to sit up late at night reading books, whilst smoking his pipe by the kitchen fire. In this way he contrived to acquire some knowledge of logic, mensuration, and sur- veying. He likewise perused a large num- ber of religious works, and for some years he occupied a good deal of his spare time in preaching among the Primitive Methodists. When the movement arose among the agricultural labourers, he became its re- cognised leader. In 1872 he founded the National Agricultural Labourers' Union, of which he became President. He went through the principal agricultural districts of England, addressing crowded meetings of the labouring classes, and afterwards he visited Canada to inquire into the . ques- tions of labour and emigration. Having once or twice offered himself unsuccess- fully as a candidate for a seat in Parlia- ment, Mr. Arch was elected in 1885 Liberal member for North-west Norfolk, but after the dissolution of 1886 he was defeated by his former Conservative oppo- nent, Lord Henry Bentinck. At the 1892 election he was returned for North-west Norfolk, and again in 1895. He has de- scribed himself as " The Prince of Wales's own M.P." In January 1898 appeared "The Life of Joseph Arch," edited by the Countess of Warwick. In this remarkable autobiography Mr. Arch describes his life and early home, and takes up his position in the following sentence : " I am all in favour of fostering the local spirit. Make a man proud of, and interested in, his birthplace or locality — make him feel he has a part in it — and you have started him on the road to good citizenship. Some will remain strongly local all their lives : others will broaden and widen from the local basis. The right and natural deve- lopment is from home to neighbouring homes ; then to the homes of the parish, the district, the county, the country, the empire, the world. But everything de- pends on individual effort ; the man must help himself if he is to help others." Address : The Cottage, Barford, Warwick. ABCEDALL, The Bight Rev. Mervyn, D.D., Bishop of Eillaloe, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Be- coming Vicar of Templebready in 1863, he was appointed successively Rector of St. Luke's, Cork, in 1872 ; Dean of Cork in 1894; and Bishop of Killaloe in 1897. During the years 1872 to 1897 he acted as Examining Chaplain to Bishops Meade and Gregg of Cork, was Archdeacon of Cork from 1878 to 1894, and was made a Canon of St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1891. Ad- dress : Killaloe, Limerick. ARCHER, James, R.S.A. , was born in Edinburgh, June 10, 1824, and educated at the High School in that city. He received his art education in the school founded by the Honourable Board of Trustees for Manufactures in Scotland, and was ap- pointed an Associate of the Koyal Scottish Academy in 1850, and a full Academician in 1858. Mr. Archer, who left Scotland for London in 1862, first exhibited in the Royal Academy in the year 1850 a cartoon of a design of the Last Supper, followed by an oil picture of the same the year after. He made a series of pictures from the " Mort d' Arthur," of which one was exhibited in the Royal Academy, "The Mystic Sword Excalibur," and painted a series of pictures of children in costume, exhibited in the Royal Academy, of which "Maggie, you're Cheating," is the chief. He became a portrait painter in 1871, ex- hibiting a portrait of Colonel Sykes, M.P., from which time he painted many por- traits, one of the principal being that of Sir Charles 0. Trevelyan, and another that of Professor Blackie. Since that he has painted four large subject pictures : the first " The Worship of Dionysus " ; " Dieu le veult. Peter the Hermit Preaching the First Crusade"; "In the Second Century, You ! a Christian ? " and the fourth, "St. Agnes, a Christian Martyr." In 1884 he went for a few months to the United States, where he painted James G. Blaine, who that year was the defeated candidate for the Presidency ; and also Andrew Carnegie, the well-known Pitts- burg millionaire. In 1886 he went to India, where he remained for three years, spending the winters always in Calcutta. There he painted several of the native Rajahs, chiefly members of the well-known family of Tagore, one branch of which is an adherent to the reformed religious movement of the Brahmo Somaj. In Simla he painted Lady Dufferin in her silver- wedding dress, as well as her son, then Lord Clandeboye. There he also painted a posthumous portrait of Sir Charles Mac- gregor, and designed his commemorative medal. He returned to London in 1889. Among the portraits he painted after 1889 was one of Sir Charles U. Aitchison, just returned to England from his Governor- 32 ARCHER — ARDAGH ship of the Punjab, the portrait being commissioned by the Rajah of Capurthala ; and a posthumous portrait of the Earl of Dalhousie, painted for the city of Dundee, for whom he also painted their member, Sir John Leng. Among the pictures he has since painted are, " Music in the Gloamin','' "From the Ballad of Sir Patrick Spens," and " St. Bernard Preach- ing the Second Crusade." Permanent address : Haslemere, Surrey. ARCHER, "William, was born in 1856 at Perth, Scotland, and is the son of Thomas Archer, C.M.G., late Agent- General for Queensland in London. Edu- cated mainly in Edinburgh, he took the M.A. degree, Edinburgh University, in 1876. He commenced journalism as leader-writer on the Edinburgh Evening News from 1875 to 1878, with an interval of a year, during which he visited Aus- tralia. He published in Edinburgh "The Fashionable Tragedian," 1877 ; a pamphlet written in collaboration with Mr. Robert W. Lowe. He subsequently became dra- matic critic of the London Figaro, then edited by Mr. James Mortimer, 1879-81. He is best known as a translator of Ibsen. He translated from the Norwegian, with slight alterations, Henrik Ibsen's " Pillarsof Society," produced at the Gaiety Theatre, London, by Mr. W. H. Vernon, Dec. 15, 1880. This was the first production of a play by Ibsen in England. He was called to the Bar (Middle Temple), 1883. In 1884 he succeeded the late Dutton Cook as dramatic critic of the World, a post still retained in April 1898. He translated "A Doll's House," by Henrik Ibsen, pro- duced by Mr. Charles Charrington and Miss Janet Achurch at the Novelty Theatre, London, June 7, 1889, a production which excited general interest, in Ibsen in England. He has also translated, in col- laboration with Mr. Edmund Gosse, ' ' The Master Builder," by Henrik Ibsen, pro- duced at Trafalgar Square Theatre by Mr. Herbert Waring and Miss Elizabeth Robins, Feb. 20, 1893, and "A Visit," from the Danish of Edrard Brandes, produced by the Independent Theatre Society (Royalty Theatre), March 4, 1892. His principal publications are "English Analyses of French Plays represented at the Gaiety Theatre," 1879; "English Dramatists of To-day," London, 1882; "Henry Irving, Actor and Manager : a Critical Study," 1883 ; " About the Theatre : Essays and Studies," 1886; "Masks or Faces? a Study in the Psychology of Acting," 1888 ; " William Charles Macready ; a Biography" (Vol. 1 of Eminent Actors Series), 1890 ; "Henrik Ibsen's Prose Dramas, Edited by W. A.," 5 vols., 1890-91; "Tales of Two Countries, from the Norwegian of A. Kielland," 1891 ; " Peer Gynt, Dramatic Poem by Henrik Ibsen, Translated by William and Charles Archer," 1892; "Eskimo Life, by Frithjof Nansen," 1893 ; "Hannele: a Dream Poem by Gerhart Hauptmann," 1894 ; ' ' Dramatic Essays of Leigh Hunt, William Hazlitt, John Forster, and George Henry Lewes " (3 vols.), edited by William Archer and Robert W. Lowe, 1894 ; a yearly re-issue of criticisms contributed to the World, published under the title of " The Theatri- cal 'World'," of which 5 vols, have ap- peared, for 1893, '94, '95, '96, '97; transla- tions of Ibsen's " Little Eyolf " (1895) and "John Gabriel Bonkman " (1897) ; a trans- lation of Brogger and Rolfsen's "Life of Frithjof Nansen." He also translated two- thirds of Dr. G. Brandes's " William Shake- speare." Address : World Office, 1 York Street, Covent Garden. ARDAGH, Major-General Sir John Charles, K.C.I.E., C.B., son of the Rev. W. J. Ardagh, was born in August 1840. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at the Royal Military Academy, Wool- wich, entering the Royal Engineers as Lieutenant in April 1859. He was pro- moted Captain in August 1872, Major in September 1880, and reached the rank of Colonel in June 1885. In 1869 he accom- panied General Sir W. Jervois on a mission to Nova Scotia and Bermuda. His first staff appointment was that of Dept. Assist. Quartermaster- General of the Intelligence Department of the Army, in which capacity he was employed on missions to Holland, Austria, Italy, and Turkey. He was also present at the Conference at Constanti- nople in 1876, and the Congress at Berlin in 1878, and was appointed Chief Com- missioner for the Delimitation of the Turco- Greek Frontier in 1881. For a short time be was the Instructor in Mili- tary History at the School of Military Engineering. He went to Egypt in October 1882 as Assistant Adjutant-General, and served through the campaign. He was present at the operations at Alexandria and the battle of Tel-el-Kebir, was men- tioned in despatches, and received the brevet of Lieut.-Colonel and the Osmanieh of the Fourth Class. In March 1884 he went to the Soudan as Commanding Royal Engineer and Chief of the Intelligence Department, and was present at the battles of El Teb and Tamai. He was several times mentioned in despatches, and re- ceived a C.B. Sir John Ardagh also ac- companied the expedition up the Nile, and was afterwards appointed Commandant of the Base at Cairo. As Colonel on the Staff of the Frontier Field Force he took part in the action of Giniss. He returned to England in November 1887 to take oyer ABDILAUN — AKGYLL 33 the duties of Assistant Adjutant-General at headquarters, when he was also ap- pointed an extra A.D.C. to the Duke of Cambridge. He went to India in March 1889 as Private Secretary to the Viceroy. In April 1895 he became the Commandant of the School of Military Engineering, which appointment he vacated in April 1896 on being appointed Director of Mili- tary Intelligence at headquarters. Major- General Sir John Ardagh married Susan, Countess of Malmesbury, widow of the third Earl, in 1896. In 1897 the degree of LL.D. honoris causd was conferred on him by Trinity College, Dublin. Addresses : 25 Sloane Gardens, S.W. ; AthenEeum. ARDILAUN, Lord, Arthur Edward Guinness, was born on Nov. 1, 1840, and succeeded his father as 2nd Baronet in 1868. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Dublin. He represented Dublin as Conservative member of the House of Commons from 1868 to 1869, and again from 1874 to 1880. In the latter year he was raised to the Peerage under the title of Baron Ardilaun. He is the head of the great brewing firm of Arthur Guinness & Co., is President of the Royal Dublin Society, and is Lord Mayor of Dublin. To Lord Ardilaun belongs the credit of having restored St. Patrick's Cathedral at Dublin. He is married to Olivia Charlotte, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Bantry, but there is no heir to the Peerage, his brother, Benjamin Lee Guin- ness, born in 1842, being heir to the Baronetcy. Addresses : 11 Carlton House Terrace, S.W. ; St. Anne's, Clontarf, co. Dublin ; and Ashford Cong, Galway. ARGYLL AND THE ISLES, Bishop of. See Chinnbry - Haldane, The Eight Rev. Jambs Robert Alex- ander. ARGYLL, Duke of, His Grace The Right Hon. George Douglas Campbell, K.G., K.T., only surviving son of the 7th Duke, was born at Ardin- caple Castle, Dumbartonshire, on April 30, 1823, and before he had succeeded his father, in April 1847, had become known as an author, politician, and public speaker. As Marquis of Lome he took an active part in the controversy in the Presbyterian Church of Scotland relating to patronage, and was looked upon by Dr. Chalmers as an important and valuable adherent. As early as 1842 he published a pamphlet which exhibited considerable literary ability, under the title of "A Letter to the Peers from a Peer's Son." His brochure, " On the Duty and Necessity of Immediate Legislative Interposition in behalf of the Church of Scotland, as determined by Considerations of Constitutional Law," was a historical view of that Church, par- ticularly in reference to its constitutional power in ecclesiastical matters. In the course of the same year he published "A Letter to the Rev. Thomas Chalmers, D. D., on the Present Position of Church Affairs in Scotland, and the Causes which have led to it." In this pamphlet he vindicated the right of the Church to legislate for itself ; but condemned the Free Church movement then in agitation among certain members of the General Assembly ; main- taining the position taken up in his ; ' Letter to the Peers," and expressing his dissent from the extreme view embodied in the statement of Dr. Chalmers, that "lay patronage and the integrity of the spiritual independence of the Church have been proved to be, like oil and water, immiscible." In 1848 the Duke published an essay, critical and his- torical, on the ecclesiastical history of Scotland since the Reformation, entitled " Presbytery Examined." It was a careful expansion of his earlier writings, and was favourably received. His Grace was a frequent speaker in the House of Peers on such subjects as Jewish Emancipation, the Scottish Marriage Bill, the Corrupt Practices at Elections Bill, the Sugar Duties, Foreign Affairs, the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, the Scottish Law of Entail, and the Repeal of the Paper Duties. During the administration of Lord John Russell he gave the Government a general support, at the same time identifying his political views with those of the Liberal Conserva- tives. His Grace actively interested him- self in all questions affecting Scottish interests brought before the Legislature, especially in the affairs of the Church of Scotland. In 1851 he was elected Chan- cellor of the University of St. Andrews. In 1852 he accepted office in the Cabinet of the Earl of Aberdeen as Lord Privy Seal. On the breaking up of that Minis- try in February 1855, in consequence of the secession of Lord John Russell, and the appointment of Mr. Roebuck's Com- mittee of Inquiry into the state of the British Army before Sebastopol, his Grace retained the same office under the Premier- ship of Lord Palmerston. In the latter part of 1855 he resigned the Privy Seal and became Postmaster-General. In Lord Palmerston's Cabinet of 1859 the Duke resumed the office of Lord Privy Seal, which he exchanged for that of Postmaster- General on Lord Elgin being sent, in 1860, on his second special mission to China. He was reappointed Lord Privy Seal in 1860, was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow in November 1854 ; presided over the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the British Association for the Advance- C 34 ARIA merit of Science, held at Glasgow in Sep- tember 1855 ; and was elected President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1861. On the formation of Mr. Gladstone's Cabi- net in December 1868 he was appointed Secretary of State for India, and he held that position till the downfall of the Liberal Government in February 1874. In the ensuing session he warmly supported the measure introduced and carried by the Conservative Government for the trans- fer of the patronage in the Church of Scotland from individuals to congregations. He was appointed Lord Privy Seal for the third time in May 1880, on Mr. Gladstone returning to power. That post he held till April 1881, when he resigned it in conse- quence of a difference with his colleagues in the Cabinet concerning some of the provi- sions of the Irish Land Bill. In announcing the circumstance to the House of Lords (April 8), he stated that in consequence of certain provisions of the Bill which, in his view, put the ownership of Irish property in commission and abeyance, he had felt obliged to resign his office in the Govern- ment, and his resignation had been accepted by Her Majesty. Since that time the Duke has taken an important part, by speech and pen, in political controversy, taking the Whig side, especially on the questions of Home Rule and those arising out of the Crofter agitation. His Grace is Hereditary Master of the Queen's House- hold in Scotland, Chancellor of the Uni- versity of St. Andrews, a Trustee of the British Museum, and Hereditary Sheriff and Lord-Lieutenant of Argyllshire. In 1866 his Grace published "The Reign of Law," which has passed through nu- merous editions ; in 1869, "Primeval Man ; an Examination of some Recent Specula- tions " ; in 1870, a small work on the History and Antiquities of Iona, of which island his Grace is proprietor ; in 1874, "The Patronage Act of 1874 all that was asked in 1843, being a reply to Mr. Taylor Innes"; in 1877 (for the Cobden Club) observations "On the Important Question Involved in the Relation of Landlord and Tenant " ; in 1879, '• The Eastern Question from the Treaty of Paris to the Treaty of Berlin, and to the second Afghan War," 2 vols.; and in 1884, "The Unity of Nature," a work on the Philosophy of Religion ; being a sequel to the "Reign of Law " ; " An Economic History of Scot- land," 1884; "Scotland as it Was, and as it Is," 1887 ; " The New British Constitu- tion," 1888 ; " The Highland Nurse," 1889 ; " Unseen Foundations of Society," and "Irish Nationalism," 1893; "Poems," 1894; and "Philosophy of Belief," 1896. He is a frequent contributor to scientific journals, chiefly on Geology, the Darwinian Theory, &c. He married, first, in 1844, the eldest daughter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland (she died May 25, 1878); secondly, in 1881, Amelia Maria, eldest daughter of Dr. Claughton, Bishop of St. Albans, and widow of Colonel Augustus Henry Archibald Anson ; and, thirdly, in 1895, Ina Erskine, youngest daughter of the late Archibald M'Neill, of Colonsay, Argyllshire, and Woman of the Bed- chamber to Her Majesty the Queen. His Grace's eldest son, the Marquis of Lome, married in 1871 the Princess Louise. (See LOBNB.) Addresses: Inverary Castle, Argyllshire ; Argyll Lodge, Kensington ; and Athena?um. ARIA, Mrs. David B., journalist, was born in London, Aug. 11, 1864. She is the third daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Hyman Davis, and was married in March 1884. Educated privately by Madame Paul Lafargue (eldest daughter of Karl Marx) and by Mr. Gilmore, she began writing for the press in January 1889, making the subject of costume her speci- alty, and endeavouring to bring to the description and criticism of the passing modes a more picturesque and lively style than had hitherto been adopted. When the Gentlewoman was started in 1890 Mrs. Aria was engaged upon the staff as prin- cipal fashion writer, designer of original costumes, and contributor of light social articles, a position in which she has con- tinued to the present time. In 1891 she commenced her well-known "Diary of a Daughter of Eve " in the newly-published Black and White, remaining on the staff of that paper until 1897, when she transferred her "Diary" to the pages of the Sketch, where it now appears. In 1892 she was writing also the fashion articles in the Pictorial World and St. Stephen's Review. She joined the staff of the Queen, writing chiefly the "Vista of Fashion," and became the editress of the pages devoted to dress in Hearth and Home, resigning that post in 1895. For some time Mrs. Aria contri- buted the Dress column to the Illustrated London News, and for the last two years she has written the Saturday column on " Frocks and Fashions " in the Daily Chronicle. She also writes "The Diary of Madame Sans G<5ne " in Country Life, and discourses monthly of the modes in The Woman at Some. Numerous are the peri- odicals, in addition to those named, in which her pen has been employed in con- nection with costume, theatrical criticism, or social causerie and satirical sketches. In April 1898 Mrs. Aria made her most ambitious journalistic venture, initiating, as editress, the publication of an illus- trated monthly journal entitled The World of Dress, a Survey of the Fashions of To-day and To-morrow. In the autumn of 1897 a ARMAGH — ARMSTRONG 35 new field of industry was opened to her ; she was engaged to design and arrange the numerous dresses for an elaborate spectacular melodrama at Drury Lane Theatre. Mrs. Aria's address is 7 Bruns- wick Place, Regent's Park, W. ARMAGH, Archbishop of. See Alexander, The Most Rev. William. ARMSTEAD, Henry Hugh, R.A., sculptor, was born in London, June 18, 1828, and received his artistic education at the School of Design, Somerset House, Leigh's School, Maddox Street, Mr. Carey's School, and the Royal Academy. Among his masters were Mr. M'Manus, Mr. Her- bert, R.A., Mr. Bailey, R.A., Mr. Leigh, and Mr. Carey. As a designer, modeller, and chaser for silver, gold, and jewellery, and a draughtsman on wood, he has executed a large number of works. Among those in silver, the most important are the "Charles Kean Testimonial," the "St. George's Vase," "Doncaster Race Plate," the "Tennyson Vase" (Silver Medal ob- tained for that and other works in Paris, 1855), and the "Packington Shield." His last important work in silver (for which the Medal from the 1862 Exhibi- tion was obtained) was the " Outram Shield," always on view at the South Kensington Museum. His works in marble, bronze, stone, and wood include the south and east sides of the podium of the Albert Memorial, Hyde Park, representing the musicians and painters of the Italian, Ger- man, French, and English Schools, and some of the greatest poets. There are also four large bronze figures on the Albert Memorial by Mr. Armstead, viz., Chemistry, Astronomy, Medicine, and Rhetoric. He also designed the external sculptural de- corations of the New Colonial Offices — reliefs of Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australasia, Government, and Education ; statues of Earl Grey, Lord Lytton, Duke of Newcastle, Earl of Derby, Lord Ripon, Sir W. Molesworth, Lord Glenelg; and on . the facade, reliefs of Truth, Forti- tude, Temperance, and Obedience. Mr. Armstead designed the whole of the carved oak panels (beneath Dyce's Fres- coes) in her Majesty's Robing Room in New Palace, Westminster, illustrating the life of King Arthur and the history of Sir Galahad ; also the external sculpture of Eatington Park, Warwickshire, the large Fountain in the fore court of King's College, Cambridge, the marble reredos of the " Entombment of our Lord " at Hythe Church, Kent, and other works, including the effigies of the late Bishop of Winchester in Winchester Cathedral, of Dean Howard and Archdeacon Moore in Lichfield Cathedral, of Dean Close in Carlisle Cathedral, and of Lord Thynne in Westminster Abbey. The marble door- way in the crush-room of the Holborn Restaurant, including the wrought-iron screens for the fireplaces, &c. , are also by him, as well as the exterior stone doorway and corbel of the Hotel MiStropole. One of his most important works is the " Street Memorial." now in the central hall of the Law Courts, including life-size marble statue and alto rilievo of the " Arts and Crafts required for the erection and due enrichment of a great public building." Mention should also be made of his " Applied Mechanics " on the eastern side of the Albert Hall frieze, the sub- ject beginning with Archimedes and end- ing with Watt ; two sculptural reliefs in the Guards' Chapel, S.W., one of David struggling with the Lion, to represent " Courage," and the other Joshua with the Angel, to represent "Obedience." He has also executed certain ideal works, such as " Ariel," " Hero with the deadLeander," and his Diploma work, " The Ever Reign- ing Queen," as also " Playmates," shown in the Academy Exhibition of 1897. Other works executed by him are the effigy of Bishop Ollivant, now in Llandaff Cathe- dral, in marble, the bronze statue of Lieutenant Waghorn, R.N., the "Over- land Route," erected at Chatham, and the memorial to Mrs. Craik in Tewkes- bury Abbey ; also the marble monument in St. Paul's Cathedral (in the crypt) con- taining the effigy of the late Rev. B. Webb, and a reredos for the St. Mary's Church, Aberavon, containing statuettes of Our Lord and the four Evangelists, erected in memory of the late Mr. Llew- ellyn of Baglau Hall. Mr. Armstead was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, Jan. 16, 1875, and an Academician, Dec. 18, 1879. His studio is now at his residence, 52 Circus Road, St. John's Wood, N.W. ARMSTRONG, Sir Alexander, K.C.B., F.R.S., LL.D., J.P., is a son of the late A. Armstrong, Esq., of Cra- han, co. Fermanagh, and Elizabeth, daughter of the late Hugh Stephens, Esq., of co. Donegal, Ireland. . He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, where he graduated. Having entered the Royal Navy, he served in various parts of the world, including the Mediterranean, South America, North America, West Indies, Pacific Stations, Africa, Asia Minor, in the exploring ex- pedition to Xanthus in Lycia, and else- where, and for five years continuously in the Arctic regions in the search for Sir John Franklin's Expedition. He is one of the few surviving officers who have cir- cumnavigated the continent of America, and was frequently mentioned in the de- 36 AEMSTEONG spatches connected therewith. He was present in H.M.S. Investigator at the dis- covery of the North-West Passage, having entered the Polar Sea via Behring's Strait, and returned to England through Baffin's Bay, with the surviving officer and crew of this vessel. During the Russian War he served in the Baltic, was present at the bombardment of Sweaborg, the block- ade of Cronstadt River, and other opera- tions, as also in two night attacks with a flotilla of rocket boats, for which he was gazetted. He has been Deputy Inspector- General of the Mediterranean Fleet and the Naval Hospitals at Malta, Haslar, and Chatham ; and he was promoted to be Inspector-General for special services in 1866. Three years later he be- came Director-General of the Medical Department of the Navy, from which office he retired in 1880. He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Military Division, in 1871 for his services. Sir Alexander Armstrong has received the Arctic, Baltic, and Jubilee medals, with clasp, 1887 and 1897 ; also Sir Gilbert Blane's gold medal. He is a Naval Honorary Physician to the Queen, and also Honorary Physician in the House- hold of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. He is a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex, City and Liberties of Westminster, and County of London ; and is the author of " A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the North-West Passage," 1857 ; and " Observations on Naval Hygiene, par- ticularly in connection with Polar Ser- vice." Married in 1894 Charlotte, Lady King Hall, daughter of the late S. Camp- bell Simpson, Esq., of 23rd Light Dra- goons, and granddaughter of the late Thomas and Lady Charlotte Giffard of Chillington Hall, Staffordshire, and also of William, 10th Earl of Devon. Ad- dresses : The Elms, Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough ; and Athenaeum. ARMSTRONG, Captain Sir George Carlyon Hughes, Bart., was born at Lucknow in 1836, and was educated pri- vately. He entered the army in 1855, and, after joining Stokes' Pathan Horse, served during the whole period of the Indian Mutiny, receiving the Mutiny Medal and Clasp. On Sept. 18, 1857, he was severely wounded at Mooradnuggar, near Delhi, and was consequently obliged to retire with a pension. He was then appointed Orderly Officer at the Royal Military College at Addiscombe, a position which he held until the abolition of the college ; on this occasion he received a Sword of Honour from the cadets. In 1872 he joined the staff of the Globe newspaper, and subsequently became its proprietor and editor. He is now sole proprietor of the Olobe, and part proprietor of the People. He was created a Baronet in 1892, and was married in 1865 to Alice, daughter of the Rev. C. J. Furlong. Ad- dress : 4 Ashburn Place, South Kensington. ARMSTRONG, George Elliot, is the eldest son of Sir George Armstrong, Bart., and after undergoing the usual training on H.M.S. Britannia he entered the Navy in December 1878. Appointed Lieutenant in 1890, he has served on the Mediterranean, North America, West Indies, Channel, and China stations. During the manoeuvres of 1891 he was in command of a torpedo boat, but he retired from the service in November 1891. He then joined the staff of the Globe, of which paper his father is proprietor, and was at that time editor, and in 1895 he became himself the editor. He is the author of "Torpedoes and Torpedo Vessels," 1896. Address : Cornerways, Weybridge. ARMSTRONG, Professor George Frederick, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., M.Insts.C.E. and M.E., J.P., is the elder son of Mr. George Armstrong and of Mary Ann, daughter of Thomas and Phcebe Knowles, of Doncaster, Yorkshire, and was born May 15, 1842. He received his general education at private schools and at Jesus College, Cambridge. Having from an early age developed a strong taste for mechanical pursuits and a more than ordinary skill in constructive art, it was naturally thought that engineering would afford him a suitable career. He was accordingly educated professionally in the Engineering Department of King's College, London, in the Plant Works and Locomotive Shops of the Great Northern Railway, and in the office of the Engineer- in-Chief, Mr. R. Johnson, M.Inst.C.E., on whose staff he was subsequently em- ployed for several years in the design and execution of many important works, and generally in the maintenance of the line. He was afterwards engaged in private practice in London, and in 1869 became Engineer to the promoters of the Isle of Man Railways, for whom he made all the requisite plans and surveys, and prepared designs for ways and works, and for the necessary rolling stock in connection with the lines then projected. In 1871 he was appointed first Professor of Engineering in the New Applied Science School at M'Gill University, Montreal; five years later he was offered, and accepted, the corresponding chair in the newly estab- lished Yorkshire College of Science at Leeds; and in 1885 was selected by the Crown to succeed the late Professor Fleeming Jenkin, F.R.S., as Regius-Pro- fessor of Engineering in the University of ARMSTRONG 37 Edinburgh ; which appointment he still holds. He is also Engineering Adviser, under the Public Health Act, to the Local Government Board for Scotland. During his residence in Canada Pro- fessor Armstrong served for some time in the Canadian Militia, being senior Captain of the University Companies of the 1st (Prince of Wales) Regiment. For many years Professor Armstrong has taken an active part in the promotion of technical education at home and in the colonies, and has been closely identified with its progress. His Inaugural Address at Edin- burgh (which is published) was devoted to a consideration of the question in special relation to the education of engineers, and attracted considerable attention at the time of its delivery. He has at other times publicly dealt with the question in lectures, and in the columns of the Times. By intimately associating himself with the work of each of the International Exhibitions held in Edinburgh since 1885 (filling, in the Exhibition of 1890, the positions of Convener of the Engineer- ing and Machinery Committee, and Vice- Chairman of the . Executive Council), he has rendered acceptable service in the cause of industrial enterprise. He was President of the Sanitary Engineering Section of the British Institute of Public Health in Edinburgh in 1893, and de- livered an address ; and from 1895 to 1897 he was President of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts. He has also, in connection with their meetings in Edinburgh, acted as Local Secretary of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science, the Institute of Mechani- cal Engineers, and the Iron and Steel Institute. Professor Armstrong is the author of a number of papers on pro- fessional as well as on general science subjects which have been read before various learned societies, or contributed to scientific publications. During the summer and autumn of 1879 he undertook an extensive series of observations and experiments with a view of determining the diurnal variation in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, the results of which were communicated in a paper to the Royal Society, and have since been accepted as a standard of reference on the Continent as well as in this country. In 1889 the Council of King's College, London, elected Professor Armstrong to the Fellowship of the College, the highest distinction the College is empowered, to bestow on its alumni. He is an Examiner for Science Degrees in the Departments of Engineering, Public Health, and Agri- culture in the University of Edinburgh ; Hon. President of the East of Scotland Engineering Association ; and a member of most of the professional institutes and societies. Addresses : The University, Edinburgh ; and St. Oswald's, Grasmere, R.S.O., Westmorland. ARMSTRONG, Henry E., Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S., is Professor of Chemistry at the City and Guilds of London Central Institute at South Kensington. He is the author of " Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry," 1880. Address : 55 Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E. ARMSTRONG, Walter, the son of Walter Armstrong, of Ennismore Gardens, was born in 1850 in Roxburghshire, and was educated at Harrow and Exeter College, Oxford. From 1880 to 1892 he was engaged as an art critic in connection with the Pall Mall Gazette and the St. James's Gazette, and in the latter year was appointed Director of the National Gallery of Ireland. He has written largely in con- nection with art subjects, and is the author of the following works : ' ' Life of Alfred Stevens," "Life of Peter de Wint," "Life of Thomas Gainsborough," "Life of Vel- asquez," "Notes on the National Gallery," " Scottish Painters" ; he is also co-editor of Bryan's "Dictionary of Painters." Mr. Armstrong is married to Emily Rose, daughter of J. C. Ferard, J.P., of Ascot Place, Berks. Address : 41 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin. ARMSTRONG, Lord, formerly Sir William George, C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., son of the late Mr. William Armstrong, a merchant and alderman of Newcastle- on -Tyne, by the daughter of Mr. William Potter, formerly of Wal- bottle Hall, Northumberland, was born in 1810. He was educated at the school of Bishop Auckland, and afterwards articled to an eminent solicitor at New- castle, who subsequently adopted him as a partner ; but a strong bent for scientific pursuits eventually diverted him from the law. Early in life he began investi- gations on the subjects of electricity, which resulted in the invention of the hydro-electric machine, the most powerful means of developing frictional electricity yet devised. For this he was elected, whilst a very young man, a Fellow of the Royal Society. He then invented the hydraulic crane, and between 1845 and 1850 the "accumulator," by which an artificial head is substituted for the natural head gained only by altitude ; and he extended the application of hydraulic power to hoists of every kind, machines for opening and closing dock gates and spring bridges, capstans, turntables, waggon-lifts, and a variety of other pur- poses. For the manufacture of this 38 AENATTD — AENOLD machinery he and a small circle of friends founded the Elswick Engine Works, near Newcastle. There, in December 1854, he constructed the rifled ordnance gun that bears his name. In 1858 the Eifle Cannon Committee recommended the adoption of the Armstrong gun for special service in the field, and Mr. Armstrong, on present- ing his patents to the Government, was knighted, made a C.B., and appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance, with a salary of £2000 a year. Between the years 1858 and 1870 the Armstrong gun and the position of Sir W. G-. Armstrong in reference to the Government under- went many changes ; but the leading feature of the gun, whether rifled or smooth, muzzle-loading or breech-loading, is in the coiling of one wrought-iron tube over another until a sufficient thickness is built up. The Armstrong gun has been largely adopted by foreign Governments. Sir William Armstrong extended the system to guns of all sizes, from the 6-pounder to the 600-pounder, weighing upwards of twenty tons, and within three years introduced three thousand guns into the service. The Committee of Ordnance of the House of Commons, in their report, July 1863, state that they "have had no practical evidence before them that even at this moment any other system of con- structing rifled ordnance exists which can be compared to that of Sir W. Armstrong." In February 1863 Sir William resigned his appointment, and rejoined the Elswick manufacturing company, which has since expanded to one of the largest and most important manufacturing establishments in Europe, and has taken a leading part in the further development of artillery and other implements of war. In the same year he acted as President of the British Association meeting held at Newcastle-on- Tyne. In that capacity he drew attention to the gradual lessening of our supply of coal, and the probability of actual exhaustion at some future time. The discussion suggested by this important address led to the appointment* of a Royal Commission to inquire into all the circumstances connected with our national coal supply, and he was nominated a member of this Commission. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1862, and the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the Uni- versity of Oxford in 1870, and the honorary degree of "Master of Engineers" from the University of Dublin in 1892. Lord Armstrong is a Knight Commander of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog, of the Austrian Order of Francis Joseph, of the Spanish Order of Charles III., and of the Brazilian Order of the Rose. He was nominated a Grand Officer of the Italian Order of SS. Maurice and Lazarus in 1876. He received in 1895 the 2nd Class of the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun of Japan, in 1897 the 2nd Class of the White Elephant of Siam, and in 1898 the 1st grade of the 2od Class of the Imperial Order of the Double Dragon of China. Lord Armstrong has taken an active part in the inquiries concerning the operation of the Patent Laws, he being very hostile to them in their present forms. He has been thrice President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, as well as Presi- dent of the British Association (1863), of the Inst.C.E. (1882), and of the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. At the general election of 1886 Sir William Armstrong stood as a Unionist Liberal candidate for Newcastle in opposition to Mr. John Morley, but was defeated. He was raised to the Peerage under the title of Baron Armstrong in 1887, the year of the Queer's Jubilee. He is a J.P. for Northumberland, of which county he was High Sheriff in 1873. Address : Cragside, Rothbury. ARNATJD, Arsene. See Claeetibs, Jules. ARNOLD, Sir Arthur, K.B., 1895, Hon. LL.D. Cambridge, J.P. and D.L. Co. of London, third son of Robert Coles Arnold, Esq., of Whartons, Framfield, Sussex, and Heath House, Maidstone, was born May 28, 1833. On the passing of the Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act, 1863, to meet the necessities of the cotton famine, Sir Arthur Arnold was ap- pointed Assistant - Commissioner, and in that capacity resided in Lancashire till 1866, during which time he wrote " The History of the Cotton Famine," of which the original edition was published in 1864, followed by a cheaper one in 1865. After two years of subsequent travel in the south and east of Europe and in Africa Sir Arthur Arnold returned to England in 1868, when he published " From the Levant," in 2 volp., containing letters descriptive of his tour. He then became the first editor of the Echo, which, under his direction and control, attained a great success. In 1873 the King of Greece con- ferred the Golden Cross of the Order of the Redeemer upon Sir Arthur, with special reference to his work " From the Levant." In the same year, upon the death of Mr. Baring, Sir Arthur Arnold was an unsuc- cessful candidate for the representation of Huntingdon. He resigned his connection with the Echo in 1875, and passed a year in travelling through Russia and Persia. The notice of this journey appeared in 1877, under the title of "Through Persia by Caravan." In 1 879-80 he issued two works, ARNOLD 39 one entitled " Social Politics," and the other " Free Land." At the general elec- tion of 1880 he was returned to Parlia- ment for Salford. In the same year, in succession to Sir Charles Dilke, Sir Arthur Arnold was elected Chairman of the Greek Committee which was actively concerned in promoting the enlargement of the Hellenic kingdom in accordance with the sugges- tions of the Treaty of Berlin. In 1882 Sir Arthur Arnold proposed in the House of Commons resolutions in favour of uni- formity of franchise throughout the United Kingdom, and the redistribution of political power, and upon a motion for adjourn- ment the policy of the resolution was, for the first time, sanctioned by a large majo- rity. In 1883 he moved for an elaborate return of electoral statistics, which the Government adopted in connection with the Reform Bill of 1884. In 1885 Sir Arthur Arnold established and was elected President of the Free Land League, which quickly obtained the support of a large number of members of Parliament. At the general election of that year and of 1886 he unsuccessfully contested the Northern Division of Salford. Upon the formation of the London County Council in 1889 Sir Arthur Arnold was elected a County Alderman for the double term of six years. He was Chairman of the Council for two years, 1895-96. In 1898 he was re-elected, by 67 votes, Alderman for another term of six years. In May 1890 he accepted an invitation from the North Dorset Liberal Association to contest that division at the next election, but was de- feated at the election in 1892. In 1867 he married Amelia, only daughter of Cap- tain H. B. Hyde, 96th Regiment. Ad- dresses : 45 Kensington Park Gardens, W. ; Reform Club ; and Hyde Hill, Dart- mouth. ARNOLD, Sir Edwin, K.C.I.E.,C.S.L, second son of Robert Coles Arnold, Esq., J.P. for the counties of Sussex and Kent, and brother of the above, born June 10, 1832, was educated at the King's School, Rochester, and King's College, London, and was elected to a scholarship at University College, Oxford. In 1852 he obtained the Newdigate Prize for his English poem on the " Feast of Bel- shazzar," and was selected in 1853 to address the late Earl of Derby on his in- stallation as Chancellor of the University. He graduated in honours in 1854. Upon quitting college he was elected second master in the English Division of King Edward the Sixth's School, Birmingham, and subsequently appointed Principal of the Government Sanskrit College at Poona, in the Bombay Presidency, and Fellow of the University of Bombay, which offices he held during the Mutiny, and resigned in 1861, after having twice received the thanks of the Governor in Council. He had then contributed largely to critical and literary journals, and was author of " Griselda, a Drama," and "Poems, Narrative and Lyrical " ; with some prose works, among which are "Education in India," "The Euterpe of Herodotus," a translation from the Greek text, with notes, and " The Hitopadesa," with Voca- bulary in Sanskrit, English, and Murathi. The last two were published in India. Sir Edwin Arnold has published also a metrical translation of the classical San- skrit work "Hitopadesa," under the title of "The Book of Good Counsels," a " History of the Administration of India under the late Marquis of Dalhousie," 1862-64, as well as a popular account, with translated passages, of " The Poets of Greece." Since 1861 he has been upon the editorial staff of the Daily Telegraph. On behalf of the proprietors of that journal he arranged the first expedition of Mr. George Smith to Assyria, as well as that of Mr. Henry Stanley, who was sent by the same journal, in conjunction with the New York Herald, to complete the dis- coveries of Livingstone in Africa. He is a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic and the Royal Geographical Societies of London, and Hon. Correspondent of that of Marseilles. He published in 1874 "Hero and Leander," a translation in heroic verse from the Greek of Musseus ; and in the following year " The Indian Song of Songs," being a metrical paraphrase from the Sanskrit of the Gita Govinda of Jaya- deva. Upon the occasion of the procla- mation of the Queen as Empress of India on Jan. 1, 1877, he was named a Com- panion of the Star of India. In 1879 he produced "The Light of Asia," an epic poem upon the Life and Teaching of Buddha, which has since passed through more than sixty editions in England, and eighty in America. For this work the King of Siam decorated him with the Order of the White Elephant. In 1881 he published a volume of oriental verse under the title of " Indian Poetry," and he has printed several translations from the San- skrit epic the Mahabharata, and in 1883 " Pearls of the Faith ; or, Islam's Rosary ; being the ninety -nine beautiful names of Allah, with comments in verse." Sir Edwin received the Second Class of the Imperial Order of the Medjidieh from the Sultan in 1876, and the Imperial Order of Osmanie in 1886. In January 1888 he was created Knight Commander of the Indian Empire by the Queen, and in October of the same year published "With Sa'di in the Garden," or "The Book of Love," a poem founded on the 3rd chapter of the 40 ARNOLD — ASHBOURNE Boston of the Persian poet Sa'di, for which he subsequently received from the Shah of Persia the Order of the Lion and Sun. He also published in 1888 a volume comprising most of his previous English poems and some new ones, under the title of " Poems National and Non-Oriental." In recent years there have appeared from his pen another epic, "The Light of the World " ; " The Tenth Muse " ; a volume entitled " Potiphar's Wife, and other Poems"; two books of travel, "India Eevisited" and " Seas and Lands " ; as well as " Japonica," a work on Japanese manners and customs, and " Adzuma," a Japanese tragedy. During his sojourn in Japan the Emperor conferred on him the Order of the Rising Sun, giving him the dignity of " Chokunin " of the Empire ; and the King of Siam has recently created him Grand Officer of the Crown of Siam. He was elected President of the Birmingham and Midland Institute for the year 1893. Address: 31 Bolton Gardens, S.W. ARNOLD, Thomas, M.A., is the second son of the late Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, and was born at Laleham, Staines, Nov. '30, 1823. Educated at Winchester, Rugby, and University College, Oxford, he took his degree (First Class Classics) in 1845. After serving for some time in the Colonial Office he went to New Zea- land ; passed thence to Tasmania in 1850, with the appointment of Inspector of Schools ; and, on becoming a Roman Catholic, returned to this country in 1856. He became a Professor in the Roman Catholic University at Dublin, thence moved to the Oratory School, Birming- ham, and thence to Oxford, He is a Fellow and an Examiner in the English Language and Literature at the Royal University of Ireland. He is the author of several works on English Literature, and editions of old texts, among them, "A Manual of English Literature" (now in a sixth edition) ; an edition of " Select English Works of Wyclif," 3 vols., 1869; " Selections from the Spectator " ; " Claren- don, Book VI." ; "Beowulf," text, transla- tion, and notes ; and, for the Master of the Rolls' Series, editions of "Henry of Hun- tingdon," and " Symeon of Durham." He is now engaged upon the "Chronicles of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds." On the establishment of the Royal University of Ireland Mr. Arnold was appointed a Fel- low. He married in Tasmania Julia Sorell, granddaughter of a former Gov- ernor of the Colony. She died in 1888, and he has since married Josephine, daughter of the late James Benison, of Slieve Rassell, co. Cavan. Mrs. Humphry Ward (q. v.) is his daughter. Address : Royal University of Ireland, Dublin. ARNOLD-FORSTER, Hugh Oake- ley, M.P., the son of William Delafield Arnold, Director of Public Instruction in Punjaub, and the adopted son of the late Right Hon. W. E. Forster, M.P., was born in 1855. He was educated at Rugby and University College, Oxford, where he ob- tained first-class Honours in the Final School of Modern History. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1879, and went the North-Eastern Circuit. He was elected Liberal Unionist member for West Belfast in 1892, and still represents that constituency. He is the author of "How to Solve the Irish Land Question"; " The Citizen Reader" ; '• The Laws of Everyday Life"; "This World of Ours"; "In a Conning Tower " ; " Things New and Old " ; "Our Home Army"; "A History of England," 1897. Mr. Arnold-Forster is married to Mary, daughter of Professor Story-Maskelyne. Address : 9 Evelyn Gardens, S.W. ARNOTT, Sir John, Bart., was born in 1817, and is the proprietor of the Irish Times. He sat in the House of Commons as member for Kinsale from 1859 to 1863, and was knighted in 1859 ; a baronetcy was conferred upon him in 1896. He married, first, a daughter of J. J. Mackinlay in 1852, and, second, a daughter of the Rev. E. L. Fitzgerald in 1872, and he has a son and heir, John, born in 1854. Address : Woodlands, Cork. ASHBOURNE, Lord, The Right Hon. Edward Gibson, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was born in Dublin on Dec. 4, 1837, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where, on taking his degree, he obtained first gold medal. In 1875 he entered Parliament as member for Dublin University, and in 1877 was made Attorney- General for Ireland. He held his post until 1880, when he went out of office with his party, but continued to sit for Dublin University. During the Liberal rule from 1880 to 1885, Mr. Gibson was the chief spokesman of the Opposition on Irish questions, and the chief critic of the Irish Land Bill of 1881. On the accession of Lord Salisbury to office in 1885 Mr. Gibson was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron Ashbourne, and was made Lord Chancellor of Ireland, with a seat in the Cabinet, a post which he again filled under Lord Salisbury's second administra- tion in 1886, and has now held from 1895 onwards. He is responsible for Lord Ash- bourne's Act (1885) for facilitating the sale of Irish holdings to tenants. He married in 1868 Frances, daughter of H. C. Cokes. Addresses : 5 Grosvenor Crescent, S.W. ; 12 Merrion Square, S. Dublin ; and Athenaaum. ASHBURNHAM — ASHMEAD-BARTLETT 41 ASHB0RNHAM, Bertram, 5th Earl of, Viscount St. Asaph, and Baron of Ash- burnham, Knight Grand Cross of the Sove- reign Order of Malta and of the Pontifical Order of Pius, was born at Ashburnham, Oct. 28, 1840, being the son of Bertram, 4th Earl, by his wife Katherine Charlotte, daughter of George Baillie, Esq., of Meller- stain and Jerviswood, and sister of George, 10th Earl of Haddington. He was edu- cated at Westminster School, and at Fon- tainebleau in France. He was attached to the Marquis of Bath's special embassy to convey the Order of the Garter to the Em- peror of Austria in 1867. He succeeded his father as 5th Earl in 1878. He presided over the first meeting held in England to advocate "Home Rule" for Ireland, and was elected Chairman of the British Home Rule Association in 1886, but since then has taken no active part in politics. Lord Ashburnham is the chief representative of the Ashburnham family, which, in a direct male line, has continued at Ashburnham, in Sussex, from before the Norman Con- quest, and is described by Fuller in the early part of the seventeenth century as a " family of stupendous antiquity wherein the eminence hath equalled the anti- quity." Lord Ashburnham was the owner of the collection of MSS. and printed books formed by the late Earl, some por- tions of which had at different times pre- vious to 1895 been sold to the British and Italian Governments. In 1898 occurred the great sale of the Ashburnham Library. The library was divided into three por- tions, the final sale taking place at Messrs. Sotheby & Wilkinson's on May 14. The sale, as a whole, lasted three weeks, and realised nearly £63,000, many of the lots being unique. This famous dispersion of priceless books has been described as one of the four of the century, the others beiDg the Roxburghe, Heber, and Beckford sales. Addresses : 30 Dover Street, W. ; Ashburn- ham Place, Battle, &c. ; and Athenaeum. ASHCOMBE, Lord, George Cubitt, is the eldest son of the late Mr. Thomas Cubitt. He was born on June 4, 1828, and graduated M.A. at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1854, where he was three terms a Prizeman. He was elected M.P. for West Surrey in 1860, and continued to represent it until 1885, when he was elected for the Mid or Epsom division. He filled the unpaid post of Second Church Estates Commissioner from 1874 to 1879, and has served on other Royal Commissions. In 1880 he was sworn a Member of the Privy Council, and in 1892 was raised to the peerage as Lord Ashcombe. He has taken special interest in church and educational questions, is Chairman of the House of Laymen of the province of Canterbury, and was one of the founders of the large middle-class schools at Bramley and Cran- leigh, Surrey. He passed the Act 41 & 42 Vict., c. 42, enabling all clerical impro- priators to redeem tithe-rent charge, and a speech delivered by him in 1872 on " Non- conformist Endowments," is among the publications of the Church Defence In- stitution. He is Vice-Chairman of the Surrey County Council, and Honorary Colonel of the 4th V. B. of the Queen's West Surrey Regiment, &c. His son, the Hon. Henry Cubitt, has represented the Reigate division of Surrey since 1892. He married in 1853 Laura, daughter of the Rev. James Joyce. Addresses : Denbies, Dorking ; and 17 Princes Gate, S.W. ASHLEY, The Eight Hon. An- thony Evelyn Melbourne, son of the late Earl of Shaftesbury by his marriage with Lady Emily Cowper, eldest daughter of the 4th Earl Cowper, was born on July 24, 1836, and educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge, gradu- ating M.A. in 1858. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in Trinity Term, 1863, and joined the Oxford Circuit. Mr. Ashley, who is a magistrate for Dorset, for Hamp- shire, and for the county of Sligo, unsuc- cessfully contested the Isle of Wight in February 1874 ; he was, however, elected for Poole in May of the same year, and continued to represent that borough down to 1880, when he was elected for the Isle of Wight. Mr. Ashley was formerly private secretary to the late Lord Palmerston, and from 1863 to 1874 he was a Treasurer of County Courts. When the Liberals re- turned to power in April 1880 Mr. Ashley was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, and in May 1882 was chosen by Mr. Gladstone to succeed Mr. Courtney in the office of Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. He was also second Church Estates Commissioner from 1880 to 1885. He is official Verderer of the New Forest. At the general election of 1885 Mr. Ashley was defeated in the Isle of Wight contest by Sir Richard Webster, Conservative. In 1891 he was made a Privy Councillor. Mr. Ashley is the author of "The Life of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston." He mar- ried in 1866 Sybella Charlotte, daughter of Sir Walter Rockliffe Farquhar, Bart., who died in 1886, and since then he has married Lady Alice Cole, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Enniskillen. Addresses : 13 Cadogan Square, S.W. ; and Athenasum. ASHMEAD-BARTLETT, Sir Ellis, M.P., eldest son of the late Mr. Ellis Bartlett, a minister of Plymouth, Massa- chusetts, and Sophia, daughter of J. K. Ashmead of Philadelphia, was born at 42 ASQUITH — ATHERTON Brooklyn in 1849, and educated at Torquay and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a first-class in the final schools, and was President of the Oxford Union. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1877, and was for some time an Examiner in the Education Department and in the Privy Council Office. In 1880 he entered Parliament as member for Eye ; and in 1885, 1886, 1892, and 1895 was returned for the Eccleshall Division of Sheffield. At the last election he was returned unopposed. He received the honour of knighthood in 1892. In Lord Salisbury's first two administra- tions Mr. Ashmead-Bartlett held the post of Civil Lord of the Admiralty. He has been a frequent and copious speaker in the House and on public platforms, espe- cially on questions of foreign policy. He has published " The Battlefields of Thessaly," 1897, and was taken prisoner, on Tuesday, May 4, of that year, during the Grfeco-Turkish wax, by a Greek war- ship, the commander of which mistook him for a spy, but the Greeks liberated him when it was discovered that he was a member of Parliament. His brother is married to Baroness Burdett-Coutts. He is married to Frances, daughter of H. E. Walsh. Addresses: 6 Grosvenor Street, W. ; and Grange House, Eastbourne. ASQUITH, The Right Hon. Herbert Henry, Q.C., M.P., second son of the late J. Dixon Asquith, Esq., of Croft House, Morley, Yorks, was born at Morley, Sept. 12, 1852, and was educated at the City of London School and Balliol College, Oxford, of which he was Scholar, and afterwards Fellow. B.A. 1874 ; first-class Classics, and Craven Scholar. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, June 1876 ; appointed a Queen's Counsel, February 1890 ; elected M.P. for East Fife in July 1886, and again in 1892. Together with the Lord Chief- Justice (then Sir C. Russell) he was engaged on behalf of the late Charles Parnell, M.P., during the Parnell Commission. In August 1892 he was mover of the Amendment to the Queen's Speech which led to the division fatal to Lord Salisbury's Govern- ment, and when Mr. Gladstone formed his Ministry he was appointed Home Secretary and was sworn of the Privy Council, and placed on the Ecclesiastical Commission, on which he remained till 1895. It was during the Home Rule Debates that he became famous, and rose to the most prominent position in the House. During the Labour disputes of 1893 he took up a consistent attitude which commanded the approval of Parlia- ment, and in 1894 acted as arbitrator in the London cab strike, his award being considered satisfactory. He introduced the Disestablishment of the Church of Wales Bill in 1894, and conducted the same till it was rejected by the House. In February 1893 he was nominated for the Lord Rectorship of Glasgow. In 1895 he was again returned for East Fife, the constituency he now represents. He has made many important speeches in Scot- land on the policy of Lord Salisbury's Government, and was designated by Lord Rosebery, in a speech delivered in 1896 at Edinburgh, shortly after his lordship's resignation of the leadership of his party, as destined in future to high office. At present he has returned to his practice at the Bar. He married in 1877 Helen, daughter of F. Melland, Esq., of Man- chester (who died in 1891), and in May 1894 Miss Margot Tennant, daughter of Sir Charles Tennant, Bart. Addresses : 20 Cavendish Square, W. ; and Athenaeum. ASTOR, William Waldorf, was born in New York on March 31, 1848, and is the only son of John Jacob Astor and Charlotte Augusta Gibbes. He received his education privately. He succeeded to the vast family estate in 1890, having for many years helped his father in the management of it. He was admitted to the Bar in 1875, after which he devoted three years to politics, having been in the Legislature of the State of New York in 1878 and 1881. In 1882 he was appointed United States Minister to Italy, and remained in that position till 1885. He came to London in 1891, and in October 1893 effected the pur- chase of the Pall Mall Gazette and Budget, which was the event of the journalistic year. (See Cooke.) During the same year he bought Cliveden, the Duke of Westminster's estate on the Thames. His estate office is a prominent feature on the Thames Embankment. Address : Clive- den, Taplow. ATHERTON, Mrs. GertrudeFrank- lin, authoress, was born on Rincon Hill, San Francisco, and is the daughter of Thomas L. Horn and Gertrude Franklin, a grand-niece of Benjamin Franklin. She was educated at St. Mary's Hall, Benicia, California, and at the Sayre Institute, Lexington, Kentucky. She was long in finding her first publisher, who, in 1888, brought out her novel "What Dreams May Come." This was followed by her popular book " Hermia Suydam," 1889; "Los Cerritos," 1890; "The Dooms- Woman," 1892 ; "Before the Gringo Came," 1894 ; "A Whirl Asunder," 1895 ; "Patience Sparhawk, and her Times," 1897, perhaps her best -known book; "His Fortunate Grace," 1897. All these were American successes. Her two English novels are, "The Americans of Maundrell Abbey" ATHOLE — ATTFIELD 4. , and " The Great Black Oxen," 1898. Mrs. Atherton is the widow of George H. Bowen Atherton, of Menlo Park, California. She travels much. Address : c/o Hampstead Branch, National Provincial Bank, N.W. ATHOLE. See Atholl, Duke of. ATHOLL, Duke of, Sir John James Hugh Henry Stewart Murray, K.T., was born on Aug. 6, 1840, and succeeded his father, the 6th Duke, in 1864. He was educated at Eton, and afterwards held a commission in the Scots Guards, of which he was captain. He is Heredi- tary Sheriff and Lord-Lieutenant of the county of Perth, where he owns enormous estates. He married in 1863 Louisa, daughter of Sir Thomas Moncrieff, Bart. Addresses : Blair Castle, Blair Atholl and Dunkeld, Perthshire ; and 84 Eaton Place. S.W. ATKINSON, Rev. Edward, D.D., was Senior Optime and third Classic at Cambridge in 1842. He was ordained in 1844, and subsequently became Fellow and Tutor of Clare College. He became Master of Clare College in 1856, a position which he still continues to hold. Dr. Atkinson has served the office of Vice-Chancellor on three separate occasions, viz., from 1862 to 1863, from 1868 to 1870, and from 1876 to 1878. ATKINSON, Edward Tindal, was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1870, and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1886. He is Solicitor-General for the county Palatine of Durham, is engaged on the North-Eastern Circuit, and became Eecorder of Leeds in 1897. Address : 2 Tanfield Court, Temple, E.C. ATKINSON, The Right Hon. John, Q.C., M.P., was born in 1845, and joined the Irish Bar in 1865. He sits for North Londonderry as a Conservative ; was Solicitor-General for Ireland from 1889 to 1892, and Attorney-General for Ireland in 1892, and again since 1895. Address : 68 Fitzwilliam Square, North, Dublin. ATKINSON, The Rev. John Christopher, D.C.L., was born at Gold- hanger, in Essex, in 1814, and received his education at Kelvedon, in that county, and at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1838). He was appointed Vicar of Danby, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and Domestic Chaplain to the late Viscount Downe in 1847, and Chaplain to the High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1851. Dr. Atkinson is the author of "Walks, Talks, &c., of Two Schoolboys," 1859; " Play hours and Half -holidays," 1860 ; " Sketches in Natural History," 1861; "Eggs and Nests of British Birds," 1861; "Stanton Grange; or, Life at a Private Tutor's," 1864; "A Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect," 1868 ; " Lost ; or, What Came of a Slip from Honour Bright," 1869 ; besides many papers on archaeological and philological subjects in the Proceedings of various learned societies. For some time he was engaged on "The History of Cleveland, Ancient and Modern," partly published, and he has since edited the Chartularies of Whitby, in two volumes, for the Surtees Society, the Chartulary of Eievaulx Abbey, for the same series, and the Furness Coucher Book, in three volumes. Previous to the completion of the Furness and Eievaulx Chartularies he had issued "A Handbook of Ancient Whitby and its Abbey." In the year 1887 he had the honorary degree of D.C.L. conferred upon him by the University of Durham " in recognition of his many services to literature." Dr. Atkinson, who is now an Hon. Canon of York, has recently had a pension of £100 a year granted to him from the Civil List, on the recommendation of Mr. Balfour, in recognition of his services to philology and scholarship. In 1897 he celebrated the jubilee of his appointment to the parish of Danby. Address : Danby Vicarage, Yorks. ATTFIELD, Professor John, M.A. and Ph.D. of the University of Tubingen, F.E.S., Professor of Practical Chemistry to the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain from 1862 to 1896, was born near Barnet, Hertfordshire, on Aug. 28, 1835, and is the descendant of an ancient Hert- fordshire family, and son of the late John and Anne Winifred Attfield. In 1850 he was articled to Mr. W. F. Smith, manufac- turing pharmaceutical chemist, London. In 1853-54 he was a student in the Phar- maceutical Society's School, and First Prizeman in all subjects — chemistry, botany, pharmacy, and materia medica. From 1854 to 1862 he was Demonstrator of Chemistry at St. Bartholomew's Hos- pital, and lecture-assistant and research- assistant to the Professors of Chemistry there, namely, to Dr. Stenhouse, F.B.S., for three years, and afterwards for five years to Dr. Frankland, F.E.S., at the hospital, and concurrently at the Addis- combe Military College and the Royal Institution. During the same period he wrote most of the chemical articles in "Brande's Dictionary of Art, Science, and Literature," and in the Arts and Sciences Division of the "English Cyclopaedia," besides being a frequent scientific contri- butor to several journals and newspapers. In 1862 he took his University degrees, his thesis being an account of an original 44 ATTFIELD research "On the Spectrum of Carbon," a paper read before the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transac- tions. In 1862, also, he was appointed to the Chair of Practical Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Society's School, where he was the first Dean, and, 1887 to 1896, senior Professor. From 1860 onwards he wrote frequently on the subject of " Fire," both in scientific treatises and in a series of long letters to the Times, resulting in useful legislation and other public action, and in many appeals to him as an authority on the origin and causes of conflagrations. Dr. Attfield has always advocated the displacement of our existing system of weights and measures by the metric decimal system. He was for some time on the Council of the Metric Decimal Association. He is a Fellow, and was for several years on the Council, of the Chemical Society ; is a Fellow, was one of the founders, and was for several years on the Council, of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland ; is a Life Member, and on the General Committee, of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science ; is a Fellow of the Society of Chemical Industry ; was for two years President of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society ; was one of the five founders, for seventeen years Senior Secre- tary, and for two years President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference, an organisation for the encouragement of original research in pharmacy, each of his presidential addresses " On the Relations of Pharmacy and the State " drawing sup- porting editorial articles from the Times and from twenty or thirty other leading newspapers ; the members, on his retire- ment, presenting him with an illuminated address on vellum and five hundred spe- cially bound volumes of general literature. He was Secretary of the Food Jury at the International Health Exhibition in 1884, and, as some recognition of his services, the Council of the Exhibition presented him with eighteen bound volumes of their collected literature. He also wrote the Exhibition Handbook on "Water and Water Supplies," which has now reached a third edition. He has written largely on pharmaceutical education, and the relation of education to examination, his views, especially as regards compulsory public curricula, having gradually won the support of all leading pharmacists. The present chemical nomenclature of the Pharma- copoeias of Great Britain and the United States was adopted on his recommendation and long advocacy. His great work is " A Manual of Chemistry ; General, Medical, and Pharmaceutical," of which there have been published seventeen large editions in thirty-one years, nine being adapted to British and eight to American medical and pharmaceutical requirements. For this book he was awarded a gold medal at the first Pharmaceutical Exhibition in "Vienna in 1883, and the still higher prize of a diploma of honour at the similar Exhibition at Prague in 1896. He was the author of published lectures on the first (1864) "British Pharmacopoeia"; was appointed by the General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom one of the three editors of the " British Pharmacopoeia of 1885 " ; and was editor of the 1890 Adden- dum to the " Pharmacopoeia." In the production of the latter he successfully brought about the recognised co-operation of the followers of medicine on the one hand and pharmacy on the other, the General Medical Council representing the medical practitioners of Great Britain, while the Pharmaceutical Society represented the body of chemists and druggists. This service has been gracefully and publicly recognised both by the Medical Council and by the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society. The Medical Council appointed him editor of the fourth " British Pharma- copoeia," and adopted his suggestion to give the work imperial extension of use- fulness in the Colonies and India. In the Preface to this work the following para- graph occurs : " The ' Pharmacopoeia ' has been edited by Dr. John Attfield, F.R.S., who has been since 1885 Annual Reporter to the Council on the progress of phar- macy, and who has advised it on all matters relating to pharmaceutical chemistry. The Council is much indebted to him, both for his scientific and for his literary services." On May 31, 1898, the General Medical Council, on motion from the chair, passed a vote of thanks "to the Editor, Dr. Attfield, for all he has done to make the ' Pharmacopoeia ' complete and accurate." In the Royal Society's Catalogue Dr. Attfield appears as author of thirty- seven original scientific papers, mostly of pharmaceutical interest, published in the Transactions of the Royal, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Societies. His scientific and educational work has gained for him not only the much-coveted honour of being a Fellow of the Royal Society, but also the following twenty-three honorary dis- tinctions : Hon. Member of the Pharma- ceutical Societies of Great Britain, Paris, St. Petersburg, Austria, Denmark, East Flanders, Switzerland, Australasia, New South Wales, and Queensland ; of the American Pharmaceutical Association ; of the Colleges of Pharmacy of Phila- delphia, New York, Massachusetts, Chicago, Maryland, and Ontario ; and of the Phar- maceutical Associations of New Hamp- shire, "Virginia, Liverpool, Manchester, AUDIFFRET-PASQTJIER 45 Georgia, and the Province of Quebec. At the Chicago College the chief lecture theatre was named " Attfield Hall," and his portrait in oils was hung on the College walls " in recognition of his aid in raising the College from its ashes after the great fire of 1871, and of his unselfish devotion to the cause of education." Professor Attfield in 1896 retired into private prac- tice as a chemical analyst and consultant. He is the Hon. Consulting Chemist and Analyst to the London Orphan Asylum and the Ventnor Consumption Hospital. He has laboratories at Temple Chambers, London, and at Watford. On the resigna- tion of his post at the Pharmaceutical Society, after thirty-four years of uninter- rupted educational labours, for services rendered as a Professor, the Council of the Society, each of the twenty-one members being present, accorded him unanimously the great and, to a retiring teacher, un- usual honour of a vote of thanks, compli- mentary speeches being made by the ex-President and President. On July 10, 1897, a grand testimonial was presented to him on his retirement by large numbers of grateful pupils and by many public friends or former associates. It comprised an elaborate silver tea service and an album of autographs, which included the signa- tures of over a thousand pupils, and of two or three hundreds of Professors and other colleagues in the Universities and Colleges of Europe and America. His son, Dr. Donald Harvey Attfield, M.A., M.B., B.C., Cantab., and holding the diploma of Public Health of the same University, was born on June 9, 1866, and was for three years, 1894 to 1897, English Quaran- tine Medical Officer at the Port of Suez and the adjacent Sanatorium of Moses' Wells. During that period he was Sub- Director of the Mecca and Medina Pilgrim Encampment at El Tor, on the Gulf of Suez, and the Director of a similar encamp- ment at Ras Mallap. He voluntarily resigned this appointment in 1897, and is now Medical Officer of Health for Watford, and a consulting hygienist and bacteriologist. He is the author of pub- lished papers on "An Investigation of the Natural Solidified Sodium Sulphate Lakes of Wyoming, U.S.A.," "The Destruction of Bacteria in Polluted River Water by Infusoria," "The Treatment of Chronic Gastric Affections by aid of the Siphon Stomach Tube." Address : "Ashlands," Watford, Herts. ATJDIFFRET - PASatTIEB, Edme Armand Gaston, Due d% a French poli- tician, was born in October 1823. His father, the Comte d'Audiffret, under the Restora- tion, was Director of Customs, Director of the National Debt, Councillor of State, and afterwards Receiver- General. His uncle, the Marquis d'Audiffret, was a Peer of France, and President of the Cour des Comptes. The name of d'Audiffret is that of an old family of Dauphine\ and their armorial bearings were to be seen in the Crusades. The Comte d'Audiffret, father of the present Duke, married the daughter of M. Pasquier, Director-General to the Tobacco Manufactories, and brother to the Chancellor Pasquier. It is from the latter, who died without issue, and who had adopted him in 1844, that the subject of this memoir derives his ducal title. In 1845 young d'Audiffret, scarcely twenty- two years old, entered the Council of State as Auditor, and married Made- moiselle Fontenilliat, daughter of the Receiver-General of the Gironde. Suc- cessive family afflictions deprived him of his children and induced him to wish for a retired life ; and M. d'Audiffret went to live in Normandy on an estate which belonged to him. Here he passed twenty years of his life, occupied with agriculture and with political studies, in the midst of his books, the old library of the d'Audiffret family being one of the most ample literary collections which any in- dividual could possess. In 1858 he pre- sented himself for election to the Council- General, and in 1866 and 1869 to the Corps Legislatif. On every occasion the battle was strongly contested. Victorious the first time, the candidate was beaten on the two other occasions by the efforts of official pressure. After the fall of the Empire he was elected to the National Assembly in the Conservative interest by the Department of the Orme (Feb. 8, 1871), and voted with the Right Centre. He was nominated President of the Commission on Purchases, and in this capacity acquired sudden renown by the masterly way in which he encountered in debate M. Rouher, the champion of the fallen dynasty. By his eloquence he soon ac- quired a great and strong position in the Assembly. He was one of the principal originators of the downfall of M. Thiers, but he had assumed an attitude which would not permit of his being included in a ministry of which Bonapartists were members. After the check given to the proposed Monarchical Restoration, the Duke, as President of the Right Centre, was among those who supported the Septennate, and who powerfully contri- buted, in conjunction with his brother- in-law, M. Casimir-Perier, to the solution of Feb. 25, 1875. On the formation of the Buffet Ministry he was elected Pre- sident of the National Assembly. On Dec. 9, 1875, the Due d'Audiffret-Pas- quier, who, a few days previous, had joined the Left Centre, was the first 46 AUFRECHT — AUSTIN person who was elected a Life Senator by the Assembly, by a majority amount- ing to four-fifths of all the votes recorded. In the sitting of March 13, 1876, he was elected President of the Senate. He con- tinued to hold that office till January 1879, after the Senatorial elections, which gave the Republicans a majority in the Upper Chamber. On Dec. 26, 1878, he was elected to the seat in the French -Academy lately filled by Mgr. Dupanloup. Of the twenty-seven members present, twenty-two voted for him, and five ab- stained from voting. He is one of the few Academicians who have published no important works. For some years past he has lived in complete retirement. Ad- dress : 25 Rue Fresnel, Paris. AUFRECHT, Professor Theodor, LL.D., M.A., an Orientalist, was born at Leschnitz, Silesia, Jan. 7, 1821, and educated in the University of Berlin. He was appointed Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh in 1862. On April 21, 1875, that university conferred on him the degree of LL.D., and shortly after- wards he left Scotland for Bonn, where he had been appointed Professor of San- skrit. Professor Aufrecht has published " A Complete Glossary to the Rig Veda, with constant reference to the Atharva Veda " ; " De Accentu Compositorum San- skritorum," 1847; " Halayudha's Abhid- hanaratnamala ; a Sanskrit Vocabulary, edited with a complete Sanskrit-English Glossary " ; " The Hymns of the Rig Veda, transcribed into English letters," 2 vols. ; " Ujjvaladatta's Commentary, the Una- distras," from a manuscript in the Library of the East India House, 1859 ; and " The Ancient Languages of Italy " (Oxford, 1875). AUSTEN-LEIGH, Rev. Augustus. See Leigh, Rev. Augustus Austen-. AUSTIN, Alfred, poet, critic, and journalist, was born at Headingley, near Leeds, May 30, 1835. His father was a merchant and magistrate of the borough of Leeds, and his mother was the sister of Joseph Locke, the eminent civil engineer and M.P. for the borough of Honiton, of which he was lord of the manor. Both his parents being Roman Catholics, he was sent to Stonyhurst College, and afterwards to St. Mary's College, Oscott. From Oscott he took his degree at the University of London in 1853, and in 1857 he was called to the Bar of the Inner Temple. But the publication, though anonymously, of a poem called "Randolph," at the age of eighteen, showed the bent of his disposi- tion ; and it may be stated on the authority of Mr. Austin himself, that he ostensibly embraced the study of the law onlyin defer- ence to the wishes of his parents, and from his earliest years was imbued with the desire and the determination to devote his life mainly to literature. The expression of this resolve may be found in a novel written and published while he was yet a minor. On the death of his father, in 1861, he quitted the Northern Circuit, and went to Italy. His first acknowledged volume of verse, "The Season: a Satire," appeared in 1861. A third and revised edition of " The Season " appeared in 1869. His other poetical productions are : " The Human Tragedy : a Poem," 1862, repub- lished in an amended form 1876, and again finally revised in 1889 ; " The Golden Age : a Satire," 1871; "Interludes," 1872; "Madonna's Child," 1873; "The Tower of Babel," a drama, 1874; "Leszko the Bastard: a Tale of Polish Grief," 1877: "Savonarola," a tragedy, 1881; "Soli- loquies in Song," "At the Gate of the Convent," "Love's Widowhood, and other Poems," "Prince Lucifer," and "English Lvrics," all published between the years 1881 and 1890. He has published three novels: "Five Tears of It," 1858; "An Artist's Proof," 1864; and "Won by a Head," 1866; also "The Poetry of the Period," reprinted from Temple Bar, 1870 ; and "A Vindication of Lord Byron," 1869, occasioned by Mrs. Stowe's article, "The True Story of Lord Byron's Life." He has written much for the Standard news- paper and for the Quarterly Review. During the sittings of the (Ecumenical Council of the Vatican he represented the Standard at Rome, and he was a special correspondent of that journal at the head- quarters of the King of Prussia in the Franco-German War. His political writ- ings include " Russia before Europe," 1876; "Tory Horrors," 1876, a reply to Mr. Gladstone's "Bulgarian Horrors"; and '• England's Policy and Peril : a Letter to the Earl of Beaconsfield," 1877. In 1883, in conjunction with Mr. W. J. Court- hope, he founded The National Review, and continued to edit that periodical till the summer of 1893. In 1892 Messrs. Mac- millan issued a collected edition of his poems in six volumes. "Fortunatus the Pessimist" was next published. In 1894 was published " The Garden that I Love," and in the following year, " In Veronica's Garden," both of which volumes have rapidly passed through several editions. On New Year's Day 1896 Mr. Austin was appointed Poet Laureate in succession to Lord Tennyson, since which date Messrs. Macmillan have issued two volumes of poetry by him, entitled "England's Dar- ling" and "The Conversion of Winckel- mann." Mr. Austin is a deputy-lieutenant AUSTIN — AYETON 47 for the county of Hereford. Addresses : Swinford Old Manor, Ashford, Kent ; and Athenseum. AUSTIN, Louis Frederic, journal- ist, only son of Captain Thomas Austin, master mariner, of Dublin, was born in Brooklyn, U.S.A., Oct. 9, 1852, educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, Great Crosby, near Liverpool, came to London in 1875, and entered journalism. He was for some years editor of the National Press Agency, has contributed to many periodi- cals, chiefly in the department of literary criticism and several essays, and is con- nected with the Daily Chronicle, the Illus- trated London News, the /Sketch, and the Speaker. In 1884, under the name of Frederic Daly, he published a biographi- cal sketch entitled "Henry Irving in Eng- land and America " ; and in 1896 a volume called "At Random : Essays and Stories." Address : Devonshire Club, St. James's, S.W. AUSTRIA, Emperor of. See Francis Joseph I. AUWERS, Professor Arthur, Ger- man astronomer, was born Sept. 12, 1838, at Gottingen, and was connected suc- cessively with the observatories of Koen- igsberg (1859), Gotha (1862), and Berlin (1866). He became in 1881 the Director of the New Observatory of Physical Astronomy at Potsdam. He is Perpetual Secretary of the Mathematical Sciences Sec- tion of the German Academy of Sciences. He has continued Herschell's observations on nebulse, which he terminated in 1857. He has written a number of important papers on astronomical subjects. He took part in the new observations on stars of the first nine magnitudes of the northern hemisphere in the revision of Argelander's maps. In 1874 he was in charge of the observations of the Transit of Venus at Luxor, and in 1882 at Punta Arenas. AVORY, Horace Edmund, was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1875, .and is engaged on the South-Eastern Circuit, and at the Surrey Sessions. Ad- dress : 4 Crown Office Row, Temple, E.C. AXON, William Edward Army- tage, was born in Manchester in 1846, and after thirteen years' service in the Manchester Free Library, resigned the position of Sub-Librarian to devote him- self to literature and journalism. He is ;the author, among other volumes, of " Stray Chapters in Literature, Folk-Lore, and Archaeology," 1888 ; " Annals of Man- chester," 1886; "Lancashire Gleanings," 1883; "Cheshire Gleanings," 1884 ; "By- gone Sussex," 1896 ; " Life of William Lloyd Garrison," 1890 ; and "The Ancoats Skylark," 1894. The last-named includes translations from the French, Italian, German, Spanish, and other languages. Mr. Axon has contributed to the " En- cyclopaedia Britannica," the "Dictionary of National Biography," "Johnson's Ameri- can Cyclopaedia," Notes and Queries, the Academy, and other periodicals. He was one of the founders of the Library Associa- tion, and of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, and a member of various learned societies at home and abroad. He has edited a reprint of "Caxton's Game and Playe of the Chesse," and has printed many pamphlets, some for private circulation, in advocacy of tem- perance and food reform, or in elucidation of obscure points of bibliography and literary history. Address : 47 Derby Street, Moss Side, Manchester. AYRTON, Professor "W. E., F.R.S., born in London 1847, is the son of the late Mr. E. N. Ayrton, M.A. , barrister. He was educated at University College School, where he gained numerous prizes, and entering subsequently into the Col- lege, gained the Andrews Exhibition in 1865 and the Andrews Scholarship in 1866. Passing the examination with honours for his first B.A. in 1867, Mr. Ayrton in the same year came out first in the Entrance Examination for the Indian Government Telegraph Service. He was then sent by the Secretary of State for India to study electrical engineering with Prof. Sir William Thomson (now Lord Kelvin), com- ing out first at the Advanced Examination for the Indian Government Telegraph Ser- vice, and won the Scholarship. When in India Prof. Ayrton acted first as the Assis- tant Electrical Superintendent, and subse- quently as the Electrical Superintendent in the Government Telegraph Department, introducing, with the late Mr. Schwendler, throughout British India a complete system of immediately determining the position of a fault in the longest telegraph line by electrically testing at one end. In 1872-73 Prof. Ayrton was on special duty in Eng- land on behalf of the Indian Government Telegraph Department, and in charge of the Great Western Telegraph Manufac- tory in London on behalf of the engineers, Prof. Sir William Thomson and the late Prof. Fleeming Jenkin. From the latter year until 1879 Prof. Ayrton was the Professor of Natural Philosophy and of Telegraphy at the Imperial College of Engineering, Japan, the largest English- speaking Technical University in existence at that date. In 1879 he was appointed Professor of Applied Physics at the City 48 BAB — BADENI and Guilds of London Technical College, Finsbury, and in 1884 the Chief Professor of Physics at the Central Technical Col- lege, South Kensington, of the City and Guilds of London Institute, of which he now also is the Dean. In 1880 a Secretary of the Mathematical and Physical Section of the British Association, in 1881 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Prof. Ayrton is a Past President of the Physical Society, a Past President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and the President of Section A of the British Association for 1898 ; he has been a Juror in the majority of the Electrical Exhibi- tions in England and abroad ; was a Judge in the Electrical Department at the Chicago Exhibition ; and one of the British Govern- ment Delegates to the Electrical Congress there ; is joint editor of Cassell's "Manuals of Technology," and the author of " Prac- tical Electricity," the most recently pub- lished work in this series, but already in its seventh edition. His lecture on the "Electric Transmission of Power," given at the meeting of the British Association at Bath in 1888, was so much appreciated that, at the request of the town, this lec- ture was repeated to an audience of 3000, the only time in the annals of the British Association that one of their lectures has been repeated. With Prof. Perry he is the joint inventor of the well-known Ammeters, Voltmeters, Electric Power Meter, Ohmmeter, Dispersion-Photometer, Transmission - Dynamometer, Dynamome- ter Coupling, Governed Electric Motor, Oblique Coiled Dynamo Machine, and Secohmmeter ; and with the late Prof. Fleeming Jenkin and Prof. Perry, of the system of Automatic Electric Transport known as " Telpherage." Over 100 papers published in the Proceedings and Transac- tions of the Eoyal Society, Physical Society, Institution of Electrical Engineers, and other societies have been contributed by Prof. Ayrton conjointly with Prof. Perry and others, of which some of the most important are: "The Specific Inductive Capacity of Gases " ; " The Contact Theory of Voltaic Action"; "A New Determina- tion of the Ratio of the Electromagnet to the Electrostatic Unit of Quantity " ; "A Duplex Partial Earth Test"; "Electricity as a Motive Power"; "Experiments on the Heat Conduction of Stone"; "On a Neglected Principle that may be Employed in Earthquake Measurements"; "The Magic Mirror of Japan " ; "Electric Rail- ways"; "Measuring Instruments used in Electric Lighting and Transmission of Power" ; "Economic Use of Gas Engines"; " Electromotors and their Government " ; " A New Form of Spring for Electric and other Measuring Instruments " ; " The Gas Engine Indicator Diagram"; "The Most Economical Potential Difference to use with Incandescent Lamps " ; " The Wind- ing of Voltmeters " ; " Economy in Electri- cal Conductors " ; "Uniform Distribution of Power from an Electrical Conductor " ; "Modes of Measuring the Co-efficients of Self and Mutual Induction " ; " The Driving of Dynamos with Very Short Belts"; "Portable Voltometers for Mea- suring Alternate or Direct Potential Dif- ferences " ; " The Magnetic Circuit in the Dynamo"; "The Efficiency of Incandescent Lamps with Direct and Alternate Cur- rents " ; "Measurement of the Power given by any Current to any Circuit" ; "Quadrant Electrometers"; "The Thermal Emissivity of Thin Wires"; "The Efficiency of Transformers and the Regulation of Transformers at Different Frequencies " ; " Variation of the P. D. of the Electric Arc with Current, Size of Carbons and Distance Apart " ; " The Design and Con- struction of Electrostatic Instruments." Prof. Ayrton, with Prof. Perry, has also taken out twenty-six patents in Great Britain, several of them also in France, Germany, America, and other foreign countries, and he is also a co-patentee with Mr. Mather of their well-known Electrostatic Voltmeters and Moving Coil Galvanometers. Address : 41 Kensington Park Gardens, W. B BAB. See Gilbert, William Schwenck. BADENI, Count Casimir, ex-Chan- cellor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is a Pole by birth, and was born in 1846. His family was originally Italian, and migrated to Poland with Queen Bona, wife of Sigismund I. He studied law, entered the Austrian Civil Service, and became Governor of Austrian Poland, and was nicknamed "The Mikado of Galicia" because of his gorgeous ceremonials. In September 1895, he became Prime Minister of a non-party Cabinet, and he was chiefly supported by the Poles, the German Moderate Liberals, and the Young Czechs. His concession with regard to the official use of the Czech language in Bohemia brought down upon him the angry oppo- sition of the German element in Austria. On April 2, 1897, he resigned, but the Emperor refused to accept his resignation. Violent and discreditable scenes occurred in the Reichsrath between the Poles and Czechs on one side, and the Germans, Socialists, and Anti-Semites on the other.. The session was forcibly closed on June 3, and an attempt at an understanding BAEYEE — BAILEY 49 made, which came to nought owing to the abstention of the Germans. When the session reopened in September the same scenes occurred, and owing to an insult from Herr Wolf, Count Badeni fought a duel with him on September 26, in which he was wounded. The Emperor accepted his resignation early in 1898, and he was succeeded by Count Goluchowski {q.v.). BAEYER, Adolf von, German chemist, born at Berlin, Oct. 31, 1835, is the son of a general renowned for his geodesic work. After having finished his studies at the Gymnasium Friedrich Wil- helm, he went to the Universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, and Ghent. He took his degree in 1860, and became Demonstrator in Chemistry at the Applied Sciences Academy of Berlin. He successively be- came Assistant Professor at the Military Academy in 1869, Professor at Strassburg in 1872,' and finally was called to fill the chair at Munich, vacant on the death of Liebig. He has acquired fame by his work of organic chemistry, above all by his researches on the action of the aldehydes, which led him to the discovery of a green colouring matter, coraleine, a red colour- ing matter, eosine, and lastly, to the dis- covery of indol, the base of indigo. BAGGALLAY, Ernest, M.A., son of the late Lord Justice Baggallay, was born July 11, 1850, and was educated at Marl- borough and Caius College, Cambridge. He was called to the Bar in 1873, and acted as Counsel to the Post Office from 1877 to 1887. He sat in the House of Commons as Conservative member for Brixton from 1885 to 1887. In the latter year he was appointed Police Magistrate at the West Ham Court, a position which he continues to hold. Mr. Baggallay was married in 1876 to Emily, daughter of Sir W. W. Burrell, Bart. Addresses : 106 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. ; and The Moat, Cowden, Kent. BAILEY, Sir Joseph Russell, Bart., V.D., was born in 1810, and is the eldest son of the late Joseph Bailey, M.P., of Easton Court, Tenbury. He was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford. He represented Herefordshire in the House of Commons from 1865 to 1885, and Hereford from 1886 to 1892. In 1864 he acted as High Sheriff of Breconshire, and was appointed Lord-Lieutenant in 1875. He is a J.P. and D.L. for Radnor- shire and Herefordshire. In 1867 he was appointed Hon. Colonel of the Brecon Rifle Volunteers. He succeeded his grand- father, the 1st Baronet, in 1858, and was created a Peer in recognition of his ser- vices to the Conservative party at New Year 1899. He married in 1861 Mary Ann, daughter of Henry Lucas. Addresses : Glanusk Park, Crickhowell, Breconshire ; Easton Court, Tenbury, Worcestershire, &c. BAILEY, Joseph W., American political leader, was born in Copiah County, Mississippi, Oct. 6, 1863. He studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1883; removed to Texas in 1885, and settled at Gainsville. He served as Presidential Elector for the State at large in 1888, and was elected to the Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty-third, Fifty- fourth, and Fifty-fifth Congresses. He is one of the active and prominent leaders of the Democratic party in the United States House of Representatives. BAILEY, Philip James, author of "Festus," son of Thomas Bailey, author of the "Annals of Notts," who died in 1856, was born at Nottingham, April 22, 1816. Having been educated at various schools in his native town, he in 1831 matriculated at the University of Glasgow, where he studied for two sessions under Professors Buchanan, Sir D. K. Sandford, Thomson, and Milne. In 1833 he began to study the law, was admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn in 1835, and called to the Bar in 1840. Having little inclination for legal pursuits, Mr. Bailey before this time had carried on an extensive and varied course of reading in the libraries of the British Museum and Lincoln's Inn, as well as at home. He was accustomed to the composition of verse from early years. " Festus," conceived and planned originally in 1836, and published in 1839, was well re- ceived in this country, where it has passed through eleven editions, and in America, where it has passed through upwards of thirty. The 11th, or Jubilee edition (so called from the fact that it was issued fifty years after the first edition), with a prose preface explanatory of the purpose of the poem, was published by Messrs. Routledge in 1889. Interviewed of late years by a contributor to The Young Man, Mr. Bailey is reported to have spoken of the inception of his famous work as follows : " I began in the most natural way imaginable. I merely started to write. From the time I was ten years old I had always been writ- ing verse, more or less. But I had time at my disposal — in those days I did pretty much as I liked — and I soon found myself making progress with ' Festus.' I had the theory of the poem in my mind, and the plan of working it out, as well as the conception of the main characters. I knew the theology was not popular, and that was probably why I embodied it in the work. The doctrine of Universalism has never been introduced into poetry, and in that aspect 'Festus' was different from any- D 50 BAIN — BAIRD thing that had previously appeared. That was the novel characteristic of the poem." At the same interview he explained that "the work has doubled in size since I closed the book for the first time. Many lyrics have been introduced, and the scope of the work has been considerably enlarged. Besides the additions, moreover, there have been deductions and many alterations." " The Angel World," 1850 ; " The Mystic," 1855 ; " The Universal Hymn," 1867 ; all since mainly incorporated with " Festus " ; "The Age," a Satire, 1858; and a prose work on the international policy of the Great Powers, with a few minor and mis- cellaneous poems, comprise nearly the whole of Mr. Bailey's contributions to con- temporary literature. Address: The Elms, Ropewalk, Nottingham. BAIN, Professor Alexander, LL.D., born at Aberdeen in 1818, entered Maris- chal College in 1836, where he took the degree of M.A. in 1840. From 1841 to 1844 he taught, as deputy, the class of Moral Philosophy in Marischal College ; from 1844 to 1845 the Natural Philosophy Class. In 1845 he was elected Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Andersonian University, Glasgow, but retired at the end of a year. In 1847 he was appointed by the Metropoli- tan Sanitary Commissioners their Assistant Secretary, and in 1848 became Assistant Secretary to the General Board of Health, which post he resigned in 1850. From 1857 to 1862 he was Examiner in Logic and Moral Philosophy in the University of London. In 1858, 1859, 1860, 1863, 1864, 1868, and 1870 he acted as Examiner in Moral Science at the Indian Civil Service Examinations. In 1860 he was appointed by the Crown Professor of Logic in the University of Aberdeen. In 1864 he was re-elected Examiner in the Univer> sity of London, and continued to hold that position till 1869. His first literary pro- duction was an article, in 1840, in the Westminster Review, to which he has since contributed at various times. In 1847-48 he wrote text-books on Astronomy, Elec- tricity, and Meteorology in Messrs. Cham- bers's school series, several of Chambers's "Papers for the People," and the articles on Language, Logic, the Human Mind, and Khetoric in the "Information for the People." In 1852 he published an edition of the " Moral Philosophy of Paley," with dissertations and notes. ' ' The Senses and the Intellect " appeared in 1855, and "The Emotions and the Will," completing a systematic exposition of the human mind, in 1859 ; both works have passed through several editions. "The Study of Character, including an Estimate of Phre- nology," was published in 1861, an English Grammar in 1863, and a "Manual of English Composition and Khetoric " in 1866. His more recent works are : " Men- tal and Moral Science," 1868; "Logic, De- ductive and Inductive," 1870 ; " Mind and Body ; Theories of their Relation," 1873 ; a collection of " The Minor Works of George Grote, with Critical Remarks on his Intel- lectual Character, Writings, and Speeches," 1873 ; "A Companion to the Higher Eng- lish Grammar," 1874; "Education as a Science," 1879 ; "James Mill, a Biography," " John Stuart Mill, a Criticism, with Per- sonal Recollections," 1882; and "Practi- cal Essays," 1884. In 1880 he retired from the Logic chair of Aberdeen University. In 1881 he was elected by the students Lord Rector of the University, and again elected in 1884. In 1887 appeared Part I. of a revised and enlarged edition of the " Manual of Rhetoric," being devoted to the "Intellectual Qualities of Style"; accom- panying which was a volume on " Teaching English." The year following, 1888, was published Part II. of the " Rhetoric," on the "Emotional Qualities." In 1894 was brought out the fourth edition of " The Senses and the Intellect," revised for the last time. Address : Ferryhill Lodge, Aberdeen. BAIRD, Lieut.-Colonel Andrew "Wilson, R.E., F.B.S., A.I.C.E., F.R.G.S., born at Aberdeen, April 26, 1842, is the son of the late Mr. Thomas Baird, of Wood- lands, Cults, and was educated at Marischal College and University, and was for some years a pupil of Dr. Rennet, LL.D., the Mathematical Tutor in Aberdeen. Enter- ing Addiscotnbe College as a cadet of the Hon. East India Company's service in the beginning of 1860, he was transferred to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, at the end of the year, and obtained a commission in the Corps of Royal Engineers in December 1861. After having finished his course of military engineering studies at Chatham, Lieutenant Baird proceeded to India in February 1864, and served under the Bombay Government. He was employed as Special Assistant in the Harbour Defences at Bombay, and held charge of the construction of the Middle Ground and Oyster Rock Batteries at vari- ous times between April 1864 and December 1865, when he was appointed as Special Assistant Engineer in the Government Reclamations which were being carried out on the foreshore of the harbour. From January till July 1868 Lieutenant Baird was employed as Assistant Field Engineer with the Abyssinian Expedition (medal), during which time he held the charge of Traffic Manager of the railway, and he was mentioned in despatches for zeal and management in bringing safely and expedi- tiously troops and baggage for embarkation, Shortly after his return to Bombay, Lieu- BAKEK 51 tenant Baird was appointed to the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India (in December 1868). Employed successively on the triangulation in Kottywar and Guzerat, Lieutenant Baird suffered con- siderably from the trying work in the very hot weather, and was obliged to go on furlough to England in May 1870, and while on furlough he was selected by General Walker, R.E. (then chief of the Great Trigonometrical Survey), and em- ployed by order of the Secretary of State for India to study the practical details of tidal observations, and their reductions by harmonic analysis as carried on under the superintendence of Sir William Thomson for the British Association. On his return to India, in April 1872, Lieutenant Baird carried out a reconnaissance of the Gulf of Cutch, with a view to selecting sites for three Tidal Observatories, one at the mouth, and one at the head and as far into the "Runn" as possible, and one about the middle of the gulf. The tidal observatories, and the levelling operations in connection therewith, were carried out for special reasons in connection with the question of the depression of the great tract called the Runn of Cutch ; and Captain Baird was sent to England to carry out the calculations for reducing the tidal observations. Returning to India in June 1877, Captain Baird was appointed to the general superintendence and control of tidal observatories on the Indian coasts; these operations were gradually extended, until twenty tidal observatories (in India, Burmah, Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, and Aden) were working simultaneously, and as five years' work was completed at minor stations the observatories were removed to other places, and now over thirty stations have been observed at. In August and September 1881, Captain Baird was sent as one of the Commissioners from India to the Venice Geographical Congress and Exhibition. Here the Survey of India exhibited a complete set of tidal and levelling apparatus, diagrams, &c, and was awarded a Diploma of Honour ; and the Congress awarded Captain Baird a medal of the First Class for his works on tidal observations ; the Secretary of State for India and the Government of India recorded their thanks to Captain Baird for his services at this Congress. After fur- lough in England, Major Baird returned to India in April 1883, and resumed charge of the tidal and levelling operations until he was appointed to officiate as Mint Master of Calcutta in July 1885. Since then he has acted several times as Mint Master of Calcutta and Bombay, and in the intervals held the appointment of Assistant Surveyor-General. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in December 1888, and was confirmed as Mint Master, Calcutta, in August 1889. For his services in the tidal research, Colonel Baird was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1885. The following are the works of a public or official character which Colonel Baird has written : Articles on the Gulf of Cutch, Little Runn, and Gulf of Cambay, for the Bombay Gazetteer ; Notes on the Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Observations, published by order of the Secretary of State, 1872 ; Paper on the Tidal Observations of the Gulf of Cutch, read before the British Association, 1876 ; Account of the Tidal Disturbances caused by the Volcanic Eruption at Krakatoa (Java) in August 1883, presented to the Royal Society ; Auxiliary Tables (two pamphlets) to facili- tate the calculations of Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Observations, published in India, 1879 and 1882; Joint Report with Pro- fessor G. H. Darwin, F.R.S., &c, of the results of the Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Observations, presented to the Royal Society and reprinted from their Pro- ceedings, March 1885 ; Account of the Spirit-Levelling Operations of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, read before the British Association in 1885, and afterwards printed among the supple- mentary papers of the Royal Geographical Society ; Manual of Tidal Observations, published at the expense of the British Association ; Tide Tables for India Ports, prepared annually by Major Baird and Mr. Roberts of the Nautical Almanac Office by order of the Secretary of State for India. Colonel Baird is also an Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. BAKER, Sir George Sherston, Bart., J.P., was born in London, May 19, 1846, and succeeded to the baronetcy in 1877. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1871, and in 1889 he was appointed Recorder of Barnstaple and Bideford. He has published " Halleck's International Law," 2nd edit. 1878, and 3rd edit. 1893 ; " The Laws Relating to Quarantine," 1879 ; "The Office of Vice-Admiral of the Coast," 1884 ; and he has been editor of the Law Magazine and Review since 1895. He is married to Jane, daughter of the late F. J. Fegen, R.N., C.B., of Ballinlonty, Tip- perary, and has a son and heir, born in 1877. Addresses : 18 Cavendish Road, St. John's Wood, N.W. ; and 1 The Cloisters, Middle Temple, E.C. BAKER, John Gilbert, F.R.S., F.L.S., born at Guisborough, in Yorkshire, Jan. 13, 1834, was educated at schools belonging to the Society of Friends at Ackworth and York. He was appointed Assistant-Keeper of the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, 52 BAKER — BALFOUR Kew, in 1866 ; appointed Keeper of the Herbarium in 1891 ; and Lecturer and De- monstrator of Botany to the Apothecaries' Company in 1882. He was for many years Lecturer on Botany to the London Hos- pital, and one of the assistant editors to Seemann's Journal of Botany. Formerly Mr. Baker was Curator, and afterwards Secretary, of the London Botanical Ex- change Club. His works on descriptive botany are as follows : " Synopsis Fili- cum," a descriptive catalogue of all known ferns, with plates of the genera — a work planned and commenced by the late Sir W. Hooker, 1868, 2nd edit. 1874; "Mono- graph of the Ferns of Brazil," in folio, 1870, with fifty plates ; and since of the " Composite, Ampelidese, and Connar- acese," of the same country ; "Revision of the Order Liliaces," 7 parts, 1870-80 ; " Monograph of the British Roses," 1869 ; "Monograph of the British Mints," 1865; Monographs of Papilionacea? and other Orders in Oliver's " Flora of Tropical Africa," 1861-71 ; Descriptions of the Plants figured in Vols. I, III., and IV. of Saunders' "Refugium Botanicum," 1869- 1871 ; "Popular Monographs of Narcissus, Crocus, Lilium, Iris, Crinum, Aquilegia, Sem- pervivum, Epimedium, Tulipa, Nerine, and Agave," 1870-77; "Monograph of the Papilionaceas of India," 1876; "Systema Iridacearum," 1877; "Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles," 1877; "A Monograph of Hypoxidacea;," 1879 ; " A Monograph of Selaginella," 1884-85; "On the Tuber- bearing Species of Solanum," 1884. The following are the titles of Mr. Baker's works on geographical botany, &c. : " An Attempt to Classify the Plants of Britain according to their Geographical Relations," 1855; "North Yorkshire: Studies of its Botany, Geology, Climate, and Physical Geography," 1863; "A New Flora of Northumberland and Durham, with Essays on the Climate and Physical Geography of the Counties" (aided by Dr. G. R. Tate), 1868 ; " On the Geographical Distribution of Ferns through the World, with a Table showing the Range of each Species," 1868 ; "Elementary Lessons in Botanical Geo- graphy," 1875; many papers on the "Botany of Madagascar," containing de- scriptions of above 1000 new species, 1881- 1890; "A Flora of the English Lake Dis- trict," 1885. In 1883 he edited, in con- junction with the Rev. W. Newbould, the first published edition of Watson's " Topo- graphical Botany," 1887; "A Handbook of the Fern Allies," 1888 ; "A Handbook of the Amaryllideaj," 1892 ; and " A Hand- book of the Bromeliacea;," 1890; "Syn- opsis of Petaloid Monocotyledons of South Africa," 1896, formerly vol. vi. of the " Flora Capensis," now edited by his chief at Kew, Mr. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer. BAKER, The Rev. William, D.D., Head Master of Merchant Taylors' School, youngest son of the late George Baker, Esq., of Reigate, was born at Reigate in December 1841, and educated at Merchant Taylors' School and St. John's College, Oxford, of which he was some time Fellow and Tutor, and of which he was appointed Hon. Fellow in 1895. He obtained a first- class in classics at Moderations in 1862, and a second-class in the Final Classical School in 1864, and was elected Denyer and Johnson Theological Scholar in 1866. He was appointed Head Master of Mer- chant Taylors' School on the retirement of Dr. Hessey at Christmas, 1870, and Prebendary of St. Paul's in 1880. He is the author of " A Manual of Devotion for School Boys," published in 1876; "Lec- tures on the Historical and Dogmatical Position of the Church of England," 1882 ; " A Plain Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles," 1883; "Daily Prayers for Younger Boys," 1886 ; " Latin and Greek Verse Translations," 1895. BALDISSERA, General Antonio, Commander-in-Chief of the Italian army in Africa since 1896, is by birth a Venetian, and in 1866 held a commission in the Austrian army. Venice being ceded to Italy, Baldissera took service under the government of Florence. He was a mem- ber of the San Marzano Expedition to Africa, and afterwards was for three years in command of the Italian troops in Ery- threa. During this command he won for Italy Keren and Asmara without blood- shed. As a diplomat he divided the Abys- sinian leaders, outmanoeuvred Menelik himself, and thus expanded and solidified the Italian colony. He was recalled at the instance of Count Antonelli, and in the absence of his strong hand the Italians suffered constant reverses. Reappointed to his old post in 1896, in succession to the defeated General Baratieri, he has had to struggle with limited resources against victorious enemies and a [hostile public opinion in Italy. BALFOUR OF BURLEIGH, Lord, The Right Hon. Alexander Hugh Bruce, son of R. Bruce, of Kennet, Alloa, N.B., was born on Jan. 13, 1849, and was educated at Loretto, Eton, and Oriel Col- lege, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. with honours in 1871, and proceeded to the degree of M.A. in 1872. The title, origin- ally granted in 1607, was attainted in 1716, on account of the "rising" of 1715, and was only restored to the present possessor in 1869. Lord Balfour is a Conservative in politics, and has served on the following important commissions during the past twenty-three years, viz. : Member of the BALFOUR 53 Factory Commission, 1874-75 ; Member of the Endowed Institution (Scotland) Com- mission, 1878-79 ; Chairman of the Edu- cational Endowments Commission, 1882- 1889 ; Chairman of the Welsh Sunday Closing Commission, 1889 ; Chairman of the Metropolitan Water Supply Commission, 1893-94 ; and Chairman of the Rating Commission, 1896. He acted as Lord-in- Waiting to the Queen from 1888 to 1889, was Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade from 1889 to 1892, and in 1895 he was appointed Secretary for Scotland, with a seat in the Cabinet. He is a mem- ber of the Church of Scotland, a Privy Councillor, and was elected Lord Rector of the University of Edinburgh in November 1896. He was married to Katherine Gordon, sister of the Earl of Aberdeen, in 1876, and has a son and heir, Robert, Master of Burleigh, born in 1880. Ad- dresses : Kennet, Alloa, N.B. ; 47 Cadogan Square, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. BALFOUR, The Bight Hon. Arthur James, M.P., LL.D., F.R.S., &c, eldest son of the late James Maitland Balfour, Esq., of Whittinghame, N.B., and Lady Blanche Mary Harriet, daughter of the 2nd Marquis of Salisbury, was born July 25, 1848. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, taking his B.A. degree with second class Honours in Moral Science in 1869. He entered Par- liament in 1S74 as M.P. for Hertford, which constituency he represented until 1885, when he was elected for East Man- chester, for which he still sits. He acted as Private Secretary to the Marquis of Salisbury at the Foreign Office during the critical period 1878-80, when the Berlin treaty was negotiated. In June 1878 he accompanied a special mission to Berlin. In 1879 Mr. Balfour published his work, "A Defence of Philosophic Doubt." It attracted much attention, and gave pro- mise of abilities which could hardly have failed to win recognition even had the writer not been a Conservative politician connected by family ties with Lord Salis- bury. The publication was commonly taken to be an argument in favour of theological scepticism, but he himself has declared the very opposite, and that his design was to strengthen revealed religion. In the early portion of his parliamentary career Mr. Balfour acted for a time with the so-called "Fourth Party," a name facetiously given to a small number of Conservative members led by Lord Ran- dolph Churchill. He did not come into prominent notice until 1885, when he be- came a Privy Councillor and President of the Local Government Board. From July 1886 to March 1887 he was Secretary for Scotland, with a seat in the Cabinet. In November 1887 he was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland. The appointment was undoubtedly a great experiment, but the task of the pacification of Ireland, which had proved too much for such trained officials as Sir George Trevelyan and Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, was more or less successfully coped with by Mr. Balfour, and he soon checked the torrent of intimidation and crime which had flooded Ireland for so long. At one time, during his tenure of the Chief Secretary- ship, his unpopularity with the Irish Home Rulers was extreme, but he has since abandoned that cynical and almost con- temptuous manner towards them which was one of the causes of their hostility. His Irish policy, however unwise some may think it, was that which was con- sidered by most people in England as the only means of effectively dealing with the Irish question. His treatment of political prisoners and his extreme eviction policy will probably come to be regarded as errors which he would not now repeat, but on the whole Mr. Balfour has been throughout a conscientious friend to Ire- land, and, after the ten years of the "re- solute government " which he desired in 1887, he now has the satisfaction of seeing his brother a popular Chief Secretary and active co-operator in the cause of Irish reform. Among the measures brought forward by Mr. Balfour was the Bill for the Improvement of Ireland by the drain- age of Bann, Barrow, and Shannon, and by the construction of light railways. The New Purchase of Land Bill, which had been dropped for some time after its first introduction, was passed in August 1891. The Act provides further funds for the purchase of land in Ireland, and makes permanent the Land Commission ; it also creates a Congested Districts Board, which has power to relieve congested districts by providing seed potatoes, &c. During October 1890 he made a tour through the western districts of Ireland, visiting Mayo, Donegal, and other places threatened with famine. In January 1891, in conjunction with Lord Zetland, the Lord-Lieutenant, Mr. Balfour issued an appeal to the public for funds to relieve the distress caused by the failure of the potato crop. Large contributions were received, and a sum of nearly £60,000 was distributed. Upon the death of Mr. W. H. Smith, Mr. Balfour was unanimously elected leader of the House of Commons and First Lord of the Treasury, and throughout the session of 1892 he continued to show increased ability in leading the Unionist party. In the following year his speeches against the Home Rule for Ireland Bill greatly added to his reputation. In April 1893 he visited Belfast on the occasion of the 54 BALFOUR great Ulster demonstration held there, taking the place of Lord Salisbury, whom illness prevented from attending. On the return of the Unionist party to power in 1895, Mr. Balfour again became leader of the House. The various crises through which the country has passed since that date have called for a good deal of tact and patience, as well as skilful leadership, on the part of Mr. Balfour. The Jameson Raid, affairs in Egypt, West Africa, and China, have all brought their load of anxiety to the Government, which was subjected during 1897-98 to some sharp criticism, even from Conservative mem- bers, especially with regard to a supposed want of vigorous action in Chinese affairs. During the recent illness of the Prime Minister practically the whole business of the Foreign Office has been in the hands of Mr. Balfour. He has been the recipient of many university honours. He was elected Lord Rector of St. Andrews University in November 1886 and also of Glasgow University in 1890, and Chancellor of Edinburgh University in 1891. In 1888 he was appointed Member of the Senate of London University, in which year he was also admitted to the Freedom of the City. Mr. Balfour is an Hon. LL.D. of nearly all the universities of the United Kingdom, a D.C.L. of Oxford, and F.R.S. He has been President of the Committee of the Council of Education for Scotland, and Keeper of the Privy Seal in Ireland. In 1887 he was appointed member of the Gold and Silver Commission ; and mention should be made of his bias in favour of bimetallism, .with regard to which he has said, "That if bimetallists could by inter- national arrangement fix some ratio of exchange between gold and silver coin, they would create an automatic system by which the demand and supply for gold and silver respectively would maintain that ratio at the point they fixed it." In July 1898 Mr. Balfour was elected Vice- President of the London Library to suc- ceed the late Mr. Gladstone. He is a D.L. for East Lothian and Ross-shire, and a late Captain of the East Lothian Yeomanry. In 1894 he was chosen captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, and is also President of the National Cyclists' Union. Besides his "Defence of Philo- sophic Doubt," he has published " Essays and Addresses," 1893 ; and " The Founda- tions of Belief, being Notes Introductory to the Study of Theology," 1895. He also wrote the volume on "Golf" in the Bad-' minton series. Addresses : 10 Downing Street, S.W. ; Whitlinghame, Prestonkirk ; and Athenaeum. BALFOUR, The Right Hon. Gerald William, M.A., M.P. for Central Leeds, and Chief Secretary for Ireland, was born in 1853, and is the fourth son of the late James Maitland Balfour of Whittinghame and Lady Blanche Cecil, daughter of the second Marquis of Salisbury. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a first- class in the Classical Tripos. He was afterwards appointed Assistant Tutor, and elected Fellow in 1878. He entered Par- liament in 1885 as Conservative member for Central Leeds, and retains the seat. Since 1895 he has been Chief Secretary for Ireland. From 1885 to 1886 he was private secretary to his brother, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, at the Local Government Board. He was a Member of the Royal Commission on Labour in 1891, and became a Privy Councillor in 1895. In the last session of Parliament he successfully in- troduced an Irish Local Government Bill, similar to Mr. Ritchie's, which has done much to conciliate the Home Rulers. Some financial points in the bill were contested by the Irish landlords, but, on the whole, it gave universal satisfac- tion. The Act establishes County Councils and District Councils, and provides for the propertied classes not being "rated out of existence " by the distribution each year out of the Imperial Exchequer of a sum equal to one-half of the county cess and one-half of the poor-rate. It is this provision which differentiates it from the English and Scotch Acts. He married in 1887 Lady Elizabeth, daughter of the 1st Earl of Lytton. Addresses : 24 Addison Road, W. ; and Chief Secretary's Lodge, Phcenix Park, Dublin. BALFOUR, Professor Isaac Bayley, Botanist, M.D. (Edin.), D.Sc. (Edin.), M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S., and member of other British and foreign scientific societies, was born in Edinburgh March 31, 1853, being the second son of John Hutton Balfour, Pro- fessor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh, 1845-79. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, where he was Baxter Natural Science Scholar, and graduated with honours in Science and Medicine. In 1879 he was appointed Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow, which chair he resigned on being elected in 1884 Sherardian Professor of Botany in the University of Oxford. This chair he resigned in 1888 on his receiving the appointment of Queen's Botanist in Scot- land, Keeperof the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh, and Regius Prof essor of Botany, having previously been elected Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. These positions he now holds. In 1874he was appointed by the Royal Society BALFOUR — BANCROFT 55 Naturalist to the Transit of Venus Ex- pedition to Rodriguez. The natural history results of the Expedition are published in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. clxiii. (1879). In 1880 he undertook, on behalf of the Royal Society and the British Association, the exploration of the island of Socotra. Reports upon the results of the Expedition have appeared in publica- tions of the British Association and of the Royal Institution. The botany of the island constitutes vol. xxxi. (1888) of the Transactions of the Royal Society, Edinburgh. Professor Balfour has contributed papers, chiefly on botanical subjects, to the various botanical journals and publications of scientific societies. He is editor of the "Annals of Botany." He is married to Agnes, daughter of Robert Balloon, a Glasgow merchant. Addresses : Inver- leith House, Edinburgh ; and Athenaeum. BALFOUR, The Right Hon. John Blair, Q.C., M.P., LL.D., P.O., is the son of the late Rev. Peter Balfour, minister of Clackmannan, by Jane Ramsay, daughter of Mr. John Blair of Perth. He was born at Clackmannan on July 11, 1837, and was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and the University of Edinburgh. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1861, and was appointed Solicitor-General for Scotland on the formation of Mr. Gladstone's Ad- ministration in 1880. Mr. Balfour entered Parliament as M.P. for the counties of Clackmannan and Kinross in November 1880, in the place of the late Mr. W. P. Adam, on the appointment of the latter as Governor of Madras, and was again elected in November 1885, in July 1886, in July 1892, and in July 1895. In August 1881 he was appointed Lord Advocate for Scotland, and held that office till the resignation of Mr. Gladstone's Administra- tion in June 1885 ; was re-appointed Lord Advocate in February 1886, when he held office till August 1886 ; and a third time in August 1892, when he held office till July 1895 ; was made Privy Councillor and a Member of the Committee of Council on Education in Scotland 1883 ; elected Dean of the Faculty of the Advocates July 1885, and again May 1889, and Deputy- Lieutenant for the County of the City of Edinburgh. He is also Hon. LL.D. of the Universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews. Mr. Balfour has been twice married — first, in 1869, to Lilias Oswald, daughter of Lord Mackenzie, a Judge of the Court of Session (Supreme Court) of Scotland; and, secondly, in 1877, to the Hon. Marianne Eliza Wellwood Moncreiff, younger daugh- ter of the Right Hon. Lord Moncreiff, late Lord Justice Clerk of Scotland. Ad- dresses : 6 Rothesay Terrace, Edinburgh ; and Glarclune, North Berwick, N.B. BALL, Sir Robert Stawell, LL.D., F.R.S., was born at 3 Granby Row, Dublin, on 1st July 1840, and is the eldest son of the late Robert Ball, LL.D., a distinguished naturalist, and Director of the Museum in Trinity College, Dublin. He was educated at Tarvin Hall and Abbotts Grange, Chester, by Dr. Brindley, and entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1857, gradu- ating there as University Student in Mathematics in 1861. He was appointed Astronomer to the late Earl of Rosse at Parsonstown, King's County, Ireland, in 1865, Professor of Applied Mathematics and Mechanism at the Royal College of Science for Ireland in 1867, Fellow of the Royal Society in 1873, Andrews Professor of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, and Royal Astronomer of Ireland in 1874, Scientific Adviser to the Commissioners of Irish Lights in 1883, Lowndeau Pro- fessor of Astronomy and Geometry in the University of Cambridge, and Director of the Cambridge Observatory, and Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, in 1892, President of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1897. He is Hon. Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He has published a long series of Memoirs on Dynamics in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, for which he has been awarded the Cunningham Gold Medal of the Academy. He has been a Member of Council of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland since 1869, and was President of the Society 1890-92. He is author of the following works among others : "Experimental Mechanics" (Macmillan), "Theory of Screws" (Hodges & Figgis), "The Story of the Heavens" (Cassell), "Starland" (Cassell), "In Starry Realms" (Isbister), "In the High Heavens" (Isbis- ter), London Science Class-books in Astro- nomy and Mechanics (Longmans), and "Time and Tide," besides many papers on Mathematics, Astronomy, and Physical Science in various publications. He is the editor of the "Admiralty Manual of Scientific Inquiry." Several of his works have been translated into foreign lan- guages. Sir Robert Ball has also lectured frequently on astronomy at the leading institutions in the United Kingdom. He was married on Aug. 5, 1868, to Frances Elizabeth, daughter of the late William E. Steele, Esq., M.D., Director of the National Science and Art Museum, Dublin, and he has six children. He is a member of the Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall, and his residence is at the Observatory, Cam- bridge. He was knighted on Jan. 25, 1886. Addresses : The Observatory, Cam- bridge ; and Athenaeum. BANCROFT, Lady, ne'e Marie Eflie Wilton, actress, who belongs to an old 56 BANCBOFT — BANFF Y Gloucestershire and Wiltshire family, is the daughter of the late Mr. Kobert Pleydell Wilton. After acting from early child- hood in the provinces, chiefly at the old Theatre Royal, Bristol, she first appeared in London in September 1856 at the Lyceum Theatre, as the boy in "Belphegor" and "Perdita the Royal Milkmaid." Subse- quently she fulfilled various engagements at London houses, notably making the fortune of the celebrated burlesques at the Strand Theatre. Mi^s Wilton, in partner- ship with Mr. H. J. Byron, became manager of the Prince of Wales's Theatre, London, at Easter 1865. Shortly afterwards she gave up burlesque acting, and devoted her entire attention to the production of English comedies, chiefly written by the late T. W. Robertson. She was married to Mr. (now Sir) S. B. Bancroft in December 1867. Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft continued their successful career at the Prince of Wales's Theatre until January 1880, when they migrated to the Haymarket, of which Theatre they had become the lessees. The characters with which Lady Bancroft's name is best associated are Polly Eccles, Naomi Tighe, Mary Netley, Peg Woffing- ton, Jenny Northcote, Nan, Lady Franklin, and Lady Teazle. Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft retired from theatrical management in July 1885, the occasion being a remark- able tribute to their popularity both before and behind the curtain. Lady Bancroft has since shown considerable power as a writer by her important share in the book of reminiscences called "Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft on and off the Stage." Except for occasional charitable morning perform- ances Lady Bancroft did not again appear upon the stage until February 1893, when she took part in the revival of " Diplo- macy" at the Garrick Theatre. On the occasion of the performance of "Diplo- macy " before the Queen, Mrs. Bancroft was honoured by special marks of her Majesty's favour. BANCROFT, Sir Squire Bancroft, K.B., actor and theatrical manager, born in London, May 14, 1841, made his first appearance on the stage at the Theatre Royal, Birmingham, in January 1861. He afterwards accepted engagements in Dublin and Liverpool, playing almost every line of character, including im- portant Shakesperian parts, with Charles Kean, Phelps, and G. V. Brooke. He made his dibut in London on the occasion of the opening of the Prince of Wales's Theatre, under the management of Mr. Byron and Miss Marie Wilton, April 15, 1865. Mr. T. W. Robertson's popular comedies, "Society," "Ours," "Caste," "Play," "School," and "M.P." were brought out at this theatre, and in each of them Mr. Bancroft created one of the leading characters. In 1867 Mr. Bancroft married Miss Marie Wilton, and a large share of the management of the Prince of Wales's Theatre thenceforward de- volved upon him. Among other parts subsequently performed by him at that house were Sir Frederick Blount in " Money," Joseph Surface in the "School for Scandal," Triplet in "Masks and Faces," Sir George Ormond in "Peril," Dazzle in "London Assurance," Blenkinsop in "An Unequal Match," Count Orloff in "Diplomacy," and Henry Spreadbrow in " Sweethearts." Mr. Bancroft's success- ful career at the Prince of Wales's Theatre was brought to a close on Jan. 29, 1880. In September 1879 he had become lessee of the Haymarket, and after expending £20,000 on its internal rebuilding and decorations, he began his management of that theatre on Jan. 31, 1880. The first performance was Lord Lytton's comedy, "Money." "Odette" was produced in April 1882, Mr. Bancroft taking the part of Lord Henry Trevene, with Madame Modjeska as Odette. This was followed by the "Overland Route " (September 1882), and the farewell revival of "Caste" in 1883. M. Sardou's "Fedora" was pro- duced with marked success in May of the same year, which was followed by Mr. Pinero's comedy " Lords and Commons," and an elaborate revival of "The Rivals." Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft having realised a large fortune, retired from their excep- tionally successful career of management on July 20, 1885. Mr. Bancroft reappeared on the stage in the autumn of 1889 at the Lyceum Theatre with Mr. Irving, acting with great success the part of the Abb£ Latour in "The Dead Heart." Mr. Ban- croft subscribed £1000 towards General Booth's scheme for alleviating distress, foregoing his stipulation that ninety-nine others should subscribe the same amount. The Earl of Aberdeen was the first to follow suit. In February 1893 Mr. Ban- croft appeared at the Garrick Theatre in a revival of "Diplomacy," which had a notable success, being also acted before the Queen. Sir Squire Bancroft, who received the honour of knighthood in 1897, has since devoted much time to "Read- ings" throughout the country in aid of hospitals and similar institutions, to which he has given large sums. Permanent address : 18 Berkeley Square, W. BANFFY, Baron, was born in 1842 at Klausenburg, in Transylvania, and was educated at the Universities of Leipzig and Berlin. After spending some time in travel he became a provincial prefect in Transylvania, and spread ideas of reform throughout his district. On the reforma- BANGOR — BARBER tion o£ the Upper Chamber in Hungary he was elected a life peer. He was returned to the Reichstag in 1892, and immediately became its President. On the retirement of Dr. Wekerle he succeeded him as Premier, on the distinct understanding that he should carry out his Liberal programme. He caused Count Kalnoky's resignation in 1895 by standing out against his high and dry Conservatism, and at the general elections of 1896 he was sup- ported strongly throughout the country. BANGOR, Bishop of. See Lloyd, The Right Rev. Daniel Lewis. BANKES, John Eldon, was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1878, and is a Special Pleader on the North Wales and Chester Circuits. Address : 3 Hare Court, Temple, E.C. BANKS, William Mitchell, M.D., F.R.C.S., was born at Edinburgh in 1842, and was educated at the Edinburgh Aca- demy and at the University of Edinburgh. In 1864 he took the degree of M.D. with honours, gaining the University Gold Medal for an anatomical thesis on the Wolffian Bodies. After graduating, he acted as Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University of Glasgow under the late Pro- fessor Allen Thomson for two years, and then settled in Liverpool as a consulting and operating surgeon. Mr. Banks has contributed numerous surgical papers to various journals and societies, but his name has been more especially associated with the advocacy of extensive operative measures for the removal of cancer of the breast, and with attempts to find the most suitable operation for the radical cure of rupture. His chief work, however, has been in connection with the resuscitation of the Medical School of Liverpool, and with the origination of the University College of that city, now one of the three colleges of the Victoria University. In the laying down of the original constitu- tion of the college, and in the arrange- ments of the regulations for the medical degrees of the University, Mr. Banks's work has been of acknowledged service. He has also devoted much time and labour to the building of the new Liverpool Royal Infirmary, having endeavoured, by the introduction of the latest forms of con- struction and the most recent improve- ments in building materials, to render this hospital a model of sanitary science. Mr. Banks is Senior Surgeon to the Liverpool Royal Infirmary, and Emeritus Professor of Anatomy in University College, Liver- pool. He has been President of the Liverpool Medical Institution and of the Lancashire and Cheshire branch of the British Medical Association. He has been Vice-President and President of the Sur- gical Section of that Association, and delivered the address in surgery at Mon- treal in 1897, when the Association visited that city. On the formation of the Liver- pool Biological Society in 1886 Mr. Banks was appointed its first president, and in 1893 he gave the annual oration before the Medical Society of London. He was the first representative of the Victoria Uni- versity on the General Medical Council, and has been a Member of the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons. He is a Justice of the Peace for the city of Liverpool. Address : 28 Rodney Street, Liverpool. BARATIERI, General, ex-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Italian colony in East Africa, is the son of a district judge in the Tyrol, and was born at Condino in 1841. Studying at Rova- redo, Trient, and Meran, he finished his classical education under the Franciscans at Circo. Settling in Italy in 1859, he joined Garibaldi, and was a volunteer in the "Thousand of Marsala." Subse- quently entering the regular army, he soon rose to be captain, and was wounded at Custozza, where he fought with dis- tinguished bravery. Joining an exploring expedition, he visited Khartoum. He was then for several years editor in Rome of the Rivista Militare, and was employed by Government as Military Attache to Berlin and Vienna. He had risen to be a Colonel of Bersaglieri when Italy began to become a colonising power. He accompanied General Gandolfi to Africa, and fought with distinction in the campaigns against the Abyssinians, Somalis, and Dervishes, succeeding his chief as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Italian colony. In 1895 he distinguished himself against Ras Mangascia, moving his troops and gaining victories with astonishing rapidity. In March 1396, however, his troops were overwhelmingly defeated by the Shoans in a battle of a day's duration, in which he was wounded, and lost three thousand Italians, including Generals Dabormida and Albertone, nearly half his artillery, and his ammunition and stores. He was recalled and succeeded by General Baldis- sera (q.v.). BARBER, The Rev. W. T. A., son of the Rev. W. Barber, Wesleyan (Mis- sionary) minister, was born Jan. 4, 1858, at Jaffna, Ceylon. He was educated at the Gymnasium, Stellenbosch, Cape Colony, and at New Kingswood School, Bath. He graduated B.A., London, 1882; M.A., Caius College, Cambridge, 1883 ; and B.D., Dublin, 1896. He entered the Wesleyan ministry in 1882, and was afterwards 58 BAEBOUE— BAKKEE assistant tutor at the Richmond Theo- logical College, 1882-84 ; Principal of the Wuchang High School, Central China, 1884-92 ; and General Secretary of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, 1896-98. He was appointed Head Master of the Leys School, Cambridge, in March 1898. He is author of "David Hill, Missionary and Saint " (1898). Address : The Leys, Cam- bridge. BARBOUR, Sir David Miller, K.C.S.I., was born in 1844. He went out early to India, and became Member of Council of the Governor-General of India in 1887, retaining this position until 1893. In 1889 he was created a K.C.S.I. Address : 4 Hungerford Terrace, Calcutta. BARDSLEY, The Right Rev. John Wareing, D.D., Bishop of Carlisle, born on March 29, 1835, at Keighley, in York- shire, is the son of the late Rev. Canon Bardsley, M.A., Rector of St. Ann's, Man- chester. He was educated at Burnley and Manchester Grammar Schools, and at Trinity College, Dublin, M.A., D.D. He was Vicar of St. Saviour's, Liver- pool, 1870-87 ; Archdeacon of Warring- ton, 1880-86 ; Archdeacon of Liverpool, 1886-87; and Bishop of Sodor and Man, 1887 to 1892, when he was translated to Carlisle. He is the author of " Counsels to Candidates for Confirmation, 1882; " The Origin of Man," 1883. He is married to Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. B. Powell. Address : Rose Castle, Carlisle. BARING, "Walter, Minister at Monte Video since 1893, was born in 1844, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1865. He has held offices at Teheran, Lisbon, Athens, and Montenegro, where he was Charge" d'Affaires in 1886. Address : H.M. British Legation, Monte Video. BARING-GOULD, The Rev. Sabine, M.A., of Lew-Trenchard, born at Exeter on Jan. 28, 1834, is the eldest son of Edward Baring-Gould, Esq., of Lew-Tren- chard, Devon, where the family has been seated for nearly 300 years, and of Char- lotte Sophia, daughter of Admiral P. Godolphin Bond. He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A. in 1856. He was ap- pointed Incumbent of Dalton, Thirsk, by the Viscountess Down in 1869, and Rector of East Mersea, Colchester, by the Crown in 1871. On the death of his father in 1872 he succeeded to the family pro- perty, and in 1881 to the Rectory of Lew- Trenchard. He is Justice of Peace for the County of Devon. Mr. Baring-Gould is the author of "Paths of the Just," 1854 ; "Iceland: its Scenes and Sagas," 1861; " Postmediajval Preachers," 1865; "The Book of Werewolves," 1865; "Curious Myths of the Middle Ages," 1st series, 1866. 2nd series, 1867 ; " The Silver Store," 1868; "Curiosities of Olden Times," 1869 ; " The Origin and Development of Religious Belief," vol. i. 1869, vol. ii. 1870; "The Golden Gate," 1869-70 ; " In Exitu Israel, an Historical Novel," 1870 ; " Lives of the Saints," 15 vols., 1872-77 ; " Some Modern Difficulties, a course of Lectures preached at St. Paul's Cathedral," 1874; "The Lost and Hostile Gospels : an Essay on the Toledoth Jeschu, and the Petrine and Pauline Gospels of the First Three Cen- turies of which Fragments remain," 1874; "Yorkshire Oddities," 2 vols., 1874; "Some Modern Difficulties," in nine lec- tures, 1875 ; " Village Sermons for a Year," 1875 ; " The Vicar of Morwenstowe," 1876 ; "The Mysterv of Suffering," 1877 ; "Ger- many, Present and Past," 1879 ; " The . Preacher's Pocket," 1880; "The Village Pulpit," 1881 ; "The Last Seven Words," 1884; "The Passion of Jesus," 1885; "The Birth of Jesus," 1885 ; " Our Parish Church," 1885; "The Trials of Jesus," 1886; "Our Inheritance," 1888; "Old Country Life," 1889 ; "Historic Oddities," 1889; "The. Tragedy of the Csesars," 2 vols., 1893 ; " Strange Survivals," 1893. He was editor of The Sacristy, a quarterly review of ecclesiastical art and literature, 1871-73. Of late years Mr. Baring-Gould has won celebrity as a novelist. He is the author of "Mehalah," "John Herring," "Court Royal," and "The Broom Squire" (1896), as well as of many short stories. Among his most recent works should be mentioned "Mrs. Curzenven" and "Cheap Jack Zita," 1893; "The Deserts of Southern France," "The Queen of Love," "A Garland of Country Song," "Old Fairy Tales Retold," 1894; "Noerni," "The Old English Fairy Tales," 1895; "Napoleon Bonaparte," 1896; "A Study of St. Paul," "Guavas the Tinner," and "Bladys," 1897. He married in 1868 Grace, daugh- ter of Joseph Taylor, Horbury, York- shire. Address : Lew-Trenchard House, N. Devon. BARKER, Lady. See Broome, Ladt. BARKER, Iiieut.-General George Digby, C.B., the son of the late John Barker, of Clare Priory, Suffolk, and Georgiana, daughter of the late Colonel Weston of Shadowbuck, Suffolk, was born at Clare Priory in 1833. He was educated at the old Clapham Grammar School, and entered the army as an Ensign in the 78tb Highlanders in 1853. After serving in the Persian Campaign of 1857, for which he received a medal, he was engaged BARLOW — BAKNABY 59 throughout the Indian Mutiny, and was present at the battle of Cawnpore, and the first relief, defence, and capture of Lucknow. From 1874 to 1876 he held the position of Professor of Military Art at the Staff College ; he had himself been first in the competition for admission to the Staff College in 1864, and he had passed out first in 1866. Promoted to the rank of Major-General in 1887, he was appointed to command the forces in China and Hong-kong in 1890, and held this position until 1895, having acted as Governor of Hong-kong during part of the year 1891. He became a Lieutenant- General in 1895, and in the following year was made Governor and Commander-in- Chief of the Bermudas. General Barker was married in 1862 to Frances, daughter of the late George Murray of Eosemount, Boss-shire. Addresses: GovernmentHouse, Bermuda ; and Clare Priory, Suffolk. BARLOW, Jane, the daughter of the Eev. Dr. Barlow, Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, is the author of "Irish Idylls," published in October 1892; "Bogland Studies," "Kerrigan's Quality," "Strangers at Lisconnel," "Maureen's Fairing," "Mrs. Martin's Company," "A Creel of Irish Stories" (1898), "The End of Elfintown," and "The Battle of the Frogs and Mice" (translation). She has also written a number of short stories and poems for various magazines. Address : Raheny, co. Dublin. BARLOW, Thomas, M.D., was educated at University College, London, taking his M.D. degree at the University of London in 1874, and being elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1880. He is Physician to University College Hospital, and to the Hospital for Children in Great Ormond Street ; Professor of Clinical Medicine in University College, and Physician to Her Majesty's Household. Dr. Barlow has con- tributed numerous articles and papers to the Transactions of the Pathological Society, the Medico - Chirurgical Society, and the Clinical Society. Address : 10 Wimpole Street, W. BARLOW, William Henry, F.R.S. (L. & E.), Past Pres. Inst. C.E., Hon. Member Society des Inge"nieurs Civils, &c, born at Woolwich on May 10, 1812, is the son of Prof. Barlow, F.R.S., of the Royal Military Academy, was educated at Wool- wich ; pupil of H. R. Palmer, M.I.C.E. ; went to Constantinople in 1832 for Messrs. Maudslay & Field ; erected the estab- lishment for the reconstruction of the Turkish Ordnance ; and was employed to report on the lighthouses at the entrance of the Bosphorus in the Black Sea. For his services in Turkey he received the decoration of the " Nichan." Returned to England 1833, he became Assistant Engi- neer on the Manchester and Birming- ham Railway ; Resident Engineer on the Midland Counties ; and Engineer to the Midland Railway on the formation of that Company. He took offices in London in 1857, and became Consulting Engineer of the Midland Company. He made many of the new lines of the Midland, including the London end of the line and the St. Pancras Station. He was Joint Engineer with Sir J. Hawkshavv for the completion of Clifton Bridge ; was the Engineer of the new Tay Bridge (1880-1887); and acted jointly with Sir J. Fowler and Mr. T. Harrison to settle the design of the Firth of Forth Bridge ; went to America as one of the Judges of the Centennial Exhibition ; and was one of the Vice- Presidents of the Royal Society in 1881. After the labours of Bessemer and others had reduced the cost of obtaining steel, Mr. Barlow took an active part in obtain- ing the recognition, in the rules and regulations of the Board of Trade, of the superior strength of this material for structural purposes. He served in three Commissions appointed by the Board of Trade: (1) to settle the coefficient to be used for steel in engineering structures ; (2) to inquire into the cause of the fall of the former Tay Bridge ; (3) to report on the provision to be made to resist wind pressure in engineering structures. He was for many years a Director of the Indo- European Telegraph Company ; was ap- pointed a Member of the Ordnance Com- mittee in 1881, from which duty ill-health compelled his retirement in 1888. He has contributed several papers to the Philo- sophical Transactions, viz., one on the "Illumination of Lighthouses" (1837), one on the "Diurnal Variation of Electric Currents on the Surface of the Earth" (1848), one on "Resistance of Flexure in Beams" (1855), and one on "The Logo- graph " (1874), and several papers to the Institution of Civil Engineers. He married Selina Crawford, daughter of W. Caffin, of the Royal Arsenal. Ad- dresses : High Combe, Old Charlton ; and Athenaeum. BAENABY, Sir Nathaniel, K.C.B., Vice-President of the Institution of Naval Architects, London, was born in 1829 at Chatham, and belongs to a family which has produced many generations of ship- wrights in the Royal Dockyard there. He was apprenticed to the trade of shipwright at Sheerness in 1843, and in 1848 he won, by competition, an Admiralty Scholarship in the School of Naval Architecture at 60 BARNARD — BARNARDO Portsmouth. In 1854 he superintended the construction of the Viper and Wrangler gun-vessels built by contract for the Royal Navy. In 1855 he entered the designing office at the Admiralty, and during the thirty years he served there he was concerned in the design and construc- tion of all but three of the entire list of sea-going fighting ships, armoured and unarmoured, which were in existence or were building at the date of his retire- ment, from ill-health, in October 1885. The exceptions were the Neptune, Orion, and Belleisle. He was appointed Chief Naval Architect in 1872, and afterwards, by change of title, Director of Naval Con- struction. He was the means of inaugu- rating the change in construction from iron to steel in shipbuilding in England, which has marked the last few years so notably. He initiated and was responsible for the formation of an Admiralty List of Merchant Ships having considerable security against foundering in collision, and appreciable fighting value as auxili- aries in war. He was one of the original founders of the Institution of Naval Archi- tects in 1860, and has contributed many papers on professional subjects to its Transactions, as well as the articles on the "Navy" and "Shipbuilding" to the "Encyclopedia Britannica." He prepared for H.M. Patent Office the first volume of " Abridgments of Specification of Patents in Shipbuilding, &c," published in 1862, and also the second volume of the same series. He was made a Companion of the Bath in 1876 on the recommendation of Mr. Disraeli, and a Knight Commander of the Bath in June 1885 on the recom- mendation of Mr. Gladstone. Residence : Moray House, Lewisham, S.E. BARNARD, Henry, LL.D., American educator, was born at Hartford, Connecti- cut, Jan. 24, 1811. He graduated at Yale College in 1830, studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1835. From 1837 to 1840 he was a member of the Connecti- cut Legislature, and carried through that body a complete reorganisation of the common school system, and was for four years (1838-42) a member and secretary of the Board of Education created by it. Displaced by a political change in 1842, he spent more than a year in an exten- sive educational tour through the United States, with a view to the preparation of a History of Public Schools in the United States. He was called from the prosecu- tion of this work to take charge of the public schools of Rhode Island ; and after five years returned to Hartford, in 1849. In 1850 a State Normal School was established in Connecticut, and he was appointed Principal, with the added duties of State Superintendent of Public Schools. After five years of severe labour he retired from this work, but soon began the publi- cation of the American Journal of Education, Hartford, in 1855, which is still continued. In addition to this he has been engaged for many years in the publication of a Library of Education, which, in 53 vols., embraces about 800 separate works. He has been President of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Education, was elected in 1856 President and Chan- cellor of the University of Wisconsin, which office he resigned in 1859 ; he was President in 1865-67 of the St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland, and United States Commissioner of the Department of Education in 1868-70. While secretary of the Board he established the Connecticut Common School Journal, and founded, when in Rhode Island, the Rhode Island School Journal. His own contributions to edu- cational literature have been so numerous, that but few of them can be mentioned here : " School Architecture," 1839 ; "Education in Factories," 1842; "National Education in Europe," 1851 ; "Normal Schools in the United States and Europe," 1851; "Tribute to Gallaudet, with History of Deaf Mute Instruction," 1852; "School Libraries," 1854 ; " Hints and Methods for the Use of Teachers," 1857; "English Pedagogy," 1862; "National Education," 1872; "Military Schools," 1872; "American Pedagogy," 1875. BARNARDO, Thomas John, F.R.C.S.Ed., F.R.G.S., was born in Ire- land in 1845, being the son of the late John M. Barnardo. He was educated at private schools, and then proceeded to study medicine at hospitals in London, Edinburgh, and Paris. Whilst a student at the London Hospital in 1866, he had his attention drawn to the condition of desti- tute children, and on his own responsibility he opened a small house in Stepney Causeway. Year by year the Homes have extended and multiplied, and the original rule has been always carefully adhered to, viz., that no destitute child, boy or girl, should ever be refused admission. At present the Homes comprise twenty-four mission branches, and eighty-six distinct Homes dealing with every class and age of destitute children, three of these Homes being situated in Canada, one in Jersey, ■ seventeen in the English counties, and the remainder in London. At the Home in Stepney Causeway boys are taught various trades, whilst at the Village Home at Ilford, in Essex, fifty-two separate cottages are used for the bringing up of girls on the family system, under " mothers." An important adjunct is the emigration agency, by means of which boys and' BARNES — BARODA 61 girls are removed to the Colonies, chiefly Canada, where suitable employments are found for them. Up to the present time over 32,000 children, of all ages, have been rescued and trained. Dr. Barnardo is the author of "Something Attempted, Some- thing Done " ; he has published a large number of small booklets on the rescue of destitute children, and he is the editor of Night and Day, a magazine devoted to the interests of his particular work. Address : Mossford Lodge, near Ilford, Essex. BARNES, Hon. Sir John Gorell, a Judge of the Probate, Divorce, and Ad- miralty Divisions, is the eldest son of the late Henry Barnes, Esq., shipowner, of Liverpool, and was born in 1848. He was educated at St. Peter's College, Cambridge, and took his B.A. degree in 1868, and his M.A. in 1871. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1876 ; went on the Northern Circuit, and took silk in 1888. In 1892 he was appointed a Judge of the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice, and received the honour of knighthood in the same year. He married, in 1881, Mary, the eldest daughter of the late Thomas Mit- chell, Esq. Addresses : 14 Kensington Park Gardens, W. ; and Lamb Building, Temple. BARNES-LAWRENCE, Herbert Cecil, M.A., is the second son of the Bev. Canon H. F. Barnes-Lawrence, and was born at Bridlington, Dec. 9, 1852. He was educated at KiDg's School, Canterbury, Durham Grammar School, and Trinity and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford, obtaining a scholarship at the latter college. Ap- pointed an assistant-master at Manchester Grammar School in 1876, he remained there until 1881, and after filling a similar position at Giggleswick Grammar School for two further years, he became, in 1883, Headmaster of the Perse Grammar School, Cambridge. Address : Beech House, Cam- bridge. BARNETT, Canon Samuel Augus- tus, M.A., was born in 1844, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford, where he took in 1866 a second in History. He was ordained deacon in 1867, and priest in 1868, and was from 1867 to 1872 curate of St. Mary's, Bryanston Square. He was then appointed Vicar of St. Jude's, White- chapel. There has hardly been a scheme for the elevation or education of the people of East London which he and Mrs. Barnett have not initiated or supported. Their names are identified with Poor Law Eeform, the Extension of University Teaching, Charity Organisation, the Children's Country Holidays Fund, the Higher Education of Pupil Teachers, and many other philanthropic movements. With the help of friends from Oxford and elsewhere, Canon Barnett built "Toynbee Hall," close to St. Jude's Church, a kind of residential club and college, which forms a centre for university men who come and settle for a time to work among the poor. The success of his free exhibitions of loan- collections of pictures is attested by the increasing number of people — many of them of the humblest classes — who annu- ally crowd to see them. In theology Canon Barnett belongs to the Broad Church School. In 1893 he became a Canon of Bristol, and was succeeded at St. Jude's by the Rev. Ronald Bayne. In 1896 he was appointed Select Preacher be- fore Oxford University. He still holds a curacy at St. Jude's, and has pub- lished, in conjunction with Mrs. Barnett, "Practicable Socialism" and "The Ser- vice of God." Address : Toynbee Hall, Whitechapel. BARODA, The Maharajah Gaek- war of. His Highness Maharajah Syagi Rao Gaekwar was born on March 10, 1863, at the town of Kavalana, in the Nassick District, and is the son of the late Rao Bhikaji Rao Gaekwar. He was educated at the " Maharajah's School " at Baroda, under the personal supervision and tuition of Mr. F. Elliot, of the Indian Civil Service. It will be in the memory of our readers how the late Gaekwar, Mulhar Rao, for his attempt to poison Colonel Phayre, the British Resident, and for continual and gross misgovernment, was, after being tried by a mixed commission of European officials and native chiefs, deposed from his government and sent into exile at Madras, where he died at the end of 1882. On Mulhar Rao's deposition, and with the consent of the Earl of Northbrook, then "Viceroy of India, the Maharanee Jumna Bai adopted, on May 27, 1875, the present Maharajah, who was on the same day installed on the guddee or throne. During the minority of the Maharajah the ad- ministration was carried on by a Council of Regency under the direction of the European representative ; and Raja Sir Toujore Madhava Rao, Bahadoor, K.C.S.I., who was the Dewan to His Highness Maharajah Scindiah of Gwalior, was speci- ally selected to fill the post of Prime Minister, together with a seat at the Regency Board. On Dec. 28, 1881, and at the early age of eighteen, his Highness was invested with full and sovereign powers, and since he has held the reins of state, he has, with the assistance of Sir Madhava Rao, whom he has retained as his Prime Minister, given satisfaction by his aptitude 62 BAKE — BAREETT for work and desire to introduce reforms. His Highness is an excellent English scholar, speaking the language as fluently as his own. BABR, Mrs. Amelia Edith, was born at Ulverston, Lancashire, March 29, 1831, and is the daughter of William Henry Huddleston. She was educated at the Glasgow High School, and in 1850 mar- ried Mr. Robert Barr, a Glasgow merchant. In 1854 she went to the United States, and after residing for a few years at Austin, Texas, removed to Galveston, in the same state, where, in 1867, her husband and three sons died of yellow fever. She went to New York in 1809 with her daughters, and taught for two years, and then began writing for publication. In addition to newspaper and magazine contributions, she has published "Romance and Reality," 1872 ; " Young People of Shakespeare's Time," 1882 ; " Cluny M'Pherson," 1883 ; " Scottish Sketches," 1883 ; " The Hallam Succession," 1884 ; " The Lost Silver of Briffault," 1885; "Jan Vedder's Wife," 1885 ; " A Daughter of Fife," 1886 ; " The Last of the M'Allisters," 1886 ; " The Bow of Orange Ribbon," 1886 ; " Between Twe Loves," 1886; "The Squire of Sandal- Side," 1887 ; " Paul and Christina," 1887 ; "A Border Shepherdess," 1887; "Master of His Fate," 1888 ; " Remember the Alamo," 1888; "Christopher and other Stories," 1888; "Feet of Clay," 1889; " Friend Olivia," 1890 ; " A Rose of a Hun- dred Leaves," 1891 ; "A Sister to Esau," 1891; "Love for an Hour is Love for Ever," 1892 ; "A Singer from the Sea," 1892 ; " Girls of a Feather," 1893 ; " The Lone House," 1894 ; " Prisoners of Con- science," 1897, &c. Address: Cherry Croft, Cornwall Heights, Cornwall-on- Hudson, New York. BARRES, Maurice, French novelist, born at Charmes sur Moselle, Aug. 17, 1862, was educated for the law, but pre- ferred literature. At the end of 1883 he founded and edited a small literary paper called Les Jaches d'Eucrc, which only lasted a year, and was the organ of a new school. He then wrote for the Revue Contemporaine and the Voltaire. In 1888 he published a novel called "Sous l'ceil des barbares," which advocated the doctrine of absolute selfishness, also "Sensation de Paris," and " Le Quartier Latin," both of a pessimistic character. His attitude of absolute nega- tion was more marked in an essay called " Huit Jours chez Monsieur Renan " (1888). He made himself a niche among the coming young men in literature, and was regarded as the head of a new school called "The Decadents." He entered the Chamber of Deputies in 1889 as member for Nancy, and was a warm partisan of General Boulanger. Paris address : 100 Bonhard Maillot. BARRETT, Wilson, actor, is the son of a gentleman-farmer, and was born in Essex on Feb. 18, 1846. He was educated at a private school, and entered the dramatic profession by his own choice at an early age. Mr. Barrett first appeared on the stage at Halifax, and first essayed management as the lessee of the Burnley Theatre. In 1874 he took the Amphi- theatre, Leeds. This house was destroyed by fire in 1876, and a limited company then built the Grand Theatre, Leeds, which was opened with Mr. Barrett as lessee in 1878. In 1879 he undertook the management of the Court Theatre, London. Here he produced "Heartsease," an adaptation of Schiller's "Marie Stuart," "Frou Frou," "Romeo and Juliet," " Juana," a poetical play by W. G. Wills, and " The Old Love "and the New." In 1881 Mr. Barrett became sole lessee and manager of the Princess's Theatre, where he revived "The Old Love and the New." In the following September he produced Mr. G. R. Sims' drama, "The Lights o' London," and played Harold Armytage for 286 nights. " The Romany Rye," by the same author, was produced in 1882, and "The Silver King" in the same year. In this drama Mr. Barrett created the part of Wilfred Denver, which he played for 300 consecutive nights. In December 1883 he created the part of Claudian in the poetical play of that name, and played it for 300 nights. In October 1884 he made his first appearance in London as Hamlet. Hamlet was played for 117 nights, and then Mr. Barrett appeared as Junius Brutus in the late Lord Lytton's tragedy "Junius; or, the Household Gods." This was followed by revivals of " The Silver King " and " The Lights o' London." In 1885 Mr. Barrett produced the drama "Hoodman Blind," written by Mr. Henry A. Jones and himself, in which he played Jack Yeulett for 171 nights. Mr. Barrett is also part-author with Mr. Clement Scott of the modern drama "Sister Mary," produced at Brighton in 1886, and with Mr. Sydney Grundy of the classical tragedy "Clito," which followed the "Lord Harry" at the Princess's. At the same theatre he produced the "Ben- my-Chree," an adaptation of Hall Caine's famous novel " The Deemster," and sub- sequently "The Good Old Times," which was written in collaboration with Mr. Hall Caine ; and in 1889 his own romantic drama " Now-a-Days." "The Golden Ladder " was produced by Mr. Barrett at the Globe Theatre. On May 18, 1889, he took farewell of his patrons for a long BARRIE — BARRINGTON 63 engagement in America. Since his return from that tour Mr. Barrett has written and played " Pharaoh," a four-act tragedy. He also revived "Othello" and "Virginius." In November 1893 Mr. Barrett again sailed for America, and in December of that year produced his adaptation of Hall Caine's " Bondman " at the Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia. In 1895 he returned to London, and achieved a marvellous success with the spectacular religious drama " The Sign of the Cross," a tale of the early Christians, written by himself. He sustained the chief role, and Miss Mary Jeffries was his leading lady. It ran for over a year and a half at the Lyric Theatre. He also produced " The Daughters of Babylon," and at the end of 1897 he took another trip to America. Address : Gar- rick Club. BARRIE, James Matthew ("Gavin Ogilvy"), was born on May 9, 1860, at Kirriemuir, a small weaving town in For- farshire. He attended school there, and afterwards went for five years to Dumfries Academy. Subsequently he took the art- classes at Edinburgh University, and graduated as an M.A. in 1882. He was for eighteen months leader-writer on a Nottingham paper ; then became a jour- nalist in London, writing chiefly for the St. James's Gazette, to which paper and the British Weekly, the Speaker, and the National Observer, he still frequently con- tributes. His first book, "Better Dead," a satire on London life, appeared in 1887, and was followed by two more important works the year after, namely, " Auld Licht Idylls," and " When a Man's Single." In 1889 he published " A Window in Thrums," and in 1890 "My Lady Nicotine." The " Thrums " of three of these stories is his native town. " Sentimental Tommy " followed, and in 1896 appeared " Margaret Ogilvy," a memoir of the author's mother. During 1891 "The Little Minister," his first long story, appeared in Good Words, and was shortly republished in book form. In 1892 "Walker, London," a comedy by Mr. Barrie, the scene of which is laid on a house-boat, was produced at Toole's, and enjoyed a phenomenal run. This was followed by "Jane Annie," written in conjunction with Mr. Couan Doyle, and produced at the Savoy in May 1893, and by "The Professor's Love Story," pro- duced by Mr. Willard in America and at the Garrick Theatre, London, 1894. His latest great dramatic success has been "The Little Minister," produced by Mr. Cyril Maude at the Haymarket in No- vember 1897. This play, based on bis novel, has had a long run. He mar- ried at Kirriemuir, in July 1894, Miss Mary Ansell, who made her mark in "Walker, London." Address: Kirriemuir, Forfar. - BARRINGTON, Rutland, was born at Penge on Jan. 15, 1853, and made his first appearance on the stage, at the Olympic in " Clancarty " in 1874. He was for some time an entertainer, travelling two years with Mrs. Howard Paul's company. In 1S77 he appeared as Dr. Daly in "The Sorcerer," which was pro- duced in the November of that year at the Opera Comique. His association with Mr. D'Oyly Carte dates from these times, when he began his well-known career as an actor and singer in Gilbert and Sullivan opera, making his classic hit in " The Mikado." As an actor of high comedy Mr. Barrington has also made a name. His first success in this direction was attained in " The Dean's Daughter," adapted by Mr. F. C. Philips from that author's novel of the same name. The play was produced by Mr. Barrington at the St. James's Theatre, of which he be- came manager in 1888, after severing his connection with the Savoy. He acted the part of the Dean, but the play was shortly withdrawn. In November he appeared as Mr. Thursby in " Brantinghame Hall.'' Returning to the Savoy, where he had only missed appearing in "The Yeomen of the Guard," he played the part of Giuseppe Palmieri in " The Gondoliers," December 1889. He was the Rajah in "The Nautch Girl," 1891 ; and the Vicar in the revival of "The Vicar of Bray," 1892. Subse- quent parts have been Rupert Vernon in " Haddon Hall," 1892 ; a Proctor in "Jane Annie," 1893 ; King Paramount in " Utopia (Limited)," 18y3 ; Dr. Brierley in "The Gaiety Girl," 1894. In the latter year he replaced Mr. Monkhouse at Daly's. He appeared at the Lyric as the Regent in "His Excellency," in October 1894. In November 1895 he resumed his famous part of the Mikado at the Savoy. His most recent appearances have been at Daly's, as a Japanese magnate in "The Geisha," and a Roman Prefect in "The Greek Slave," 1898. BARRINGTON, Sir Vincent H. B. Kennett, M.A. , L.L.M., born Sept. 3, 1844, is the eldest son of the late Captain Vincent F. Kennett of the Manor House, Dor- chester, by Arabella Henrietta, daughter and co-heiress of the late Sir Jonah Bar- rington, Judge of the High Court of Admiralty in Ireland, M.P. for Tuam and Clogher, and widow of Edward Hughes Lee. He assumed by Royal Licence, 1878, the additional surname and arms of Bar- rington under his mother's will, but con- tinues to sign "Barrington." Both his parents are of ancient descent. He was 64 BARRINGTON — BARROS educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a scholar- ship, and graduated as Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos, 1867, and in Law Honours, 1869. Barrister InnerTemple, 1872, and formerly Lieutenant, Royal Elthorne Militia, Married, 1878, Alicia Georgette, daughter of the late George G. Sandeman of Westfield, Hayling Island. He was en- gaged as Commissioner under the Geneva Convention (Red Cross) during the follow- ing wars : Franco-German war, 1870-71, serving at Saarbruck, Metz, Orleans, siege of Paris, and afterwards in the East of France for relief of wounded during Bour- baki's retreat ; Carlist war, 1873-76, serv- ing at sieges of Bilbao and Pampeluna, and the last battles on the French frontier ; Turco-Servian war, 1876, after which he joined Viscountess Strangford's mission in relief of the victims of the Bulgarian re- volution ; Turco-Rnssian war, 1877-78, serving with a staff of forty-five surgeons as Chief Commissioner of the Stafford House Committee, which established eleven hospitals, six field ambulances, and other means of relief in Europe and Asia. He also served during the Suakim Expedition 1885 and the Servo-Bulgarian war, 1885-86, and was engaged in ambulance work during revolutions in Argentina and Brazil, and in Venezuela, where he founded its Red Cross Society. For war services he was knighted, 1886, and received Egyptian war medal and clasp, Khedival Star, the Orders of Osmanie (Turkish), Takova (Servian), Isabel Catolica (Spanish), Alexander (Bulgarian), the French bronze cross, and the Turkish, Saxon, and other war medals ; and also the silver and bronze medals of the Royal Humane Society for swimming to the rescue of drowning men. He was an early worker in the St. John Ambulance Association ; Deputy Chairman of its Cen- tral Committee since 1883, and appointed for services Honorary Associate of the Order of St. John, 1875, and Knight of Grace, 1889. As Government nominated member of the Metropolitan Asylums Board since 1883, he has taken special in- terest in its fever and smallpox ambulance department ; was Chairman of its Statis- tical Committee, 1887-92, and Cholera Committee. He was formerly partner in Wollaston & Sons, when he was elected on the Council of the London Chamber of Commerce, 1883, Deputy Chairman, 1889, and has since been Chairman of its South American Section, and on the Council of the Association of Chambers of Commerce since 1886. He was President of the Jury (Life Saving Section) Brussels Exhibition, 1876, and on the Juries of the Exhibition of Paris, 1889 (Social Economy), and Health Exhibition 1884, and on the Commissions of these Exhibitions, and of the Brussels Exhibition, 1898. He has also been Special Commissioner to the Governments of. various South American Republics on rail- way and harbour matters, and to India, Egypt, and other countries. He is author of various papers on Floating Hospitals (Epidemiological Society), 1883; River Pol- lution (Fisheries Exhibition), 1883; Ambu- lance Organisation of the Metropolis during Epidemics (Health Exhibition),1884; Recent Progress in Ambulance Work (Sanitary Congress, Dublin), 1884 ; Organisation of the Metropolitan Asylum Board (Congress of Hygiene), 1891, &c. Address: 57 Albert Hall Mansions, S.W. BARJRJNGTON, Hon. -William Augustus Curzon, British Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic and to the Republic of Paraguay since 1896, was born on Jan. 28, 1842, and is the third son of the 6th Viscount Barrington. He was educated at Woolwich and the University of Bonn, and entered the diplo- matic service in 1859, becoming succes- sively Secretary of Legation at Buenos Ayres, 1883, Acting Charge - d'Affaires and Consul-General at Lima, 1884 ; Consul- General at Buda-Pesth in 1885 ; Charge - d'Affaires at Belgrade, and, afterwards, First Secretary at the Embassies of Madrid and Vienna. Address : H.B.M. Legation, Buenos Ayres. BARROS, Prudente Josede Moraes, late President of the United States of Brazil, born at Itu, in the state of Sao- Paulo, in 1841, studied law, and in 1863 became a barrister, and acquired a great reputation as an orator. In 1866 he was elected deputy for his native state, and became one of the Commission of the Budget. In 1870, when the Republican party was formed, he was one of the first to join it. In 1885 he was elected to the Chamber of Rio de Janeiro, and vigor- ously upheld the Republican cause. After the revolution of Nov. 15, 1889, Barros was named Governor of the Province of Sao-Paulo, one of the richest in the country. He occupied this post until November 1890, and governed with great moderation. He was elected a Senator'of the Federal Congress charged to formu- late the Constitution of the New Republic, and on its meeting he was chosen Pre- sident. In 1891 he was a candidate for the Presidency of the Republic, but was defeated by Marshal de Fonseca, the dictator. At the second election in 1892 he was successful, and the vote was ratified by universal suffrage in 1894. He entered into power on Nov. 15, 1894, in spite of the resistance of the followers of General Peixoto (q.v.). In 1898 he was succeeded as President by Campos-Sales. BARROW — BARRY 65 BARROW, John, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., was born in 1808, being the second son of Sir John Barrow, Bart., and was educated at the Charterhouse. He became Keeper of the Records at the Admiralty, and took an active part in pro- moting the search for Sir John Franklin, the officers engaged in the search pre- senting him with a handsome silver orna- ment representing the Arctic circle. He is, besides, an authority on mountaineer- ing, and has been an active member of the Alpine Club. Mr. Barrow is the author of " Naval Worthies in Queen Elizabeth's Reign," "Life of Sir Francis Drake," "Ex- peditions on the Glaciers," &c. Addresses : 17 Hanover Terrace, Regent's Park, N. ; and Athenaeum. BARROW-IN-FURNESS, Bishop of. See Waeb, The Right Rev. Hbnby. BARRY, The Right Rev. Alfred, D.D., D.C.L., late Bishop of Sydney, is the second son of the late eminent architect Sir Charles Barry, and was born in London on Jan. 15, 1826. He was educated at King's College, London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. as fourth Wrangler, second Smith's prizeman, and seventh in the first-class of the Classical Tripos in 1848, obtaining a Fellowship in the same year. Dr. Barry, who was ordained in 1850, was from 1851 to 1854 Sub-Warden of Trinity College, Glenalmond ; and subsequently held from 1854 to 1862 the Head Mastership of the Grammar Schools at Leeds, which he raised to a very high position by his energy and ability. In 1862 he was ap- pointed to the Principalship of Chelten- ham College. In 1868 he became Principal of King's College, London ; in 1869 Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Bath and Wells ; in 1871 was made a Canon of Worcester ; in 1875 Honorary Chaplain, and in 1877 Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen ; and in 1881 Canon of Westminster. He was also a member of the London School Board from 1871 to 1877. On Jan. 1, 1884, he was consecrated Primate of Australia, Metropolitan of New South Wales, and Bishop of Sydney, which office he resigned for urgent private reasons in May 1889. On his return to England he acted as Assistant Bishop in the diocese of Rochester from 1889 to 1891 ; in 1891 was appointed to a Canonry at St. George's, Windsor, and in 1895 to the Rectory of St. James', Piccadilly ; and undertook the duties of Assistant Bishop in the diocese of London in 1897. Dr. Barry is the author of an "Introduction to the Old Testa- ment," "Notes on the Gospels," "Life of Sir C. Barry, R.A.," "Cheltenham Col- lege Sermons," " Sermons for Boys," "Notes on the Catechism," "Religion for Every Day ; Lectures to Men," 1873 ; "What is Natural Theology?" being the Boyle Lectures for 1876; "The Manifold Witness for Christ," the Boyle Lectures for 1877, 1878 ; "Some Lights of Science on the Faith," the Bampton Lectures for 1892; "The Ecclesiastical Expansion of England," the Hulsean Lectures for 1896 ; "England's Mission to India," 1894; "Christianity and Socialism," 1891; be- sides some volumes of sermons at Here- ford, Worcester, Westminster, and Sydney. In 1851 he married Louisa, daughter of Canon T. E. Haughes. Addresses : The Cloisters, Windsor Castle ; St. James's Rectory, Piccadilly ; and Athenaeum. BARRY, Charles, F.S.A., is the eldest son of the late Sir Charles Barry, and was born in 1823. He showed an early desire to be an architect, and was edu- cated for the profession in his father's office, and was for several years assisting him in various important works, both public and private, including the New Houses of Parliament. His health failing, in 1846 he went abroad and travelled through France, Germany, and Italy, studying the architectural works in those countries, and was absent 1J years. He did not return to his father's office, but at his recommendation started practice on his own account, associating with him as partner the late Robert R. Banks, Esq. , who had for some years been one of the principal assistants of Sir Charles. This association (which was founded on sincere personal friendship as well as artistic sympathy) remained unbroken till the death of Mr. Banks in 1872. During that time, and since, Mr. Barry has had an extensive and varied practice. In 1856, at the International competition for the "Government Public Offices," the design sent in by his partner and him- self was placed second in merit by the assessors for the then projected Foreign Office ; the work was, however, given (after strong remonstrances) to Sir Gilbert (then Mr.) Scott, whose design had obtained only the third place. Among his more public works may be named the New Burlington House, Piccadilly, the New College at Dulwich, and the large Indus- trial School at Feltham for the County of Middlesex. Among a large number of works for private clients may be men- tioned "Bylaugh Hall," Norfolk, "Steven- stone," North Devon, for the Hon. Mark Rolle, and the almost rebuilding " Clumber House," Nottinghamshire, for the Duke of Newcastle. Mr. Barry has since 1858 held the office of architect and surveyor to the Dulwich estate, and has erected there several churches, and a large number 66 BARRY of private residences, besides his work at the old college and the erection of the New College. In 1876 Mr. Barry was elected President of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and held that office for three years. In 1878 he was one of the Royal Commission for the French Universal Exhibition for that year, and acted therein as the sole representative British Member of the small International Jury of the Fine Arts Section for making the awards for Architecture from the various countries therein represented. In recognition of this service the French Government, at the instance of the Prince of Wales, conferred on him the distinction of the Cross of an Officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1877 Mr. Barry received from his colleagues of the Royal Institute of British Architects the Queen's Gold Medal of the Institute, which is awarded once in three years to an architect of eminence. He is an Hon. Member of the Academies of Fine Arts at Vienna and Milan, and was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1876, and is one of the original members of the Surveyors' Institution. Mr. Barry has been from its foundation a Member of Council of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and has always taken an active part in the proceedings of that body. Mr. Barry has lately completed the new Institution of Civil Engineers in Great George Street, Westminster, which has been carried out at a cost of £60,000. It is an elaborate example of the Classic style of Architecture, externally and internally. Office address : Parliament Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster. BARRY, Sir John "Wolfe-, K.C.B., F.R.S., LL.D., D.L., M.I.C.E., is the fifth and youngest son of the late Sir Charles Barry, R.A., and was born in London on Dec. 7, 1836. He was edu- cated at Trinity College, Glenalmond (where his elder brother, the Rev. Alfred Barry, afterwards Bishop of Sydney and Primate of Australia, was sub-warden), and at King's College, London. To acquire a practical knowledge of work, he was placed with Messrs. Lucas Brothers, and was afterwards articled to Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Hawkshaw. While with Sir John Hawkshaw he was engaged as Resident- Engineer on the bridges over the Thames and the large stations at Charing Cross and Cannon Street. On leaving Sir John Hawkshaw's service in 1867 he commenced practice on his own account, and has carried out the Lewes and East Grinstead Railway; the Earl's Court Station, and the Ealing and Fulham Extensions of the Metropolitan District Railway; the St. Paul's Station and the new bridge over the Thames at Blackfriars ; the railways for the completion of the " Inner Circle " (in conjunction with Sir John Hawkshaw); the Barry Dock, near Cardiff (the largest single dock in the United Kingdom), and railways connecting it with the South Wales coalfield ; and very many other im- portant undertakings. Mr. Barry carried out for the Corporation of London the Tower Bridge, which work was commenced in conjunction with Sir Horace Jones, the City architect, to whom was entrusted the architectural features of the bridge as distinguished from the engineering work, but who died soon after the work was commenced. By the agreement with the Corporation the responsibility for both the architectural and engineering work of the bridge then devolved on Mr. Barry. On the completion of the bridge, in the summer of 1894, Mr. Barry was made a C.B., K.C.B. 1897. In 1872 Mr. Barry visited the Argentine Republic and laid out a railway from Buenos Ayres to Ros- ario, which has since been carried out, though not on the original route selected by Mr. Barry. In 18— Mr. Barry was appointed Consulting Engineer to carry out with Messrs. Blythe & Cunningham of Edinburgh, and Mr. C. Forman of Glas- gow, the important works of the under- ground system of railways in Glasgow known as the Glasgow Central Railway; and in 18 — he was similarly appointed to execute with Mr. C. Forman the Lanark- shire and Dumbartonshire Railway, which is partly an underground railway in the western parts of Glasgow, but also gives access to the important manufacturing districts between Glasgow and the town of Dumbarton. In 1886 the Government appointed Mr. Barry on the Royal Commis- sion on Irish Public Works, and important legislation, based on the Reports of the Commission, has taken place on the sub- jects of drainage, light railways, and fishery harbours. In 1889 he was nomi- nated by the Board of Trade, jointly with Admiral Sir George Nares, K.C.B., and Sir Charles Hartley, K.C.M.G., on a com- mission ordered by Parliament to settle certain important matters connected with the river Ribble, and the same commission was reappointed in 1897 to report on further proposals connected with the same river. In December 1889 he was appointed by the Government on the Western (Scot- tish) Highlands and Islands Commission, a commission having objects similar to those of the Royal Commission on Irish Public Works. In 1894 he was appointed Chairman of a Commission (of which the other members were Sir George Nares, K.C.B., and Mr. G. F. Lyster, the Con- sulting Engineer of the Mersey Dock and Harbour Board) to examine and report on BARTET — BARTHOU 07 the navigation of the Lower Thames. In 1892 Mr. Barry was appointed by the Foreign Office as one of two British repre- sentatives on the "Commission Consultative Internationale des Travaux " of the Suez Canal, which position he still occupies. In 1895 Mr. Barry was appointed by the Gov- ernment of Natal as their Consulting Engineer in England. In conjunction with Sir Charles Hartley, K.C.M.G., he pre- sented to the Natal Government an exhaus- tive report on the various proposals for the improvement of the harbour of Durban, and submitted proposals which have been adopted by that Government. In 1896 he was appointed by the County Councils of Middlesex and Surrey their Engineer in connection with the new bridge across the Thames at Kew. In 1897 Mr. Barry was appointed by Government on a Committee on the desirability of estab- lishing a National Physical Laboratory, the report of which is shortly expected. In 1897 Mr. (then newly created Sir) J. Wolfe-Barry was appointed by the Tyne Commissioners Engineer in conjunction with Messrs. Coode, Son, & Matthews to examine and report on the extensive damages which had taken place in the north breakwater of Tynemouth harbour, and to take steps for the reparation of this important work. Sir J. Wolfe-Barry is Consulting Engineer to the follow- ing public companies : The North-Eastern, Caledonian ; London, Chatham, and Dover ; Metropolitan, Metropolitan District, Barry Railway Companies, and to the Surrey Com- mercial Dock Company, in addition to the other appointments to which reference has already been made. Mr. Barry is a Member of Council of the Institution of Civil En- gineers, and was elected President in 1896, and was again elected to the same post in 1897 ; a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers ; Associate of Coun- cil of the Surveyors' Institution ; a Fellow of the Royal Institution and Society of Arts ; and a Lieut.-Colonel in the Engineer and Railway Volunteer Staff Corps ; and a member of the Army Committee. He is the author of a small volume, "Railway Appliances," in the Text-books of Science Series (Longmans, 1876), and of a course of lectures delivered at the School of Mili- tary Engineering, Chatham, in conjunction with Sir F. J. Bramwell, on the "Railway and the Locomotive," published in 1882. Mr. H. M. Brunei, son of the late I, K. Brunei, joined Mr. Barry in partnership in 1878, and Mr. C. A. Brereton and Mr. Arthur John Barry, nephew of Sir J. Wolfe- Barry, also became his partners in 1892, and these gentlemen have been associated with him in most of the above works. He married in 1874 Rosalind Grace, youngest daughter of the Rev. E. E. Rowsell, Rector of Hambledon, Surrey. By royal warrant Sir J. Wolfe-Barry was permitted to assume for himself and his descendants the name of Wolfe as a surname. He is a Deputy- Lieutenant of the County of London, is LL.D. of Glasgow University (honoris catcsd), and a Fellow of the Royal Society. BARTET, Madame, nom de thidtre of Jeanne Julia Regnault, French actress, was born in Paris, Oct. 28, 1854. She entered the Conservatoire in 1871, and made her debut at the Vaudeville in the part of Vivette in " LArlesienne " in 1872. In 1873 she played in "L'Oncle Sam," in 1875 in "Manon Lescaut," in 1876 she created the part of Louise in " Fromont et Risler," and in 1877 that of the Countess Zicka in Sardou's "Dora," known in Eng- land as "Diplomacy." Madame Bartet entered the Theatre Fra^ais in 1880, and made her debut in " Daniel Rochat." She took Madame Bernhardt's place soon after as the Queen in "Ruy Bias." The chief plays in which she has since acted are, " Le De"pit Amoureux," " Le Gendre de M. Poirier," " On ne Badine pas avec l'Amour," "La Roi s'amuse," and "L'Etrangere. " She was much appreciated in London when the Comedie Fran$aise played at Drury Lane in 1893. She appeared in "Grosse Fortune " by Meilhac in 1896. BARTHOLDI, Auguste, born at Colmar (Alsace), April 2, 1834, was in- tended for a lawyer, but Ary Scheffer, who was a friend of the family, recognised his latent artistic talent, and the use of Ary Scheffer's studio was the turning point of a life subsequently noteworthy for the pro- duction of the " Lion de Belf ort " and the gi- gantic "Liberty e'clairant le Monde," which, constructed in copper, on an internal iron frame designed by M. Eiffel, was, in 1884, presented by the French Committee to the United States, and was erected on Bedloe's Island, at the entrance to the harbour of New York, in 1886. It is by far the largest bronze statue in the world, being 150 feet high, or higher than the column in the Place Vendome at Paris. A small replica has been erected at the Pont de Grenelle, Paris, by American subscriptions. BARTHOU, Louis, French Deputy and Minister of the Interior, was born at Oloron, in the Basses-Pyrenees, Aug. 25, 1862. He is a Doctor of Laws and Muni- cipal Councillor of Pau, and was elected as deputy for Oloron in 1889, for which he has since sat. He was Minister of Public Works in the Duruy Cabinet of 1894, and Minister of the Interior in the Meline Cabinet of 1896, retiring with his col- leagues in June 1898. Paris address : 7 Avenue d'Autin. 68 BAKTON — BASTIAN BARTON, Clara, American philan- thropist, born at Oxford, Massachusetts, about 1830, was educated at Clinton, New- York. She entered the United States Patent Office as clerk in 1854, but on the outbreak of the war between the states she determined to devote herself to the care of the soldiers in the field. At the beginning of the Franco-German war she assisted the Grand Duchess of Baden in preparing military hospitals, and gave the Red Cross Society much aid during the war, and afterwards at Strasbourg and in Paris. At the close of the war she was decorated with the Golden Cross of Baden and the Iron Cross of Germany. In 1881, on the organisation of the Ameri- can Red Cross Society, she became its president, and still retained that position, 1898. BARTON, Dunbar Plunket, Q.C., the son of the late T. H. Barton, by his wife, a daughter of the third Baron Plunket, was born in 1853, and was educated at Harrow, and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1880, was appointed a Q.C. in 1889, was called to the English Bar in 1893, and was elected a Bencher of Gray's Inn in February 1898. Returned to the House of Commons as Conservative member for Mid-Armagh in 1891, he still represents that constituency in the Conservative interest, and he has, since Jan. 1, 1898, held the appointment of Solicitor-General for Ireland. Mr. Barton acted as private secretary to the late Duke of Marlborough when he was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and in his university days was President of the Oxford Union. He is a Director of the well-known brewing firm of Arthur Guinness & Co., and is a Justice of the Peace for Dublin and Armagh. Addresses : 12 Mandeville Place, W. ; and 13 Clare Street, Dublin. BASCUNAN, Aurelio, Charge" d' Affaires for Chile at the Court of St. James's, belongs to one of the oldest families in Chile, and was born in 1866. In 1879 he passed his examination of Bachiller, being the youngest to attain that degree in the University of Santiago. In 1882 his uncle, the President Santa Maria, appointed him his private secretary, which position he vacated for that of second secretary of the Chilian Legation in Peru after the war between the two countries. From Lima Ire was transferred to Buenos Ayres, and there he held a position in the Foreign Office until 1895, when he was appointed to the Legation in London. In 1898 the Legation at Paris was added to his charge. On the occasion of the Jubilee in 1897 he was decorated with the Jubilee medal ; he is also an Officer of the Legion of Honour and a Commander of Isabella la Catolica. He married the daughter of the ex- Premier of Chile, Mr. Carlos Antunez. Address : Members' Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. BASSET, Alfred Barnard, M.A., F.R.S., is the only son of the late Mr. Alfred Basset of London, and was born on July 25, 1854. His father died during his childhood, and he was brought up by his grandfather, the late John Swinford Basset, of Stamford Hill, Middlesex, whom he succeeded. He was educated at Grove House School, Tottenham, entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1873, and was elected to a foundation scholarship in April 1878. He graduated B.A. in 1877, having been 13th Wrangler in the Mathe- matical Tripos of that year. After leav- ing Cambridge he studied law in the chambers of Mr. John Rigby, Q.C., and was called to the Bar on June 25, 1879 ; but after the expiration of a few years he gave up the practice of his profession, and resumed the study of Mathematics. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on June 8, 1889, and is the author of a "Treatise on Hydro -dynamics," in two volumes, a "Treatise on Physical Optics," 1892, and also of several papers on Mathematical Physics. He married, in 1882, Edith Sarah Irwin, only child and heiress of the late Thomas Gustave de Chaundre, of Rouen and Dublin. Address : Fledborough Hall, Holyport, Berks. BASTIAN, Professor Henry Charl- ton, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., was born at Truro, in Cornwall, April 26, 1837, and educated at a private school at Falmouth and in University College, London. He graduated M.A. in 1861, M.B. in 1863, and M.D. in 1866, these degrees being con- ferred by the University of London. He was elected F.R.S. in 1868, and F.R.C.P. in 1871. Dr. Bastian is a Fellow of several Medical Societies ; he is also a Correspond- ing Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Turin, and of the Soc. de Psychol. Physiolog. of Paris. In 1866 he was appointed Lecturer on Pathology, and Assistant-Physician to St. Mary's Hospital. These posts he held until his appointment as Professor of Pathological Anatomy in University College, and Assis- tant-Physician to University College Hos- pital in December 1867. He was elected a physician to this hospital in 1871 ; and in 1878, on taking charge of in-patients, a professorship of Clinical Medicine was conferred upon him. In 1887 he resigned the Chair of Pathological Anatomy at University College, and was elected Pro- fessor of the Principles and Practice of BATEMAN — BATESON 09 Medicine. Dr. Bastian was Dean of the Faculty of Medicine in University College during the sessions 1874-75 and 1875-76 ; he served as Examiner in Medicine to the Queen's University in Ireland for 1876-79, and he has discharged similar duties for the University of Durham, and for the Royal College of Physicians of London. In 1887 the honorary degree of M.D. was conferred upon him by the Royal Uni- versity of Ireland, and he was elected an Hon. -Fellow of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. For some years past he has acted as one of the Crown Referees in cases of Supposed In- sanity. Dr. Bastian was elected President of the Neurological Society of London in 1892, and a Censor of the Royal College of Physicians in 1896 and 1897. In this latter year he delivered before the College the Lumleian lectures on " Some Problems in Connexion with Aphasia and'other Speech Defects." He has published the following works : " The Modes of Origin of Lowest Organisms," 1871; "The Beginnings of Life," 2 vols., 1872; "Evolution and the Origin of Life," 1874; "Clinical Lectures on the Common Forms of Paralysis from Brain Disease," 1875; "The Brain as an Organ of Mind," 1880 (the latter work has been translated into French and German) ; " Paralysis ; Cerebal, Bulbar, and Spinal," 1886; "Various Forms of Hysterical or Functional Paralysis," 1893; and "A Treatise on Aphasia and other Speech Defects," 1898. He is also the author of "Memoirs on Nematoids : Parasitic and Free," in the Philosophical Transactions and the Transactions of the Linnean Society. In his monograph on the Anguillulidse he described 100 newspecies discovered by him in this country. Dr. Bastian is the author of numerous papers on Pathology and Medicine in the Transactions of the Patho- logical and Medico- Chirurgical Societies; of papers on the more recondite departments of Cerebral Physiology in the Journal of Mental Science, Brain, and other periodi- cals ; and of some joint articles with the editor in Dr. Reynolds' " System of Medi- cine." Dr. Bastian was likewise one of the principal contributors to Quain's "Dictionary of Medicine" (1882), having written nearly the whole of the articles on Diseases of the Spinal Cord, as well as many others on Diseases of the Nervous System. Having resigned his Professor- ship at the College, and his Physiciancy at University College Hospital after thirty years of service, Dr. Bastian has recently (1898) been elected Emeritus Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine and of Clinical Medicine in University College, and Consulting Physician to the Hospital. Addresses : 8a Manchester Square, W. ; and Athenaeum. BATEMAN, Sir Frederic, M.D., F.R.C.P., LL.D., is the son of John Bate- man, of Norwich, and was born in 1824. He took the degree of M.D. at the University of Aberdeen in 1850, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1876. He is a consulting physician to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, and a Justice of the Peace for the county of Norfolk. His publication, "Aphasia and the Localisation of Speech," gained for him the Alvarenga prize of the Academy of Medicine of France, and he is also the author of "Darwinism tested by Lan- guage," and " The Idiot, and his place in Creation." He received the honour of knighthood in 1892, and he was married, in 1855, to Emma, daughter and heiress of John Gooderson, of Heigham Fields House, Norwich (she died in 1897). Addresses : Upper St. Giles Street, Norwich ; and Burlingham Lodge, Alburgh, Norfolk. BATEMAN, Kate Josephine. See Ckowb, Mes. Geokge. BATES, Henry, A.R.A., better known as Harry Bates, sculptor, came to London in 1879, studied under Jules Dalou at the Lambeth School, and in 1881 was admitted a student of the Royal Academy Schools, where he gained the gold medal and tra- velling studentship for sculpture in 1883. He has been a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy, his designs often being in the shape of bas-reliefs on panels. He has designed "The Homer Panel," "The jEneid Panel," "The Story of Psyche," "Hounds in Leash," and "Pandora," which was bought under the terms of the Chantrey Bequest. In 1895 he exhibited a bronze bust of General Lord Roberts, W.C., G.C.B., and in 1896 four portrait busts, including one of Lord Lansdowne, and a full-sized model of an equestrian statue of Field-Marshal Lord Roberts for Calcutta. The finished statue was recently unveiled by Lord Elgin in Calcutta. The pedestal is adorned with allegorical figures repre- senting Courage and Fortitude, and the friezes encircling it represent the march from Kabul to Kandahar. In 1898 he exhibited a reduced model in bronze and boxwood of the Roberts statue, besides a bust and a memorial tablet. He was made A.R.A. in 1892. Address: 10 Hall Road, N.W. BATESON, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, was born at Whitby, Yorkshire, on the 8th of August 1861. He is the son of the late Rev. W. H. Bateson, D.D., Master of St. John's College, Cambridge. From Temple Grove School he obtained a foundation scholarship at Rugby, and thence proceeded 70 BATH AND WELLS — BAYER to St John's College, Cambridge, graduat- ing in the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1883 and 1884. Elected to a Fellowship at St. John's College in 1 885, he became Balfour Student in 1887, and was awarded a Rol- leston Prize in the University of Oxford in 1888. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1894. His first work was a study of the anatomy and development of Balanoglossus, material for this research having been collected in America during two visits to the marine laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University. The results appeared as a series of papers in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science in 1884-86. In 1886 and 1887 he under- took a journey to the Aral Sea, and to other salt, alkaline, and bitter lakes in Western Central Asia, with the object of examining their fauna. Subsequently he has devoted himself to a study of the facts of Variation, and has published papers re- lating to the subject, in particular a collec- tion of the evidence, entitled " Materials for the Study of Variation " (Macmillan, 1894). Address : Norwich House, Cambridge. BATH and WELLS, Bishop of. See Kennion, Right Rev. George Wyndham. BA.TTENBERG, Princess Henry of (H.R.H. Princess Beatrice), was born April 14, 1857, and was married at Osborne on July 23, 1885, to Prince Henry Maurice of Battenberg, who, however, died on Jan. 20, 1896, from a fever contracted during the Ashanti campaign of 1895-96. The Princess has four children, viz., Alexander Albert, born Nov. 23, 1886 ; Victoria Eugenie, born Oct. 24, 1887 ; Leopold Arthur, born May 21, 1889 ; and Maurice Victor, born Oct. 3, 1891. She occupies the position of Governor of the Isle of Wight, a post held by Prince Henry until his death. Her Royal Highness has compiled a Birthday Book, and also devotes time to painting. She has always, even during her married life, lived with the Queen, and she still continues to do so. BATTERSEA, Lord, Cyril Flower, son of the late Mr. P. W. Flower, of Furze- down, Streatham, was born in 1843, and educated at Harrow and at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1870. In the Parliament of 1880-85 he sat as a Liberal for Brecknock, and in 1885 and 1886 was returned for the Luton division of Bedford- shire, and sat for the same till 1892. In Mr. Gladstone's short Government of 1886 Mr. Cyril Flower was one of the Junior Lords of the Treasury, or "Whips" of the party. In 1892 he was made a peer under the title of Lord Battersea. He married in 1878 Constance, eldest daughter of the late Sir Anthony Rothschild. Both he and his wife are much interested in the welfare of their party, and have been warm supporters of the Eighty Club. They are devoted to the interests of the lower classes in London, and have done much for the People's Entertainment Society. Lord Battersea is President of the Recrea- tive Evening School Association. He is also known as the owner of some fine paintings by Botticelli, Moroni, Da. Vinci, Morretti, as well as by Burne-Jones, Sandys, Whistler, &c. Addresses : Overstrand, Cromer; Aston Clinton, Tring; and Surrey House, 7 Marble Arch, W. BAVARIA, King of. See Otto, King of Bavaria. BAVARIA, Regent of. See Luitpold, Prince Charles Joseph William. BAYER, Karl Emmerich Robert, an Austrian writer, generally known by his norn de guerre of Robert Byr, was born at Bregenz, in the Tyrol, April 15, 1835, and received his education in the Military Academy at Wiener-Neustadt, which he left on his appointment as lieutenant in the Count Radetzky's Hussar Regiment. In 1859 he was advanced to the rank of captain, and during the Italian campaign he was placed on the general staff. After the conclusion of peace Bayer began his literary career by the publication of his "Sketches of Military Life" ("Kantoni- rungsbilder "), 1860. In 1862 he retired from active service, and settled in his native town, where he still continues to reside. Bayer is chiefly known to fame as a novelist. Military life he has described in his first work, already mentioned, in "Austrian Garrisons" (" Oesterreichische Garnisonen"), 1863, and in "Quarters" ("Anf der Station"), 1866. His "In the Years Nine and Thirteen "(" Anno Neun und Dreizehn "), 1865, contains biographical sketches of actors in the German War of Independence. To another class of works belong the following novels: "The Home of a German Count " ( " Ein Deutsches Graf- enhaus"), 1866; "With a Brazen Face" (" Mit eherner Stirn "), 1868 ; " The Struggle for Life "(" DerKampf umsDasein"), 1869 j i'Sphinx," 1879; "Nomaden," 1871; "Ruin" ("Triimmer"), 1871; "Quatuor,"a collection of tales, 1875 ; " Ghosts" ("Lar- ven"), 1876; and "A Secret Despatch" ("Eine geheime Depesche"), 1880; and " Sesam," 1880 ; " The Path to the Heart" ("Der Wegzum Herzen"),1881 ; "Turn of Life" ("Am Wendepunkt des Lebens"), 1881; "Implacable" ("Unversbhnlich"), 1882; "Lydia," 1883; "Andor," 1883; BAYFIELD — BEACHCROFT 71 "Am I to do it?" ("Soil IcM "),1884; "Castell Ursani," 1885; "Dora," 1886; "Villa Miraflor," 1886; " Will-of-the- Wisp" ("Irrneische"), 1887 ; " The Path to Fortune" ("DerWegzum Gliick"), 1889; "Wood Idyl" (Waldidyll "), 1889. He has also written plays which have been per- formed in public. BAYFIELD, Rev. Matthew Albert, M.A., was born at Edgbaston, Birming- ham, June 17, 1852, and is the son of L. A. Bayfield, Chartered Accountant, of Birmingham. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and Clare College, Cambridge, of which latter founda- tion he was a scholar, and from which he graduated with first-class classical honours in 1875. Appointed an Assistant Master at Blackheath School in 1875, he obtained a similar position at Marlborough College in 1879 ; and after acting as Headmaster's Assistant at Malvern College from 1881 to 1890, he became Headmaster of Christ College, Brecon, in 1890, and eventually he was, in 1895, appointed Headmaster of Eastbourne College. Mr. Bayfield has edited "Ion," "Alcestis," and "Medea," and, in conjunction with Dr. Verrall, "Septem contra Thebas," and, with Dr. Leaf, the "Iliad." He is also the author of "Latin Prose for Lower Forms." Address : Eastbourne College. BAYLEY, Sir Steuart Colvin, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., Member of Council at the India Office, formerly Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, was educated at Hail ey bury, and arrived in India in 1856. His first post was that of Assistant-Magistrate and Collector of the 24 Pergunnahs, and he subsequently rose through various grades till he was appointed Commissioner of the Dacca Division in 1873. Four years later he was acting as personal assistant to the Viceroy for famine affairs. His more recent appointments have been : Chief Commissioner of Assam, June 1880 ; Resi- dent at Hyderabad (Nizam's Dominions), March 1881 ; a Member of the Governor- General's Council, May 1882 ; Lieutenant- Governor of Bengal, April 1887 ; and Sec- retary in the Political Department, India Office, January 1891. He was created K.C.S.I. in 1890. Addresses : India Office ; Charles Street, Westminster, S.W. ; and AthenEeum. ■ BAYLISS, Sir Wyke, F.S.A., second son of John Cox Bayliss and Anne Wyke, was born on Oct. 21, 1835, at Madeley, Salop. In 1845 the family removed to London, and he pursued his studies at the National Gallery, the British Museum, and the Royal Academy, with the intention of becoming an artist. At the age of eighteen he entered an architect's office, where the speciality of his work gave a bent to, though it was not sufficient to break, his purpose of becoming a painter. Architec- ture, and especially the Gothic of our cathedrals, became at once the motive of all his pictures. He has travelled much abroad, and has painted almost all the chief cathedrals of the Continent. Amongst his best-known paintings may be mentioned "La Sainte Chapelle," exhibited at the Boyal Academy in 1865; "The White Lady of Nuremberg," " The Interior of S. Mark's, Venice," 1880 ; " Vespers in S. Peter's, Rome," 1888 ; " The Golden Duomo, Pisa," 1892; "The Interior of Strasburg Cathedral," " Chartres Cathedral," &c. He is also the author of "The Witness of Art," "The Higher Life in Art," "The Enchanted Island " ; and has for many years been engaged upon a work which is announced for immediate publication, under the title of ' ' Rex Regum, a Painter's Study of the Likeness of Christ, from the time of the Apostles to the present day." In 1875 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London ; in 1888 he was elected President of the Royal Society of British Artists ; and in 1897 he received the honour of knighthood. One or two exhibitions of his works have been held, and in the catalogue of one of them appear several sonnets written by the artist in illustration of the subjects of his pictures. He is well known as a lecturer at the London Institution, the Midland Institute, &c. He was married in 1858 to Elise, daughter of Rev. T. Broade, of Staffordshire. Address : 7 North Road, Clapham Park, S.W. BAYLY, Miss Ada Ellen, "Edna Lyall," is the youngest daughter of the late Robert Bayly, of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law. She was born and edu- cated at Brighton, and at an early age made up her mind to write. Her first story, "Won by Waiting," was published in 1879. This was followed by " Donovan," 1882; "We Two," 1884; "In the Golden Days," 1885; " Knight -Errant," 1887; "Autobiography of a Slander," 1887; "Derrick Vaughan, Novelist," 1889; "A Hardy Norseman," 1889 ; " Max Here- ford's Dream," 1891 ; " To Right the Wrong," 1893; "Doreen : the Story of a Singer," 1894; "How the Children Raised the Wind," 1895; "Autobiography of a Truth," 1896; and "Wayfaring Men," 1897. Address : 6 College Road, East- bourne. BEACHCROFT, Richard Melvill, was born on Jan. 22, 1846, and is the son of Richard Beachcroft, and Henrietta, daughter of the late Sir James Cosmo 72 BEALE Melvill, K.C.B. He was educated at Harrow, and being admitted a solicitor in 1868, he became eventually a partner in the firm of Beachcroft, Thompson & Co., of 9 Theobalds Eoad, W.C. He has acted as Solicitor to Christ's Hospital since 1873, and is a member of the Court of the Clothworkers' Company, with which com- pany his family has been connected for nearly two centuries. Mr. Beachcroft is an original member of the London County Council, having been the representative of North Paddington in the first Council. Elected an alderman in 1892, he became Deputy-Chairman in 1896, and Vice-Chair- man in 1897. He is an old member of the Alpine Club, and has been a frequent and enthusiastic climber of many of the Swiss and Tyrolese mountains. He is married to Charlotte, daughter of the late Kobert M. Bonnar- Maurice, of Bodyn- foel Hall, Montgomeryshire. Addresses : 11 Craven Hill, W. ; and 9 Theobalds Road. BEALE, Dorothea, daughter of the late Mr. Miles Beale, M.R.C.S., was born in London, 1831, and educated chiefly at home. She attended the opening lectures of Queen's College in 1848. When for the first time public examinations were thrown open to women she took certificates for English, French, German, Latin, Mathe- matics, Music, and Pedagogy. In 1850 she was appointed the first lady Mathe- matical Tutor, and was also appointed Latin Tutor. In 1858 she was elected Principal of the Ladies' College, Chelten- ham, which, numbering at that time 69 pupils, has since risen to about 500, of whom about 99 are boarders. There is besides an overflow school of about 80. There are in connection with the Ladies' College two residential colleges of St. Hilda, in Cheltenham and Oxford; and a Mission Settlement, known as St. Hilda's, in Shoreditch, has been built by the Cheltenham Ladies' College Guild, and was opened by the Bishop of London in April 1898. Miss Beale has published "Text-book of English and General His- tory"; "Chronological Maps" ; "School Hymns," reprinted with long introduc- tion ; " Report of Schools Enquiry Com- mission of 1868." She has edited and written a large part of a volume, "Work and Play in Girls' Schools," and has issued a large number of short papers on educa- tional and literary subjects, and has con- tributed many articles to the Journal of Education, Fraser, The Nineteenth Century, Atlanta, Parents' Magazine, Monthly Packet, &c. She edits the Ladies' College Magazine. Miss Beale has been largely instrumental in advancing the movement for the Higher Education of Women. The Ladies' Col- lege gained a gold medal at the Inter- national Exhibition, and Miss Beale re- ceived the title of Officier d'Acade'mie. She is a Member of the Socie'te des Sciences et Lettres. Address : Ladies' College, Cheltenham. BEALE, Emeritus Professor Lionel Smith, M.B., F.R.S., Consulting Physician to King's College Hospital, and Emeritus Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine at King's College, London, formerly Professor of Physiology and of General and Morbid Anatomy, and afterwards Professor of Pathological Ana- tomy, and Examiner in Medicine. He was born in London in 1828, educated in King's College School and in the Medical Department of King's College. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1859, is an Hon. Fellow of King's College, a Fellow of the Medical Society of Sweden, of the Microscopical Societies of New York and California, the Royal Medical and Chirur- gical, the Microscopical, and the Patho- logical Societies ; he was formerly President and is now Treasurer of the Royal Micro- scopical Society, and of the Quekett Club, Member of the Academy of Sciences of Bologna, Corresponding Member of the Aoad^mie Royale de Medicine de Belgique, &c., and the author of several works on medicine, physiology, medical chemistry, and the microscope. Among these works are : ' ' The Microscope in its Application to Practical Medicine " ; " How to Work with the Microscope," of which there have been several editions ; "The Structure of the Tissues of the Body" ; "Protoplasm; or, Life, Matter, and Mind " ; " Disease Germs, their Supposed and Real Nature, and on the Treatment of Diseases caused by their Presence " ; " Life Theories, their Influence upon Religious Thought," 1871 ; " The Mystery of Life : Facts and Argu- ments against the Physical Doctrine of Vitality, in reply to Sir William Gull," 1871 ; "Our Morality and the Moral Question," now in a second edition ; " The Liver," 1889; "On Life and on Vital Action in Health and Disease " ; " The Anatomy of the Liver " ; " Urine, Urinary Deposits, and Calculous Disorders," four editions; "Urinary and Renal Derange- ments and Calculous Disorders : Diagnosis and Treatment " ; " One Hundred Urinary Deposits," in eight sheets; "On Slight Ailments " ; " The Physiological Anatomy and Physiology of Man," in conjunction with his colleagues at King's College, the late Dr. Todd and Sir J. Bowman ; and of other works. He has contributed several memoirs to the Royal Society, "On the Structure of the Liver " ; " The Distribu- tion of Nerves to Musole " ; " On the Anatomy of Nerve -Fibres and Nerve- BEATRICE — BECKER 73 Centres," &c, which are published in the Philosophical Transactions and in the Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society, and numerous papers to the Royal Microscopical Society, and a memoir in the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, 1854. He was the editor of the Archives of Medicine, and has also contributed to the Lancet, Medical Times and Gazette, Medical and Chirurgical Review, and the Microscopical Journal. He resigned his professorship at King's College in 1896, having held that post for more than forty years, and became Emeritus Pro- fessor of Medicine. Address : 61 Grosvenor Street, W. BEATRICE, Princess. See Batten- berg, Princess Henby of. BEAUCHAMP, Earl, William Lygon, was born Feb. 20, 1872, and suc- ceeded his father as 7th Earl in 1891. He was educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford. He acted as Mayor of Worcester from 1895 to 1896, and he was elected Progressive Member for Finsbury on the London School Board in November 1897. Lord Beauchamp is at present un- married, and the heir to the title is his brother, Edward, born in 1873. Addresses : 125 Piccadilly, W. ; and Madresfield Court, Malvern Link, Worcestershire. BEATJCLERK, "William Nelthorpe, J. P., D.L., LL.D., British Minister to Peru and Ecuador, was born in 1849, and is the son of Captain Lord Frederick Beauclerk, R.N. After having graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, with honours in law and history, he was appointed to the Foreign Office, and became an Attache at Copen- hagen in 1874. He has been Secretary at St. Petersburg, 1879 ; Rome, 1880 ; Wash- ington, 1887 ; Berlin, 1888. In 1890 he was appointed Secretary of Legation at Peking, where he married the daughter of Sir Robert Hart, Bart., in 1892. He then was Consul-General at Buda-Pesth (1897), and on Sept. 22, 1898, he was appointed to his present post. BEAUFORT, Duke of, Henry Charles Fitzroy Somerset, K.G., Mar- quis and Earl of Worcester, Earl of Gla- morgan, Viscount Grosmont, Lord Lieu- tenant of Monmouthshire, &c, was born Feb. 1, 1824. His Grace, who is a Con- servative in politics, succeeded his father as eighth Duke, Nov. 17, 1853. He entered the Life Guards in 1841, exchanged into the 7th Hussars, where he became Captain in 1847, became Lieut. -Colonel in 1858, and retired in 1861. He was M.P. for East Gloucestershire, 1846-53, was Master of the Horse under Earl Derby's second administration, 1858-59, and was reap- pointed to that office under Earl Derby's third administration, in July 1866, con- tinuing in that post till 1869. He takes a great interest in horse-racing, and is President of the Four-in-Hand Club. In March 1898, on the occasion of a lawn meet at Badminton, his former seat, he was presented with an oil portrait of him- self, painted by Mr. Ellis Roberts, and subscribed for by upwards of 1000 fol- lowers of his late pack " in recognition of his long services to country sport." He is one of the joint editors of the sporting books known as "The Badminton Library." His Grace married, July 3, 1845, Georgina Charlotte, eldest daughter of the late Earl Howe. Address : Stoke Park, near Bristol. BEBEL, FerdinandAugust, German Socialist, born at Cologne, Feb. 22 or 29, 1840, was educated at Wetzlar, and set up at Leipzig as a turner. Even in 1862 he was already one of the most active leaders of the popular movement in Germany. In 1S65 he induced the Workers' Union of Leipzig to adopt a Socialistic propaganda. In 1867 he entered political life as Member for Glaucbau - Meerane in the North German Diet. In 1871 he formed part of the first Imperial Reichstag. He worked at his trade during the recess, and was the chief of that section called the Eisenacher Arbeiterpartei, which was in co-operation with the International Workers' Union of London, with Karl Marx at its head. Together with Herr Liebknecht, he was accused of high-treason in 1872, and con- demned to two years' confinement in a fortress. In 1874 he was re-elected to tbe Reichstag, and actively opposed Bismarck's laws against the Socialists. In fact, from 1874 until 1886 he was continually being arrested and imprisoned for his doctrines, and in the intervals of imprisonment he was being elected to the Parliament and fighting the Iron Chancellor. In 1890 he spoke violently against the annexation of Alsace - Lorraine, which he called the " fatal crime " of Bismarck, involving the huge armaments of modern days. His chief writings are : " Unsere Ziele," " Der Deutsche Bauerkrieg," "Die Frau und der Sozialismus," 1883 (18th edit., 1893); "Die Socialdemokratie," 1895. BECKER, Bernard Henry, author and journalist, born in 1833, was for years attached to All the Tear Round, and has written a large number of original stories and sketches in that journal, as well as in the World and other papers, and was for- merly on the staff of the Daily News. In 1874 he produced " Scientific London," an account of the rise, progress, and con- dition of the great scientific institutions 74 BECKLES — BEDFOKD of the capital. Mr. Becker published in 1878 a book in two volumes, entitled "Adventurous Lives." Having in the winter of 1878-79 acted as the Special Commissioner of the Daily News in Sheffield, Manchester, and other distressed districts of the North and Midlands, he was sent in a similar capacity to Ireland in the autumn of 1880, when he discovered Mr. and Mrs. Boycott herding sheep, and wrote those letters on the state of Con- naught and Munster which have since appeared in a collected form as " Dis- turbed Ireland," and given rise to several discussions in the House of Commons. In 1884 Mr. Becker produced " Holiday Haunts," the title of which explains itself, like that of the more recent " Letters from Lazy Latitudes," published in 1886. BECKLES, the Bight Rev. Edward Hyndman, D.D., son of the late John Alleyne Beckles, Esq. (descended from the Beetles family, of Durham), was born in Barbados in 1816, received his education at Codrington College, Barbados, and after holding different cures in the West Indies, was consecrated Bishop of Sierra Leone in 1859. He resigned that see in 1870, being succeeded in it by Dr. Cheet- ham. In the same year he was appointed Rector of Wooton, Dover, and in 1873 Rector of St. Peter's, Bethnal Green, London. In February 1877 he was ap- pointed Superintending Bishop of the English Episcopalian congregations in Scotland. Address : St. Peter's, Bethnal Green, E. BEDDARD, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., son of the late John Beddard, was born at Dudley in 1858, and educated at Harrow and New College, Oxford. After taking his degree he was for some time a Demon- strator under the late Professor Rolleston, and afterwards became Assistant Editor of the Challenger Reports. He is at present Prosector of the Zoological Society of London, Examiner in the University of London, and Lecturer on Biology at Guy's Hospital. He was elected F.R.S. in 1892. Mr. Beddard is author of the following works: "Report on the Isopods collected during the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger" ; "Animal Colouration"; "Contributions to the Anatomy of the Anthropoid Apes " ( Transactions of the Zoological Society, 1893) ; a '■' Monograph on the Oligochceta " (Clarendon Press, 1895) ; and numerous contributions to the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, and to the publica- tions of the Royal and Zoological Societies. He has also contributed popular articles on zoological subjects to Blackwood's and other magazines. Address: United Uni- versity Club, Suffolk Street. BEDDOE, John, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., born at Bewdley, in Worcestershire, Sept. 21, 1826, was educated at Bridgnorth School, University College, London, and the University of Edinburgh. He gradu- ated B.A. in London in 1851, and M.D. in Edinburgh in 1853. Dr. Beddoe served on the civil medical staff during the Crimean War. Since then he has prac- tised as a physician at Clifton, and held sundry hospital appointments, but is now residing at the Chantry, Bradford-on- Avon. He was President of the Anthro- pological Society in 1869 and 1870, and he was a Member of the Council of the British Association for several years. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, in 1873, and is an honorary member of sundry Continental and American scientific societies, and officer (1st Class) of the French Order of Public Instruction. Dr. Beddoe has written numerous papers, medical, statistical, and anthropological, and he has largely applied the numerical method to ethnology. In 1868 his Essay on the Origin of the English Nation took the first prize, £150, of the Welsh National Eisteddfod. It formed the basis of his principal work, "The Races of Britain," which was not published until 1885. His other most considerable works and papers are " Stature and Bulk of Man in the British Isles " ; " Relations of Tempera- ment and Complexion to Disease"; "On Hospital Dietaries " ; " Comparison of Mortality in England and Australia " ; and on the "Natural Colour of the Skin in certain Oriental Races." He is joint author of the " Anthropological Instruc- tions for Travellers " of the British Asso- ciation, and was elected President of the Anthropological Institute in 1889 and 1890. In 1891 he was given the LL.D. of the University of Edinburgh, and as Rhind Lecturer for the year delivered a course of lectures in Edinburgh on the Anthropological History of Europe. He married in 1858 Agnes Montgomerie Christison (niece of the eminent physician of that name, Sir Robert Christison, Bart.), who has since been well known in con- nection with various philanthropic move- ments, chiefly for the benefit of women. Addresses : The Chantry, Bradford-on- Avon ; and Athenreum. BEDFORD, Bishop of. Sec Isling- ton, Bishop op. BEDFORD, Vice - Admiral Sir Frederick George Denham, K.C.B., son of Vice-Admiral Edward J. Bedford, was born in December 1838, and entered the Navy in July 1852. He served as a midshipman in H.M.S. Sampson during BEDFOKD — BEEKE 75 1854, in which vessel he was present at the bombardment of Odessa, the taking of the redoubt Kaleh, and also the bom- bardment of Sebastopol. For these ser- vices he received the Crimean and T-urkish medals. In 1855 he took part in the Baltic Expedition as a midshipman in H.M.S. Vulture, and was present at the bombard- ment of Sveaborg, subsequently receiving the Baltic medal. He was promoted Lieutenant in 1859, Commander in 1871, and Captain in 1876, and commanded H.M.S. Skak in her memorable engage- ment with the Peruvian ironclad Huascar off Ylo in May 1877. As captain of H.M.S. Monarch he did excellent work in organis- ing the flotilla on the Nile for the relief of General Gordon in 1884, and received the special thanks of the Admiralty for this service. He was promoted to C.B. in 1886, and in 1888 was appointed Aide-de- Camp to the Queen. Admiral Bedford served as a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty from 1889 to 1892, and was also a member of a Committee appointed to take evidence and report upon the manning of the Navy. He was promoted to the rank of Eear-Admiral in May 1891, and hoisted his flag on H.M.S. i>t. George as Commander-in-Chief at the Cape and West Africa station in 1892. It was a most eventful commission. In 1894 he conducted the operations at Bathurst on the river Gambia for the punishment of Fodi Silah, a rebellious slave-raiding chief. Later on it was found necessary to land a punitive expedition against the chief Nanna of Brohemie in the Benin River, and in recognition of services performed in both these expeditions Admiral Bedford received a K.C.B. In February 1895 he landed a Naval Brigade for the punish- ment of King Koko of Nimby, the chief town of Brass, on the Niger River, and brought the operations to a successful issue. He received the Africa medal with three clasps. On resigning the command of the Cape station he was presented with an appreciative address from the inhabi- tants of Simon's Town. He returned to England in 1895, and has since been ap- pointed Second Sea Lord of the Admiralty. He is the author of the following nautical works, which have passed through many editions: "The Sailor's Pocket-Book," "The Sailor's Hand-Book," and "The Sailor's Ready Reference Book." Vice- Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford is married to Ethel, a daughter of E. R. Turner, Esq., of Ipswich. Addresses : 56 Lexham Gar- dens, W. ; and United Service Club. BEDFORD, Duke of, Herbrand Arthur Russell, was born Feb. 19, 1858, in Eaton Palace, London, and succeeded his brother as 11th Duke in 1893. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and he entered the army by joining the Grena- dier Guards in 1879. He served in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882, receiving a medal with clasp, and the Khedive's star ; and he acted as A.D.C. to the Marquis of Dufferin, when Viceroy of India, from 1884 to 1888. He is Chairman of the Bedfordshire County Council, a Major of the 3rd Battalion of the Bedfordshire Regiment, and Hon. Colonel of the Bed- fordshire Volunteers. The Duke was married in 1888, when Lord Herbrand Russell, to Marydu Caurroy, daughter of the Ven. W. Tribe, late Archdeacon of Lahore, and has a son and heir, the Marquis of Tavistock, born in 1888. He is a Liberal Unionist in politics, and a Justice of the Peace ; whilst he devotes a good deal of time to the study of Zoology and Natural History, and in 1897 he published, "The History of a Great Agricultural Estate." Addresses: 15 Belgrave Square, S. W. ; Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire ; Endsleigh, Tavistock, Devonshire ; Thorney, Peter- borough ; and Oakley House, Bedfordshire. BEER, Frederick, was born on July 8, 1858, and is the son of the late Julius Beer. He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He has devoted a good deal of time to travelling, and he went to Khartoum before the siege of that town. He has been proprietor of the Observer London Sunday paper since 1880, inheriting it from his father, and he has edited it since 1894. He is married to Rachel, daughter of the late Sassoon D. Sassoon. Address : 7 Chesterfield Gar- dens, W. BEER, Rachel, daughter of the late Sassoon D. Sassoon, was educated at home, and spent two years in hospital nursing. She has, since October 1893, managed and edited the Sunday Times, of which she is proprietress. She is a Member of the Institute of Journalists, and also of the Institute of Women Journalists. Mrs. Beer is probably the only woman editor of a general newspaper in England. She composed and published some piano and instrumental music. She is married to Mr. Frederick Arthur Beer, editor of the London Observer. Address : 7 Chesterfield Gardens, W. BEERE, Mrs. Bernard, is a daughter of Mr. Wilby Whitehead, and widow of Capt. E. C. Dering, a son of Sir Edward Dering, Bart. She was prepared for the stage by Mr. Hermann Vezin, and made her dibnt at the Opera Comique, but soon after, on the occasion of her marriage, abandoned the profession. On her return to the stage she appeared as Julia, in " The 76 BEERNAERT — BEET Eivals," at the St. James's Theatre, and during her engagement there played Lady Sneerwell, Grace Harkaway, and Emilia. She subsequently took part in " The School for Scandal," and "The Rivals." On April 12, 1882, Mrs. Bernard-Beere repre- sented Bathsheba Everdene, in "Far from the Madding Crowd," at the Globe. After this she proceeded to the Haymarket, where, on May 5, 1883, she was " cast for " the title part of Mr. Herman Merivale's version of " Fe"dora." Her next characters were Mrs. Devenish, in "Lords and Com- mons," and Countess Zicka, in "Diplo- macy." During 1888 she appeared in a succession of plays at the Opera Comique Theatre, of which " As in a Looking- Glass " was the most remarkable. Then followed a long absence from the stage, which was much regretted by her many admirers. In 1897 Mrs. Bernard Beere again came before the public in the part of Charlotte Corday, in the play of that name, at the Grand Theatre, Islington, Mr. Kyrle Bellew taking the part of Marat in the same piece. On Dec. 23, 1897, she made her formal reappearance on the stage, playing in "A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing," at the Comedy Theatre. BEERNAERT, Auguste, Belgian statesman, was born at Ostend in 1824, and was called to the Bar in 1859, where he pleaded before the Court of Cassation, especially in commercial cases. He went in for politics, and attached himself to the moderate Liberal party, under whose auspices he wrote ioxL' EtoilcBclge. In 1874 he openly became a member of the Clerical party, and accepted the position of Minister of Public Works from M. Malon. This sudden recantation made a scandal, and the late Premier, M. Frere Orban, made it the subject of a vote of censure on the new Ministry. In 1878 he went into oppo- sition with the rest of his colleagues, and was the toughest opponent the Liberal Ministry had. The parliamentary struggles became so acute that even the Pope had to intervene as mediator. In 1884, on the return of the Conservatives to power, M. Beernaert became Minister of Agriculture, and the chief adviser of the Premier. The local authorities were given the power of suppressing lay schools, and the taxes that the Clerical party had violently opposed when in opposition were retained. This gave rise to much irritation, and the Premier resigned. Thereupon M. Beernaert became Minister of Finance and President of the Council, a position he held until 1894. During his long premiership his chief difficulty was to fight the Socialists, and to quell the strikes of 1885 among the miners. He dealt with the latter by start- ing great public works, by reforming the prison laws, and developing the system of national defence. He took an active part in acquiring the Congo Free State, of which King Leopold is the President, and in the Congress at Brussels for the suppression of the Slave Trade. He resigned in 1894 on the question of the Revision of the Constitution and Universal Suffrage. In the new chamber at the end of 1894 he was elected President, and he is still the chief of its orators. In 1895 he presided over the 14th Congress of the Society of Social Economics at Paris. BEESLY, Professor Edward Spen- cer, was born at Feckenham, Worcester- shire, in 1831, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford. He was appointed Assis- tant-Master of Marlborough College in 1854, and Professor of History in Uni- versity College, London, in 1860. At the General Election of 1885 he was the unsuccessful Liberal candidate for West- minster, and in 1886 he stood, also without success, for East Marylebone. Professor Beesly is the author of several review articles, pamphlets, &c, on historical, political, and social questions, treated from the Positivist point of view. He is one of the translators of Comte's " System of Positive Polity." A series of lectures by Professor Beesly on Roman history, entitled " Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius," was published in 1878. He is also the author of "Queen Elizabeth" in the " Twelve English Statesmen " series, pub- lished by Messrs. Macmillan (1892). Ad- dress : 53 Warrington Crescent. BEET, Rev. Joseph. Agar, D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology at the Wesleyan College, Richmond, is the son of W. J. Beet, a manufacturer, and Sarah Baugh, his wife, and was born at Sheffield, Sept. 27, 1840, and was educated at Wesley College, Sheffield, and at the Wesleyan College, Richmond. After beingfor twenty- one years engaged in pastoral work, he was elected to the chair which he now occupies. In 1877 Dr. Beet published a commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, which, after passing through eight editions, is now being rewritten. This volume was followed by others on the Epistles to Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philip- pians, and Colossians. In recognition of the value of these works, he received in 1891 from the University of Glasgow the decree of D.D. In 1889 he delivered the Fernley Lecture on "The Credentials of the Gospel " ; and in 1896 gave courses of lectures at the University of Chicago, and at the Chautauqua and Ocean Grove (U.S.A.) Summer Schools. He has also published three volumes of theological lectures, of which the latest, on "The Last BEETON — BELJAME 77 Things," appeared in 1897, and other smaller works ; and is a frequent con- tributor to The Expositor, Two of his vol- umes have been translated into Japanese, and are used as theological text-books in Japan. AU the above works, even the commentaries, are contributions to sys- tematic theology and to apologetics ; for the aim of Dr. Beet's expositions has been to learn from the writings of St. Paul the writer's conception of Christ and the Gospel, in order thus, and by comparison with the conceptions of other New Testa- ment writers, to learn the historic reality of Christ and the eternal reality of God. He has endeavoured to treat theology on a thoroughly scientific and philoso- phical method, all conclusions resting on observed matters of fact, and all facts being used as avenues of approach to broad principles. On behalf of the Anglo- Armenian Association Dr. Beet had the honour of presenting to Mrs. Gladstone on her eighty-fifth birthday (Jan. 6, 1897) a portrait of the Catholicos of Etchmiadzin, the head of the Armenian Church, on the occasion of the unveiling of a window in Hawarden Church in memory of the Ar- menian martyrs. Address : Wesleyan Col- lege, Eichmond, Surrey. BEETON, Henry Coppinger, was born in London, May 15, 1827. He was appointed Agent-General for British Col- umbia by Order in Council, 1883 ; a Commissioner of the International Fish- eries Exhibition, 1883, and of the Health Exhibition, 1884 ; a Royal Commissioner of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886 ; on the Colonies Committee of the Chicago Exhibition, 1883. Addresses : 2 Adamson Road, South Hampstead ; Arma- dale, Weston-super-Mare. BEEVOK, Sir Hugh Reeve, M.D., F.R.C.P., son of the late Sir Thomas Beevor, 4th Baronet, sometime secretary to Richard Cobden, President of the Nor- wich Union Fire Office, was born on Oct. 31, 1858, at Hingham, Norfolk. He was educated at Felstead School and King's College, London. He is an Assistant Phy- sician to King's College Hospital and to the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. He is also Medical Officer to the Norwich Union Life Insurance Office, and has been, since January 1896, Dean of the Medical Faculty of King's College. He is married to Emily, daughter of Sir William Foster, Bart., and has a son and heir, Thomas, born 1897. BEIT, Alfred, was born at Hamburg in 1853, and went out to South Africa when 'quite young. He was engaged in the . diamond trade at Kimberley from 1875 to 1888, and he is a partner in the firm of Wernher, Beit & Co. On the occasion of the sitting of the Jameson Commission, Mr. Beit was summoned as a witness. He is at present unmarried. Addresses : Park Lane, W. ; Cape Town, and Kimberley. BELGIANS, King of. See Leo- pold II. BELJAME, Alexandre, was born on Nov. 26, 1842, at Villiers-le-Bel, Seine-et- Oise, France. His mother was a daughter of Bosc, Member of the Institute and friend of Madame Roland, whose " Me- moirs " he preserved and published. After spending some years in England at Ayles- bury and Weston-super-Mare, M. Beljame studied at the Lycee Charlemagne, Paris, of which he was a distinguished scholar. He was one of the first to compete for the degrees in English established by M. Duruy, was received first at the " Agre- gation d'anglais " in 1868, and taught for several years at the Lyc^e Louis-le-Grand, Paris. In 1881 he was made Docteur es Lettres (the vote in his favour being unanimous) by the University of Paris, where he was soon after offered a lecture- ship of English Literature, since trans- formed into an assistant-professorship. At the Sorbonne Professor Beljame has grouped round him more than two hun- dred students of English literature, some of whom have already made their mark in the French universities and lycees. They attend his lectures zealously, and are greatly attached to him. When he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour, his present and former pupils presented him with a diamond cross. He is also Maitre de Conferences at the Ecole Nor- male Superieure. Professor Beljame is a frequent visitor to London, and his face is well known in the reading-room of the British Museum. His principal works are: " Le Public et les Hommes de Lettres en Angleterre aul8 e Siecle" (Dryden, Addison, Pope), Paris, Hachette, 1881 ; 2nd edit., with index, 1897 (crowned by the French Academy) ; " Qua? e Gallicis verbis in An- glican! linguaru Johannes Dryden intro- duxerit," Paris, Hachette, 1881 ; a French edition of Tennyson's "Enoch Arden," Paris, Hachette, 1892; 4th edit., 1898; "Tennyson, Enoch Arden, traduction en prose frangaise," Paris, Hachette, 1892; 3rd edit., 1897; "Shelley, Alastor, tra- duction en prose avec le texte anglais en regard et des notes," Paris, Hachette, 1891 ; " Shakespeare, Macbeth, texte critique avec la traduction en regard," Paris, Hachette, 1897 (crowned by the French Academy) ; "Les Premieres ceuvres dramatiques de Shakespeare," a report of lectures given 78 BELL at the University of Paris, published by the Revue des Cours et Conferences. In the same periodical have also appeared some of his lectures on Pope, the English Novel, &c. Address : Paris, 29 Rue de Conde. BELL, Alexander Graham, Ph.D., was born at Edinburgh, March 3, 1847. He was educated at the Edinburgh High School and Edinburgh University, and also studied for a time at the London University. He went to Canada in 1870, and thence, in 1872, to the United States. He had acquired prominence as a teacher of deaf-mutes before his inventions of the speaking telephone and photophone (first exhibited in 1876 and 1880 respectively) brought him wealth and fame. He is a member of various learned societies, and has published a number of papers on electrical subjects and the teaching of speech to deaf-mutes. BELL, Charles Dent, D.D., Hon. Canon of Carlisle, son of Henry Humphrey Bell, Esq., landed proprietor, was born Feb. 10, 1819, at Ballymaguigan, county Derry, Ireland. He was educated at the Academy, Edinburgh, at the Royal School, Dungannon, county Tyrone, and entered Trinity College, Dublin, as Queen's Scholar in 1839 ; received the degree of B.A. and Divinity Testimonial, 1842 ; and was Vice- Chancellor's Prizeman for English verse, 1840, 1841, 1842; M.A., 1852; B.D. and D.D., 1878; Deacon, 1843; Priest, 1844. The following have been his appointments : Curate of Hampton-in-Arden, 1843-45; Curate of St. Mary's Chapel, Reading, 1845-46 ; Curate of St. Mary's-in-the- Castle, Hastings, 1 846-54 ; Incumbent of St. John's Chapel, Hampstead, 1854-61 ; "Vicar of Ambleside and Rural Dean, 1861 ; Hon. Canon of Carlisle, 1 869 ; Vicar of Rydal with Ambleside, 1872 ; Rector of Cheltenham, 1879; Surrogate of Chelten- ham, 1884. He is the author of "Night Scenes of the Bible and their Teachings," 1860 ; " The Saintly Calling," 1874 ; " Hills that bring Peace," 1876; "Voices from the Lakes," 1876 (now out of print) ; "Angelic Beings and their Ministry," 1877 ; "Roll Call of Faith," 1878; "Songs in the Twilight," 1878 (now out of print); " Hymns for Church and Chamber," 1879 ; " Our Daily Life, its Dangers and its Duties " and " Life of Henry Martyn," 1880; "Choice of Wisdom" and "Living Truths for Head and Heart," 1881 ; " Songs in Many Keys," 1884; "The Valley of Weeping and Place of Springs" and "Gleanings from a Tour in Palestine and the East," 1886 ; " A Winter on the Nile," 1888; "Reminiscences of a Boyhood in the Early Part of the Century, a New Story by a Old Hand," 1889; in 1893 he published "Poems, Old and New," and in 1894 "Diana's Looking-Glass and other Poems," and more lately two volumes of sermons, "The Name above every Name," and "The Gospel the Power of God." Dr. Bell was one of the promoters of the Dean Close Memorial School, Cheltenham, Chairman of Committee, and a Trustee; ex-officio Chairman of the Committee of the Cheltenham Training College for Male and Female Students. During his In- cumbency he restored the fine old parish church of Cheltenham, and built in the parish the noble new church (St.Matthew's). Address : Loughrigg Brow, Ambleside. BELL, Charles Frederic Moberly, the son of the late Thomas Bell, of Egypt, was born April 2, 1847, and was educated privately. He acted as correspondent of the Times in Egypt from 1865 to 1890, and in the latter year was appointed Assistant-Manager of that journal. He is the author of "Khedives and Pashas," 1884 ; " Egyptian Finance," 1887 ; " From Pharaoh to Fellah," 1889. Mr. Bell was married in 1875 to a daughter of the Rev. James Chetaway. Addresses : 98 Portland Place, W. ; and Burgh Heath, Epsom. BELL, Francis Jeffrey, was born in Calcutta on Jan. 26, 1855. After taking his degree at Oxford (Magdalen College) in 1878, he entered the service of the Trustees of the British Museum, and has since been constantly employed on work in the Zoological Department, where he devotes himself chiefly to the lower marine invertebrates. In 1879 he was appointed Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at King's College, London, which post he resigned in 1896, being then made Emeritus Professor and later on a Fellow of the College. From 1879 to 1886 he was a contributor to, and for the last two of those years editor of, the Zoological Record. From 1879 to 1897 he devoted a large amount of time to preparing abstracts of c urrent researches of zoology for the Journal- of the Royal Microscopical Society. For some years he was editor of this journal, and from 1883 to 1898 he was one of the Secretaries of that Society. In 1896 he was appointed Secretary "to the Inter- national Congress of Zoology, which met at Cambridge in August 1898. While at Oxford he prepared a translation of Pro- fessor Genbaur's famous treatise on the " Elements of Comparative Anatomy." In 1885 he published with Messrs. Cassell a text-book of "Comparative Anatomy and Physiology." He prepared for the Trustees of the British Museum a descriptive cata- logue of British Echinoderms. He took a large part in the revision of the chapters dealing with animals in the last edition of BELL 79 Dr. Carpenter's work on the microscope edited by Dr. Dallinger, and he has edited a new edition, 1895, of Gosse's " Evenings at the Microscope." He has published various memoirs in the Proceedings and Transactions of various learned societies, many of which have dealt with Echino- derms. Of these the most extensive is the report on the Echinoderms collected by H.M.S. Alert. He has also contributed critical reviews and articles on popular natural history to various periodicals. He is an Hon. Member of the Manchester Microscopical Society, and a Corresponding Member of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Mr. Bell acted as Examiner in Morphology in the Honours School at Oxford in 1892 and 1893, and examined for the Natural Science Tripos at Cam- bridge in 1897 and 1898. Permanent address : British Museum of Natural His- tory, Cromwell Road, S.W. BELL, The Kev. George Charles, M.A., fifth in the succession as Master of Marlborough College, is the eldest son of George Bell, Esq., merchant of London, and was born July 9, 1832, at Streatham. He was educated, 1842-51, at Christ's Hospital (the Bluecoat School), in London. As a Grecian, he gained a scholarship at Lincoln College, Oxford, 1851, and went up to the University, having, in addition, a school exhibition. In his second year he migrated to Worcester College, where he had won a Clarke scholarship, 1852. In the last term of 1854 he took a first- class in the Final Classical School, and in the following spring a first in the Final Mathematical School. In 1S57 Mr. Bell gained the Senior University Mathematical Scholarship, and was elected Fellow and Mathematical Lecturer of his College. He received Deacon's orders in 1859, and six years later was appointed Second Master of Dulwich College. In 1868 Mr. Bell was elected as Head Master of his own old school, Christ's Hospital. In the follow- ing year he was ordained Priest. Mr. Bell remained at Christ's Hospital for eight years, and in 1876, on the resignation of Archdeacon Farrar, he accepted the Mas- tership of Marlborough. While in London Mr. Bell took an active part in supporting Mrs. Wifliam Grey's scheme for the educa- tion of girls : in recognition of this he was appointed a Vice-President of the Girl's Public Day School Company. He has been an active member of the Head Master's Conference since its foundation, and was Chairman of its Committee for three periods of three years each. He has also, for many years, been a Member of the Council of the College of Preceptors. Since 1890, as an Almoner of Christ's Hospital, he has taken a prominent part in the work of carrying the scheme of the Charity Commissioners into effect, by removing the London Boarding School to a new site at Horsham. The following is a list of the various stages in Mr. Bell's career : Scholar of Lincoln College, Ox- ford, 1851 ; Scholar of Worcester College, Oxford, 1852 ; first-class Mathematical Moderations, 1852; first-class Classics (Final Schools), 1854 ; first-class Mathe- matics (Do.), 1855; B.A., 1855; Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1857; Fellow of Worcester, 1857, and M.A. ; Mathematical Lecturer of Worcester College, 1857-65 ; Mathematical Moderator, 1859-60; or- dained Deacon, 1859, Priest, 1869, by Samuel Wilberfoice, Bishop of Oxford; Mathematical Examiner, 1863 ; Select Preacher, 1867 and 1885 ; Second Master of Dulwich College, 1865-68; Head Master of Christ's Hospital, 1868-76 ; Master of Marlborough College, 1876 ; Prebendary of Sarum, 1886 ; has published " The In- crease of Faith," a sermon preached in Salisbury Cathedral, 1887; "Confidence in Christ," preached in Westminster Abbey, 1888; and "Religious Teaching in Se- condary Schools," Macmillan, 1897. He married in 1870 Elizabeth, second daugh- ter of Edward Milner, Esq., of Dulwich Wood. Club : Athenaeum. BELL, Henry Thomas Mackenzie, poet and critic, is better known simply as Mackenzie Bell. He is the son of the late Thomas Bell, and nephew of the late Thomas Mackenzie (see " Men of the Time," 7th edit.), sometime Solicitor-General for Scotland, subsequently a Scottish judge under the title of Lord Mackenzie, and author of "Studies in Roman Law" (5th edit. 1898). He was born in Liverpool on March 2, 1856. During early childhood he had the misfortune to have a slight stroke of paralysis — the result of a fall owing to a nurse's carelessness. But for many years his health has been good, and he has done much literary work, and travelled considerably. In 1884 he settled in London, and in the same year published his monograph on the poei#and novelist, Charles Whitehead, and thereby attracted well-deserved attention to that early friend of Dickens, who was originally asked to write the letterpress to the drawings by Seymour — letterpress which was ultimately undertaken by Dickens, and became "The Pickwick Papers." A new edition of Mr. Mackenzie Bell's monograph, prefixed to which was an appreciation of Whitehead by Mr. Hall Caine, was issued in 1894, and had a cordial reception from the press. Mr. Mackenzie Bell has written numerous important critical articles in "The Poets and the Poetry of the Century," and has been a contributor of signed articles, poems, 80 BELL or letters, to The Fortnightly Review, The Pall Mall Magazine, The Atlantic Monthly, The A thenceum. The Speaker, The Literary World, Temple Bar, The Lady's Realm,, Black and White, The A cademy, "The Savage Club Papers " (third series), "The Dictionary of National Biography," and other publica- tions of repute. His " Spring's Immortality and other Poems " appeared in the autumn of 1893, a third edition being published in April 1896. His "Christina Kossetti : a Biographical and Critical Study," copy- righted in Great Britain and in the United States of America, January 1898, attracted much attention, and reached a third edi- tion in February of the same year. His latest publication is a second volume of original verse, entitled "Pictures of Travel and other Poems." Address: 33 Carlton Road, Putney, S.W. BELL, Sir Isaac Lowthian, Bart., F.E.S., D.C.L., was born in 1816. After completing his studies of physical science at Edinburgh University and the Sorbonne at Paris, he entered the chemical and iron works at Walker. In 1850 he became connected with the chemical works at Washington, in the county of Durham, then in the hands of his father-in-law, the late H. L. Pattinson, F.K.S. Under his direction they were greatly enlarged, and an extensive establishment was constructed for the manufacture of oxy chloride of lead, a pigment discovered by Mr. Pattinson. In 1873 he ceased to be a partner in these works, which are now carried on by a grandson of Mr. Pattinson's. Mr. Bell, in connection with his brothers, Messrs. Thomas and John Bell, founded, in 1852, the Clarence Works on the Tees, one of the earliest, and now one of the largest, iron- smelting concerns on that river, which these gentlemen carry on in connection with extensive collieries and ironstone mines. Recently, arrangements have been made for obtaining salt from a bed of the mineral, found at a depth of 1200 feet at Port Clarence. Mr. Bell has been a frequent contributor to various learned societies on Subjects connected with the metallurgy of iron, and has recently com- pleted a very elaborate experimental re- search on the chemical phenomena of the blast-furnace. He has filled the posts of President to the Iron and Steel Institute, to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, to the Mining and Mechanical Engineers of the North of England, and that of President of the Society of Chemical Indus- try. In recognition of his services as Juror of the International Exhibitions at Philadelphia in 1876, and at Paris in 1878 and 1889, he was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Institution and an Officer of the Legion of Honour. He has filled the office of Sheriff, and was twice elected Mayor of Newcastle-on-Tyne, the last time in order to receive the members of the British Association at their meeting in the year 1863. He received the Howard Bequest from the Institute of Civil En- gineers in 1892, and the Prince Consort's Gold Medal from the Society of Arts in 1894. He was elected M.P. for Hartlepool in July 1875, but ceased to represent that borough in 1880. Sir Lowthian Bell is the author of several important writings on the iron and steel industries. Permanent Address : Rowton Grange, Northallerton. BELL, James, C.B., D.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S., born in 1825, is a native of the county Armagh ; was educated principally by private tuition and at University College, London, where he distinguished himself in chemistry and mathematics. He became Deputy-Principal of the Somer- set House Laboratory, Inland Revenue Department, in 1867, and was Principal from 1875 to 1894. In connection with his official position he was Chemical Examiner of lime and lemon juice for the supply of the British merchant navy, 1868-94, and from 1869 until 1894 he acted as Consulting Chemist to the Indian Government, and nearly all of the prin- cipal public departments. On the passing of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act in 1875 he was appointed to the difficult and responsible position of Chemical Referee under that Act for the United Kingdom. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1884, and the degree of Doctor of Science was conferred upon him in 1886 by the Senate of the Royal University, Dublin. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the ordinary statutes of the University of Erlangen ; and was President of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland in 1888 to 1891, and created a Companion of the Bath in 1889. As regards his scientific work, Dr. Bell is, perhaps, best known from his valuable series of chemical researches into the composition of articles of food, and the variations that occur in their constituents. The results 'of these original researches, with improved methods of analysis, were elaborated and embodied by him in a work entitled " The Chemistry of Foods," and published in three parts, 1881-83. This work has since been translated into German, and published in Berlin. Among his other scientific work may be men- tioned his study of the grape and malt ferments, published in the Journal of the Chemical Society, 1870, and also his laborious and interesting research on tobacco, the results of which were published in 1887, in the form of a pamphlet, entitled "The BELLAMY — BELMORE 81 Chemistry of Tobacco." The report of the result of his investigation into the constitution of butter and the variations in its composition, was regarded as of so much importance that it was presented to the House of Commons, and published as a Parliamentary paper in June 1876. In addition to his scientific labours, Dr. Bell has compiled two departmental books, partly educational and partly legal and technical. Dr. Bell's services have often been called into requisition on different Government Committees ; of these we may instance the Committee on the Adultera- tion of Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs ; a Treasury Committee on the Exportation of Essences and Perfumes ; a Board of Trade Committee on the Use of Disinfectants in the Mercantile Marine ; and the Brewers' Materials Committee. Dr. Bell, from his extensive practical and scientific know- ledge, occupied a unique position on these Committees, and was able to render valu- able assistance in dealing with the various questions submitted to each Committee for inquiry and solution. On more than one occasion Dr. Bell's services have proved useful to a Chancellor of the Exchequer. It is well known, for instance, that on the adjustment of the tobacco duties in 1887, to meet the difficulties of the situation, he suggested that a limit to the quantity of water permissible in manufactured tobacco should be fixed by law, and he devised a scheme for carrying out the same, with the result that the application of the enactment has been most successful alike to the revenue, the trade, and the consumer, who obtains his tobacco without being loaded with water, as in former days. To several successive Committees of the House of Commons Dr. Bell has rendered, as an expert witness, important assistance by his suggestions and his views on practical questions ; and for the Playfair Committee on British and Foreign Spirits, he solved to their satisfaction the difficult and intricate problem of the changes that take place in the maturing of whisky. Permanent resi- dence : Howell Hill Lodge, Ewell, Surrey. BELLAMY, The Rev. James, M.A., D.D., President of St. John's College, Oxford, was born in London on Jan. 31, 1819, and is the eldest son of the late James William Bellamy, Headmaster of Merchant Taylors' School from the year 1819 to 1845. He was educated at Merchant Taylors', and entered St. John's at the age of seventeen. In 1841, during his college days, he was librarian of the Union Society. He obtained a second class in Lit. Hum., and a first class in Mathematics in 1841 (B.A. 1841; M.A. 1845; B.D. 1850; D.D. 1872). He was Fellow of his College till 1871, when he became President and Tutor from 1850 to 1860; Mathematical Moderator, 1853-54 ; Member of the Heb- domadal Council, 1874-78 ; and Vice- Chancellor, 1886-90. Address : St. John's College, Oxford, &c. BELLOC, Elizabeth Ragner, Madame, nie Bessie Ragner Parkes, was born at Birmingham on the 10th of June 1829. She was the only daughter of the late Joseph Parkes, Taxing Master in Chancery, and through her mother, nie Eliza Priestley, Madame Belloc is a great- granddaughter of Dr. Joseph Priestley. In 1858 Miss Bessie Parkes became actively connected with the Economic Section of the Association for the Promotion of Social Science. She founded and edited for some years the English Women's Journal, which had for its main object the amelioration of the industrial position of women. In this enterprise she was principally assisted by Madame Budichon {nit Barbara Leigh Smith), the daughter of the late Member for Norwich. Madame Belloc entered the Roman Catholic Church in 1864, and mar- ried three years later Louis Maire Belloc, a member of the French Bar, and only son of the well-known French painter, Jean Hilaire Belloc. Madame Belloc was widowed in 1872. Her published works include " Gabriel, a Poem," 1856 ; " Essays on Woman's Work," two editions, 1864- 1866; "Vignettes," 1865; "In a Walled Garden," three editions, 1895 ; "A Passing World," 1897. Madame Belloc has also contributed largely to periodical literature. Address : 11 Great College Street, West- minster, S.W. BELLOC, Marie Adelaide. See Lowndes, Mrs. BELMORE, Earl, Trie Right Hon. Sir Somerset Richard Lowry-Corry, G.C.M.G., son of the 3rd Earl, whom he succeeded in 1845, was born in London on April 9, 1835, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was elected as senior representative peer for Ireland in 1857 ; was Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in Lord Derby's third administration, from July 1866 to July 1867 ; and Governor of New South Wales from January 1868 to February 1872. He is a Privy-Councillor in Ireland, 1867, was created K.C.M.G. in 1872 and G.C.M.G. in 1890. He was President of the Commission on Trinity College, Dublin, in 1877, and is now President of the Manual and Practical Instruction (Ireland) Commission. He has been one of the Lords Justices-General and General Governors of Ireland, and a Member of the Judicial Committee of the Irish 82 HELPER — BENEDETTI Privy Council. He published, in 1887, "Parliamentary Memoirs of Fermanagh and Tyrone," besides other works on Irish county history. He is married to Anne Elizabeth Honoria, daughter of the late Captain Gladstone, R.N., M.P. Addresses : Castle Coole, Enniskillen ; and Athenaeum. BELPEB, Lord, The Right Hon. Henry Strutt, 2nd Baron, was born on May 20, 1840, and succeeded to the title in 1880. He was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He sat as M.P. (Liberal) for Derbyshire, East, from 1868 to 1874, and in the General Election of the latter year he unsuccessfully con- tested the same constituency, but in 1880 he was returned for Berwick-on-Tweed. For many years Lord Belper was Colonel of the South Notts Yeomanry Cavalry. He is a J.P. for the counties of Derby and Leicester, and also Chairman of the Notts Quarter-Sessions and the Nottinghamshire County Council. His lordship is an Aide- de-Camp to the Queen, and in 1895 was appointed Captain of Her Majesty's Body Guard of the Hon. Corps of Gentlemen- at-Arms, and also a Privy Councillor. He is an LL.M. of Cambridge. In 1874 he married Lady Margaret Coke, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Leicester, and has issue — the Hon. William Strutt, heir, born in 1875, has five daughters. The family seat is Kingston Hall, Kegworth, Derbyshire. BEN EDEN, Professor Pierre Joseph van, M.D. , LL.D., was born at Malines, Dec. 19, 1809, and became Pro- fessor at the Faculty of Sciences at Lou- vain in 1836. He has devoted a long life to researches in many branches of anatomy, zoology, physiology, ichthyology (fossil and recent), and ethnology. Besides his larger work, Professor Van Beneden has pub- lished nearly 300 memoirs in the Trans- actions of various scientific societies. Professor Van Beneden is M.D. and D.Sc, LL.D., Edinburgh, Member of the Academy of Science of Belgium, Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London, Corresponding Member of the Institute of France (Academic des Sciences, 1892), of the Academies of Berlin, Boston, Lisbon, Montpellier, Munich, and of numerous scientific societies, and Knight Com- mander or Grand Officer of Orders of Bel- gium, Brazil, Italy, and other countries. He is the father of Dr. Edouard van Beneden (born 5th March 1846), Professor of Zoology at the University of Liege, whose work has been principally devoted to researches on the embryogeny of animals, for which he was awarded the Serres Prize of the Academy of Sciences of Paris in 1882. BENEDETTI, Comte Vincent de, a French diplomatist, of Italian extrac- tion, born at Bastia, in Corsica, in 1817, was educated for the Consular and Diplo- matic service. After having been appointed Consul at Palermo in 1848, he became first Secretary to the Embassy at Constanti- nople until May 1859, when he was ap- pointed to succeed M. Bourse as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister at Teheran. M. Benedetti, who declined to accept the office, was some months afterwards named Director of Political Affairs to the Foreign Minister — a position associated with the successful career of MM. de Rayneval and d'Hauterive, and with the names of Desages, Armand, Lefebre, and Thouvenel. It fell to the lot of M. Benedetti to act as secretary and editor of the Protocols in the Congress of Paris in 1856, and he was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in June 1845, Officer in 1853, Comman- der in 1856, Grand Officer in June 1860, and Grand Cross in 1866. Having been appointed Minister Plenipotentiary of France at Turin in 1861, on the recogni- tion of the Italian Kingdom by the French Government, he resigned when M. Thouve- nel retired from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and was appointed Ambassador at Berlin, Nov. 27, 1864. M. Benedetti ob- tained great notoriety in connection with the remarkable draft of a secret treaty between France and Prussia, which was published in the Times on the 25th of July, 1870, at the very beginning of the war between those two Powers. The docu- ment stated that the Emperor Napoleon III. would allow and recognise the Prussian acquisitions consequent upon the war against Austria ; that the King of Prussia would promise to assist France in acquiring Luxemburg ; that the Emperor would not oppose a Federal reunion of North and South Germany ; that if the Emperor should occupy or conquer Belgium, the King should afford armed assistance to France against any other Power that might declare war against her in such case ; and that the two Powers should conclude an offensive and defensive alliance. The publication of this extra- ordinary document caused great conster- nation and excitement throughout Europe. Its authenticity was not denied, bnt France declared that although M. Benedetti had written the document, he had done so at the dictation of Count Bismarck ; whereas the latter statesman declared that through one channel or another France had inces- santly demanded some compensation for not interfering with Prussia in her projects. Both statesmen agreed in saying that their respective Sovereigns declined to sanction the treaty. On the outbreak of the war, M. Benedetti was of course recalled from BENHAM — BENN 83 Berlin ; and since the fall of the Empire he has disappeared from public notice, having retired to Ajaccio. In October 1871, however, he published a pamphlet, in which he threw upon Count Bismarck the whole responsibility of the draft treaty, but the German Chancellor utterly crushed his opponent by a weighty reply. In 1872 he was elected a Member of the Conseil General of Corsica, and since then he has been an advocate at the Bar of Ajaccio. An English translation of his " Studies in Diplomacy " appeared in 1S95. BENHAM, The Rev. Canon William, B.D., Rector of St. Edmund, Lombard Street, was born at West Meon, Hants, Jan. 15, 1831, his father being the village postmaster, as his grandfather had been before him. He was educated at the village National School, and was favour- ably noticed by the rector, Archdeacon Bayley, who, being blind, took him to his house as his little secretary. He taught the youth Latin and Greek, and after his death in 1844, Mr. Benham was sent to St. Mark's College, Chelsea, to be trained for a schoolmaster. After working in that capacity for a few years, Archdeacon Bayley's family furnished him with the means of going through the Theological Department of King's College, London. He went out with a first-class, and was ordained by Archbishop Tait, then Bishop of London, as Divinity Teacher to his old college at Chelsea. He remained there from 1857 to 1864, when he became Editorial Secretary to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and Curate of St. Lawrence Jewry, under the present Dean of Exeter. In 1867 he was favourably noticed as a preacher by some members of Archbishop Longley's family, unknown to himself, and this led to the Archbishop offering him the vicarage of his own parish of Addington. He acted as the Primate's private secretary during the first Lambeth Conference, and passed the Resolutions through the press, and also his last Charge. Archbishop Tait made him one of the Six Preachers of Canterbury in 1872, and gave him the vicarage of Margate in the same year. His chief work there was the carrying out the restoration of the parish church. In 1880 he was appointed to the vicarage of Marden, and in 1882 to the rectory of St. Edmund the King, Lombard Street, in the City of London. In 1889 Archbishop Benson conferred on him an honorary Canonry in Canterbury Cathedral. Bishop Creighton appointed him Boyle Lecturer in 1897. Canon Benham has published "The Gospel of St. Matthew, with Notes and Commentary," 1862 ; " English Ballads, with Introduction and Notes, " 1863; "The Epistles for the Christian Year, with Notes and a Commentary," 1864 ; "TheChurchof the Patriarchs," 1867 ; "The 'Globe' edition of Cowper's works," 1870 ; Commentary on the Acts in the " Commentary of the Society for Promoting Christian Know- ledge," 1871; "A Companion to the Lectionary," 1872 ; a new translation of Thomas h Kempis's " Imitatio Christi," 1874; "Memoirs of Catherine and Crau- furd Tait," 1879 ; "Readings on the Life of Our Lord and His Apostles," 1880; "How to Teach the Old Testament," 1881; "Short History of the American Church," 1884; an edition of "Cowper's Letters," 1885; "Diocesan History of Winchester," 1885; "Sermons for the Church's Year," 2 vols., 1885; and a " Dictionary of Religion " ; " Life of Arch- bishop Tait," jointly with the Bishop of Winchester, 1894. He was editor of Griffith and Farran's "Library of Ancient and Modern Theology." He has also contri- buted articles to "The Bible Educator," Macmillan's Magazine, and other periodi- cals. He married (1) Louisa Marian Engel- bach, and (2) Caroline E. Sandell. Ad- dress : 32 Finsbury Square, E.C. BBNN, John Williams, London County Council, son of the Rev. Julius Benn, Congregational Minister, was born Nov. 13, 1850, at Hyde, Cheshire. He came to London in 1851, and was educated privately. He was engaged in art and trade journalism until 1889, when he entered public life as member of the first London County Council, representing East Finsbury ; he was re-elected in 1892, with the Earl of Rosebery, K.G., as colleague, and again in 1895. He acted as ' ' Whip " of the Progressive Party on the London County Council from 1890 to 1894, and has taken an active part, as a Liberal, in London politics. In 1898 he became London County Councillor for the Ken- nington Division of Lambeth. In 1892 he contested the St. George's East Division of the Tower Hamlets for the parliamentary seat, and defeated the Right Hon. C. T. Ritchie ; he was defeated by four votes at the election of 1895. He has held various chairmanships of the London County Council, being Vice-Chairman of that body from 1895 to 1896. He was appointed J.P. for the county of Essex in 1894. He has contributed numerous articles to news- papers and magazines, mostly on social topics concerning the Metropolis. He has taken a special interest in the Tramway, Telephone, Water, and Housing Questions, and his action secured inquiries in the House of Commons as to the Unification of London and the telephone service. He is now Chairman of the Highways Com- mittee of the London County Council. 84 BENNETT — BENSON He contested the borough of Deptford, in the parliamentary interest, in November 1897, and reduced the majority by 900 votes. He is on the Executive of the London Reform Union and the London Liberal and Radical Union, and is much in demand as a political speaker. He has taken a prominent part in the Temperance movement, and is frequently on the plat- form of the United Kingdom Alliance and the National Temperance League. He occasionally lectures on art subjects, being a ready draughtsman, and well versed in all the processes of illustration. Some of his work appeared in the articles on "Artistic M.P.'s " which recently appeared in the Strand Magazine. He was founder of the firm of Benn Brothers, Limited, of 11 Finsbury Square, and is President of the recently formed Commercial Press Association, which represents the combined trade journalism of the country. Address : Westminster Palace Hotel, London, S.W. BENNETT, Enoch Arnold, was born in Staffordshire on May 27, 1867, and was educated at Newcastle Middle School. After following the legal profession for some time, he became assistant-editor of Woman in 1893, eventually succeeding to the editorship in 1896. Address : 9 Ful- ham Park Gardens, S.W. BENNETT, Henry Curtis, J. P., was born at Weedon, on May 11, 1846, and is the son of the Rev. George Peter Bennett, for thirty-two years Vicar of Kel- vedon, Essex. He was educated at Kelve- don, and was called to the Bar in 1870. He was appointed a Metropolitan Police Magistrate in 1886, and continues to hold this position. Mr. Bennett is married to Emily Jane, daughter of F. Hughes-Hallett, of Brooke Place, Asnford, Kent. Addresses : 118 Lexham Gardens, Kensington, W.; and Boreham Lodge, Chelmsford, Essex. BENNETT, "William Henry, F.R.C.S., is Surgeon to St. George's Hos- pital, and Lecturer on Clinical Surgery in the Medical School of that Institution. He is a Member of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng- land, and he occupies the position of H.M. Inspector of Anatomy. He is the author of " Lectures on Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremities," "Lectures on Vari- cocele," " Lectures on Abdominal Her- nia," and of numerous articles in the various medical journals, and transactions of medical and surgical societies. Address : 1 Chesterfield Street, Mayfair. BENNIGSEN, Rudolph von, born at Liineberg, Hanover, July 10, 1824, studied jurisprudence at Gottingen and Heidelberg, and qualified as an advocate, but entered the judiciary and rose to the functions of a judge at Gottingen. In 1855 the city of Aurich elected him to the Second Chamber of the Hanover Legis- lature, but the King refused him the indispensable consent of the Crown to accept that legislative office. Thereupon he resigned his judgeship, took his seat in the Parliament (1856), and at once assumed a position as leader of the Opposition. In 1859 Bennigsen and Miguel, with a few others, drew up and issued a programme or scheme of German unity. In this document it was declared that only Prussia could be at the head of a united Germany, and in fact Bennigsen advocated at this period that which Prince Bismarck long afterwards accomplished. The National- Verein held its first sitting Sept. 16, 1859, at the invitation of Bennigsen, and he himself was chosen President. The Frank- fort Assembly formed the permanent or- ganisation of the National-Verein, and fixed its seat in the city of Coburg. At the time of its dissolution in 1866 it num- bered 30,000 members, of whom 10,000 were from Prussia. In that year the organisation of the North German Con- federation making inevitable and speedy realisation of the Empire, the Union had no further raison d'etre, and it was accord- ingly dissolved. Bennigsen, who by the annexation of Hanover was made a Prussian, became a member both of the Prussian Lower Chamber and of the North German Reichstag. During the war in 1870 he was in confidential relations with the Prussian authorities, and undertook two important missions — one to the South German States, where he discussed the conditions of a possible unity ; the other to the camp of Versailles, in the winter of 1871, where the same negotiations were afterwards carried out to a practical result. In 1873 he was elected President of the Prussian House of Deputies. At the elections of 1877 the Socialist party opposed his candidature, but without success. He was re-elected to the Reich- stag, and endeavoured to effect an under- standing between Prince Bismarck and the National Liberals, but the negotiations ended in the disruption of his party. In 1883 he retired from the Reichstag, but was again elected in 1887, and again took command of the National Liberal party. He kept his seat in 1890 at the head of greatly diminished forces. In 1888 he was appointed by the Emperor Chief Administrator of Hanover. BENSON, Edward Frederic, novel- ist, was born on July 24, 1867, at Wellington College. He is the son of the late Arch- bishop of Canterbury and of Mary Sidg- BERATJD — BERESFORD 85 wick, and was educated at Marlborough and King's College, Cambridge, of which he was a Scholar. He was elected Wortz Student in 1892, Prendergast Student in 1893, and Craven Travelling Student in 1894, He was at work in Athens for the British Archaeological School from 1892 to 1895, and in Egypt for the Hellenic Society in 1895. He has travelled in Egypt, Greece, Italy, and Algeria. He became famous with his first novel, "Dodo," in 1893, and has since published "Six Common Things," 1893 ; "Rubicon," 1894; "Judge- ment Books," 1895 ; "Limitations," 1896; "The Babe B.A.," 1897; and "The Vin- tage," 1898. He was captain of the Marlborough rugby team, and played racquets for his school in 1886-87. Ad- dress : 9 St. Thomas Street, Winchester. BERATJD, Jean, French painter, was born at St. Petersburg, Dec. 31, 1849, of French parents. Although the son of a sculptor, he was intended for the law, and finished his studies in 1870. During the siege of Paris he was one of the mobiles of the Seine ; he then became a pupil of Bonnat (q.v.), and in 1874 began sending pictures to the Salon. The chief of these are: "Leda," 1875; "The Return from the Burial," 1876, his first sensational picture ; " Coquelin Cadet " in the role of Matamore, 1878; " Montmartre," 1881; " The Journal des Dibats," 1889, a collection of portraits of the staff. Since 1890 M. Beraud has exhibited at the Champ de Mars. Among his pictures there have been "Monte Carlo, Rien ne va plus," "l'Arlequine," and a set of scriptural pictures, in which, following the example of the mediaeval schools, he has depicted Christ in antique garb, but all the other personages in modern dress. The best- known of these is " Mary Magdalene at the house of Simon the Pharisee," in which Mary, in a ball dress, is kneeling at the feet of our Lord, and the diners are in irreproachable evening dress. It achieved a succes de scandale, as the men were hardly-disguised portraits of the chiefs of Parisian literary circles and society. BERESFORD, Rear-Admiral Lord Charles William de la Poer, C.B., M.P., second son of the Rev. John Beres- ford, 4th Marquis of Waterford, by Christiana Julia, fourth daughter of the late Colonel Charles Powell Leslie, of Glas- longh, co. Monaghan, was born Feb. 10, 1846, at Philiptown, co. Dublin. He entered the Royal Navy in 1859, was appointed a Lieutenant in 1868, and advanced to the rank of Commander in 1875. He served successively in the Marl- borough, the Defence, the Olio, the Tribune, the Sutlej, the Research, the Royal yacht Victoria and Albert, the Galatea, the Gos- hawk, and Bellerophon. In 1872 he was appointed Flag-Lieutenant to the Com- mander-in-Chief at Devonport ; and he accompanied the Prince of Wales as Naval aide-de-camp to India in 1875-76. In 1877 he joined the Thunderer, and was commander of the Royal yacht Osborne from 1878 to 1881. His lordship received the gold medal of the Royal Humane Society and of the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society for having on three occasions jumped overboard and saved lives at sea. On one of these occasions, when he rescued a marine who had fallen overboard at Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, he was attired in heavy shooting clothes, and his pockets were filled with cartridges. At the time of the bombardment of the forts of Alexandria, Lord Charles Beresford was in command of the gunboat Condor, and in the action of July 11, 1882, he greatly distinguished himself by his gallant con- duct. The ironclad Timiraire, which got ashore at the beginning of the engage- ment, was safely assisted off by the Condor, Then the formidable Marabout batteries, which constituted the second strongest defence of the port of Alexandria, were effectually silenced. This latter success was chiefly due to the gallant way in which the Condor bore down on the fort and engaged guns immensely superior to her own. So vigorous, indeed, was the attack on the big fort, that the Admiral's ship signalled "Well done, Condor." It was ascertained that the Khedive, who had taken refuge with Dervish Pacha at Ramleh, was in imminent danger. Arabi Pacha had sent a body of troops to guard the palace, and ordered them to kill the Khedive ; but Tewfik and Dervish managed to bribe the men, and to communicate with Admiral Sir Beauchamp Seymour, who despatched the Condor inshore to keep the Egyptian troops in check. The Khedive then succeeded in getting away, and drove to Ras-el-Tin. As the confla- gration and looting continued in the city of Alexandria, the Americans were asked to land marines to assist in keeping order, and a regular police system was organised under Lord Charles Beresford, while Cap- tain Fisher, of the Inflexible, took command of the land forces. Strong measures were necessary to subdue the looters. Several of the scoundrels detected in the very act of setting fire to houses were summarily shot in the great square, and those caught plundering were flogged. Lord Charles Beresford was promoted to the rank of Captain (Aug. 7, 1882) for the services he had rendered at the bombardment of Alexandria. In September 1884 he was appointed on the staff of Lord Wolseley for the Nile Expedition, and assisted in the 86 BERESFOKD arduous work of getting the boats up to Korfci. In command of the Naval Brigade with Sir Herbert Stewart across the Desert, he was the only man not killed of those in immediate charge of the machine-gun at Abu Klea, and was subsequently left in charge of Zeraba when the troops marched on Gubat. In February 1885, with the small river steamer Sofia, he rescued Sir Charles Wilson's party (who had been wrecked on their return from Khartoum), after having had the boiler of his steamer repaired while anchored for twenty-four hours under fire of the enemy's fort, which fire was kept down solely by the two machine-guns on board. His lordship sat in the House of Commons as member for the county of Waterford, in the Conserva- tive interest, from February 1874 till April 1880, when his candidature was unsuccess- ful. On many occasions he called atten- tion to the state of affairs connected with the Navy, and several naval reforms were effected through his instrumentality. In November 1885 he was returned for the Eastern Division of Marylebone by a majority of 944 over the late sitting member, and easily retained the seat at the election of 1886. He was appointed Junior Lord of the Admiralty on the accession of Lord Salisbury to power, which post he resigned in 1888 on a question affecting the strength of the Navy. He subsequently brought before the House of Commons detailed proposals for strengthening the fleet by seventy ships, at a cost of twenty millions. The Naval Defence Bill may be said to have resulted from these proposals. In Decem- ber 1889 he was appointed to the command of the first-class armoured cruiser Un- daunted, for service in the Mediterranean, having previously retired from Parliament. During this command he was instrumental in saving from shipwreck the Seignelay, a French cruiser of 1900 tons, which had parted her cable in a gale, and had gone u shore. Lord Charles offered to save the ship, although the French officers had declared that to get her off was a "physical impossibility." Owing to shallowness of water, the Undaunted could not approach within 850 yards of the French ship ; but, after working hard for three days, the crew of the Undaunted got a chain cable right over the Seignelay, and ultimately succeeded in drawing the French vessel into deep water. Lord Charles and his crew received the thanks of the French Government, personally conveyed by the French Admiral, and his lordship was also presented with a beautiful Sevres vase, the Admiralty not permitting him to accept the Legion of Honour which was offered. The Undaunted came home in June 1893, and paid off. Shortly after- wards Lord Charles was appointed to the command of the Steam Reserve at Chatham, where he did invaluable service, passing thirty-three vessels into the Navy, after conducting the necessary trials. In the early part of 1897 he was appointed Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, and took part in the Jubilee procession. He was promoted to the rank of Rear- Admiral in September of the same year. After being offered forty-sir seats in Parliament, Lord Charles elected to fight the vacancy created at York by the death of Sir Frank Lockwood, and succeeded, by a majority of 11, in securing the seat, the first cap- tured for the Government since the General Election of 1895. A petition was then presented by his opponents, asking for a re-count and scrutiny, but the pro- ceedings were ultimately withdrawn, and Lord Charles retained the seat. In a letter to Alderman Rymer, chairman of his party in York, written in August 1898, he begged to be excused from his coming Parliamentary engagements, on the ground that he had been requested by the Chair- man of the Associated Chambers of Com- merce to proceed to China to make a report on the future prospects of British trade and commerce with that country. He started for the East on Aug. 24, 1898. His mission, we are informed, may be purely political, and it is ostensibly based on the principle, "That no commercial development of China is possible until China can guarantee security to trade and commerce by adequate and efficient military and police protection." Lord Charles Beresford married in 1878 Nina, eldest daughter of the late Richard Gardner, Esq., M.P., and has issue, two daughters, Kathleen Mary, born 1879, and Eileen Theresa Lucy, born 1889. He is also heir-presumptive to his nephew, the Marquis of Waterford. Addresses: 2 Lower Berkeley Street, Portman Square; and Park Gate House, Ham Common. BERESFORD, Lord WiUiam Leslie de la Poer, #.C, K.C.I.E., the third son of the 4th Marquis of Waterford, was born on July 20, 1847, and was educated at Eton. He joined the 9th Lancers in 1867, served in Zululand in 1879, where he obtained the Victoria Cross, and was Lieutenant- Colonel of the 9th Lancers from 1890 to 1894. He was A.D.C. to Lord Lytton, when Viceroy of India, from 1876 to 1880, and acted as Military Secretary to Lords Ripon, Dufferin, and Lansdowne during their respective tenures of the Viceroyalty, from 1882 to 1894. Lord William was married, in 1895, to Lily Warren, daughter of the late Commodore Price, of New York, and widow of the 8th Duke of Marlborough, and has a son, William Warren de la Poer, BEEKELEY— BEENHABDT 87 born Feb. 4, 1897. Addresses : 3 Carlton House Terrace, S.W. ; and Deepdene, Dorking. BERKELEY, Ernest James Lennox, C.B., was born in 1857, and is the son of George Rawdon Lennox Berkeley. He was educated at the Royal Academy, Gosport, and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He is the Commissioner and Consul-General for the British Protectorate of Uganda, and was made a C.B. in 1897, when he married the daughter of Sir James Harris. Address : 10 St. James's Place, S.W. BERKLEY, George, Civil Engineer, was born in London on April 26, 1821, and educated at private schools, and appren- ticed to Samuda Bros, in 1835, with whom he worked in the shops and on designs of atmospheric systems of working railways, steam-engines, &c. From 1841 to 1849 he was assistant to Robert Stephenson, during which period he was engaged on experiments with locomotives, alteration of gauge and rolling stock of the Eastern Counties and North - Eastern Railways ; inquiry into systems of working atmos- pheric railways, question of gauge referred to Royal Commission in 1846, and other work. From 1849 to 1859 he was engaged on inquiry into the water supply of Liver- pool and neighbourhood for Robert Stephenson ; Engineer to London and Blackwall Railway ; North and South- western Junction Railway and Branch to Hammersmith ; Hampstead Junction Rail- way ; Stratford and Loughton Railway ; Wimbledon and Croydon ; East Suffolk system of railways ; Wells and Fakenham, and other lines ; and from 1851 to 1859 represented Robert Stephenson as Engineer to the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, and succeeded to the post on the death of Robert Stephenson. In 1874 he was appointed one of the Consulting Engineers to the Colonial Office for Railways in Natal, and viaducts and other work in the Cape Colony. In 1885 he was appointed Consulting Engineer to the Indian Midland Railway; and in 1887, in conjunction with his son, was appointed Engineer to the Argentine North - Eastern Railway. In 1845 he wrote a paper on the atmospheric system of railways, and in 1870 a paper on the strength of iron and steel, for the Institution of Civil Engineers. He is senior Vice-President of the Institution of Civil Engineers ; a Member of the Athenreum Club ; and has' been for some years on the Board of Managers of the Royal Institution. Address : Athenseum. BERNARD BEERE, Mrs. See Beeee, Mbs. Beenabd. BERNHARDT, Sarah, nie Rosine Bernardt, French actress, was born at 5 Rue de l'Ecole de Mddecine in Paris, Oct. 22, 1844. Her mother was Julie Bernardt, a Jewess born at Berlin, but living in Amsterdam since her childhood, who had come to Paris when a young woman to gain her livelihood. As all the birth registers of Paris were burnt during the Commune, these particulars can only be obtained from the entry registers of the Conservatoire. She spent her early life in Holland at her grandfather's, an Am- sterdam optician. She was sent to the Convent Grand Champ at Versailles at the age of seven, and was renowned for her violent temper. There she had as schoolfellow her future rival, Sophie Croi- zette, afterwards Madame Stern. She left in 1858, and on Nov. 29, 1859, she entered the Paris Conservatoire, and became a pupil of MM. Provost and Samson, pro- fessors of elocution. She gained a second prize for tragedy in 1861, and a second prize for comedy in 1862. This opened the doors of the Theatre Fran^ais to her, and on Aug. 11, 1862, she made her dibut in "Iphigenie," and on the 24th in the "Valerie " of Scribe. She attracted hardly any notice from the public ; but M. Fran- cisque Sarcey, who was then writing for L' Opinion Nationale, gave her a few lines, in which he said her elocution was perfect, but her acting that of a schoolgirl. She left the Comedie Francaise after eight months, or rather was dismissed for hav- ing boxed the ears of one of the seniors, Mademoiselle Nathalie. She then went to the Gymnase, and appeared on June 25, 1863, in "Le Pere de la debutante" and other pieces. However, in April 1864 the discipline of daily work became too much for her, and she went to Madrid, thus losing her place. Returning, she went to the Porte St. Martin Theatre, and on Deo. 8, 1865, she appeared in "La Biche au bois." She did not stay long here, and for a year was absent from the theatre ; after which, in January 1867, she pre- vailed upon M. Duquesnel to give her a place at the Odebn, having been recom- mended to him by M. Camille Doucet. Her success was not quick, but it was sure. She played Armande in " Les Femmes Savantes," Albine in " Britan- nicus," Mariette in "Francois le Champi," and Zacharie in "Athalie." On Jan. 14, 1869, she created the part of Zanetto in "Le Passant," by Francois Coppee. The poet had been persuaded to give her the part by Mme. Agar, one of her fellow- actors. She was a great success as the Florentine page, and in the dedication the poet alludes to her beauty and talent as the chief factors in the success of the piece. During the war of 1870 she was 88 BERNHARDT untiring in working with the Oddon am- bulance, and when the theatre opened again, she appeared in "Jean Marie," by M. Andre" Theuriet, and ' ' Mademoiselle AisseV' by Louis Bouilhet. On Feb. 19, 1872, the turning-point of her career was reached, for she then appeared in a revival of " Euy Bias" as the Queen, Marie de Neuborg. The part seemed to have been written for her ; the expression of her "golden voice " was so soft, and at the same time so touching, that her suc- cess became a triumph. M. Perrin, who had succeeded Thierry as Director of the Comedie Fran9aise, determined that this star must shine in his firmament alone, and she made her reappearance in "Made- moiselle de Belle-Isle" on Nov. 6, 1872. She worked hard with wondrous results : her Junie in " Britannicus " was received rapturously on December 14, and on March 23, 1874, she created the part of Berthe de Savigny in " Le Sphinx," by Octave Feuillet. Mademoiselle Croizette was playing the chief female part, but she was completely eclipsed by Madame Bernhardt in the part of the outraged but forgiving wife. In the month of December she played Phedre at three days' notice, and at once was compared to Bachel, who had been presumed till then to be unapproach- able in that r6le. It still remains her favourite part, and she includes it invari- ably in her repertoire whenever she comes to London. She was elected a sociitaire of the Comeciie Francaise in 1875, and in 1876 played Mrs. Clarkson in "L'Etran- gere " ; Andromaque and Dona Sol in 1877. "Ruy Bias" was produced in 1879, and she was as great a success at the Comedie Francaise as she had before been at the Odeon. For seven years she had been one of its members, and knowing her impetuous nature, people were wondering how long she would be able to bear the restrictions of such a position, when the expected happened. In 1879 the Comedie Francaise visited London, and gave a bril- liant series of performances at the Gaiety Theatre, under the direction of Mr. John Hollingshead. Madame Bernhardt was unable one night to play her part in "L'Etrangere," and some of the London papers made certain criticisms on her conduct, which were followed up by the Paris Figaro. Thereupon she resigned her position of sociitaire and accepted an en- gagement to visit the United States. How- ever, on her return to France from London she was persuaded to remain, and played Clorinde in " L'Aventuriere, " a part she disliked. In consequence she was ad- versely criticised by the press. Being further refused the part of Celimene in Musset's " On ne badine pas avec l'amour," she betook herself to her country house, and refused on any account to reappear in public. Thereupon the theatre brought an action against her for breach of con- tract, and she was compelled to pay £4000 damages. In May 1880 she went on a provincial tour through France, and then returned to London to play "Adrienne Lecouvreur " and "Froufrou." In August she went to Copenhagen, where she was received with the same enthusiasm as in London. She then accepted a tempting offer to go to America, where she was rumoured to have made gigantic sums. The people received her as a queen both in the United States and in Mexico, and their enthusiasm even went the length of acclaiming her as a compatriot, for in spite of her denials the newspapers per- sisted in saying she was born at Eochester, N.Y. In March 1881 she returned to France, and almost at once set off for Russia, Holland, and Belgium. In April 1882 she was married at the Church of St. Andrew, Wells Street, London, to M. Damala, one of the members of her com- pany, from whom she was divorced shortly afterwards. He died in 1889. On Decem- ber 11 of the same year she created her greatest rSle, that of Feclora, in the play of that name by M. Victorien Sardou {q.v.), at the Vaudeville, Paris. She also appeared in "Nana Sahib," by M. Jean Richepin, and, in 1883, in "Macbeth." In 1884 M. Mayer became the Director of the Porte St. Martin Theatre, and Madame Bernhardt entered into a five years' engage- ment with him. On December 26 of that year she created Theodora in the play of that name, which ran for nearly a year. She paid another visit to London in 1886, playing Fedora at the Gaiety, and went on to America, only returning to Paris in July 1887, bringing back £32,000 profit. In November of that year she played La Tosca in the play of that name, her best rtle after Fe'dora. During her foreign tour in 1888 the Turkish Censor of Plays pro- hibited " Theodora " at Constantinople. Mr. F. C. Philips' (q.v.) novel, "As in a Looking-Glass," furnished her with a new play, " Lena," in 1889. The next year M. Jules Barbier wrote for her " Jeanne d'Arc," which she brought to London in June at the old Her Majesty's. In October she created the title-rdle of " Clebpatre," by MM. Sardou and Emile Moreau, and then started on her third journey to America, which was continued into Aus- tralia, where Sydney was decorated in her honour. At this time there was some talk of her return to the Comedie Francaise, but she would not bind herself for three years. She returned to Europe in 1892, starting at once for London, where she played at the Royal English Opera-House, now the Palace Theatre. In 1893 she took BEERY 89 the Renaissance Theatre in Paris, and brought out " Les Rois," by M. Jules Lemaitre (q.v.), and on Jan. 24, 1894, "Izeyl," by MM. Armand Silvestre {q.v.) and Morand, in which she appeared at Daly's in June 1894, with other plays of her repertoire. In 1895 she produced " La Princesse Lointaine," the second work of M. Edmond Rostand [q.v.), the author of "Cyrano de Bergerac." She again visited Daly's in 1895; in 1896 she was at the Comedy, and produced "Magda," a trans- lation of Sudermann's "Heimat. " At the end of the year took place the fete organ- ised by M. Henri Bauer in her honour. It consisted of a lunch at the Grand Hotel of 500 guests, and a performance at the Renaissance of the third act of "Phedre" and the fourth act of "Rome vaincue," by M. de Parodi, followed by the recitation of poems in her honour by MM. Francis Coppee, Edmond Rostand, Andre 1 Theuriet, and Catulle Mendes. The only harsh note on a very great day was the refusal of the Government to bestow the Legion of Honour on the great actress. In 1897 she produced "Lorenzaccio," an adaptation of De Musset by Armand d'Artois, and " Spiritisme," by no means Sardou's masterpiece. She visited London as usual in June, and appeared at the Adelphi in the above-named and several of her old successes. In the autumn of the year she underwent a painful opera- tion under Dr. Pozzi, but was no sooner out of the doctor's hands than she performed in Signor Gabriele d'Annunzio's " La Fille Morte " and M. Romain Coolus' " Lysiane." The latter she brought to London in June 1898, where her stay at the Lyric was rendered notorious by the refusal of the Lord Chamberlain to allow the represen- tation of "Le Songe d'une Matine'e de Printemps," by Signor d'Annunzio. Be- sides being an actress, Madame Bernhardt has tried other arts, and has exhibited sculpture at the Salon 1874-86, has painted pictures, and in 1888 wrote a play, "L'Aveu," which was performed at the Odeon. BERRY, Rev. Charles Albert, D.D., was born at Leigh, Lancashire, on Dec. 14, 1852, and was educated at a private school at Southport, and the Airedale Independent College, Yorkshire. He was pastor of St. George's Road Chapel, Bolton, from 1875 to 1883, and in the latter year received a call to the Queen Street Congregational Chapel, Wolverhampton. He was, in 1887, asked to succeed Henry Ward Beecher, of Brooklyn, U.S.A.; this invitation, however, he refused, as also other requests to come to London. He has visited America on several occasions, and has travelled in Egypt, Palestine, Australia, and New Zea- land. Dr. Berry was elected, in 1897, Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, and he has also served the office of President of the National Council of Evangelical Free Churches. He is the author of "Vision and Duty," 1892 (series of "Preachers of the Age"); "Mischievous Goodness," 1897 ; and a volume of sermons. Address : 13 Parkdale, Wolverhampton. BERRY, The Hon. Sir Graham, K.C.M.G., was born in 1822. He was a shopkeeper in Chelsea, who went out to Victoria in 1852 in the height of the gold- digging fever, but instead of turning his attention to the gold mines he settled down to business in Melbourne. In 1860 he was elected to the Victorian Parlia- ment as an advanced Liberal, and again in 1864, but was defeated in the next elec- tion, and then, devoting his energies to journalism, became proprietor and editor of the Geelong Register. He soon, however, re-entered Parliament, and in 1870 first took office as Treasurer, and five years later became Premier for a short time. In 1877 Sir G. Berry was returned at the head of an overwhelming majority, and once more took the Premiership. While in office he passed several important de- mocratic measures, including a land tax on large estates, but failed to carry a proposal for a fundamental reform of the Legislative Council. Sir G. Berry then visited England in order to induce the Im- perial Parliament to take up the matter, but failed, though through his efforts the question was eventually settled. On his return the general election of 1880 placed him in a minority, but he was subsequently restored to power, and carried some note- worthy reform measures. Again thrown out by a want of confidence vote, Sir G. Berry entered a coalition Ministry, in which he was Chief Secretary and Post- master-General (1884-85). Early in 1886 Sir G. Berry, with Mr. Service, was Vic- torian delegate to the first Federal Council, and shortly afterwards he was appointed Agent -General in London for Victoria, which post he held until February 1892. On returning to the colony he accepted the office of Treasurer in the Shiels Ministry, which succumbed to a vote of want of confidence in January 1893. The honour of knighthood was conferred in 1886 on Sir Graham Berry in recognition of his services to the colony. He was Executive Commissioner for Victoria at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. In 1869 he married Madge, daughter of J. B. Evans of Victoria. Address : Melbourne. BERRY, William Bisset, M.D., Speaker of the Cape Legislative Assembly 90 BERTHELOT — BERTRAND was born at Aberdeen, and graduated at the University of his native town. In 1867 he established himself in practice in the eastern districts of Cape Colony. He took a great interest in municipal and educational work, and served on several government commissions, being an expert with regard to native problems. In 1893 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Queenstown. He is a strenuous ad- vocate of compulsory education for all. He supports Mr. Rose Innes as a Moderate, but has backed up Mr. Rhodes' policy in Charterland. He is popular with both sides of the House. BERTHELOT, Pierre Eugene Mar- celin, a French chemist, the son of a physician, was born at Paris, Oct. 25, 1827. From a very early age he has devoted him- self to scientific studies, and made special researches into the synthesis of fatty bodies and alcohol, and into thermo-chemistry. The degree of Doctor of Sciences was conferred upon him in April 1854, and in 1861 the Academy of Sciences awarded him the sum of 3500 francs for his researches. In 1859 he was appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Superior School of Pharmacy, and in 1865, at the request of the Academy of Sciences, a new chair of organic chemistry was erected for him at the College de France. He was elected a Member of the Aca- demie de Me'decine in February 1863, and entered the Acade'mie des Sciences, March 3, 1873, in the place of Duhamel. He has since been elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London, and of most of the Academies of Europe and the United States. On Sept. 2, 1870, he was elected President of the Scientific Com- mittee of Defence, and during the siege of Paris was engaged in the manufacture of guns and ammunition, and especially of nitro-glycerine and dynamite. Since 1878 he has been President of the Com- mittee on Explosives, to which body the new smokeless powder is due. On April 6, 1876, he was named Inspector-General of Higher Education. The labours of M. Berthelot have had for their object, prin- cipally, the reproduction of the substances which enter into the composition of organ- ised beings, and his labours have opened a new field for science, which, up to his time, had limited itself almost entirely to analysis. The dyeing trade has benefited largely by bis discoveries in extracting dyes from coal tar. He has for forty years contributed extensively to the Annates de Chimie et de Physique, of which he is now editor, La Synthase des Carbures d'Hydro- gene, &c, and has written " Chimie Organ- ique fondle sur la Synthese," 1860 ; " Legons sur les Principes Sucres," 1862; "Legons sur les Me'thodes Generales de Synthese," 1864; "Legons sur l'Isomerie," 1865; " Traite' Elementaire de Chimie Organ- ique," " Sur la Force de la Poudre et des Matieres Explosives," 1872 and 1889 ; ' ' Verification de 1' Are'ome'tre de Baume'," 1873 ; " Les Origines de PAlchimie," 1885 ; " Collection des anciens Alchim- istes grecs," 1888 ; besides numerous scien- tific and philosophical articles for the Revue des Deux Mondes, the Revue des Oours Scientifiques, Le Temps, &c. , which have been collectively published under the title "Science et Philosophie." He is one of the founders and the director of the " Grande Encyclopedic," of which the first volume was published in 1885. M. Berthelot was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1861, made an Officer in 1867, Commander in 1879, and Grand Officer in 1886, in which year he became, for a short time, a member of the French Cabinet. In 1889 he was elected Secre- taire perp^tuel de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris, and in 1895 Minister for Foreign Affairs. BEBTILLON, Alphonse, French anthropologist, younger brother of Dr. Jacques Bertillon, was born at Paris in 1853. He has devoted himself especially to ethnography, and has acquired a Euro- pean reputation by applying anthropometry to the detection of criminals. As Chief of the Identification Office at the Prefecture de Police in Paris, he instituted in 1880 a system of measuring which has given mar- vellously precise results. Out of the 700 anthropometric discoveries of old criminals during the first six years of the use of his system, not one error has been dis- covered. Other governments have followed the example of France, and it was intro- duced at Scotland Yard in 1896. His chief works are " Ethnographie Moderne, les races sauvages," 1883; "1' Anthropo- metric judiciaire a Paris en 1889," 1890; "la Photographie judiciaire," 1890; "Identification anthropome'trique," 1893. BERTILLON, Jacques, French doctor and statistician, born at Paris in 1851, is the elder son of Dr. Louis Adolphe Bertillon, statistician and botanist. He studied medicine at Paris, and became a doctor in 1883. He is one of the heads of department of the Statistical Office of the Prefecture of the Seine. He married the lady doctor Caroline Schultze, who is physician to the Qdeon Theatre. He has published "Atlas de statisque graphique de la ville de Paris en 1888," 1890. BERTRAND, Joseph Louis Fran- cois, a French mathematician, born in Paris, March 11, 1822, evinced from a very BESANT 91 early age an extraordinary taste for mathe- matics, and when eleven years of age, on leaving the College of St. Louis, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique. He was succes- sively Professor at the Lycee Saint-Louis, Examiner for admissions at the Ecole Polytechnique, Teacher of Analysis at the same school, Assistant Professor of Mathematical Physics at the College of France, and Professor of Special Mathe- matics at the Lycee Napoleon. In 1856 he was admitted to the Academie des Sciences in place of Sturm, and on the death of Elie de Beaumont, in 1874, was elected perpetual secretary. Besides his three great works, "Traite d'Arithme'tique," 1849; "Traite d'Algebre," 1856; and "Traite" de Calcul Differentiel Integral," 1864-70, he has written a number of memoirs relative to physics, pure mathe- matics and mechanics, of which the follow- ing are the principal : " Sur les Conditions d'Integralite" des Fonctions differentielles," " Sur la Theorie Generale des Surfaces," " Sur la Similitude en Mechanique," " Sur la Theorie des Phenomenes Capillaires," "Sur la Theorie de la Propagation du Son," &c, which have appeared in the Journal de I'ficdle Polytechnique or the Mimoires de V Acadimie des Sciences. Lately he has written monographs on d'Alembert (1889) and Pascal (1890). He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour in August 1867, and Commander in December 1881. BESANT, Mrs. Annie, ne'e Wood, is of Irish parentage, being the daughter of William Page Wood and Emily, daughter of James Morris, and was born in London on October 1, 1847, and brought up at Harrow. In 1867 she married the Eev. Frank Besant, who was at that time a master at Cheltenham, and was subse- quently Vicar of Sibsey, in Lincolnshire. In 1873 she was legally separated from him. In 1874 her keen interest in political and social topics brought her into contact with the Secularists. She joined the National Secular Society, and published pamphlets under their auspices. On the publication of the notorious "Fruits of Philosophy," she was prosecuted in con- nection with the late Mr. Bradlaugh, M. P. (June 1877), but the prosecution was a failure. In 1883 Mrs. Besant became deeply interested in Socialism. She was during three years a member of the Lon- don School Board. After a lifelong devo- tion to Free Thought she joined the Theosophical Society in 1889, and has carried on active Theosophical propaganda at home and in India and the United States. In March 1893 she returned from a lecturing tour in the United States, where, as in India, to which she paid a lengthy visit in 1894, the Theosophical cult is very popular. She has now resumed her acti- vities at home. She resides at the Theo- sophical European Headquarters in St. John's Wood, N.W., and in 1893 published her biography under the title of " Through Storm to Peace." Other works from her pen are "Reincarnation" and "Seven Principles of Man," 1892; "Death and After," 1893; "Building of the Kosmos," 1894; "Karma," "In the Outer Court," and "The Self and its Sheaths," 1895; "Path of Discipleship " and "Man and his Bodies," 1896 ; " Four Great Religions," " The Ancient Wisdom," and " Three Paths to Union with God," 1897. She edits the Theosophical Review in conjunction with G. R. S. Mead. Address : 19 Avenue Road, Regent's Park, N.W. BESANT, Sir Walter, was born at Portsmouth in 1838, and educated at King's College, London, and Christ's Col- lege, Cambridge, where he graduated in high mathematical honours. He was in- tended for the Church, but abandoned this career. He was then appointed Senior Professor in the Royal College of Mauritius, but was compelled by ill-health to resign, and returned to England, where he has since resided. In 1868 he produced his first work, "Studies in Early French Poetry." In 1873 he brought out "The French Humourists, " in 1877 "Rabelais" for the Ancient and Foreign Classics, and in 1882 "Readings from Rabelais," in 1879 "Coligny," and in 1881 "Whitting- ton" (Chatto & Windus). Mr. Besant acted for many years as Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, in which capacity he wrote, in 1871, a "History of Jerusalem," with the late Professor Palmer, and was editor of the great work entitled "The Survey of Western Pales- tine." He has contributed to most of the magazines. In 1871 he entered into the partnership with the late Mr. James Rice which produced the series of novels that bear their joint names. Mr. Besant has also written, under his own name, "The Revolt of Man," "The Captain's Room," "All Sorts and Conditions of Men," 1882, which led to the establishment of the People's Palace in the East End of London; "All in a Garden Fair," 1883; "Dorothy Foster," 1884; "Uncle Jack," 1885 ; " Children of Gibeon," 1886 ; "The World Went Very Well Then," 1887; "For Faith and Freedom," 1888; "The Bell of St. Paul's," 1889; "Armorel of Lyonnesse," 1890; "St. Katherine's by the Tower," 1891 ; " The Ivory Gate," 1892; "The Rebel Queen," 1893; "Be- yond the Dreams of Avarice, 1895 ; "The Master Craftsman," "The City of Refuge," 1896; "A Fountain Sealed" 92 BESANT — BETHAM-ED WARDS and "The Changeling," 1897, and two or three volumes of short stories. He also, with Mr. Rice, put on the stage two plays, one performed at the Royal Court, a dramatic version of "Ready Money Mortiboy," and the other, " Such a Good Man," the play from which their story bearing the same title was written. He wrote a book on the people of London, 1892 (Chatto & Windus) ; on "Westminster," 1895; and a small book on the history of London, 1893 (Long- mans). His "Rise of the British Empire" appeared in 1897. Mr. Besant has also written a biography of the late Professor Palmer, 1883 ; and " The Eulogy of Richard Jefferies, " 1888. On the establishment of the Incorporated Society of Authors, he was elected the first Chairman of the Executive Committee, and in succession to the late Sir Frederick Pollock he was re-elected to the same office, which he held for four years. He is editor of The Author, a monthly paper devoted to the interests of literary men and literary be- ginners. He is now the Director of the " Survey of London." Latterly Sir Walter Besant has taken great interest in the scheme for celebrating the millenary of King Alfred, and in February 1898 he lectured, at Winchester, upon the Alfred Commemoration. Addresses: FrognalEnd, Hampstead ; Athenaeum. BESANT, "William Henry, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., the son of a merchant at Portsmouth, was born at Portsmouth in 1828, and was educated at the Grammar School, and at a Proprietary School at Southsea, and proceeded, in 1846, to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA. in 1850 as Senior Wran- gler and First Smith's Prizeman. He was elected to a Fellowship at St. John's College in 1851, and was appointed Lec- turer in 1853. The Fellowship ceased in 1859, but he was retained as Lecturer, and held that appointment until June 1889. In 1856 he was Moderator and in 1857 Examiner for the Mathematical Tripos. In 1859 he acted as deputy for the Vice- Chancellor in the examination for the Smith's Prizes. From 1859 to 1864 he was one of the Examiners for the University of London. In 1871 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He is also a Member of the Royal Astronomical So- ciety, and of the London Mathematical Society. In 1883 he received the degree of Doctor of Science, being the first D.Sc. created by the University of Cambridge. He has been very active as a private tutor, college lecturer, and examiner in Cam- bridge and elsewhere. In 1885 he was again Moderator for the Mathematical Tripos. In May 1889 he was re-elected to a Fellowship at St. John's College. Dr. Besant has published treatises on " Hydro- Mechanics," "Elementary Hydrostatics," "Geometrical Conic Sections," "Dyna- mics," " Roulettes and Glissettes," and has written various papers in the Messenger of Mathematics and in the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. Dr. Besant married the only surviving daughter of the late Pro- fessor Willis in 1861. Private address : Spring Lawn, Harvey Road, Cambridge. BESIEGED RESIDENT. See La- BOUCHBEB, H. BESNARD, Armand Louis Charles Gustave, French Admiral, was born at Rambouillet, Oct. 11, 1833, and entered the Naval School in 1849. He was present at the bombardment of Petropaulovsk during the Crimean war, and was engaged in China during the second Chinese war. In 1863 his bravery in Cochin China, at Vinh- Long, gained him the Legion of Honour. During the war of 1870 he was Chief of the Staff (acting as brevet lieutenant- colonel) to the army of Brittany, and was present at the battles of Drou^ and Le Mans. In 1873 he was promoted to a captaincy, and was Chief of the Staff to Admiral Jaures. In 1879 he was assistant to Commander Gougeard, the Minister of Marine in the Gambetta Cabinet ; after its fall he commanded the Friedland, and then the training-ship Iphiginie. In 1886 he attained flag rank, and became Chief of the Staff at the Admiralty, until he was appointed to the command of the Chinese squadron. In 1892 he was promoted Vice - Admiral and Prefet Maritime at Brest, when M. Ribot gave him the port- folio of the Admiralty in his Cabinet (Jan. 26, 1895). This post he held until the fall of the Meline Ministry in June 1898. He is a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, Paris Address : 45 Boulevard Lannes. BETHAM-EDWABDS, Miss Ma- tilda Barbara, was born at Westerfield, Suffolk, in 1836, and began to write when quite young. Her first effort in fiction, a story, " The White House by the Sea," published when she was nineteen, has been many times reprinted in popular editions, also translated into Norwegian and other languages ; since that time she has devoted herself entirely to literature, contributing to Punch, the Graphic, the Pall Mall Gazette, Macmillan's Magazine, and other leading periodicals, and pub- lishing numerous novels and novelettes. Amongst the most popular are: "John and I," "Doctor Jacob," "Kitty," "The Sylvestres," "Bridget," "Disarmed," "Pearla," "Love and Mirage," "Half- way," "A Dream of Millions," "Felicia," BETHELL — BHOWNAGGKEE 93 "Forestalled," "Brother Gabriel," "For the Other World." Many of these stories originally appeared in American and English serials, and have been translated into French, German, and Norwegian. They have also been reissued in popular editions in America, Germany, and at home. Amongst Miss Betham-Edwards's miscellaneous contributions to literature may be mentioned " A Winter with the Swallows in Algeria" and "A Year in Western France." In 1885 she published a volume of "Poems," containing, among other reprints, " The Golden Bee," which attracted the attention of Charles Dickens when the authoress was in her teens, and which was republished in popular form in 1897. In 1889 this writer issued a centennial edition of Arthur Young's "Travels in France," with notes, bio- graphy, and general sketch of France, the result of personal experience and obser- vations ; also, "The Roof of France; or, Travels in Lozere." In recognition of these works the French Government in 1891 conferred upon Miss Betham -Edwards the dignity of Officier de l'lnstruction Pub- lique de France. She is the first English- woman thus honoured. In 1892 and 1894 appeared in 2 vols. " France of To-day." This writer's hymn, "God make my life a little light," has now found a place in most hymnals, anthologies, &c. , and is included in Dr. Julian's great Dictionary of Hymnology recently issued. Miss Betham-Edwards's latest contributions to fiction are : " The Romance of a French Parson," 1892; "The Curb of Honour," 1893; "A Romance of Dijon," 1894; "The Dream Charlotte," 1896; "A Storm-Rent Sky," 1898. She also edited "The Auto- biography of Arthur Young," 1898 ; and among forthcoming works are her "Re- miniscences" and "Poems," a complete edition. In 1894 she received a Civil List pension of £50 a year in consideration of her services to literature. Address : Villa Julia, Hastings. BETHELX, George Richard, M.P., the son of W. F. Bethell, of Rise Park, Hull, was born March 23, 1849, and was educated at Laleham and Gosport Naval School. After the usual training on board the Britannia, he entered the Navy in 1862, and served as a sub-lieutenant during surveys conducted in the Mediterranean and in the Gulf of Suez. After becoming a Lieutenant he served on board the Challenger, the Alert, and the Minotaur during the years 1872 to 1884. In the latter year he was attached to Sir C. Warren's expedition to Bechuanaland, and was also in that year promoted to be Commander. He holds the Khedive's bronze star, and the Egyptian medal. Commander Bethell was elected, in 1885, Conservative member for the Holderness Division of the East Riding of Yorkshire, and he has retained the seat up to the present time. Address : Sigglesthorne, Hull. BEVEK.LEY, Bishop of. See Cboss- thwaitb, The Right Rev. Robebt J. BHOWNAGGREE, Sir Mancher- jee, K.C.I.E., M.P., only son of the late Merwanjee Bhownaggree, a Parsee mer- chant and public-spirited citizen of Bom- bay, was born in that city on Aug. 15, 1851. He was educated at the Proprietary School and Elphinstone College, and ap- pointed Fellow of the Bombay University in 1881. When at college he won a prize for an essay on the Constitution of the East India Company, which three years later he enlarged into an abbreviated history of the growth of the famous John Company. Receiving a journalistic train- ing under the well-known Anglo-Indian publicist Mr. Robert Knight, he was ap- pointed one of the sub-editors of the Statesman newspaper in 1871, in which year he also delivered a public lecture on the history and growth of the Times news- paper. On the death of his father in the following year the charge of the Bombay State Agency of the large territory of Bhavnagar devolved upon him, and from that time his connection with the press, which has been maintained up to now, became a non-professional one. In 1877 he published a Gujarati translation of Her Majesty's " Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands " ; and until he came to England in 1881 to read for the Bar, he was an active member on the governing bodies of several public institutions. For eight years he was secretary of the first female English school in Western India, and during his tenure that academy was placed in a fine building of its own. He was also secretary for many years of the Bombay branch of the East Indian Asso- ciation ; and on the Mechanics' Institute, the Gymnastic Institute, and many other public bodies he did important work. In 1881 the Bombay government appointed him a Justice of the Peace. He varied his study in law here by taking part in the proceedings of several public bodies and serving upon their councils. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1885, in which year he read an exhaustive paper on the subject of female education in India before the Society of Arts. Mr. Matthew Arnold presided on the occasion, and he and several other speakers so highly com- mended the lecture that the Society's silver medal was awarded for it. In 1886 he served as one of the Commissioners 94 BICKEEDYKE — BICKEESTETH from India on the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, and was created a CLE. In the following year he was asked by the Mahraja of Bhavnagar, with the consent of Lord Eeay's Government at Bombay, to assist him in establishing a constitutional administration and in reorganising the judicial and police departments in his State. This was so novel an innovation on the strictly autocratic form of rule which had prevailed from time imme- morial in native India that the task was fraught not only with difficulty, but with danger. It was, however, accomplished with tact and firmness, the unwavering support of the Maharajah Takhtsingjee and the enlightened co-operation of fellow councillors — Dewan Vittaldas, Mr. Proctor Sims, and Dr. Barjorjee Byramjee — making it so successful in practice from the first that the new constitution has been since firmly fixed in the State, and even found imitators in other territories. It struck a blow at the absolute exercise of individual authority, and put an end to the strife of rival factions which is so fruitful a source of mischief in the India of the Rajahs. This brought about a combination of powerful malcontents, who fiercely at- tacked the Mahraja and the gentlemen who were Mr. Bhownaggree's coadjutors in scurrilous sheets which were spread broadcast over India. Thereupon followed in 1890 the famous prosecution known as the "Bhavnagar Defamation Cases," which ended in the conviction and punish- ment of the ringleaders of the gang. A complete exposure of the blackmailing system of the lower native press and of the various pernicious influences which are at work at the courts of native states was made in the course of the trial, and formed the subject of a valuable and bulky report which Mr. Bhownaggree wrote at its con- clusion. When thus engaged in political and judicial work, he did not neglect the educational and social duties which fell upon him as a public man. He was the Secretary and chief worker of the Ruk- mabai Defence Committee, which had for its object the protection of Hindu women against the evils of infant marriage. He gave valuable evidence before the Public Service Commission, which dealt with the question of the wider employment of the people of India in the administrative service of their country, and successfully worked to place the Bombay Gymnastic Institute upon a permanent basis by hous- ing it, with the co-operation of the Govern- ments of Lord Reay and Lord Harris, in a fine building and large playground in one of the most conspicuous sites in the city. The death of his only sister Ave in 1888 fell upon him heavily, and in order to perpetuate her memory he founded the Nurses' Home at Bombay, and erected the East Corridor of the Imperial Institute in London, in which city she was educated. Both these monuments bear her name, as well as several prizes endowed in connec- tion with female education, of which he, following in the footsteps of his father and mother, has been a staunch advocate throughout his life. His other contribu- tions to different charities make up a handsome total. Returning to London in 1891, his old activity upon public bodies was resumed, and his friends perceived that if he entered upon a parliamentary career his energies would find adequate scope in English public life, and also serve the purpose of cementing the bonds between Great Britain and her Indian Empire. He was thus induced to enter into the political arena, and the path to success, which seemed long and difficult, was not made either smoother or shorter by his accepting the offer of North-East Bethnal Green to contest it in the Con- servative interest. Mr. George Howell had been in possession of the seat by large Radical majorities ever since it be- came a separate constituency in 1S85. But after a plucky fight Mr. Bhownaggree was elected on the 16th July 1895. In questions of domestic legislation he is a progressive Conservative, and a strong Imperialist as regards our foreign policy and possessions. He insists upon India being regarded from an entirely non- political standpoint, and holds firmly to the belief that British rule has given her an unprecedented period of peace and of opportunities for material progress, on which he regards her future prosperity must mainly depend. Any movements which tend to shake the foundations of that rule he strongly deprecates, but in his criticism of the policy and actions of either party towards India he follows an independent line. Permanent address : 3 Cromwell Crescent, S.W. BICKERDYKE, John. See Cook, C. H. BICKEESTETH, The Right Rev. Edward Henry, D.D., Bishop of Exeter, born at Islington, Jan. 25, 1825, son of the late Rev. Edward Bickersteth, Rector of Watton, was educated at Watton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was Chancellor's English Medallist in 1844, 1845, and 1846; proceeded B.A. (Sen. Opt.) in 1847, Classical Tripos, 3rd Class ; took the degree of M.A. in 1850; and gained the Seatonian Prize in 1854. Mr. Bickersteth became Curate of Banning- ham, Norfolk, in 1848; Curate of Christ Church, Tunbridge Wells, 1852 ; Rector of Hinton Martell, Dorset, in the same year ; BICKMOEE — BIDDULPH 05 Vicar of Christ Church, Hampstead, in 1855; Chaplain to the Bishop of Ripon in 1861 ; Rural Dean of Highgate in 1878 ; and Dean of Gloucester in 1884. On the translation of Dr. Temple to the See of London, Dr. Bickersteth was ap- pointed Bishop of Exeter, and was con- secrated in 1885. He is author of the following books : "Poems," 1848; "Water from the Well-Spring," 1853; "The Rock of Ages ; or, Scripture Testimony to the One Eternal Godhead of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit," 1858 ; "Practical and Explanatory Commentary on the New Testament," 1864; "Yester- day, To-day, and for Ever : a Poem in 12 books," 1866; "The Spirit of Life; or, Scripture Testimony to the Divine Person and Work of the Holy Ghost," 1868 ; " The Hymnal Companion to the Book of Com- mon Prayer," 1870; "The Two Brothers, and other Poems," 1871; "The Master's Home-Call, 1872; "The Reef and other Parables," 1873; "The Shadowed Home and the Light Beyond," 1874; and "The Lord's Table," 1882. The " Hymnal Com- panion," of which a revised and enlarged edition, with tunes, appeared in 1876, is now in use in many thousands of churches in England and the Colonies. He married (1) in 1848 Rosa, daughter of the late Sir Samuel Bignold, Norwich (she died in 1873) ; and (2) in 1876 Ellen, daughter of the late Robert Bickersteth. Address : The Palace, Exeter. BICKMORE, Albert Smith, was born at St. George's, Maine, March 1, 1839. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1860, and immediately began to study Natural History under Agassiz, who, in the follow- ing year, placed him in charge of the department of Mollusca in his Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. He had, very early in his scientific career, determined to establish at New York a Museum of Natural History. Partly to make collections for this, and partly to supply some deficiencies in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, he sailed in 1865 for the East Indies. He spent one year making collections of shells and small animals in the East Indian Archipelago ; then traversed a large portion of China ; visited and explored Japan, crossed Siberia, visiting its mines, Central and Northern Russia, and other European countries, and returned to New York after an absence of about three years. In 1869 he published in London and New York a volume of his "Travels in the East Indian Archipelago," and a German edition at Jena. In 1870 he was elected Professor of Natiiral^ His- tory in Madison University, Hamilton, New York. He has been a frequent con- tributor to the American Journal of Science, and the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society ; and is now Director of the Museum of Natural History, New York, which was inaugurated at the close of 1877. BIDDULPH, General Sir Michael Anthony Shrapnel, G.C.B., is the second son of the late Rev. Thomas Shrapnel Biddulph of Amroth Castle, Pembroke- shire, sometime Prebendary of Brecknock, by Charlotte, daughter of the Rev. James Stillingfleet, Prebendary of Worcester, and was born at Cleeve Court, Somerset, in 1825. He was educated at Woolwich, and entered the Royal Artillery in 1843 as a second lieutenant. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1844 ; became captain in 1850, brevet major in 1854, brevet lieu- tenant-colonel in 1856, colonel in 1874, major-general in 1877, lieutenant-general in 1881, and general in 1886. General Biddulph served throughout the Eastern campaign of 1854-55, including the battles of Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman, and the siege and fall of Sebastopol. He was Deputy Adjutant-General of Artillery in India from 1868 to 1871 ; and in 1876 he was appointed Brigadier-General in com- mand of the Rohiikund district ; he also commanded the Quettah field force in Afghanistan 1878-79. He was nominated a Companion of the Order of the Bath (military division) in 1873, and promoted to a Knight Commandership of that Order in 1879 (G.C.B.). In 1881 he was appointed to the divisional staff of the army in Bengal. He is Gentleman-Usher of the Black Rod and Groom-in-Waiting, President of the Ordnance Committee, and Keeper of the Regalia. Sir Michael Biddulph married, in 1857, Katherine, daughter of Captain Stamati, Command- ant of Balaclava. Address : 2 Whitehall Court, S.W. BIDDTJLPH, General Sir Robert, G.C.M.G. , K.C.B., is the son of the late Mr. Robert Biddulph of Ledbury, Hereford- shire, by Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. George Palmer, M.P., of Nazing Park, Essex. He was born in London, Aug. 26, 1835, and educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was appointed second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1853 ; captain in 1860 ; major in the army in 1861 ; lieutenant-colonel in 1864 ; colonel in 1872 ; brigadier-general in 1879 ; major- general in the army in 1883; and lieu- tenant-general in 1887. He was Deputy Assistant-Adjutant-General in India from 1858 to 1860 ; Military Secretary in China in 1860-61 ; Military Secretary in Madras from 1861 to 1865 ; and Deputy Assistant- Quartermaster-General at Woolwich from 1868 to 1871. He was one of the Assistant Boundary Commissioners under the Reform 96 BID WELL — BIGELO W Aot of 1867, and acted as private secre- tary to Mr. Cardwell when that statesman was Secretary for War, in 1871-73. From 1873 to 1878 he was Assistant Adjutant- General at Headquarters ; in March 1879, he was nominated her Majesty's Com- missioner for arranging the payment due to the Turkish Government under the Convention concluded in the previous year ; and in May 1879 he was appointed High Commissioner and Commander-in- Chief of the island of Cyprus, on the transfer of Sir Garnet Wolseley to Natal ; Inspector-General of Becruiting, 1886-87 ; Quartermaster-General of the Army in 1887 ; Director-General of Military Educa- tion from March 1888 to January 1893. Under his administration the state of the island of Cyprus has very greatly im- proved ; and to him is due much of the credit for the successful " locust war " urged against that deadly insect-plague. From January to October 1893, he was Quartermaster-General to the Forces at Headquarters. In October 1893 he was appointed Governor and Commander-in- Chief of Gibraltar, a post he now holds. He was nominated a Companion of the Order of the Bath (military division) in 1877, and created a Knight Commander of the Order of SS. Michael and George in 1880, a G.C.M.G. in 1886. In 1892 he was promoted to the rank of General. He married, in 1864, Sophia, daughter of the Bev. A. L. Lambert, rector of Chilbolton, Hampshire, and widow of Mr. B. Stuart Palmer. Address : The Convent, Gibraltar. BIDWELL, Shelford, F.B.S., eldest son of the late Shelford Clarke Bidwell, Esq., J. P., was born on March 6, 1848, at Thetford, Norfolk, and was educated pri- vately, and at Caius College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. (Mathematical Tripos) in 1870, LL.B. (Law Tripos) in 1871, and M. A. in 1873, and was called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn) in 1874. He has devoted much time to experimental scientific work, especially in relation to electricity, mag- netism, and optics. Accounts of his re- searches are contained in numerous papers published in the Philosophical Transactions and the Proceedings of the Royal Society, the Proceedings of the Physical Society, the Philosophical Magazine, Nature, and other scientific journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Boyal Society in 1886, was President of the Physical Society, 1897-98 ; and a Member of the Institution of Elec- trical Engineers, and other associations. He married in 1874 Annie Wilhelmina Evelyn, daughter of the Bev. E. Firmstone, M.A., Sector of Wyke, near Winchester, and has three children. Addresses : Biver- stone Lodge, Southfields, S.W. ; 1 Mitre Court Buildings, Temple. BIERSTADT, Albert, was born near Diisseldorf, in Germany, Jan. 7, 1830. His parents emigrated to the United States when he was two years of age, and settled in New England. He went to Germany in 1853, studied painting in Diisseldorf, spent a winter in Borne, made the tour of Switzerland and the Apennines, and returned to the United States in 1857, In 1859 he accompanied General Lander's expedition to the Bocky Mountains, where he spent several months in making sketches. He was made an Academician in 1860. In 1863 he produced his celebrated picture, "View of the Bocky Mountains — Lander's Peak," which at once gave him a high reputation. Among his subsequent works, the most noticeable have been — " Sunlight and Shadow," "The Storm in the Bocky Mountains," " Domes of the Yosemite," "Laramie Peak," "Emigrants Crossing the Plains," "Mount Hood," "Mount Whitney," "Scene near Fort Laramie," "Geysers of the Yellowstone," "Great Trees of California," " Matterhorn," "Bocky Mountain Sheep," "Settlement of California," "Discovery of the Hudson," "Last of the Buffalo, "and "Landing of Columbus." He travelled in Europe in 1867, 1878, and 1883, and in 1863 and 1873 visited the Pacific coast, while in 1889 he went to Alaska. In 1871 he was made a member of the Academy of Fine Arts of St. Petersburg. He has received medals in Belgium, Germany, Bavaria, and Austria, the Legion of Honour, the Eussian Order of St. Stanislaus, and the Turkish Order of the Medjidie. His house and studio at Irvington, New York, were destroyed by fire in November 1882 ; but though his loss was considerable, his more valuable pictures were fortunately at his studio in New York City, and so escaped destruction. BIGELOW, John, American states- man and author, was born at Malden-on- Hudson, New York, Nov. 25, 1817. He graduated at Union College in 1835, was admitted to the Bar in 1839, became joint proprietor with William C. Bryant, and Managing Editor of the New York Evening Post in 1849, was appointed Consul at Paris by President Lincoln in 1861, Chargd d'Affaires in December 1864, and Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- tiary to the Court of France in April 1865 ; he resigned, and returned to the United States in the beginning of 1867 to devote himself to literary pursuits. He was chairman of the commission organised at the request of Governor Tilden to investi- gate the management of the canals of the State of New York in 1874, in 1875 was elected Secretary of State of the State of New York, in 1884 was offered the position of Chamberlain of the City of New York, EIGGE — BILCESCO 97 and in 1885 was appointed Assistant Treasurer of the United States at New York, which he declined. During the years 1843-45 Mr. Bigelow was a frequent con- tributor to the Democratic Revieto. He was one of the five inspectors of the State prison at Sing Sing, 1845-48, and was the author of all their annual reports to the Legislature. He visited the island of Jamaica in 1850, and upon his return pub- lished "Jamaica in 1850; or the Effect of Sixteen Years of Freedom on a Slave Colony." During his residence in Paris he published "Les Etats Unis en 1863." Also while in Paris he became possessed of the original manuscript of the auto- biography of Benjamin Franklin, from which he published, in 1868, the first correct copy ever printed of that famous story. Among his other writings are " Some Becollections of Antoine Pierre Berryer," 1869; "France and Hereditary Monarchy," 1871; a "Life of Benjamin Franklin," in 3 vols., 1875 (of which the third edition was issued in 1892); "The Wit and Wisdom of the Haytians," 1877 ; and "Molinos, the Quietist," 1882. He has been for many years an occasional contributor to Harper's, the Century, and Scribner's. He edited the "Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden," 2 vols. 1885; and "The Writings of Benjamin Franklin," in 10 vols., 1888. "Some Becollections of Laboulaye " were printed privately for him in 1889, and he con- tributed a " Life of William Cullen Bryant " to the " American Men of Letters" series in 1890. In 1895 he pub- lished "The Life of Samuel J. Tilden," and in 1896 " The Mystery of Sleep." Mr. Bigelow is one of the executors of the will of the late Samuel J. Tilden, and is Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of the " Tilden Trust." In 1886 the New York Chamber of Commerce, in response to an invitation of M. de Lesseps, requested Mr. Bigelow to accompany him to visit the works of the Panama Canal Company and report their situation and prospects. Mr. Bigelow's report was published by the Chamber of Commerce, to which body he was immediately after elected an honorary member. He was appointed by President Cleveland sole Commissioner of the United States to the International Exposition of Sciences and Industry at Brussels in 1888. BIGGE, Sir Arthur John, K.C.B., C.M.G., Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Artillery, Private Secretary and Equerry to the Queen, was born on June 18, 1849, and is the fourth son of the Eev. J. F. Bigge, Vicar of Stamfordham, and Caro- line Mary Ellison. He entered the Boyal Artillery in 1869, and saw service in the Zulu War (1878-79), being mentioned in despatches and gaining the Zulu medal. In 1879 he was appointed Aide-de-Camp to General Sir Evelyn Wood, then in com- mand of No. Four Column in the Zulu campaign. He became Captain in 1880, Major in 1885, and Lieutenant-Colonel in 1893. His Court appointments date from 1880, when he became Assistant-Keeper of the Privy Purse and Assistant Private Secretary to the Queen. In 1881 he was appointed Equerry-in-Ordinary, and in May 1895 Private Secretary to Her Majesty. He received the honour of knighthood in the latter year. He is married to Constance, daughter of the Rev. W. F. Neville, Vicar of Butleigh. Addresses : Winchester Tower, Windsor Castle ; and St. James's Palace, S.W. BIGHAM, Sir John C, K.B., Judge of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice, was born in 1840, and is the son of John Bigham, merchant, of Liverpool. He was educated at the Boyal Institution, Liverpool, and at Berlin and Paris. He went to the Bar in 1870, took silk in 1883, and was elected a Bencher of his Inn in 1886. At the Bar he had a con- siderable practice. In 1892 he contested the Exchange Division of Liverpool for the Unionists, and was returned to Parlia- ment for that division in 1895, retaining his seat till October 1897, when he was raised to the Bench and knighted. While in Parliament he was a Member of the Com- mittee on the Jameson Eaid in 1897. In 1870 he married Georgina, daughter of John Rogers, of Liverpool. Addresses : 19 Palace Gate, Kensington, W. ; and Gold- smith Building, Temple, E.C. BILCESCO, Mademoiselle Sarmisa, Doctor at Law, a Roumanian by birth, is the first lady who obtained the degree of a Doctor at Law in France. She was born in 1867 at Bucharest, where her father is Governor of the National Bank. When only sixteen she graduated as Bachelor of Lettres, and the year after as Bachelor of Sciences. Encouraged by these early suc- cesses, Mlie. Bilcesco felt tempted to con- tinue her studies in Paris, where she arrived with her mother in 1884. She at once put herself under the direction of M. Georges Bourdon, Secretaire of the Chamber des Deputes, and ridacteur of the journal Le Temps, who prepared her for all examina- tions. After having been admitted as student at the Sorbonne, Mile. Bilcesco studied three years for the degree of a licentiate, and two years longer for that of a doctor. She passed all her examinations with honours, and took the first place among the licentiates of her year. But her crowning triumph was her examination for the degree of a doctor, which took a 98 BILLOT — BINNIE place on June 12, 1890. The thesis she selected was "The Status or Position of Mothers under French and Roman Laws," a paper of 504 pages, which she read before a large audience, the jury congratulating her on the choice of the subject, and the remarkable manner in which she had treated the same. Mile. Bilcesco is not only a first-rate scholar, but likewise a talented musician. She returns to Bucha- rest, where she proposes to claim admis- sion to the Roumanian Bar, not so much to set up as a lawyer, as to decide the question of a woman's right to practise the profession of the law. BILLOT, Jean Francois, French general and senator, born at Chaumeil, Aug. 15, 1828, and admitted to the Ecole de St. Cyr, Dec. 1, 1847, was appointed to the Staff in 1849. By successive pro- motions he became Colonel in November 1870. The brilliant portion of his military career has been almost entirely African. He was recalled from Algiers to France on the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. He was promoted to field rank, and took command of the 18th Corps d'Armfe He was victorious at the engagements of Beaune-la-Rolande and Villersexel. At the conclusion of peace he was elected to the National Assembly by his own department of Correze, and sat among the Republicans of the Left. He opposed vigorously the attempts of a monarchic restoration in 1873, and in 1875 was elected a senator. He had the chief part in the passing of a bill for the reorganisation of the Staff of the French army, opening it to all ranks in February 1878. In 1879 he was appointed Chief of the 15th Corps d'Arme~e at Marseilles, and in 1882 became Minister of War in the Freycinet Cabinet, which post he continued to hold in the Duclerc Cabinet of August of the same year. His chief work was in the cause of the army of Africa, of the artillery of fortresses, and of the defence of the In- valides against suppression. He resigned Jan. 30, 1883, for refusing to deprive the Orleans princes of their military rank. In 1885 he became head of the 1st Corps at Lille, and then a Member of the Conseil Supeneur de la Guerre. In 1889 he strenu- ously opposed the bill on regional recruit- ing, and on the 8th of July was made a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, of which he had been a Chevalier since 1859. In 1897 he played an unenviable part in the Dreyfus-Esterhazy-Zola trials, and he was the chief factor in endeavouring to place the army on an impossible pinnacle above suspicion. This attempt of a mili- tary caste to form itself into a dictator- ship was regarded with dismay by all true friends of the French nation abroad. However, he felt he had gone too far, and moderated the tone of his witnesses in the Courts. General Billot retired with his other colleagues of the Meline Cabinet in June 1898. BINNIE, Sir Alexander B,., M.Inst. C.&.M.E., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., &c, Engineer to the London County Council, was born in London in 1839, and was educated at various private academies. He was a pupil and assistant to the celebrated J. F. Le Trobe Bateman, F.R.S., who was Presi- dent of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and Engineer to the Glasgow and Man- chester Waterworks. Iu early life Mr. Binnie was engaged on railway construc- tion in England and Wales. He entered the Public Works Department of India by open competition in 1868, and during his six years' service in that country was engaged in the exploration which led to the discovery of coal in the Central Provinces, for which he received the com- mendation of the Government of India ; he successfully designed and constructed the whole of the works for the supply of the City of Najpur with water, for which he again received the commenda- tion of Government ; he was also engaged on railway work, and for a short period acted an Assistant Secretary, Public Works Department, to the Chief Commission of the Central Provinces. For fifteen years he was Engineer to the Bradford Corpora- tion, during which period he designed and successively constructed many large works at a cost of over one million sterling, and among them the highest reservoir embank- ment (125 feet) in the United Kingdom ; he also laid out and designed for the Corpora- tion a large extension of the waterworks in the Nedd Valley at an estimated cost of £1,250,000. Sir Alexander is the author of a paper on the Najpur waterworks, for which he received from the Institution of Civil Engineers a Telford medal and premium. He has been appointed on more than one occasion Lecturer on Water- works at the School of Military Engineer- ing at Chatham, and his lectures have been published by Government, besides which he is the author of many valuable professional reports, and an address as President to the Bradford Philosophical Society on "Heat in its Relation to Coal." Since his appointment as Chief Engineer to the London County Council, he has been engaged on the purification of the sewage discharged into the river, which has made such a marked improvement in the condition of the Thames ; has con- structed the new bridge over the Lee at Barking Road ; has designed and com- pleted the Blackwall Tunnel ; prepared new designs for Highgate Archway and BIEDWOOD 99 Vauxhall Bridge ; besides laying out works for bringing a supply of water from Wales to supplement the present Thames and Lee sources. Since 1890 Sir Alexander Binnie has been Chief Engineer to the London County Council. He received the honour of knighthood in 1897. Address : 77 Ladbrooke Drive, W. BINYON, Laurence, son of Rev. Frederick Binyon, was born at Lancaster, 1869, educated at St. Paul's School and at Trinity College, Oxford ; Newdigate Prize, 1890 ; B.A., 1892. He was appointed Assistant in the British Museum Printed Books Department in 1893, and transferred to Department of Prints and Drawings in 1895. He published works are : in verse, " Primavera " (part author), 1890 ; " Lyric Poems," 1894; "Poems," 1895; "London Visions," 1895; "The Praise of Life," 1896; "Porphyrion," 1898: in prose, two portfolio monographs, "Dutch Etchers," 1895, " Crome and Cotman," 1897 ; "Descriptive Catalogue of Drawings of the British School in the British Museum " (in progress), vol. 1, 1898. Address : British Museum. BIRDWOOD, Sir George Chris- topher Molesworth, M.D., C.S.I., K.C.I.E., LL.D., eldest son of the late General Christopher Birdwood, 3rd Bom- bay Native Infantry, and Commissary- General, Bombay, was born at Belgaum, Bombay, Dec. 8, 1832. He was educated at Plymouth New Grammar School, and the University, Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M.D. , and passed the usual examination of the College of Surgeons in 1854. He was appointed to the Medical Staff of the East India Company on their Bombay Establishment in the same year. His first charge was of the Southern Mah- ratta Horse, Kalludghee, in 1855. Later he was transferred to the 1st Battery 2nd Brigade of Artillery at Sholapore, where he was also at different times in charge of the 8th Madras Cavalry, 3rd Bombay Native Infantry, and the Civil Station. In 1856 he was sent to the Persian Gulf in medical charge of the Company's steamship Ajdaha, and on his return to Bombay in April 1857 he was appointed Acting Pro- fessor of Anatomy and Physiology in Grant Medical College, and from that date to his leaving India continued to be connected with the college almost without interrup- tion in the chairs successively of Anatomy and Physiology, and Botany and Materia Medica. In the same year Dr. Birdwood was appointed Curator of the Government Central Museum at Bombay. Later he was appointed Registrar of the University ; and he also held the offices of Honorary Secretary to the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and Honorary Sec- retary to the Agri-Horticultural Society of Western India. With the assistance of the late eminent Hindu physician, Dr. Bhau Daje, he was mainly instrumental in establishing the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Victoria Gardens in Bombay. In 1864 he was appointed Sheriff of Bombay, and in 1868 Special Commis- sioner for the Government of Bombay at the International Exhibition held in Paris in that year. In 1869 he was forced finally to leave India, through permanently broken health. On the occasion of the proclama- tion of the Queen as Empress of India, Jan. 1, 1877, he was appointed to the Com- panionship of the Star of India ; and the honour of knighthood was conferred on him in September 1881. In 1887 he had conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D., Cambridge, and was decorated with the insignia of the Knight Companion- ship of the Order of the Indian Empire. He still maintains his official ties with India, having been appointed, about 1879, Special Assistant in the Revenue, Statis- tics, and Commerce Department of the India Office. He was a Royal Commis- sioner and Member of the Finance Com- mittee of the Colonial and Indian Exhi- bition of 1886 ; and Chairman of the Committee of the British Indian Section of the Paris Exhibition of 1889 ; a Royal Commissioner for the Chicago Exhibition of 1893 ; and a Member of the London and Antwerp Consultative and Executive Committees for the British Section at the Antwerp Exhibition of 1894. He is the author of " Catalogue of the Economic Products of the Bombay Presidency (Vege- table)," 1st edit. 1862, 2nd edit. 1868 ; "The Genus Boswellia (Frankincense plants), with illustrations of three new species," in the Transactions of the Lin- nean Society, vol. xxvii. ; the article "Incense," in the "Encyclopaedia Britan- nica " ; " The Perfumes of the Bible," in Cassell's "Bible Educator"; "Handbook to the British Indian Section, Paris Exhi- bition of 1878 ; " the article " On an Ancient Silver Patera," in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, vol. xi. New Series, 1881 ; " Handbook on the Indus- trial Arts of India," 1880; "The Arts of India," 1881; "Ausstellung Indischer Kunst - Gegenstande, zu Berlin," 1881; " Indiens Konstslojd en Kortfattad Skild- ring," Stockholm, 1882; "Indiens Kunst- industrie, Kjobenhaven," 1882; "Report on the Miscellaneous Old Records of the India Office," 1879, reprinted 1890 ; and "The First Letter Book of the (English) East India Company," 1893. He has also contributed introductions to " The Miracle Play of Hassan and Husain," by Sir Lewis Pelly, 1879 ; to " Eastern Carpets," by Mr. 100 BIRKELL — BISPHAM Vincent Kobinson, 1882; to "The Dawn of the British Trade in the East," by Henry Stevens, 1886 ; to " Eepresentative Men of India," by Sorabji Jehanghier, 1889; the "Catalogue of the Indian Section of the Edinburgh Forestry Exhibition," 1884 ; and an Appendix on "The Aryan Fauna and Flora," to Professor Max Muller's "Bio- graphies of Words," 1888 ; a " Report on Spanish Chestnuts," 1892 ; and a Mono- graph on " The Antiquity of the Oriental Manufacture of Sumptuary Carpets," to the monumental work on " Oriental Car- pets," published by the Royal and Im- perial Ministry of Commerce, Worship, and Education, 1892-94, the English edition of which, edited by Mr. Caspar Purden Clarke, C.I.E., was issued in Vienna. He was a constant contributor to the Indian press, and for some time editor of the Bombay Saturday Review. Letters by him on the opium trade, which had appeared in the Times, were republished in Mr. W. H. Brereton's "Truth about Opium," 1882. He is also the author of the article "Are we De- spoiling India? — a Rejoinder, by 'John Indigo,' " in the National Review for Sep- tember 1883 ; and of a review of Sir Henry Yule's "Hobson Jobson," in the Quarterly Review for 1887 ; and of the following articles in the Asiatic Quarterly Review: "The Christmas Tree," January 1886; "The Empire of the Hittites," January 1888; "The Mahratta Plough," October 1888 ; and " Leper in India," April 1890. He has been a contributor also to the Bombay Quarterly Review, the Journal of the hast Indian A ssociation. the Journal of the National Indian Association, the Jour- nal of the Society of Arts, and the Journal of Indian Art. Sir George Birdwood married in 1856 Frances Anne, eldest daughter of the late Edward Tolcher, Esq., R.N., of Harewood, Plympton St. Mary's, Devon. Address : 7 Apsley Terrace, Acton, W. BIBBELL, Augustine, Q.C , M.P., youngest son of the Rev. C. M. Birrell of Liverpool, and Harriet Jane Grey, daughter of the Rev. Henry Grey, D.D., of Edin- burgh, was born Jan. 19, 1850, at Waver- tree, near Liverpool. He was educated at Amersham Hall School, near Reading, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he gradu- ated with honours in Law and History in 1872. He was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple, November 1875, and prac- tises in the Chancery Division ; is the author of "Obiter Dicta," two series, 1884 and 1887; and "Life of Charlotte Bronte," 1887; "Res Judicata;." 1892; "Men, Women, and Books," 1894; "Lectures on Trustees," 1896 ; and an edition of Boswell, 1897. He contested the Walton Division of Liverpool in 1885, and the Widnes Division of Lancashire in 1886, both un- successfully. He was returned to Parlia- ment for West Fife in July 1889, on the retirement of the Hon. K. P. Bruce, and again in 1892 and 1895. He was ap- pointed Quain Professor of Law at Uni- versity College, London, in 1896, where in June 1898 he delivered the annual oration on Founder's Day, taking as his subject, " University Ideals." He married first, in 1878, Margaret, daughter of the late Archibald Mirrielees, formerly of St. Petersburgh (she died in 1879) ; and second, in 1888, Eleanor, widow of the Hon. Lionel Tennyson, and daughter of Frederick and Lady Charlotte Locker Lampson. Addresses : 30 Lower Sloane Street, S.W,, and 3 New Square, Lincoln's Inn, &c. BISHOP, "William Henry, American author, was born at Hartford, Connecticut, Jan. 7, 1847, and graduated at Yale Col- lege in 1867. He has been a frequent con- tributor to periodical literature, and in addition has published " Detmold," 1879; " The House of a Merchant Prince," 1882 ; "Choy Susan, and other Stories," 1884; "Old Mexico, and Her Lost Provinces," 1884; "Fish and Men in the Maine Islands," 1884 ; " The Golden Justice," 1887; "The Brown Stone Boy, and other Queer People," 1883 ; " The Yellow Snake," 1891; "A House -Hunter in Europe," 1893; "A Pound of Cure," and "Writing to Rosina," 1894; "The Garden of Eden, U.S.A.," 1895. BISPHAM, David S., principal bari- tone at the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, and at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, was born in Philadelphia, U.S.A., Jan. 5, 1857, of families of old English Quaker stock, the name Bispham having been associated from time immemorial with the county of Lancashire, England, while his mother's family name, Scull, has been associated with the west of England since the time of William the Conqueror. Notwithstanding the influences of more than two hundred years of Quaker doc- trine, which, in the United States, is even more strictly insisted upon than in the mother-country, the musical faculty which might have been quenched by lack of use in previous generations found unmistak- able vent, and, at an early age, in David Bispham, who, though granted but a small measure of musical education in his youth, has through insistence upon one object, and the maintenance of the highest stan- dard of vocal art and achievements, attained to a position on the operatic stage and the concert platform unsurpassed by any singer in the English-speaking world to-day. He BJORNSEX — BLACK 101 made his dibut as the Due de Longueville in "The Basoohe," Royal English Opera, in 1891, and has sung the principal rdles in French, German, and Italian at the Royal Opera, Covent Garden. Address : 19 Kensington Gore, S.W. BJORNSEN, BjSrnstjerne, a Nor- wegian novelist and dramatic poet, was born Dec. 8, 1832, at Quickne, in Norway, where his father was pastor. He com- pleted his education at the Universities of Christiania and Copenhagen, and first became known in consequence of some articles and stories which he contributed to newspapers, especially the Folkeblad, an illustrated journal, in the columns of which appeared his " Aanum," "Ole Stormsen," and "En munter Mand." The years 1856 and 1857 he passed at Copenhagen, where he studied the works of Baggesen, of CElenschlager, and of the principal Danish writers. Afterwards he published in Faed- rdandet (Fatherland) his novel of " Thrond," which was followed by "Arne," perhaps his most popular story, and the idyllic peasant romance, "Synnceve Solbakken," Ole Bull appointed him as manager of the Bergen Theatre, and in 1858 he put on the stage, " Halte Hulda," and "Mellena Slagene " (Between the Battles). As a Christiania editor and journalist Bjornsen expressed strong republican opinions, which aroused considerable public excite- ment. He was finally condemned to a year's imprisonment for treason, but escaped to Germany, and afterwards to America, and did not return to Christiania until 1882, when he once more began the work of agitation against the Govern- ment and the union of the two Scandina- vian kingdoms. He settled near Lille- hammer, became leader of the ' ' Peasants' Party," and acquired some influence in political quarters. He has produced some notable tragedies and other pieces for the stage. These are "Halte Hulda," "Mal- lem Slagene," " Kong Swerre," the trilogy of "Sigurd Slembe," some translations of French plays, and the tragedy of " Mary Stuart." His comedy, "En Hanske," was translated by Mr. Osman Edwards for the English stage in 1894. The following works of his have been translated into English: "Arne; a Sketch of Norwegian Country Life," translated from the Nor- wegian by A. Plesner and S. Rugeley Powers, 1866 ; "Ovind ; a Story of Country Life in Norway," translated by S. and E. Hjerleid, 1869 ; " The Fisher Maiden," a Norwegian tale translated from the author's German edition, by M. E. Niles, 1869 — also translated from the Norwegian, under the title of "The Fishing Girl," by A. Plesner and F. Richardson, 1870; "The Happy Boy : a Tale of Norwegian Peasant Life," translated by H. R. G., 1870 ; "The Newly Married Couple," translated by S. and E. Hjerleid, 1870; and "Love and Life in Norway," translated from the Norwegian by the Hon. A. Bethell and A. Plesner, 1870. In recent years, " In God's Way," and the "Heritage of the Kurts," both very powerful novels, have appeared in Mr. Edmund Gosse's International Series. As a lyric poet Bjornsen takes high rank ; he has even attempted the composition of epic verse. He has been a voluminous writer and dramatist, and in all his work has striven to become a vehicle of national feeling, seeking to give expression to the Norwegian spirit. He has a strong dislike for the modern cult of mere French imitation, and has done his best to discourage the practice. In this respect he is, without question, one of the most stimulating influences for the revival of Scandinavian literature. BLACK, "William, was born at Glas- gow in 1841, and received his education at various private schools. His youthful ambition was to become an artist, and he studied for a short time in the Govern- ment School of Art in his native city, but eventually he drifted into journalism, be- coming connected with the Glasgoio Weekly Citizen while yet in his teens. In 1864 he came to London, and wrote for magazines. He was attached, in the following year, to the staff of the Morning Star, and was special correspondent for that paper during the Prusso-Austrian war of 1866, scenes from which appeared in his first novel, "Love or Marriage," published in 1867. This novel dealt too much with awkward social problems, and was not successful, but the author's next work of fiction was favourably received. It was entitled "In Silk Attire," 1869, and a considerable por- tion of it was devoted to descriptions of peasant life in the Black Forest. Then followed " Kilmeny " and " The Monarch of Mincing Lane," the former dealing mostly with Bohemian artistic life in London. But his first real hold of the novel-reading public was obtained by "A Daughter of Heth," 1871, which went through many editions. Next came " The Strange Adventures of a Phaeton," 1872, which literally described a driving excur- sion that the author made from London to Edinburgh, with a thread of fiction inter- woven. It is said that a good many Americans, amongst others, have adopted this plan of exploring the English counties, and have taken the "Adventures" as a sort of guide-book. In 1873 was published "A Princess of Thule." It was followed by " The Maid of Killeena and other Stories," 1874; " Three Feathers," 1875, the scene of which was laid in Cornwall ; 102 BLACKLEY— BLACKWOOD "Madcap Violet," 187G ; "Green Pastures and Piccadilly," 1877 ; "Macleod of Dare," 1878; "White Wings; a Yachting Ro- mance," 1880 ; " Sunrise : a Story of these Times," 1881; "The Beautiful Wretch," 1882; " Shan don Bells," 1883 ; "Yolande," 1883 ; " Judith Shakespeare, " 1884 ; "White Heather," 1885; "Sabina Zembra," 1887; " The Strange Adventures of a House- Boat" (a sequel to the Phaeton Adventures), 1888; "In Far Lochaber," 1889; "The New Prince Fortunatus," and "Stand Fast, Craig-Royston I " 1890; "Donald Ross of Heimra," 1891; " Wolfenberg," 1892; and "The Handsome Humes," 1893; "Highland Cousins, 1894 ; "Briseis," 1896 ; &c. For four or five years Mr. Black was assistant editor of the Daily News, but he practically ceased his connec- tion with journalism over fifteen years ago. Addresses : 15 Buckingham Street, W.C. ; and Paston House, Brighton. BLACKLEY, The Rev. Canon Wil- liam Lewery, M.A., is the second son of the late Travers R. Blackley, Esq., of Ash- town Lodge, co. Dublin, and Bohogh, co. Roscommon. He was born at Dundalk, Ireland, Dec. 30, 1830, and received part of his early education on the Continent. Having entered Trinity College, Dublin, in his sixteenth year, he obtained his B.A. degree in 1850, and his M.A in 1854, in which year he was ordained to the curacy of St. Peter's, Southwark ; shortly after he became Curate of Frensham, where he remained thirteen years, and was then promoted by Bishop Sumner in 1867 to the rectory of North Waltham , Hants ; whence, in 1883, he was preferred by Bishop Harold Browne to the vicarage of King's Somborne, in the same county, and to an Honorary Canonry in the Cathedral of Winchester. In 1889 he was appointed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster to the vicarage of St. James the Less, Westminster, which he now holds. In 1857 he published his metrical translation from the Swedish of Bishop Tegner's famous poem, " The Frithjof Saga." This was followed by the publication of his "Practical German Dictionary," which in its original and abridged forms has passed through many editions. In 1867 he pub- lished his "Critical English New Testa- ment " ; and his volume on " Word Gossip " followed in 1869. He also, besides frequent contributions to all the leading reviews, wrote, for the National Society, the Teacher's Manual, "How to teach Domestic Economy," 1879 ; and ' ' The Social Economy Reading Book," 1881 ; and his book on " Thrift and Independence, a Word to Working Men," was published by the S.P.C.K. in 1883. In November 1878 he published an article in the Nineteenth Century under the title of "National In- surance, a cheap, practical, and popular way of preventing Pauperism," which immediately attracted public attention. A sermon preached by Canon Blackley in Westminster Abbey in September 1879, on "Our National Improvidence," also at- tracted much notice. The National Provi- dent League was formed in 1880, for the purpose of educating public opinion on the subject of National Insurance against pauperism. Canon Blackley's proposals have reached far beyond this country, with the result that movements more or less upon his lines have been started in France, Switzerland, Italy, and New Zealand; while a complete system of National In- surance has been established throughout the whole German Empire, securing sick pay, accident pay, and old age pensions to all workers. Address : 75 St. George's Square, S.W. BLACKMOBE, Richard Dodd- ridge, novelist, son of the Rev. John Blackmore, was born at Longworth, Berk- shire, in 1825. His maternal grandmother was a granddaughter of Dr. Doddridge. He was educated at Tiverton School and Exeter College, Oxford, where he obtained a scholarship and graduated B.A. in 1847, taking a second-class in Classics. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1852, and afterwards practised as a con- veyancer. He is the author of " Poems by Melanter," "Epullia," "The Bugle of the Black Sea," "Fringilla," and the fol- lowing novels : " Clara VaughaD," 1864; " Cradock Nowell : a Tale of the New Forest," 1866 ; "LornaDoone: a Romance of Exmoor," 1869; "The Maid of Sker," 1872; "Alice Lorraine: a Tale of the South Downs," 1875 ; " Cripps the Carrier : a Woodland Tale," 1876 ; "Erema ; or, My Father's Sin," 1877; "Mary Anerley," 1880; " Christowell : a Dartmoor Tale," 1882 ; "Remarkable History of Sir Thomas Upmore," 1884; " Springhaven," 1887; " Kit and Kitty," 1889 ; " Perlycross," 1894 ; " Tales from the Telling- house," 1896 ; and " Dariel," 1897. Mr. Blackmore has also pub- lished "The Fate of Franklin," a poem, 1860; "The Farm and Fruit of Old," a translation of the first and second Georgics of Virgil, 1862 ; and a translation of " The Georgics of Virgil," 1871. Mr. Blackmore is a large fruit-grower at Teddington, and has at times contributed interesting letters to the Times on the subject of fruit-growing. BLACKWOOD, William, publisher and editor of Blackwood's Magazine, was born on July 13, 1836, at Lucknow, and is the eldest son of Major William Black- wood, of the 59th Native Infantry, and Emma, eldest daughter of Brigadier-Gene- BLAIKIE — BLAKE 103 ral George Moore, also in the East India Company's service. Major Blackwood was of the second generation of publishers of that name, and his father, William, was the founder of the famous house. Mr. William Blackwood was educated at Edin- burgh Academy and at the University of Edinburgh, and completed his studies at the Sorbonne (Paris) and at Heidelberg. He entered the publishing business under Major Blackwood and his uncle, Mr. John Blackwood, in 1857. He has devoted much space as a publisher and editor to accounts of travel as well as to fiction. In his capa- city of country gentleman he was at one time Lieutenant of the Midlothian Yeo- manry Cavalry, and is a member of the Royal Company of Archers. He has re- ceived the Jubilee Medal presented by the Queen to those who have attended her personally at least on three occasions. Addresses : 45 George Street, Edinburgh ; 37 Paternoster Row, E.C. ; and Gogar Mount, Midlothian. BLAIKIE, Professor William Gar- den, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., son of an eminent lawyer, who afterwards was Lord Provost of Aberdeen, was born at Aber- deen in 1820, and educated at the Grammar School and University of his native town. As soon as he was qualified he received an appointment to~the parish of Drumblade, but on the Disruption in 1843 he and his congregation joined the Free Church of Scotland. After a short ministry in the country be was invited to go to Edin- burgh, and there, in company with other young men of zeal, founded the Pilrig Free Church. In 1864 the University of Edin- burgh conferred on him the degree of D.D., and a few years later he received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Aberdeen. In 1868 he was appointed Professor of Apologetics and Pastoral Theology in New College, Edinburgh. In ■1888, as "Cunningham Lecturer," he de- livered a course of lectures on " The Preachers of Scotland," afterwards pub- lished. Dr. Blaikie was one of the chief promoters of "The Alliance of Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian sys- tem," commonly called "The Pan-Presby- terian," and was one of the chief secretaries at each of the four meetings in Edinburgh, Philadelphia, Belfast, and London. He was President of the meeting at Toronto in 1892. In the same year he was chosen Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church. He has edited various perio- dicals, including the North British Review, Sunday Magazine, Catholic Presbyterian, &c. He has also written "Better Days for Working People," "Personal Life of David Livingstone," " The Work of the Ministry," "Personal Ministry and Pastoral Methods of our Lord," three volumes of the "Ex- positor's Bible," "Heroes of Israel," "Life of Dr. Chalmers " (" Famous Scots " series), "Memoir of Principal David Brown of Aberdeen," &c. He has contributed to many magazines and journals, including, besides those which he edited, the Quiver, the Expositor, Harper, MacmiUan, Good Words, Sunday at Home, Blackwood, &c. Of the " Present Day Tracts," issued by the Religious Tract Society, a considerable number have been written by him. Ad- dresses: 9 Palmerston Road, Grange, Edin- burgh ; and 2 Tantallon Terrace, North Berwick. BLAIR, Lieut. -General James, C.B., y.ffi., entered the army on June 30, 1844 ; lieutenant, March 19, 1848; captain, Oct. 23, 1857; major, June 10, 1864; lieut.- colonel, June 10, 1870 ; colonel, June 10, 1875; major-general, July 2, 1885 ; lieut.- general, Jan. 9, 1889. Lieut.-General J. Blair served throughout the Indian Mutiny campaign of 1857-59, and was present at the siege of Neemuch, siege and assault of Kotah, and pursuit of Tantia Topee (medal with clasp, and Victoria Cross). He re- ceived the 11. C "for having on two occa- sions distinguished himself by his gallant and daring conduct. First, on the night of Aug. 12, 1857, at Neemuch, in volunteer- ing to apprehend seven or eight armed mutineers, who had shut themselves up for defence in a house, the door of which he burst open. He then rushed in among them, and forced them to escape through the roof ; in this encounter he was severely wounded. In spite of his wounds, he pur- sued the fugitives, but was unable to come up with them in consequence of the dark- ness of the night. Second, on Oct. 23, 1857, at Jeerum, in righting his way most gallantly through a body of rebels, who had literally surrounded him. After breaking his sword on one of their heads, and re- ceiving a severe sword cut on his right arm, he rejoined his troop. In this wounded condition, and with no other weapon than the hilt of his broken sword, he put himself at the head of his men, charged the rebels most effectually, and dispersed them." BLAKE, Sir Henry Arthur, G.C.M.G., F.R.G.S. , Governor and Commander-in- Chief of the Colony of Hong-Kong, born at Corbally, Limerick, Jan. 18, 1840, is the eldest son of Peter Blake, Esq., County Inspector of Irish Constabulary, second son of Peter Blake, of Corbally Castle, co. Galway (see title "WALLSCOURT," Burke's Peerage), and Jane, daughter of John Lane, Esq., of Lanespark, co. Tipperary (Captain 17th Light Dragoons). He was educated at Dr. St. John's academy, Kilkenny, and Santry College ; entered the Royal Irish 104 BLAKE — BLASHILL Constabulary, February 1859 ; Resident Magistrate, 1876 ; was one of the five Special Resident Magistrates (now Divi- sional Commissioners), selected in January 1882 to concert and carry out measures for the pacification of Ireland ; had execu- tive charge of the following counties : — Kildare Co., Queen's co., Meath, Carlow, Galway East and Gal way West ; was Gover- nor of Bahama 1884 to 1887 ; Governor of Newfoundland 1877 to 1888, in which year he was appointed Governor of Queensland, but resigned his commission on return to England. He was appointed Captain- General and Governor-in-Chief of Jamaica, January 1889, where he presided over the Legislative Council till February 1893, when Dr. Philipps was appointed in his place. In 1897 he left Jamaica for Hong- Kong, of which he was then appointed Governor. He has contributed from time to time articles in The Westminster Review, The Nineteenth Century, The Fortnightly, The St. James's Gazette, &c. , and has pub- lished "Pictures from Ireland," by Terence M'Grath. He married, first, in 1862, Jane, eldest daughter of Andrew Irwin, Esq., Ballymore, co. Roscommon ; she died in 1866 ; second, 1874, Edith, eldest daughter of Ralph Bernal Osborne, Esq,, of Newton Anner, co. Tipperary. Address : Govern- ment House, Victoria, Hong-Kong. BLAKE, Henry Wollaston, M.A., was born in 1815, and is a Director of the Bank of England. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Royal Geogra- phical Society. He is married to Edith, daughter of the Rev. Prebendary E. B. Hawksham, Rector of Weston-under-Pen- yard, Herefordshire. Addresses : 8 Devon- shire Place, W. ; and Athenfeum. BLANDFORD, George Fielding, M.D., was born at Hindon, Wiltshire, on March 7, 1829, and was educated at Rugby and Oxford. He is an M.D. of that Uni- versity, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London. He was formerly President of the Medico-Psychological As- sociation of Great Britain and Ireland, and in 1894 he acted as President of the Psychological Section of the British Medi- cal Association. Dr. Blandford is the author of : " Lectures on Insanity and its Treatment," 4th edit., 1892 ; the article "Insanity " in Quain's "Dictionary of Medicine"; the article "Prognosis of In- sanity" in Tuke's "Dictionary of Psycho- logical Medicine," and the Lumleian Lectures on Insanity, published in the Lancet in 1895. Addresses : 48 Wimpole Street, W. ; and Athenaeum. BLANFORD, William Thomas, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., As- sociate of the Royal School of Mines, and Fellow of Calcutta University, was born on Oct. 7, 1832, in Bouverie Street, London. He was educated at private schools in Brighton and Paris, at the Royal School of Mines, London, and at the Mining School, Freiberg, Saxony. He was Presi- dent of Section C (Geology) of the British Association at Montreal in 1884 ; was Vice- President of the Royal Society in 1892-93; President of the Geological Society, 1888- 1890 ; Vice-President of the Zoological Society from 1893 to 1897; Vice-President of the Royal Geographical Society from 1893 to 1896; and is a Past-President and Hon. Member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He served on the Persian Boun- dary Commission in 1871-72, was on the Staff of the Geological Survey of India from 1855 to 1882, and he was attached to the Abyssinian Expedition as Geologist in 1867-68, accompanying the army to Magdala, and receiving a medal for his services on the expedition. He is the author of : " Geology and Zoology of Abys- sinia," 1870; "Eastern Persia," voL ii. ; "Zoology and Geology," 1876; "Manual of the Geology of India" (part author), 1879 ; editor of " The Fauna of British India," and author of "Mammalia," 1888- 1891 ; "Birds," vol. iii. 1895; vol. iv. 1898 ; also of numerous reports and papers on geology and zoology, chiefly relating to India. He is married to Ida Gertrude, daughter of R. L. Bellhouse. Addresses : 72 Bedford Gardens, W. ; and Athenasum. BLASHILL, Thomas, Capt. H.A.C., son of Mr. Henry Blashill, of Sutton-on- Hull, was educated at Hull and Scar- borough, and professionally in London offices, and at University College. He is the Superintending Architect of Metro- politan Buildings, and Architect to the London County Council, is a Member of Council of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and Vice-President and Trea- surer of the British Archaeological Associa- tion ; a Past-President (1862) of the London Architectural Association ; a Fellow of the Surveyors' Institution, and F.Z.S. He was elected a District Surveyor of Metro- politan Buildings, 1876, and Superintend- ing Architect, 1887. He has published a " Guide to Tintern Abbey," 1879 ; a "His- tory of Sutton in Holderness," 1896; and has read papers "On Health, Comfort, and Cleanliness in the House," before the Society of Arts ; on "Oak and Chestnut in Old Timber Roofs," before the Institute of Architects; on " Party- walls,. &c," before the Architectural Association ; on "Shoring," "The Growth and Seasoning of Timber," and on "English and Con- tinental Doors," before the Carpenters' Company ; on " The Influence of the BLIND — BLISS 105 Public Authority on Street Architecture," before the Congress at Edinburgh in 1889; on " Artizans' Dwellings," and on " Fire and Panic." Address : Sutton in Holderness. BLIND, Karl, was born at Mannheim, Sept. 4, 1826, and studied jurisprudence and ancient Germanic literature at Heidel- berg and Bonn. Active among students, working men, gymnastic associations, and the army, as a leader of Democratic circles, he was in 1846 and 1847 tried andimprisoned in Baden and Bavaria on charges of high- treason, but acquitted. In 1848, at Karls- ruhe, he took a leading part in the pre- parations for a national rising. Arrested while endeavouring to expand the move- ment into one for a German Common- wealth, he was freed by the successes of the Kevolution. During the Provisional Parliament at Frankfort he insisted, at mass-meetings, on the abolition of the Princely Diet, and the election of a pro- visional revolutionary executive. Wounded in a street-riot, he was proscribed after participating in the Republican rising led by Hecker. From Alsace he agitated for a new levy. Falsely accused of being implicated in the Paris Insurrection of June, he was imprisoned at Strassburg, and transported in chains to Switzerland ; the Mayor of St. Louis generously pre- venting his surrender to the Baden au- thorities, which had been planned by the French police. During the first Schleswig- Holstein war, he, with Gustav von Struve, led, in September 1848, the second Re- publican Revolution in the Black Forest. At the storming of Staufen he fought on the barricade, and was among the last who left the town. Being made a prisoner through the treachery of some militiamen, he was court-martialled, his life being saved by the secret sympathy of two of the privates who were members of the Court. Sentenced, after a State trial, lasting ten days, to eight years' imprison- ment in the spring of 1849, he was being secretly transported to the fortress of Mainz, when he was liberated by the people and soldiers breaking open the prison at Bruchsal. Heading the same day a hastily formed number of free corps, he endeavoured, with Struve, to take Rastatt, and then entered the capital of Baden. He was a firm opponent of Bren- tano, the chief of the new Government, whom he accused of being in occult connection with the ejected dynasty — a fact afterwards proved, when Brentano was declared a "traitor" by the Constituent Assembly. With Dr. Frederick Schiitz he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Paris, accredited to Louis Napoleon, the then President of the Republic. There, in violation of the law of nations, he was arrested as being implicated in Ledru Rollin's rising for the protection of the Roman Republic, and threatened with being surrendered to the Prussian courts- martial if he continued to uphold his dip- lomatic quality. He refused to yield, and after several months of imprisonment, was banished' from France. After this he lived in Belgium with his wife, who has made many sacrifices for the popular cause, and also undergone imprisonment. New prosecutions induced him to come with his family to England, whence he carried on a Democratic and National German Propaganda. After an amnesty in 1862, the House of Deputies at Stuttgart gave him a banquet. He was the speaker of the London Germans at Garibaldi's entry. He promoted the Schleswig-Hol- stein movement in connection with leaders of the Schleswig Diet, whose confidential communications he transmitted to the English Foreign Office ; and he was at the head of the London Committee during the war of 1863-64. At Berlin, his step- son met with a tragic death in the at- tempt on the life of Prince Bismarck on May 7, 1866. For many years Karl Blind operated with Mazzini, Garibaldi, and other European leaders, and supported the cause of Hungary, Poland, the Ameri- can Union, and the American Republic ; for which thanks were expressed to him by President Lincoln and President Juarez. During the war of 1870-71 he supported his country's cause. ' In Eng- land he has been a member of Executive Committees on Transvaal, Egyptian, and other affairs. Many political writings, and essays on history, mythology, and Germanic literature, published in Ger- many, England, America, Italy, and Spain, have proceeded from his pen ; chiefly political biographies — Ledru Rollin, Francis Deak, and Freiligrath. He has exerted himself to bring about the national testi- monial for the philosopher Feuerbach, and the monuments for the great minne-singers Hans Sachs and Walther von der Vogel- weide. His step-daughter, Mathilde Blind, who died in 1896, was well known as a poetess and champion of woman's rights. Address : S. Hampstead, N.W. BLISS, Cornelius N., was born at Fall River, Massachusetts, Jan. 26, 1833, and received an academic education at Fall River and at New Orleans, Louisiana. He entered mercantile pursuits in the latter city, but soon removed to Boston, Massachusetts, continuing his connection with commercial affairs in that city and in New York. He was a member of the Pan- American Conference, and President of the Protective Tariff League, but declined to be a candidate for the Governorship of 106 BLOFELD— BLOUKT New York in 1885, and refused again a similar offer made in 1891. He was ap- pointed Secretary of the Interior in Presi- dent M'Kinley's Cabinet, March 5, 1897. BLOFELD, Thomas Calthorpe, was born in 1836, and was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was appointed Recorder of Ipswich in 1877, and he also occupies the position of Chan- cellor of the Diocese of Norwich. BLOMFIELD, Sir Arthur "Wil- liam, M.A., A.B.A., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., was born at Fulham Palace on March 6, 1829. He is the fourth son of the late Right Rev. Charles James Blomfield, D.D., Bishop of London (1828-57), and of Dorothy, daughter of Charles Cox, Esq. He was educated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained his M.A. degree in 1854, afterwards study- ing architecture under the late P. C. Hardwick, Architect to the Bank of Eng- land, whom he eventually succeeded in that post. He was elected an Hon. Mem- ber of the Royal Academy of Arts at Copenhagen, and received the Order of the Danebrog (3rd Class) from the King of Denmark in 1887, on the occasion of the consecration of the English Church of St. Alban, built by him at Copenhagen. In 1888 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, and received the honour of knighthood in 1889. In 1891 he re- ceived the gold medal of the Royal Insti- tute of British Architects presented annu- ally by the Queen, on the recommendation of the Institute, to some one who has rendered distinguished service to archi- tecture by his work or writings. Addresses : 28 Montagu Square, and 6 Montagu Place, W. ; Springfield, Broadway, Worcester- shire. BLOOD, Brigadier - General Sir Bindon, K.C.B., R.E., eldest son of William B. Blood, Esq., J. P., of Granagher, county Clare, was born in November 1842, and entered the army as a Lieutenant of Royal Engineers in December 1860, reach- ing the rank of Captain in 1873, Major in July 1881, and Lieut.-Colonel in July 1888. He was engaged in the expedition of 1878 against the Jowakis, an Afridi tribe, who were constantly raiding the North-West frontier of India, and was awarded medal with clasp. In 1879 Sir Bindon Blood went to South Africa, and took part in the Zulu campaign, for which he received a brevet majority. He also saw considerable service during the Afghan war. In 1882 he took part in the Egyptian expedition, being present at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. He was mentioned in despatches, and received a brevet of Lieut.-Colonel and the Osmanieh of the 4th Class. In the expedition into Chitral of 1895 he acted as Chief Staff Officer, and had command of the Malakand Field Force, being present at nearly all the operations, including the storming of the Malakand and Amandara Passes, the passage of the Swat River, and the relief of Chakdarri. He was mentioned in despatches, and specially promoted to K.C.B. In January of 1896 he was ap- pointed a Brigadier-General in the Bengal Command, and was Chief Staff Officer of the Chitral Relief Force in 1896. Sir Bindon Blood married in 1883 Charlotte, daughter of Sir Auckland Colville, K.C.S.I. Address : Granagher, Ennis, county Clare. BLOTJET, Paul, "Max O'Rell," was born in Brittany (France) on March 2, 1848, educated in Paris, and took his degrees of B.A. and B.Sc. in 1864 and 1865. He received his commission in the French army in 1869 ; fought in the Franco-Prussian war ; was made a prisoner at Sedan on Sept. 3, 1870 ; fought against the Commune ; was severely wounded, and pensioned. He came to England as news- paper correspondent in 1873 ; was ap- pointed Head French Master of St. Paul's School in 1876, and resigned his Master- ship in 1884. In 1883 he published "John Bull and his Island," which took Paris and London by storm, and was soon translated into English, and also into most European languages and several Asiatic tongues. In 1884 he published "John Bull's Daughter"; in 1885, "The Dear Neighbours " ; in 1886, " Drat the Boys I "•; in 1887, "Friend MacDonald"; in 1889, "Jonathan and his Continent " ; "Jacques Bonhomme," 1890; in 1891, "A French- man in America"; and "John Bull and Co." — a sketch of our Colonies, 1894. He has also written several educational,works, amongst which is "French Oratory" (Ox- ford, 1883). All the works of "Max O'Rell " have been translated into English by his wife. Several orders, French and others, have been conferred on him. During the years 1887, 1888, 1889, and 1890 he gave lectures in the United Kingdom and in America. In 1891 he started on a two years' tonr round the world, during which he gave 446 lectures in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Since then he has been occupied in lecturing throughout the English provinces. One of his favourite lectures is " The Gospel of Cheerfulness," as exemplified by the habits and disposition of the French people, in which he contends that the real Frenchman is not known to the English. The Englishman gets his ideas of the French from what passes on the boule- vards and from literature ; because the BLOWITZ — BLUMENTHAL 107 French do not understand hospitality, and only admit their intimate friends to their homes ; whereas French literature deals with exceptions, and not the real repre- sentative Frenchman, the small landowner deeply attached to his country and his cottage. Address : 8 Acacia Road, N.W. BLOWITZ, Henri Georges Ste- phane Adolphe Opper de, Times corre- spondent in Paris, was born of Jewish stock at the chateau of Blowitz, Pilsen, Bohemia, on Dec. 28, 1825. By a decree of May 6, 1860, he was permitted to assume the present form of his name, which in France and Germany implies noble rank. He was engaged for some time in the invention of a machine for wool-carding by steam. On Oct. 5, 1870, he was naturalised as a Frenchman, having for many years been employed as a teacher of German at various French lyce'es, espe- cially that of Tours (1850), and as a lite- rary and political journalist. In the latter capacity he wrote for the Gazette du Midi, and sent a weekly letter to the Lyons journal, La Decentralisation. He revealed the history of Ismail Pasha's special train which caused De Lesseps' defeat in the elections of 1869. After the war of 1870 he gave M. Thiers his warmest support, and was of the greatest assistance to General Espivent de la Villeboisnet in his efforts to suppress the Commune at Mar- seilles by being in communication with Thiers at Versailles by a private wire from a house belonging to his wife, when other communications had been cut by the Com- munards. At the General's request he was decorated with the Legion of Honour in June 1871. In July of the same year he became temporary correspondent to the Times, and three years later was appointed their chief Paris representative. He in- augurated constant telegraphic communi- cation, and obtained the concession of a special wire from 9 p.m. till 3 a.m. for his paper. In 1875 he revealed the plans of the German military party for a second invasion of France, and sent the whole of the Berlin Treaty to the Times before it was signed. His communications to the Times have often been of European im- portance. He was one of the originators of what is now known as the "interview," and Thiers, Gambetta, Prince Bismarck, the Marquis Tseng, Jules Ferry, Leo XIII., Prince Lobanoff, and the late Sultan at various times made use of him in his capacity of interviewer in order informally to gauge public opinion, or to influence it in their own favour. M. de Blowitz was promoted to be an Officer of the Legion of Honour on July 30, 1878. Besides of late years writing almost daily for the Times, he has published "Feuilles Volantes," 1858; a comedy entitled " Midi a Quatorze Heures," " Le Mariage Royal d'Espagne," 1878, 'and several other political pamphlets. He married in 1865 Anne Am^lie Arrand d'Aquel. Paris address : Boulevard des Capucines 35. BLTJMENIHAL, Field - Marshal Leonard Count von, Chief of the General Staff of the Prussian Army, was born on July 30, 1810, at Schweldt, on the Oder. He was, like the majority of the leaders of the Prussian army, a soldier from childhood. Educated from 1820 to 1827 in the military academies of Culm and Berlin, he was entered on July 27, 1827, as Second Lieutenant in the Guard Landwehr Regiment (the present Fusilier Guards), attended from 1830 to 1833 the general military school in Berlin, was from 1837 to 1845 Adjutant to the Coblenz Land- wehr battalion, and became for the first time in 1846 Premier Lieutenant in the topographical division of the General Staff. In order that he might be thoroughly ac- quainted with technical military science, Blumenthal had been ordered for service during the following years to the Artillery Guards and the division of the Pioneer Guards. He had already, in March 1848, taken part, as Lieutenant in the Fusilier battalions of the 31st Infantry Regiment, in the street - fights in Berlin. Some months later Blumenthal was transferred as Captain (Jan. 1, 1849) to the General Staff, to which he has, with slight inter- ruptions, belonged for about twenty-five years. In 1849 he took, as a member of the staff of General von Bonin, part in the Schleswig - Holstein campaign, and fought in the skirmishes at Auenbiill and Beuschau, in the battle of Colding, and in the affairs at Alminde, Gudsoe, and Tauloo - Church, and took, in the siege and battle of Fredericia, so active and conspicuous a part, that he was, on May 14, 1849, promoted as Chief of the General Staff of the Schleswig-Holstein Army. His capabilities were regarded as being so brilliant, that in the following year (1850) he was named as General Staff officer of the Mobile Division under General von Tietzen in the electorate of Hesse. He was next sent, intrusted with special military propositions, to England, and was rewarded with the Order of the Red Eagle (4th Class, with swords). On June 18, 1853, advanced to the rank of Major in the Grand General Staff, Blumenthal was, as military companion and as General Staff officer of the 8th Division, appointed to take part in the spring exercises of that year in Thuringia and at Berlin. His linguistic and de- partmental knowledge led to his being entrusted with further commissions to 108 BLUNT England. In 1859 he was named the personal Adjutant of Prince Frederic Charles. On July 2, 1860, he became Colonel and Commander of the 31st, later of the 71st, Infantry Regiment. In 1861 he accompanied General von Bonin to the British Court, and became then the con- ductor of the foreign officers at the autumn manoeuvres on the Rhine, and military companion of the Crown Prince of Saxony at the coronation in Kiinigs- berg. Colonel von Blumenthal had been for some time Chief of the Staff of the Third Army Corps, when, on Dec. 15, 1863, he was nominated the Chief of the General Staff of the combined Mobile Army Corps against Denmark, and then had the first opportunity of exhibiting his splendid abilities. The part which he took in that war, especially at Missunde, in the storming of the trenches at Diippel, and the passage on to the island of Alsen, was so extremely important, that on June 25, 1864, he was promoted to be Major- General, and received the Order pour le Merite. After the peace, General von Blumenthal commanded first the 7th and next the 30th Infantry Brigade. In the Austrian war of 1866 he was Chief of the General Staff of the Second Army of the Crown Prince, and for his distinguished services received the Oak-leaf of the Order pour le Mirxte (one of the rarest distinc- tions in the army) and the Star of Knight Commander of the Order of the House of Hohenzollern. On Oct. 30, 1866, he was designated Commander of the 14th Divi- sion in Diisseldorf, and accompanied the Crown Prince in the autumn of 1866 to St. Petersburg. When, on the outbreak of the war with France, the Crown Prince was entrusted with the supreme command of the Third Army, General von Blumen- thal was requested to accept the important post of Chief of the General Staff; and his Imperial Highness, when presented by the Emperor of Germany with the Iron Cross, declared that the same distinction was equally due to General von Blumen- thal. In 1871 he was sent to England to represent the German Empire at the autumn manoeuvres at Chobham. Von Blumenthal was made Field-Marshal in 1888, and Count in 1883, and is recog- nised as one of the most distinguished strategists of modern Germany. BLUNT, The Right Reverend Richard Frederick Lefevre, Bishop of Hull, Suffragan to the Archbishop of York, is the third son of Samuel Jasper Blunt, Esq., late senior clerk of the Colonial Office, and Elizabeth Mary Lee, daughter of R. E. N. Lee, Esq., of Chelsea, was born Nov. 16, 1833, and was educated at Merchant Taylors' School. After he had studied law in the Temple and Lincoln's Inn Fields he entered the Theological Department of King's College, London, and became Theological Associate (1st Class) in 1857, when he was ordained to the curacy of St. Paul's, Cheltenham, under the Rev. C. H. Bromby (now Bishop Bromby). In 1860 he became senior curate to his cousin, Rev. Gerald Blunt, at St. Luke's, Chelsea, and in the next year married Emily Jane, eldest daughter of John Simpson, Esq., of the Cedars, Upper Tooting. In 1864 he was appointed by Lord Hotham to the vicarage of Scar- borough, and received from Archbishop Longley, at the request of Bishop Tait and the Principal and Professors of King's College, the degree of M.A., and five years afterwards he was elected Fellow of King's College, in 1870 he was appointed Rural Dean, and in the following year was collated to the Prebendal Stall of Grindall in York Minster, and in 1873 he was pre- ferred to the Archdeaconry of the East Riding. During the winter of 1880 he acted as chaplain at Christ Church, Cannes, and in 1881 was made Hon. Chaplain to the Queen. In 1882 he received the degree of D.D. from Arch- bishop Tait, and in the following year he was collated by Archbishop Thomson to the Residentiary Stall in York Minster, and resigned his Prebendal Stall. In 1885 he became in due course Chaplain-in- ordinary to the Queen, and in 1886 he was appointed Select Preacher at Cambridge. On Bishop Magee succeeding to the Arch- bishopric of York, Archdeacon Blunt was nominated by the Crown as Bishop Suffragan of Hull, to which See he was consecrated on May 1, 1891. In the following year he resigned his Arch- deaconry, and was collated to the Pre- bendal Stall of Bole in York Minster. He has been a Member of the Convoca- tion of York since 1873, and one of the Assessors since 1888. Besides many charges, sermons, and papers, he has published " The Divine Patriot, and other Sermons " " Doctrina Pastoralis," Lectures in the Divinity School, Cambridge, "Notes for Confirmation Lectures," ' ' Private Prayers and Daily Interces- sions," "Meditations on the Holy Com- munion Service," the last four being published by the S.P.C.K. Addresses: The Vicarage, Scarborough; and The Resi- dence, York. BLUNT, Wilfrid Scawen, the son of F. S. Blunt of Crabbet Park, was born at Petworth House on Aug. 17, 1840, and succeeded to the Crabbet estates on the death of his elder brother in 1872. He was educated at Stonyhurst and Oscott, and was in the Diplomatic Service from BLYDEN — BODINGTON 109 1858 to 1870. During the years 1877 to 1881 he travelled a good deal in the East, visiting Arabia, Syria, Persia, and Meso- potamia ; and after taking part in the Egyptian National Movement of 1881 to 1882, he visited India. He contested Cam- berwell in the Home Rule interest in 1885, and again in the following year stood for Kidderminster in the same interest. As the result of calling a meeting in a pro- claimed district of Ireland in 1887, Mr. Blunt was committed to prison for two months, this time being spent in Gal- way and Kilmainham Gaols. He is well known as an authority on Arab horse- breeding. He is the author of the well- known " Love Sonnets of Proteus," 1880 ; " The Future of Islam," 1882 ; " The Wind and the Whirlwind," 1883 ; "Ideas about India," 1885; "In Vinculis," 1889; "A New Pilgrimage," 1889; "Esther," 1892; " Stealing of the Mare," 1892 ; " Griselda," 1893. He was married, in 1869, to Lady Anne Noel, daughter of the 1st Earl of Lovelace, and has a daughter. Addresses: Crabbet Park, Three Bridges, Sussex ; and 104P Mount Street, Grosvenor Square, W. BLYDEN, Edward Wilmot, Ameri- can negro author, was born at St. Thomas, West Indies, Aug. 3, 1832. His parents were of pure negro blood, and he developed early a taste for languages. He returned to Africa and edited the Liberia Herald at the age of nineteen. He has filled the positions of Presbyterian pastor, Principal of Alexander High School, and President of Liberia College. He was Commissioner for Liberia to the General Assembly of the American Presbyterian Church in 1861 and 1880. He has since been Secretary of State for the Interior, and in 1892 was appointed to his present post of Minister of Liberia at the Court of St. James's. His chief works are: "From West Africa to Pales- tine," 1873 ; " Liberia, its Status and its Field," "Christianity and the Negro Race," and " Africa and the Africans." BLYTH, Sir James, Bart., son of James Blyth of Chelmsford, Essex, and Caroline, daughter of Henry Gilbey of Bishop Stortford, Herts, was born at Chelmsford in 1841. He is a distinguished agriculturist, and has been honoured by the King of the Belgians with the Imperial Order of Leopold in recognition of his services to Agriculture and the Fine Arts. He has also the Order of the Mejidieh for his services to Egyptian Agriculture. For many years he has taken a keen interest in dairying, and erected in 1892, as an object-lesson, an electric model dairy in his grounds at Blythwood. He is owner of the well-known Blythwood herd of Jersey cattle, stud of Shire horses, and flock of Southdown sheep ; and his Blyth- wood Challenge Bowls, designed to pro- mote the best rypes of dairy cattle, are attractive features at the Agricultural Shows. Sir James's letters on " The Future of British Agriculture," contributed to the Times during his Presidency of the British Dairy Farmers' Association, which were copied and criticised by the Press of the United Kingdom, and reprinted in pamphlet form, aroused widespread interest among farmers, on whom they impress the necessity of producing, to a much greater extent, perishable articles of food, for at present we pay to foreign countries some fifty million pounds sterling annually, but Sir James Blyth contends that they can for the most part be grown in equal or greater perfection in Great Britain and Ireland. Sir James is also a Governor or Vice-President of many Agricultural and other Societies, Member of Council of the British Empire League, a Visitor of the Royal Institution, and a Director of W. and A. Gilbey, Limited. He married in 1865 Eliza (who died 1894), daughter of William Mooney of Clontarf , co. Dublin. Heir : Herbert William. He was created a Baronet in 1895. Addresses : 33 Portland Place, London, W.; and Blythwood, Stan- sted, Essex. BODDA-PYNE, n(e Louisa Pyne, a popular English singer, daughter of a well- known singer, Mr. G. Pyne, was born in 1832, and was at a very early age the pupil of Sir George Smart, and made her first appearance about 1842. She sang in Paris with great success in 1847, appeared in opera in 1849, performed at the Royal Italian Opera in 1851, and visited the United States, where she was enthusias- tically received, in 1854. After an absence of three years she returned to her native land, and was, in conjunction with Mr. Harrison, joint-lessee for a short season of the Lyceum and Drury Lane, and from 1858 till 1862 of Coven't Garden Theatre. The enterprise having failed, she trans- ferred her services to her Majesty's Theatre, and has frequently performed at her Majesty's Concerts at Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace. She is married to Mr. Frank Bodda. BODINGTON, Nathan, M.A. Litt.D., was born at Aston, near Birmingham, on May 29, 1848, and was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and at Wadham College, Oxford. At the Uni- versity he gained first-class honours in the Final School of Lit. Hum. in 1872, and was three years later elected a Fellow of Lincoln College. During the years 1873 and 1874 he was an Assistant Master at Manchester Grammar School, and at West- 110 BODKIN — BOETTICHER minster School, and from 1875 to 1881 he held a classical tutorship at Lincoln College, and was also a lecturer at both Lincoln and Oriel Colleges. Mr. Bodington was appointed Professor of Classics in the Mason College at Birmingham in 1881, but in the following year he went to Leeds, as Principal of, and Professor of Greek in, the Yorkshire College. He is at present, moreover, Vice-Chancellor of the Victoria University. Addresses: Shire Oak Road, Leeds. BODKIN, Archibald Henry, was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1885, and is engaged on the South-Eastern Circuit, and at the Middlesex and Kent Sessions. Address : 5 Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. BODLEY, John Edward. Courtenay, son of Edward Fisher Bodley, J. P., of Shel- ton, Staffordshire, and Dane Bank House, Cheshire, by Mary Ridgway, who was the last survivor of the elder branch of the family which claimed to be the heirs- general of the Ridgways, Earls of London- derry (extinct). Born at Shelton, June 6, 1853, educated privately and at Balliol Col- lege, Oxford (B.A. 1877 ; M.A. 1879) ; called to the Bar, 1874, while an undergraduate, on his twenty-first birthday, and was thus the youngest barrister ever called to the English Bar, as some years before he went to the University, being prevented by ill- health from preparing for Oxford, he had entered at the Inner Temple at an un- usually early age. After taking his degree he joined the Oxford Circuit, and published in Blackwood's Magazine, in 1882, a sketch of circuit-life entitled " The Souchester Sessions." He became private secretary to the President, of the Local G-overnment Board (Right Hon. Sir C. W. Dilke) in 1882. In 1884 he was appointed Secretary to the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, and was the author of the Report (1885) which was signed by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, Cardinal Manning, the Marquis of Salisbury and the majority of the Commissioners. Between 1885 and 1889 Mr. Bodley tra- velled extensively, visiting many of the continental capitals, to study European politics, and spending two years in traver- sing South and East Africa, British North America, and the United States. As the result of his travels he wrote a few articles in the Edinburgh, Quarterly, and other English Reviews, two of which, on the Roman Catholic Church in America, were republished in the United States under the title of " The Catholic Democracy of America." In 1890 Mr. Bodley undertook his work on France, and went to live in that country for the purpose of devoting himself entirely to it. It occupied him exclusively and without interruption for more than seven years, until the appear- ance, in February 1898, of the first two volumes of "France," which deal with ' ' political France after a century of revolution." The years of labour bestowed on the work were justified by the re- markable reception bestowed on it by the English and American reviewers, as well as by French critics of all schools. French and German editions of the first series will shortly appear, and meanwhile the author is engaged in further volumes, which will treat of the Church, Educa- tion, and the Administrative System. Mr. Bodley married in Algeria in 1891 Evelyn Frances, eldest child of Mr. John Bell, of Mustapha Rais, Algiers, and Rushpool Hall, Yorkshire. Address : Chateau de Belle- fontaine, Biarritz. BODY, George, D.D., Canon Mis- sioner of Durham, was born at Cheriton Fitzpaine, Devonshire, on Jan. 7, 1840, and was educated at Blundell's School, Tiverton, under the headmastership of Rev. T. B. Hughes, M.A. From this school he passed as Diocesan Student, from the Diocese of Exeter, to St. Augustine's Missionary College, Canterbury. Through ill-health he had to give up his purpose of undertaking foreign missionary work, and passed from Canterbury to St. John's College, Cambridge, in October 1859. In Lent, 1863, he was ordained Deacon, his first Curacy being at St. James's, Wednes- bury, in the Diocese of Lichfield. From Wednesbury he went to the Curacy of Sedgley, in the same Diocese, and from Sedgley to Wolverhampton. In 1870 he was appointed Rector of Kirby Misper- ton, on the nomination of the Earl of Feversham, which benefice he held until 1884. In 1883' he was called to the Diocese of Durham as Canon Missioner, From 1880 to 1885 he represented the Archdeaconry of Cleveland in the Con- vocation of York. In 1885 he was made D.D. of Durham {honoris causd), and in 1890 was elected a Vice-President of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts as a recognition of his interest in foreign mission work. He has published many Sermons and two volumes of Lec- tures: (1) "The Life of Justification," in 1870, and (2) "The Life of Temptation," in 1870, each of which is in its 7th edit. Recent works of his are "Activities of the Ascended Lord," 1891: "The School of Calvary," 2nd edit. 1891; and "The Life of Love," 1893. BOETTICHER, Karl Heinrich von, German statesman, was born at Stet- tin, Jan. 6, 1833. After studying law, be EOISSIER — BONN AT 111 entered the Civil Service in 1862. He has held various posts in the Ministry of the Interior, and was appointed Secretary in 1880, a post he held, together with the Vice-Presidency of the Prussian Ministry, until June 1897, when he resigned at the same time as Baron von Marschall, in con- sequence of the opposition of the Agrarian party. BOISSIER, Professor Marie Louis Gaston, was born Aug. 15, 1823, at Nimes, and educated at the Lycee of that town, and at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand, Paris. In 1846 he became Professor of Rhetoric at Angouleme, and ten years later was called to Paris as supplementary professor at the Lycee Charlemagne. In 1861 he proceeded to the College de France as Professor of Latin Oratory, in succession to Havet, and then became deputy to Sainte Beuve in the chair of Latin Poetry. On June 8, 1876, he was elected a Member of the French Academy, succeeding Patin in the 39th chair. In 1895 he was elected Perpetual Secretary of the 'Academy. M. Boissier has written "Le Poete Attius," 1856 ; " Une Etude sur Terentius Varron," 1859; "Ciceron et ses Amis," 1866 ; "La Religion Romaine d' Auguste aux Antonins," 1875; "Madame de SevigneV' and many critical papers in the Revue des Deux Mondes and the Revue de V Instruction Publique. BOITO, Arrigo, Italian poet and composer, born Feb. 24, 1842, the brother of Camille Boito, the critic, entered the Conservatoire of Milan in 1853. He travelled in France, Poland, and Germany, where he became one of Wagner's dis- ciples. His first work was "Le Mefistofele," which, when produced in 1868 at La Scala, Milan, met with startling failure, but when reproduced in 1875 at Bologna achieved immediate success. His other operas are "Nerone," "Ero e Leandro," "La Sorella d'ltalia," and "Oda all' Arte." He is known as a poet, and has published in 1877 "Libro dei versi" and "Re Orso." He is, however, chiefly known as a lib- rettist. BOLDREWOOD, Rolf. See Browne, Thomas Alexander. BOMBAY, Bishop of. See Mac- ARTHUR, THE RIGHT REV. JAMES. BOND, Hon. Robert, born in New- foundland, Feb. 25,. 1857, was educated at Queen's College, Taunton, England. He studied for the legal profession, but left it to enter politics. He was elected to the Newfoundland Assembly in 1882, and be- came Speaker of that body in 1885. On the retirement of Sir William Whiteway in 1886, Mr. Bond became leader of his party. On the return of the former to active politics in 1889, he entered his Cabinet as Colonial Secretary. In 1890 he was one of three delegates sent to Eng- land relative to the " French Shore Treaty Question," and was the same year ap- pointed by the Imperial and Newfound- land Governments to visit the United States to arrange a reciprocity treaty be- tween that country and Newfoundland. In 1892 he was sent to Halifax with three others to confer with representatives from the Canadian Government upon the ques- tion of the fisheries and other matters of difference. He was unseated and dis- qualified in 1894. He afterwards, on the removal of the disability by Act of Parlia- ment, returned to office, and was one of the delegates who negotiated terms of union with Canada at Ottawa in April 1895. BOND, The Right Rev. William Bennett, M.A., LL.D., Bishop of Montreal, was born at Truro, in 1815. He received his education in various public and private schools in Cornwall and in London, and at an early age emigrated to Newfoundland, where he studied for the ministry with Archdeacon Bridge ; and at Montreal, to which he had meantime repaired, was in 1840 ordained a Deacon, and in 1841, a Priest. For several years, under the direction of the late Bishop Mountain, of Quebec, he organised many mission stations in the Eastern Townships of the Province of Quebec ; was incumbent of Lachine for a number of years ; and assistant minister in St. George's, Montreal, of which he finally became incumbent. He maintained his connec- tion with this parish for the long period of thirty years, successively becoming Archdeacon of Hochelaga and Dean of Montreal. On the resignation of Bishop Oxenden, he was, in 1879, elected by the synod of the diocese to the Bishopric of Montreal. Bishop Bond is President of the Theological College of the Diocese of Montreal, and is an LL.D. of the Univer- sity of M'Gill College. Address : Bishops- court, 42 Union Avenue, Montreal. BON GATJLTIER. Theodore. See Martin, Sir BONNAT, Leon, a French painter and Member of the Institute, was born at Bayonne June 20, 1833, was a pupil of Madrazo and Leon Cogniet, and in 1857 obtained the second prize at Rome for his "Resurrection de Lazare." Since that time he has been a constant exhibitor at the annual Salons Among his works 112 BONNEY — BOOTH may be mentioned " Le bon Samaritain," 1859 ; "Adam et Eve trouvant Abel mort," 1861 ; " Pelerins dans l'eglise Saint Pierre de Rome," 1864; "Ribera dessinant a la porte de l'Ara Coeli a Rome," 1867. After a tour in the East he produced the "Assumption," 1869; " Femme fellah et son enfant," 1870; "Femmes d'Ustaritz," 1872, and many others which have been rendered popular through engravings. His "Christ" for the Court of Appeal was especially noteworthy for the truth of the anatomy and condition of the corpse. M. Bonnat obtained two medals of the second class in 1861 and 1867, and the Medal of Honour in 1869. In 1867 he was decorated with the Legion of Honour. For many years he has confined himself to portraiture, and his best portraits, such as those of Thiers and Victor Hugo, Jules Ferry and President Carnot (1890), have gained him European celebrity. BONNEY, Professor, The Bev. Thomas George, D.Sc. (Cantab.), Hon. LL.D. (Montreal), Hon. D.Sc. (Dublin), F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., &c, son of late Rev. T. Bonney, M.A., was born July 27, 1833, at Rugeley, and educated at Uppingham School and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated as 12th Wrangler and 16th in second-class classics in 1856. He was elected in 1859 to a Fellowship, which he still holds. From 1856 to 1861 he was Mathematical Master at West- minster School, but returned to Cambridge in the latter year. During his residence there he was active in securing for Natural Science a due place in Academic studies and promoting reforms in the University. He was appointed a tutor of the College in 1868, and was Lecturer in Geology. In 1877 he was elected Professor of Geology at University College, London, and in 1881, on being appointed Secretary of the British Association, finally quitted Cam- bridge to reside at Hampstead. He re- signed the latter post in 1885, was President of the Geological Section at the meeting in 1886, and delivered one of the Evening Discourses in 1888. He was for six years Secretary of the Geological Society, and President in 1884-86. In 18S9 he received the Wollaston Medal. He has been also President of the Mineralogical Society, and was Rede Lecturer at Cambridge in 1892. (See Rede.) In Geology, Professor Bonney has chiefly devoted himself to Petrological and Physical questions, and has written numerous papers printed in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, the Geological Magazine, the pub- lications of the Royal Society, &c. He is author of "The Story of our Planet," "Ice Work," "Charles Lyell and Modern Geology," and a contributor to other works of science or biography. He was President of the Alpine Club in 1880-82, and is the author of " Outline Sketches in the High Alps of Dauphine\" 1865 ; " The Alpine Regions," 1868 ; besides furnishing the text to several illustrated books on the Alps, Norway, &c. He has also con- tributed largely to several works of de- scriptive topography, such as "Picturesque Europe," "Our own Country," "English Cathedrals," &c., and translated Pierotti's "Jerusalem Explored," 1864; and "Cus- toms of Palestine," 1864. Ordained in 1857, Professor Bonney was one of the Cambridge Preachers at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, 1876-78, and has been six times a Special Preacher before the Uni- versity of Cambridge, on one occasion being Hulsean Lecturer. These lectures, " On the Influence of Science on Theology," have been published (1885), besides two other small volumes and several detached sermons. He was Boyle Lecturer in 1890-91, publishing the lectures in volumes entitled "Old Truths in Modern Lights," and " Christian Doctrines and Modern Thought." He is an Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Manchester, and an Hon. Canon of that Cathedral. Addresses: 23 Denning Road, N.W. ; and Athenaeum. BONVALOT, Pierre Gabriel, French explorer, born at Espagne, in the Aube, in 1853, was a traveller and linguist from his earliest years. In 1880 he was charged by the Minister of Public Instruction with, a mission to Central Asia. He visited Turkestan, Bokhara, and Samarcand, dis- covered the ruins of Chari-Samane, and returned to Europe by the Amu Daria and the Caspian Sea in 1882. In 1885 he was again entrusted with a mission to Persia and the Turcoman country. He was made prisoner by the Afghans, but despite their hostility he made noteworthy discoveries in the Pamirs, and crossed into Cashmere, August 1887. In 1889 M. Bonvalot agreed to accompany Prince Henri d'Orleans in crossing Asia from Siberia to Tonkin. They started from Paris on the 6th July, crossed the Chinese frontier on Sept. 1, and marching for a year and twenty-five days, arrived on the borders of the Red River in December 1890. The most diffi- cult part of their journey was the crossing of the Tibetan tableland. Their observa- tions and 700 photographs interested the learned world, and the Geographical Society of France awarded them its Gold Medal in 1890. Since then M. Bonvalot has travelled in Abyssinia. BOOTH, Charles, LL.D., author and statistician, was born in Liverpool on March 30, 1840, and was educated at the Royal Institution School. Since 1862 he BOOTH 113 has been a partner in Alfred Booth & Co., Liverpool, and was President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1892 to 1894. He received the honour of the LL.D. of Cambridge University in 1898. He has published in nine volumes a standard work entitled " Life and Labour of the People in London," 1891-1897; "Pau- perism and the Endowment of Old Age," 1892; "The Aged Poor," 1894. He mar- ried in 1871 Mary, daughter of Charles Zachary Macaulay. Addresses : 24 Great Cumberland Place, W. ; and Athenasum. BOOTH, The Rev.William, "General" of the Salvation Army, was born at Nottingham, April 10, 1829, and educated at a private school in that town. He studied theology with the Rev. William Cooke, D.D., became a minister of the Methodist New Connexion in 1850, and was appointed mostly to hold special evangelistic services, to which he felt so strongly drawn that when the Conference of 1861 required him to settle in the ordinary circuit work, he resigned, and began his labours as an evangelist amongst the churches wherever he had oppor- tunity. Coming in this capacity to the East End of London he observed that the vast majority of the people attended no place of worship, and he started " The Christian Mission" in July 1865. To this mission, when it had become a large organisation, formed upon military lines, he gave in 1878 the name of "The Salva- tion Army," under which it soon became widely known, and grew rapidly until it now has (April 1898) 4611 corps and out- posts at stations established in the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Australasia, India, the Cape of Good Hope, Canada, Scandinavia, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Japan, West Indies, South America, and elsewhere. 13,623 officers or evan- gelists are entirely employed in and sup- ported by this Army, under the General's absolute direction, and they hold upwards of 79,095 services in the open air and in theatres, music halls, and other buildings every week. The General has published several hymn and music books, volumes entitled "Salvation Soldiery," "Training of Children," and "Letters to Soldiers," describing his views as to religious life and work. "Holy Living" and "Orders and Regulations for the Salvation Army " are some of the smaller publications issued by him for the direction of the Army as to teaching and services. He also contributed an article on "The Salvation Army" to the Contemporary Review for August 1882. Mrs. Booth shared largely in all the General's efforts, and further explained their views in "Practical Religion," "Aggressive Chris- tianity," "Godliness," "Life and Death," and " The Salvation Army in Relation to Church and State." She died of cancer in October 1890, after a painful illness borne with Christian fortitude. The General's eldest son is his Chief of Staff, managing all his business ; his eldest daughter, with her husband, directs the work in Belgium and Holland ; another son is in charge of the work in Australasia ; the second daughter, together with her husband, supervises the operations in the United States of America ; the third daughter has the direction of affairs in Canada ; the fourth daughter and her hus- band are at the head of the work in France — so that each member of the family is actively employed in some branch of the Army's service. The General established The War Cry as a weekly gazette of the Army in 1880. It is now published weekly in England, similar papers being published at each Colonial and Foreign headquarters, so that there are now 34 weekly War Cry's, with a circulation of over 652,776. En Avant appears in Paris, Strids Ropet in Stockholm, the Jangi Pokar (Gujarati) edition in Gujarat, a Tamil one in Madras, a Singhalese one in Ceylon, and an English and Marathi edition in Bombay. Belgium, Holland, and Germany also publish separate edi- tions in their respective languages. In November 1890 he published a volume entitled ' ' In Darkest England and the Way Out," containing a scheme for the enlightenment and industrial support of the lowest classes. The General appealed for £100,000 with which to begin the work of social rescue, and subsequently started 76 rescue homes for fallen women, and 100 " slum posts," besides a system of J Labour Bureaux, and food dep6ts, shelters, factories, and homes for inebriates. In May 1892 General Booth again stated that £30,000 a year would be necessary in order to carry out the " Darkest England " scheme. The appeal was endorsed by such well-known public men as the Earl of Aberdeen, Lord Compton, Mr, H. H. Fowler, Mr. Labouchere, and Archdeacon Farrar. Subsequently General Booth sub- mitted the working of the scheme to a committee of inquiry, consisting of the Earl of Onslow, Sir Henry James, M.P., Mr. E. Waterhouse (President Institute of Chartered Accountants), Mr. Walter Long, and Mr. C. E. Hobhouse, M.P. These gentlemen reported favourably as to the working of the scheme and the application of the funds thereto sub- scribed. In 1896 there were two notable celebrations, the one in commemoration of his return from his second tour in South Africa, Australasia, Ceylon, and India (this was held in March at the Crystal Palace), H 114 BOOTHBY— BOTTOMLEY and the other a Twelve Days' Exhibition of the work of the Army throughout the world (held at the Agricultural Hall). Address : 101 Queen Victoria Street, E.C. BOOTHBY, Guy Newell, was born at Adelaide, South Australia, on Oct. 13, 1867, and is the eldest son of Thomas Wilde Boothby, sometime Member of the House of Assembly, and grandson of Mr. Justice Boothby. He has travelled a good deal, and in 1891 he crossed Australia from north to south. He is the author of : "On the Wallaby," 1894; "In Strange Company," 1894 ; " The Marriage of Esther," 1895 ; "A Lost Endeavour," 1895 ; "A Bid for Fortune," 1895; "Beautiful White Devil," 1896 ; "Dr. Nikola," 1896 ; " Fascination of the King," and " Sheilah M'Leod," 1897, &c. He is married to Rose Alice, third daughter of William Bristowe, of Champion Hill. Address : Alveston, Thames Ditton, Surrey. BORNIEB, Vicomte Henri de, French poet and dramatist, born at Lunel, Dec. 25, 1825, studied at Montpellier and and Saint-Pons, and in 1845 completed his legal studies at Paris. The same year he published "Les Premieres Feuilles," a volume of poems, and submitted a play to the The'atre Francais, "Le Mariage de Luther." They attracted the notice of Salvandy, the Minister of Public Instruc- tion, who appointed the youthful poet a supernumerary at the Bibliotheque de 1' Arsenal, where he has risen successively to be sub-librarian, librarian, and finally, in March 1889, administrator. In July 1891 he was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1853 he published a play, "Dante de Beatrix," and in 1884 he wrote a recitation for the Odeon, " La Muse de Corneille," which has often been recited on the poet's birthday. A pendant to this was " Le Quinze Janvier ou la Muse de Moliere," which he wrote for the Fran9ais in 1860. The following year he obtained the first prize for poetry with " L'Isthme de Suez," and again in 1863, and the prize for eloquence in 1864 with "L'EIoge de Chateaubriand." In 1868 his "Agamem- non" was played at the Francais, and his " La Fille de Roland " in 1875. Among later dramas must be mentioned " L'Aretirj " (1885), destined to show the deplorable effects of licentious reading, and "Maho- met," on which he had worked for several years. This last had been accepted by the Francais, but was forbidden by the Govern- ment at the request of the Turkish Ambas- sador as likely to offend the religious susceptibilities of their Turkish subjects, Ma.rch 1890. His complete poetical works were published in 1888 in 2 vols. He was elected to the French Academy in 1893 in succession to Xavier Marmier, and lives at 1 Rue de Sully, Paris. BOSISTO, Joseph, C.M.G., was born March 21, 1827, at Hammersmith. He became a druggist, and emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, in 1848, where he remained for three years, and estab- lished the wholesale business of Messrs. Faulding & Co. After a short attack of the gold fever in 1851, he went to Mel- bourne, and began business at Bridge Road, Richmond. The business, at first almost purely a pharmaceutical one, soon developed into a regular manufacturing concern, and upon its founder discovering the remarkable antiseptic properties of the eucalyptus trees, it developed into a large undertaking. The Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria was founded by Mr. Bosisto in 1857, with the aid and cordial co-operation of a few of the chief pharma- ceutists of Victoria, and has proved to have exerted a highly beneficial influence in the development of pharmaceutical and therapeutical knowledge throughout the colony. Mr. Bosisto sat as a Municipal Councillor for over twelve years, in the course of which time he held the office of Mayor for two consecutive periods. He was elected Chairman of the Richmond Magisterial Bench for five years succes- sively, was returned to Parliament in 1874, and has always been placed at the head of the poll in the elections until 1886. Mr. .Bosisto was appointed President of the Royal Commission of Victoria at the Colo- nial and Indian Exhibition, 1886. BOTTOMLEY, James Thomson M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.C.S. Lecturer on Natural Philosophy, and elec trical engineer, was born at Fortbreda, county Down, Ireland, on Jan. 10, 1845, His father was William Bottomley, mer chant, of Belfast, and Justice of the Peace his mother was second daughter of the late Dr. James Thomson, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Glasgow, and a sister of Sir William Thomson, F.R.S., now Lord Kelvin, and Professor James Thomson, F.R.S., both Professors in Glasgow University. Mr. Bottomley was educated partly at a private school, and partly at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. His parents intended that he should enter the then Established Church in Ireland, and he was sent to Trinity College, Dublin, with that object ; but when he had passed through half of his undergraduate course, the desire of follow- ing a scientific career became so strong that he was permitted to pursue his bent. He then became a pupil, and subsequently an assistant, of the late Dr. Thomas Andrews, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry BOTTOMLEY 115 in Queen's College, Belfast, studying with him Chemistry and Chemical Physics, and devoting much attention at the same time to Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. He finally took the degree of B.A. in Trinity College, Dublin, and the degrees of B.A. and M.A. with first-class Honours and Gold Medals in Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in the Queen's University in Ireland. After a year's residence in Glasgow with his uncle, Sir William Thomson, where he studied Chemistry under the late Dr. Thomas Anderson, and Physics in the Natural Philosophy Laboratory, Mr. Bot- tomley was appointed Demonstrator in Chemistry at King's College, London, under the late Dr. W. A. Miller, F.RS. He held this office only one year ; for, to his great disappointment, his health be- came injuriously affected in the Chemical Laboratory, and he was glad, with the consent of Dr. Miller, and at the wish of Professor W. G. Adams, to be transferred to the post of Demonstrator in Natural Philosophy in King's College. In 1870 he removed to Glasgow to take part in the teaching of the Natural Philosophy Class in the University, under a special arrange- ment made for that purpose, Sir William Thomson being at that time actively en- gaged in the great work of laying some of the submarine cables ; and Mr. Bottomley has continued to assist, and when neces- sary represent, Sir William Thomson since that time. He is the author of original papers on ' : Conduction of Heat," " Radia- tion of Heat," "Elasticity of Wires," &c., which have been published in The Philo- sophical Transactions of the Royal Society, The Proceedings of the Royal Society, Philosophical Magazine, Proceedings of the British Association, and elsewhere. He is also the author of elementary text- books on "Dynamics," and on " Hydro- statics," and of "Four Figure Mathe- matical Tables." He is Fellow of the Eoyal Society, of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and of the Chemical Society, Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and of the Physical Society. Address : 13 University Gardens, Glasgow. BOTTOMLEY, "William Beecroft, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.C.S., only son of Joseph Bottomley, Esq., was born at Ap- perley Bridge, Leeds, in 1863, and edu- cated" at the Royal Grammar School, Lancaster. He gained a Natural Science Scholarship at St. Mary's Hospital, Lon- don, in 1883, and studied there and at University College, London, during 1883 and 1884. In 1885 he proceeded to Ger- many, studying at the Universities of Heidelberg and Erlangen. In 1886 he was appointed Lecturer on Biology and Science Tutor in St. Mary's Hospital, which appointment he continued to hold until 1891. In 1888 he entered King's College, Cambridge, as Exhibitioner, and graduated in 1891. In 1892 he was ap- pointed Assistant to the Professor of Botany in University College, London. In the following year, 1893, he was elected Professor of Botany in King's College, London ; and in 1894 Professor of Biology in the Royal Veterinary College, London, both of which appointments he still holds. After graduating at Cambridge, Professor Bottomley was for three years engaged giving series of University Extension Lec- tures throughout Kent upon Botany in its relation to Agriculture. He was thus brought into intimate touch with matters connected with rural economy, and be- came an earnest advocate of Agricultural Co-operation. In 1895 he founded the South-Eastern Co-operative Agricultural Society upon similar lines to the Syndi- cats Agricultural of France, for the joint- purchase of agricultural requisites and joint-disposal of produce. He also joined with Mr. Yerburgh in promoting the establishment of Rural Co-operative Credit Banks, and became Hon. Secretary of the Agricultural Banks Association. In 1896 he spent six weeks in Germany investigating the working of the Raiffeisen Rural Credit Banks, and upon his return read a paper at the Liverpool Meeting of the British As- sociation for the Advancement of Science, describing the Raiffeisen Banks of Ger- many, with their unlimited liability of members, limited areas of operation, ab- sence of all paid administrative posts, exclusion of individual profit, and exami- nation into application of loan granted, and its economic utility. He also published a series of articles upon ' ' Raiffeisen and his Work," showing that it would be ad- vantageous to the agricultural industry of Great Britain if some system could be established in this country somewhat similar to the Raiffeisen organisation with its Local Rural Loan Banks, grouped into county areas, and these again controlled and directed by a central association. Professor Bottomley is also joint Hon. Secretary, with Dr. Paton of Nottingham, of the English Land Colonisation Society, which has for its object the establishment of co-operative colonies of small holdings. He is also Chairman of the Board of Direc- tors of the West Indian Co-operative Union, which has recently been formed to promote agricultural co-operation and the develop- ment of minor industries in the West In- dian Islands. He is the author of numerous papers upon science, rural economy, and agricultural co-operation ; and is also well known for his popular lectures upon various scientific subjects. Address: The Botanical Laboratories, King's College, London. 116 BOUGHTON — BOULNOIS BOUGHTON, George Henry, K.A., was born near Norwich in 1833. His father was William Boughton. His family went to America in 1836, and he passed his youth in Albany, New York, where he early developed an artistic taste. In 1853 he came to London, and passed several months in the study of art. Returning to America he settled in New York, and soon became known as a landscape painter. In 1859 he went to Paris, where he devoted two years to study, and in 1861 he opened a studio in London. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy June 19, 1879. Among his best works are : ' ' Winter Twilight," "The Lake of the Dismal Swamp," "Passing into the Shade," "Coming into Church," "Morning Prayer," "The Scarlet Letter," "The Idyl of the Birds," "The Return of the 'May- flower,'" "Counsellors of Peter the Head- strong," "A Morning in May, Isle of Wight," and " The Ordeal of Purity" (1894). In recent Academies he has exhibited the following : " Sunrise after Sharp Frost, Suffolk," and a portrait of Gladys, daughter of Walter Palmer, Esq., 1895 ; " A Sports- woman on a Highland River," "The Gar- dener's Daughter," and two portraits, 1896; "Memories" (Diploma work), and "After Midnight Mass, fifteenth century," 1897; and "The Road to Camelot," and two portraits, one of a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Kendal, 1898. Mr. Boughton has of late years made a study of the picturesque aspects of the old Puritan life of New England, and many of his recent works have illustrated it. He has also visited Holland, and painted a number of Dutch scenes, and, with Mr. Edwin Abbey, is the author of "A Sketching Tour in Holland," 1885. He has frequently ex- hibited at the National Academy of New York, and was made a Member of that Academy in 1871. He was made R.A. in March 1896. Address : West House, Campden Hill, W. BOTJGTJEREATJ, Adolphe "Wil- liam, a French painter, and Member of the Institute, was born at La Rochelle, Nov. 30, 1835. He began life in a business house at Bordeaux, but obtained permission to attend the drawing school of M. Alaux for two hours a day. His fellow pupils treated him with contempt on account of his business connections, and when at the end of the year he gained the first prize, the excitement was so great that a riot ensued, and a formal protest was made by the pupils against his receiving it, but without effect. He then turned all his attention to painting, and entered the studio of Picot in Paris, and later, entered the Ecole de Beaux Arts, where his pro- gress was rapid. Having gained the " Prix de Rome " with his picture of " Zenobia on the banks of the Araxes," in 1850 he went to Rome, and in 1854 exhibited "The Body of St. Cecilia borne to the Cata- combs," since which time he has occupied a leading position among the artists of the Modern French School. His next great work was " Philomela and Procne," 1861. Both these pictures are now in the Luxembourg. " Mater Afflictorum," or "Vierge Consolatrice," 1876, was pur- chased by the French Government for 12,000 francs. Among his pictures ex- hibited at the Salon mav be mentioned, "The Bather," 1870; ""Harvest Time," 1872; "The Little Marauders," 1873; "Homer and his Guide," 1874; "Flora and Zephyrus," 1875; "PieU," 1876; ' ' Youth and Love," 1877 ; " The Scourging of Our Lord," 1880; "The Virgin with Angels," 1881 ; " Slave carrying a Fan," 1882; "The Youth of Bacchus" and "Byblis," 1885 ; "Love Disarmed," 1886; "Love Victorious," 1887 ; "Baigneuses," 1888; "Pyscheand Love," 1889; "L'Amour Mouille'," 1891.' M. Bouguereau executed the mural paintings in the St. Louis Chapel of the Church of St. Clotilde and in the Church of St. Augustine. Many of his pictures have been engraved by Francois. They have been made familiar by the Autotype Company in England. Address : 75 Rue Notre Dame des Champs, Paris. BOTJLENGER, George Albert, F.R.S., F.Z.S., was born at Brussels on Oct. 19, 1858. In 1882, after having served a time as Aide-Naturaliste in the Royal Belgian Museum, he was appointed first- class Assistant in the Zoological Depart- ment of the British Museum, and there took charge of the collections of Reptiles and Fishes. On these groups of animals he has published very numerous memoirs and papers, from 1877 to the present day. He is the author of the British Museum Catalogues of Reptiles (7 vols., 1885-96) and of Batrachians (2 vols., 1882), which are the standard works for the determina- tion of these animals, and of a " Catalogue of Percoid Fishes," 1895. Other works are "Fauna of India, Reptiles and Batra- chians," 1890, and "The Tailless Batra- chians of Europe," 1897-98. Since 1880 he has prepared the annual reports on Reptiles and Fishes for the "Record of Zoological Literature." Address : 8 Court- field Road, South Kensington, S.W. BOTJXNOIS, Edmund, M.P., son of the late W. Boulnois, of Baker Street, Marylebone, was born on June 17, 1838, and was educated at King Edward's School, Bury St. Edmunds, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1868. He has sat in the House of Com- BOUECHIEE — BOURGET 117 mons since 1889 as Conservative member for East Marylebone, and he also repre- sents the same constituency on the London County Council. Mr. Boulnois is a Justice of the Peace for both London and Middle- sex, is Chairman of the West Middlesex Waterworks Company, Director of the Lon- don Life Association, and the Westminster Electric Supply Corporation, and he is the proprietor of the Baker Street Bazaar, in London. Address : 27 Westbourne Ter- race, W. BOURCHIER, Arthur, M.A., the only son of Captain Charles John Bour- chier, late 8th Hussars, was born at Speen, Berkshire, on June 22, 1864, and was edu- cated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford. Whilst at the University he founded the Oxford Dramatic Society, and was instru- mental in bringing about the building of the new theatre there, in which he played the characters of Shylock, Falstaff, Brutus, Eeste, and Thanatos (in the "Alcestis"). Taking to the stage as a profession, he made his first appearance at Wolverhamp- ton, as Jacques in "As You Like It," in 1889, and he subsequently played this part at the St. James's Theatre, London. He has appeared as Joseph Surface at the Criterion, and as Charles Surface at Daly's Theatre ; and in 1895 he became manager of the Royalty Theatre, where he produced "The Chili Widow" (which ran over 300 nights) and "The Queen's Proctor." He has adapted several plays, amongst them being " The Chili Widow," from the French. Mr. Bourchier was married in 1894 to Miss Violet Vanbrugh, the well-known actress (j.t>.). Address : 190 Earl's Court Boad, W. BOURCHIER, Mrs. Arthur. See Vanbktjgh, Miss Violbt. BOURGEOIS, Leon Victor Au- guste, French statesman, was born in Paris, May 21, 1851. He was educated at the Lyc^e Charlemagne, and became Doctor of Laws. He was Secretary of the Bar Committee, and entered official life in the Office of Public Works in 1876. He was elected Sous-Pre'fet of Eeims in 1880, and Pre'fet of the Depart- ment of the Tarn in 1882. In the strike at Carmaux he conciliated the miners, and was rewarded with the Legion of Honour. In 1885 he was appointed Pre- fet of the Haute-Garonne, and returned to Paris in 1886 to the Ministry of the Interior. In 1887 he became Pre'fet de Police, and was successful in that difficult office at the time of President Gravy's resignation, when there was much fear of a dangerous rising. He entered the Chamber in 1888 as Deputy for the Marne, and became Under-Secretary of the In- terior in the Floquet Cabinet, which resigned in 1889. In 1890 he became Minister of the Interior on the resignation of M. Constans, which he exchanged for that of Public Instruction in the Freycinet Cabinet of the same year. In 1895 he undertook the formation of a Radical cabinet on the overthrow of M. Ribot, but he found himself absolutely dependent upon the votes of the Socialists for a working majority in the Chamber. This, and a conflict with the Senate, led to his downfall in April 1896, when he was suc- ceeded by the Protectionist and Moderate Cabinet of M. Meline. He has published a study of democracy in France ; and in June 1898 he was offered, and accepted, the portfolio of Public Instruction in the Brisson Cabinet of that year. BOURGET, Paul, French poet and novelist of the psychological school, was born at Amiens on Sept. 2, 1852. His father, a learned mathematician, was afterwards Rector of the Academies of Aix and Clermont. M. Bourget was edu- cated at Clermont, at the Sainte-Barbe College in Paris, and at the College des Hautes Etudes. Together with Richepin, Bouchor, and other future celebrities, he formed part of a literary society that led him to abandon teaching as a profession. In 1872 he began writing for the Renais- sance journal, and in 1873 published an article in the Revue des Deux Mondes, characteristically entitled " Le Roman realiste et le Roman pi^tiste." His first volume of poems, "La Vie inquiete," ap- peared in 1874. He then left poetry for romance, and among his best known-works we may mention "Etudes et Portraits," 1888; "Portraits d'Ecrivains " ; "Etudes Anglaises " ; "Pastels, dix portraits de femmes," 1889; " Nouveaux Pastels," 1891 ; and the following novels : " Cruelle Enigme," 1885 ; "Mensonges," 1887; "Le Disciple," 1889, a study of the scientific and pessimist tendencies of the age ; and "Cosmopolis," which contains a study of the present Pope. His poems were pub- lished in two volumes in 1885-87. M. Bourget is a traveller, and admires Eng- land and the English, and he has lectured before the University of Oxford. He has shown himself a psychological "maniac," as he himself says, and a passionate lover of the analytic school, inaugurated by Stendhal. He is one of the most widely read novelists in France, and was elected a Member of the French Academy in 1894 to the seat of Maxime du Camp. Among his recent works should be mentioned "Notre Coeur," 1890; "La Terre Pro- mise " and " Sensations d'ltalie," 1892 ; "L'Idylle Tragique " and "Outre Mer," 1895. The last-mentioned deals with the 118 BOUTELLE — BOWER United States of America. His last work, "Voyageuses " (1898), has been published in book form, after running as a serial in Cosmopolis. BOUTELLE, Charles Addison, American statesman, was born at Dama- riscotta, Maine, Feb. 9, 1839, and received an academic education. He followed his father's occupation as shipmaster, and in the spring of 1862 was appointed Acting Master in the United States Navy, and was promoted for gallant conduct to be Lieutenant, May 5, 1864. Afterwards in command of the U.S. S. Nyanza, he parti- cipated in the capture of Mobile, and was assigned to command naval forces in Mis- sissippi Sound. He was honourably dis- charged, at his own request, Jan. 14, 1866. In 1870 he became managing editor, and in 1874 proprietor, of the Whig and Courier of Bangor, Maine. He was elected to the Forty-eighth Congress, and re-eleoted to the Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, Fifty- second, Fifty - third, Fifty - fourth, and Fifty-fifth Congresses. He is leader of the Committee on Naval Affairs of the United States House of Representatives. BOWELL, Hon. Sir Mackenzie, K.C.M.G., Canadian statesman, was born at Rickinghall, Suffolk, England, Dec. 27, 1823. He went to Canada with his parents in 1833, entered the military service as en- sign in the Bellville Rifle Company in 1857, and after some service on the American frontier in 1864 and later, he was made major in 1867 and lieut.-colonel in 1872, re- tiring with that rank in 1874. He repre- sented North Hastings for twenty-five years in the House of Commons, being then called to the Senate. In 1878 he entered Sir John Macdonald's Cabinet as Minister of Customs, occupying that office for thirteen years ; under Sir John Abbott he was Minister of Militia, and under Sir John Thompson he was Minister of Trade and Commerce. On the death of the latter Mr. Bowell formed an Administration, Decem- ber 1894, the main policy of which was the enforcement of remedial legislation in the matter of the Manitoba School question. Having failed to accomplish this object, he retired from the Government, April 27, 1896. He was appointed a K.C.M.G. Jan. 1, 1895, shortly after becoming Prime Minister. BOWEN, The Eight Hon. Sir George Ferguson, G.C.M.G.,Hon. D.C.L. and Hon. LL.D., the eldest son of the late Rev. Edward Bowen, born in 1821, was educated at the Charterhouse and Tri- nity College, Oxford, where he obtained a scholarship in 1840, and graduated B.A. as first class in classics in 1844. In the same year he was elected to a Fellowship of Brasenose College, and became a member of Lincoln's Inn. He was Chief Secretary to the Government of the Ionian Islands from 1854 to 1859, and was appointed in that year the first Governor of the new colony of Queensland, in Australia, com- prising the north-eastern portion of the Australian Continent. He was appointed, in 1868, Governor of New Zealand ; and in May 1873, Governor of Victoria. He was Governor of Mauritius from 1875 to 1883, when he was appointed Governor of Hong- Kong. He retired on his pension in 1887 ; but in 1888 he was appointed Royal Com- missioner at Malta to make arrangements respecting the new Constitution granted to that island. Sir George is the author of "A Handbook for Travellers in Greece," one of Murray's Handbooks ; " Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus : a Diary of a Journey from Constantinople to Corfu," 1852; "' Ithaca in 1850" and "Imperial Federation," 1886, &c. A full account of his public services will be found in " Thirty Years of Colonial Government," being a selection from the "Despatches and Let- ters of the Right Hon. Sir G. F. Bowen, G.C.M.G, Hon. D.C.L. Oxford, Hon. LL.D. Cambridge. Edited by Stanley Lane- Poole." Sir George Bowen is a member of the Governing Bodies of the Imperial In- stitute and of Charterhouse School, and married in 1856 the Countess Roma, only surviving daughter of Count Roma, G.C.M.G., then President of the Senate of the Ionian Islands. The Countess Roma died in 1893, and he was again married in 1896 to Florence, daughter of Dr. T. Luby, Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, and widow of the Rev. H. White. Addresses : 16 Lowndes Street, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. BOWER, Frederick Orpen, D.Sc, F.R.S. (1891), F.L.S., F.R.S.Ed., was born on Nov. 4, 1855, at Ripon, Yorkshire. He is the younger son of Abraham Bower, Esq., J.P., of Elmcrofts, Ripon, Yorks. Educated at Ripon Grammar School, Repton School, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge, he graduated in the first class of the Nat. Sci. Tripos in 1877. Having served as assistant to the Professor of Botany in University College, London, he was appointed first Lecturer in Botany at the Normal School of Science (now Royal College of Science), South Kensington, in 1882, and in 1885 Regius - Prof essor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. He acted as Examiner in the University of London in 1885-89. He has co-operated with Dr. D. H. Scott in translating the "Comparative Anatomy of Phanerogams and Ferns," by De Bary (Clarendon Press, 1884), and with Professor Vines in the BO WEE — BOYD 119 production of a "Course of Practical In- struction in Botany," in its third edition in 1891. He is the author of numerous memoirs published by the Royal Society, the Linn. Soc, in the Q.J.M.S., and "An- nals of Botany." One of his most recent works is " Practical Botany for Beginners," 1894. Address : 45 Kersland Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. BOWER, Sir Graham John, K.C.M.G., the son of Admiral James Paterson Bower, was born in Ireland on June 15, 1848. He was educated at the Naval Academy at Gosport, entered the Navy in 1861, and retired in 1880 as Commander. In the latter year he became private secretary to Sir Hercules Robinson, Governor of the Cape, and High Commissioner for South Africa, and from 1884 to 1897 he acted as Imperial Secretary to the High Commis- sioner. He came to England after the Jameson raid, and gave evidence at the parliamentary inquiry held at Westminster regarding that event. Sir Graham has recently (1898) been appointed Colonial Secretary of the Island of Mauritius. He is the author of "Practical Federation," a book published under the name of " Cen- turion." He was created a K.C.M.G. in 1892, and was married in 1882 to Maude Laidley Mitchell, of Sydney, N.S.W. BOWLES, Thomas Gibson, M.P., was born in 1842, and was educated pri- vately in England and abroad, and at King's College, London. He was in the Inland Revenue Department of the Civil Service from I860 to 1868, and in the latter year he founded the paper Vanity Fair, selling it, however, eventually. In the year 1878 he assisted in starting the Stafford House Committee for the relief of the distressed and suffering Turks, and he was presented with the Order of the Medjidie. He has represented King's Lynn, as Conservative member in the House of Commons, since 1892. He is the author of: "The Defence of Paris," " Maritime War- fare," 1878 ; " Flotsam and Jetsam," 1882 ; "Log of the Nereid," 1889. Mr. Bowles was married in 1876 to Jessica, daughter of General Evans Gordon (she died in 1887). Addresses : 25 Lowndes Square, S.W. ; and Wilbury House, Salisbury. BOWBJNG, Edgar Alfred, C.B., a younger son of the late Sir John Bowring, was born in 1826, and educated at Univer- sity College, London. He entered the Civil Service in the Board of Trade in 1841, and filled in succession the post of private secretary to the Earl of Clarendon, to Earl Granville, and to Lord Stanley of Alderley. He was appointed Precis Writer and Librarian to that department in 1848, and Registrar in 1853, but retired from the service on the abolition of his office at the end of 1863. He acted as Secretary to the Royal Commission for the Great Exhibition of 1851, and held that appointment until his election as M.P. for Exeter at the general election of 1868. His services were so highly appreciated by the late Prince Consort, the President of the Commission, that immediately after H.R.H.'s decease, her Majesty nominated Mr. Bowring a Companion of the Order of the Bath, Civil Division. Mr. Bowring lost his seat for Exeter at the general election of February 1874. He is the author of an English poetical version of "The Book of Psalms," English versions of the poetical works of Schiller, Goethe, and Heine, and (jointly with Lord Hobart) of a reply to the " So- phisms of Free Trade," by Mr. Justice Byles. Besides having been a frequent contributor to periodical literature, he is understood to have translated two small volumes of German hymns, selected by the Queen, and privately printed for her Majesty's use, one volume on the death of the Duchess of Kent, and the other on that of Prince Albert. BOYD, The Kev. Andrew Kennedy Hutchison, D.D. and LL.D., born at Auchinleck, Ayrshire, of which parish his father was incumbent, November 1825, was educated at King's College, London, and at the University of Glasgow, where he obtained the highest honours in philo- sophy and theology, and was author of several prize essays, taking the degree of B.A. in April 1846. He was ordained in 1851, and has been incumbent successively of the parishes of Newton-on-Ayr, Kirk- patrick-Irongray (in Galloway), St. Ber- nard's (Edinburgh), and of the University city of St. Andrews, which he still holds. He first became known as a writer by papers which appeared in Fraser's Magazine under the signature of A. K. H. B. Of these, the most important have been reprinted ; the best known of these being " The Recreations of a Country Parson " (three series). Dr. Boyd is also the author of many volumes of sermons, under the titles of "The Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson," and "Counsel and Com- fort spoken from a City Pulpit," "Present- day Thoughts : Memorials of St. Andrews Sundays," 1870; "Towards the Sunset," 1883 ; " What Set Him Right," 1885 ; and "The Best Last," in 1888. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1864, and of LL.D. from the University of St. Andrews in 1889. In May 1890 he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scot- land. His latest works are " Twenty-five Years of St. Andrews," published in 1892 ; 120 BOYD — BOYS " St. Andrews and Elsewhere," 1894 ; and " The Last Years of St. Andrews." He is a member of the Middle Temple, and studied for two years for the English Bar. In 1895 he was made a Fellow of King's College. Address : 7 Abbotsford Crescent, St. Andrews. BOYD, The Rev. Henry, M.A., D.D., Principal of Hertford College, Oxford, was born on Feb. 26, 1831, and is the third son of William Charles Boyd, Esq. He was educated at Hackney School and at Exeter College, Oxford, where he matriculated at the age of seventeen. He was in the second class in Lit. Hum. in 1852, and was Ellerton Essayist in 1853, and Denyer Theological Essayist in 1856 and 1857 (B.A. 1852; M.A. 1857; B.D. and D.D. 1879). From 1862 to 1874 he was incumbent of St. Mark's, Victoria Docks, E., and from 1875 to 1890 was Hon. Canon of Kochester. In 1874 Dr. Boyd was elected Fellow, and in 1877 Principal, of Hertford. In 1879 he was select preacher before the University, and in 1890 Vice-Chancellor. Address : Hertford College, Oxford. BOYD, Hon. Walter, LL.D., was born at Dublin on Jan. 28, 1833, and was edu- cated at Portora, Enniskillen, and Trinity College, Dublin. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1856, was appointed Q.C. in 1877, and Queen's Advocate for Ireland in 1878. He became a Judge in the Irish Court of Bankruptcy in 1885, and after holding that position for twelve years, he was in 1897appointed a Justice of the High Court of Justice in Ireland. He is the author of " Law and Practice of the Court of Admir- alty in Ireland." Addresses : 66 Merrion Square, Dublin ; and Howth House, Howth, County Dublin. BOYLE, Sir Courtenay, K.C.B., was born in Jamaica on Oct. 21, 1845, being the son of Cavendish Spencer Boyle, and was educated at Charterhouse and Christ Church, Oxford. Appointed private secre- tary to the Viceroy of Ireland in 1868, he became an Inspector of the Local Govern- ment Board in 1873, returning again to the private secretaryship to the Viceroy in 1882. Three years later, in 1885, he was appointed Assistant Secretary to the Board of Trade, and after seven years' service in that position, he became Permanent Secre- tary to the Board of Trade in 1893. Sir Courtenay Boyle was created a K.C.B. in 1892, and is married to Lady Muriel Sarah Campbell, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Cawdor. He played in the Oxford cricket eleven from 1864 to 1867, and has also represented his University at tennis. Address : 11 Granville Place, Portman Square, W. BOYLE, The Very Rev. George David, Dean of Salisbury, is the eldest son of the late Right Hon. David Boyle, Lord Justice-General and President of the Court of Session in Scotland, by his second marriage with Camilla Catherine, eldest daughter of the late Mr. David Smythe, of Methven, Perthshire, and was born in 1828. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, the Charterhouse, and at Exeter College, Oxford (B.A. 1851, M.A. 1853). Between 1853 and 1860 he held in succes- sion curacies in Kidderminster and Hagley. He was Incumbent of St. Michael's, Hands- worth, from 1861 to 1867, and Rural Dean of Handsworth, 1866-67. He was appointed Vicar of Kidderminster in 1867, and Rural Dean in 1877, and he was Hon. Canon of Worcester from 1872 till 1880, when he was appointed Dean of Salisbury. Dean Boyle is the author of "My Aids to the Divine Life," " Richard Baxter," " Re- collections of the Dean of Salisbury," 1895; and editor of "Characters and Episodes of the Great Rebellion from Clarendon." He married in 1861 Mary Christiana, eldest daughter of the late Mr. William Robins, of Hagley, Worcester- shire. Addresses : Deanery, Salisbury ; and Athenaeum. BOYNE, Leonard, actor, was born in Ireland in 1852, was educated by a private tutor at Dublin, was originally intended for the army, but eventually entered the dramatic profession in 1869. Unsuccessful at first, he soon, however, by bard and conscientious work, advanced rapidly in his profession, and before he was twenty years of age he was leading man in the Theatre Royal, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and was playing such parts as Bob Brierly, Macduff, and Richmond. Shortly after- wards he supported Mrs. Scott-Siddons at Glasgow, playing Charles Surface, Orlando, &c. He first appeared in London in 1874, in the character of John Fein in "Pro- gress," and in the following year he was engaged by Miss Ada Cavendish to play Romeo, Orlando, Claude Melnotte, and similar parts. In 1884 he joined Wilson Barrett's company, in order to take the important part of Claudian in the play of that name. Since then he has played in " The Armada," " Sister Mary," " Ariane," "The English Rose," and "The Prodigal Daughter." BOYS, Charles Vernon, F.R.S., was born at Wing, near Oakham, Rutland, and is the youngest son of the Rev. Charles Boys. Mr. C. V. Boys was educated at Marlborough College and at the Royal School of Mines, of which he is an Asso- ciate. He was appointed Demonstrator in 1881, and Assistant Professor of Physics BKACKENBUBY — BRADDON 121 in 1889, at the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines, South Kensing- ton and Jermyn Street. He resigned this position at the beginning of 1897, on being appointed one of the Metropolitan Gas Referees. He is the author of several papers published by the Royal Society, the Physical Society, the Royal Institution, and the Society of Arts ; of which the more important, or the best known, are on integrating and other calculating machines, on quartz fibres, on the "radio-micrometer," and other instruments for measuring radiant heat, on the photography of flying bullets by means of the electric spark, and on the measurement of the Newtonian Constant of Gravitation or the Weight of the Earth. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, Officer of Public Instruction of France, Member of the Physical Society of London, and of the Royal Institution. Address : 66 Victoria Street, S.W. BBACKENBXJRY, Lieut.-General Sir Henry, K.C.B., K.C.S.I., R.A., born at Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, Sept. 1, 1837, was educated at Tonbridge, Eton, and Woolwich. He was appointed to the Royal Artillery in April 1856, and served in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny in 1857-58. Subsequently he was appointed to the staff of the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, first as Officer for Discipline, then as Instructor in Artillery, finally as Professor of Military History. He served throughout the Franco - German war as chief representative of the British National Society for Aid to Sick and Wounded in War, received the Iron Cross from the Emperor of Germany, and was made Officer of the Legion of Honour by the French Government, and Knight of the First Class of the Bavarian Order of St. Michael. Being appointed Military Secretary to Sir Garnet Wolseley, he served with him throughout the Ashanti Campaign, 1873- 1874. He served as a member of a special mission to Natal in 1875, was Assistant Adjutant-General to the Cyprus Expedi- tionary Force in 1878, and raised and organised the Cyprus Military Police. In 1879 he accompanied Sir Garnet Wolseley to South Africa as Military Secretary, and later succeeded Sir G. Colley as Chief of the Staff, in which capacity he served throughout the closing operations of the Zulu war and the campaign against Seku- kuni. In 1880 he was appointed Private Secretary to the Viceroy of India, and returned to England with the Earl of Lytton on his resignation. He was Military Attach^ to the British Embassy at Paris from January 1881 to May 1882, when he was appointed Assistant Under- Secretary for Ireland, to deal with all matters relating to police and crime in that country. He resigned the latter post, however, on July 19, 1882. In 1884 he was appointed Deputy Adjutant-General of the Nile Expeditionary Force, and subsequently Brigadier-General and second in command of the River Column of the expedition. When General Earle was killed during the action of Kirbekan, General Brackenbury assumed command of the column, and conducted it to near Abu Hamed, whence it was recalled by Lord Wolseley, down the rapids to Korti. He was promoted to be a Major-Genera], June 15, 1S85, for distinguished service in the field, and Lieut.-General, April 1, 1888. He was appointed head of the Intelligence Department of the War Office, Jan. 1, 1886, and retained this position till March 1891. In 1888 he was appointed a Member of a Royal Commission, under the Chair- manship of Lord Hartington, to inquire into the administration of the Naval and Military Departments of the State. In April 1891 he was appointed a Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India, and continued in this position till April 1896. He was knighted in 1894. He has been President of the Ordnance Committee since May 1896, and was ap- pointed Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery in 1897. He is the author of " Fanti and Ashanti," 1873 ; " Narrative of the Ashanti War " ; " The River Column " ; and of several military pamphlets. He married Emilia, daughter of E. S. Halswell, and widow of Reginald Morley, in 1861. Address : 23 Hanover Square, W. BRADDON, The Bight Hon. Sir Edward Nicholas Coventry, K.C.M.G., son of Henry Braddon of Skirdon Lodge, Cornwall, and brother of the novelist, Miss E. Braddon (Mrs. Maxwell), was born June 11, 1829 ; educated at private schools and by private tutor, and at the London Uni- versity ; went to India in 1847 to the mercantile house of his cousins, Messrs. Bagshaw and Co. (afterwards Braddon and Co.), Calcutta. After eight years spent in mercantile pursuits, he was engaged in civil engineering in charge of an Assistant Engineer's length of the East India Rail- way, during which time he led a small force of volunteers against the insurgent Santhals ; he subsequently served as a volunteer with the 7th N.I. against the rebels, and on the close of the rebel- lion pursued and captured fourteen of the leading Santhals implicated in the murder of several Europeans and natives. As some recognition of these services he received the appointment of Assistant Commissioner in charge of the Deoghur District, Santhal Pergunnahs, October 1857. He served under Sir George Yule as a volunteer against the rebel Sepoys in the 122 BRADDON — BRADLEY Purneah and adjoining districts (Mutiny medal and favourable mention in des- patches). Raised a regiment of Santhals, for which service he was thanked specially by the Lieut.-Governor of Bengal. In April 1862 Mr. Braddon was promoted to be superintendent of Excise and Stamps, Oudh ; subsequently made Inspector- General of Begistration, and Superinten- dent of Trade Statistics in that Province, and during eighteen months acted in addition as Revenue Secretary to the Financial Commissioner. Retired from the service, Mr. Braddon made Tasmania his home. He arrived there in May 1878, and was elected in July 1879 a member of the House of Assembly for West Devon. That seat he retained through four elec- tions until he left Tasmania as Agent- General. In 1876 he was appointed leader of the Opposition. In 1887 he took office in a new Administration as Minister of Lands and Works and Education. On Oct. 29, 1888, he was appointed Agent- General for Tasmania, but was succeeded in that office by Sir Robert Herbert, K.C.B., in 1893. Since 1894 he has been Premier and Leader of the House of Assembly. In 1891 he was made a K.C.M.G. He was sworn of the Privy Council on the occasion of the Queen's Jubilee, 1897. Sir E. Braddon has contributed many articles to reviews, magazines, and newspapers. His first published work, "Life in India," came out in 1870, since which he has pub- lished, in 1895, " Thirty Years of Shikar." He married, second, in 1876 Alice, daughter of W. H. Smith. Address : Treglith, West Devon, Tasmania. BRADDON, Mary Elizabeth. See Maxwell, Mrs. John. BRADFORD, Colonel Sir Edward Ridley Colborne, G.C.B., K.S.C.I., Com- missioner of Police in succession to Mr. Munro since the year 1890, is a son of the late Rev. W. M. K. Bradford, Rector of West Meon, Hants, by Mary, daughter of the late Rev. H. C. Ridley, and he was born in 1836. He entered the Madras Army in 1853, became Lieutenant in 1855, Captain in 1865, Major in 1873, Lieutenant-Colonel in 1879, and Colonel in 1883. Sir Edward Bradford has the Persian medal, and served with the 14th Light Dragoons in the Persian campaign from February 21 till June 8, 1857, in the Jubbulpore district during 1857, and afterwards in the North- Western Provinces with General Michel's force in Mayne's Horse against Tantia Topee in 1858. He was present at the general action of Scindwha and the action and pursuit at Karai, and served with General Napier's columns in Mayne's Horse from December 1858 to September 1859, and was present in several actions with the enemy, gaining the medal, and being twice thanked in despatches. The new Commissioner has held the position of General Superintendent of the operations for the suppression of Thnggi and Dacoity, was Resident First Class and Governor- General's Agent for Rajpootana, and has been Chief Commissioner in Ajmere. He has since his return to this country been Secretary of the Political and Secret De- partment of the India Office. Sir Edward, who was knighted in 1885, and appointed A.D.C. to the Queen in the year 1889, accompanied H.RH. the late Duke of Clarence and Avondale on his visit to India. He held the appointment of AD.C. till 1893. He has lost his left arm, the result of an encounter with a tiger some years ago. Addresses : 58 Eccleston Square, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. BRADFORD, John Rose, M.D., was born in London, May 7, 1863, and was educated at University College School, University College, and University College Hospital. He holds the degrees of M.D. and D.Sc. of London ; is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and was elected a I"ellow of the Royal Society in 1894. Elected Assistant-Physician to Uni- versity College Hospital in 1889, he became subsequently Physician, and was appointed Professor Superintendent of the Brown In- stitution in 1896. Dr. Bradford has made contributions to scientific and medical literature, in the Proceedings of ike Royal Society, and in the Transactions of various medical societies. Address : 60 Wimpole Street, W. BRADLEY, Professor Andrew Cecil, son of the Rev. Charles Bradley, of St. James's, Clapham, and half-brother of Dean Bradley, was born at Clapham, March 26, 1851. He was educated at Cheltenham College, whence in 1869 he passed as an Exhibitioner to Balliol College, Oxford. Having taken his degree, with a first-class in honours in 1873, he was in the following year elected to a Fellowship in Balliol College, and soon afterwards gained the Chancellor's prize for an English Essay. He was elected to a lectureship in philo- sophy, and continued as a teacher at Balliol until the beginning of 1882, when he became Professor of Modern Literature and History at the newly-founded Univer- sity College, Liverpool. Here he remained until July 1889, when, on the resignation of Professor Nichol, he was appointed Regius Professor of English Language and Litera- ture in the University of Glasgow. Besides various literary and philosophical articles and addresses, he is the author of an essay on Aristotle's Conception of the State, BRADLEY— BRADY 123 published in Mr. Evelyn Abbott's " Hel- lenica." He is also the editor of the "Pro- legomena to Ethics," a work left unfinished by Professor Green, who was his tutor at Oxford. Address : Glasgow University. BRADLEY, The Very Rev. George Granville, D.D., LL.D., Dean of West- minster, is one of the sons of the Eev. Charles Bradley, who was for many years vicar of Glasbury, in the county of Brecon, and sometime incumbent of St. James's Chapel at Clapham, Surrey. He was born in 1821, and educated under the Rev. C. Pritchard at the Clapham Grammar School, and for three years under Dr. Arnold at Rugby, from which school he was elected to an open scholarship at University Col- lege, Oxford, where he was a favourite pupil of Dean Stanley, who at that time was tutor. He took his Bachelor's degree in Easter Term, 1844, as a first class in Classical Honours, and in 1845 obtained the Chancellor's prize for a Latin essay, his subject being "The Equestrian Order in the Roman Republic." Having been elected to a Fellowship in 1844, he pro- ceeded M.A. in 1847. Mr. Bradley was one of the assistant - masters of Rugby School for some years, under Dr. Tait and his successor, Dr. Goulburn, and was elected in 1858 to the Headmastership of Marlborough College, on the preferment of his predecessor, Dr. Cotton, to the bishopric of Calcutta. Mr. Bradley was ordained deacon in 1858 by the Bishop of London, and priest in the same year by the Bishop of Salisbury. In December 1870 he was elected to the Mastership of University College, Oxford, in the place of the late Dr. Plumptre. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of St. Andrews, Feb. 25, 1873. He was appointed Examining Chap- lain to the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1874 ; was Select Preacher at Oxford, 1874-75 ; held the post of Hon. Chaplain to the Queen, 1874-75 ; and of Chaplain in Ordinary, 1876-81. In October 1880, he was nominated a Member of the Oxford University Commission, in the place of Lord Selborne, resigned. He obtained a Canonry in Worcester Cathedral in Feb- ruary 1881, and August in the same year he was appointed by the Crown to the Deanery of Westminster, in succession to the late Dean Stanley. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him at Oxford, Oct. 28, 1881. In 1882 he delivered at Edinburgh a series of lectures, afterwards published under the title of " Recollections of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley," 1883. On the death of Mr. Theodore Walrond, Dr. Bradley undertook the task of preparing for publication the biography of Dean Stanley, which was finally completed by Mr. R. E. Prothero at the close of the year 1893. In 1885 he published a volume of Westminster Abbey Lectures on the Book of Ecclesiastes, and in 1887 a similar volume on the Book of Job. He is also the writer of two books on Latin Prose, which have had a large circulation. Dr. Bradley married in 1849 Marian Jane, fifth daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Phil- pot, formerly Rector of Great Cressingham, Norfolk. One of his daughters, Margaret L. Woods (q-v.), wife of the late President of Trinity College, Oxford, is the authoress of "A Village Tragedy," 1887, and other well-known works. Another daughter, now Mrs. A. Murray Smith, is the authoress of the "Life of Lady Arabella Stuart," pub- lished in 1886, and, with a third sister, of the "Deanery Guide" to Westminster Abbey. The Dean's eldest son, Mr. A. G. Bradley, is the author of " The Life of General Wolfe," "Sketches in Old Vir- ginia," and other works. Addresses: The Deanery, Westminster ; and AthenEeum. BRADLEY, Henry, son of John Bradley, was born at Manchester, Dec. 3, 1845, and was educated at Chesterfield Grammar School. After spending some part of his early life in teaching, he found work as a commercial clerk and foreign correspondent at Sheffield. Removing to London in 1884, he took up literary work, contributed to the Academy and the Athenceum, and was temporary editor of the Academy for a portion of the year 1884-85. He acted as President of the Philological Society from 1891 to 1893, and joined Dr. Murray as joint-editor of the Oxford English Dictionary in 1889. He is the author of: "The Story of the Goths," 1888; revised edition of " Strat- mann's Middle-English Dictionary," 1891 ; revised editions of "Morris's Elementary Lessons in Historical English Grammar," and of ' ' Morris's Primer of English Gram- mar," 1897 ; and he has edited the sections E., F., and G. of the Oxford English Dictionary. Address : North House, Clar- endon Press, Oxford. BRADY, Professor George Stewardson, born in 1832, at Gateshead- on-Tyne, was educated at Ackworth School, Yorkshire, Tulketh Hall, Lancashire, and at the University of Durham College of Medicine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne; M.D., and LL.D. (hon.) St. Andrews; F.R.S. ; Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London, and Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, &c. ; Professor of Natural History in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; Hon. Physician to the Sunderland Infirmary. His principal published works are as fol- lows : " A Monograph of the Recent 124 BEADY — BRAMWELL British Ostracoda," in Transactions of the Linnean Society, 1868 ; " A Monograph of the Post-Tertiary Entomostraca of Scot- land and Parts of England and Ireland " (Palasontographical Society, 1874 — jointly with H. W. Crosskey and D. Robertson) ; " A Monograph of the Fossil Ostracoda of the Antwerp Crag" (Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 1875) ; "A Monograph of the Free and Semiparasitic Copepoda of the British Islands," 3 vols. (Bay Society, 1877-80); "Report on the Ostracoda of the Challenger Expedition " (1880); "Report on the Copepoda of the Challenger Expedition " (1884) ; "A Mono- graph of the Marine and Fresh-Water Ostracoda of the North Atlantic and of North-Western Europe : Section 1, Podo- copa " (Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. iv. 1889 — jointly with the Rev. Canon Norman, D.C.L.) ; " A Supplemen- tary Report on the Myodocopa obtained during the Challenger Expedition" (Trans- actions of the Zoological Society of London, 1897) ; " On Ostracoda Collected in the South Sea Islands by H. B. Brady, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S. " (Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1889), besides numer- ous contributions to medical and scientific journals. Professor Brady was in practice as physician and surgeon in Sunderland from 1857 to 1892, and held the positions of Physician to the Sunderland Infirmary and to the Sunderland Children's Hospital, the Girls' Reformatory, and the Industrial School. He is now President of the " Sun- derland Subscription Library and Literary Society," and of the " Sunderland Micro- scopical Society," and Vice-President of the " Natural History Society of North- umberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon- Tyne." He has been twice President of the "Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club," and was a Vice-President of the Interna- tional Congress of Zoologists, 1898. Ad- dress : The Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. BRADY, Sir Thomas Francis, son of Patrick William Brady of Cavan, was born in July 1824, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He entered the Irish Board of Public Works in 1846, and was appointed an Inspector of Irish Fisheries in 1860, which position he con- tinued to hold until 1891. He has served as a Member of several Royal Commissions, viz., that on " Sea and Oyster Fisheries" in 1868, and the one on "Trawling" in 1884. Sir Thomas is the author of: " Digests of the Irish Fishery Laws," and is married to Annie, daughter of John Lipsett, Manor House, Ballyshannon. He received the honour of knighthood in 1886. Address: 11 Percy Place, Dublin; and Baltimore, county Cork. BRAMLEY, Frank, A.R.A., son of Charles Bramley of Fiskerton, Lincoln, was born near Boston, Lincolnshire, on May 6, 1857, and was educated at Lincoln. He studied at the Lincoln School of Art and at Antwerp, and was elected an Asso- ciate of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1894. Amongst his works there may be mentioned: "Domino," 1886 ; "Eyes and no Eyes," 1887; "A Hopeless Dawn," 1888 (purchased under the terms of the Chantrey Bequest); "Saved," 1889; "For of such is the Kingdom of Heaven," 1891 ; "Old Memories," 1892; "After Fifty Years," 1893 ; "Sleep, a Portrait of Mrs. Bolitho," 1895 ; "After the Storm," 1896; and several portraits in 1897. Mr. Bram- ley was married, in 1891, to Katherine, daughter of John Graham of Huntingstile, Grasmere. Address : Huntingstile, Gras- mere, Westmoreland. BRAMWELL, Sir Frederick Joseph, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., Past President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, youngest son of the late George Bramwell, banker, was born in the year 1818. From his earliest boyhood he showed great interest in mechanics, as evinced by his endeavours to repeat, in a rough model, the steam ^engines and winding machinery which he had seen at the age of nine in use in the construction of the St. Katharine's Dock. In 1834 he was apprenticed to one of the old school of mechanical engineers, John Hague, with whom he served his time, and with whom he continued for a few years as principal draughtsman ; then, after a varied experience in the employment of others, in 1853 he began business on his own ac- count as a civil engineer. In 1856 he was elected an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers ; in 1862 was transferred to full membership of that body ; in 1867 was elected a Member of its Council, and in 1884-85 had the honour of filling the position of President, having previously been, in the years 1874-75, President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. In 1881, on the formation of the present Ordnance Committee, he was appointed one of the two lay members of that Com- mittee. He has also, in the exercise of his profession, and at the instance of the Government, served on several committees which have been appointed for various purposes. Having been for some years a member of the British Association, he was in 1872 made President of Section G (Mechanical Section), and was selected to refill this office on the occasion of a visit of the Association to Montreal in 1884, and was elected President of that body for the year commencing with the Bath meeting, September 1888. In 1873 he BRAMWELL — BRANDES 125 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in the year 1878 served on its Council. Having been a member of the Board of Managers of the Royal Institution for some time, he was, on the retirement of Sir William Bowman in 1885, appointed to the position of Hon. Secretary of that body. In 1884 he was nominated by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales to the position of Chairman of the Executive Council of the Inventions Exhibition which was held in the following year. On the formation of the City and Guilds of London Institute for the Advancement of Technical Educa- tion, he was appointed by the Goldsmiths' Company as one of their representatives, being at that time Prime Warden of the Company, and was elected by the Execu- tive Committee of the Institute to be their Chairman. In 1885 he became Hon. Sec- retary of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. In 1881 he received the honour of knighthood in connection with his services in the promotion of technical education, and in 1886 the honorary degree of D.C.L. from Oxford. In 1889 he was created a Baronet, and in 1891 was made an honorary LL.D. of Cambridge. Addresses : 1A Hyde Park Gate, S.W. ; Four Elms, Kent ; 5 Great George Street, Westminster ; and Athenaeum. BRAMWELL, John Milne, M.B., born at Perth, N.B., May 11, 1852, is the son of James Paton Bramwell, M.D., of Perth, and was educated at Perth Grammar School and the University of Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M.B. and CM., 1873. Immediately after graduating, he was appointed surgeon in the Liverpool, Brazil, and River Plate Mail SS. Co., remained a year in the Company, made three voyages to Brazil and River Plate ; then he was appointed Assistant-Surgeon at the Perth City In- firmary, and subsequently settled in Goole as partner with Malcolm Morris (now Lecturer on Skin Diseases, St. Mary's Hospital, London). He has recently de- voted much study to hypnotism, to which his attention was first drawn by seeing, when a child, hypnotic experiments per- formed by his father. He read Dr. Gregory's book on the subject, and a translation from the German book by Reichenbach, and never lost interest in the subject ; but he commenced its serious study not many years ago, and has read much of the important Continental lite- rature bearing upon it. He has twice visited Nancy, and observed the methods employed there, and at La Salpe'triere at Paris, and has also spent some time at the hypnotic cliniques in Switzerland, Holland, and Sweden. The French methods of in- ducing hypnosis differ. He combined the two methods, and found the result far more successful than that obtained by either of the French schools, pushed hyp- notic practice more boldly after returning from France, and has treated many cases. On March 28, 1890, he gave to medical men at Leeds demonstration of hypnotism as an Anaesthetic, a report of which was published in The Lancet and The British Medical Journal of April 5, 1890. Mr. Bramwell's publications are : "Extractions under Hypnotism," The Journal of the British Dental Association, March 15, 1890 ; an article in Health on hypnotism, May 16, 1890; "Successful Treatment of Dip- somania, Insomnia, &c., &c, and Various Diseases by Hypnotic Suggestion," 1890-92 ; ' ' Alterations in the Special Senses and Induction of Anaesthesia for Operative Purposes by Suggestion in the apparently Waking State," 1892; "Hypnotism with Illustrative Cases," Transactions of the Harveian Society ; "On Imperative Ideas," Brain, Parts lxx. and lxxi. ; "James Braid, Surgeon and Hypnotist," ibid. , Part Ixxiii. ; " Un Cas d'Hyperhydrose Localised Traitd avec Succes par la Suggestion Hypnotique," Revue de VHypnot, 1895 ; " La Gueiison des Obsessions par la Suggestion," ibid., 1896; "Hypnotic Anaesthesia," Practi- tioner, 1896; "James Braid: his Work and Writings," Proceedings of the Society of Psychological Research, 1896; "Per- sonally Observed Hypnotic Phenomena : and What is Hypnotism?" ibid., 1896; " On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory," Brain, Part lxxvi., 1896; "On the So- called Automatism of the Hypnotised Subject," and "On the Appreciation of Time by Somnambules," Dritter Internat. Cong, fur Psychol., Miinchen, 1896; "Sug- gestion : its Place in Medicine and Scientific Research" ("Humane Science Lectures by Various Authors," George Bell & Sons), 1897. Address : 2 Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square, W. BKANDES, Georg, a Danish author of Jewish family, was born at Copenhagen, Feb. 4, 1842. He studied in the University of his native city, 1859-64, applying him- self first to Jurisprudence and then to philosophy and aesthetics. In 1862 he gained the gold medal of the University by an essay on "Fatalism among the Ancients," and afterwards passed the examination for his degree with the highest distinction. As soon as he had graduated he left Denmark and spent several years in different countries on the Continent. He was at Stockholm in 1865 ; passed the winter of 1866-67 at Paris ; was in Germany in 1868 ; and in France and Italy in 1870-71. He published "Dualis- meni von nyeste Filosofi" (" The Dualism 126 BEANDIS of the Philosophy of the Present Time ") in 1866, with reference to the relations between science and faith — a work which exposed him to violent attacks from the orthodox party; "^Esthetic Studies," 1868; "Criticisms and Portraits," 1870; and "French ^Esthetics at the Present Day," 1870. On returning from his travels he became a private tutor in the University of Copenhagen, and delivered the series of lectures which were published at Copen- hagen in 5 vols., 1872-82, under the title of " Hovedstromninger i det 19 Aarhun- dredes literatur" ("The Great Literary Currents of the Nineteenth Century"), and were subsequently translated into German by himself. He has given Danish translations of John Stuart Mill's essay on the " Subjection of Women," 1869, and his " Utilitarianism," 1872 ; and edited " Soren Kierkegaard," 1877 ; and "Danske Digtere " (Danish Poets), 1877. In October 1877 Brandes left Denmark and settled in Berlin, where he diligently studied and made himself master of the German lan- guage. At Berlin he composed the bio- graphies "Esajas Tegner" and "Benjamin d'Israeli," both published in 1878. In the spring of the year 1883 he returned to Denmark, his fellow-countrymen having guaranteed him an income of 4000 crowns for ten years, with the single stipulation that he should deliver public lectures on literature at Copenhagen. He has further published "Ferdinand Lassalle," 1881; "Men and Works," 1883; "The Men of the Modern Literary Revival," 1883; "Ludwig Holberg," 1884 ; "Berlin," 1885; "Impressions of Poland," 1888; " Impressions of Russia," 1888 ; and 2 vols, of his "Essays," 1889. English transla- tions of his works, edited in England and America, are "Lord Beaconsfield," 1880; "Eminent Authors of the Nineteenth Cen- tury," 1886 ; and " Impressions of Russia," 1889. His Study of Shakespeare in 1898 was received with much favour in Eng- land. It was principally translated by Mr. William Archer, and is worthy of a scholar who has soaked himself in Shakespereana for the last thirty years. On the disputable point of the sonnets, he supports the theory that the originator of them was the Earl of Pembroke, whose liaison with Mary Fitton he holds to be the subject of the series. He points out the change that took place in Shakespeare's plays after his patron, Lord Southampton, had been condemned for participation in Essex's re- bellion — how the optimism of " Henry V." changes to the sombreness of "Lear" and " Coriolanus." The great purpose of his book is to show that Shakespeare was a man, and not a mere label for the author of some plays and poems. His contempt for the Baconian theory is marked. BE, AND IS, Sir Dietrich, Ph.D., K.C.I.E., F.R.S., son of Dr. Christian August Brandis, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Bonn, by Caroline, daughter of Bernhard Housmann, of Han- over, was born at Bonn on March 31, 1824. He was educated at the High School (Gymnasium) of Bonn, Copenhagen, and Gottingen, and from 1837 to 1839, while in Athens (where his father had been called to assist in organising the University), was educated by Dr. Ernst Curtius, now Professor at Berlin. He studied at the Universities of Copenhagen, Gottingen and Bonn ; took his degree as Doctor of Philosophy at Bonn in 1848, was lecturer on Botany at that University from 1849 to 1855 ; was appointed by Lord Dalhousie, then Governor-General of India, Superin- tendent of Forests in Pegu, which appoint- ment he gained in January 1856. The charge of the forests of Tenasserim and Martaban was added in 1857. On the amalgamation of the provinces he was appointed Superintendent of Forests in British Burmah. In November 1862 Dr. Brandis was called to Calcutta to organise Forest administration in the provinces immediately under the Government of India, and in 1864 he was appointed In- spector-General of Forests to the Govern- ment of India. On several occasions he was deputed to assist in the organisation of Forest business in the minor Presi- dencies, viz., to Sind in 1868, to Bombay in 1870, and to Madras in 1881. While on furlough to recruit his health, Dr. Brandis published (in 1874) a Forest Flora of North- West and Central India. In 1878 he founded the Indian Forest School at Dehra Dim, in North-West India, for the education of natives of India for the post of forest rangers. In 1883 he retired from the service. Of his numerous official publications the most important are a "Report on the Attaran Forests," pub- lished at Calcutta in 1861, and a "Report on the Forest Administration in the Madras Presidency," published at Madras in 1883. In 1878 Dr. Brandis was created a Companion of the Indian Empire, and in 1887 the honour of a Knight Com- mander of the same Order was con- ferred upon him. In 1874 Dr. Brandis was made an Hon. Member of the Scottish Arboricultural Society, and in 1875 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Of the numerous papers contributed by him to scientific periodicals may be mentioned: " On the Distribution of Forests in India," "Ocean Highways," 1872; "Progress of Forestry in India," Transactions, Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1884; "Regen und Wald in Indien," Deutsche Meteorologmhc Zeitschrift, October 1887. He is now living in retirement at Bonn, his native place. BRANDL — BEEADALBANE 127 BRANDL, Alois, German author, was born at Innsbruck, June 21, 1855, and studied at the University of Vienna, and then at Berlin under Miillenhoff and Zupitza, where he specialised in Old English. This led to his coming to Eng- land in 1879, where he studied under Sweet and Furnivall. In 1884 he became Professor of English at Prague, at Gottin- gen in 1888, and was called to succeed Ten Brink at Strasbourg in 1892. This post he resigned for a corresponding one in Berlin in 1895. His chief works are : "Thomas of Erceldoune," 1881; "S. T. Coleridge und die Englische Eomantik," 1886; and "Shakspere," 1894. He has edited the Archiv fur das Stadium dtr ntueren Sprachen since 1896. Berlin address : Kaiserin Augusta Strasse 73. BRASSEY, Lord, Sir Thomas Brassey, K.C.B., D.C.L., D.L., J.P., 1st Baron, eldest son of Thomas Brassey, the well-known contractor for public works, was born at Stafford on Feb. 11, 1836, and educated at Bugby and University College, Oxford, graduating in honours in the Modern Law and History School. He was elected for Devonport in 1865, has represented Hastings from 1868 to 18S6, and was appointed Civil Lord of the Admiralty in 1880, and Secretary to the Admiralty in 1884. He is the author of "Work and Wages," "Lectures on the Labour Question," "English Work and Foreign Wages," "British Seamen," "The British Navy," in 5 vols., and The Naval Annual, a serial publication, commenced in 1886. He has published numerous pamphlets on political, economical, and naval questions. Lord Brassey began his career in Parliament by seconding a motion by Mr. Thomas Hughes in 1869 for an inquiry into the Labour Laws. In 1871 he began the first of a series of speeches on Naval Administration. The subjects dealt with have included the defence of the commercial harbours, the organisation of the Comptroller's Department of the Ad- miralty and of the Dockyards, the principal reform advocated being a more decen- tralised management. In treating of ship-building policy, the objections to extreme dimensions have been strongly urged. The Question of the Naval Re- serves was brought forward by Lord Brassey in Parliament on several occa- sions, and he succeeded in obtaining the consent of the Admiralty to the enrolment of a second class reserve, for which the fishing population would be eligible. The present strength of the force is 10,000. He also took an active part in establishing the Royal Naval Artillery Volunteers. Lord Brassey moved for a select committee on the Euphrates Valley Railway in 1871, and for a Royal Commission on Marine Insurance in 1875. In 1879 he seconded Mr. Chaplain's motion for the appointment of a Royal Commission on Agriculture. In 1874-75 he served on the Royal Com- mission on Unseaworthy Ships, in 1885 he was appointed a member of the Com- mission on the Defence of the Coaling Stations, and in 1893-94 he acted as the President of the Royal Commission on Opium, which held its inquiry in India and Burmah. As a yachtsman, Lord Brassey has made many distant voyages. In 1876-77 he went round the world in the Sunheam. In 1884 he visited the West Indies, and in 1886-87, India, Australia, and the Cape. A series of letters by him on the state of the defences of the coaling stations on the route to Australia by the Suez Canal, and to India by the Cape of Good Hope, was published in the Times. He was the first yachtsman who obtained a Board of Trade certificate for com- petency to navigate as master. The late Lady Brassey was the author of the well- known work, "Voyage of the Sunbeam," and other popular books of travel. She died at sea, Oct. 14, 1887. At the general election of 1886 Lord Brassey withdrew from Hastings and offered himself as a Gladstonian Liberal for one of the divisions of Liverpool. He was defeated, and on the resignation of Mr. Gladstone's Govern- ment he was raised to the peerage. Lord Brassey has taken an active part in the organisation of the Imperial Federation League. He introduced the deputation to Lord Salisbury, at whose instance the con- vening of the Colonial Conference of 1887 was considered by the Government. In 1895 he was appointed to the Governorship of Victoria, a position which he still occupies. He is a Younger Brother of the Trinity House, a Governor of University College, London, and a Commander of the Legion of Honour. On Sept. 8, 1890, Lord Brassey married the Hon. Sybil de Vere Capell, youngest daughter of the Vis- countess Maiden, and sister of the present Earl of Essex. His heir is the Hon. Thomas Brassey, born in 1862. Addresses : 24 Park Lane, W. ; Normanhurst, Battle, Sussex ; and Athenaeum. BREADALBANE, Marquis of, The Right Hon. Gavin Campbell, E.G., D.L., was born April 9, 1851, and succeeded his father as Earl of Breadalbane (in the Scotch Peerage) in 1871. He was educated at St. Andrews, was a Lord-in-Waiting from 1873 to 1874, Treasurer of the Queen's Household from 1880 to 1885, and Lord Steward of the Household from 1892 to 1895. He also acted as Lord High Com- missioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from 1893 to 1895. He 128 BBEAL — BEEWEE is a Major in the 5th Volunteer Battalion of the Royal Highlanders, and Brigadier- General of the Royal Company of Archers. Lord Breadalbane was created a Marquis in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1885, and was married, in 1872, to Alma, daughter of the 4th Duke of Montrose. Address : 19 Cavendish Square, W. ; and Taymouth Castle, Perthshire. BKEAI, Michel Jules Alfred, a French philologist, was born at Landau, Bavaria, of French parentage, March 26, 1832. He received his early education in France, and studied Sanskrit at Berlin, under Professors Bopp and Weber. Re- turning to Paris, he joined the staff at the Bibliotheque Impenale, and in 1862 obtained the Academy's prize for his "L'Etude des Origines de la Religion Zoroastrienne." In 1864 he was made Professor of Comparative Grammar at the College of France. M. Breal was elected a Member of the Institute, Dec. 3, 1875, and made Director at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes. In 1879 he was appointed In- spector-General of Public Instruction for secondary education. He retired in 1888, but still keeps his position as a member of the Council of Higher Education in France. He was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1890. Among his works are : " Hercule et Cacus, Etude de Mythologie comparee," 1863 ; transla- tion of the " Bopp's Grammaire compared des Langues Indo-Europe'ennes," 1867-72 ; " Quelques Mots sur l'lnstruction publique en France," 1872 ; " L'Enseignement de la Langue Francaise," 1878; "Excursions pedagogiques," 1880; "La Relorme de Forthographie Francaise," 1890. Address : 70 Rue d'Assas, Paris. BREITMANN, Hans. See Leland, Charles Godfrey. BKETT, Hon. Reginald Baliol, C.B., was born in London, June 30, 1852, and is the eldest son of Lord Esher, Master of the Rolls. He was educated at Cheam School, in Surrey, and at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1874, and took his M.A. degree in 1877. At the end of that year he was appointed private secretary to the Marquis of Hartington, then the leader of the Liberal party. At the general election in 1880, Mr. Brett was returned to Parliament for Falmouth, defeating Sir Julius Vogel, the late Prime Minister of New Zealand. Mr. Brett continued for a time to act as unpaid secretary to the Marquis of Hart- ington, who was appointed Secretary of State for India in Mr. Gladstone's Gov- ernment. At the general election of 1885 Mr. Brett contested Plymouth, and was defeated by Sir Edward Clarke, M.P. In 1895 he was appointed Secretary to H.M. Office of Works, and in June 1897, was created a Companion of the Bath. Mr. Brett is the author of " Footprints of Statesmen," 1892, "The Yoke of Empire," and of many articles on historical and poli- tical subjects in the Fortnightly Review and the Nineteenth Century. In September 1879 he married Eleanor, the youngest daughter of M. Sylvain Van de Weyer, one of the founders of Belgian independence, a member of the Provisional Government of 1830, and for many years subsequently Belgian Minister at the Court of St. James. Addresses ; 2 Tilney Street, Mayfair ; Orchard Lea, Windsor Forest ; The Roman Camp, Callander. BRETTL, Karl Hermann, was born at Hanover, Aug. 10, 1860, and educated from 1868 to 1878 atthe Lyceum of his native town. From 1878 to 1883 he studied at the Univer- sities of Tubingen, Strassburg, under Ten Brink, and Berlin, where he took his degree of Ph.D. in 1883. In that year he went to Paris and studied under Gaston, Paris, and translated Tobler's work on " Old and Modern French Versification." In June 1884 he was appointed University Lecturer on German at Cambridge, and in 1886 the degree of M.A. [honoris causa) was conferred upon him. He was appointed Lecturer in German at Newnham and Girton Colleges in 1885, and in 1897 he obtained the degree of Litt.D., and was appointed Secretary to the Special Board of Mediaeval and Modern Languages. He has examined for the Universities of Cam- bridge, Oxford, London, Victoria, Ireland (Royal), and the London Chamber of Com- merce. Since 1897 he has acted as German sub-editor of The Modern Quarterly, the organ of the Modern Language Association, of which he has been a prominent member from its commencement in 1893. Dr. Breul is an enthusiastic supporter of the teaching of modern languages as living tongues, and is in thorough accord with those teachers who are endeavouring to introduce the more scientific educational methods of Germany into England. His chief publications are : " Le Dit de Robert le Diable" (Halle, 1895); "A. Bibliographical Guide to the Study of German " (London, 1895) ; editions of Ger- man classics, such as "Das Bild des Kaisers," "Wilhelm Tell," "Maria Stuart," " Wallenstein " (Cambridge University Press, 1888-96); "Die Frauencollegen an der Universitat Cambridge" (1891). Address : Engelmere, Cambridge. BREWER., David Josiah, American jurist, is the son of an American missionary to Turkey, and was born at Smyrna, in BKIALMONT — BKLDGE 129 Asia Minor, June 20, 1837. He graduated from Yale University, New Haven, Con- necticut, in 1856, and from the Law School at Albany, New York, in 1858. He estab- lished himself in his profession at Leaven- worth, Kansas, in 1859, and resided there until he removed to Washington to enter upon his duties in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1862-65 he was Judge of the Probate and Criminal Courts of Leavenworth County ; from 1865 to 1869, Judge of the District Court, and in 1870 was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court of his State, being re-elected in 1875 and 1882. In 1884 he was appointed Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the Eighth District, and was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in December 1889. In 1896 he was appointed a member of the Venezuela Boundary Commission, of which he was unanimously elected President. BKIALHONI, General Alexis Henri, a Belgian military engineer, and writer on military subjects, son of General Laurent Mathieu Brialmont, was born at Venloo, in the province of Limburg, May 25, 1821. He quitted the military school at Brussels with the rank of sub-lieutenant in 1843. Being connected, as au engineer officer, with the management of the fortifi- cations, he was appointed to carry out the works at the fortress of Diest. From 1847 to 1850 he was private secretary to General Chazal, then Minister of War. In 1855 he left the corps of engineers and became a member of the staff, attaining to the rank of Captain in 1857. In due course he became Major-General, and in 1877 Lieu- tenant-General. He was appointed In- spector-General of Fortifications and of the Sappers and Miners in Belgium in 1875. Lieut. - General Brialmont has written many works on military history and tac- tics. The following are the principal : "Eloge de la Guerre, ou refutation des doctrines des Amis de la Paix," 1 vol. in 12mo, 1894; "Precis d'Art militaire," 4 vols, in 12mo, 1850 ; " Considerations poli- tiques et militaires sur la Belgique," 3 vols, in 8vo, 1851-52; " Histoire du Due de Wellington," 3 vols, in 8vo, 1856 ; " Agran- dissement general d'Anvers," 1 vol. in 8vo, with atlas, 1858 ; " Complement de l'CEuvre de 1830," 1 vol., in 8vo, 1860 ; "Etudes sur la Defense des Etats et sur la Fortification," 3 vols, in 8vo, with atlas, 1863; "Etudes sur l'Organisation des Armies," 1 vol. in 8vo, 1867 ; "Traits de Fortification poly- gonale," 2 vols. gr. in 8vd, with atlas, 1869; "La Fortification a fosses sees," 2 vols. gr. in 8vo, with atlas, 1872 ; " La Fortification improvisee," 1 vol. in 12mo, 1870 ; " Etudes sur la Fortification des Capitales et 1'investissement des Camps retranches," 1 vol. gr. in 8vo, 1873; "La Defense des Etats et les Camps retranches," 1 vol. in 8vo, 1876 ; "La Fortification du champ de bataille," 1 vol. gr. in Svo, with atlas, 1879 ; " Manuel de Fortification de Campagne," 1 vol. in Svo, 1879; "Etude sur les Formations de Combat de l'lnfan- terie, l'attaque et la defense des positions retranches," 1 vol. in Svo, 1880; "Tac- tique des trois Armees," 2 vols, in 8vo, with atlas, 1881 ; " Situation militaire de la Belgique, travaux de defense de la Meuse," 1 vol. in Svo, 1882; "Le general Todleben, sa vie et ses travaux," 1 vol. in 12mo, 1884; "La Fortification du temps present," 2 vols. gr. in 8vo, with atlas, 1885; "Influence du Tir plongeant et des Obus-torpilles sur la Fortification," 1 vol. gr. in Svo, with atlas, 1888; "Les regions fortifiers," 1 vol. gr. in 8vo, with atlas, 1890; and forty pamphlets on political and military subjects, published from 1846 to 1890. General Brialmont made the principal fortifications of Antwerp in 1858 ; the fortifications of Bucharest in 1883, as well as those of Liege, and of Namur in 1887. BRIDGE, Sir John, J.P., born in 1824, was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1850. Appointed a Police Magistrate at the Bow Street Court in 1872, he became Chief Police Magistrate for London in 1890, and in the same year he received the honour of knighthood. Sir John was married in 1857 to Ada Louisa, daughter of George Bridge. Addresses : 50 Inverness Terrace, W. ; Headley Grove, Epsom ; and Athenasum. BRIDGE, Sir (John) Frederick, Mus.D., F.R.C.O., Organist at Westminster Abbey, son of John Bridge, was born Dec. 5, 1844, at Oldbury, Worcestershire, educated at Rochester Cathedral School under John Hopkins, and afterwards became a pupil of Sir John Goss. He was appointed Organist of Holy Trinity Church, Windsor, in 1865 ; of Manchester Cathedral in 1869 ; Professor of Harmony at Owens College, Manchester, in 1871 ; Permanent Deputy Organist of West- minster Abbey in 1875; and succeeded to the full offices of Master of the Choristers and Organist in 1882. He is also Pro- fessor of Harmony and Counterpoint at the Royal College of Music. Sir John Bridge has composed the oratorio "Mount Moriah," a cantata, "Boadicea," "Hymn to the Creator " (the song of St. Francis), produced at the Worcester Festival, 1884 ; "Rock of Ages" (Latin translated by Mr. Gladstone), produced at the Bir- mingham Festival, 1885; "Callirhoe" at the Birmingham Festival, 1889; church 130 BRIDGES — BRIGHT music and part songs. He is the author of theoretical works on Counter- point, Double Counterpoint, and Canon, and "Organ Accompaniment" — all pub- lished in Novello's series of Primers. He wrote an oratorio for the Worcester Festival of 1890, and has composed "The Inchcape Rock " and other works for various societies. He was appointed Gresham Professor of Music in 1891. His last work is a Primer, entitled " Musical Gestures," which is a new system of teach- ing the rudiments of music by Manual Exercises. On Sir Joseph Barnby's death in 1896, he .was appointed Conductor of the Royal Choral Societj'. For the concert which concluded the season, and whicli was made the occasion of a celebration of the Jubilee, he set Mr. Rudyard Kipling's ballad, " The Flag of England," to music. He was knighted by her Majesty on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee, 1897. Address : The Cloisters, Westminster Ab- bey, S.W. BRIDGES, Robert, M.A., M.B. Oxon., poet, the son of I. T. Bridges, of St. Nicholas Court, Isle of Tlianet, was born on Oct. 23, 1844, and was educated at Eton and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, of which latter foundation he is an Hon. Fellow. On leaving Oxford he pursued the study of medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, and eventually became Assistant Physician at the Children's Hospital, in Great Ormond Street, and Physician at the Great Northern Hospital. He retired from his medical duties in 1882. Dr. Bridges has a considerable reputation as a poet, and has published numerous plays and poems, the latter having been often privately printed at the Rev. Mr. Daniell's private printing press, Worcester College, Oxford. He is also the author of "An Essay on Milton's Poems," and "A Cri- tical Essay on Keats." He was married in 1884 to Mary, eldest daughter of Alfred Waterhouse, R.A. Address : Yattendon, Newbury. BRIGGS, Charles Augustus, D.D., was born in New York City, Jan. 15, 1841. He was educated at the University of Virginia (1857-60), and at the Union Theological Seminary, New York City (1861-63), studying afterwards at the University of Berlin under Dorner and Rodiger (1868-69). From 1870 to 1874 he was pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Rosselle, N. J., and since 1874 he has held a Professorship at the Union Theo- logical Seminary. On his transferral in 1891 from the chair of Hebrew and Cog- nate Languages to that of Biblical Theo- logy, he made an Address on "Authority of Holy Scripture " that provoked con- siderable controversy on the inerrancy of the Bible, and ultimately (in 1893) caused his suspension by the American Presbyterian Church from the ministry. He retains his Professorship, however, as the trustees and faculty of the seminary have sustained him in the controversy. He has nevertheless recently formally withdrawn from the Presbyterian Church, and applied for orders as a Protestant Episcopal clergyman. His principal pub- lications, in addition to contributions to periodicals, are: "Biblical Study," 1883; "American Presbvterianism," 1885; " Messianic Prophecy," 1886 ; " Whither ? " 1889; "Biblical History," 1890; "Autho- rity of Holy Scripture," 1891 ; "The Messiah of the Gospels," 1894; "The Messiah of the Apostles," 1895. He was one of the translators of the Commentaries on the Psalms and Ezra in the " American Lange Series." BRIGHT, The Right Hon. Jacob, M.P., son of the late Mr. Jacob Bright and brother of the late Right Hon. John Bright, was born in 1821, and educated at the Friends' School, York. He sat for Manchester from 1867 to 1874, and again from 1876 to November 1885, when he was defeated ; he was returned in 1886, and again in 1892, for the South- West Division of Manchester. He retired in 1895. Mr. Jacob Bright has identified himself with the chief Radical movements of his time, and has for many years been in favour of Home Rule for Ireland. He obtained the Municipal vote for women in 1869, and has always supported their efforts to obtain the Parliamentary vote. He has, in fact, been one of the most thorough supporters of women in all that concerns their property and their status. In 1883 he succeeded in preventing the ratification of a treaty which proposed to give both banks of the Congo to Portugal. Mr. Gladstone then made the unprece- dented promise that the treaty should not be ratified without the consent of the House of Commons. Nothing more was heard of the treaty, and shortly after- wards freedom of commerce on the Congo was secured by the African Conference at Berlin. Mr. Jacob Bright is a Director of the Manchester Ship Canal. He is Chair- man of John Bright & Brothers of Roch- dale. He married in 1855 Ursula, daughter of Joseph Mellor, merchant, of Liverpool. Address : 31 St. James's Place, S.W. BRIGHT, James Franck, D.D., Master of University College, Oxford, was born in St. James's, Westminster, on May 29, 1832, and is the third son of Dr. Richard Bright of Guy's Hospital. He was edu- cated at Rugby, and matriculated at BRIGHT — BRISSON 131 University College at the age of eighteen. He was in the first class in Law and History in 1854; B.A., 1855; M.A., 1858; B.D. and D.D., 1884. From 185G to 1872 he was an assistant master at Marlborough College, and at the head of its Modern Department ; and returned to his College in 1872, when he became Lecturer and Tutor in Divinity and Modern History at Balliol, and Modern History Lecturer at University. In 1874 he was elected a Fellow of his College, in 1875 Dean, in 1877 Tutor, in 1881 Master. From 1872 to 1875 he was Modern History Lecturer at University ; from 1873 to 1875 at Wad- ham and Queen's ; from 1875 to 1881 at New College ; from 1873 to 1875 Lecturer and Tutor at Corpus Christi ; aad from 1872 to 1882 Lecturer and Tutor in Divinity and Modern History at Balliol. In 1877 he was appointed an Hon. Fellow of Balliol. He has been History Examiner on numerous occasions, and is the author of the well- known text-book, "A History of England," in 4 vols. In 1897 he published lives of Maria Theresa and Joseph II. He married in 1864 Emmeline Theresa, daughter of the Eev. E. D. Wickham, Vicar of Holm- wood. Addresses : University College, Oxford ; and Athenaeum. BRIGHT, Canon "William, D.D., Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, and Canon and Sub-Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, was born at Doncaster Dec. 14, 1824, and is the son of William Bright, Town Clerk of Doncaster. From Rugby School he was elected scholar of Univer- sity College, Oxford, where he graduated in the first class in Classics in 1846. The next year he was elected a Fellow of his College, and gained the Johnson Theological Scholarship and the Ellerton Theological Prize, and in 1849 he proceeded MA. Applying himself to the study of divinity, he was ordained deacon in 1848, and priest in 1850, and in the succeeding year became theological tutor in Trinity Col- lege, Glenalmond. He returned to Oxford in 1859, and was afterwards appointed Tutor of University College. He was pro- moted in 1868 to the Regius Professor- ship of Ecclesiastical History, and to the canonry of Christ Church, which is attached to that chair. The University conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1869. He became Proctor for the Chapter in Con- vocation in 1878, and on subsequent occasions, and was Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Lincoln, 1885-93. Dr. Bright's works are : " Ancient Collects selected from Various Rituals," 1857, 1867 ; "A History of the Church, from the Edict of Milan to the Council of Chalcedon," 1860, 1888; "Select Sermons of St. Leo on the Incarnation, with his ' Tome,' translated with notes," 1862, 1886 ; "Faith and Life : Readings from Ancient Writers," 1864, 1866. In 1865 he published, in collaboration with the Rev. P. G. Medd, M.A., a Latin version of the Book of Common Prayer; "Hymns and other Verses," 1866 and 1874; reprints of "Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History," "St. Athanasius's Orations against the Arians," "Socrates' Ecclesiastical History," "Select Anti-Pelagian Treatises of St. Augustine," and " St. Athanasius's Historical Writings," with introductions, in 1872, 1873, 1878, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1893; "Chapters of Early English Church History," 1878, 1888, 1897 ; " Later Treatises of St. Athana- sius, translated with Notes and Appendix," in the " Library of the Fathers," 1881 ; " Notes on the Canons of the First Four General Councils," 1882, 1892; "Private Prayers for a Week," 1882; "Family Prayers for a Week," 1885; " Iona, and Other Verses," 1886; "Addresses on the Seven Sayings from the Cross," 1887 ; "The Incarnation as a Motive Power," 1889, 1891; "Lessons from the Lives of Three Great Fathers, 1890-91 ; " Morality in Doctrine," 1892 ; " Waymarks in Church History," 1894; "The Roman See in the Early Church, and other Studies in Church History," 1896; "The Law of Faith," 1898. Address : Christ Church, Oxford. BRISSON, Eugene Henri, a French politician, was born July 31, 1835, at Bourges, and is the son of a lawyer in that city, studied law in Paris, and entered the profession in 1859. He wrote for the Temps and the Avenir National, and established in 1868, in conjunction with MM. Lacour and Allain-Targe, the Revue Politique. As a democratic candidate at the elections in 1869 he was unsuccessful in obtaining a seat in the Corps L^gislatif, but after the Revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, he was appointed Deputy Mayor of Paris by the Government for the National Defence. This position he resigned on October 3. On Feb. 8, 1871, he was elected as repre- sentative of the Seine in the Assembly, and submitted a proposition of amnesty for all political crimes. At the general elections in February 1876, he was elected for the tenth arrondissement of Paris, and followed in the new Chamber the same political line. He was one of the 363 deputies who refused a vote of confidence to the Broglie Cabinet. At the opening of the session of 1879 M. Brisson was elected Vice-President, and was named President of the Budget Commission on February 27 of the same year. He suc- ceeded M. Gambetta as President of the Chamber, Nov. 3, 1881, and was re-elected in 1883. He accepted the office of Prime Minister on the fall of M. Ferry in 1885, 132 BRISTOL — BRO ADHURST but after a few months gave place to M. de Freycinet. At the elections of September 1889, he was the only Republican candi- date elected in Paris, "au premier tour du scrutin. " In the autumn of 1890 he put forward proposals for compelling religious bodies to pay up considerable arrears due from them under the new laws relating to church property. These proposals caused considerable discussion in the newspapers. In 1892 he brought forward a plan for completely reorganising the French naval forces, but the Naval Budget Committee refused to support him against the existing Ministry. He was one of the candidates for the Presidency of the French Republic in June 1894, and stood second in the poll, receiving 195 votes to M. Casimir-Perier's 451. In 1896 he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, and his firm action during the difficult days of the Zola trial (1897) has been much admired throughout France. At the beginning of the new Parliament in May 1898, he was defeated on the re-elec- tion of President by M. Paul Deschanel, a moderate Republican (q.v.). M. Brisson is well known for the Spartan nature of his Republicanism ; his address in Paris is Rue Mazagran 9, and he lives on the fifth floor in a bare flat that the Iron Duke would have admired. He has never been known to take a cab, but always travels on the outside of omnibuses. In fact, he is the living embodiment in France of what we should call the Nonconformist conscience. His mission in life is to preside over Commissions of Inquiry, especially when scandals have to be investigated with inflexible severity. His presidency of the Panama Commission was appreciated by all. When the Meline Cabinet fell in June 1898, after MM. Peytral, Sarrien, and Ribot (q.v.) had failed to form cabinets, M. Brisson was commissioned by the Pre- sident to undertake this duty, which he carried to a successful issue. His com- bination was a Radical one, and included MM. Cavaignac, Sarrien, Delcasse", and Bourgeois (q.v.). With a courage that merits all honour, M. Brisson and his colleagues persisted in their patriotic work of vindicating before the civilised world the unimpeachable integrity and absolute justice of the national conscience. As the weeks dragged their weary course, the tension of the situation became dan- gerously strained, and special means had to be adopted to preserve public order. On the Chamber reassembling on Oct. 25, 1898, the Government was violently assailed, and received a sudden blow by the dramatic and reprehensible resigna- tion of General Chanoine (q.v.), the new Minister of War. After a series of votes affirming the supremacy of the civil over the military power, declaring continued confidence in the army, and rejecting by 274 votes to 261 a motion censuring the Government for "not causing the army to be respected," the Chamber, on the motion of M. de Malny, called upon the Government to institute prosecutions against persons "insulting the army." This proceeding M. Brisson declined to take, and the subsequent vote of confi- dence in the Government was lost by 286 to 254 — an extraordinary majority, M. Brisson and his ministers immediately withdrew from the Chamber, and tendered their resignations, whicli were at once accepted by M. Faure, Parliament being adjourned till November 4, when M. Charles Dupuy returned to office. Thus fell a Government which will be famed hereafter for its determined effort to free the nation from an aggressive militarism. BEISTOL, Bishop of. See Bbowne, The Right Rev. Geoege Foeeest. BROADBENT, Sir William Henry, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., the son of John Broadbent, of Longwood Edge, Hudders- field, was born in Yorkshire on Jan. 23, 1835, and was educated at Huddersfield College, Owens College, Manchester, and Paris. He has been Physician to the Western General Dispensary, the London Fever Hospital, and St. Mary's Hospital, of which last-named institution he is now a consulting physician. He has occupied the position of President of the Harveian Society of London, of the Medical Society of London in 1881, of the Clinical Society during the years 1887-88, and of the Neurological Society from 1895 to 1896. He has, moreover, served as Censor of the Royal College of Physicians of London during the years 1888-89 and 1895-96. Since 1892 Sir William has been Physician- in-Ordinary to the Prince of Wales, and he attended both the Duke of Clarence, on the occasion of his fatal illness in 1892, and also the Duke of York, who went through a severe attack of typhoid fever in 1891. He is the author of " The Pulse," 1890 ; " The Heart," 1897. In 1893 he was created a Baronet, and he has a son and heir, John, born 1865. Sir William Broad- bent was in July 1898 appointed one of her Majesty's Physicians Extraordinary, in the room of Sir Richard Quain, M.D., deceased. Address : 84 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square. BROADHTJRST, Henry, M.P., J.P., son of a journeyman stonemason, was born at Littlemore, near Oxford, on April 30, 1840, and received some education at a village school there. He worked as a journeyman stonemason up to the year BROCK — BRODRICK 133 18T2, when he became Secretary of the Labour Representation League. In 1875 he was appointed Secretary of the Parlia- mentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress, but resigned through ill-health in 1890. During the agitation on the Eastern Question he took a leading part in the organisation of meetings, &c, in support of Mr. Gladstone's policy. He was elected Member of Parliament for Stoke-on-Trent in 1880 ; was a member of the Royal Commission on Reformatories and Industrial Schools in 1881-82 ; served on the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes in 1884-85 ; and at the general election of 1885 he was returned for the Bordesley Division of Birmingham. In February 1886 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in Mr. Gladstone's Ministry. At the general election of 1886 he successfully stood for West Nottingham, but was not re-elected in 1892. He took a leading part in the passing of the Em- ployers' Liability Act, 1880, and many other measures affecting the industrial classes. He is the author of the Leasehold Enfranchisement Bill, and during the ses- sions of 1884-85 he had charge of the Deceased Wife's Sister Bill. He is also a prominent advocate of Old Age Pensions. He has served on the Royal Commission on the Condition of the Aged Poor. He resigned his seat on the Market Royal Commission, and has been twice offered important Inspectorships which he has refused — the first occasion being in 1882, when he declined an Inspectorship of Factories and Workshops ; the second in 1884, when he declined one of Canal Boats. He was elected Member of Parliament for Leicester in 1894, on the occasion of the double vacancy caused by the retirement of Sir T. Whitehead and Mr. T. A. Picton, and now represents that constituency. In the Eastern Counties he holds many important public positions. Address : Cromer. BROCK, Thomas, R.A., sculptor, was born in 1847 at Worcester, where his father, William Brock, was a decorator. He was educated first at the Government School of Design in that city, then came to London and studied at the Royal Academy, where he obtained both silver and gold medals. He became a pupil and afterwards an assistant of the late J. H. Foley, the sculptor. After Mr. Foley's death he completed the numerous works left unfinished by him, the chief of these being the O'Connell monument in Dublin. Among Mr. Brock's ideal works may.be mentioned "Salmacis," "Hercules stran- gling Antseus," statuettes of Paris and (Enone, and a large equestrian group, " A Moment of Peril," purchased for the nation by the Royal Academy. He exhi- bited at the Royal Academy in 1889 " The Genius of Poetry." Among portrait statues may be named Richard Baxter, Robert Raikes, Sir Rowland Hill, Sir Richard Temple, Sir Erasmus Wilson, the poet Longfellow (the latter for the Westminster Abbey Memorial), Sir Richard Owen, a bronze, now in the Natural History Museum, South Kensington ; Dr. Phillpott, a marble bust in Worcester Cathedral ; Lord Bowen ; Lord Derby ; Sir Richard Quain. In the Royal Academy's Exhibition of 1898 he had no less than five sculptures, including a statue of Eve, and a bronze bust of Henry Tate, Esq., to be placed in the National Gallery of British Art. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Aca- demy Jan. 16, 1883; R.A. in 1891. Ad- dress : 30 Osnaburgh Street, Regent's Park, N.W. BRODRICK, The Hon. George Charles, LL.B., D.C.L., Warden of Merton College, Oxford, is the second son of the seventh Viscount Middleton, formerly Dean of Exeter, and was born at Castle Rising, Norfolk, May 5, 1831. He was educated at Eton School, and at Balliol College, Oxford, taking his degree in 1854 (first- class Mods., 1852 ; first-class Lit. Hum., 1853; Law and History School, 1854; English Essay Prize and Arnold Historical Essay, 1855). He was elected a Fellow of Merton College in 1855. He was President of the Union Debating Society. He also carried off, in 1858, the Law Scholarship at the University of London, where he took the degree of LL.B. In 1885 he was created D.C. L. of Oxford by a University decree. He was called to the Bar from Lincoln's Inn in 1859, and for some years practised as a barrister on the Western circuit. In conjunction with Mr. Free- mantle (now Dean of Ripon) he edited, in 1865, " The Ecclesiastical Judgments of the Privy Council." In 1877 Mr. Brodrick was unanimously elected by the School Board for London to fill a death vacancy, being the first member so elected. He long served on the Council of the London Society for the Extension of University Teaching, and he is a member of the governing body of Eton College. He took an active part in promoting the Uni- versity Tests Act, and other measures of academical, and generally of educational interest. In 1868, and again in 1874, he contested the borough of Woodstock as a Liberal candidate, and in 1880 he was a candidate for the undivided county of Monmouthshire. In February 1881, he was elected Warden of Merton College in the place of the late Dr. Bullock-Marsham. Mr. Brodrick is known to have contributed 134 BRODRICK — BROOME largely, but for the most part anonymously, to the daily Press and leading periodicals. A selection of articles published under his own name, together with two more elabo- rate treatises on "Primogeniture" and " Local Government," and other occasional essays, were republished in a volume entitled "Political Studies" in 1880. In the following year he published a work entitled " English Land and English Land- lords," being an inquiry into the origin, structure, and proposed reform of the English Land system ; and he afterwards discussed the Irish Land question, and the claim of Tenant-right for British farmers, in three articles which appeared in Fraser's Magazine for 1881-82. Mr. Brodrick is also the author of articles on "The Progress of Democracy in England," and " Democracy and Socialism," which appeared in the Nineteenth Century during 1883 and 1884. His latest contributions to literature are mainly connected with academical history, including a volume entitled "Memorials of Merton College," 1885 ; a compendious " History of the University of Oxford," 1886 ; and several papers on kindred subjects. Since the adhesion of the late Mr. Gladstone to Home Rule in 188G, Mr Brodrick has been an active member of the Liberal Unionist party. Addresses : Merton College, Ox- ford, &c. ; and Athenaeum. BRODRICK, The Right Hon. William St. John Freemantle, M.P., eldest son of Viscount Midleton, and nephew of the Hon. G. C. Brodrick, Warden of Merton College, was born in 1856 and educated in Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1879, and M.A. 1882. He was also President of the Oxford Union Debating Society. He represented West Surrey in the Parlia- ments of 1880-85, and after the passing of the Redistribution Act successfully stood for the Guildford Division of the county, which he still represents. He served on the Royal Commission on Prisons in Ire- land, 1883-85. In Lord Salisbury's second Administration, 1886-92, Mr. Brodrick was appointed Financial Secretary to the War Office. It was on his motion that Lord Rosebery's Government was over- thrown in June 1895, and he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for War, with charge of the War Office business in the House of Commons, July 1895. He was raised to the Privy Council in 1897, and in October 1898 was appointed Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in succession to Lord Curzon. He married Lady Hilda Charteris, third daughter of the Earl of Wemyss, in 1880. Addresses : Peper-Harrow, Godalming ; 34 Portland Place, W., and Athenaeum. BROOKE, The Rev. Augustus Stopford, born in Dublin in 1832, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he gained the Downe prize and the Vice- Chancellor's prize for English verse. He graduated B.A. in 1856 and M.A. in 1858. He was curate of St. Matthew, Marylebone, 1857-59; curate of Kensington, 1860-63; minister of St. James's Chapel, York Street, St. James's Square, 1866-75 ; and became minister of Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury, June 1876. He was appointed a Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen in 1872. Mr. Brooke is the author of "Life and Letters of the late Frederick W. Robertson," 1865 ; "Theology in the English Poets," 1874; " Primer of English Literature," and four volumes of "Sermons," 1868-77; "The Early Life of Jesus," a volume of poems 1888 ; a "History of English Poetry," a standard study of Tennyson, 1894 ; and "The Old Testament and Modern Life," 1896. In 1880 he seceded from the Church of England, his reason for this step being that he had ceased to believe that miracles were credible, and that, since the Estab- lished Church founded its whole scheme of doctrine on the miracle of the Incarna- tion, disbelief in that miracle put him outside the doctrines of the Church of England. Mr. Brooke then joined the Unitarian Church, and officiated for some years at Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury. In 1895, after prolonged illness, he resigned this position. BROOKE, Sir Charles Anthony, G.C.M.G., born in 1829, son of Sir James Brooke, the famous first Rajah of Sarawak, was educated at Crewkerne Grammar School, and passed into the Royal Navy, where he rose to be a Lieutenant. He succeeded his father as 2nd Rajah of Sarawak in 1868, and has since ruled that state with the same skill and success. He was created a G.C.M.G. in 1888. He married Margaret, daughter of Clayton de Windt, of Biunsden Hall, Wiltshire. Ad- dresses : Sarawak, Borneo ; and 12 Hans Place, S.W. BROOME, Mary Ann, Lady (for- merly Lady Barker, under which name most of her books were published), is the eldest daughter of the late W. G. Stewart, Esq., Island Secretary of Jamaica, in which island she was born. Sent to England at two years old, she returned to Jamaica in 1850. In 1852 she married Captain (afterwards Colonel) G. R. Barker, Royal Artillery, who distinguished himself very highly in the Crimean war and the Indian Mutiny, and was made K.C.B. for services in the field. Lady Barker went to India to join Sir George in 1860, but he died that year, and she returned to England. BROS — BROUGH 135 In 1865 Lady Barker married tue late Mr. Frederick Napier Broome, then of Canter- bury, New Zealand, and accompanied him back to the Middle Island. In 1869 Mr. Napier Broome and his wife returned to England. "Station Life in New Zealand," from her pen, was published in that year, and its success encouraged the author to write, in the following year, a small volume for children called " Stories About." This second work was soon followed by "A Christmas Cake in Four Quarters," "Spring Comedies," "Travelling About," "Holiday Stories," "Ribbon Stories," " Sybil's Book," "Station Amusements in New Zealand," "Boys," "The White Bat," &c, besides many articles for magazines. In 1874 she published also a little book called "First Principles of Cooking," of which the circulation has been large, and almost immediately after its appearance she accepted the post of Lady Superin- tendent of the National Training School of Cookery, South Kensington. She was also for some years editor of Evening Hours, a family magazine. Mr. Napier Broome having entered the Colonial service in 1875, her next experiences were of South Africa and Mauritius. Her life in the former country is described in "A Year's Housekeeping in South Africa," 1877. In 1883, her husband having been appointed Governor of Western Australia, she went to that colony, which is described in her la«t published book, "Letters to England," 1885. On leaving Western Australia in 1890, Lady Broome received an affectionate farewell from the people of the colony, by whom she was greatly beloved. Sir Frederick Napier Broome, K.C.M.G., died on Nov. 26, 1896. BROS, James, son of Thomas Bros, barrister, was born in 1841, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1866. He was appointed a Police Magistrate at the Clerkenwell Court in 1888. Address : 31 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. BEOUARDEL, Paul Camille Hip- polyte, French doctor and authority on forensic medicine, was horn at St. Quentin, Feb. 13, 1837, educated at the Lycee St. Louis at Paris, and attained the doctorate in 1865. He became Physician at the H6pital St. Antoine in 1873, was made Professor of Forensic Medicine in 1879, and elected a member of the Academy of Medicine in 1880, of which he is now the dean. He succeeded Wurtz in 1884 as President of the Consulting Committee of Public Hygiene in France. He is often called upon to give evidence in the courts of law on delicate points of forensic medi- cine. He has also travelled on medical missions, notably to Germany in 1883, to study trichinosis, on which he published important reports. He was made a Com- mander of the Legion of Honour in 1885. His chief works are : " L'Uree et la Foie," 1877 ; " Etudes Me"dico-Legales sur la Com- bustion du Corps humain," 1878; "Des Causes d'erreur dans les Expertises Relatives aux Attentats a la Pudeur," 1883; " Le Secret Me'dical," 1886, dealing with a case arising out of the death of the painter Bastien Lepage ; besides works in colla- boration with eminent men of science. Recently he has published " L'Infanticide " and "La Mort et la Mort Soudaine," 1897, and " La Responsabilitd Me'dicale," 1898. BROUGH, Miss Fanny, actress, a daughter of Robert Brough, was born in the fifties. She first made her appearance on the boards, being then quite young, at the Princess's Theatre, Manchester, in Mr. Calvert's company, staying there two years, and once taking the role of Ophe- lia to Mr. Barry Sullivan's Hamlet. She made her first appearance in London at the St. James's Theatre as Fernande in the autumn of 1890, and afterwards at the same house took other parts in the "Two Thorns" and "War," and, during Mrs. John Wood's management, played in many comedies, and in the "Caste" Company took many leading- parts. She was engaged in many provincial tours, and came back to the Princess's and Drury Lane in various characters. She played the part of Mrs. Othello at Toole's Theatre in 1893, and appeared at a set of morning perform- ances at the Lyric on April 5, 1894. One of her latest notable performances was in " The Eider-down Quilt," produced by Mr. Playfair in 1896. BROUGH, Lionel, comedian, was born at Pontypool, Monmouthshire, March 10, 1836, being the fourth son of Mr. Barna- bas Brough, and a younger brother of the weU-known comic authors, " The Brothers Brough." His first employment was in the capacity of office-boy to Mr. J. Timbs, in the Illustrated London News office, in Douglas Jerrold's time. Subsequently he published the first number of the Daily Telei/rnpli, and for five years he was con- nected with the Morning Star. Going to Liverpool with other members of the Savage Club to give amateur theatrical performances in aid of the Lancashire Relief Fund, he achieved so decided a histrionic success that he was offered a regular engagement by Mr. A. Henderson, and accordingly made his first professional appearance at the Prince of Wales's Theatre at Liverpool in 1864. His first appearance in London was at the Queen's Theatre in 1867. Mr. Brough was manager of Covent Garden Theatre for Mr. Dion Boucicault 136 BKOUGHTON — BROWN during the season in which "Babil and Bijou " was produced. He afterwards be- came, for a short time, joint lessee of the Novelty Theatre, Great Queen Street. For the last thirty years he has played a round of the principal "low comedy" parts in almost every important theatre in London and the provinces ; in comic opera, farce, burlesque, plays, &c, and particularly in most of the "Old Comedy" revivals. It is on record that he has played Tony Lumpkin in " She Stoops to Conquer," 776 times. He has also played in America, and some years ago played a repertoire of thirty-eight pieces through all the principal towns in South Africa. Mr. Brough has been engaged for some time at the Hay- market and her Majesty's Theatres under the management of Mr. Beerbohm Tree, playing in all the principal productions during a series of seasons. During one vacation he again visited South Africa, taking a journey of 14,000 miles, to tell anecdotes for fourteen nights. On his last appearance at Johannesburg he was persuaded to play " Tony Lumpkin " once more, so that he now has the record of having played it 777 times. He again visited America with Mr. Tree and his company, taking the part of " The Laird " in "Trilby," and playing in " Seats of the Mighty," and opened at her Majesty's Theatre in "The Silver Key." He is now engaged at the "Avenue." Permanent address : Percy Villa, South Lambeth. BROUGHTON, Miss Rhoda, a popu- lar English novelist, is the daughter of a clergyman, and was born Nov. 29, 1840, in North Wales. Her principal works are : "Cometh Up as a Flower," 1867; "Not Wisely, but Too Well," 1867 ; "Red as a Rose is She," 1870; "Goodbye, Sweet- heart, Goodbye," 1872; "Nancy," 1873; "Tales for Christmas Eve," 1873 (repub- lished in 1879 under the title of "Twi- light Stories"); "Joan," 1876; "Second Thoughts," 1880; "Belinda," 1883; and "Doctor Cupid," 1886. More recently she has published "Alas," 1890 (2nd edit. 1891); "Mrs. Bligh," 1892; "A Beginner," 1894; "Scylla or Charybdis?" 1895; and "Dear Faustina," 1897. Address: Holy- well Street, Oxford. BROWN, Alexander Cram, M.A., M.D. (Edin.), D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. LL.D. (Aberd.), F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.R.C.P.E., F.C.S., F.I.C., son of the Rev. John Brown, D.D., of Bronghton Place Church, was born in Edinburgh on March 26, 1838. He was educated at the Edinburgh High School and at Mill Hill, and at the Uni- versities of Edinburgh, Heidelberg, and Marburg. In 1863 he was appointed Lec- turer and in 1869 Professor of Chemistrv in the University of Edinburgh, and in 1891 was elected President of the Chemi- cal Society of London, which office he held for two years. He is the author of many papers in scientific journals, and in the publications of learned societies. He married Jane Bailie, daughter of the Rev. James Porter, Drumlee, county Down. Address : 8 Belgrave Crescent, Edinburgh. BROWN, Horace T., F.R.S.,was born at Burton-on-Trent on July 20, 1848, and was educated at Burton-on-Trent and Atherstone Grammar Schools, and at the Royal College of Chemistry. He was engaged in brewing at Burton-on-Trent from 1866 to 1893. He acted as Vice- President of the Chemical Society from 1894 to 1897, received the Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society in 1894, and is a member of the International Catalogue Committee of the Royal Society. He has contributed many papers on chemical, biological, and geological subjects in the Transactions of the Chemical Society, Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, &c. He was married in 1874 to Annie, daughter of Paul J. Fearon. Address : 52 Nevern Square, Kensington, W. BROWN, John George, N.A., Ameri- can figure painter, was born at Durham, England, Nov. 11, 1831. He began his art studies at the age of eighteen, at first at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards spent a year at the Edinburgh Royal Academy. Removing to America in 1853, he entered the schools of the National Academy of Design in New York, and in 1856 opened a studio in Brooklyn, where he remained until 1860, when he transferred his studio to New York City. He was made an Academician in 1863, and was one of the founders of the Water-Colour Soeiety, of which for the past seven years he has been President. He has twice (1880 and 1885) exhibited at the London Royal Academy, and has received several medals and hon- ourable mention in Paris. Eight of his pictures were exhibited at the Chicago Exposition in 1893. Among his more im- portant productions are, " His First Cigar," "Curling in Central Park," "The 'Long- shoreman's Noon," "Tough Customers," "The Thrilling Moment," "The Passing Show," "The Dress Parade," " The Three (Scape) Graces," " Left his Money on the Piano," "The Lost Child," "The Transit of Venus," " A Merry Air and a Sad Heart," "Clear the Track]" "The Dog Show," "A Collection of Antiques," "As Good as New! " "The Old Folks at Home," "Plot- ting Mischief," "Under the Weather," "The Wounded Playfellow," "A Jolly BROWN — BROWNE 137 Lot," "The Monopolist," "Day Dreams," "You're a Nice Pup," and "Watching the Clouds. " BROWN, Pisistratus. See Black, William. BROWN, Robert, F.S.A., born at Barton-upon-Humber, July 6, 1844, was educated at Cheltenham College, and is known as a writer on archaic religion, mythology, and astronomy. His works are " Poseidon : a Link between Semite, Hamite, and Aryan," 1872 ; " The Great Dionysiak Myth," 2 vols., 1877-78; "The Religion of Zoroaster, considered in con- nection with Archaic Monotheism," 1879 ; "The Religion and Mythology of the Aryans of Northern Europe," 1880; "Language, and Theories of its Origin," 1881; "The Unicorn," 1881; "The Law of Kosmic Order," 1882 ; " Eridanus : River and Constellation," 1883 ; " The Mythe of Kirks', " 1883 ; "The Phainomena or ' Heavenly Display ' of Aratos : Done into English Verse," 1885; "A Trilogy of the Life to Come," and other poems, 1885 ; " The Etruscan Inscriptions of Lemnos," 1888 ; " The Etruscan Nume- rals," 1889; "Remarks on the Tablet of the Thirty Stars, or Babylonian Lunar Zodiac," 1890. In 1895 appeared his "Tellis and Kleobeia, and other Poems," and in 1898, "Semitic Influence on Hellenic Mythology," a criticism of Max Miiller and Andrew Lang, which has given rise to considerable discussion. Mr. Brown is a member of the Royal Asiatic Society, and was in 1892 Secretary to the Hellenic Section of the Inter- national Oriental Congress (London), when he published " The Celestial Equator of Aratos." Address : c/o Captain Bolton, Booking Hall, Braintree, Essex. BROWN, Rev. William Haig. See Haig-Bkown, Rev. William. BROWNE, The Right Rev. George Forrest, D.D., Bishop of Bristol, Hon. Fellow of St. Catharine's College, and Hon. D.C.L. of Durham, son of George Browne, Proctor of the Ecclesiastical Court of York, and Anne, daughter of the Rev. R. Forrest, Precentor of York Minster, was born at York, Dec. 4, 1833, and educated at St. Peter's School, York, and Catharine Hall, Cambridge, graduating in 1856. He was Mathematical Master at Glenalmond, 1857 ; ordained Deacon 1858, Priest 1859, by the Bishop of Oxford ; and appointed Theo- logical Tutor and Bell Lecturer in. Ecclesi- astical History in the Episcopal Church of Scotland, 1862 ; Fellow and Lecturer of St. Catharine's, Cambridge, 1863. He vacated his Fellowship on his marriage with Mary Louisa, eldest daughter of Sir J. Stewart Richardson, Bart, of Pitfour Castle, Perthshire, and was rector of Ash- ley, 1869-74 ; Proctor of the University, i 1869-71, 1876-78, 1879-81 ; Secretary of the University Commission, 1877-81 ; a Member of the Council of the Senate (1874-92), the General Board of Studies, and various Boards and Syndicates ; Secre- tary of the Cambridge Local Examinations, 1869-92 ; and of Local Lectures, 1877-92 ; and editor of the official University Re- porter, Statuta, Ordinances, Endowments, &c. He has been University Preacher on various occasions, is a Magistrate for the Borough of Cambridge, was Alderman of the County Council for Cambridgeshire, and is a member of the governing body of Selwyn College. As a member of the Alpine Club, Mr. Browne published in the Comkill Magazine various papers on Alpine Expeditions; on "Subterranean Ice," in Fraser, &c, and a book on " The Ice Caves of France and Switzerland," 1864. He published "University Sermons," in 1879, 1880, and 1888; "The Venerable Bede," 1880 ; and since 1881 has published a number of papers on " English Sculptured Stones of pre-Norman Type." He was Disney Professor of Archaeology in the University of Cambridge from 1888 to 1893, and is a Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries. From 1893 to 1897 he published five volumes of Early Church History, namely: (1) "Lessons of Early English Church History " ; (2) " Christianity in these Islands before the Coming of Augustine"; (3) "Augustine and his Companions"; (4) " The Conver- sion of the Heptarchy"; (5) "Theodore and Wilfrith"; and "in 1895, "Oil the Mill," a collection of holiday essays. In 1891 he was made Canon of St. Paul's, in 1895 Bishop of Stepney, and in 1897 Bishop of Bristol, then separated from Gloucester. A considerable number of the publications of the Church Historical Society, of which he was the first chair- man, were from his pen. Addresses ; The Palace, Bristol ; and Athenaeum. BROWNE, Sir J. Crichton. See Crichton-Beowne. BROWNE, John Hutton Balfour, Q.C., brother of Sir James Crichton- Browne, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., was born Sept. 13, 1845, at Crichton House, Dum- fries, Scotland. His father was Dr. W. A. F. Browne, F.R.S., at that time Medical Superintendent of the Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries, but afterwards Commissioner in Lunacy for Scotland. His mother was a daughter of Dr. Andrew Balfour, of Edinburgh, a sister of J H. Balfour, Professor of Botany in the Uni- 138 BROWNE versity of Edinburgh, and also connected with Dr. Hutton, the geologist, whose work on " The Theory of the Earth " made an epoch in the history of geology. He was educated at the Dumfries Academy and the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained high distinction in Philosophy and in Literature. He was for several years President of the Speculative Society, and at one time intended to become a Scotch advocate. In 1868 he began to read for the English Bar, and was "called" to the Bar by the Middle Temple in June 1870. He went the Midland Circuit. In 1870 he published a work on " The Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity." In 1874, having written and published a work on the "Law of Carriers," he was appointed Registrar and Secretary to the Railway Commission, which appointment he held until 1881. He published in 1874 a work on "The Law of Rating," and afterwards several other legal works. In 1880 he published a well-known work on the " Law of Railways." In 1896 appeared his "Law of Compensation." He went to the Par- liamentary Bar in 1874, and was made a Queen's Counsel in 1885. He has been engaged for the promoters in all the Bills for the formation of a Ship Canal to Man- chester ; is, perhaps, the leading authority on Gas and Water Bills, and conducted, as leader, the case of the Traders against all the Railway Companies, in 1889-90, in England, Scotland, and Ireland, before the Board of Trade in settling the Classification of Articles, and the Schedule of Rates, under the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888. He is a Justice of the Peace for the county of Dumfries, Justice of the Peace, and a Deputy-Lieutenant for Kirkcudbright- shire. In 1870 and 1871 he wrote and published several works of fiction, which were fairly popular; one, "For Very Life," was published first in the St. James's Magazine, and was praised by Lord Beacons- field, at that time Mr. Disraeli ; another, " Men were Deceivers Ever," was dedicated to Carlyle, who was a countryman, almost a townsman, of the author ; another, " Sir Edward's Wife," went through several editions. In 1874 he married a daughter of Lord Justice Lush. Per- manent address : Goldielea, near Dum- fries, N.B. BROWNE, General Sir Samuel James, G.C.B., K.C.S.I.. ».«., was born in 1824, and entered the Bengal Army in the 46th Bengal Native Infantry, Dec! 22, 1840 ; became lieutenant, Oct. 26, 1844 ; captain, Feb. 10, 1855 ; brevet major, July 20, 1858 ; major, Feb. 18, 1861 ; brevet lieut. - colonel, April 26, 1859; lieut. - colonel, Dec. 22, 1866 ; brevet colonel, Nov. 17, 1864 ; major-general, Feb. 6, 1870; lieut. - general, Oct. 1, 1877; general, Dec. 1, 1888. Sir Samuel James Brown served throughout the Punjaub Campaign of 1848-49, and was present at the passage of the Chenab, the actions of Ramnuggar, Sadvolapore, Chil- lianwallah, and Goojerat (medal with two clasps) ; was in command of the Punjaub Cavalry and Corps of Guides ; served on the Derajat and Peshawur frontier from 1850 to 1869, including operations against Oomurzaie Wuzeerees in 1851-52; the Bozdar Belooch Expedition in March 1857; the attacks on Narinjee (Eusofzai border) in July and August 1857 ; and in various minor skirmishes (medal with clasp) ; was in command of the 2nd Punjaub Cavalry during the Indian Mutiny Campaign of 1858, including the siege and capture of Lucknow (Brevet of Major), actions of Korsee, Rooyah, and Allygunge, and cap- ture of Bareilly. He commanded a field force of cavalry and infantry in the attack and defeat of the enemy in their position at Seerpoorah. and capture of their guns and camp (several times mentioned in despatches, and thanked by the Com- mander - in - Chief, and by Government. Brevet of Lieut. -Colonel, C.B., Victoria Cross, and medal with clasp). He received the V.€. "for having, at Seerpoorah, in an engagement with the rebel forces under Khan Alie Khan, on Aug. 31, 1858, whilst advancing upon the enemy'sposition at day- break, pushed on, with one orderly sowar, upon a 9-pounder gun that was command- ing one of the approaches to the enemy's position, and attacked the gunners, thereby preventing them from reloading and firing upon the infantry, who were advancing to the attack. In doing this a personal con- flict ensued, in which Major Browne, Com- mandant of the 2nd Punjaub Cavalry, received a severe sword-cut wound on the left knee, and shortly afterwards another sword-cut wound, which severed the left arm at the shoulder, not, however, before he had succeeded in cutting down one of his assailants. The gun was eventually captured by the infantry, and the gunners slain." In 1876 he was made K.C.S.I., and in the Afghan war of 1878-79 he commanded the 1st Division Peshawur Valley Field Force in the attack and cap- ture of the Fort of Ali Musjid ; the forcing of the Khyber Pass in November 1878, and subsequent operations till the end of the campaign (received the thanks of the Government of India, and of both Houses of Parliament, K.C.B., medal with clasp). He received the honour of G.C.B. in 1891. Addresses : The Wood, Ryde, I. W., and United Service Club. BROWNE, Thomas Alexander, Australian novelist under the pseudonym BROWNING — BROWNLOW 139 of " Rolf Boldrewood," was born in London, August 6, 182G, and is the eldest son of Captain Sylvester Browne and Eliza Ansell Alexander. He was educated at Sydney College, New South Wales, where he took the prize for English Composition in 1842. In early life he was one of the pioneer squatters in the goldfields of Victoria, and became a Police Magistrate and Warden of the Goldfields of New South Wales, from which post he retired in 1895. His first novel, " Robbery under Arms " was an in- stant success when published in England in 1888, and has run through scores of editions, the last of which has been a sixpenny one in 1898. His other works are : " The Miner's Right," and " A. Colonial Reformer," 1890; "A Sydney-Side Saxon," 1891 ; "A Modern Buccaneer," 1894 ; " The Squatter's Dream," 1895 ; " Old Melbourne Memories," 1895; and "My Run Home," ' 1897. Address : Melbourne Club, Mel- bourne. BROWNING, Oscar, M.A., Senior Fellow and Assistant - Tutor of King's College, Cambridge University ; Lecturer in History and Principal of Cambridge University Day Training College, was born in Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park, London, on Jan. 17, 1837, being the youngest son of William Skipton Brown- ing, merchant, and Mariana Margaret Bridge, his wife. He was educated at Eton College, and became a Scholar of King's College, Cambridge, in 1856. While at the University he was President of the Union Society, and took his degree in 1860 as fourth in the first class of the Classical Tripos. He accepted a mastership at Eton in May 1860, and remained there till December 1875. After a short stay abroad he returned to Cambridge, and has since that time been chiefly engaged in College and University work. He is well acquainted with modern languages, and was made Offl- cier d'Acade"mie by the French Government in 1889. Soon after his return to Cam- bridge he became Secretary of the Teachers' Training Syndicate, a post which he still holds. He has taken a prominent part in all movements for the training of teachers. He was an intimate friend of the late Sir John Seeley, and under his influence has devoted himself at Cambridge mainly to the teaching of Political Science, and of modern Political History. He has always taken an interest in politics, and was one of the founders of the "Eighty Club." He has stood for Parliament as a Home Ruler in three general elections — for Norwood in 1886, East Worcestershire in 1892, where he fought a vigorous battle against Mr. Austen Chamberlain, and for the West Derby division of Liverpool in 1895. The demands of practical work have left him but little time for continuous literary labour, but he has published a considerable number of books, of which the following are the most important : " Modern Eng- land," 1879; "Modern France," 1880; " History of Educational Theories," 1881 ; "Political Memoranda of the Duke of Leeds," 1884; "Earl Gower's Despatches from Paris," 1885; "England and Napo- leon in 1803," 1887; "History of Eng- land," in 4 vols., 1890; "Life of George Eliot," 1890; "Aspect of Education," 1888. He .also contributed articles on " Dante " and "Goethe " to the last edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," which have since been republished. He has written a good deal for the Edinburgh, Quarterly, Fortnightly, and other Reviews, and has collected some of these articles in a volume entitled "The Flight to Var- ennes, and other Historical Essays," 1892. He has also published a " Life of Barto- lommeo Colleoni," 1891; "The Citizen, his Rights and Responsibilities," being a handbook of practical politics, 1893 ; "Guelphs and Ghibellines," 1894; "The Age of the Condottieri," 1895 ; forming together a short history of mediaeval Italy ; "The Journal of Admiral Sir George Rooke," 1897 ; and a " Life of Peter the Great," 1898. He was an early member of the Alpine Club, and made a journey from Cambridge to Venice by way of Carinthia on a tricycle in 1882, being the first to cross the Alps on that kind of machine. Permanent addresses : King's College, Cambridge ; 88 St. James' Street, London, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. BEOWNLOW, Earl, The Bight Hon. Adelbert Wellington Brownlow Oust, was born in London in 1844, and succeeded his brother as 3rd Earl in 1867. After serving in the Grenadier Guards from 1863 to 1866, he represented North Shrop- shire in the House of Commons during the following year, when he was called to the Upper House. Appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in 1885, he became Paymaster-General in 1887, and two years later was made Under Secretary of State for War, filling this last- mentioned office until 1892. Lord Brown- low is Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire, an Ecclesiastical Commissioner for England, was appointed a Trustee of the National Gallery in 1897, and in the same year became an A.D.C. to the Queen. He was married in 1868 to Adelaide, daughter of the 18th Earl of Shrewsbury and Talbot. Addresses : 8 Carlton House Terrace, S.W. ; and Ash- ridge Park, Berkhampstead, Herts. BROWNLOW, The Right Bev. William Robert, D.D., Roman Catholic Bishop of Clifton, is the eldest son of the 140 BRUANT — BRUCE Rev. William Brownlow, Eector of Wilms- low, Cheshire, and Frances, only daughter of E. J. Chambers, Esq., and grand- daughter of Sir Robert Chambers, Chief Justice of Bengal, and an intimate friend of Dr. Johnson. Bishop Brownlow was born July 4, 1830, and educated at Rugby under Dr. Tait, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took mathematical honours in 1852. He became a minister of the Established Church, and from 1853 to 1863 held curacies at Great Wyrley, St. Bartholomew's, Cripplegate, Tetbury, and St. John's, Torquay. In 1863 he was received into the Catholic Church by Dr. Newman at the Oratory, Birmingham, and made his studies for the priesthood at the English College, Rome, where he was ordained by Cardinal Patrizi in 1866. Returning to England, he was appointed to the charge of the Mission and Dominican Convent at St. Mary Church near Torquay, where he remained from 1867 until 1888. In 1878 he was appointed a Canon of Ply- mouth Cathedral, and Diocesan Inspector of Schools. In 1888 the Bishop of Ply- mouth appointed him his Vicar-General, and Administrator of the Cathedral Mis- sion. In 1893 Pope Leo XIII. appointed him one of his Domestic Prelates ; and by Brief, dated March 20, 1894, he was made Bishop of Clifton, in succession to the Hon. and Right Rev. Dr. Clifford, who had died in the preceding year. Mgr. Brown- low was consecrated in the Pro-Cathedral, Clifton, on May 1, 1894, by Cardinal Vaughan. While at Tetbury, Mr. Brown- low delivered and published a course of lectures on the History of the Church ; he translated and edited the "Cur Deus Homo " of St. Anselm, and published a Memoir of his only sister. Since 1863 he has published several controversial pam- phlets, "How and why I became a Catholic," a first and second " Letter to Anglican Friends who frequent St. John's, Torquay," five " Lectures on English Church History " for the magic lantern ; a series of Dialogues between Catholics and Non-conformists, and "Episcopal Jurisdiction in Bristol," in reply to Dr. Browne, the new Bishop of Bristol. Bishop Brownlow has also written a "Memoir of Sir James Marshall, late Chief Justice of the Gold Coast," and a "Life of Mother Rose Columba Adams," Foundress of the Dominican Convent at North Adelaide, formerly Prioress at St. Mary Church. In partnership with Dr. Northcote he assisted in the publication of the English " Roma Sotterranea," which embodied in 1869 the principal results of the researches of the great Roman archae- ologist Commendatore De Rossi, and ten years later the further discoveries of the same eminent authority in a second edi- tion in 2 vols., published by Longmans in 1879. They also edited the late Mr. William Palmer's "Early Christian Sym- bolism," illustrated with hand-painted plates, and published by Kegan Paul and Company. Mgr. Brownlow frequently lectured on the Catacombs before the Torquay Natural History Society, and gave a course of lectures on ,r Slavery and Serfdom in Europe," which were after- wards published. He also read papers before the Devonshire Association on St. Boniface, St. Willibald, and his Brother and Sister, on Bishop Grandisson, on St. Mary Church in mediaeval times, and on mediaeval clerical and social life in Devon. Address : Bishop's House, Park Place, Clifton, Bristol. BRUANT, Aristide, French popular singer, was born at Courtenay, Loiret, May 6, 1851, of middle-class parents, and was educated at the Lycfe of Sens. In 1870 he formed one of a band of free- lances that opposed the invading Germans. After the war he came to Paris, and entered the service of the Northern Rail- way Company. He then began to spend his leisure time in singing and composing songs. At last he became a public singer, first at the Epoque and then at the Smla, singing the songs he himself had composed and written. Later he would only sing at cafe's and clubs, such as the Chat Noir, and then opened a cafe of his own in the Boulevard Rochechouart, called the Mir- litem. He was proposed for the " Socie'te' des Gens de Lettres," by Francois Coppe'e (q. v.), and Oscar Me'te'nier has written his biography. His best known songs are : "A la Villette," "Serrez vos rangs," "A laRoquette," "Aupresde ma Blonde," "A Biribi." He has written " Sur la Rue" and " Sur la Route," two collections of poetic songs and monologues, and he edits two newspapers, the Mirliton and the Lanterne de Bruant. He was a candidate for the Chamber of Deputies in May 1898 for the twentieth arrondissement of Paris. BRUCE, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., J.P., D.L., of Arnot, Kinross, of which county he is a Deputy-Lieutenant, is the son of the late Thomas Bruce, Esq., of Arnot, and was born in 1837, and educated at Harrow. He is the author of " Die Geschichte von Nala und Damayanti," a critical revision of the Sanscrit text, published by the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, 1862, and of other Sanscrit and Vedic studies. He published in 1863 a translation of " Nala und Damayanti " in English verse ; in 1865, " The Story of Queen Guinivere, and Other Poems." He was appointed Assistant-Librarian at the British Museum in 1863 ; Professor of Sanscrit, King's BKUCE — BRUCE-JOY 141 College, 1865 ; Hector of the Royal College, Mauritius, 1868 ; Director of Public In- struction, Ceylon, 1878 ; was President of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society ; appointed Colonial Secretary of Mauritius, 1882 ; Lieut.-Governor and Government Secretary of British Guiana, 1885 ; and has on several occasions ad- ministered the Government of Mauritius and British Guiana. He was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Windward Islands, 1893. In 1889 he was made a K.C.M.G. In 1897 he was trans- ferred to Mauritius, of which he is now Governor. He married in 1868 Clara, daughter of J. Lucas. Addresses : Arnot Tower, Leslie, Scotland ; and Le Reduit, Mauritius. BRUCE, Hon. Sir Gainsford, KB., Q.C., D.C.L., Justice of the High Court, eldest son of the Rev. J. Collingwood Bruce, LL.D., D.C.L., F.S.A., of Newcastle- upon-Tyne, by Charlotte, daughter of T. Gainsford Bruce, Esq., of Gerrard's Cross, Bucks, was born in 1834, and educated at Glasgow University. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1859, and joined the Northern Circuit in the same year. In 1883 he became a Q.C., and in 1887 a Bencher. He was Solicitor-General for the County Palatine of Durham from 1879 to 1886, Attorney-General from 1886 to 1887, and Temporal Chancellor from 1887 to 1892, when he was appointed a Judge of the High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division), and received the honour of knighthood. He was for fifteen years Recorder of Bradford. In April 1880 he unsuccessfully contested Gateshead, and afterwards stood for three northern constituencies without being returned, but in November 1888 he was elected for the Holborn Division of Finsbury, and sat till July 1892 as a Conservative. He is part- author of " Williams and Bruce's Admiralty Practice" and of "Maude and Pollock on Shipping." In 1868 he married Sophia, daughter of Francis Jackson, Esq., of Chertsey. Addresses : Yewhurst, Bromley, Kent ; Gainslaw House, near Berwick- upon-Tweed ; and Athenaeum. BRUCE- JOY, Albert, R.H.A.,F.R.G.S., sculptor, was born in Dublin on Aug. 21, 1842, and is the son of the late Dr. W. Bruce-Joy. He was sent, at the age of nine, to Dr. Becker's school at Offenbach, near Frankfort, and continued his educa- tion in Paris under a private tutor, and at King's College, London. At the age of seventeen he went to the South Kensington Schools of Art, and in 1862 became a pupil, for four years, of Foley. In 1863 he entered the Royal Academy Schools, and in 1866 went to Rome and studied art for three years. In 1866 he first exhibited at the Royal Academy, since which date he has been a large and constant contributor to its exhibitions. At the Paris Exhibition of 1878 he was voted one of the three medals awarded to Great Britain for sculpture, sharing this signal honour with Leighton and Boehm. At the Paris Salon of 1896 the only award made to busts by sculptors of all nationalities was made to Mr. Bruce-Joy. In 1885, at the Antwerp Exhibition, he represented Great Britain on the International Jury for Fine Arts. As a sculptor he has chiefly produced colossal statues. Of these the principal are a statue of Mr. John Laird, the Harvey Tercentenary Statue at Folkestone ; the Graves Statue at the Royal College of Physicians, Dublin ; the statue of Lord Chief-Justice Whiteside in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin ; that of Mr. Gladstone in front of Bow Church, London ; that of Mr. John Bright in the Art Gallery at Birmingham ; and that of the same statesman in the Town Hall Square, Man- chester ; that of Oliver Heywood in the same square ; that of Lord Frederick Cavendish at Barrow-in-Furness. He has also executed memorials of Admiral Sir E. Codrington (of Navarino) in St. Paul's ; of Dean Daunt in Dublin ; and of Mr. Pratt in Harrow School Chapel ; besides many busts in marble and terra-cotta of cele- brities past and present. Of these especial mention should be made of the bust of "Lord Farnborough," in the House of Commons; the "Berkeley" Statue in Cloyne Cathedral ; the " Montgomery " Memorial in the India Office, and monu- ment in St. Paul's Cathedral ; the bust of Mr. Gladstone in the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool ; and that of Sir Edward Harland in Belfast Harbour ; the city's bust of Lord Salisbury in the Mansion House ; Arch- bishop Benson's bust ; Lord Cairns's, in Lincoln's Inn ; the "Astronomer Adams" monument in Westminster Abbey, where also is his bust of " Matthew Arnold " ; the "Adams" memorial bust, St. John's College, Cambridge; the "Archdeacon Hannah " bust, in Brighton Pavilion ; the bust of "Robert M'Donnell" (late Presi- dent), in Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin; the "Whitley" statue, St. George's Hall, Liverpool ; in which city also are his statues of " Alexander Balfour " and "Christopher Bushell"; the Mark Firth memorial bust in Firth College, Sheffield ; and that of " Colonel Akroyd," in Halifax Museum, and " Davies " in Peel Park Museum, Manchester. Among American subjects we note his busts of Miss IMary Anderson ; the Hon. Colonel Loudon-Snowden (late Ambassador to Spain) ; George W. Childs, of Philadelphia Ledger; the Hon. Chauneey Depew, the 142 BKUCH — BKUNNER property of the Lotos Club, New York ; and a monument in Lowell. Among his ideal subjects, mention should be made of "The Young Apollo," "The Forsaken," "The Pets," "Moses and the Brazen Serpent," "The First Flight," and among his many medallion portraits of the late Duke of Albany and Sir Humphry Davy. This list is long, but it represents only a selection from over one hundred and fifty things in his catalogue. English ad- dresses : The Studio, Beaumont Road, West Kensington, &c. ; and Athenseum. BRTJCH, Max, musical composer, was born at Cologne, Jan. 6, 1838, and received his first musical instruction from his mother (nie Almenriider), who was a highly esteemed teacher of music, and who often in her young days sang at the Rhenish musical festivals. At the age of eleven Bruch attempted compositions on a large scale, and at the age of fourteen he had already brought out a symphony at Cologne. From 1853 to 1857 he held the Mozart scholarship at Frankfort o/M., and in that capacity he was a special pupil of Ferdinand Hiller (then Conductor of the Cologne concerts, and Director of the Cologne Conservatorium) in the theory of music and composition ; and of Karl Reinecke (till 1854), and of Ferdinand Breunnung in playing the piano. After a short stay in Leipzig, he resided from 1858 to 1861 as musical teacher at Cologne, and was assiduous in composing. On the death of his father in 1861, he set out on an extensive tour of study, which, after brief stays at Berlin, Leipzig, Vienna, Dresden, and Munich, ended at Mannheim, where his opera " Lorelei " (after the text written by Geibel for Mendelssohn) was produced in 1863. At Mannheim, also, between 1862 and 1864 he wrote the chorus-works, " Frithjof," "Romischer Triumphgesang." " Gesang der heiligen drei Konige," and " Flucht der heiligen Familie." In 1864-65 he was again on his travels, visiting Hamburg, Hanover, Dres- den, Breslau, Munich, Brussels, and Paris. Then he brought out his "Frithjof" with success at Aix-la-Chapelle, Leipzig, and Vienna. From 1865 to 1867 he was musical director at Coblentz, and from 1867 to 1870 Director of the Court Orchestra at Sondershausen. At Coblentz he wrote among other things, his well-known First Concerto for the Violin, and at Sonders- hausen two symphonies and portions of a Mass. The opera " Hermione," which was produced in 1872 in Berlin, where Bruch resided from 1871 to 1873, had only a succes d'estime. The choral work, or secular cantata, " Odysseus," likewise belongs to the period of the composer's residence at Berlin. After he had been five years (1873-78) at Bonn, devoting his time exclusively to composing " Arrninius," "The Lay of the Bell," and his Second Concerto for the Violin, and after he had paid two visits to this country for the purpose of producing some of his works, he became in 1878, on the resignation of Stockhausen, Director of Stern's Singing Academy at Berlin ; and in 1880 he was nominated to succeed Sir Julius Benedict as Director of the Philharmonic Society at Liverpool. In 1881 he married the vocalist, Miss Tuczek, of Berlin. BRTJNET-DESBAINES, Louis Alfred, French painter and engraver, is the son of a distinguished architect, and was born at Havre on Nov. 5, 1845. He followed the artistic courses of M. Pils and M. Lalaune, and then devoted himself to painting. Among his works are many architectural paintings, some water-colours, and copies of the great masters, including Constable, Corot, and Turner. Among his best known engravings are "Nine Aquatint Engravings, after Turner," 1877 ; " Daphnis and ChloeV' after Fran cais; "Chill October," after Millais, 1884 ; ' ' Parting Days," after Leader, 1887. M. Brunet-Desbaines gained a medal of the first class in 1886, and a gold medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1889. He is chiefly noted for his etchings of architectural and natural beauties, few great illustrated works appearing without one of his masterpieces. BRTJNETIERE, Ferdinand, French author, was born at Toulon, July 19, 1849, and educated at the Lyc^e Louis-le-Grand. On failing for the Ecole Normale, he turned to literature, and in 1875 won distinction by a criticism on Wallon's "Saint Louis et son Temps," in the Revue Blcuc. He then joined the staff of the Revue des Deux Mondes, of which he became secretary, and finally chief editor, the post he now holds. In 1886 he was Professor of French Literature at the Ecole Normale, and was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1887. His chief works are, " Etudes critiques sur l'histoire de la Langue Francaise," 1880, which was crowned by the French Academy ; " Nouvelles etudes critiques," 1882 ; " Le Roman naturaliste," 1883; "l'Evolution des genres de Litera- ture," 1890, in which he applied the Darwinian theory to literature. His Essays have been translated by Mr. D. N. Smith, and were published in 1898. BETONEB, Sir John Tomlinson, Bart., M.P., the son of the Rev. John Brunner of Zurich, who eventually became a schoolmaster at Everton, Liverpool, was born at Everton in 1842, and was educated at his father's school. Entering business BRUNTON — BRYAN 143 at Liverpool in 1857, he eventually, assisted by the well-known chemist Ludwig Mond, F.RS. iq.v.), established the Winnington Alkali Works at Northwich, which are now the largest of their kind in the world. He is a member of the Council of Univer- sity College, Liverpool ; and he has been a considerable benefactor to both that insti- tution, and to several schools and public libraries as well. He has presented North- wich with a free library. Elected as Liberal member for Northwich in 1885, he represented that constituency until 1886. He was again elected for the same borough in 1887, and still holds the seat. Sir John has published handbooks on Public Education in Cheshire in 1890 and 1896. Address : 9 Ennismore Gardens, S.W. ; and Winnington Old Hall, Northwich, Cheshire. BRTJNTON, Thomas Lauder, M.D., F.R.S., was born in Roxburghshire in 1844, and educated at Edinburgh University, where he graduated M.D. and D.Sc, obtaining honours and a gold medal for his thesis "On Digitalis," and the Baxter Scholarship in Natural Science. In 1867 he made some observations on the path- ology of angina pectoris, which, together with the knowledge he possessed of the physiological action of nitrate of amyl, led him to the successful application of the drug to the treatment of the disease. This application affords one of the earliest and best marked instances of rational as distin guished from empirical therapeutics. After spending about three years in foreign travel and study, he was appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica at the Middlesex Hospital, London, in 1870, and in the following year he was appointed to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1874 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1886 he was appointed a member of the commission to report upon the treatment of hydrophobia, and went to Paris to examine Pasteur's system. In 1889 he was deputed by the Lancet to represent it, at the invitation of the Nizam's Government, on the second commission appointed at Hyderabad, to investigate the action of chloroform. He wrote the section on Digestion, Secretion, and Animal Chemistry in Sanderson's " Handbook for the Physiological Labora- tory," which was the first text-book of practical physiology published in this country. In conjunction with Sir Joseph Fayrer he investigated the action of snake poison, and discovered that life could be greatly prolonged, though not ultimately saved, by the use of artificial respiration. His work has been chiefly directed to ascertaining the action of drugs with a view to their application in disease ; and he has published, alone or in conjunction with others, numerous papers on this subject, as well as the Goulstonian lectures on "Pharmacology and Therapeutics," in 1877 ; the Croonian lectures at the Royal College of Physicians in 1889 on " The Connection between Chemical Structure and Physiological Action " ; and a text- book in which he has treated the action of drugs from a physiological point of view. His lectures on the "Action of Medicines," delivered in 1896, were published in 1897. He delivered the Harveian Oration before the Royal College of Physicians on Oct. 18, 1894, and the general address for England at the twelfth International Medical Congress at Moscow on Aug. 19, 1897. Address: 10 Stratford Place, W. BRYAN, George Hartley, D.Sc, F.R.S., the only son of Robert Purdie Bryan, of Clare College, Cambridge, was born at Cambridge on March 1, 1864. He was eddcated at Peterhouse College, Cam- bridge, graduated in the Mathematical Tripos in 1886, was Smith's Prizeman in 1888, and held a Fellowship at Peterhouse from 1889 to 1895. He now occupies the Chair of Pure and Applied Mathematics in the University College of North Wales. Address : Plas Gwyn, Bangor, Carnarvon- shire. BRYAN, William Jennings, Ameri- can political leader, was born at Salem, Marion County, Illinois, March 19, 1860, and was educated at local schools, and at Illinois College, where he graduated in 1881. He studied law at Chicago for two years, and began the practice of his pro- fession at Jacksonville, Illinois, where a year later he married Mary E. Bard of Perry, Illinois. In 1887 they removed to Lincoln, the capital of the State of Neb- raska, where his wife was also a'dmitted to the Bar, and gave him efficient aid in the practice of his profession. He became widely known as an orator, advocating a tariff for revenue only. In 1890 he was elected to Congress, and was re-elected in 1892, but refused a third nomination in 1894. In Congress he actively supported the Democratic view of the tariff, and be- came a conspicuous advocate of the free coinage of silver, gaining notice also by his readiness as a speaker and his skill in parliamentary tactics. In 1896 he was a member of the National Democratic Con- vention, and was put in nomination as a presidential candidate on July 10, although his nomination had not been thought of as possible until the delivery by him of an oration before the Convention advocating the free coinage of silver. At the election (November 1896) he received 176 electoral votes, while his opponent received 271. 144 BEYANT Mr. Bryan has devoted his time since that election principally to lecturing and poli- tical agitation. BRYANT, Sophie (nie "Willock), D.Sc. , London, is the daughter of the late Rev. W. A. Willock, D.D., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. She was born in Dublin, and spent her childhood in the northern county of Fermanagh, where her father played a prominent part in the Irish National Educational Movement. After the family moved to London, she gained an Arnott Scholarship at Bedford College. At nineteen she married Dr. William Hicks Bryant of Plymouth, and after his death — a year later — resumed her work as a student, more especially in mathematics and philosophy, and became Mathematical Mistress in the North London Collegiate School for Girls, under Miss Frances Mary Buss, whom she afterwards succeeded in 1895 as Headmistress of the school. In January 1879, when the University of London was first opened to women, Mrs. Bryant took the second place in the Matriculation Examination, and in 1881 graduated in Science, with Mathematical and Moral Science honours. In 1884 she took the degree of Doctor of Science in the Moral Science Branch, being the first woman to take that degree. In 1894, Mrs. Bryant, with Lady Frederick Cavendish and Mrs. Henry Sidgwick, was selected to serve upon the Royal Commission on Secondary Education. Besides contribut- ing various philosophical and scientific articles to Mind, the Philosophical Maga- zine, the International Journal of Ethics, the Contemporary Review, the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Dublin Uni- versity Review, and the Economic Journal; and educational articles to the Journal of Education, the Educational Review, and the Educational Times, Mrs. Bryant has pub- lished the following books : " Educational Ends " (Longmans, Green & Co.) ; "Celtic Ireland " (Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibnerand Co.); "Studies in Character" (Swan Son- nenschein & Co.); "The Teaching of Morality in the Family and the School" (Swan Sonnenschein & Co.), 1898; and " The Teaching of Chiist on Life and Conduct" (Swan Sonnenschein & Co.), 1898. Mrs. Bryant takes an active part, especially as a lecturer and speaker, in various educational, social, and political movements, is one of the promoters of the London School of Ethics, and is noted for the warm interest which she takes in all phases of the Irish question, and the close and continuous attention with which she follows it. Address : North London Col- legiate School for Girls. BRYANT, Thomas, F.R.C.S. Eng- land and Ireland, M.Ch.R.U. Ireland, Con- sulting Surgeon to Guy's Hospital, and Surgeon Extraordinary to the Queen, was the son of the late T. Egerton Bryant, a medical practitioner of South London, and Fothergillian Medallist and President of the Medical Society of London. He was born on May 20, 1828, and was educated at King's College School, and as a medical student at Guy's Hospital. He became a Member of the College of Surgeons in 1849, and a Fellow in 1853, and was elected a Member of the Council of the College in 1880, and of the Court of Examiners in 1882. In 1890 he was made President of the College, and had the distinction of being re-elected on two occasions. He has also served as Hunterian and Bradshaw Lecturer at the College, and in 1893, on the centenary of John Hunter's death, he was the Hunterian orator — an occasion on which the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York honoured him by their presence. He is now a Member of the Council of his College, and its representative on the General Medical Council, of which he is Joint-Treasurer. As honorary degrees, he possesses the M.Ch. of the Royal University of Ireland, the M.D. of the Dublin Uni- versity, and the F.R.C.S. of the Irish Col- lege of Surgeons ; he is also a Member of the Surgical Society of Paris. At Guy's Hospital Mr. Bryant worked as a surgeon from 1857 to 1888, and for thirteen years he lectured on surgery in the school ; he is now Consulting Surgeon to the Hospital. He is at present President of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and has been President of the Medical Society of London, of the Clinical Society, the Hun- terian Society, and the Harveian Society ; he has also been Vice-President of the Pathological Society. As a writer he has done much work ; in 1863 he published his " Lettsonian Lectures on the Surgical Diseases of Children " ; in 1872 he pub- lished his work on " Surgery," which ran through three editions in a brief period, for the fourth was issued in 1884 ; in 1887 he wrote his book on " Diseases of the Breast." In the Guy's Hospital Reports and the Transactions of the Medical and Chirur- gical Society many papers from his pen are to be found ; in the Cruy's Reports, on " Ovariotomy," " Diseases of the Testicle," "Hernia," "Strictures," "Stone in the. Bladder," and on " Operative Surgery " ; in the Medical and Chirurgical Society's Trans- actions, those on the " Torsion of Arteries,"' "Torsion of the Testicle," "Prolapse of the Female Urethra," and "Intussuscep- tion due to the Presence of a Villous Growth in the Rectum," being the most important. In the Lancet, he has, during the past few years, been giving some in- BRYCE — BUCHAN 145 teresting records of his general surgical experience, including a paper on " Ab- dominal Injuries," printed in 1895, and one on "Rectal Surgery" in 1898. Ad- dresses : 65 Grosvenor Street, W. ; and Athenaeum Club. BRYCE, Right Hon. James, D.C.L., M.P., F.R.S., the son of James Bryce, LL.D. , of Glasgow, and Margaret, eldest daughter of James Young, Esq., of Abbey- ville, co. Antrim, was born at Belfast, May 10, 1838, and educated at the High School and University of Glasgow, and at Trinity College, Oxford (of which he was a scholar), graduating B.A. 1862, with a double first class. He obtained various University prizes, and proceeded to study for a time at Heidelberg. He was elected Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1862, and became a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in 1867, practising for some years. In 1870 he was appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law in Oxford University, a post which he resigned in 1893, and in 1880 was elected Liberal member for the Tower Hamlets. He was Assistant - Commissioner to the Schools Inquiry Commission, 1865-66, and in 1894-95 was Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education. He is Hon. LL.D. of Glasgow and Edinburgh Universities, Hon. Doctor of the Univer- sities of Buda Pesth and Michigan; and Corresponding Member of the Institute of France, and of the Academies of Turin and Brussels. In 1885 he was elected member for South Aberdeen, which he now represents, and was appointed Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Mr. Gladstone's Government in 1886. He was one of the chief supporters of the Home Rule Bill, and after the dissolution was returned unopposed for South Aber- deen in 1886. In 1892 he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster with a seat in Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet, and in 1894 succeeded Mr. Mundella as President of the Board of Trade. Mr. Bryce's literary works are: "The Holy Roman Empire" (1st edit., 1864, 12th edit., 1895; trans- lated into German, 1873 ; do. into Italian, 1886 ; do. into French, 1889) ; " The Trade Marks Registration Acts, 1875 and 1876, with Introduction and Notes," 1877 ; "Transcaucasia and Ararat, a Narrative of a Journey in Asiatic Russia in the Autumn of -1876, with an Account of the Author's Ascent of Mount Ararat," 1877 (3rd edit., 1878; 4th edit., 1896); nume- rous articles in magazines, mostly political, historical, or geographical, including de- scriptions of Iceland, and of the highlands of Hungary and Poland ; " Two Centuries of Irish History," 1888, edited by him, with an Introductory Chapter ; " The American Commonwealth," 1888 (2nd edit., 1889; 3rd edit., 1893); and an important work entitled, "Impressions of South Africa," 1897. He has been active on various political and social subjects, such as the Abolition of University Tests, the Protection of the Christian Subjects of the Sultan and the Extension of the Fron- tiers of Greece, the Preservation of Com- mons and Open Spaces, the Reform of Endowments, the Revision and Consolida- tion of the Statute Law, the Establishment of a Universal International Copyright, and the Creation of a Teaching University in London ; and he has carried Acts for the Reform of City Parochial Charities and for the Amendment of the Law of Guardian- ship (known as the "Infants Bill"), and the International and Colonial Copyright Act, 1886. Mr. Bryce married in 1889 Elizabeth Marion, daughter of Thomas Ashton, Esq., of Ford Bank, Didsbury, near Manchester, ex-High Sheriff of Lan- cashire. Addresses : 54 Portland Place, W. ; and Athenasum. BTJCCLEXJCH, Duke of, William Henry Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, K.G., K.T., J.P., D.L., was born in London on Sept. 9, 1831, and succeeded his father as 6th Duke in 1884. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and sat in the House of Com- mons as Conservative member for Mid- lothian from 1853 to 1868, and from 1874 to 1880. He was Lieut. -Colonel of the Midlothian Yeomanry from 1856 to 1872, and is now Lieut.-General of the Royal Company of Archers (the Queen's Body- guard in Scotland), and is also Lord Lieutenant of Dumfriesshire. He was married in 1859 to the third daughter of the 1st Duke of Abercorn, and he sits in the House of Lords under the title of Earl of Doncaster. Addresses : Montagu House, Whitehall, S.W. ; Boughton House, Kettering ; and numerous other country seats. BTJCHAN, Alexander, M.A., LL.D., born at Kinnesswood, in Kinross -shire, on April 11, 1829, is the son of Alexander Buchan and Janet Hill. He was educated at the Free Church Training College, Edin- burgh, and at the Edinburgh University, where he graduated as Master of Arts. He was engaged as a public teacher till Christmas 1860, when he was appointed Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society. He is the author of " The Handy Book of Meteorology," 1867 (2nd ed., 1868) ; and " Introductory Text Book of Meteor- ology," 1871; the article "Meteorology" in the last edition of the "Encyclopedia Britannica," " Reports on Atmospheric Circulation and Oceanic Circulation," being two of the reports of the CJiallenger K 146 BUCHANAN Expedition; besides numerous monographs in the publications of the learned societies at home and abroad, including " The Mean Pressure and Prevailing Winds of the Globe," "Weather and Health of Lon- don," " Climatology of the British Isles," &c. He is M.A. Edinburgh University ; LL.D. Glasgow University; Curator of the Library and Museum of the Royal Society, Edinburgh ; Member of Meteoro- logical Council ; Foreign Member of the Royal Society of Sciences of Upsala ; Hon. Member of the Philosophical Society, Man- chester ; Corresponding Member of the Philosophical Society, Glasgow ; Corre- sponding Member of the Philosophical Society, Emden ; Hon. Member of the Meteorological Societies of Austria, Ger- many, Algiers, Mauritius, &c. He was married to Sarah, daughter of David Ritchie, Musselburgh, in July 1864. Ad- dress : Heriot Row, Edinburgh. BUCHANAN, George WiUiam, was born at Copenhagen on Nov. 25, 1854, and is the son of Sir Andrew Buchanan, Bart., G.C.B. He was educated at Wel- lington, and entered the Foreign Office as Attache in 1875. He held posts at Vienna, Rome, and Tokio, and in 1890 he acted as ChargtS d' Affaires at Berne. In 1893 he was appointed to his present post of Charge d'Affaires at Darmstadt and Carlsruhe. He married Lady Georgiana, daughter of the 6th Earl of Bathurst, in 1885. Address : The British Legation, Darmstadt. BUCHANAN, John Young, M.A., F.R.S., the son of John Buchanan of Dowanhill, was born in Scotland, Feb. 20, 1844, and was educated at Glasgow High School ; at the Universities of Glasgow, Marburg, Leipzig, and Bonn ; and at the Ecole de Medicine, Paris. He served as chemist and physicist on the Challenger Expedition, and was subsequently Lecturer in Geography in the University of Cam- bridge. He now devotes his time to chemical studies and investigations. Ad- dress : Christ's College, Cambridge. BUCHANAN, Robert "Williams, poet and prose writer, was born at Cavers- wall, Staffordshire, on Aug. 18, 1841, and is the only son of Robert Buchanan, socialist, missionary, and journalist, and his wife, Margaret Williams, of Stoke- upon-Trent. He was educated at the High School and the University of Glasgow. His first work, " Undertones," appeared in 1862, and was followed by "Idylls and Legends of Inverburn," in 1863, and "London Poems," in 1866. Mr. Buchanan edited "Wayside Posies," and translated the National Ballads of Denmark in 1866. Then followed " North Coast Poems," 1867; "The Bar of Orm," 1869; "Napo- leon Fallen : a Lyrical Drama," 1871 ; "The Land of Lome; including the Cruise of the Tern to the Outer Hebrides," 1871; "The Drama of Kings," 1871; "The Fleshly School of Poetry," an attack on the poems of Mr. D. G. Rossetti and Mr. Swinburne, 1872; and "Master Spirits," 1873. Many years ago his tragedy of "The Witchfinder" was brought out at Sadlers Wells Theatre ; and a comedy by him, in three acts, entitled "A Madcap Prince," was acted at the Haymarket in August 1874. He has also contributed to the stage, "A Nine Days' Queen," in which his sister-in-law, Miss Harriet Jay, the novelist, first appeared as an actress ; and a dramatic version of her novel, " The Queen of Connaught." In 1869 Mr. Buch- anan gave, in the Hanover Square Rooms, a series of "Readings" of selections from his own poetical works. A collected edition of his poems was published in 3 vols., 1874. Previously to that he had issued anonymously two works which achieved instant popularity ; " St. Abe and his Seven Wives," and "White Pose and Red," both humorous stories in verse. In 1876 Mr. Buchanan published his first novel, "The Shadow of the Sword," which has been since followed bv "A Child of Nature," 1879 ; " God and the Man," 1881 ; " The Martyrdom of Madeline," 1882 ; and several other novels from time to time. A new volume of poems, entitled "Ballads of Life, Love, and Humour," and a "Selection" from his various poems, were issued simultaneously in 1882. His novel, "Love Me for Ever," appeared in 1883, and his comedy, " Lady Clare," was brought out at the Globe Theatre on April 11 in the same year. "Alone in Lon- don," a drama written in conjunction with Miss Harriet Jay, was produced at the Olympic, Nov. 2, 1S85, and "Sophia," an adaptation of Fielding's " Tom Jones," at the Vaudeville on April 12, 1886. This play had a phenomenal run of close upon two years. His play, "Joseph's Sweet- heart," was produced early in 1888, and ran for eighteen months. In the same year he published an epic poem, entitled, " The City of Dream." In 1890 the drama, " A Man's Shadow," was produced at the Haymarket. In 1891 his works were, " The Moment After," " The Gifted Lady " (a satire on Ibsen), " The Coming Terror," a collection of papers reprinted from newspapers, and " The Outcast" ; and in 1892, " Come Live with Me and be my Love." Early in 1893 he published " The Wandering Jew," a poem which led to long correspondence in the Daily Chronicle. In 1894 his play, " Dick Sheridan," was produced at the Comedy Theatre, and BUCHHEIM — BUCK 147 shortly afterwards ,: The Charlatan" at the Haymarket. Mr. Buchanan's more recent contributions to literature have been "The Devil's Case" (a work which pro- voked much controversy), the " Ballad of Mary the Mother," and a prose story, the " Bev. Annabel Lee." A complete edition of his poetical works, in 1 vol., was published by Messrs. Chatto & Windus in 1885. Address : 36 Gerrard Street, Shaftesbury Avenue, W. BUCHHEIM, Charles Adolphus, Phil. Doc. (Eostock), F.C. P., was born in Moravia, Jan. 22, 1828. After having com- pleted his academical studies, including a course of Padatjoijik at the University of Vienna, he devoted himself, botli at that town and successively at Leipzig, Brussels, and Paris, to the production of belletristic and historical works, which occupation he continued for some time after his arrival in 1852 in this country. He also translated some of Dickens' works into German, and towards the end of the fifties he devoted himself to the teaching profession and to the production of educational works (in- cluding an annotated edition of Schiller's " Wallenstein"), which were most favour- ably received. His popularity" in this country and in America is based on his annotated editions of German classics, issued at the Clarendon Press. In the thirteen volumes hitherto published Pro- fessor Buchheim has practically shown for the first time that the works of Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, and Heine are as worthy as the ancient classics of a scholarly treat- ment, and the result is that his editions are largely used wherever German is taught through the medium of English, and have even been introduced into German schools. Dr. Buchheim is also the editor of the "Deutsche Lyrik," the " Balladen .und Bomanzen," and " Heine's Lieder und Gedichte," in the "Golden Treasury Series," and in 1883 he issued, conjointly with the Bev. Dr. Wace, the Principal of King's College, a volume entitled "First Principles of the Beforma- tion," to which he contributed an essay on the "Political Course of the Eeformation," and a translation of one of Luther's celebrated "Beformationsschriften." In 1863 Dr. Buchheim was appointed Professor of the German Language and Literature in King's College, London, and later on he was elected Fellow of the College of Pre- ceptors. He filled the post of Examiner in German to the University of London during three periods of five years each, and he also acted, and still acts, as examiner for various public examining bodies in Great Britain and Ireland, espe- cially so for the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and New Zealand. In Decem- ber 1897 the University of Oxford con- ferred upon him the honorary degree of M.A. He was at one time German tutor to the children of the Prince and Princess of Wales. Address : 47 Leamington Boad Villas, W. BUCHNEB, Eriedrich Karl Chris- tian Ludwig, M.D., a German philosopher, born at Darmstadt, March 29, 1824, is the son of a distinguished physician in that town. After a preliminary education, he was sent in 1843 to the University of Giessen, where he studied philosophy, though he subsequently at Strasburg turned his attention to medicine, in compliance with the wishes of his family. He took his doctor's degree at Giessen in 1848, and then continued his studies in the uni- versities of Wiirzburg and Vienna. After practising medicine for some time in his native place, he settled at Tubingen as a private lecturer, being also appointed Assistant Clinical Professor. He was deprived of this position, however, by the authorities, in consequence of the philo- sophical doctrines propounded in his famous book on "Force and Matter," 1855. He thereupon returned to Darm- stadt, and resumed practice as a physician. In the work referred to — which is entitled in German "Kraft und Stoff" (1855; 16th edit., 1888), and which has been translated into most European languages — Dr. Bucbner explains the principles of his system of philosophy, which he contends is in harmony with the discoveries of modern science. He insists on the eternity of matter, the immortality of force, the universal simultaneousness of light and life, and the infinity of forms of being in time and space. Dr. Biichner has further explained his system in " Nature and Spirit," 3rd edit., 1876; "Physiological Sketches," 2nd edit., 1875; and "Nature and Science," 3rd edit., 1874 ; " Man, and his Place in Nature," 3rd edit., 1889; "The Intellectual Life of Animals," 3rd edit., 1880; "The Theory of Darwin," 5th edit., 1890; "Light and Life," 1882: "The Future Life and Modern Science," 1889, and several other works. He has also contributed to periodical publications various treatises on physiology, pathology, and medical jurisprudence. Dr. Biichner's brother George, who was born in 1813, and died in 1837, was also a doctor by profession, but was distinguished as a poet. His sister Louise, who was born in 1823. and died in 1877, wrote novels and poems. BUCK, Dudley, American musical composer, was born at Hartford, Connec- ticut, March 10, 1839. He studied three years at Leipzig and in Dresden, and one 148 BUCKLE in Paris, under Hauptmann, Eichter, Eietz, Moscheles, Plaidy, and Schneider. In 1862 he returned to America, and in 1864 began a series of organ concerts in the principal cities and towns of the United States, which were continued for a period of fifteen years, and which made him widely known to the American public both as a performer and as a composer. From Hart- ford, where, since his return from Europe, he has been organist of the North Congre- gational Church, he removed in 1869 to Chicago, to assume charge of the music in St. James's Church, but immediately after the great fire there in 1871, where he met with severe losses (including unpublished compositions), he went back to the East and took the musical direction of St. Paul's Church, Boston, and shortly afterwards was appointed organist of the Music Hall in the same city. These positions he retained for three years, relinquishing them in 1875 to become assistant conductor in Theodore Thomas' (N.Y.) Central Park Garden Concerts. In the following year his cantata, "The Centennial Meditation of Columbia," was performed under the direction of Mr. Thomas by a chorus of 1000 voices and an orchestra of nearly 200 pieces at the inauguration of the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia. Later in the same year (1876) he became organist of the Holy Trinity Church, Brooklyn, where he still remains. Among his numerous compositions may be men- tioned two " Motett Collections," a series of "Studies in Pedal Phrasing," several groups of songs, a " Symphonic Overture " to Scott's "Marmion," the "Forty-sixth Psalm," and " The Legend of Don Munio," a romantic cantata of which the text is a metrical version of Irving's "Alhambra." The largest of his works is " The Light of Asia" (the text from Sir Edwin Arnold's poem), published in 1885. In the same year he wrote "The Voyage of Columbus" (a cantata), which was first performed by the Apollo Club, a Brooklyn Society of male voices founded and conducted by Mr. Buck. His " Golden Legend," based on Long- fellow's poem of the same title, received the prize offered by the Cincinnati Music Festival Association for the best composi- tion for solo voices, chorus and orchestra ($1000), Other of his works are a comic opera, " Deseret," produced in New York in 1880 ; " Illustrations in Choir Accompani- ment," 1877 ; and a number of literary- musico treatises on themes connected with his profession. Among his latest works are two cantatas for church use, "The Story of the Cross" and "The Triumph of David," and a "Communion Service in C," in nine numbers. Mr. Buck is on the editorial staff of "The People's Cyclopaedia. " BUCKLE, Vice-Admiral Claude Edward, was born in February 1839, and entered the navy in August 1852. As a cadet he served in the Black Sea during the Russian war, and was engaged in the operations connected with the embarkation of the allied army at Varna. He joined H.M.S. Valorous as midshipman in 1854, and was present in two night attacks on the sea front of Sebastopol, and also at the capture of Kertch and Kinburn, for which he was awarded the Crimean and Turkish medals with Sebastopol clasp. In 1856 he proceeded to China in the Inflexible, and was engaged in the destruction of the Chinese Fleet at Escape Creek. Mr. (now Admiral) Buckle was afterwards attached to a detachment which succeeded in dragging its two field-guns up the wall of Canton. These he brought into action at a very opportune moment, and for this service was mentioned in despatches. As a Lieutenant in H.M.S. Mar/icienne, he took part in the attack on Pei-ho Forts, being in command of a gun and scaling ladders, was twice severely wounded, and again mentioned in despatches by the Com- mander-in-Chief. He received the China medal and three clasps. He was a Lieu- tenant in H.M.S. Hero, when she took H.E.H. the Prince of Wales to Canada. He was promoted Commander in 1866, and Captain in 1877, and was appointed A.D. C. to the Queen, and Senior Naval Officer at Gibraltar in 1889. He hoisted his flag as Rear-Admiral in H.M.S. Howe during 1895, having been selected to take over the duties of Senior Officer on the Coast of Ireland. During this command he had a narrow escape from drowning. In company with a dockyard labourer, Admiral Buckle was examining some large subterranean water tanks in Haulbowline Yard, when the man, who was showing the way by the light of a candle, struck his head against a beam, and fell half -stunned into a tank. The Admiral promptly jumped in after him, and with great difficulty succeeded in saving him, after which the Admiral himself was assisted out. He also holds the Eoyal Humane Society's medal for saving life in Queens- town Harbour. Vice-Admiral Buckle was promoted to his present rank in December 1897. BUCKLE, George Earle, the editor of the Times, is the eldest son of the Eev. George Buckle, Canon and Precentor of Wells, and was born June 10, 1854, at Twertou Vicarage, near Bath, and educated at Honiton Grammar School, 1863-65, and Winchester College, where he was a scholar on the Foundation, 1866-72. He was a scholar of New College, Oxford, 1872-77, I where he won the Newdigate Prize for BUCKNILL — BULLER 149 English Verse, 1875, and gained a first class in Literal Humaniores, 1876, and a first class in Modern History, 1877 ; graduating B.A. 1876, and M.A. 1879. He ■was Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, 1877-85, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1880. He entered the Times office on the editorial staff in 1880, and was appointed editor on Mr. Chenery's death in February 1884. He married in 1885 a daughter of Mr. James Payn, the novelist. Addresses : 76 Ashley Gardens, S.W. ; and Athensonm. BUCKNILL, Thomas Townshend, Q.C., M.P., the second son of Sir J. C. Bucknill, F.R.S., was born in 1845, and was educated at Westminster and at Geneva. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1868, became a Q.C. in 1885, and in the same year was appointed Becorder of Exeter. He is also a member of the Bar Committee, and was elected a Bencher in 1891. He has sat in the House of Commons since 1892 as Conser- vative member for the Epsom Division of Surrey, and he served as County Alderman for Surrey from 1889 to 1892. Mr. Buck- nill has edited Cunningham's Reports and Sir S. Cook's Common Pleas Reports. Ad- dresses : Hylands House, Epsom ; 10 King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. ; andAthenaanm. BUCKTON, George Bowdler, of Weycombe, Haslemere, Surrey, Fellow of the Royal, the Linnsean, the Chemical and Entomological Societies of London, and of the Entomological Society of France, was born in London on May 24, 1817. His father, George Buckton, Esq., of Oakrield, Hornsey, Proctor of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Doctor's Commons, came of an old Yorkshire family, whilst his mother was eldest daughter of Eichard Merricks, Esq., of Runcton House, Mundham, Sussex. Partial paralysis, through an accident in very early life, incapacitated him for a university career. He studied under the private tutorships of Rev. Oliver Lodge, Rector of Barking, and the Rev. Dr. Meuse, formerly Headmaster of the Cholmondeley School at Highgate. The early friendship of Thomas Bell, F.R.S., led to his intro- duction in 1845 to the Linnaean Society, on whose Council he served for several years. On the death of his father, he moved into London, and joined as a student the Royal College of Chemistry, under Professor A. W. Hofmann, who became his close friend. Singly and in conjunction with him, he published several papers on organic che- mistry in the Transactions of the Royal and Chemical Societies, of which he be- came a member in 1857 and 1852 respec- tively, and on whose Councils he served, enjoying the society of Bell, Owen, Yarrell, Forbes, Sir J. Hooker, E. Day, and West- wood, on the physical side, of Brodie, Odling, Frankland, Abel, Crookes, and other chemists. In 1867 he was elected a member of the Philosophical club of the Royal Society. He was the first in this country, as an amateur, successfully to grind astronomical specula on Foucault's method of silver on glass. In 1865 he married Mary Ann, only daughter of George Odling, Esq., M.R.C.S., of Croy- don, and settled in Haslemere, where he gathered materials for his monograph, in 4 vols., of the "British Aphides," published by the Bay Society in 1876, the coloured plate being lithographed ,by himself from nature. In 1890 his illustrated monograph of the "British Cicadas" was published by Macmillan, and followed in 1895 by a monograph of "Eristalis tenax." Papers from his pen have appeared down to the present time in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, and in the Museum Notes of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Address : Weycombe, Haslemere. BUDGE, Ernest A. Wallis, Litt.D., F.S.A.., was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he became Assyrian Scholar and Tyrwhitt Hebrew Scholar of his university. He is now keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities in the British Museum. Mr. Budge is the author of numerous publications, among which may be mentioned: "Assyrian Texts," 1880 ; " The History of Esarhaddon," 1881 ; "Babylonian Life and History," 1884; "The Dwellers on the Nile," 1885 ; "Mar- tyrdom of St. George," 1888 ; " History of Alexander the Great," 1889; "The Nile," 1890; "Catalogue of the Fitz-William Egyptian Collection," 1893; "The Mum- my," 1893; "Discourses of Philoxenus," 1894; "Eabban Hormizd," 1894; "St. Michael," 1894; "Book of the Dead". (Papyrus of Ani), 1895 ; " First Steps in Egyptian," 1895; "An Egyptian Reading Book for Beginners," 1896; "Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great," 1896 ; "Oriental Wit and Wisdom," 1896, &c. Address : 10 St. Lawrence Road, W. BULGARIA, Prince of. See Fer- dinand. BULLEB, Admiral Sir Alexander, K.C.B., son of the Rev. Richard Buller, of Lanreath, Cornwall, was born in June 1834, and entered the navy in 1848. He served as mate in H.M.S. Royal Albert in the Black Sea during the Crimean war, and as Lieutenant in H.M.S. Princess Royal was present at the capture of Kertch and Kinburn, and in all the operations before Sebastopol. For these services he received 150 BULLEK the Crimean and Turkish medals. He was promoted Commander in 1863, and Captain in 1869. In the latter rank he commanded the Naval Brigade landed for operations against the Malays in the Straits of Malacca during the Perak Cam- paign of 1875. He was created a C.B. and received the Perak Medal with clasp. Admiral Buller was appointed Aide-de- Campto the Queen in 1884, and from 1889 to 1892 he filled the office of Admiral Superintendent of Malta dockyard. He proceeded to the China station as Com- mander-in-Chief in 1895, and owing to the aggression of certain European powers, the squadron under his command was in- creased in strength, becoming, after the Mediterranean fleet, the most important English force in foreign waters. He re- linquished the command in January 1888, when he became a full Admiral. He was created a K.C.B. in May 1896, and also holds the Royal Humane Society's medal for assisting to save life while a Lieutenant in H.M.S. Edgar. He married in 1870 Emily, daughter of Henry Tritton, Esq., of Beddington, Surrey. Address : Erie Hall, Plympton, Devon. BTTLLER, The Right Hon. Lieut.- General Sir Redvers Henry, ©.C, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., is the eldest surviving son of the late James Wentworth Buller, M.P., of Downes, Crediton, Devonshire, and of Charlotte, daughter of the late Lord H. Howard, and was born in 1839. He entered the 30th Rifles May 23, 1858 ; lieutenant, Dec. 9, 1862 ; captain, May 28, 1870; major, April 1, 1874; lieut. -colonel, Nov. 11, 1878; colonel, Sept. 27, 1879; Major-General, May 21, 1884. He served with the 2nd Battalion 60th Rifles through- out the campaign of 1860 in China (medal with two clasps); with the 1st Battalion on the Red River Expedition of 1870 ; accompanied Sir Garnet Wolseley to the Gold Coast in September 1873 ; and served as D.A. Adjutant and Quartermaster- General and Head of the Intelligence Department throughout the Ashantee War of 1873-74, including the action of Essa- man, battle of Amoaful, advanced guard engagement at Jarbinbah, battle of Orda- hai (slightly wounded), and capture of Coomassie (several times mentioned in despatches, brevet of Major, C.B., medal with clasp). He served in the Kaffir War of 1878-79, and commanded the Frontier Light Horse in the engagement of Taba ka Udoda, and in the operations at Moly- neux Path and against Manyanyoba's stronghold (several times mentioned in despatches) ; also throughout the Zulu War of 1879, and commanded the cavalry in the engagements at Zeobane Mountain and Kambula ; conducted the reconnais- sance before Ulundi, and was present in the engagement at Ulundi (several times mentioned in despatches, thanked in General Orders, brevet of Lieut. -Colonel, Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, Victoria Cross, C.M.G., medal with clasp). The %.€. was given "for his gallant conduct at the retreat at Inhloband, on March 28, 1879, in having assisted, while hotly pursued by Zulus, in rescuing Captain C. DArcy of the Frontier Light Horse, who was retir- ing on foot, Colonel Buller carrying him on his horse until he overtook the rear- guard ; also for having on the same day, and in the same circumstances, conveyed to a place of safety Lieutenant C. Everitt of the Frontier Light Horse, whose horse had been killed under him. Later on, Colonel Buller, in the same manner, saved a trooper of the Frontier Light Horse, whose horse was completely exhausted, and who otherwise would have been killed by the Zulus, who were within eighty yards of him." Colonel Buller served in the Boer War of 1881 as Chief of the Staff to Sir Evelyn Wood, with the local rank of Major-General ; in the Egyptian War of 1882 in charge of the Intelligence De- partment, and was present in the action at Kassassin, September 9, and at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir (mentioned in despatches, K.C.M.G., medal with clasp, third class of the Osmanieh, and Khedive's Star) ; served in the Soudan Expedition under Sir Gerald Graham in 1884, in command of the 1st Infantry Brigade, and as second in com- mand of the expedition, and was present in the engagement at El Teb and Temai (twice mentioned in despatches, promoted to Major-General for distinguished service in the field, medal and two clasps) ; served in the Soudan campaign in 1884-85 as Chief of the Staff to Lord Wolseley. When Sir Herbert Stewart was wounded, and Colonel Burnaby had been killed, he took command of the Desert Column, and withdrew it from Gubat to Gakdul in the face of the enemy, defeating them at Abu Klea Wells on February 16 and 17 (men- tioned in despatches, K.C.B., medal and clasp). From 1887 to 1890 Sir Redvers Buller was Quartermaster-General of the Army, and in October of the latter year became Adjutant-General to the Forces in succession to Lord Wolseley. In April 1891 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General. G.C.B. 1894. He is married to Audrey, daughter of the 4th Marquis Townshend, and widow of the Hon. G. T. Howard. Addresses: 29 Bruton Street ; Downes, Crediton ; and Athenseum. B TILLER, Sir Walter La-wry, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., the descendant of an ancient Cornish family and the oldest sur- viving son of the late Rev. James Buller, BULLOCK — BULWEK 151 was born at Newark, in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, on Oct. 9, 1838. He re- ceived his early education at Auckland College, and afterwards became a pupil of William Swainson, F.K.S. , the celebrated zoologist, who had settled in that colony. For a continuous period of fifteen years he held various official appointments, but chiefly in connection with native affairs, as he had early acquired a thorough know- ledge of the Maori language ; and on eight different occasions he received the special thanks of the Colonial Government. Dur- ing this time he also contributed largely to zoological literature, and was elected a Fellow of the Linnean and of various other learned societies. From 1855 to 1860 he acted as Government Interpreter and Native Commissioner. In 1861 he was appointed editor-in-chief of The Maori Messenger, an English and Maori journal published by authority. At the age of twenty-four he was appointed a Resident Magistrate, and three years later a Judge of the Native Land Court. In 1865 he served as a volunteer on Sir George Grey's staff at the taking of the Weraroa Pa, for which lie received the New Zealand War Medal. On that occasion, declining the protection of a military escort, he carried the Governor's despatches, at night, through forty miles of the enemy's coun- try, attended only by a Maori orderly, for which gallant service he was mentioned in despatches. In 1871 he visited England, and two years later published a splen- didly illustrated "History of the Birds of New Zealand." The Royal University of Tubingen bestowed upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Science, and he re- ceived several other foreign distinctions. In 1874 he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple. In 1875 Her Majesty, in recognition of the value of his scientific work, created him a C.M.G. ; and in 1876 he was elected F.R.S. In 1882 he pub- lished a "Manual of the Birds of New Zealand," for the use of students ; and in 1883 was awarded the Gold Medal of the New Zealand Exhibition, "for Science and Literature." From 1875 to 1885 in- clusive he practised his profession in the Colony with remarkable success. In 1886 he returned to England as New Zealand Commissioner at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, and for his services on that occasion was promoted by Her Majesty to the rank of K.C.M.G. In 1887 he was awarded the Galileian Medal by the Royal University of Florence ; and in 1888 he published a new and much enlarged edition of " The Birds of New Zealand " (imperial quarto). In 1889 he was a Member of the Mansion House Committee for the Paris Exhibition, and served on the Executive Council of that body. In the following year he proceeded to New Zealand, and in 1893 returned to England to represent that Colony on the permanent governing body of the Imperial Institute, retaining this position until 1896. Sir Walter Buller holds the rank of Officier in the Legion of Honour. He is also "Officier de ['In- struction Pnblique" (Gold Palms of the Academy), Knight first class of the Order of Francis Joseph of Austria, Knight first class of the Order of Frederick of Wur- temberg, and Knight first class of the Order of Merit of Hesse-Darmstadt. Ad- dress : The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand. BULLOCK, The Rev. Charles, B.D., was born in 1829. He was ordained to the Parish of Rotherham, and became Rector of St. Nicholas, Worcester, in 1860. Re- signing this post in 1874, he devoted him- self to popular literature ; and in recogni- tion of his services in this direction the Archbishop of Canterbury conferred on him the degree of B.D. The magazines edited by him are The Fireside (first pub- lished in 1864), Home Words, which in its localised form is known throughout the country, and The Day of Days, for Sunday reading. In 1876 he founded Hand and Heart, as a penny illustrated Church of England Social and Temperance Journal. More recently he has established "The News : a National Journal and Review" He is also author of several religious books, of which we may mention his " Memorials of Frances Ridley Havergal." Address : Coomrith, Eastbourne. BULOW, Bernhard von, German Foreign Secretary, was born in 1850, and is a son of the Herr von Biilow who was Foreign Secretary of Germany between the years 1873 and 1879. In 1873, after entering the German Foreign Office, he became successively Secretary of Embassy in Rome, St. Petersburg, and Vienna. During the Russo-Turkish War he dis- charged the arduous duties of Charge' d'Affaires at Athens. He was one of the Secretaries of the Berlin Congress, served subsequently in diplomatic capacities in Paris and St. Petersburg, and was ap- pointed Minister to Roumania in 1888. In 1893 he became Minister to Italy. In the absence from his post of Baron Mar- schall von Buberstein in 1897 he acted as Foreign Secretary in Berlin, and succeeded to that office on October 21. BTJLWEB, Sir Henry Ernest Gas- coigne, G.C.M.G., was born on Dec. 11, 1836, and is the youngest son of the late W. E. Lytton Bulwer of Heydon, Norfolk, and Emily, daughter of the late General Gascoigne. He was educated at Trinity 152 BULWEK — BURDETT College, Cambridge. After serving as private secretary to the Lieut. -Governor of Prince Edward's Island he became, in 1860, an official Resident of the Ionian Islands ; in 1866, Receiver-General and Treasurer of Trinidad ; in 1867, Admini- strator of Dominica ; and from 1871 to 1875, Governor of Labuan, and Consul- General at Borneo. He was then appointed Lieut.-Governor of Natal, which post he held until 1880. In 1882 he was appointed Governor of Natal ; in 1883 he was made G.C.M.G. ; and in 1885, Lord High Com- missioner of Cyprus. He retired from his Cyprus post in 1892. Addresses : 17 South Audley Street, W. ; Heydon, Norwich ; and Athenaeum. BULWER, James Redfoord, Q.C., J.P., Master in Lunacy, was born on May 22, 1820, and is the son of the Rev. James Bulwer. He was educated at King's College, London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1847, he was Recorder of Ipswich from 1861 to 1866, and then for twenty years edited the Common Law Series of the Law Reports. In 1886 he was appointed Recorder of Cambridge. He represented Ipswich in the Conservative interest in Parliament from 1874 to 1880, and Cambridgeshire from 1881 to 1885. Address : 2 Temple Gardens, E.C. BUNSEN, Professor Robert Wil- helm Eberhard, M.D., chemist and phy- sicist, bom March 13, 1811, at Gottingen, where his father was professor of Occi- dental literature ; studied in the university the physical and natural sciences, and completed his education at Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. Having at Gottingen in 1833 taken his degrees for teaching chemistry, he succeeded Wohler three years later as Professor of this science in the Polytechnic Institution at Cassel. In 1838 he was appointed Assistant Professor in the Uni- versity of Marburg, became Titular Pro- fessor in 1841, then Director of the Chemi- cal Institute. In 1851 he passed to the University of Breslau, and in 1852 to the University of Heidelberg. Some years ago Professor Bunsen declined a call to Berlin which he received at the same time as Professor Kirchhoff, with whom he is the founder of stellar chemistry (spectrum analysis). He has made many important discoveries, and the charcoal pile which bears his name is in very extensive use, as is the Bunsen burner and magnesium light. From the spectrum analysis down to the simplest manipulations of practical chemi- stry his numerous discoveries have ren- dered the most distinguished services to science. The University of Leyden con- ferred on him the honorary degree of M.D. in February 1875. In July 1877 the Uni- versity of Heidelberg commemorated the twenty-fifth anniversary of Professor Bun- sen's election to the Chair of Experimental Chemistry. In January 1883 he was ap- pointed one of the eight Foreign Associates of the Paris Academy of Sciences. He has written on hygrometry (1830) ; a work on gasometry (1857), which has been trans- lated into English by Sir H. E. Roscoe ; and on the analysis of ashes and mineral waters. In May 1898 the Society of Arts awarded him their Albert Medal "in recog- nition of his numerous and most valuable applications of chemistry and physics to the arts and to manufactures." BURBTJRY, Samuel Hawksley, F.R.S., born at Kenilworth on May 18, 1831, was educated at Kensington Gram- mar School, and afterwards at Shrewsbury School, and at St. John's College, Cam- bridge, where he was Craven University Scholar in 1853 ; fifteenth Wrangler and second in the Classical Tripos and second Chancellor's Medallist, 1854; M.A. 1857. He was called to the Bar in 1858, and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1890. He is joint author (with Rev. H. W. Watson) of "The Application of Generalised Co-ordinates to the Dynamics of a Material System," 1879 ; " The Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism," 1885 and 1889 ; author of a paper " On the Second Law of Thermodynamics in Connexion with the Kinetic Theory of Gases," Philosophical Magazine, 1876 ; " On a Theorem in the Dissipation of Energy," Philosophical Maga- zine, 1882 ; and various other papers on mathematical and physical subjects in that magazine. He is married to Alice, daughter of Thomas Edward Taylor, of Dodworth Hall, J.P. , D.L. Addresses : 17 Upper Phillimore Gardens, Kensington ; and 1 New Square, Lincoln's Inn. BURDETT, Sir Henry Charles, K.C.B., is the son of the late Rev. Halford R. Burdett, of Northampton, and grandson of the Rev. D. J. Burdett, rector of Gil- morton, Leicestershire, a living which had been in the Burdett family almost uninter- ruptedly since the time of Queen Elizabeth. Mr. Burdett was born at Broughton, Ket- tering, on March 18, 1846, and began his active career in the Midland Bank, Bir- mingham. In 1 868 he was appointed Secre- tary to the Queen's Hospital, Birmingham, and in a very short time succeeded in uniting the two rival medical colleges of that town under one management, thus constituting the present strong and useful medical school of the Midlands. He was for a time Secretary to the Society for exempting Charities from Rating ; and was also the first to organise the system of BURDETT-COUTTS 153 training nurses according to modern ideas and methods, insisting specially upon the employment of young women only. The latter idea was much criticised at the time, and many evils were predicted of its future working. As all the world knows, however, its success has been great beyond the most sanguine expectations. In 1873 Mr. Bur- dett became a medical student, and, at Birmingham and Guy's Hospital, London, went through the whole curriculum neces- sary for medical examination and practice. A year later he was appointed House Gov- ernor of the Dreadnought Seaman's Hospi- tal, Greenwich, and in six years raised the income of that institution from £7000 to £13,000 a year. In 1877 he established the well-known paying hospital for the middle and upper classes at Fitzroy House, Fitzroy Square, having succeeded in raising no less a sum than £26,000 for that purpose. Perhaps the most permanently valuable, as it is certainly the most interesting, of Mr. Burdett's public services was the founding in 1888 of the National Pension Fund for trained nurses and hospital officials. Among those who have helped in the establishment of the Fund, and without whose munificent aid indeed it would have been impossible for Mr. Bur- dett to realise his benevolent ideal, may be mentioned Lord Eothschild, Mr. J. S. Morgan, Mr. H. Hambro, and Mr. Huchs Gibbs, each of whom gave £5000 to form a bonus fund for the increase of pensions. Several other gentlemen contributed vary- ing sums, and the Fund started with nearly £30,000 in hand. The Princess of Wales occupies the position of President and the Prince of Wales that of Patron to the Fund. In every department of hospital administration and finance Mr. Burdett is admittedly the chief authority in the whole of the British Empire. From 1883 to 1897 he was Secretary of the Share and Loan Department of the London Stock Ex- change. He was created K.C.B. in 1897. He is founder and editor of The Hospital, and since 1881 has published and compiled the well-known "Burdett's Official Intelli- gence." He also annually publishes the handbook " Burdett's Hospitals and Chari- ties," and was the author in 1891 of the standard work "The Hospitals and Asy- lums of the World," in four thick volumes, together with a portfolio of plans. He married in 1875 Helen, daughter of the late Gay Shute, F.R.C.S. Address: The Lodge, Porchester Square, W. BURDETT - COUTTS, Baroness, Angela G-eorgina Burdett -Coutts, is the youngest daughter of the late Sir Francis Burdett, Baronet, and grand- daughter of Mr. Thomas Coutts, the banker, and was born on April 26, 1814. In 1837 she succeeded to the great wealth of Mr. Coutts, through his widow, once the fascinating Miss Mellon, who died Duchess of St. Albans. The extensive power of benefiting her less fortunate fellow- creatures thus conferred, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts has wisely exercised, chiefly by working out her own well-con- sidered projects. A consistently liberal churchwoman in purse and opinions, her munificence to the Establishment is his- torical. Besides contributing large sums towards building new churches and new schools in various poor districts through- out the country, Miss Coutts erected and endowed at her sole cost the handsome church of St. Stephen's, Westminster, with its three schools and parsonage ; and more recently, another church at Carlisle. She endowed, at an outlay of £50,000, the three colonial bishoprics of Adelaide, Cape Town, and British Columbia ; besides founding an establishment in South Aus- tralia for the improvement of the abori- gines. She also supplied the funds for Sir Henry James's Topographical Survey of Jerusalem ; and offered to restore the ancient aqueducts of Solomon to supply that city with water — a work, however, which the Government did not fulfil. In no direction are the Baroness's sympathies so fully expressed as in favour of the poor and unfortunate of her own sex. Her ex- ertions in the cause of reformation, as well as in that of education, have been nume- rous and successful. For young women who had lapsed out of well-doing she pro- vided a shelter and a means of reform in a "Home" at Shepherd's Bush. Nearly half the cases which passed through her reformatory during the seven years it existed resulted in new and prosperous lives in the Colonies. Again, when Spital- fields became a mass of destitution, Miss Coutts began a sewing-school there for adult women, not only to be taught, but to be fed and provided with work ; for which object Government contracts are undertaken and successfully executed. Nurses were sent daily from this unpre- tending charity in Brown's Lane, Spital- fields, amongst the sick, who were pro- vided with medical comforts ; while outfits were distributed to poor servants, and clothing to deserving women. In 1859 hundreds of destitute boys were fitted out for the Royal Navy, or placed in various industrial homes. In the terrible winter of 1861 the frozen-out tanners of Ber- mondsey were aided, and at the same time she suggested the formation of the East London Weavers' Aid Association, by whose assistance many of the sufferers from decaying trade were able to remove to Queensland. One of the black spots of London in that neighbourhood, once 154 BURGESS known to, and dreaded by, the police as Nova Scotia Gardens, was bought by Miss Coutts, and upon that area of squalor and refuse she erected the model dwellings called Columbia Square, consisting of separate tenements let at low weekly rentals to about two hundred families. Close to it is Columbia Market, one of the handsomest architectural ornaments of North-Eastern London. The Baroness takes great interest in judicious emigra- tion. When a sharp cry of distress arose some years ago in the town of Girvan, in Scotland, she advanced a large sum to enable the starving families to seek better fortune in Australia. Again, the people of Cape Clear, Shirkin, close to Skibbereen, in Ireland, when dying of starvation, were relieved from the same source, by emigra- tion, and by the establishment of a store of food and clothing, by efficient tackle, and by a vessel to help them in their chief means of livelihood — fishing. Miss Coutts materially assisted Sir James Brooke in improving the condition of the Dyaks of Sarawak, and a model farm is still entirely supported by her, from which the natives have learnt such valuable lessons in agri- culture that the productiveness of their country has been materially improved. Taking a warm interest in the reverent preservation and ornamental improvement of our town churchyards, and having, as the possessor of the great tithes of the living of Old St. Pancras, a special con- nection with that parish, the Baroness, in 1877, laid out the churchyard as a garden for the enjoyment of the surrounding poor, besides erecting a memorial sundial to its illustrious dead. In the same year, when accounts were reaching this country of the sufferings of the Turkish peasantry flying from their homes before the Russian inva- sion, Lady Burdett-Coutts instituted the Turkish Compassionate Fund, a charitable organisation by means of which the sum of nearly £30,000, contributed in money and stores, was entrusted to Mr. Burdett- Coutts and to the British Ambassador for distribution, and saved thousands from starvation and death. In recognition of her important services the Order of the Medjidieh was conferred upon her. This is but an imperfect enumeration of the Baroness's good works as a public bene- factress. The amount of her private chari- ties it is impossible to estimate. She is a liberal patroness of artists in every depart- ment of art. In June 1871 Miss Coutts was surprised by the Prime Minister with the offer from her Majesty of a peerage, which honour was accepted. Her ladyship was admitted to the freedom of the City of London, July 11, 1872, and to the free- dom of the City of Edinburgh, Jan. 15, 1874. On Nov. 1, 1880, the Haberdashers' Company publicly conferred their freedom and livery on the Baroness Burdett-Coutts in recognition of her judicious and ex- tensive benevolence and her munificent support of educational, charitable, and religious institutions and efforts through- out the country. She has since become a member of the Turners' Company, and was received with great enthusiasm during a recent visit to Ireland, where she had previously organised a fishing fleet, having its headquarters in Bantry Bay. The Baroness has also taken a leading part in promoting and supporting the Children's Protection Society, of which she was at once asked to become President on the death of the late Lord Shaftesbury. The Baroness was married on Feb. 12, 1881, to Mr. William Lehman Ashmead-Bartlett, who obtained the royal license to use the surname of Burdett-Coutts. Addresses : 1 Stratton Street, Piccadilly, W. ; and Holly Lodge, Highgate. BURGESS, James, C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Hon. A.R.I.B.A., F.R.G.S., &o., was born in the parish of Kirkmahoe, Dumfriesshire, on Aug. 14, 1832. In 1855 he went to Calcutta as a Professor of Mathematics, and in 1858 wrote a paper "On Hypsometrical Measurements," and published editions of some English text- books, with philological notes, &c, for the Calcutta University Examinations in 1859. Early in 1861 he removed to Bombay, and was engaged in educational work till 1873. There he contributed papers on the Tides, Hypsometry, &c, to the Philosophical Magazine, Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, &c. As Secretary to the Commission on the Colaba Obser- vatory in 1865, he prepared the report for Government on that establishment. In 1869 he published a large folio on "The Temples of Shatrunjaya," illustrated by forty-five photographic views. This was followed by a similar volume on the anti- quities at Somnath, Girnar, and Junagarh. In 1871, besides some educational class- books, appeared a monograph on " The Rock-Temples of Elephanta or Gharapuri," illustrated ; and in 1872 he started The Indian Antiquary, a monthly journal of Oriental archaeology, history, literature, and folk-lore, which he conducted for thirteen years, and which soon acquired a European reputation. He travelled through Gujarat and Rajputana in 1872, and wrote the letterpress for a large folio of views of the architecture and scenery of these countries. The Bombay Govern- ment nominated him in 1873 to organise and direct the Archaeological Survey of that Presidency and the neighbouring states, Gujarat, &c. ; and since 1873 the results of this survey have been partly BURN AND — BURNETT 155 published in quarto volumes fully illus- trated, viz. : " Report on the Antiquities in the Belgaum and Kaladgi Districts," 1874 ; " On the Antiquities of Kathiawar and Kachh," 1876; "On the Antiquities of Bidar and Aurangabad Districts," 1878 ; "The Buddhist Caves and their Inscrip- tions," "Caves of Elura and other Brah- manical and Jaina Caves in Western India," 1883 ; " The Muhammadan Architecture of Gujarat," 1896; and "The Antiquities of Dabhoi in Gujarat" (published by H.H. the Gaikwar of Baroda), 1888, in about a dozen occasional papers, 1874-85, and in a special volume on "The Cave-Temples of India," the caves in Northern and East- ern India being described by the late Mr. James Fergusson. Other volumes richly illustrated are in preparation. The super- intendence of the Archaeological Survey of the Madras Presidency was added to that of Western India on its initiation in 1881, the results of which are published in "The Buddhist SMtpas of Amaravati and Jagga- yapeta," with numerous plates and wood- cuts, and other volumes are in preparation. In 1885 he was put in charge also of the surveys in Northern India, and appointed Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. In 1888 he edited and published " The Sharqi Architecture of Jannpur," from the reports of Dr. A. Fiihrer and Mr. E. W. Smith, the pro- vincial surveyors, with seventy-four sheets of architectural drawings. He also started and edited for Government The Epigraphia Indica, issued in fasciculi, forming two large quarto volumes, 1891 and 1894, con- taining important Sanskrit and Pali in- scriptions translated by the most com- petent Oriental scholars. He retired from the Directorship of the Surveys in 1889, and the office was then abolished. He recently prepared " Constable's Hand- Gazetteer of India," 1898, and published a paper in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on a definite Integral, that plays an important part in various departments of physical research, with very extensive tables of values. At its fiftieth anniversary, 1897, the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society elected him an honorary member ; he is also an Honor- ary Corresponding Member of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences, and of the Berlin Society of Anthropology, Ethnology, &c. Hon. LL.D. Edinburgh, 1881 ; created C.I.E., 1885. Address : 22 Seton Place, Edinburgh. BXTRNAND, Francis Cowley, born in 1837, and descended on his father's side from an old Savoyard family, and on his mother's from Hannah Cowley, the author- ess, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where, in his first year, he founded the Club known as the A.D.C., or Amateur Dramatic Club. Mr. Burnand took his degree in 1857-58, and for a time read for the Church under Canon Liddon at Cuddesdon. Afterwards he was called to the Bar in 1861, and occa- sionally practised. He married early, and began to write, being introduced by Mr. George Meredith to Once a Week. He is the author of about a hundred dramatic pieces, principally burlesques. His chief work for Punch was the now well-known serial "Happy Thoughts," and "Strap- more," a parody of Ouida's " Strathmore." His burlesque of Douglas Jerrold's nautical drama, "Black-eyed Susan," achieved what was in those days the unprecedented run of over four hundred consecutive nights at the Royalty Theatre, Dean Street, Soho ; and later his comedy "The Colonel" ran for about a year and a half at the Prince's Theatre in Tottenham Court Road, which has now disappeared. In 1879 he published "The 'A.D.C.'; being Personal Reminis- cences of the University Amateur Dramatic Club, Cambridge " ; and in July 1880 he became editor of Punch on the death of Tom Taylor. His connection with Punch dates from the publication of his burlesque novelette "Mokeanna" by Mark Lemon. In 1888 his parody of "Ariane," entitled " Airey- Annie," was produced at the Strand Theatre. He has of late years added "Very Much Abroad," "Quite at Home," and "Very Much at Sea," &c., to the "Happy Thought" books. Together with Sir Arthur Sullivan he wrote " The Chieftain," produced at the Savoy in 1894. Mr. Burnand divides his time between Ramsgate and London. Addresses : 27 The Boltons, S.W. ; and 18 Royal Crescent, Ramsgate. BURNETT, Mrs. Frances Hodgson, nee Hodgson, was born at Manchester, Nov. 24, 1849. There she passed the first fif- teen years of her life, acquired her educa- tion, and gained her knowledge of the Lancashire dialect and character. At the close of the American Civil War reverses of fortune led her parents to leave Eng- land for America, where they settled at Knoxville, Tennessee, 1865. She there began to write short stories for the maga- zines, the first of which appeared in 1867. In 1872 her dialect story, "Surly Tim's Trouble," was published in Scribner's Montldy (now The Century), and in book form in 1877. " That Lass o' Lowrie's" was first presented, serially, in Scribner, and its remarkable popularity demanded its immediate separate issue, 1877. In 1878-79 some of her earlier magazine stories were reprinted, viz. : " Kathleen Mavourneen," "Lindsay's Luck," "Miss Crespigny," "Pretty Polly Pemberton," 156 BURNS — BURNSIDE " Theo," "Dolly" (also issued under the title of "Vagabondia"), " Jarl's Daughter," and "Quiet Life." "Haworth's " appeared in 1879, and was followed by "Louisiana," 1880 ;"AFair Barbarian," 1881 ; "Through One Administration," 1883 ; " Little Lord Fauntleroy," 1886 ; " Sarah Crewe," 1888 ; " The Pretty Sister of Jose," 1889 ; and ' ' Little Saint Elizabeth, " 1890. From 1886 until 1894 her work was confined princi- pally to studies of child life. Among these may be mentioned, " The One I knew the Best of All — A Memory of the Mind of a Child," which is autobiographical. Of her children's stories the most widely known is probably " Little Lord Fauntleroy," which has been published in nearly every Conti- nental language. In 1896 Mrs. Burnett published a novel of the period of Queen Anne, entitled "A Lady of Quality," and in lS97a second novel of the same period, entitled "His Grace of Osmonde." Mrs. Burnett's dramatic work has been — the play of "Esmeralda," a dramatisation (written in collaboration) of one of her short stories, successfully played in New York and London ; " The Real Little Lord Fauntleroy," which was produced at Terry's Theatre, London, and the Broad- way, New York, and which is still being played in England, America, France, and Germany ; " Phyllis," produced in London and Boston ; " Nixie " (in collaboration), played at Terry's and the Globe Theatre, London, in 1890 ; " The Showman's Daughter," produced at the Eoyalty Theatre, London, in 1892 ; " A Very Young Couple," which was played in America in 1892 ; " The First Gentleman of Europe" (in collaboration), produced at the Lyceum Theatre, New York, in 1897 ; and the drama " A Lady of Quality" (in collaboration), now playing in the United States. Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett, then Miss Hodgson, was married in 1873 to Dr. Burnett. She has resided much at Washington. Her present address is 63 Portland Place. BURNS, John, M.P., L.C.C., labour leader, is the son of Alexander Burns, an engineer, formerly of Ayrshire, and was born in humble circumstances at Vauxhall in 1858. He was sent to Christ Church School, Battersea, and at the age of ten years was set , to work in a local candle factory. He then became a rivet boy at a Vauxhall engineer's, and afterwards bound himself apprentice to an engineer at Millbank, under whom he served till he was twenty-one. Throughout his earlier years he read omnivorously, and imbibed Socialistic theories from a fellow-workman, a Frenchman, who had fled from Paris after the Commune. On coming of age he worked for a year as foreman engineer on the Niger, and on his return from West Africa spent his savings in a six months' tour of Europe. As a boy he had got into trouble with his employers for delivering an open-air address, but he did not come into public notice as a speaker until at an Industrial Remuneration Conference in London he delivered certain speeches on Socialism which attracted attention. Since that time he has constantly addressed work- man audiences. Becoming prominent in his own union — the Amalgamated En- gineers — he stood as a Socialist candidate for the western division of Nottingham at the General Election of 1885, but obtained only 598 votes. In 1886 he took • a leading part in the unemployed agita- tion, and was one of the heads of the crowd which broke from its leaders and caused a riot in the West End on Feb. 8, 1887. Subsequently he contested the right of public meeting in Trafalgar Square, and underwent a short term of imprisonment (six weeks) for resisting the police. During the great Dock Strike of 1889 John Burns was the hero of the hour. He addressed dockers' meetings in the East End every day for weeks, walking from Battersea every morning and returning on foot at night. His main contention was that the docker deserved sixpence (a " tanner ") more a day than he had hitherto been paid, but he was also indefatigable as an organiser and strike manager. When the dock labourers finally won a great victory in their long struggle for higher wages Burns's reputation as the first of labour leaders and labour organisers was made. He is now regarded as an authority on labour, and the mouthpiece of respectable artisan opinion in London, and his help and advice are constantly sought by work- men and their organisations. He has been four times elected to the London County Council as member for Battersea, and he has been returned to Parliament twice for the same division. Address : 108 Lavender Hill, Battersea. BURNSIDE, Sir Bruce Lockhart, Kt., second son of the late Hon. J. J. Burnside, Surveyor-General of the Baha- mas, was born on July 26, 1833, at Baha- mas, and was educated at King's College there and privately. He was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1856 ; and during the war which shortly afterwards broke out between the North and the South in America he was conspicuous for the active part which he took as legal adviser to what was called the Confederacy in the many delicate questions of international law which were at that time raised in con- sequence of the blockade of the Southern ports and of the fitting out of armed cruisers by the Confederate Government. BURROWS— BUET 157 He successfully defended the Alexandra, the Orelo, and the Florida, prosecuted in the B. A. Court for breaches of the Foreign Enlistment Act. He was Speaker of the House, Solicitor, and Attorney- General of the Bahamas, and was made one of Her Majesty's Council. He pre- pared a valuable "Manual for Justices of the Peace," for which he received the thanks of the Colonial Government. In 1879 he was appointed Queen's Advocate of Ceylon, and was employed at Downing Street for a considerable time in preparing a "Penal Code" and a "Criminal Pro- cedure Code," which were afterwards passed by the legislature, and for which he was specially commended by Lord Derby, the Secretary of State. In 1883 he was appointed Chief-Justice of Ceylon, there being at the time most scandalous arrears in the Supreme Court, which had attracted public attention and condemna- tion. He retired in 1893. Sir Bruce was knighted in 1885. He married in 1856 Mary, daughter of E. Francis. Address : Fincastle, Colombo. BURROWS, Montagu, R.N., M.A., F.S.A., third son of Lieut.-General Mon- tagu Burrows and of Mary Anne, daughter of Captain Larcom, R.N., Commissioner of Malta Dockyard, was born at Hadley, Middlesex, Oct. 27, 1819, and educated at the Boyal Naval College, Portsmouth, where he obtained the "First Medal" in 1834. On passing through the R.N. College as a mate in 1842 he obtained a First Class in Mathematics. He served continuously in the Royal Navy until he obtained the rank of Commander in 1852, and became a retired Post-Captain in 1862. He matriculated at Oxford Uni- versity early in 1853, and obtained a Double First Class (Classics and Modern History) ; took the degree of M.A. there in 1856, and received an Hon. M.A. degree at Cambridge in 1859 ; was elected to the Chichele Professorship of Modern History (the first since its founda- tion) in 1862 ; became a Fellow of All Souls in 1870 ; Chairman of the Oxford School Board in 1873 ; and Member of the Hebdomadal Council of his University in 1876. During his service in the navy he was engaged in several actions with Malay pirates, under Captain Chads, and he received medals from the English and Turkish Governments for the capture of St. Jean d'Acre' in 1840. He was employed on the coast of Africa for some years in the suppression of the slave trade, and was made Commander for his services on the staff of H.M.S. Excellent. He is the author of "Pass and Class: An Ox- ford Guide-Book through the courses of Literae Humaniores, Mathematics, Natural Science, Law, and Modern History," 3rd edit., 1866; "Constitutional Progress : a series of Lectures delivered before the University of Oxford," 1869; "A Memoir of Admiral Sir H. Chads, G.C.B.," 1869; " Worthies of All Souls : — Four Centuries of English History illustrated from the College Archives," 1874 ; " Parliament and the Church of England," 1875 ; "Im- perial England," 1880; "Oxford Univer- sity during the Commonwealth" (Camden Society), 1881 ; " Wiclif's Place in His- tory," 1882 (new edit. 1884); "Life of Admiral Lord Hawke," 1883 (2nd edit. 1896); "History of the Brocas Family of Beaurepaire and Roche Court," 1886 ; "History of the Cinque Ports," 1888 (4th edit. 1895) ; " Memoir of William Grocyn " (in "Collectanea," vol. ii., of the Oxford Historical Society), 1890; "Commentaries on the History of England," 1893; "His- tory of the Foreign Policy of Great Bri- tain," 1895 (2nd edit. 1897) ; articles in the Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews, &c. In 1892, for services to France in relation to the publication of the Gascon Rolls, he was made " Officier de l'lnstruction Pub- lique." He married in 1849 Mary Anna, daughter of Sir James W. S. Gardiner, Bart., of Roche Court, Hants ; and has three sons and one daughter — Edward Henry, H.M. Inspector of Schools, married to Dorothy, daughter of Ralph Assheton, Esq., of Downham Park ; Stephen Montagu, H.M. Civil Service, Ceylon, married to Isabel Cruickshank, Sydney, Australia ; the Rev. Alfred ; and F. Emily, married to Bishop Scott of N. China. Address : 9 Norham Gardens, Oxford. BTJRT, Thomas, M.P., was born Nov. 12, 1837, at Murton Row, near Percy Main, Northumberland, and is the son of Peter Burt, a coal miner. While he was yet a child seventeen months old, his parents went to Whitley, whence they had to remove about a year afterwards, when the pit was thrown out of gear by an explo- sion. Their next place of abode was New Row, Seghill, now styled Blake Town, where they remained five years, and at a later period they settled at the Seaton Delaval Colliery. Young Burt, who had been working in the coal pits from ten years of age, here began that course of self-culture which has gone so far to sup- ply the deficiencies of his previous educa- tion. In 1860 he removed to Choppington, and in 1865 he was appointed Secretary to the Northumberland Miners' Mutual As- sociation. In this capacity he rendered himself so popular among the miners that it was determined to nominate him as the working-class candidate for the represen- tation of Morpeth at the general election of February 1874. He was returned by 158 BURT — BURTON 3332 votes against 585 given for Captain Duncan, the Conservative candidate. In Jane 1880 lie was elected a member of the Reform Club by the Political Committee, under the rule empowering the body to elect two candidates in each year for marked and obvious services to the Liberal cause. He is President of the Miners' National Union, and has presided over several important conferences of miners held at Manchester, Birmingham, and else- where. He has been President of the Trades Union Congress, Newcastle-on- Tyne, in 1891. He has also presided at several International Miners' Conferences held in Paris, Brussels, and other places on the Continent. Mr. Burt has been a member of several Royal Commissions, including those inquiring into accidents in mines, loss of life at sea, mining royal- ties, and the Labour Commission, of which the Duke of Devonshire was President. He was one of the British delegates to the International Labour Conference held at Berlin in March 1890. Mr. Burt was in- vited by Mr. Gladstone in 1892 to join his administration as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, a post which he accepted and held until the general elec- tion of 1895. He is the author of articles in the Nineteenth Century, Contemporary, and Fortnightly. In 1860 he married Mary, daughter of Thomas Weatherburn. Ad- dress : 20 Burdon Terrace, Newcastle-on- Tyne. BUST, T. Seymour, F.R.S., M.R.A.S., &c. , is the fourth son of the late Rev. Charles Henry Burt, and was student of Wadham College, Oxford ; then Curate of Plympton St. Mary, Devon ; next of Westgate House, Bridgwater, Somerset, and for upwards of twenty years Vicar of Cannington, in the same county ; a chaplain-in-ordinary to H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex ; an acting magistrate for Somerset ; a retired chaplain to the 24th Light Dragoons. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, and a Member of the Royal Astronomical Society ; and has published the following works : — "Papers on Scien- tific Subjects," vols. 1, 2, 3, 1837 and 1858 ; " Trip in Search of Ancient Inscriptions," 1838 ; " Metrical Epitome of the History of England," 1852 ; " Poems by Koi Hai," 1853 ; " Account of a Voyage to India via the Mediterranean," 1857 ; " A Trans- lation into Blank Verse of all Virgil's Works," vols. 1, 2, 3, &c, 1883-84; " Transposition into Blank Verse of Wes- ley's translation of T. a Kempis," 1883- 1884; "Transposition into Blank Verse of 'Hamilton's Translation of Sacred His- tory,'" 1883-84; " Transposition into Blank Verse of the Rev. Newman Hall's ' Come to Jesus,'" 1883-84. He is likewise the author of numerous papers published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, — " Description of the Mode of Extracting Salt from the damp sandbeds of the River Jumna as practised by the Inhabitants of Bundelkhund " ; " Inscrip- tion found near Bhabra, three marches from Jeypore on the road from Delhi to Nusseerabad " ; " Description of an Instru- ment for trisecting angles " ; " Notice of an Inscription on a Slab discovered in February, 1883 " ; "Inscription taken from a Baolee at Bussuntgurh, at the foot of the Southern range of hills running parallel to Mount Aboo " ; " Observations on a second Inscription taken in facsimile from the neighbourhood of Mount Aboo" ; " De- scription with Drawings of the ancient stone pillar at Allahabad called Bhim Sen's Gadd or Club, with accompanying copies of four inscriptions engraven in different characters upon its surface." BURTON, Sir Frederic William, R.H.A., F.S.A., Hon. LL.D. Dublin, ex- Director of the National Gallery, third son of Samuel Burton, of Mungret, co. Limerick, and grandson of Edward William Burton, of Clifden House, co. Clare, was born in Ireland in 1816, and educated at Dublin, where he first studied drawing under the brothers Brocas. He was elected Associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy of Arts in 1837, and R. H. Academician in 1839, in which latter year his picture (in water colours), " The Blind Girl at the Holy Well," was chosen for publication by the Irish Art Union, and was engraved by Ryall. In the following year the picture of ' ' The Arran Fisher- man's Drowned Child "'also was engraved for the Irish Art Union. A large com- position of the same year, "The Con- naught Toilet," representing peasant girls at a stream, preparing themselves to enter the market town, was, together with the former, exhibited at the Royal Academy in London in 1842. The latter picture was afterwards destroyed by fire at the Pantechnicon, where it had been tempo- rarily deposited by its owner. From 1832 to 1851 his time was occupied in portrait painting. About 1840 he was elected member of the Royal Irish Academy of Science, Antiquities, and Belles Lettres, and for many years sat in the Council of Antiquities. In 1851 he went to Munich. There, at Nuremberg, and in various wanderings in Upper Franconia, where he found ample subjects for the pencil, about seven years were passed. In 1855 he became Associate, and in the following year full Member of the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water Colours, and continued to exhibit annually at their rooms until 1870, when he retired from BUSCH — BUSH 159 the Society. In November 1886 he was elected an Honorary Member. He ex- hibited also on various occasions at the Royal Academy and the Dudley Gallery. In 1874, Sir William Boxall having re- signed the Directorship of the National Gallery, Mr. Burton was nominated to that post, from which he retired in March 1894. He is primarily responsible for the large and very important additions to the collection which have been made during the past twenty years, and which include Leonardo da Vinci's "Virgin of the Rocks," Raphael's " Ansidei Madonna," Vandyck's " Equestrian Portrait of Charles I." (the last two from Blenheim), the "Ambassadors," by Holbein, and the ' ' Portrait of Admiral Parcja," by Velazquez (both from the Radnor collection), and the various purchases from the Hamilton and other famous sales. Since 1863 Sir F. W. Burton has been a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1884 he re- ceived the honour of knighthood, and in 1889 the hon. degree of LL.D. of Dublin. Addresses : 43 Argyll Road, W. ; and Athenseum. BUSCH, Moritz, German author and journalist, was born Feb. 13, 1821, at Dresden, and educated at the University of Leipzig. On the completion of his theological and philosophical studies he became a journalist, and was employed on the staff of various newspapers. In 1851 he visited America, and on his return in 1853 published an account of his tour. Subsequently he travelled for some years in the East, then took up journalism again, and finally, in 1870, settled in Berlin, where he obtained an appointment at the Foreign Office. From that time up to Prince Bismarck's death in July 1898, Dr. Busch was the inseparable companion and confidant of the old Chancellor, taking daily notes of his sayings, and earning for himself the title of "Bismarck's Boswell." In 1880 he published an account of the life of his hero, writing soon after a second instalment, since famous under the title of "Our Chancellor." Bismarck himself declared in 1891 that "little Busch" should some day write "a secret history of our time from good sources," and, during the short interval between his dismissal and his death, Bismarck used every oppor- tunity of informing his faithful scribe on those matters which were to be explained to an expectant world after his decease. But forty -eight hours from the death of his beloved master Dr. Busch con- tributed to the Times newspaper an im- portant article, "Bismarck and William I.," and round this essay, for a season, centred the comment of a world. It opened with an analysis of the character of the old Emperor, passed to a consideration of the constitutional struggle and the momentous Congress of Princes in 1863, and proceeded to explain " how Bismarck prepared the French War" and the tragic incident of the " Ems Despatch," concluding with the testimony of the old Emperor's gratitude when he wrote in 1872 that he returned thanks to Heaven for having placed Bismarck at his side in the decisive hour, thus giving to his reign " a fulness which exceeded all thought and comprehension." This remarkable contribution to Bismarck- lore was eclipsed in September 1898 by the issue of a three-volume work, "Bismarck : Some Secret Pages of his History," being the record of a diary kept by Dr. Moritz Busch during twenty-five years of official and private intercourse with the great Chancellor. The publication of these memoirs naturally excited considerable notice, and evoked strong expressions both of approval and disapproval. In England the volumes were welcomed, on the whole, as probably the nearest approach to an authentic revelation that the world would see, and were described by a journal, certainly not over-critical, as " one of the most remarkable, if not the most agree- able, books of the century." On the Continent, however, the work has been vigorously assailed as pedantic, inaccurate, and, indeed, scarcely appreciably valuable. This criticism may be the result of unpleasant surprises, for we in England can understand the probable correctness of the Saturday Review's remark that the diary " is a book which may well bring a blush to the cheek of every Hohenzollern who reads it." While the storm of criticism was at its height Dr. Moritz Busch was understood to have disappeared, or to have become lost to the world's eye. This unusual proceeding was either an enforced retirement owing to Imperial displeasure, or but a mere, yet timely, exercise of an instinct of self-preserva- tion. Dr. Moritz Busch was still invisible at the beginning of October 1898. BUSH, The Rev. Joseph, late Presi- dent of the Wesleyan Conference, was born March 8, 1826, in the village of Ashby, near Spilsby, Lincoln. He was educated at Spilsby Academy and Gram- mar School. In November 1840 he was apprenticed at Horncastle with Mr. Mark Holdsworth. In March 1849, on the nomination of the Rev. Joseph Fowler, he was recommended for the work of the ministry by the City Road Quarterly Meeting. After passing the May District Meeting and the July Committee he was accepted by the Conference for the Home Work, and" his name was placed on the List of Reserve. In February 1850 he 160 BUTCHER — BUTE was sent by the President, the Eev. Thomas Jackson, to the Maidstone Circuit as supply for the Eev. George Hanibly Rowe, who died a few days after Mr. Bush's arrival in the circuit. He remained at Marden until the end of August, when he was received into Richmond College. At the Conference of 1853 Mr. Bush was appointed as Mr. Rattenbury's assistant in Leeds. In 1854 he went to London (Hinde Street) ; in 1857, to Islington ; in 1860, to York ; in 1863, to Bolton ; in 1866, to Manchester ; in 1869, to Brixton Hill ; in 1872, to Newcastle-on-Tyne ; in 1875, to Edinburgh ; in 1878, to Bradford ; in 1881, to Altrincham ; and in 1884, to Highbury. He was then appointed the General Superintendent of the North- west Essex Mission. In 1871 Mr. Bush was appointed one of the Conference official Letter- writers, and held the office fifteen years — until, in 1886, he was asso- ciated with the Secretary of the Con- ference in the compiling and editing of the " Minutes." In 1872 he was elected Chairman of the Newcastle District, and has since been Chairman of the Edin- burgh and Aberdeen, the Halifax and Bradford Districts, and the First London District. In 1873, on the nomination of Dr. Gervase Smith, he was elected into the Legal Hundred, having then served twenty-one years in the ministry. From time to time Mr. Bush has used his pen in the service of Methodism. He has published the following : — " The Sabbath : Whose Day Is It?" "Bread from Heaven"; "The Class Meeting"; "Courtship and Marriage " ; " Mary Bell Hodgson : a Memorial " ; " Character, and other Sermons " ; "Methodist Sunday Schools " ; " What to Preach, and How " ; " How to Keep our Members : Practical Counsels addressed to Class Leaders " ; " The Intermediate State ; or, The Condition of Human Souls between the Hour of Death and the Day of Judgment." In addition Mr. Bush has written on various subjects for the monthly periodicals and the London Quarterly. He has also edited " The Mission of the Spirit " ; "The Pillar and Ground of the Truth"; and "The Life of the Rev. William 0. Simpson." Some years ago, by direction of the Conference, Mr. Bush re-cast the " Liverpool Minutes," and also collected and classified all resolutions of the Con- ference on Pastoral Work from 1811 to 1884, interweaving and embodying the whole in one homogeneous document. This pamphlet is the " Methodist Manual of Pastoral Duty." BUTCHER, Professor Samuel Henry, M.A., Hon. LL.D. (Glasgow), Hon, Litt. D. (Dublin, on the occasion of the Tercentenary celebration of that Uni- versity), J.P. for co. Kerry, is the eldest son of the late Samuel Butcher, Bishop of Meath, and of Mary, daughter of the late John Leahy, Esq., of Southhill, Killarney ; was born in Dublin, April 16, 1850, and educated at Marlborough College, under Dr. Bradley, now Dean of Westminster. He was elected to a Minor Scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1869 ; to a Foundation Scholarship in that college, and to the Bell University Scholarship, in 1870 ; to the Waddington University Scholarship in 1871 ; and obtained the Powis Medal for Latin Hexameters in 1871 and 1872. He was Senior Classic and Chancellor's Medallist in 1873, and held a Mastership at Eton College for a short time. He was elected to a Fellow- ship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1874, and held an Assistant Tutorship there till 1876. Having vacated his Fellow- ship at Cambridge by marriage, he was elected to an Extraordinary Fellowship, without examination, at University College, Oxford, where he was Lecturer till 1882, when he was elected to the Chair of Greek at Edinburgh University, on the retire- ment of Professor Blackie. He published in 1879, in conjunction with Mr. Andrew Lang, a prose translation of the " Odyssey," now in its tenth edition ; in 1881 a small volume on "Demosthenes," in Mac- millan's Classical Series; in 1891 "Some Aspects of the Greek Genius " (Macmillan and Co.), now in a second edition ; in 1895 "Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, with a Critical Text and Translation of the Poetics," a second edition of which appeared in 1898. In March 1886 he was elected a member of the Athenseum Club, without ballot, by the committee. In 1889 he was appointed a Member of the Scottish Universities Commission. Since 1889 he has been one of the representatives of the Edinburgh Senatus Academicus on the University Court of Edinburgh University. Since 1886 he has vigorously supported the Unionist cause by speaking and writ- ing. He is brother of J. G. Butcher, Q.C., M.P., and in 1876 married Rose Julia, youngest daughter of the late Archbishop Trench. Addresses : 27 Palmerston Place, Edinburgh; and Athenasum. BUTE, Marquis of, John Patrick Crichton Stuart, K.T., LL.D., is the son of the 2nd Marquis, and was born at Mount Stuart House, in the isle of Bute, Sept. 12, 1847, succeeded to the title on the death of his father in 1848, and received his education at Harrow School, whence he proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford. He was admitted into the Roman Catholic Church by Monsignor Capel, in London, on Dec. 1, 1868. He was created a Knight BUTLER 161 of the Order of the Thistle in February 1875, and is Lord-Lieutenant of the county of Bute. The honorary degree of LL.D. has been conferred upon him by the Uni- versities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, and St. Andrews. He presented the Great Hall to the buildings of the former. Lord Bute has published " The Roman Breviary, trans- lated out of Latin into English"; "The Coptic Morning Service for the Lord's Day, translated into English"; Bikelas' " Essays upon Christian Greece"; "The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of Scotland," as well as lectures and essays, mostly upon Scottish and Continental sub- jects. These include a description of some Christian monuments of Athens and of a personal visit to Patmos. The Marquis of Bute has also written on the language of the aborigines of Teneriffe, ' ' The Altus of St. Colum ba," &c. He was elected Mayor of Cardiff in 1891 (being the first Peer chosen for such an office since the Reform Bill), and Provost of Rothesay in 1896 ; and Lord Rector of St. Andrews University in 1892, and again in 1895. His lordship married in 1872 the Hon. Gwendoline Mary Anne, eldest daughter of Lord Howard of Glossop, and has issue, living, three sons and a daughter. Addresses : St. John's Lodge, Regent's Park ; Cardiff Castle, &c. ; and Athenaeum. BUTLER, Lady Elizabeth Souther- den, daughter of the late Mr. Thomas J. Thompson, by Christiana, daughter of Mr. T. E. Weller, was born at Lausanne, in Switzerland. Her parents removed to Prestbury, near Cheltenham, where, at the age of five years, Miss Thompson first began to handle the pencil. After two or three years' sojourn at Prestbury, Mr. and Mrs. Thompson went to live in Italy, and the young artist continued her studies at Florence. In 1870 the family returned to England, and took up their abode at Ventnor, where they remained till the great success of Miss Thompson's picture of the "Roll Call" made a removal to London desirable. At one period she studied in the Government 'School of Art, Kensington. For some years she exhibited at the Dudley and other galleries. Her first picture at the Royal Academy was "Missing," 1873. It was followed in 1874 by the "Roll Call," a picture, which at- tracted universal attention, and which was purchased by the Queen. "The 28th Regiment at Quatre Bras " was exhibited at the Academy in 1875 ; " Balaclava," in Bond Street, in 1876; and "Inkerman," in Bond Street, in 1877. In later years she has painted: '"Listed for the Connaught Rangers," "The Remnants of an Army," 1879 ; " The Defence of Rorke's Drift," 1881 ; " Floreat Etona 1 " 1882, an incident in the attack on Laing's Nek ; a picture represent- ing the famous charge of the Scots Greys at Waterloo, 1882; "Tel-el-Kebir," 1885; "To the Front," 1889; "Evicted," 1890; "The Camel Corps," 1894; "Halt on a Forced March," "The Dawn of Water- loo," 1895; and "Steady, the Drums and Fifes," 1897. Miss Thompson became the wife of Major-General Sir William Francis Butler, K.C.B., June 11, 1877. Ad- dresses : Cape Town ; Monavoe, Delgany, Ireland. BUTLER, The Very Rev. Henry Montagu, D.D., LL.D. (Glasgow), late Dean of Gloucester, Master of Trinity, Camb., and ex -Vice -Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, is the fourth and youngest son of the late Rev. George Butler, D.D., Head Master of Harrow, and afterwards Dean of Peterborough, and was born July 2, 1833, and educated at Harrow, under Dr. Vaughan, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was elected Bell University Scholar in 1852, and Battie University Scholar in 1853. In 1853 he won Sir W. Browne's medal for the Greek ode, and in 1854 the Porson Prize for the Greek ode, the Camden medal for Latin hexameters, and the Members' Prize for a Latin essay. In 1855 he graduated B.A. as Senior Classic, and in the same year was elected Fellow of his college. On the retirement of Dr. Vaughan, at Christmas 1859, he was elected to the head-mastership of the school, over which his father had presided for twenty-four years, from 1805 to 1829. He held this post until 1885, when he was appointed Dean of Gloucester. In 1886 he resigned the Deanery, being nominated by the Crown Master of Trinity College, Cam- bridge, in succession to the late Dr. Hep- worth Thompson. He was Vice-Chancellor of the University in 1889 and 1890. He was Honorary Chaplain to the Queen, 1875- 1877; Chaplain-in-Ordinary, 1877; Preben- dary of St. Paul's and Examining Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Tait, 1879, and to his successor, Archbishop Benson, 1883. He has been several times Select Preacher at the Universities of Ox- ford and Cambridge ; and he published in 1861 and in 1866 volumes of " Sermons preached in the Chapel of Harrow School." He is brother of Canon Butler, and was married in August 1888 to Miss Ramsay of Girton College, who distinguished her- self by taking the first place in the Cam- bridge Classical Tripos in 1887. Address : Trinity Lodge, Cambridge. BUTLER, Major-General Sir Wil- liam Francis, K.C.B., A.D.C. to the Queen, was born in the county of Tipper- ary, Ireland, in 1838, and educated at L 162 BUTLIN — BUXTON Dublin. He was appointed Ensign of the 69th Regiment, Sept. 17, 1858; Lieu- tenant, November 1863; Captain, 1872; Major, 1874 ; and Deputy-Adjutant-Quar- termaster - General, Headquarter Staff, 1876. Major Butler served on the Red River Expedition ; was sent on a special mission to the Saskatchewan Territories in 1870-71 ; and served on the Ashanti Expedition in 1873, in command of the West Akim native forces. He was several times mentioned in despatches of Sir Garnet Wolseley, and in the House of Lords by the Field-Marshal Commanding- in-Chief. He was appointed a Companion of the Bath in 1874. In February 1879 he was despatched to Natal to assume the responsible post of Staff Officer at the port of disembarkation. In the subse- quent expeditions under Lord Wolseley, Major-General Butler has generally held an important post, and especially in the Soudan Expedition. On the return of the forces he was left behind in command of the British advanced posts. He was Colonel on the Staff in Egypt from 1890 to 1892, and Brigadier-General in Egypt from December 1892 to November 1893, when he was appointed Major-General at Aldershot. He till lately held the South - Eastern District command, with headquarters at Dover, and was appointed to the command of the troops at the Cape in 1898. General Butler is the author of " The Great Lone Land," 1872; "The Wild North Land," 1873; "Akimfoo," 1875; and "Far Out: Rov- ings Retold," 1880; "Red Cloud, the Solitary Sioux," 1882 ; " The Campaign of the Cataracts," 1887 ; "Charles George Gordon," 1889; "Sir Charles Napier," 1891. He was married June 11, 1877, at the church of the Servite Fathers, Ful- ham Road, London, to Miss Elizabeth Thompson, the painter. Address : Cape Town. BUTLIN, Henry Trentham, born at Camborne, Cornwall, son of the Rev. W. W. Butlin, was educated at home and at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England; D.C. L. (hon. causd) of the University of Durham ; and Sur- geon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. During the year 1896-97 he was President of the Pathological Society of London, of the Laryngological Society, and of the Metropolitan Branch of the British Medi- cal Association, and was for six years Treasurer of the British Medical Associa- tion. He is now a Member of the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng- land. As Erasmus Wilson Professor of Pathology, and later Professor of Patho- logy and Surgery to the College of Sur- geons, he delivered a series of lectures on malignant disease ; and he has published several works on malignant disease and on the operative surgery of the same. Address : 82 Harley Street, W. BUTTERFIELD, "William, F.S.A., architect, was born Sept. 7, 1814. He early devoted himself to a study of the various periods of Gothic architecture, and consequently found himself in warm sympathy and intercourse with the Cam- bridge Camden Society, which was just then coming into existence, and which played an important part in the revival of Gothic architecture. He has in his prac- tice introduced various colours to a large extent into ecclesiastical and domestic buildings by the help of brick, stone, marble, and mosaic combined ; and .he has made great use of tiles which have figures and subjects painted upon them, and which are afterwards fired. Amongst the buildings designed by him are : St. Augustine's College, Canterbury ; the entire buildings of Keble College, Ox- ford ; Balliol College Chapel, Oxford ; St. Michael's Hospital, Axbridge ; the County Hospital, Winchester ; the School Build- ings at Winchester College ; the Grammar School, Exeter ; the Chapel, Quadrangle, and many other large buildings at Rugby School ; the rebuilding of Rugby Parish Church ; Heath's Court, Ottery St. Mary ; the Guards' Chapel, Caterham Barracks; All Saints, Margaret Street, London ; St. Alban's, Holborn ; St. Augustine's, Queen's Gate ; Gordon Boys' Home Buildings, near Bagshot ; St. Thomas, Leeds ; togetherwith a large number of other new churches, such as St. Mary Magdalene's Church and tlie Vicarage at Enfield ; and old build- ings and churches restored, as St. Cross, Church and Hospital Buildings, near Win- chester ; St. Mary's Church in Dover Castle, and the Parish Church, Totten- ham. He has also added the new buildings to Merton College, Oxford, and has restored its chapel. St. Augustine's new Church, Bournemouth ; Parish Church, Barnet ; Chapel and other works at Fulham Palace; Ardleigh Church, Essex ; Chapel and Do- mestic Buildings at Ascot Priory are fur- ther instances of his method and style. Addresses : 42 Bedford Square, W.C. ; and Athenaeum. BUXTON, Sydney, M.P., was bom in 1853, and is the grandson of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, and the son of Charles Buxton, M.P., and of Emily, daughter of Sir Henry Holland the physician. He was educated at Clifton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a Member of the London School Board from 1876 to 1881. In 1880 he unsuccessfully con- BUXTON — BYE 163 tested Boston at the General Election, was returned for Peterborough in 1883, and defeated in 1885. In 1886 he stood for Croydon at a bye-election, but was not re- turned. In the same year he was elected for Poplar, and re-elected in 1892 and again in 1895. In 1892 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. In 1882-84 Mr. Sydney Buxton acted as Hon. Secretary of Mr. Tuke's Irish Emi- gration Fund, and was instrumental in emigrating some 10,000 persons, in fami- lies, from the congested districts of Ire- land. In 1889 he, with the late Cardinal Manning and the Lord Mayor, constituted the "Mansion House Committee of Con- ciliation," which helped to bring the great dock strike of the year to a satisfactory conclusion. From 188G to 18S9 he was a Member of the Royal Commission on Elementary Education. In 1891 he moved the "Fair Wages Resolution" in the House of Commons, and in the same year was successful in raising the age of " half- timers" from ten to eleven. He is the author of a " Handbook to Political Ques- tions," 1880 (now in its ninth edition) ; "A Political Manual"; "Finance and Poli- tics : an Historical Study, 1796-1884," 1889; a "Handbook to Death Duties," 1890 ; besides numerous pamphlets and articles on political and financial subjects. In 1882 Mr. Sydney Buxton married Con- stance, daughter of Sir John Lubbock. She died in 1892. In 1896 he married Mildred, daughter of Hugh Colin Smith. Addresses: 15 Eaton Place, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. BUXTON, Sir Thomas Fowell, Bart., G.C.M.G., son of the late Sir Edward North Buxton, M.P., and grandson of the well-known philanthropist, was born Jan. 26, 1837, and succeeded his father as 3rd baronet in 1858. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, and sat in the House of Commons as Liberal Member for King's Lynn from 1865 to 1868. He acted as High Sheriff of Norfolk in 1876, and was Colonel of the 2nd Tower Hamlet Volunteers from 1864 to 1883. In April 1895 Sir Thomas Buxton was appointed Governor of South Australia. He has retired from this Go- vernorship. He has made himself conspi- cuous as a philanthropist, is of Evangelical principles ; and was married in 1862 to Victoria, daughter of the 1st Earl of Gainsborough. Addresses : 14 Grosvenor Crescent, S.W. ; and Warlies, Waltham Abbey. BUZZARD, Thomas, M.D., was born in London, and was educated at King's College, London, at first in the School, and later in the Medical Department of the College. M.R.C.S. 1854, graduated M.B. in the University of London 1857, and M.D. 1860 ; University Medical Scholar and gold medallist ; Fellow of King's College, London ; M.R.C.P. London 1867, and F.R.C.P. 1873 ; Physician to the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, Bloomsbury. Dr. Buzzard was President of the Harveian Society of London in 1889 ; President of the Neurological Society of London in 1890 ; President of the Clinical Society of London in 1895-96. He is Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London ; Member of the Pathological, Clinical, and Ophthalmological Societies ; and author of several works on the subject of Neurology, besides numerous contribu- tions to medical and other journals. Dr. Buzzard was attached to the Headquarters of H.H. Omer Pasha in the Crimean Cam- paign in 1855-56. He was present at the siege of Sebastopol ; with the second ex- pedition to Kertch : and at the battle of the Tctrernaia. After the fall of Sebastopol he accompanied the army of Omer Pasha to the Caucasus in its winter campaign, and took part in the establishment and conduct of a base hospital for Turkish troops at Trebi- zonde, in Asia Minor. Address : 74 Gros- venor Street, W. BYLES, William Pollard, the son of William Byles, founder of the Brad- ford Observer, was born Feb. 13, 1839, and was educated privately. He represented the Shipley Division of Yorkshire in the House of Commons from 1892 to 1895, and has very decided opinions as a Radical and a Social Reformer. He is now pro- prietor of the paper which his father founded, viz., the Bradford Observer, Ad- dress : Oakfield, Bradford. BYE, Robert. See Bayer, Karl Em- meeich Robert. BYRNE, The Hon. Mr. Justice (Sir Edmund Widdrington Byrne), the eldest son of Edmund Byrne, solicitor, Westminster, was born at Islington, June 30, 1844, and was educated at King's College, London. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1867, was appointed a Q.C. in 1888, was elected a Member of the Bar Committee in 1891, and a Bencher in 1892. He represented the Walthamstow Division of Essex in the House of Com- mons from 1892 to 1897, and in the latter year he was appointed a Judge of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice. He was married in 1874 to Henrietta, daughter of the late James Gulland of Newton-Wemyss, Fife. Ad- dress : 33 Lancaster Gate, W. 164 CABLE — CAFFYN CABLE, George Washington, novel- ist, son of George W. Cable, of Virginia, was born in New Orleans on Oct. 12, 1844, where he resided almost uninterruptedly until 1884, when he removed to New Eng- land. His present residence is in North- ampton, Massachusetts. At the age of fourteen his father died, leaving his family in such reduced circumstances as to compel his son to leave school in order to aid in the support of his mother and siste s. From that time until 1863 he was usually employed as a clerk. In that year he entered the Confederate armj*, where he remained until the close of the Civil War. Returning to New Orleans, he made such a living as he could — at first as an errand boy (though he was nearly twenty-one years of age), then in book-keeping, and finally secured a position in a prominent house of cotton factors, which he left in 1879 to devote himself exclusively to litera- ture. His first literary work was in the form of contributions to the New Orleans Picayune, under the signature of " Drop- Shot." His work, however, did not attract any very general attention until his Creole sketches appeared in Scribner's Monthly, now The Century Magazine. These were published in book form in 1879, under the title of "Old Creole Days." They were followed by "The Grandissimes," 1880; "Madame Delphine." 1881 ; " The Creoles of Louisiana," 1884 ; " Dr. Sevier," 1884 ; "The Silent South," 1885; "Bonaventure," 1887; "Strange True Stories of Louisiana," 1889; "The Negro Question," 1890; and " John March, Southerner," 1894. In these Mr. Cable has shown such a mastery of the Louisiana dialect and such an insight into the Creole character as to give him a prominent place among American writers ; and the public readings from his works which he has given during the past few years in Northern cities have been very largely attended. Although writing addi- tional essays from time to time, and a few short stories, he has devoted his later years almost entirely to the platform and to the establishment of charitable societies, not- ably the Home Culture Clubs for the edu- cational benefit of the working poor. Address : Tarrya while, Northampton, Massachusetts. CADGE, William, F.R.C.S., received his medical education at University College Hospital, London, where he was at one time Assistant-Surgeon and Demonstrator in Anatomy. He was formerly Member of Council of the Royal College of Surgeons, England ; is Fellow of the Royal Medical Chirurgical Society, and Consulting Sur- geon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, to which he has given two donations, the first being anonymous, of £10,000 each. As Hunterian Professor of Surgery and Pathology he lectured at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1886 on the surgical treat- ment of stone, and contributed to Mor- ton's "Surgical Anatomy" the "Surgical Anatomy of the Head and Neck and other limbs," and to the Lancet of 1847 a brief account of the last illness and autopsy of Liston. In 1874 he delivered an address on Surgery to the British Medical Associa- tion. Address : 49 St. Giles's Street, Norwich. CADOGAN, Earl, The Eight Hon. George Henry Cadogan, K.G., J.P., Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, eldest son of the 4th Earl, was born at Durham on May 12, 1840. He succeeded to the title on the death of his father in 1873, having been for a few months previously M.P. for Bath. He was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary for War in May 1875 ; and Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in March 1878, in succession to Mr. J. Lowther, who had been advanced to the post of Chief Secretary for Ireland. He went out of office with the Conserva- tive party in April 1880. In Lord Salis- bury's second administration, 1886, he was appointed Lord Privy Seal, without a seat in the Cabinet, but he joined the Cabinet in 1887, and was appointed Chairman of Grand Committees in 1889. In Lord Salisbury's third administration he was appointed Lord - Lieutenant of Ireland, with a seat in the Cabinet, 1895. He is a Hereditary Trustee of the British Museum. He married in 1873 Beatrix, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Craven, M.P. for Bath. Addresses : Viceregal Lodge, Dublin ; Chelsea House, Cadogan Place, S.W. ; Culford Hall, Bury. CAFFYN, Kathleen Mannington, ("Iota"), widow of the late Mr. Manning- ton Caffyn, was born at Waterloo House, co. Tipperary, and is the daughter of William Hunt and Louisa Going. The future novelist was educated under English and German governesses, and then went through a short course of training at St. Thomas's Hospital preparatory to becoming a nurse under the National and Metro- politan Nursing Association. Shortly after entering on this career she married Mr. Mannington Caffyn, a surgeon and writer of some repute, his novel, " Miss Milne and I," having been one of the notable books of its time. He died when, shortly after their marriage, they had gone out to Sydney. Mrs. Mannington Caffyn began CAILLARD — CAINE 165 her literary career during her early widow- hood in the Colonies. At first she contri- buted to the papers, and in 1894 sprang into sudden fame by her " Yellow Aster," which proved a sensational example of the problem novel at a time when " The Heavenly Twins " had made that style of writing momentarily popular and import- ant. Her subsequent works have been : " Children of Circumstances," 1894 ; " A Comedy of Spasms," 1895 ; and " A Quaker Grandmother," 1896. Address : 6 Cedar Gardens, Putney, S.W. CAILLARD, Sir Vincent Henry Penalver, was born on Oct. 23, 1856, and is the son of Judge Caillard and Emma Louisa Reynolds, first cousin once removed to the late Lord Beaconsfield. He was educated at Eton and at the Royal Mili- tary Academy, Woolwich, where he was Pollock Gold Medallist, and obtained a commission in the Royal Engineers in 1875. Early in 1879 he was appointed to assist the English Commissioner on the Montenegro Frontier Commission ; in the October of that year he was on the Arab Tabia Commission. In 1880 he rejoined the Montenegrin Commission, and in July was sent on a special political mission to Epirus in behalf of the Report to the Berlin Congress. At the naval demonstra- tion at Dulcigno in September he was specially attached to Sir Beauchamp Sey- mour; in 1882 he was in the service of the Intelligence Department, and in the August of that year he was attached to the Headquarter Staff during the Egyptian campaign. He had thus gained a very wide and varied experience of Levantine affairs when, in October 1883, he was ap- pointed President of the Ottoman Public Debt Council. He has held this arduous post for more than fourteen years, and has also been Financial Representative of England, Holland, and Belgium in Con- stantinople. In April 1898 it was an- nounced that he was about to relinquish his post as Administrator of the Public Debt, in order to take up his residence in London, at the instance of certain leading financiers who desire the advantage of his experience in the matter of financial organisation and administration. He has various orders, including the Medal and Bronze Star, Egyptian campaign, 1882 ; Grand Cordon of the Medjidieh ; Grand Cordon of Ordre pour le Merite Civile, &c. He married in 1886 Eliza Frances, sister of Sir John Hanham, Bart. Club: St. James's. CAINE, Thomas Henry Hall, novel- ist and dramatist, was born in 1853. He began life as an architect, but at an early period turned his attention to literature. He lived with Dante Rossetti in London during the trying twelve months pre- ceding that poet's death in 1882, and published " Recollections of Rossetti " in the same year. He published " Sonnets of Three Centuries" in 1882; "Cobwebs of Criticism," 1883. Then he began his career as a novelist, publishing "The Shadow of a Crime " in 1885 ; " A Son of Hagar" in 1887; also "The Deemster," 1887, which was dramatised under the title of "Ben-my-Chree," 1888. In 1890 he published "The Bondman"; "The Scapegoat," 1891 ; "The Manxman," 1894 (twice dramatised under the same name, 1894 and 1895) ; and " The Christian," 1897. The last mentioned provoked much contro- versy, and passed through a first edition of 50,000 copies within a month. Mr. Hall Caine was principal agent in the abolition of the English three-volume novel. In 1895 he went to Canada as the ambassa- dor of the Society of Authors to protest against the proposed Canadian copyright legislation. He framed a compromise, which was accepted by the interested parties and, with modifications, by the Dominion Government and the Colonial Office as a basis of fresh legislation. His permanent address is Greeba Castle, Isle of Man. CAINE, "William Sproston, J.P., was born at Seacombe, Cheshire, March 26, 1842, and is the son of Nathaniel Caine, J.P. for Lancashire and Liverpool, a Liver- pool merchant. He was educated privately by the Rev. Richard Wall, M. A. ; married in 1868 to Alice, daughter of Rev. Hugh Stowel Brown, of Liverpool. In 1873 he contested Liverpool in the Liberal interest at a bye-election, and afterwards at the General Election in 1874, both times un- successfully. In 1880 he was returned for Scarborough, and again in 1884 on his ap- pointment to the office of Civil Lord of the Admiralty in Mr. Gladstone's administra- tion of 1880-85. In 1885 he consented to contest the county of Middlesex at the following General Election, and on the passing of the Redistribution Act stood for the Tottenham division of that county in 1885 without success. At a bye-election in April 1886 he was returned for Barrow- in-Furness by a large majority, and was again returned at the General Election. In 1892 he was elected for the Eastern Division of Bradford, and was defeated for the same constituency in 1895. He is a J.P. for the North Riding of York- shire and the county of London, and is largely engaged in the iron trade of Cum- berland. He was Chairman of a Special Commission for the reorganisation of the Metropolitan Constituencies in the Liberal interest, and is now a Member of the Royal Commission on Indian Expenditure and 166 CA1KD — CALVE the Koyal Commission on the Licensing Laws. Mr. Caine separated from Mr. Gladstone on the Home Rule question, and has been one of the whips of the Liberal Unionist party, but rejoined the Liberal party in 1890, accepting Mr. Glad- stone's amended scheme for the govern- ment of Ireland. He is an active leader in the Temperance Reformation, and is Presi- dent of the British Temperance League and the National Temperance Federation, and is a Director of the United Kingdom Temperance and Provident Institution. He is the author of "A Trip Round the World in 1887-88" ; " Hugh Stowell Brown: a Memorial Volume," 1888 ; " Picturesque India," 1890; and "Young India," 1891. Address : North Side, Clapham Common, S.W. CAIRD, Edward, M.A., Hon. D.C.L., Master of Balliol, was educated at Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford, of which he was a Snell Exhibitioner. In 1861 he was Pusey and Ellerton Scholar, took a first class in Classical Moderations in 1862, and a first class in Literas Hu- maniores in 1863. He was subsequently elected to a Fellowship at Merton College, where he was for two years a tutor until appointed to the Chair of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow. On the death of Dr. Jowett he was elected Master of Balliol (Nov. 14, 1893). He has published the follow- ing works : " The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant," 2 vols.; "The Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte " ; " The Evolution of Religion," 2 vols, (being the Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews, 1891-92), 1893; "Hegel," in Blackwood's Philo- sophical Classics; "Essays in Religion and Philosophy," 1892. Address: Balliol College, Oxford. CAIRD, Mrs. Mona, authoress, only daughter of John Alison, inventor of the vertical boiler, was born at Ryde, in the Isle of Wight. Her first acknowledged work was "Whom Nature Leadeth." This was followed in 1887 by "One that Wins," and in the spring of 1889 by " The Wing of Azrael." In the Westminster Review for August and November 1888 Mrs. Mona Caird wrote articles on " Marriage " and " Ideal Marriage," which led to a volumi- nous correspondence in the Daily Telegraph, entitled "Is Marriage a Failure?" She afterwards contributed to the Fortnightly an article entitled " The Morality of Mar- riage," which was a reply to Mrs. Lynn Linton's attack on the " Wild Woman " in the Nineteenth Century. Other works from her pen are: "A Romance of the Moors," 1891 ; "The Yellow Drawing-Room and other Short Stories," " The Daughters of Danaus," 1894; "A Sentimental View of Vivisection," "Beyond the Pale," 1896; " The Morality of Marriage," 1897. Club : Pioneer. CALLENDAR, Professor Hugh Longbourne, F.R.S., F.R.S.C, LL.D., son of the Rev. Hugh Callendar, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Magdalene College, Cambridge, who died in 1867, was born on April 18, 1863, at Hatherop, Gloucester- shire. He was educated at Marlborough College, of which he was head boy in 1880-82. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in Sept. 1882, and was elected Mayor Scholar in December of the same year, and Bell University Scholar in Feb. 1883. He was in the first class in Classics in 1884, was 14th Wrangler in 1885, and was elected to a College Fellowship in Natural Science in 1886. He became a University Extension Lecturer in 1892, Professor of Physics at the Royal Hollo- way College in 1893, and M'Donald Pro- fessor of Physics at M'Gill University, Montreal, in Oct. 1893. In 1897 he was appointed Professor of Physics at Uni- versity College, London. In June 1894, he was elected F.R.S., and was made LL.D. in 1898. He has written various papers on subjects connected with the measure- ment of temperature, the most important of which have appeared in the Phil. Trans. A, 1887, and A, 1891. He has also devised a system of shorthand, published by the Cambridge University Press under the titles of "Phonetic Cursive," 1889, and "Orthographic Cursive," 1891. Address: University College, Gower Street, W.C. CALVE, Madame Emma, operatic singer, was born in France in 1866, her father being a civil engineer. She took her first lessons from M. Laborde, and subsequently with Madame Marchesi, and made her debut at the Theatre de laMonnaie, Brussels, 1882, in Gounod's "Faust." She played in Paris in 1884 at the Theltre Italien, with MM. Maurel and Edouard de Reszke, in "Aben Hamet," and then at the Ope'ra Comique, where she sang in the following roles : The Countess in Mozart's " Nozze di Figaro " ; the heroine of Felicien David's "Lalla Rookh;" and Pamina in Mozart's "II Flauto Magico"; and after- wards made a tour in Italy, visiting Milan, Rome, Naples, and Florence, including in her repertoire Ophelia in Ambroise Thomas's "Hamlet," and Leila in Bizet's " Pecheurs des Perles." She appeared at Covent Garden in 1892 as Santuzza in "Cavalleria Rusticana," and in "L'Amico Fritz," the leading soprana part in which she had created at the Costanza Theatre, Rome, in October 1891. She sang in both at Windsor Castle by command of the Queen in July 1893. She visits Covent CAMBON — CAMERON 167 Garden annually in the season. Her Paris address is 1 Rue Dumont d'Urville. C AMBON, Pierre Paul, French diplo- matist, was born on Jan. 20, 1843, and his first appointment was that of Secretary of the Alpes-Maritimes Department in April 1871. In 1872 he was promoted to be Preset of the Aube, and ne has held the same post in the Departments of the Doubs and Nord. In 1882 he beoame Resident in Tunis, and distinguished himself for his organising activity in the new French Pro- tectorate — law, finance, and public works being entirely reconstituted. In this work he came into conflict with General Bou- langer, the military governor, and although he was supported by the government then in power, he had to resign when Boulanger was appointed Minister of War. In 1886 he was appointed Ambassador at Madrid, whence he succeeded the Count de Mon- tebello at Constantinople in 1890. Here he distinguished himself in the delibera- tions following on the Grasco-Turkish War. In September 1898 he was appointed Am- bassador at the Court of St. James' in succession to the Baron de Courcel (q.v.). His younger brother, Jules Martin, born 1845, after being Governor - General of Algeria, was appointed Ambassador at Washington, where he was the interme- diary between Spain and the United States after the Cuban War in August 1898. M. Paul Cambon is a Grand Officier of] the Legion of Honour ; and his Paris address is 15 Rue de Milan. CAMBRAY-DIGNY, Louis Guil- laume, Contl di, Italian statesman, was born at Florence Aug. 8, 1820, and is the son of Conti Louis di Cambray-Digny, who rose from cobbler to be the chief minister of Ferdinand III., Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was educated at Pisa, and at the age of twenty-two returned to Florence, where he became one of the counsellors of the Grand Duke Leopold II., and advised him, even up to the last moment, to grant concessions to the people and renounce his Austrian alliance. In 1859 the Grand Duke was compelled to fly, and Tuscany joined Piedmont. The Count was thereupon elected deputy for Tuscany in the new Parliament. In 1865 he presided at the sexcentenary celebration of Dante's birth, and delivered an oration before his monument. In 1867 he became Minister of Finance of the kingdom of Italy, and found a deficit of 900,000,000 lire. He proposed to meet this by a tax on corn-grinding, which was very unpopu- lar, but was accepted out of necessity. He also brought forward a bill for bring- ing the manufacture of tobacco under the administration of the State, which, after violent opposition, passed in August 1868. His Ministry fell in November 1869 on a minor point, and he has since lived in retirement. CAMBRIDGE, Duke of, the Bight Hon. Field-Marshal H.R.H. George William Frederick Charles, K.G., K.P., G.C.M.G., G.C.H., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., son of Adolphus Frederick, the 1st Duke, grand- son of King George III., and first cousin to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, was born at Hanover, March 26, 1819, and succeeded his father July 8, 1850. He became a Colonel in the army Nov. 3, 1837, was advanced to the rank of Major-General in 1854, when he was appointed to command the two brigades of Highlanders and Guards, united to form the first division of the army sent in aid of Turkey against the Emperor of Russia ; and was promoted to the rank of General in 1856. In 1861 he was appointed Colonel of the Royal Artil- lery and Royal Engineers, and was pro- moted to the rank of Field-Marshal Nov. 9, 1862. His Royal Highness has been successively Colonel of the 17th Light Dragoons, of the Scots Fusilier Guards, and in succession to the late Prince Consort, of the Grenadier Guards. At the battle of the Alma his Royal Highness led his division into action in a manner that won the confidence of his men and the respect of the veteran officers with whom he served. At Inkerman he was actively engaged, and had a horse shot under him. Shortly after this, in consequence of impaired health, he was ordered by the medical authorities to Pera for change of air, and after staying there some time proceeded to Malta ; whence, his health still failing, he was directed to return to England. At a later period his Royal Highness gave the result of his camp experience in evidence before the Committee of the House of Commons appointed to investigate the manner in which the war had been con- ducted. On the resignation of Viscount Hardinge in 1856 the Duke of Cambridge was appointed to succeed as Commander- in-Chief, and continued to hold that post till the autumn of 1895, the appointment being perpetuated by Letters Patent in 1887. In 1895 the new scheme of Army Reform led to the Duke's retirement. His mother, the Duchess of Cambridge, died April 6, 1889, at the advanced age of ninety-two. He is Ranger of Hyde Park and Richmond Park. CAMERON, Sir Charles, Bart., M.P. (Glasgow, Bridgeton Division), son of the late John Cameron, newspaper pro- prietor, of Glasgow and Dublin, by his marriage with Miss Galloway, was born at Dublin in 1841. He married in 1869 168 CAMERON Frances Caroline, youngest daughter of the late J. W. Macauley, M.D. He was educated at Madras College, St. Andrews, and at Trinity College, Dublin. He studied medicine at Dublin University School, and was gold medallist of the Pathological Society, Dublin. He graduated B.A. as First Senior Moderator, and gold medallist in Experimental and Natural Sciences in 1862, and took the first place in examina- tions for degrees of M.B. and Master in Surgery. He also studied at the medical Bchools of Paris, Berlin, and Vienna ; pro- ceeded to the degrees of M.D. and M.A. in 1865 ; and in 1871 took out those of LL.B. and LL.D. He edited the North British Daily Mail newspaper from 1864 to 1874. He served as a member for the City of Glasgow in the Parliaments of 1874 and 1880, and on the subdivision of the con- stituency sat for the College Division of Glasgow in the three succeeding Parlia- ments until 1895, when he was defeated. He was elected member for the Bridgeton Division of Glasgow on the retirement of Sir George Trevelyan in 1897. He was President of the Health Section, Social Science Congress, in 1881, and of the Public Medicine Section, British Medical Association Congress, in 1884. He was created a baronet in 1893, and D.L. of Glasgow in 1894. In 1876 he succeeded in carrying the Publicans' Certificate (Scot- land) Act, a measure which conferred on the popularly elected magistrates of Scot- tish burghs the power of refusing new liquor licenses. To him, too, are due the introduction of the Inebriates Acts, the abolition of imprisonment for debt in Scotland in 1880, an amendment of the Scottish Marriage Laws, 1878, and the re- solution to the effect that the minimum charge for inland telegrams should be reduced from a shilling, at which it then stood, to sixpence, the carriage of which in the House of Commons in 1883 led to the introduction of the present system of sixpenny telegrams. Sir C. Cameron served in 1894 as Chairman of a Depart- mental Committee appointed by the Pre- sident of the Board of Agriculture to report on the coastwise transit of cattle. In 1894-95 he was Chairman of a Depart- mental Committee appointed by the Sec- retary for Scotland to inquire into the alleged increase of habitual offenders, vagrants, and inebriates in Scotland, and the best manner of dealing with it ; and in 1896 he was appointed a Member of Lord Peel's Royal Commission on the Liquor Licensing Laws. Address: Bal- clutha, Greenock. CAMERON, Professor Sir Charles Alexander, C.B. (1898), M.D., R.U.I., F.R.S.C.I., M.K. and Q.C.P.I., D.P.H., and ex-Examiner, Cambridge University, A.H. (Aoti. causd), D.P.H., R.C.S.I. (hon. causd), was born in Dublin on July 16, 1830. His father, Captain Ewen Cameron, was grand- son of the unfortunate Archibald Cameron, younger brother of "Lochiel," who was executed for taking part in the Jacobite rising in 1745. Sir Charles's mother was Belinda Smith, a county Cavan lady. Sir Charles was educated at schools in Dublin and Guernsey. He studied medical and chemical science in Dublin and Germany, graduating as Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Philosophy in 1856. At first he devoted much attention to agricultural chemistry. In 1867 he read a paper before the British Association detailing experi- ments which proved that urea could be assimilated by plants, and that all the nitrogen which they required could be taken from it. In 1862 he contributed a series of papers to the Cliemical News on "The Inorganic Constituents of Plants." In 1862 he was elected Public Analyst for the city of Dublin, and was the only analyst in the United Kingdom who suc- ceeded in applying the provisions of the first and very defective Adulteration of Food Act of 1860. He next turned his attention to sanitary science, and in 1867 was elected Professor of Hygiene or Poli- tical Medicine in the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. He was for some years Lecturer on Chemistry and Physics in two medical schools — Steevens Hospital Medical College, and Ledwich School of Medicine. Sir Charles's public lectures on Hygiene, open to ladies, were numerously attended. He is an Hon Member and Professor of Chemistry and ex-Professor of Anatomy to the Royal Hibernian Aca- demy of the Fine Arts, &c, Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology in the Albert (Government) Model Farm, Glasnevin, and he is Public Analyst for the greater number of Irish counties and boroughs, as well as Consultant to nearly all the Public Departments. He holds the Professorships of Chemistry and Hygiene in the College of Surgeons, and he has the entire control of the Public Health Department of the Dublin Corporation, being both Executive and Superintendent Medical Officer of Health. Under his rigime an immense improvement has taken place in the dwellings of the working classes, and the state of public health has been greatly improved. Sir Charles and the Irish Registrar-General were appointed in 1888 to inquire into the conditions of the Royal Barracks in Dublin. Sir Charles served on the juries of several of the great exhibitions, including that of Paris in 1867. He was President of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1885-86 ; President of the British Public Health Medical Society* CAMPBELL 169 1880-90 ; Vice-President of the Institute of Chemistry, 1884-90 ; President of the Bri- tish Institute of Public Health, 1890-93 ; of the Irish Medical Association, 1891-92 ; of the Society of Public Analysts ; and Hon. Member of many Medical Societies abroad and in America. His chief works are a voluminous "History of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and of the Irish Medical Institutions, including 300 Biographies," and a "Manual of Hygiene, and Compendium of the Sanitary Laws." His smaller works, including translations of poems from the German, are numerous. His "Elementary Agricultural Chemistry and Geology " is on the list of the school books of the National Education Com- missioners. His original papers chiefly appear in the Proceedings of the Royal Society and the Royal Dublin Society, the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy and of the Royal Academy of Medicine, the Chemical News, the Dublin Journal of Medicine. In pure chemistry he is best known for his numerous papers on Sele- nium Compounds. Sir Charles was knighted in 1886, "in recognition of his services in the improvement of Public Health, and his scientific researches." He is Hon. Member of the Academy of Medicine of Sweden, the State Medical Society of California, the Hygiene Societies of France, Paris, Bordeaux, Belgium, the Institute of Architects, the Institute of Civil Engi- neers. In social life Sir Charles has a great reputation as an after-dinner speaker, and he frequently occupies the chair at public dinners. He has presided at the Sanitary Congress, Portsmouth, 1892, and at many public gatherings in London, Dublin, and other places. In 1862 he married Lucie, daughter of John Macna- mara, solicitor, of Dublin. She died in 1883, leaving seven children, of whom five survive. Address : 51 Pembroke Road, Dublin. CAMPBELL, Lady Colin, nee Ger- trude Blood ("G. Brunefllle," "Vera Tsaritsyn," "Q.E.D.," "Fiamma," &c), author and journalist, is the daughter of Edmond Maghlin Blood, who died in 1891, and whose estates in county Clare have been held in the family since the middle of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Miss Gertrude Blood was not sixteen when she published an account of foreign travel in Cassells'. In the same year she published, under the pseudonym of " G. E. Brunefille," a story of child-life in Italy, entitled "Topo," which was illustrated by Miss Kate Greenaway. At the same time she studied painting in Florentine studios, and, under her father's guidance, became ^acquainted with the best work of Con- tinental masters, both old and modern. As a journalist Lady Colin Campbell has been at various times English correspon- dent for sundry Italian and American papers, as well as for the Parisian Le Gaulois. The first article she sent to the Saturday Review resulted in her being requested to join the staff of that then famous literary journal ; and her contri- butions ranged from book-reviewing and essays, art and musical criticisms, to papers on sporting subjects, but treated from a purely literary standpoint. One series of these latter was re-issued under the title of " The Book of the Running Brook and of Still Waters." Other essays on fishing, and the art of fencing, from her pen, form part of the "Gentlewoman's Book of Sports." Upon the latter subject, indeed, Lady Colin (owing to her acquaint- ance with the play of nearly every swords- man of note and her own practice under the greatest masters of the Continent) is recognised as one of the best woman experts living. As art critic Lady Colin has contributed at different times to many other papers and periodicals, among others to the Art Journal, the Pall Mall Gazette, the National Review, and Les Lettres et les Arts. But above all, "Q.E.D.'s" accounts of her own impressions " In the Picture Galleries," which since 1889 have appeared almost weekly in the World, will remain as a critical conspectus, year by year, of English painting. Although Lady Colin Campbell's first novel, "Darell Blake," ran through many editions, the literary form she affects most, which no doubt fits in best with her multifarious tastes and interests, is that of small and very definite compass. She has published a number of short stories, all marked with much "point." But perhaps the most original style, among Lady Colin's various styles, is to be appreciated in her characteristic " Woman's Walks," of which nearly some two hundred have already appeared (the matter of half-a-dozen octavo volumes at least) in the columns of the World. Lady Colin Campbell is distinguished not only with the pen. She has an admirable con- tralto voice, trained in early days by Baci (the pupil and successor of the Romani who formed most of the great singers of his time) and later by Tosti. In painting she was the pupil of Duveneck ; in fencing, of Camille Provost himself and Phillippe Bourgeois ; she is a rider of the haute-icole as well as of the hunting-field ; a noted swimmer ; adept in fly-fishing ; and she was one of the early promoters of ladies' cycling. She was married in 1881 to Lord Colin Campbell, fifth son of the Duke of Argyll, and at that time M.P. for Argyll- shire. Two years later she obtained a divorce on the ground of cruelty, which was upheld against appeal. Lord Colin 170 CAMPBELL Campbell died in 1895. Address : 67 Car- lisle Mansions, Victoria, S.W. CAMPBELL, The Rev. Lewis, M.A., LL.D., Emeritus Professor of Greek in the University of St. Andrews, son of Robert Campbell, R.N., sometime Governor of Ascension Isle, and cousin of Campbell the poet, was born in Edinburgh Sept. 3, 1830. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, at Glasgow University, and at Trinity and Balliol Colleges, Oxford, in the former as Scholar, in the latter as Snell Exhibitioner. He was thus brought into contact with the late Master of Balliol (Professor Jowett), whose influence as a college tutor was already conspicuous. He took a first-class in Classics in 1853, was Fellow of Queen's from 1855 to 1858, and tutor from 1856 to 1858. In 1857 he was ordained by the Bishop of Oxford, and in 1858 became Vicar of Milford, Hants. He remained there until 1863, when he was appointed Professor of Greek in the University of St. Andrews, a post from which he retired in 1892. Professor Campbell has published many works on classical subjects, of which the chief are : " The Theaetetus of Plato," 1861 (2nd edit., 1883); "The Sophistes and Politicus of Plato," 1867; "Sophocles — The Plays and Fragments," Vol. I., 1871 (2nd edit., 1879) ; Vol. II., 1881 ; Verse Translations of Sophocles, 1873-83, and of ^Eschylus, 1890; "Sophocles" in Macmillan's series of Classical Writers, 1879. The 1883 edition of "Sophocles in English Verse" having been exhausted, a final edition was published by Murray in 1896. Professor Campbell has also written articles on Plato and Sophocles in the " Encyclopaedia Bri- tannica," and contributed various papers to the Quarterly, National, and Classical Reviews, the American Journal of PkUology, and other home and foreign periodicals. He fortnightly published in 1877 a volume of sermons, " The Christian Ideal," and in 1882 (in conjunction with Mr. Garnett), "The Life of James Clerk Maxwell." Since 1892 he has been resident in London, and from the time of Professor Jowett's death in 1893 has been active as one of his literary executors. In 1894 he repub- lished by his friends' desire the work on the Epistles of St. Paul, which had been the subject of a violent controversy in the author's lifetime. The work was repub- lished by Murray & Co. The com- mentary is condensed, but the essays, including the famous Essay on the Inter- pretation of Scripture, contributed to " Es- says and Reviews" in 1860, are reprinted entire. In the same year, 1894, there appeared the edition of Plato's " Republic " (3 vols. 8vo), on which Professors Jowett and Campbell had long been engaged together ; and in the spring of 1897 was published "The Life and Letters of Ben- jamin Jowett," 2 vols. 8vo, by Abbott and Campbell, which in a few months reached a third edition. An edition of the text of .Sschylus for Macmillan's Par- nassus Series has been amongst the labours of these last years ; and the smaller edition of Sophocles by Campbell and Abbott is being prepared for a new issue at the Clarendon Press. In 1894-95 Professor Campbell held the Gifford Lectureship at St. Andrews, and he hopes shortly to pub- lish the substance of his lectures in a volume on " Religion in Greek Literature." He also contemplates the preparation, in collaboration with others, of a new Con- cordance or Lexicon to Plato. A new and original theory of the Order of the Platonic Dialogues, propounded by Professor Campbell in 1867, has lately met with wide recognition. Addresses : 32 Campden House Chambers, W. ; and Atheneeum. CAMPBELL, Mrs. Patrick, who has become famous in the title-rdle of "Mrs. Tanqueray " at the St. James's Theatre, was born at Forest House, Kensington Gardens, and is the youngest daughter of John Tanner and Louisa Romanini. She was married in 1884 to Patrick Camp- bell, third son of Patrick Campbell, of Stranraer. She was educated at private schools and in Paris, gained a scholar- ship at the Guildhall School of Music, and made her name as an amateur actress long before she was known in professional circles. Her early amateur successes were gained with a West Norwood dramatic society, "The Anomalies," in 1886-87. From 1888 to 1891 she toured with various dramatic companies, including Mr. Ben Greet's, and first attracted the attention of the critics while playing the part of Helen in an amateur performance of " The Hunchback," given at Colchester. In 1890 she gained an opportunity of appearing on the London stage in a matinie performance of Mr. Louis Parker's "A Buried Talent" at the Vaudeville. Here she again made so favourable an impression as to be en- couraged to try a theatrical venture on her own account. In June 1891 she took the Shaftesbury Theatre in order to essay Rosalind. In August she obtained an en- gagement at the Adelphi, where, except for an interruption by illness, she remained till she went to the St. James's to act Paula in "The Second Mrs. Tanqueray." At the Adelphi Mrs. Campbell created four parts : as Astrea in " The Trumpet Call," Elizabeth Cromwell in the "White Rose," Tress in "The Lights of Home," and Clarice Berton in "The Black Domino." "The Second Mrs. Tanqueray " had a long run. CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN — CAMPOS 171 In November 1894 Mrs. Campbell appeared as Kate Cloud, the heroine of " John a'Dreams," at the Hay market Theatre. She has also appeared as Agnes in "The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith," as Fedora, as Juliet in the revival of "Romeo and Juliet" by Mr. Forbes Robertson at the Lyceum in September 1895, as Lady Teazle in "The School for Scandal," and as Ophelia in "Hamlet," also in company with Mr. Forbes Robertson at the Lyceum. In October 1898 she played Lady Macbeth at the same theatre, with the last-named actor as Macbeth. Address : Milford, Surrey. CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN, The Bight Hon. Sir Henry, G.C.B., MP., LLC, D.L., J.P., is the second son of the late Sir James Campbell, of Stracathro, Forfarshire, some time Lord Provost of Glasgow, by Janet, youngest daughter of the late Mr. Henry Bannerman, of Man- chester, and was born in 1836. He was educated at the University of Glasgow and at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1858; M.A., 1861). In 1872 he assumed the additional surname of Bannerman, under the will of his uncle, Mr. Henry Bannerman, of Hunton Court, Kent. Mr. Campbell-Bannerman, who is a magistrate for the counties of Lanark and Kent, has represented the Stirling district of burghs in the Liberal interest since December 1868. He was Financial Secre- tary at the War Office from 1871 to 1874 ; was again appointed to that office in 1880; and in May 1882 was nominated Secretary to the Admiralty. He was Chief Secre- tary for Ireland, 1884-85, during which time he was said by Mr. Tim Healy to be governing Irishmen with " Scotch jokes " ; and in Mr. Gladstone's third Cabinet, 1886, held the office of Secretary of State for War, and was again appointed to the same office in Mr. Gladstone's Ministry, 1892. The Unionists suggested him as a candi- date for the Speakership to which Mr. Gully was appointed. He is a man of great wealth, a moderate and cool politi- cian, and somewhat of an opportunist, and has been described as " a survival of that rapidly decaying type of M.P. which de- clines to be perturbed overmuch about insignificant trifles." At the time of going to press he has been elected by his party as Sir William Harcourt's suc- cessor in the leadership of the Liberal party in the House of Commons. He has received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Glasgow. He married in 1860 Charlotte, daughter of the late Major-General Sir Charles Bruce, K.C.B. Addresses : 6 Grosvenor Place, S.W. ; Belmont Castle, Meigle, Scotland ; and Athenaeum. CAMPOS, Arsenio Martinez, a Spanish general and statesman, born in 1834, the son of a brigadier-general, left the Staff School at Madrid with the rank of lieutenant, went through the campaign in Morocco, in 1859, as a member of the staff of the commander-in-chief. O'Donnell, and was there promoted to the rank of major. In 1864 he joined the army of Cuba as colonel, and he remained six years in that island. On his return to Spain in 1870 he was sent, with the title of brigadier- general, to join the Army of the North, which was engaged in repelling the Carlist rebellion. After the abdication of King Amadeo he declined to give in his adhesion to the new order of things, and made no secret of his antipathy to the Republic. He was put on the retired list in 1873, and shortly afterwards was confined in a for- tress as a conspirator. From his prison he addressed to General Zabala, Minister of War, the well-known letter in which he requested permission to go and fight, as a private, under the orders of General Concha, the Carlist forces in Navarre and the Basque Provinces. This letter obtained for him his liberty, and he was sent to the Army of the North, in April 1874, to command a division of the Third Corps. He took part in the engagements of Las Munecas and Galdames, which led to the siege of Bilbao being raised, and he was the first to enter the liberated city on May 1, 1874. When General Concha re- organised the Liberal army, Martinez Campos was appointed General in com- mand of the Third Corps. He fought at the head of his troops on the 25th, the 26th, and particularly on the 27th of June, the day on which the Commander-in-Chief, General Concha, was killed in the attack on Monte Moru, near Estella. General Martinez Campos, besieged at Zurugay, on the same day, by the main body of the Carlists, opened a passage through the enemy's ranks, at the head of a column which numbered barely 1800 men, and went to rejoin, at Murillo, the head- quarters, where he was able to organise the retreat of the army on Tafalla. Re- turning to Madrid, he continued to con- spire almost overtly in favour of Don Alfonso, whilst Marshal Serrano, chief of the executive power, was operating against the Carlists. In conjunction with General Jovellar he made the military pronuncia- micnto of Sagonto, which gave the throne of Spain to Alfonso XII. The new Gov- ernment sent him into Catalonia, as Cap- tain-General and Commander-in-Chief of that military district. In less than a month he pacified the country, put down the Carlist bands, and took the command of the Army of the North. He brought the civil war to a close by the defeat of 172 CANDOLLE — CANNING Don Carlos at Pena de Plata, in March 1876. The high dignity of Captain-General of the Army, which is equivalent to that of a Marshal of France, was the recom- pense for his signal services. A year afterwards he was appointed Commander- in-Chief of the army in Cuba, which the rebels had held in check for seven years. Under his leadership the Spaniards were uniformly victorious, but neither these triumphs nor the strategical talents of the Commander-in-Chief would have succeeded in bringing about the complete pacification of the island if the recognition of the political rights of the Cubans and new Liberal concessions had not satisfied the demands of the insurgents. On his return to Spain, General Martinez Campos ac- cepted the portfolio of War and the Presi- dency of the Council (March 7, 1879), and endeavoured to procure the fulfilment of the promises made to the Cubans ; but not obtaining the support of the Cortes he resigned, and was succeeded by Senor Canovas del Castillo (Dec. 9, 1879). Early in 1881 the Conservative Government of Senor Canovas del Castillo was overthrown, and a coalition between Senor Sagasta and General Martinez Campos came into power, and retained it till October 1883, when it resigned in consequence of being unable to obtain from the French Government a satisfactory apology for the insult offered to King Alfonso by the Paris mob on his visit to Paris. In March 1883 he warmly opposed the project for a Pyrenean railroad, on the ground that it would lay Spain open to French attacks. On Jan. 18, 1884, he received the command of the Spanish Army of the North, and resigned it in February 1885. The following December he was elected President of the Senate. In 1888 he was appointed Captain -General of New Castille. This post he left in order to proceed to Cuba, where the refusal to grant reform had rekindled the insurrec- tion. He arrived at Havana, April 26, 1895, and successfully met the rebels in several engagements. In September he forwarded a petition for Home Rule, and throughout he was in favour of meeting the rebels half-way. This petition, how- ever, did not meet with favour at home, and he was recalled in January 1896, to be succeeded by General Weyler (q.v.). Since then he has been Governor of Madrid, and during the threatened dynastic troubles he has been the chief counsellor of the Queen Regent [q.v.). CANDOLLE, Anne Casimir Pyra- mus de, Hon. Doctor of the University of Rostock, son of Alphonse, grandson of Augustin Pyramus, born at Geneva, Feb. 20, 1836 ; has published several papers on anatomy of plants and descriptive botany in the " Prodromus " and the Monographies of his father as well as in " Memoires de la Socie'te de Physique et d'Histoire natur- elle de Geneve," a society of which he was President in the year 1882. CANDY, George, M.A., Q.C., was born in Bombay, Oct. 14, 1841, being the third son of the Rev. George Candy, then Incumbent of Trinity Church, Bombay. He was educated privately at Cheltenham, Bristol, and at the Islington Proprietary School, whence he went in 1860 with an Open Scholarship to Wadham College, Ox- ford. At Oxford he went in for athletics, winning, in 1862, the Prize Foils at Maclaren's Gymnasium, and rowing stroke of the College Torpids, and seven of the College Eight. He obtained a second class in Classical Moderations, and a second class in Greats, reading privately with T. H. Green of Balliol, afterwards Professor of Moral Philosophy, and with Edward Caird, afterwards Master of Balliol. He accepted in 1865 a mastership at St. Peter's College, Radley, but resigned through ill-health. He then resided in Oxford, taking private pupils, and edited Gray's Poems for the "British India Classics," afterwards becoming successively Master at Wellington, Marlborough, and Manchester. He was called to the Bar in November 1869, joined the Oxford Circuit, and went the Oxford and Gloucester Sessions. He married in 1873 Emily, daughter of Colonel Joseph Reade Revell of Round Oak, Englefield Green, by whom he has issue. He joined the Home Circuit in 1874, and went the Surrey Sessions. He took Silk in 1886. He published in 1879 a "Treatise on the Jurisdiction, Practice, and Procedure of the Mayor's Court, London"; in 1883 a "Treatise on the Powers and Discretion of Licensing Justices" ("Is Local Option a Fact?"); in 1888 "Registration versus Muzzling," with suggestions for a reform of the Dog Laws; in 1893 "The First Step to Pro- hibition," a criticism of the Local Control Bill of Sir W. Harcourt ; in 1897 "The Public and the Publican," the decision of the House of Lords in "Boulter v. Kent Justices " examined. In February 1896 he unsuccessfully contested Southampton in the Unionist interest, being rejected by 35 votes out of a total poll of 11,077. He has been a journalist nearly all his life, having written for the Globe, Pall Mall Gazette, Echo, and Morning Advertiser. Addresses: 84 St. George's Square, S.W. ; 3 Har- court Buildings, Temple ; and the Maze, Gold Hill, Chalfont St. Peter's, Bucks. CANNING, Sir Samuel, C.E., upon whom the responsibility of laying the Atlantic cables of 1865, 1866, and 1869 CANNON — CAPRIVI 173 devolved, is the son of the late Robert Canning, Esq., of Ogbourne St. Andrew, Wiltshire, and was born in 1823. He began his career as assistant to the late Mr. Joseph Locke, C.E., F.R.S., from 1844 to 1849, and was resident engineer during the formation of the Liverpool, Ormskirk, and Preston Railway. Since then he has been engaged in the manufacture and sub- mersion of the most important lines of submarine telegraph cables almost from their initiation in 1850. He was among the pioneers of Atlantic cables, and achieved the submergence of the first line of 1858, and that of other Atlantic lines. To his skill and energy the success of the Atlantic expedition of 1866 is undoubtedly due ; he perfected the paying-out and the recovering and grappling machinery for that cable, which so materially aided its submersion, and the recovery of the cable lost in the preceding year. He has also connected England with Gibraltar, Malta, and Alexandria, and laid other important lines of cable connecting various countries in the Mediterranean, North Sea, &c. He received the honour of knighthood in 1866, a Gold Medal from the Chamber of Com- merce of Liverpool March 14, 1867, and the Insignia of the Order of St. Jago d'Espada from the King of Portugal. He married in 1859 Elizabeth, daughter of the late W. H. Gale. Address : 1 Inver- ness Gardens, W. CANNON, Joseph G-. , American statesman, was born at Guilford, North Carolina, May 7, 1836, and received a liberal education. He studied law, and was admitted to the Bar, commencing the practice of his profession at Tuscola, Illinois. He was States Attorney from March 1861 to December 1868 ; and was elected to the Forty-third Congress, and re - elected to the Forty - fourth, Forty- fifth, Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, Forty- eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, Fifty-third, Fifty-fourth, and Fifty-fifth Congresses. He is leader of the Com- mittee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. CANTERBURY, Archbishop of. See Temple, The Most Rev. Frederick. CAPEL, The Right Reverend Mon- signor Thomas John, D.D., was born Oct. 28, 1836. Having completed his edu- cation by six years' private tuition under the Rev. J. M. Glennie, B.A., Oxon., in the autumn of 1860 he was ordained priest by Cardinal Wiseman. In January 1854 he became co-founder and Vice-Principal of St. Mary's Normal College at Ham- mersmith. Shortly after ordination he -was obliged to go to a southern climate to recruit his strength. When staying at Pau, he established the English Catholic Mission, and was formally appointed its chaplain. Subsequently, his health having improved, he returned to London, where his sermons and doctrinal lectures in various churches, and more especially at the Pro-Cathedral at Kensington, soon raised him to the foremost rank among English preachers. During several visits to Rome he also delivered courses of Eng- lish sermons in that city by the express command of the Sovereign Pontiff. Mon- signor Capel, while labouring at Pau in the work of "conversions," was named private chamberlain to Pope Pius IX. in 1868, and after his return to England domestic prelate in 1873. With returning health Monsignor Capel once more took to the work of education, and in February 1873 established the Roman Catholic Public School at Kensington. He was appointed Rector of the College of Higher Studies at Kensington — the nucleus of the Roman Catholic English University — in 1874, by the unanimous vote of the Roman Catholic Bishops, and he held that appointment until he resigned it in 1878. Then having delivered a series of conferences on the Doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church in Florence by the wish of Leo XIII., Monsignor Capel carried out his long-pro- posed visit to America. There, in all the great cities, he lectured and preached to large audiences on religious, social, poli- tical, and literary subjects. In 1882 Mon- signor Capel wrote " Great Britain and Rome," urging the importance of having a Papal Nuncio accredited to England, and during his tour in America he published treatises on "Confession," "The Holy Catholic Church," "The Name Catholic," "The Pope the Head of the Christian Church," besides re- editing the well-known work, "Faith of Catholics." He is now resident in California. CAPRIVI DE CAPRERA DE MONTECUCCULI, Count Georg Leo von, late German Chancellor, is the eldest of the four sons of Julius Edward von Caprivi, who was a high legal functionary in the service of the Prussian State. General von Caprivi was born at Char- lottenburg on Feb. 24, 1831. Entering a general regiment in his eighteenth year he won rapid promotion, and served with distinction in the campaigns of 1864 and 1866. In 1870 he acted as Chief of the Staff to the 10th Corps, of which he is now the Commander, and reaped fresh laurels in all the battles on the Loire. Swiftly ascending the other steps of the military ladder, he was appointed in 1883 to the command of the 30th Division at 174 CAEAN D'ACHE — CARDUCCT Metz ; and next year, passing from the army to the navy, he succeeded Herr von Stosch, on the latter's retirement from the head of the Admiralty. In a short time naval men by profession were amazed at the mastery of their art and the percep- tion of their interests which were displayed by a mere landsman and soldier. Soon after the present Emperor's accession, on the death of Count Monts, he reorganised the navy ; the command of the Imperial fleet being vested in Admiral von der Goltz, while something like a ministry of marine was created under Rear-Admiral von Heusner ; and it was on this occasion that General von Capri vi, sharing in the redistribution of military commands, was rewarded for his loyalty to the army, no less than for his naval services, with the 10th or Hanoverian Army Corps, which is one of the finest in the whole army. During the manoeuvres of the autumn of 1889, when the Hanoverians and West- phalians met in mimic warfare, with smokeless powder and other innovations on their trial, the Emperor had oppor- tunity enough anew to study the character of General von Caprivi, and this general's character and ability to serve him in a political capacity must have fairly con- vinced his Majesty, otherwise he would neser have asked him to assume the enormous burden of responsibility which Prince Bismarck had laid down. It was not. without grave scruples and self-dis- trust that General von Caprivi listened to the proposals of the Emperor ; but his Majesty, it is said, had finally decided to have a soldier for his new Chancellor, thinking, as he does, with Frederick the Great, that a General must be the surest conductor of a foreign policy, as knowing best how far he can go with the army behind him. On March 19, 1890, the appointment of General Caprivi as suc- cessor to Prince Bismarck was made public. The General received the title of Count from the Emperor in December 1891. He gave up his position as Prussian Prime Minister to Count von Eulenberg in March 1892, but remained Chancellor and Minister for Foreign Affairs. In 1892 and 1893, despite of prolonged opposition, he conducted the German Army Bills suc- cessfully through Parliament. He unex- pectedly resigned in October 1894, owing to friction with Count Eulenberg in the matter of the Agrarian League malcon- tents. The Emperor, to show that his resignation was only due to personal reasons, gave him the Black Eagle set in diamonds, and his successor, Prince Hohenlohe, carried out his policy. CAEAN D'ACHE. See PoiiuS, Emanuel. CARATHEODORY PASHA, Alex- ander, a native of Constantinople, belongs to one of the most distinguished families of the Greek community in the Turkish capital, and through his wife is connected with the noble family of the Aristarchi. He was brought up at Constantinople, and was sixteen years of age when he was sent to the west of Europe to complete his studies. On his return to Turkey he was employed in the Government offices of the Sublime Porte, and soon attracted notice by his assiduity and intelligence. In several capitals of Europe he occupied the post of First Secretary of Embassy, and he was appointed, for the first time, Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs during the Grand-Vizieriat of the late A'ali Pacha. About this period he was nominated Minister of the Sultan at the Court of Rome, where he resided for two years. He was recalled to occupy, for the second time, the post of Under- Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and was sent, as chief plenipotentiary of Turkey, to the Congress of the Great Powers which assembled at Berlin in 1878 to revise the provisions of the Treaty of San Stefano. He had pre- viously been raised to the rank of Muchir. Afterwards he became Minister of Public Works, and in November 1878 he was appointed Governor-General of Crete. In May 1885 he was appointed Prince of Samos and adjoining islands, which were accorded a measure of autonomy under the suzerainty of the Porte. CARDEN, Colonel Sir Frederick, K.C.M.G., was born in 1839, and was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Entering the Bengal Army in 1858 he served on the North-West Frontier of India in 1863, and was men- tioned in despatches. He was Deputy- Assistant Quartermaster-General at Alder- shot from 1872 to 1878, and in the follow- ing year went out to South Africa to take part in the Zulu War of 1879-81, when he was again mentioned in despatches. He was engaged in the Transvaal in 1881, and acted as Assistant Military Secretary in China from 1882 to 1883. After being Sub-Commissioner for Zululand from 1884 to 1886 he was appointed Resident Com- missioner in 1890. He now occupies the position of Governor and Commander-in- Chief of Sierra Leone, and was created a K.C.M.G. in 1897. He married in 1887, as his second wife, Katherine, daughter of the late J. Saville, and widow of Colonel Kent Jones. Address: Government House, Freetown, Sierra Leone. CARDTJCCI, Giosue, Italian poet and critic, is the son of a physician, and was CARLNI — CARLISLE 175 born at Val-di-Castello, near Pietra Santa, on July 27, 1836, and educated at the college of the Scolopii at Florence, where he early gave proof of his talents. In 1858 he founded a literary review, the Poliziano, in which he proposed to render the Italian language classical in form though modern in thought. At the same time he published his Juvenilia, and several critical essays on the old Italian poets. These writings obtained him, in 1860, an appointment as Professor of Italian Literature at the University of Bologna. He was returned, in 1876, to the Italian Chamber as a Republican, and became a senator in 1890. Among Signor Carducci's poetical works may be men- tioned his famous " Hymn to Satan," pub- lished under the pseudonym of "Enotrio Romano"; "Levia Gravia," 1875; " Odi Barbari," Odes in irregular metres, 1880 ; "September, 1792," 1883. M. Luzol has translated the Barbaric Odes into French, and Mr. G. A. Greene has published some translations of Carducci in his "Italian Lyrists of To-day." A complete edition of his poetical works in twenty volumes began to be published at Bologna in 1889. Among Carducci's critical works may be mentioned " Literary Studies," 1874 ; "Commentaries on Petrarch," 1879; "Critical Conversations" and "Lives and Portraits," 1884. Address : Bologna. CARINI, Isidore, was born at Palermo (Sicily) on Jan. 7, 1843, and ordained Priest in 1866, Canon of the Cathedral of Palermo in 1875, Professor of Palaeography and Curator of the Archives of Palermo in 1877. In 1882 he was sent by the Govern- ment into Spain to collect and publish documents relative to the Sicilian Vespers ; and recalled to Rome by His Holiness Leo XIII. as assistant archivist and first Professor of Palaeography at the new Vati- can school in 1884. In 1889 he was ap- pointed Premier Prefet at the Vatican Library. Canon Carini has been a prolific writer, not merely upon archaeological subjects, but also on religion, literature, languages, bibliography, &c. He is a member of various literary societies, and for his services during the cholera in 1885 received a gold medal from the King of Italy. CARLE. See Saedou, Victoeien. CARLING, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., was born in London, Ontario, on Jan. 23, 1828, and was educated in the public schools of his native place. For a number of years he was a member of the firm of Carling & Co., brewers, London, and was a director of the Great Western Railway, the London, Huron, and Bruce Railway, and the London and Port Stanley Railway. He was elected Trustee of the Board of Education, London, in 1850, and held this office until in 1854 he became a member of the Board of Aldermen for the same city. In 1857 he was returned as a mem- ber for London to the General Assembly, holding the seat continuously until the Confederation. He was Receiver-General of Canada in 1862 ; was elected to the Commons in 1867, holding the seat to 1874, and was also returned to the Legis- lative Assembly of Ontario in 1867. He was Minister of Agriculture and Public Works from July 1867 until December 1871 ; was sworn of the Privy Council, and was Postmaster-General from May 23, 1882, until Sept. 25, 1885, when he resigned this portfolio and accepted that of the Minister of Agriculture. He was re-elected to the Commons in 1878, and continued to sit for London until 1891. He was called to the Senate in 1891, but resigned his seat in the spring of 1892, and again successfully contested London for the Commons. He retained the portfolio of Minister of Agri- culture until September 1892 ; since then he has been a member of the Cabinet without portfolio. He was called to the Senate in 1896. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1893. He is married to Hannah, daugh- ter of Henry Dalton, London, Ontario. Address : London, Ontario. CARLISLE, Bishop of. See Bards- ley, The Right Rev. John Waeeing. CARLISLE, Earl of, George James Howard, born Aug. 12, 1843, is the son of the Hon. Charles, fourth son of the 6th Earl, and succeeded to the title as 9th Earl in 1889. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and sat in the House of Commons as Liberal Member for East Cumberland from 1879 to 1880, and from 1881 to 1885. He is a Justice of the Peace and a Trustee of the National Gallery. He was married in 1864 to Rosalind, youngest daughter of Lord Stanley of Alderley. Addresses : 1 Palace Green, Kensington, W. ; and Na- worth Castle, Carlisle. CARLISLE, John Griffin, American statesman, was born in Campbell (now Kenton) County, Kentucky, Sept. 5, 1835. He received a common school education, studied law, and began its practice in 1858. From 1859 to 1861 he was a mem- ber of the Kentucky House of Representa- tives, and of the State Senate from 1866 to 1871, resigning his seat to accept the office of Lieut. -Governor, to which he was elected in August 1871, and which he occupied until 1875. In 1876 he was elected a member of the lower branch of 176 CARLOS Congress, where he continued to sit until May 1890, when he was sent to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired term of the late Senator Beck (to 1895). From 1883 to 1889 he was the (Democratic) Speaker of the House of Representatives, and from 1893 to 1897 Secretary of the Treasury under President Cleveland. CARLOS I., Dom Carlos, King of Portugal and the Algarves, son of Louis I., was born in Lisbon on Sept. 28, 1863, married in Lisbon, May 22, 1886, Amelie, Princess of Orleans-Bourbon, daughter of the late Comte de Paris, and has two children. He succeeded to the throne on Oct. 19, 1889. During a financial crisis in 1892 King Carlos and the Royal Family renounced a fifth of their yearly income for the benefit of the nation. In April 1893 an attempt was made on the king's life as he was being driven through Lisbon. He visited England in November 1895. CARLOS, Don, Duke of Madrid, Carlos Maria de los Dolores Juan Isidoro Josef Francesco Quirino An- tonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael, who claims, under the special law of succession established by Philip V., to be the legiti- mate King of Spain by the title of Charles VII., was born at Laybacb, in Austria, on March 30, 1848. His father, Don Juan, was the brother of Don Carlos, Charles VI., known as the Count de Montemolin, in support of whose claims the Carlist risings of 1848, 1855, and 1860 were organised. As Charles VI. died without children, Jan. 13, 1861, his rights devolved upon his brother, Don Juan, who had married on Feb. 6, 1847, the Archduchess Maria Teresa of Austria, Princess of Modena, who is still living at Gratz, in Austria. Their son, the present Don Carlos, who was educated principally in Austria, mar- ried on Feb. 4, 1867, Margaret de Bourbon, of Bourbon, Princess of Parma, daughter of the late Duke Ferdinand Charles III., Ma- demoiselle de France, Duchess of Parma, and sister of the late Comte de Cham- bord (Henry V. of France). In October 1868 Don Juan abdicated in favour of his son, whose standard was raised in the north of Spain by some of his partisans, April 21, 1872. On July 16 in that year Don Carlos published a proclamation, ad- dressed to the inhabitants of Catalonia, Aragon, and Valentia, calling upon them to take up arms in his cause, and pro- mising to restore to them their ancient liberties ; and in the following December Don Alfonzo, the brother of Don Carlos, assumed the command of the Carlist bands in Catalonia. Don Carlos himself made his entry into Spain July 15, 1873, announcing that he came for the purpose of saving the country. From that period the war was waged with remarkable vigour, and the various governments which came into power at Madrid strove in vain to dislodge the Carlists from their strong- holds in the north of Spain. When the Republic came to an end, and the eldest son of the ex-Queen Isabella returned to Spain as Alfonso XII., Don Carlos issued a proclamation, dated at his headquarters at Vera, Jan. 6, 1875, calling upon Spain to adhere to his side. The contest was carried on with great stubbornness and gallantry by the Carlists for more than a twelvemonth after that ; but in January 1876 Tolosa, their last stronghold, fell, and its defenders, flying in disorder, sought refuge on French territory. This war is called the "Four Years' War," to distin- guish it from the " Seven Years' War " of 1833 to 1840. In both several prominent Englishmen fought on the Legitimist side. Don Carlos passed through France to London and travelled in the United States and Mexico, and in 1877 joined the Rus- sian army in Turkey and fought at Plevna, where he was decorated by the Emperor for charging the enemy at the head of his own escort. In 1880 he returned to France, but was expelled the country by President Grevy (Aug. 12, 1881) for having attended Mass with French Royalists on St. Henry's Day (July 15), in honour of the Comte de Chambord. This order has never been rescinded. In 1884 he visited India, and was the guest of the Duke of Connaught at Meerut ; he returned through Ceylon and Egypt. In 1887 he visited South America, being the first member of the Spanish Bourbons to see these old Spanish possessions. Alfonso XII. made every possible effort to restore the lost prosperity of his kingdom and to secure and consolidate his own dynasty, but in 1885 he died prematurely. The fight for the succession now raged between Maria Christina of Austria, the widow of Alfonso XII. , and Don Carlos. However, the posthumous birth of the present king in the following year, 1886, kindled in the nation a feeling of loyalty to the varying fortunes of the House of Bourbon, which has continued to exist up to the present time. Many rumours have been current as to the intentions of Don Carlos, but up till now he has not taken any definite step toward reasserting his old claim. It is considered, however, that he is merely waiting for a favourable opportunity. He lives for the most part of the year in his palace on the Grand Canal at Venice, welcoming all Spaniards who offer him their respects. Tall, handsome, and with engaging manners, he is said to be a consummate horseman, and was without CAEMEN SYLVA — CARPENTER 177 doubt one of the pluckiest of soldiers during the Carlist war. His father, Don Juan, died at Brighton Nov. 18, 1887, where he resided incognito. Don Carlos lost his first wife at Viareggio in 1893, and in the next year married the Princess Berthe de Rohan, a descendant of the old sovereigns of Brittany. His only son, Don Jaime, is at present serving in the Russian army, gaining experience for a probable Spanish campaign, signs of the approach of which are not lacking. The following skeleton table will show his claim : — Carlos IV. I Ferdinand VII. ! Isabella. I Alfonso XII. I Alfonso XIII. Carlos V. (War of 1833). I I Carlos VI. Don Juan. Carlos VII. Don Carlos has five children — the Infanta Blanca, born Sept. 7, 1868 ; the Infante Jaime (Don Jaime), Prince of the Asturias, born June 27, 1870 ; the Infanta Elvira, born July 28, 1871 ; the Infanta Beatrix, born March 21, 1874 ; and the Infanta Alicia, born June 29, 1876. CARMEN SYLVA. See Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania. CARNEGIE, Andrew, the "Iron King," an American manufacturer, was born at Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1837. His family removed to the United States in 1848 and settled at Pittsburgh, Pa., and two years later Andrew began his business career by attending a small stationary engine. This he soon left to become a telegraph messenger, and later he became an operator. While clerk of the superintendent of the telegraph lines of the Pennsylvania R. R. Co. at Pitts- burgh, he aided in the adoption by that company of the Woodruff sleeping-car, and this gave him the nucleus of his pre- sent great fortune. He was made super- intendent of the Pittsburgh division of the Pennsylvanian road, and soon after- wards acquired an interest in some oil wells that proved very profitable. Subse- quently he became associated with others in establishing a rolling-mill, which has grown to be the largest and most complete system of iron and steel industries in the world ever controlled by one individual. He has spent large sums of money for educational and charitable purposes. At his native place he erected, in 1879, com- modious swimming-baths for the use of the people, and in the following year gave it $40,000 for a free library. He gave $50,000 in 1884 to the Bellevue Hospital Medical College at New York for a histo- logical laboratory. Since 1885 he has expended nearly two millions of dollars on a music-hall, library, and art gallery at Pittsburgh and Alleghany City, Pa. A large music-hall in 1890 was built in New York through his generosity, at a cost of $1,125,000. Edinburgh has also received $250,000 from him for a free library ; and other libraries have been established by him at Braddock, Pa., and elsewhere. His latest benefaction is the gift of $50,000 for a public library at Ayr. He has fre- quently contributed to periodicals on the labour question and similar economic topics, and has published in book form "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain," 1883; "Round the World," 1884; and " Triumphant Democracy," 1886 (new edition 1893), besides several pamphlets. CAROLTJS-DURAN. See Durand, Charles Auguste Emile. CARON, Hon. Sir Joseph. Philippe Rene Adolphe, Canadian statesman, was born in the city of Quebec Dec. 24, 1843. He was educated in the seminary there, and graduated B.C.L. at M'Gill University in 1865. He was called to the Bar soon after, and for some years devoted himself to his profession, and was created a Q.C. by the Marquis of Lome in 1879. He sat in the House of Commons for the county of Quebec from March 1873 to 1891, when he was returned for Rimouski. At the General Election of 1896 he was elected for Three Rivers and St. Maurice. He entered Sir John Macdonald's govern- ment as Minister of Militia Nov. 9, 1880, and was continued in that office under Sir John Abbott until Jan. 25, 1892, when he became Postmaster-General. He re- mained at the head of the Post Office Department under Sir John Thompson and Sir Mackenzie Bowell, and retired from office with the latter April 27, 1896. For his services while at the head of the Militia Department during the Riel re- bellion in 1885 he was created a K.C.M.G. CARPENTER, George Alfred, M.D. London, and M.R.C.P., was born in 1859. He is the son of the late John William Carpenter, M.D., St. Andrews, and nephew of that distinguished pioneer in and ex- ponent of hygiene, the late Alfred Car- penter, M.D., of Croydon. He was edu- cated at Epsom College and at King's College, London, matriculating at the London University in 1879. The following year he entered as a student at St. Thomas's Hospital, and during a very suc- cessful career he obtained many prizes. M 178 CAEPENTER — CAER He became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1885, and gra- duated M.B. of London University in 1886, proceeding M.D. in 1890, his thesis being "Tuberculosis of the Choroid," a subject to which he has given much attention. In November 1885 he was appointed Registrar and Pathologist to the Evelina Hospital for Sick Children, and some two years later Resident Medical Officer, a post which he held until his appointment on the full staff of the Hospital as Phy- sician to out-patients in January 1889. During his connection with the Evelina Hospital as a junior Dr. Carpenter entered as a student at Guy's Hospital. For- merly he was Deputy Medical Superin- tendent of the Coppice Lunatic Hospital, Nottingham, and is now Medical Officer of Health for Beckenham, Kent. Dr. Carpenter is a frequent contributor to medical literature in this country and America. The following papers on various subjects are a few of the more impor- tant which have come from his pen : "Cases of Hereditary Ataxia," 1888; "Craniotabes in Young Children: a Re- cord of 100 Cases," 1889; "Tubercular Peritonitis," 1891 ; "Congenital Syphilis," " Impetigo Gangrenosa, with Tuberculosis of the Lungs," 1894 ; " Fibroid Disease of the Heart- in an Infant," "Double Optic Neuritis," "On the Value of Rectal Exploration as an Aid to Diagnosis in Children's Diseases," 1896; "On Infant Feeding," 1898. A separate work on "Congenital Affections of the Heart" appeared in 1894. Dr. Carpenter is also the author of the fifteenth edition of Chavasse's "Advice to a Mother," which, with but few and trifling exceptions, has been re-written by him. It is a work which has been translated into most of the European and Asiatic languages. Dr. Carpenter is also the editor of Pediatrics, the well-known medical journal. CARPENTER, The Right Rev. William Boyd, D.D., D.C.L., Bishop of Ripon, born March 26, 1841, was educated at St. Catherine's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1864, M.A. 1867). He is the son of the Rev. Henry Carpenter, Incumbent of St. Michael's, Liverpool, and of Hester, daughter of Archibald Boyd, Londonderry, Ireland. After holding various curacies he was, in 1870, appointed Vicar of St. James's, Holloway, where he remained until, in 1879, he became Vicar of Christ Church, Lancaster Gate, W. He was Select Preacher at Cambridge in 1875 and 1877; Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge, 1878 ; Honorary Chaplain to the Queen, 1878 ; Select Preacher at Oxford in 1882; Bampton Lecturer, 1887 ; and received from the University of Oxford an honorary D.C.L. in 1889. In 1882 he was appointed to a vacant canonry at Windsor. On the death of the late Dr. Bickersteth he was, in 1884, consecrated Bishop of Ripon. He presided over the Church Congress held at Wakefield in 1886, and at Bradford in 1898 ; and in 1887 he was selected by the House of Commons to preach the Jubilee Sermon at St. Margaret's, Westminster. He is the author of "Thoughts on Prayer," 1871; "Narcissus"; "Heart Healing"; "The Witness of the Heart to Christ" (Hulsean Lectures), 1879; and a Com- mentary on Revelation in the same year ; " Truth in Tale," " Permanent Elements of Religion" (Bampton Lectures), 1889; "Lec- tures on Preaching," "Christian Reunion," and the "Great Character of Christ," 1895, &c. Addresses : The Palace, Ripon ; 71 Carlisle Place, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. CARR, Joseph William Comyns, was born in 1849. In 1870 he matricu- lated at the London University, and after- wards passed in the honours division of the first examination for the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He became a student of the Inner Temple in 1869, and was called to the Bar in 1872, having gained a studentship in Roman and International Law at the Inns of Court. Mr. Comyns Carr then joined the Northern Circuit, but shortly afterwards ceased to practise at the Bar, and devoted himself to literature and journalism. From 1870 to 1880 he was a constant contributor to the principal literary reviews and magazines. Writing especially upon subjects connected with art, he held for some years the post of art critic on the Pall Mall Gazette, and in 1875 he accepted the English editorship of L'Art He was also associated with Sir Coutts-Lindsay in the establishment of the Grosvenor Gallery, and was one of the directors of that institution. His works on art include "Drawings by the Old Masters," 1877; "The Abbey Church of St. Albans," 1878 ; "Examples of Con- temporary Art," 1S78; "Essays on Art," " Art in Provincial France," 1883 ; and " Papers on Art," 1884. Mr. Carr has also written for the stage. In 1882 he pro- duced a dramatised version of Mr. Hardy's novel, "Far from the Madding Crowd"; and in 1884 he collaborated with the late Hugh Conway in the drama of "Called Back," founded upon the popular story of that name. " King Arthur," acted at the Lyceum in 1895, was from his pen. To- gether with Mr. Haddon Chambers, Mr. Comyns Carr wrote "In the Days of the Duke," acted at the Adelphi in 1897, and in 1898 he was one of the collaborators in the musical play, "The Beauty Stone," produced at the Savoy. Address : 18 El don Road, Kensington. CAKR GLYN — CARSON 179 CARR GLYN. See Glyn, The Right Rev. Hon. Edward Care. CARRINGTON, Earl, The Bight Hon. Sir Charles Robert Wynn- Carrington, G.C.M.G., Joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain of England, was born in 1843, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1863. Subsequently he entered the Royal Horse Guards, where he rose to the rank of Captain, and after- wards became Lieut.-Colonel of the 3rd Battalion of the Oxfordshire Light In- fantry. From 1865 to 1868 he was M.P. for Wycombe. He was Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms from 1881 to 1885 ; Governor of New South Wales from 1885 to 1890; Lord Chamberlain of the Queen's Household from 1892 to 1895 ; and is a member of the London County Council, in which he represents West St. Pancras as a Progressive. Lord Carrington was A.D.C. to the Prince of Wales on his visit to India in 1875-76, and has travelled in the United States and the Colonies. He was appointed Chairman of the Welsh Land Commission in 1893. In July 1895 Lord Carrington was granted the dignities of a Viscount and an Earl by the names, styles, and titles of Viscount Wendover of Chepping Wycombe, in the county of Buckingham, and Earl Carrington. In politics he is a strong Liberal. In July 1878 he married Cecilia, eldest daughter of Charles, 5th Lord Suffield. Addresses : Gwydyr Castle, Llaurwst, &c. ; and 50 Grosvenor Street, W. CARRINGTON, Major-General Sir Frederick, K.C.M.G., K.C.B., is the son of Edmund Carrington, Esq., of Chelten- ham, where he was born on Aug. 23, 1844. He entered the army as Ensign in the 24th Foot, now known as the South Wales Borderers, and was promoted Lieutenant in 1867 and Captain in 1878. In the expedition to Griqualand, West South Africa, of 1875 he organised and com- manded the Mounted Infantry. During the Kaffir War of 1877-81 he saw consider- able war service as commander of the Frontier Light Horse, which was after- wards called " Carrington's Horse." He was present at the battle of Quintana, and the subsequent operations in the Transkei and in the Peri Bush, being mentioned in despatches. During 1878-79, as Com- mandant of the Transvaal Volunteer Force, he had charge of the advance guard and the left attacking party at the storming and taking of the stronghold of Sekukuni, a rebellious Kaffir chief. He was men- tioned in despatches, and received the Brevet of Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, and also a C.M.G. In the Basutoland Campaign of 1880-81 Sir Frederick Car- rington commanded the Cape Mounted Rifles during the siege of Mafeteng by the Basutos, who were repulsed with great loss. Subsequently obtaining supreme command of the Colonial Forces in the further opera- tions he gained many victories over the rebels, on one occasion being severely wounded. He was promoted to Colonel in 1884, and in the Bechuanaland Expedi- tion of that year he commanded the 2nd Mounted Rifles. He was for several years employed on special service in South Africa and the Bechuanaland Border Police Force, and was promoted to Major-General in 1893 in consideration of these services. During the operations in Zululand of 1888 he com- manded the native levies. In May 1895 Sir Frederick went to Gibraltar to take over the command of the Infantry Brigade. He mar- ried in 1897 Susan Margaret, eldest daugh- ter of Mr. and Mrs. Elmes, Colesbourne. Address : College Lawn, Cheltenham. CARRINGTON, Very Rev. Henry, M.A., Dean and Rector of Booking, was born in 1814, and was educated at Charter- house and Caius College, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree. He became Dean of Booking in 1845, an appointment which he still holds. He has translated Victor Hugo's poems, and has also pub- lished a metrical translation of Thomas a Kempis. In 1842 Mr. Carrington married a daughter of Captain Haseldine Lyell, R.N., and has two daughters, one of whom, Evelyn Lilian Haseldine, is now Contessa Mar- tinengo, and is the authoress of " Studies in Folk-lore," "Italian Characters," and "The Liberation of Italy." Address: Booking Deanery, Braintree, Essex. CARRTJTHERS, "William, F.R.S., F.L.S., was born at Moffat, Scotland, in 1830, and educated at the Academy there, and afterwards at the University and New College, Edinburgh. He entered the British Museum as assistant in the de- partment of Botany in 1859, and succeeded Mr. J. J. Bennett as keeper of that depart- ment on his retirement in 1871. He has now retired. Mr. Carruthers has con- ducted many original investigations on living and fossil plants, and has published numerous memoirs on fossil botany in the journals and transactions of learned societies. He re-edited Lindley and Hut- ton's " Fossil Flora," and was afterwards engaged in preparing an account of the fossil plants of Britain, supplementary to that work. Address : 14 Vermont Road, Norwood, S.E. CARSON, The Right Hon. Edward Henry, Q.C., M.P., is the second son of the late Edward Henry Carson, C.E., of 180 CARTER — CART WRIGHT Dublin, and Isabella, daughter of Captain Lambert, of Castle Ellen, co. Galway. He was born in 1854, and educated at Portlushington School and Trinity College, Dublin, of which he is M.A. He went to the Irish Bar, and in time became Bencher of the King's Inns, Dublin, and in 1889 Q.C. (Irish). At the time that Mr. Arthur Balfour held the Irish Secretaryship and spoke of the necessity of resolute govern- ment for twenty years to come, Mr. Carson was much in his counsels. In 1892 he was Solicitor-General for Ireland. In the same year he was returned to Parliament for that anti-Nationalist stronghold, Dub- lin University, and was re-elected in 1895. He has transferred the scene of his legal activity from Ireland to England, and in 1894 became a Q.C, having been called to the English Bar in 1893. Here he has won a very high reputation as a cross- examiner, having figured in many famous trials. In Parliament he sits as a Conser- vative, but in 1898 criticised Mr. Gerald Balfour's Irish Local Bill with great can- dour. He was sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1896. Address: 39 Kutland Gate, S.W. CARTER, Sir Gilbert Thomas, K.C.M.G., Governor of the Bahamas since 1897, was born in 1868, and educated at the Royal Naval School, Greenwich, whence he entered the Royal Navy in 1864. He was appointed Administrator of the Gambia Settlement in 1888, and from 1891 to 1897 he was Governor of Lagos. In 1893, he was created a K.C.M.G. Address: Govern- ment House, Nassau, Bahamas. CARTER, Robert Brudenell, son of Thomas Carter, Major, Royal Marines, by his second wife Louisa, daughter of Richard Jeffreys of Basingstoke, in the countv of Hants, Esq., was born on Oct. 2, 1828, at Little Wittenham, Berks, of which parish his grandfather, the Rev. Henry Carter, a younger brother of Eliza- beth Carter, the translator of "Epictetus," and famous letter-writer, was Rector for more than fifty years. Educated at pri- vate schools and at the London Hospital, Mr. Carter became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1851, and a Licentiate of the Society of Apo- thecaries in 1852. He served during the Crimean War with the local rank of Staff- Surgeon, obtaining the English and Turkish Crimean medals. In 1864 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1868 settled in London to practise as an ophthalmic specialist. He was appointed Surgeon to the Royal South London Ophthalmic Hospital in 1869, Ophthalmic Surgeon to St. George's Hos- pital in 1870 (and retired as Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon in 1893), Ophthalmic Surgeon to the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, Consulting Sur- geon to the Shropshire Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, and to the Ophthalmic Hospital of the Order of St. John at Jeru- salem. He is a Member (representing the Society of Apothecaries) of the General Medical Council ; has been Orator, Lett- somian Lecturer, and President of the Medical Society of London ; Hunterian Professor of Pathology and Surgery to the Royal College of Surgeons ; a Vice-Presi- dent of the Clinical Society ; and, besides membership of the other medical societies of London, is a Corresponding Member of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edin- burgh, and a Foreign Associate of the French Society of Hygiene. He is a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in Eng- land. He has written a large number of books and essays on medical, ophthal- mological, and educational subjects, the principal being: "The Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria," 1853; "The In- fluence of Education and Training in pre- venting Diseases of the Nervous System," 1855 ; " On the Artificial Production of Stupidity in Schools," 1857 ; "A Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Eye," 1875 ; "Eyesight, Good and Bad," 1879; "Lec- tures on Cataract," 1884 ; the articles on Diseases of the Eye in Quain's " Diction- ary of Medicine," and in Heath's "Dic- tionary of Surgery"; and the article on Medical Ophthalmology in Allbutt's " Sys- tem of Medicine." Addresses : 31 Harley Street, W. ; "Kenilworth," Clapham Com- mon, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. CART WRIGHT, The Right Hon. Sir Richard John, K.C.M.G., Canadian statesman, was born at Kingston, Dec. 4, 1835. He was educated at his native city and at Trinity College, Dublin, and entered the Canadian Parliament as a Conservative in 1863, but in 1870 left that party, and has since been one of the Liberal leaders of the Dominion. In 1873 he was made Minister of Finance in the Mackenzie Government, an office he retained until the general defeat of the Liberals in 1878. In July 1896 he became Minister of Trade and Commerce in Sir Wilfred Laurier's Government, and during Mr. Laurier's absence from Canada in 1897, he was tem- porary leader of the Government in the House of Commons. He is now Member for Central Huron. In 1879 he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George and G.C.M.G. in 1897. In 1859 he married Frances, daughter of Colonel Alexander Law, of the East India Company's Service. Address : King- ston, Canada, &c. CARYSFORT— CASATI 181 CARYSFORT, Earl of, William Proby, K.P., J.P., born at Glenart Castle, co. Wioklow, in 1836, succeeded his brother as 5th Earl in 1872. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A.), and is Lord- Lieutenant of the county of Wicklow. He is the possessor of some celebrated pictures by Sir Joshua Reynolds, Hobbema, Gerard Dow, Franz Hals, Landseer, Roruney, &c., most of which are kept at Elton Hall, Peter- borough ; also of an extensive library con- taining several Caxton Bibles and a Prayer- book of Henry VIII. He was married in I860 to Charlotte, eldest daughter of the Rev. Boothby Heathcote, of Friday Hill, Chingford, Essex. Addresses : 10 Hereford Gardens, Park Lane, W. ; and Elton Hall, Peterborough. CASATI, Gaetano, is the son of a doctor at Monza, where he was born in 1838. He studied at Monza, Milan, and Pavia, devoting himself more especially to mathematics. When one-and-twenty, inspired by the youthful ardour of those days for the independence of Italy, he became a soldier in Piedmont, joining the corps of Bersagliere. He obtained advancement, and in 1867 was elevated to the rank of captain. But service in the army did not offer him sufficient scope for his energy. He set his mind on becoming an African explorer, and to this end gave in his resignation in 1879. Regarded as a man of great promise and capacity, he was commissioned by the Societa d'Es- plorazione Commerciale d' Africa to pro- ceed to that country at their expense, and he sailed from Genoa on Dec. 24, 1870. He went by way of Suakim and Berber to Khartoum, where he arrived about the middle of May 1880, his immediate object being to reach the Bahr-el-Ghazel, and there see his fellow-countryman, Gessi Pacha, then governor of that particular Tegion. In this he succeeded, and the meeting of the two was of a touching character. Gessi soon afterwards nursed Casati through a dangerous fever, paying him the most devoted attention, and re- fusing to leave him until he was thoroughly restored to health. Then, however, Gessi moved on to Khartoum, intending to return to Europe, though he got no farther than Suez, where he died. After Gessi's depar- ture -Casati had another severe attack of fever, this time of prolonged duration, but lie was able, on Oct. 14, 1880, to proceed to Rumbeck. After this nothing was heard about him by his friends until a letter reached them from Tangasi, dated Dec. 29, 1881, stating that he had been kept a prisoner by a certain chief, Azanga by name, and had only succeeded in making his escape on the 7th of that month. Getting on the march again in 1881, Casati made his way to the Niam-Niam territory, which lies immediately to the west of what was once Emin Pacha's province, and has since been visited and described by George Schweinfurth. In a letter dated April 13, 1883, Casati describes his cordial reception by Emin Pacha at Lado, where he saw also Junker, the Russian explorer. Emin Pacha, .he says, treated him with "rare liberality and generosity." At that time, however, the Mahdi was assuming a very threatening attitude, and thus the three Europeans found themselves " united but shut in " in this extreme corner of the Egyptian possessions. Two expeditions were organised to effect their rescue, one conducted by Dr. Fischer, which got as far as the east of Victoria Nyanza, and then had to return for want of the requi- site goods for barter ; and the other led by Dr. Lenz, who proceeded by way of the Congo, but also was obliged to abandon his attempt, leaving, as we all know, the real honours of the rescue to be obtained by Stanley. At the request of Emin Pacha he went to live as "resident" in the territory of King Kabba Rega, son of M'tesa, of Unyoro. In this capacity part of his duty was to play the rfjle of Emin's postmaster. Emin forwarded to him all his correspondence for Europe, and he had to devise the means as best he could by which it was to be sent to the coast. At first Casati was well treated by the king ; but, after the lapse of about twenty months, Kabba Rega changed his humour, and condemned him to death, together with an Arab merchant named Biri, who, Casati heard, was actually killed. Casati, however, though at first tied with cords round his neck, arms, and legs, managed to escape with some of his men. Chased from place to place, he got over sufficient ground during the night to reach at last the Albert Nyanza, where lay his sole hope of safety, though even then he ran the risk of being caught by a certain chief in that region who, as he heard, had received orders from the king to capture and murder him. Happily they found a boat, in which one of the men went off to tell Emin Pacha what had happened. Two days afterwards Emin Pacha arrived in his steamer, and rescued Casati from his perilous situation. It was high time. For three days Casati had not had a morsel of food to eat. "I am now in safety, it is true," wrote he from the Albert Nyanza on March 25, 1888, "but I am oppressed with grief at the loss of all my notes. The work of so many years has vanished like smoke I " But Casati had previously sent home sufficient information to show that he had already done valuable service to the cause of African exploration. 182 CASHEL — CASIMIR-PEEIEK CASHEL, Bishop of. See Day, The Right Rev. Maurice Fitzgerald. CASIMIH-PERIER, Jean Paul Pierre, ex-President of the French Re- public, is the son and grandson of states- men, his father, Auguste Casimir-Perier, the diplomatist, having been Minister of the Interior in 1871, whilst his grand- father was leader of the Opposition on the accession of Louis-Philippe, and after- wards Premier. The ex-President was born on Nov. 8, 1847. After a brilliant career as a student of literature and his- tory he received the University degree of licencii is lettres, and in the Franco-Prussian War joined the Mobiles of the Aube who were summoned to Paris, where during the siege he behaved with such gallantry as to be mentioned in an Order of the Day, and afterwards to receive the decora- tion of the Legion of Honour. When his father joined the first Republican Cabinet of M. Thiers, he became chef du cabinet under him at the Ministry of the Interior. In order to open to him a political career his father resigned his position as Councillor- General of the Aube in April 1874, and introduced him to the electors of Nogent- sur-Seine, under the sanction of the Perier political tradition. He was elected Deputy without opposition on July 18. The same year he conducted a brisk electoral campaign in his department in support of the Republican candidature of General Saussier. At the general elec- tions of February 1878, he was elected unopposed for Nogent-sur-Seine. His profession of faith was resolutely Re- publican, and he joined the Left Centre and the Republican Left in the Chamber of Deputies, voting constantly with the majority supported by these groups. After the crisis of May 1877, he was one of the 363 deputies who refused to pass a vote of confidence in the Broglie Ministry. At the succeeding elections he was returned by a large majority over the Bonapartist candidate, M. Walkenaer, and when in December a purely Repub- lican Cabinet was formed he was appointed, under M. Bordoux, Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Public Instruc- tion. He retained this post until the Cabinet Dufaure went out of office in January 1879. Three months later he abandoned the Left Centre for the Re- publican Left. Re-elected for Nogent- sur-Seine in August 1881, he joined the Union Re"publicaine. In February 1883, he retired from the Chamber on the law being passed to exclude members of French royal families from public em- ployments. In this he followed family tradition, and is in consequence still re- garded as Orleanist in tendency. In the following March he consented to re-enter Parliament, and on Oct. 17, 1883, was appointed Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of War, and remained there till his superior Minister, General Campenan, retired in January 1885. In the October elections of the same year he was returned by a large majority for the Aube. In September 1889 he was again elected for Nogent-sur-Seine. In each successive Parliament M. Casimir-Perier has enjoyed great personal influence among the Re- publican majority. In 1890 he was elected Vice-President of the Chamber and Presi- dent of the Budget Committee. In the summer of 1894 he was elected President of the French Republic, immediately after the assassination of the late President Carnot. His political tradition was not so purely revolutionary as that of the Carnots, but his election took place at a crisis in the affairs of France when an essentially strong and courageous man was needed at the head of the State. But in Casimir-Perier the French Cham- bers, and, indeed, the French people thought they had at last found a " strong man " who would defend them against the combined assaults of predatory radicalism and of a form of revolutionary socialism inimical to all social order. It is not too much to say that the election of M. Casi- mir-Perier was hailed by all Europe as an indication of the determination of the French nation to combat the destructive agencies which threatened the national security. Hence, Casimir-Perier became the mark of the motley crowd of maligners who were the recognised apostles of social disorder. The President was traduced and openly insulted in every possible manner, and so persistent did these disgraceful tactics become that the Government at last took action, and prosecuted M. Girault- Richard, a writer of small repute, who had published libels on Casimir-Perier, which were described as nothing less than "atro- cious." Girault-Richard was sentenced to six months' imprisonment; and one of the advanced Radical arrondissements of Paris, thinking the affair an excellent opportunity for placing on record their absolute indiffer- ence to the critical issues at stake, elected the scribe as a Deputy, and the Socialists, carrying the campaign on to a further point, demanded that Girault-Richard should be "given to the Chamber" — that is, released. Although the release by Napoleon III. of M. Rochefort, while under sentence for a political offence, provided a precedent for this proposed action, the Government determinedly refused the So- cialist demand, and after a debate, which was not so violent as was anticipated, the Chamber supported the Government by 309 votes to 219. Naturally, immense in- CASSAGNAC — CASTELAR 183 terest was taken in this vote, especially as it was whispered that the President would consider an adverse vote as per- sonal to himself. Meanwhile, however, serious differences began to arise between M. Casimir - Perier and his supporters. Mention has already been made of the fact that his election to the Presidency was hailed by France, and by Moderate Europe as well, as a supreme triumph of Moderate ideas. Considerable dissatis- faction was aroused, therefore, when the notion gained currency that the President was not always inclined to present so bold a front to the advances of the Radicals as had been expected. This feeling came to a head on the election of a President of the Chamber. The Radical leader himself, M. Brisson, ran for the chair, and it was felt that his defeat could be assured only by the counter-nomination of a Minister. But Casimir-Perier would not allow the nomination to be made. He was willing to stand against M. Brisson for the chief place in the State, but he would not permit one of his Ministers to stand against him for the chief place in the Chamber. Con- sequently the election of M. Brisson re- sulted. During the week following, the Government were defeated on a resolution which they had refused to endorse, and M. Dupuy and his colleagues, justly re- garding this as a vote of " No confidence," immediately left the Chamber, and ten- dered their resignations. To the astonish- ment of the Ministry, and, indeed, of the whole nation, the President did not accept the resignations, but informed the Premier that he must retain power for a time, since he (Casimir-Perier) had determined to re- sign the Presidential Chair. M. Dupuy, suddenly confronted with a crisis of the utmost gravity, protested against the President's step, but all' to no purpose. M. Casimir-Perier persisted in his inten- tion ; and in a few hours his formal letter of resignation was read in both Chambers. In this document, which was received in the Chamber with comparative silence, but in the Senate with jeering interruptions, the Prpsident said that "the attempt to mislead public opinion has succeeded " ; that his twenty years of public life had not convinced Republicans of the sincerity and ardour of his political faith ; that for six months a campaign of insult had been waged against him, as well as against Parliament and the Magistracy ; that he could not acknowledge it to be his duty to bear such insult, and that he conse- quently laid down his functions. "Per- haps in doing so I shall have marked out the path of duty to those who are soli- citous for the dignity of power and the good name of France in the world." It is difficult to decide how far Casimir-Perier was justified in suddenly leaving the helm of State. At the time, the best informed English opinion averred that the action was condemned by all Europe. However, there was but one course for the French Parliament to adopt, and his resignation was accepted. During the Zola trial of 1898, it became known that the real reason for his resignation was the fact that his Cabinet concealed material facts of their policy from him, so that he nearly found himself in a serious quarrel with Ger- many, owing to his ignorance of the Dreyfus scandal. It was even said that private documents on the Dreyfus affair from the German Ambassador in Paris to his Emperor had been abstracted and photographed en route. In order to disso- ciate himself from such acts, and prevent an immediate declaration of war, M. Casimir- Perier retired from the Presidency and from political life. Addresses : 23 Rue Nitot, Paris; and Chateau de Pout-sur- Seine, Aube. CASSAGNAC, Granier de. See Granier de Cassagnac, Paul de. CASTELAR, Emilio, for long a Spanish statesman, and one of the most eloquent orators of the age, was born at Cadiz on Sept. 8, 1832. His father was a mercantile man and a strong Liberal, but died when his sou was only seven. Emilio was brought up at Elda, a* village not very farfrom the famous Elche, sometimes called Elche of the Palms. From Elche he was sent to Alicante with the object of further pursuing his studies in that provincial capital. He remained at Alicante till he was sixteen years of age, a studious lad, evincing little, if any, inclination for the customary recreations of his fellow-stu- dents. However, he is said to have been at this time passionately attached to the study of history, with a sustained enthu- siasm for the classics, and evidencing early and brilliant promise of literary power and of a high and poetic imagination. In October 1848 he migrated to Madrid, the city destined to be the scene of his greatest achievements. For six years he worked steadily on, attracting considerable atten- tion by reason of his contributions to newspapers and reviews. Suddenly, in September 1854, he electrified Madrid and the country by a speech at a great electoral meeting in the capital. A vast concourse, tired and listless owing to much platform declamation, was unexpectedly thrilled in a few minutes by young Castelar's oration, and, in an hour, the hardly known youth- ful democrat had become a celebrity. Hundreds of thousands of copies of his address were scattered throughout the country, and the Liberal papers, conscious 184 CASTELAR of the advent of a new champion, did their utmost to obtain his co-operation. A few weeks later, he further increased his widening reputation by several speeches made in the defence of various journals which had been prosecuted for political articles. The ideas which he preached in these early days have crystallised into a philosophy of life, for, in his political ideals, Castelar has scarcely changed. These theories of the State and its func- tions gained for him a notoriety almost unexampled in one so young, nevertheless carrying with it recognition and encourage- ment in high quarters. He was appointed Professor of History and Philosophy in the University of Madrid ; but, unlike many similarly favoured, this position did not shut his mouth, and in 1866 he took a prominent part in the revolutionary move- ment which was finally crushed by Serrano. On this occasion he was condemned to death, but he made good his escape, and sought refuge first at Geneva and after- wards in France. When the revolution broke out in September 1868, he returned to his native country, and was one of the most energetic leaders of the Republican movement. He exerted himself to the utmost in order to bring about the estab- lishment of a Republic, but at the general election for the Constituent Cortes in February 1869, the Republicans succeeded in returning only a small proportion of their candidates, among whom, however, was Senor Castelar. In the discussions respecting the new constitution of Spain, Senor Castelar advocated, but unsuccess- fully, the principle of Republican institu- tions. In June 1869 he vigorously op- posed the project of a regency, and he was also concerned in the Republican in- surrections which occurred in October of that year. In the government chosen by the Cortes after the abdication of King Amadeo, Senor Castelar was Minister of Foreign Affairs. On Aug. 24, 1873, he was elected President of the Cortes by 135 votes against 73, but he vacated that post on September 6, when he was nominated President of the Executive Power. His first measure was the prorogation of the Cortes and the assumption of dictatorial power. He next took energetic, but in- effectual, measures to suppress the Carlist insurrection, and despatched the Minister of War in person to Cuba to protect Spanish interests in that island. When, however, the Cortes re-assembled on Jan. 2, 1874, it refused by 120 votes against 100, to pass a vote of confidence in Presi- dent Castelar, who resigned. Thereupon General Pavia, as Captain-General of Madrid, forcibly dissolved the Cortes, and appointed a provisional government, with Marshal Serrano at its head. Soon after the pronunciamiento in favour of Alfonso XII., Senor Castelar quitted Madrid and proceeded to Geneva, January 1875. While in that city, being disgusted at the educational decree promulgated by the Spanish Government, he resigned the Chair of History in the University of Madrid, March 6, 1875. Subsequently he returned to Spain, and succeeded, though not without considerable difficulty, in ob- taining a seat in the Cortes as Deputy for Madrid, at the elections of January 1876. Since that time he has spoken frequently, and always with effect ; but he has been a politician without a party, too advanced for Sagasta and too moderate for the Zorrillists. Senor Castelar has never form- ally renounced his Republican convictions, but he came to recognise that the existing monarchical regime had realised, except in so far as concerned the form of govern- ment, every article of his old programme, bestowing on the country order and peace, and no small share of material prosperity. Accordingly, in 1893, he retired from public life, and advised his adherents to join the Liberal party, although he him- self was not prepared to do so. His many friends naturally concluded that his brilliant career had closed, but in May 1898, during the war with America, Castelar wrote an article in a French magazine reproaching the Queen-Regent with unjustifiably interfering in political affairs, drawing a parallel between the then position of her Majesty and that of Marie Antoinette on the eve of the French Revolution. The article in question raised a storm of indignation in Spanish political circles, but scarcely outside, since the Queen-Regent, at the time, was becoming very unpopular with the people. One of the more chivalrous Republican journals said that it was not for the Queen-Regent, wounded as woman, mother, and queen, that men with human feelings felt most pity ; nor was it for Spain, in the hour of supreme danger, to receive from him who was once her favourite son no better assistance than those miserable sugges- tions in the article referred to ; it was for Don Emilio Castelar, who might be one of the greatest figures of this century, and who seemed obstinately resolved to pre- vent his glory from surviving him. Some biting references to Senor Castelar were made in the Contemporary Review for June 1898, in an article by Dr. E. J. Dillon on "The Ruin of Spain." Sefior Castelar has been a voluminous writer, and the following are included amongst his col- lected works : " Lucan : his Life, his Genius, his Poems " ; " A History of Civili- sation during the First Five Centuries of Christianity " ; " Portraits of Euro- pean Celebrities (Semblanzas) " ; "Sou- CASTLETOWN — CAVAIGNAC 185 venirs of Italy"; "History of the Re- publican Movement in Europe " ; " The Eeligious Revolution " ; " Historical Studies in the Middle Ages " ; " The History of a Heart" ; " Historical Gallery of Celebrated Women"; "The Formula of Progress"; "Political and Social Questions"; "The Ransom of the Slave"; "Letters on European Politics"; "Tragedies of His- tory"; "Contemporary Russia," 1881; "The Life of Lord Byron," and numberless articles, essays, and contributions to con- temporary literary, philosophical, political, and historical thought. It is being freely whispered among public men in Spain that Senor Castelar is beginning to feel some slight mental strain after so many years of toil. His friends — and they are to be found in all grades and places — thus seek to account for the revolutionary character of his latest writings during the Hispano- American War. CASTLETOWN, Lord, Bernard Edward Barnaby FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown, of Upper Ossory, was born in London on July 29, 1849, and educated at Eton and Brasenose College, Oxford, graduating, after obtaining a place in Class II. of the Law and Modern History School (B.A.) He went through the Franco- Prussian campaign as assistant under the Red Cross Society, and was present in Paris during the earlier days of the Commune. From 1871 to 1875 he served in the 1st Life Guards, and was with the Household Cavalry in the Egyptian -Campaign of 1882, gaining the medal and clasp after Tel-el-Kebir. He has travelled extensively in Lapland, the little-known parts of Asia Minor, the Rocky Mountains, and British North America. He sat in Parliament for three years as Conservative member for Portarlington (1880-83), and took a prominent part in the discussion of Irish questions. Since his accession to the House of Lords his political attitude has always been that of a "Moderate." In 1885 he was appointed Chairman of the Barrow Drainage Royal Commission, and he is a D.L. and J.P. for Queen's County, Ireland. He married in 1875 Ursula, only child of Viscount Doneraile. Address : Doneraile Court, Doneraile, Ireland, &c. CATES, Arthur, F.RI.B.A, F.S.I., &c, architect, born in London, April 29, 1829, was educated at King's College School, and became a pupil of Sydney Smirke, R.A. In 1870 he succeeded Sir James Pennethorne as Architect to the Land Revenues of the Crown in London, under the Commissioners of her Majesty's Woods and Forests. He succeeded Sydney Smirke, R.A., as Surveyor to the Honour- able Society of the Inner Temple, and on retiring from practice at the end of 1897 resigned these and other appointments. For some years he was Hon. Secretary to, and is now a Vice-President of, the Society of Biblical Archaeology. He was Hon. Secretary to the Architectural Publi- cation Society, and brought "The Dic- tionary of Architecture " to a successful termination. He has been (1887-91) a Vice-President of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and is Chairman of " The Tribunal of Appeal " constituted under the London Building Act, 1894. CAUSTON, Richard Knight, M.P., son of the late Sir J. Causton, was born in 1843. He represented Colchester in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1885, and since 1895 has been Liberal member for West Southwark. He was Master of the Skinners' Company during the year 1877-78, and during the last administra- tion was a Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1892 to 1895. He is Director of the firm of Sir Joseph Causton & Sons, Limited, a Commissioner of Lieutenancy for London, Chairman of the London Liberal and Radical Union, and a member of the Executive Committee of the London Chamber of Commerce. He was married in 1871 to Selina Mary, eldest daughter of the late Sir T. Chambers. Address : 12 Devonshire Place, W. CAVAIGNAC, Jacques Marie Eugene Godefroy, French Minister of War, was born May 22, 1853, and is the son of General Eugene Cavaignac, who was the Chief of the State in 1848, and the principal rival of Louis Napoleon for the Presidency. The family, like that of the Carnots and Casimir-Periers, is a famous one in the history of French Republicanism, for the first well-known Cavaignac was a Member of the Conven- tion, and voted for the death of Louis XVI. The subject of our biography was a dis- tinguished scholar at the Lycee Louis le Grand, and in 1867 had taken many prizes. The Prince Imperial, then twelve years old, was to distribute them, but young Cavaignac refused to accept his from the hands of the son of his father's successful rival, who had basely betrayed the Re- public. During the Franco- Prussian War he volunteered, and gained the Military Medal for his bravery at Avron. In 1872 he entered the Ecole Polytechnique, and obtained a post as engineer at Angouleme. He returned to Paris to study law, and in 1881 obtained a post in the Conseil d'Etat. He was elected to the Chamber in 1882 for Saint-Calais, and sat with the Repub- licans. In 1885 he became Under-Secre- tary of War under GeneralCampenon in 186 CAVAN — CESNOLA the Brisson Cabinet, and in 1891 he was Minister of Marine. During the Panama scandals in 1890 he proposed a famous resolution for the cleansing of political life. At the fall of the Maine Cabinet in June 1898 he was chosen by M. Brisson for the Ministry of War, and he incurred some blame by continuing General Billot's (q.v.) policy with regard to the Dreyfus affair. He made a speech in the Chamber in which he declared his belief in Dreyfus' guilt, and it was posted up throughout France. However, on examining the dossier he discovered a forged document by Colonel Henry, which led to that officer's suicide. On M. Brisson declaring a new trial necessary, he declared his con- tinued belief in the justice of the original sentence, and sooner than give way he resigned in the early days of September 1898. He is looked upon as one of those who may one day be called to the Presi- dency, unless he suffer his father's fate. CAVAN, Earl of, The Right Hon. Frederick Edward Gould Lambart, K.P., J.P., was born in 1839, and succeeded his father as 9th Earl in 1887. He was educated at Harrow, and entering the navy, he was present as a Lieutenant at the siege of Sebastopol in 1854, and at the bombardment of Canton in 1856. He sat in the House of Commons as member for the East Division of Somerset from 1885 to 1892, and held office as Vice-Chamber- lain in 1886. He is the author of " With Yacht, Camera, and Cycle in the Medi- terranean " ; " With Yacht and Camera in Eastern Waters." Lord Cavan is the owner of the yacht Roseneath, some of whose cruises have been published ; and is the President of the Lawn Tennis Associa- tion of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. He was married in 1863 to Mary, daughter of the Bev. John Olive, Hector of Ayot St. Lawrence, Herts. Address : Wheathampstead House, Wheathampstead. CAVENDISH. See Jones, Henry. CECIL, Lord Eustace Brownlow Henry, second surviving son of the 2nd Marquis of Salisbury, by his first wife, was born in London in 1834, and educated at Harrow and Sandhurst. He entered the army in 1851, served in the Crimea, and retired as Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel, Coldstream Guards, in 1863. He repre- sented South Essex in the House of Com- mons, in the Conservative interest, from July 1865 to December 1868, and West Essex from 1868 until 1885. In February 1875 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Ordnance, which post he retained until the resignation of his party in 1880. Lord Eustace Cecil is the author of " Impres- sions of Life at Home and Abroad," 1865. He is a magistrate for Middlesex, Essex, and Dorset, and a county alderman of Dorset. Addresses : 111 Eaton Square, S.W. ; and Lytchett Heath, Poole. CENTURION. Graham John. See Bower, Sir CESNOLA, Count, Luigi Palma di, LL.D., archaeologist, was born at Rivarolo, near Turin, Italy, June 29, 1832. He re- ceived a collegiate education, after which he was placed in a seminary with a view to his entering the priesthood. Preferring, however, a more active life, he left the seminary to enter the Sardinian army on the outbreak of the war with Austria in 1848. In February 1849 he was promoted to a Lieutenancy on the battle-field for bravery. On the close of the war, he was ordered to the Royal Military Academy at Cherasco (near Turin), from which he graduated in 1851. After remaining in the army several years, he went to New York in 1860, and in 1861 was made a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Volunteer ser- vice of the U. S. army, and subsequently Colonel of the 4th New York Cavalry, and served throughout the war, commanding a brigade of cavalry much of the time. At Aldie, Va., June 17, 1863, he was presented by General Kilpatrick with his own sword for heroic conduct on the battle-field, and at the next charge he was severely wounded, made a prisoner of war, and was confined in Libby Prison for over nine months. At the close of the Civil War he was appointed American Consul at Cyprus, where he remained until the Consulate was abolished (1865-77). It was while he occupied that position that he made the discovery of antiquities with which his name is now associated. He has been made an honorary member of many scien- tific and literary societies, both in Europe and in America, and the kings of Italy and Bavaria have bestowed knightly orders upon him. Both Columbia and Prince- ton Colleges conferred on him the degree of LL.D. In 1873 the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York secured by purchase the Cypriote antiquities col- lected up to that date, and Cesnola was granted an extended leave of absence to visit New York and arrange and classify them. Returning to Cyprus in 1873, he made further discoveries and collections, which also were secured to the Metro- 1 politan Museum. In 1877 he settled per- manently in New York. In 1878 he was made a Trustee of the Museum, and Sec- retary of the Board of Trustees. In 1879, when the museum was removed to Central Park, he was appointed Director of it. Since that day his time has been chiefly CHAD WICK — CHAMBERLAIN 187 devoted to promoting the growth of the Museum, which is to-day one of the leading Museums of the world. He published a narrative of the discoveries and excava- tions in 1878 under the title of "Cyprus: its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples" ; and in 1882 a description of the " Metro- politan Museum of Art." In 18'JO he issued the second volume of the "Atlas of the Cesnola Collection," under the auspices of the Museum. CHADWICK, Bight Rev. George Alexander, D.D., Bishop of Derry and Raphoe, was born in 1840. He was edu- cated at Trinity College, Dublin, and was ordained in 1863, becoming Rector of Armagh in 1872, and holding that prefer- ment until 1896. He was Dean of Armagh from 1886 to 1896, and in the latter year was consecrated Bishop of Derry and Raphoe. He is author of " Christ Bearing Witness to Himself" (Donnellan Lectures), 1879; "As he that Serveth," 1880; "My Devotional Life," 1882 ; and of " Exodus " and "St. Mark," in the Expositor's Bible. Address : The Palace, Londonderry. CHAMBERLAIN, The Right Hon. Joseph, M.P., Secretary of State for the Colonies, was born in London in July 1836. He is the eldest son of the late Joseph Chamberlain, a member of one of the City Companies, and his mother was a daughter of Mr. Henry Harben. He was educated at University College School, and afterwards became a member of a firm of screw manufacturers at Birming- ham, Messrs. Nettlefold and Chamberlain, which his father had joined in 1854. He retired from business'in 1874, shortly after the decease of his father. Mr. Chamberlain had at this time obtained a certain local celebrity in consequence of his advanced Radical opinions, and the fluency of speech with which he expressed them in one of the Birmingham debating societies. In 1868 he was appointed Chairman of the first Executive Committee of the Educa- tion League, and in November of the same year a member of the Birmingham Town Council. In 1873 he became Chairman of the Birmingham School Board, of which he was first elected a member in 1870. Mr. Chamberlain is also an alderman of Birmingham, and was three times in succession elected Mayor of the borough. To his energy was due the transfer of the Gas and Water Works to the borough authorities, and. he was the author of the improvement scheme which has entirely transformed the face of central Birming- ham. His name was first brought before the public in February 1874, when he came forward at the general election to oppose Mr. Roebuck at Sheffield. He was not successful, but in June 1876 he was returned unopposed for Birmingham, to fill up the vacancy occasioned by the retirement of Mr. Dixon. He soon made his mark in Parliament, and at the general election of April 1880, he was returned with Mr. Muntz and Mr. Bright for Bir- mingham, the three Liberals having a large majority over the Conservative can- didates. On the formation of Mr. Glad- stone's administration immediately after that election, Mr. Chamberlain was nomi- nated President of the Board of Trade, with a seat in the Cabinet. As such he prepared and passed the Bankruptcy Act which is now in force, and attempted, but in vain, to pass a strong Merchant Shipping Bill. Meanwhile his influence was rapidly increasing outside the House ; he came to be regarded as the leader of the extreme Radical party, and enunciated schemes for the regeneration of the masses which were based on the doctrine of the ' ' restitution " of land and the "ransom" of property. During the general election of 1886 he was most severe in his strictures on the moderate Liberals, and produced an "un- authorised" programme, which included the re-adjustment of taxation, free schools, and the creation of allotments for com- pulsory purchase. He was returned free of expense by the western division of Birmingham in February 1886, and became President of the Local Government Board, but resigned in March because of his strong objection to Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Bill, and after the "Round Table" conference had failed to re-unite the Liberal party, he assumed an attitude of uncomprising hostility to his old leader's new policy. He visited Ulster in 1887, and did much to strengthen the Unionist cause there. Mr. Chamberlain is of opinion that Unionism, in order to remain a power in politics, should abandon its merely negative policy. Shortly afterwards he went to America as Chairman of the Fisheries Commission, which had been appointed to settle the fishery disputes between the United States and Canada. On the elevation of Lord Hartington to the Peerage as Duke of Devonshire, he was nominated the leader of the Liberal Unionist party in the House of Commons. During the general election of 1892 he spoke and worked with marked effect. He strongly opposed the Government in most of their measures during 1894, but took practically no part in the Disestablish- ment debate. In the autumn he delivered several speeches in the North, and in the course of one of them made the significant statement that the gulf between him and the Liberal party could not now be bridged over. On the formation of the Coalition Ministry in June 1895, Mr. Chamberlain 188 CHAMBERLAIN took office under Lord Salisbury as Colonial Secretary, and has proved a remarkably successful Minister. In his first year of office he had trouble with Prempeh, King of Ashanti, who was endeavouring to evade the Treaty of 1874. Mr. Chamberlain refused to meet the ambassadors sent to England by Prempeh, and decided to despatch a punitive expedition to the Gold Coast. Sir Francis Scott was ap- pointed in charge, and by forced marches soon reached Kumassi. The king was dethroned and a British resident installed. There was no bloodshed, and the excellent medical arrangements enabled the force successfully to withstand the pestilential climate. Prince Henry of Battenberg, however, who was accompanying the ex- pedition as a volunteer, had an attack of fever, and returned to the coast. He after- wards embarked on a cruiser for Madeira, and died on the way. In the autumn of 1895 serious trouble with the Transvaal was anticipated, owing to the closing of the Drifts by Mr. Kruger. Mr. Chamberlain promptly sent an ultimatum to the Boer President, and the Drifts were at once re-opened. The question of the Drifts proved to be only one of a long series of grievances of the English residents in the Transvaal, and agitation for constitutional reform increased in intensity during 1896, and culminated in the Jameson Paid in December of that year. As soon as the news of this incursion reached England, Mr. Chamberlain ordered the High Com- missioner of South Africa publicly to repudiate Dr. Jameson's proceedings. At the same time he ordered a proclamation to be issued calling upon the British resi- dents in Johannesburg to disarm, which at once placed them entirely in the hands of the Boers. Immediately after the battle of Krugersdorp, on receiving the rumour that Jameson and his fellow-prisoners were to be shot, Mr. Chamberlain wired to the Transvaal President, that he relied upon his generosity in the hour of victory. All the consequences of the raid were met by Mr. Chamberlain with unswerving spirit, and his able engineering at the Colonial Office averted a grave crisis. A congratu- latory telegram by the German Emperor to Mr. Kruger did not improve matters, and much indignation was felt both in England and the Cape at Germany's inter- ference. Mr. Chamberlain was subjected to a great deal of acrimonious criticism in the House, and also in certain sections of the press, as it was believed by some that he was implicated in the movement which led to the raid. Time has proved the absolute falsity of that opinion. In February he gave his view of the situation in the Transvaal, and explained the policy of the British Government in a despatch to Sir Hercules Robinson, which was simul- taneously published in London, and for the publication of which before it had reached Pretoria Mr. Chamberlain was gravely rebuked by Mr. Kruger. In his despatch Mr. Chamberlain suggested local self-government, but to this the President would not agree. In Parliament the Jameson Raid came in for a full share of discussion, and the Colonial Secretary made a statement regarding the agitation in Johannesburg, the raid, and other matters. In July Mr. Chamberlain moved : "That a Select Committee be appointed to inquire into the origin and circumstances of the incursion into the Transvaal by ah armed force, and into the administration of the British South Africa Company, and to report thereon." The Committee was appointed, and met under the chairman- ship of Mr. Jackson on the day Parliament was prorogued , and it was decided to put off the business until the next session. Accordingly, early in 1897 the same Com- mittee was re-appointed. During the proceedings Mr. Chamberlain elected to go into the witness chair. He gave evi- dence in which he said, "I desire to say in the most explicit manner that I did not then have, and that I never had, any knowledge or the slightest suspicion of anything in the nature of a hostile or armed invasion of the Transvaal." In the Report of the Committee it was stated that there was not the slightest evidence to show that any one in the Colonial Office had a foreknowledge of the raid. A debate took place in Parliament upon the report, which was not very favourably received, mainly owing to the fact that the Committee had not insisted upon the production of certain telegrams which had passed between Mr. Rhodes and his repre- sentative in London, Dr. Rutherford Harris, previous to the raid. -These telegrams had been read by Mr. Chamberlain at an inter- view he had with Dr. Harris at the Colonial Office. In reply to a question in the House, Mr. Chamberlain said that he bad perused the missing telegrams confiden- tially, but as far as he was concerned he had no objection whatever to their pro- duction and publication. With regard to Mr. Rhodes he said, that although a very great fault had been committed by him, there existed nothing against his personal character as a man of honour, and that the Government had no intention of punish- ' ing him. In the early part of 1897 Mr. Chamberlain took part in a debate upon Egyptian affairs, and made a vigorous reply to Mr. Morley, who strongly condemned, the British advance in the Soudan. In the course of his speech he said, "All authorities agreed that to leave Egypt now, would mean that all the beneficent CHAMBERLAIN — CHAMBERS 189 work which had arisen out of the British occupation would be undone." The Work- men's Compensation Act of 1897 was greatly indebted to Mr. Chamberlain's advocacy during its passage through the House. In June 1897 advantage was taken of the presence of the Premiers of the self-governing colonies in London during the Jubilee celebrations, to hold a con- ference for the discussion of the political and commercial relations between the mother-country and the colonies. Several meetings were held at the Colonial Office under the presidency of Mr. Chamberlain, to whom must be attributed much of the suc- cess of the conference. Upon the subject of Imperial Federation, Mr. Chamberlain made an important speech to the members of the Congress of Chambers of Com- merce of the Empire, in which he gave more direct countenance to proposals for a commercial union of the Empire than any of his predecessors in office. He found it necessary, however, to emphasise his declaration that the principle to be accepted, if we are to make any, even the slightest progress, is that within the dif- ferent parts of the Empire protection must disappear, and that the duties must be revenue duties, and not protection duties in the sense of protecting the products of one part of the Empire against those of another part. Mr. Chamberlain is also very much in favour of an Anglo-American alliance. In October 1896 he was elected Lord Rector of Glasgow University, and is also a D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D. of Cambridge. Mr. Chamberlain has been three times married, his present wife being Mary, only daughter of W. C. Endicott, Secretary for War of the United States, and late Judge of the Supreme Court, New York. His eldest son is Mr. Austen Chamberlain [q.v.), Civil Lord of the Admiralty. Addresses : 40 Princes Gardens, S.W., and Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham. CHAMBERLAIN, Joseph Austen, M.P., and Civil Lord of Admiralty, is the eldest son of the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, and Harriet, daughter of the late Archibald Kenrick of Birmingham. He was born in 1863, and educated at Rugby, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree in 1889. He also studied in Berlin and Paris. In 1892 he was returned to Parliament as a Liberal Unionist for Worcestershire East, and was re-elected in 1895, when he was appointed a Civil Lord of the Admiralty in July. Addresses: Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham ; and 40 Princes Gardens, S.W. CHAMBERLAIN', General Sir Neville Bowles, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., the third son of the late Sir Henry Chamber- lain, Bart, (who was for some years Con- sul - General and Charge' d'Affaires in Brazil), born at Rio, Jan. 10, 1820, was ap- pointed to the Indian Army in 1837. He served as a subaltern with much distinc- tion in Afghanistan, and was wounded at Kandahar and at Ghuznee. In 184 - i he was attached to the Governor-General's body-guards, and in 1843 appointed De- puty-Assistant Quartermaster-General to the Army. In 1846 he was appointed Military Secretary to the Governor of Bombay. In 1848 he was nominated by Lord Dalhousie one of his aides-de-camp, and commanded the 8th Irregular Cavalry, attached to the army in the Punjaub. He. was present at the battles of Chillian- wallah and Gujerat in 1849. In 1855, having previously discharged some im- portant civil duties as Military Secretary to the Chief Commissioner (Sir John Law- rence), he was placed in command of a force of irregular troops, which he retained until the breaking - out of the Indian Mutiny. On the death of Colonel Chester before Delhi, Colonel Chamberlain (then Brigadier-General) succeeded to the post of Adjutant-General of the Bengal Army, and was severely wounded in the sortie of July 18. He was nominated a C.B. in 1857, and in reward for his services in the Mutiny, was appointed aide-de-camp to the Queen. He afterwards gained dis- tinction by his services against the hill, tribes, led the Umbeylah campaign, and has been wounded more frequently than any other officer in the service. He was made Major- General for distinguished service in 1864 ; was advanced to the rank of Lieutenant-General in May 1872 ; appointed Colonel of the Bengal Infantry in May 1874 ; a member of Council of the Governor of Madras in 1875 ; Com- mander-in-Chief of the Madras Army in December 1875 ; and General in 1877. In August 1878 he was appointed the head of the English special mission to Cabul. This mission was abruptly stopped by the refusal of the Ameer of Afghanistan's officer at Ali Musjid to permit it to ad- vance (September 21). He was military member of the Council of the Governor- General of India. He retired in 1886. Address : Lordwood, Southampton, CHAMBERS, Charles Haddon, dramatist, was born at Stanmore, Sydney, New South Wales, on April 22, 1860, and is son of John Ritchie Chambers of the New South Wales Civil Service, formerly of Ulster, and Frances, eldest daughter of William Kellet, Waterford, Ireland. He was educated at home, and at Marrickville and Fort Street Public Schools, Sydney. In 1875 he entered the Civil Service of his 190 CHAMPNEYS — CHANEY colony ; in 1877 became stockrider in the bush ; and in 1880 visited England and Ireland. In 1882 he came and settled in England, and took up journalism and authorship. He has written the following plays: "Captain Swift," Mr. Beerbohm Tree's part ; " The Idler," one of Mr. Alexander's most successful roles ; " The Honourable Herbert" ; " The Old Lady" ; " John-a-Dreams" ; and has collaborated in the authorship of " The Fatal Card," and " Boys Together." Address : Westgate. CHAMPNEYS, Basil, architect, son of the late Dean of Lichfield, was born in 1842, and educated at Charterhouse, being elected Foundation Scholar and Gold Medallist in 1860, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in classical honours in 1864. He studied architecture under the late John Prichard, diocesan architect of Llandaff, and began practice in 1867. Amongst other works he has designed the following public buildings : at Cambridge the Divinity and Literary Schools, all the buildings of Newnham College, the Archaeological Museum, and All Saints' Memorial ; at Oxford, the Indian Institute, the new buildings at New College, including the Robinson Memorial Tower, and Mansfield College ; at Bedford, the Girls' Schools and new Grammar School buildings for the Harpur Trust ; at Harrow, the new school build- ings and Butler Museum ; at Mill Hill College, Hendon, the new chapel ; at Winchester, the Quincentenary Museum ; and the Eylands Library in Manchester. He has designed the following churches : St. Luke's, Kentish Town ; St. Peter-le- Bailey, Oxford ; St. Mary Star of the Sea, Hastings ; Havering-atte-Bowe, in Essex ; Matfield, in Kent ; Glascote, in Warwick- Shire ; Stonefold and Laneside, in Lanca- shire ; and Slindon, in Staffordshire. Mr. Champneys has carried out the restoration of Tatenhill, Tamworth, Wednesbury, and Alrewas, in Staffordshire ; Bexley, in Kent; Upholland, in Lancashire ; Chilcote, in Derbyshire; Okewood, in Surrey; St. Dunstan's, Stepney ; St. Bride's, Fleet Street ; St. Alphege, Greenwich ; St. George's, Camberwell, and St. George the Martyr, South wark, in the London district. He is also the designer of the Royal Palace Hotel, in Kensington, On the death of Mr. Crowther, he was appointed architect to the Cathedral of Manchester, for which he erected the new boundaries, reredos, Victoria West porch, &c. Among his domestic works are St. Bride's Vicarage, 70 Gunismore Gardens ; Hasleybury, Bournemouth; Bannach Edge, Witley ; the Grange and Cronborough Wood, Mat- field. Mr. Champneys is the author of a work entitled, " A Quiet Corner of England," published in 1875. Address : Hall Oak, Frognal, Hampstead. CHANDLER, Charles Frederick, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D., American chemist, born at Lancaster, Massachusetts, Dec. 6, 1836, studied at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard College, and afterwards at the Universities of Gbttingen and Berlin, receiving his degree of Ph.D. at Gottingen in 1856. In 1857 he was placed in charge of the chemical department of Union College, and in 1858 was appointed to the chair of Chemistry in the New York College of Pharmacy. In 1864 he was made Professor of Analytical and Applied Chemistry in the newly instituted School of Mines connected with Columbia College, New York, and on the reorganisation of the school in 1877 became Professor of Chemistry both in the school and in the college. In 1865 he was appointed Che- mist to the New York Metropolitan Board of Health, of which for a number of years he was President. In 1870, in connection with his brother, he established the Ameri- can Chemist, a monthly periodical, in which the results of his principal investigations have appeared, but which was discontinued in 1877. He became connected with the New York College of Physicians and Sur- geons in 1872 as Adjunct Professor of Chemistry and Medical Jurisprudence, succeeding to the full Professorship in 1876. The degree of M.D. was conferred upon him by the University of the City of New York in 1873, and that of LL.D. by Union College in the same year. He is a Member of the Chemical Societies of London, Berlin, Paris, and New York, of the National Academy of Sciences, and of a large number of other scientific asso- ciations. While a member of the Board of Health Dr. Chandler did much to im- prove the sanitary condition of New York by establishing a rigid inspection of milk and food supplied, by securing the passage of the Tenement House Act, by regulating the location of slaughter-houses, and in numerous other ways. He has published "The Inaugural Dissertation," 1856 ; "Re- port on Water for Locomotives," 1865; "Examination of Various Rocks and Minerals," which appeared in the geolo- gical reports of Iowa and Wisconsin ; "Investigations on Mineral Waters," and papers on the water supply of cities, on petroleum, on the purification of coal-gas ; and has also contributed numerous scien- tific articles to Johnso"-'^ " Universal Cyclopaedia," 1874-77. » v CHANEY, Henry James, F.R.A.S., born at Windsor in 1842, was educated at a private school, entered the Civil Service in 1859, was appointed in 1860 to the CHANLER — CHANNING ]91 Exchequer to take charge of the technical duties arising under the Sale of Gas Act, 1859, became Secretary to the Royal Com- missions on Standards, 1867-68, and, on the retirement in 1876 of the Warden of the Standards, he was appointed Superin- tendent, Standards Department, in the Board of Trade. He has been a member of various committees relating to units and standards of measurement ; and re- presented Great Britain in Paris in 1889 at the General Conference of the Inter- national Committee of Weights and Mea- sures. He is identified with improvements in the local administration of the laws relating to the weights and measures used in trade, and with recent demands for higher accuracy in weighing and measur- ing instruments used for scientific and manufacturing purposes. His printed papers, issued under the direction of the Board of Trade, include "Reports on Standards of Measurement for Gas " ; " Verification of Standards for the Govern- ments of India and Russia," 1877 ; " Screw Gauges," 1881-83 ; "Apothecaries' Weights and Measures," 1881; "Calculations of Densities and Expansions," 1883 ; " On the Prevention of Fraud in the Sale of Coal and of Bread"; "Expansion of Pal- ladium ;" "Re-Comparison of the Imperial and Metric Units," 1883; "Verification of the New Parliamentary Standards of Length and Weight," 1881-83; "Mode of Testing Weighing-Machines," 1886 ; "Note on the Gold Coinage," 1886 ; "Re- Determination of the Scientific Unit of Volume," 1889; "Treatise on Weights and Measures," 1897. Address : 29 Chalcot Crescent, Regent's Park, N.W. CHANLER, Mrs. Amelie, nie Rives, an American writer, was born at Rich- mond, Virginia, in 1863. She was edu- cated chiefly at the home of her grand- father, William C. Rives, Castle Hill, Albemarle County, Virginia, and early showed a taste for literature. Her first published story was " A Brother to Dra- gons," and appeared in the Atlantic in 1886. This was followed by " Farrier Lass of Piping Pebworth," " Nurse Crumpet's Story," "Story of Arnon," and "Virginia of Virginia. " In 1888 her "Quick or the Dead" was issued, and it at once attracted wide attention, and proved one of the literary sensations of the year. Her later works are a five-act Syrian tragedy entitled " Herod and Mariamne," "The Witness of the Sun," and "According to St. John." Miss Rives vCi T married in June 1888 to John Armstrong Chanler of New York, a great-grandson of the late William B. Astor, and has spent considerable time since then in England and on the Con- tinent of Europe. CHANNELL, The Hon. Sir Arthur Moseley, a Justice of the Supreme Court of Queen's Bench, is the sole surviving son of the late Sir W. F. Channell, Baron of the Exchequer, and was born in London on Nov. 13, 1838. He was educated at Harrow and at Cambridge, where he graduated as 26th Wrangler, and was placed in Class II. of the Classical Tripos of 1861. While at college he gained much fame as an oar, winning the Colqu- houn Skulls in 1860, the University Pairs in 1861, and rowing in the First Trinity boat which won the Grand Challenge Cup and the Ladies' Plate at Henley in 1861. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1863, and became a Q.C. in 1885. From 1888 to 1897 he was Recorder of Rochester. He became a Member of the Council of Law Reporting in 1894, and in 1895 Vice-Chairman of the General Council of the Bar. In the autumn of 1897 he was raised to the Bench, and received the customary honour of knighthood. He married (1) in 1865 Beatrice, fourth daugh- ter of the late A. W. Wyndham, of Bland- ford, and (2) in 1877 Constance, only daughter of the late W. B. Trevelyan, of The Oaks, Hendon. Addresses : 1 Bram- ham Gardens, South Kensington, S.W. ; Farrar's Building, Temple ; and Athenajum. CHANNING, Francis Allston, M.P., only son of the Rev. W. H. Channing, was born in 1841, was educated privately and at Oxford, taking honours in Classics and Mathematics, the Chancellor's Prize in 1865 for his essay on "Instinct," and the Arnold Prize in 1866 for "The Greek Orators as Historical Authorities." He was a Classical Scholar of Exeter, and afterwards Fellow of University College, where he was Lecturer in Philosophy. He was called to the Bar in Lincoln's Inn, but does not practise. In 1870, on leav- ing Oxford, Mr. Channing was offered an Examinership in the Education Office by Mr. W. E. Forster, but declined it for private reasons. He resided some years in Devonshire and afterwards at Brighton, where he was a Home Commissioner and Member of the School Board, and took an active part in the organisation of the Liberal party in Brighton and Sussex, and the Home Counties generally, as one of the founders of the London and Counties Liberal Union. In 1885 Mr. Channing was returned for East Northamptonshire by a majority of 2055 over Mr. R. Ramsden, Conservative (5414 to 3359), and in 1886 by 4428 to 3012 over the Hon. Leopold Agar Elliz, in 1892 by 5832 to 4348 over Mr. Potter, Q.C, and in 1895 by 6177 to 4961 over Mr. Lush Wilson. Mr. Channing was one of the group of advanced Liberals who rallied round Mr. Chamberlain in 192 CHANOINE — CHAPLIN 1883, 1884, and 1885, but in the break-up of 1886 sided with Mr. Gladstone, believing that the "Radical Programme" of 1884 — democratic local self-government, land for the people, disestablishment, free educa- tion, graduated taxation, &c. — could only be obtained through the Liberal party. In Parliament his chief work has been in connection with questions affecting labour, land, and agriculture, national education, and the protection of the Eastern Chris- tians from Turkish oppression. His pro- posals for diminishing the risks and short- ening the hours of railway servants were substantially enacted in the Railway Re- gulation Acts of 1889 and 1893. The principle of the latter Act, that the Board of Trade should have an elastic power to shorten the excessive hours of labour of adult males, on their complaint, and on the merits of each case, was a wholly original step in labour legislation. Mr. Channing was active in the Parliament of 1886 in pushing the allotments question, and as Chairman of the Liberal County Members in 1893-94 did much to shape the land acquisition proposals of the Parish Council Bill. He has promoted a long series of measures for the benefit of tenant farmers, including the most complete Agricultural Holdings Bill so far intro- duced, and the prevention of frauds as to feeding stuffs and fertilisers. He was elected Chairman of the Central and Asso- ciated Chambers of Agriculture in 1894, and during his year of office moved for and served on the Select Committee on Food Adulteration, which reported in 1897. In 1893 he was appointed one of the Royal Commission on Agricultural Depression, for which he prepared an exhaustive minority report in 1897. In reference to education, Mr. Channing has been one of the most strenuous supporters of a uniform system of State-paid schools under local representative control, merg- ing the existing denominational schools in a national system, while reserving the right of the managers to use the buildings for specific doctrinal teaching outside the secular time-table. He also favours the close connection of secondary with ele- mentary education. Mr. Channing has been from the first an active member of the Anglo-American and Grosvenor House and Cretan Committees. Mr. Channing is a magistrate for Northamptonshire. Mr. Channing has been a frequent contributor to the press and to periodical literature. His publications include "Instinct," "The Great Orators as Historical Authorities," "The Second Ballot," "The Truth about Agricultural Depression," &c. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Bryant, Esq., of Boston and Cohasset, U.S.A. Address : 40 Eaton Place, S.W. CHANOINE, General, late French Minister of War, was born at Dijon in 1835. After passing through St. Cyr he served in the Zouaves and in the Dragoons, and in 1860 became Head of the Staff of the French Expedition to China. He next served as chief of a military mission to Japan. In 1869 he was aide-de-camp to General Bourbaki, and after going through the war of 1870, General Chanoine joined the General Staff at the War Office. He became Colonel of the 14th Cuirassiers in 1880, and was sent on a mission to the Far East. On his return he was promoted Brigadier -General in 1885, and Major- General in 1893. In that year he was given the command of the Lille garrison. On the resignation of General Zurlinden (Sept. 17, 1898), General Chanoine accepted the portfolio of Minister of War in the Brisson Cabinet. He is a good linguist, speaking Russian as well as English and German, and on this account he was despatched to the Russian manoeuvres in 1875. He also acted as the cicerone of the Russian naval visitors in 1893. Politically General Chanoine is a staunch Republican. He gave in his resignation in a most un- expected and sensational manner at the first meeting of the French Chamber of Deputies on Oct. 25, 1898. His plea was the usual one, "the army insulted," &c. His bluntly military and quite incoherent speech, delivered from the tribune as it were at the invitation of M. Deroulede, was rapturously applauded by the crowds of Chauvinists present, but the Brisson Ministry immediately stultified this show of outraged dignity by reading recent letters in his handwriting, which proved that he has repeatedly refused to allow newspapers to be prosecuted for attacks on the army. CHAPLIN, The Right Hon. Henry, M.P., J.P., D.L., President of the Local Government Board, and late President of the Board of Agriculture, is the second son of the late Rev. Henry Chaplin, by Horatia, daughter of the late William Ellice, Esq. He was born in 1841, and educated at Harrow and at Christ Church, Oxford. From November 1868 to Novem- ber 1885 he represented Mid-Lincolnshire in the House of Commons, since when he has sat for North Kesteven or for the Sleaford Division of Lincolnshire, which he now represents. Mr. Chaplin is a pro- minent member of the Conservative party,, a frequent debater, and an authority on. agricultural matters. From June 1885 to January 1886 he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1889 was appointed the President of the newly- formed Board of Agriculture, with a seat in the Cabinet. He retained his position, CHARLES I. — CHARLEY 193 as President until 1892. He was appointed President of the Local Government Board in June 1895, and in 1896 conducted the Agricultural Rates Act through the House of Commons. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1885. Mr. Chaplin is a repre- sentative country gentleman and a leading member of the turf. He is a J.P. and D.L. of Lincolnshire. In 1890 Edinburgh Uni- versity conferred upon him its honorary LL.D. degree. He married in 1876 Lady Florence Leveson-Gower, daughter of the 3rd Duke of Sutherland. She died in 1881. Addresses : Blankney, Sleaford ; Stafford House, St. James's, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. CHARLES I., Charles Eitel Frede- rick Zepriirin Louis, King of Roumania, was born April 20, 1839, being the second son of Prince Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, head of the second of the non-reigning branches of the princely house of Hohen- zollern. He was elected and proclaimed Prince Regnant of Roumania, with here- ditary succession, by a plebiscite, taken April 8-20, 1866, and definitely recognised on Oct. 24 in that year by the Sublime Porte and the guaranteeing Powers. The Prince had previously been a Sub-Lieu- tenant in the 2nd Regiment of Prussian Dragoons, and it is believed that his candidature for the throne of Roumania, which had become vacant by the expulsion of Prince Alexander John, was proposed by Prussia, and supported by her diplo- matic action. His reign has been marked throughout by internal dissensions and parliamentary crises. The unwarrantable persecution of the Jews in Moldavia elicited indignant protests from various foreign governments, who likewise com- plained that bands of armed men were allowed to be formed within the Rou- manian territory, with the object of creat- ing disturbances on the Lower Danube. The disputes in the Roumanian Chamber, and the incessant ministerial changes, led to a dissolution of the Chamber of Bucharest in 1869. A convention was concluded between his government and the Czar, permitting the Russians to cross the Danube in April 1877. The Roumanian army was then mobilised, and war declared against Turkey. In September and Octo- ber 1877 Prince Charles held the nominal command of the Army of the West, and he fought at Plevna, where the Rou- manians behaved with great gallantry, and suffered heavy losses. He received in acknowledgment of his services the Cross of St. George from Alexander II., to whom he sent in return the decoration of the Order of the Star of Roumania. He had the title of "Royal Highness" from 1878 till March 26, 1881, when he was pro- claimed King of Roumania by a unani- mous vote of the representatives of the nation. The coronation ceremony took place on May 22. As the King has no heirs, his nephew, Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern, was declared Prince Roy;d of Roumania by a decree of March 18, 1889, and in January 1893 he was married to the Princess Marie, daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg, and has issue, a son, Prince Carol, and a daughter, Princess Elizabeth. Charles I. married Nov. 15, 1869, Pauline Elizabeth Ottilie Louise (born 1843), daugh- ter of the late Prince Hermann of Wied. (See Elizabeth.) CHARLES, Sir Arthur, K.B., is the youngest son of the late Robert Charles, Esq., of London and Carisbrooke, I.W., and was born in 1839. He received his education at University College, London, and graduated B.A. of London University with mathematical honours in 1858, subse- quently receiving, in 1884, an hon. M.A. from the Archbishop of Canterbury, and an hon. D. C.L. from the University of Durham. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in January 1862, after ob- taining a certificate of honour of the first class. He then joined the Western Cir- cuit, and became one of its leaders. In February 1877 he took silk, and was elected a Bencher of his Inn in January 1880. From 1878 to 1887 he was Recorder of Bath, and from 1884 to 1887 Chancellor of Southwell Diocese, and Commissary of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. In September of the latter year he was appointed a Judge of the High Court of Justice, and was also knighted. He was for many years a member of Council and President of the Senate of University College, London, and a member of the Council of Legal Education. From 1877 to 1882 he examined in Common Law in London University, of which he unsuccess- fully contested the Parliamentary repre- sentation in 1880. In the same year he was Chief Commissioner to inquire into corrupt practices at the Canterbury elec- tion, and in 1881-83 a Royal Commissioner to inquire into the working of Ecclesias- tical Courts. He resigned his judicial office in March 1897. He married Rachel Christian, daughter of T. D. Newton, Plymouth, in 1866. Addresses : Shelley House, Chelsea Embankment, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. CHARLEY, Sir William Thomas, Q.C., D.C.L., born at Woodbourne on March 5, 1833, is the youngest son of the late Matthew Charley, Esq., of Finaghy House, near Belfast. He was educated at St. John's College, Oxford, and took his degree of B.A. in 1856, and of B.C.L. and N 194 CHARLOTTE — CHARTERIS D.C.L., by accumulation, in 1868. In 1865 he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, having obtained the first certifi- cate of honour of the first class, and the exhibition at the final examinations of Council of Legal Education. He was elected Common Serjeant of the City of London in April 1878, becoming a Com- missioner of Oyer and Terminer at the Central Criminal Court and Judge of the Mayor's Court of London. On reaching the fifteenth year of his judicial service in 1892, he resigned the office of Common Serjeant, retiring on a pension of two- thirds of his judicial salary, which had been increased some years before. In 1880 he was made a Q.C. For twelve years, viz., from 1 868 to 1880, he represented Salford in the House of Commons in the Conser- vative interest. He was unsuccessful at the election of 1880, and unsuccessfully contested Ipswich in 1883 and 1885. In the latter year the majority against him was very small, and his opponents were unseated for bribery by their agents. He was invited to stand again, but declined on account of ill-health. Two Conserva- tives were returned. Sir William Charley is a Past-Master of the Worshipful Com- pany of Loriners, a member of the Court of Lieutenancy of the City of London, and Hon. Colonel of the 3rd Volunteer Batta- lion of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment). He is also Trustee and Hon. Standing Counsel of the United Kingdom Beneficent Association, Trustee of the Church of England Young Men's So- ciety, and Vice-President of the City of London Conservative Association, the Eastbourne Conservative and Unionist Association, the Church Defence Insti- tution, and numerous other societies. He is the author of works on the "Real Property Acts" and "Judicature Acts," which have run through three edi- tions ; also of " The Crusade against the Constitution : an Historical Vindication of the House of Lords," a copy of which was accepted by the Queen. When in Parlia- ment he carried several measures of social reform, such as the " Infant Life Protec- tion Act, 1872," and the " Offences against the Person Act, 1875," the principles of which have been extended by subsequent legislation. He was knighted in 1880. In the spring of 1890 he married Miss Clara Harbord, daughter of F. G. Harbord, Esq., of Kirby Park, Cheshire, and has issue, Clara Noel, born on Christmas Day, 1890 ; and Estelle Dumergue, born Dec. 20, 1894. Addresses : Queen Anne's Mansions, S.W.. and Court Lodge, Hartfield Square, East- bourne. CHARLOTTE, Ex-Empress of Mexico (Marie Charlotte Amelie Auguste Victoire Clementine Leo- poldine), daughter of Leopold I., King of the Belgians, born June 7, 1840, was married July 27, 1857, to the ill-fated Maxi- milian, afterwards Emperor of Mexico, who was shot at Queretaro June 19, 1867, by the command of the inhuman Juarez. In the midst of his embarrassments, Maxi- milian sent his empress to Paris in 1866 to seek more effectual aid from the Emperor Napoleon. She failed entirely in her mis- sion, and proceeded to Italy, where her reason gave way in consequence of the troubles she had already undergone, and of those which she foresaw her husband would experience. Her Majesty was re- moved to the palace of Laeken, near Brussels, and was there when it was de- stroyed by fire in 1890. It is said that during lucid intervals she formerly em- ployed her time in writing Memoirs of the History of the Mexican Empire. Her re- covery is considered hopeless. CHARNOCK, Richard Stephen, Ph.D., F.S.A., born in London Aug. 11, 1820, is the son of Richard Charnock, Esq., of the Inner Temple, barrister-at-law. He was educated at King's College, London, and admitted an attorney in 1841. He has travelled through the whole of Europe, and has also visited the North of Africa and Asia Minor ; and has devoted much time to the study of anthropology, archae- ology, and philology, especially the Celtic and Oriental languages. Dr. Charnock is a member of many learned societies, and Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Gottingen. Among very many contri- butions to philology, anthropology, and science in general, Dr. Charnock is author of "Guide to the Tyrol," 1857; "Local Etymology," 1859; " Bradshaw's Guide to Spain and Portugal," 1865; "Verba Nominalia," 1866 ; "Ludus Patronymicus," 1868; "The Peoples of Transylvania," 1870 ; " Manorial Customs of Essex," 1870; " Patronvmica Cornu-Britannica," 1870; " On the Physical, Mental, and Philological Characters of the Wallons," 1871; "Le Sette Commune," 1871; "A Glossary of the Essex Dialect," 1879; "Pramomina; or, the Etymology of the Principal Chris- tian Names of Great Britain and Ire- land," 1882; and " Nuces Etymologies. " 1889. CHARTERIS, Professor the Rev. Archibald Hamilton, M.A., D.D., eldest son of John Charteris, schoolmaster, born in Wamphray, Dumfriesshire, Dec. 13, 1835, was educated at the parish school and Edinburgh University, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1852, and of M.A. in 1853. He was presented to the parish of St. Qmvox, Ayrshire, in 1858, to New- CHAETRES — CHASE 195 abbey in 1859, and called to the Park Church, Glasgow, in 1863. He was ap- pointed one of her Majesty's Chaplains for Scotland in 1870, having previously received the degree of D.D. from Edin- burgh University in 1868. He was ap- pointed to the Chair of Biblical Criticism in the University of Edinburgh in 1868, which he resigned in 1898. Professor Charteris is the author of "The Life of James Robertson, D.D.," 1863; " Canoni- city : a Collection of Early Testimonies to the Books of the New Testament," 1880 ; "The Christian Scriptures," being the Croall Lectures, 1888; "The Faithful Churchman," 1898, and of several occa- sional pamphlets and lectures. In eccle- siastical work he is best known as Vice-Convener of the General Assembly's Committee for the Abolition of Patronage, which accomplished its work in 1874, and as Convener of the General Assembly's Committee on Christian Life and Work from its first appointment (1869) to 1894. The purpose of this committee is to in- quire into and report upon the methods of work employed in the various parishes of the Church of Scotland, so that through the influence of the General Assembly and of public opinion, those methods may be developed and improved. Through this committee many changes have been grad- ually, and with general approval, in- troduced, almost all in the direction of turning the forces of the Christian Church into channels of social helpfulness. The Young Men's Guild and the Woman's Guild, founded by it, have been largely imitated by other churches in Scotland, England, and America. Deaconesses have also been trained and appointed, and Guild Sisters (for special work among the poor) are trained by this committee. The speci- alty of all these agencies is that they are part of the organisation of the Church : authorised, regulated, and supervised by the Church Courts ; not (as had been pre- viously the case) originated and maintained by individuals or associations outside of ordinary church organisation. Professor Charteris was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1892. In 1863 he married Catharine Morice, daughter of Sir Alexander An- derson of Aberdeen. Address : Cameron House, Edinburgh. CHARTEES, Due de, Robert Philippe - Louis - Eugene - Ferdinand d'Orleans, youngest son of the late Duke of Orleans, and grandson of the late King Louis Philippe, was born at Paris Nov. 9, 1840. When only two years of age he lost his father, and six years later the Revolu- tion drove him into exile. The young duke was carefully brought up at Eise- nach in Germany, and afterwards joined his family in England. He served in the Italian army, 1859, and in the Federal army in the first campaign of the American Civil War in 1862. After the Revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, he returned incognito to France, and served in General Chanzy's army under the assumed name of " Robert Lefort"; and in 1871, when the National Assembly had revoked the law of banish- ment against the Orleans family, he was appointed a Major, and served first in Algiers ; he was subsequently appointed Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel. In 1883 his name was struck off the active list of the army by a decree of the Republican Government ; and he was at once removed from the command of the 12th Chasseurs, and was peremptorily ordered on Feb. 25 to quit Rouen, at which city that regiment was stationed. He bade farewell to his regiment in a dignified order of the day, and asked leave of absence in order to travel in the Caucasus. In 1886, in obedi- ence to the decree of June 22, his name was finally struck off the French army lists. He married, June 11, 1863, Fran- chise - Marie - Amelie of Orleans, eldest daughter of the Prince de Joinville, and has issue two daughters, born respectively Jan. 13, 1865, and Jan. 25, 1869, and two sons, born respectively, Oct. 16, 1867, and Sept. 4, 1874. The former is the famous explorer, Prince Henri d'Orleans (q.v.). Address in Paris: 27 Rue Jean-Gonjon ; Chateau de St. Firmin, Oise ; Villa de Fayeres, Cannes. - CHASE, Marian B. T., second daughter of the late John Chase, member of the Institute of Painters in Water- Colours, was born in Upper Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, April 18, 1844. She was educated at home, excepting for two years and a half when she was at school at Ham, near Richmond. The foundation of her art-education she re- ceived from her father, who also taught her landscape painting. The late Miss Margaret Gillies kindly gave her lessons in figure painting. Miss Chase, however, has devoted herself principally to still-life and flower painting ; and in this, the special style of her choice, the study of her still - life models and of the living flowers has been her sole means of instruc- tion. She was elected a member of the Institute of Painters in Water-Colonrs in 1876. She has frequently exhibited also at the Royal Academy, the Grosvenor Gallery, and the chief provincial exhibitions. Some of her principal works are " The Untidy Corner," " Music, Literature, and Art," "Gold," "Checkmate," "The Skill and Thought of Bygone Years," "Treasures," and "The Past and To-day." Miss Chase 196 CHASSEPOT — CHELMSFOKD lives with her sisters, at 18 Christchurch Avenue, Brondesbury, London, N.W. CHASSEPOT, Antoine Alphonse, a P'rench inventor, born March 4, 1833, is the son of a working gunsmith, to which trade he was himself brought up. Enter- ing the Government workshops, he was attached in 1858 to that of St. Thomas, in Paris, as Controller of the second class ; attained the rank of Controller of the first class in 1861, and that of Principal in 1864. The result of his study of the mechanism of small arms, especially of the famous Prussian needle-gun, was the invention of the Chassepot rifle, which was adopted by the French army ; and, according to the official accounts, "did wonders" against the Garibaldians at Mentana. M. Chasse- pot was afterwards officially attached to the national manufactory of arms at Cha- tellerault, near Poitiers. He took out patents for his invention, and the royalty he received on the rifles manufactured brought him in a large income. He was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1866, and promoted to the rank of officer of the same in 1870. The Chassepot was famous in the war of 1870, but has long since been superseded. He ultimately became a hotel-keeper at Nice. CHATTERTON, The Right Hon. Hedges Eyre, was born at Cork in 1819, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, eventually obtaining the degree of LL.D. He was called to- the Irish Bar in 1843, became Solicitor-General for Ireland in 1866, and Attorney-General in the fol- lowing year. In 1867 he was raised to the Bench of Judges, and was appointed Vice- Chancellor of Ireland, having represented the University of Dublin in the House of Commons from February to August of the same year. He was married in 1845 to Mary, daughter of the Rev. William Halleran, Prebendary of Cloyne. Address : Newpark, Blackrock, Dublin. CHAWNER, "William, M.A., has been Master of Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge, since 1895. He was born in Feb- ruary 1838, and educated at Rossall School and Emmanuel College. He is the author of " The Influence of Christianity upon the Legislation of Constantine the Great," 1874. Address : Emmanuel College, Cambridge. CHELMSFORD, Lord, General Frederic Augustus Thesiger, G.C.B., is the eldest son of the 1st Lord Chelmsford (who was twice Lord Chan- cellor in the Government of the late Lord Derby) by his wife Anna Maria, youngest daughter of Mr. William Tinling, of Southampton. He was born May 31, 1827, and educated at Eton. In 1844 he entered the Rifle Brigade. He was trans- ferred in 1845 to the Grenadier Guards as ensign, and became captain, 1850; Brevet- Major, 1855; Lieut. -Colonel, 1857; Colonel, 1863 ; Major-General, 1868 ; Lieut.-General, 1882 ; and General, 1888. He served in the Crimean campaign as aide-de-camp to Major-General Markbam, including the siege and fall of Sebastopol, and for this service he was promoted to a brevet majority. Having exchanged into the 95th Regiment as second Lieut. -Colonel, he served in the Indian Mutiny campaign, and subsequently as Deputy Adjutant- General, British troops, in the Bombay Presidency. He succeeded Colonel Raines, C.B., in the command of the 95th Regiment. As Deputy Adjutant-General in the Abys- sinian campaign of 1868 he was present at the capture of Magdala. For his services in this campaign he was nominated a Com- panion of the Bath and one of her Majesty's aides-de-camp. He was Adjutant-General to the forces in India from 1869 till December 1874, when he was appointed to command the troops at Shorncliffe, and subsequently the 1st Infantry Brigade at Aldershot. In March 1877 he attained the rank of Major-General, and in January of the following year he was nominated to succeed General Sir Arthur Cunninghame as Commander of the Forces and Lieut.- Governor of Cape Colony. He completed the subjugation of the Kaffirs, and restored Caffraria to a condition of tranquillity, and for these services was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He had succeeded to the peerage on his father's death in 1878. Lord Chelmsford was appointed to the chief command of the British troops in the Zulu War of 1879. Lieut. -Colonel Durnford's column, con- sisting of 1774 Englishmen and 650 natives, was encamped at Isandhlwana, when an attack was made on the fortified camp by the Zulus, resulting in the annihilation of half the garrison. A gallant defence was made the same day at Rorke's Drift, about ten miles from Isandhlwana, by Lieutenants Chard and Bromhead, who with 110 men of the 24th Regiment and twenty-nine others held the post against the desperate assaults of 3000 Zulus. Lord Chelms- ford's troops arrived after the natives had been beaten off and had retired. On April 2, an attack was made by an army of 11,000 Zulus upon the fortified camp of the British troops under Lord Chelmsford at Gingholova, on the road to Ekowe, but the Zulus were repulsed with great loss ; and two days later the British troops, who bad been surrounded at Ekowe by Zulus after the disaster of Isandhlwana, were relieved by the force under Lord Chelms- ford's command. The decisive battle of CHEKBULIEZ — CHESNELONG 197 Ulundi was fought on July 4, when the Zulu army was completely defeated. The credit of the victory admittedly belongs to Lord Chelmsford, but before this battle was fought Sir Garnet Wolseley had landed at Durban, Natal, to supersede him in the command of the British troops operating against the Zulus. Lord Chelms- ford, having resigned the command, was created a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and arrived in England in August 1879. In 1884 he was appointed Lieutenant of the Tower of London, which he held until 1889. Lord Chelmsford retired in 1893. He married in 1867 Adria Fanny, daughter of Major-General Heath, of the Bombay army. Address : 5 Knares- borough Place, S.W. CHERBULIEZ, Victor, son of a Pro- fessor of Greek at Geneva, was born in that city in 1829. His early education at Geneva was completed in Paris, at Bonn, and in Berlin, and after a voyage to the East he published his first essay, an antiquarian trifle entitled " A propos d'un Cheval, Causeries Athe'niennes," 1860, re- printed in 1864 under the title of " Un Cheval de Phidias." After the death of his father in 1874 he settled in Paris, where he published a number of novels, all of which appeared originally in the columns of the Revue des Deux Mondes. Among them are " Le Comte Kostia," 1863; "Le Prince Vitale," 1864; "Paule Merey 1864; "Le Roman d'une honnete Femme," 1866 ; "Le Grand (Buvre," 1867; "Prosper Randoce," 1868; " L'Aventure de Ladislas Bolski," 1869; "Le Fiance 1 de Mademoiselle de Saint-Maur," 1876; and "L'Idee de Jean Teterol," 1878, which was translated into English under the title of " The Wish of his Life." Later books are "Noirs et Rouges," "Olivier Maugant," "La Ferme du Choquard," 1884; "La Bete, 1887; "La Vocation du Comte Ghislam," 1888; " Une Gageure," 1890; "L'Art et la Nature," 1892; and "Le Secret du Precepteur," 1893. Most of M. Cherbuliez's works have been translated and published in America, and many have been translated into Danish, English, German, Italian, Polish, and Spanish. M. Cherbuliez is also a political writer of influence, the numerous articles in the Revue des Deux Monies signed "G. Valbert" being from his pen. M. Cherbuliez has been reinstated in his rights as a French citizen, which had been lost through his ancestors having left France during the religious persecutions in the seventeenth century. On May 25, 1882, he was re- ceived into the French Academy as the successor of M. Dufaure. He is of the world worldly, mixing with his fellows, and taking a vivid interest in their doings. Indeed, his knowledge of men and things is encyclopaedic. The many allusions met with in his works are not merely literary, but the result of personal investigation. His sympathies are universal, his tastes cosmopolitan. Knowing English and Ger- man as well as he does French, he intro- duces his characters, be they Russian or English, Italian or American, with the easy urbanity of a man of the world who knows most types of men and women. A recent French critic described him as " an attentive tourist whom nothing escapes." M. Cherbuliez is held in high estimation by those who are entitled to speak with authority on his work. His last novel, "Jacquine Vanesse" (1898) shows no de- cline of his powers. Paris address : 12 Rue de Tournon. CHERMSIDE, Major-General Sir Herbert Charles, G.C.M.G., C.B., late of the Royal Engineers, was born at Wilton, near Salisbury, on July 31, 1850, and is the second son of the Rev. Seymour Chermside. He was educated at Eton, and entered the Army (Royal Engineers) in 1868, becoming a Lieutenant in 1870 ; Captain, 1882 ; Major, 1882 ; Lieut.-Colonel, 1885 ; Colonel, 1887. During the Russo-Turkish War he was Military Attache with the Turks, 1877-78, and gained a medal. In 1878-79 he assisted in the Delimitation of the Frontiers of Turkey ; was Military Vice- Consul in Anatolia, 1879-82; served during the Egyptian Expedition of 1882, being awarded medal and star ; served with the Egyptian Army from 1883 to 1888, and in the Sudan and Suakim Expeditions of that period. From 1884 to 1886 he was Governor-General of the Red Sea Littoral, and from 1886 to 1888 commanded the Egyptian Nile Frontier. In the action at Sarras he was in command of the Egyptian forces, and obtained the brevet of Colonel. From 1888 to 1889 he was British Consul in Kurdistan, and from 1889 to 1896 Military Attache" at Con- stantinople. On March 17, 1897, he was appointed British Military Commissioner and Commander in Crete, on the same day that autonomy was declared in the island. He has the Second Class of the Medjidieh. He received the honour of the K.C.M.G. in 1897, and was created G.C.M.G. at New Year 1899. Club : United Service. CHESNELONG, Pierre Charles, a French politician, was born at Orthez (Basses-Pyrenees), April 1820, and educated at Pau. Formerly he was a dealer in hams and tissues at Bayonne, at first in partner- ship with his father, but he afterwards handed over the management of the busi- ness to his eldest son, though still retain- 198 CHESTER — CHEYNE ing an interest in it. In 1848 M. Chesne- long declared at a public meeting that "the republican form of government must be regarded as the only possible one in the present and in the future by all men who conscientiously take account of the move- ment of ideas and providential progress of facts." However, he afterwards changed his sentiments, and in 1865 became an official candidate, under the Empire, for the representation of the second circon- scription of the Basses-Pyrenees. His candidature was successful, and he was re-elected in 1869. At the elections of January 1872, he was again returned to the National Assembly for the Basses- Pyrenees, and he took his seat among the monarchical majority. He took a very prominent part in the monarchical negotia- tions in October 1873. As a member of the Committee of Nine, he was sent to the Comte de Chambord, at Salzburg, in order to arrange with him the conditions of a monarchical restoration. M. Chesne- long took back a satisfactory account of his interview with the Pretender, and pre- parations were being made for the entry of the King into Paris when the manifesto of the 27th of October cast disorder and carried desolation into the Legitimist camp. At the general elections of Feb. 20, 1876, he was again chosen as Deputy for the arrondissement of Orthez, but the Chamber invalidated the election, and when M. Chesnelong sought the suffrages of the electors a second time he was defeated by his Republican opponent, M. Vignan- court (May 21, 1876). A few months later (Nov. 24, 1876), he was elected a senator for life. M. Chesnelong has taken a leading part in all Eoman Catholic movements, both in and out of Parlia- ment. He accompanied the pilgrimage to Paray-le-Monial, in honour of the Sacred Heart, and he subscribed the address of the Roman Catholic Deputies to Pope Pius IX. He was President of the general assemblies of the Roman Catholic Com- mittees of France, held at Paris in 1874 and 1875. He is Vice-President of the Conseil-General of the Basses-Pyre'ne'es. Paris address : 16 Rue de la Bienfaisance. CHESTER, Bishop of. See Jayne, The Right Rev. Fkancis John. CHESTERFIELD, Earl of, The Right Hon. Edwyn Francis Scuda- more Stanhope, J.P., was born March 15, 1854, and succeeded his father as 10th Earl in 1887. He was educated at Eton and Brasenose College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1880. He acted as Treasurer of the Queen's Household from 1892 to 1894, and was Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen- at-Arms from 1894 to 1895. He is Captain of the 4th Battalion of the King's (Shrop- shire) Light Infantry. Addresses : 16 Pont Street, S.W. ; and Holme Lacy, Hereford. CHEVALIER, Albert, comedian and music-hall artiste, is the son of a former French master at Kensington Grammar School, and has also Irish and Welsh blood in his veins. He early gained some success as an amateur, but did not appear on the stage until 1877, when he acted, under the assumed name of Knight, in "An Unequal Match" at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, under the Bancrofts. , Later he was with Mr. John Hare at the Court. In February 1891 began his now famous career as a singer of "coster" songs, the scene of his performance being the Pavilion Music Hall. For some years his manner of impersonating the London costermonger was the rage. He is said to have written the music and words for some forty of the fifty songs in his repertoire, which, in its way, is as famous as Mr. Kipling's " Soldiers' Three." He has re- fused large offers from theatrical managers anxious to retain his services. In the autumn of 1898 his play, "Tommy Dodd," in which he took a leading part, was pro- duced at the Globe Theatre. CHEYNE, Professor the Rev. Thomas Kelly, M.A., D.D., youngest son of the late Rev. Charles Cheyne, second master of Christ's Hospital, and grandson of the Rev. T. Home, author of the once popular theological text-book on the " Introduction to the Holy Scriptures," was born in London, Sept. 18, 1841, and educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Worcester College, Oxford. While at the University he obtained the Chancellor's Prize for an English Essay, the Pusey and Ellerton and the Kennicott Hebrew Scholarships, the Johnson Theological Scholarship, and the Ellerton prize for a Theological Essay. In 1864 he was admitted to deacon's and in 1865 to priest's orders in the Church of England. In 1869 he was elected Fellow of Balliol College for attainments in Biblical criticism and Semitic philology, and became the first lecturer in Oxford who held and taught the main results of modern Old Testament criticism. Soon afterwards, at the instance of Professor Jowett, he was commissioned by Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode to edit the Old Testament portion of the now well-known "Variorum Bible," and selected as his co-editor the present Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford. He was also a member of the Old Testament Revision Company, and contributed many articles on Old Testament criticism to CHEYNE — CHI LO FENGLUH 199 the latest edition of the " Encyclopedia Britannica." In addition to this and other work he organised, under the late Dr. Appleton, the theological department of the original "Academy," which section became in his hands an organ of critical theology as understood by Continental scholars and their like-minded English colleagues. The publication of his larger work on Isaiah in 1880-81 foreshadowed the new movement for the reconciliation of criticism and an enlightened Church theology, and in 1881 he gave an earnest of his revived attachment to the Church by accepting the college living of Tendring, Essex. In 1884, at the tercentenary cele- bration of the University of Edinburgh, he received the degree of D.D. At the end of 1885 he was elected to the Oriel Professor- ship of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture at Oxford, to which chair a canonry in Kochester Cathedral is attached. Between November 1897 and January 1898, he delivered a course of lectures on Jewish Religious Life in Post-Exilic Times in some of the chief literary and academical centres of the United States (in the press). The object of these was to help to bridge over the gulf between advanced critics and the general public. Professor Cheyne is the author of many works on the Old Testa- ment, including, "Notes and Criticisms on the Hebrew Text of Isaiah," 1869 ; "The Book of Isaiah Chronologically Arranged," 1870 ; " The Prophecies of Isaiah," 2 vols., 1880-81, 3rd edit., 1885; "The Books of Micah and Hosea," Cam- bridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, 1882, 1884; "Exposition of Jeremiah and Lamentations," Pulpit Commentary, 1883, 1885; "The Book of Psalms," a new version, Parchment Library, 1884; "Job and Solomon ; or, the Wisdom of the Hebrews," 1886; "The Book of Psalms; a New Translation and Commentary," 1888 ; " The Life and Times of Jeremiah," 1888 ; " The Hallowing of Criticism," 1888; "The Origin and Eeligious Contents of the Psalter," 1891 (Bampton Lectures for 1889) ; "Aids to the Devout Study of Criticism (I. the David Narratives : II. The Book of Psalms)," 1892; "Founders of Old Testa- ment Criticism " (including a survey of the questions in debate between the moderate and advanced schools of Old Testament criticism), 1893; "Introduction to the Book of Isaiah," 1896 ; and the translation of Isaiah in the "Polychrome Bible," 1898. The introduction to the work on "The Origin of the Psalter " contains a sketch of Professor Cheyne's development as a critical scholar, which was called for by the attacks of which his Bampton Lectures were the object during and after their delivery. His position as a Churchman may be understood from parts of the same introduction, and from his two Church Congress papers on "Faith and Criticism," reprinted respectively in "Job and Solomon," pp. 1-9, and " Hallowing of Criticism," pp. 183-207, with which an article on " Reform in the Teaching of the Bible " [Contemporary Review, August 1890), may be compared, Some animadversions on his views offered by Mr. Gladstc ne called forth a detailed reply from Pro- fessor Cheyne in the Nineteenth Century, December 1891 ("Ancient Beliefs in Im- mortality "). He married Frances E., third daughter of the late Rev. T. R. Godfrey, Fellow of Queen's, Oxford, and Rector of Stow - Bedon, Norfolk. Addresses : South Elms, Oxford ; The Precincts, Ro- chester. CHEYNE, William Watson, M.B., F.R.C.S., F.R.S., Professor of Surgery at King's College, London, was born in the Shetland Islands, and educated in Edin- burgh University, in the Medical School of which he obtained his M.B. and CM. with first-class honours in 1875. He studied also in Vienna, Paris, and Strassburg, and is generally considered Lord Lister's most brilliant pupil. In 1879 he became F.R.C.S. of England ; obtained the Syme Surgical Fellowship in 1877 ; was Boylston Medical Prizeman and Gold Medallist in 1880; Jacksonian Prizeman in 1881 ; Astley Cooper Prizeman in 1889. He was ap- pointed to the chair of surgery at King's College, London, in 1880, is a Surgeon at King's College Hospital, Surgeon at Pad- dington-Green Children's Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon and Surgeon of a number of other institutions. He is an Examiner in Surgery at Cambridge Uni- versity, has examined in surgery at the Victoria and Edinburgh Universities, was Demonstrator of Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh, and in 1891 was Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He is author of "Antiseptic Surgery : its Principles, Practice, History, and Results ; Treatment of Wounds, Ulcers, and Abscesses," 1894 (new edit., 1898), and other valuable and standard works on surgical subjects. He has contributed " Lectures on Tubercular Diseases of Bones and Joints " to the British Medical Journal, 1890-92, and papers to the Lancet. Ad- dress : 75 Harley Street, W. CHICHESTER, Bishop of. See wllberfokce, the right rev. ernest Roland. CHICHESTER, Dean of. See Ran- dall, The Veky Rev. Richard William. CHI LO FENGLUH. See Lo Feng- luh. 200 CHINA — CHEEE CHINA, Dowager-Empress of. See TZE-HSI. CHINA, Emperor of. Hsu. See KWANG CHINNERY-HALDANE, The Right Rev. James Robert Alexander, LL.B., D.D., Bishop of Argyll and the Isles, is the only son of the late Alexander Haldane, Barrister-at-Law, heir male of the family of Haldane of Gleneagies, and was born on Aug. 14, 1842, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of LL.B., 1864, and D.D., 1888. He was ordained Deacon in 1866, and Priest in 1867, both by the Bishop of Salisbury ; and after serving for two years as Curate under the Rev. John Duncan, Vicar of Calne, he became Assistant Curate of All Saints, Edinburgh, which curacy he held for about seven years. He was after- wards incumbent of St. Bride's, Nether Lochaber, 1876 ; Dean of Argyll and the Isles, 1881 ; Bishop of Argyll and the Isles, 1883. Among his publications should be mentioned, "The Scottish Communicant," and "The Communicant's Guide." He married in 1864 Anna Elizabeth Frances Margaretta, only child and heiress of Rev. Sir Nicholas Chinnery, Bart., of Flintville, co. Cork, when he assumed the additional name of Chinnery. Address: Ballachulish, N.B. CHIROL, Valentine, born in 1852, and educated chiefly in France and Ger- many (Hachelier-es-lettres of the University of Paris), was appointed in 1872 to a clerk- ship in the Foreign Office, which he re- signed in 1876. He has travelled extensively in Oriental countries, and has been a fre- quent contributor to the leading magazines and newspapers. In 1892 he joined the permanent staff of the Times. He is the author of '"Twixt Greek and Turk " (Black- wood, 1881), and of " The Far Eastern Question" (Macmillan, 1895). Address: 59 St. Ermin's Mansions, Westminster. CHITTY, The Right Hon. Sir Joseph William, K.B., is the second and only surviving son of the late Mr. Thomas Chitty, of the Inner Temple, and was born in London in 1828. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Ox- ford, where he won the Vinerian Scholar- ship and graduated in 1851, taking a first class in Classics. Subsequently he was elected a Fellow of Exeter College, and proceeded M.A. in 1854. At college he was famous as an oar, and was thrice stroke of the Oxford boat. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1856, and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1874. Mr. Chitty for some years enjoyed a very extensive practice in the Rolls Court, of which he was the leader. He was formerly a Major in the Inns of Court Volunteers. To the general public, however, Mr. Chitty's name was once most familiarly known in his capacity as umpire at the Oxford and Cambridge boat race, which post he filled for some years. He entered Parliament at the General Election of 1880 as one of the Liberal members for Oxford. In September 1881 he was appointed a Judge of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice, in place of Sir George Jessel, the Master of the Rolls, who had been transferred to the Court of Appeal. Shortly afterwards he received the cus- tomary honour of knighthood. In January 1897 he was appointed a Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal, and was sworn of the Privy Council. He married in 1858 Clara Jessie, sixth daughter of the late Right Hon. Sir Frederick Pollock. Ad- dresses : 33 Queen's Gate Gardens, W. ; and Athenseum. CHOATE, Joseph Hodges, American lawyer, Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, was born at Salem, Massachusetts, Jan. 24, 1832, and graduated at Harvard University in 1852. He studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in Massachusetts in 1855, and in New York in 1856, where he has since practised his profession, and has grown to be one of the leaders of the Bar there. He was Chairman of the Con- vention to revise the Constitution of the State of New York in 1894. He has argued many important cases, notably that in- volving the constitutionality of the provi- sions of the income tax in the tariff law of 1894, in which case the Supreme Court of the United States upheld his contention that the income tax could not be collected, but leaving the remainder of the tariff law in force. Mr. Choate in 1898 was ap- pointed to succeed Mr. Hay as United States ambassador to Great Britain. He arrived in England on March 1, 1899. CHREE, Charles, was born in 1860, at the Manse, Lintrathen, Forfarshire, being the second son of the Rev. Charles Chree, D.D., minister of Lintrathen, and his wife, a daughter of Mr. W. Bain, Kirkwall, Orkney. He received his early education at home, and at the Grammar School, Old Aberdeen ; entered Aberdeen University in October 1875, and during his career there obtained many class prizes ; graduated in the spring of 1879 with first- class honours in Mathematics, obtaining the Simpson Mathematical Prize, the gold medal awarded annually to the most dis- tinguished graduate in Arts, and later in the year the Fullerton Mathematical Scholarship ; entered King's College, Cam- CHRISTIAN IX. 201 bridge, in October 1879 ; was elected to a foundation scholarship in 1880, and gra- duated B.A. in 1883, being bracketed sixth ■wrangler ; obtained a first division in the third part of the Mathematical Tripos, and a first class (in Physics) in the second part of the Natural Sciences Tripos ; was elected Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, in 1885, and re-elected five years later as "Research" Fellow; appointed Superin- tendent of Kew Observatory in 1893. Mr. Chree has written upwards of forty ori- ginal papers on Mathematics and Physics. His principal mathematical papers have dealt with the theory of Elasticity and its applications to Engineering, to theories of the Earth, and to Seismology. They have appeared at intervals since 1885 in the Transactions and Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, the Quar- terly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathe- matics, the Philosophical Magazine, the American Journal of Mathematics, and the Proceedings of the Royal Society. His prin- cipal physical investigations have treated of the conduction of heat in liquids, the magnetic properties of cobalt, thermo- metry, terrestrial magnetism, and atmos- pheric electricity. They have been de- scribed in the publications of the Royal Society, the Cambridge Philosophical So- ciety, and the British Association, and in the Philosophical Magazine, Mr. Chree is M.A. and LL.D. of Aberdeen, M.A. and Sc.D. of Cambridge ; he is a Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and the Physical Society of London, and was elected'an F.R.S. in 1897. Official address : Kew Observatory, Richmond, Surrey. CHRISTIAN IX., King of Den- mark, fourth son of the late Duke William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonclerburg-Gliicks- burg, was born April 8, 1818. Before his accession to the crown he was Inspector- General and Commander-in-Chief of the Danish Cavalry. The succession was vested in him by the protocol of London, May 8, 1852, and he ascended the throne on the death of Frederic VII., Nov. 15, 1863. On his accession the position of affairs with respect to Schleswig-Holstein was completely changed. The son of the Duke of Augustenburg immediately laid claim to the sovereignty of the duchies, although his father had for a compensa- tion resigned all his rights in 1852. The independence of Holstein more especially, and of a portion of Schleswig, was warmly espoused by the German Diet, which forth- with ordered the advance of a Federal army to occupy the debatable territory, for the purpose of enforcing its enfran- chisement from Danish rule. Before matters had proceeded far, Austria and Prussia determined to interfere, and by a combined armed occupation of the dis- puted territory to bring the question to an issue independently of the Diet, and in opposition to the wishes of that body. They accordingly invaded the duchies, which, after a hotly contested campaign, they succeeded in wresting from Denmark, also taking temporary possession of Jut- land. Christian IX., disappointed in not obtaining assistance from some European power, after the failure of the conference convened in London in 1864 — which failure was in some measure attributable to the obstinacy of the Danish Government — entered into negotiations for peace with Prussia and Austria, and a treaty was signed at Vienna Oct. 30, 1864. The King of Denmark renounced all his rights to Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg, and in 1866 the two German powers quarrelled over the spoil. Since then His Majesty has sought to develop the interior re- sources and popular institutions of his country. A new constitution was inaugu- rated in November 1866, when the King opened the first Rigsdag, the members of which were elected in accordance with the new electoral law. The army and navy have also been thoroughly reorga- nised, agriculture and commerce have re- ceived a great stimulus, and several rail- ways have been constructed. In spite of this, however, the social state of the country is far from satisfactory ; the hos- tility between the leaders of the people and the Court party is intense, and the Crown is by no means universally popular. Christian IX. and the late Queen Louise visited the Princess of Wales at Marl- borough House, London, in March 1867. The marriage of the Crown Prince of Denmark with the Princess Louisa, daugh- ter of the King of Sweden, at Stockholm, on July 28, 1869, was hailed as a pledge of union between the two countries. His Majesty granted a new constitution to Iceland, which came into operation in August 1874, that being the thousandth year of Iceland's existence as a nation. He went to Reikiajvik on the occasion of the anniversary being celebrated, and on his return paid a flying visit to Leith and Edinburgh, Aug. 18, 1874. He visited the Emperor William II. of Germany at Berlin in August 1888, and in the autumn of 1889 was visited by the Emperor of Russia and his family. In 1842 King Christian married the Princess Louise, daughter of the Landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel, by whom he has had six children, and among them the Crown Prince Frederick, the King of Greece, Her Royal Highness the Princess Alexandra of Wales, and the Princess Dagmar, married to the late Tsar Alexander III. of Russia. On July 22, 1896, the second son of the 202 CHRISTIAN — CHURCH Crown Prince of Denmark, Prince Charles, married Princess Maud of Wales. On May 26, 1892, the King and Queen of Denmark celebrated their golden wedding amid many demonstrations of loyalty and popu- lar rejoicing. They were present at the marriage of the Duke of York and Princess May of Teck in July 1893. The Queen of Denmark died, greatly lamented, in the autumn of 1898. CHRISTIAN, Prince, His Royal Highness Frederick-Christian- Charles-Augustus, Prince of Schles- wig-Holstein-Sonderburg, KG., born Jan. 22, 1831, married July 5, 1866, Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess of Great Bri- tain and Ireland. Prince Christian re- ceived the title of Royal Highness by command of Her Majesty, and was made a Knight of the Garter in July 1866. He is on the active list of Generals in the British Army, is a personal Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, and is Ranger of Windsor Park. CHRISTIAN, Princess, Her Royal Highness Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess of Great Britain and Ire- land, and the Duchess of Saxony, third daughter of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, was born May 25, 1846, and married at Windsor Castle July 5, 1866, to His Royal Highness Frederick-Christian- Charles-Augustus, Prince of Schleswig- Holstein - Sonderburg - Augustenburg, and has five children, viz., Christian V. (see under Schleswig-Holstein, H.H. Prince Christian Victor A. L. E. A. of), born April 14, 1867; Albert J., born Feb. 26, 1869; Victoria L., born May 3, 1870; Louise A., born Aug. 12, 1872, and mar- ried on July 6, 1891, to Prince Aribert of Anhalt ; and Harold, who was born and died in May 1876. On Her Royal High- ness's marriage a dower of £30,000 and an annuity of £6000 was granted to her by Parliament. The Princess is a Member of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert (1st Class), and a Lady of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India, and of the Royal Red Cross, &c. She is well known for her active interest in every kind of philanthropic movement. Prin- cess Christian takes a warm interest in nurses and the nursing profession, and she has been President of the Royal British Nurses' Association for many years. She is moreover a prominent patroness of the National Health Society. The Princess is an accomplished musician, and with her daughter frequently attends the practices of the Windsor Madrigal Society. CHRISTIE, William Henry Ma- honey, C.B., F.R.S., P.R.A.S., Astronomer- Royal, was born at Woolwich in 1845, and is the son of the late Professor S. H. Christie, F.R.S. He was educated at King's College School, London, and Tri- nity College, Cambridge, and became a Fellow of his College. He graduated B.A. 1868 as fourth wrangler ; was appointed in 1870 Chief Assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. On Sir G. B. Airy's retirement in 1881 Mr. Christie was appointed Astronomer-Royal. He is the author of the "Manual of Elementary Astronomy," and has contributed valuable papers to the Proceedings of the Royal Society, of which he was elected Fellow in 1881, and the Royal Astronomical Society, of which he was elected Fellow in 1871. Address ; Royal Observatory, Greenwich. CHRISTINA, Queen-Regent of Spain. See Makia Christina. CHURCH, The Rev. Alfred John, M.A., born in London, Jan. 29, 1829, third son of John Thomas Church, solicitor, was educated at King's College, London, and Lincoln College, Oxford, where he gradu- ated in 1851 (second class in Lit. Hum.). He was ordained in 1853, and held the curacy of Charlton, Malmesbury, till the end of 1856. He was successively As- sistant Master at the Royal Institution School, Liverpool, and at Merchant Tay- lors' School, London, 1857-70; and Head Master of Henley, 1870-72; and of Retford Grammar Schools, 1873-80. In 1880 he was appointed to the Chair of Latin at University College, London ; this he re- signed in 1889. From 1892-97 he was Rector of Ashley, Tetbury, Wilts. He has published, in conjunction with the Rev. W. J. Brodribb, a translation of "Tacitus," 1862-77, and of Livy, xxi.-xxv., an edi- tion of " Select Letters of Pliny, and Pliny the Younger," in "Blackwood's Ancient Classics for English Readers," "Taci- tus," in " Macmillan's Series of Literature Primers," and editions of "Tacitus, Annals VI." and "Agricola" and "Germania." He contributed "Ovid" to Blackwood's series above mentioned, and is conductor of "Seeley's Cheap School Books," several of which come from his pen. He also edited, in 1868, a collection of transla- tions from Tennyson into Latin verse, under the title of " Hora Tennysonianse." But the works by which he is best known are a series of volumes which aim at popu- larising some of the great Greek and Latin classics. " Stories from Homer " appeared in 1877, and were followed by " Stories from Virgil," " Stories from the Greek Tragedians," "Stories from the East," " The Story of the Persian War," " Stories j from Livy," "Roman Life in the Days of CHURCH — CLAIRMONTE 203 Cicero," "A Traveller's True Tale, after Lucian." "The Story of Jerusalem, " and "Heroes and Kings," belong to the same series. Other books for the young written by him are "The Chantry Priest of Bar- net" ; "With the King at Oxford" ; "Two Thousand Years Ago : or, the Adventures of a Roman Boy " ; " Lord of the World," a tale of the fall of Carthage and Corinth ; " Stories of the Magicians " ; and " To the Lions!" a] tale of the early Church. He has also written "Carthage" and "Early Britain," in Messrs G. P. Putnam & Sons' " Series of the Story of the Nations." Mr. Church obtained in 1884, at Oxford, the prize for a poem on a sacred sub- ject. The subject was " The Sea of Galilee." Permanent address : The Wil- derness, Cleveden. CHURCH, Arthur Herbert, F.R.S., F.S.A., F. C.S. , fourth and youngest son of the late John Thomas Church, solicitor, of Bedford Row, was born June 2, 1834, educated at King's College and the Royal College of Chemistry, London, and at Lincoln College, Oxford ; first class in Natural Science School, Oxford; B.A. 1860, M.A. 1863; has been Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Academy of Arts in London since 1879 ; Lecturer on Or- ganic Chemistry at Cooper's Hill College since 1888. He was formerly, 1863-79, Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Agri- cultural College, Cirencester. Mr. Church is the discoverer of Turacin, an animal pigment containing copper, and of several new mineral species, including the only British cerium mineral. He is the author of "Precious Stones," 1883; "English Earthenware," 1884 ; "English Porcelain," 1886; "The Laboratory Guide for Agri- cultural Students," 6th edit. 1888; "Food Grains of India," 1886; "Colour," 2nd edit. 1887; "Food," 2nd edit. 1889, &c; also of researches on Vegetable Albinism, on Colein or Erythrophyll, on Aluminium in Vascular Cryptogams, &c. He was elected Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1856 ; Fellow of the Royal Society in 1888. Address : Shelsley, Kew Gardens. CHURCH, Frederic Edwin, an American artist, was born at Hartford, Connecticut, May 4, 1826. He early deve- loped a fondness for art, and became a pupil of Thomas Cole. Among his first notable works were some views in the Catskill Mountains. He visited South America in 1853, and again in 1857, and on his return from his second visit finished his great picture, "The Heart of the Andes." In 1857 he completed a large painting, "The Great Fall, Niagara," which at once gave him a high rank among landscape artists. This was fol- lowed in 1868 by "Niagara" (a still larger painting, comprising both Falls), which was exhibited both in England and in the United States. He has since painted " Cotopaxi," "Morning," " On the Cordil- leras," " Under Niagara," " The Icebergs," "Sunset on Mount Desert Island," and "Moonlight under the Tropics." In 1868 he visited Europe and the Holy Land. Among the paintings inspired by this visit are "Damascus," 1869; "Jerusalem," 1870; and " The Parthenon," 1871. His "Tropical Scenery," painted from sketches made during a trip in the West Indies, was exhibited in New York in 1873. He has been an Academician since 1849. Among the more important of his later productions are " iEgean Sea," 1875 ; "Syria by the Sea," 1876; "Morning in the Tropics," 1877 ; " The Monas- tery," 1878; "Valley of Santa Marta," 1879. CHURCH, William Selby, M.D., was born Dec. 4, 1837, at Woodside, Hatfield, Herts, and was the second son of John Church of that place, and Isabella, daughter of George Selby of Twizell House, North- umberland. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1S60, after obtaining a first class in the Natural Science School. He was elected Dr. Lee's Reader in Anatomy at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1860; took the M.B. degree in 1864, and the M.D. in 1868. 'He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1870 ; was Harveian Orator of that College in 1895, and Senior Censor in 1896. He has been the representative for the University of Oxford in the General Council of Medi- cal Education since 1889. After holding several junior posts in the Medical School of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, he was appointed Assistant Physician in 1867, and became Physician to the Hospital in 1875. He is Consulting Physician to the Royal General Dispensary, to which he was for- merly Physician, and he was also Assistant Physician to the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. He is the author of the article on " Acute Rheuma- tism " in Allbutt's " System of Medicine," 1897 ; and of various papers in the " St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports," and other journals. Dr. Church is a J. P. for Hertfordshire, and a member of the Hat- field Rural District Council. Addresses : 130 Harley Street, W. ; and Woodside, Hatfield, Herts. CLAIRMONTE, Mrs. Egerton ("George Egerton"), was born at Mel- bourne, Australia, and is the eldest daughter of Captain John J. Dunne, Queen's County, Ireland, and Isabel George 204 CLANCY — CLAEETIE Bynon, Glamorganshire. She married (1), in 1888, H. W. Melville, Esq., who died in 1889 ; and (2), in 1891, Egerton Clair- monte, Esq., eldest son of Adolphus J. Clairmonte, of Lakelands, Nova Scotia. She was educated privately, and was ori- ginally intended for an artist. Family affairs, however, stood in the way, and prevented her from following this career. She has been a great traveller, having visited the United States, South America, and most of the countries of Europe. Her publications are : " Keynotes," 1893 ; " Dis- cords," 1894 ; " Young Ofig's Ditties," 1895 ; "Symphonies," "Fantasies," 1897; "The Wheel of God," 1898. Addresses : 5 Danes Inn, Strand, W.C. ; and Milford, near Witley, Surrey. CLANCY, John Joseph, M.A., M.P., son of William Clancy, of Carragh, was born in Galway on July 15, 1847, and was educated at the College of the Immaculate Conception, Athlone, at Queen's College, Galway, and at the Boyal University of Ire- land, where he graduated with honours in Classics. After spending three years as Classical Master of the Holy Cross School, Tralee, be became, in 1870, assistant editor of the Nation, remaining on the staff of that journal till 1885. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1887, acted as editor of the Irish Press Agency in England from 1886 to 1890, and has been a member of the staff of the Irish Daily Independent since 1891. He has represented the North- ern Division of Dublin county, as a Par- nellite Member, in the House of Commons since 1885. Mr. Clancy has written a good many political pamphlets, and has pub- lished various essays in the Nineteenth Century, the Fortnightly Review, and the Contemporary Review. Address : 53 Rutland Square, Dublin. CLANWILLIAM, Earl of, Sir Richard James Meade, Bart., G.C.B., K.C.M.G., Admiral of the Fleet, is the son of the 3rd Earl by Elizabeth, daughter of the 11th Earl of Pembroke, and was born on Oct. 3, 1832. He entered the Navy in 1845, and was promoted Lieutenant in 1852. In that rank his Lordship served in H.M.S. Irnpirieuse, which was employed during 1854 in blockading the Gulf of Finland. On his return to England he received the Baltic medal. In 1857 he proceeded to China, and took part in the destruction of the Chinese fleet at Escape Creek, and also the destruction of the Fatshau flotilla. At the capture of Canton his arm was broken by a gingal ball, and he was specially mentioned in despatches for various services. He was promoted to the rank of Commander, and received the China medal with two clasps. His Lord- ship was appointed aide-de-camp to the Queen in 1872, holding that appointment until promoted to the rank of Rear-Ad- miral in 1876. The following year he was created a C.B. He was also a Lord Com- missioner of the Admiralty from 1874 to 1880, when he hoisted his flag as Com- mander-in-Chief of a flying squadron. H.M.S. Baccliante, in which were the late Duke of Clarence and the Duke of York, formed part of that fleet, and after a cruise of about two years, during which time many parts of the world were visited for the benefit of the two princes, the squadron returned to England and was dismissed. Lord Clanwilliam was created a K.C.M.G. in commemoration of the cruise. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief on the North American Station in 1885, and also held the Portsmouth command from 1891 to 1894. His Lordship is a Commissioner of the Patriotic Fund, and an F.R.G.S. He married the eldest daughter of Sir Arthur Kennedy, late Governor of Queens- land, in 1867, and his son and heir, Lord Gillford, is a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy. Addresses : 32 Belgrave Square, S.W. ; and Gill Hall, Dromore, co. Down. CLARETIE, Jules Arsene Arnaud, a French writer, was born at Limoges, Dec. 3, 1840, and was educated in the Lyc^e Bonaparte at Paris. Adopting literature as a profession, he contributed a very large number of articles to various French and Belgian journals, including La Patrie, La France, La Revue Francaise, Le Figaro, and L' Independence Beige. In 1866 he followed in Italy the campaign against Austria, in the capacity of correspondent of L'Avenir Natimial. Two series uf lectures, delivered by him in Paris in 1865 and 1868, were interdicted by the Imperial authorities. In 1869 he was condemned to pay a fine of 1000 francs for having described, in Le Figaro, under the pseudonym of " Candide," the double execution of Martin, called Bidoure', by order of the Prefect Pastour- eau, in the department of the Var. In the following year he succeeded M. Frau- cisque Sarcey as dramatic critic of L'Opin- ion Nationale, and subsequently he followed the French army to Metz, and sent letters from the seat of war to L'Opinion Nation- ale, V Illustration and Le Rappel. After the fall of the Empire he was appointed by M. Gambetta to the post of secretary of the Commission of the papers of the Tuileries ; but he soon resigned that office, and he was next charged by M. Etienne Arago, Mayor of Paris, with the duty of or- ganising a library and lecture-hall in each of the twenty arrondissements of Paris. For a very short time he commanded the second battalion of the volunteers of the National Guard, which was dissolved CLAEK 205 by General Cle'ment Thomas when those volunteers were replaced by the mobilised National Guards. M. Jules Claretie was present at nearly all the engagements which took place under the walls of Paris ; and on Jan. 20, 1871, in the capacity of an officer of the staff, he negotiated with the aide-de-camp of the Crown Prince of Prussia the truce which gave an oppor- tunity for removing the dead from the field of battle at Buzenval. At the general elections of Feb. 8, 1871, he stood as a candidate in the department of Haute- Vienne, in the Republican interest ; but, being unsuccessful, he resumed his jour- nalistic and literary pursuits. He has published thirty or forty volumes of causeries, history, and fiction, of which the most celebrated are: " Une Dr61esse," 1862; " L'Assassin," 1866; "La Libre Parole," 1868 : " La Debacle," 1871 ; "Paris Assiege," 1871; "Portraits Con- temporains," 1875; "Le Troisieme Des- sous," 1878 ; "Le Drapeau," 1879 ; "Mon- sieur le Ministre," 1881 ; " Le Prince Zilah," 1884; "La Cigarette," 1890; and ' Le Million." On the death of M. Perrin, M. Claretie was appointed Director of the Theatre Frangais, 1885, and in the summer of 1893 brought the company of the theatre to London, where a successful season was inaugurated at Drury Lane. A poem by M. Claretie, commemorative of this un- usual artistic event, was distributed in the theatre at the first-night representation. M. Claretie was created Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1887, and Commander in 1894, and elected into the Academic Francaise in 1889, where he succeeded Cuvillier Fleury. His Paris address is 10 Kue de Douai. CLARK, Charles E., United States naval officer, was born in Vermont, Sept. 29, 1840. He finished his education at the United States Naval Academy, which he entered Sept. 29, 1860 ; became Acting Ensign Oct. 1, 1863 ; Master, May 10, 1866 ; Lieutenant, Feb. 21, 1867 ; Lieutenant- Commander, March 12, 1868 ; Commander, Nov. 15, 1881 ; and Captain, June 21,1896. Early in March 1898 he was in command of the battleship Oregon on the Pacific coast of the United States, and received orders to take his ship to the North Atlan- tic Station. He took her through the Straits of Magellan and up the Atlantic coast, touching at Callao, Peru, Punta Arenas, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Barbadoes, and arrived at Key West, Florida, May 26, with his ship in perfect order and ready to go on duty at once, after a journey of over 14,000 miles. His vessel performed an im- portant part in the battle of July 3, 1898, in which the American fleet destroyed entirely the Spanish fleet commanded by Admiral Cervera. CLARK, Edwin Charles, LL.D. of Cambridge, F.S.A. ; Barrister-at-Law of Lincoln's Inn ; Regius Professor of Civil Law, Cambridge ; late Professor of Roman Law to the London Council of Legal Education ; Present Fellow of St. John's, and late Fellow of Trinity College, Cam- bridge ; was born in 1835 at Ellinthorp Hall, Boroughbridge, Yorkshire ; educated at Richmond School, Yorkshire, Shrews- bury School, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and was 7th Senior Optime in Mathematical Tripos, Senior Classic, and Senior Chancellor's Medallist (Classical), 1858. His publications are: "Early Roman Law," 1872; "An Analysis of Criminal Liability," 1880; "Practical Jurisprudence," 1883 ; " Cambridge Legal Studies," 1888 ; and various papers pub- lished by the Royal Archaeological In- stitute, and the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Address : Newnham House, Cam- bridge. CLARK, Latimer, C.E., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., M.I.C.E., Past President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and Chevalier of the Legion d'Honneur, was born at Great Marlow, in Buckingham- shire on March 10, 1822, and in the year 1847 he commenced railway surveying, and his brother, Mr. Edwin Clark, who had been engaged in making a number of ex- periments preliminary to the construction of the Britannia Tubular Bridge across the Menai Strait, having been appointed Superintending Engineer of that great work, Mr. Latimer Clark became his Assistant Engineer, and afterwards pub- lished a small work entitled, " A Descrip- tion of the Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges," which has run through several editions. In 1850 he entered the service of the Electric Telegraph Company as Assistant Engineer, under bis brother. He afterwards became their Engineer-in- Chief and Consulting Engineer, an office which he held until the General Post Office finally took over the telegraphs in January 1870. In the year 1853 he made a long series of researches on the subject of the underground telegraph wires, the results of which were afterwards fully set forth in the Government Report, issued in 1861, on Submarine Telegraph Cables. In the course of the experiments he was the first to witness the retardation of electric signals in submarine lines, and to demonstrate that currents of low tension travel as fast as those of high tension. At the request of Professor Airy, the late Astronomer-Royal, some of these experi- ments were repeated before Professor Faraday, and formed the subject of a leeture at the Royal Institution, delivered in January 1854. They are fully described 206 CLARKE in Faraday's " Experimental Researches." He also aided Professor Airy in the simul- taneous announcement of time through- out the country, and assisted in magnetic research, and in 1857 was the means of affording the interesting information that during a display of Aurora Borealis the magnetic needles were strongly affected by the magnetic storm of which this northern light is a sign. He wrote to the Astronomer Koyal suggesting that mag- netic observatories should be furnished with wires stretching out towards the four cardinal points, to act as feelers for electric currents. This suggestion has since been acted upon, with valuable results to science. During his brief intervals of leisure he amused himself with photo- graphy, and in 1853 devised a plan of ob- taining stereoscopic pictures with a single camera. In 1858 he became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. In the succeeding year, after the failure of the first Atlantic cable, he became for a short time Engineer to the Atlantic Cable Tele- graph Company, and in 1860 he was chosen a member of the Committee appointed jointly by the Government and that Com- pany to inquire into the whole subject of Submarine Telegraph Cables. This in- vestigation lasted for some time, and resulted in the publication of an elaborate and valuable report of considerable ex- tent, embodying all that up to the period of its issue was known with relation to submarine telegraphy. In 1861 he read a paper before the British Association, "On the Principles to be observed in Forming Standards of Electric Measure- ments." In this paper he suggested the names of Ohm, Farad, and Volt, to be employed for the electrical units, names which have since become so familiar to electricians. Mr. Latimer Clark also for many years was Engineer to the Indian Government Cable lines in the Persian Gulf. On one occasion the expedition of which he had charge was wrecked in the Carnatic on the Island of Shadwan, in the Red Sea, and he narrowly escaped with his life. As head of the firm of Clark, Forde & Co., and in connection with other engineers, he has superintended the submergence of about fifty thousand miles of submarine cables in all parts of the globe. In 1868 he published a work in which he laid down with great clearness the principles of electric measurement. It was translated into French, Italian, and Spanish, and eagerly perused by foreign savants, whose idea of its value may be gathered from the fact that when, some time afterwards, Mr. Latimer Clark was in Paris, and entered a scientific meeting then sitting, the President rose from his seat, and hailing with delight the advent of their visitor, stated that he had never fully appreciated the laws of electricity until he had read that work. In 1871 Mr. Latimer Clark published, in conjunction with Mr. Eobert Sabine, " Electrical Tables and Formulae for Operators in Submarine Cables." In 1873 he read before the Royal Society a paper on " A Single-Cell Battery as a Standard of Electromotive Force," now in general use under the name of " Clark's Standard Cell." In 1875 he was elected the fourth President of the Society of Electric Tele- graph Engineers, and in his inaugural address gave some highly interesting out- lines of the harbingers, and even what might be called premonitions of the electric telegraph, mentioning the idea of some old writers, that two magnetic needles would vibrate in unison at any distance apart, though unconnected with each other. He referred to the fact that a Scotchman, named Charles Marshall, or Morrison, of Paisley, had in 1758 published a full and clear description of a practicable electric telegraph, suggesting that the wires should be coated with an insulating material; and he referred to the electric telegraph erected by the late Sir Francis Ronalds, in the year 1816, in his garden at Hammersmith. He bore testimony to the remarkable foresight of Sir F. Ronalds with regard to the value of the telegraph, which, in 1823, he had proposed that the Government should establish all over the kingdom. Mr. Latimer Clark has taken out about 150 patents in different countries to secure the value of his various inventions, relat- ing not only to electrical telegraphy, but also to engineering work in general. He is the inventor of the well-known system of covering submarine cables with "Clark's Compound," which is in universal use. He also designed the well-known double- cupped insulators, which are in use on almost all land lines throughout the world. Mr. Clark also invented and introduced the system of pneumatic tubes for the mechanical transmission of messages, which is also in universal use. He published in 1868 his "Elementary Treatise on Elec- trical Measurement"; and in 1882, "A Treatise on the Transit Instrument," be- sides several smaller works. Addresses : 31 The Grove, Boltons, South Kensington, S.W. ; and Little Halt, Maidenhead. CLARKE, Lieut.-General the Hon. Sir Andrew, R.E., G.C.M.G., C.B., CLE., eldest son of the late Colonel Andrew Clarke, of Belmont, co. Donegal, Governor of West Australia, was born at Southsea on July 27, 1824, and educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He entered the Royal Engineers as second-lieutenant, 1844 ; became captain, 1854 ; lieutenant- CLAEKE 207 colonel, 1867 ; colonel, 1872; major-general, 1884 ; lieutenant-general, 1886. He was aide-de-camp and then private secretary to Sir W. Denison, the Governor of Van Diemen's Land ; subsequently a member of the Legislative Council of that colony ; served in New Zealand during the years 1847-48 (medal). In 1853 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Victoria. He was elected to the Victorian Assembly for Melbourne, under the new constitution, and became Minister for Public Lands ; but he resigned office in 1857, and returned to this country in the following year. He commanded the Royal Engineers of the Eastern and Midland districts of England till 1863, when he went on special service to the West Coast of Africa respecting the Ashanti difficulties. On his return he was appointed, in August 1864, Director of the Works of the Navy, which office he held till June 1873. From the latter date till February 1875, he was Governor of the Straits Settlements, and when there brought the Malay States under the pro- tection of Great Britain. He was next appointed Minister for Public Works in India. He was Commandant of the School of Military Engineering at Chatham from 1881 to 1882, when he was appointed Inspector-General of Fortifications. In November 1882, he was despatched to Cairo, charged with the duty of inquiring into the causes of the sickness and mortality which were prevailing among the British army of occupation, and was invested with full power to make any alterations which he might consider necessary in the sanitary arrangements. From 1881 to 1886 Sir Andrew Clarke was Inspector-General of Fortifications. He has constructed de- fences for coaling-stations from plans of his own. Sir Andrew Clarke is the author of several works on engineering. Addresses : 42 Portland Place, W., and Athenseum. CLARKE, Sir Campbell, was born Oct. 3, 1835, and was educated at Bonn on the Rhine. He was during eighteen years a Librarian in the British Museum, 1852-78. He has since 1872 been Paris Correspondent of the Daily Telegraph. He was appointed one of the Lieutenants of the City of London in 1874. He is an Officer of the Legion of Honour ; Officer of Public Instruction ; Grand Officer of the Medjidie ; Officer of the Lion and Sun of Persia, and of the Redeemer of Greece ; Knight of Charles HI. of Spain, &c. He has been a special correspondent in several European countries, was a member of the Jury at the two Paris Exhibitions of 1878 and 1889, and has translated papers for the Philological Society. He married in 1870 Annie, daughter of the late J. M. Levy, J.P. Addresses : 116 Avenue des Ohamps- Elysees, Paris ; and Athenaeum Club, London. CLARKE, Caspar Purdon, Director of the Arts Department of the South Kensington Museum, may be said to be a son of the Museum, having been trained there for the profession of architect, and having gained, in 1865, the National Medallion for a set of designs for an old English house. When Dr. Percy began to reorganise the heating and ventila- tion of the Houses of Parliament,' young Purdon Clarke was employed to make a complete set of drawings of the whole of Barry's masterpiece, the great architect's original plans being undiscoverable. The task was executed in two years. Promoted to be assistant to General Scott, Director of the Museum Works, he was sent to Italy as Superintendent of Reproductions for South Kensington, afterwards travel- ling in Egypt and Turkey in Europe and Palestine, where he made extensive pur- chases for the Museum. He was next sent to Persia as Superintendent of H.M.'s works at the Embassy, which he com- pleted. The task was semi-political, and was thoroughly well performed. He at the same time made an exhaustive artistic tour of Persia in the interests of South Kensington Museum. In 1878 he acted as agent of the Indian Government at the Paris Exhibition, being created Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and in the same year was so fortunate as to obtain the loan of the Prince of Wales's collection, thereby making the finest display of Indian art ever seen in Europe. In' 1881) the Science and Art Department sent him to India, and his tour was so successful that he was made CLE. In 1885 he was again sent to India on special duty. In 1883 he was appointed Divisional Keeper of the Indian Section, and rearranged the collec- tions three times. In 1890 he was made Keeper of the Art Collections, and soon after Assistant Director of the Museum. He was promoted to his present position in the summer of 1896. Mr. Purdon Clarke is an authority on textile manufactures, wood and stone carving, &c, furniture, and the embroideries, pottery, and tiles of Southern Europe. He saved' Paul Pindar's beautiful house-front for the Museum. He has read technical papers before the Iron and Steel Institute, the Society of Arts, the Royal Institute of British Architects, and the Society of Antiquaries (his paper there being on the subterraneous rooms under St. Clemente in Rome). Address : South Kensington Museum. CLARKE, Charles Baron, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., born June 17, 1832, at Andover, Hants, is the eldest son of 208 CLAEKE the late Turner Poulter Clarke, of Arid- over, J.P., and was educated, from eight to fourteen, under the Rev. Lewis Tomlinson, of Salisbury, from fourteen to nineteen at King's College School, London, then at Trinity and Queen's Colleges, Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in January 1856 (bracketed third Wrangler). He was called to the Bar in 1858 at Lincoln's Inn, was elected Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge, 1857. He was Mathe- matical Lecturer of Queen's College, Cam- bridge," from 1858-65, entered the Bengal Educational Service in 1866, was super- annuated 1887. He has published " Specu- lations from Political Economy," 1886 ; and numerous other papers on Political Economy ; various papers on music (as in Nature, January 1883); the "Class-Book of Geography," 1889 ; and other text- books ; also an account of Khasi Dolmen in the Journal of the Anthropological Society. He is a Fellow of the Eoyal Society, of the Linnaaan Society, of the Geological Society of London, &c. ; and has been for some years past almost exclusively devoted to the studies of Morphological Botany and English History. His principal botanic work is published in the De Candolle Monographies, in Sir J. D. Hooker's "Flora of British India," and in the Journals and Transactions of the Linncean Society. Address : 13 Kew Gardens Road, Kew, Surrey CLARKE, Sir Edward George, Q.C., M.P., eldest son of Mr. J. C. Clarke, of Moorgate Street, E.C., and Frances, daughter of H. George, Bath, was born on Feb. 15, 1841, and educated at College House, Edmonton, and the City Commer- cial School, Lombard Street, E.C. In 1859 he obtained a writership in the India Office, but retired, 1860. Afterwards he was a reporter in the House of Commons, and was on the literary staff of the Stan- dard and Morning Herald. He obtained the Tancred Law Studentship in 1861, and was called to the Bar in 1864 at Lincoln's Inn, and joined the Home Circuit. In 1880 he was created a Queen's Counsel, and two years later was elected a Bencher of bis Inn. He was elected member for South- wark a few weeks before the dissolution of 1880, but lost his seat at the general elec- tion. Since July 1880 he has represented Plymouth in the Conservative interest. His first great professional success was made in the well-known " Penge Mystery," and he made a great impression by his able speech in the Pimlico case, in defence of Mrs. Bartlett, in the Baccarat case, 1891, and in the Jameson case, 1896. On the accession of Lord Salisbury's second Gov- ernment to power in August 1886, Sir (then Mr.) Edward Clarke was made Soli- citor-General, and received the honour ot Knighthood. He declined to resume this office upon the formation of Lord Salis- bury's third Administration in 1895. He is author of a " Treatise on the Law of Extradition," of which a third edition appeared in 1888, and has published two series of Public Speeches, the second being chiefly forensic. He married (1) Annie, daughter of G. Mitchell, in 1866 (she died in 1881), and (2) Kathleen Ma- thilda, daughter of A. W. Bryant, in 1882. Addresses : 37 Russell Square, W.C. ; Thorncote, Staines. CLARKE, Colonel Sir George Sydenham, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., the eldest son of the Rev. W. J. Clarke, was bom on July 4, 1848. He was educated at Rossall and Haileybury, and had the advantage of being a sixth -form boy under the Rev. A. G. Butler at the latter school. Although early showing a decided taste for mechanical science, he owes much to the classical training he received at Haileybury. After a year's special preparation at Wimbledon school he passed first in the open competition for the R. M. Academy, Woolwich, in Decem- ber 1866, and in June 1868 he passed first out of the Academy, winning the Pollock medal and seven prizes. In July he re- ceived a commission in the Royal Engi- neers, and in 1871 he was selected by the late Sir G. Chesney to be instructor in engineering drawing at the R. I. Engineer- ing College. While carrying out the duties of this appointment, he published four books : " Practical Geometry and En- gineering Drawing," a translation of Von Ott's Graphischen Statik, "Principles of Graphic Statics," and "Plevna," a study of the Russo-Turkish War, together with many miscellaneous papers on military and scientific subjects. He also became an Examiner to the Science and Art Depart- ment, which post he held for years. On pro- motion to the rank of Captain in 1880, he resigned his appointment at Cooper's Hill, ceiving the thanks of the India Office, and served as a regimental officer in Bermuda and Gibraltar till the outbreak of hostili- ties in Egypt in 1882, writing several military papers during this period, and especially a study of "Provisional Forti- fications." He took part in the Egyptian Expedition of 1882, and wrote an exhaus- tive official report on the defences of Alex- andria and the effects of the bombardment. Returning to England in October 1882, Captain Clarke was employed at the War Office until 1892. This was a turning-point in his career. The experience obtained at Alexandria not only led him to take strong views on the altered conditions of forti- fications, but caused him to study the CLARKE 209 whole question of Imperial defence, more especially in relation to the Navy. From 1893 he began to write largely upon naval questions, and all matters relating to "Imperial defences," a term which he originated. While still connected with the War Office, he served on the staff of Sir G. Graham's expeditionary force in the Sudan in 1885, was present in several engagements, and was mentioned in de- spatches. He was also employed on official missions to Bucharest, Sweden, Malta, Gibraltar, United States, Halifax, Berlin, Paris, Belgium, Linz, and Mag- deburg. He was appointed Secretary of the Colonial Defence Committee on return from the Sudan, and received a C.M.G. in 1887, and a K.C.M.G. in 1893 for his services in organising the Colonial de- fences. His services were also acknow- ledged by the Colonial Office and Admi- ralty. Major Clarke was Secretary of the Royal Commission on the Administration of the Admiralty and War Office, pre- sided over by Lord Hartington. During this period he wrote many papers and articles on naval and military subjects, and published " Fortifications, Past, Present, and Future," which work has exercised a marked influence upon the science of fortifications at home and abroad. After serving as second in command of the Engineers at Malta, and becoming a Lieut. -Colonel on April 1, 1894, he was appointed Superintendant of the Eoyal Carriage Department at Woolwich, which post he still occupies, receiving a brevet Colonelcy in the present year. At the Carriage Department he has proposed and carried out great changes in the mounting of guns for coast defence, has taken out three important patents, which have been assigned to the Secretary of State for War, and devised and perfected an auto- matic sight lately adopted into the ser- vice, which will have an important effect in increasing the powers of coast artillery. In addition to many professional papers and magazine articles on various subjects he has, during the last three years, pub- lished "The Navy and the Nation," in conjunction with Mr. J. E. Thursfield, and " Imperial Defence," dedicated to H.M. the Queen. Imperial and naval questions continue to be his principal interest, and he has been present at six of the annual naval manoeuvres in the endeavour to understand naval matters so far as is possible for a landsman. In 1896 he was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society. Addresses : 24 Arniston Gardens, Kensing- ton ; and Athenfeum. CLARKE, Lieut. -Col. Sir Marshal James, K.C.M.G., Resident Commissioner in Rhodesia, is the eldest son of the Eev. Mark Clarke, of Shronell, Tipperary. He was born in 1841, and entered the Army as a Lieutenant of Royal Artillery in 1863, be- coming Captain in 1875, Major in 1880, and two years afterwards retired from the Army with the honorary rank of Lieut. - Colonel. In 1874, Captain Clarke was appointed Resident Magistrate and Ad- ministrator of native law at Pietermaritz- burg, Natal, and in 1876 he was chosen to be aide-de-camp to Sir Theophilus Shep- stone, the Special Commissioner in South Africa, and in that capacity was employed on a mission to the Chief Sikukunis. From 1877 to 1880 he was Commissioner at Ly- denburg, Transvaal, and acquired there a knowledge of the Boers and their national traits, which afterwards stood him in good stead. During the South African war he was appointed Political Officer and Special Commissioner, and sent to help to pacify the Boers. He was mentioned in de- spatches, and awarded a C.M.G. and the brevet of Major. In December 1880, Major Clarke arrived at Potchefstroom, the old capital of the Transvaal, and took over the command of the regulars and volun- teers, numbering in all rather less than 300 men. A rumour having reached him that the Boers meant to appeal to arms, he moved the troops into a fort outside the city, and there waited the attack. He protested against the action of the Boers, but in vain. Close to the fort were the gaol and court-house, and Major Clarke himself, with thirty-four men, took charge of the latter. They were then attacked in great force, many of the Boers stationing themselves behind a wall within twelve feet from the court-house, from which they threw fire-balls on the thatched roof. After a gallant defence, their ammunition being exhausted and several men killed, Major Clarke and his little band surren- dered unconditionally. In 1881 he was appointed Resident Magistrate at Outhing, Basutoland, and shortly after Commander of the Kaffrarian Police. He was much appreciated by the blacks, of whose pre- judices and ideas he has a vast knowledge He does not believe that it is necessary for the advance of civilisation that the native tribes should adopt the industrial or political methods of the whites ; and his plan is, so far as possible, to leave their old customs untouched, and to employ their own chiefs to govern them. For about two years Sir Marshal Clarke was the Commander of the Turkish Reserve Egyptian Constabulary, but he returned to Basutoland in 1884 as Resident Com- missioner ; and in 1893 he was appointed to the same office in Zululand. He was created a K.C.M.G. in 1886, and also holds the Medjidie of the third class. He was appointed Resident Commissioner in Rho- o 210 CLAUSEN — CLAYDEN desia in May 1898. Sir Marshal Clarke married in 1880 Annie, daughter of the late Major-General Bannastre Lloyd. Ad- dress : Eshowe, Zululand. CLAUSEN, George, A.R.A., was born in London April 18, 1852, his father being a decorative artist, and studied at South Kensington, under the late E. Long, R.A. Here he gained several medals in the National Competitions and a National Scholarship. He continued his studies in Paris, under Fleury. He first exhibited at the Academy in 1876, his picture repre- senting High Mass in a Zuyder Zee fishing village, and has since exhibited there, and at most other exhibitions. He paints principally rustic pictures and people in the open air — mowers, ploughmen, &c. ; his picture, " Girl at the Gate," was purchased for the Chantrey Collection in 1889. Mr Clausen was elected an Associate of the Royal Water Colour Society in 1889, and a full Member in April 1898, and an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1895, and has received medals at Paris, Chicago, and Brussels (1897). He married in 1881 Agnes, daughter of George Web- ster, of Lynn. Address : Widdington, Newport, Essex. CLAYDEN, Arthur William, M.A., Principal of the Technical and University Extension College, Exeter, born Dec. 12, 1855, at Boston, in Lincolnshire, is the eldest son of Mr. P. W. Clayden and his first wife Jane, and was educated at Uni- versity College School and Christ's College, Cambridge. Mr. Clayden entered the University at the early age of seventeen, obtained a foundation scholarship in 1875, and graduated in the second class of the Natural Science Tripos of 1876, finishing all his examinations before his twenty- first birthday. In 1878 he was appointed Science Master at Bath College, a post which he held for nine years. In 1887 he resigned his post at Bath and removed to London on his appointment as a Lecturer on the University Extension Schemes of Cambridge and London. At the 1890 meeting of the British Association he was appointed Hon. Secretary of the Com- mittee on Meteorological Photography. In 1893 he was made a Staff Lecturer to the Cambridge University Extension Syndi- cate, and was selected to fill the post of Principal in the Technical and University Extension College at Exeter, a new type of institution, under the joint control of the Exeter City Council and the University Syndicate. In addition to these appoint- ments he was, in 1895, also made Super- intendent Lecturer for the whole of the Devonshire district. Mr. Clayden is the author of numerous contributions to the Proceedings of the Physical Society, and the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, and other scientific publications, being best known for his work in con- nection with meteorological photography, and for his working models of ocean cur- rents. In recent years he has conducted a series of measurements of cloud altitudes by an original photographic method. He is a Fellow of the Chemical, Physical, Geological, Royal Astronomical, and Royal Meteorological Societies, and was for some years a Member of the Institute of Jour- nalists. He married in 1883 Ethel, second daughter of A. S. Paterson, Esq. Address: St. John's, Polsloe Road, Exeter. CLAYDEN, Peter William, eldest son of Peter Clayden, of Wallingford and Far- ringdon, Berks, was born at Wallingford, Oct. 20, 1827, educated privately for a business career, became minister of the Unitarian Congregation at Boston in 1855, Rochdale in 1859, and Nottingham in 1860. He joined the staff of the Daily News as a leader writer on the retirement of Miss Martineau, and on her recom- mendation, in 1866. In 1868, when the Daily Neivs was reduced in price to one penny, Mr. Clayden removed to London, and became assistant editor. He acted as assistant editor and leader writer till August 1887, and then, till February 1896, was associated with Sir John Robinson in the editorship. Mr. Clayden was Liberal candidate for Nottingham, in conjunction with Mr. Charles Seely, now Sir Charles Seely, at the General Election in 1868. He unsuccessfully contested the Norwood Division of Lambeth in the Liberal in- terest in 1885, and the Northern Division of Islington in 1886. During his residence at Boston he edited the Boston Guardian, and at Rochdale wrote leaders for the Rochdale Observer, While at Nottingham he contributed to the Edinburgh Review, the Fortnightly Review, the Theological Review, the Cornhill Magazine, and later to various other periodicals. In 1873 he established the Reading Observer as an organ of Liberal principles in his native county, disposing of it to its present pro- prietors in 1879. Mr. Clayden is the author of many political and other pamphlets and books, of which these may be mentioned : " Religious Value of the Doctrine of Con- tinuity," 1866 ; two works on Samuel Rogers; "England under the Coalition," 1892. He published "England under Lord Beaconsfield," 1880; "Samuel Sharpe, Egyptologist and Translator of the Bible," 1884 ; " The Early Life of Samuel Rogers," 1887; "Rogers and his Contemporaries," 2 vols., 1889; and "England under the Coalition " in 1892. Mr. Clayden is a member of the Executive of the National CLEEVE — CLEMENCEAU 211 Liberal Federation, and Hon. Secretary of "The Liberal Forwards." Mr. Clayden has been President of the Institute of Journal- ists (1893-94), and took an active part in the successful effort to procure for the Insti- tute a Royal Charter. He was also a President of the International Congress of the Press, held at Antwerp in 1894. Mr. Clayden has been twice married ; first to Jane, eldest daughter of the late Mr. Charles Fowle, of Dorchester, in 1853 (died 1870) ; and second, in 1887, to Ellen (died 1897), eldest daughter of the late Mr. Henry Sharpe, whose recollections of his uncle, Samuel Rogers, have an im- portant place in "Rogers and his Con- temporaries." Address: 1 Upper Woburn Place, W.C. CLEEVE, Lucas (Mrs. Kingscote), daughter of Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, and wife of Colonel Kingscote, is an authoress, and amongst her publications there may be mentioned : " Tales of the Sun," "Life of Eugenie Berni," "In the Ricefields," "Woman Who Wouldn't," 1895 ; "Lazarus," "Epicures," 1896 ; "The Monks of the Holy Tear," 1898, &o. She has, moreover, contributed articles to the Nineteenth Century. Address : The Beeches, Headington, Oxford. CLELAND, Professor John, M.D. (Edinburgh), LL.D. (St. Andrews), D.Sc. (Q.U.I.), L.R.C.S.E., F.R.S., born at Perth, June 15, 1835, is the second son of the late John Cleland, surgeon at Perth, for some time Assistant Surgeon in 1st Dragoons. Dr. Cleland was appointed, in 1863, to the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology in Queen's College, Gal way, and in 1877 Regius Professor of Anatomy in the Uni- versity of Glasgow. He is the author of numerous Anatomical Contributions, and the following books : " Directory for the Dissection of the Human Body," 1876 ; "Animal Physiology," 1877; "Evolution," Expression, and Sensation," 1881 ; also " Scala Natures and other Poems," 1887. In conjunction with others he took part in the 7th edition of Quain's "Elements of Anatomy," 18G7. In 1889 he published Vol. I. of "Memoirs and Memoranda in Anatomy," and "Human Anatomy, Gene- ral and Descriptive," Cleland and Mackay, in 1896. He married in 1888 Ada, eldest daughter of the late Professor J. H. Balfour of the University of Edinburgh. Address : 2 University, Glasgow. CLEMENCEAU, Georg-es Ben- jamin, M.D. , a French physician and politician, born at Mouilleron-en-Pareds (Vendee) Sept. 28, 1841, began his profes- sional studies at Nantes, and completed them in Paris, where in 1869 he was created a Doctor of Medicine, and prac- tised at Montmartre. After the revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, he was appointed Mayor of the 18th arrondissement of Paris, and a member of the Commission of Communal Education. At the election of Feb. 8, 1871, he was elected a representative of the Department of the Seine in the Na- tional Assembly, where he took his place among the members of the Extreme Left, and voted against the preliminaries of peace. On the 18th of March he endea- voured to save the lives of the Generals Lecomte and Clement Thomas, but in vain, for he did not arrive at the Rue des Rosiers until after their execution. On this occasion the Central Committee of the Communists, which was sitting at the Hotel de Ville, resolved that Dr. Cle"men- ceau should be arrested ; but he was for- tunate enough to elude the vigilance of the insurrectionary police. When the mur- derers were put upon their trial, Nov. 29, 1871, some of the witnesses accused him of not having interfered as early as he might have done, but he was warmly defended by Colonel Langlois, whose tes- timony appeared to clear Dr. Clemenceau from all blame in the matter. However, the accusations led to a duel between Dr. ChSmenceau and M. le Commandant de Poussargues, who was wounded in the leg by a pistol-shot. Dr. Clemenceau was prosecuted for this affair a month later, the result being that he was condemned by the Seventh Chamber of Correctional Police to be imprisoned for a fortnight, and to pay a fine of twenty-five francs. In the sitting of the 20th of March he introduced in the National Assembly a bill, signed by the Radical fraction of the Deputies of the Department of the Seine, to authorise the election of a Municipal Council for the city of Paris, to consist of eighty members ; and he was one of those who signed the manifesto of deputies and mayors fixing the municipal elections on the 26th of that month. As a candidate at those elections he polled 752 votes, but was not elected. After having taken part in the unsuccessful attempts at concilia- tion between the Government and the Commune, he sent in his resignation both as Mayor and as Deputy, and retired for a short period into private life. On July 23, 1871, he was elected a member of the Municipal Council of Paris for the Clig- nancourt quarter, and he took a prominent part in the discussions concerning primary secular instruction and financial questions. On Nov. 29, 1874, he was re-elected a member of the Municipal Council, of which he became successively Secretary and Vice-President, and eventually Presi- dent in November 1875. He was elected a Deputy for the Department of the Seine 212 CLEMENS by the 18th arrondissement of Paris, Feb. 20, 1876, and afterwards he became Secre- tary of the Chamber. In the following April he resigned his place in the Muni- cipal Council. He was again re-elected to the National Assembly by the 18th arron- dissement of Paris at the General Elections of Oct. 14, 1877. Since that time he has been generally regarded as the leader of the Advanced Left, and as such he has made and unmade many Governments. His opposition to the Tonquin policy de- cided the fall of M. Ferry, and his support kept M. de Freycinet in office. He is editor and chief proprietor of the influen- tial Radical journal La Justice. It was a resolution moved by M. Clemenceau, and insisting on a thorough investigation of the Wilson scandal, that led to the overthrow of the Rouvier Government, and the con- sequent fall of M. Gre"vy. M. CMmenceau was asked by the President to form a Ministry, but declined, and told the Pre- sident plainly that the crisis was not a political, but a presidential one. He is regarded as one of the most expert swords- men in France, and acted as one of the seconds to M. Floquet in his duel with General Boulanger in July 1888. At the General Elections of September 1889 M. Clemenceau was returned by a large ma- jority for Draguignan, and in Parliament again made himself the mouthpiece of Radicalism. As such he uttered the famous epigram, "La Revolution est un bloc, dont on ne peut rien detacher, rien rejeter." This was spoken during a debate (January 1891) on Sardou's "Thermidor," the suppressed play. Somewhat later, on being asked if the Socialist Deputy Lafargue could be let out of prison, he announced that, Boulangism being no longer a danger, the alliance between the Radical and Opportunist Republicans was at an end, and thenceforward became an opponent of the Freycinet Ministry. Dur- ing the Panama scandals he was persis- tently and violently attacked by oppo- nents, who accused him of selling his country, but these accusations were found to be based on forgeries. He was, how- ever, defeated at the General Election in September 1893, and has not since sat in the Chamber. Paris address : 8 Rue Franklin. CLEMENS, Samuel Langhorne, generally known by his pseudonym of " Mark Twain," was born at Florida, Mis- souri, Nov. 30, 1835. At the age of thir- teen he was apprenticed to a printer, and worked at the trade in St. Louis, Cincin- nati, Philadelphia, and New York. In 1855 he became for a short time pilot on the Mississippi River, and in 1861 went to Nevada as private secretary to his brother, the Secretary of the territory. He then went to the mines, and afterwards for several months acted as reporter for Cali- fornian newspapers. He spent six months in the Hawaiian Islands in 1866, and after delivering humorous lectures in California and Nevada, returned to the East in 1867, where he published "The Jumping Frog." In that year he embarked, with a large number of other passengers, on a pleasure excursion up the Mediterranean to Egypt and the Holy Land, which he describes in "The Innocents Abroad," 1869. For a time he was editor of a daily newspaper published in Buffalo, New York State, where he married a lady possessed of a large fortune. In 1872 he visited Eng- land, giving several humorous lectures ; and a London publisher made a collection, in four volumes, of his humorous papers, adding, however, many which the author asserts were never written by him. In 1874 he produced in New York a comedy, "The Gilded Age," which had a remark- able success, owing mainly to the persona- tion, by Mr. Raymond, of the leading character, " Colonel Mulberry Sellers." Mr. Clemens is a frequent contributor to the magazines, and in addition to the books mentioned above has published : "Roughing It," 1872; "Adventures of Tom Sawyer," 1S76 ; "Punch Brothers, Punch," 1878; "A Tramp Abroad," 1880; "The Prince and the Pauper," 1882; "The Stolen White Elephant, and other Tales," 1882 ; and "Life on the Mississippi," 1883. In 1884 he established in New York the publishing house of C. L. Webster & Co. (since gone out of business), which issued in 1885 a new story by him entitled "Ad- ventures of Huckleberry Finn," a sequel to "Tom Sawyer," and brought out in that and the following year General Grant's "Memoirs," of which Mrs. Grant's share of the profits amounted to $480,000. Since then he has published "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court," 1889 ; "The American Claimant," 1892 ; "Pudd'n- head Wilson," 1893; "Tom Sawyer Abroad," 1893 ; " The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson and The Comedy of those Extraordinary Twins," 1895; "Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc," 1896; "Following the Equator," 1897; and "How to Tell a Story, and other Stories," 1897. His books have been republished in England, and translations of the principal ones in Germany. Mr. Clemens is understood to have lost a, fortune in a typesetting machine, but his deliverance from his financial troubles is, we trust, only a question of time. He is credibly rumoured to have acted heroically in the several transactions connected with his loss. In November 1897 and February 1898 he was brilliantly feted in Vienna, and, before a CLEVELAND — CLIFFORD 213 German audience, had the courage to give one of his fine descriptions of the German language. His description of the Jubilee Procession in London in 1897 was pub- lished in the New York Journal, and was considered in America a magnificent performance. Address : Hartford, Con- necticut. CLEVELAND, Grover, late twenty- second President of the United States, was born at Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18, 1837. When he was three years of age his father, who was a Presbyterian minister, moved to Fayetteville, Onondaga County, New York, where they lived until 1851, when the family went to Clinton, Oneida County, leaving Grover in Fayette- ville, where he remained about two years as a clerk in the village store. On the death of his father in 1853 he went to New York, and for about a year was book- keeper and assistant teacher in the Insti- tution for the Blind. Thence he removed to Buffalo in 1855, where he studied law, and began its practice in 1859. In 1863 he was appointed Assistant District Attor- ney for Erie County, and in 1865 was the Democratic nominee for District Attorney, but failed to secure the election. From Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1874, he was She- riff of that county, and in 1881 was elected Mayor of Buffalo. The reformed methods of administering the city's affairs insti- tuted by him while filling that office, led to his election in the following year as Governor of the State of New York by a majority of 192,000 votes over his oppo- nent, Judge Folger, the Republican Secre- tary of the United States Treasury. This phenomenal success, as indicative of the probability of his carrying New York and of attracting the Independent vote, secured him the Democratic nomination for the Presidency in 1884, and in November of that year he was elected over Mr. Blaine, the Republican candidate. Mr. Cleveland's administration, 1885-89, was marked by great prosperity to the country at large, by the admission of four new States — Washington, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota — to the Union, by an exten- sion of the reform in the Civil Service begun under his predecessor, Mr. Arthur, and by a freer use of the veto-power than had generally been exercised by other Presidents. On the meeting of Congress in December 1887 he devoted his annual message mainly to the advocacy of a re- duction in tariff duties in order to prevent the further increase of the surplus in the United States Treasury, which was already large, and which threatened to cause financial difficulties. This message occa- sioned a prolonged discussion of the prin- ciples of protection, and furnished the issue in the National Political Campaign of 1888, when Mr. Cleveland was renomi- nated by the Democrats, and Mr. Harrison was chosen as the Republican candidate. Although the former received a popular majority larger than he had had in 1884, the latter had the greater number of elec- toral votes, and accordingly on March 4, 1889, Mr. Cleveland left Washington and removed to New York, where he remained in the practice of law till 1893. At the Presidential Election of Nov. 9, 1892, Mr. Cleveland defeated Mr. Harrison by another very large majority. The second inauguration of President Cleveland took place at Washington on March 4, 1893, amid great popular enthusiasm. In his inaugural address the President declared that the nation could never be prosperous without a sound and stable currency. On July 1 he convened Congress by proclama- tion for August 7, to consider the financial condition of the country. After a pro- longed debate, and largely through the personal exertions and influence of Mr. Cleveland, the silver purchase provisions of the Sherman law were repealed by Congress, Nov. 1, 1893. The two other most important events in this adminis- tration were the controversy with Great Britain over the Venezuelan boundary line, and the passage of the Wilson tariff law. The former was happily settled without producing the serious difficulties between the two great English-speaking nations that at one time seemed possible. The Wilson Bill slightly reduced the tariff rate from that of the preceding Republican (McKinley) measure, but it also contained an income-tax clause of which President Cleveland could not approve. He did not, however, veto it, but allowed it to become a law without his signature. Tins provi- sion of the Bill was subsequently declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court. Mr. Cleveland was not a candidate for renomination, and since his retirement (March 4, 1897) has resided at Princeton, New Jersey. CLIFFORD, Frederick, Q.C., was born in 1828, and called to the Bar of the Middle Temple in 1859. He served as Assistant Boundary Commissioner under the Reform Act of 1867, and was appointed one of her Majesty's Counsel in 1894. Mr. Clifford, who was for many years on the literary staff of the Times, and practises at the Parliamentary Bar, is the author of a treatise on "The Steamboat Powers of Railway Companies," 1865 ; and is joint author (with Mr. Pembroke Stephens, Q.C.) of a treatise on "The Practice of the Court of Referees on Private Bills in Parliament," 1870, a standard text-book in Private Bill Practice. He is also joint 214 CLIFFOKD author of yearly volumes of Reports of cases as to the locus standi of Petitioners, decided each Session by the Court of Referees from 18G7 down to the year 1884. But his chief work in this connection is a "History of Private Bill Legislation," in 2 vols., 1885-86, dedicated by permis- sion to her Majesty the Queen ; a work of great labour, research, and of general interest to historical students for the light it throws upon social progress in Great Britain. He published in 1875, "The Agricultural Lock-out of 1874 ; with Notes upon Farming and Farm Labour in the Eastern Counties," founded on a series of letters which appeared in the Times; and he is the author also of a treatise on " The Agricultural Holdings Act, 1875"; of other Papers reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society ; and of an article on "English Land Law," forming one of the treatises prepared under the direction of the Royal Agricultural Society, and translated and published by "La Socie'te' des Agriculteurs de France," for the " Congres International de l'Agri- culture " held in Paris in 1878. Mr. Clif- ford is joint proprietor with Sir William Leng of a Conservative provincial news- paper, the Sheffield Daily Telegraph, and the group of journals published by the firm of Leng & Co, in Sheffield and London. He was one of the founders and served as Chairman of the Press Association, a body of provincial newspaper proprietors, formed for the purpose of mutual and general news-supply, now developed into a very important and wide -spreading organisation, with its centre in London. Sir John Robinson, manager of the Daily News, and Mr. Clifford were the last sur- viving members of the Council of the Guild of Literature and Art, a charitable society, constituted by private Act of Parliament in 1858, under the patronage of the Queen and Prince Albert, chiefly by the efforts of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, Charles Dickens, and some of the best- known literary men and artists of the day. As the benevolent objects of the founders were not fulfilled, a private Bill was promoted by Sir John Robinson and Mr. Clifford, and was passed in 1897, to dissolve the Guild and hand over its landed property (consisting of almshouses at Kneb- worth) and funded assets, to the Royal Literary Fund and the Artists' General Benevolent Fund, in equal shares. This work is now (in 1898) being carried out. Mr. Clifford married in 1853 Caroline, third daughter of Thomas Mason, ship- builder, of Hull. Residence : 24 Colling- ham Gardens, South Kensington. CLIFFORD, John, D.D., B.Sc, LL.B., F.G.S., minister of Westbourne Park Church, was born at Sawley, near Derby, Oct. 16, 1836, educated at the Nottingham Baptist College, 1855-58, and at University College, London, 1858-66, taking the London University degrees of B.A., 1861, B.Sc, 1862, with honours in Geology, Logic, and Moral Philosophy; M.A., 1864, bracketed first; LL.B., 1866, with honours in Principles of Legislation. Since 1858 he has been Pastor of the Westbourne Park Church, Paddington, London. He was President of the General Baptist Association, 1872 ; and Secretary, 1876-78, of the London Baptist Association ; Presi- dent, 1879; and from 1870 to 1883 (in- clusive) edited The General Baptist Magazine; and was President of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ire- land, 1888 ; and President of the National Council of Free Evangelical Churches of England and Wales, 1898. He is the author of "Familiar Talks on 'Starting in Life,'" London, 1872; "George Mostyn," 1874; "Is Life Worth Living? an Eight- fold Answer," 1880, 7th edit., 1894 ; "Eng- lish Baptists : Who they are, and What they have Done" (edited), 1883, 2nd edit., 1884; "Daily Strength for Daily Living, Expositions of Old Testament Themes," 3rd edit. , 1890 ; "The Dawn of Manhood," a book for Young Men, 1886, 7th edit., 1894; " Baptist Theology," Contemporary Review, March, 1888; "The Great Forty Years," 1888; "The New City of God," 1888; "The Place of Baptists in the Evolu- tion of British Christianity," Time, 1889 ; "Who are Christian Ministers?" Lippin- cott's Magazine, March 1890, &c. ; "Chris- tian Certainties," 1893, 4th thousand, 1897 ; and " The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible," 10th thousand, 1895. In 1862 Dr. Clifford married Rebecca, daughter of Dr. Carter of Newbury, Berks. Address : 50 St. Quintin Avenue, North Kensington. CLIFFORD, Mrs. 'William King- don, novelist, is the daughter of John Lane, formerly of Barbados, son of a Speaker of Assembly in that Colony. She was married in 1875 to Professor W. K. Clifford, F.R.S., the brilliantly distin- guished mathematician and philosopher, who died in 1879. At his death at the early age of thirty-three, she was granted a civil list pension, and was the recipient of a public testimonial, subscribed for by the many admirers of her husband's genius. As a girl Mrs. Clifford had already written stories, magazine articles, and an anony- mous novel, and, in 1882, she published her first well-known book, "Very Short Stories and Anyhow Stories." This was followed by the powerful and painful novel or psychological study, " Mrs. Keith's Crime," 1 885, by which she became famous, and this again was succeeded by "Love CLIFTON — CLUSEEET 215 Letters of a Worldly Woman," 1891 ; "A Sad Comedy," "The Last Touches," and "Aunt Anne," 1893; "A Wild Proxy," 1894; "A Flash of Summer," 1895, and "Mere Stories," 1896. Address: 27 Col- ville Road, W. CLIFTON, Professor Robert Bel- lamy, M.A. (Cantab, et Oxon.), F.R.S., F.R.A.S., only child of the late Robert Clifton, Esq., was born at Gedney, Lin- colnshire, March 13, 1836. After receiv- ing his early education at private schools he entered University College, London, in 1852, and studied Mathematics under the late Professor de Morgan. In 1855 he proceeded to St. John's College, Cam- bridge, and in 1859 graduated (B.A.) as sixth Wrangler, gaining also the second Smith's Prize for proficiency in Mathe- matics and Natural Philosophy. In 1860 he was elected to a Fellowship in St. John's College, and also became Professor of Natural Philosophy in Owens College, Manchester, an appointment which he re- tained until elected Professor of Experi- mental Philosophy in the Universitv of Oxford in 1865. In 1868 he was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1869 a Fellowship in Merton College, Oxford, was conferred upon him, and he subsequently became also a Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. Professor Clifton is the author of some papers on subjects connected with optics and electricity, but he has princi- pally devoted himself to the development of physios as a branch of study, in the University of Oxford. The Clarendon Laboratory— the first laboratory erected in England specially for instruction in practical physics — was designed and orga- nised by him. From 1879 to 1886 he was a member of the Royal Commission on Accidents in Mines, and he took an active part in the investigations involved in the prosecution of the inquiry. Professor Clifton has been President of the Physical Society of London, 1882-84; he is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and of several other scientific societies in London, Cambridge, and Manchester. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. Ad- dresses : 3 Bardwell Road, Banbury Road, Oxford ; and Athenaeum. CLOGHEB,, Bishop of. See Stack, The Right Rev. Chables Maueice. CLOWES, "William Laird, is the eldest son of William Clowes, sometime one of the Registrars in Chancery, and was born at Hampstead, Feb. 1, 1856. Educated successively at Aldenham, King's College, London, and Lincoln's Inn, he at the last moment abandoned the Bar for journalism; and, as a special correspon- dent, or as a writer on technical subjects, chiefly naval, he afterwards served the Daily News, the Standard, and finally the Times, until 1895. Towards the end of the period he gradually relinquished journal- ism, and became a frequent contributor to the Nineteenth Century, the Fortnightly Review, the Contemporary, Blackwood, and similar publications, French and German, as well as British. Since 1883, moreover, he has specially devoted himself to the subject of naval improvement and reform, and to researches in naval history. His papers on the condition of the Navy, under the pseudonym "Nauticus"; on "The Needs of the Navy " (reprinted from the Daily Graphic) ; on the gunning of battle- ships (reprinted from the St. James's Gazette) ; on quick-firing guns ; on the mission of torpedo-boats in war-time ; and on the value of the ram, have been trans- lated into many languages, and have pro- bably, for good or evil, had an enormous influence upon naval as well as public opinion. Mr. Laird Clowes, who in 1882 married Ethel, second daughter of the late L. F. Edwards of Mitcham, served on the arts and general committees of the Royal Naval Exhibition of 1891 ; gained the gold medal of the United States Naval Institute in 1892 ; was elected a Fellow of King's College, London, in 1895 ; and was chosen an Hon. Member of the Royal United Service Institution, before which he has more than once lectured, in 1896. He has always been much interested in the cause of cheap literature, and it was he who induced Messrs. Cassell to begin the periodical publication of their "National Library." Equally interested in the cause of naval archaeology, he first suggested in the columns of the Times the idea which later gave birth to the Navy Records Society. He is the author of numerous books, including "The Naval Pocket Book" (continued annually), "The Captain of the Mary Rose," "Blood is Thicker than Water," "The Great Peril," "The Double Emperor," and "Black America : a Study of the ex-Slave and his late Master," and he is now the editor of, and principal con- tributor to, "The Royal Navy: a History, from the Earliest Times to the Present," of which Vols. I., II., and III. have been published, and of which the two conclud- ing volumes may be expected to appear in 1899. Mr. Laird Clowes, who is now per- manently exiled from England on account of his health, lives at Davos, Switzerland. CLUSEEET, Gustave Paul, a French military adventurer and Com- munist general, was born at Paris, June 23, 1823. His father was an ancien officier of the First Empire, and became colonel 216 COBBE of a regiment of the line under the mon- archy of July. Young Cluseret studied in the military school of St. Cyr, and upon leaving, in 1845, was appointed a sub- lieutenant of his father's regiment, the 55th. In the revolution of February 1848, Cluseret was in command of a section of grenadiers told off for the protection of the Bank. When the National Guard of the quartier relieved the troops, Baron d'Argoult hid the young officer and his soldiers for two days, and then assisted them to escape in disguise from the fury of the people. In the days of June, Cluseret was elected a chief of a battalion of National Guards, and for his bravery under fire was named Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. After the dissolution of the Garde Mobile he returned to his old regiment with the grade of lieutenant, and shortly afterwards was put on the retired list in consequence of a manifes- tation of politics adverse to the Prince- President. He was replaced at the inter- cession of Marshal Magnan, an old friend of his father's, and in 1853 was trans- ferred to the Chasseurs-a-pied, with whom he went through the campaign in the Crimea, was made Captain, and, after the peace, went to Africa, where, as his bio- grapher, M. Jules Bichard, delicately puts it, "the elasticity of his principles in the matter of the ownership of property made it necessary for him to resign." In 1860 he turned up with the army of Garibaldi, where hebecameLieutenant-Colonel. When the war broke out in America he joined the Federals, and fought against the South with the grade of a Colonel. After the close of the American war Cluseret founded the New Nation newspaper, and returned to France and took up the pro- fession of journalism. Another indication of "elasticity of principles" led to the necessity of his quitting Paris, and he came over to England, where he mixed himself up with the Fenian agitation. Returning again to France, he got into trouble by reason of the publication of a newspaper article to which his name was appended, and was condemned to two months' imprisonment in St, Pelagie. There, in addition to the acquaintance of his biographer, he made that of certain agents of the International Society, the effect of which was shortly afterwards seen in his organising the strike of the shop-assistants in Paris in 1869. After the elections of June in that year, Cluseret was expelled from France at the instance of the Minister of War, who had reason to believe that the ex-captain was tampering with the sous - officiers of the garrison. Immediately upon the procla- mation of the Provisional Government of Sept. 4, 1870, the exile turned up again, and his subsequent history is legibly written in the records of revolution at Marseilles, Lyons, and Paris. For a short time he was at the head of the military operations of the Paris Commune, but, like nearly all the other agents of that body, he soon fell under suspicion, and was arrested, though he was released from custody shortly before the entrance of the Versailles troops. It was reported that he was shot before Sept. 22-26, 1871 ; but, notwithstanding the vigilant search made for him by the police, he remained in concealment in Paris till the end of the month of December 1871, when he escaped to London. Soon after- wards he went to the United States. The Third Council of War, sitting at Versailles, condemned him to death, par contumace, Aug. 30, 1872. Cluseret and his publisher were, on Jan. 27, 1881, sentenced by default to two years' im- prisonment and 3000 francs' fine for an article inciting soldiers to mutiny. He again left France and returned in 1884, when he exhibited his paintings, of which some have lately appeared in the Salon. In 1887-88 he published his Memoirs. They deal with the Second Siege of Paris, and are an apology for the Commune. In 1888 General Cluseret stood for Parliament in the Var, and was elected as a "revolutionist." He was re-elected at Toulon in 1889. COBBE, Frances Power, daughter of Charles Cobbe, of Newbridge House, co. Dublin, D.L., J.P. (who fought at Assaye as lieutenant in the 19th Light Dragoons), was born Dec. .4, 1822, and educated at Brighton. She has been a frequent contributor to the periodi- cals of the day, and is the author of the following works : "An Essay on Intuitive Morals," 1855 (3rd. edit., " 1859) ; "Re- ligious Duty," 1857 (2nd edit., 1864) ; "Pursuits of Women," 1863; "Cities of the Past," 1863; "Broken Lights," 1864 (3rd edit., two American edits.); "Italics," 1864; "Studies Ethical and Social," 1865 ; " Hours of Work and Play," 1867 ; "Dawning Lights," 1868; "Alone, to the Alone," 1871 (3rd edit., 1881); "Darwinism in Morals," 1872; "Hopes of the Human Race," 1874, 1880; "Re- echoes," 1876 ; " False Beasts and True," 1875; "Duties of Women," 1880 (3rd English, 8th American edit., 1889) ; "The Peak in Darien," 1881; "A Faithless World," 1885 ; " The Scientific Spirit of the Age," 1888; "The Modern Rack," 1889 ; " The Friend of Man " (2nd edit.), 1890. Beside these books Miss Cobbe has issued a great number of pamphlets, among which are : " The Workhouse as an Hospital," 1861; "Friendless Girls, and How to Help Them," 1861, containing COFFIN — COLLET 217 an account of the original Preventive Mission at Bristol ; " Female Education," 1862 (a plea for granting University Degrees to women), and more than two hundred pamphlets and leaflets on the vivisection question. Miss Cobbe resided for some years in Bristol with the late Mary Carpenter, for the purpose of work- ing at her reformatory and ragged schools ; and subsequently originated, in concert with Miss Elliot, a scheme for befriend- ing young servants (now worked by the Metropolitan Association founded for that purpose) ; and another for the relief of destitute incurables. After journeys to Egypt, Palestine, and Greece, and several visits to Italy, Miss Cobbe joined her friend, Miss Lloyd, of Hengwrt, in taking a house in South Kensington, where she lived for twenty years. She was for a part of this time on the staff of the Echo, and subsequently on that of the Standard, and contributed largely to other newspapers and periodicals, the Quarterly Review, Fraser, &c. She was engaged, besides literary work, in promoting the Act (41 Vict. c. 19) of 1878, whereby wives whose husbands have been convicted of aggra- vated assaults upon them are enabled to obtain Separation Orders ; and also in aiding the movement for obtaining Parlia- mentary suffrage for women. In 1880-81 she twice delivered to audiences of ladies a course of lectures on the Duties of Women, which have been largely circu- lated in America, and also translated and published in Danish, Italian, and French. During the last fifteen years Miss Cobbe has been principally occupied in founding and directing as Hon. Secretary the Vic- toria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection, an Association of which the late Lord Shaftesbury was President. She resigned in 1884 her office and the editorship of the Zoophilist and the Society (now called the National Society). Having subsequently modified its programme, Miss Cobbe has withdrawn from it altogether. Miss Cobbe resides at Hengwrt, near Dolgelly ; but continues to work on behalf of the cause of sentiment towards animals as opposed to the demands of biological science. Address : Hengwrt, Dolgelly, N. Wales. COFFIN, Charles Hayden, was born at Manchester in 1862, his father and mother being Americans, who had come over from New England, U.S.A. He was educated at University College, London, intended originally to enter the medical profession, and passed the preliminary examinations. In 1885, however, he went on the stage, and being possessed of a good voice, he has gained a high reputa- tion as a singer in comic and light opera. He has recently appeared in "The Geisha" at Daly's Theatre, and was in 1898-99 en- gaged in " The Greek Slave " at the same theatre. He was married in 1892 to Ade- line, daughter of Frederick de Leuw, of Graf rath, Germany. Address : Campden Hill Cottage, Kensington, W. COLCHESTER, Bishop Suffragan of. See Johnson, The Eight Bev. H. F. COLERIDGE, The Hon. Stephen, second son of the 1st Lord Coleridge, was born in 1854, and married in 1879 Ger- aldine, daughter and co-heiress of the late Charles Manners Lushington, jun., of Nor- ton Court, Kent, M.P. He was educated at Bradfield, and at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, graduating B.A. in 1876, and M.A. in 1880. He was called to the Bar in 1886. After leaving Cambridge he travelled in the East, and then went to South America for a year, where he was in Chili and Peru during the war between those countries. He visited Panama when Lesseps cut the first sod of the Canal, and he has fre- quently visited the United States. He was private secretary to his father, the late Lord Chief -Justice of England, from 1882 to 1890, when he was appointed Clerk of Assize on the South Wales Cir- cuit, which office he still holds. He is the author of "Demetrius," 1887; and "The Sanctity of Confession," 1890; and has reviewed for several papers for some years. He is an artist, exhibiting his pictures regularly in the London and Provincial Galleries. But perhaps his greatest interest is in humanitarian causes. He is one of the Council of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and is a leader of the Anti- Vivisection Movement, being Hon. Sec- retary of the National Anti-Vivisection Society, into whose internal regulations he has introduced reforms, and over whose methods of carrying on the agitation he has exercised considerable influence. Ad- dresses : 7 Egerton Mansions, South Ken- sington ; and The Ford, Greywell, Hants. COLLEN, Sir Edwin Henry Hayter, K.C.I.E., was born in 1843, and entered the Boyal Artillery in 1863. He served in the Abyssinian War, 1868, in the Afghan War, 1880, and in the Soudan Expedition in 1885. In 1893 he was created a K.C.I.E. He is also a C.B. He is a Colonel on the Indian Staff Corps, and Secretary to the Military Department of the Government of India. Address : Calcutta. COLLET, Sir Mark Wilks, Bart., J.P., was born in London in September 1816, is the second son of Mr. James Collet, a London merchant, and was 218 COLLIE — COLLINGS educated abroad. He is a partner in the house of Brown. Shipley & Co., London; was elected a Director of the Bank of England in 1866; filled the office of Deputy Governor of the Bank from 1885 to 1887, and of Governor from 1887 to 1889. He was created a Baronet in 1888 in recognition of services rendered as Governor of the Bank in connection with the Conversion of the National Debt, effected in that year. He is a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for the County of Kent, and for the County of London, and also a Commissioner of Lieutenancy for the City of London. Addresses : St. Clere, Kemsing, Kent ; and 2 Sussex Square, W. COLLIE, John Norman, Ph.D., F.R.S., was born at Alderley Edge, Cheshire, on Sept. 10, 1859, and was educated at Charterhouse and Clifton College. He is Professor of Chemistry to the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C. He is a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; of the Geographi- cal Society ; of the Chemical Societies of London and Berlin ; and of the Alpine Club, &c. &c. Address : 16 Campden Grove, Kensington. COLLINGS, The Right Hon. Jesse, M.P., was born in 1831 in the parish of Littleham-cum-Exmouth in Devonshire. He comes of humble parentage, but re- ceived what in those days was considered a fair education, and at an early period of his life entered, as clerk, the Birmingham firm of Messrs. Samuel Booth & Co., sub- sequently becoming their representative in the South and West of England. He at length acquired their business and settled in Birmingham in 1866 as head partner in the firm of " Collihgs & Wallis." Taking, as he did, an active part in public work, he was in 1867 elected a member of the Birmingham Education Society, and early in 1868 published a vigorous pamphlet entitled "An Outline of the American School System : with Remarks on the Establishment of a Common School System in England." In this pamphlet, which had a large circulation, he advocated the formation of " a Society on the Principle of the Anti-Corn-Law League, national in name and constitution, refusing all com- promise, its platform being National Secular (or unsectarian) Education, com- pulsory in rating and in attendance." Later in the same year "The National Education League" was formed, Mr. George Dixon being President, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain Chairman of the Executive Committee, and Mr. Jesse Collings Hon- orary Secretary. The action of the League materially assisted the passing of the National Education Act in 1870, and Mr. Collings was to the front in all its de- liberations. In 1868 he became a member of the Town Council of Birmingham, and in 1878 was unanimously elected Mayor. His tenure of office was notable in many ways. In 1878-79 he did much to alleviate the prevalent distress among the poor of Birmingham by instituting the " Mayor's Fund," which gave relief to more than 10,000 families. In 1879 he was mainly instrumental in rebuilding the Central Free Libraries of Birmingham, which had been destroyed by fire. He became no- torious in 1878 for his severe action against certain "Jingo" dissentients who dis- turbed a political meeting of which he was chairman. These persons — of whom there were some hundreds — created a dis- turbance at a political meeting called at the Town Hall " to consider the Afghan Policy of the Government," and were ejected by the police at Mr. Collings's request. Several of the rejected brought actions against the Mayor and others, and the case was tried in the Criminal Court, where Mr. Collings was defended by Sir Henry James. The Stipendiary, Mr. Kynnersley, declined to state a case, and the right of a chairman to eject up- roarious opponents remains unsettled. About twenty years ago Mr. Collings assisted in the formation of the Agricul- tural Labourers' Union, and was for some time a member of its Executive Com- mittee. His political life is intimately associated with the aims of this associa- tion. In 1880 he entered Parliament as Radical member for Ipswich, and repre- sented that constituency till 1885. On entering Parliament he determined to devote himself chiefly to the cause of the agricultural labourer, and in 1882, after several defeats, he succeeded in passing the Allotments Extension Act. At the same time he introduced a General Allot- ments Bill and a Small Holdings Bill, which embodied the policy known as "Three Acres and a Cow." These bills were repeatedly defeated, until in 1886 Mr. Collings moved an amendment to the Address, setting forth the necessity for legislation favourable to the agricultural labourers. The amendment was carried, and caused the fall of the Conservative Government. In 1887 the Unionist Gov- ernment passed the Allotments Bill with but slight alteration. The Small Holdings Bill was also adopted and passed in 1892, and the administration of the Act was placed in the hands of the County Councils. The Act tends to produce a peasant pro- prietary, and Mr. Collings holds " that not only the rural labourers, but the working men in towns and centres of in- dustry, as well as shopkeepers, manu- COLLING WOOD — COLLINS 219 facturers, and traders generally, will all be benefited by the increased production of the smaller articles of food, which can alone be produced " by owners of small holdings. Mr. Collings has been a warm opponent of the action of the Charity Commissioners in rural districts. He has opposed their schemes, and to a great extent modified their policy towards the poorer classes in country districts. When in 1885 a bill was passed for disfranchising voters who had received parochial relief, he succeeded in carrying a proviso that a labourer who had been attended by a Poor Law Medical Officer should not lose his vote. In 1SS3 he founded the Allotments Association, but was turned out of it in 1886 owing to his having become a Unionist. He thereupon formed the present Rural Labourers' League, which aims at securing to the labourer the benefits given him under recent Acts. Mr. Jesse Collings was re-elected in 1892 to the Bordesley Division of Birmingham, which he has represented since 1886. He is author of several pamphlets on free education and peasant proprietorship. In 1858 he married the daughter of Mr. Edward Oxenbould, by whom he has one daughter, married to Mr. H. C. Field. He is a Unitarian in creed. In 1886 he was Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board, and in 1891 was a member of the Royal Labour Commission. In 1895 he became a member of Lord Salisbury's Government as Under Secre- tary of State for the Home Department. Address : The Woodlands, Edgbaston, Birmingham. COLLINGWOOD, Cuthbert, M.A. and B.M. Oxon., F.L.S., &c, was born at Greenwich, Dec. 25, 1826, and educated at King's College School, Christ Church, Oxford, Edinburgh University, and Guy's Hospital. He also studied in Paris and Vienna. From 1858 to 1866 he resided in Liverpool, occupying during that period the Chair of Botany in the Medical School, and that of Biology in the School of Science. He was also Senior Physician to the Liver- pool Northern Hospital. Dr. Collingwood has been a Fellow of the Linnsean Society since 1853, and sat on the Council in 1868. In 1866-67 he undertook as a volunteer, under the sanction of the Admiralty, a scientific voyage for the study of marine zoology, &c, visiting China, Formosa, Borneo, and Singapore, the results being recorded in " Rambles of a Naturalist on the Shores and Waters of the China Sea," 1868, in numerous papers read before scientific societies, and in scientific jour- nals. He is the author of " A Vision of Creation," "The Travelling Birds," and numerous scientific papers. In 1876-77 Dr. Collingwood travelled in Palestine and Egypt, and published an account of his journey. COLLINS, Right Hon. Sir Richard Henn, Lord justice of Appeal, third son of Mr. Stephen Collins, Q.C., of Dublin, and Frances, daughter of William Henn and Susanna, sister of Sir Jonathan Lovett, of Liscombe, Bucks, Bart., was born in 1842, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took the highest honours in classics and moral science. He left Dublin without taking a degree, and pro- ceeded to Downing College, Cambridge. He was bracketed fourth in the Classical Tripos, and was elected a Fellow of Down- ing in 1865, becoming an Hon. Fellow on the expiration of his Fellowship. Called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in Novem- ber 1867, he joined the Northern Circuit, and was created a Q.C. in 1883, and elected a Bencher of his Inn in 1884. He enjoyed a large practice both as junior and as Queen's Counsel, and appeared latterly in the important licensing appeal of " Sharp v. Wakefield" in the House of Lords, and in the Clitheroe Abduction Case, in which he appeared as leading Counsel for Mr. Jackson in the Court of Appeal. He was for long well known as a sound and careful lawyer. In April 1891 he was elevated to the Bench in succession to the late Mr. Justice Stephen, who had then recently retired. He was for four years President of the Railway Commission. In 1897 lie was raised to the Court of Appeal and made a Privy Councillor. He was for some years a member of the Bar Com- mittee, and is joint editor of "Smith's Leading Cases." He married in 1868 Jane, daughter of the Very Rev. 0. W. Moore, Dean of Clogher. Addresses : 3 Bramham Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. COLLINS, Dr. William Job, M.D., B.Sc, F.R.C.S.,D.L., J.P., is the eldest son of the late Dr. Collins of Regent's Park, and comes of a Warwickshire family. He is related through his mother and the Huguenot family of Garnault to Sir Samuel Rornilly. He was born on May 9, 1859, and was educated at University College School and St. Bartholomew's Hospital, where his career was distinguished. He graduated M.B. at the University of Lon- don, with double first-class honours, and became F.R. C.S. before he was twenty-six. He was appointed Ophthalmic Surgeon to the North West London Hospital in 1884, and Assistant Surgeon and in 1896 Surgeon to the Royal Eye Hospital at Southwark. Since 1888" Dr. Collins has been Surgeon to the London Temperance Hospital. In 1892 he became a candidate, in the Progressive interest, for West St. Pancras, for the 220 COLOMB London County Council, and was re-elected at the top of the poll in 1895 and 1898. He became Chief Whip to the Progressive Party, and later Chairman of the Party Committee. He served as Chairman of the Public Control Committee of the Council for two years, and in 1896-97 was unanimously appointed Vice-Chairman of the Council. He was elected Chairman of the London County Council in March 1897, and acted as spokesman for that body on numerous public occasions. He received the Prince and Princess of Wales when the former opened the great Thames Tunnel, at Blackwall, on behalf of the Queen, on May 22 of that year. On the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee Celebra- tion, Dr. Collins wrote and read the first address presented to her Majesty by the London County Council. At the general election of 1895 he unsuccessfully con- tested West St. Pancras as a Liberal. He is a Justice of the Peace, and a Deputy Lieutenant for the County of London. He is a Fellow of the University of Lon- don, having been elected to the Senate of that body by his fellow graduates in 1893. He has taken a great interest in the ques- tion of University reform, and has given evidence before two Royal Commissions on behalf of Convocation, and in favour of maintaining the impartial and high stan- dard of degrees for which the University has been famous. He has been a member of the London Technical Education Board from its commencement. From 1889 to 1896 he served on the Royal Commission which inquired into the working of the Vaccination Acts, and dissented from the final report of the majority of the Com- mission, as he objected to compulsory en- forcement of the operation, and favoured a more extensive reliance on sanitary organisation and reform for the preven- tion of epidemics. Dr. Collins is the author of numerous contributions to medical and scientific periodicals and societies on Sur- gical, Ophthalmic, and Sanitary questions. He represented the London County Council and London University at the International Congresson Hygiene at Buda-Pesthinl894, and read a paper there on the provision of Mortuaries. He took a leading part in establishing a laboratory at Claybury Asylum for the better study of the Patho- logy of Mental Diseases. He has endea- voured to bring the principle of evolution to bear on the nature and origin of diseases. He has published statistics of surgical operations, in which the non-alcoholic treatment has been adopted with success. In professional as in political matters he has adopted liberalism and progress. He is the author of a short account of the life and philosophy of Spinoza the Pantheist. On the formation of the new London County Council in 1898, Dr. Collins was nominated as leader of the Progressives by a ballot of the whole party, but in May he informed the Progressive Whip that he could not undertake the responsibilities of the position. In August 1898 he married Jane S,, daughter of John Wilson, M.P. for Govan. Address : 1 Albert Terrace, Regent's Park. COLOMB, Sir John Charles Ready, K.C.M.G., D.L., J.P., Captain R.N., M.P., born May 1, 1838, is the son of General G. T. Colomb, by Mary, daughter of Sir A. B. King, Bart. He was educated privately and at the Royal Naval College, and served in the Royal Marine Artillery, 1854-69. He is the author of a series of lectures, 1869-86, delivered before the United Ser- vice Institution and Royal Colonial Insti- tute, and subsequently published, "On the Distribution of Our War Forces " ; " General Principles of Military Organ- isation " ; " Russian Development " ; " Our Naval and Military Position in the North Pacific," 1877; "The Naval and Military Resources of Our Colonies" ; "The Protection of Commerce in War," 1867; "Imperial Strategy," 1871; " Colonial Defence and Colonial Opinion," 1876 ; " The Defence of Great and Greater Britain," 1879 ; " Naval Intelligence and Protection of Commerce," 1881 ; " The Use and Application of Marine Forces," 1883; and "Imperial Federation, Naval and Military," 1886 ; and has received the thanks of Colonial Governments. He has contributed to Blackwood, Fraser, Nine- teenth Century, Murray's Magazine, &c. He was one of the founders of the Imperial Federation League in conjunction with the late Rt. Hon. W. E. Forster, M.P., was elected M.P. for the Bow and Bromley Division of the Tower Hamlets, 1886, and was made K.C.M.G. in 1889. He was de- feated for Parliament in 1892, and elected by Great Yarmouth in 1895. He is a D.L. and J. P. for co. Kerry. He married Emily Anna, daughter of R. S. Palmer, and widow of Charles Augustus Paret, Lieut. R.N. Addresses : 75 Belgrave Road, S.W., and Dromquinna, Kenmare, co. Kerry. COLOMB, Vice Admiral Philip Howard, F.R.G.S., was born in Scotland on May 29, 1831, and is the third son of the late General G. T. Colomb and Mary, daughter of the late Sir A. B. King, Bart. He was educated privately, and entered the Navy in November 1846, and was pro- moted Lieutenant in February 1855. He was a Midshipman in H.M.S. Reynard during 1849-51, and engaged in the pursuit and capture of Chinese pirates. The Reynard was totally wrecked on the Plata Shoal in 1851. He was then appointed COLONNE — COLQUHOUN 221 Mate in H.M.S. Serpent, and took part in the Burmese War, for which he received the medal with Pegu clasp. As Mate in H.M.S. Phoenix he was in the Arctic Expe- dition of 1854, and was awarded the Arctic medal. During the Russian War Admiral Colomb saw considerable service in the Baltic, and as a lieutenant of H.M.S. Hast- ings, he engaged the batteries and gun- boats on the night attack at Sveaborg. He was appointed Flag- Lieutenant to Rear-Admiral Sir T. Pasley in 1859, and during this service he invented the present system of flashing signals for night, day, and fog, and at the same time revised all the signal systems throughout. He also produced the present scheme of naval tactics, and in 1867 he was attached to the Royal Engineers to perfect military signalling. As Commander of H.M.S. Dryad he was engaged in the suppression of. the slave trade. During 1874 he pro- duced the adopted system of interior lighting, and the arrangement of voice- tubes in ships of war, and was shortly afterwards appointed Flag-Captain to Vice-Admiral Ryder on the China Station . In 1880 Admiral Colomb was chosen to command H.M.S. Thunderer, and the year following he became Captain-Superinten- dent of the Portsmouth Steam Reserve, which was entirely re-organised under his direction. His last appointment on the active list was that of Flag-Captain to Sir Geoffrey Hornby, G.C.B. He was placed on the retired list under the age clause in 1886, being promoted to Rear-Admiral the following year «and Vice-Admiral in 1892. Admiral Colomb's writings and essays on naval defence, and the possibilities open to modern ships of war, place him in the front rank of those who have brought the Fleet to its present state of efficiency. He is a great advocate of the torpedo boat destroyer, and believes that type of vessel will play a most important part in the next naval war. He has also been un- sparing in his efforts to induce the Ad- miralty to adopt a more satisfactory scheme of naval retirement. The following is a list of Admiral Colomb's works: "Slave Catching in the Indian Ocean " ; " Our Peril Afloat " ; " The Duel, a Naval War Game"; "The Dangers of the Modern Rule of the Road at Sea"; "Fifteen Years of Naval Retirement " ; " Essays on Naval Defence" ; "The Official System of Measuring the Manoeuvring Powers of Ships"; " Naval Warfare " ; " The Naval War Game " ; " The Collision Diagram," 1896; and Editor of the "Naval Year Book." Admiral Colomb was a Lecturer on Naval Strategy and Tactics at the R.N. College, Greenwich, in 1887-88. He is a gold medallist of the Royal United Service Institution, a younger Brother of Trinity House, and Nautical Assessor to the House of Lords. Addresses : Steeple Court, Botley, Hants ; and Athenaeum. COLONNE, Jean, French musician, was born at Bordeaux, July 23, 1838, and studied at the Conservatoire, where Gierard and Saugay taught him the violin, and Am - broise Thomas counterpoint and harmony. In 1863 he obtained the first prize for violin-playing. He entered the Paris Opera as one of the first violins in the same year. In 1871 he threw up his post to found a National Concert, which afterwards be- came the Association artistique, whose winter concerts were first given at the Odeon, and then at the Theatre du Cha- telet. He welcomed the younger French composers, and produced the "Marie Made- leine" and "Scenes Pittoresque" of Mas- senet, the "Pieces d'orchestre" of Theo- dore Dubois, the "Fiesque" of Lalo, &c. He also gave a place to the chief works of Wagner and other foreign composers, and introduced Guilmant, the organist, to Parisian audiences. In 1891 he was chosen by M. Bertrand, the Director of the Opera, as chief Conductor, and started on his duties in January 1892. He had great difficulty in getting Wagner a hear- ing in Paris, after the grossly insulting remarks the great Maestro had allowed himself to utter, but in 1893 he succeeded in producing "Lohengrin." M. Colonne brought his orchestra to London in 1897, and was most favourably received. COLaUHOUN, Archibald Ross, Assoc. Mem. I.C.E., F.R.G.S., gold medal- list of the Royal Geographical Society, was born off the Cape in March 1848, and is the son of the late Dr. Archibald Colquhoun, of Edinburgh, who gained renown in the H.E.I.C. S. during the first Afghan cam- paign. Mr. Colquhoun was educated in Scotland and on the Continent ; entered the Indian Public Works Department as assistant engineer in 1871, and was first posted under Dr. Holt Hallett in the Tenasserim Division. This Division forms the Eastern portion of British Burma, and borders Siam and the Siamese Shan States. Having gained considerable experience in the railway, canal, and other divisions, in 1879 he was appointed secretary and second in command of the Government Mission despatched to Siam and the Siamese Shan States. In 1881 he returned to England on furlough, and together with Mr. Hallett formed the project for the connection of India and China and the opening up of Siam and Central Indo- china by railway, which led to the explo- ration by Messrs. Colquhoun and Wahab through Southern China and the Chinese Shan States in 1881-82, and by Mr. Holt 222 COLVILLE Hallett in Siam and the Siamese Shan States in 1883-84, during which they suc- ceeded in tracing out the best route for their proposed system of railways. On his return to England Mr. Colquhoun was awarded the gold medal of the Eoyal Geographical Society ; published " Across ChryseV' a book in two volumes, giving an account of his travels. He contributed many important letters to the Times on China and Indo-China, addressed several Chambers of Commerce, and awakened general interest in those parts of the East and in the proposed system of railways. "Among the Shans" was published in 1883. In June 1883 he left England for China and Tonquin as special correspon- dent of the Times ; his able letters and descriptions of the people and country at once placed him in the foremost rank of correspondents, and were quickly repub- lished. Returning to England in October, lie again left for the Times in November, remaining in the East until the close of the Franco-Chinese war. He came back to England in July 1885, addressed the London Chamber of Commerce upon "English Commercial Policy in the East," proposed the annexation of Upper Burma, and the alliance of England and China so as to frustrate the aims of France and Russia in the East, and to advance the development of our commerce with China. Whilst in China he did all in his power to increase the friendly feeling of the Chinese Government for the English, and was en- trusted by Li Hung Chang with a message to the Viceroy of India, proposing the early connection of India and China by telegraph, vid Burma and the Burmese Shan States. In Siam he saw the King, and explained the proposed system of railways, and was subsequently informed by our Minister at Bangkok that the Sia- mese would construct their portion of the railway if the British would meet them with a line to the frontier. Mr. Colquhoun acted from 1885 to 1889 as a Deputy- Commissioner in Upper Burma, where he gained much credit for his able adminis- tration of affairs. In 1889 he left Burma on leave, and was appointed by Mr. Rhodes to the British South Africa Company, and employed in drawing up regulations for Mashonaland. In 1890 he accompanied the Pioneer Expedition for the occupation of Mashonaland, invested with a commis- sion to assume the duties of Administrator and Chief Magistrate, which post he filled in 1890-91, organising the first settlement of that important colony. The Manika Treaty, which secured a valuable territory for Britain, was executed by him. In 1891 Mr. Colquhoun was invalided home, and retired from the service of the British South Africa Company in 1892. In No- vember 1893 he retired on a pension from the service of the Government of India. In December 1893 he published "Matabele- land and our Position in South Africa," and subsequently addressed many of the leading Chambers of Commerce on " Ma- tabeleland and our New Colony in Soutli Africa." In 1892-93 he visited the United States, and in 1895 Central America, in order to examine the Nicaragua and Pa- nama canal routes. He subsequently went to China. His last book (1895) is entitled "The Key of the Pacific." Club : Savage. COLVILLE, Major- General Sir Henry Edward, K.C.M.G., C.B., was born at Kirkby Hall, Leicestershire, on July 10, 1852, his father being Charles Robert Colville, Esq., of Lullington, Burton-on- Trent, and his mother Katherine Sarah Georgina Russell, daughter of the 22nd Baroness de Clifford and Commander John Russell, R.N., son of Lord William Russell, brother of the 5th and 6th Dukes of Bed- ford. He is head of the senior branch of the families of Colvile and Colville, which separated in the twelfth century. He was educated at Eton, and entered the Grenadier Guards in 1870. He was ap- pointed A.D.C. to General the Hon. Sir Leicester Smythe, commanding the forces in South Africa, in 1880. He served on the Intelligence Department of the Suakim Expedition of 1884, was present at the battles of El Teb and Tamai, mentioned in despatches, and received the bronze star, medal, and clasp. He was em- ployed on special service in the Sudan prior to the Nile Expedition of 1884-85, and during that Expedition served as D.A.A.G. ; was mentioned in despatches ; received the clasp, and was created C.B. At the close of the Expedition he was Chief of the Intelligence Department of the Frontier Force ; was present at the action at Giniss ; was mentioned in despatches, and was promoted to the rank of Colonel. He was then attached to the Intelligence Department at headquarters, and wrote the official history of the Sudan Campaign. In 1893 he succeeded the late Sir Gerald Portal as Commissioner (Act- ing) for Uganda, commanded the Unyoro Expedition, which resulted in the inclusion of that country into the Protectorate ; re- ceived the Central African medal, was created K.C.M.G., and received the second- class Brilliant Star of Zanzibar. He was selected for promotion to the rank of Major-General, April 12, 1898. He is the author of "A Ride in Petticoats and Slip- pers," 1879; an account of exploration in the Lesser Atlas ; "The Accursed Land," 1884 ; an account of exploration in the Wady el Arabah ; " History of the Sudan Campaign," compiled for the War Office, COLVIN — COMMEEELL 223 1887; "The Laud of the Nile Springs," 1895, an account of the TJnyoro Campaign. He married (1) in 1880 Alice Rosa, daugh- ter of the Hon. Robert Daly, who died in Natal in 1882; (2) in 1886 Zelie Isabelle, daughter of M. Pierre Richaud de Pre'ville, Chateau des Moudrans, Basses Pyrenees, by whom he has issue, Gilbert de Prdville, born 1887. Addresses: Lullington, Burton- on-Trent ; Lightwater, Bagshot. COLVIN, Sir Auckland, K.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., C.I.E., son of the late John Russell Colvin, B.C.S., late Lieut.-Governor of the North-West Provinces of India, by Emma Sophia, daughter of the Rev. W. Sneyd, was born in 1838. He was edu- cated at Eton and at Haileybury (East India) College, and entered the Indian Civil Service in 1858. In 1879 he was nominated to the charge of the Cadastre in Egypt, and became later in that year the British member of the C'aisse de la Dette Publique. He was a member of the International Commission of Egyptian Liquidation in 1880, and was appointed British Controller-General in Egypt the same year. In 1881 he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of SS. Michael and George, in 1883 C.I.E., and in 1892 K.C.S.I. Sir Auckland Colvin took a prominent part in assisting and advising the Khedive on the occasion of Arabi Pasha's military demonstration on Sept. 9, 1881, and in July 1883 he received the thanks of her Majesty's Government for his services prior and subsequent to that event. After the abolition of the Dual Control (January 1883), he became Financial Adviser to the Khedive. In October 1883 he became Financial Mem- ber of the Council of the Governor-General of India, and in 1887 he was appointed Lieut.-Governor, North-West Provinces, and Chief Commissioner, Oudh, India. In 1892 he retired. He is Chairman of Bur- mah Railways Company and Egyptian Delta Light Railways Company. He has received the grand cordons both of the Order of the Medjidieh and of the Os- manieh. He has published "John Russell Colvin" in the "Rulers of India" Series, 1895. In 1859 he married Charlotte Eliza- beth, daughter of the late Lieut.-General Charles Herbert, C.B. She died in 1865. Address : Earl Soham Lodge, Wickham Market, Suffolk. COLVIN, Sidney, M.A., was born at Norwood, Surrey, June 18, 1845. He is the youngest son of the late Mr. Bazett D. Colvin, of the firm of Crauford, Colvin, and Co., of 71 Old Broad Street, and of Bealings, Woodbridge, Suffolk, by his wife Mary Steuart, eldest daughter of the late Mr. William Butterworth Bayley, of the East India Company's Civil Service. Mr. Colvin was educated at home and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was Chancellor's English Medallist in 1865, and where he graduated as third in the first class of the Classical Tripos in 1867. He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1869 ; Slade Professor of Fine Arts, 1873 (re-elected 1876, 1879, 1882, and 1885) ; and was appointed Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, in 1876. Having been appointed Keeper of the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum in December 1884, Mr. Colvin resigned the direction of the Fitzwilliam Museum at that date, and the post of Slade Professor in January 1886. He is a Member of the German Archaeolo- gical Institute, and Corresponding Mem- ber of the Historical Society of Maine, U.S. Since 1867 he has been a frequent contributor, chiefly as a critic and his- torian of art and literature, to the Port- folio, Fortnightly Review, Cornhill Magazine, Nineteenth Century, Edinburgh Review, Mac- millan's Magazine, and other periodicals. In addition to his being a contributor to periodical literature, he is the author of the following books : " Children in Italian and English Design," 1872; "Landor," in the "English Men of Letters" series, 1882; and "Keats," in the same series, 1886. He has also edited " Selections from the Writings of Walter Savage Landor," 1884; and "Letters of Keats," 1887. He is now preparing the " Life and Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson," and has during recent years edited the magnificent Edin- burgh edition of Robert Louis Steven- son's collected works. Addresses : British Museum ; and Athenaeum. COKMERELL, Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Edmund, G.C.B., ».«., J.P., second son of Mr. John W. Commerell, of Stroud Park, Horsham, Sussex, by So- phia, daughter of Mr. William Bosanquet, of Harley Street, London, was born in London in 1829. Entering the Royal Navy in 1842, he became Lieutenant in 1848, Commander in 1855, Captain in 1859, Rear-Admiral in 1877, and Vice-Admiral in 1881. He served in China and South America, and took part in all the opera- tions in the Parana (1845-46), especially at Punta Obligado, where he assisted in cutting the chain that defended the river. Afterwards he served in the Baltic and the Gulf of Bothnia (1854), and as Lieu- tenant of H.M.S. Weser was present at Sebastopol, and in several operations in the Sea of Azov. He was twice mentioned in despatches, and received the Victoria Cross for hazardous service in the Putrid Sea. He commanded H.M.S. Fury in 1859, and in July of that year he led a division 224 COMMON — CONGREVE of seamen in the attack on the Taku Forts. For this service he was highly praised in despatches, and promoted to H.M.S. Magi- cienne, in which he served during the subsequent operations in China. In 1866 he was in command of H.M.S. Terrible, and rendered active service in laying the Atlantic cable. He commanded H.M.S. Monarch on particular service in 1868-69, and in 1872-73 he served as Commodore of the second class, and senior officer in command off the Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa. In August 1873, whilst reconnoitring up the river Prah to discover the position of the Ashantees, the boats were fired upon from the banks, and Commodore Commerell was so dan- gerously wounded as to necessitate his relinquishing the command of the station. After going to Cape Town for the cure of his wounds he returned to England, when he was nominated a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and appointed a Groom-in-Waiting to the Queen. Sir J. E. Commerell was second in command of the Mediterranean Fleet from July 1877 to October 1878, and was a Lord of the Admiralty from October 1879 to May 1880. He was appointed Commander-in- Chief, North American and West India Stations, in 1882, Admiral in 1886, and Admiral of the I'leet in 1892. He was Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth at the time of the Emperor of Germany's first visit to England in 1889, and was pre- sented with a large bronze medal by the Queen to commemorate this event. From the Emperor he received a sword and an autograph letter in commemoration of the Naval Review at Spithead. Appointed Groom-in-Waiting to the Queen in June 1891, he was selected by her to be Senior Naval Officer in attendance on the German Emperor in 1891 and 1893. In December 1893 he was presented by the Sultan with the insignia of the Order of the Medjidieh of the First Class. He represented South- ampton in Parliament from 1885 to 1888, and voted as a Conservative. He married in 1853 a daughter of J. Bushby, Esq. Address : 45 Eutland Gate, S.W. COMMON, Andrew Ainslie, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., was born Aug. 7, 1841, at New- castle-on-Tyne, and is the son of Thomas Common, surgeon. He was educated pri- vately, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1876, Fellow of the Royal Society in 1885, was President of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1895-96, and Gold Medallist for work in Celestial Photography, carried on principally at his observatory at Ealing, near London, where he has one of the largest equatorial tele- scopes, and has been most successful in obtaining photographs of the heavens, including nebulae and stars of the eleventh magnitude. He has also made many large reflecting equatorials, one of which is the largest known. Address : Eaton Rise, Ealing. COMPTON, The Right Rev. Lord Alwyne Frederick, D.D., Bishop of Ely, is a younger son of the 2nd Marquis of Northampton, by the eldest daughter of the late Major-General Douglas Maclean Clephane, of Torloisk, N.B. He was born in 1825, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A., coming out as a wrangler in 1848. He was appointed rector of Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire, in 1852, and nominated to an honorary canonry in Peterborough Cathedral in 1856. He was made rural dean of Preston Deanery in 1874, and in 1875 was appointed to the Archdeaconry of Oakham, which he held till October 1879, when he was nominated by Lord Beaconsfield to the Deanery of Worcester, in succession to the late Dr. Yorke. He held this post until 1885, when he was appointed Bishop of Ely in succession to the late Dr. Woodford. Lord Alwyne Compton was for some years an active and zealous member of the Con- vocation of the Clergy, both as Proctor for the diocese of Peterborough and also as Archdeacon. He was appointed Lord High Almoner in 1882. His Lordship is married to a daughter of the late Rev. Robert Anderson, of Brighton. Addresses : The Palace, Ely ; Ely House, 37 Dover St., W. ; and Athenasum. CONGER, Edwin H., was born in Knox County, Illinois, March 7, 1843, and was graduated from Lombard University, Galesburg, Illinois, in 1862. Immediately after graduating he entered the Army, and became Lieutenant, CaptaiD, and Brevet-Major for gallant and meritorious action in the field. After the war between the States was over he studied law, was admitted to the Bar, and practised his profession in Galesburg. In 1868 he re- moved to Iowa, and engaged in stock- raising and banking. He was Treasurer of the State of Iowa from 1882 to 1885, and was elected to Congress in 1884 ; served three terms in Congress, and was made United States Minister to Brazil by President Harrison. In 1897 he was sent as United States Minister to China. CONGREVE, Richard, M.A.,M.R.C.P. (1866), third son of Thomas and Julia Congreve, born at Leamington, Hastings, Warwickshire, Sept. 4, 1818, was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and became successively Scholar, Fellow, and Tutor of Wadham College, where he graduated B.A. in 1840, taking first-class Honours in CONNAUGHT AND STRATHEARN — CONNEMARA 225 Classics. Having acted for some time as an Assistant Master at Rugby, he returned to Oxford, where he resumed his Tutorship at Wadhain College. In 1855 he published a small volume on the history of the Roman Empire of the West, and an edition of Aristotle's "Politics," with notes (2nd edit. 1874). He resigned his Fellowship, and after deeply studying the social and religious system of the late M. Comte, embraced it as the best solution of the social and religious difficulties which sur- rounded him. Mr. Congreve has since published "Gibraltar," a pamphlet on Indian matters, in which he recommends England to give up its Indian Empire as indefensible ; •' Italy and the Western Powers"; "Elizabeth of England"; va- rious translations from Comte, such as "The Catechism of Positive Religion," 1858; "Essays: Political, Social, and Religious," 1874 ; and some sermons. CONNAUSHT and STRATH- EARN, Duchess of, Her Royal High- ness the Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, born July 25, 1860, and mar- ried at Windsor Castle March 13, 1879, is the third daughter of the late Prince Frederick Charles, and grand-niece of the late Emperor William of Germany. Her Royal Highness has three children — the Princess Margaret Victoria Charlotte Au- guste Norah, born at Bagshot Park Jan. 16, 1882 ; the Prince Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert, born at Windsor Castle Jan. 13, 1883 ; and the Princess Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth, bom March 17, 1886. CONNAUGHT and STRATH- EARN, Duke of, His Royal High- ness Arthur William Patrick Albert, K.G., K.T., K.P., G. C. S.I., G. C. I.E., G. C.V. O., G. C. B., G.C. M.G., A.D.C., General, Prince of the United Kingdom, the third son of her Majesty Queen Vic- toria, was born at Buckingham Palace May 1, 1850. He entered the Military Academy at Woolwich as a cadet in 1866, became a Lieutenant in the Royal Engi- neers in 1868, and a Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in February 1869. He was appointed a Lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade in August 1869, and a Captain in excess of the establishment of the regi- ment in 1871. On attaining his majority in the last-named year, Parliament voted him a grant of £15,000 per annum, and an addition of £10,000 was voted on his marriage in 1879. Prince Arthur was created Duke of Connaught and Strath- earn, and Earl of Sussex, May 26, 1874, and took his seat in the House of Lords on the 8th of the following month. At a Council held at Windsor May 16, 1878, the Queen declared the intended marriage of the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn to Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, third daughter of the late Prince Frederick Charles, and grand-niece of the late Em- peror William of Germany. The marriage was celebrated at Windsor March 13, 1879. His Royal Highness's staff services are : Brigade-Major at Aldershot in 1873 ; Bri- gade-Major to the Cavalry Brigadier at the same quarters in 1875, in the October of which year he was appointed Assistant Adjutant-General at Gibraltar, which post he held until April 1876. In 1880 he was made a General of Brigade at Aldershot. He commanded the Guards Brigade in the First Division in the Expedition to Egypt in 1882 ; was present at the battles of Mahshuta and Tel-el-Kebir, and was three times mentioned in despatches. He thus fulfilled one of his dearest ambitions, which was to see active service. It was suggested at the time that he had been expressly kept out of danger, but this was categorically denied by Lord Wolseley. He was appointed in October 1882 Honorary Colonel of the 13th Bengal Lancers serving in Egypt. In 1883 he assumed command of the Meerut Division in the Bengal Presidency, and in 1886 was appointed to the command of the Bombay army. In September 1886 the Duke, accompanied by the Duchess, left England for India, arriving at Bombay September 27. His Royal Highness was Commander-in-Chief of the forces in the Bengal Presidency until 1890, and, on his returning home, of the Southern District in England. He was promoted to the full rank of General (April 1893), and was appointed Comman- der-in-Chief at Aldershot in August, in succession to Sir Evelyn Wood, vacat- ing this post, in which he has been de- servedly popular with all ranks, October 1898. In June 1898 he was made G.C.B. In 1898 he was present at the French autumn manoeuvres as the guest of the late President Faure. CONNEMARA, Lord, The Right Hon. Robert Bourke, G.C.S.I., third son of the 5th Earl of Mayo, was born at Hayes, co. Meath, June 11, 1827, and educated at Enniskillen School, at Hall Place, Kent, and at Trinity College, Dublin. Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1852, he went the South Wales Circuit, and attended the Knutsford sessions for twelve years. Mr. Bourke also had a large busi- ness at the Parliamentary Bar. He was elected M.P. for Lynn Regis, in the Con- servative interest, at the general election of December 1868, and continued to repre- sent that borough in the House of Commons until 1886. When Mr. Disraeli came into power in February 1874, Mr. Bourke was appointed Under-Secretary of State for P 226 CONRAD — CONSTANS Foreign Affairs, and he held that office till April 1880, when he was added to the Privy Council. In 1880 he was commis- sioned to go to Turkey to arrange the external debt of that country, and suc- ceeded in effecting a settlement of the question. In 1885 he resumed his former place at the Foreign Office under Lord Salisbury, and remained there till the defeat of the Government in January 1886. On the retirement of Sir M. E. Grant-Duff, in 1886, he was appointed Governor of Madras, and resigned that post in 1890. He was created 1st Lord Connemara in 1887, for distinguished service as Under- Secretary of Foreign Affairs. He has travelled in America, India, and the Holy Land, and contributed his views upon these countries to various magazines. He is also the author of "Parliamentary Pre- cedents." He married in 1863 Lady Susan Georgiana, eldest daughter of the 1st Marquis of Dalhousie, and secondly, on Oct. 23, 1894, Gertrude, widow of Edward Coleman, Esq., of Stoke Park, and daughter of James Walsh, Esq., of Park Place, Hampton. She died on Nov. 23, 1898. Addresses : 43 Grosvenor Square ; and Athenseum. CONK AD, Joseph, novelist, is of Polish extraction, his early years having been spent in Poland. His grandfather was a soldier of the great Napoleon's Grande Armee, and his father was a Polish revolutionist, who underwent a term of imprisonment for his political principles, and died at Warsaw, whence his son, at the age of thirteen, reached Paris, and afterwards Marseilles, where he became a merchant seaman. He is now a captain in the merchant service. His first book, "Almayer's Folly," pub- lished in 1895, achieved instant success, and has been followed by "An Outcast of the Islands," 1896, and "The Nigger of the Narcissus," 1897, which was one of the literary sensations of the year. In 1898 he published "Tales of Unrest," and for this work obtained one of the three £50 prizes annually awarded by the Academy to writers of decided promise, the other win- ners being Mr. Sidney Lee and Mr. Maurice Hewlett, author of " The Forest Lovers." Address : Pent Farm, Stanford, Hythe, Kent. CONROT, Sir John, Bart., M.A., F.K.S., the only child of Sir Edward Conroy and Lady Alicia, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Rosse, was born in Kensington on Aug. 16, 1845, and succeeded his father as 3rd Baronet in 1869. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated with first-class Honours in Natural Science in 1868. He was for many years Lecturer in Natural Science at Keble College, and is now Fellow and Bedford Lecturer of Balliol College. Ad- dresses: Balliol College, Oxford; andAthe- CONSTANS, Jean Antoine Ernest, French statesman, was born at Beziers, May 3, 1833, studied law at Toulouse, and then became Professor of Law at Douai, Dijon, and Toulouse. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 as member for Toulouse, and became part of the Republican majority, and voted against the Broglie Ministry on the vote of want of confidence which caused its fall in 1877. In 1879 he became Under-Secretary of the Interior, and on M. Lepere's resignation in 1880, he was promoted to Minister of the Interior in the Kreycinet Cabinet, which post he retained in the Ferry Cabinet of the same year. He resigned with that Cabinet in 1881, when Gambetta took office, and supported the revision of the Voting Laws, substituting scrutin de liste for scrutin d'arrondissfmcnt, which passed into law in 1885. In 1886 he was sent by M. de Freycinet as Envoy Extraordinary to China, where he obtained valuable concessions for France as modifications of the Treaty of Tientsen. He was re- turning to Europe in 1887 when he received at sea his nomination as Governor- General of French Indo-China, a post that had been so fatal to his predecessors, Paul Bert and Filippini. Sfter a few months of wise administration and conciliation to the natives, he returned on leave to Paris, where his views on Colonial policy did not meet with the approval of the Colonial Office. Accordingly, in 1888, he proposed a vote of censure in the Chamber on the Colonial Minister, which naturally led to the resignation of his post. In 1889 he was offered the portfolio of Minister of the Interior in the Tirard Cabinet, which he accepted, and in that year accomplished three great works : the organisation of the Universal Exhibition of that year, the struggle against Boulanger, and the direc- tion of the elections rrnder the new laws. The second of these obtained for him enormous notoriety, and led to the total defeat of the General, who fled to Belgium, April 2, 1889, and was condemned in his absence to transportation, August 14, The elections of 1889 were very violent, as the Conservatives and Boulangists united against the Republicans, but M. Constans was triumphantly re-elected for Toulouse, and two months after was elected to the Senate. In 1892 he was attacked by Rochefort in the Intvansigiant, and two survivors of Boulangism brought up a vote of censure on him in the Chamber, during which a free fight occurred in consequence of M. Constans striking his accuser vio^ CONSTANT — CONWAY 227 lently on his descent from the tribune. The vote was defeated by 339 votes to 43. M. Constans resigned his position in 1892, and has not since taken part in any Mini- stry. He has been often called "the strong man of France." Paris address ; 93 Avenue des Champs Elysees. CONSTANT, Jean Joseph Ben- jamin, a French painter, born at Paris, June 10, 1845, studied iu the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and then entered the atelier of M. Cabanel. The first picture which he sent to the Salon was " Hamlet et le Roi," 18C>9 ; and he has since exhibited "Trop tard," 1870; "Samson et Delilah," 1872; " Femmes du Riff (Maroc) " and " Bouchers maures a Tanger," 1873; "Coin de Rue" and " Carrefour a Tanger," 1874 ; Prison- niers Marocains," "Femmes de Harem a Maroc," and " Le Dr. Gueneau de Massy," 1875; "Mohamed II., le 29 Mai 1453," a picture of colossal dimensions, afterwards sent to the Exposition Uni- verselle of 1878; " M. Emmanuel Arago," 1876; "La Soif," " Le Harem," and " Hamlet au Cimetiere," 1878; "LeSoirsur les Terrasses au Maroc " and " Favorite de l'Emir," 1879; "Le dernier Rebelle," 1880 ; "Herodiade," 1881 ; "LeLendemain d'une Victoire a lAlhambra," 1882; "La Vengeance du Cberif," 1885, a large pic- ture, which is typical of M. Constant's latest manner — an Oriental subject, as melodramatic as possible ; ample oppor- tunities for painting the nude; and strong effects of colour. He exhibited "Judith" and "Justinien," 1886; "Orphee" and "Theodora," 1887; decorative panels for the new Sorbonne, 1888; "Le Jour des Funerailles," a scene in Morocco, 1889; "Beethoven" and "Victrix," 1890. The painter has received several medals, and is one of the most successful and most studied members of the modern French school. M. Constant, who was promoted to the rank of Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1884, married one of the daughters of M. Emmanuel Arago. Paris address : 27 Rue Pigalle. CONWAY, Dr. Moncure Daniel, lately minister of the South Place Ethical Society, was born in Virginia on March 17, 1832, and is the son of Americans of the best Revolutionary stock, his father being Walker Peyton Conway, Justice of Stafford County, descended from the Washingtons, and his mother Margaret Eleanor Daniel, granddaughter of Thomas Stone, who was one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence. Educated at Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, he studied law and entered the Methodist Ministry in 1850. In 1852 he entered the Unitarian Divinity College at Harvard, followed a course in Divinity, and became a Unitarian preacher at Washington in 1854. So strenuously did he denounce slavery from the pulpit that he was compelled to leave this cure. He became Unitarian minister in Cin- cinnati in 1857. In 1861 the war between North and South broke out, and he pro- ceeded on a lecturing campaign against slavery in the Northern States. For this tour he accepted no pecuniary reward. Putting his belief in emancipation into practice, he colonised his father's slaves in Ohio. For a short time he lived at Concord, and while there was editor of the Boston Commonwealth. In 1863 he came to England to lecture on the war, and in the following year began his much- talked -of career as minister of South Place Chapel, the ethical or religious teaching of which community is of the most advanced kind. In the Franco- German War he was with the Germans as correspondent of the New York World. Mr. Moncure Conway, besides being well known as a lecturer and preacher of ad- vanced views, has been for years a leading figure in the literary world of London and New York. He has written voluminously for the reviews and magazines, and has published: "Tracts for To-day," 1857; " The Rejected Stone," 1861 ; " The Golden Hour," 1862; "The Earthward Pilgri- mage;" "The Sacred Anthology," 1872; " Idols and Ideals," 1874 ; " Travels in South Kensington," 1875; "Demonology and Devil-lore," 1879 ; " The Wandering Jew," 1880; "Emerson at Home and Abroad," 1882 ; " Thomas Carlyle," 1886 ; " Life of Edmund Randolph," 1887 ; "Nathaniel Hawthorne," 1890; "Barons of the Potomack and Rappahanock," and " Life of Thomas Paine," 1892 ; and a standard edition of Tom Paine's works, which appeared between the years 1893 and 1896. In 1897 Dr. Moncure Conway resigned his ministry. He married in 1858 Ellen Davis Dana. Address : 305 West Seventieth Street, New York. CONWAY, Sir William Martin, was born at Rochester in 1856, and is the son of the late Rev. William Conway, who became eventually Canon of Westminster. He was educated at Repton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree, and continued to reside until about 1880. At Cambridge he was much influenced by Henry Bradshaw, the cele- brated University Librarian, who took a keen interest in the early history of printing and wood-engraving ; and at his suggestion Mr. Conway, after visiting the most important libraries of Europe, for the purpose of collecting material, pub- lished his "History of the Wood-cutters of the Netherlands," an authoritative work. 228 COOK After lecturing for a short time on the History of Art under the University Ex- tension, he was in 1884 appointed the first Professor of Art in University College, Liverpool, a post which he held for three years. Whilst at Liverpool he assisted in organising an association for the advance- ment of art, and succeeded in bringing about the holding of three congresses at Liverpool, Edinburgh, and Birmingham. After resigning his professorship, he spent nine months travelling in Egypt, on the Nile, in Syria, Greece, Turkey, and Asia Minor, also visiting Algiers and the south of Spain. On his return to England he published several books, of which there may be mentioned : " A History of Flemish Art" ; a work on " The Literary Remains of Albert Diirer"; a "Study of Reynolds and Gainsborough"; and "The Dawn of Art," a work treating of prehistoric art and the arts of Chaldsea, Assyria, Egypt, &c. In 1892 Mr. Conway, who, as a mere schoolboy, had gone in for mountain- climbing, aud had soon become a member of the Alpine Club, conducted a moun- taineering and exploring expedition to the Himalayas, receiving for this purpose grants from the Royal Society, the Royal Geographical Society, and the British Association. During the expedition he crossed the longest glacier pass in the world, and climbed a peak nearly 23,000 feet high — the greatest altitude reached till then, except in balloons. As a result of this feat in climbing, he published in 1893 two volumes entitled "Climbing and Exploration in the Kara-Koram Hima- alayas." In 1894 Mr. Conway traversed the whole range of the Alps from end to end ; and in 1896 and 1897 he made the first exploration of the interior of Spitz- bergen, which is described in "The First Crossing of Spitsbergen," 1897. In August 189S, having sailed for Bolivia with the experienced Swiss guides Antoine Ma- quignaz and Louis Pelissier, who made the first ascent of Mount St. Elias in Alaska in 1897 with the Duke of Abruzzi, he successfully accomplished the ascent of a high peak in the Andes (22,000 ft.), and has subsequently had many strange ex- periences while exploring and surveying in South America. He is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Geogra- phical Society ; and has been Chairman of the Managing Committee of the Incorpo- rated Society of Authors, being re-elected in 1898 in succession to Mr. Rider Haggard. In 1895 he received the honour of knight- hood, and in the same year he contested Bath as a Parliamentary candidate in the Liberal interest. He married a daughter of C. Lam bard of Maine, U.S.A. Address : The Red House, Thornton Street, Kensing- ton, W. COOK, Charles Henry (" John Bicker- dyke "), M.A., novelist and journalist, was born in London in 1858. He was educated at Baden-Baden, and at Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge, where he graduated M.A. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1880. He is the author of "An Irish Midsummer Night's Dream," 1884 ; "With the Best Intentions," 1884; "The Curio- sities of Ale and Beer " (in collaboration with J. M. Dixon), 1886; "Angling in Salt Water," 1887; "Book of the Ail- Round Angler," 1888; "Thames Rights and Thames Wrongs," 1894 ; "A Banished Beauty," 1894 ; "Days in Thule with Rod, Gun, and Camera," 1894; "Sea-Fishing" (Badminton Library), 1895; "Days of My Life on Waters Fresh and Salt," 1895; "The Best Cruise on the Broads," 1895; "Lady Val's Elopement," 1896; "Wild Sports in Ireland," 1897; "Daughters of Thespis," 1897; "Her Wild Oats," 1898; " Practical Letters to Young Sea-Fishers," 1898. He has been a regular contributor to the Field since 1S84, and has written for Blackwood's Magazine, the Saturday Review, the Graphic, Cliawbers's Journal, Baily's Magazine, the New Review, &c, &c. He has done a good deal of work in con- nection with preserving public rights on the Thames, and in Thames Fishery pre- servation. He was founder of the Henley- on-Thames Fishery Preservation Society, and took a leading part in founding the British Sea-Anglers' Society. He is Hon. Counsel to the Reading and South Berks- Footpath Preservation Society ; is on the Committee on the National Footpath Pre- servation Society and Fly-Fishers' Clnb ; is Vice-President of the British Sea-Anglers' Society ; and is President of the Thames Re- stocking Association. Addresses : Elmlea, Southstoke, Oxon. ; and Regatta View", Gurnard, Cowes, I.W. COOK, Edward Tyas, M.A., editor of the Daily News, born at Brighton in 1857, is the fifth son of the late Mr. Silas Kemball Cook, Secretary and House Governor of the Seaman's Hospital, Greenwich. He was educated at Winchester College, 1869-76 (head of the school), and went with a Scholarship to New College, Oxford. First Class Classical Moderations, 1877 ; First Class Greats (Classics), 1880 ; President of the Union and of the Palmerston clubs ; graduated B.A., 1880; M.A., 1883. He was Secretary of the London Society for the Extension of University Teach- ing, 1882-85 ; and joined the staff of the Pall Mall Gazette, 1883, of which he was appointed editor, in succession to Mr. W. T. Stead, 1890. On the sale of the paper to Mr. W. W. Astor, and a conse- quent change in its politics, he resigned the editorship (October 1892). A new COOK — COOKE 229 Liberal journal, the Westminster Gazette, was thereupon founded by George Newnes, M.P., and Mr. Cook was appointed editor (Jan. 31, 1893). He is the author of "A Popular Handbook to the National Gallery " (5th edit., 1897) ; and " Studies in Ruskin " (2nd edit., 1891). In 1896 he was appointed editor of the Daily News. He married in 1884 Emily, daughter of the late John Forster Baird, Bowmont Hill, Northumber- land. Address : 6 Tavistock Square, W.C. COOK, The Rev. Joseph, LL.D., born at Ticonderoga, New York, Jan. 26, 1838, was educated at Yale and Harvard, gra- duating in 1865. He afterwards studied four years at the Andover Theological Seminary, and then spent two years in Germany and in foreign travel. Since his return to America he has resided principally at Boston, where he has de- livered a series of more than two hundred "Boston Monday Lectures," for which he is principally noted. He has repeated these lectures in other cities of the United States, and has published them in eleven volumes, 1877-88, under titles of " Biology," "Conscience," "Heredity," "Labor," "Marriage," "Orthodoxy," "Socialism," "Transcendentalism," "Occident," "Ori- ent," and "Current Religious Perils." Numerous editions of these books have appeared in England. In 1880-83 Mr. Cook, with his wife, made a tour of the world as a lecturer on philosophical and religious topics, and spoke to great audi- ences in England, Scotland, Ireland, India, Japan, and Australia. In 1888 he founded Our Day, a monthly record and review of current reform, and is its editor, with the co-operation of ex-President Cyrus Hamlin and other eminent specialists. Mr. Cook took a prominent part in the "World's Parliament of Religions," held at Chicago during seventeen days of September 1893, in connection with the Columbian Exposi- tion. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Howard University (Wash- ington) in 1890. COOK, Mrs. Russell, born in 1857, is the eldest daughter of Mr. T. Eustace Smith, late M.P. for Tynemouth. She lived, when a child, at Gosforth House, Newcastle-on-Tyne, was educated at Or- leans, and passed the public examination for French schoolmistresses. In 1878 Mrs. Russell Cook, then Mrs. Ashton Dilke, became an active member of the Woman's Suffrage Society, and has delivered lectures and speeches on the subject of female suffrage all over England. She wrote in 1885 a book on the subject as part of the "Imperial Parliament Series," edited by Mr. Sydney Buxton, M.P. Mrs. (look be- came in 1883 trustee for the Weekly Dispatch newspaper, over the policy and arrange- ments of which she has since then kept a general control. She has been active in the promotion of many schemes for the improvement of the position of women, and has served on the councils of many Working Men's and Radical Clubs. She was elected in November 1888 member of the London School Board for the West Lambeth Division, and as such was a strong advocate of free education and a progressive educational policy. She is not a member of the present London School Board. She married in 1876 Ashton W. Dilke, second son of the late Sir C. Wentworth Dilke, who became M.P. for Newcastle in 1880, and died in 1883 at Algiers. Her second husband is Mr. Russell Cook. COOKE, Mordecai Cuhitt, botanist, was born on July 12, 1825, at Horning, Norfolk, where his parents owned the general village shop. He received but scant education as a boy, pursuing his self-training whilst occupied as a school- master. When employed in this capacity he studied economic botany, taught ele- mentary botany to evening classes, and published his manual of "Structural Bo- tany," which recently reached its thirty- fifth thousand. From this time also dates his first application to the study of fungi, in which he subsequently ac- quired his chief reputation. He has pub- lished, among a numerous collection of works, the "Manual of Botanic Terms," 1862; "A Plain and Easy Account of British Fungi"; "Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould"; "A Fern Book for Every- body," 1867; the "Handbook of British Fungi" ; "Fungi: their Nature, Influence, and Uses," 1874 ; " Mycographia," 6 parts ; "Illustrations of British Fungi," 8 vols., containing 1200 plates from outlines in pen and ink executed by himself ; "British Fresh Water Algae"; "Introduction to Fresh Water Algaa," 1890; "British Edible Fungi," 1891; "Vegetable Wasps and Plant Worms," 1892 ; " Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms," 1894; "An Intro- duction to the Study of Fungi," 1895. Mr. Cooke is an Associate of the Linnajan Society, and possesses the honorary degree of MA. of the St. Lawrence University of New York, and of Yale University. In 1861 he entered upon his duties at the India Museum, in association with the impending Exhibition of 1862, and from that time to his retirement at the close of 1892 he was in the service of the Secre- tary of State for India as a scientific ex- pert. During the last twelve years of that period, and after the disruption of the India Museum, he was detailed on special duty at Kew Gardens, where he had 230 COOLEY — COOPEK charge of and was referee on all subjects connected with fungi. Some years ago his entire herbarium and portfolios of drawings of fungi were acquired by the authorities for the National Herbarium at Kew. Any one glancing over the pages of the eight volumes of Saccardo's " Syl- loge " will find evidence of his activity in Mycology, since there is scarcely a page in which his name does not occur. Since the death of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley he has been the oldest active mycologist in Europe, having be.en continuously work- ing and writing on the subject for more than thirty years. Address : 146 Junction Road, N. COOLEY, Thomas Mclntyre, LL.D., was born at Attica, New York, Jan. 6, 1824. In 1843 he removed to Michigan, where he was in 1845 admitted to the Bar. In 1857 he was appointed to compile and publish the laws of the State, and in 1858 he was made reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court, a position which he held for several years, during which he published eight volumes of reports, fol- lowed by a digest of all the decisions of the State. In 1859 the law department of the University of Michigan was organised, and he was chosen one of the professors, and subsequently became Dean of the Faculty, holding the position until 1885, after which he was for three years Pro- fessor of Constitutional History in the same institution. For three years he was Lecturer on Governmental subjects in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. In 1864 he was appointed to fill a vacancy on the Bench of the Supreme Court of the State, a position which he held for twenty- one years, being a part of the time Chief Justice. In 1887 he was appointed by the United States Circuit Court at Chicago Receiver of the Wabash Railway Company, and took upon himself the management of that road, but resigned it after a few months' service at the urgent request of President Cleveland to accept the appoint- ment of Commissioner under the Inter- State Commerce Law for the Regulation of Railroads. He was chosen by his Asso- ciates Chairman of the Commission, and held the office for four years, when his health so completely gave way in conse- quence of overwork that he was obliged to resign, and since then has held no public office. He has published "The Constitu- tional Limitations which rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union," 1868, which has gone through several editions ; an edition of Blackstone's "Commentaries," 1870, and of Story's " Commentaries on the Consti- tution of the United States, with Addi- tional Chapters on the New Amendments," 1873; "Law of Taxation," 1876; "Law of Torts," 1879; "General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States," 1880 ; and, for a series of State histories, " Michigan : a History of Governments," 1885. He published "The Elements of Torts," 1895. He furnished nearly all the legal articles in Appleton's "American Encyclopaedia," 1873-76, and has been a voluminous writer for magazines and re- views, mostly on legal subjects. His articles which of late have attracted most attention have been one in opposition to the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, and a number insisting upon the right, the power, and the duty of the Senate of the United States to pro- ceed to put a stop to the obstructive measures of the minority on such ques- tions as the repeal of the Silver Purchase Clause of the Sherman Act, and to vote upon such subjects directly. He has re- ceived the degree of LL.D. from both Michigan University and Harvard Uni- versity. COOPER, Alfred, F.R.C.S., F.R.C.S.E., was born at Norwich on December 28, 1838, and is the son of William Cooper, Esq., B.A. Oxon., Barrister-at-Law of the old Norfolk Circuit, and late Recorder of Ipswich. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, and entered St. Bartho- lomew's Hospital in 1858. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng- land and Scotland, and a member of Council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He was appointed Surgeon- in-Ordinary to his Royal Highness the Duke of Saxe-CoburgGotha(Dukeof Edin- burgh) in 1897 ; is Consulting Surgeon tothe West London Hospital ; Senior Surgeon to St. Mark's Hospital for Fistula, &c. ; and Surgeon to the Royal Society of Musicians. He has published " Diseases of Rectum and Anus " (1st edit. 1887, 2nd edit. 1892). He is Chevalier of the Order of St. Stanislaus, 1874 ; has the Victoria Decoration and the Jubilee Medal. In 1882 he married the Lady Agnes, sister of the Duke of Fife. Addresses : 9 Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square, W. ; and Cooper Angus Lodge, Whiting Bay, Isle of Arran. COOPEK, Charles Alfred, F.R.S.E., editor of the Scotsman, was born at Hull, Yorkshire, on Sept. 16, 1829. He is the eldest son of Charles Cooper, architect, and was educated at the Hull Grammar School, and early in life entered the office of the Hull Packet, a weekly newspaper of good standing. There he became a reporter, and took a share in sub-editorial work. In 1861 he removed to London, and entered the gallery of the House of Commons as a reporter for the Morning Star. Of this COOPER — COPELAND 231 paper he subsequently became the sub- editor, and held the post until 1868, when he became assistant-editor of the Scotsman, in which capacity he served for several years. In 1876 he became editor of the Scotsman, and in 1881, in recognition of his services to the Liberal party, he was made a member of the Reform Club, without a ballot, on the nomination of the political committee. Earlier he had taken a great interest in the opening of the gallery of the House of Commons to the reporters of provincial newspapers, and he had the gratification of seeing this object gained. He has published " Seeking the Sun," a series of letters from Egypt, 1891 ; "Let- ters on South Africa," 1895 ; "An Editor's Retrospect," 1896. He married in 1852 Susannah, eldest daughter of Thomas Towers, of Hull. She died in 1887. Ad- dress : 41 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edin- burgh, &c. COOPER, Sir Daniel, Bart., acting Agent-General for New South Wales in England, was born at Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire, on July 1, 1821, and was edu- cated at University College, Gower Street. He went out to New South Wales, and was for some years a merchant at Sydney, where he was elected member of the Legislative Council in 1848. Under the new constitu- tion, he was first Speaker in 1856. From 1855-61 he was President of the Bank of New South Wales. He owns large estates in that colony, and has represented it thrice in this country as acting Agent- General, and at all the great International Exhibitions of recent years. He married in 1846 Miss Elizabeth Hill. Address : 6 De Vere Gardens, Kensington, W. COOPER, Edward Herbert, novelist, was born at Newcastle-under-Lyne, on Ocr. 6, 1867, and is the eldest son of the late Samuel Herbert Cooper, of New Park, Prentham, Staffordshire. He was educated at University College, Oxford, where he gained a third class in Modern History in 1889 (B.A. 1890). In 1896 he was Secretary of the Suffolk Liberal Unionist Association, and Secretary in 1893 of the Ulster Conven- tion League. In 1896 he was appointed Paris correspondent of the New York World. His novels are: "Geoffrey Hamilton," 1893; " Richard Escott," 1893 ; "TheEne- mies," 1896; "Mr. Blake of Newmarket," and "The Marchioness against the County," 1897. He resides in Paris. Address : Authors' Club. COOPER, Thomas Sidney, R.A., was born at Canterbury Sept. 26, 1803. At the age of seventeen he became painter at the Hastings Theatre, and for three years gained a moderate income by scene- painting. Then he became a drawing- master at Canterbury till the year 1827, when he set out from Dover to Calais, and literally " sketched his way " from that French port to the Belgian capital, paying tavern bills by likenesses of hosts and hostesses. At Brussels his talents secured him patrons and employment ; and having settled there, he married, and enjoyed the friendship of various Flemish artists. There, too, his pencil was first directed to the study of landscape, and the branch of art, animal-painting, which secured him his present high reputation, with abundant and profitable employment. The revolution of 1830 involved him and his family in difficulties, and forced him to return to England. He first exhibited in the Suffolk Street Gallery in 1833. His picture attracted attention, and he re- ceived a commission from Mr. Vernon for a picture now in the Vernon Gallery. About ten years later his Cuyp-like groups of cattle, "Going to Pasture," "Watering at Evening," "Cattle Reposing" in the heat of a summer afternoon, "The King of the Meadows," attracted general notice. Mr. Cooper was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1845, and a Royal Academician in 1867, and still continues to exhibit, painting, it is understood, in bed. He exhibited as many as four typical pictures in the 1898 Royal Academy Exhi- bition. In 1882 he presented to the city of Canterbury the Gallery of Art which he had founded some ten or twelve years earlier, and in which he had since given gratuitous instructions to students. A condition made by the donor was that only a nominal fee should be charged to the artisan classes for tuition, the original object for which the gallery was built having been the teaching of drawing to poor boys. At the meeting at which Mr. Cooper's gift was announced it was deter- mined to convert the gallery into a school, and to affiliate it to the Science and Art Department at South Kensington. Mr. Cooper has published his reminiscences, under the title of "My Life," 1890. He has found innumerable imitators, and at one time was constantly called upon to decide upon the authenticity of cattle- pictures reputed to be the work of his brush. He has latterly charged a fee to the persons sending such paintings for his inspection. Address : Vernon Holme, Harbledown, Canterbury. COPELAND, Ralph, Ph.D., F.R.A.S., F.R.S.E., Astronomer-Royal for Scotland, and Professor of Astronomy in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh since 1889, in the place of Professor Piazzi Smyth, who resigned, was born in 1837 at Woodplumpton, Lanca- shire. Having determined to devote his life 232 COPLESTON — COQUELLN to astronomy, he entered the University of Gbttingen in 1865, and became assistant under the late Professor Klinkerfues at the observatory there. In 1869-70 he served on the second German Arctic Expedition, which was the first to winter on the north- east coast of Greenland. He for some time assisted Lord Rosse with his observations ; and from 1876 to 1889 was connected with Lord Crawford's observatory at Dunecht. For the purpose of observing the transit of Venus across the sun's disc, Professor Cope- land visited Mauritius and Jamaica ; and in 1883 he took astronomical observations in Peru and Bolivia at various heights, rising to 14,000 feet. He travelled to Russia in 1887, and Norway in 1896, to observe total eclipses of the sun ; failure, owing to bad weather, on both these occasions being recompensed by the successful Indian eclipse of 1898. Address : Royal Observa- tory, Edinburgh. COPLESTON, The Right Rev. Regi- nald Stephen, D.D., Bishop of Colombo, son of the Rev. R. E. Copleston, formerly Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, was born at Barnes, Surrey, in 1845. From Merchant Taylors' School he proceeded to Merton College, Oxford, where he gradu- ated B. A. (second class in Classics) in 1869. He was then elected a Fellow of St. John's College, of which he became senior tutor ; and he proceeded M.A. from that College in 1871. When Dr. Jermyn resigned the Bishopric of Colombo, in Ceylon, Mr. Copleston was selected by the Crown to fill the vacant See, and he was consecrated in Westminster Abbey, Dec. 28, 1875. He has published " iEschylus," in Blackwood's " Classics for English Readers" ; and was one of the three writers of the "Oxford Spectator." In 1894 he published " Bud- dhism, Primitive and Present." Dr. Copies- ton married a daughter of the late Arch- bishop Trent in 1882. Address : Colombo, Ceylon. COPPEE, Francois Edouard Joa- chim, a French poet, was born at Paris, Jan. 12, 1842. He was educated at the Lycfe St. Louis, and became a clerk in the Ministry of War. He early gained a reputation as a poet among the "Parnas- sians " of 1866, and published in the same year a volume of poems entitled, " Le Reliquaire," which was followed two years later by "Intimites." In these, among the clever imitations of the past romantic movement, could be seen plentiful proofs of originality. Two of his pieces, "La Be'ne'diction " and "La Greve des For- gerons " achieved great popularity as re- citations. He then turned his attention to the theatre, and wrote "Le Passant," produced at the Ode"on in 1869 ; "L'Aban- donne'e"and "Fais ce que dois," 1871, a patriotic piece whose fine verses were recited all through France; "Le Bijou de la Delivrance," 1872; "Le Luthier de Cremone," produced at the Theatre Fran- yais in 1877; "Madame de Maintenon," 1881 ; "Severo Torelli," 1883 ; "Les Jaco- bites," 1885. For several years M. Coppe"e was librarian of the Senate, and in 1878 was appointed keeper of the records at the Comedie Francaise. He was made a member of the Acade'mie Framjaise in 1884, when he resigned his Keepership, and officer of the Legion of Honour in 1888. Among his later poems may be mentioned "Les Humbles," 1872, in which he hymns the virtues of the poor; "L'Ex- ilee," 1876; "Les Mois," 1877; "La Marchande de Journaux," 1880; " Contes en vers et poesies diverses," 1881 ; "L'En- fant de la Balle," 1883 ; " Arriere-Saison," 1887. He has published several novels and collections of stories, such as "Contes en prose," 1882 ; " Contes Rapides," 1888 ; and "Toute une Jeunesse," 1890. He has published his collected works in two sets, " Th&tre," 1875-86 (4 vols.) ; and "(Euvres Completes," 1885 (6 vols.). His one-act piece, "Le Pater," 1890, representing a scene of the Commune of 1871, after being unanimously accepted by the Theatre Francais, and acted for three nights, was stopped by the Government. His greatest success, however, has been his drama, "Pour la Couronne," which was produced at the Odebn, Jan. 19, 1895, and was at once greeted by the critics, especially MM. Jules Lemaitre and Henry Fouquier, with a chorus of praise. In delineating the struggle of the Sclavonic Bulgarians against the Turks in the fifteenth century, he was sure of a friendly audience in France, where the Russo-French alliance was then all the rage. The play was compared to the "Choephori" and "Eu- menides" of iEschylus, both representing the struggles of a righteous son against a wicked mother and weak father. It was translated into English by Mr. John Davidson (q.v.), and acted at the Lyceum by Mr. Forbes Robertson (q.v.) as Constan- tine Brancomir, the son, Mrs. Patrick Campbell (q.v.) as Militza, the slave girl who loves him, and Miss Winifred Emery (q.v.) as Bazilide, the ambitious mother. The translation was especially noteworthy for the little poem, "Butterflies," inter- polated by Mr. Davidson with the permis- sion of M. Coppfe. In 1896 he produced " Mon franc Parler " ; in 1897 " Toute une Jeunesse " ; and in 1898 "Une Idylle pen- dant le Siege." Paris address : 12 Rue Oudinot. COaiTELIN, Benoit Constant (" Coquelin Aine "), a French actor, born COQUELIN — CORELLI 233 at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Jan. 23, 1841, is the son of a baker, and was destined ori- ginally to follow that trade, but evincing a great aptitude for the stage, he went to Paris, and was admitted to the Con- servatoire on May 29, 1859, joining M. Regnier's class, of which he became the most brilliant pupil. He obtained the second prize for comedy, and made his d£but at the Theatre Fran^ais on Dec. 7, 1860, in the character of Gros-Rene in the " Depit Amoureux." He afterwards played with success in the " Fourberies de Scapin," " Mariage de Figaro," "Don Juan," and other classical pieces ; Lupin in "La Mere Confidente ;" the Marquis in "Le Joueur"; Annibal in " L'Aventuriere, " &c. He created the role of Anatole in "Une Loge d'Opera," John in " Trop Curieux," Gagneux in "Jean Baudry," Vincent in " L'OEillet Blanc," Aristide in " Le Lion Amoureux," Gringoire in the play of that name, Beaubourg in "Paul Forestier," Eucrate in " Le Coq de Mycille," &c. M. Coquelin has obtained great success in society by reciting in private and at public meetings, and has thus added to the re- putation of new poets, particularly of Eugene Manuel and Francois Coppee. In 1886 he was put on the list of " soci^taires pensionnaires " of the Theatre Fran$ais, and this prevented him from appearing as an actor in any French theatre. But, after travelling abroad in America and Alsace at the head of a dramatic company of his own formation, he re-entered the Comddie Francaise in December 1889, and played Mascarille, Diafoirus, and Argente, and other parts, in order to support his son Jean, at that time making his first appearances as an actor. He created the part of Labussiere in M. Sardou's "Ther- midor," which after three representations was interdicted by the French Govern- ment (Jan. 25, 1891). His next creation was Petruccio in a modified version of the " Taming of the Shrew" (November 1892). As his engagement at the Theatre Franeais lasts only six months each year, he has recently taken to touring abroad with a company of his own selection, and in the summer of 1892 he brought "Thermidor" and "La MCgere Apprivoisee" to London. He is the author of several works on the comedian's art. In 1898 he brought out at the Ponte St. Martin Theatre " Cyrano de Bergerac," the renowned play of M. Edmond Eostand. It was an immediate success, for such a combination of Roman- ticism, pathos, swagger, and excellent literary French had not been equalled for many years. The part fitted him like a glove, and he repeated the success gained when a young man as Mascarille in "Les Precieuses Ridicules." In July of the same year he brought this play to the Lyceum Theatre in London, where it created the same enthusiasm as in Paris. Paris address : 6 Rue de Presbourg. COQUELIN, Ernest Alexandre Honore, better known as "Coquelin Cadet," brother of the preceding, was born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, May 16, 1848. He entered the service of the Northern Rail- way Company, but being irresistibly drawn towards the theatrical profession, he went to Paris, and, in 1864, entered M. Regnier's class at the Conservatoire, and three years later carried off the first prize for comedy. After successfully making his debut at the Odeon in the comic roles of classic pieces, he entered the Come'die Fran^'aise in June 1876, and played with his brother. During the siege of Paris he gained the Military Medal for bravery at the battle of Buzenval. Among his best creations are Ulrich in "Le Sphinx "of Octave Feuillet, Isidore in " La Reprise du Testament de C&ar Girodot," Frederic in " L'Ami Fritz" of MM. Erckmann-Chatrian, and Basile in " Le Barbier de Seville. " He is noted as a reciter, and is the author of many " mono- logues," which he delivers at public and private entertainments. Paris address : 6 Rue du Bel-Respiro. COQ/UELIN, Jean, French actor, son of Coquelin Atne, was born Dec. 1, 1865, and destined for the stage. He did not go to the Conservatoire, but accompanied his father for four years in his foreign trips, where he played jeune premier, being seen several times in London at the Royalty Theatre. In 1890 he became a •pennomxaire of the Comedie Fran9aise, where he made his debut in his father's earliest role, that of Gros-Rene in the "Depit Amoureux." He also played Scapin in "Les Fourberies," and in the "Malade Imaginaire" he played Diafoirus to his father's Purgon and his uncle's Argan, probably a unique performance for one family. Latterly he played Lubin in "Thermidor," and Ragueneau, the poetic pastry-cook, in " Cyrano de Bergerac," in which he appeared with his father at the Porte St. Martin in Paris, and the Lyceum in London, in July 1898. CORELLI, Marie, whose parentage is Gaelic and Italian, is the adopted daughter of the late popular poet, Charles Mackay, LL.D. She was born and edu- cated in England, with the exception of four years' "finishing" training in a French convent-school. She was long finding a publisher for her first romance, but is now perhaps the wealthiest of lady novelists, the royalties from her first book alone being sufficient to afford her a handsome competence. She has published: "A 234 CORFIELD Romance of Two Worlds," 1886; "Ven- detta," 1886 ; " Thelma," 1887 ; " Ardath : the Story of a Dead Self," 1889; "The Soul of Lilith," 1892; "Wormwood"; "Barabbas: a Dream of the World's Tragedy," 1893; "The Sorrows of Satan," 1895; "The Mighty Atom," 1896; "The Murder of Delicia," 1896; " Ziska : the Problem of a Wicked Soul," 1897; and "Jane," 1897. Of these, "Barabbas" and " A Romance of Two Worlds " have been translated into all the languages of Europe, including Russian and modern Greek. " Barabbas " is also to be had in Persian and Hindustani, and has an im- mense vogue throughout India. "The Mighty Atom" has been accorded the unusual distinction of being translated and published in Russia under the auspices of the Holy Synod. The late Mr. Eric Mackay, the poet, was Miss Corelli's step- brother. Miss Corelli has no London address, having given up her town resi- dence in this present year (1898) on account of her intention to reside abroad for the future. CORFIELD, William Henry, M.A., M.D. (Oxon.), F.R.C.P., Hon. A.R.I.B.A., was born in December 1843 at Shrews- bury, and was educated at the Cheltenham Grammar School, and obtained a Demyship in Natural Science at Magdalen College, Oxford, in March 1861, at the early age of seventeen. In the subsequent October he matriculated, and in 1863 took a first class in Mathematics at Moderations. In the same year he had the honour of being selected by Professor Daubeny, the emi- nent Chemist, Botanist, and Vulcanologist, to accompany him in his examination of the volcanic appearances in the Mont- brison district of Anvergne. In 1864 lie passed in the final Classical Schools, and took a first class in Mathematics for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Early in the following year Mr. Corfield obtained, in open competition, the Medical Fellowship at Pembroke College, and thus the line of his future career was decided. He next gained first-class honours in the Natural Science Schools, taking Chemistry and Geology as special subjects. Other suc- cesses followed rapidly, and the Btirdett- Coutts University Scholarship in Geology and the Allied Sciences fell to him in 1866, to which, a year later, was added the Rad- cliffe Travelling Fellowship in Medicine. This gave him an opportunity of visiting the professional centres of the Continent, including, of course, Paris, where he studied analysis, with special reference to hygienic matters, under Berthe'lot, at the College de France, and took the oppor- tunity then afforded of clinical study under B^hier, See, Hardy, and other eminent teachers, besides attending Bou- chardat's lectures on Hygiene. He next proceeded to Lyons, where he worked at clinical medicine and surgery, and also made a special study of the remains of the remarkable aqueducts of ancient Lng- dunum, and then passed over into Algiers, visiting afterwards some of the medical schools in Italy and Sicily. In 1868 he took his M.B. degree, and was appointed Examiner for Honours in Natural Science at the University of Oxford ; and in 1869 he received the further appointment of Professor of Hygiene and Public Health at University College, London. His In- troductory Lecture was printed in the British Medical Journal on June 18 and 25, 1870, and was afterwards published in pamphlet form, under the title of a " Resumed of the History of Hygiene." He still directs the Hygienic Laboratory which he started at this College, and in which many pupils, who have subsequently gained important sanitary posts, have been trained. He became a member of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1869, and, in the same year, was elected a member of the Committee appointed by the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science, to report on the Treat- ment and Utilisation of Sewage. The alarming illness of the Prince of Wales at Londesborough Lodge, Scarborough, where he was attacked by typhoid fever at the close of the year 1871, called attention very prominently to the subject of house sanitation, and Professor Corfield made, at Lord Londesborough's request, a careful inspection of the condition of the Lodge, and described the results in a letter which appeared in the Times on Jan. 22, 1872. In 1871 he was elected Medical Officer of Health for Islington, and in 1872 ob- tained, and still holds, the same post for St. George's, Hanover Square. He took his M.D. degree at Oxford in 1872, and was next year appointed Lecturer on the Law of Health at the Birmingham and Midland Institute, an office which he held for five years. Afterwards he accepted a similar post at the Saltley Training College. In 1873 he delivered a course of lectures on " Water Supply, Sewerage, and Sewage Utilisation" to the Royal Engineers sta- tioned at Chatham ; these lectures were at once reprinted in the United States. Dr. Corfield, in 1874, read a paper before the Epidemiological Society "On the Supposed Spontaneous Origin of the Poison of En- teric Fever," in which he vigorously com- bated the possibility of the de novo origin of the disease. In 1875 Professor Corfield was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians ; and he has published some " Remarks on the Study and Practice of Public Medicine," which were delivered COEK — COENU 235 as an Introductory Lecture to the Students of University College in that year. In 1879 he delivered a course of Cantor Lec- tures before the Society of Arts, taking for his subject, "Dwelling-houses, their Sanitary Construction and Arrangements." Professor Corfield's most recent publica- tions are : the third edition of his work on " The Treatment and Utilisation of Sewage," in the preparation of which he has been assisted by his former pupil, Dr. Louis Parkes ; his Anniversary Address to the Sanitary Institute on "The Water Sup- ply of Ancient Roman Cities, with especial reference to Lugdunnm (Lyons)," in which he shows that the Romans employed in- verted siphons made of lead for the purpose of carrying their aqueducts across deep valleys, and which is illustrated by litho- graphs from sketches made by himself on the spot; his paper on "Outbreaks of Sore Throat caused by slight escapes of Coal Gas," read before the Society 'of Medical Officers of Health ; nnd his Har- veian Lectures delivered before the Har- veian Society of London in 1893, on " Disease and Defective House Sanita- tion." Professor Corfield is prominently before the profession as Professor of Hygiene and Public Health at University College, London, and for some years one of the Examiners for the Diploma in Public Health at the University of Cam- bridge, and at the Royal College of Physicians, as a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Chemical Society, a Fellow of the Geological Society, a Past President of the Society of Medical Officers of Health, and Vice-President and Past Chairman of the Council of the Sanitary Institute, an Honorary Member of the Socie'te' Francaise d'Hygiene, and of many other important foreign societies. He was President of the Public Health Section of the Congress of the British Medical Asso- ciation at Bristol in 1894, and of Section I. of the Congress of the Sanitary Institute at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1896, and was elected a member of Council of the Royal College of Physicians in 1898. He has been, for the last twenty years, Chairman of the Committee of the Sunday Society, and has thus played a leading part in the movement which has resulted in the open- ing of our National Museums to the public on Sunday afternoons. In 1884 he gave an address to the International Congress of Hygiene, at the Hague, on "La Science Ennemie de la Maladie." He was then asked why the Congress had never been invited to London ; he felt that it was a disgrace to English Hygienists that this had not been done, and determined that it should be, and from that time forth he never rested until he presented the invita- tion of the Sanitarv Institute and Parkes Museum to the Permanent Committee, at the Congress at Vienna in 1887, with the result that the next Congress was held in London in 1891, under the presidency of the Prince of Wales, and with Sir Douglas Galton, K.C.B. , as Chairman of the Orga- nising Committee, and was the largest Congress of Hygienists ever held. Pro- fessor Corfield acted as Foreign Secretary to that Congress, and through his personal acquaintance with many of the leading Hygienists in various countries, was able to obtain the formation of committees for making the Congress known abroad, and for thus insuring the attendance of foreign Hygienists. He is the only Englishman who has received the honour of being- elected an Hon. Member of the Royal Society of Public Health of Belgium, of which the other Hon. Members are chiefly ambassadors, ministers, and high State officials. He is an enthusiastic geologist, angler, and collector of Bewick wood en- gravings. Professor Corfield married in 1876 Emily Madelina, youngest daughter of the late John Pike, F.S.A. Addresses : 17 Savile Row, W. ; and Whindown, Bex- hill, Sussex. CORK, Bishop of. See Meade, The Right Rev. W. E. CORK and ORRERY, Earl of, The Right Hon. Richard Edmund St. Law- rence Boyle, K.P., a descendant of the Hon. Robert Boyle, the natural philosopher, was born in Dublin inl829, and succeeded to the title in 1856. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, of which he is B.A. From 1854 to 1856 he represented Frome in the Liberal interest in Parlia- ment. He has been thrice Master of the Buckhounds, in 1866, 1868-74, 1880-85; and twice Master of the Horse, in 1886 and 1894-95. He is Hon. Colonel of the North Somersetshire Yeomanry, and A.D.C. to the Queen. He married Emily, second daughter of the 1st Marquis of Clan- ricarde, and his heir, Viscount Dungarvan, was born in 1861. Addresses : 40 Charles Street, Mayfair; and Marston Biggott, Frome. CORNO DI BASSETTO. See Shaw, George Bernard. CORNTJ, Marie - Alfred, was born March 6, 1841, admitted into the Ecole Polytechnique in 1860, whence he passed to the School of Mines, and became an engineer in 1866. In 1867 he was ap- pointed Professor of Physics at the Ecole Polytechnique, and since then he has suc- ceeded Becquerel as member of the Aca- demic des Sciences. He owed this to his important experiments in determining the 236 CORRIGAN — COSSON velocity of light, perfecting Fizeau's method, which extended over two years. He has also experimented on the mean density of the earth, following Cavendish's work. He received the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1878, has been President of the B>ench Association for the Advancement of Science, is Officier de la Le'gion l'Honneur, and member of the Bureau des Longitudes (1886). Professor Cornu's researches have been chiefly de- voted to optical subjects, and he is one of the first living authorities upon light, having greatly improved Fizeau's toothed wheel, and so given to measurements of the velocity of light a precision which was previously impossible. His principal ex- periments upon this subject are recorded in the " Annals of the Paris Observatory " ; many of his other papers are in the Comptes Jicndus, and deal with crystalline reflection, the reversal of the lines in the spectrum of metallic vapours, the spectre of the aurora borealis, and the normal solar spectrum. Paris address : 9 Rue de Grenelle. CORRIG AN.The Most Rev. Michael Augustine, D.D., American (R.C.) prelate, was born at Newark, N.J. , Aug. 13, 1839. He was educated at St. Mary's College, Wilmington, Delaware ; and at Mount St. Mary's, Emmetsburg, Maryland, graduating at the latter institution in 1859. He was ordained to the priesthood at Rome in 1863, and in the following year received the degree of D.D. After filling for a few years the chair of Dogmatic Theology and Sacred Scripture at Seton Hall College, Orange, N.J., he became its President in 1868. In 1873 he was appointed by Pius IX. to the See of Newark, and in 1880 was made coadjutor to Cardinal M'Closkey, Archbishop of New York, under title of Archbishop of Petra ; and on the death of the Cardinal in 1885 he became Metropoli- tan of the diocese of New York. CORSER, Haden, M.A., J.P., Metro- politan Police Magistrate sitting at Wor- ship Street, was born in 1845, and is the only son of Charles Corser of Wolver- hampton. He was educated at Chelten- ham College, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a third class in the School of Law and History in 1869. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1870, and was appointed Deputy Stipendiary Magistrate at Wolverhampton in 1878. He held this post till 1880. From 1888 to 1889 he was Recorder of Wenlock, and in the latter year was appointed Metropolitan Police Magistrate (North London). He married in 1870 Mary, daughter of W. T. Blacklock, Pendleton, Lancashire. Ad- dress : The Hyde, Ingatestone, Essex. COSSON, Charles Alexander Baron de, F.S.A., F.R.G.S., born at Durham, Aug. 26, 1846, is descended from an ancient French family established in Guienne at the period of the Revolution, when his grandfather emigrated, serving first in the army of the Princes, and then in the Hompesch regiment of the Hussars. When that regiment was incorporated in the British army as the 10th Hussars, he came to England, his father having been guillo- tined and his estates forfeited. He re- turned to France in 1855, and died there in 1867, at the age of ninety-eight, his life thus reaching from the reign of Louis XV. almost to the close of that of Napoleon III. Baron de Cosson was educated at home, and travelled much on the Continent with his family. In December 1868 he had written to the Times a long account of the insurrection at Cadiz, which the lead- ing article described as the first exact narrative of that event received in Eng- land. In the winter of 1872 he went to Egypt, and thence proceeded to Abys- sinia, in company with his brother the late Major de Cosson, who published an account of this journey in "The Cradle of the Blue Nile." He visited Adowa and Axum, and crossed the Lamalmon Pass to Gondar and Lake Tsana. The travellers were well received by the late King John of Abyssinia. In the summer of 1873, his brother, having to return to England, left him, and travelled vid Khartoum and the desert, to Suakim. The experience thus gained led to his being appointed to the water transport of Sir Gerald Graham's Field Force in 1885, when he was men- tioned in despatches, and gazetted Major. Baron de Cosson remained in Abyssinia some months longer, returning to Masso- wah, by Debra Tabor, Sokota, and the interior of the country. He is best known, however, for the attention he has given for the last twenty years to the study of ancient armour and weapons. In con- junction with the late William Burges, A.R.A., he organised an exhibition of helmets and mail at the Royal Archaeo- logical Institute in 1880, and undertook the description of the European helmets. In that work he formulated the principles which he considered ought to regulate the scientific study of ancient armour. He especially insisted that each fine piece of armour was a well-considered and skilfully wrought piece of metal work, having its definite purpose, for which it was ad- mirably adapted, and that armour should not be looked at, as was so often the case, simply as people regard the objects at Madame Tussaud's Exhibition. Since then he has contributed various papers to the Archaological Journal, and other antiquarian publications. He has also, at COSTAKI — COTTON 237 his house at Chertsey, a small but carefully formed collection of arms and armour. He has of late been engaged in conjunc- tion with the Conde de Valencia de Don Juan, at Madrid, in collecting, as far as possible, all notices and marks of ancient armourers and swordmakers. In 1878 he married Cecilia Nefeeseh Bonomi, second daughter of the late Joseph Bonomi, well known for his travels in the East and his works on ancient Egypt and Assyria. COSTAKI, Anthopoula Pasha, Otto- man Ambassador at the Court of St. James', is, like his two predecessors — Mousouros and Rustem — a Christian. He was born of Greek parentage at Constantinople in 1832, was admitted an Advocate of the Turkish Bar in 1870, and was appointed Public Prosecutor in 1880. When troubles arose in Crete in 1888 he was sent out to be Governor, as the Cretans would have a Christian, and the Powers supported their desire. However, his amnesty was illusory, and though he tried to calm the rebels, he was not backed up at headquarters, and towards the end of the year he was re- placed by Chakir Pasha. He was appointed to his present post, Jan. 31, 1896. In 1899 the Sultan conferred upon him the insignia and star of the Osmanieh in bril- liants as a token of high satisfaction and a reward for services rendered in diplo- macy. COTES, Mrs. Everard, n(e Sara Jeanette Duncan, was born at Brant- ford, Canada, in 1861, and is a daughter of Charles Duncan, merchant. She was educated chiefly at Brantford, and began her literary career as a journalist. She was first of all correspondent to the Washington Post. Afterwards she joined its editorial staff, as well as writing for various Canadian papers. She wrote special articles for the Montreal Star, among which were her letters from Japan and the East. These letters were subse- quently embodied in an altered form in " A Social Departure : how Orthodoxia and I Went Round the World by Ourselves," 1890. Her other works are : "An American Girl in London," 1891 ; " The Simple Adventures of a Memsahib," 1893 ; "Vernon's Aunt," 1894; "The Story of Gonny Sahib," and "A Daughter of To- day," 1894; "His Honour and a Lady," 1896; and "A Voyage of Consolation, a tale," 1898. She married Everard Cotes, editor of one of the chief Calcutta daily papers, in 1890. Address : 19 British Indian Street, Calcutta. COTTERILL, James Henry, M.A., P.R.S., the youngest son of the late Rev. Joseph Cotterill, was born in Norfolk, Nov. 2, 1836. He was educated at Brighton College, and was then apprenticed to the engineering firm of Fairbairn & Co. ; event- ually, however, he proceeded to St. John's College, Cambridge. In 1866 he was ap- pointed Lecturer at the old Royal School of Naval Architecture at South Kensing- ton, becoming its Vice-Principal in 1870. Three years later he became Professor of Applied Mechanics at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and only resigned that position when he retired in 1897. He is the author of "The Steam Engine consid- ered as a Thermodynamic Machine," 1878, and 3rd edit., 1895; "Applied Mechanics," 1884, and 4th edit., 1895. Mr. Cotterill was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1878. Address ; 18 Gloucester Place, Greenwich, S.E. COTTESLOE, Lord, Sir Thomas Francis Fremantle, Bart., M.A., J.P., was born Jan. 30, 1830, and succeeded his father as 2nd Baron in 1890. He was edu- cated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1852, obtaining first- class honours in Classics, and he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1855. He sat in the House of Commons as mem- ber for Buckinghamshire from 1876 'to 1885. Lord Cottesloe is Vice-Chairman of the Bucks County Council, and Deputy- Chairman of the Bucks Quarter Sessions. He was married in 1859 to Augusta, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Eldon, and has a son and heir, the Hon. Thomas Fremantle, born in 1862. Address : 43 Eaton Square, S.W. ; and Swanbourne, Winslow, Bucks. COTTON, General Sir Arthur Thomas, K.C.S.I., son of the late H. C. Cotton, Esq., and a cousin of the late Lord Combermere, born at Wood cot House, Oxfordshire, in 1803, was educated at Addiscombe. He entered the Madras army in 1819, became Colonel of Engineers in 1854, and served in the first Burmese war from 1824 to 1826. In 1861 he received the honour of knighthood for his activity in developing the irrigation and internal navigation of India. He was nominated a Knight Commander of the Star of India on the re-organisation of that Order in 1866. In the following year he was nominated a Lieut. -General in the army, and placed on the fixed establishment of general officers. He attained the rank of General in 1876, and was placed on the retired list in the following year. In ] 841 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Learmonth, of Hobart, Tasmania. Address: Woodcot, Dorking. COTTON, James Sutherland, M.A., was born at Coonoor, in the Madras 238 COUATY — COURCEL Presidency, on July 17, 1847, and is the third son of J. J. Cotton, H.B.l.C.S. He was educated at Winchester and at Ox- ford, where he was successively Exhibi- tioner of Lincoln, Scholar of Trinity, and Fellow of Queen's. He obtained a first class in Classical Moderations, and also in the Final Classical School, and was for a time Secretary and Treasurer of the Union Debating Society. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn (1874), and joined the Western Circuit. He assisted Sir W. W. Hunter in compiling the " Sta- tistical Account of Bengal " (20 vols., 1875-77) ; the " Statistical Account of Assam" (2 vols., 1879) ; and the "Imperial Gazetteer of India" (9 vols., 1881; also 2nd edit., 14 vols., 1885-87). He is the author of the " Decennial Statement," exhibiting the Moral and Material Pro- gress of India for the period 1873-74 to 1882-83 (issued as a Blue-book, 1885) ; of "India," in the volume of the "English Citizen Series," entitled "Colonies and Dependencies" (1883); and of "Mount- stuart Elphinstone," in the series of " Rulers of India" (1892). He also contributed an essay on " The Intentions of the Founders of Fellowships" to "Essays on the En- dowment of Research" (1876); and has been a contributor to the " Encyclopedia Britannica," "Chambers's Encyclopaedia," and the " Dictionary of National Bio- graphy." Since 1887 he has edited " Pat- erson's Practical Statutes," an annual volume containing the important Acts of Parliament of the year, with introductions and notes. He is best known as the editor of the Academy, having conducted that important review from 1881 until 1896. He married in 1873 Isabella, daughter of John Carter, of Clifton. Address : 107 Abingdon Road, Kensington, W. COUATY, Rev. Thomas J., American Prelate (R.C.), was born in Dublin in 1856, but went with his parents to America when very young. He was educated at the College of the Holy Cross by the Jesuits, and at the Seminary at Troy, New York. He subsequently became Rector of the Church of the Sacred Heart at Wor- cester, Massachusetts, and was for a num- ber of years at the head of the Catholic Summer School at Plattsburg, New York ; was editor of a weekly paper called The Catholic School Gazette, and is known as a temperance lecturer. He received the degree of D.D. from the Jesuit College of Georgetown in 1889, and was appointed Rector of the Catholic University at Wash- ington, D.C., in November 1896, to succeed Bishop Jno. J. Keane. COUCH, Arthur Thomas Quiller, who writes as "Q," is the eldest son of the late Thomas Quiller Couch, of Bodmin, and was born in Cornwall on Nov. 21, 1863. He was educated at Newton Abbot College, Clifton College, and Trinity College, Ox- ford. He was a Scholar of his College, and obtained a first-class in Moderations, and a second in Lit. Hum. in 1886, when he graduated B.A. At the University he was more than once a candidate for the Newdigate, and, after taking his degree, he was a classical lecturer at his College for about a year. On leaving Oxford, he remained for some years in London, but in 1891 he went back to Cornwall, where he continues to reside. Mr. Quiller Couch has written for the Speaker since its first appearance, and his principal novels are the following : "Dead Man's Rock," 1887 ; " Troy Town," 1888 ; " The Splendid Spur," 1889; "Noughts and Crosses," 1891; "The Blue Pavilions," 1891; "I Saw Three Ships," 1892; "The Warwickshire Avon," 1892; "The Delectable Duchy," 1893; " Wandering Heath," 1895 ; " The Golden Pomp," 1895; "la," 1896; "Adventures in Criticism," 1896 ; "Poems and Ballads," 1896. He has completed Robert Louis Stevenson's unfinished novel, " St. Ives," in a manner which proves him to be a master of imitation. Address : The Haven, Fowey, Cornwall. COUCH, The Right Hon. Sir Richard, born July 4, 1817, is the only son of Richard Couch, was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1841, and practised for many years on the Norfolk Circuit. He was for some years Recorder of Bedford, but in 1862 was appointed a Puisne Judge of the Bombay High Court, entering upon office in August of that year. In April 1866, on the retirement " of the late Sir Matthew Sausse, he was promoted to be the Chief Justice of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay, receiving soon afterwards the honour of knighthood ; and in 1870 he succeeded Sir Barnes Peacock as Chief Justice of the High Court of Calcutta. He resigned the latter post in 1875, when his name was added to the roll of the Privy Council. In the same year he was President of the Commission appointed to inquire into the charges against the Gaekwar of Baroda. He was appointed a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in January 1881. In 1845 he married Anne, daughter of R. T. Beck, Combs, Suffolk. Addresses : 25 Linden Gardens, Kensington, W. ; and AthenEeum. ' ' COUNTRY PARSON." See Boyd, Rev. A. K. H. COURCEL, Baron de,' Alphonse Chodron, French diplomatist, born July COURTHOPE — COURTNEY 239 30, 1835, was educated at the Lycee Charle- magne, and studied law at Paris, Bonn, and Berlin. In 1859 he entered the French diplomatic service and was made an attache' at Brussels, and in 1861 passed to St. Petersburg. After work at the Min- istry of Foreign Affairs he succeeded in 1881 the Comte de St. Vallier as Am- bassador at Berlin, a post he retained until 1886. In 1892 he was elected Senator for his department, Seine et Oise, in which he owned much land at Athis. He is the Chairman of the Orleans Eailway, and a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. In October 1894 he succeeded M. Decrais as Ambassador at the Court of St. James's, and distinguished himself for careful diplomacy during a very stormy period. He resigned in October 1898, and was succeeded by Monsieur Paul Cambon. Address : 10 Boulevard Montparnasse, Paris, &c. COURTHOPE, Professor William John, C. B.. Hon. D. Litt., was born on July 17, 1842, and is the eldest son of the Eev. William Courthope, Rector of South Mailing. He was educated at Harrow and New College, Oxford, where his career was distinguished. He gained a first class in Classical Moderations in 18.63, and a first class in Lit. Hum. in 1865, besides obtaining the Newdigate Prize in 1864, and the Chancellor's Prize for an English Essay in 1868. He was appointed a Civil Service Commissioner in 1887, and First Civil Service Commissioner in 1892, and in 1893 was elected Professor of Poetry at his old University without opposition. In this position he has lectured admirably on poetry, his course on "Life in Poetry," including such subjects as " Law in Taste," and "Poetical Decadence," forming in itself a weighty, valuable, and conserva- tive Ars Poetica. Professor Courthope is well known for his standard edition of Pope's Works and for his life of that poet. His other publications are: "Ludibria Luna;," 1869; "The Paradise of Birds," 1870; "Addison" (Men of Letters Series), 1882 ; and the two opening volumes of a " History of English Poetry," published respectively in 1895 and 1897. He married Mary, eldest daughter of John Scott, H.M. Inspector- General of Hospitals, Bombay. Addresses : 29 Chester Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. ; and Athenamm. COURTNEY, The Right Hon. Leonard Henry, M.A., M.P., eldest son of the late Mr. John Sampson Courtney, banker, of Penzance, Cornwall, by Sarah, daughter of Mr. John Mortimer, of St. Marv's, Scilly, was born at Penzance, July 6, 1832. He was educated at the Regent House Academy in that town, under Mr. Richard Barnes, and afterwards privately under Mr. L. R. Willan, M.D. Mr. Court- ney was for some time in the bank of Messrs. Bolitho, Sons & Co., but went to St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1851, and graduated B.A. as Second Wrangler in 1855, being bracketed First Smith's Prizeman. In the following year he was elected a Fellow of his College, and for some years he has been an Honorary Fellow. For some time he was engaged in private tuition at the University. In 1858 he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. He was appointed in 1872 to the Chair of Political Economy at University College, London, and held that professor- ship until a lengthened visit to India in the winter of 1875-76 necessitated his retirement. For two years he was Ex- aminer in Constitutional History in the University of London, 1873-75. In 1874 he contested Liskeard, but polled only 329 votes against 334 recorded for Mr. Horsman, but at the election which was held after that gentleman's death, Mr. Courtney gained the seat, Dec. 22, 1876, polling 388 votes against 281 votes given to his opponent, Lieut. -Colonel Stirling. He held the seat as long as Liskeard re- mained a parliamentary borough, and when it was merged in the Division of South-East Cornwall he won the enlarged constituency at the General Election of 1885, and has been returned ever since. He was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in De- cember 1880. In August 1881, he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, in succession to Mr. Grant Duff, who had been nominated Governor of Madras ; and in May 1882 he succeeded the late Lord Frederick Cavendish as Financial Secretary to the Treasury, but resigned his appointment on finding that the last Reform Bill did not include the principle of proportional representation, which he and the late Mr. Fawcett had long advocated. In 1885 and again in 1886, having been returned as a Unionist Liberal, he was appointed Chairman of Committees in the House of Commons. He was a member of- the Labour Com- mission (1893-94), of the Indian Currency Commission, the Commission for the Uni- fication of London, and the Commission on Lighthouse Dues. Mr. Courtney was for some years a regular writer for the Times. In 1860 he published a pamphlet on "Direct Taxation"; and to the Journal of the Statistical Society, 1868, he con- tributed a paper on the " Finances of the United States, 1861-67." He is the pre- sent chairman of the Statistical Society. Mr. Courtney has written various papers in the Fortnightly Review, the Nineteenth Century, and the International Review. He 240 COURTNEY — CO WEN was made a Privy Councillor in 1889 ; and was presented with the hon. freedom of Penzance. He married, March 15, 1883, Catherine, eldest unmarried daughter of Mr. Richard Potter, a lady well known for her exertions in providing decent homes for the poor. Addresses: 15Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, S.W. ; and Athenseum. COURTNEY, William Leonard, M.A., LL.D. St. Andrews, Fellow of New College, Oxford, was born Jan. 5, 1850, at Poona in India. He is the youngest son of William Courtney, late of the India Civil Service, and of Anne Edwardes Scott, and was educated at University College, Oxford, of which society he was a scholar. First Class first Public Examination, 1870 ; First Class Greats, 1872 ; Fellow of Merton College, 1872; became Head Master Somer- setshire College, Bath, 1873 ; was elected Fellow of New College, Oxford, 1876 ; and for many years was a prominent member of University Society, Treasurer 0. U. B. C, and one of the chief supporters of the University Dramatic Club, with whom he often acted ; resigned Tutorship to come to London in 1890, when he joined the Editorial Staff of the Daily Telegraph as literary critic. He became editor of Murray's Magazine in 1891 ; was made editor of the Fortnightly Review in 1894, in succession to Mr. Frank Harris ; and in 1898 was elected one of the directors of Messrs. Chapman & Hall. He has pub- lished : ' ' The Metaphysics of John Stuart Mill," 1879; "Studies in Philosophy," 1882 ; " Constructive Ethics," 1886 ; "Studies New and Old," 1888; "Life of John Stuart Mill," 1889 ; " Studies at Leisure," 1892; "Kit Marlowe" (produced at St. James's Theatre), a blank-verse drama, 1893. Mr. Courtney married in 1874 Cordelia Blanche, daughter of Com- mander Place, R.N. Address : 53 Belsize Park, N.W. COVENTRY, Earl of, The Right Hon. George William Coventry, son of Viscount Deerhurst, the eldest son of the 8th Earl of Coventry, was born on May 9, 1838, at Wilton -Crescent, London. He was educated at Eton, and at Christ- church, Oxford, and in 1843 he succeeded his grandfather in the title. He has been the Lord-Lieutenant of Worcestershire since 1891, has been chairman of the Worcester Quarter Sessions for a period of seven years, and has been a member of the Worcester County Council since its first establishment. He was Master of the Buckhounds from 1886 to 1892, and has again occupied that position since 1895. He has been twice Captain of the Hon. Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, is a Privy -Councillor, and a member of the Council of the RA.S. He is the possessor of many valuable historical pictures and tapestries, which are kept at Croorne Court, Worcestershire. He is married to Blanche, daughter of the Earl of Craven, and has a son and heir, Viscount Deer- . hurst, born in 1865. Addresses : 1 Balfour Place, Park Lane, W. ; and Croome Court, Worcester. COWELL, Professor Edward Byles, Hon. LL.D., D.C.L., Professor of Sanskrit, Cambridge University, born at Ipswich, Jan. 23, 1826, eldest son of Charles Cowell, was educated at the Ipswich Grammar School and at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree in Classics, December 1854, and M.A. 1857. In 1856 he went to Calcutta as Professor of History in the newly-established Presidency Col- lege, and was appointed soon afterwards Principal of the Sanskrit College also. He returned to England in 1864, and in 1867 was elected Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Cambridge. In 1874 he was elected to a Fellowship in Corpus Christi College. Professor Cowell's chief published works are : "The Prakrit Gram- mar of Vararuci" (Sanskrit and English), 1854; " Kaushitaki Upanishad" (Sanskrit and English), 1861 ; "Maitrayaniya Upani- shad " (Sanskrit and English), 1870 ; " Kusumanjali ; or Hindoo Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being" (Sanskrit and English), 1864; "Taittiriya, or Black Yajur Veda" (Sanskrit), Vols. I. II., edited with Dr. Roer, 1860-64; "Elphinstone's History of India," edited with notes, 1866; " Colebrooke's Essays," edited with notes, 1873 ; ' ' The Aphorisms of Siindilya," trans- lated from the Sanskrit, 1873 ; " The Nyaya-Miilii-Vistara,'' a Sanskrit work on the " Purva-mimansd," left unfinished by the original editor, Professor Goldstucker, and completed, 1878 ; "The Sarva-Darsana- Samgraha, or Review of the different Schools of Hindoo Philosophy," translated in conjunction with Professor A. E. Gongh, 1882 ; " The Divyavadana," a collection of early Buddhist legends in Sanskrit, edited in conjunction with R. A. Neil, Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1886 ; " The Buddha-Carita," edited in 1893, and translated in 1894 ; and the historical romance, the "Harsha-carita," translated from the Sanskrit in conjunction with F. W. Thomas, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1897. He married Elizabeth Charlesworth in 1847. Address : 10 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge. COWEN, Frederic Hymen, com- poser, born of English parents on Jan. 29, 1852, at Kingston, in Jamaica, exhibited as an infant an extraordinary love of music. He was brought to England at the age of CO WEN 241 four, and from that time showed so much musical talent, both in composition and in playing, as to render it advisable to place him under the tuition of Sir Julius (then Mr.) Benedict and Sir John (then Mr.) Goss, whose pupil he remained until the winter of 18G5. He then studied at the conservatoires of Leipzig and Berlin, and returned to London in 1868. His first essay in composition was a waltz, written at six years old. This was fol- lowed by numerous small pieces, including an operetta entitled " Garibaldi." On his return from Berlin he wrote a fantaisie sonata, a trio, a quartet, a concerto for piano, and a symphony in C minor, the latter played firstly at the composer's own concert, and then at the Crystal Palace. Mr. Cowen's more important works com- prise two cantatas, "The Rose Maiden," 1870 ; and " The Corsair " (written for the Birmingham Festival), 1876 ; an opera, "Pauline," 1876; an oratorio, "The Deluge," unpublished; Symphonies No. 2 and No. 3 (Scandinavian), which latter has made his name known throughout Europe ; a sacred cantata, "Saint Ursula" (produced at the Norwich Festival, 1881) ; Symphony No. i (the Welsh); cantata, "Sleeping Beauty" (written for the Birmingham Festival), 1885 ; Symphony No. 5, in F ; the oratorio "Ruth" (written for the Worcester Festival), 1887; "A Song of Thanksgiving" (for the opening of the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition), 1888 ; the cantata, "St. John's Eve" produced at the Crystal Palace, December 1889 ; an opera, " Thorgrim," produced at Drury Lane by the Carl Rosa Company, April 1890; a cantata, "The Water Lily," pro- duced at the Norwich Festival, 1893 ; the opera "Signa," produced at Milan in November 1893, being the first opera by an Englishman produced in Italy for over half a century ; the opera " Harold," pro- duced at Covent Garden Theatre, June 1895; a church cantata, "The Transfigura- tion " (written for the Gloucester Festival, September 1895) ; Symphony, No. 6, " The Idyllic," 1897; Scena for tenor, "The Dream of Endymion," 1897. Mr. Cowen's works also comprise several overtures, a sinfonietta, two suites de ballet ("The Language of Flo wers," and " In Fairyland " ), pieces for the pianoforte, and more than 250 songs and ballads, many of which have attained great popularity. In 1888 Mr. Cowen was engaged by the Victorian Government to direct the series of concerts at the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, extending over a period of six months, and returned to England in the spring of 1889. He was elected Conductor of the Philharmonic Society in 1888, but resigned in 1892. In 1896 he accepted the positions, rendered vacant by the death of Sir Charles Halle", of Conductor of the Manchester Concerts, Liverpool Philharmonic Society, Bradford Festival Choral Society, &c, which positions he still occupies. Address : 73 Hamilton Terrace, N.W. COWEN, Joseph, late M.P. for New- castle, eldest son of the late Sir Joseph Cowen (who represented Newcastle-on- Tyne from 1865 till his death in December 1873), by Mary, daughter of Mr. Anthony Newton, of Winlaton, co. Durham, was born at Blayden Burn in that county in 1831. He received his education at the University of Edinburgh. Early in life Mr. Cowen contracted close friendship with Mazzini, Garibaldi, Kossuth, Herzen, and other political exiles. He was unceas- ing in his advocacy of the cause of the oppressed European nationalities. To aid their propaganda he established a private press, at which their revolutionary mani- festoes were printed and smuggled into Italy, Hungary, and Poland. He was intimately and actively identified with the different Garibaldian expeditions to estab- lish a free and united Italy, and with Langiewicz's unsuccessful effort for Polish independence. At the death of his father Mr. Cowen was elected for Newcastle, which he represented until 1886. In home politics he is a democrat, and in foreign affairs an imperialist. He disregards con- ventional party ties, and in Parliament has always acted independently. He would have England to keep her empire, and assert and maintain her position as an active and efficient member of the Euro- pean Areopagus. He believes this can be best done by a system of Imperial Federa- tion, and be would carry federation the length of granting Home Rule to Ireland, which he advocates as a means of con- solidating and strengthening the empire. Mr. Cowen is a member of most of the representative bodies in Tyneside. He was one of the pioneers of co-operation, and has been an ardent advocate of educa- tion and social progress, on which subjects he has written several pamphlets. In Parliament Mr. Cowen has promoted bills for the extension of County Courts, for the establishment of Licensing Boards, and for amendments in the electoral law. He is an extensive coal owner, and fire-brick and clay retort manufacturer. He is also proprietor of the Newcastle Daily and Weekly Chronicles, and has contributed largely to these and other periodicals. His addresses to his constituents have been collected and published in three volumes. His life, by Major Jones, and a selection of the speeches he has delivered in the House of Commons and at literary institutions, also have been published. After the dissolution of 1886, Mr. Cowen Q 242 COWIE — COX did not offer himself for re-election. He has since his retirement from Parliament written extensively for his own news- papers and for other political and literary publications. He married in 1854 Jane, daughter of Mr. John Thompson, of Fat- field. Address : Stella Hall, Blaydon-on- Tyne. COWIE, The Very Rev. Benjamin Morgan, D.D., Dean of Exeter and Pre- centor of Exeter Cathedral, born June 8, 1816, was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A., as Senior Wrangler, in 1839, and was elected Fellow of his College. In 1844 he was appointed Principal of the College of Civil Engineers at Putney. He was a Select Preacher in his University, and preached the Hulsean Lectures in 1853 and 1854; was elected Professor of Geometry at Gresham College in 1854, and became a Minor Canon of St. Paul's in 1858. He also held the vicarage of St. Laurence Jewry, in the City of London, from 1858 to 1873. In 1859 he was appointed a Government Inspector of Training Schools, and in 1866 Warburtonian Lecturer at Lincoln's Inn. He was nominated one of the Chaplains in Ordinary to Her Majesty, Jan. 14, 1871, and was appointed Dean of Manchester in October 1872. In 1880 he was elected Prolocutor of the Lower House of Convocation of the Province of York, in succession to the late Dean of York, the Hon. A. Duncombe. In 1882 Dr. Cowie was appointed Dean of Exeter. He published in 1846 a "Catalogue of the Library of St. John's College, Cambridge " ; and he is the author of some theological works. He married Gertrude, daughter of C. Carnsew, of Flexbury Hall, Cornwall. Address : The Deanery, Exeter. COWIE, Most Rev. William Gar- den, D.D., the son of Alexander Cowie, of Auchterless, Aberdeenshire, was born in 1831, and was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he was a scholar, and graduated with first-class honours in Civil Law. Ordained in 1854, he was, four years later, appointed Chaplain to Lord Clyde's army at Lucknow, and from 1863 to 1864 he acted in the same capacity with Sir Neville Chamberlain's column, in its march against the Afghans. He held the rectory of Stafford from 1867 to 1869, and in the latter year was appointed Bishop of Auckland, becoming Primate of New Zealand in 1895. Dr. Cowie is the author of "Notes on the Temples of Cash- mere," "A Visit to Norfolk Island." He was married, in 1869, to Eliza, daugh- ter of W. Webbers, of Moulton, Suffolk. Address : Bishopscourt, Auckland, New Zealand. COWPER, Earl, The Right Hon. Francis Thomas De-Grey Cowper, K.G., D.L., J.P., eldest son of the sixth Earl, was born on June 11, 1834, and educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a first class in law and modern history in 1855. He succeeded to the title on his father's death, in 1856. He was Captain of the Gentlemen-at-Arms from April 1871 to December 1873. On May 5, 1880, he was installed Lord Lieu- tenant of Ireland at Dublin Castle, and he held that post till April 28, 1882, when he and Mr. Forster resigned together, he being succeeded by Earl Spencer. Hence- forward he did not take much part in public affairs until Mr. Gladstone promul- gated his Home Eule policy, when Lord Cowper declared himself opposed to it. He was Chairman of the celebrated "Opera House" meeting of Unionists, and took other measures against Mr. Gladstone's bill. After the accession of Lord Salis- bury, Lord Cowper was appointed Chair- man of the Commission for investigating the working of the Irish Land Act of 1881. He was appointed Chairman of the Gresham University Commission in 1892. Lord Cowper has been, since 1861, Lord-Lieutenant of Bedfordshire, and was married, in 1870, to Katrine, daughter of the 4th Marquis of Northampton. Addresses : 4 St. James's Square, S.W. ; Panshanger, Herts ; and Athenaeum, &c. COX, The Rev. Sir George William, Bart., M.A., eldest son of George Hamilton Cox, H.E.I.C.S., born in Benares on Jan. 10, 1827, was educated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Oxford, of which he was scholar, and where he graduated S.C.L. in 1849, and proceeded B.A. and M.A. in 1859. He entered holy orders in 1850, and was Curate of Salcombe Regis, Devon, in 1850-51, of St. Paul's, Exeter, 1854-57, held an As- sistant-Mastership in Cheltenham College in 1860-61, was Vicar of Bekesbourne, Kent, 1881, and Rector of Scrayingham, York, 1881-97. With his friend Edward A. Freeman (afterwards the historian of the Norman Conquest and of Sicily) he pub- lished in 1850 a volume of "Poems Le- gendary and Historical." His " Life of St. Boniface " was published in 1853. He is also author of "Tales from Greek Mythology" and "The Great Persian War," 1861; "Tales of the Gods and Heroes," 1862; "Tales of Thebes and Arzos," 1863 ; " A Manual of Mythology in the form of Questions and Answers," 1867 ; " Tales of Ancient Greece," col- lected edition, 1868; "Latin and Teu- tonic Christendom," 1870 ; " The Myth- ology of Aryan Nations," 2 vols., 10 ; "Popular Romances of the Middle Ages," 1871 ; and " Tales of the Teutonic Lands," cox 243 1872, both in conjunction with Mr. Eustace Hinton Jones; "A History of Greece," 2 vols., 1874; "The Crusades," 1874; " The Greeks and the Persians," 1876 ; "The Athenian Empire," 1876; "A General History of Greece, from the earliest period to the death of Alexander the Great, with a sketch of the subse- quent history to the present time," 1876 ; " School History of Greece," 1877 ; "His- tory of British Rule in India," 1881 ; "Introduction to the Science of Com- parative Mythology and Folklore," 1881 ; " Alexander the Great," and other arti- cles in the ninth edition of the " Encyclo- paedia Britannica " ; "Lives of Greek Statesmen," 2 vols., 1886; "A Concise History of England and the English People," 1887. He has been a con- tributor to the Edinburgh. Review since 1857. In 1861 he became literary ad- viser to the publishing firm of Messrs. Longman, and this relation continued for twenty-five years. He edited (jointly with Mr. W. T. Brande) the "Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art" (3 vols. 1865-67 ; new edition, 3 vols. 1875), and contributed to the " Glossary of Terms and Phrases," edited by the Rev. H. Percy Smith, 1883. To Dr. Colenso, Bishop of Natal, during his sojourn in England, 1863-65, he gave all the help in his power, and the intimate associations of these years supplied him with an abun- dance of materials of which, after the Bishop's death, he was enabled to avail himself in drawing up the story of his great work on the Pentateuch and the Old Testament history generally. In 1888 he published his "Life of Bishop Colenso," avowing that his motive in writing it was to lay before the world for his words and his acts generally a full and complete vindication, and to record the fact that for his method and its con- clusions a decisive justification is fur- nished by the series of judgments which have issued from the highest courts of the Church of England. Claiming for the Bishop of Natal a genuine and hearty loyalty for the Church of England, for which throughout his whole life he worked and fonght, and seeing the prevalent dis- position to turn the controversy to false issues, he put forth, later in the same year, 1888, under the title of "The Church of England and the Teaching of Bishop Colenso," a series of 154 propositions, embodying all that is of any importance in the several volumes published by the Bishop, the conclusion being that the law of the Church of England, and with it a silence which implies acquiescence on the part of all schools and parties, make it in every way competent for any clergyman to hold and to teach any of these proposi- tions. On the death of his uncle, Sir Ed- mund Cox, which occurred in Canada in 1877, he succeeded to the baronetcy ; and he is the 14th Baronet in succession from Sir Richard Cox, Chancellor of Ireland. In 1896 he was granted a Civil List Pension of £120 per annum. He resigned his living in 1897, owing to ill-health. He married in 1850 Emily Marian, daughter of Lieut. - Colonel William Stirling, H.E.I.C.S. Ad- dress : Woodside, Pembury, Tunbridge Wells. COX, Horace, the second son of William Cox, was born in London on May 31, 1842, and was educated privately. He has during the past thirty-five years been employed in the Field and Queen publishing offices, and he is now the manager of the Field, the Queen, and the Law Times. Address : Windsor House, Bream's Buildings, E.C. ; and The Her- mitage, Harrow-on-the-Hill. COX, Irwin Edward Bainbridge, J.P., D.L., eldest son of the lale Serjeant E. W. Cox, was born at Taunton on July 9, 1838, and was educated at Crewkerne and Magdalen College, Cambridge, where he took his degree in 1861. He was called to the bar in 1862, and after four years' suc- cessful practice, retired in order to enter on a journalistic career, for which he always had a great liking. The papers owned by the late Mr. Serjeant Cox at that time were the Field, Queen, Law Times, Critic, County Courts Clironicle, and others. The death of the late Mr. John Crockford, which deprived Mr. Serjeant Cox of an old and valued servant, afforded Mr. Irwin Cox the journalistic opening he bad so long de- sired. He therefore threw up his practice at the bar, and devoted himself to the conduct of the newspapers. During his management, from 1865 to 1880, the Field passed through one of, if not the most successful transition ever known in jour- nalism, turning as it did from a compara- tively small uninfluential newspaper to a large and valuable journal, whose opin- ions carried great weight. The Queen has had almost as remarkable an experience as the Field. The billiard room at Moat Mount, Mill Hill, Mr. Cox's principal seat, has a great history, being really the dining hall of the late Serjeants' Inn. At the dissolution of the Honourable Society of Serjeants in 1877, Mr. Serjeant Cox, who then purchased the whole of the property of the Serjeants, removed the hall at their especial request to Moat Mount, and con- stituted it, together with its furniture, an heirloom in his family. It is perhaps one of the most unique monuments existing of a formerly very powerful legal Order. Its stained windows are preserved, and it is 244 COX — COXWELL adorned with the arms of Serjeants from the earliest times. Mr. Cox, who became a magistrate at the early age of 22, is Chairman of several Conservative Associa- tions, and has represented Pinner at the Middlesex County Council since County Councils were established. In 1865, Mr. Cox married Katharine, the fourth daugh- ter of the late Eev. Bartholomew Nicholls, M.A., then vicar of Mill Hill. Address : Moat Mount, Mill Hill, N.W. COX, Palmer, American author and artist, was born at Granby, Province of Quebec, April 28, 1840, and educated at Granby Academy. He devoted himself to mercantile pursuits, and drifted to Cali- fornia, where an artist who saw his work advised him to place himself under in- structors, and to seek a market for his drawings. From 1863 to 1875, he wrote stories for the periodicals of San Francisco, and drew cartoons. Returning east, he settled in New York. He has distinguished himself chiefly by illustrating his own writings with characteristic drawings, as shown in the " Brownie Stories," the first of which was published in St. Nicholas in 1881. Among other works by him are '•'Squibs of California," 1874; '• Hans von Pelter's, Trip to Gotham," " How Columbus found America," and "That Stanley," 1878; "Comic Yarns" and "Queer People," 1888 ; a cantata for children called "The Brownies in Fairyland," and a spectacular play called "Palmer Cox's Brownies." COXWELL, Henry Tracy, was born, March 2, 1819, at the Parsonage House, Wouldham, near Rochester Castle. He is the grandson of the Rev. Charles Coxwell, deputy-lieutenant for Gloucestershire, and son of Commander Joseph Coxwell, R.N., and was educated at the Military School, Chatham. In 1844 the young balloonist, who at that time was an enthusiastic amateur, ascended from White Conduit Gardens in North London. In 1845 he projected and edited the Aerostatic Maga- zine; after that he made numerous ascents with Mr. Hampton, Mr. Gypson, and Lieutenant Gale. He was a fellow-tra- veller with Albert Smith when a balloon (Gypson's) burst over London in a storm of lightning and thunder, and it was owing to Mr. Coxwell's promptitude in cutting a line which turned the balloon into a parachute that the lives of the four aerial travellers were saved. This incident was one of the means used by his friends to induce him to undertake the management of a balloon himself, •which he did most successfully in the year 1848 at Chelmsford. In the same year he commenced an aeronautic campaign on the Continent : starting at Brussels, with his typical war balloon, he de- monstrated a new plan of discharging aerial torpedoes. The torpedoes were dropped from a second car or battery connected by a rope ladder, 40 feet long, below the passenger car. Down this rope ladder Mr. Coxwell descended in order not to risk the gas exploding when the shells were lighted and discharged. They fell over the city and exploded in mid- air. With this balloon a succession of experiments took place at Elberfeld, Berlin, and the principal towns of Germany and Austria. In the year 1851 Mr. Coxwell returned to London, and about the time of the Crimean War he called the attention of the military authorities to his system of signalling, by using semaphore arms attached to the ring and car. Some years later he adopted other codes more in accordance with the telegraphic improvements of the present day. In 1862 Mr. Coxwell, after making numerous ascents in Great Britain, turned his attention to meteoro- logical ballooning. Mr. James Glaisher, F.R.S., having undertaken to make ob- servations for the British Association, Mr. Coxwell was invited to co-operate. On Sept. 5, 1862, Messrs. Glaisher and Coxwell accomplished an exploration to the unprecedented elevation of seven miles, where Mr. Glaisher was in a state of insensibility, while Mr. Coxwell had to mount up into the ring to seize the valve cord between his teeth, as he had lost power in his hands, they being frost- bitten, and he could not effect a descent until he had opened the valve. It was here that Mr. ' Coxwell observed an aneroid to indicate their maximum elevation, which was confirmed by other meteorological instruments as read and verified by Mr. Glaisher before and after his temporary unconsciousness of thirteen minutes, during which time a vast dip had been made of nearly 19,000 feet. Lofty flights above our highest moun- tain-tops were continued for some time, but never equalled the first. About this time Mr. Coxwell ascended from Woolwich Arsenal and from Aldershot camp for purely military objects. In the year 1870 Prussia formed in Cologne two detachments of aeronauts, in order to use them during the Franco-German War, and Mr. Coxwell was engaged to instruct the officers and soldiers in this service. Some time before the Egyptian Campaign Mr. Coxwell showed at the Crystal Palace how one large balloon and two smaller ones could, by a variation in their posi- tions while in a captive state, illustrate a system of signalling. He retired in the year 1885, when his last public ascent COZENS-HARDY— CRACKANTHORPE 245 had been made from York, where he had ascended consecutively for twenty-eight years. He has written two volumes of his "Life and Ballooning Experiences;" these were published in 1887-89. COZENS-HARDY, Herbert Hardy, Justice of the High Court, was born at Letheringsett Hall, Dereham, Norfolk, on Nov. 22, 1838, and is the second son of the late William Hardy Cozens-Hardy. He was educated at Amersham School and at University College, London, where he obtained a law scholarship and was sub- sequently elected Fellow and Member of Council. In 1862 he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, having previously obtained a certificate of honour and a studentship. He became a Q.C. in 1882, and in 1885 was elected a Bencher of his Inn. Up to the time of his appointment as one of the Justices of the High Court of Justice in February 1899, he was leader of the Chancery Bar, being popular and well known as the senior of the specials. He was also Chairman of the General Council of the Bar, being succeeded in this office by Mr. Joseph Walton, Q.C, in March 1899. From 1885 to the time of his elevation to the Bench he represented North Norfolk in the House of Commons in the Liberal and Badical interest. Ad- dresses: 50 Ladbroke Grove, W. ; and Letheringsett Hall, Norfolk. CRACKANTHORPE, Montague Hughes (formerly Montague Cookson), Q.C, D.C.L., younger son of Christopher Cookson, of Nowers, Somerset, Esq., and grandson of Dr. Cookson, Canon of Wind- sor, whose sister married William Words- worth, the poet, was born in 1832. His son, the late Mr. Hubert Crackanthorpe, was a brilliant writer of short studies and stories, and promised at the time of his death to rival Maupassant or Kipling in that school of writing. In 1850 Mr. Mon- tagu Crackanthorpe went to St. John's College, Oxford, of which he was succes- sively Scholar and Fellow. In Easter term, 1852, he gained the Junior Uni- versity Mathematical Scholarship (open to all undergraduates), and was in the same term second for the Hertford Latin Scholarship. He took a double first class in Classics and Mathematics in Modera- tions, and the like double honours in the Final Schools. In 1856 he was elected Eldon Law Scholar, and entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn. Here he was a pupil in the chambers of Mr. Thomas Lewin, whom he afterwards assisted in bringing out a new edition of his treatise on the " Law of Trusts," and he also read with Mr. John Wickens, better known as Vice-Chancellor Sir John Wickens. In 1859 he was awarded the Studentship of the Four Inns of Court. In 1862 he was appointed Lecturer in Equity and Real Property to the Incorporated Law Society, a post which he relinquished in 1866, owing to his increasing practice at the Bar. In 1875 he was made a Q.C, and in 1877 became a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. For many years he was a recognised leader in the Chancery Division, notably in the Court presided over by Mr. Justice (after- wards Lord Justice) Fry. Of late he has ceased to attach himself to any court, and practises mainly before the House of Lords and Privy Council. In 1888 he succeeded, on the death of his cousin, William Crack- anthorpe, Esq., to the Newbiggin Hall estate, situate partly in Westmorland and partly in Cumberland, a property which has continued in the Crackanthorpe family since the reign of Edward III. In the same year he obtained a grant of a royal license to change his name from Cookson to Crackanthorpe, and to bear the arms of Crackanthorpe, quartered with his own arms. From time to time Mr. Crackan- thorpe has contributed to many of our leading periodicals, writing usually on so- cial, political, and legal subjects. Among his best known articles are "The Morality of Married Life " in the Fortnightly Review, "The Nation before Party" in the Nine- teenth Century, and divers papers on legal reform. He is the author of an essay on the " Immigration of Destitute Aliens," published by Swan Sonnenschein & Co. in their Social Science Series. His letters to the Times on Ireland, written in 1887, after making a tour of political inspection in that country, have been frequently quoted by Unionist speakers in support of the case against Home Rule. He is a Liberal- Unionist, and as a Liberal he has contested two divisions of the Metropolis. He has delivered a large number of political and social addresses in the North of England. In London, Mr. Crackanthorpe was until lately a member of the Council of Legal Education. He is also a member of the Bar Committee, and he is Vice-Chairman of the Council of Law Reporting. In Oxford he is Standing Counsel to the University and an honorary Fellow of St. John's College. In Westmorland he is a Justice of the Peace, and Deputy- Lieutenant, and Chairman of Quarter Ses- sions. In 1896 he attended the meeting of the American Bar Association at Sara- toga, in company with the Lord Chief- Justice and the late Sir Frank Lockwood, and delivered an address on the Historical Method of Studying English Law, which was subsequently published in the Law Quarterly Review. In 1897 he attended the First International Congress of Advocates at Brussels, as the accredited representa- 340 CRAMER-ROBERTS — CRANE tive of the English Bar, and delivered an address in French on Methods of Legal Education, which was published in the Compte Rendu of the Congress. He is married to the younger daughter of the Rev. Eardley Chauncy Holt, a descendant of Sir John Holt, Chief-Justice of the Court of King's Bench, and also of Sir John Eardley Wilmot, Chief-Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Addresses : 65 Rutland Gate, S.W. ; Newbiggin Hall, Westmorland ; and Athenaeum. CRAMER-ROBERTS, The Bight Rev. Francis Alexander Randal, D.D., Assistant to Bishop of Manchester, and Vicar of Blackburn, was born at Armagh, on Dec. 3, 1840, and is the son of Colonel Cramer-Roberts, of the 68th Regiment. He was educated at Rugby, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, was Curate at Frant, near Tunbridge Wells, from 1864 to 1868, and of Hawley.in Hants, from 1868 to 1870, when he was appointed to the Rectory of Llan- dinaboo, Herefordshire. Here he remained for two years, and then returned to Haw- ley, Hants, after which he was Vicar of Bindley, Heath, Surrey, for five years (1873-78), Bishop of Nassau, Bahamas, from 1878 to 1886, and Assistant to the Bishop of Winchester from 1886 to 1887. In 1887 he was appointed to the Vicarage of Blackburn. CRATJBORNE, Viscount, James Edward Hubert Gascoyne Cecil, M.A. , M.P. , eldest son of the present Marquis of Salisbury, was born in London, Oct. 23, 1861, and was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1884. He sat in the House of Commons as Conservative mem- ber for the Darwen Division of Lancashire from 1885 to 1892, and he has since 1893 represented Rochester in the same interest. Lord Cranborne is Chairman of the Church Parliamentary Committee, and he was in 1896 elected Chairman of the Hertford- shire Quarter Sessions. He is married to Cicely, daughter of the 5th Earl of Arran, and has a son and heir, Robert, born in 1893. Addresses : 9 Park Place, St. James's, S.W. ; and Athenseum. CRANBROOK, Earl of, The Right Hon. Gathorne Gathorne - Hardy, G.C.S.I., is the third son of the late Mr. John Hardy, of Dunstall Hall, Stafford- shire (who for many years represented the town of Bradford in Parliament), and of Isabel, daughter of Mr. Richard Gathorne, of Kirkby Lonsdale. He was born at Bradford, Oct. 1, 1814, and educated at Shrewsbury School, and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he gained a second class in Classics, and took the degree of B.A. in 1836. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1840, and practised as a barrister for several years. Mr. Hardy unsuccessfully contested Bradford in the Conservative interest in 1847, but was returned to the House of Commons in 1856 as member for Leominster, which borough he continued to represent till the cele- brated Oxford election in July 1865, when, after an exciting contest, he defeated Mr. Gladstone by a majority of 180, this being the principal Conservative success at the General Election of that year. In 1858 Mr. Hardy was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in Lord Derby's second administration ; on the formation of Lord Derby's third adminis- tration in July 1866 he became President of the Poor-Law Board ; and on the resig- nation of Mr. Walpole in May 1867, he was nominated Secretary of State for the Home Department, which office he held till the resignation of the Conservative ministry in December 1868. On the formation of Mr. Disraeli's administration in February 1874, Mr. Hardy was nominated Secretary of State for War. In May 1858 he was raised to the House of Peers by the title of Vis- count Cranbrook, of Hemsted, in the county of Kent ; and he assumed, by royal license, the additional surname of Gathorne. In the same year he succeeded the Marquis of Salisbury as Secretary of State for India, and held that office until the Conservatives retired from office in May 1880. In Lord Salisbury's cabinet of 1885, and again in 1886, Lord Cranbrook held the office of Lord President of the Council ; and in 1892, on the resignation of the Government, he was created Earl of Cranbrook and Baron Medway of Hemsted in the county of Kent. Lord Cranbrook is a D.L. and J.P., and a Bencher of the Inner Temple. He married in 1838 Jane, daughter of Mr. James Orr, of Holyrood House, co. Down. She died in 1897. His eldest son, the Hon. J. S. Gathorne-Hardy, now Lord Medway, sat in Parliament for the Medway Division of Kent, and his third son, the Hon. A. E. Gathorne-Hardy, for the East Grinstead Division of Sussex. Addresses : Hemsted Park, Cranbrook ; 2 Cadogan Square, S.W.; and Athenseum. CRANE, Stephen, author, was born in 1870, at Newark, New Jersey, and is the son of J. I. Crane, D.D. He was educated at Lafayette College, Syracuse University. He sprang into fame with his series of vivid and sufficiently revolting descriptions of modern warfare, entitled " The Red Badge of Courage." This was published in 1895, and purports to be the sensations of a raw recruit in the war between North and South. The work, so far as that campaign was concerned, is a brilliant CRANE 247 imaginative effort. Mr. Stephen Crane was employed as war correspondent to the Westminster Gazette, to which he sent home some vivid letters, and to the New York Journal during the Graeco-Turkish War, 1897. He was correspondent to the latter before Santiago, in Puerta Rico, and Havana, before the Spaniards had gone. Other volumes from his pen are, " Maggie," a realistic tale of the Boweries, "The Black Riders and other Lines," " George's Mother," "The Little Regiment," "The Third Violet, a Romance," "The Open Boat," " The Eternal Patience," " Pictures of War," 1898, &c. Address : Hartwood, Sullivan Co., New York. CRANE, Walter, painter and decora- tive designer, second son of Thomas Crane, of Chester, miniature and portrait painter, sometime Secretary and Treasurer of the Liverpool Academy, was born at Liver- pool, Aug. 15, 1845 ; apprenticed, 1859, to W. J. Linton (the eminent wood engraver, poet, and Chartist), for three years, to learn the craft of drawing on wood for engraving. This turned his work largely in the direction of book illustration, which he followed side by side with painting and decorative designing. He was appointed a member of the committee of the General Exhibition, known as the Dudley Gallery, of Water-Colour Drawings in 1879, and resigned that position in 1881. He was Examiner at the National Competition of Drawings, South Kensington, 1879, and has so acted since. He was elected a mem- ber of the Institute of Painters in Water- Colours in 1882, also of the Institute of Painters in Oil, but resigned membership of both in 1886. He was elected an Asso- ciate of the Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours (the old society) in March 1888, and has since exhibited there. He became a member of the Societa d'Acqu- arellisti of Rome in 1883. He first exhi- bited at the Royal Academy (a small picture, " The Lady of Shalott") in 1862 ; and he exhibited at the Grosvenor Gallery every year from its foundation in 1877, on which he ceased to appeal to the Academy. His principal pictures are : " The Renaissance of Venus," 1877 ; " The Fate of Persephone," 1878 ; " The Sirens," 1879; "Truth and the Traveller," 1880; "Europa," "The Laidley Worm," 1881; " The Roll of Fate " and " Dunstanborough Castle," 1882; "Diana and the Shepherd," 1883 ; " The Bridge of Life," 1884 ; "Free- dom," 1885; "Pandora," 1885; "The Chariots of the Hours," 1887; "Sunrise," 1888; "Flora," 1889; "Pegasus," 1889. "A Diver," 1885, won a silver medal at the Paris Universal Exhibition, 1889. He has published " Walter Crane's Toy Books," 1869-75; " Picture Books," 1874-75 ; "The Baby's Opera," 1877, &c. ; "The Sirens Three," a poem written and illustrated by himself, 1886, which appeared originally in the English Illustrated Magazine. He was associated with the movement against the Royal Academy, 1886, and in favour of the establishment of a National Exhibition in which all the arts should be represented. Afterwards, in conjunction with other well- known decorative artists, he founded the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, 1888, and became its President. The society opened its first exhibition at the New Gallery in the autumn of 1888. In 1884 he became associated with the Socialist movement, and has since worked for it by means of lectures, writings, and designs. In 1889 he gave the Cantor Lectures (course of three) at the Society of Arts, " On the Decoration and Illustration of Books." He was President of the Section of Applied Art at the National Art Congress at Liverpool, 1888 ; and designed the Seal of the London County Council, 1889. Since 1889 he has illustrated " Flora's Feast " (written by himself) ; "The Book of Wed- ding Days," "Echoes of Hellas," "Queen Summer," 1891 (written by himself); "A Wonder Book" (Nathaniel Hawthorne), 1892; "The Old Garden" (Margaret De- land), 1892 ; " Illustrations to Shakespeare's Tempest," " The Glittering Plain " (William Morris), issued by the Kelmscott Press ; " Renaiscence, a Book of Verse," 1891 (by himself) ; more recently " Spenser's Faerie Queene," published by George Allen, an elaborate edition with many illustrations, which was commenced in 1894 and fin- ished in 1897 ; and " The Shepherd's Calendar " (Harper Bros.), 1897-98. He has also written "The Claims of Decorative Art," 1892 (Lawrence & Bullen), which has been translated into German and also Dutch ; "The Decorative Illustrations of Books" (Bell & Sons), 1892; and "The Bases of Design" (Bell & Sons), 1898; " Cartoons for the Cause " (Twentieth Cen- tury Press), 1897. In 1891 an exhibition of Walter Crane's works was held at the Fine Art Society in Bond Street, compris- ing book designs, decorations, and easel pictures in oil and water colours. This collection was afterwards shown in the United States of America (in 1891-92), whither Mr. Crane accompanied it, and in Germany, opening at Berlin (Kunstgeunbe Museum), and afterwards at the principal cities, Leipzig, Frankfort, Cref eld, Dresden, Darmstadt, Munich, &c, also at Prague and Briinn, and later at Basle and Brussels, finishing its Continental tour at Copen- hagen, Christiania, Stockholm, and Gothen- burg. This is probably the first instance of a collection of the works of an English artist being shown over so large a Conti- nental area. One of the results was a 248 CKANWOETH — CRAWFORD monograph on the works of Walter Crane by Herr von Bestepsch, published by Dr. Carl Masner of Der Graphischekunst of Vienna. Mr. Crane's principal easel pic- tures since 1889 are a " Masque of the Senses," "Poppies and Corn," "A Masque of Spring Flowers," and " Neptune's Horses." The two latter were exhibited at the New Gallery in 1893; also "The Swan Maidens," 1894; "England's Em- blem," 1895; "The Rainbow and the Wave," 1896 ; " Britannia's Vision," 1897. Just prior to his visit to America he sat to G. F. Watts for his portrait, which was exhibited at the New Gallery in 1893. In September 1893 he was appointed Director of Design at the Manchester Municipal School of Art. He resigned this post in 1896. In August 1898 the Lords of the Committee of Council appointed Mr. Walter Crane to the Principalship of the Royal College of Art at South Kensington, vacant by the retirement of Mr. Sparkes. In 1871 Mr. Walter Crane married Frances, daughter of the late Thomas Andrews, Hempstead, Essex. Address : Holland Street, Kensington, W. CEANWOBTE, Lord, Robert Th.oriib.augh. Gurdon, is the eldest son of Brampton Gurdon, of Letton, Norfolk, and was born in 1829. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A., 1852). He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1856. As a Liberal he represented South Norfolk in the House of Commons from 1880-85, and Mid Norfolk in 1885-86 and 1886. As a Liberal Unionist he sat for the same constituency from 1886-92, and from April to July in 1895. He is extremely popular in his county, and is D.L., J.P., Chairman of Quarter Sessions, and Colonel of the 4th Volunteer Bat- talion of the Norfolk Regiment. He is Chairman of the Norfolk County Council. He was raised to the peerage for his ser- vices to the cause of Liberal Unionism at new year 1899, with the title of Baron Cran worth, of Letton and Cranworth in the county of Norfolk. His second wife, whom he married in 1874, is a daughter of the Rev. R. Heathcote. Address : Letton, Norfolk. CRAWFORD, Mrs. Emily, Paris correspondent of the Daily News, daughter of Andrew and Grace Johnstone, was born in Dublin on May 31, 1841. Her education was a home one until she went to Paris in 1857. Her reading was extensive, and when a young girl she was engaged to write a daily letter to the Morning Star. She married, in 1864, George Morland Crawford, Esq., of Chelsfield Court Lodge, Kent, and member of Lincoln's Inn, who was then Paris correspondent of the Daily News. After her marriage she greatly aided her husband in his work, remained in France during the war of 1870, and was in Paris during the Communal Civil War. She frequently contributed leading and miscellaneous articles to the Daily News, and wrote for many papers, besides Eng- lish and American magazines and reviews; amongst others, Truth, the Illustrated London News, the Illustrated Journal, the Pall Mall Gazette, the New York Tribune, the Gentleman's Magazine, the Century, and Maemillan's, to which she furnished, in October 1877, a monograph on M. Thiers. She also wrote the biography of that statesman which appeared after his death in the Daily News. Her first review article was asked for by the editor of the Museum of Edinburgh, on the suggestion of the late Matthew Arnold, who, when he made it, was not acquainted with her, but had been struck with some observations which she had made on the weak side of the system of higher education in France, and had entered into a correspondence with her on the subject. Mrs. Crawford has also contributed to the Contemporary and Universal Review, and Subjects of the Day. Mrs. Crawford was proposed for the Cross of the Legion of Honour, but preferred that the decoration offered her should be given to her son, Mr. Robert Crawford. Mrs. Crawford is an Hon. Member of the Cobden Club. Address : 60 Boulevard de Courcelles, Paris. CRAWFORD, Francis Marion, American writer, the son of Thomas Craw- ford, the sculptor, was born at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2, 1854. He was edu- cated partly in America (Concord, N.H. ), partly in Italy, and partly in England, 1870-74, where he had a private tutor and was a member of Trinity College, Cam- bridge. From 1874-76 he studied at Karlsruhe, and for a short time at Heidelberg. He passed 1876-78 at the University of Rome, studying Sanskrit. In 1879 he went to India and was editor of a daily paper, the Indian Herald, pub- lished at Allahabad. He returned to America in 1881, remaining there till 1883, when he went to Italy, where (with the exception of a visit to Turkey in 1884) he has since principally resided, his home being near Sorrento. Mr. Crawford's writings have been chiefly novels, though he has done some work in critical philosophy and philology. His books include "Mr. Isaacs," 1882; "Dr. Claudius," 1883; "To Leeward," 1883; " A Roman Singer," 1884 ; " An American Politician," 1884; "Zoroaster," 1885; "A Tale of a Lonely Parish," 1886; " Saracinesca," 1887; " Marzio's Cruci- fix," 1887; "Paul Patoff," 1887; "With CRAWFORD — CREIGHTON 249 the Immortals," 1888; " Greifenstein," 1889; "Sanf Ilario," 1889; and "A Cigarette Maker's Romance," 1890 ; "Khaled," "The Witch of Prague," "Don Orsino," " Pietro Ghisleri," "The Children of the King," and "The Novel: What it is," 1893; "Katharine Lauder- dale," "Love in Idleness," "The Ralstons," "The Upper Berth," and "By the Waters of Paradise," 1894; " Casa Braccio," "Constantinople," and "Adam Johnstone's Son," 1895 ; "Bar Harbour," "Taquisara," 1896; and "A Rose of Yesterday" and "Corleone," 1897. Mr. Marion Crawford a few years ago was awarded a prize of 1000 francs by the French Academy, as an acknowledgment of the merit of his novels, and especially of two of them, "Zoroaster" and "Marzio's Crucifix," which were written in French as well as in English. He is married to Elizabeth, daughter of General Berdan, U.S. Army. Address : Sanf Agnello di Sorrento, Sorrento. CRAWFORD, Earl of, James Ludovic Lindsay, K.T., J. P., LL.D., F.R.S., was born at St. Germain-en-Laye, France, on July 28, 1847, and succeeded his father as 26th Earl in 1880. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was a Lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards for some time. He re- presented Wigan in the House of Commons from 1874 to 1880, was formerly President of the Astronomical Society, and is the author of several works on Astronomy. Lord Crawford is the premier Earl of Scotland, is a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and is a Trustee of the British Museum. He was married, in 1869, to Emily, daughter of Colonel Hon. Edward Wilbraham, and granddaughter of the 1st Baron Skelmersdale. Addresses : 2 Caven- dish Square, W. ; Balcarres, Colinsburgh, Fifeshire ; and Athenseum. CRAWFXJRD, Oswald, C.M.G., son of the late John Crawfurd, sometime Envoy Plenipotentiary to the Court of Siam, and subsequently Governor of Singapore, was educated at Eton and Oxford. Leaving the University he entered the Foreign Office, and was appointed Consul at Oporto in 1867. He is the author of the following novels: "World we Live In," "Sylvia Arden," " Beyond the Seas," and of several works dealing with Portuguese matters. In 1890 he was created C.M.G., and in the same year published " Round the Calendar in Portugal." He is editor of Chapman's Magazine and literary editor of the London Review. He is Chairman and Managing Director of Chapman and Hall, Limited, and Chairman of the Authors' Club. He married Margaret, youngest daughter of the late Richard Ford. Addresses : Queen Anne's Man- sions, S.W. ; and Athenseum. GREAGE, Charles Vandeleur, C.M.G., was born Oct. 4, 1842, and is the second surviving son of Captain James Creagh, R.N., of Cahirbane, Co. Clare, Ireland, and grandson of the O'Moore, of Cloghan Castle, King's Co. He was edu- cated at the Royal Naval School, New Cross, and at Eastman's Naval Academy, Southsea ; passed the examination for admission to the India Navy in 1857, and entered the Punjaub Police, as Assistant District Superintendent, in 1865. He obtained a second - class certificate in Oriental languages, and in 1867 was sup- ported by the Indian Government in raising a Sikh Police Corps, for which service he had been selected by the Governor of Hong Kong. He has held the following appointments in Hong Kong: 1868, J.P. ; Acting Captain Super- intendent of Police in 1869-70, and 1877- 78 ; Sheriff, 1874 ; Aide-de-Camp, 1878 ; Superintendent of the Fire Brigade, 1878-80. He studied law in the Middle Temple during eight terms, and passed the examinations in Roman and Common Law. He passed with credit the six Acting Police Magistrate and Coroner examinations in Chinese prescribed by Government ; and was Arbitrator for Government under the Opium Ordinance in 1879 ; was appointed Assistant British President and Member of the State Council, Perak, on the application of the President, Sir Hugh Low, in 1882 ; and Judge of the Presidency Court, Perak. He acted frequently for the President during his absence. In 1888 he was selected for the post of Governor and Commander in Chief and Chief Judicial Officer of the British North Borneo Company's terri- tory, with the approval of the Secretary of State. On Jan. 1, 1890, he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Labuan. In 1892 he was made a C.M.G., and was called to the Bar. He retired in 1895. CREDITON, Bishop of. See Teb- fusis, The Right Rev. Robert Edwabd. CREIGHTON, The Right Rev. Mandell, Bishop of London, D.D. Ox- ford and Cambridge ; Hon. LL.D. Glas- gow, Hon. D.C.L. Durham, LL.D. of Harvard University, Litt.D. Dublin, Fel- low of the Societa Romana di Storih. Patria, was born at Carlisle, in 1843, educated at Durham Grammar School, and elected Postmaster at Merton College, Oxford, in 1862. At Oxford he was placed in the first class in Classical Moderations, and in the first class in Literce Humaniores, 250 CREMER and in the second class in Law and Modern History in 1866. In the same year he was elected Fellow of Merton College, and remained at Oxford as tutor of Merton. He was ordained deacon in 1870, and priest in 1873, and in 1875 accepted the living of Embleton, in North- umberland. He was appointed by Bishop Lightfoot rural dean of Alnwick in 1879, and on the formation of the diocese of Newcastle, in 1882, was made honorary canon of Newcastle and examining chap- lain to the Bishop. In 1883 the University of Glasgow conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1884 he was elected to the newly founded professorship of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge. In 1885 he received the hono- rary degree of D.C.L. from the University of Durham, and was appointed by the Crown Canon Besidentiary of Worcester Cathedral. He has frequently acted as public examiner and select preacher in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. He has also been examining chaplain to the Bishop of Worcester. He is the author of several historical works: — "Primer of Roman History," 1875 ; " The Age of Elizabeth," 1876; "The Life of Simon de Montfort," 1877 ; " Primer of English History," 1877; "Cardinal Wolsey," in the series of English Statesmen, 1888 ; "Carlisle," in Historic Towns, 1889. His principal work is a " History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation," of which the first two volumes were published in 1882, two others in 1887, and a fifth in 1894. Other more recent works of his are : — " Persecution and Tolerance," 1894 ; "The Early Renaissance in England," 1895; "The English National Character," 1896 ; and " The Story of Some English Shires," 1897. He was founder and first editor of the English Historical Review, the first number of which appeared in January 1886. Professor Creighton represented Emmanuel College at the 250th anniver- sary celebration of Harvard College, Massachusetts, in November 1886, when he received the degree of LL.D., and was elected a corresponding member of the Historical Society of Massachusetts. In 1889 he was elected Honorary Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. In 1890 he was appointed by the Crown Canon of Wind- sor, but before entering on that office was appointed Bishop of Peterborough, and was consecrated on April 25, 1891. In the same year he was elected Honorary Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and in 1892 received the honorary degree of Litt. D. at the tercentenary of the University of Dublin. In 1893 he was elected Hulsean Lecturer in the Univer- sity of Cambridge. In 1898 he was elected Professor of Ancient Literature in the Royal Academy of Arts, and in March of that year was appointed a Trustee of the National Portrait Gallery in succession to Lord de L'Isle and Dudley deceased. Dr. Creighton was translated to London in 1897, when he was also appointed a Mem- ber of the Privy Council. Addresses : Fulham Palace, S.W. ; and Athenseum. CREMES, William Kandal, ex- M.P., was born in 1838, of poor parents, at Farebam, in Hampshire, and lost his father, who was a herald painter, at an early age. As soon as he was old enough he was apprenticed to the carpenter's trade, and in Brighton, as well as in London, where he worked as a joiner, he found time to associate himself in all the Progressive movements of the day, and in 1859 took a leading part in the "nine hours' movement," which resulted in the memorable lock-out in the building trade. In 1860 he advocated and succeeded in getting united the various small local Unions in the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners. In the same year he took an active part in the demonstra- tion arranged for the reception of Gari- baldi on his visit to England, and to him also were mainly due the organising arrangements for the great demonstra- tions of the Reform League in Hyde Park and the Agricultural Hall. Since then he has been associated in all the movements on behalf of the working-classes, such as the Education League (before the passing of Mr. Forster's Act), the agricultural labourers' agitation, and the Workmen's Peace Association (at the time of the Franco-German War). Mr. Cremer is the author of several addresses to the working- classes upon the folly of war, and has repeatedly visited Paris, arranging demon- strations and addressing meetings. At the General Election of 1885 he was re- turned as a working-class Radical member for the Haggerston Division of Shoreditch, and was again elected in 18S6 and in 1892. In 1895 he was defeated by the small majority of 31. He is Secretary of the In- ternational Arbitration League, and editor of the Arbitrator. In 1864 he was first Hon. General Secretary of the "Inter- national." In 1890 he was made a Che- valier of the Legion of Honour. Mr. Cremer originated, and was the chief organiser, of the Inter-Parliamentary Con- ferences, which were first held at Paris and London in 1889 and 1890, to promote friendly relations between the nations of Europe. M. Jules Simon presided at the Paris Conference, and Lord Herschell at the Conference in London. These Con- ferences have since been followed by others held in the Parliamentary Chambers at Rome, Berne, The Hague, Buda-Pesth, and CREMONA — CRICHTON-BROWNE 251 Brussels. Every Parliament in Europe except the Spanish has new groups, num- bering from 50 to 100 members, adhering to the movement. In 1887 he secured the adhesion of 234 members of the House of Commons to a Memorial to the President and Congress of the United States in favour of a Treaty of Arbitration with this country, and a similar Memorial in 1891 signed by 354 M.P.'s. Both these Memo- rials he presented to the President and Congress at Washington, and in 1893 suc- ceeded in carrying, by a unanimous vote, a resolution in the House of Commons in favour of such a treaty. Mr. Cremer is a widower, and has been twice married. Address : 11 Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C. CREMONA, Professor Luigi, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., LL.D., Professor of Higher Mathematics at the University of Rome, and Senator of the Kingdom of Italy, &c, was born at Pavia on Dec. 7, 1830. In 1848, leaving school and home, he fought for eighteen months for the independence of Italy, taking part in most engagements in Venetia. Subsequently he went to the University of Pavia and continued his studies, having Brioschi as a master. He very soon entered upon his career as a teacher, at first at the Gymnasium of Cremona, and at the Lyceum of Milan ; then as Professor of Higher Geometry at the University of Bologna. In 1886 he passed to the Higher Technical Institute of Milan. In 1873 he was called to re- organise the School of Engineers in Rome, of which he has been director for many years. Luigi Cremona has devoted the whole of his scientific life to the study of higher geometry, and to the reform of mathematical instruction in the secondary and higher schools. The introduction of projective geometry and of graphic statics in public instruction in Italy is almost exclusively his work. He is a Senator of the Realm, and Vice-President of the Council of the Italian Parliament. No question on higher teaching is ever dis- cussed in the Chamber without Cremona ably taking up the subject, for he does this with a perfect knowledge of it. He is the author of a large number of memoirs and works dealing chiefly with geometry, of which two have been translated into French, " Les Elements de Gdometrie Pro- jective" in 1873 and "Les Figures Rfei- proques en Statique Graphique" in 1885. Address : San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome. CREWE, Earl of, The Right Hon. Robert Ofney Ashburton Crewe - Milnes, Baron Houghton of Great Hough- ton in the county of York, is the son of the poet, the late Monckton Milnes, first Lord Houghton, by Annabella Hungerford, a daughter of the second Baron Crewe. He was born in London on Jan. 12, 1858, and received his education at Harrow and Trinity, Cambridge, his father's old college. He entered political life as un- paid Private Secretary to the late Earl Granville, and continued to hold his post during his chief's reign at the Foreign Office. Entering the House of Lords on the death of his father in 1885, as Lord Houghton, he was warmly welcomed by the Liberal peers, and in 1886, on the creation of Mr. Gladstone's Government, he became a Lord-in-Waiting, and repre- sented the Board of Trade in the Upper House. In 1892, on the return to power of the Liberal party, he was appointed Viceroy of Ireland. The appointment caused general surprise, as Lord Brassey had been confidently promoted to the post by the newspapers. Lord Houghton was one of the youngest Viceroys of modern times. The honours of Dublin Castle were dispensed by his sisters, the wives of the Hon. Arthur Henniker and of Sir Gerald Fitzgerald, K.C.M.G. He was succeeded in 1895 by the Right Hon. Gerald Balfour. He is President of the Literary Fund, and is himself a poet. Like his father he is a bibliophile, and is" interested in all lite- rary matters. He played an important part at the unveiling of the American bust of Keats in Hampstead Parish Church in 1895. He married, in 1880, Sybil Marcia, daughter of Sir Frederick Graham, Bart., and a daughter of the 12th Duke of Somerset. This lady died in 1887, leaving him a widower during his tenure of the Irish Viceroyalty. His second marriage took place on April 20, 1899, his bride being Lady Margaret Primrose, youngest daughter of Lord Rosebery. Addresses : Crewe Hall, Crewe; and 23 Hill Street, W., &c. CRICHTON - BROWNE, Captain Harold W. A. F. , was born at Bens- sham, in the county of Durham, on July 3, 1866, and is the only son of Sir James Crichton-Browne, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. He was educated at University College School, at a private tutor's, and at Magdalen College, Cambridge. He became Lieu- tenant in the 3rd Battalion King's Own Scottish Borderers, and F.R.G.S. and Cap- tain in 1893. In 1888 he joined Mr. Joseph Thomson's exploring expedition to the Atlas Mountains, and with that traveller traversed the interior of southern and northern Morocco, crossed the mountains in these districts, not before entered by Europeans, and reached the summit of Tizi Likumpt, 15,000 feet high. On the recall of Mr. Thomson to England to take charge of an Emin Pasha Relief Expedi- tion then contemplated, Mr. Crichton- 252 CRICHTON-BROWNE — CRISPI Browne remained for three months in sole charge of the expedition. He is the author of "In the Heart of the Atlas," a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain; " Two African Cities"; "Across the Veldt to Buluwayo," &c. He received a commission in the Bechuanaland Border Police in 1890, and served in South Africa for three years. While on an expedition in Matabeleland in 1892 he was taken prisoner by a Matabele impi and carried to Buluwayo, where he was hospitably entertained by Lobengula. Permanent address : Easton Court, W. Tenbury. CRICHTON BROWNE, Sir James, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Knt. B. 1866, born in 1840 at Edinburgh, is the son of Dr. W. A. F. Browne, H.M. Commissioner in Lunacy for Scotland, who was emi- nent as a physician and introduced many ameliorations in the treatment of the insane. Sir James Crichton-Browne was educated at the Dumfries Academy, Trinity College, Glenalmond, the University of Edinburgh, and the Medical Schools of London and Paris, and is Honorary Member and was formerly Senior President of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. He js Fellow of the Academy of Medicine of New York, and of many learned Societies ; has been President of the Medico-Psycho- logical Association and of the Neurological Society of London ; is Vice-President and Treasurer of the Royal Institution of Great Britain; J. P. for Dumfries-shire; was formerly Medical Superintendent of the Newcastle-on-Tyne Borough Asylum ; Lecturer on Psychological Medicine in the Newcastle College of Medicine ; is Medical Superintendent of the West Riding Asylum ; Lecturer on Mental Diseases in the Leeds School of Medicine ; and is Lord Chancellor's Visitor in Lunacy. He has published a large number of monographs on the Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System, and on Mental Diseases ; a work on "Education and the Nervous System," 1884 ; and many lectures and addresses and contributions to medical journals. He founded and edited for six years the West Riding Asylum Medical Reports, the first British Journal of Neuro- logy, and has edited translations from the Danish of Kestal on "Overpressure in Schools," 1885. While at the head of the West Riding Asylum, where he had 1500 insane patients under his professional care, Sir James not only raised that institu- tion into the first rank amongst kindred institutions, and made it famous for good management and successful results, but converted it into a great Medical School, in which important researches were carried on, and in which young medical men were trained for asylum practice. He estab- lished a laboratory, in which original inves- tigations were conducted, and in which Ferrier's first discoveries in the functions of the brain were made. He also estab- lished a museum, and periodically gave lectures, and brought the moral treatment of the inmates and discipline of the staff to a high pitch of perfection. His reports and letters on overpressure in elementary schools led to a number of modifications in the curriculum of such schools, all tend- ing to mitigate the severity of the pressure upon the children, and especially on such children as are dull or delicate. His writings also, by calling attention to the half-starved condition of large numbers of the children in elementary schools, led to the establishment of free breakfasts. At the meeting of the Congress of the Sanitary Institute at Liverpool, October 1894, he lectured to a working-man audience on " The Prevention of Tubercular Disease." Address : 61 Carlisle Place Mansions, Vic- toria Street, S.W. CRIP PS, Henry "William, M.A., Q.C., was born March 20, 1815, at Ciren- cester. He is the eldest son of the Rev. Henry Cripps, and was educated at Win- chester College and New College, Oxford. He was appointed Recorder of the City of Lichfield in 1853, Queen's Counsel in 1866, and Bencher of the Middle Temple in the same year. He was Chairman of the first County Council of Bucks, and has been Chairman of Quarter-Sessions of Bucks since 1886. Since 1883 he has been Chan- cellor of the Diocese of Oxford, and is an Acting Governor of Queen Anne's Bounty. He is author of a treatise on the "Laws of the Church and Clergy," 1845. Ad- dresses : 1 Essex Court, Temple ; and Beechwood, Marlow. CRISPI, Francesco, an Italian states- man, born at Ribera, in Sicily, Oct. 4, 1819, studied law at Palermo, and became a member of the Bar at Naples, where he took part in the conspiracies which led to the overthrow of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1848. He was one of the chief promoters of the insurrection of Palermo, became a Deputy and General Secretary of War, and for two years was the heart and soul of the resistance offered by the Sicilian people. After the victory gained by the Swiss regiments, Signor Crispi fled to France. In 1859 and 1860 he organised the new Sicilian revolution, landed at Palermo with Garibaldi and his volunteers, and after fighting as a simple soldier became a Minister, in which capacity he paved the way for the annexa- tion of the Two Sicilies to the kingdom of Italy. In 1861 he was returned by the city of Palermo to the first Italian CRISPI 253 Parliament, in which he took a prominent and influential position, becoming in a short time the acknowledged leader of the constitutional opposition. It was the understanding between Signor Crispi and the old Piedmontese "third party" which led to the formation of the new Ratazzi Ministry. He was chosen as a Deputy at the election of November 1876 by several electoral colleges, and "opted" for that of Bari. On the 22nd of that month he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies by 232 votes against 115. The following year the party of " Moral Order " returned to power in France, and, the interests of Italy seeming menaced by them, Signor Crispi under- took semi-official journeys in search of allies against the Republic. He was cordially received in London and at Berlin (1877). Some weeks later he be- came Minister of the Interior in the remodelled Depretis Cabinet, but retired in March 1878. During the ten follow- ing years in which M. Depretis was in- termittently in power, he remained one of the leaders and principal orators of the Left. On May 15, 1880, he delivered a speech which was commented on by the European press, and unfolded therein the policy of his party. The Chamber required, he declared, to be directed by a vigorous hand. " Italia Irredenta," the " unredeemed " Italy of the Adriatic coast, which is still under Austrian sway, was to be encouraged in its desire to become Italian. Italy was to take a more prominent position in the concert of nations, and was to aim at the acquisi- tion of increased influence in the East. After the delivery of this speech he ad- vocated electoral reform and the adoption of Scrutin de liste. In March 1881 he began to attack France in his journal La Riforma, and afterwards advocated a German alliance and an increase of the national armaments and defences, and complete military reorganisation. In November 1883 he declared war against the clerical party as being hostile to modern Italian institutions, and thus completed what he calls the "traditional programme of the Left." After the Italian reverses in Africa in 1887, Signor Crispi asked the Government to vote an extraordinary credit in order to send re- inforcements to Massowah. The credit was voted, the Depretis Government again went out of office, and Crispi asked the Chamber to express utter condem- nation of the fallen Ministry. This was not done, and in the end Signor Crispi became Minister of Foreign Affairs in a new Depretis cabinet, and after the death of that statesman in July 1887, succeeded him as President of the Council and Home and Foreign Minister. On October 1 Signor Crispi began paying a series of visits to Prince Bismarck at Friedrichsruhe, the result of which was the entry of Italy into the Triple Alliance. The country was now asked to vote enormous sums for the main- tenance of an increased army and navy. Financial crises ensued, and disturbances in Rome and Naples. Crispi became very unpopular, and in September 1889 two attempts were made on his life in the above-named towns. In 1888 the com- mercial treaty with France was broken and not renewed, and the relations be- tween the Government and the Papacy became increasingly strained, owing to the anti-clerical legislation of the former. Signor Crispi, however, thought it ex- pedient to go to the country, and after a brilliant electoral campaign, in which he made a great speech at Florence, in Nov- ember 1890, containing a declaration of foreign policy and repudiating the Irre- dentists as hostile to Austria, he brought his party back into power with a majority in the Chamber of 236. The Premier him- self was returned by four electoral colleges. Two months later, however, the Crispi Ministry fell on a question of taxation, the chief Minister having made himself unpopular by his high-handed refusal to consider the necessity of retrenchment in military and naval expenditure. Though out of power, Signor Crispi continued for some time to express his views on political questions at public banquets and meetings throughout the country, as well as in the Chamber, and in December 1891 made a notable attack on his successor, Signor di Rudini, apropos of the Papal question. But he retired from the strife before the attack had been fully rebutted. In 1892 he gave up the leadership of the opposi- tion, but retained his seat. After the ensuing bank scandals, and the resignation on Nov. 24, 1894, of Signor Giolitti, the Premier who succeeded Rudini (rj.v. ), Signor Crispi was again called on to form a Cabi- net. He succeeded in forming a Ministry of all parties on Dec. 10, and afterwards called on politicians in general to aid him in restoring the national credit. On May 14, 1895, Signor Crispi gained a victory in the Chamber on the question of the Budget, but in June his Cabinet resigned on the Fin- ance question. They, however, retained office on Baron Sonnino's ceasing to be Finance Minister. Signor Crispi's govern- ment nevertheless supported Sonnino's pro- posed financial reforms, and pledged them- selves to effect an economy of 20,000,000 lire in national expenditure in 1895-96. In October 1894 the Crispi government suppressed the Socialist Corporation of Italian Workers, after having taken severe measures against the revolutionary move- 254 CEITCHETT ment in Sicily (February). A series of questions dealing with Italy's relations with England, Austria, and Brazil gave occasion for much anxiety in 1895, and public feeling was intensified by the dis- astrous results which attended the Govern- ment's forward policy in Africa. In the following year Italy sustained her most serious defeat of modern times at the battle of Adowa, and the Crispi Ministry fell almost immediately. At this juncture Crispi entered upon a phase of his public career which, in the case of a less power- ful statesman, would have ended in com- plete political extinction. The Radical leader, Signor Cavallotti, in November 1894 preferred the gravest charges against his integrity, and subsequently brought them before the Criminal Court, where they finally collapsed, the judicial autho- rities declaring that the charge of perjury was not substantiated, and that certain other charges referring to a decoration awarded to Dr. Cornelius Herz, whilst appearing to be equally baseless, were beyond the cognisance of the ordinary tribunals. The Chamber after this ig- nored Cavalotti's reiterated accusations, for no competent person, knowing the great sacrifices which Signor Crispi had made for the cause of Italian unity, attached the smallest value to the charges brought forward. The country adopted the views of the Chamber, and for a few months there was the appearance of a lull in the agitation. But the revelations of the Banco Romano scandals raised in a week the whirlwind of national passion. The Directorate of the Bank of Naples, one of the Italian State Banks, had opened in the autumn of 1893 a branch establish- ment at Bologna, under the management of a trusted employee, by name Luigi Favilla. In May 1896, suspicion having been aroused as to Favilla, a new manager was appointed at the instance of Baron Sonnino, Treasury Minister, and it was afterwards discovered that Favilla had appropriated .£40,000 of the bank's funds, had lost £65,000, and had permitted over- drafts to be made to the extent of £80,000. He was arrested in November 1896, as were also several of his accomplices, and in the course of Favilla's examination Signor Crispi was directed under a warrant to appear before the Court and deliver to the examining magistrate an account of his financial relations with Favilla. On the next day, March 21, Crispi was re- elected a Deputy of the Chamber, thus regaining an immunity from arrest and prosecution. Nevertheless, Signor Crispi presented himself before the magistrate, and submitted documentary proof of the various sums he had previously obtained from Favilla. However, the examining magistrate, yielding, it is believed, to pressure from the Public Prosecutor and from Signor Giacomo Costa, late Minister of Justice in the Rudini Cabinet, persisted in his suggestions of Crispi's illegal com- plicity with Favilla, and in his report recommended that he be prosecuted for conniving with Favilla in his fraudulent transactions. Crispi, who, it is said, had good grounds for fearing that a fair trial would be denied him, retorted that as the proceedings in question had taken place in the time he had been Italian Premier and Minister of the Interior, the ordinary courts were not competent to deal with the charges, seeing that by Article 47 of the Italian Constitution Ministers are answerable for acts committed during their term of office only to the Senate itself sitting as a High Court of Justice. The important question of constitutional law which this objection raised was carried to the Supreme Court (the Court of Cas- sation), who held that the Chamber of Deputies alone was competent to decide whether, in the case of crimes enacted by a Minister, that Minister should be im- peached before the Senate. As a result of this judgment, the Chamber appointed in December 1897 a special committee of five members to make an exhaustive in- quiry and to report to the Chamber with- out delay. The examination of all the documents and persons connected with the Commission, including Signor Crispi and Favilla, was completed in three months, and the committee's report was presented to the Chamber in March 1898. By a majority of 207 to 7 the Chamber resolved, after receiving the report, to pass to the order of the day. Thus did the Italian Parliament practically endorse the findings of the Commission, and these affirmed that whilst Crispi was not guilty of any criminal offence known to the law, certain irregular practices, both in the way in which he obtained funds for political purposes and in the repayment of loans made to him personally out of State moneys, were deserving of political censure. A motion instituting an im- peachment of Crispi was defeated on a show of hands, and the Chamber pro- ceeded to the next business. Although now advanced in years, Signor Crispi con- tinues to follow the varying fortunes ef his native land with the keen interest of a true patriot. In the autumn of 1898 Crispi wrote an article on the Anarchist Conference of European Powers for an English newspaper. He is sometimes called the Grand Old Man of Italy. CRITCHETT, George Anderson, F.R.C.S., F.R.C.S.E., Ophthalmic Surgeon, was born in London on Dec. 18, 1845, CROCKETT — CEOFTS 255 and is the eldest son of the late George Critohett, F.R.C.S. He was educated at Harrow, where he gained the prize for English Literature, and at Gaius College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1867, subsequently studied for some time in Germany and France, and graduated M.A. in 1873. He became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1872, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1880. He was appointed Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Royal Free Hospital in 1879, but resigned that office in 1881, when he was appointed Ophthalmic Surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital, and Lecturer on Ophthalmology at the Medical School. He was President of the Ophthalmic Section of the British Medical Association at the meeting held in Leeds in 1889, and delivered the opening address for discussion, the subject being "The Treatment of Immature Cataract." He is Honorary Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Royal Academy of Music, the Actors' As- sociation, and the Infant Orphan Asylum at Wanstead. He was Vice-President of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom from 1894 till 1897, and Hono- rary President of the International Oph- thalmic Congress held at Edinburgh in 1894. He delivered the Introductory Lec- tures at St. Mary's Hospital at the opening of the winter session in 1887 ; and has published in the leading medical journals numerous papers and lectures on Diseases of the Eye, the best known of these being " Eclecticism in Operations for Cataract," 1883 ; '"Nature's Speculum in Cataract Extraction," 1886 ; and " Conical Cornea : its Surgical Evolution," 1895. Address : 21 Harley Street, W. CROCKETT, Samuel Rutherford, Scottish novelist, was born Sept. 24, 1860. He is the son of a Galloway farmer, and was brought up at the farm of Duchrae, in the parish of Balmaghie, in Galloway. He was educated at Edinburgh, from which University he graduated in 1879. There- after he travelled extensively for six years, returning to Scotland to take up the duties of minister of Penicuik in 1886. He resigned his charge and left the ministry some years later, since which date he has devoted himself entirely to literature. He has written "The Stickit Minister," 1893; "The Raiders"; "The Lilac Sunbonnet " ; " Mad Sir Uchtred " ; "The Play Actress," 1894 ; " Bog, Myrtle, and Peat" ; " The Men of the Moss Hags " ; ■' Sweetheart Travellers," 1895 ; " Clegg Kelly" ; " The Grey Man," 1896 ; " Lad's Love " ; " Lochinvar " ; " The Surprising Adventures of Sir Toady Lion." The two books by Mr. Crockett which appeared in 1898 were "The Standard-Bearer" and "The Red Axe." The latter was first printed serially in the Graphic, Harper's, and the Melbourne Argus. Mr. S. R. Crockett's books have been translated into most European languages, a complete edi- tion having appeared in Swedish, and a translation being at present in course of publication in Arabic. Mr. Crockett's address is c/o Messrs. A. P. Watt & Son, Hastings House, Norfolk Street, W.C. CROFTON, Morgan W., D.Sc, F.R.S., was born at Dublin, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was from 1870 to 1884 Professor of Mathematics and Mechanics at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and he is- the author of various memoirs, in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, on the Theory of Probability, which were pub- lished from 1868 to 1870. Dr. Crofton also wrote the article "Probability" in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." Address : Ambrose Place, Worthing. CROFTS, Ernest, R.A., military painter, was born at Leeds, Sept. 15, 1847, being the son of Mr. John Crofts, J. P., of Adel, near that town. He was educated at Rugby School, and after remaining there several years went to Berlin. Thence he removed to London, where he studied for some years as a pupil under Mr. A. B. Clay. Afterwards he went to Diisseldorf, where he became a pupil of Herr Emil Hunten, the well-known military painter to the late Emperor William of Germany. Mr. Crofts subsequently returned to Lon- don, and was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, June 19, 1878 ; R.A., 1896. Among his pictures from time to time ex- hibited, chiefly at the Royal Academy, are the following : "The Retreat: an Episode in the German-French War," 1874, now in the Public Gallery, Kbnigsberg, Prussia ; " One Touch of Nature makes the Whole World Kin," which obtained the Crystal Palace Silver Medal, 1874 ; " Ligny," 1875, exhibited at the Academy, and after- wards at the International Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876; "On the Morning of the Battle of Waterloo " — Napoleon seated outside a cottage consulting a map — 1876 (this was exhibited at the Paris Inter- national Exhibition, 1878); "Oliver Crom- well at Marston Moor," 1877 ; "Ironsides Returning from Sacking a Cavalier's House," 1877 ; "Wellington on his March from Quatre Bras to Waterloo," 1878 ; " On the evening of the Battle of Waterloo," 1879, bought by the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool ; " Marlborough after the Battle of Ramillies," 1880, exhibited at the Paris Exhibition, 1889, where itobtained a medal ; " George II. at the Battle of Dettingen, 1881 ; " A Pause in the Attack : Hougou- 256 CROKE — CROMER mont, Waterloo " ; "At the Farm of Mont St. Jean, Waterloo," 1882 ; " At the Sign of the Blue Boar, Holborn " ; " Charles I. on his Way to the Scaffold," 1883 ; " Wal- lenstein," 1884; "William III. at London," 1885 ; " Farewell," 1886 ; " Napoleon leav- ing Moscow," 1887; "Marston Moor," 1888; "The Knight's Farewell," 1889; " Whitehall, Jan. 30th, 1649," 1890 ; "Prince Rupert," 1893; "Roundheads Victorious," 1894; "Napoleon's Last Grand Attack: Waterloo," 1895 ; "The Capture of a French Battery by the 52nd Regiment at Waterloo," 1896; "The Attack on the Gate-House of the Chateau of Hougoumont, Waterloo," 1897; "To the Rescue: an Episode of the Civil War " (diploma work) ; and "Charles II. at Whiteladies," 1898. Address : 45 Grove End Road, N.W. CROKE, The Most Rev. Thomas W. , D.D., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel, was born near the town of Mallow, co. Cork, May 19, 1824, and was educated partly at home, but principally at the Chorleville Endowed School, which he left at the age of fourteen. He then went to Paris and entered the Irish College, read there the usual course of philosophy and theology, and left in the year 1844. After spending a year in the College of Menin in Belgium, where he taught English, mathe- matics, and rhetoric, he went in November 1845 to the Irish College in Rome, where lie remained nearly three years, attending lectures in the celebrated Roman Univer- sity, and reading theology under the Jesuit Fathers Perrone and Passaglia. In 1846 he won the gold and silver medals, and in the following year took his degree as Doctor of Divinity, and was ordained priest, afterwards returning to Ireland. In 1848 he taught rhetoric in Carlow College, and in 1849 theology in the Irish College at Paris. For the next nine years he was engaged in missionary work in the Diocese of Cloyne, co. Cork, and in 1858 was appointed President of St. Colman's College, Fermoy. In 1865 he was ap- pointed parish priest of Doneraile and Chancellor of the Diocese of Cloyne. Five years later he accepted the Bishopric of Auckland, New Zealand, where he re- mained until 1874. In 1875 he was pro- moted to the Archiepiscopal See of Cashel. Of late years Dr. Croke's name has been conspicuous by its connection with the Land League and Irish Nationalist move- ments. Address : Cashel. CROKER, Mrs. Beatrice M., the only daughter of the late Rev. W. Sheppard, Rector of Kilgefin, co. Roscommon, was educated at Rockferry, Cheshire, and is married to Lieut.-Colonel J. Croker. She has written a large number of novels, amongst which there may be mentioned : "Proper Pride," 1882; "Pretty Miss Neville." 1883 ; "Some One Else," 1884 ; "Diana Barrington," 1888; "Two Mas- ters," 1890; "A Family Likeness," 1892 ; " A Third Person," 1893 ; " To Let," 1893 ; " Mr. Jervis," 1894 ; " Village Tales, and Jungle Tragedies," 1894; "Married or Single," 1895 ; "Beyond the Pale," 1897; "Miss Balmaine's Past," 1898. Many of Mrs. Croker's books have been translated into French and German, and a few into Norwegian. Address : 3 Radnor Cliff, Sandgate, Kent. CROMER, Viscount, The Right Hon. Sir Evelyn Baring, G. C. B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., "Maker of Modern Egypt," was born at Cromer Hall, Norfolk, on Feb. 26, 1841. He is the son of the late Henry Baring, M.P., by adaughter of the late Vice-Admiral Windham. Af tersomeprivate tuition at home, young Baring was sent to the Ordnance School, Carshalton, and sub- sequently joined the Woolwich Academy, to qualify for a commission in the army. He became a Lieutenant of the Royal Artillery in 1858, and was promoted Captain in 1868, in which year he entered the Staff College. Some two years later he pub- lished a volume of military essays which attracted a good deal of attention. This was followed by a translation of a German work on military organisation. In the early sixties, Mr. Baring was stationed at Corfu, and served as A.D.C. to the High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, Sir Henry Storks. In 1865 he accompanied that gentleman to Jamaica when he went to preside over the Commission which was sent to inquire into the circumstances of the outbreak that had been suppressed by Governor Eyre. From 1872 to 1876 he was private secretary to his cousin, Lord Northbrook, who was then Viceroy of India. About this time he retired from the army with the rank of Major. In 1879, soon after the purchase by England of the Suez Canal shares, he was made a Commissioner of the Egyptian Debt, and was also appointed one of the Controllers- General representing England and France, when the Khedive Ismail was deposed by the Sultan's firman and Tewfik Pasha became ruler of Egypt. In co-operation with his French colleague, M. de Blignieres, Major Baring successfully carried on the Control until he accepted, towards the close of 1880, the office of Financial Member of the Council of India left vacant by the resignation of Sir John Strachey. His new appointment was one of much dignity, and afforded great oppor- tunities of public service. During his term of office he framed and carried three successful Budgets. In 1883 he returned CEOMMELIN — CEOOKES 257 to England and was created a K.C.S.I. for his services. Shortly after, he succeeded Sir Edward Malet at Cairo as Consul- General and Minister Plenipotentiary, and thus became virtually Viceroy of Egypt. Sir Evelyn Baring began his work on September 11, just two days after Hicks Pasha started on his ill-fated journey from Khartoum. All the anxious events in the Soudan in connection with the fall of Khartoum and the death of Gordon, with whom he was in constant correspondence, added very materially to the difficulties which Lord Cromer had to meet. At that time Egypt was practically bankrupt, but Lord Cromer's masterly finance has entirely transformed the situation, and the country is now in a prosperous con- dition. The old corrupt administration has been replaced by local governors who are under strict surveillance ; land and other taxes have been reduced ; irrigation is scientifically and honestly distributed ; the prison system has been reformed, and the army, instead of being hated, is now popular. There has been a vast extension of the railway, postal, and telegraph ser- vices, and a corresponding augmentation of the receipts. Trade has steadily increased and public credit been considerably raised, and slavery almost abolished. It is there- fore difficult to over-estimate what the work of England in Egypt owes to the sagacity, fortitude, and patience of Lord Cromer, who is one of the best living ex- amples of the iron hand within the velvet glove. In the early part of 1898 he issued a report containing the history of the Brit- ish administration in Egypt. The publica- tion is, in a modest and indirect way, a testimony to his own services. The most important point in the Eeport is the ques- tion of the Mixed Tribunals established by the Powers in 1876. Lord Cromer is of opinion that it would be undesirable for Egypt to withdraw from them, and that to abolish the Mixed Tribunals altogether would cause a serious dislocation of Egyp- tian affairs. In concluding his report Lord Cromer says : " For the present what Egypt most requires, and for many years to come will require, is an honest, just, and orderly administration, and the estab- lishment of the supremacy of the Law in the widest sense of the term. It is conceivable that at some future time the Egyptian question may pass from the ad- ministrative into the political stage. For the present, however, that moment would appear distant." Lord Cromer has been at the back of the successive expeditions which, under the command of the Sirdar of the Egyptian army, Sir H., now Lord, Kitchener, have won back Dongola, Berber, and Khartoum from the Khalifa. Before the battle at Atbara he issued an edict against war correspondents accompanying the forces, but had to withdraw it in con- sequence of the storm it raised in England. He was created a peer in 1892, taking his title from his birthplace. In the same year Oxford conferred upon him the degree of D.C.L. Lord Cromer has also the order of the Medjidie of the first class. He married, in 1876, Ethel, a daughter of Sir Rowland Errington, and has issue. Lady Cromer died at Cairo on Oct. 16, 1898. Her loss will be much felt by all classes who came under the influence of her charming personality. Lord Cromer was created a Viscount at New Year 1899. CROMMEIilN, May de la Cherois (May Crommelin), daughter of the late S. de la Cherois Crommelin, of Car«owdore Castle, co. Down, was born in Ireland, and was educated privately. She is a popular novelist, who has achieved some success, and amongst her publications there may be mentioned : " Queenie," " A Jewel of a Girl," "My Love, she's but a Lassie," " Black Abbey," "Orange Lily," "In the West Countrie," "Brown Eyes," "Goblin Gold," "Mr. and Mrs. Hemes," "For Sake of the Family," "Love Knots," "Dead Men's Dollars," "Dust before the Wind," "Half-round the World for a Husband." Club : Albemarle. CRON WRIGHT - SCHREINER, Mrs. See Schbelneb, Olive. CROOKES, Professor Sir William, F.R.S., was born in London in 1832. In 1848 he entered the Royal College of Chemistry as a pupil of the distinguished chemist Dr. Hofman, and at the age of seventeen he gained the Ashburton Scholar- ship. After two years' study he became, first junior, then senior assistant to Dr. Hofman until 1854, when he was appointed to superintend the meteorological depart- ment of the Radcliffe Observatory at Ox- ford. In 1855 he became Professor of Chemistry at the Training College, Chester. In 1859 he founded the Chemical News, and is still its proprietor and editor ; and in 1864 he became editor of the Quarterly Journal of Science. Mr. Crookes' earliest original researches were begun whilst at the Royal College of Chemistry, and his first paper, "On the Seleno-Cyanides," was published in the Quarterly journal of the Chemical Society in 1851. Since that date he has been much engaged in original research on questions connected with chemistry and physics. In 1861 Mr. Crookes discovered by means of spectrum observations and chemical reactions, the metal thallium, and he also determined its position among elementary bodies, and produced a series of analytical notes on E 258 CROOKES the new metal. In 1863 Mr. Crookes was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ; in 1865 he discovered the sodium amalgama- tion process for separating gold and silver from their ores. In 1866 he was appointed by the Government to report upon the application of disinfectants in arresting the spread of the cattle plague, which in that year excited much alarm in England. In 1871 he was a member of the English expedition to Oran to report upon the total phase of the solar eclipse which occurred in December of that year. In June 1872 he laid before the Royal Society laborious researches on the atomic weight of thallium, researches that extended over a period of eight years. In 1872 he began his experiments on "Repulsion resulting from Radiation." His first paper on the subject was read before the Royal Society Dec. 11, 1873, and between that time and 1880 Mr. Crookes sent to the Society other communications on colla- teral subjects, which are all published in the Philosophical Transactions. One im- portant result of these investigations is the Radiometer. In 1875 Mr. Crookes received from the Royal Society the award of a Royal Medal for chemical and physical researches. In 1876 he was elected a Vice-President of the Chemical Society, and the next year a Member of the Council of the Royal Society. In 1877 he described the Otheoscope — a greatly modified Radio- meter, susceptible of an almost endless variety of forms. In 1878 he gave before the Royal Society a "Bakerian Lecture," containing another long series of experi- ments and observations on " Repulsion resulting from Radiation." In 1879 the Royal Society published in its Philo- sophical Transactions records of Mr. Crookes' experiments on "Molecular Physics in High Vacua." In the same year appeared a further paper on " Repul- sion resulting from Radiation " ; and he was again appointed Bakerian Lecturer to the Royal Society, his subject being the " Illumination of Lines of Molecular Pressure, and the Trajectory of Molecules." In 1880 the French Acadimie des Sciences bestowed on Mr. Crookes an extraordinary prize of 3000 francs and a Gold Medal, in recognition of his discoveries in Molecular Physics and Radiant Matter. In 1881 Mr. Crookes acted as a Juror at the Inter- national Exhibition of Electricity in Paris. In this official position he was not entitled to a medal, but in the official report his fellow jurors, after discussing the merits of four systems of incandescent lamps, declared, "None of them would have succeeded had it not been for these ex- treme vacua which Mr. Crookes has taught us to obtain." Mr. Crookes is the author of " Select Methods in Chemical Analysis " (2nd edit., revised and extended, 1886) ; of the "Manufacture of Beetroot-Sugar in England" ; of a " Handbook of Dyeing and Calico-Printing" ; and of a manual of ' ' Dyeing and Tissue Printing," 1882, — one of the Technological Handbooks pre- pared for the examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute. He is also joint author of the English adaptation of Kerl's " Treatise on Metallurgy." He has edited the three last editions of Mitchell's "Manual of Practical Assay- ing," and has translated into English and edited Reimann's "Aniline and its Deriva- tives," Wagner's "Chemical Technology," Auerbach's " Anthracen and its Deriva- tives" (2nd edit. 1890), and Ville's "Arti- ficial Manures " (2nd edit. 1882). Mr. Crookes is an authority on the subject of water supply and sanitary questions, especially the disposal of town-sewage, and his views have been laid before the public in two pamphlets, " A Solution of the Sewage Question" and "The Profit- able Disposal of Sewage." Since the year 1881 he has, in conjunction at the present time with Professor Dewar, carried out daily analyses of the waters supplied to the Metropolis, and has published monthly reports on their quality and composition. Since 1883 Mr. Crookes has been almost exclusively engaged with researches on the nature and constitution of the Rare Earths as interpreted by the "Radiant Matter" test, a new method of spectro- scopic examination, the outcome of his earlier discoveries on "Radiant Matter," which seems likely to throw a side-light on the origin and constitution of the elements. On this subject he has com- municated many papers to the Royal and other societies, some of the most important being the following: "Radiant Matter Spectroscopy"; the " Detection and Wide Distribution of Yttrium," the Bakerian Lecture for 1883 ; " On Radiant Matter Spectroscopy, Part II., Samarium" ; "Notes on the Spectra of Erbia, and the Earth Ya " ; " On some New Elements in Gado- linite and Sarmarskite, detected Spectro- scopically"; "On the Crimson Line of Phosphorescent Alumina." In 1882 Mr. Crookes was elected a member of the Athenaeum Club, under Rule 2. In 1886 Mr. Crookes was elected President of the Chemical Section of the British Associa- tion, and at their Birmingham meeting that year he delivered an address in which he propounded some novel speculations on the probable origin of the Chemical Ele- ments, showing that the balance of evidence was in favour of the view that our so-called elements have been formed by a process of evolution from one primordial matter. In 1887 he delivered a Friday evening dis- course before the members of the Royal CROSS — CROUD ACE 259 Institution on the " Genesis of the Ele- ments." In the same year he was elected President of the Chemical Society ; he held office for the usual period of two years, and at the anniversary meetings he delivered two addresses, one on " Elements and Meta-Elements," and the other on " The Spectroscopic History of the so- called Bare Earths." In 1888 Mr. Orookes was awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society for his Radiant Matter researches. In 1897 he received the honour of knight- hood "in recognition of the eminent services he had rendered to the advance of scientific knowledge during Her Ma- jesty's reign." In the same year he was selected for the office of President of the British Association at their meeting at Bristol. Addresses : 7 Kensington Park Gardens, W. ; and Athenaeum. CROSS, Viscount, The Right Hon. Richard Assheton Cross, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., D.L., J.P., Lord Privy Seal, was born at Red Scar, near Preston, May 30, 1823, being the third son of the late William Cross, Esq., by Ellen, daughter of the late Edward Chaffers, Esq. He was educated at Rugby School under Dr. Arnold, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1846. In 1819 he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and for several years he went the Northern Circuit. He was elected M. P. for Preston in the Conservative interest in March 1857, and continued to represent that borough till March 1862. At the general election of December 1868, he was elected Conservative Member for South -West Lancashire. At the general election of 1874, Mr. Cross was returned without opposition. On the formation of Mr. Disraeli's administration, Mr. Cross was appointed Home Secretary, Feb. 21, 1874, on which day he was sworn of the Privy Council. He was elected a Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1876, received the Hon. degree of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford in 1877, and that of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge, Oct. 24, 1878, and LL.D. St. Andrews. He resigned the seals of the Home Department when the Conservatives went out of office in April 1880. At that period he was created a G.C.B., and was again returned for South- West Lancashire. He was appointed Home Secretary in Lord Salisbury's short administration of 1885, and at the general election of the same year was returned for the Newton Division of South-West Lancashire. After the general election of 1886, at which he was again returned for Newton, he was made a Viscount, and became Secretary of State for India in Lord Salisbury's administration. Lord Cross was a Member of the Council on Education, and an Ecclesiastical Commis- sioner for England ; and is a Magistrate for Cheshire and Lancashire, a Deputy- Lieutenant for the latter county, and was formerly Chairman of the Lancashire Quarter Sessions. He became Treasurer of the Inner Temple in 1895, in which year he was appointed Lord Privy Seal. He is the compiler of two legal works : ' ' The Acts relating to the Settlement and Removal of the Poor, with notices of cases, indices, and forms," 1853; and "The General and Quarter Sessions of the Peace : their jurisdiction and practice in other than criminal matters " (written in con- junction with Mr. H. Leeming), 1858, 2nd edit., 1867. In 1852 he married Georgiana, daughter of the late Thomas Lyon, Esq., of Appleton Hall, Wallington. Addresses : 12 Warwick Square, S.W ; Eccle Riggs, Broughton-in-Furness ; and Athenaeum. CROSTHWAIIE, Sir Charles Haukes Todd, K. C. S.I., is the second son of the Rev. John Clarke Crosthwaite, and was born in Ireland on Dec. 5, 1835. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and St. John's College, Oxford. Entering the Bengal Civil Service in 1857, he eventually reached the position of Chief Commissioner of British Burmah in 1883. Two years later he was appointed Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces, in 1887 Chief Commissioner of Burmah, and in 1892 Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Provinces and Oudh. He retired in 1895, and was in the same year appointed a Member of the Council of India. He is the author of " Notes on the North- western Provinces of India," 1870. He was created a K.C.S.I. in 1888. Address : Coombefield, Maiden, Surrey. CROSTHWAITE, Sir Robert Joseph, K.C.S.I., Agent to Governor- General for Rajputana and Chief Commis- sioner of Ajmere, born Jan. 17, 1841, third son of Rev. J. Crosthwaite, Rector of St. Mary-at-Hill, was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he became Pusey and Eller- ton Scholar in 1860. In 1863 he entered the Indian Civil Service, and in 1868 he was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple. He became Judicial Commis- sioner of Burmah and Agent to the Governor-General for Central India. He married, firstly, the daughter of W. W. T. Baldwin in 1868, and in 1877 the daughter of S. H. James of St. Just, Cornwall. Address : The Residency, Mount Abu, Rajputana, India. CROTJDACE, Camilla Mary, Lady- Resident of Queen's College, was born 260 CROWE Jan. 9, 1844, at Marsh House, Homerton, and is the youngest child of Thomas Croudace and his wife Camilla, whose father, Charles Vignoles, had won distinc- tion in great engineering works in various parts of Europe. Amongst these was the suspension bridge at Kieff, and thither Mrs. Croudace went in 1848 to superintend her father's establishment, taking with her the little Camilla and one other of the children. Very soon after their arrival in Eussia, about the month of May, news- papers arrived, much mutilated and purged of revolutionary taint, but containing a paragraph destined to bear much fruit in the little girl's after career : it told of the foundation of Queen's College, Harley Street. Mrs. Croudace's interest was aroused, and she determined to enter her daughter as a pupil in that the first college for the higher education of women, started by F. D. Maurice. An opportunity, how- ever, did not offer itself until eight years later, and in 1856 the present Lady-Resi- dent of Queen's College made her debut as a "new girl." Among the ranks of the Professors at that time were such names of eminence as Dr. Plumptre, Dean of the College; Frederick Denison Maurice, the founder ; C. G. Nicolay, the Librarian of King's College ; R. C. Trench, later Arch- bishop of Dublin ; Dr. John Hullah ; Sir William Sterndale Bennett ; the Rev. T. A. Cook, and many others. At the age of fourteen Camilla Croudace won the Pro- fessor's Scholarship, and on leaving the College in 1861 obtained a first-class certi- ficate in general proficiency, which entitled her to be received as an "Associate " when that honour was instituted ten years later. From 1861 to 1869 Miss Croudace was engaged in teaching, for which she had a passion, but did not enter school work. From 1869 to 1872 she travelled with her mother in Italy, spending long months in different cities studying art and archae- ology. On their return to England in 1872 mother and daughter settled at North End, Hampstead, and remained there nine years, spending fifteen months in Italy during that period ; and in 1880 Miss Croudace, who longed to return to teach- ing, became an assistant mistress in the Kensington High School, wishing to see what modern methods were, and if there were any improvements on the education she had received at Queen's College. She found, however, that though the work was interesting to the teacher, it could be by no means so inspiring to the pupil as the College system. Fortunately, in the fol- lowing year, 1881, she was able to resume her connection with Queen's College, where she was appointed Lady-Resident by the very Professors who had educated her twenty years before. It has been her sad duty to mourn one by one the death of these venerable teachers, while a new genera- tion has arisen. At her appointment the Rev. J. LI. Davis was Principal, and he was succeeded by the Rev. Canon Elwyn from 1886 to 1894, who shortly before his death was followed in office by the Rev. Dr. C. J. Robinson, whose death took place in November 1898. Great exertions were made by Miss Croudace in the spring of 1898 to celebrate the College Jubilee worthily. The buildings had been en- larged and beautified, and the first week in May was given up to entertaining the crowds of old pupils, who came from far and near to commemorate the event, while the crowning honour of the celebration vises a visit from her Majesty the Queen on May 9th. An address was offered by the Council and Committee, and a basket of roses was presented by the Lady-Resi- dent's niece, Kathleen Camilla Croudace. It is the Lady-Resident's aim to keep up among past and present students the feel- ing of devotion to the College and venera- tion for its founders which she has herself experienced, and she has indeed been the means of handing on the torch kindled in the enthusiasm of fifty years ago. Ad- dress : Queen's College, Harley Street, W. CROWE, Eyre, A.R.A., an historical and a genre painter, son of Eyre Evans- Crowe, historian, born in London in Octo- ber 1824, studied painting in the atelier of Paul Delaroche at Paris. He went with that distinguished artist and his other pupils to Rome in 1844. Acting as amanu- ensis to Mr. W. M. Thackeray, he visited the United States in 1852-53, writing in 1893 on that subject, " With Thackeray in America," and in the year 1897, " Haunts and Homes of W. M. Thackeray," in Scribner. He is an occasional inspector of the Science and Art Department. Mr. Eyre Crowe was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in April 1876. Amongst his paintings may be mentioned : " Gold- smith's Mourners," 1863 ; "Friends," 1871; "Blue Coat Subjects," 1872; "French Savants in Egypt," 1875: "The Rehear- sal," 1876; "Sanctuary," "Prayer," and " Bridal Procession at St. Maclou, Rouen," 1877; "School Treat," 1878; "Blue Coat Bovs returning from their Holiday," "Marat: 13 July 1793," "The Blind Beggar," and " The Queen of the May " in 1879; "Queen Eleanor's Tomb" and "Forfeits" in 1880; "Sandwiches" and " Sir Roger de Coverley and the Spectator at Westminster Abbey," 1881; "How Happy could I be with Either ! " and "The Defence of London in 1643," ex- hibited in 1882; "Old Porch, Evesham," in 1884 ; " School at the Aitre, St. Maclou, Rouen," "A Rifle Match at Dunnottar, CROWE — CUDLIP 261 N.B.," 1890; "Peg of Limavaddy," 1893 ; and " The Brigs o£ Ayr," 1894; "Baptism in the Cathedral of Newcastle-on-Tyne," Thomas Carlyle, &c, 1895; "Drawing Lots for the Guelph Succession," 1896 ; " Trial for Bigamy," " The Gipsy's Rest," &c, 1897 ; " James II. at the Battle of La Hogue, May 1692," 1898. Address : 27 Charlotte Street, Portland Place, W. CROWE, Mrs. George, nit Kate Josephine Bateman, was born in Balti- more, Maryland, in October 1842. Both her parents were actors, and she and her sister, two years younger than herself, appeared in public as the "Bateman Children " as early as 1851, at the St. James's Theatre. She afterwards pre- pared herself assiduously for the stage, and in 1859 played successfully in the leading American theatres, her principal characters being those of Evangeline, founded on Longfellow's poem ; Geraldine, in a play written for her by her mother ; Julia, in the "Hunchback"; Pauline, in the "Lady of Lyons"; and Juliet and Lady Macbeth. She arrived in England in the autumn of 1863, and appeared 210 times in the character of the Jewish maiden Leah, in an adaptation of the German play "Deborah," at the Adelphi Theatre. After a provincial tour, she re- appeared at the Adelphi, playing Julia in the "Hunchback," and other characters. She took a farewell of the English public at Her Majesty's Theatre, in the character of Juliet, in "Borneo and Juliet," Dec. 22, 1865, and was married to Mr. George Crowe in October 1866. Mrs. Crowe re- turned to the stage in 1868, retaining her stage name of Kate Bateman. In 1868 she played the part of Mary Warner, in the play of that name written for her by the late Tom Taylor, at the Haymarket Theatre. In 1872, and subsequently, she appeared with great success in London as Medea, in the play of that name. In 1875, on a revival of " Macbeth " at the Lyceum (Mr. Irving as Macbeth), she played the part of Lady Macbeth. She also sustained the title-r61e in Tennyson's "Queen Mary," which was produced at the same house in April 1876. CROZIER, The Right Rev. John Baptist, D.D., Bishop of Ossory, Ferns, and Leighlin, eldest son of the Bev. Baptist Barton Crozier, B.A., of Kockview, Ballyhaise, co. Cavan, was born April 8, 1853. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took honours and prizes in Classics, Hebrew, and Irish, was Junior Moderator in Logic and Ethics, gained a first-class Divinity Testimonium, was Pre- sident of the University Philosophical So- ciety, Auditor of the College Theological Society, and graduated B.A. in 1872, M.A. in 1876, B.D. and D.D. in 1888. He was Curate of Belfast from 1877 to 1880, and in the latter year was appointed to the Vicarage of Holywood, co. Down, which preferment he held until 1897. After acting as domestic and examining chaplain to Dr. Knox from 1885 to 1893, during which time that Prelate was successively Bishop of Down and Archbishop of Ar- magh, he became chaplain to the Bishop of Down in 1892, and chaplain to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1891, both of which offices he held until 1897. He was Hon. Sec. of the Diocesan Synod of Down and Connor from 1892, and Hon. Sec. of the General Synod of the Church of Ireland from 1896 ; and Canon of Down- patrick Cathedral from 1889, and Canon of St. Patrick's National Cathedral from 1896. Dr. Crozier was, in 1897, elected Bishop of Ossory by the House of Bishops, and was consecrated on November 30 of that year. He was married in 1877 to Alice Isabella, daughter of the Rev. John Hackett, M.A. The Bishop's family have been settled in the co. Fermanagh for the past 300 years, having migrated from Lid- desdale and the Debateable Land in the sixteenth century. One of his ancestors was High Sheriff for co. Fermanagh in 1766, and the present head of the family, who lives at Gortra House, co. Fermanagh, was High Sheriff in 1897. Address : The Palace, Kilkenny. CUDLIP, Mrs. Pender, nte Annie Thomas, was born at Aldborough, in Suffolk, where her father, Lieutenant George Thomas, was in charge of the Coast-guard station. She is a voluminous writer. Her first novel, " The Cross of Honour," appeared in 1863, and has been followed by "Sir Victor's Choice," "Denis Donne," 1864; " Theo Leigh," and "Barry O'Byrne," 1865; "Played Out," and "High Stakes," 1866; "Called to Account," 1867; "A Noble Aim," 1868; "Only Herself," "Mrs. Cardigan," "On Guard," "The Dower House," and "False Colours," 1869; "The Dream and the Waking," 1870; "A Passion in Tatters," 1872; "He Cometh Not, she said," 1873; "No Alternative," 1874; "A Narrow Escape," 1875; "Blotted Out," 1876; "A Laggard in Love," 1877; "A London Season," and "Stray Sheep," 1879; "Fashion's Gay Mart," and "Society's Verdict," 1880 ; "Eyre of Blendon," 1881 ; " Allerton Towers," and many other novels, stories, and sketches, of which one of the most recent is "Four Women in the Case," 1896. Miss Annie Thomas was married in 1867 to the Rev. Pender Hodge Cudlip. Address : Sparkwell Vicarage, Plympton, Devon. 262 CUFFE — CUMMINGS CTJFFE, The Hon. Hamilton John Agmondesham. See Desaet, Earl op. CULME-SEYMOTJR, Admiral Sir Michael, Bart., G.C.B., is the son of the Rev. John Culme-Seymour, and grand- son of a distinguished admiral, and was born at Berkhampstead on March 13, 1836. He was educated at Harrow, entering the Navy in February 1850. Sir Michael served in H.M.S. Hastings during the Burmese War, and was awarded the medal with Pegu clasp. He next saw active service in the Baltic, from which sea he brought home a prize. He was present at the bombardment of Sebastopol, and served in the Naval Brigade throughout the winter of 1854, taking part in the capture of Kertch, Kinburn, and Yenikale'. At the finish of the war he received the Crimean medal, with Inkerman and Sebastopol clasps, the Turkish medal, and the Medjidieh of the Fifth Class. In the China War he served as a Lieutenant in H.M.S. Calcutta, but had independent command of a boat at Fatshan Creek and in the operations in the Canton River, and was also present at the capture of the Peiho Forts. For these services he was awarded the China medal with three clasps. Sir Michael was promoted Com- mander in 1859, and Captain in 1865, and from 1874 to 1876 he acted as private sec- retary to the First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1879 he was appointed aide-de-camp to the Queen, and held the office until pro- moted to the rank of Rear- Admiral in 1882. He was successively Commander- in-Chief in the Pacific, the Channel, and the Mediterranean, where he held com- mand for four years, completing his own regulation term of three years and the un- expired time of Sir George Try on, who was drowned in H.M.S. Victoria. In 1894 he received from the Sultan of Turkey the Order of the Medjidieh of the First Class, and also, as a gift, a cigar-case studded with brilliants. On his return to England he was appointed to the Portsmouth Com- mand, and promoted G.C.B. Sir Michael married in 1866 Mary, a daughter of the Hon. Richard Watson, of Rockinghapj Castle, and succeeded to the baronetcy in 1880. Address : Admiralty House, Ports- mouth. CUMMIN GS, William Hayman, F.S. A., Hon. R.A.M., eldest son of Edward Manley Cummings, was born at Sidbury, Devon, on Aug. 22, 1831. He is Principal of the Guildhall School of Music, Presi- dent of the Incorporated Staff Sight-Sing- ing College, Hon. Treasurer of the Royal Society of Musicians, Hon. Treasurer of the Philharmonic Society, Vice-President of the Musical Association, Member of the Council of the National Society of Profes- sional Musicians, and F.S.A. When Mr. Cummings was five his father moved to London, and the boy entered the choir of St. Paul's Cathedral at six-and-a-half years of age. Goss was organist, and the sight-seeing test, which he successfully read off, was from an anthem by Jeremiah Clarke. Afterwards the boy was moved to the Temple Church, where he remained till his voice broke, studying the organ meanwhile under Mr. Hopkins, so that he was able when still in his teens to take an appointment as organist at Waltham Abbey. From there he returned to Lon- don, and the gradual development of a fine tenor voice fixed his musical path. He studied under Hobbs, a tenor singer and composer well known in his day, and according to the custom of the times was articled to him for three years, during which he had to deputise for him, both in teaching and singing. Soon he was ap- pointed as tenor singer in the choirs of the Temple, Westminster Abbey, and the Chapels Royal. It was, however, impos- sible that he should rest satisfied with laurels of this kind. The routine was too quiet, and the public soon found out the purity and ease of his voice, the refine- ment of his phrasing, and the delicacy of his pronunciation. Mr. Cummings stepped into the front rank of our native singers, and for a long period was in con- stant demand at oratorios and concerts. As a boy Mr. Cummings sang in the first performance in London of " Elijah." The alto part was too high for the men, and women altos at that time were few. So some of the Temple boys, who were good readers, were put on to the chorus alto part. When the performance was over, Mendelssohn in passing the boy patted him on the head and said, " What is your name?" took the programme from the little hand, and wrote his own name upon it in pencil as a memento. This power of singing at sight often stood Mr. Cummings in good stead. Once at the Birmingham Festival Mario was unexpectedly absent, and, at half-an-hour's notice, Mr. Cum- mings sang the tenor part in Sullivan's cantata, " Kenilworth," which Mario should have taken. Twice he fulfilled engagements in America, where he was enthusiastically received. Sir Sterndale Bennett composed for him the air " His salvation is nigh them that fear Him," in " The Woman of Samaria " ; and Mr. Cummings possesses the autograph, which shows how readily the composer con- sented to some " cuts " which the singer suggested. Mr. Cummings has also done much useful work as a lecturer on musical subjects, and is rich in a knowledge of CUNNINGHAM 263 antiquarian music. He has composed a good deal of music, a large number of songs, a cantata ("The Fairy Ring"), and some glees. His first glee prize was won as long ago as 1847. Mr. Cummings' primer, " The Rudiments of Music," in Novello's series, is well known. The eighty- first thousand has recently been issued ; also a Spanish edition, for Spain and South America. Mr. Cummings has also pub- lished a " Biographical Dictionary of Musi- cians," and a biography of Purcell ; and has contributed articles to Sir George Grove's " Dictionary of Music and Musi- cians," and to the " Dictionary of National Biography." As a teacher of singing Mr. Cummings has had great experience, for from 1879 to 1896 he was one of the pro- fessors of singing at the Royal Academy of Music, of which he is now an Hon. Member, and he still serves on the Com- mittee of Management. In 1882 he be- came Chorus Master of the now defunct Sacred Harmonic Society, and subse- quently Conductor, in succession to Halls'. Among his other important appointments may be mentioned the Precentorship of St. Anne's, Soho, which he held from 1886 to 1888. In June 1896 Mr. Cummings was elected Principal of the Guildhall School of Music, in succession to the late Sir Joseph Barnby, and since his accession to office he has planned many new schemes, which greatly increase the value of the school curriculum. Address : Sydcote, West Dulwich, S.E. CUNNINGHAM, Professor Daniel John, M.D. (Gold Medal) Edinburgh, M.D. (Hon.) Dublin, D.Sc. (Hon.) Dublin, LL.D. (Hon.) St. Andrews, D.C.L. (Hon.) Oxon., F.R.S., was born at Crieff, Perth- shire, in 1850. He is the son of the late Rev. Principal Cunningham, D.D., of St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, and Susan Porteous Murray, of Crieff. He was edu- cated at Morison's Academy, Crieff, and at the University of Edinburgh. He has been Professor of Anatomy in the Uni- versity of Dublin since 1883 ; he is Vice- President of the Royal Dublin Society, and Hon. Secretary of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland. He is the author of the "Dissector's Guide," Parts I. to III. ; "Report on Marsupialia" in Challenger Reports, and of numerous memoirs on morphological subjects. Address : Trinity College, Dublin. CUNNINGHAM, William, D.Sc. and Hon. LL.D. (Edin.), D.D., Hon. Fellow Caius College (Cambridge), is the son of James Cunningham, W.S., and was born in Edinburgh, Dec. 29, 1849. He was edu- cated at the Edinburgh Academy and Edinburgh University, entered Caius Col- lege, Cambridge, in 1869, and migrated to Trinity College on his election to a scholar- ship in 1873. His literary activity com- menced immediately after his degree (bracketed Senior in the Moral Sciences Tripos), and he published several academic exercises: "Influence of Descartes on Metaphysical Speculation in England " (D.Sc. Degree Thesis), "Epistle of St. Barnabas " (Hulsean Prize, 1873), "Churches of Asia" (Kaye Prize, 1879), "Christian Civilisation" (Maitland, 1879), "Christian Opinion on Usury" (B.D. Thesis, 1884). He began to lecture on Economics in 1874 as one of the pioneers of the University Extension movement in Leeds, Bradford, Liverpool, Bolton, Wigan, and other towns. Since his return to Cambridge in 1878 he has been lecturing on English Economic History, and has carried on the work to which Professor Thorold Rogers devoted himself, though on rather different lines, as he has set him- self to interpret the economic facts of each period in the light of the ideas cur- rent at that time. He has made important researches both in the economic inter- pretation of history and in the history of economic doctrine. The results of his work are mostly embodied in his "Growth of English Industry and Commerce " (Vol. I. in the Middle Ages, 2nd edit. 1896; Vol. II. in Modern Times, 2nd edit. 1892) ; but he has also been successful in inducing his pupils to undertake special researches ; the late Miss E. Lamond's " Walter of Henley " (1890) and "Dis- course of the Common Weal" (1893) would not have appeared but for the encourage- ment he gave, and several of his pupils have contributed to his "Alien Immi- grants to England," 1897. He has acted as examiner in Philosophy both in Edinburgh and Cambridge, was deputy for the Professor of Moral Philosophy in Cambridge in 1881, and University Lecturer in History in 1884, a post which he resigned on being elected to a Trinity Fellowship in 1891. He was also President of Section F, British Association, at Car- diff, and Professor of Economics at King's College, London, 1891-97. During his tenure of that office he engaged in a vigorous crusade in favour of a more realistic treatment of Economic Science, and inveighed especially against attempts to formulate " economic laws " as unneces- sary, inconvenient, and misleading (articles in Economic Journal, ii., and Economic Re- view, ii. and iv.). He has also exemplified the realistic mode of treatment in ' 'Modern Civilisation," 1896; "Outlines of English Industrial History," with Miss M Arthur (2nd edit. 1898); and "Essay on Western Civilisation in Ancient Times," 1898; as well as in his "Politics and Economics," 264 CUENOW — CTJEEIE 1885 ; and " Use and Abuse of Money," 1891. Since his ordination in 1873 he has been regularly engaged in clerical as well as academic work ; he has been Vicar of Great St. Mary's, Cambridge, since 1887 ; Proctor for the Diocese of Ely since 1892 ; he is Rural Dean of Cambridge, and Hon. Canon of Ely. He has published his Hul- sean Lectures on St. Austin, 1886, as well as various sermons and addresses on ques- tions of the day — "Path towards Know- ledge," 1891; "True Womanhood," 1896. He was married in 1876 to Adile Rebecca, daughter of Andrew A. Dunlop, Esq. Ad- dress : Trinity College, Cambridge. CUBNOW, Professor John, M.D., was born on Jan. 26, 1846, at Towednack, near Penzance, Cornwall. He is the son of Andrew and Esther Curnow, nie Grylls, and was educated at Penzance and pri- vately. He entered King's College, Lon- don, as a medical student on Oct. 1, 1864, and gained the second Warneford Entrance Scholarship. In 1865 he obtained a Junior Medical Scholarship, and matriculated with honours at the University of London. In 1868, having passed as M.R.C.S. and L.S.A., he was appointed Assistant House Phy- sician to King's College Hospital, and in 1869 House Physician. In 1868 he passed the Intermediate M.B. Examination at the University of London, taking the Exhibi- tions and Gold Medals in Anatomy and in Chemistry and Materia Medica, and in 1870 he took his degree of M.B., being University Scholar and gold medallist in Medicine and in Obstetric Medicine. In 1871 he obtained the full degree of M.D. London, being placed first and awarded the Gold Medal. He became a Member of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1873, and a Fellow in 1878, and was ap- pointed to give the Gulstonian Lectures to the College in the next year, taking as his subject " The Lymphatic System and its Diseases." In 1869 he was elected an Associate, and in 1872 a Fellow of King's College, London. After studying at Dublin and abroad, he was asked in 1870 to under- take the duties of Demonstrator of Anatomy under the late Professor Partridge, and in 1873 succeeded his old teacher in the chair, and resigned it in 1897, thus teaching anatomy actively for twenty-seven years. During this period he wrote many papers and showed many specimens of abnormal anatomy, especially as affecting nerves and muscles. For thirteen years (1883-96) he also undertook the duties of Dean of the Medical Faculty of King's College. On entering on the duties of the office he was presented with an illuminated address of congratulation by the students, and on his retirement a complete breakfast service of plate was given to him by past and present pupils as a token of their apprecia- tion of his services. In 1874 he was ap- pointed Assistant Physician to King's College Hospital, in 1882 Physician with care of out-patients, and in 1890 full Physician. In 1896 he succeeded the late Sir George Johnson as Professor of Clinical Medicine. In 1880 he was ap- pointed Physician to the Seamen's Hos- pital (late Dreadnought), and is now the Senior Visiting Physician. He has been Examiner in Anatomy at the University of London (twice), of Durham, and the Victoria University. He has also contributed several papers and articles on medical subjects to the medical journals, and has taken much interest in the different phases of modern medical education. He is now writing historical sketches of King's College and King's College Hospital in the King's College Hospital reports. Addresses : 9 Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, Lon- don ; and Penzance, Cornwall. CTJUBIE, Sir Donald, G.C.M.G., D.L., J.P., M.P., is the son of the late Mr. James Currie, and was born in 1825. He is at the head of the firm of Donald Currie and Co., owners of the Castle Line of steam- ships between London and South Africa. Sir Donald takes an active interest in all questions connected with South Africa, and he has rendered great services to the country and to the Government. For his services in the settlement of the Diamond Fields dispute and the Orange Free State boundary he was made a C.M.G. in 1877, in 1881 a K.C.M.G. for further assistance during the Zulu War, and especially in connection with the relief of Ekowe, and a G.C.M.G. in 1897. He entered Parliament in 1880 as Liberal Member for Perthshire, and in 1885, and again in 1886, 1892, and 1895, was returned for the new division of West Perthshire. At the last three general elections he stood as a Liberal Unionist. Sir Donald Currie, it will be remembered, has on several occasions taken the late Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone long trips in his ocean steamers when he was in need of a voyage to restore him to health. He married Margaret, daughter of J. Miller, in 1851. Addresses : 4 Hyde Park Place, London, W. ; and Garth, Aberfeldy, Perth- shire. CTJKRIE, Sir Edmund Hay, second son of Leonard Currie of Bromley and Tunbridge Wells, and Caroline Christina, daughter of General Sir James Hay, was born in 1834, and educated at Harrow. He is the grandson of the late Sir James Hay, K.C.B., and has for many years been associated with various philanthropic movements for promoting the education and improving the social condition of the CURRIE — CURZON 265 poor in the east end of London. He took an active part in promoting the success of the People's Palace, and was chairman of the trustees of that institution. Sir Ed- mund was formerly a Member and Vice- Chairman of the School Board for London and Chairman of the Metropolitan Asylums Board and of the London Hospital. He is Chairman of the People's Palace. He was knighted in 1876. He married in 1877 Harriet Anne, daughter of the late Rev. Edward Golding, Vicar of Brimpton and Maiden-Erlegh, Berkshire. Address: Sea- field Park, Crofton, Hants. CURRIE, Lady (Violet Pane) (nte Mary Montgomerie Lamb), is the eldest daughter of the late Charles J. S. Montgomerie Lamb, only son of Sir Charles Montolieu Lamb, Bart., and Mary Mont- gomerie, daughter and heiress of the 11th Earl of Eglinton. As "Violet Fane" she has won a high reputation as a poetess, and has published "From Dawn to Noon," 1872; "Denzil Place," 1875; "The Queen of the Fairies," 1877; "The Edwin and Angelina Papers," 1878; "Collected Verses," 1880 ; "Sophy; or The Adventures of a Savage," 1881 ; "Through Love and War," 1886; "Autumn Songs " and "The Story of Helen Davenant," 1889; "Me- moirs of Marguerite de Valois," 1892; " Under Cross and Crescent," 1896. She was married (1) in 1864 to Henry Syden- ham Singleton, who died in 1893, and (2) in 1894 to Sir Philip Wodehouse Currie, then Ambassador at Constantinople, with whom she shared the honours of the leave- taking accorded him on quitting Turkey recently. Address ; British Embassy, Rome. CTTRRIE, Lord, The Right Hon. Sir Philip Henry Wodehouse, G.C.B., fourth son of the late Raikes Currie, Esq., M.P., and the Hon. Laura Sophia Wode- house, was born in 1834, and educated at Eton. He entered the Foreign Office in 1854, and became senior clerk in 1874. In 1876 he accompanied the Marquis of Salisbury as Secretary on his Special Em- bassy to Constantinople, and in 1878 was appointed (jointly with Mr. Montagu Corry, now Lord Rowton) secretary to the Special Embassy during the Congress at Berlin, and was made a C.B. He was in charge of the correspondence respecting the affairs of Cyprus from August 1878 to April 1880, and in 1882 was appointed Assistant Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He was Joint Protocolist to the Conference in London on Egyptian Fin- ance from June 28 to Aug. 2, 1884, and was made a K.C.B. Dec. 1, 1885. He was appointed Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs April 2, 1889. In the same year he was one of the British Delegates to examine the question of boundary between the Netherlands posses- sions in Borneo and those under British protection. He was made a G.C.B. in 1892. In 1894 he was appointed Ambassador at Constantinople in succession to the Right Hon. Sir Clare Ford, and has been the object of many flattering attentions from the Sultan. His position in Constantinople during the Armenian troubles was one of the most difficult in which a British am- bassador can be placed. Appointed to be Her Majesty's Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Italy, Sir Philip Currie, together with Lady Currie, left Constantinople at the end of May 1898, the occasion marking their great popularity in Constantinople. Many British residents and the heads of all the ambassadorial staffs were present at the farewell, and the Sultan, the Grand Vizier, and Tewfik Pasha sent their representatives. Sir Philip Currie arrived in Rome, in order to take up his new duties, in June. He was raised to the peerage at New Year 1899. He married Lady Currie (q.v.) in 1894. English address : Hawley, Black- water, Hants. CURZON, Lord The Right Hon. George Nathaniel, Viceroy of India, eldest son of the Rev. Alfred, 4th Lord Scarsdale, by Blanche, second daughter of the late Mr. Joseph Pooklington-Senhouse of Netherhall, Cumberland, was born at Kedleston Hall, the family seat in Derby- shire, on Jan. 11, 1859. In 1872 he went to Eton and began his successful career by carrying off innumerable prizes. Some eight years later he entered Balliol College, Oxford, where he again took a large share of honours. In 1883 he won the Lothian Prize for an essay on "Justinian," and soon after was elected to a Fellowship at All Souls. He was awarded in 1884 the Arnold Historical Prize for an essay on "Sir Thomas More," and he graduated B.A. in the same year and M.A. in 1886. Mr. Curzon soon showed great power of debate, and was the most con- spicuous orator of modern times in the Oxford Union, of which he afterwards became President. In 1885, when he acted as assistant private secretary to the Mar- quis of Salisbury, Mr. Curzon unsuccess- fully contested South Derbyshire in the Conservative interest ; but in the following year he succeeded in capturing the South- port division of Lancashire from the Glad- stonian Liberals by a majority of nearly 500 votes. His popularity in the con- stituency has steadily increased since 1886, and his majorities have grown at every suc- ceeding election. Before leaving college Mr. Curzon, who is a born traveller, decided 266 OUST to study Asiatic countries at first hand. His determination was the result of a voyage round the world which he made after leaving Eton. In 1888 he undertook a journey along the newly-constructed Transcaspian Railway and other parts of Central Asia within the dominions of the Czar, and during the course of the next year he published his work on " Russia in Central Asia." In 1889 he explored Persia, and acted as correspondent for the Times, to which paper he contributed a number of articles on the subject of Persia. He became acquainted with the Shah, and spent six months in his country. He embodied his experiences in a large work of two volumes, entitled "Persia and the Persian Question." Mr. Curzon believes that the British Empire is the greatest instrument for good the world has ever seen, and holds that its work in the Far East is not yet accomplished. His book on the Far East, therefore, which was the outcome of his journeys in China, Japan, and Corea during 1887-88 and 1892-93 was read with the greatest interest, and, com- ing as it did at a critical time, it was found to be of the highest value. Mr. Curzon's last journey was to the Pamirs, and he "believes he knows better than any one can tell him what Russia intends in those high regions." The chief outcome of that trip was that Mr. Curzon became a staunch supporter of the " Forward Policy " on the north-west frontier of India, and he has recently ratified his allegiance to the for- ward doctrine. While in Afghanistan he became intimate with the Ameer, and a friendly correspondence has been kept up between them eversince. His appointment, therefore, to the Viceroyalty of India is ex- ceedingly opportune, and gave great satis- faction to the Ameer. The value of his contributions to geographical knowledge was recognised in 1895 by the Royal Geo- graphical Society, which awarded to him its gold medal. Mr. Curzon's Parlia- mentary career has been remarkably suc- cessful. He early caught the ear of the House, and towards the close of the last Conservative Government he became Under-Secretary for India. When Lord Salisbury formed his present administra- tion Mr. Curzon was made Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and it has been his good fortune to fill that post, and to repre- sent British Foreign Policy in the House of Commons at a time when foreign affairs have held the first place in public interest. His reputation for being able to combine hard work with extreme readiness of speech, and sometimes even with elo- quence, has grown steadily, though in his more recent speeches and replies on the Chinese question he has laid himself open to very serious criticism. In August 1898 it was announced that the Queen had been pleased to approve of the appointment of Mr. Curzon to be Viceroy and Governor- General of India in succession to the Earl of Elgin. It was felt that the appoint- ment was something of an experiment, but it was generally conceded at home and in India that Mr. Curzon was eminently fitted for the post. Some surprise was expressed that he should give up a brilliant parliamentary career to go to India; but Asia has always possessed a great fascina- tion for him ; and to obtain at the age of thirty-nine years what is truly called the most splendid position under the Crown, falls to the lot of very few. For the British Empire in the Far East Mr. Curzon has the greatest hope. He says, "This splendid future is no idle dream of fancy, but is capable of realisation at no indefinite period. Moral failure alone can shatter the prospect that awaits this country in the impending task of regeneration." On Sept. 24, 1898, it was announced that the Queen had been pleased to confer the dignity of a peerage upon the Right Hon. George N. Curzon, Viceroy designate of India, by the name, style, and title of Baron Curzon of Kedleston, in the Peer- age of Ireland. By this creation Lord Curzon is not deprived of his eligibility to the House of Commons in case he ceases to be Viceroy and returns to England before becoming Lord Scarsdale. Lord Curzon, who is a J.P. and D.L. for Derby- shire, married in 1895 Mary, the daughter of Mr. L. T. Leiter of Washington, U.S.A. Lady Curzon is said to have brought her husband great wealth. A daughter was born to them in 1896. In February 1899 Lady Curzon received the decoration of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India. English addresses : The Priory, Reigate ; 4 Carlton Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenfeum. OUST, Henry John Cockayne, is the son of Major H. F. Cockayne Cust, of Cockayne Hatley, and was born on Oct. 10, 1861. He was educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, and sat in the House of Commons as Member for Stamford from 1890 to 1895. Mr. Cust was until lately the editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. He was married in 1893 to Emmeline, only daughter of Sir William Welby - Gregory, Bart., and he is the heir to the earldom of Brownlow. Ad- dress : Cockayne Hatley, Sandy, Bedford- shire. CUST, Robert Needham, LL.D. Edinburgh, J.P., son of the Hon. and Rev. Henry Cockayne Cust and Lady Anna Maria Needham, daughter of the Earl of Kilmorey, was born Feb. 24, 1821, at Cock- DAGONET — DALBY 267 ayne Hatley, Bedfordshire, and educated at Eton. He entered her Majesty's Indian Civil Service and took honours in four Oriental languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta. He held the highest judicial and revenue posts in Northern India, and served many years with Lord Lawrence in the Punjab, being present at the battles of Mudki, Ferozeshah, and Sobraon, and at the taking of Lahore, 1845-46. He took part in the Punjab War, 1848-49, and in the pacification of the country after the Mutinies in 1858. He was a member of the Legislative Council of the Viceroy, 1864-65, and is Barrister-at-Law, J.P. for the counties of London and Middlesex, Honorary Secre- tary of the Royal Asiatic Society, and has been Member of the Council of the Royal Geographical Society. He is also Honorary Lay Secretary of the Board of Missions of the Church of England. He has pub- lished "Modern Languages of East Indies," 1878; "Modern Languages of Africa," 1882; "Modern Languages of Oceania," 1887; "Modern Languages of the Cau- casian Group," 1887; "Linguistic and Oriental Essays" (Series I.-V.), 1880- 1898 ; " Sketches of Anglo-Indian Life " ; " The Shrines of Lourdes, Zaragossa, and Loretto," 1892; "Essays on Bible Diffu- sion," 1892; "Notes on Missionary Sub- jects " ; " Poems of Many Years and Places" (Series I. 1887, Series II. 1897); "Bible Translation," 1890 ; "Africa Redi- viva, or Missionary Occupation of Africa," 1891; "Methods of Evangelisation of the Word," 1894; "Common Features which appear in all the Religions of the World," 1895; "Clouds on the Horizon, or the Various Forms of Religious Errors," 1890; "Gospel-Message," 1896 ; "Five Essays on Religious Conceptions," 1898 ; and is a constant contributor to oriental, literary, and religious publications, and an earnest supporter of all Protestant Missionary Societies. He was called upon to read a paper on " The Progress of African Philo- logy," at the Chicago Congress, 1893, which has been published. Dr. Cust is a Member of Committees of the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and the Church Mis- sionary Society, a Member of the German and French Oriental Societies, Hon. Secre- tary of the Royal Asiatic Society, and Honorary Member of the Geographical Society of Holland and the American Board of Foreign Missions, Boston, United States. He married (1), in 1855, Maria, daughter of the Hon. and Rev. Louis Hobart, Dean of Windsor, brother of the Earl of Buckinghamshire, and (2), in 1868, Elizabeth, daughter of J. Ma- thews. Address : 63 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. D DAGONET. ROBEBT. See Sims, George DAHN, Professor Geheimrath Julius Sophus Felix, German histo- rian, a writer on German law, a novelist, and poet, son of the celebrated actors Friedrich and Constance Dahn of Munich, was born at Hamburg, Feb. 9, 1834, and educated at the Gymnasium and University of Munich. In 1862 he was appointed Professor of Jurisprudence at Wiirzburg, and in 1872 proceeded to Konigsberg, where he still resides. He distinguished himself as a volunteer in the war of 1870-71. Amongst his historical works the chief are: "The Germanic Kings" (Die Konige der Germanen), 6 vols., 1861-72 ; "Procopius of Caesarea," 1865 ; "West Gothic Studies," 1874; "Lombard Studies," 1876 ; "Reasons in Law," 1879 ; " The Early History of the Germanic and Romance Peoples, I.-1V, 1881-90 ; "Ger- man History," I. 1883, II. 1889. As a poet, Professor Dahn has written a num- ber of ballads which take high rank : "Twelve Ballads," 1875; "Ballads and Songs," 1878, and others. As a novelist he ranks still higher. " Ein Kampf um Rom," which appeared in 1876, made a great impression throughout Germany ; it was followed in 1878 by " Kampf ende Herzen," and " Odhins Trost," which reached a 6th edit, in 1883. He has written also : " Kleine Romane aus der Vblkerwanderung," I.-VIL, 6 editions ; "Bis zum Tode getreu," 6th edit., 1887; "Weltuntergang," 6th edit., 1889, and several novels on subjects from Northern and Scandinavian history. In 1888 he accepted a vocation to the University of Breslau. In 1890-93 he published his " Erinnerungen." DAI.BY, Sir William Bartlett, M.B., F.R.C.S., is the son of the late Charles Allsopp Dalby, and was born at Ashby-de-la-Zouche, Dec. 10, 1840. He was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1863, subsequently taking the degree of M.B. in 1866. He studied medicine at St. George's Hospital, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1867. He was for several years Aural Surgeon, and Lecturer on Aural Surgery, at St. George's Hospital, and is now Consulting Aural Surgeon to that in- stitution. He was President of the Medical Society from 1894 to 1895 ; and is the author of ' ' Lectures on Diseases and In- 268 D ALLINGEE — D ALE YMPLE juries of the Ear;" "The Education of Deaf and Dumb by means of Lip-reading and Articulation," 1872; "Educational treatment of Incurably Deaf Children ; " the article "Diseases and Injuries of the Ear," in Holmes's " System of Surgery " ; the article "Diseases of the Ear," in Quain's " Dictionary of Medicine " ; and of numerous articles in connection with Aural Surgery, which have appeared in the various medical journals and periodicals. He was knighted in 1886; and was married in 1873 to Hyacinthe, daughter of the late Major Edward Wellesley, of the 73rd Regiment. Addresses : 18 Savile Row, W. ; and the Athenaeum. DALLINGER, the Rev. William Henry, LL.D., D.Sc, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., son of Joseph S. Dallinger, artist, etcher, and line engraver, was born at Devonport on July 5, 1841, and educated privately. He entered the Wesleyan ministry in 1861, and was appointed suc- cessively to Faversham, Cardiff, Bristol, and Liverpool, remaining in the last place twelve years. From there he was appointed Principal of Wesley College, Sheffield, which he resigned, in 1888, in order to devote himself wholly to the pur- suit of minute biological research. For that purpose he has constructed a micro- scopical laboratory near London, where the work he is engaged in is still progressing. Fond of nature and science, from early school-days he made himself master of the use of the best and most powerful micro- scopical lenses, and being duly interested in the discussion then rife amongst biolo- gists as to the origin of life, he, without leaning either to biogenesis or abiogenesis, gave himself to the working out, by micro- scopical research, of the life-histories of the minute forms of life the mode of whose origin was in dispute. The best lenses and appliances obtainable were employed ; but under the influence of this work the defects and deficiencies of lenses of enor- mous power were disclosed, and all the years since have been employed by opti- cians and mathematicians in bringing them nearer perfection. The result has been that the life-histories of these minutest orga- nisms have been worked out successfully by Dr. Dallinger ; and it has been shown that, so far from their having origin in not-living matter, they actually arise in spores or germs, fertilised by a genetic process like all the higher and more com- plex forms above them. Dr. Dallinger's latest work (1885-96) has been, by the aid of still more nearly perfect lenses, to demonstrate that the cell-nucleus in these minute organisms (and probably in all simple cells) undergoes profound changes prior to the several changes of the body, and he is endeavouring by a study of the changes undergone by the nuclei of the majority of the unicellular animals to approximate an interpretation of what is involved in cellular multiplication. Dr. Dallinger's earliest work was rewarded by an unsought grant of £100 from the Royal Society for further research. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1888 ; gave a series of discourses on his researches at the Royal Institution, Lon- don, and was appointed Rede Lecturer to the University of Cambridge. He also discoursed on his researches before the University of Oxford. He was appointed President of the Royal Microscopical So- ciety in 1883 ; and, at the request of the committee of the British Association, went to Montreal to give the principal results of his work to the British Association assembled there in 1884, receiving on that occasion the honorary degree of LL.D. from the Victoria University ; and in 1892, at the celebration of the ter-centenary of Trinity College, Dublin, he received, honoris causd, the Doctor of Science degree of that University. The University of Dur- ham in like manner conferred on him the degree of D.C.L. in 1896. The work done is recorded in the Proceedings of the Royal and the Royal Microscopical Societies, and has been, in connection with other more general biological work, communicated to several of the leading journals. He has also been for many years, and still is, a lecturer on the Gilchrist educational staff. As a minister he has ever sought to incul- cate the wisdom of a fearless acceptance of scientific truth, and has endeavoured to show that this may comport with a firm hold on the fundamental truths of Chris- tianity. He married Emma J., daughter of David Goldsmith, of Bury St. Edmunds. Permanent address : Ingleside, Newstead Road, Lee, Kent. DALMACOND, See Macdonald, George. DALRTMPLE, Sir Charles, M.A., M.P., J.P., is the second son of Sir Charles Dalrymple-Fergusson, Bart., and was bora at Kilkerran, Ayrshire, on Oct. 15, 1839. He was educated at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1865. Called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in the same year, he was in 1868 elected to represent Bute in the House of Commons, and he continued to hold that seat until 1885. In the latter year he opposed Mr. Gladstone in his can- didature for Midlothian, and in 1886 he was elected Conservative member for Ipswich, a seat which he has since continuously held. He was a Junior Lord of the Trea- sury from 1885 to 1886, and has served DALTON — DANA 269 on several important Commissions, viz. : The Cathedral Establishments Commis- sion, 1879-1885 ; the Reformatories and Industrial Schools Commission, 1882-1883 ; the Vaccination Commission, 1890-1896 ; the Scottish Universities Commission, 1889-1896. Sir Charles Dalrymple acted as Grand Master Mason of Scotland from 1893 to 1896, is a Director of the Bank of Scotland, and was created a Baronet in 1887. He is a Justice of the Peace for Haddingtonshire, Midlothian, and Ayr- shire ; and he was married to Alice Mary, second daughter of Sir Edward Hunter- Blair, Bart, (she died in 1884). Addresses : Newhailes, Musselburgh, N.B. ; 20 Onslow Gardens, S.W. ; and the Athenaeum. DALTON, Rev. Herbert Andrew, M.A., is the son of the late Rev. Charles Browne Dalton, Vicar of Highgate and Pre- bendary of St. Paul's, and of Mary Frances, daughter of Dr. Blomfield, Bishop of Lon- don, and was born in London on May 18, 1852. He was educated at Highgate School, and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, being elected Scholar of his College in 1871, and gaining a first-class both in Classical Moderations and in the Final School of Litt. Hum. in 1875. He was a Senior Student of Christ Church from 1875 to 1878, and in 1877 was appointed Head- Master of St. Edward's School, Oxford. In 1884 he became an Assistant-Master at Winchester College, and was in 1890 appointed Head-Master of Felsted School. Mr. Dalton has edited " Select Epodes, and the Ars Poetica of Horace," 1884 ; and is the author of "Helps to Self- Examination for Boys in Public Schools," 1892. He was married in 1879 to Mabel, daughter of Captain Charles Simeon. Address : Schoolhouse, Felsted, Essex. DALY, Louis F. Frederic. See Austin, DANA, Marvin, M.A., LL.B., Ph.D., F.R.G.S., &c, editor of Judy, was born in Cornwall, Vermont, U.S.A., March 2, 1867, and is the son of Edward Summers Dana and Mary Howe Squier Dana, his wife, of "The Poplars," Newhaven, Vermont, being also lineal descendant of the Count de Dunois, 1400. His earlier education was gained at Middlebury College, Vermont (B.A., 1886 ; M.A., 1889). He also studied at the Sauveur College of Languages, and received the diploma of that institution. He attended lectures in the law depart- ment of Union University, Albany, New York, and gained the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1886. He then travelled for a time, after which, in 1890, he entered the General Seminary, New York, where, after three years of study, he was hon- oured with the Litterati's degree. At the same time, he matriculated in the post graduate department of the University of New York, where he won distinction for his work in philosophy. Already his writings were beginning to attract atten- tion. Indeed, as early as 1889, when he was only twenty-two years of age, a volume of his verses was published, under the title, "Mater Christi, and Other Poems," and was successful. His interest in economical subjects caused him to be elected Councillor of the American Insti- tute of Civics in 1892. Two years later he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. He had been unanimously chosen class-poet by his fellow-students, both in the University and in the Seminary. He was now, in 1894, elected by the Alumni of Middlebury College to deliver the annual Alumni Poem. In this year he married Gertrude, daughter of the late J. Mortimer Hill, of "The Arbors," Pasadena, California, U.S.A. Mr. Dana's literary labours have been remarkably varied. In addition to the many poems he has contributed to the leading periodicals, English and American, he has written a large number of short stories, while his first novel is about to be published simultaneously in London and New York. Moreover, he is the author of many essays on scientific, philosophical, and historical subjects. Among these "The Sepulture of the Living," which appeared in the Arena Magazine (Bos- ton), for May 1897, perhaps attracted most attention at home and abroad. A "History of the Mormons," and "Wars of the Century," are among his other works. In 1897, he wrote a review of the last decade in the world's history, to form the final volume in a new edition of Dr. Rid- path's "History of Events." At present he is accumulating material for another historical volume, and he has nearly com- pleted his notes for a general history of the literature of the world. In October, 1897, Mr. Dana came to London, where he became editor of Judy. Despite the demands made upon him by his editorial duties, he finds time to do other work in the world of letters. A recent example of this is to be found in the six sonnets contri- buted by him to the Pall Mall Magazine for January 1899. Mr. Dana is a skilled musician, his favourite instrument being the violin, and a good linguist, knowing at least a dozen languages. Mr. Dana, when in town, takes his chief exercise in fencing, of which he is very fond, and in which he is an adept. In the country he is an enthusiastic lover of all sports, and is par- ticularly devoted to hunting and mountain- climbing. Mr. Dana is a member of the Society of the Sons of the American 270 DANCKWEETS — DAKTMOUTH Revolution, and he is a charter member of the Order of Founders and Patriots. His address is 1 Army and Navy Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. DANCKWEBTS, William Otho Adolph Julius, is the son of Adolph Victor Danckwerts, of Somerset East, Cape of Good Hope, and was born in 1853. He was educated at Peterhouse College, Cambridge, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in July 1878. He is a Special Pleader on the South-Eastern Circuit ; and is Counsel to H.M. Commis- sioners of Works and Public Buildings, and also junior Standing Counsel to the Commissioners of the Inland Revenue. Address : 7 New Court, Carey Street, W.C. D'ANNTJNZIO, Gabriele, Italian novelist, was born in 1864 on board the ship Irene in the Adriatic Sea. He was educated in the College at Prato, and in 1880, having been impressed by reading Carducci's " Odi Barbare," he wrote his first book of poems, entitled " Primo Vere." He then proceeded to the University at Rome, and published in 1882 a volume of prose, " Terra Vergine," and a volume of verse, "Canto Novo," and another, "Inter- mezzo di Rime," in the next year. Finding that the attractions of the capital inter- fered with his work, he retired to his native province of Chieti ; and thence in 1884 he published a volume of short stories, "II Libro delle Vergini," and another in 1886, "San Pantaleone," both of which are filled with pictures of brutality and violence. He also issued the following volumes of poetry : " Isotheo," "Chimera," " Elegie Romane" and " Poema Paradi- siaco," but he holds that prose is the best medium to express the complexities of the modern soul. He is best known in Eng- land by his " Trionfo della Morte," a novel of great power, but distinctly decadent tendency ; it was published in January 1896, and has been translated into many European languages, notably into English in 1898. In 1897 he wrote "The Dream of a Spring Morning" for Signora Duse, a play that was forbidden by the Lord Chamberlain when Madame Bernhardt pro- posed to play it in London in June 1898. He proposes to write three more of the same series. The second was written in 1898, "The Dream of a Summer After- noon." He is now said to be writing a drama on the subject of St. Francis, to be called "Fratre Sole," and a novel "The Fire." He is proposing to build a theatre at Florence in which Signora Duse can act his plays. He has recently been elected a Deputy for his native village to the Italian Parliament. Address : Villa Cappucina, Florence. DARLING, Charles John, Justice of the High Court, is the eldest son of the late Charles Darling, of Langham Hall, Essex, and was born in 1849. Educated by private tutors, he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1874, went the Oxford Circuit, was made Q.C. in 1885, and was elected a bencher of his Inn, 1892. He was appointed a Commissioner of Assize for the Oxford Circuit in 1896. In 1885 and 1886 he stood for South Hackney, but was on both occasions beaten by the present Lord Chief - Justice. In February 1888 he was returned for Dept- ford at a bye-election, and sat as a Con- servative till his elevation to the Bench in October 1897. Many years ago he gained a reputation as a satirist by his skit on things legal, entitled " Scintilla? Juris." "Meditations in the Tea-Room" is also from his pen. He married, in 1885, Mary Caroline, daughter of Major-General Wilberforce Greathed, C.B., R.E. DARLING, Lord. See Stokmonth- Darling, Loed. DARMESTETER, Madame, nee Agnes Mary F. Robinson, the eldest daughter of Mr. G. F. Robinson, F.S.A., was born at Leamington, Feb. 27, 1856. She is the widow of the late celebrated French Orientalist, James Darmesteter. For seven years she studied at University College, giving especial attention to Greek literature. She has published a volume of verses, "A Handful of Honeysuckles," 1878; " The Crowned Hippolytus," a translation of Euripides, 1880 ; " Arden," a novel, and " Emily Bronte " and " Marguerite, Queen of Navarre," in the Eminent Women Series, 1883 ; " The New Arcadia, and other poems," 1884, and "An Italian Garden," 1886. Her younger sister, Frances Mabel Robinson, has won praise as a writer. Madame Darmesteter has of late been busily engaged in working up documentary material for her history of the Italian campaigns of the French King Charles V., which, until recently, have been strangely neglected by historians. In 1891 appeared "Lyrics selected from the Works of A. M. F. Robinson," &c. In 1893 Madame Darmesteter published "Retrospect and other Poems," and, in 1897, a "Life of Renan," and "A Mediaeval Garland." DARTMOUTH, Earl of, The Right Hon. William Heneage Legge, J.P., was born on May 6, 1851, and succeeded his father as 6th Earl in 1891. He was educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1878 he was elected Con- servative member for West Kent, and he retained the seat until 1885, when he became member for Lewisham, in the DARWIN" — DAVENPORT 271 same interest ; this latter constituency he continued to represent until 1891, when he succeeded to the Peerage. He was for some years a Conservative whip in the House of Commons, and he acted as Vice- Chamberlain of the Household for part of 1885, and again from 1886 to 1891. Lord Dartmouth was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire in 1891, and he became Provincial Grand-Master of Freemasons for Staffordshire in 1893. He was married, in 1879, to Mary, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Leicester. Address : Patshull House, Wolverhampton. DARWIN, Francis, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., son of the late Charles Darwin, was born at Down, in Kent, Aug. 16, 1848, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and afterwards at St. George's Hospital, London. At College, he took the Degrees of M.A. 1874, M.B. 1874, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1882. He was appointed University Lecturer in Botany, 1884 ; Reader in Botany, 1888 ; and became Fellow of Christ's College, 1888. He acted as his father's assistant from 1874 to 1882; and is the joint author of "The Power of Movement in Plants," 1880, and author of various papers on Physiological Botany, and is editor of "Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," 1887. In 1892 he published "Charles Darwin"; in 1894, jointly with the late E. H. Acton, "Practical Physiology of Plants," 1894; and, in 1895, "Elements of Botany. " Addresses; Wychfield, Cam- bridge, and Athenaeum. DARWIN, George Howard, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc, is the second son of the late Charles R. Darwin. He was born at Down, Kent, on July 9, 1845, and is married to a daughter of Mr. Charles Du Puy, of Philadelphia. In October 1864 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1868 as Senior Wrangler, and was awarded the Second Smith's Prize. He was elected to a Fellowship at Trinity College in October 1868, and afterwards studied for the Bar, and was called at Lincoln's Inn, April 30, 1872 ; but he never pursued the profession of the law, and in 1873 he returned to Cambridge. In 1879 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1885 "a royal medal" was awarded to him by the Royal Society in recognition of his scientific work. He also received a medal from the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1875 he pre- sented two papers to the Statistical Society on consanguineous marriages, and in 1876 he contributed to the Transactions of the Royal Society a paper " On the Influence of Geological Changes on the Earth's Axis of Rotation." This was followed by a series of papers on the part played by the tides in the history of planets and satellites. He has also been engaged in experimental investigations on the pres- sure of loose sand (Inst. C.E.), and jointly with his brother, Mr. Horace Darwin, on small changes of level in the earth's sur- face, and minute earthquakes (Brit. Assoc. Reports). In 1882 he assisted Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in the preparation of the second part of the new edition of "Thomson and Tait's Natural Philosophy." He was for several years occupied with the theory and prediction of the tides, especially with reference to the operations of the tidal department of the survey of India. An account of his work in thia branch will be found in Reports to the British Association for 1883-85. Besides a number of papers on various astrono- mical subjects, he has written on ripple marks in sand. On Jan. 16, 1883, he was. elected to the Plumian Professorship of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge, vacant by the death of the Rev. James Challis, M.A., F.R.S. In 1885 he was appointed a Member of the Council of the Meteorological Office. He is an honorary graduate of the Universities of Glasgow, Dublin, and Padua, and a Mem- ber of several British and Foreign Aca- demies of Science. Address ; Newnham Grange, Cambridge. DARYIi, Sidney. See Straight, Sir- Douglas. DAVENPORT,SirSamuel,K.C.M.G., LL.D., fourth son of the late George Davenport, Esq., of Oxford, and of Great Wigston, Leicestershire, was born in 1818, and settled in South Australia in 1842.. He became an enterprising cattle and sheep farmer, and also occupied himself with the cultivation of the olive and the manufacture of olive oil, and with vine- yards and wine. He was Crown Nominee- of Legislative Council in 1846-47, and Member from 1857 to 1866. He has taken a prominent part in the organisation of the various exhibitions that have been held in different parts of the world, being Executive Commissioner in London, 1851, Philadelphia, 1876, Sydney, 1879, Mel-' bourne, 1880, and London, 1886. He was also for many years President of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and of the Chamber of Manufactures of South Australia. In 1885 he was appointed Pre- sident of the South Australian branch of the Geographical Society of Australasia. He was knighted in 1884, and in June 1886 he was created a K.C.M.G., and in July 1886 received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge.. He married in 1842 Margaret, daughter 272 DAVEY of W. L. Cleland. near Adelaide. Address : Beaumont, DAVEY, Lord, The Right Hon. Sir Horace, is the son of Mr. Peter Davey, of Torquay, and formerly of Horton, Buckinghamshire, by marriage with Caro- line Emma, daughter of the late Rev. William Pace, rector of Eampisham and Wraxall, Dorsetshire. He was born in the year 1833, and was educated at Rugby, from which school he was elected to a Scholarship at University College, Oxford. He obtained a first class in Moderations, and also on taking his degree, and was subsequently chosen a Fellow of his col- lege. He was also Senior Mathematical Scholar and Eldon Law Scholar. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in January 1861, and soon rose to eminence as an equity lawyer. He obtained a silk gown in 1875. He sat for Christchurch, Hants, from 1880 down to 1885, when he was defeated. He was Solicitor-General for a few months in 1886 under Mr. Gladstone's .administration, and was elected member for Stockton-on-Tees, Dec. 21, 1888. But in 1892 he was not re-elected. In the trial of the Bishop of Lincoln he was counsel for the prosecution, and in the Berkeley Peerage Case (1891) he was leading counsel. In October 1898 he was appointed a Commissioner to make Statutes and Regulations for the new or revised University of London. In Sep- tember 1893 he was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal in the place of Lord Justice Bowen, and in the following year was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordi- nary, and was created a peer for life with the title of Lord Davey of Fernhurst. He is married to Louisa, daughter of the late Mr. John Donkin. Lord Davey is an Hon. D.C.L. of Oxford, and F.R.S. Addresses : Verdley Place, Fernhurst, Sussex ; 86 Brook Street, W. ; and Athenaeum. DAVEY, Richard Patrick Boyle, youngest and only surviving son of the late Robert Davey, Esq., of Mileham, Norfolk, and of Eliza Boyle, was born July 12, 1848. Mr. Davey was educated in Italy, and in 1870 left Europe for America, where he soon distinguished himself as a journalist, and edited the musical and dramatic section of the New York Spirit of the Times with marked success. In the year 1878 he visited the West Indies and wrote a series of amusing letters from Havannah and Nassau (Ba- hamas), which attracted much attention. In 1880 Mr. Davey returned to England and joined the staff of the Morning Post, and successfully represented this journal at the series of exhibitions at South .Kensington, his articles on our colonies contributed to that paper in 1866 being much praised. In 1848 he joined the staff of the Saturday Review, and con- tributed a series of musical and dramatic articles of much value and interest, and also a remarkable series of papers, " Side- lights of the French Revolution." In 1893-94 he visited Constantinople, the result of his stay in that capital being embodied in a work in two volumes pub- lished in 1897 by Messrs. Chapman & Hall, and entitled "The Sultan and his Sub- jects," for which he received universal praise ; it has been pronounced the best book ever written on Turkey. Mr. Davey has produced with success the following plays: "Paul and Virginia," 1886; "Lesbia" (Lyceum Theatre), 1888; aver- sion of Hugo's "Marion de L'Orme," 1889; "St. Ronan's Well," in collaboration with Mr. W. H. Pollock, 1892 ; and " L'HcHtage d'HeUene " (Paris, 1889), translated into English as " Inheritance." This play has been performed 1500 times in America. Mr. Davey is well known as a linguist and as a brilliant conversationalist. He pub- lished in 1881 an historical romance, "A Royal Amour," and in 1897 an historical romance, " Wetherleigh," and a series of volumes on historical women (Roxburghe Press) : Victoria R. and I., Mary I. , Jane Grey, and Arabella Stuart. He has also written "A Wild Hunt," a comedy in four acts, in collaboration with W. H. Pollock, accepted by W. Augustus Daly. Address : 12 Buckingham Street, Strand, W.C. DAVEY, Very Rev. William Har- rison, M.A., eldest son of William Davey, was born July 28, 1825, at Thorpe, near Norwich, and was educated at Charter- house, whence he proceeded as a scholar to Lincoln College, Oxford. At the Uni- versity he gained second-class Honours in the final schools of both Lit. Hum. and Mathematics in 1847, proceeded to his M.A. degree in due course, and in 1851 was Denyer Theological Prizeman, taking as the subject of his essay " The Divinity of the Holy Ghost." After spending a year at Marlborough as Assistant Master, he was ordained in 1850 by the Bishop of Rochester to the Curacy of Halstead, Essex. He became Vice - Principal of Chichester Theological College in 1852, and was appointed to a similar post at Cuddesdon Theological College in 1859. From the latter year to 1872 he was Vicar of Aston Rowant, Oxfordshire, and from 1872 to 1876 held the Vice-Principalship of St. David's College, Lampeter. Mr. Davey was appointed in 1876 a Prebendary of St. David's Cathedral, and in 1895 Chancellor and Canon Residentiary of St. David's. Finally, in 1897, he became Dean of Llandaff. He is the author of "Articuli DAVIDS — DAVIDSON 273 EcclesiEe Anglicance," a comparative view of the various editions of the Articles in the sixteenth century, 1861 ; the Books of Deuteronomy and Joshua, in the Com- mentary on the Old Testament, S.P.G.K., 1876 ; and various articles in Theological Eeviews. Address : The Deanery, Llan- daff. DAVIDS, Professor Thomas Wil- liam Rhys, Ph.D., LL.D., Secretary and Librarian since 1887 of the Royal Asiatic Society, was born at Colchester. May 12, 1843, and educated at the Brighton School and in the University of Breslau. He was appointed a writer in the Ceylon Civil Service in February 1866, and filled various judicial appointments in that island, where he also acted as Archaeological Commis- sioner to the Government of Ceylon. He was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in May 1877, was appointed Pro- fessor of Pali and Buddhist Literature at University College, London, in 1882 ; and was married in September 1893 to Caroline Augusta, daughter of the Rev. John Foley, B.D., Vicar of Wadhurst, Sussex. She was a distinguished student of University College, London, of which, in 1896, she was elected a Fellow. She has edited two volumes of the late Pro- fessor Croom Robertson's lectures. Pro- fessor Rhys Davids is the author of : "Buddhism: a Sketch of the Life and Teachings of Gautama, the Buddha," 1877 (16th edit., 1894); of "Buddhist Suttas," Oxford University Press, 1881 ; of " Vinaya Texts," Oxford University Press, 1882-85 ; of "Buddhist Birth Stories, being Tales of the Anterior Birth of Gautama Buddha," and of "The Questions of King Milinda," Oxford University Press, 1890 and 1894 ; and has edited in the original Pali various books of the Buddhist Scriptures for the Pali Text Society (1882-1890). He has also published " American Lectures on Buddhism." New York and London, 1894 ; and a " Manual of Indian Mysticism," 1896. He was the Hibbert Lecturer for the year 1881 ; is an Honorary Ph.D. of the University of Breslau, an Honorary LL.D. of the University of Edinburgh, Professor of Pali and Buddhist Literature at University College, London ; Chairman of the Pali Text Society. Address : 22 Albemarle Street, W. DAVIDSON, Professor George, A.M., Ph.D., Sc.D., was born at Notting- ham, May 9, 1825, but removed with his parents to Philadelphia in 1832. He re- ceived the rudiments of his education from his mother, then attended the public schools at Philadelphia, and graduated from the Central High School at twenty years of age. He was appointed to the United States Coast Survey in 1845, and from that year to 1850 he served on field duty from Maine to Texas. From 1850 to 1860 he was engaged on the Pacific Coast, and in 1861 lie made surveys for the defence of the Delaware River. In 1862 he commanded the armed steamer Vixen in Florida. When General Lee's army invaded Pennsylvania (1863) he was ap- pointed assistant engineer of fortifications for the defence of Philadelphia. Under direction of Professor Peirce he undertook in May 1867 a geographical reconnaissance of the coasts of Alaska, for the purchase of which the government was then nego- tiating with Russia. In 1869 he took charge of the astronomical expedition to Alaska to observe the total solar eclipse of August 1869, and was the first American who went up the Chilkaht River. In 1874, in charge of the American Transit of Venus Expedition to Japan, he observed the phenomena and took about sixty pho- tographs at Nagasaki ; and determined the telegraphic difference of longitude between that place aud Vladivostock and Tokyo. In 1874 he computed a field cata- logue of 983 transit stars, aud in 1883 he finished the computation of a second and enlarged edition of 1278 time and circum- polar stars. In 1874 he had finished the computation of a table of 57,500 transit star factors to three places of decimals ; and has in part computed another equally extensive. As one of the United States Commissioners of Irrigation he visited China, India, Egypt, Italy, and other countries of Europe, to examine and re- port upon the systems of irrigation, and their application to the needs of the United States, particularly to the Pacific Coast (1875). He has written four editions of the "Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington," 1858, '62, '69, '88. He also wrote (1869) the "Coast Pilot of Alaska," Part I. In 1888 he finished a monograph on the landfalls of Ulloa, Cabrillo, Ferrelo, Drake, and Vizcaino on the Pacific Coast between 1539 and 1603, and has located every one of the localities mentioned by these explorers. In 1880 he carried his equatorial telescope to the summit of Santa Lucia, 6000 feet above and overlooking the ocean, and observed the total solar eclipse of January 11. In 1882 he had charge of the United States Transit of Venus party in New Mexico, and at an elevation of 5500 feet he ob- served the four contacts of the planet and sun, and took 216 photographs of the planet in transitu, every plate of which was accepted and measured. In these transits of Venus, in those of Mercury, and in occultations of stars by the moon, and in solar eclipses, he has demonstrated that the phenomena of the "black drop," s 274 DAVIDSON "ligament," "Baily's beads," &c, are due solely to the unsteadiness of our atmosphere at the time and place of ob- servation. In 1893 he was placed in charge of the location and measurement of the diagonal part of the boundary line between the states of California and Nevada. He has devised new forms of instruments, notably the new meridian instrument for latitude and time named after him, break circuit chronometer, new vertical clam for transit instruments, &c, and the spirit-level horizon to sextant, and has shown the obscure mechanical defects of micrometers, &c. In 1874 he was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences. From the incep- tion of the Geographical Society of the Pacific in 1881 he has yearly been elected President, and has published papers upon the ascent of Makushin Volcano, the erup- tions of Bogoslov, and other volcanoes of the Aleutian Islands. Professor Davidson has held the position of honorary Pro- fessor of Geodesy and Astronomy in the University of California since 1873, and was a regent of the same institution from 1877 to 1884. Since 1873 he has had charge of the main triangulation of the Pacific Coast. During his forty-eight years of active field service on the Survey, his itinerary shows over 385,500 miles travelled, and always with instruments, note-book, and sketch-block in hand. In answer to recent inquiries from the Geo- graphical Society of France, he has shown that he has written over 2500 octavo pages of geographical matter, illustrated by 530 views, maps, &c. DAVIDSON, John, poet, was born on April 11, 1857, at Barrhead, Renfrewshire, where his father was Evangelical Union Minister. He went to school at Greenock, whither his father removed in 1862, and in his thirteenth year entered the chemi- cal department of a sugar refinery. On the Food Act becoming law about a year after, he went to the Public Analyst's Office. In his fifteenth year he returned to school as a pupil-teacher, and, on finishing his apprenticeship, spent one session at Edinburgh University. He sub- sequently taught in various Scotch towns. He came to London in 1890, and has since busied himself as an author, chiefly of poetry. Mr. John Davidson has published : "The North Wall," 1885; "Bruce: a Drama," 1886; "Smith: a Tragic Farce," 1888; "An Unhistorical Pastoral," "A Romantic Farce," and "Scaramouch in Naxos " (his best known volume of verse), 1889; "Perfervid," 1890; "The Great Men" and "In a Music-Hail," 1891; "Fleet Street Eclogues," 1893 (second series, 1895); "A Random Itinerary," "Baptist Lake," " The Wonderful Mission of Earl Lavender," and "Plays: Collected Edition," 1894; "New Ballads," 1896. Address: Rayleigh House, Shoreham, Sussex. DAVIDSON, The Right Rev. Randall Thomas, D.D., Bishop of Win- chester, son of Henry Davidson, Muirhouse, Edinburgh, and Henrietta, daughter of John Swinton, Kimmerghame, was born in 1848, and educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Oxford, where he gra- duated B.A. in 1871, and M.A. in 1875. Owing to a serious gunshot accident in 1866 he was for several yea,rs incapacitated from active work, and during his Oxford career he spent much time out of England. Ordained in 1874 to the curacy of Dart- ford, in Kent, he was appointed in 1877 Chaplain and Private Secretary to Dr. Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury. This position he held until the Archbishop's death in December 1882. On him devolved, in large measure, the arrangements connected with the great Lambeth Conference of 100 Bishops in 1878. During those years, he contributed articles on various historical and ecclesiastical subjects to the Contem- porary Review, Macmitlan's Magazine, and other periodicals. Bishop Lightfoot of Durham appointed him Examining Chap- lain in 1880, and in 1882 he became Sub- almoner and honorary Chaplain to the Queen, and one of the six preachers of Canterbury Cathedral. Archbishop Ben- son, on succeeding to the Primacy, re- tained Mr. Davidson's services as Resident Chaplain and Private Secretary, and after holding that office for six months, he was, in June 1883, appointed by the Queen to the deanery of Windsor, and became also Resident Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, and Registrar of the Order of the Garter. In the same year he received from the University of St. Andrews the honorary degree of D.D. In 1884 he be- came a trustee of the British Museum, in the management of which he takes an active part. In 1887 he was elected by the Masters of Eton College as their represen- tative on the governing bodv of the School. This post he held until 1896. He is also a member of the governing bodies of Charterhouse School, Wellington College, and the Royal Holloway College for Women. In 1888 Dr. Davidson acted as Hon. Secretary to the third Lambeth Conference, attended by 145 Bishops from all parts of the world, and a few months after the conclusion of its sessions he published, through the Society for Pro- moting Christian Knowledge, a volume containing a History of these Conferences from their commencement, together with all the official and other documents con- nected with them. In 1891 he published, DAVIES 275 in conjunction with Canon Benham, the biography of his father-in-law, Archbishop Tait, whose daughter, Miss Edith Tait, he had married in 1878. In April 1891, Dr. Davidson was consecrated Bishop of Rochester, and in the same year he became, in succession to Bishop Philpott, Clerk of the Closet to the Queen. This office he still holds. On the death of Bishop Thorold, in July 1895, Bishop Davidson was nominated to the See of Winchester. At the request of Archbishop Benson (who, however, died before the Conference assembled) he undertook the duties of chief Episcopal Secretary to the fourth Lambeth Conference of Bishops, which met in July 1897. He edited the official Reports of its proceedings. Ad- dresses : Farnham Castle, Surrey ; Lol- lards' Tower, Lambeth, S.E. ; and Athenaeum. DAVIES, Cushman Kellogg, Ameri- can statesman, was born at Henderson, Jefferson Co., New York, June 16, 1838. He graduated from University of Michigan in 1857, and chose law as his profession. He was First Lieutenant in 28th Wis- consin Infantry in 1862-1864 ; was a Member of the Minnesota Legislature, 1868-1873; was Governor of Minnesota, 1874-1875 ; was elected to the United States Senate and took his seat, Mar. 4, 1887 ; was re-elected in 1893, and in August 1898 was appointed on the Com- mission to arrange terms of peace with Spain. DAVIES, The Right Hon. Alder- man and Colonel Sir Horatio D., K.C.M.G., M.P., late Lord Mayor of London, was born in 1842, and educated at Dulwich College. He was destined to be an engraver, and was apprenticed to the trade, but preferred commerce, and has had a prosperous career at the head of more than one enterprise of his own initiation. In 1885 he was Common Councilman for the Ward of Cheap ; in 1888 Sheriff; in 1889 was elected Alder- man of Bishopsgate Ward. Returned to Parliament as Conservative member for Rochester in 1892, he was unseated on petition, and in 1895 was returned for Chatham. He was elected Lord Mayor of London in 1897, and towards the close of his mayoralty, in October 1898, was pre- sented by about 500 of his Chatham con- stituents with a silver scroll inscribed with a congratulatory address. He is a Lieut. - Colonel, retired, of the 3rd Middlesex Artillery, and is Chairman of the Visiting Justices of Holloway Prison and of the City of London Asylum at Dartford. He married, in 1867, Lizzie, daughter of J. C. Gordon. During the Mayoralty (August and September 1898) this lady was very seriously ill. He was created K.C.M.G. in November, 1898. Address : Watering- bury Place, Kent. DAVIES, The Rev. John Llewelyn, M.A., D.D., Chaplain to the Queen, born at Chichester, Feb. 26, 1826, his father being the Rev. J. Davies, D.D. , afterwards Rec- tor of Gateshead, and Hon. Canon of Durham. He was educated at Repton School and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was elected a Fellow of that Society in 1850. He was appointed Incumbent of St. Mark's, Whitechapel, in 1852, and Rector of Christ Church, St. Marylebone, in 1856. He was appointed, in February 1881, a Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen ; and in October 1882, Rural Dean of the deanery of St. Marylebone. In 1889 he became Vicar of Kirkby-Lonsdale, and in 1890 Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge. He has received the honorary degree of D.D. from the University of Durham, and has been Select Preacher at Oxford. Mr. Davies has translated (jointly with D. J. Vaughan) " Plato's Republic ; " and has published several volumes of sermons ; an edition of Ephesians, Colossians, and Philemon; contributions to "Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers," and to periodical literature, also " Theology and Morality, Belief and Practice," 1873; "The Christian Calling," 1875; and " Social Questions," 1885. One of his most recent works is " Order and Growth as involved in the Spiritual Con- stitution of Human Society," 1891. He was a contributor to Dr. William Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible," and "Dic- tionary of Christian Biography." For some years he was a member of the London School Board for the Marylebone Division, and Principal of Queen's College in Harley Street. He is a theologian of the school of the Rev. F. D. Maurice, and read at the Nottingham Church Congress of 1897 a paper on " The Influence of the Broad Church Movement on the Thought and Life of the Church." He married the eldest daughter of Mr. Justice Crompton, and became a widower in 1895. He has six sons, three of whom have been elected Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, and one daughter, who is the General Secretary of the Women's Co-operative Guild ; and Miss Emily Davies, the founder of Girton College, is his sister. He was one of the original members of the Alpine Club, and made first ascents of the Dom in 1858, and the Taschorn in 1862. Address : Vicarage, Kirkby-Lonsdale. DAVIES, Sir Louis Henry, K.C.M.G., the son of the Hon. Benjamin Davies, was born in Prince Edward Island, Canada, in 1845, and was educated at the Prince of 276 DAVIES — DAVIES-COLLEY Wales College in the same island. Called to the Bar in 1 867, he became Solicitor-General of Prince Edward Island in 1869, and filled the same position again from 1871 to 1872. After being Leader of the Opposition from 1873 to 1876, he filled the offices of Premier and Attorney-General of the island from 1876 to 1879. Since 1882 Sir L. Davies has had a seat in the Dominion House of Representatives at Ottawa, and he was in 1880 appointed a Q. C. At the International Fisheries Arbitration between Great Britain and the United States, which was held at Halifax in 1877, he acted as Counsel for the British side. In 1896 Sir Louis was appointed Canadian Minister of Marine and Fisheries, and became a member of the Privy Council in Canada. Address : Ottawa, Canada. DAVIES, Mrs. Mary, vocalist, born in London, of Welsh parents. Feb. 27, 1855, was Welsh scholar at the Royal Academy of Music for three years, study- ing principally under Signor Randegger, and winning successively bronze and silver medals, as well as the Parepa-Rosa gold medal, and the Christine Nilsson prize. After remaining at the Royal Academy five years, she was elected an Associate, and afterwards a Fellow, of the Academy ; acted as Honorary Examiner for the vocal competitions of the Academy in 1889 and subsequently ; and delivered the medals and prizes to the successful students at the Royal Academy Annual meeting in 1887. She has sung at various festivals in the provinces, including those of Worcester, Gloucester, and Norwich, and in London at the concerts of the Sacred Harmonic Society, the Philharmonic Society, and at the Richter Concerts, whilst she has been associated as leading soprano with Mr. Boosey's London Ballad Concerts since 1878. She also sang at the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893. Mrs. Mary Davies, in 1880, created the part of Margarec in the English version of Berlioz's " Faust," pro- duced by Sir Charles Halle ; the other artists associated with the work being Mr. Charles Santley and Mr. Edward Lloyd. She was married to Mr. W. Cadwaladr Davies, of the Inner Temple, March 22, 1888. Mrs. Davies acts as Examiner for Scholarships at the Royal College of Music and the Guildhall School of Music. Address : 5 Douro Place, Victoria Road, Kensington, W. DAVIES, The Hon. Sir Matthew Henry, K.B., MP., Speaker of the Legis- lative Assembly of Victoria in 1887 and 1889, was born at Geelong, 1850, and is the son of Ebenezer Davies, Esq., and Ruth, daughter of Mark Bartlett, Esq., Berkshire, and grandson of the Rev. John Davies, of Trevecca College, South Wales. He was educated at Geelong College, matriculated at Melbourne University in 1869, and was admitted as a Solicitor of the Supreme Court in 1875. For five years he was Honorary Secretary to the Council of the Law Institute of Victoria. He is a J.P. for the Central Bailiwick, and was Mayor of the city of Prahran, 1881-82, and repre- sented the electoral district of St. Kilda in Parliament from 1883 to 1888. He was a member of the Royal Commission on the Transfer of Land and Titles to Land in 1885 ; was sworn an ex-Councillor, Feb- ruary 1886 ; and joined the Gillies-Deakin Government as Minister without respon- sible office. He visited England in con- nection with the Indian and Colonial Exhibition, 1886-87 ; was Chairman of the Royal Commission on Banking, 1887 ; elected Speaker of the Legislative As- sembly, October 1887 (from which post he retired in 1892) ; Chairman of the Royal Commission on the Electric Lighting and Ventilation of the Parliament Houses, 1888 ; Executive Commissioner and a Vice- President of the Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne, 1888 ; returned un- opposed for the electoral district of Toorak, 1889 ; and was unanimously re-elected Speaker, 1889. Sir Matthew' Davies was created a K.B. in 1890. He married Eliza- beth Locke, eldest daughter of the Rev. Dr. Mercer, Presbyterian minister, of Mel- bourne. Address : Invermay, Melbourne. DAVIES-COLLEY, John Neville Colley, M.A. Cantab., M.B., F.R.C.S., re- ceived his medical training at Cambridge University and Guy's Hospital, taking his M.A. degree in 1867, his M.B. and M.C. in 1868, and becoming F.R.C.S. in 1870. At Guy's he has been Demonstrator of Ana- tomy, Lecturer on Experimental Philo- sophy, Surgical Registrar, and is now Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery at that hospital. Among many important posi- tions of a similar nature, he is Member of Council and Member of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Sur- geons of England, and was Examiner in Anatomy for their Fellowship. He is also Examiner in Anatomy at the "Conjoint Board." He is a Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirnrgical Society and Medical Society, London. He has con- tributed the article on " Injuries and Diseases of the Neck and Throat and (Esophagus," together with three others, to Heath's " Dictionary of Surgery," and in Morris's "Treatise of Anatomy," 1893, is the author of the article on "Muscles." To the medical journals, especially to the " Guy's Hospital Reports," he has been a frequent contributor of articles and re- ports. Address : 36 Harley Street, W. DAVIS 277 DAVIS, Henry William Banks, R.A., J.P., eldest son of the late H. J. Davis, of the Middle Temple, was born at Finchley, Aug. 26, 1833, and educated at home and at Oxford. When a student at the Royal Academy, in 1S54, he obtained two silver medals — one for perspective, the other for a model in the Life School. He matriculated at Oxford in 1856, but after residing a few terms at the univer- sity, he resumed his art pursuits, and was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in January 1873. In 1861 Mr. Davis painted "Rough Pasturage," exhi- bited at the Royal Academy ; in 1865, "The Strayed Herd"; in 1866, "Spring Ploughing" (engraved); in 1870, "Dewy Eve"; in 1871, "Moonrise," and "The Praetorium at Neuf chatel " ; in 1872, " A Panic" (engraved), and "Trotting Bull," in bronze, which obtained a medal for sculpture at the Vienna Exhibition ; in 1873, "A Summer Afternoon"; in 1874, " A French Lane," " The End of the Day," and "In Picardy"; in 1876, "Early Summer," "A Spring Morning," "The Rustling Leaves," and "Mares and Foals : Picardy"; in 1877, "After Sundown," "Reconnoitring," "Contentment," and "The Approach of Night"; in 1878, "Mid-day Shelter," "Afternoon on the Cliffs," "Evening Light," and "The Lowing Herd winds slowly o'er the lea " ; in 1879, " Cutting Forage on the French Coast," "A Midsummer Night," "Wan- derers," "Picardy Sheep," and "Cloud and Sunshine"; in 1880, "Family Affec- tion," and "Returning to the Fold," which was purchased by the President and Coun- cil of the Royal Academy under the terms of the Chantrey bequest ; in 1881, "Mother and Son," "Noon," and "The Evening Star"; in 1882, "In Ross-shire," "Sea and Land Waves," "Broken Weather in the Highlands," and " Showers in June " ; in 1883, " Gathering the Flock," "Ben Eay," "At Kinlochewe" ; in 1886, "A Flood on the Wye," ;ind "Fording" ; in 1887, " Now came still evening on," and " Summer" ; in 1890, "A Placid Morning on the Wye," "The Picardy Dunes," and "A Ford on the Wye." All the above- mentioned pictures, as well as similar Highland scenes painted during recent years, were exhibited at the Royal Academy. Mr Davis was elected a full member of the Academy, June 18, 1877. In 1889 Mr Davis was one of the British jurors in the Fine Arts Department of the Paris International Exhibition. In 1892 he exhibited at the Champ de Mars Salon, and was elected associate (Associt) of the Socie"te Nationale des Beaux Arts in Paris, and the following year was elected full member (Soctitaire). In 1893 he was appointed one of the British judges in Fine Arts at the Chicago Columbian Exposition, and was President of the International Committee of Judges in Fine Arts there. He was also elected Chairman of the Judges in the section of painting. In June of the same year he was appointed Justice of the Peace for Radnorshire. In 1894 he exhibited at the Vienna Inter- national Exhibition of Art, and was awarded a large gold medal ; also at the International Exhibition held the same year at Antwerp, where he was awarded a first-class medal diploma. In 1896 he was appointed British Delegate and Juror to the International Exhibition, in com- memoration of the centenary of the Berlin Royal Academy of Arts, in Berlin. He exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1896, " An Orchard in Wales " ; in 1897, " Flow'ry May," and "The Banks of the Upper Wye." Address : Glaslyn, Rhay- ader, Radnor. DAVIS, General Sir John, K.C.B., was born in April 1832, and entered the army as an Ensign of the 35th Foot (Royal Sussex Regiment) in February 1852. He obtained his company in September 1859, and was promoted to Major in August 1866. He served with his regiment in the Shahabad District during the Indian Mutiny. He obtained the brevet of Colonel in February of 1873, and in that rank served on the Staff at Shorncliffe for two years. He was promoted Major-General in August 1883, and commanded the 2nd Infantry Brigade in the Egyptian Expedi- tion of 1884, and was present at the en- gagements at El Teb and Tamai, being several times mentioned in despatches. He received a C.B., the medal, and Khe- dive's star for his services, and was also employed in the Suakin Expedition of the following year. From April 1886 until the end of 1887 he commanded the troops at Malta, when he was transferred to the Dublin District. He was promoted Lieu- tenant-General in April 1891, being soon after chosen to succeed the Duke of Con- nauglit as Commander-in-Chief at Ports- mouth. General Sir John Davis obtained his present military rank in May 1896, and was made a K.C.B. on the occasion of the Queen's Birthday in 1898. Address : Headquarters of Southern District, Ports- mouth. DAVIS, Lucien, artist, was born at Liverpool, 1860, being the fourth son of William Davis, artist, and was educated at St. Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool. He was elected a Member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-colours in 1893 ; gained a studentship at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1877 ; and twice won the Armitage Prize for Figure Composi- 278 DAVISON — DAVITT tion. His first important black and white drawing was published in the Graphic in 1881, and he joined the staff of the Illus- trated London News in 1885, since which time he has carried out important draw- ings, taken from life, of the most celebrated social events of the day, including the Queen's Drawing-room, the Queen's Garden Parties, events at the Houses of Par- liament, &c. Since 1879 his work has been reproduced in most of the leading magazines of the day, and the Badminton volumes on Billiards, Cricket, and Tennis were illustrated by him. Amongst his portraits have been those of Mrs. Corn- wallis West and her daughter and the Princess of Pless. The Queen, moreover, honoured him in 1894 by purchasing one of his drawings at the Royal Institute. Address : 49 South Hill Park, Hamp- stead, N. DAVISON, Mrs., nee Arabella Grod- dard, pianist, daughter of Mr. T. Goddard, of Welbeck Street, born at St. Servan, near St. Malo, in Brittany, in January 1836, almost from infancy showed an extraordinary taste for music. On her first appearance in public, at a concert given in her native village of St. Servan, when she played a fantasia on themes from Mozart's "Don Juan," she was little more than four years of age. At this time the promise of future celebrity in the child was so great that her parents re- moved with her to Paris, where she received lessons from Kalkbrenner. Re- turning to London soon after the revolution of February 1848, Mr. and Mrs. Goddard confided the cultivation of their daughter's musical talents to Mrs. Anderson, her Majesty's pianiste. She was only eight years of age when she was called upon to perform at Buckingham Palace before her Majesty and the late Prince Albert, who highly complimented her on her playing. The completion of her musical education was entrusted to Thalberg. She first appeared in public, at a matinee at her father's residence, Mar. 30, 1850 ; and in October made her dihut at the Grand National Concerts, when she played the " Elisire " fantasia, and the " Tarantella " of Thalberg, with marked success. From that time she appeared frequently in pub- lic and established her fame by her per- formance of various fantasias by Thalberg, Prudent, &c. The first performances of Miss Goddard at the concerts given at Her Majesty's Theatre were confined .principally to works of the modern ro- mantic school. She has since become equally distinguished as & pianiste in more classical compositions. Miss Goddard afterwards became the pupil of Mr. G. A. Macfarren, under whom she studied har- mony ; and left England for a tour on the Continent in 1854, visiting nearly all the principal cities of France, Germany, and Italy ; giving concerts, and meeting with great success. She returned to England in May 1856, and in 1860 was married to Mr. Davison, a musical critic, though in public and private concerts she has re- tained her maiden name. Miss Goddard took her farewell of the British public at St. James's Hall, Feb. 11, 1873, and soon afterwards went on a professional tour through Australia, the Sandwich Islands, and the United States. She returned to England in April 1876. DAVITT, Michael, M.P., Irish Na- tionalist, was born on March 25, 1846, in the village of Straide, co. Mayo. His parents were of the poorer class of western Irish peasantry, with some Ameri- can antecedents, his mother having been born in the States, and when Michael was five years old his father was evicted from the small holding on which the family subsisted. This early experience of land- lord power has doubtless largely tended to influence his action in the fierce crusade which he has waged of recent years against Irish landlordism. The family then emi- grated to Lancashire, where he was em- ployed in a cotton factory, and at the age of eleven lost his right arm through a machinery accident. He was then sent to the Wesleyan School at Haslingden, and at fifteen obtained work in a printing- office, where he remained for seven years. In 1866 he joined the Irish Revolutionary movement initiated by James Stephens, and in 1870 was arrested in London, tried on an indictment of "treason-felony," and sentenced to fifteen years' penal servitude. After undergoing seven years and a half of imprisonment, chiefly in Dartmoor Convict Prison, Mr. Davitt was released on ticket-of-leave. In conjunction with other amnestied Fenian prisoners he was tendered a public reception by the people of Dublin, and after making a tour of the West of Ireland and paying a hurried visit to America, he started the Land Agi- tation in his native county of Mayo early in 1879. In October of that year he, in conjunction with Mr. Parnell and others, founded the Land League organisation, and became its guiding spirit. He was arrested and prosecuted in November of that year for a seditious speech, but after a week's imprisonment and an abortive trial the prosecution was abandoned. During the partial famine of 1879-80, he had the chief direction of the Land League relief funds. In May 1880 he proceeded to America to superintend the organisation of the American branch of the Land League, and made an organising DAWKINS 279 tour of the Northern States from New York to San Francisco and back. Recalled to Ireland by the State prosecution of the executive of the Land League, he was again arrested on Feb. 3, 1881, by order of the Government, and consigned to Portland Convict Prison on a revocation of his original ticket-of-leave. After an incarceration of fifteen months, during which, on his own admission, he was exempt from ordinary convict labour, he was again released on ticket-of-leave, Mr. Parnell and other Irish members going down to Portland to receive him on his discharge. On the very day of this release, May 6, 1882, Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke were assassinated in the Phoenix Park. In conjunction with Messrs. Parnell and Dillon, he issued a manifesto to the Irish race condemnatory of the murder. After again visiting America and submitting to a meeting of Irish American representatives in New York a plan for the amalgamationof existing national organisa- tions in the United States, he returned to Ireland, and succeeded in persuading Mr. Parnell to summon a National Convention in Dublin to effect the revival of the Land League movement. The National League organisation was the outcome of this convention — with the restoration of Irish legislative independence as the first plank in its platform. In February 1883 Mr. Davitt was again prosecuted for a violent speech against rent and landlordism, and, refusing to enter into bail to keep the peace, he underwent four months' imprison- ment in Richmond Bridewell, Dublin. Since then he has been an incessant pro- pagandist of Land League principles and Nationalist aspirations in Ireland and Great Britain. While imprisoned in Port- land in 1882 he was elected M.P. for Meath, but was disqualified by a vote of the House of Commons. When legally eligible on the expiration of his ticket-of- leave in 1885, he was solicited to become a candidate by several Irish constituencies, but refused to enter the Imperial Parlia- ment from an objection to take the oath of allegiance. He at the same time refused to accept a national testimonial for his services to the Irish people. In December 1884 Mr. Davitt published " Leaves from a Prison Diary," a work which was written during his imprisonment in Portland, and which has had a very large circulation. In 1891 appeared his "Defence of the Land League. " Occupied with literary work as a means of livelihood, Mr. Davitt is a con- stant contributor to American and Colonial newspapers, and an occasional writer in Irish and English journals and reviews. In 1898 he wrote several letters to the Times, in which he contended that the conquering Anglo-Saxon race is in America largely Celtic in origin, and, therefore, anti-Saxon in feeling. In the same year he wrote a series of articles in the Daily Chronicle entitled " Prisons Revisited." He has a decided leaning towards Socialistic doctrines in his writings and speeches, and is far from being in union with the other Irish leaders ; his theories of land being more in accordance with those of the late Henry George than with those of the late Mr. Parnell. He is a member of the Dublin Corporation, and is a delegate from that body to the Port and Docks Board of the city. He is a director of the Dublin North City Milling Co., and a member of the Executive Council of the Irish National League. He has undergone altogether over nine years' imprisonment for his connection with Irish political movements. He was one of those who were implicated in the charges made in the articles on "Parnellism and Crime," and conducted his own case with an ability which called forth commendations even from the pre- siding Judge (1889). In 1890 he started the short-lived Labour World, and in 1891 stood for Parliament at Waterford, but was not returned. In July 1892 he was elected member for North Meath, but was unseated for alleged "clerical intimida- tion." He was subsequently returned unopposed for North-East Cork, but had again to retire from Parliament in May 1893, in consequence of proceedings in bankruptcy connected with the costs of the North Meath petition. In 1895 he was returned unopposed for East Kerry and South Mayo. He was in Australia at the time. He has travelled in most parts of the world. Address : House of Commons Library. DAWKTNS, Professor "William Boyd, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.S.A., Assoc. Inst. C.E., geologist and palaeontologist, only son of the late Rev. Richard Dawkins, was born Dec. 26, 1838, at Buttington Vicarage, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire. He received his education at Rossall School and at the University of Oxford, where he became a scholar of Jesus Col- lege, and first Burdett-Coutts geological scholar. He was appointed assistant- geologist in her Majesty's Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1862 ; geologist in 1867 ; Curator of the Manchester Museum, 1869 ; Lecturer on Geology in Owens College, Manchester, in 1870 ; Pro- fessor in 1874 ; and President of the Manchester Geological Society in 1874. Professor Dawkins is the author of nume- rous essays in the Proceedings of the Geological, Anthropological, and Royal Societies, relating principally to fossil mammalia; "British Pleistocene Mam- malia " in the Proceedings of the 280 DAWSON Palaaontological Society, 1866-78, and "Cave-Hunting: Researches on the Evi- dences of Caves respecting the Early In- habitants of Europe," 1874. In 1875 he went round the world, by way of Australia and New Zealand. In 1880 he published a work on " Early Man in Britain, and his place in the Tertiary Period " ; and gave a series of lectures before the Lowell Insti- tute, Boston, Massachusetts. ' He was appointed, in 1882, a Member of the Scien- tific Committee of the Channel Tunnel, and entrusted with the geological survey of the English and French coasts for that enterprise. He presided over the Anthro- pological section of the British Association at Southampton, in August 1882 ; and in the same year he was elected an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. In 1883-4 he was engaged in laying down the line for a tunnel under the Humber, and in 1885 made a preliminary survey of the antiquities of the Isle of Man, in the same year being elected Examiner in the University of London. In 1886 he began the search for coal at Dover, which has recently resulted in the discovery of a coal-field in South-Eastern England. He was appointed President of the Geological Section of the British Association in 1888,; and, in 1889, Lyell Medallist, and Ex- aminer in the University of Oxford. In 1895 and 1897 he was President of the Anti- quarian Section of the Royal Archaeological Institute at Scarborough and Dorchester respectively, and was elected to give the James Forrest Lecture at the Institute of Civil Engineers in 1898. During the last twenty years he has advised on various engineering works — the water-supply of the Metropolis, of Croydon, Cardiff, Bristol, Southport, Sheffield, Tynemouth, Folkestone, Eastbourne, Newhaven, Sea- ford, Bacup, Manchester, and Liverpool, the salt of Northwich, the Manchester Ship Canal, and the kerosene shales of New South Wales. He married Frances Evans in 1866. Addresses : Woodhurst, Fallowfield, Manchester, and Athenaeum. DAWSON, George Mercer, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., son of Sir J. William Daw- son, was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, on Aug. 1, 1849. He was educated at M'Gill University, Montreal, and at Royal School of Mines, London, Murchison and Edward Forbes Medallist at Royal School of Mines. He was appointed Geologist and Naturalist to H.M. North American Boundary Com- mission in 1873, and in 1875 he published a detailed report on the country traversed from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, entitled "Geology and Re- sources of the 49th Parallel." He was appointed to the Geological Survey of Canada in 1875, and has since been prin- cipally engaged in the survey and explora- tion of the North-West Territory and British Columbia, and was placed in charge of the Yukon Expedition, under- taken by the Canadian Government in 1887. He was appointed (with Sir George Baden-Powell) one of H.M.'s Behring Sea Commissioners in 1891, and spent the summer of that year in investigating the facts connected with the fur-seal fishery on the Northern Coasts of America and Asia. Meetings of the International Commission were subsequently held at Washington, and a Report of the Commissioners was published as a parliamentary paper in 1892. In 1893 he was on the staff of the Behring Sea Arbitration, convened at Paris. In 1890 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University, Kingston, and in 1891 from M'Gill Uni- versity, Montreal. He was awarded the Bigsby Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1891, for his researches into the Geological Structure of Canada. He was made a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1892, and was elected President of the Royal Society of Canada, 1893. His geological work includes the first detailed account of the surface geology and glacial phenomena of the northern part of the continent of America west of the great Lakes, as well as the investigation of the great coal and lignite deposits of the North-West Territory and of large portions of British Columbia and the Queen Charlotte Islands. The results of these investigations are published in the Annual Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada, from 1875 to the present time. In January 1895, he was appointed Director of the Survey. He is the author of numerous original scientific papers, principally geological, but including geographical, ethnological, and other observations made in the course of his explorations, published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada., Canadian Naturalist, Canadian Record of Science, and elsewhere. Address : Geo- logical Survey, Ottawa, Canada. DAWSON, Sir J. William, C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S., geologist and naturalist, was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, on Oct. 30, 1820. He studied in the University of Edinburgh, and return- ing home devoted himself to the study of the natural history and geology of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The results of these investigations are embodied in his "Acadian Geology," 3rd edit., 1878. In 1842, and again in 1852, he accompanied Sir Charles Lyell in his explorations in Nova Scotia, aiding him materially in his investigations. Since 1843, he has con- DAY 281 tributed largely to the Proceedings of the London Geological Society, and to scien- tific periodicals. He has also published numerous monographs on special subjects connected with geology, more especially on the Land Animals and Plants of the Palseozoic Period and on the Pleiocene Deposits of Canada. His two volumes on the " Devonian and Carboniferous Flora of Eastern North America," published by the Geological Survey of Canada, are among the most important contributions yet made to the palaeozoic botany of North America ; and he first described the Eozoon Canadense, of the Laurentian limestones, the oldest known form of animal life. In 1850 he was appointed Superintendent of Education for Nova Scotia, and in 1855 became Principal of the M-Gill University at Montreal. He is a member of many learned societies in Europe and America. Among his works not already mentioned are : " Archaia, or Studies on the Cosmogony and Natural History of the Hebrew Scriptures," 1858 ; "The Story of the Earth and Man," 1872, in which he gives a popular summary of geological history ; " The Dawn of Life," 1875, an account of the oldest known fossil remains, and of their relations to geological time and the development of the animal kingdom; "The Origin of the World," 1877 ; "Fossil Men and their Modern Representatives," 1878 ; and "The Chain of Life in Geological Time," 1880, a sketch of the origin and succession of animals and plants. He has also contri- buted largely to the Canadian Naturalist and Canadian Record of Science, and to many educational, scientific, and religious pub- lications in Great Britain, the United States, and Canada. In 1882 he received the Lyell medal of the Geological Society of London for eminent geological discoveries, was created a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George ; was selected by the Governor-General, the Marquis of Lome, to take the (first) Presidency of the Royal Society of Canada, and was Presi- dent of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In the follow- ing year he attended the meeting of the British Association at Southport, and travelled in Egypt and Syria, on the geo- graphy and geology of which he has pub- lished several papers and a little popular work, "Egypt and Syria, their Geology and Physical Geography in relation to Bible History." He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh, and was knighted by her Majesty in 1884, and in 1885 was elected President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for the meeting at Birmingham in 1886 ; and at that meeting he delivered a remarkable address, taking for his subject the geological history of the Atlantic Ocean. He has been elected an honorary Fellow of the Geological Society of Edin' burgh, and honorary member of the Philo- sophical societies of Liverpool, Glasgow, Manchester, and Leeds. He was elected President of the American Geological Society in 1893. He retired from the office of Principal of M'Gill University, July 31, 1893, and was at once appointed Emeritus Principal and Professor and Hon. Curator of the Peter Eedpath Museum. Sir W. Dawson's more recent works are : "Modern Science in Bible Lands," Lon- don, 1888 ; " The Geological History of Plants," International Scientific Series, 1888; "Modern Ideas of Evolution," Lon- don, 1890 ; " Salient Points in the Science of the Earth," 1893 ; " The Canadian Ice Age," 1893 ; " The Meeting- Place of Geology and History," 1894; "The Historical Deluge in its Relations to Scientific Discovery and to Present Questions," 1895 ; "Eden Lost and Won," 1896; "Relics of Primeval Life," 1897. Address : 293 University Street, Montreal. DAY, Sir John Charles, son of Cap- tain John Day, of the 49th Regiment, by Emily, daughter of Jan Caspar Hartsinck, was born at the Hague, June 20, 1826. He was educated at Fribourg, and at the Benedictine College of St. Gregory, at Downside, near Bath, and graduated B.A. at the University of London. He entered the Middle Temple in 1845 ; was called to the Bar in January 1849 '; joined the Home (now the South-Eastern) circuit ; was made a Queen's Counsel in 1872; and elected a Bencher of his inn in 1873. For many years he enjoyed a very extensive practice both in London and on circuit. In June 1882, he was appointed a Judge in the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice, in succession to Mr. Justice Bowen, who had been elevated to the Court of Appeal ; and he received the usual honour of knighthood. Mr. Justice Day is the editor of the "Common Law Procedure Acts," and joint editor of Ros- coe's "Evidence at Nisi Prius." In 1886 he was made President of the special Commission sent to inquire into the origin and circumstances of the Belfast riots. In 1889 he was one of the Judges on the Royal Commission in the Parnell Inquiry. He married, in 1846, Henrietta, daughter of J. H. Brown. She died in 1893. Ad- dresses: 25 Collingham Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. DAY, The Right Rev. Maurice Fitzgerald, D.D., Protestant Bishop of Cashel, is the youngest son of the late Rev. John Day, rector of Kiltallagh, co. Kerry, by Arabella, daughter of Sir 282 DAY— DEACON William Godfrey, Bart., of Bushfield, in the same county. He was born at Kil- tallagh in 1816, and received his academi- cal education at Trinity College, Dublin, (B.A. 1838 ; M.A. 1858). ' For several years he was Vicar of St. Matthias, Dublin was appointed Dean of Limerick, and Vicar of St. Mary's, Limerick, in 1868 and was chosen to succeed the late Dr. Daly in the united Sees of Cashel, Emly Waterford, and Lismore, in March 1872, the consecration ceremony being performed in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, on April 13. He married Jane, daughter of J. Gabbett, of Dublin, in 1852. Residence : The Palace, Waterford. DAY, William It. , American jurist, was born at Ravenna, Ohio, April 17, 1849, and comes of a race of lawyers, his father having been a Chief-Justice of the State of Ohio, and both paternal and maternal grandfathers having been Justices of the Supreme Court of Ohio. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1870, studied law in the law department of the same university, and was admitted to the Bar in 1872. In October of that year he settled in Canton, Ohio, and in 1886 he was elected Judge of the Common Pleas Court by both political parties. In 1889 he was appointed Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, but failing health com- pelled him to resign before taking the office. He became Assistant-Secretary of State in March 1897, and was made head of that department, April 26, 1898, but later in that year he resigned to become one of the Commissioners to settle terms of peace between Spain and the United States. DEACON, George Frederick, M. Inst. C.E., eldest son of the late Mr. Frederick Deacon, solicitor, was born at Bridgewater, in the county of Somerset, on July 26, 1843, and was educated at Heversham and Glasgow University. Having given proof of a strong taste for physical science, he was apprenticed in 1859 to Messrs. Robert Napier & Sons, the eminent mechanical engineers of the Clyde. Glasgow University had then taken the lead in the establishment of a curriculum of engineering science, and in 1863 Mr. Deacon changed from the workshop to the University, where Macquorn Rankine held the Chair of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, and William Thomson (now Lord Kelvin) that of Natural Philosophy. In the first term Mr. Deacon took several prizes, and his work in the physical laboratories, especially in connection with submarine telegraphy, was such that Sir William, then scientific referee to the Atlantic Telegraph Company, recom- mended him at the age of twenty-one to fill a remunerative office in that company. This change prevented the completion of his University course ; but the late Pro- fessor Rankine has recorded the fact that he highly distinguished himself. Mr. Deacon now inspected the manufacture, in the contractors' works at Greenwich, of the first successful Atlantic cable, and in the expedition of 1865 accompanied the Great Eastern to lay it. The temporary loss of this cable, its remarkable recovery, repeated loss, its abandonment until the following summer, the subsequent lifting of the broken end, and its completion and success, are now matters of history. In the autumn of 1865 Mr. Deacon's services were again sought for Atlantic work ; but a business engagement previously made prevented his further connection with the company, and he commenced practice in Liverpool as a consulting Civil and Mechanical Engineer. In 1869-70 he was Lecturer on Civil Engineering and Me- chanics at Queen's College, Liverpool. In 1871 Mr. James Newlands, the Borough Engineer, and Mr. Thomas Duncan, the Waterworks Engineer of Liverpool, having died, their offices were amalgamated, and out of a large number of candidates, Mr. Deacon, at the age of twenty-eight, was unanimously appointed to the joint office. Under him the reconstruction of the sewers, of the pavements, and of the tram- ways of Liverpool was rapidly undertaken. The supply of water, though good in quality, had become insufficient in quan- tity, and from the year 1865 only an intermittent supply could be afforded. Mr. Deacon's invention, now widely known as the differentiating waste-water meter, and applied to about thirteen millions of persons, showed conclusively that the whole difficulty arose from leakage. By its aid the waste was automatically re- corded, its localities separately detected, and, without any additional water, the Liverpool people were, before the end of 1875, in possession of a constant supply under higher pressure than before. Be- tween 1873, when this work was begun, and 1890, the population supplied had in- creased by 218,000 persons, and the value of the water saved from leakage and sup- plied to this additional population is esti- mated at considerably over £50,000 per annum. During Mr. Deacon's tenure of the office of Borough Engineer, which he resigned in 1881, the relative zymotic death-rate of Liverpool decreased about 34 per cent., a result which, is still substan- tially maintained. The rapid growth of population having made it necessary to seek for an additional supply of water, Mr. Deacon investigated, at the instance of DEAKLN — DE AMICUS 283 the Liverpool Corporation, the lake district of Cumberland and Westmorland, North Lancashire, and Wales. Mr. Deacon, in the beginning of 1877, projected his great scheme of water supply, involving the restoration of an ancient lake — now known as Lake Vyrnwy — in Montgomeryshire, and the construction of an aqueduct 76 miles in length therefrom to Liverpool. The project received the support of the late Mr. Bateman and the late Mr. Hawksley, at that time the leading authorities on hydraulic engineering. A Bill was obtained in 1880, and, until 1885, Mr. Hawksley and Mr. Deacon acted in conjunction as the engineers. Thenceforth Mr. Deacon was engineer- in-chief, and he completed the work in 1891. This undertaking was the first in the country by which water was obtained from a great distance. Man- chester now draws water from Thirlmere ; Birmingham is constructing works of supply from central Wales ; while Sir Alexander Binnie has surveyed and recom- mended large mountain areas of Wales as sources of supply to London, a scheme which is supported by a joint report of Sir Benjamin Baker and Mr. Deacon recently made at the instance of the London County Council. Mr. Deacon was also consulted about the aqueduct now in progress for the supply of the Coolgardie Gold-fields in Western Australia. This eclipses all others in length, for the water is to be pumped from a source 328 miles distant. Mr. Deacon has received, among others, the Telford, the Watt, and the George Stephen- son medals of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He is the author of many scientific and engineering papers, is a member of the Institution of Civil En- gineers, of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, of the Iron and Steel Institute, of the Royal Meteorological and of other scientific societies, and Past President of the Association of Municipal and Sanitary Engineers, of the Engineering Section of the Sanitary Institute Congress, Liverpool, 1894, and of the Mechanical Science Sec- tion of the British Association, Toronto, 1897. Addresses: 19 Warwick Square, S.W. ; and Victoria Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. DEAKIN, Alfred, was born in Mel- bourne on Aug. 3, 1856, and is the son of William Deakin, a well-known coach proprietor in the early days of the colony, and of Sarah Deakin, daughter of a Mon- mouthshire farmer. He was educated at the Church of England Grammar School, Melbourne, and at Melbourne University ; became a barrister-at-law in 1877 ; jour- nalist also till 1883 ; was elected for West Bourke in Feb. 1879, but owing to an informality at one polling place, which occasioned much ill-feeling, resigned and was defeated by 15 votes on a heavy poll in August 1879 ; and was again defeated early in 1880 ; but returned at the head of the poll six months later and continued to represent that constituency until it was divided in 1889, when he was returned for Essendon and Flemington, a portion of the same district. He joined the Service- Berry Ministry in March 1883, as Minister of Public Works and Water Supply. In 1884 he exchanged the latter office for that of Solicitor-General. In 1886 he was elected leader of the Liberal party, and joined Mr. Duncan Gillies in forming a Government, in which he held office as Chief Secretary, Minister of Water Supply and Minister of Health. The former two offices he resigned in November 1890. In 1885 he was appointed President of a Royal Commission on Water Supply, and in that capacity visited the United States, presenting upon his return an elaborate report upon irrigation as practised in the States, upon which Victorian legislation, introduced by himself, has since been largely founded. In 1887 he was the senior representative of the Colony at the Imperial Conference in London, when he was offered and declined the title of K.C.M.G. On the way thither he visited Egypt and Italy, and published a second report upon irrigation as practised in those countries. He was the second Victorian delegate to the Australian Conference at Sydney on the Chinese question in 1888. In 1889 he was appointed a member of the Federal Council of Australasia, and took an active part in its session at Hobart in the same year. In 1890 he was one of the two representatives of Victoria at the Federation Conference held in Mel- bourne ; and, later in the same year, was appointed one of the seven representatives of the Colony at the Convention in the early part of 1891, which was entrusted with the task of framing a constitution for a Federal Australasian State for sub- mission to the several Colonies. He was Chairman to the Committee of Public Accounts in 1896, and Member of the National Australian Federal Convention in 1897. He has published works on Irri- gation in Australia and other countries, and, in 1894, "Temple and Tomb." He is married to Pattie, daughter of Hugh Junor Broune, J.P., of Ventnor, Mel- bourne. Address: Llanarth, South Uarra, Melbourne. DE AMICIS, Edmondo, a popular Italian writer, was born at Oneglia, Oct. 21, 1846, of a Genoese family. He began his studies at Cuneo, and after a preliminary training in the Instituto Candallero at Turin, he entered the military school of 284 DEANE — DEARMER Modena, which he quitted in 1865 as sub- lieutenant in the 3rd Regiment of the line. In 1866 he took part in the battle of Custozza. The following year he was established at Florence as Director of the Italia MUitare. After the seizure of Eome by the troops of King Victor Emmanuel, it appeared to him that his career as a volunteer in the army of Italian inde- pendence had naturally come to an end. He took up his abode at Turin, and devoted his energies exclusively to literature, in which he had already made a mark by his sketches of military life — " La Vita mili- tare : bozzetti " (sketches), (Milan, 1868). After composing his "Ricordo del 1870- 71," he wrote a volume of " Novelle," com- prising " Gli Amici di Collegio," " Camilla Furio," "Un Gran Giorno," "Alberto," " Foi tezza," and " La Casa paterna " ( Flor- ence, 1872 ; 2nd edit. Milan, 1879). A series of tours through Spain, Holland, and Mo- rocco, with visits to London, Paris, and Constantinople, afforded him the material for several works which, written in a lively and attractive style, increased the author's fame, had a wide circulation, and were translated into several European lan- guages. Their titles are : " La Spagna" (Florence, 1873); " Recordi di Londra," 1874 ; " Olanda " (Florence, 1874) ; " Con- stantinopolia " (6th edit., 2 vols., Milan, 1877-8) ; " Morocco " (Milan, 1879) ; " Ri- cordi di Parigi" (3rd edit., Milan, 1879). Of these the following have appeared in London in English versions by Caroline Tilton : " Constantinople," 1878 ; " Mo- rocco, its People and Places," 1879 ; and "Holland," 1880. Signor De Amicis has also published " Ritratti letterari " (Milan, 1881) ; " Poesie " (2nd edit., Milan, 1881) ; " La Porta d' Italia," 1884 ; " Sull' Oceano," 1889, and "' Scenes de la Vie militaire." DEANE, Henry Bargrave, is the only surviving son of Sir James Parker Deane, Q.C., and was born on April 28, 1846. He was educated at Winchester, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he ob- tained the International Law Essay Prize in 1870. In the same year he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and he now practises on the Sonth-Eastern circuit. Mr. Deane was, in 1885, appointed Recorder of Margate, and he acts as Official to the Archdeaconry of Middlesex. He was the Secretary of the Royal Commission on Wellington College in 1879-1880 ; and he is the author of "A Treatise on the Law of Blockade." Address : 2 King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. DEANE, Rt. Hon. Sir James Parker, D.C.L., the son of the late Henry Deane, of Hurst Grove, Berks, was born in 1812, and was educated at Winchester, and St. John's College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1834, becoming eventually a Fellow of his College. Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1841, he be- came a Q.C. in 1858, and has for some years held the position of Vicar-General of the Province and Diocese of Canterbury, and Chancellor of the Diocese of Salisbury. He received the honour of Knighthood in 1885, and he is a member of the Privy Council. Address : 16 Westbourne Ter- race, W. DEARMER, The Rev. Percy, M.A. Oxon., was born in London in 1867 ; his father was Thomas Dearmer, an artist. He was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxford. He was ordained Deacon in 1891, and Priest in 1892, his first curacy being at St. Anne's, South Lambeth. In 1897 he became senior curate of St. Mark's, Marylebone Road. Since 1890 he has been Secretary of the London Branch of the Christian Social Union. He has done much journalistic work {Daily Chronicle, Clarion, &c), and is part editor of the Commonwealth, a paper devoted to the interests of the Christian Social Union. He has been for three years on the Executive of the Fabian Society, and is on the Committee of the Clergy and Artists' Association. Besides contributing to "Some Aspects of Disestablishment" (1894) ; " The New Party " (1894) ; " The Church of the People" (1894); he has edited " Lombard Street in Lent " (1894) : contributed to and edited " A Lent in Lon- don " (1895); and "Lombard Street Ser- mons " (1897). He has also written " The Cathedral Church of Oxford " (1897) ; "Re- ligious Pamphlets" (1897); and "The Cathedral Church of W T ells " (1898). Ad- dress : 9 Devonport Street, Hyde Park, W. DEARMER.Mrs. Percy (Mabel Dear- mer), the daughter of Surgeon-Major William White, of Penrhos, Carnarvon, was born in 1872. She studied art first at Richmond, Surrey, and in 1890 at the Her- komer School, Bushey, for about one year ; but in 1891 she married the Rev. Percy Dearmer and gave up her work. In 1893 she gave a dramatic representation of Brand by Henrik Ibsen, Act IV., at Princes Hall, Piccadilly. This perform- ance excited some attention, and in order to advertise it she designed a poster. This poster (since named " The Reading Lady") was at once bought up, and has been exhibited in Paris, Chicago, and Lon- don (Earl's Court Exhibition), and is re- produced in many works on the poster in German, French, and English. She then turned her attention exclusively to work for reproduction both in colour and in black and white, and she has designed a DEBUS — DECRAIS 285 number of book plates, the two best known of which are those of Mrs. Fawcett and Richard Le Gallienne. During 1894-95 she had work reproduced in a good many magazines, including the Studio, the Savoy, and the Yellow Book. For Christmas 1896 she designed a frontispiece for the Parade in two colours, and illustrated "Wymps," by Evelyn Sharp, these pictures being in four colours. For Christmas 1897 she illustrated another work on the same lines, "All the Way to Fairyland." These pictures, which are in a style never before attempted, are like miniature posters, bright and flat in colour. Mrs. Dearmer is now exclusively engaged in illustrat- ing children's books in this particular style. Address : 9 Devonport Street, Hyde Park, W. DEBUS, Heinrich, F.R.S., Ph.D., chemist, was born at Hessen, Germany, July 13, 1824, and was educated at the University of Marburg. He occupied the post of Lecturer in Chemistry at Queen- wood College, Clifton, Guy's Hospital, and Royal Naval College, Greenwich, from 1851 to 1888. He also examined for the University of London between 1864 and 1882. In 1888 he retired to Cassel, where he occupies himself with his favourite sub- ject. Address : Cassel, Hessen. DE CASSAGNAO, Paul Granier, son of Adolphe Granier de Cassagnac, born about 1840, became at an early age a contributor to the minor Parisian journals, and soon acquired notoriety by the fierce- ness of his personal attacks on his con- temporaries, and the numerous duels to which they gave rise. In 1866, under the auspices of his father, he joined the staff of Le Pays, of which soon afterwards he became the principal editor. Since then he has been perpetually embroiled in quarrels with his brother journalists and anti-Bonapartist politicians. It would be difficult to enumerate all the "affairs of honour" in which he has been engaged, but his duel with the late M. Gustave Flourens, in 1869, may be mentioned as being one of the most desperate fought in modern times. M. Paulde Cassagnac was decorated with the Legion of Honour on the Emperor's fete-day in 1868, and in July 1869 was elected a member of the Conseil General for the Department of Gers. On the declaration of war against Prussia in August 1870, M. Paul de Cas- sagnac, who was still suffering from a recent wound in the chest, and who had just been appointed a Major of the Garde Mobile of the Department of Gers, pre- ferred to enrol himself as a volunteer in the first regiment of Zouaves. Taken prisoner at Sedan, he was imprisoned eight months at Kosel in Silesia. On recovering his liberty he went to Venice for the benefit of his health ; and after- wards established in the Department of Gers, L'Appel au Peuple, a political journal which met with considerable success. Returning to Paris in January 1872, he resumed the editorship of Le Pays. In July of that year he was condemned to a week's imprisonment, and to pay a fine of 100 francs in consequence of his duel with M. Lockroy. On July 7, 1873, he fought a duel on the Luxembourg frontier with M. Ranc, a Paris journalist, both combatants being wounded, and M. Ranc disabled. He was tried in Paris, July 2, 1874, for the publication in Le Pays of articles calculated to disturb the public peace, and to stir up hatred and contempt between citizens. M. Paul de Cassagnac undertook his own defence and obtained a verdict of "Not Guilty," a result which was regarded by the Bonapartists as a signal triumph. In 1874 he published in his journal a series of violent articles in reference to the capitulation of Sedan, the whole responsibility of which was thrown on to General Wimpffen's shoulders. The General accordingly instituted a prosecu- tion for libel in the Assize Court of the Seine, but M. Paul de Cassagnac was acquitted by the jury (February 1875). On Nov. 24, 1875, he delivered, at a meeting at Belleville, a speech in which he con- tended that the restoration of the Empire was the essential condition of the welfare of the people. The Pays and other news- papers were prosecuted for printing a re- port of this discourse, but they were all acquitted. M. Paul de Cassagnac was returned to the National Assembly by the arrondissement of Condom in the Depart- ment of Gers, at the general elections of February 1876 and October 1877. The latter election was annulled by the Cham- ber, Nov. 11, 1878, but in the following February M. de Cassagnac was elected, and he has been at subsequent general elections. Of late years his fiery zeal has somewhat abated, chiefly on account of the unfortunate dissensions in the Bona- parte family, but during the Boulangist agitation he sided strongly with the party of the late General, and in the September elections of 1889 his followers were directed to support Revisionist candidates wherever Conservatives failed to present themselves. In 1884 he ceased editing the Pays, and founded the AutoriU, in the columns of which he constantly attacks the present Republican order. Address : 161 Boule- vard Malesherbes, Paris. DECRAIS, Pierre Louis Albert, French diplomatist, born Sept. 18, 1838, was educated for the bar. On the fall of 286 DEFREGGER — DE FREYCINET the Empire he was appointed by M. Thiers Prefect of the department of the Indre-et- Loire, and in 1876 he was transferred to the Gironde. In 1879 he was appointed Minister of France to Belgium ; being re- called in 1882, he was placed at the head of the political department of the Min- istry of Foreign Affairs. In November of the same year he went as Ambassa- dor to Rome, whence he was promoted in 1886 to Vienna as successor to M. Foucher de Careilles. He succeeded M. Waddington in London in 1893, but stayed only till September 1894, being succeeded by the Baron de Courcel. He is a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. Address : 62 Avenue du Bois de Boulogne, Paris. DEFREGGER, Franz, an Austrian painter, born at Stronach, in the Tyrol, April 30, 1835, showed from his infancy a strong inclination for artistic pursuits, and received his first lessons from a sculptor at Innsbruck in 1860. Then he went to Munich, entered the School of Arts there, and continued his artistic studies under the direction of Piloty. In 1863 he proceeded to Paris, where he stayed two years, and then returned to Munich, where he painted a series of genre pieces representing the life of the people in his native country. Among his works may be mentioned : " The Last Return of the Forester"; " The Poachers "; "Joseph Speckbacher and his Son" ; the " Zither Player," and the large painting " La Derniere Levee en 1809." In 1878 he sent the "Zither Player" to the Paris Exhibition and obtained a third prize. In 1883 the King of Bavaria raised this cele- brated painter to noble rank, by bestowing on him the Bavarian Order of the Crown. DE FREYCINET, Charles Louis de Saulces, French senator and engineer, was born at Foix, Nov. 14, 1828. He received his professional training in the Polytechnic School, was fourth in the examination for the Corps des Mines in 1848, and was employed by the Govern- ment in the same year on several impor- tant public works. Appointed engineer of the mines at Mont-de-Marsan, he was, in the regular course of promotion, trans- ferred to Chartres in 1854, and to Bor- deaux in 1855. In the latter year he was appointed chief engineer to the Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Midi ; and during the five years of his tenure of this im- portant post, he gave to the Compagnie du Midi a typical organisation which the other French railway companies did not fail to imitate. M. de Freycinet was next employed by the Government in various scientific or industrial missions in France and in foreign countries. In 1864 he was nominated ordinary engineer of the first class, and he was likewise a member of the Conseil General of the department of Tarn- et-Garonne, when the war of 1870 broke out. After the revolution of September 4, he was appointed Prefect of Tarn-et-Garonne. On the 10th October following, M. Gam- betta having taken possession, in the provinces, of the office of Minister of War, chose M. de Freycinet as his dele- gate, and entrusted him with the supreme control of that department. On the con- clusion of peace M. de Freycinet retired for a time from public life. He was elected a senator by the department of the Seine, Jan. 30, 1876, being placed first on the list of successful candidates ; his term of office expired in 1882. When the Dufaure Ministry was formed in Dec. 1877, he accepted the portfolio of Public Works. On May 8, 1878, he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences as successor to M. de Bussy. His former studies on water supply, sewage, and engineering won for him this distinction. M. de Freycinet continued in his office of Minister of Public Works in the Cabinet presided over by M. Waddington (Feb. 4, 1879), after M. Grevy had succeeded Marshal MacMahon as President of the Republic. At the close of that year (Dec, 27), he was appointed President of the Council in place of M. Waddington, and he took the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, He resigned Sept. 19, 1880, in consequence of the difficulties relative to the execution of the decrees against the unauthorised religious Orders ; and M. Jules Ferry was then entrusted with the formation of a new Cabinet. In January 1882, M. Gam- betta's Ministry was overthrown on the Scrutiii de Liste proposal, by a majority in the Chamber of 305 to 110. M. de Freycinet was then recalled to power, and again held, with the Presidency of the Council, the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, His proposals for safeguarding the Suez Canal were rejected by a majority of 416 to 75 (July 29). The Ministry at once resigned, and, as the Chamber had de- clared in the plainest possible terms against intervention in Egypt, France became a passive spectator of England's, action. After M. de Freycinet's resigna-- tion, President Grevy, after many diffi- culties, succeeded in forming a " Ministry of Affairs " under M. Duclerc. Then fol- lowed the second Government of M. Ferry,, who in his turn was succeeded by M. Brisson ; and he, after a short and feeble tenure of office, gave place to M. de Frey- cinet, who took the Presidency of the Council and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He went out of office in December 1886, and was succeeded by M. Goblet. At the Presidential election of December- DE HAAS — DELCASSE 287 1887, he was one of the three candidates for the presidency, the other two being MM. Ferry and Floquet. But he retired from the contest in view of the improvised candidature of the late M. Carnot. In April 1888, he returned to power as Minister of War in the Floquet Cabinet. He was the first civilian to hold that position since the days of the Aneien Regime, but he retained his portfolio during successive ministries, and in March 1890 was for the fourth time Premier and Minister of War. In February 1892 he was defeated and succeeded by M. Loubet, in whose ministry he nevertheless retained the position of Minister of War. On the reconstruction of the Cabinet in January 1893, he had to resign his post, having been to some extent affected by the Panama scandals. As Minister of War M. de Freycinet has left his mark on the constitution of the French army. To him is owing the establishment of the three years' system of obligatory military ser- vice, and the extension of such obligatory service to students preparing for the priesthood, and to young men in the learned professions. He has created a Conseil Superieur de la. Guerre, and has instituted the post of a General Chief of Staff to whom in war time are to be en- trusted plans of mobilisation and all kinds of military preparations. During the four years he was at the Ministry of War he increased the number of fortresses on the frontiers, greatly strengthened those al- ready in existence, gave an immense extension to the annual French military manoeuvres, which now involve the move- ments of armies, and applied several secret improvements to French arms and ammu- nition. These important secrets were partially revealed by the Turpin-Triponin affair, which occurred in May and June of 1891. As President of Council, M. de Freycinet has frequently taken up a strong attitude, especially in matters affecting the clergy. In December 1891, he called for stern repressive legislation in the matter of clerical associations, and the discussion of the law in which these measures were embodied, led to the fall of the strong ministry over which he presided. M. de Freycinet was re-elected Senator of the Seine in January 1891. He has made his mark as an author, both scientific and literary, having published a " Traite de Mecanique rationnelle," 2 vols., 1858 ; " De 1' Analyse infinitesimale," 1860 ; " Des Pentes economiques en Chemin^de Fer," 1861; "Emploi des Eaux d'Egout en Agriculture," 1869; " Principes de l'As- sainissement industriel," 1870 ; and " La Guerre en Province pendant le Siege de Paris," 1871 ; besides a series of literary Pensees Contemporaines. In May 1882, he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1890 he was chosen a member of the Academy in succession to Emile Augier. In 1898 he endeavoured to form a Coalition Ministry on the fall of the Meline Cabinet, but was unsuccessful. DE HAAS, Maurits, F. H. , marine painter, was born at Rotterdam, Dec. 12, 1832. He studied under J. Spoel and at the Academy of Fine Arts in his native city, and finished his artistic education under Louis Meyer at the Hague. In 1857 he was made artist to the Dutch Navy, and in 1859 he went to New York, where he has since lived. The subjects of his earlier pictures are chiefly from the English Channel and French Coast ; and among them are : " Storm off the Isle of Jersey," "After the Wreck," "Seashore near Hastings," "Calm off Newport," "Wreck off St. Heliers," "Yacht Hen- rietta," "Clearing Up," "British Chan- nel," "The Rescue," "The Old Wreck," and "Moonrise at Sunset." His best known American works are "The Rapids above Niagara Falls " and " Farragut pass- ing the Forts at New Orleans." He was elected an Associate of the National Academy in 1863, and an Academician in 1867, and was one of the original members of the American Society of Painters in Water-Colours. Of late years he has painted most of his subjects on the New England coast. DELAND, Margaretta Wade, ne'e Campbell, an American writer, was born at Alleghany, Pennsylvania, Feb. 23, 1857. She was educated at Pelham Priory, New Rochelle, N.Y., then studied at Cooper- Union (N.Y. City), and in 1878-79 taught industrial design in the Girls' Normal College, at New York. In 1880 she was married to Lorin F. Deland, of Boston, Massachusetts. She has published : "The Old Garden and other Verses," 1886; "John Ward, Preacher," 1888, a novel' which has attracted very much attention y "Florida Days," 1889; "Sidney," 1890;- "Philip and his Wife," 1894; "The Wisdom of Fools," 1897. In 1893 "The Old Garden and other Verses," was re- published with decorations by Walter Crane. DELCASSE, Theophile, French statesman, was born at Pamiers, March 1, 1852, and having passed his liccnce-es-lettres, he took up journalism and became one of the staff of La Republique Franfaise, where he dealt with questions of foreign politics. In 1889 he defeated the monarchist can- didate in the arrondissement of Foix, and entered the Chamber. He defended the credits for the Soudan and Tonkin in the, DELOMBRE — DENNING Budget of 1892 very warmly, pointing out the vital necessity of France keeping up with the other Great Powers in their work of colonisation. On May 30, 1894, he was appointed Colonial Minister in the Dupuy Cabinet, and, as such, was noted for his anti-English feeling. On M. Brisson (q.v.) taking office in June 1898, he succeeded M. Hanotaux as Minister of Foreign Affairs. In September 1898, the "Marchand" incident filled the journals of Europe, and for a time disturbed a continent. On the overthrow of M. Brisson's Ministry in October 1898, M. Delcasse' was requested to continue the personal superintendence of his foreign policy, and, consequently, joined the new .combination under the leadership of M. Charles Dupuy. The particular honour of this re-appointment becomes emphasised when it is recalled that M. Delcasse 1 succeeded in office one of the most dis- tinguished French statesmen of his gene- ration, namely, M. Hanotaux (q.v.). Paris address : 11 Boulevard de Clichy. DELOMBRE, Paul, French states- man, was born at Maubeuge in 1848. He studied for the law, and subsequently practised at the Paris Court of Appeal. He then, like many others, took to journalism, and, for a time, held the im- portant position of financial editor of the Temps. He entered the Chamber in 1893 as Deputy for Barcelonnette, and, in October 1898, accepted office under M. Dupuy as Minister of Commerce, this being his first portfolio. M. Delombreis an economist of -wide repute in France. DENBIGH, Earl of, Rudolph Robert Basil Aloysius Augustine Fielding', son of the 8th Earl and Mary, daughter of Robert Berkeley, of Spetchley Park, Worcestershire, was born at Downing Hall, Holywell, North Wales, on May 26, 1859, and succeeded his father in 1892. He was educated at Oscott College, Bir- mingham, and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He entered the army in December 1878, and, as a Captain of the Royal Artillery, saw service in Egypt in 1882, and was present at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. In 1883 he was appointed to the Royal Horse Artillery, and served in India during 1886. The following year he went to Ireland as Aide- . de-Camp to the Lord-Lieutenant, and shortly afterwards retired from the army. Lord Denbigh at one time intended to contest the Rugby Division of Warwick- shire, and after three years' hard work, was unable to do so owing to the death of his father just before the general electiorj. He moved the Address in the House of Lords in August 1892. In 1895 he was elected to the Warwickshire County Coun- cil, but resigned the seat on being elected to the London County Council in February 1896 as one of the four representatives of the City. He did not seek re-election in the City in 1898, but contested Battersea and was beaten. In ] 897 he was appointed Lord-in-Waiting to the Queen. Lord Denbigh takes an active interest in politics, and has charge of the Irish Government business in the Upper House. He also took charge of the Infant Life Protection Bill, which became law in 1897. He is the Lieutenant-Colonel Com- manding the Honourable Artillery Com- pany. In 1884 he married the Hon. Cecilia Clifford, daughter of Lord Clif- ford of Chudleigh, and has issue. Lord Denbigh, besides possessing various Irish titles, is Count of Hapsburg of the Holy Roman Empire. Addresses : Newnham Paddox, Lutterworth ; and Downing, Holywell, Flintshire. DENMAN, George Lewis, LL.M., J.P., Metropolitan Police Magistrate, is the eldest son of the late Justice George Denman, and was born in London, May 5, 1854. He was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge ; was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1877, and was Recorder of Queenborough from 1882-85. He was appointed a Metropolitan Police Magistrate in 1890, and sits at Lambeth. He has edited the 2nd edit, of Broom's "Constitutional Law," 1885. Addresses: 8 Cranley Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. DENMARK, King of. See Chris- tian IX. DENMARK, The Crown Prince of, K.G., was born in Copenhagen in 1843. He was educated at an ordinary school, and then underwent a thorough military training in the Swedish army. He was married in 1869 to the Princess Louise of Sweden ; his second son, Prince Charles, is married to the Princess Maud, third daughter of the Prince and Princess of Wales. DENNING, "William Frederick, F.R.A.S., was born at Braysdown, near Bath, Somerset, on Nov. 25, 1848. His ' father was Isaac Poyntz Denning (born in the East Indies in December 1819, and. son of Isaac Denning, who served in the 53rd Regiment during the Indian wars about a century ago), then manager of the Brays- down Collieries ; but who in January 1850 removed to Bristol and became a public accountant. The son attended several private schools, and early evinced a love for natural history. In October 1865, when acting as clerk to a manufacturing DEPEW — DERBY 289 firm at Bristol, he was attracted to the study of astronomy. He had probably inherited this taste from his mother, who had long been led to " consider the heavens," and had first aroused in him that love for the science which developed itself in his after life. Procuring some lenses he soon constructed a small tele- scope, and commenced that observational work which he pursued with so much diligence in later years. His father en- couraged these initiatory efforts by pre- senting him with a 3-inch refracting telescope, and afterwards with one of 4J inches. The latter was superseded by a 10-inch reflector by With and Browning in 1871, and this has since formed the chief working instrument of Mr. Denning. He has effected many planetary observa- tions, and obtained some interesting results with regard to the varieties and motions of the spots on Jupiter. On the morning of Oct. 4, 1881, he discovered a periodical comet of 8f years ; on March 26, 1894, he detected another periodical comet, the computed time of which is 1\ years. Other comets were found by him on July 23, 1890, March 30, 1891, and March 18, 1892. Mr. Denning's chief work has, however, been effected in the field of meteoric astronomy. For many years he watched the fall of meteors and recorded their numbers and directions. A large quantity of materials was accumulated in this way, and in May 1890 a paper by Mr. Denning was published by the Royal Astronomical Society in which he gave the positions of 918 radiant points of meteoric showers de- duced from observations of 12,083 meteors. No other observer has obtained such ex- tensive results in this branch of astronomy. In 1877 he discovered that the August meteors (called "Perseids") present a radiant which changes its position, from night to night, amongst the fixed stars, and he subsequently detected many showers of long duration and stationary position. Mr. Denning has written about seventy-five papers which have been printed in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, and he has been a very frequent contributor to English and foreign scien- tific journals. A large number of his papers have appeared in Nature ,. the Astronomical Register, the Observatory, the English Mechanic, Knowledge, and the Astronomiscke Nachrickten. He acted as President of the Liverpool Astronomical Society in 1877-78, and is the author of books entitled "Tele- scopic Work for Starlight Evenings " and "The Great Meteoric Shower of November." He became a Fellow of the Royal Astro- nomical Society in June 1877, and was elected an Hon. Member of the Liverpool Astronomical Society in 1882. In December 1895 he was awarded the "Valz " prize by the Academy of Sciences, Paris, for his observations and discoveries of meteoric showers and comets. In February 1898, at the anniversary meeting of the Fellows, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in recognition of his labours in various departments of the science, and particularly in that of meteoric astronomy. Address : 102 City Road, Bristol. DEPEW, Chauncey MitcheH, LL.D., American lawyer, was born at Peekskill, New York, April 23, 1834. He graduated at Tale College in 1856 ; studied law, and was admitted to the Bar. In 1861-62 he was a Member of the New York Assembly, and from 1863-65 was New York Secretary of State. He was also a tax-commissioner for New York City, and for a brief time Minister to Japan. In 1866 he became Attorney for the New York and Harlem Raised Railway Company, and on its con- solidation in 1869 with the New York Central Railway Company he was appointed the general counsel of the united com- panies. The Legislature, in 1874, chose him a Regent of the State University, and he was also placed on the Commission for building the Capitol at Albany. In 1882 he became Second Vice-President of the New York Central Railway, and in 1885 its President. He was also President of the West Shore Railway, and of the Union League Club of New York, and for ten years of the Yale Alumni Association, and also of ■ the Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. In 1888 he was a candidate before the Republican National Convention for President of the United States, receiving 100 votes. In the Con- vention of 1892 he led the forces of Presi- dent Harrison. Mr. Depew is distinguished not only as an eminently successful railway manager and as a prominent leader of his political party, but also as one of the most popular speakers of his country, his orations on public occasions and his after- dinner addresses being in great demand. In 1887 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Yale College. A volume of his " Orations and After-dinner Speeches " was published in 1890. DERBY, Bishop of. See Webb, the Right Rev. Edwabd Ash. DERBY, Earl, The Right Hon. Frederick Arthur Stanley, K.G., K.C.B., A.D.C., J. P., LL.D., younger son of the 14th and brother of the late Earl of Derby, by Emma, second daughter of the first Lord Skelmers- dale, was born in London on Jan. 15, 1841, and received bis education at Eton. He entered the Grenadier Guards T 290 DERING — DESART in 1858, was appointed Lieutenant and Captain in 1862, and retired in 1865. He represented Preston in the House of Com- mons, in the Conservative interest, from July 1865 till December 1868, when he was elected for North Lancashire. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from August to December 1868, and Financial Secretary for War from February 1874 till August 1877, when he became Financial Secretary to the Treasury. On April 2, 1878, Colonel Stanley was appointed Secretary of State for War, in succession to Mr. Hardy, now Lord Cranbrook, and was sworn of the Privy Council. In the autumn recess of that year he and Mr. W. H. Smith, the First Lord of the Admiralty, with a nume- rous suite, visited the island of Cyprus. He went out of office with his party in April 1880. In Lord Salisbury's govern- ment he was Secretary of State for the Colonies from June 1885 till February 1886, and in the Cabinet of August 1886 was appointed President of the Board of Trade, and raised to the peerage with the title of Lord Stanley of Preston. In 1888 he be- came Governor-General of Canada, and was succeeded in 1893 by Lord Elgin. In the same year he succeeded to the title of the late Lord Derby. He was Mayor of Liverpool 1895-96, and since 189*7 has been Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire. He married, in 1864, Lady Constance, eldest daughter of the 4th Earl of Clarendon. Addresses : 33 St. James's Square, S.W. ; Knowsley Park, Prescot, &c. DER.ING, Sir Henry Nevill, Bart., Envoy Extraordinary to Mexico, was born Sept. 21, 1839, and is the fourth son of the 8th Baronet and a daughter of Lord Kensington. He was educated at Harrow, and entered the Diplomatic Ser- vice in 1859. From 1892 to 1894 he was Consul-General in Bulgaria, when he was appointed to his present post. He was made a C.B. in 1895, and in 1896 succeeded his father as 9th Baronet, the creation dating from 1626. In 1863 he married the daughter of J. Underwood, Esq. Address: Surrenden Dering, Ashford, Kent. DEROTJLEDE, Paul, French politi- cian and journalist, was born at Paris on Sept. 2, 1846, and is the nephew of Emile Augier. He was educated at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand, and in 1867 had his first verses printed in the Revue Nationale. He travelled all over Europe, and in 1869, "Jean Strenner," his drama, was acted at the The'atre Francais. He was wounded at Sedan, and taken prisoner to Breslau, whence he escaped and fought in the Loire campaigns. As a result he issued two volumes of " Chants du Soldat " (1872 and 1875), which became popular all through France, and were crowned by the French Academy. His "Hetman" was played at the Odebn in 1877, and his "Moabite," although accepted by the Francais, was forbidden by the Censor on account of its religious opinions. It was read to the press in the salon of Madame Adam (q.v.) in 1880. In 1882 he acquired great notoriety by founding the " Ligue des Patriotes," which was destined to unite all Frenchmen in a desire for revenge. He supported General Boulanger violently in 1884, and undertook an anti- German crusade in Russia in 1883, and in 1887, on the death of the famous journa- list, Katkoff. In 1888 he was defeated at the elections of the Charente, but in 1889 he was successful at Angouleme, and be- came one of the most violent partisans of Boulanger after his flight. He was forcibly ejected from the Chamber on Jan. 20 1890, and soon after returned to literary work. He has recently been extremely active as an anti-Dreyfusard, and was arrested and imprisoned for seditious behaviour on the occasion of M. Loubet's election to the Presidency of the French Republic early in 1899. He published " Histoire d'Amour" in the same year, and in 1895 wrote a play for the Ambigu, " Bertrand Duguesclin," which was violently patriotic and Anglophobe. He is the finest specimen of the French Chauvinist. He lives at 108 Avenue Kle'ber, Paris. DERRY AND RAPHOE, Bishop of. See Chad wick, The Right Rev. G. A. DE RUTZEN, Albert, B.A., J. P., was born in 1831, and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1857. He occupies at present the position of Metro- politan Police Magistrate at Marlborough Street. Address : 90 St. George's Square, S.W. DESART, Earl of, Hamilton John Agmondesham Cuffe, C.B., Solicitor to the Treasury, Director of Public Prosecu- tions, and Queen's Proctor, was born Aug. 30, 1848, and is the second son of the 3rd Earl of Desart and Lady Elizabeth Camp- bell. He was educated at Radley and Trinity College, Cambridge, and served in the Royal Navy from 1860-1863. He was called to the Bar in 1872. In 1878 he was appointed Assistant-Solicitor to the Trea- sury, and in 1894 was promoted to his present post. On Sept. 14, 1898, he suc- ceeded to the earldom of Desart, on the death of his elder brother. In 1876 he married Margaret, daughter of the 4th Earl of Harewood. Address : 2 Rutland Gar- dens, S.W. Clubs : St. James', Travellers'. DESCHANEL — DESHUMBERT 291 DESCHANEL, Emile Martin, was born at Paris, Nov. 14, 1819, and, after a brilliant course of study at the College Louis-le-Grand, was appointed Professor of Rhetoric at the College of Eourges ; shortly afterwards he returned in the same capacity to Paris. He wrote successively for the Revue IncUpenclante, the Reeue des Deux Mondes, and the National, and several articles on literary criticism for La Liberti de Penser. To this last-named journal he contributed also a series of essays on politics and social philosophy, entitled " Catholicisme et Socialisme," and in con- sequence was cited to appear before the Council of Public Instruction, and, in spite of an eloquent appeal, was suspended from all his offices. He then gave his entire energies to the Republican press. On Dec. 2, 1851, he was arrested, imprisoned for some time, and subsequently banished. Until 1859 he resided in Brussels, when he returned to France and became one of the editors of the Journal des Debuts. In 1869 he joined the staff of the National. At the general elections of February 1876, M. Deschanel was returned for the Seine, and after the act of May 16, 1877, he was one of the 363 deputies who refused a vote of confidence in the Broglie Ministry. He is the author of " Les Courtisanes de la Grece," 1854; "Histoire de la Conversa- tion," 1858; "La Vie des Comediens," 1860; "Physiologie des Ecrivains et des Artistes," 1864;, "Etudes sur Aristo- phane," 1867 ; "A. Batons rompus," 1868 ; "Les Conferences a Paris et en France," 1870; "La Question des Femmes et la Morale la'ique," 1876; "Le Peuple et la Bourgeoisie," 1881 ; " Le Romantisme des Classiques," which is a carefully re-edited reprint of many of his lectures. He con- tributes to the Inddpendance Beige under the signature of ABS. In June 1881 he was elected a Life Senator and Honorary Professor of French Literature at the College de France. DESCHANEL, Paul Eugene Louis, President of the Chamber of Deputies, son of Emile Martin Deschanel, the eminent physicist, was born at Brussels, Feb. 13, 1859 ; educated at the Lycee Ste. Barbe and the Lycee Condorcet. In 1876 and 1877 he was secretary to Marcere and Jules Simon when Ministers of the Interior. In 1877 he was appointed Sous-pre'fet of Dreux, then of Brest and of Meaux. In 1881 he resigned his post to put up for Parliament, and failed to get in for Dreux, but succeeded in the department of the Eure-et-Loir, in 1885, as a moderate Re- publican. From the first he was dis- tinguished as an orator. His maiden speech was in favour of duties on cereals, June 28, 1886. In 1888, after a speech on French interests in the East, the Sultan made him a Grand Cross of the Medjidie and Grand Officer of the Osmanieh. He also spoke on the Navy Estimates, and exposed the needs of the French fleet. In 1889 he was returned unopposed for Nogent-le-Rotrou. In the new Parliament his chief speeches were on the Liberty of the Press and the Customs. He was sent on an official mission to the United States in 1891. He has visited the Socialist leader, M. Jaures, at Carmaux. He is a frequent contributor to the Dibals and the Revue Politique, and has written the fol- lowing works : " La Question du Ton- kin," 1883; "La Politique I'rancaise en Occanie," 1884, with a preface by M. de Lesseps ; "Orateurs et Hommes d'Etat," 1888, which was crowned by the Academy, as was his "Figures de Femmes" in 1889. These works prove his powers as a stylist. His last work is entitled " La Republique Nouvelle," and gives an account of his social and political theories. At the begin- ning of the new Parliament in May 1898, M. Deschanel was chosen by the Moderates to oppose M. Henri Brisson, the well- known Radical, for the Presidency of the Chamber. It was a bold move, even for one who had been Vice-President, for M. Brisson had held the office in the two preceding Parliaments, and when M. Deschanel was elected by a majority of four the confusion and scenes of violence were remarkable even for the French Chamber. DESHUMBERT, Marius, born in Lyons in 1856, began public life as a teacher in the same town at the age of 18, and was visiting master for five years at the Ecole de la Martiniere, the Ecole de Commerce, the Ecole Centrale, and the Ecole des Mines. He came to London in 1879, and prepared candidates almost exclusively for army examinations, and was appointed Professor of French at the Staff College in 1889, and Professor at the Royal Military College in 1897. By the decision of the Under Secretary of State for War these two posts may be held by the same Professor. The best known works of Prof. Deshumbert are: "A Dictionary of Difficulties met with in Reading, Writing, and Speaking French " (5th thousand), 1890; "A Public Ex- amination French Hand - Book " (2nd thousand), 1892, to which have been added " Hints on the Study of the French Language " ; "A French and English List of Military Terms " (4th thousand). Prof, Deshumbert's hobby is the Study of Ethics and he has written several pamphlets on the subject ; among others, " First Prin- ciples of Common-Sense Ethics," 1894 ; " Life and Doctrines of Confucius," 1895 ; 292 DE STAAL — DES VCEUX and has edited a "blank-page" journal called " Daily Record of my Physical, Moral, and Intellectual Development." He is also the editor of a new quarterly magazine for " the harmonious develop- ment of the faculties" called "Common- Sense Ethics." Address : Montclair, Cam- berley. DE STAAL, Georges, entered the diplomatic service as Secretary of Embassy at Constantinople. He subsequently be- came Minister to the Court of Wurtemberg, and was thence transferred to London as Russian Ambassador in July 1884. He, with M. Lessar as special coadjutor, had the management of the delicate diplomatic negotiations that attended the despatch of the Afghan Frontier Commission, the "unfortunate incident" of Penjdeh, &c. ; and those also which followed the various crises in Bulgarian affairs, 1885-86. Ad- dress : Chesham House, S.W. DES VCEUX, Sir George William, G.C.M.G, is a younger son of the late Rev. Henry Des Voeux, and brother of the present baronet of that name. He was born at Baden-Baden on Sept. 22, 1834, and was educated at the Charterhouse and at Balliol College, Oxford. Intended for the Church, he preferred to seek his fortune in the Colonies. In 1862 he was called to the Bar of Ontario (then Canada West) ; and having passed his legal exami- nations with distinction, he was appointed in 1863 to be a special magistrate in British Guiana by the Duke of Newcastle, then Secretary of State for the Colonies. After five years' service in Demerara, his representations to the Home Government caused the appointment of a Royal Com- mission to inquire into the treatment of the Coolie immigrants, and resulted in a large amelioration of their condition. In 1869 Mr. Des Vceux was appointed Admini- strator of St. Lucia, and on taking charge of that post he found the colony in a state of extreme depression, due largely to corruption in the administration of justice and other official misconduct. But the severe measures which he adopted quickly brought about improvement, and within three years the revenue nearly doubled. During his tenure of office in this island he initiated a great number of useful measures, and also, with the assist- ance of Chief-Justice Armstrong, prepared the code of law now in force, which, being based on the ancient law of the island (the Coutume de Paris), embodies with it improvements taken from the code of Quebec, the Code Napoleon, and the code of Louisiana, as well as many modifica- tions required by modern and local condi- tions. This code, unlike other codes of a similar character, contains a chapter of definitions which was entirely the work of Mr. Des Vceux. In 1877 he was ap- pointed Lieutenant-Governor of Trinidad, and though received there with coolness, owing to his views and action with refer- ence to contract-labour, he, on leaving the colony after a year's administration, had won the regard of all classes — employers as well as employed. In 1878 he was appointed to act for Sir Arthur Gordon (now Lord Stanmore) in the government of Fiji, and during this administration her Majesty's Government recognised by special despatch his ' ' energy and re- source " as displayed in the protection of the colony under peculiarly difficult circumstances on the arrival of a ship con- taining six hundred coolies infected with cholera and smallpox. In May 1880 he was appointed Governor of the Bahamas ; but when on the point of departure for that colony he, on the request of the Secretary of State, proceeded again to Fiji, being appointed Governor in succes- sion to Sir A. Gordon, and arrived there in December of that year. In 1882, on the resignation by Sir Arthur Gordon of the government of New Zealand, Mr. Des Voeux, by virtue of a commission, until then dormant, assumed the functions of High Commissioner of the Western Pacific, an office which he retained until his depar- ture from Fiji in 1885. In that capacity he attended the Australasian Convention held at Sydney in 1883, forming one of the committee which drafted the Federal Council Bill, and initiating some of the resolutions of the Convention with refer- ence to New Guinea and the Western Pacific. Mr. (now become Sir G. William) Des Voeux returned to England in ill- health in the spring of 1885 ; and being in 1886 appointed Governor of Newfound- land, received on his departure for that colony a joint address from the Anti- Slavery and Aborigines Protection Socie- ties, bearing testimony to his " prolonged and successful efforts in the cause of humanity and civilisation." Sir William arrived in Newfoundland at a time of great political and sectarian excitement (aroused by an appointment to the office of Governor, which had to be withdrawn and was superseded by his own), and at once set himself to bring about peace, with so much success that within a few months three Catholic members were taken into the Government, which had been formed as exclusively Protestant. When leaving the colony after a year's administration, Sir William received addresses of very unusual warmth from both Houses of the Legislature, while the leaders of the two most opposed sects (Catholics and Wesleyans) separately attributed to him DETAILLE — DE VILLIEES 293 a religious peace such as had not been known for many years. Appointed in 1887 Governor of Hong Kong, Sir William proceeded thither in October of that year, and when after an administration of little more than Two years he was compelled by ill-health to seek a change of climate, he experienced on his departure for England a demonstration of respect on the part of all classes of the community, Europeans and Chinese alike, such as was said to have been unprecedented in the history of the Colony. Sir William returned to Hong Kong in December 1880, when, his health having again broken down, he felt compelled to resign his office, and return- ing to England vid Japan and America, he for the fourth time during his service completed the circuit of the globe. Sir William was appointed C.M.G. in 1877, was promoted to K. C.M.G. in 1882, and in 1883 to G. C.M.G., in recognition of his "long and valuable services." Sir William's writings have been mostly of an official character, and except some articles in the Nineteenth Century, and letters in the Times, have been published exclusively in Blue-books. He was for the second time elected President of the China Asso- ciation in 1898, and is a principal authority on the Far Eastern Question. He married in 1875 Marion Denison, daughter of Sir John Pender, G.C.M.G., M.P., and has four children living. Ad- dress : Victoria, Hong Kong. DETAILLE, Jean Baptiste Edouard, French painter, was born in Paris, Oct. 5, 1848. He was one of Meis- sonnier's favourite pupils, but his first picture, "Coin d' Atelier," in the Salon, attracted little notice in 1867. In 1869 his " Repos pendant la Manoeuvre " was one of the successes of the year. During the war of 1870 he was secretary to General Appert, and took advantage to study military life at close quarters. His most famous pictures have been " Le Regiment qui passe," 1875; "En Recon- naissance," 1876, which was much ad- mired at the Guildhall Loan Collection in 1898; "Le Reve," 1888, his masterpiece, in the Luxembourg Museum at Paris, together with his " Sortie de la garnison de Huningen en 1815," noted for its won- drous perspective. Monsieur Detaille is the most famous military painter in France, and his work is noted for its care and accuracy. He is a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a Member of the Academie des Beaux Arts. DEUCHEB, Adolph, was elected Vice-President of the Swiss Confederation for 1896, and in May 1 in that year opened the National Exhibition at Geneva, which aimed at presenting a complete illustra- tion of Swiss trade and industry. He was elected President for 1897 on Dec. 17, 1896. DE VERE, Aubrey Thomas, poet, third son of the late Sir Aubrey de Vere, Bart., of Curragh Chase, co. Limerick, was born in 1814, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. His father, who died in 1846, was descended from Vere Hunt, a Cromwellian officer who settled in Curragh during the Commonwealth. He was him- self a distinguished poet, whose sonnets were pronounced by Wordsworth to be the "most perfect of our age." Mr. Aubrey de Vere is also famous as a sonnet writer, and has published many volumes of verse, viz., " The Waldenses," 1842 ; " The Search after Proserpine," 1843 ; "Poems, Miscel- laneous and Sacred," 1853 ; "May Carols," 1857; "The Sisters," 1861 ; "The Infant Bridal," 1864; "Irish Odes," 1869; "The Legends of St. Patrick," 1872; "Alex- ander the Great," 1874 ; " St. Thomas of Canterbury," 1876 ; " Legends of the Saxon Saints," 1879; "The Foray of Queen Meave, and other Legends of Ireland's Heroic Age," 1882; "Legends and Re- cords of the Church and the Empire," 1887; "St. Peter's Chains," 1888. He is also a prolific writer of prose, and has published, among other works, "English Misrule and Irish Misdeeds," 1848 ; " Pic- turesque Sketches of Greece and Turkey," 1850; "Ireland's Church Property and the Right Use of It," 1867, and several other works on the Church of Ireland ; "Constitutional and Unconstitutional Poli- tical Action," 1881 ; two volumes of essays on literary and ethical subjects ; " Proteus and Amadeus," a selection of his own poems, 1890; "Religious Poems of the Nineteenth Century," 1893; "Mediaeval Records and Sonnets," and an important and interesting account of his long life among the distinguished men of several generations, entitled "Recollections of Aubrey de Vere," 1897. Club: Athenaeum. DE VILLIERS, Bight Hon. Sir John Henry, K.C.M.G., was born in 1842. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1865, and he served as Attorney- General of Cape Colony from 1872 to 1874. He is at present Chief -Justice at the Cape, and also occupies the position of President of the Legislative Council of that colony. On the occasion of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, in June 1897, Sir John Villiers came to this country, accompanied by the Cape Premier, and was present at most of the important functions connected with the celebration. He was married in 1871 to Aletta, daughter of J. P. Jourdan, of Worcester, Cape of Good Hope. Address : Wynberg, Cape of Good Hope. 294 DEVONSHIRE DEVONSHIRE, Duke of, The Right Hon. Spencer Compton Caven- dish, K.G., D.C.L., LL.D., eldest surviving son of the late William, 7th Duke of Devonshire, by Lady Blanche Georgina Howard, daughter of George, 6th Earl of Carlisle, was born July 23, 1833, and edu- cated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1854, and was made LL.D. in 1862. He was attached to Earl Granville's special mission to Eussia in 1856. In March 1857 he was returned to the House of Commons in the Liberal interest as one of the members for North Lancashire. At the opening of the new Parliament in 1859, he moved a vote of no confidence in Lord Derby's Government, and it was carried by 323 votes against 310. In March 1863 he was appointed a Lord of the Admiralty, and in April in the same year Under-Secretary for War. On the reconstruction of Lord Russell's second Administration, in February 1866, the Marquis of Hartington, as he then was, became Secretary for War, and re- tired with his colleagues in July of that year. At the general election of Decem- ber 1868, he lost his seat for North Lan- cashire, but was immediately afterwards returned for the Radnor boroughs, having first received the office of Postmaster- General in Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet. He held that office till January 1871, when he succeeded Mr. Chichester Fortescue as Chief Secretary for Ireland. His lordship went out of office with his party in Febru- ary 1874. When Mr. Gladstone, shortly before the assembling of Parliament in 1875, announced his intention of abandon- ing the post of leader of the Liberal party, a meeting of the members of the Opposi- tion was held at the Reform Club (February 3), under the presidency of Mr. John Bright. On the motion of Mr. Villiers, seconded by Mr. Samuel Morley, a resolution was unanimously passed to the effect that the Marquis of Hartington should be requested to undertake the leadership of the Liberal party in the House of Commons. His lordship accepted this responsible posi- tion, and became the acknowledged leader of the Opposition in the Lower House. He received the freedom of the city of Glasgow, Nov. 5, 1877 ; and was installed as Lord Rector of the University of Edin- burgh, Jan. 31, 1879. At the general election of April 1880, he was elected M.P. for North-East Lancashire. On the resignation of the Conservative Govern- ment, the Marquis of Hartington was sent for by the Queen to form an Administra- tion ; but this task, having been declined by him and Earl Granville, eventually devolved on the former leader of the Liberal party, Mr. Gladstone, who con- structed a Cabinet, in which the Marquis of Hartington occupied a seat as Secretary of State for India, from May 1880 till Dec. 16, 1882, when he was transferred to the War Office in succession to Mr. Chil- ders, who had become Chancellor of the Exchequer. He resigned with the Govern- ment in June 1885, and was elected for the Rossendale division of Lancashire, December 1885. In 1886, on the formation of Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Cabinet, Lord Hartington declined to join it ; but, on the contrary, took up the position of leader of the Unionist Liberals. He moved the first resolution at the great Opera House meeting ; and also, in the House of Commons, the rejection of the Bill at the debate on the second reading. His election for the Rossendale division in 1886 was looked upon with immense inte- rest. He was returned by 5399 votes against 3949. When the new Govern- ment was formed, he declined to become a member of it, preferring to give Lord Salisbury an "outside support." After the secession of Lord Randolph Churchill, Lord Salisbury again endeavoured to in- duce Lord Hartington to join the Cabinet, but in vain. He has since allied himself closely with Lord Salisbury, and his anta- gonism to the policy of Home Rule has become more and more decided. In 1890 he was severely ill for some time. In April 1891 he was appointed Chairman of the Royal Commission on Labour. At the close of the same year he succeeded his father as Duke of Devonshire, and in January 1892 was inaugurated as Chancel- lor of Cambridge University in succession to the late Duke. His installation took place in June. In August he was married at Christ Church, Mayfair, to Louise, Duchess of Manchester, widow of the 7th Duke, who died in 1890. Shortly afterwards the Duke of Devonshire was invested with the Order of the Garter. In 1892 he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Derbyshire. On Sept. 5, 1893, he moved the rejection of the Home Rule Bill in the House of Lords. In 1895 he became Lord President of the Council. He is President of a Cabinet Committee of National and Imperial Defence, is Lord Lieutenant of co. Waterford, and was Mayor of East- bourne in 1897-98. Of late years he has been prominently before the public in con- nection with the scheme for a Teaching University for London. Speaking on Aug. 15, 1895, for Lord Salisbury's Government, the Duke of Devonshire took the side of the majority of the Convocation of the existing University of London, who were then, as now, warmly opposed to the scheme for a Teaching University as re- commended by Lord Cowper's Commission. In July 1897 he presented the London University Commission Bill, proposing the DEWAR — DEWEY 295 appointment of a new commission for the reconstitution of the University of London, in accordance with the well-known Gre- sham University scheme, but this Bill, though amended and sent down to the legislators of the Lower House, was with- drawn in August owing to the opposition of Convocation and others. The Duke is also keenly interested in technical educa- tion, and presided at the Fourth Interna- tional Congress on Technical Education held at the rooms of the Society of Arts, London, in June 1897. Addresses : 78 Piccadilly, W. ; Chatsworth, &c. ; and Athenaeum. DEWAR, Professor James, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., was born on Sept. 20, 1842, at Kincardine-on-Fortb, Scot- land, and was educated at Dollar Aca- demy and the University of Edinburgh. He was assistant to Sir Lyon Playfair, when Professor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh, from whom he received his chemical training. Subse- quently he studied at Ghent, under the celebrated Professor Auguste Kekulie. He has been Lecturer on Chemistry at the Dick Veterinary College, Chemist to the Highland and Agricultural Society, and Examiner in the Universities of London and Edinburgh. At present he is Jack- sonian Professor of "Natural Experi- mental Philosophy" in the University of Cambridge, and Fullerian Professor of Chemistry in the Royal institution of Great Britain. He is M.A. and Fellow of St. Peter's College, Cambridge, and F.R.S. of London and Edinburgh. On March 31, 1897, Professor Dewar was elected President of the Chemical Society, Hon. LL.D. Glasgow, St. Andrews, and Edinburgh, and one of the Directors of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory of the Royal Institution. He is a Past Presi- dent of the Society of Chemical Industry. Professor Dewar is the author of papers on organic and physical chemistry, viz., on "The Oxidation Products of Picoline," " Transformation of Chinoline into Ani- line," "Physical Constants of Hydroge- nium," "Specific Heat of Carbon at High Temperatures," "The Physiological Action of Light," "Spectroscopic Investigations," &c. The Professor has taken an active part in the conduct of recent Exhibitions, having occupied the respective positions of Chairman of the Heating and Lighting Jury of the Health Exhibition, and a member of the Executive Council of the Inventions Exhibition. He has several times given demonstrations at the Royal Institution to the Prince and Princess of Wales on the formation of liquid oxygen and air and the production of temperatures approaching that of the absolute zero, and during the past fourteen years he has been engaged on experimental researches at low temperatures, and has published numerous papers on liquid air and the behaviour of bodies at low temperature in the Proceedings of the Royal Intitution, Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society, &c. He was a member of the Government Committee on Explosives, and, in association with Sir Frederick Abel, has made inventions with regard to smokeless powders, and their application to military purposes. With Sir F. Abel he invented cordite. In 1897, in conjunction with M. Moissan, Professor Dewar succeeded in liquefying fluorine. He has delivered many Christmas courses of lectures to young people at the Royal Institution. Of late years, in conjunction with Professor Fleming, he has carried on researches on the electric and magnetic properties of metals and other bodies at low temperature. The Rumford medal of the Royal Society was awarded to Pro- fessor Dewar in 1894, in recognition of his investigations on the properties of matter at lowest temperatures. Professor Dewar's latest chemical triumph is the liquefaction of hydrogen, which he effected at the Royal Institution on May 10, 1898. The liquid was exhibited to Lord Rayleigh, who happened to be present. Subse- quently, at a meeting of the Royal Society, Professor Dewar contributed a preliminary note on the liquefaction of hydrogen and helium. The feat is without precedent. "Liquid hydrogen," says a man of science writing to the Times, ' ' in quantity is not only of enormous scientific interest in it- self, but is also of immense importance as placing a new and potent instrument in the hands of investigators, who have hitherto found their progress barred by its absence." Helium is a rare gas, which has hitherto never been liquefied. Per- manent address : Royal Institution, Albe- marle Street, W. Club : Athenaeum. DEWEY, George, Rear - Admiral, American Navy, was born Dec. 26, 1838, in Vermont. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1858. He became Passed Midshipman, Jan. 19, 1861; Master, Feb. 23, 1861; Lieutenant, April 19, 1861. He was with Farragut when the fleet forced an entrance to the Mississippi River and captured New Orleans in April 1862. He was on the warship Mississippi when she grounded in front of the batteries at Port Hudson, where she was torn to pieces by the shot from the guns of the Confederates, the crew being forced to hurry away in small boats. The Lieutenant shared in the attack on Fort Fisher, on the coast of North Carolina, in December 1864 and January 1865, and was promoted to Lieu- 296 DE WINDT — DIAZ tenant Commander, March 3, 1865, serving in this capacity on the celebrated warship Kearsarge. Promoted to Commander, April 13, 1872, he was in command of the Narragansett, 1872-1876. Later he was a Member of the Lighthouse Board, and Sept. 27, 1884, he became a Captain. He commanded the Pensacola from 1885 to 1888, and became Commodore, Feb. 28, 1896. In January 1898, he was sent to the Asiatic station, and on the outbreak of the war with Spain he destroyed the Spanish fleet in a brilliant action in Manilla Bay (May 1, 1898), without losing any of his own vessels. For this he was promoted to be Bear-Admiral, and was voted a sword of honour, together with the thanks of Congress and the American people. He also received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Pennsyl- DE "WINDT, Harry, was born in Paris in April 1856, and was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He served as A.D.C. to his brother-in-law, the Eajah Brooke of Sarawak, from 1876 to 1878, and in later years he has been known as a great traveller and explorer. In 1887 he made a journey by land from Pekin to France, and in 1 'he travelled in the same way from issia, through Persia, into India. He has visited the prisons of Western Siberia, and the mines and political prisons of Eastern Siberia, within recent years. Mr. De Windt nearly lost his life on the Behring Straits in 1895, when he was attempting to travel by land from New York to Paris ; and during 1897 he was engaged in an exploration of the Klondyke gold-fields. He is the author of : " On the Equator," 1882 ; "From Pekin to Calais by Land," 1887; "A Ride to India," 1890 ; " Siberia as it is," 1892 ; " The New Siberia," 1895; "Through the Gold-Fields of Alaska to Behring Straits," 1898 ; and a novel styled "A Queer Honeymoon." Address : 58 Jermyn Street, S.W. DE WINTON, Major-General Sir Francis, G.C.M.G., K.C.M.G.. LL.D., D.C.L., was born in 1835 at Maesllwch Castle, near Hay on the Wye, and is the son of Walter de Winton and Julia, third daughter of the Rev. John Collinson, Rector of Gateshead. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and in 1854 entered the Royal Artillery, subse- quently serving in the Crimean campaign, and as A.D.C. to Sir W. F. Williams in British North America, Nova Scotia, and at Gibraltar. From 1877-78 he was Mili- tary Attache' at Constantinople, and from 1878-80 and again from 1880-83 Secretary to the Marquis of Lome in Canada. From 1884-85 he was Administrator-General of the Congo just before it was definitely raised to the rank of a State ; was Adju- tant Quartermaster General at Head- quarters in 1888-89 ; Commissioner to Swazi-land in 1889 ; and since 1892 has been Comptroller and Treasurer of the Duke of York's household. He is on the retired list of the army. He married a Canadian lady in 1864. Addresses : York House, St. James's Palace, and Congham Lodge, Hillingdon, Norfolk. DEYM, Count Francis, of Stfitei, Ambassador of Austria-Hungary at the Court of St. James, was born Aug. 25, 1837, and began his diplomatic career at St. Petersburg in 1860. He was First Secretary at the Vatican in 1874, and in London in 1876. Having been elected a Member of the House of Representatives in 1879 by Bohemia, he left London and interrupted his diplomatic career for eight years. In 1887 he was appointed Minister to the Court of Bavaria, and in 1888 to his present post. In 1894 the Emperor of Austria conferred upon him the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Leopold. He is a perpetual Member of the Upper House of the Reichsrath, and a Knight of the Order of St. John of Malta. He married in 1870 Countess Anne of Lehlabrendorf, and his estates are near Arnau in Bohemia. D'EYNCOTJRT, E. C. Tennyson, was born on Feb. 11, 1855, at Bryanston Square, W., his father being the late Louis Charles Tennyson D'Eyncourt, a Metropo- litan Police Magistrate for forty years, and his mother being the youngest daughter of John Ashton Yates, formerly M.P. for Carlow. He was educated on the founda- tion at Eton, and at University College, Oxford, where he took his degree in 1875. Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in May 1881, he joined the South-Eastern Circuit, and became a member of the Kent Sessions. He was appointed a Metropoli- tan Police Magistrate for North London in January 1897, which post he now holds. He is also a J.P. for Lincolnshire. In 1892 he married Ruth, only child of A. F. God- son, M.P. Addresses : 31 Cornwall Gar- dens, S.W. ; and Farmfield, Charlwood, Surrey. DIAZ, General Porfirio, Mexican soldier and statesman, was born at Oaxaca, Sept. 15, 1830. He was educated in his native city, and began the study of law, but abandoned it to enter the National Guards when the Americans invaded Mexico in 1847. In 1854 he joined in the insurrection against Santa Anna, and from that time until his election to the Presi- dency in 1876 was actively engaged in the many attempts against the various govern- DIBBS — DICEY 297 ments which in rapid succession tried to rule Mexico. During this period he dis- played great abilities as a leader and military commander; and as early as 1861, at the request of General Ortega, his superior officer, was made a General. Twice (1863 and 1865) he was taken pri- soner, but each time effected his escape. His first administration as President was a stormy one, and much of his time was occupied in quelling revolts. At the end of his term (1880) he secured the election of General Gonzalez (his Secretary of War) as his successor ; and he himself took charge of one of the departments of the Government, and was also appointed Chief- Justice of the Supreme Court, but never took his seat. When Gonzalez's term ex- pired in 1884, Diaz was elected for a second term ; and by successive re-elections has been continued in the presidential office to the present time. His administration on the whole has been a successful one. The country has been pacified, its trade increased, its resources developed, its education advanced, and its railroads and telegraphs extended. On Sept. 16, 1897, when he was attending the public celebrations of the anniversary of Mexican independence, an attempt was made to assassinate him, which was happily unsuc- cessful, the criminal being dragged from prison by the mob and lynched. DIBBS, Sir George Richard, K.C.M.G,, has for many years been repre- sentative of Murrumbidgee in the New South Wales Legislature. From 1883 to 1885 he was Colonial Treasurer under Sir Alexander Stuart, whom he succeeded in the Premiership. He was Colonial Secre- tary in 1886-87, and in 1889 was again Premier for a short period. On the defeat of Sir H. Parkes in 1891 he became Premier for the third time, and signalised his tenure of power by introducing a strong Protectionist tariff. In 1892 he received the honour of knighthood, having come to England to establish confidence in Aus- tralian, and more especially in New South Wales, Stock. In 1893 he became bankrupt, and resigned his seat in the Legislative Assembly whilst retaining the Premiership, but he was at once re-elected. He was defeated at the elections of 1894, and resigned office. Address : Riverside, Emu Plains, N. S. Wales. DICEY, Professor Albert Venn, M.A., B.C.L., and Hon. LL.D. of Glasgow and Edinburgh, was born in 1835, and is a son of the late T. E. Dicey, Esq., of Claybrook Hall, Leicestershire. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in Classical Moderations in 1866, and a first class in the Final School of Litt. Hum. in 1858. He eventually became a Fellow of his College, and a Fellow of Trinity College, and now holds a Fellowship at All Souls' College. Mr. Dicey gained the Arnold Essay Prize in I860, his subject being "The Privy Council" ; and in 1882 he was appointed Vinerian Professor of English Law in the University. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1863, and he acted as Public Examiner in the Final School of Jurisprudence from 1874 to 1875. He is the author of : " Treatise on Rules for Selection of Parties," 1870 ; " The Law of Domicil," 1879; "England's Case against Home Rule," 1886 ; and " The Privy Coun- cil " (Arnold Essay), 1860 and 1887; and an important work on " The Law of the Constitution," 1886. Mr. Dicey was ap- pointed a Q.C. in 1890, and in 1899 suc- ceeded Sir John Lubbock as principal of the Working Men's College, Great Ormond Street. Address : All Souls' College, Oxford. DICEY, Edward, C.B., second son of the late T. E. Dicey, Esq., was born in 1832, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took honours both in the Mathe- matical and ir ■ tjie Classical Tripos. He has frequently C .- .'.'tributed tothe Nineteenth Century, FortniiJXily Review, St. Paul's, and Maemillan's Magazine, and other periodi- cals, and was for some years a leader- writer on the staff of the Daily Telegraph, for which he has acted as special correspon- dent in different parts of the Continent. While travelling in the East, Mr. Dicey was asked to undertake the editorship of the Daily News. He held this post for about three months in 1870. Immediately on quitting the Daily News Mr. Dicey was offered and accepted the editorship of the Observer, a position which he held up to 1889. He is the author of : "A Memoir of Cavour"; " Rome in 1860" ; " The Schles- wig-Holstein War," 1864; "The Battle- fields of 1866," published in 1866; "A Month in Russia during the Marriage of the Czarewich," 1867 ; " The Morning Land," an account of three months' tour in the East, 1870; "Victor Emmanuel" in the New Plutarch Series, 1882; "Eng- land and Egypt," 1884 ; " Bulgaria, the Peasant State," 1895. Mr. Dicey is an authority on Egypt, and has been a strong advocate of a British annexation of that country. He was made a C.B. in 1885. Of late years he has taken much interest in South African affairs, and has paid a long visit to the Transvaal. He has also travelled in Bulgaria, and has published a work on the Bulgarian people and politics, mentioned above. His brother, Mr. Albert Dicey, is Vinerian Professor of English Law at Oxford. He married, in 1867, 298 DICKENS — DICKSEE Anne Greene Chapman, an American lady, who died in 1878. Addresses : Piccadilly Mansions, W. ; and Athenasum. DICKENS, Henry Fielding, Q.C., is the son of the late Charles Dickens, of Gadshill Place, Higham, Kent, and was born on Jan. 16, 1849. He was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1872, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in November 1873. He practises on the South-Eastern Circuit, was appointed Becorder of Deal in 1883, and became Becorder of Maidstone in 1892. Mr. Dickens acted as Bevising Barrister for Mid-Kent and Greenwich in 1884, and was appointed a Q.C. in 1892. Address : 2 Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. DICKINSON, William Howship, M.D., F.B.C.P., J.P., was born June 9, 1832, at Brighton, and educated at Caius College, Cambridge, and St. George's Hospital, London. He is an Honorary Fellow of Caius College. After holding the offices of Medical Registrar and Cura- tor of the Museum he became Assistant- Physician to St. George's, then Physician and Lecturer on Medicine, and finally Consulting Physician. He was also in succession Assistant-Physician, Physician, and Consulting Physician to the Hospital for Sick Children. Dr. Dickinson held at different times the offices of Examiner in Medicine to the Universities of Cam- bridge, London, and Durham, and the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons. He was appointed in 1869 Secretary to the Pathological Society, and in 1889 Presi- dent. In 1885 he became Censor to the College of Physicians. He has made re- searches in connection with pathology and other branches of medicine, of which the following are the more important : On the Action of Digitalis upon the Uterus, describing for the first time its contractile effect upon that organ (1885) ; on the Pathology of the Kidney, distinguishing disease of the intertubular structures from that of the tubes, and asserting the inter- tubular origin of granular degeneration (1859, 1860, 1861) ; on the Function of the Cerebellum, assigning to that organ an especial effect upon the lower limbs (1865) ; on the nature of the so-called Amyloid or Lardaceous Degeneration, pointing out its connection with Suppuration (1867) ; on the Nature of the enlargement of the Viscera, which occurs in rickets, showing the affection of those organs to be analo- gous to that of the bones (1869) ; on the Futility of Counter-irritation as a Method of Treatment ; on the changes produced in the Nervous System by the Amputation of Limbs : on Chronic Hydrocephalus, pointing out the frequent origin of the disease in cranial relaxation ; on Diabetes, showing the general presence of structural changes in the nervous system, and refer- ring the symptoms to organic change, instead of, as hitherto, to functional de- rangement ; on the Pathology of Tetanus and of Chorea, with reference to structural alterations in the nervous centres ; on the Pathological Results of Alcohol ; and on the Presystolic Murmur, falsely so called. Most of the preceding papers are published in the Transactions of the Medico-Chirur- gical Society. Dr. Dickinson is also the author of works on Albuminuria, Diabetes, and Renal and Urinary Affections, of a course of Lumleian Lectures on " The Tongue as an Indication of Disease," and of a volume of ' ' Occasional Papers on Medical Subjects." In 1891 he delivered the Harveian Oration. He married Laura, daughter of James Arthur Wilson, M.D. Addresses : 9 Chesterfield Street, Mayfair ; and Athenaeum. DICKSEE, Frank, R. A., son of Thomas Francis Dicksee, was born Nov. 27, 1853, and received his first artistic instruction from his father. In 1870 he became a student of the Royal Academy, and in 1872 obtained a silver medal for a draw- ing from the antique. In 1875 he gained the gold medal for an historical painting, "Elijah confronting Ahab and Jezebel in Naboth's Vineyard," and in the following year exhibited the picture. At that time he worked also at drawings for book illus- trations and made some designs for stained glass. In 1877 he exhibited "Harmony," which was purchased by the trustees of the Chantrey Bequest Fund ; this was fol- lowed in 1879 by "Evangeline." He has since exhibited " The House - Builders," 1880; "Portraits of Sir William and the Hon. Lady Welby-Gregory, " " The Symbol," 1881; "The Love Story," 1881; "The Foolish Virgins," 1883; "Romeo and Juliet," 1884; "Chivalry," 1885; and "Memories," 1886. In 1887 "Hesperia" ; in 1888, "Within the Shadow of the Church"; in 1889, "The Passing of Arthur " ; and in 1890, " The Redemption of Tannhauser," were exhibited. In 1881 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy. In 1891 Mr. Dicksee was elected a Royal Academician, and in the same year exhibited the "Mountain of the Winds," and the "Crisis." In 1892 he exhibited "Leila" and "Startled," the latter being his diploma work ; in 1893, "The Funeral of a Viking"; in 1894, "The Magic Crystal," and "A Summer Sea " ; in 1895, " Paolo and Francesca," and " A Reverie " ; in 1896, " The Confession," and "The Mirror"; in 1897, "Dawn and Meditation " ; in 1898, " An Offering," and " The Infant Christ. " Addresses : Greville DICKSON — DIDON 299 House, 3 Greville Place, St. John's Wood, N.W. , and Athenaeum. DICKSON, Sir Collingwood, R.A., 0.®., G.C.B., was born in 1817, and is the son of the late Major-General Sir A. Dick- son, G.C.B., K.C.B., and Eularia, daughter of Don Stephen Briones. He entered the army, and became Second Lieutenant, Dec. 18, 1835 ; First Lieutenant, Nov. 29, 1837; Captain, April 1, 1846 ; Brevet-Major, May 22, 1846 ; Brevet Lieut. -Colonel, June 20, 1854; Lieut. -Colonel, Feb. 23, 1856; Brevet Colonel, June 29, 1855 ; Colonel, April 5, 1866 ; Colonel-Commander, Nov. 17, 1875 ; Major-General, Aug. 24, 1866 ; Lieut. -General, June 8, 1876 ; General, Oct. 1, 1877. Sir Collingwood Dickson served on the staff of Lord Raglan during the Eastern Campaign, 1854-55, and was present at the affairs of Bulganac and M'Kenzie's Farm, the battles of Alma and Inkerman, the charge at Balaclava, the Expedition to Kertch, and the siege of Sebastopol (wounded Feb. 4, 1855). He commanded the right siege train, and was present at the bombardments of Octo- ber 17, April 9, and June 17 (medal with four clasps, C.B. , Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, and Colonel, Victoria Cross, Officer of the Legion of Honour, 2nd Class of the Medjidieh, and Turkish medal). He was awarded the 0.®., "for having, on Oct. 17, 1854, when the batteries of the Right Attack had run short of powder, displayed the greatest coolness and con- tempt of danger in directing the unload- ing of several waggons of the field battery which were brought up from the trenches to supply the want, and having personally assisted in carrying the powder-barrels under a severe fire from the enemy." Sir Collingwood is also a Knight of Charles the Third ; 1st class St. Fernando ; and Knight of Isabella the Catholic. He has retired. Address : 79 Claverton Street, N.W. DICKSON - POYNDER., Sir John Poynder, Bart., M.P., was born in 1866. He is the son of Admiral Dickson, C.B., grandson of Admiral Sir Archibald Dick- son, and grand-nephew of General Sir Alexander Dickson, G.C.B. He was edu- cated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford, and in 1881 inherited estates in Wiltshire and in London from his uncle, Mr. William Poynder of Hilmarton Lodge, Calne, and Hartham Park, Corsham, Wilt- shire. He was returned in the Conserva- tive interest for the Chippenham Division of Wiltshire in 1892, and he still holds the seat. He represents Holborn in the Lon- don County Council, and is a Justice of the Peace for Wiltshire. He has travelled considerably in past years, especially in India, and along the North-West Frontier of India, and has written articles on the subject. He was at one time a Lieutenant in the Royal Scots Lothian Militia, and is now a Lieutenant in the Royal Wilts Yeomanry. He was married in 1896 to Anne, daughter of Henry Dundas, Esq. Address : Hartham Park, Corsham, Wilts, and 39 Hill Street, W., &c. DIDON, Henri, a celebrated French Dominican preacher and author, was born at Touvet, Isere, on March 17, 1840. At an early age he came under the influence of Lacordaire, and became a novice in a Dominican convent, taking his vows in 1862 and being shortly afterwards sent to Rome to complete his studies. At the age of twenty-eight he made his first appear- ance as a preacher in Paris, and was thenceforward regarded as a disciple of Lacordaire, whose Liberal Catholicism he warmly espoused. In 1871 he preached the funeral sermon at Nancy on Mon- seigneur Darboy. He was subsequently appointed Prior of the Dominicans of the Rue St. Jean de Beauvais in Paris, and in their chapel began giving a series of ad- dresses which made him famous. Science and faith chiefly occupied his attention. He was himself a student of physiology, and his friendship for Claude Bernard was well known. In 1879, however, he treated of divorce, and alarmed his clerical supe- riors, who forbade him to continue his lectures on that' subject. He was sum- moned to Rome, and was sent into disci- plinary seclusion in the Convent of Cor- bara in Corsica. At the end of eighteen months spent in study and retirement, he went into Germany and, as a student, followed courses of lectures on Greek, Hebrew, &c. He made a very thorough study of German opinion, manners, and customs, and on his return to France published an interesting work on that country, in which he pointed out that theory and practice, speculation and reality, have nothing in common in the Fatherland. Pere Didon has published numerous volumes of sermons, of which the first, "What is a Monk?" appeared in 1868. His best known work is his " Vie de Je"sus," in the writing of which he sought impressions in Palestine itself, as M. Renan had done before him. The work was published in 1890, and has had an immense circulation. At the begin- ning of that year Pere Didon was appointed director of the College of Albert le Grand at Arcueil, and solemnly installed on March 27. In January 1891, he preached a notable sermon at the Madeleine in Paris, the subject of which was "The Church and the Papacy." In Lent, 1892, he preached in the same church, and he 300 DIGGLE — DILKE generally occupies that pulpit during the special periods of Lent and Advent. When M. Zola published his " Lourdes" in 1894, Pere Didon issued a reply to that author's disbelief in the miracles performed at the shrine. He has recently (1899) visited England to study educational methods. DIGGLE, Joseph. Robert, M. A., J.P., was born on May 12, 1849, in Lancashire, and is the youngest son of William Diggle, Park House, Astley. He was sent to Manchester Grammar School, and com- pleted his education at Wadham College, Oxford, where he was placed in Class I. of the School of Modern History. He was ordained Priest in 1875, and was Curate of St. Mary's, Bryanston Square, till 1878. In 1879 he resigned his curacy in order to devote himself to a career of public use- fulness. In 1879 he was elected a member of the London School Board for Maryle- bone, and in 1885 was chosen Chairman in place of Mr. Buxton, who was defeated. He was re-elected to the Chair in 1888, and again in 1892. He headed the cleri- cal party in the School Board, and during 1894 was involved in the contro- versy with regard to religious education in the Board Schools of London. He was succeeded in the Chairmanship of the Board, towards the close of 1894, by Lord George Hamilton. He was member for the Marylebone Division of the London School Board to the end of 1897, when he shared in the defeat of the Moderate Party, after issuing (July 1897) in their behalf a weighty manifesto, in which he pointed ont that the Moderate attitude as to the necessity of Christian teaching as a basis of popular education had been substanti- ally the same from the day it was adopted by a majority of the first Board. Mr. Diggle took advantage of the Clerical Disabilities Act in 1889, thereby removing his ineligibility to sit in Parliament. In 1885 he had been nominated for West Marylebone to test the eligibility of clergymen to be nominated, and at the polls received a few votes. He has pub- lished " Pleas for Better Administration upon the London School Board." He is Mayor of Tenterden. In 1878 he married Jane Wrigley, daughter of T. W. Macrae, of Aigburth, Liverpool. Addresses: 19 Cornwall Terrace, NW. ; St. Michael's Hall, Tenterden, Kent. DILKE, Mrs. Ashton. Mrs. Russell. See Cook, DILKE, The Right Hon. Sir Charles Wentworth, Bart., LL.M., J.P., M.P., was born at Chelsea, Sept. 4, 1843, being the son of the late Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, and grandson of Charles Wentworth Dilke, the critic, who both were noticed in previous editions of this work. He received his academical edu- cation at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which he was a Mathematical Scholar, and where he graduated as senior legalist (head of Law Tripos) in January 1866. In the same year he was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple. At Cambridge he rowed "head of the river," and stroke of his college eight, and was twice Vice- ' President, and then twice President of the Union, a tenure of office without pre- cedent before or since. In June 1866 he proceeded to Canada and the United States, where he travelled alone for some months. At the end of August 1866 he met at St. Louis Mr. Hepworth Dixon, with whom he crossed the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, and visited the Mormon cities. Parting at Salt Lake City from Mr. Dixon, who returned to England, and shortly afterwards dedi- cated to him "New America," Mr. Dilke passed on to Nevada and California, and after a considerable stay at San Francisco, sailed for Panama, and thence to New Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia, where he visited all the Colonies, and gathered much information as to their political present and their prospects of a. great commercial future. Visiting Ceylon on his way, Mr. Dilke passed from West Australia to Madras and Calcutta, whence he crossed Upper India to Lahore, and returned to England by the Indus, Kurra- chee, Bombay, and Egypt ; thus complet- ing the circuit of the globe. The result of these journeyings was the publication of " Greater Britain : a Record of Travel in English-speaking Countries during 1866- 67," 2 vols., 1868 — a work which, treating the new subject of the influence of race on government and of climatic conditions upon race, had perhaps the greatest suc- cess that ever attended the publication of an author's first work. It passed through four editions in a single year in England, and, having been republished by two firms in America, also passed through a still larger number of editions there. One of its results was the election, in 1868, of its author, who is in politics a Radical, to represent the new borough of Chelsea. He was returned at the head of the poll, and by a majority of nearly two to one overDr.W.H. Russell, and was at that time the youngest man who ever represented a metropolitan constituency ; in Parliament he chiefly spoke upon foreign, Indian, and Colonial affairs, but, in 1870, seconded the motion of Mr. Henry Richard for the rejec- tion of Mr. W. E. Forster's Education Bill. Sir Charles Dilke succeeded his father and grandfather in the proprietorship of the Athenaum, and is understood to have DILKE — DILLON 301 at one time followed his grandfather's example in assuming the editorship him- self. He is also the proprietor of Notes and Queries, and one of the proprietors of the Gardener's Chronicle. Having in 1871 been attacked for holding Republican opinions, he admitted publicly that he had always preferred a Republican form of Government to a Constitutional Mon- archy. His re-election at Chelsea was in consequence violently opposed in February 1874, but he was again returned at the head of the poll. In the same year he published an anonymous satire, the author- ship of which remained a secret for four months. It was called "The Fall of Prince Florestan of Monaco," and passed through three editions, and was translated into French. In 1875 he published the works of his grandfather, with a memoir, under the title of "Papers of a Critic." In the same year he again went round the world, and wrote on China and Japan in the monthly magazines. His chief legis- lative achievements before 1880 were the creation of School Boards directly elected by the ratepayers (in place of committees of boards of guardians, as proposed by Mr. W. E. Forster) by an amendment of the Education Bill; the conferring of the municipal franchise on women ; the aboli- tion of the barbarous penalty of drawing and quartering; and, in 1878, the exten- sion of the hours of polling at parlia- mentary elections in the metropolis by the measure known as " Dilke's Act." On the formation of Mr. Gladstone's admin- istration in May 1880 Sir Charles Dilke was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. In 1881-82 he was Chairman of the Royal Commission for the Negotiation of a Commercial Treaty with France, which sat for many months in conference with the French Government High Commissioners both in London and in Paris. In December 1882 he was made President of the Local Government Board (with a seat in the Cabinet), in succession to Mr. Dodson, who had been transferred to the Chancellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1883 Sir Charles Dilke had charge of the Unreformed Corporation Bill, which he carried. In 1884 he was appointed Chairman of the Royal Com- mission on the Housing of the Working Classes, of which the Prince of Wales, Lord Salisbury, and Cardinal Manning were other members. In 1885 he had charge of the Bill for the Redistribution of Seats. In the same year he carried the Diseases Prevention (Metropolis) Act. At the general election of 1885 he was again returned for Chelsea (reduced borough), but in 1886 was defeated by Mr. Whitmore, the Conservative candidate. In 1885 Sir Charles Dilke married Mrs. MarkPattison, widow of the late Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford. In 1887 he published, through Chapman & Hall, " The Present Position of European Politics," which was translated into French under the title of "L'Europe en 1887," and published by Quantin of Paris. In 1888 he published, through Chapman & Hall, "The British Army " ; and at the beginning of 1890, through Macmillan & Co., " Problems of Greater Britain," which has passed through several editions in England, the United States, and the Colonies. In 1891 Sir Charles Dilke wrote, with Mr. Spencer Wilkinson, a volume entitled "Imperial Defence," which was published by Mac- millan & Co. In 1892 he was elected Member of Parliament for the Forest of Dean division of Gloucestershire, which he continues to represent. Addresses : 76 Sloane Street, SW. ; Dockett Eddy, Shepperton, R.S.O., Middlesex; and Pyr- ford, Maybury, Woking, the last-named being Lady Dilke's freehold, where she keeps her choice small collection of books. DILKE, Lady Emilia Francis, daughter of the late Colonel Henry Strong, of the Madras army, born Sept. 2, 1810, married first, in 1862, the Rev. Mark Pattison (who died on July 30, 1884), Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford ; and second, in October 1885, the Right Hon. Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, Bart. Lady Dilke was long a writer in the Saturday and Westminster Reviews, and afterwards became, for some time, fine-art critic of the Academy. In 1879 Lady Dilke pub- lished, through Kegan Paul, Trench, and Co., a work in two volumes, illustrated by herself, and entitled " The Renaissance of Art in France." In 1884 she published, in French, through the Librairie de l'Art, a monograph on Claude. In 1886 she pub- lished, through Routledge & Sons, "The Shrine of Death," a volume of stories. In 1888 she published, through Chapman and Hall, "Art in the Modern State." In 1888-90 she contributed several archaic stories to the Universal Review, and wrote in the Fortnightly Review and the New Review on Trades Unions for Women, in which she takes a deep interest. Lady Dilke has since published, through Chap- man & Hall, "The Shrine of Love," 1891. For many years Lady Dilke wrote the articles on Italy and France in the Annual Register. She has for some time been engaged on a history of the French art of the eighteenth century, for which she has worked at Berlin and Stockholm. Ad- dresses : see under Dilke, SlE CHARLES. DILLON, Viscount, Harold Ar- thur Lee-DiUon, 17th Viscount, Hon. M.A. of Oxford, President of the Society 302 DILLON — DIX of Antiquaries and of the Eoyal Archaeo- logical Institute, late lieutenant Rifle Bri- gade, and Major 4th Oxon. Light Infantry, was born on Jan. 24, 1844, and succeeded his father, the 16th Viscount, in 1892. He was educated at Eltham in Kent, an old town full of interesting relics of the past, which may have imbued him with his love of antiquity. He is well known for his interest in antiquarianism and archeology, has contributed frequently to the journals devoted to those subjects, and was elected P.S.A. in 1897. He is an ex-offlcio Trustee of the British Museum, has been a Trustee of the National Por- trait Gallery since 1894, and is Curator of the Tower Armouries. He was elected to the Athenaeum under Rule II. in February 1898. He married in 1870 Miss Julia Stanton, a Canadian. Address : Ditchley, Enstone, Oxfordshire. DILLON, John, M.P., second son of the late Mr. John Blake Dillon (M.P. for Tipperary, and one of the rebels of 1848), was born in 1851, and educated at the Roman Catholic University of Dublin, where he was distinguished for his profi- ciency in mathematics. He afterwards studied medicine, and became a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ire- land. In 1880 he was returned as member for Tipperary, but in March 1883 was obliged to resign his seat on account of ill-health. During his parliamentary career he was one of Mr. Parnell's most active supporters, and on Feb. 2, 1881, was the first member "suspended" on the occasion of the suspension of the whole Parnellite party. He was twice imprisoned as a "suspect" under Mr. Forster. In 1885 he was returned un- opposed for East Mayo ; and in 1886 was re-elected, and continues to represent that constituency. Mr. Dillon was a chief agitator for the well-known "Plan of Campaign," in accordance with which he received the rents of tenants at Lough- rea in November 1886. For this offence he was arrested, tried, but not convicted. In May 1888 he was, however, sentenced to six months' imprisonment for having taken part in " the criminal conspiracy " of the Plan of Campaign at Tullyallen. On appeal this sentence was confirmed. Imprisoned at Dundalk, he was liberated in September. In 1890 he collected large sums in Australia in aid of his party, and returning to Ireland, was arrested and tried on a political charge. Mr. Dillon, in company with Mr. W. O'Brien, having been liberated on bail, pending a further hearing in November 1890, forfeited the bail and escaped, first to Cherbourg and then to the United States, to fulfil a lectur- ing engagement there. In February 1891 he gave himself up to the authorities, and was imprisoned in Ireland. He was re- leased on July 30 from Gal way Gaol, and in a speech, delivered at Mallow on August 9, threw in his lot with the McCarthyites, as opposed to the Par- nellites. At the beginning of the session of 1896 Mr. Dillon, who is certainly the most earnest and formidable of the Nationalist leaders, was elected Chairman of the Irish Party in succession to Mr. McCarthy, and was re-elected in 1897. He married in 1895 Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. Sir James Mathew, and grand-niece of the famous Father Mathew. Address : 2 North Great George Street, Dublin. DIMSDALE, Sir Joseph Cockfield, a managing director in the well-known banking house of Prescott, Dimsdale, Cave, Tugwell, & Co., Lim., 50 Cornhill, E.C., was born in 1849, and educated at Eton. He has been an Alderman of the City of London since 1891, and was Sheriff of London in 1894, when he received the honour of knighthood. He was elected a Member of the London County Council in 1898. In 1873 he married Beatrice, daughter of R. H. Holdsworthy. Address : 3 Lancaster Street, Hyde Park, W. DIVERS, Edward, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S., was born in London, Nov. 27, 1837, and was educated at the City of London School, the Royal College of Chemistry, and at the Queen's College, Galway, Ireland. He became Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in 1870, but three years later he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the Imperial College of Engineering, Japan ; and in 1886 he succeeded to the Chair of Chemistry in the Imperial University of Japan. Professor Divers is a Knight Commander of the Order of the Rising Sun of Japan, and is the author of nume- rous articles on subjects connected with chemistry. He unfortunately lost the sight of his right eye through an explosion in 1S85. Address : Hongo, Tokyo, Japan. DIX, Morgan, D.D., American clergy- man, was born at New York City, Nov. 1, 1827, and was graduated from Columbia College in that city in 1848. He studied at the Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church (New York), and became a deacon in 1852 and priest in 1853. In 1855 he was appointed an assistant minister in Trinity Parish (the largest and most important in New York), of which he has been Rector since 1862. His principal publications are : " Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans," 1864; "Exposi- tion of the Epistles to the Galatians and Colossians," 1865; "Lecture on the Pan- DIXON 303 theistic Idea of an Impersonal-Substance Deity," 1865; "Essay on Christian Art," 1853 ; " Lectures on the Two Estates, that of Wedded in the Lord and that of Single for the Kingdom of Heaven's Sake," 1872 ; "Memoirs of John A. Dix," 1883; "The Gospel and Philosophy," 1866; "Harriet Starr Cannon, first Mother Superior of the Sisterhood of St. Mary," 1S97 ; and some volumes of sermons and devotional manuals. DIXON, Professor Harold Baily, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, Owens College, Manchester, second son of the late William Hepworth Dixon, was born in London, Aug. 11, 1852. He was educated at Westminster School, where he was elected on the Foundation in 1867. In 1871 he obtained a Junior Studentship at Christ Church, Oxford. At Oxford he studied Chemistry under Mr. A. G. Vernon Harcourt in the Christ Church Laboratory. In 1874 he accompanied his father through the United States and Canada, visiting the mines of Nevada and Cali- fornia. At the end of 1875 he took a first class in the Natural Science School, and became assistant to Mr. Vernon Harcourt. In 1876 he began the researches on the reactions of pure gases, to which he has since devoted himself. In 1879 he was appointed Millard Lecturer at Trinity College, and in 1881 Bedford Lecturer at Balliol College, Oxford, of which College he was afterwards elected Fellow. In 1880-81 Mr. Dixon experimented for the Board of Trade on Standards of Light to be used in Photometry, and in 1884-85 he made photometric determinations of various illuminants at the experimental lighthouses erected at the South Foreland by the Elder Brethren of the Trinity House. In 1886 he was elected Fellow of the Eoyal Society, and in the same year was chosen to succeed Sir Henry Roscoe as Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories of the Owens College, Man- chester. At the meeting of the British Association at Manchester in 1877 Pro- fessor Dixon gave, in a lecture in the Free Trade Hall, a popular account of his researches on the explosions of gases. Professor Dixon acted as Secretary of the General Board of Studies of the Victoria University in 1888-90. In 1890 he was elected Deputy Chairman of the Board, and in 1892 Chairman. In 1891 Mr. Dixon was appointed a Member of the Royal Commission to investigate the explosive action of dust in coal-mines. In carrying out this inquiry he visited the scenes of all the colliery explosions during three years, examining the air and analysing the dust of the mines. In 1893 he delivered the Bakerian Lecture of the Royal Society, " On the Rate of Explosion in Gases." In 1894 Professor Dixon was President of the Chemical Section of the British Asso- ciation at the Oxford meeting ; in his presidential address he pleaded for the recognition of research work as part of the University training in science. His chief papers are : " The Conditions of Chemical Change in Gases," Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, 1884 ; " On the Combustion of Cyanogen," "On the Decomposition of Carbonic Acid by the Electric Spark," and "On the Combustion of Carbonic Oxide and Hydrogen," in the Journal of the Chemical Society; "On the Oxidation of Sulphurous Acid," and "On the Rate of Explosions in Gases," Philo- sophical Transactions, 1893; "On the Ex- plosion of Cyanogen," and " On the mode of formation of Carbonic Acid in the burning of Carbon Compounds." Mr. Dixon married, in 1885, Olive Beechey Hopkins, daughter of the late Edward Martin Hopkins, of Montreal, and grand- daughter of Admiral Beechey, F. R. S. Address : Birch Hall, Rusholme, Man- chester. DIXON, Canon Richard Watson, poet, is the son of Dr. Dixon the celebrated Wesleyan minister, and grandson of Richard Watson, the Wesleyan theolo- gian. He was born in London, 1833, and educated at King Edward's School, Bir- mingham, where on the occasion of the Tercentenary he shared the prize for an essay on the Influence of the Reformation upon Literature with Sir Ed. Burne Jones and the late Dr. Hatch. At Oxford, where he entered at Pembroke College, he took a moderate class, but won the Arnold Prize for history and the Cramer Prize for poetry. At Oxford, in conjunction with Mr. (now Sir Ed.) Burne Jones and the late Mr. William Morris, he started the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, advocating Pre-Raphaelitism, to which Rossetti and other leading men contributed. This periodical lasted a year. Mr. Dixon be- came curate of St. Mary the Less, Lam- beth, under the present Dean Gregory, in 1858 ; Second Master of the High School of Carlisle in 1863 ; he was made Hon. Canon of Carlisle in 1874, accepted the Vicarage of Hay ton in Cumberland in 1875, and of Warkworth in Northumber- land in 1883. In 1861 he published " Christ's Company and other Poems," followed in 1863 by "Historical Odes." In 1873 he gained the second Peek Prize for an essay on the " Maintenance of the Church of England as an Established Church." In 1875 he published the " Life of James Dixon, D.D. ", his father. He has since been engaged in writing a " His- tory of the Church of England from the 304 DIXON-HAKTLAND — DOBSON Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction." This is a large work, based on original researches. Four volumes have hitherto appeared ; the first of which was in 1877, the fourth in 1890. In 1883 Mr. Dixon published " Mano, a Poetical History in Four Books." In 1884, 1886, and 1888, at the private press of the Rev. Henry Daniel of Worcester College, Oxford, he published in succession, " Odes and Eclogues " ; ''Lyrical Poems"; and "The Story of Eudocia and her Brothers." In 1896 he published " Songs and Odes," in Mr. Elkin Mathew's " Shilling Garland " series. Mr. Dixon is Rural Dean of Alnwick, and Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of New- castle. Address : Warkworth Vicarage, Northumberland. DIXON-HARTLAND, Sir Frede- rick Dixon, Bart., M.P., J.P., F.S.A., F.R.G. S., is the eldest son of the late Nathaniel Hartland, of the Oaklands, Charlton Kings, Gloucestershire, and was born in 1832, and educated at Cheltenham College and the Old Clapham Grammar School. He was elected as Conservative Member for Evesham in 1880, and in 1885 was elected, in the same interest, as Member for the Uxbridge Division of Middlesex, a constituency which he still continues to represent. He is a partner in the firm of Woodbridge, Lacy, Hartland and Co., and also a partner in the Uxbridge Old Bank. He is a County Alderman for Middlesex, a Lieutenant for the City of London, and has been Chairman of the Thames Conservancy since 1895. Sir F. Dixon-Hartland was one of the founders of the Primrose League, and is a Governor of Christ's Hospital. He is the author of : "Royal Genealogical and Chronological Chart of Royal Families of Europe " ; " Chronological Dictionary of Royal Fami- lies of Europe." He was married in 1895 to Agnes Chichester, daughter of W. Lang- ham Christie, of Glyndebourne, Sussex. Addresses : Ashley Manor, Cheltenham ; and 14 Chesham Place, S.W. DOBSON, Henry Austin, son of Mr., George Clarisse Dobson, civil engineer, was born at Plymouth, Jan. 18, 1840. At the age of eight or nine he was taken by his parents to Holyhead, in the island of Anglesea ; he was educated at Beau- maris, at Coventry, and finally at Strass- burg, whence he returned, at the age of sixteen, with the intention of becoming a civil engineer. It was decided, how- ever, that he should enter the Civil Ser- vice, and accordingly, in December 1856, he was appointed to a clerkship in the Board of Trade, where he is now a Princi- pal. When Mr. Anthony Trollope first started his magazine, St. Paul's, in 1868, Mr. Dobson was one of his most frequent contributors. In 1873 Mr. Dobson first collected his scattered lyrics into a volume dedicated to Mr. Trollope, and entitled " Vignettes in Rhyme, and Vers de Socie'te'." It was followed by "Proverbs in Porcelain " in 1877. A selection from these two volumes was published at New York in 1880, and dedicated to Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. This was reprinted in England in 1883, under the title of " Old World Idylls," which has since been suc- ceeded by a companion volume, " At the Sign of the Lyre," 1885. Mr. Dobson is also the author of a " Life of Hogarth," in the Biographies of Great Artists, 1879 ; and of a chapter on " Illustrated Books," in the " Library " by Andrew Lang (Art at Home Series), 1881. For the Parch- ment Library, he has edited " Eighteenth- Century Essays," 1882; "Gay's Fables," 1882; and "The Vicar of Wakefield," 1883 ; for the Clarendon Press he has edited Beaumarchais' " Le Barbier de Seville," 1884; "Selections from Steele" and " Selections from Goldsmith," 1885. He was also one of the contributors to Ward's "English Poets," 1880; to which he supplied the critical sketches of Prior, Praed, Gay, and Hood. Mr. Dobson has also contributed to the Cornhill, Blackwood, Century, Scribner's, Longman's, Temple Bar, Contemporary, Good Words, and other maga- zines. He was one of the first to introduce the French forms of verse now so popular in England and America — i.e., rondeau, ballade, villanelle, and so forth, and he contributed a chapter on these forms to Mr. Davenport Adams' " Latter Day Lyrics." Mr. Dobson also wrote the "Life of Fielding" for Macmillan's English Men of Letters, the series edited by Mr. John Morley ; and he has written a long study of Bewick, the artist and wood engraver, for the Century Magazine, which has since been republished under the title of " Thomas Bewick and his Pupils," 1884. He has written also a "Life of Steele" (English Worthies), 1886, and a "Life of Goldsmith" (Great Writers), 1888. Since 1888 Mr. Dobson's chief works have been a " Memoir of Horace Walpole," 1890, and an exhaustive expansion of his smaller life of Hogarth. This appeared in 1891, and again, much enlarged, in 1898. He has also issued, as volumes of essays, "Four Frenchwomen " (1890), and " Eight- eenth-Century Vignettes " (1892), a second and third series of which latter appeared in 1894 and 1896 respectively ; and he has edited "Goldsmith's Plays and Poems" (1889), and " Citizen of the World." (1891), for the Temple Library ; " Prior's Se- lected Poems" (1889), for the Parch- ment Library ; Fielding's " Journey to Lisbon" (1892), for the Chiswick Press DODDS — DODS 305 Reprints, and Holbein's "Dance of Death" (1892), and Durer's "Little Passion" (1894), for the Ex-Libris Series. In 1897 his " Collected Poems " were issued in a single volume, with portrait. Mr. Dobson is on the Councils of the Royal Literary Fund and the Society of Authors, and is a mem- ber of the Athenaeum Club, to which he was elected in 1891 under Rule II. He married Frances Mary, daughter of Na- thaniel Beardmore, C.E. Address : 75 Eaton Rise, Ealing, W. DODDS, Alfred Am^dee, a French general, was born on Feb. 6, 1842, at Saint- Louis, in Senegal, where his father held an administrative post. He entered the Marine Infantry in 1864, and rose to the rank of General of Brigade in November 1892. He served in the Reunion campaign in 1869, and in the war of 1870 was taken prisoner by the Prussians at Sedan, but escaped and served in the campaigns of the Loire and the East. He was sent to Senegal in 1872, and remained there for twenty years, only leaving it in order to take part in the Cochin-China and Tonkin expeditions. During his long sojourn in Africa he suppressed numerous revolts against the French, notably that of the people of Fouta in 1891. In April 1892 Col. Dodds, who had returned to France and was in command of the 8th Regiment of Marine Infantry at Toulon, was ap- pointed Commander-in-Chief of the expe- dition against King Behanzin of Dahomey, who had recently shown himself hostile to France. He hurried to the scene of action, conducted a difficult campaign, and by November 17 was master of the capital of Dahomey and had put Behanzin to flight. He returned to France to rest, and was enthusiastically received, but Behanzin's conduct rendered a second expedition necessary, which was again placed under his command and started from Marseilles on Aug. 10, 1893. On November 7 he occupied Atcharibe, where the Dahomeyans submitted, while the king fled to Djeja on the Douffo. On Jan. 5, 1894, General Dodds declared him deposed, on the 15th the king's successor was appointed, and acknowledged by the chiefs ; and on the 25th Behanzin gave himself up and was transported to Mar- tinique. After bringing this campaign to a successful issue, General Dodds was ap- pointed Inspector-General of Marines, and set out to inspect the troops stationed in Reunion and New Caledonia. In Decem- ber 1892 General Dodds was promoted Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. DODGE, Mary, nie Mapes, American authoress, was born at New York in 1838. Early in life she married Mr. William Dodge, a lawyer in New York, and on his death was left a widow with two sons to support. She took up literature, and for a number of years was one of the editors of Hearth and Home, assisting Harriet Beecher Stowe and Donald G. Mitchell (" Ik Mar- vel"). When in 1873 St. Nicholas, an illustrated monthly for children, was started by the owners of the Century Magazine, it was placed in charge of Mrs. Dodge, and under her able direction it has met with very great success. In ad- dition to her editorial labours she has contributed to a number of English and American periodicals, and has published : "Irvington Stories," 1864 ; " Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates," 1865, which has been translated into French, German, Dutch, and other European languages ; "A Few Friends and How They Amused Themselves," 1869; "Rhymes and Jingles," 1874 ; " Theophilus and Others," 1876 ; " Along the Way," 1879, poems ; " Donald and Dorothy," 1883 ; " The Land of Pluck," " When Life was Young," 1894 ; "A New Baby World," 1897. An amusing sketch by her called " Miss Malony on the Chinese Question," which appeared in Scribner's Monthly (now the Century) in 1870, attracted many readers at the time, and is included in " Theophilus and Others." So, like- wise, is " The Insanity of Cain," which appeared originally in Scribner's Monthly. DODS, Professor the Kev. Marcus, D.D., was born in 1834 at Belford, North- umberland, and is the youngest son of the Rev. Marcus Dods, of the Scotch Church, Belford. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and University, where he took his M.A. degree in 1854. He en- tered the Theological Training College of the Free Chnrch in Edinburgh (New Col- lege), and after four years' curriculum was licensed in 1858. He was ordained in 1864 as minister of Renfield Free Church, Glas- gow, where he remained until appointed Professor of New Testament Exegesis in New College, Edinburgh, in 1889. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Edinburgh University in 1871. The fol- lowing is a list of his published works : "The Prayer that Teaches to Pray," 1st edit., 1863, 6th edit., 1889; "The Epistle to the Seven Churches," 1865 ; " Israel's Iron Age," "Mohammed, Buddha, and Christ," " The Parables of Our Lord," 2 vols. ; The Book of Genesis, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, and the Gos- pel of St. John (4 vols, in " The Exposi- tor's Bible.") He edited the English translation of Lange's " Life of Christ," 6 vols., Edin., 1864; and of Augustine's Works, 1872-1876 ; and Clark's " Series of Handbooks for Bible Classes " ; con- tributed translations to Clark's Ante- u 306 DOEHME — DOUDNEY Nicene Christian Library, and articles to the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," to the Expositor, and other periodicals. He also edited the Gospel of St. John for Nicholl's " Expositor's Greek Testament," 1897. Address: 23 Great King Street, Edinburgh. DOEHME, Madame, better known by her stage name of Madame (Lilian) Nordica, is the youngest of the six chil- dren of Edwin and Amanda Elvira Norton. She was born at Farmington, Maine, Dec. 12, 1859. Her parents were distin- guished amateur musicians, and she re- ceived her early musical education at the Boston Conservatoire of Music, where she greatly distinguished herself. She after- wards proceeded to Italy to complete her training. Her chief triumph on the operatic stage has been her impersona- tion of the part of Marguerite in Gounod's "Faust." Gounod was said to regard her Marguerite as second only to that of Madame Patti. Mdlle. Nordica married (1) Mr. Gower, who is now deceased, and (2) Herr Doehme. DOLE, Sanford Ballard, was born at Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, in 1844, where his father and mother had gone as mis- sionaries in that year. He received his early education at Pubahan College on the island, choosing the profession of the law and then finishing his education at Williams College in America. He was admitted to the Bar at Boston, Mass., after which he returned to Hawaii, and practised his profession there, until in 1887 he was appointed to the Supreme Court of the Kingdom. In 1884 he was a member of the Legislature, taking a prominent part in the Reform movement which culminated in 1887. In 1889 he was again a member of the Legislature, and was on the Executive Committee of that body. He was made the head of the Provisional Government set up by the Revolution of January 1893, and was made President of the Republic, July 4, 1894. He was married in 1873 to Miss Anna P. Cate of Massachusetts. DONALDSON, James, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Vice-Chancellor and Principal of the University of St. Andrews, born April 26, 1831, at Aberdeen, was educated at the Grammar School and Marischal College and University in Aberdeen, New College in London, and the University of Berlin. He was appointed Greek Tutor in Edinburgh University in 1852, Rector of the High School of Stirling in 1854, Classical Master in the High School of Edinburgh in 1856, Rector of the same school in 1866, and Professor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen in 1881, and Principal of the United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard in St. Andrews University in 1886 ; and in 1890, by the Universities (Scotland) Act, he became Principal of the University of St. Andrews. He has published a "Modern Greek Grammar for the use of Classical Students," 1853; "Lyra Graeca: Speci- mens of the Greek Lyric Poets from Callinus to Soutsos," with Critical Notes and a Biographical Introduction, 1854 ; ' ' Critical History of Christian Literature and Doctrine from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene Council," 3 vols., 1864-66; "The Ante-Nicene Christian Library," edited by him in conjunction with the Rev. Alexander Roberts, D.D., 24 vols., 1867-72 ; the article " Greek Lan- guage " in Kitto's " Cyclopaedia," 3rd edit. ; "Lectures on the History of Education in Prussia and England, and on kindred topics," 1874; the article " Education " in Chambers's " Information for the People," 1874; a paper "On the Expiatory and Substitutionary Sacrifices of the Greeks," read before the Royal Society of Edin- burgh, May 17, 1875 ; and articles on the Characters of Plautus, on the Position of Women in Ancient Greece, Rome, and early Christianity, and, in the Contemporary Review, on University Reform. Besides these, he edited the Museum, or English Journal of Education, for several years, and he has contributed to the " Encyclo- paedia Britannica," and Edinburgh Review, Scottish Review, and other periodicals. Address: The University, St Andrews. DONNELLY, Major- General Sir John Fretcheville Dykes, K.C.B., was born in 1834, and was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Entering the Royal Engineers in 1853, he was engaged in the Crimean War from 1854 to 1855. After retiring from the service, he was, in 1844, appointed Secretary of the Science and Art Department at South Kensington, a position which he continues to hold. Sir John Donnelly is a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and was created a K.C.B. in 1893. Address: 59 Onslow Gardens, S.W. ; Felday, Dorking; and the Athenaeum. DOUDNEY, Sarah, youngest child of G. E. Doudney, was born in a suburb of Portsmouth, Hants, on Jan. 15, 1843. A great portion of her childhood, and nearly the whole of her girlhood, were spent in a remote village in Hampshire. She studied with Mrs. Kendall, of South- sea, and also at Madame Dowell's College at Southsea, a small establishment, chiefly for French girls. Sarah Doudney began to write verses and stories at an early age. DOUGLAS 307 At eighteen she wrote two poems, which Charles Dickens commended, and pub- lished in All the Year Round. Some of her earliest verses, which attracted notice, appeared in the Churchman's Family Maga- zine, conducted by the Rev. F. Arnold. For this serial she wrote a story in verse, entitled ''Sister Margaret," and in 1864 "The Lesson of the Water-Mill," which has since become one of the national songs of America. But it is as a writer of tales for girls that she is most widely known. The following is a list of her publications : " Under Grey Walls," 1871 ; "Monksbury College," 1872; "Faith Har- rowby," 1872 ; "Wave upon Wave," 1873 ; "The Pilot's Daughters," 1874; "Miss Irving's Bible," "Marion's Three Crowns," "Loser and Gainer," "Oliver's Oath," 1877; "Archie's Old Desk," 1877; "The Great Salterns," " Old Anthony's Secret," "Janet Darnev's Story," "Strangers Yet," 1880; "Stepping Stones," 1880; "Thy Heart's Desire," 1880; "When We Two Parted," 1880 ; " Michaelmas Daisy," 1882 ; "Stories of Girlhood," 1882; "Nothing but Leaves," 1882 ; "Anna Cavaye," 1882 ; "Nelly Channel'l," 1883; "What's in a Name," 1883 ; " A Woman's Glory," 1883 ; "When We Were Girls Together," 1884; "A Long Lane with a Turning," 1884; "The Strength of Her Youth," 1884; "Prudence Winterburn," 1886; "A Son of the Morning," 1887; "The Missing Rubies," 1888 ; " Miss Willowburn's Offer," 1888; "Under False Colours," 1889; " Where the Dew Falls in London," 1889 ; "Gatty Fenning," 1890 ; "A Romance of Lincoln's Inn," "Through Pain to Peace," 1892 ; also the following volumes of verses : "Psalms of Life," 1871 ; "Drifting Leaves," 1881; "Thistle Down," 1890; "Godiva Durleigh" and "My Message," a poem, 1892, and "Violets for Faithfulness," 1893. (Novels) "Pilgrims of the Night," 1897; "A Cluster of Roses," "A Flower of Light," 1898. Sarah Doudney is the author of the well-known hymn, "Sleep on, Beloved," which was sung by order of the Queen at the Duchess of Teck's funeral. Address : Pioneer Club, 5 Graf- ton Street, W. DOUGLAS, The Hon. and Right Kev. Arthur Gascoigne, D.D., D.C.L., Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney, is the youngest son of George Sholto, late Earl of Morton, by Frances Theodora, eldest daughter of the late Right Hon. Sir George Henry Rose, G.C.B., of Sandhills, Hants. He was born Jan. 5, 1827, and graduated at University College, Durham, taking his B.A. degree in 1849, and proceeding M.A. in 1850, in which year he was ordained deacon by Dr. Maltby, Bishop of Durham. He was admitted into priest's orders by the Bishop of Worcester in 1851. Having held for a short time the curacy of Kid- derminster, Mr. Douglas was appointed in 1855 to the rectory of St. Olave, South- wark, and in the following year was col- lated to the Rectory of Scaldwell, North- amptonshire, which living he held till 1872, when he accepted the vicarage of Shapwick, in the diocese of Salisbury. On May 1, 1883, he was consecrated, in the church of St. Andrew, Aberdeen, to the Scottish Bishopric of Aberdeen and Orkney, in succession to the late Bishop Suther. He married in 1855 Anna Maria Harriett, youngest daughter of the late Richard Richards, Esq., of Caerynwch, M.P. for Merionethshire. Address : Bishop's Court, Aberdeen. DOUGLAS, Kobert Kennaway, was born Aug. 23, 1838, at Larkbear House, near Ottery St. Mary, Devon, and is the son of the Rev. Philip W. Douglas. He was educated at a private school at Bath, and at the Blandford Grammar School. He was appointed, by the Foreign Office, Student Interpreter in the China Consular Service in 1858 ; in 1860 he became Secre- tary to the Allied Commission for the Government of the City of Canton ; was temporarily attached to her Britannic Majesty's Legation at Pekin in 1861 ; was the same year appointed Interpreter on the staff of General Sir Charles Staveley, K.C.B. ; and was appointed Acting Vice- Consul at Taku in 1862, which post he held until his return to England on leave in 1864. In the following year he resigned his appointment in the Consular Service in order to take up the post of Assistant of the Upper Section of the first class in the Library of the British Museum, with special charge of the Chinese and Japanese Libraries ; he was promoted to the office of Assistant-Keeper in 1880, with the additional charge of the Sub-Department of Maps ; and was made Keeper of the Department of Oriental Printed Books and MSS. in 1892. In 1873 he was appointed Professor of Chinese at King's College, London. Prof. Douglas is the author of " Two Lectures on the Language and Literature of China," 1875 ; " The Life of Jenghiz Khan," 1877 ; " Confucianism and Taouism," 1879; "China," in 1882; "A Chinese Manual," 1889; " Chinese Stories," 1893 ; " Society in China," 1894 ; and the "Life of Li Hung Chang," 1895. He was Honorary Secretary to the International Conference of Orientalists during the ses- sion in London in 1874, and edited the Proceedings; he also represented England at the session held at St. Petersburg in 1876. He compiled and edited a catalogue of the Chinese books and manuscripts in the British Museum, which was printed by 308 DOVER — DOWDEN » order of the Trustees in 1876 ; and he added a companion catalogue of the Japanese books and MSS. in 1898. He further edited a catalogue of the Printed Maps, Plans, and Charts in the British Museum, which was published in 1885. He is the author of several articles on China and the Far East, in the ninth edi- tion of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica" ; he has also contributed linguistic and other articles relating to the same subjects to the periodicals of the day. During the summer and autumn of 1894 he con- tributed many letters to the Times relative to the Corean War, and has constantly published letters on the Chinese Question in the Times since that year. He was elected a member of the AthenEeum under Rule II. in February 1899. He married, in 1866, Rachel, daughter of Kirkby Fenton, Caldecote Hall, Warwickshire. Prof. Douglas is a governor of Dulwich College, and resides at 5 College Gardens, Dul- wich ; and Athenaeum. DOVER, Bishop of. The Right Rev. W. See Walsh, DOWDEN, Professor Edward, M.A., Litt.D., LL.D., D.C.L., was born in Cork, May 3, 1843, and is the son of John W. Dowden and Alicia Bennett. He was educated by private teachers, and at Queen's College, Cork, and Trinity College, Dublin. He obtained in Trinity College the Vice-Chancellor's prizes in English Verse and English Prose ; was elected President of the Philosophical Society ; and gained the first Senior Moderatorship in Logic and Ethics, 1863. In 1867 he was elected to the Professorship of English Literature. He has published the follow- ing works: " Shakspere : A Study of his Mind and Art," which has been translated into German and Russian ; "Poems "; "Shak- spere Primers," which have been translated into Italian ; "Introduction to Shakspere " ; " Studies in Literature " ; " New Studies in Literature " ; " Transcripts and Studies " ; "Southey"(in English Men of Letters); " Southey's Correspondence with Caroline Bowles " ; " The Correspondence of Sir Henry Taylor"; an edition of " Shak- spere's Sonnets," with notes ; an edition of " The Passionate Pilgrim " ; an edition of "Lyrical Ballads, 1798"; "Wordsworth's Poetical Works," edited in seven vols. ; "Shelley's Poetical Works"; "The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley," two vols., founded on the papers in the possession of the Shelley family, &c. ; this last, his most important work, will probably remain the standard Life of Shelley. He has also written articles in the Contemporary Re- view, the Fortnightly Review, the Nineteenth y, and other periodicals. He has received the Cunningham Gold Medal of the Royal Irish Academy, is an honorary LL.D. of the University of Edinburgh, and an honorary D.C. L. of Oxford. He was elected President of the English Goethe Society in 1888, in succession to Prof. Muller. In 1889 he was appointed the first Taylorian Lecturer, in the Taylor Institution, University of Oxford. In 1893 he was appointed Clark Lecturer, Trin- ity College, Cambridge, and held the lectureship during three years. He is a Commissioner of National Education, Ire- land, a trustee of the National Library, Ireland, Secretary to the Liberal Union of Ireland, a Vice-President of the Irish Unionist Alliance, and has taken an active part in opposing Home Rule. In 1896 he delivered a course of lectures at the sesquicentennial celebration of Princeton College, New Jersey, and received the hon. LL.D. of that University. The lec- tures were subsequently published with the title "The French Revolution and English Literature." In 1897 he published a "History of French Literature," and a selection with introduction and notes from the poems of Wordsworth. He married in 1866 (1) Mary, daughter of David Clerke, Esq., whose death, in 1892, deprived him of an active helper and adviser in all his lite- rary work; (2) Elizabeth Dickinson, daugh- ter of the Very Rev. John West, Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin. Permanent address : Buona Vista, Killiney, Co. Dublin. DOWDEN, The Right Rev. John, D.D., Bishop of Edinburgh, was born in Cork, June 29, 1840 (elder brother of Prof. Edward Dowden), and was educated at Queen's College, Cork, and Trinity College, Dublin. He graduated as B.A., obtaining a Senior Moderatorship and Gold Medal in Logic and Ethics in 1861. After study- ing for two years in the Divinity School of the University of Dublin, and taking a first class at the final examination, he was ordained deacon in 1864 and priest in 1868 by the Bishop of Kilmore. He served as curate at St. John's, Sligo, till 1867, when he became perpetual curate of Calvy, in the same town. In 1870 he was ap- pointed one of the chaplains to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (Earl Spencer), and the following year became assistant at St. Stephen's Chapel of Ease, Dublin. In 1874 he accepted an invitation of the Scottish bishops to become Pantonian Professor of Theology and Bell Lecturer at the Theological College of the Scottish Church, then situated at Trinity College, Glenalmond, in Perthshire. After two years the Theological Department of Trinity College was removed to Edin- burgh, and there he served as Head of the Theological College and Canon of DO WIE — DOYLE 309 St. Mary's Cathedral, till he was elected, in 1886, to the Bishopric of Edinburgh. Dr. Dowden was Donellan Lecturer in the University of Dublin in 1885, and Select Preacher in the University of Cambridge, 1888. Besides several sepa- rate sermons and articles in magazines, Dr. Dowden published, in 1884, "The Annotated Scottish Communion Office," a copious historical and liturgical account of the Scottish and American liturgies. He is also author of "The Celtic Church in Scotland," and has edited for the Scot- tish Historical Society the Lauderdale Correspondence with Archbishop Sharp. Address : Lynn House, Gillsland Road, Edinburgh. DOWIE, Menie Muriel. See Nor- man, Mrs. DOWN, Bishop of. See Welland, The Right Rev. Thomas James. DOWNER, The Hon. Sir John William, K.C.M.G., Q.C., was born in Adelaide, South Australia, July 6, 1844, and educated at St. Peter's College, Ade- laide, and was a Scholar and Prize Essay- ist there. In 1862 he obtained the first prize at the Government Public Competi- tion examinations, open to all the Colony of South Australia, and, at the same exa- mination, special prizes for Greek, politi- cal economy, physiology, and zoology. He became Practitioner of the Supreme Court of South Australia in 1867; was made Queen's Counsel in 1878 ; and in the same year was elected member of the House of Assembly. From 1881-84 he was Attor- ney-General, during which time he caused some important law reforms to be effected ; amongst others, persons accused of criminal offences were made competent witnesses on their own behalf. In 1883 he was one of the members of the Federal Convention held in Sydney, New South Wales. From 1885 to 1887 he was Premier, from 1892 to 1893 Chief Secretary and Premier, of South Australia, and from 1885 has been Attor- ney-General. In 1887 he was a member of the Colonial Conference in London, and was made a K.C.M.G. Since then he has introduced a bill for the amendment of the law of divorce, on lines similar to the bill since carried in Victoria. In 1890 he was elected by the Parliament of South Aus- tralia to be a member of the Federal Con- vention to be held in 1891. He is married to Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. J. Henderson. Address : North Adelaide, South Australia. DOWNING, Arthur Matthew- Weld, D.Sc, F.R.S., F.R.G.S., born April 13, 1850, at Bagenalstown, co. Carlow, Ireland, is the younger son of the late Arthur Matthew Downing, of the Lodge, Bagenalstown, and 22 Waterloo Road, Dublin. He was educated at Nutgrove School, Rathfarnham, co. Dublin, and Trinity College, Dublin, where he won a Mathematical Scholarship in 1871, B.A. 1871, M.A. 1881, D.Sc. 1893. He was appointed Second-Class Assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in January 1873 ; promoted to be First-Class Assistant in August 1881. He is the author of be- tween forty and fifty papers, contributed chiefly to the "Monthly Notices" of the Royal Astronomical Society from May 1877 to March 1898; and was elected a member of the Council of the Royal Astronomical Society in February 1882 ; Honorary Secretary of the Royal Astro- nomical Society in February 1889 ; Vice- President in February 1893 ; a member of the "Astronomische Gesellschaft," of Leipzig, in 1884 ; and a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1896. He was President of the British Astronomical Association, 1892-94. Since 1892 he has been Superintendent of the "Nautical Almanac," and has edited the same since 1896. Address : 3 Verulam Buildings, Gray's Inn, W.C. DOYLE, Arthur Conan, author, was born on May 22, 1859, and comes of a family of artists, being the eldest son of Charles Doyle, an artist, the nephew of the famous Dicky Doyle, and the grandson of the celebrated caricaturist H. B. (John Doyle). He was educated at Stonyhurst, in Germany, where he edited school magazines, and at Edinburgh University, where he studied medicine, graduating as M.B. and CM. in 1881 and M.D. in 1885. His first literary venture, " The Mystery of the Sassassa Valley," appeared in Chambers in 1878. He practised his pro- fession for some years at Southsea, during which period he began his very successful career as an author, publishing "A Study in Scarlet " in 1887 ; " Micah Clarke," 1888; "The Sign of Four," 1889; "The White Company," 1890. In the latter year the success of the last-named book led him to abandon practice, and in 1891 he sprang into fame with his creation, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes," to which "The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes" formed a supplement in 1893. Sherlock Holmes is the type of the almost super- human detective. Other works of his are: "The Refugees," 1891; " The Great Shadow," 1892 ; "Round the Red Lamp," 1894 ; " The Stark Monro Letters," deal- ing with the struggles of a young medical man, 1895; "The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard," and "Rodney Stone," 1896; " Uncle Bernac," 1897 ; and " The Tragedy 310 DRAGE — DRIVER of the Korosko," 1898. In 1894 Mr. Conan Doyle achieved great success as a playwright with his delightful " Story of Waterloo," produced by Sir Henry Irving at the Lyceum, and now forming part of the great actor's repertoire. He has travelled in the Arctic regions and in Africa. Address : Hind Head, Surrey. DRAGE, Geoffrey, M.P., was born in 1860, and is the second surviving son of Dr. Charles Drage. He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated after obtaining a first class in Classical Moderations and a second- class in Lit. Hum. (B.A., M.A.). He completed his academic training in Berlin and at various foreign universities, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. After leaving College he travelled much on the Continent, in the United States, and in the Colonies. He first came prominently into notice as Secretary to the Labour Commission, 1891-94. His services in this capacity were of the first importance, and he was sent by the Commission on missions to France, Germany, the United States, and other countries. In February 1895 he was returned as Conservative junior Member of Parliament for Derby, which he continues to represent. His profound knowledge of economics and social questions, especially of Poor Law Reform, has rendered him a valuable addition to the ranks of his party in the House of Commons. He was Vice-Pre- sident of the International Congress on Accidents, held in Milan in 1894, and was a delegate at the International Congress on the Housing of the Working Classes, which sat at Brussels in 1897. Besides writing many pamphlets and widely-read letters in the Times on his own special subjects, he has published "The Criminal Code of the German Empire, with Prolego- mena and Commentary," 1885; "Foreign Reports of the Royal Commission on Labour," "Eton and the Labour Ques- tion," and "The Unemployed," 1894; "The Aged Poor," 1895; and "The Labour Problem," 1896. A novel from his pen entitled "Cyril" has run through seven editions since its original date of publication in 1889. "Eton and the Empire" is another popular work from his pen. In March 1899 he was elected Chairman of the General Committee of the Imperial South African Association in succession to Mr. Wyndham, M.P., Under- Secretary for War. He is married to Ethel Sealby, daughter of T. H. Ismay, D.L. of Dawpool. Address: 15 Wilton Place, S.W. DRAGOUMIROW, General, one of the most distinguished generals in the Russian army during the Russo-Turkish war, and the author of a well-known manual on the preparation of troops for battle. He commanded the advanced guard at the passage of the Danube in 1877. He has strong French tendencies, and at the French manoeuvres of 1895 he was in close attendance on Generals Saussier and Boisdeffre. DRAPER, William F., was born April 9, 1842, in Massachussetts. He en- listed in the war between the States, and soon distinguished himself by his valour. He was breveted Brigadier-General before the close of the war. He declined a nomination for Governor of Massachu- setts, but served four years in Congress, from March 4, 1893. For many years in England and America the ancestors of General Draper have been engaged in textile manufacturing, and he has himself patented more than fifty different inven- tions, covering substantially the entire field of cotton machinery, but with special reference to spinning and weaving. He has been the head of the firm of George Draper's Sons, of Hopedale, Mass., for ten years. In 1897 he was sent as United States Minister to Italy. DREYER, John Louis Emil, M.A. and Ph.D., Copenhagen University, Direc- tor of the Armagh Observatory, born Feb. 13, 1852, at Copenhagen, is the third son of Lieut. -General Dreyer, late Inspector- General, Royal Danish Engineers. He was appointed Astronomer at the Earl of Rosse's Observatory, Birr Castle, 1874 ; Assistant Astronomer at the Observatory of Trinity College, Dublin, 1878 ; Director of Armagh Observatory, 1882 ; and was Joint Editor of Copernicus : an Interna- tional Journal of Astronomy, Vols. I.-IIL, 1881-84. He is the author of "Second Armagh Catalogue of 3300 Stars for 1875, from Observations made in the Years 1859-83 under the Direction of T. R. Robinson," 8vo, 1886 ; " A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars," 4to, 1888 (Mem. E. Astr. Soc.) ; " Tycho Brahe : a Picture' of Scientific Life and Work in the Sixteenth Century," 8vo, 1890 (German translation, Karlsruhe, 1894) ; and many papers in Proc. R. Irish Aead., Trans. R. 1. Acad., Monthly Notices R. Astr. Soc, Copernicus, and in the " En- cyclopaedia Britannica," 9th edit. He married Katherine H., daughter of John Tuthill, formerly of Kilmore, co. Limerick. Address: The Observatory, Armagh. DRIVER, Professor the Rev. Samuel Rolles, D.D., Regius Professor of Hebrew, Oxford, born in Southampton, Oct. 2, 1846, is the only son of Rolles Driver, Southampton, and Sarah, daughter DKUMMOND 311 of H. F. Smith, Darlington. He was edu- cated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford, of which he was elected Scholar in 1865, and graduated with First- Class honours in Litera Humaniores in 1869, was Fellow of New College from 1870 to 1882, and Tutor from 1875 to 1882. He applied himself early to the study of Hebrew and of other Semitic languages, and obtained the two University Hebrew Scholarships in 1866 and 1870 respectively ; and in 1875 he was elected a member of the Old Testament Revision Company. In 1882, upon the death of Dr. Pusey, he was appointed to the Regius Professorship of Hebrew at Oxford (with a Canonry of Christ Church attached), a position which he still holds. Since 1884 he has also been Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Southwell. He is the author of " A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, and some other Syntactical Questions," 1874, 3rd edit., 1892; of ' ' Isaiah : his Life and Times, and the Writings which Bear his Name," 1888, 2nd edit., 1893 (in the series known as Men of the Bible) ; of " Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel, with an Introduction on Hebrew Pala30graphy, &c," 1890 ; of a Commentary on Deuter- onomy (1895, 2nd edit., 1896) in the " Inter- national Critical Commentary " ; of one on Joel and Amos (1897) in the " Cambridge Bible for Schools " ; and of various articles relating to the Old Testament and Hebrew Philology, in the Philological Journal, the Expositor, the Contemporary Review, Hast- ings' "Dictionary of the Bible" (1898), &c. In 1891 he published an "Introduc- tion to the Literature of the Old Testa- ment," which attracted considerable attention (6th edit., 1897) ; and in 1892 a volume of Sermons on subjects connected with the Old Testament. In these works he claims to show that the modern critical view of the origin and structure of the Old Testament can be presented in a form compatible .with a sincere belief in its inspiration and religious authority. In 1898 he designed and published, for the elucidation of the Prayer-Book Version of the Psalms, the "Parallel Psalter," being the Prayer-Book Psalter, together with a new version, arranged on opposite pages, and accompanied by brief explanatory notes. He is also the joint editor (with Professors Oheyne and Sanday) of " The Holy Bible (authorised version), with Various Renderings and Readings from the best Authorities," published by the Queen's Printers, 3rd edit., 1889; and joint translator (with Dr A. Neubauer) of a catena of Jewish commentaries on the 53rd chapter of Isaiah, called "The 53rd Chapter of Isaiah according to the Jewish Interpreters." He is at present engaged (with Professors C. A. Briggs and Francis Brown, of New York) upon a new Hebrew Lexicon, which is now in course of publi- cation by the Clarendon Press. As a Hebraist and student of the Old Testa- ment, he enjoys a reputation upon the Continent and America. He married, in 1891, Mabel, daughter of the late Edmund Burr, of Burghnext, Aylsham, Norfolk. Address : Christ Church, Oxford. DRTJMMOND, The Rev. Professor James, M.A., LL.D, D.Litt., Principal of Manchester College, Oxford, was born in Dublin on May 14, 1835, and is the son of the Rev. William Hamilton Drummond, D.D., M.R.I.A. He went to school at the Rev. D. Flynn's, Dublin, and entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1851, passing the examination for the degree of B.A. in 1855, and obtaining the first gold medal in classics. Subsequently, in 1882, the University conferred on him the degree of LL.D., and in 1893, on the occasion of its tercentenary, added, honoris causd, the degree of D.Litt. In 1889 he incorporated at Oxford University, after the removal of Manchester New College to Oxford, and took the degree of M.A. In 1856 he went to Manchester New College, London, where he studied for the ministry under the Rev. J. J. Tayler and the Rev. James Martineau, and in 1859 he settled at Cross Street Chapel, Manchester, as col- league to the late Rev. William Gaskell. In 1869 he was appointed Professor of Theology at Manchester New College, London, and in 1885 succeeded Dr Martineau as Principal ; a position which he retained on the removal of the College to Oxford in 1889, and which he still holds, the College having recently entered a new and commodious building, and changed its designation to Manchester College. His principal works are "Spiri- tual Religion : Sermons on Christian Faith and Life," 1870 ; " The Jewish Messiah : a Critical History of the Mes- sianic Idea among the Jews from the Rise of the Maccabees to the Closing of the Talmud," 1877; "Introduction to the Study of Theology," 1884; " Philo Ju- dseus ; or, the Jewish-Alexandrian Philo- sophy in its Development and Comple- tion," in 2 vols., 1888 : the Hibbert Lec- tures for 1894, on " Christianity " ; and three sermons on "The Pauline Benedic- tion," 1897. He married Frances, daughter of John Classon, Dublin, in 1861. Ad- dress : 18 Rawlinson Road, Oxford. DRUMMOND, Victor Arthur Well- ington, is the son of Andrew Robert Drummond of Cadlands, Southampton, his mother being the eldest daughter of the 5th Duke of Rutland, and was born 312 DUBLIN — DU CANE June 4, 1833. Entering the diplomatic service he became an Attache 1 to the Em- bassy at Paris in 1852, Secretary of the Embassy at Paris in 1882, and Charge 1 d' Affaires at Munich in 1885. Mr Drum- mond was, in 1890, appointed Minister at the Courts of Munich and Stuttgart. He was married in 1884 to Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Lamson. Address : British Legation, Munich. DUBLIN, Archbishop of. See Pea- cockb, The Most Rev. J. Ferguson. DUBOIS, Paul, sculptor, was born at Nogent-sur-Seine, July 18, 1829. He was destined by his father for the legal profes- sion, but his artistic tastes constrained him to devote himself to sculpture, and he went to Paris to become the pupil of the sculptor Toussaint, with whom he remained three years. In 1859 he went to Italy, and in 1860 executed at Florence the model for " St. John a Child," which was finished at Rome, exhibited at the Salon of 1863, and is now at the Luxembourg, together with " A Florentine Singer of the Fifteenth Century." This last is in silvered bronze, and through its many reproductions in smaller size has become very popular. Other works which may be cited are the tomb of General la Moriciere, one of the masterpieces of modern statuary (1878), which is at Nantes ; and busts of Bonnat, Cabanel, Paul Baudrey, Gounod, Pasteur (1890), and other celebrities. M. Dubois has also studied painting, and has executed fine portraits and beautiful copies of old masters, but has been a very irregular contributor to the Salon Exhibitions. In 1873 he was appointed Keeper of the Luxembourg Museum, and Director of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, May 30, 1878. Elected a member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts in 1876, he was one of the Jury of Admission for the selection of sculpture at the Exposition of 1878. He is a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (1889). Address : 14 Rue Bonaparte. DUBUT DE LAEOREST, Jean Louis, French novelist, was born at Sainte Pardoux, July 24, 1853, and was educated at the Lycee Limoges, afterwards studying law at Bordeaux. He was legal adviser to the Preset of the Oise fronTl879 to 1882, when he abandoned law and became a contributor to the Figaro. His chief work, has been the Conte, or short story, and he has been a consistent follower of Maupas- sant. In 1885 his novel " Le Gaga," on Parisian morals, was condemned by the Law Courts, and he spent two months in prison. His other works are : " Tete a L'Envers," 1882; " Mademoiselle de Marbeuf," 1888 ; and " Contes a la Lune," 1889. DU CANE, Major - General Sir Edmund Frederick, K.C.B., son of Major Richard Du Cane, by Eliza, daughter of Thomas Ware, Esq., of Woodfort, near Mallow, co. Cork, was born at Colchester on March 23, 1830. He was educated at the Military Academy, Woolwich, and obtained his commission as second Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, Dec. 19, 1848. In 1850 he was appointed to assist in preparing for the Great Exhibition of 1851, and he appears in the list of the Staff as Assistant- Secretary to the Jurors aud Assistant- Superintendent of the foreign side. At that time Lord Grey was forming a con- vict establishment in Western Australia to carry out a system embodying all the improvements which nearly a century of experience had suggested, and a company of sappers, to which Lieutenant Du Cane was appointed, was sent out to assist in the operation. He was made a magistrate of the colony and a visiting magistrate of convict depots, and directed the labour of the convicts, who were employed in developing the communications of the colony. In July 1856 he was attached to the War Department for special service, and after being engaged for some time in connection with the design and sanitary arrangement of barracks, was employed on the design of the large works of defence undertaken under the auspices of Lord Palmerston. Among other works, the for- tification of the western heights at Dover, and the long line of works, miles in extent, which protect the dockyard at Plymouth on the land side between the Tamar and the east side of Plymouth Sound, have been carried out on plans submitted by him to the Defence Committee. In February 1854 he had been promoted to be first Lieu- tenant, and on April 16, 1858, he became second Captain. In July 1863 he was appointed by Sir George Grey a Director of Convict Prisons when the Board was re- constructed after the death of Sir Joshua Jebb, and when the Report of the Royal Commission on Penal Servitude suggested considerable modifications in the convict system. He was at the same time ap- pointed by Lord Ripon to be Inspector of Military Prisons. In 1869 Captain Du Cane was made Chairman of Directors of Convict Prisons, Surveyor - General of Prisons, and Inspector-General of Military Prisons. In July 1872 he was promoted to be Major, and on Dec. 11, 1873, to be Lieutenant-Colonel, having also in the same year been made a Companion of the Bath. The Emperor of Brazil con- ferred on him the Order of the Rose. In December 1878 he was promoted to be Colonel. In July 1877 he was created a K.C.B., and made Chairman of the Prison Commissioners, appointed by Royal War- DU CHAILLU — DUCKETT 313 rant under the Prisons Act, 1877, to under- take the difficult task of reorganising and administering the county and borough prisons, which from April 1, 1878, came under the control of the Government. In pursuance of this object the number of prisons has been reduced from 113 to 58, the rules have been made uniform, many important improvements introduced, and the cost has been very largely diminished. In December 1886 Colonel Du Cane retired from the effective list and was made a Major - General. He is the author of various articles in magazines, and also of a book on the " Punishment and Preven- tion of Crime" (1888), and his reports on military prisons are yearly issued as Par- liamentary papers. In July 1855 he married Mary Dorothea, daughter of Lieut. -Col. J. Molloy, formerly of the Rifle Brigade. She died in 1881, and in 1883 he married Florence Victoria, daughter of Colonel and Lady Marie Saunderson, and widow of M. J. Grimston, Esq., of Kilnwick and Grimston Gaeltor, Yorkshire. Address : 10 Portman Square, W. ; and Athenaeum. DU CHAILLtT, Paul Belloni, was born in New Orleans, in Louisiana, July 31, 1835. His father was a trader on the west coast of Africa, whither Paul went at an early age, and where he acquired a knowledge of the languages and modes of life of the neighbouring tribes, also devot- ing much attention to natural history. In 1855, after a sojourn in New York, he returned to Africa, and spent about four years exploring the then unknown region lying two degrees on each side of the equator, penetrating to about longitude 14° 15' B. During this time he shofr and stuffed a great number of birds and quad- rupeds, among which were several gorillas, a species probably never before seen by any European. He returned to New York in 1859, taking with him a large collec- tion of native arms and implements, and numerous specimens in natural history, which were publicly exhibited, and many of which were afterwards purchased by the British Museum. The history of this expedition was published under the title "Explorations and Adventures in Equa- torial Africa," 1861 ; revised edition, 1871. A sharp controversy arose concerning the truthfulness of this book, and to vindicate himself Du Chaillu again visited Africa in 1863, where he remained until 1865. He published an account of this expedition under the title "A Journey to Ashango Land," 1867. During this journey he dis- covered the Pigmies. On his return to the States he lectured frequently and pub- lished a series of books for the young, comprising : " Stories of the Gorilla Coun- try," 1868; "Wild Life under the Equator," 1869; "Lost in the Jungle," 1869; "My Apingi Kingdom," 1870; and "The Country of the Dwarfs," 1871. More recently he has made an extended visit to Sweden, Norway, Lapland, and Finland, which he described in " The Land of the Midnight Sun," 1881, and "The Viking Age," 2 vols., 1889. Two of his earlier works he reissued in a condensed form in 1890 under the title of "Adventures in the Great Forest of Equatorial Africa and the Country of the Dwarfs." In 1893 he published "Ivor the Viking." DUCHESNE, Jacques Charles Rene Achille, French general, born at Sens, March 3, 1837, passed out of the Military School of St. Cyr in 1857, and entered a line regiment. By successive promotions, he became a General of Divi- sion in 1893. He was wounded at Solf erino, and decorated with the Legion of Honour at the age of 21 (1859). He was engaged in the Franco-Prussian War and sent out to Tonkin in command of the Foreign Legion. He was present at the capture of Bac-Ninh, and Hong-Hoa, and after being wounded he was about to return to France, when he received a telegram from Admiral Courbert to command the troops who were about to land in Formosa. He made over 8000 Chinese prisoners with hardly 800 men. On returning to France he commanded the 110th Regiment at Dunkerque, and, when general, the brigade at Chateauroux. He was in command at Belfort, when in November 1894 he was given the command of the expedition to Madagascar and started in April 1895. DUCIE, Earl of, The Bight Hon. Henry JohnKeynolds-Moreton,F.R.S., was born June 26, 1827, and succeeded his father as 3rd Earl in 1853. He sat in the House of Commons as member for Stroud from 1852 to 1853, and he held the position of Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard from 1859 to 1866. Lord Ducie was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Gloucester- shire in 1857 ; has been Lord Warden of the Stannaries in Cornwall, and Rider and Main Forester of Dartmoor since 1888 ; and he is a member of the Council of the Prince of Wales as Duke of Cornwall. He was married, in 1849, to his cousin Julia, daughter of James Haughton Langston, of Sarsden, Oxfordshire (she died in 1895). Addresses : 16 Portman Square, W. ; Tort- worth Court, Falfleld, Gloucestershire ; and the Athenaeum. DUCKETT, Sir George Eloyd, Bart., son of the late Sir George Duckett, Bart., F.R.S. (the translator from the German of Michaelis's "Burial and Resurrection of our Saviour," of Herder on the "Revela- 314 DUCKHAM — DUCKWOKTH tion of St. John," of " Luther's Preface to St. Paul's Epistle to the Komans, &c. ) ; born March 27, 1811, was educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford, and succeeded to the title on his father's death, June 15, 1856. Sir George, who was educated for the Foreign Office, entered the army instead, which he quitted in 1855 as Major in the 2nd Regiment of the Foreign Legion, devoting himself from that time to the prosecution of literary pursuits. He is the author of a "Technological Military Dictionary in German, English, and French," for which he has received the Great Gold Medal of Science from the Emperor of Austria ; the gold medal of literary merit from the Emperor of the French ; and another, the Great Gold Medal of Science and Art, from the late King of Prussia. Sir George is the author of a genealogical work entitled " Duche- tiana," which forms a valuable and impor- tant addition to the county histories of Westmorland, Wiltshire, and Cambridge- shire. He has also edited the "Test Act and Penal Law Returns in 1687-88" for the entire counties of England and Wales ; the " Monasticon Cluniacense Anglicanum"; " The Chapters-General and Visitations of the Order of Cluny in Alsace, Lorraine, Switzerland, Germany, and Poland, 1269- 1529 (the era of the Reformation)," for which work he was allotted a Special Gold Medal of Honour for services rendered to Archosology ; "Visitations of English Cluniac Foundations in 1262, 1275, 1279, 1298, 1390, 1405" ; "Naval Commissioners from the Restoration to George III."; " Charters relating to John, King of France, and the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360 " ; besides numerous contributions to the Antiquarian Societies of Westmorland, Yorkshire, Sussex, and Wilts. Of these his last in the " Sussex Antiquarian Collec- tion " is supposed to settle the Gundreda Controversy; with another "Hastings v. Senlac" with similar success. Sir George Duckett obtained the highest literary honour which the French Government has to bestow, the Palmes d'Or, as an Officer of Public Instruction in France. He is also a corresponding member of the Socie'te d'Antiquaires des Normandie; and received a grant of £200 in 1890 from the Royal Bounty Fund for special literary services. Sir George Floyd Duckett was made a Knight of the Gold Cross of Merit of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1890, and in 1893 received the first class of the Saxe Ernes- tine Order for his literary services. He married in 1845 a daughter of Lieut. - General Sir Lionel Smith, Bart. Ad- dress : Travellers' Club. DTJCKHAM, Thomas, was born Sept. 26, 1816, at Shirehampton, near Bristol, and was educated at the village school, and afterwards at Hereford and Bristol. He began his agricultural career at War- ham in 1849, when, on the severe depres- sion following the repeal of the Corn Laws, he agreed for his farm upon a corn- rent regulated by the corn averages under the Tithe Commutation Act. Five years later he removed to Baysham Court, near Ross. Here he took an active interest in the game question, and frequently drew attention to the evils arising from excessive preservation. In 1857 he purchased the copyright of the "Hereford Herd Book," and was its editor for twenty years, at the end of which time he gave it up on account of ill-health. In 1866 lie presided at the first two meetings in London for the for- mation of the Central and Associated Chambers of Agriculture ; has been a Member of Council since their formation, and was President in 1884, and devoted so much time and labour to the interests of the agricultural classes that he was invited to stand for Herefordshire in 1880, when he was elected without any can- vassing expenses, and again returned for North Herefordshire in 1885. Many of the reforms for which Mr. Duckham had long agitated became law in the Parlia- ment of 1880, such as a better system for obtaining Corn Returns, the Ground Game Act, the Repeal of the Malt Tax, the amending of the Agricultural Holdings Act, the Law of Distress, the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, and Relief of Local Taxation. Mr. Duckham has been a Member of the Council of the Bath and West of England Association since 1863, is a Member of the Council of the Smith- field Club, and of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution. At Hereford, in November 1895, he was pre- sented with an address and purse of £453 for his services to agriculture, and especially for labouring to protect flocks and herds from contagious diseases. At the general election of 1886 he was de- feated by Mr. Biddulph, Unionist-Liberal. He long agitated for a County Government Act, and repeatedly pressed upon the late Government his views thereon. Upon the Act coming into operation he was elected a senior Alderman. He is a J.P. for the county. DUCKWOKTH, Sir Dyce, M.D., LL.D., brother of the Rev. Canon Duck- worth, D.D., and youngest son of the late Robinson Duckworth, Esq., of Liverpool. He was born in that city on Nov. 24, 1840, and educated at the Royal Institution School there, and at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. (Gold Medallist) in 1863, also at St. Bar- tholomew's Hospital. He served as As- DUCKWORTH — DUFF 315 sistant-Surgeon in the Royal Navy, 1864-65 ; was elected Medical Tutor at St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital, London, subsequently Assistant-Physician there in 1869, and full Physician and Lecturer on Clinical Medicine in 1883. He is Hon. Physician to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. He was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1870; is Hon. M.D. of the Medical College of Ohio, U.S.A., and M.D., honoris causd, of the Royal University of Ireland. He was elected Hon. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in Ireland in 1887 ; and is the representative of the Royal College of Physicians of London in the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom, and at the International Colonial Medical Congress at Amsterdam, 1883. He has been an Examiner in the Uni- versities of Edinburgh and Durham, and on the Conjoint Board for England ; and in the Victoria University. He is the author of a " Treatise on Gout," 8vo, 1889 (translated into German and French), and editor of Warburton Begbie's works, and is the author also of numerous contribu- tions to clinical medicine. He received the honour of knighthood in 1886 ; was appointed treasurer of the Royal College of Physicians in 1881 ; and made an Hon. Member of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh in 1887, and Hon. LL.D. of Edinburgh in 1890. He was elected Pre- sident of the Clinical Society of London in 1891. He is in practice as a Consulting Physician in London. In 1892 he received the honour of Knighthood in the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. He is married to Ada, youngest daughter of G. A. Fuller, of the Rookery, Dorking. Addresses : 11 Grafton Street, W. ; and Athenaeum. DUCKWORTH, Canon Robinson, D.D., second son of the late Robinson Duckworth, Esq., of Liverpool, and Eliza- beth Forbes, daughter of William Nicol, M.D. He was born in December 1834, elected to an open scholarship at Uni- versity College, Oxford, in 1853, and graduated B.A. with first-class classical honours in 1857 ; he was afterwards elected a Fellow of Trinity, and was As- sistant - Master at Marlborough College from 1858 to 1860, and Tutor of Trinity College from 1860 to 1866. In 1864 he was appointed Examining Chaplain to the late Bishop of Peterborough, and in 1866 was selected by her Majesty as instructor to his Royal Highness the late Prince Leopold. In 1867 he was appointed Gover- nor to his Royal Highness, and held that post for three years. On his retirement in 1870 he was appointed Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, and presented to the crown living of St. Mark's, Hamilton Terrace, N.W. He was appointed a Canon of Westminster in succession to the late Rev. Charles Kingsley in March 1875. In the same year he was appointed Honorary Chaplain to the Prince of Wales, and in that capacity accompanied his Royal Highness on his visit to India. He was appointed Rural Dean of St. Marylebone in 1891, and Chaplain of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in 1892. In 1895 he was appointed Sub-Dean of Westminster. Permanent addresses : Little Cloisters, Westminster Abbey ; 5 Abbey Road, N.W. ; and Athenseum. DUDLAY, Adeline Elie Francoise, French actress, was born at Brussels in 1859, and entered the Conservatoire of her native town to study music. From the age of fifteen she gave lessons in music, and thus obtained means to attend the dramatic classes. In 1874 she carried off the second prize for tragedy, and the first the next year. In 1874 she was admitted to the Come'die Francaise, and made her dcSbut in the role of Opimia in Parodi's "Rome Vaincue." Afterwards she played tragic parts in the classical works of Cor- neille and Racine, and, after the secession of Madame Bernhardt, she became the first tragedienne of the Come'die. One of her latest successes has been the part of Jeanne la Folle in "La Reine Juana" by M. Parodi (1893). When the Comedie visited London in 1893 she was very successful in " Athalie," " Le Cid," and in " Horace." Paris address : 2 Rue des Pyramides. DUDLEY, Earl of, "William Humble Ward, Parliamentary Secre- tary to the Board of Trade, was born on May 25, 1866, and succeeded his father, the 1st Earl, in 1885. He was educate.d at Eton, and has travelled extensively. He is a Major in the Worcestershire Yeomanry Cavalry, was appointed High Steward of Kidderminster in 1888, and was Mayor of Dudley from 1895-97. He is Master of the Worcester Fox-Honnds, and patron of many livings. He married in 1891 Rachel, youngest daughter of Charles Gurney. Addresses : Witley Court, Stourport, Wor- cester ; and 7 Carlton Gardens. DUFF, The Right Hon. Sir Mount- stuart Elphinstone Grant, G.C.S.I., M.A., F.R.S., P. R. Hist. Soc, D.L., son of the late James Cuninghame Grant Duff, Esq., of Eden, Aberdeenshire (formerly Resident at Sattara, and author of "The History of the Mahrattas "), by Jane Catharine, only child of the late Sir Whitelaw Ainslie, M.D. Sir M. E. Grant Duff was born in 1829, and educated at Edinburgh and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1850, and pro- ceeded M.A. in 1853. He was called to the 316 DUFFERIN AND AVA Bar at the Inner Temple in 1854, having obtained a certificate of honour and a studentship in the preceding year. He entered the House of Commons in Decem- ber 1857 as Member for the Elgin District of Burghs, and he continued to represent that constituency in the Liberal interest till July 1881. He was appointed Under- Secretary of State for India in December 1868, and he held that office till the down- fall of Mr. Gladstone's administration in February 1874. On the formation of Mr. Gladstone's second administration in May 1880 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies and a Member of the Privy Council. He resigned office, together with his seat in Parliament, in July 1881, on being appointed Governor of Madras in the place of Mr. William Patrick Adam. During his successful administra- tion of this great province, Sir M. E. Grant Duff made several tours from end to end of the Presidency in order to see with his own eyes what required to be done. In 1886 he resigned the Governorship, and was succeeded by Mr. Bourke. Sir M. E. Grant Duff was Lord Rector of the Uni- versity of Aberdeen from 1866 to 1872, President of the R.G.S. from 1889-93, is a Member of the Senate of the University of London, and has been President of the Royal Historical Society from 1891. He is the author of " Studies in European Politics"; "Elgin Speeches" ; "A Political Survey " ; "Notes of an Indian Journey " ; "Miscellanies Political and Literary"; "Memoir of Sir H. S. Maine," 1892; ."Ernest Renan," 1893; "Notes from a Diary," 1851-1872 (2 vols.) ; "Notes from a Diary," 1872-1881 (2 vols.), 1897. He married in 1859 Anna Julia, only child of Mr. Edward Webster, of Ealing, Middlesex. Addresses: 11 Chelsea Embankment, S.W. ; Lexdon Park, near Colchester ; and Athenasum. DUFFERIN and AVA, Marquis of, The Right Hon. Frederick Temple Blackwood, K.P., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., late British Ambas- sador at Paris, is the only son of Price, 4th Baron Dufferin, by Helen Selina, eldest daughter of the late Thomas Sheri- dan, Esq. (she re-married in 1862 the Earl of Gifford, and died in 1867). From Eton School his lordship was sent to Christ Church, Oxford, where he took his degree. He succeeded to his father's title, July 21, 1841, while still in his minority ; and for some years he was a lord -in- waiting on the Queen under Lord John Russell's first administration, and again in 1854-58. Accompanied by a friend he went from Oxford to Ireland at the time of the famine in 1846-47, and on his return pub- lished an account of his experiences under the title of ' ' Narrative of a Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen during the year of the Irish famine." In February 1855 he was specially attached to the mission undertaken by Lord John Russell to Vienna. In 1859 he made a yacht voy- age to Iceland, a well-known narrative of which expedition he published in the fol- lowing year under the title of "Letters from High Latitudes." He was sent to the East by Lord Palmerston in 1860, as British Commissioner in Syria, for the purpose of prosecuting inquiries into the massacre of the Christians there. For his services on that occasion he was nomi- nated on his return a K.C.B. (civil divi- sion). He was Under-Secretary of State for India from 1864 to the early part of 1866, and Under-Secretary for War from the latter date to the following June. On the advent of Mr. Gladstone to power in December 1878, he was nominated Chan- cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Paymaster-General, and he held that office till April 1872, when he was appointed Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada. In the summer of 1876 his lord- ship, who was accompanied by Lady Dufferin, made a very successful tour through British Columbia, where much discontent had prevailed in consequence of a belief that the conditions had been broken on which that remote province had joined the Dominion of Canada. He held the post of Governor-General of Canada till October 1879, when he was succeeded by the Marquis of Lome. In May 187S he was elected President of the Royal Geographical Society, and in the following month he attended the Harvard University Commemoration, when the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Dublin also, Jan. 22, 1879, that of D.C.L. by the University of Oxford in the following June, and that of LL.D. by the University of Cambridge on June 16, 1891. In February 1879 he was appointed ambassador at St. Petersburg in succession to Lord Augustus Loftus. He was trans- ferred to Constantinople as ambassador to the Ottoman Porte in May 1881. On Oct. 30, 1882, he was directed by her Majesty's Government to proceed from Constanti- nople to Cairo, there to assume the con- trol of the whole body of our relations with Egypt, and the settlement of all questions growing out of Arabi's rebellion. He left Egypt in April 1883, and in Nov- ember 1884 proceeded to India as Viceroy. In 1888 he was appointed British Ambas- sador at Rome, from whence he was trans- ferred to the Embassy at Paris in December 1891. His success among the Parisians was notable ; he retired from his post in DUFFY 317 1896. His lordship was created an Eng- lish baron in 1850 ; nominated a Knight of St. Patrick in 1863 ; appointed Lord Lieutenant of the county of Down in 1864 ; sworn a Privy Councillor, Dec. 12, 1868 ; was made an Earl of the United Kingdom in November 1871 ; and created a G.C.B. in 1883. In the same year he became Vice-Admiral of Ulster, and G.C.S.I. and G.C.I.E. in 1884. In 1888 he was created Marquis of Dufferin and Ava. From 1889 till 1892 he was Lord Rector of St. Andrews University. He was appointed Lord War- den of the Cinque Ports and Constable of Dover Castle in 1891, which office he held until 1895. In addition to the works already mentioned, Lord Dufferin is the author of "Irish Emigration and the Tenure of Land in Ireland " ; " Mr. Mill's Plan for the Pacification of Ireland ex- amined" ; and "Contributions to an In- quiry into the State of Ireland " ; and has edited a sumptuous collection of his mother's poems, 1894, many of which had long been separately popular. A collection of his "Speeches and Ad- dresses "was published in 1882 under the editorship of Mr. Henry Milton, and his " Speeches in India," edited by Sir Don- ald Wallace, in 1890. In the autumn of 1894 he delivered the inaugural address to the Library Association Congress at Belfast. The Marquis married, in 1862, Hariot, eldest daughter of the late Captain Archibald Eowan Hamilton, of Killyleagh Castle, county Down. Address : Clande- boye, co. Down. DUFFY, The Hon. Sir Charles Gavan, K.C.M.G., was born in Monaghan on April 12, 1816, descended of a native family which produced eminent scholars and ecclesiastics. In his twentieth year Mr. Duffy became sub-editor of the Duhlin Morning Register, and a little later editor of an influential journal in Belfast. He returned to Dublin in 1842, and established the Nation in conjunction with Thomas Davis and John Dillon. A remarkable literature sprang up in connection with the Nation, one of Mr. Duffy's contribu- tions to which, the "Ballad Poetry of Ireland," has run through forty editions. In 1844 Mr. Duffy was tried and convicted of conspiracy along with O'Connell ; the conviction, however, was set aside on appeal by the House of Lords. In 1846 O'Connell quarrelled with the Young Ire- land Party, and they established the Irish Confederation, of which Mr. Duffy was one of the founders. He was tried with the other leaders of that body for treason- felony in 1848, but after four indictments it was found impossible to procure a con- viction. He then revived the Nation, which had been suppressed, and opposed Sir Thomas Redington, Under-Secretary for Ireland in the Government which had prosecuted him, and defeated that gentle- man at New Ross, for which borough Mr. Duffy was elected member in July 1852. It should be mentioned that Mr. Duffy had been called to the Bar in 1846; but he practised for only a short period. He was one of the founders of the Tenant League ; and in connection with Frederick Lucas and George Henry Moore, founder of the Independent Irish Party in the House of Commons, which sprang out of the League. The defection of a large section of that party induced him to re- sign his seat in Parliament in 1856, when he emigrated to Australia. He practised for some time at the Bar in Melbourne, but was finally drawn back to politics, and in 1857 became Minister of Public Works in the first administration under responsible government in Victoria. In the same year he was Chairman of a Select Committee in the Legislature to procure the federation of the Australian Colonies, and at a later period Chairman of a Royal Commission for the same purpose, and author of the reports of these bodies, on which the plan of federation has since been advocated. In 1858 he became Minister of Lands, which office he again accepted in a third administration in 1862. After a visit of two years to Europe, he re-entered Parliament in Victoria, and became Prime Minister in 1871. While he held this office he was Chairman of a Conference of all the Australian Govern- ments to procure certain enlargements of their powers, which have since been con- ceded by the Imperial Parliament. In the following year he resigned office, and in 1873 was knighted. On his return to the colony in 1876, after two years' ab- sence in Europe, he was chosen a member of the Legislative Assembly on the first vacancy occurring ; and on the meeting of a new Parliament in May 1877 he was unanimously elected Speaker. In the same year he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of SS. Michael and George. Sir Gavan Duffy was Chair- man of the Trustees of the National Gal- lery of Victoria, and has taken an active share in projects for encouraging art, liter- ature, and industrial enterprise in that new country. He returned to Europe in 1880, and has since published "Young Ireland: a Fragment of Irish History, 1840-50," London, 1880; and "Four Years of Irish History, 1845-49," published in 1883, being a sequel to "Young Ireland"; and in 1892, " Conversations with Carlyle," which had a remarkable success. He has also published "The League of North and South," a "Life of Thomas Davis," and a " Bird's-Eye View of Irish His- 318 DUGDALE — DUNN tory. " He has written on Colonial and Irish questions in the Contemporary Review, Nineteenth Century, and National Review. In 1891 he became President of the newly-founded Irish Literary Society (London), and delivered its inaugural ad- dress. Since that period he has resided chiefly at Nice. In January 1898 he pub- lished his Memoirs, in two volumes. The first edition was sold in a month, and the critical press in London, Dublin, and the provinces received it with great favour, and American and Australian editions have been welcomed by leading journals in both countries. Though he has com- menced his eighty-third year, his health is fairly good, and he is able to pursue literary work without intermission. Ad- dress : 12 Boulevard Victor Hugo, Nice. DUGDALE, John Stratford, Q.C., is the second son of W. S. Dugdale, of Merevale Hall, Warwickshire, and was born on July 30, 1835. He was educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1857, and was sub- sequently called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in June 1862. He practises on the Midland Circuit, was appointed Recorder of Grantham in 1874, and became Recorder of Birmingham in 1878. Mr. Dugdale is Chancellor of the diocese of Worcester, was appointed a Q.C. in 1882, and is the author of " Punishments and Conviction at Quarter Sessions." Address : 1 Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. DULEEP SINGH, Prince Victor Albert Jay, was born in London, July 10, 1866, and is the eldest son of the late Maharajah of Lahore. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was gazetted to the 1st Dragoons in 1"888, and until 1890 was honorary aide-de- camp to General Ross at Halifax, Nova Scotia. In January 1898 he married the second daughter of the Earl of Coventry. Club : Boodle's. DUMMLER, Ernst Ludwigva Ger- man historian, was born at Berlin, Jan. 2, 1830, studied at Bonn and Berlin, and settled in 1855 at Halle, where he was appointed Extraordinary Professor of His- tory in 1858, and ordinary Professor in 1866. He is a Member of the Academy of Munich, and since 1871 he has been an ordinary Member of the Historical Com- mission of Munich, and of the central committee for the publication of Monu- menta Germanice. He was elected a corre- sponding Member of the French Academy of Sciences, March 30, 1882. Among his works we may mention : " The Pilgrim of Passau, and the Archbishopric of Lorch," 1854 ; " On the Early History of the Slavs in Dalmatia," 1856; "The Formulary of Bishop Salomo III. of Constance," 1857 ; " History of the Kingdom of the Eastern Franks," 2 vols., 1862-65, his principal work, which was " crowned " with two prizes ; " Auxilius and Bulgarius," 1866 ; "Anselm the Peripatetic," 1872; and "The Emperor Otho the Great," 1876. DUNCAN, Sara Jeanette. See Cotes, Mks. Everard. DUNMORE, Earl of, Charles Adolphus Murray, was born March 24, 1841, and succeeded his father as 7th Earl in 1845. He was formerly Lord - Lieutenant of Stirlingshire, and served the office of Lord - in - Waiting from 1874 to 1880. Lord Dunmore was for a time in the army, and retired after reaching the rank of Captain in the Scots Guards. He is the author of " Pamirs, Kashmir, Western Tibet, &c," 1893; and "Ormisdale," 1895. He was married in 1866 to the third daughter of the 2nd Earl of Leicester. Addresses : 61 Great Cum- berland Place, W. ; and Dunmore Park, Falkirk, Stirlingshire. DUNN, James Nicol, journalist, editor of the Morning Post, eldest son of Joseph Dunn and Margaret Macleod, was born in Kincardineshire, N.B., on Oct. 12, 1856, and was educated at Aberdeen. During his student days he wrote for magazines and journals ; and, after a brief period in a law office, he received a posi- tion on the staff of the Dundee Advertiser before he was twenty years of age. Shortly afterwards he obtained an ap- pointment on the Scotsman, and he re- mained connected with that journal for many years, being finally transferred from Edinburgh to Glasgow, where he had charge of the West of Scotland staff. On several occasions he acted as the special correspondent of the Scotsman, notably in the crofter disturbances in the Hebrides. While in Glasgow he contributed to Quiz along with A. S. Boyd, William Canton, John Davidson, and others, and he assisted in launching Art and Literature and Pen and Pencil. In 1888 he became managing editor of the Scots Observer, and was asso- ciated along with William Ernest Henley in the direction of that journal after its title was changed to the National Observer and its place of publication was removed from Edinburgh to London. He joined the Pall Mall Gazette as news editor, under H. C. Oust, in 1893. From 1895 to 1897 he was editor of Black and White and the Ludgate. He entered on the editorship of the Morning Post on the 1st May 1897. Address : Morning Post Office, Strand, W.C. DUNN — DUNSTAN 319 DUNN, Sir William, Bart., was born at Paisley in 1833, and is the son of John Dunn and Isabella Chalmers. He was educated in his native town, for which he has been Member since 1891. He has spent most of his life in South Africa, and is the senior partner in Dunn & Co., of London, Durban, and Port Elizabeth. After his return to England he was made Honorary Consul-General for the Orange Free State. He is married to Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of James Howse, of Grahamstown. Address : 34 Philimore Gardens, Kensington, W., &c. DUNRAVEN, Earl of, The Bight Hon. "Windham Thomas Wyndham- ftuin, K.P., 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, only son of the 3rd Earl by his first wife, Augusta, daughter of Thomas Goold, Esq., was born at Adare Manor, on Feb. 1, 1841. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and while there was appointed Lieutenant in the Oxford Uni- versity Rifle Volunteers. He entered the 1st Life Guards in 1865, but retired two years after. During his service in the Household Brigade he won a good deal of popularity as a steeplechase rider. After leaving the army he went to Abyssinia as correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, in which capacity also for the same journal he followed the Franco-German war. In 1871 he succeeded to the title and estates. His lordship was Under-Secretary for the Colonies in Lord Salisbury's two adminis- trations, but resigned in February 1887. In 1888 he was appointed Chairman of the House of Lords Committee on the Sweat- ing System, and devoted much time and labour to that difficult question. Though unable to convert his colleagues to his views on the subject, the principles of his minority report have been accepted as the basis for much subsequent legislation. In 1889 he was offered, but declined, the Governorship of the Cape. Lord Dunraven was elected to the London County Council for the division of Wandsworth in 1895, and has devoted much attention to the financial affairs of the Council, and to the question of the Housing of the Working Classes. He was re-elected to the Council in 1898, in which year also he was appointed Chairman of the Irish Horse-Breeding Commission. Lord Dunraven has travelled much in America, and besides his well- known book "The Great Divide," has con- tributed many articles to the Nineteenth Century, recounting sporting experiences in the Far West. He has also been a copious writer on political and economic subjects. As a yachtsman he is now famous, his chief victories having been achieved with three successive Valkyries, and with a smart cutter, Audrey, which was built from his own design. He twice challenged for the America Cup, with Valkyrie II. in 1893, and Valkyrie III. in 1895, but was unsuccessful on both occa- sions. The latter race turned out a most vexatious affair. A yacht named Defender was specially built to oppose Valkyrie III., and the contest was to be the best three out of five races. The first race resulted in an easy victory for the Defender. In the second a collision occurred between the rival yachts, and although the Valkyrie finished first a protest was lodged against her, and the race was awarded to the De- fender. The third and final race in the con- test ended in a fiasco, Valkyrie withdrawing immediately after the yachts had crossed the starting line. A great deal of acri- monious discussion ensued, which ended in Lord Dunraven publishing a pamphlet in which he deals very seriously with the contest, and the way in which the yachts were hampered, owing to the dangerously crowded waters. He also speaks of the foul in the second race, and the curious behaviour of the mark tug-boat, and con- cludes with an appendix giving the whole of the correspondence on the subject. Lord Dunraven has long held a Board of Trade certificate as a master mariner, and in 1898 he succeeded in passing the exa- mination for an extra master's certificate, being the first yachtsman to do so. In 1895 he was appointed Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Limerick, and also Lieutenant of the City of Limerick. He was created a Privy Coun- cillor at the New Year. 1899. Lord Dun- raven married in 1869 Florence, daughter of Lord Charles Lennox Kerr. The family seats are Dunraven Castle, Glamorgan ; Adare Manor, co. Limerick ; Garinish, co. Kerry ; and Kenry House, Putney Vale. DUNSTAN, Wyndham Rowland, M.A., F.R.S., is the eldest son of the late John Dunstan, Governor of Chester Castle (1810-1869), by his marriage with Emily Catherine, eldest daughter of Ciprian Potter, the well-known musician, who was Principal of the Royal Academy of Music from 1820 to 1865. He was born on May 24, 1861, and was educated at the Bedford Grammar School. On leaving school, where he had already acquired a strong interest in physical science, he came to London and devoted himself to the study of chemistry, in which subject he attended the principal lectures given in the metro- polis. He also gave a considerable amount of time to the study of logic and mental philosophy, and in 1880 he took a leading part in founding the Aristotelian Society, which was the means of bringing together those who were interested in these subjects, particularly in their relation to 320 DU PLAT — DUPEE physical science. Professor Dunstan was a Vice-President of the Society from 1882 to 1889, and when in 1890 the Society decided to publish a journal he became its first editor. In 1883 he was appointed Demonstrator of Chemistry in the Univer- sity Laboratories, Oxford, and from that time forward he has devoted his attention almost exclusively to educational and scientific work in this subject. At Oxford he organised a systematic course of prac- tical instruction in Organic Chemistry, which had not then attained the import- ance as a branch of chemical instruction which it now has. At this time the Uni- versity had commenced to develop the scientific teaching of medicine, and Mr. Dunstan was entrusted by the Waynflete Professor of Chemistry with the organisa- tion of the teaching of chemistry in its relations to medicine. For several years he was Lecturer in Organic Chemistry in its relations to physiology and medicine, and afterwards University Lecturer in Chemical Pharmacology, an appointment which he resigned in 1892 on becoming Lecturer on Chemistry at St. Thomas's Hospital. Mr. Dunstan was for some years Professor of Chemistry to the Pharmaceutical Society, in which capacity he initiated the work of a laboratory for scientific research, from which numerous contributions to chemistry and chemical pharmacology have been made by him and his pupils. Professor Dunstan took a prominent part in the movement in favour of reforming the methods of teaching elementary science in schools, which led in 1887 to the appointment by the British Association of a Committee which was charged to inquire into and report upon the methods of teaching then adopted. Of this Committee, which sat for three years, Professor Dunstan was the secretary, and he was largely concerned in drawing up the several reports which it made. The recommendations of the Committee have been widely adopted, and the improvement which has "taken place during the last few years, both in the status and mode of teaching elementary science in schools, has been chiefly due to its action. In 1896 Professor Dunstan was requested by the Council of the Imperial Institute to under- take the Directorship of the Scientific and Technical Department of the Institute, which was brought into existence with the aid of the Royal Commissioners of the 1851 Exhibition. This Department is intended to serve as an Imperial Bureau of Scientific and Technical Advice. It includes a staff of skilled assistants and Scientific and Technical Referees and large Labora- tories intended chiefly for the investigation of various Indian and Colonial natural products with a view to their commercial utilisation. It has already rendered im- portant service to certain of the Colonies, and especially to the Government of India, in advising as to the utilisation of new or little-known products, including timbers, minerals, fibres, food materials, drugs, &c, and has demonstrated the practical value of science in its application to the development of the natural resources of India and the Colonies. In 1886 Pro- fessor Dunstan received the degree of Master of Arts, honoris causd, from the University of Oxford, and in 1893 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He is also Senior Secretary of the Chemical Society, and an Examiner in the Univer- sities of Oxford and London and to the Science and Art Department. He has been Examiner in the University of Cam- bridge, the Royal College of Physicians, and the Institute of Chemistry. He is also a Governor and Member of Council of the London School of Medicine for Women. Professor Dunstan is the author of numerous scientific contributions, which have appeared in the Philosophical Trans- actions and Proceedings of the Royal Society, the Transactions of the Chemical Society, and in other journals. In 1886 he married Emilie Fordyce, daughter of George Francis^ Maclean, Haremere Hall. She died in 1893. Addresses : Queen Anne's Mansions, St. James's Park, S.W. ; and White Hill, Criss, Hants. DU PLAT, Sir Charles Taylor, K.C.B., late Major-General in the Royal Artillery, and since 1893 Extra Equerry-in- Ordinary to the Queen, was born in 1822, and is the son of Brigadier-General G. C. D. Du Plat, RE., K.H., and the late Pauline, Countess Hardenberg. After passing through Woolwich, he served in the Royal Artillery from 1841 to 1880, when he retired on full pay. From 1854 to 1861 he was Equerry to the Prince Consort, and from 1861 to 1893 he was Equerry-in-Ordi- nary to the Queen. Sir Charles Du Plat is decorated with the first class of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle and the Grand Cross Ducal Saxon Order of Ernes- tine. He married (1), in 1855, Maria Christina, daughter of the late Sir William C. C. Dalyell, Bart, (she died in 1867), and (2), in 1897, Ann, eldest daughter of J. S. Forbes, of Chelsea. Addresses : 2 Carlisle Place, Victoria Street, S.W. ; and Ashley, Winchfield, Hants. DUPRE, August, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.I.C., &c, born at Mainz (Mayence), on Sept. 6, 1835, where his father, although a citizen of the then free city of Frankfurt, at that time resided. Both father and mother were descendants of Huguenot families who, after the revocation of the DUPTJIS — DUPUY 321 Edict of Nantes, had immigrated into the Bavarian Palatinate. After passing through the polytechnic schools of Giessen and Darmstadt, he studied for three years at the Universities of Giessen and Heidel- berg, under Bunsen, taking his degrees of M.A. and Ph.D. in 1855 at the latter uni- versity. In the same year he came to London, where he has remained ever since. In 1863 he was elected Lecturer on Chem- istry to the Westminster Hospital Medi- cal School (a post which he resigned in .1897). He has since that time been actively engaged as a scientific and con- sulting chemist. He has published many original papers on subjects connected with Chemistry, Physiology, Toxicology, Food Analysis, and Water, in the Philosophical Transactions, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Journal of the Chemical Society, Analyst, and in the Annual Eeports of the Medical Officer to the Local Govern- ment Board, Ac. In 1871 he was ap- pointed Chemical Keferee to the Medical Department of the Local Government Board ; in 1872, Chemical Adviser to the Explosive Department of the Home Office ; in 1873, Public Analyst for the West- minster District ; and in 1888 he was ap- pointed a member of the War Office Com- mittee on Explosives, under the presidency of Sir P. Abel, C.B. (which post he now holds). In his connection with the Home Office his name came prominently before the public in relation to the various dyna- mite outrages. He has frequently been consulted by various Government Depart- ments, viz., the Treasury, the Board of Trade, the Wreck Commissioners' Court, &c. ; and also by the late Metropolitan Board of Works, especially with regard to the treatment and disposal of the metro- politan sewage. He has, in conjunction with Dr. Thudichum, published a book on "The Nature, Origin, and Use of Wine," 1872 ; and, in conjunction with Dr. H. Wilson Hake, "A Short Manual of Chem- istry," 1886. He was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1875, and was Presi- dent of the Society of Public Analysts in the years 1877-78 ; was one of the chief scientific witnesses on behalf of the Crown in the famous Dr. Lamson's poisoning case ; and was President of Section III. of the British Sanitary Congress held at Bol- ton in 1887. In 1870 he was for some time attached to a field-hospital, established by the English Red Cross Society, for the treatment of both German and French wounded in the Franco-Prussian War. He married, in 1876, Florence M. Rob- berds, daughter of H. T. Robberds, of Manchester, by whom he has a family of four sons and one daughter. Ad- dress : 2 Edinburgh Mansions, Howich Place. DTJPUIS, Jean Baptists Daniel, French sculptor and engraver, was born at Blois, Feb. 15, 1849, and entered the Ecole des Beaux Arts, where he was a pupil of Cavelier, His first bust was seen in the Salon in 1869, and, in 1872, he car- ried off the Prix de Rome. His chief works have been : " Posterity crowning the Genius of the Arts," " The Union of Paris and the Republic on the Altar of the Native Land" (1880), which gained the prize in s the competition of the Town of Paris. He has exhibited many medals and portrait medallions, and was decorated with the Legion d'Honneur in 1881. DtTPUY, Charles Alexandre, French statesman, was born at Le Buy on Nov. 5, 1851. His parents were in humble cir- cumstances, his father having been an official at the local prefecture. M. Dupuy began life as a professor of philosophy at the colleges of Nantua and Aurillac, and at various Lycdes. In 1880 he was ap- pointed School Inspector at Mende, and afterwards inspected schools at Caen and at Ajaccio, where he was appointed Vice- Rector of the Corsican College. At the elections of 1885 he was returned to the Chamber of Deputies as Opportunist Re- publican Member for the Haute-Loire. In Parliament he has been particularly devoted to the interests of primary educa- tion, and in 1886 brought forward a pro- posal to transfer the nomination of school- masters from the prefects of departments to the rectors of academies, but he with- drew his proposition in face of the opposi- tion it met with. He has been a member of various Public Instruction Committees. At the elections of September 1889 he was returned for the Puy by a large majority over his monarchist opponent. In Decem- ber 1892 he took office, for the first time, under M. Ribot, and succeeded that states- man as Premier in March 1893. He was one of the candidates for the Presidency of the French Republic, his marked cour- age on the occasion of the bomb explosion in the Chamber having made a great im- pression in his favour. He went out of office at the beginning of 1895, and was succeeded by M. Ribot. In consequence of the Dreyfus inquiry, it has become known that M. Dupuy, by concealing the alleged dealings of that officer with Germany from the then President, M. Casimir-Pener, brought about the latter's resignation. On the fall of the Brisson Cabinet in Octo- ber 1898, the President appealed to M. Dupuy to form its successor, which he did with little delay, retaining MM. Delcasse\ Lockroy, Peytral, and Vigel, and obtaining the support of MM. de Freycinet and Ley- gues. He decided to allow the Dreyfus case to pass from the domain of politics to 322 DUBAKD — DUSE that of justice. Paris address : 18Quaide Bethune. DURAND, Alice Marie Celeste, French authoress (who writes under the name of Henri Greville), was born in Paris. She was carefully educated at home, and when, at the age of fourteen, she accom- panied her father, Professor Fleury, to St. Petersburg, she was familiar with several modern languages. She soon began to publish novels and stories on Russian life and character, and continued writing after her marriage with M. Durand, a French professor of law. In 1872 she returned to France, and began to write for the Revue des Deux Mondes, Figaro, Le Temps, and other periodicals and papers. Under the name of Henri Greville she has published a large number of novels, amongst which may be mentioned, "Dosia," "L'Expiation de Saveii," 1876; "Nouvelles Russes," " Sonia," "La Maison de Maur6ze," "Autour d'un Phare," 1877; "Bonne Marie," "L'Amie," "Un Violon Russe," "Lucie Rodey," 1879; "Croquis," "Cite' Menard," 1880; "Mine, de Dreux," "Perdue," 1881; "Le Fiance" de Sylve," "Rose Rozier," 1882; " Une Trahison," " Le Voeu de Nadier," "Louis Breuil," 1883; "Le Mors aux Dents," 1885; "Cleopatre," 1886; "La Fille de Dosia," 1887; "Comedies de ' Paravent," 1888; "L'Avenir d' Aline," 1889; " Le Passd," and "Un Mystere," 1890; and "L'Heritiere," 1891. One of her last works is "Un Peu de Marvie." Her Paris address is 174 Rue de Grenelle. DURAND, Charles Auguste Emile, known as Carolus-Duran, French painter, was born at Lille, July 4, 1838. He received his early art education at the municipal school in his native town, and in 1855 went to Paris. He gained the Wicar travelling scholarship and went to Italy, and at Rome painted " La Priere du Soir," exhibited at the Salon in 1865. For "L'Assassine," 1866, he was awarded his first medal. This picture was purchased by the Government for the Museum at Lille. M. Carolus-Duran resided for a year in Spain, and the influence of Velasquez is clearly seen in his " St. Francis of Assisi," exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1868. But the fame of Carolus-Duran rests princi- pally on his portraits, which are very numerous. Among them may be men- tioned that of Emile Girardin, those of his daughter, and the equestrian portrait of Mdlle. Croizette, the well-known actress. In 1890 he joined the dissentient party among French painters, who in that year opened the Champ-de-Mars exhibition in opposition to the old Salon. Here he exhibited five portraits of ladies. He is a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and of several foreign orders. He is repre- sented at the Luxembourg Museum by his famous picture of " La Dame au Gant " and another portrait, " Lilia." His Paris address is 11 Passage Stanislas. DURAND, Sir Henry Mortimer, K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., is the second son of the late Major -General Sir Henry Marion Durand and Anna, daughter of Sir J. M'Caskill, K.C.B., and was born in 1850. Entering the diplomatic service he became Junior Attache (Foreign Department) in 1874, and Assistant-Secretary in the same in 1877. In 1879 he was sent out on political duty with the Kabul field force. From 1S80 to 1885 he was Under-Secretary in the Foreign Department of the Govern- ment of India, and subsequently became Secretary. In 1885 he was made CLE. and C.S.I. In 1893 he conducted an im- portant diplomatic mission at Kabul, the object of which was to establish cordial relations between the Ameer's Government and our own. On his return from Afghan- istan he was made K.C.S.I. and K.C.I.E. He was subsequently appointed British Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia, and started for the Shah's dominions oh Oct. 2, 1894. Sir Mortimer Durand married in 1875 Ella, daughter of T. Sandys, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn. Addresses : Teheran ; and Athenaeum. DUSE, Signora Eleonora, was born in Venice in 1861. Her father and grand- father were well-known actors, and she herself appeared on the stage before she was thirteen. She received her dramatic training in a company of strolling players, and found recognition at • Naples. She learned the gospel of self-restraint at an early age, and has kept it. Her dramatic method is remarkable. "She does not ' make up ' her face — she uses no cosmetics, no rouge, no powder. She does not make an artificially-prepared entry, but mingles with the crowd on the stage, glides silently among them, all unnoticed by the audience, but when she steps out of the ranks, and speaks . , . she throws herself into her work with so much spirit and feeling that the play seems an actuality." She won her first laurels in New York in 1893, and enjoyed an immense success at Boston. In 1893 and 1894 she played in London at the Lyric Theatre during the season, her repertoire including the best-known plays of Victorien Sardou and Dumas, Ibsen's " Doll's House," and the Italian dramatists. She had the honour of appearing before the Queen at Windsor in 1894, the comedy chosen for representation being "La Locandiera," by Goldoni. She again ap- peared in London during 1896 and 1897, DVORAK — EADE 323 and Gabrielle d'Annunzio wrote for her his "Songe d'une Matinee de Printemps." DVORAK, Pan Antonin, Bohemian musician, was born on Sept. 8, 1841, at the village of Nelahozeves, near Prague, where his father was a butcher and innkeeper. As a child he showed great aptitude for the violin ; but for a long time he was ignorant of the most elementary rules of music. After leaving school he earned his living by playing in a band of wander- ing village minstrels, and his first attempt at composition was a dance which the members of this band tried to play ; but as the young composer was unaware that the music should have been written in different clefs for the different instru- ments, the result was terrible discord and utter failure. He then gave up compos- ing, and went to Prague in 1857, where for the first time he heard the names of the great composers, and was present at the performance of an opera ; here he was able to hire a piano and give lessons, and in 1874, a year after his marriage, he gained a competition scholarship at Vienna. In 1875 he gained £50, and in 1876 £60, but it was not until 1878 that his name be- came at all well known ; at that time he published his " Moravian Duets " at Ber- lin, which were at once favourably received, and opened the way for further composi- tions. His dances, songs, and symphonies have all found favour with the best critics ; but the " Stabat Mater" (performed at the Birmingham Festival) and " Konig und Kohler (The King and the Charcoal Burners) are perhaps his most popular works. One of his later works is the oratorio "St. Ludmila," founded on the poem of the young Bohemian poet, Yaroslav Vrchlicky, the subject being the introduction of Christianity into Bohemia. This was performed with great success at the Leeds Musical Festival, October 1886, under the personal direction of Herr Dvorak. He has also composed several operas, which have been either performed or published in Germany. Of these " Le Paysan Mutin," may be mentioned. His most ambitious work is the Symphony in D, and a cantata, " The Spectre's Bride," produced at the Birmingham Festival in 1885. His opera "Jacobin" was favour- ably received in 1889. He left his post at the Conservatoire of Prague in 1892 to accept the Directorship of that of New York. DWIGHT, Timothy, D.D., LL.D., was born at Norwich, Connecticut, Nov. 16, 1828. He graduated from Yale Col- lege in 1849, continued his studies at New Haven for two years, and then entered the Theological Seminary connected with Yale College, 1851-53, filling meanwhile a tutor- ship at the College, 1851-55. He was licensed to preach in 1855 ; spent 1856-58 in Europe.; and on his return was ap- pointed, 1858, Professor of Sacred Litera- ture at Yale. On May 20, 1886, he was elected President of the College, to suc- ceed Dr Noah Porter, resigned. President Dwight was an associate editor of the New Enylander, and was an active member of the American Committee for the Revi- sion of the English Version of the Bible from 1872 to 1885. He has published many articles on various topics, and has anno- tated the English translation of Meyer on Romans, and on other Epistles. In 1886 he translated (with notes) Godet on the Gospel of John. DYKE, The Bight Hon. Sir William Hart, Bart., M.P., J.P., D.L., second son of the late Sir Percy vail Hart Dyke, and Elizabeth, daughter of W. Wells, Bichley Park, Kent, was born at East Hall, St. Mary Cray, Kent, Aug. 7, 1837, and educated at Harrow and Christ- church, Oxford, where he took his degree in 1861. He represented West Kent in the Conservative interest from 1865 to 1867, and the Mid-Division of the same county until 1885, when he was returned for the NW. or Dartford Division. He was Whip of the Conservative party from 1868 to 1880 ; Patronage Secretary to the Treasury from 1874 to 1880, and Chief Sec- retary for Ireland in Lord Salisbury's Government from June 1885 to January 1886. At the general elections in 1886, 1892, and 1895, he was again returned for North- West Kent. From 1887 to 1892 he was Vice-President of the Committee of Council on Education. He is a J. P. and D.L. for Kent. He married Emily, daughter of the 7th Earl of Sandwich, in 1870. Address : Lullingstone Castle, Dart- ford, Kent. E EADE, Sir Peter, M.D., F.R.C.P., J. P., the son of Peter Eade of Blofield, was born at Acle, Norfolk, in 1825, was educated at Yarmouth Grammar School and King's College, London. He has practised as a Physician in Norwich since 1856, and is now Consulting Physician to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. Sir Peter has, besides, interested himself in municipal matters, inasmuch as he has served the office of Sheriff of Norwich from 1880 to 1881, and he has been Mayor of that city on three separate occasions, viz., 1883-84, 1893-94, and 1895. He is a great advocate of temperance, and has 324 EAMES — EASTLAKE also studied the question of providing fresh air, and suitable recreations, for the work- ing classes. He is the author of : "Local Notes on Health and Archaeology " ; "Medical Notes on Diphtheria and In- fluenza " ; " The Parish of St. Giles, Nor- wich," 1886. He was knighted in 1885. Address : 68 St. Giles's Street, Norwich. EAMES, Madame Emma. See Story, Madame Emma Eames. EARLE, The Right Rev. Alfred, D.D., Suffragan Bishop of Marlborough, is the son of Henry Earle, F.K.C.S., and was born in 1828. He was educated at Eton, and Hertford College, Oxford, where he was a scholar of his college, and graduated in 1854. Ordained in 1858, he became curate of St. Edmond's, Salisbury, and then held the rectory of Monkton-Farleigh, Wilts, from 1863 to 1865. In the latter year he was appointed Vicar of West Alvington, Devon ; and during his tenure of that living, he became Rural Dean, Archdeacon of Totnes in 1872, and a Pre- bendary of Exeter Cathedral. He acted as Examining Chaplain to Bishops Temple and Bickersteth, and was installed a Canon Residentiary of Exeter Cathedral in 1886. Mr. Earle was, in 1888, appointed Suffragan Bishop of Marlborough, the west and north- west of London being under his charge ; at the same time he was presented to the rectory of St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate, and became a Prebendary of St. Paul's Cathe- dral. He received the hon. degree of D.D. from his University. The Bishop is the author of various charges, which have been printed at the request of the clergy, the most important being upon " Church Reform " ; " The Reform of Patronage " ; " Reform of Episcopal Visitations " ; " Our Duty to the Nonconformists " ; " Our Duty to the Masses " ; " Some Pressing Duties of Churchwardens and Clergy," 1874 ; "On Consecutive and Systematic Church Edu- cation," 1873; "Work in West and North- west London," 1897. EARLE, Professor the Rev. J., of Swanswick Rectory, Bath, son of John Earle, landowner, was born Jan. 29, 1824, at Elston, in the parish of Churchstowe, near Kingsbridge, South Devon. He became a private pupil in the house of the Rev. Orlando Manley, then incumbent of Plymstock ; and from Mr. Manley's he went to the Plymouth New Grammar School, where he stayed, until, the ancient Grammar School at Kingsbridge having been reconstituted, he was entered there for the last year before he went to Oxford. He began to reside in 1842. In 1845 he was in the first class of Litters Humani- •ores, and took his B.A. In 1848 he was elected Fellow of Oriel on a Devonshire foundation. In 1849 he took the degree of M.A., and was elected Professor of Anglo-Saxon, an office at that time ten- able for only five years. In the same year he was ordained Deacon by Samuel Wil- berforce, Bishop of Oxford. In 1852 he became College Tutor in succession to Mr. Buckle, now Canon of Wells. On March 5, 1856, in a game of racquets, he was struck in the left eye, which caused a permanent infirmity of sight. In 1857 he was presented by Oriel College to the rectory of Swanswick, near Bath. He' was appointed by the Bishop of Bath and Wells (Lord Arthur Hervey), in 1871 to the prebend of Wanstrow in Wells Cathe- dral ; and in 1873 to be Rural Dean of Bath, an office which he discharged until 1877. In 1876 he was re-elected Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford, the tenure of this Professorship having in the meantime been made permanent. The following is a list of his chief publications : " Gloucester Fragments (St. Swithun, &c.)," 1861 ; " Bath, Ancient and Modern," 1864 ; " Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel," 1865 ; " The Philology of the English Tongue," 1871 (5th edit., 1892); "A Book for the Beginner in Anglo-Saxon," 1877 (3rd edit., 1884); "English Plant Names from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century," 1880; "Anglo-Saxon Litera- ture," 1884; "A Hand-Book of the Land Charters and other Saxonic Documents," 1888; "English Prose: its Elements, History, and Usage," 1890 ; " The Psalter of 1539 : A Landmark in English Litera- ture," 1894 ; " A Simple Grammar of Eng- lish now in Use," 1898. He married Jane, daughter of the Rev. George Rolleston, of Maltby, West Riding, in 1863. Addresses : Swanswick Rectory, Bath ; and 15 Norham Road, Oxford. EASTLAKE, Charles Locke, a younger son of the late Mr. George East- lake, Deputy Judge Advocate to the Fleet, was born at Plymouth and educated at Westminster School, where he gained a Queen's Scholarship. He is now a mem- ber of the Governing Body. At an early age he was closely associated with his uncle, Sir Charles Eastlake, then Presi- dent of the Royal Academyy by whose advice he became a pupil of the well- known architect, Mr. Philip Hardwick, R.A., and afterwards passed through the Royal Academy Schools, obtaining the Silver Medal for Architectural Drawings in 1854. Mr. Eastlake subsequently tra- velled for three years on the Continent, sketching architecture in France, Italy, and Germany. During a protracted stay at Nuremberg he studied in the atelier of Kreling, and at that time was half inclined ECHEGAEAY— EDEN 325 to adopt the profession of a painter. On his return to England, having but little practice as an architect, Mr. Eastlake turned his attention to design in those minor arts which had hitherto been scarcely recognised as a field for the exercise of edu- cated taste, viz. : domestic furniture, tex- tile fabrics, wall-papers, and metal-work. For some years he was largely consulted on such matters, and an illustrated book which he published under the title of " Hints on Household Taste" went through four editions, becoming especially popular in America. In 1867 Mr. Eastlake was elected Secretary of the Royal Institute of British Architects, an appointment which he held for eleven years, conduct- ing the correspondence, editing the trans- actions, and managing the official work of that Society. While thus engaged, he published, in 1870, a " History of the Gothic Revival " in English architecture, a work of more than merely professional interest, and one which was extensively reviewed at the time. In 1878 Lord Beaconsfield (then Prime Minister) ap- pointed Mr. Eastlake Keeper and Secre- tary of the National Gallery. The present building, of which the front portion was erected in 1832-8, had up to 1869 been partly tenanted by the Royal Academy. After the removal of that body to Burling- ton House, many rooms on the ground floor of the National Gallery long remained unoccupied. These were at length devoted to the exhibition of the Turner Water- Colour Collection, including several hun- dred drawings, previously unseen by the public. They were disposed on the walls and in cases under the personal super- intendence of the Keeper. In the larger galleries on the upper floor, pictures had, for want of space, been hung with but little regard to method. An extension of the building in 1888 enabled Mr. East- lake to re-arrange them, systematically classified under the several schools of painting to which they belong. They have also been protected by glass from the deleterious effect of London atmos- phere, and compare favourably in point of preservation with many pictures abroad. Among other improvements effected during Mr. Eastlake's term of office is the addi- tional accommodation provided for the work of art-students and copyists, who, in acknowledgment of the service, pre- sented him with a testimonial on his retirement in 1898. He was at the same time thanked by the Trustees of the National Gallery for the efficient manner in which he had discharged his duties during his twenty years' tenure of office. In addition to the literary works above mentioned, Mr. Eastlake has recently pub- lished one on " Pictures at the National Gallery," illustrated in photogravure by Franz Haufstaengl, as well as a series of social essays entitled "Our Square and Circle." He has also been an occasional contributor to several magazines and journals, including the Nineteenth Century, Fraser, the Cornhill, Scribner, Punch, the London Review, and the Building Netvs. Addresses : 41 Leinster Square, Bays- water ; and Athenaaum. ECHEGAEAY, Jose, Spanish drama- tist, was born at Madrid in 1835. Having finished his studies, he was appointed in 1858 Professor of Mathematics at the Engineering College in Madrid, and in con- sequence of his mathematical works on Ana- lytical Geometry and Physics he was made a Member of the Academy of Sciences in 1866. It is, however, chiefly as a drama- tist that Senor Echegaray is known. His first work was " La Esposa del Vendajar " (1874), which was a great success, and led him to continue in the same path. His other chief works have been : " La Ultima Noche," 1875 ; " El Gran Galeoto," 1881, which has been translated into most Euro- pean languages ; " Dos Fanatismos," 1887. His "Folly or Saintliness " was translated into English in 1895, and in the next year a performance of his "Mariana" was given at the Court Theatre by the Inde- pendent Theatre Society, in which Mr. H. B. Irving and Miss Elizabeth Robins much distinguished themselves. EDEN, The Eight Rev. George Rodney, Bishop of Wakefield, formerly Suffragan Bishop of Dover in succession to the late Bishop Parry, was born in Sun- derland on Sept. 9, 1853, and is the third son of the late Canon Eden, Rector of Sedgefield. Educated at Pembroke Col- lege, Cambridge, of which he was a scholar, he took his B.A. in 1876, after being placed in the second class of the Classical Tripos. He was afterwards in the second class of the Theological Tripos, and obtained the Carus Greek Testament prize in 1878. He was ordained in 1878. He has been Assis- tant-Master at Aysgarth School, 1878-79 ; Domestic Chaplain to the Bishop of Durham, 1879-83 ; Vicar of Auckland St. Andrew with St. Anne and St. Philip, 1883-90 ; Rural Dean of Auckland, 1887- 90 ; Canon and Archdeacon of Canterbury, 1890. He was consecrated Bishop of Dover in October 1890. In 1892 he was appointed Chaplain to the Cinque Ports, and was translated to the See of Wakefield on Nov. 4, 1897. In 1889 he married Con- stance, daughter of Canon Ellison. Address : Bishopgarth, Wakefield ; and Athenaeum. EDEN, The Rev. Robert, M.A., son of the late Rev. Thomas Eden, born at 326 EDGE — EDISON Whitehall, near Bristol, was educated at a private school near that city. Having first entered at St. John's College, Oxford, as Bible Clerk, he became Scholar, and after- wards Fellow of Corpus Christi College, where he graduated B.A. in 1825, and M.A. in 1827. He was appointed an Examiner at Oxford in 1828-29, was successively Head-Master of Hackney and Camberwell Collegiate Schools between 1829 and 1838 ; and held the post of Examiner for the East India Civil Service from 1839 to 1856 ; was Chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich in 1849 ; Vicar of North Walsham in 1851 ; Honorary Canon of Norwich in 1852 ; and Vicar of Wymondham in 1854. Canon Eden is the author of the " Churchman's Theological Dictionary"; "The Examina- tion and Writings of Archdeacon Philpot, with Biography," for the Parker Society ; " Some Thoughts on the Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures," 1864; and "The Title Page of the Revised Version," 1887. He has also edited theological works for the Clar- endon Press, and has published a volume of sermons. Address : Wymondham Vic- arage, Norfolk. EDGE, The Hon. Sir John, Q.C., was born in 1841, educated at Trinity College, Dublin, called to the Irish Bar in 1864, and to the English Bar at the Middle Temple in 1866. In 1886 he was appointed Chief-Justice of the High Court of Judica- ture of the North-Western Provinces of India. In March 1898 he was appointed Member of the Council of India in succes- sion to Sir Charles Turner, K. C.I. E. Club : East India United Service. EDINBURGH, Bishop of. See Dowden, The Right Rev. John, D.D. EDINBURGH, Duke and Duchess of. See Saxe-Cobueg and Gotha. EDIS, Robert William, J.P., P.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., architect, born at Huntingdon in 1839, was educated at the Local Gram- mar School, and afterwards at the Brewers' Company's School at Aldenham. He be- came a member of the Architectural Association early in his professional life, and was elected President for two succes- sive years ; Associate of the Royal Insti- tute of British Architects in 1862, a Fellow in 1867, a member of Council in 1888, and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1870. He has travelled much in many countries, and in the early part of his career made a series of architectural sketches in France, Italy, and Germany, some of which were published in the Building News and other professional journals. He has written and lectured on domestic art and sanitation, and published various books on those subjects. He is one of the leaders of the modern revival of red brick and so-called " Queen Anne " architecture. In 1882 he went to America to advise as to the laying out of a new city in Kansas State. In 1888 he was invited by the Society of Arts to give a series of Cantor Lectures on the "Decoration and Furniture of Town Houses," since illus- trated and published in book form. He wrote the article on "Internal Decoration from a Sanitary Point of View," in Our Homes; and the hand-book on "Healthy Furniture," for the Council of the Inter- national Health Exhibition. Amongst his principal and latest works are : the addi- tions to the Inner Temple Library, the Constitutional Club in Northumberland Avenue, the Junior Constitutional Club in Piccadilly, enlargement of the London School Board offices (Victoria Embank- ment), various blocks of houses on the Duke of Westminster's estate in Green Street and other parts of London, ball- room and additions at Sandringham for H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, the Hotel Grand Central, Marylebone, mansion at Chenley Park, &c. In 1893 Mr. Edis acted as Honorary Architect to the Royal Commission for the Chicago Exhibition, and from his designs the "Victoria" House at the World's Fair was erected. He is also Honorary Architect to the Gor- don Boys' Home, and has recently designed a new chapel and various other buildings for the Home. Mr. Edis joined the " Artists' " Corps at its formation in 1859, and is now Colonel of the regiment. He was Aide-de-Camp to Lord Bury in the French and German war under the General Convention ; and was in Paris during the last days of the Commune, when he wrote, as the result of his observations, a paper on "Fireproof Materials," which was read before the Royal Institute of British Architects. He was elected a member of the London County Council for South St. Pancras. Colonel Edis is a Justice of the Peace for Norfolk (1897). Addresses: The Old Hall, Great Ormesby, Norfolk ; and 14 Fitzroy Square. EDISON, Thomas Alva, was born at Milan, Erie Co., Ohio, Feb. 11, 1847, being of Dutch descent on his father's side, and Scotch on his mother's. His father died at the age of ninety-one in February 1896. His early education was derived chiefly from his mother's lessons and from his omnivorous reading, his entire school attendance not exceeding two months. When about twelve he became a railway newsboy, conducting at the same time (with the help of boy associates) three small stores at Port Huron, Michigan. EDLLN — EDWARDS 327 Later he established an amateur paper, which he printed and sold on the train, and also improvised a laboratory in a baggage-car for chemical experiments. Having at great peril saved the life of the little son of a station-master, the father, out of gratitude, assisted him to learn tele- graphy ; and in a short time he acquired so much skill as an operator that he was successively employed at Port Huron, Stratford (Canada), Indianapolis (Indiana), Cincinnati (Ohio), Memphis (Tennessee), Boston, and at many other places. During the years he was thus engaged he was constantly experimenting in every direc- tion. At Indianapolis he made his first essay towards an automatic telegraphic repeater, which he completed while at Memphis. His first patent was for a chemical vote-recording apparatus (for use in legislative bodies), and was taken out while he was at Boston. It was at Boston also that he began work upon duplex tele- graphy, but it was not until 1872 that it was perfected. He went to New York in 1871, and shortly afterwards was appointed Superintendent of the Law Gold Indicator Co., which supplied gold and stock quotations to brokers' offices. From this point his career has been an uninterrupted success. He invented the gold and stock printing telegraph ; the system for quadru- plex and sextuplex telegraphic transmis- sion ; the carbon telephone transmitter ; the microtasimeter for detection of small variations in temperature ; the aerophone and megaphone for amplifying and mag- nifying sound ; the electric pen ; the electric railway, &c. One of his latest inventions is the kinetograph, an instru- ment for photographing or recording and then reproducing motion, which performs the same service for the eye that the phonograph does for the ear ; it is de- signed for use in combination with the latter instrument, and. when so combined effects simultaneously the duplex sensation of vision and sound. The total number of patents issued to him already exceeds 400, and is constantly increasing ; one-fourth of them refer to telegraphy. But it is with the phonograph and electric lighting that his name is the most closely associated, and by which he is best known. He resigned his superintendency in 1876, to devote himself entirely to invention and research, and has a large laboratory at Orange, New Jersey, the most ample in the world for electrical experiment. Mr. Edison has de- voted much time to the milling of ores poor in iron, which were afterwards con- centrated by electricity, and made avail- able for profitable smelting. Large mining and milling plants were erected in the northern part of the State of New Jersey to demonstrate his views. EDLIN, Sir Peter Henry, Q.C., J.P., was born in 1819. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1847, and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1869. He became Eecorder of Bridgwater in 1872, acted as Assistant-Judge of the Middlesex Sessions from 1874 to 1889, and was Chair- man of the County of London Sessions from 1889 to 1896. He received the honour of Knighthood in 1888. Address: 64 Queensborough Terrace, W. ; and Went- worth House, Clifton, Bristol. EDMUNDS, The Hon. George Franklin, LL.D., American lawyer and statesman, was born at Kichmond, Ver- mont, Feb. 1, 1828. He was educated at the common schools and by a private tutor, studied law at an early age, and began to practise in 1849. In 1851 he removed to Burlington, Vermont. From 1854 to 1859 he was a member of the lower branch of the State Legislature, serving as Speaker for three of those years. In 1861-62 he was a State Senator, acting as President pro Urn. On the death of Mr. Foote in 1866 he was appointed to the vacancy in the U.S. Senate, which position he continued to fill by successive re-elec- tions until his retirement from public life in 1891. He was one of the prominent Re- publican leaders of that body, a member and chairman of some of its most im- portant committees, and was twice its President pro tern. He was a member of the Electoral Commission in 1876, which decided the Presidential controversy be- tween Mr. Hayes and Mr. Tilden. At the Republican National Conventions in 1880 and 1884 he received some votes for the nomination to the Presidency. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1887 by Trinity College, Hartford. EDWARDS, The Right Rev. Alfred George, D.D., Bishop of St. Asaph, youngest son of the late Rev. William Edwards, Vicar of Llangollen, born Nov. 2, 1848, Scholar of Jesus College, Oxford, second class in Classical Modera- tions, 1872, third in the Final Classical School, was ordained Deacon in 1874, and Priest in 1875, by Dr. Basil Jones, D.D., Bishop of St. David's. He was appointed Warden and Headmaster of Llandovery College in 1875. During the ten years he was at Llandovery the school obtained a high position in University distinctions, and changes were made which have enabled the school to gain at the present time a foremost place amongst the public schools of England, and to lead the movement for Higher Education in Wales. In 1885 Dr. Edwards was appointed Vicar of Car- marthen and Private Secretary and Chap- 328 EDWARDS — EGERTON lain to the late Bishop of St. David's. During the three years that he was at Car- marthen he took an active part in the discussion of Welsh Disestablishment, a subject which was now being brought by the Tithe Agitation within the sphere of practical politics. In 1889 Dr. Edwards was appointed, upon the nomination of Lord Salisbury, to the vacant See of St. Asaph. A Welshman by birth, language, residence, and descent, he has been a con- sistent opponent of the cry "Wales for the Welsh." He was instrumental in securing the passing of the Tithe Act of 1891, which finally ended the Tithe wars in Wales. The opposition to the Welsh Disestablish- ment campaign fell largely into the hands of Dr. Edwards, and in recognition of his services in this cause a number of Church- men, including the Duke of Westminster, Lord Powis, Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, and leading laymen in Wales presented the Bishop with his portrait and an address at the Diocesan Conference in 1897. He married (1) Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of E. Edwards, in 1875 ; and (2) Mary, daughter of W. J. Garland, of Lisbon and Worgrett, Dorsetshire, in 1885. Addresses : The Palace, St. Asaph ; and Athenaeum. EDWARDS, Lieutenant-Colonel the Right Honourable Sir Fleet- wood Isham, K.C.B., son of Thomas Edwards and Hester, daughter of the Rev. William Wilson, of Harrington Rectory, Northamptonshire, and Knole Hall, War- wickshire, was born April 21, 1842, at Thames Ditton, and was educated at Harrow. He entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in 1861, became a Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1863, Captain in 1877, Major in 1883, Lieute- nant-Colonel in 1890, and retired in 1895. He held the appointments of A.D.C. to the Governor of Bermuda from 1867 to 1869, and to the Inspector-General of Fortifications, 1875-78, and was attached to the Special Embassy to the Congress at Berlin in 1878. He acted as Groom-in- Waiting to the Queen, 1880-95, and has been Extra Equerry since 1888. He was made a C.B. in 1882, a K.C.B. in 1887, and a Privy Councillor in 1895. Sir Fleetwood Edwards now holds the post of Keeper of Her Majesty's Privy Purse, to which he was appointed in 1895, and of Receiver- General of the Duchy of Lancaster. He is also Secretary of the Royal Victorian Order. He married, 1871 (1), Edith, daughter of Rev. Allan Smith Masters, of Camer, Kent (she died 1873), and (2) Mary, daughter of Major John R. Majendie, 92nd Highlanders. Addresses: St. James's Pal- ace, S.W. ; and Norman Tower, Windsor Castle. EDWARDS, John Passmore, was born in Cornwall in 1824. He began life as a temperance lecturer and then went into trade. He came to London when eighteen years of age, and entered a publishing house. He bought the well- known London halfpenny evening paper the Echo for the sum of £18,000, eventually sold it for £75,000, or, according to some accounts, £50,000, and again bought it back. He is a newspaper proprietor on a large scale, owning the Building News, the English Mechanic, and the important Weekly Times. He has brought out many magazines of the second order. Posterity will probably best remember him as the munificent founder of some score of public institutions in Cornwall, and some thirty public institutions in the Metropolis, which include art galleries, reading-rooms, and free libraries. Mr. Passmore Edwards represented Salisbury in Parliament from 1880 to 1885. He has published " The War, a Blunder and a Crime," 1855 ; " The Triple Curse, or the Evils of the Opium Trade on India, China, and England," 1858. He married Eleanor, daughter of H. Hum- phreys. Address : 51 Bedford Square, W.C. EDWARDS-BETHAM. See Bbtham-Edwards, Miss Matilda Bar- bara. EGERTON, Sir Edwin Henry, K.C.B., Envoy Extraordinary to the King of the Hellenes, was born Nov. 8, 1841. He entered the Diplomatic Service in 1859, and, after being Secretary of Legation at Buenos Ayres and Athens, was appointed Consul-General in Egypt in 1884. In 1885 he was Secretary of Embassy at Con- stantinople and afterwards at Paris, whence he was appointed to his present post in 1892. In 1886 he was created C.B. and in 1897 K.C.B. He married in 1895 the widow of M. Michael Catkoff, the daughter of Prince Rostowski. Address : British Legation, Athens. EGERTON, George. See Clair- monte, Mrs. EGERTON OF TATTON, Earl, Wilbraham Egerton, 2nd Baron, is the eldest son of the late Lord Egerton of Tatton, 1st Baron, and was born at Tatton Park, Knutsford, on Jan. 17, 1832. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where in 1854 he was in Class II. of the Final School of Law and Modern History. In 1858 his Lordship (then Mr. Wilbraham Egerton) succeeded his father as M.P. for North Cheshire, which he continued to represent in the Conservative interest till 1868, when he EGGLESTON — EIFFEL 329 was returned, at the head of the poll, for Mid-Cheshire. This constituency he re- presented until 1883, when he succeeded his father in his present title, being raised to the rank of Earl in 1897, and in the same year created Viscount Salford. Lord Egerton has always taken an active in- terest in matters relating to agriculture, education, and the Church, and has given evidence bearing on these subjects before committees of the House of Lords. In 1880 he was appointed an Ecclesiastical Commissioner by Lord Beaconsfield. He was Chairman of the Church Defence Institution from 1874 to 1896, is President of the Central Council of Diocesan Con- ferences, and has contributed many papers to Church Conferences and Congresses. He is Chairman of the Queen Victoria Clergy Fund. He has served on the Royal Commission on Noxious Vapours, was Chairman of the Royal Commission on the Education of the Blind, Deaf, &c., 1884-87, and has been President of the Royal Agricultural Society, the Shire Horse Society, &c. He is Knight of Justice of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. From 1887 to 1894 he was prominently before the public as Chairman of the Manchester Ship Canal Company, with which he was actively connected from 1886, when he became a member of the Consultative Committee ; he rendered material assist- ance to the undertaking in Parliament. He has written on the Manchester Ship Canal and on Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century, &c. In 1857 Lord Egerton mar- ried Lady Mary Sarah Amherst, daughter of Earl Amherst. She died in 1892. In 1894 he married the Duchess of Bucking- ham and Chandos. Addresses : 7 St. James's Square, S.W. ; and Tatton Park, Knutsford. EGGLESTON, Edward, S.T.D., L.H.D., was born at Vevay, Indiana, Dec. 10, 1837. After holding several posts as a Methodist minister, and acting as editor of two periodicals at Chicago, he removed, in 1870, to Brooklyn, New York, and be- came literary editor of the New York Inde- pendent, a religious weekly, of which he had previously been the western corre- spondent. A few months later he was made superintending editor, which posi- tion he resigned in July 1871, to take charge of Hearth and Home. His first two novels, contributed as serials to this latter paper, having opened a new and tempting path to him, he resigned the editorship of Hearth and Home about the end of 1872, and has not since acted as editor to any periodical. In 1874 he carried out a long- cherished plan of establishing an Inde- pendent Church without a creed. This "Church of Christian Endeavour" was located in the eastern district of Brook- lyn, and was remarkably successful in its philanthropic work, carried out on original plans, many of which have been widely copied. He was obliged, in 1879, to resign this pastorate on account of the complete breaking-down of his health ; and since his recovery he has wholly given up preaching, and has devoted himself entirely to literature. He has published in all seven novels, some of which have been translated into several European languages. They are: "The Hoosier Schoolmaster," 1871 ; " The End of the World," 1872; "Mystery of Metropolis- ville," 1873 ; " The Circuit Rider," 1874 ; "Roxy," 1878; " The: Graysons," 1888; "The Faith Doctor," 1891, His other books are: "Schoolmasters' Stories for Boys and Girls," 1874; "The Hoosier Schoolboy," 1883; "Queer Stories for Boys and Girls," 1884 ; " A History of the United States and its Peoples for Schools," 1888; "The Household History of the United States," 1888 ; "A First Book in American History," 1889 ; a volume of short stories under the title "Duffels," 1893; "Stories of American Life and Adventure" and "Stories of Great Ameri- cans for Little Americans," 1895 ; and "The Beginners of a Nation," 1896. In connection with others he published, 1878-80, a series of books for young people under the title, " Famous American Indians." Mr Eggleston has been a con- tributor to the Century Magazine since the issue of its first number in 1870. To its pages he has contributed, besides works of fiction and essays of various sorts, a series of papers, published at intervals, 1882-90, on early American life and manners. EGYPT, Khedive and Viceroy of. See Abbas Pacha. EIFFEL, Gustave, engineer of the Eiffel Tower, Paris, was born at Dijon, in the Cote d'Or, Dec. 15, 1832, and educated at the Central School of Arts and Manu- factures, Paris. His professional reputa- tion was established by his construction of the Bordeaux Bridge, the Garabit Via- duct, and other important works. He has introduced many improvements in the art of bridge-building upon arches, and the germ of his tower may be seen in the huge framework he erected for Bartholdi's statue of Liberty at New York. An elabo- rate description of the famous Tower, from a popular point of view, was given in the Times of April 30, 1889, when it was asserted that it was a M. Nouguier, a young engineer in M. Eiffel's employment, who first conceived the idea, and worked it out with the aid of an architectural friend. M. Eiffel himself described the 330 EISENLOHR — ELGAR Tower in a paper read before the Society of Travail Professionel in 1889, and since published with six plates. In April 1889 he was promoted to the rank of Officer of the Legion of Honour. He offered himself for election to the Senate in January 1891, and was returned in the Cote d'Or, but desisted from his candidature in favour of M. Joigneaux. In 1893 he was con- demned to two years' imprisonment, and a fine of £800, for breach of trust in connec- tion with the Panama Canal Works. His Paris address is 1 Rue Rabelais. EISENLOHR, Professor August, Ph.D., Egyptologist, was born Oct. 6, 1832, at Mannheim, in the Grand-Duchy of Baden, where his father was a physician. After a preliminary training in the Lyceum of his native town he entered the Uni- versity of Heidelberg in 1850, applying himself to the study of Protestant theo- logy, which he continued at Gottingen till 1853, when he returned to Heidelberg, and entered the theological Seminary. Illness compelled him to avoid serious study for several years, and on his recovery he abandoned theology, and devoted his attention to the natural sciences, especially chemistry, under the instruction of Professors R. Bunsen and Erlenmeyer. He graduated Ph.D. in 1859, and afterwards established a chemical manufactory. By commercial intercourse with China he became acquainted with the Chinese language, and was thus led to the study of hieroglyphics, which he has prosecuted with great zeal since 1864, aided by the advice of MM. Chabas and Brugsch. On giving up commercial pur- suits, he entered, after some years, the academical career as Privat-docent of the Egyptian language and Archaeology by a dissertation " Die Analytische Erklarung des demotischen Theils der Rosettana," Theil i., Leipzig, 1869. In the same year, generously aided by the Grand-Duke of Baden, he undertook a scientific explora- tion of Egypt. Having been present at the inauguration of the Suez Canal, he sailed up the Nile to the second cataract of Wadi Haifa, studying, copying, and photographing the inscriptions. On this occasion he had the good fortune to be allowed to study the celebrated Harris Papyrus in the house of the late Consul Harris, at Alexandria. In March 1870 he left Egypt and returned home. Coming to this country in 1872, he assisted Miss Harris in selling to the British Museum for £3300 her valuable collection of Greek and Egyptian papyri. Of this collection, and especially of the great Harris Papyrus, he gave a description, translation, and commentary in a pamphlet "Der grosse Papyrus Harris. Ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Aegyptischen Geschichte, ein 3000 Jahr altes Zeugniss fur die Mosaische Religion stiftung enthaltend," Leipzig, 1872. In December 1872, he was nominated a Pro- fessor Extraordinary in the University of Heidelberg, and was elected an Hon. Mem- ber of the Society of Biblical Archaeology of London, and of the Society " El Chark " at Constantinople. In 1885 he became Hon. Professor at the University of Heidelberg. ELGAR, Francis, LL.D., E.R.S., F.S.A., &c, was born at Portsmouth on April 24, 1845, and educated at the Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, South Kensington. He gra- duated in 1867, and was awarded the highest diploma as naval architect ; was afterwards employed by the Admiralty in public and private shipbuilding yards and in the construction department till 1871. At the end of 1871 he became chief pro- fessional assistant to Sir E. J. Reed in London, and assisted him in the design and survey of numerous warships and mercantile vessels. , He was manager of Earle's Shipbuilding and Engineering Com- pany, Hull, of which Sir E. J. Reed was Chairman, from 1874 to 1876, and then returned to his former post in London. He went to Japan in 1879 to advise the Japanese Government upon Naval Con- struction, and there surveyed and reported upon the management of the Dockyards and the arrangements for keeping the ships of the navy in efficient working order. He returned to London in 1881, and prac- tised there as a consulting naval architect, designing and surveying the building of vessels of all classes, and advising upon questions that arose from time to time in connection with the construction of, and accidents to ships. In 1883 he was appointed Professor of Naval Architecture in the University of Glasgow ; and, in 1886, accepted the then newly-created appoint- ment offered to him of Director of H.M. Dockyards at the Admiralty, in which post he had responsible charge, under the Con- troller of the Navy, of the arrangements for improving the working efficiency of the Dockyards, and reducing the cost of, and the time occupied in building ships in them. A description of the improvements made is given in a paper by Mr. Elgar in the thirty-sixth volume of Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects on "The Cost of Warships." Retired from the Admiralty service late in 1891, he be- came a Director of and Naval Architect to the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineer- ing Company of Glasgow, and has since been responsible in that capacity for the designs of numerous vessels of all classes, including the fast Cunard liners Cam- pania and Lucania. He was a member of ELGIN — ELIOT 331 the Board of Trade Loadline Committee of 1884, which first framed successful rules for regulating the safe loading of ships, and of the Board of Trade Committee for Life-Saving Appliances in Ships. He was Vice-President of the Jury for the Marine Section at the International Exhibi- tions in Paris, 1889, and Chicago, 1893 ; President of the same Jury at Antwerp, 1894 ; and President of the British Jury Committee for the Brussels Exhibition, 1897. Mr. Elgar is an hon. LL.D. of Glasgow University, a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, the Society of Antiquaries, and the Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Vice-President of the Institu- tion of Naval Architects, Hon. Member of the Society of Engineers, Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Royal Institution, the Royal United Service Institution, the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, the Asso- ciation Technique Maritime of France and the Naval Institute of America ; and he is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He is a member of the technical committee of " Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping," and the author of an illustrated work entitled " Ships of the Royal Navy," and of papers on naval architecture and other subjects in the Transactions of the Royal Society, the Institution of Naval Architects, and other societies. He was President of the Sette of Odd Volumes in 1894-95. He married Ethel Annie Mit- chell, daughter of John Howard Colls, in 1889. Addresses : 113 Cannon Street, E.C. ; 18 York Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. ; and Doonbrae, Ayr, N.B. ELGIN, Earl of, The Bight Hon. Victor Alexander Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, late Governor- Generafof India, K.G., G.M.S.I., G.M.I.E., LL.D., was born at Montreal, Canada, May 16, 1849. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, and took his B.A. degree, with a second class in Lit. Hum. in 1873. He succeeded his father, who had also been Viceroy of India, in 1863. In 1866, in Mr. Gladstone's third administration, he was appointed Trea- surer of the Household and First Com- missioner of Works. Lord Elgin was appointed Governor-General of India in 1893, and assumed office as Viceroy in January of 1894. His term of office has been full of events, particularly in 1897 : frontier wars, famine, earthquakes, plague, seditious agitations, and financial embar- rassments. Lord Elgin, in order to relieve the misery produced by the famine, suc- ceeded in raising a fund in India, to which was subscribed in three months 91 lakhs of rupees. This was in addition to the million pounds he received for distribu- tion from all parts of the British Empire. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1886, in which year also the University of St. Andrews conferred upon him their LL.D. degree. He is a University Commissioner for Scotland, and Lord-Lieutenant of Fife. By virtue of his late office as Viceroy, Lord Elgin was the Grand Master of the Order of the Star of India and the Order of the Indian Empire. He was succeeded in the Viceroy alty by Lord Curzon in 1898. In March 1899 he was created E.G. He married in 1876, Lady Constance, daughter of the 9th Earl of Southesk, and has issue. His eldest son and heir, Edward, Lord Bruce, was born in 1881. Addresses : 22 Eaton Square, S.W. ; and Broomhall, Fife. ELIOT, Charles William, LL.D., President of Harvard University, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, March 20, 1834. He was prepared for College at the Boston Public Latin School, and graduated (A.B.) at Harvard in 1853. He was Tutor in Mathematics at Harvard, 1854-58 ; Assistant-Professor of Mathematics and Chemistry, 1858-61 ; of Chemistry, 1861-63 ; Professor of Chemistry in the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, 1865-69 ; and was chosen President of Harvard, May 1869. Since his appointment to this post, President Eliot has exercised very great influence over the course of educa- tion in the United States. Prior to his accession to the Presidency, he wrote, in conjunction with F. H. Storer, a "Manual of Inorganic Chemistry," 1866, and a "Manual of Qualitative Chemical Ana- lysis," 1869, besides various contributions to scientific journals. Since 1869 his principal publications have been his suc- cessive Annual Reports as President of Harvard, and various addresses on educa- tional topics. In 1896 he published "The Happy Life"; and, in 1897, "American Contributions to Civilisation, and other Essays and Addresses." ELIOT, John, F.R.S., CLE., was born at Lamesley, Durham, in 1839, and edu- cated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he was bracketed second wrangler in 1869, and was also first Smith's Prize- man. He was elected Fellow of his College in the same year, and proceeded to India, where he held various important Professorships of Mathematics and Physics, and in 1887 was appointed to his present post of Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India. He has published " A Handbook of Cyclonic Storms in the Bay of Bengal," and has contributed largely to the scientific journals in India and at home on meteorological topics. Address : Simla. 33:2 ELIOT — ELIZABETH ELIOT, Very Rev. Philip Frank, D.D., is the son of William Eliot, J.P., and was born at Weymouth, Dorset, on Dec. 21, 1835. He was educated at Bath School, and Trinity College, Oxford. At the University he was an exhibitioner of his College, took a second class in Classical Moderations in 1855, and a second class in the Final School of Lit. Hum. in 1857. After being ordained, he was curate of St. Michael's, Winchester, from 1858 to 1860, and held another curacy at Walcot, Bath, from 1864 to 1867. He was presented, in 1867, to the vicarage of Holy Trinity, Bournemouth, and became an Hon. Canon of Winchester Cathedral in 1881, and was made a Canon of Windsor in 1886. Mr. Eliot was appointed to the Deanery of Windsor in 1891, and in the same year became Registrar of the Order of the Garter. He occupies the position of Domestic Chaplain to the Queen, and was married in 1883 to Mary Emma Pitt, daughter of the 4th Lord Rivers. Address : Deanery, Windsor. ELIOT, Samuel, LL.D., was born in Boston, Dec. 22, 1821. He graduated at Harvard College in 1839 ; was for two years engaged in mercantile pursuits in Boston, and subsequently travelled and studied in Europe. His first school was a charity school to rescue children from the streets. In 1547 he published some "Passages from the History of Liberty," that were intended to form a part of a " History of Liberty," which he had meditated for several years. The first instalment appeared in 1849, under the title of "The Liberty of Rome," altered to that of "History of Liberty, Part I., the Ancient Romans"; followed in 1853 by Part II., " The Early Christians." In 1856 he published "A History of the United States from 1492 to 1850" (re- vised edition, to 1872) ; and in 1880 a selection of "Poetry for Children." Many addresses, reports, and articles have been printed by him in periodicals. He was Professor of History and Political Science in Trinitv College, Hartford, from 1856 to 1864, and President of the College from 1860 to 1864. In 1871-73 he was University Lecturer at Harvard ; from 1872-76 Headmaster of the Girls' High School in Boston ; and from 1878 to 1880 Superintendent of the Boston Public Schools. He is at the head of several literary and charitable institutions in Boston. ELIZABETH, Queen of Roumania, Pauline Elizabeth Ottilie Louise, daughter of the late Prince Hermann of Wied, by his marriage with the Princess Maria of Nassau, was horn at Neuwied, Germany, Dec. 29, 1843. In her parents' home she became acquainted with the chief writers, poets, scholars, and artists of the day, and early showed a great gift for poetical composition, writing verses with facility before the age of ten. As she grew older she showed remarkable in- telligence in all branches of study, and became especially proficient in languages, both ancient and modern. The years 1863 to 1868 were spent chiefly in travel. In 1869 she married Prince Charles of Rou- mania, second son of Prince Anthony of Hohenzollern ; and her great popularity in the land of her adoption dates from her first appearance among her people when, as a bride, she accompanied her husband to his capital. She began at once to enter with her characteristic energy into the life of the Roumanian people, to study their customs, and to endeavour to under- stand their thoughts and aspirations. In 1870, on the day after receiving from her brother the news of the battle of Sedan, in which • he had fought with honour, her only child, a daughter, was born, whose death from diphtheria occurred in 1874. During the anxious days of the war of 1877, in which Prince Charles and his Roumanians so greatly distinguished themselves, the Princess worked day and night in the hospitals, sustaining by her presence the courage of the victims of battle, and setting an example which was followed by the Roumanian women in the most unselfish manner. When the victori- ous Roumanian army, headed by the Prince, entered Bucharest on their return from the campaign, the war-song which they sang, and which had inspired them in many battles, was composed by their own Princess, " the mother of her people." In March 1881 Roumania was declared a kingdom, and on May 22 of the same year the Princess was crowned Queen. In 1882 the Academy of Sciences of Bucharest received her among the number of its members. During 1890 she suffered from a long and serious illness in Venice. The same year she visited England, and was present at the Welsh Eisteddfod. Under the name of " Carmen Sylva," she has published several volumes of stories and poems, with translations of Roumanian poetry into German. Some of her most beautiful and touching poems are those written on the death of her only child in 1874. Her life has been written by the Baroness Stachelberg, and Pierre Loti has in recent years given interesting accounts of her surroundings and character. Her work, " Leidens Erdengang" (1882), has been translated into English by Helen Zimmern. A study of her work was written by Mrs. Rossevelt in 1891. ELLERY — ELLIOT 333 ELLERY, Robert Lewis John, C.M.E., F.R.A.S., late Government As- tronomer and Director of the Observatory at Melbourne, has contributed largely on astronomical and meteorological topics to the Transactions of the Victorian Royal Society and to European scientific journals. He was elected President of the Royal Society of Victoria in 1883. Address : Melbourne. ELLICOTT, The Bight Rev. Charles John, D.D., Bishop of Glouces- ter and Bristol, was born April 25, 1819, at Whitwell, near Stamford, of which parish his father, the Rev. Charles Spen- cer Ellicott, was rector. He received his early education at Oakham and Stamford schools, and then proceeded to Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. with honours in 1841, and was elected a Fellow of St. John's College. In 1842 he carried off the first Member's prize, and in the fol- lowing year the Hulsean prize on " The History and Obligation of the Sabbath." In 1848 he was collated to the rectory of Pilton, in Rutlandshire, but he resigned this small living ten years later on being chosen to succeed Dr. Trench, the late Archbishop of Dublin, as Professor of Divinity in King's College, London. In 1859 he was appointed Hulsean Lecturer, and in the following year was elected Hulsean Professor of Divinity in the Uni- versity of Cambridge. The Hulsean Lec- tures for 1860, " On the Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ," displayed profound theo- logical erudition, and showed that their author possessed a critical knowledge of the Greek language. They attracted much attention even beyond the limits of the University, and it became obvious that Dr. Ellicott would be selected for high preferment in the Church. He was nominated by the Crown to the Deanery of Exeter in 1861, and in 1863 to the united sees of Gloucester and Bristol, which had been vacated by the translation of Bishop Thomson to York. A principal feature of Bishop Ellicott's episcopate is said to be his hearty sympathy with the clergy of different theological " schools of thought." To him the diocese of Gloucester and Bristol owes its Theological College, and the city of Bristol its Church Aid So- ciety, and its Church Extension Fund for supplying spiritual help of a missionary kind to its overgrown parishes. He has also instituted a plan of issuing every year a Pastoral Letter, in which he comments on passing ecclesiastical events, without waiting to deal with them for the first time in a Triennial Charge. His lordship takes an active part in the deliberations of the Upper House of the Convocation of the Province of Canterbury. Besides his Hulsean Lectures, already referred to, which have reached a 5th edition (1869), Bishop Ellicott has published a " Treatise on Analytical Statics," 1851; "Critical and Grammatical Commentaries " on the Epistles to the Galatians (1854), and Ephe- sians (1855), Philippians, Colossians, Thes- salonians, Philemon, and on the " Pastoral Epistles" (1858); an essay on the "Apo- cryphal Gospels " in "Cambridge Essays," 1856 ; "The Destiny of the Creature, and other sermons preached before the Uni- versity of Cambridge," 1858; an article on "Scripture and its Interpretation" in Archbishop Thomson's " Aids to Faith," 1861 ; " The Broad Way and the Narrow Way," two sermons, 1863 ; " Considera- tions on the Revision of the English Ver- sion of the New Testament," 1870 ; " Six Addresses on Modern Scepticism," pub- lished by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1877 ; " Six Ad- dresses on the Being of God," published by the same Society, 1879; "Present Dangers to the Church of England," 1881 ; " Are we to modify Fundamental Doc- trines 1 " 1885 ; papers in the publications of the Christian Evidence Society ; annual addresses to the clergy of his diocese, published under the title of " Diocesan Progress " (1879-1890) ; " Salutary Doc- trine," 1890 ; and " Foundations of Sacred Study," 1893. The bishop was for eleven years the chairman of the company of the Revisers of the Authorised Version of the New Testament, published in 1881. He is also the editor of "A New Testa- ment Commentary for English Readers, by various Writers," in 3 vols. ; and of a "Commentary on the Old Testament," on a similar plan, in 4 vols. (1884). In 1893 Bishop Ellicott re-edited " Plain Intro- ductions to the Books of the Bible " from his Commentaries. Addresses : 35 Great Cumberland Place, W.,&c; and Athenaeum. ELLIOT, Francis Edmund Hugh, Agent and Consul-General to Bulgaria, was born in 1852, and was educated at Balliol College, Oxford. He entered the diplomatic service in 1874, and served at Constantinople and Vienna. In 1881 he was Acting Charge' d'Affaires at Rio de Janeiro. In 1892 he was Charge' d'Affaires at Athens, and in 1895 he was appointed to his present post. ELLIOT, The Right Hon. Sir Henry George, G.C.B., second surviving son of the second Earl of Minto, by Mary, eldest daughter of Patrick Brydone, Esq., was born on June 30, 1817. He was edu- cated at Eton, and held the post of Secretary and Aide-de-Camp to Sir John Franklin in Tasmania from 1836 to 1839. He was appointed a precis writer in the 334 ELLIOTT — ELWIN Foreign Office in 1840 ; an attach^ to the Embassy at St. Petersburg in 1841 ; Secre- tary of Legation at the Hague in 1848 ; transferred to Vienna in 1853 ; and nomi- nated Envoy to Denmark, March 31, 1858. In 1859 he was sent on a special mission to the King of the Two Sicilies, and in 1862 to the King of Greece ; was appointed Envoy to the King of Italy, Sept. 12, 1863, in succession to Sir James Hudson ; and Ambassador to the Sublime Ottoman Porte in 1867. Shortly afterwards he was sworn of the Privy Council, and on Nov. 22, 1869, he was created a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. He was associated with the Marquis of Salisbury as joint-plenipotentiary at the Conference of the representatives of the great Powers held at Constantinople in 1876-77 for the purpose of considering the critical posi- tion of affairs in the East. At the close of that conference the plenipotentiaries re- turned to England, and Sir Henry Elliot, who happened to be extremely unpopular among the section of the Liberal party who sympathised with Russia, was not sent back to Constantinople, but retained his post as Ambassador to the Sultan, the late Mr. Layard being named Ambassador "ad interim" till Dec. 31, 1877, when, on Sir Henry's nomination as Ambassador to Vienna, he received the permanent appointment. In 1883, Sir Henry re- signed the Embassy at Vienna, and was succeeded by Sir Augustus Paget. He married Anne, daughter of the late Sir Edmund Antrobus, Bart. Addresses : 43 Wilton Crescent, S.W. ; and Athenseum. ELLIOTT, Edwin Bailey, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., is the eldest son of the late E. L. Elliott, and was born on June 1, 1851. He was educated at Magdalen College School, Magdalen College, Oxford, where he took first-class Honours, both in Mathematical Moderations in 1872, and in the Final Mathematical School in 1873. He was Senior Mathematical and Johnson University Scholar in 1875, and was elected a Fellow of Queen's College in 1877. Mr. Elliot was, in 1892, appointed Professor of Pure Mathematics in the University, becoming, at the same time, a Fellow of Magdalen College. He has contributed numerous papers to the various mathema- tical journals and societies. Address : 4 Bardwell Road, Oxford. ELLIS, Professor Robinson, LL.D., son of James Ellis, Esq., born Sept. 5, 1834, at Barming, near Maidstone, was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and Rugby School, then at Balliol College, Oxford. He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1858, and ap- pointed Professor of Latin in University College, London, Jan. 8, 1870. In 1876 he returned to Oxford, where in 1883 he was appointed University Reader in Latin Literature, and in 1893 Corpus Professor of Latin. Professor Ellis published in 1867 a large and elaborate edition of the text of Catullus (2nd edition, 1878) ; and an English commentary on the poet in 1876 (2nd edition, 1889). In 1881 appeared his edition of the Ovidian or pseudo- Ovidian poem "Ibis"; in 1885 a contri- bution to the series known as " Anecdota Oxoniensia," containing various unedited materials drawn from MSS. in the Bod- leian or other libraries; in 1887, "The Fables of Avianus," edited with prolego- mena, critical apparatus, and commen- tary ; in 1888, the Commonitorium of the Christian poet Orientius in Vol. XVI. of the Vienna Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesias- ticorum Latinorum ; in 1891, "Noctes Manilianae," a series of dissertations on the astrological poem of Manilius ; and in 1894 an " Inaugural Lecture on the Fables of Phasdrus " (reprinted in 1897). Besides these works, he translated Catullus into English, retaining the metres of the original, in 1871. He is a contributor to the Cambridge Journal of Philology, the American Journal of Philology, Hermathena, the Academy, the Philologisches Rundschau, the Berlin Hermes, the Gottingen Philo- logus, the Rheimisches Museum, the Archiv fur Lateinische Lexicographie, the American Nation, and the Classical Review. The University of Dublin conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. in July 1882, and the University of Konigsberg of Ph.D. in 1894. Address: Corpus Christi College, Oxford. ELLIS, William, P.R.S., F.R.A.S., entered the Greenwich Observatory in 1841, and, save for a short interval in 1853-54 when he superintended the Uni- versity Observatory, Durham, remained at Greenwich until 1893, latterly either as Superintendent of the Chronometric and Electric Branch or as Head of the Mag- netical and Meteorological Department. He has contributed articles on the Green- wich chronometers, and on barometric pressure, &c, to the Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological Society and to the Phil. Trans. He was elected F.R.S. in June 1893. Address : 12 Vanburgh Hill, Black- heath, S.E. ELWIN, The Rev. "Whit-well, M.A., a member of a good family in Norfolk, born Feb. 25, 1816, was educated at Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1839. He held for some years the curacy of Hemington - with - Hardington, Somerset, and was app'ointed, in 1849, rector of Booton, Norfolk, a living in the ELY — EMLYN 335 patronage of his family. He became in July 1853 editor of the Quarterly Review in succession to Mr. Lockhart, and re- signed the post in July 1860. He then began to prepare a new edition of " The Works of Alexander Pope," the eighth volume of which appeared in 1872. This work, however, he afterwards resigned. Address : Booton Rectory, Norwich. ELY, Bishop of. See Common, The Right Rev. Lord Alwyne Spencee. EMDEN, Walter, is the third son of W. S. Emden, Esq., formerly co-proprietor of the Olympic Theatre, and a play-writer. As a boy he showed great skill as a draughtsman, and was offered by Mark Lemon a post on the staff of Punch; he was, however, intended by his father for the career of an architect or a civil engi- neer. For two years he worked for Messrs. Maudslay, Son, & Field ; for eighteen months with Mr. W. Kelly, a well-known church architect ; then with the firm of Brassey, for whom he was employed on the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln- shire Railway, the Thames Embankment, and the Thames Tunnel line, in the course of which experiments in iron and concrete construction attracted his attention. After succeeding to the management of Mr. Charles Lawes's business for a time, he began business on his own account in 1870. Among his early commissions in theatrical work may be mentioned the reconstruction of the Globe, the alteration of the St. James's and Royalty, and the rebuilding of the Court theatres. Terry's theatre, which may be regarded as a fireproof structure, was a remarkable instance of Mr. Emden's skill ; the original plans for the Garrick, the Trafalgar, and the Tivoli were his work ; and the English Opera House, now known as the Palace Theatre, was reconstructed by him. He has lately completed the Royal York Palace of Varieties at Southampton, and has designed the new theatre for Ealing, also one for Folkestone, and the new variety theatre for Swansea. Romano's Restaurant was erected from his designs, as was also the Victoria Hotel at Newmarket ; and the Financial Times newspaper offices, and the Hotel de l'Europe in Leicester Square are being built according to his plans. Mr. Emden has been architect to the St. James's Hall Co., Ltd., for some twenty- eight years, is President of the Society of Architects, 1897-8, a member of the Lon- don County Council, Chairman of the Strand District Board, and ex-officio Justice of the Peace. Address : 105 and 106 Strand, W.C. EMERY (Isabel) Winifred, (Mrs. Cyril Maude,) was born at Manchester on Aug. 1, 1862. She is the only daughter of the late Sam Emery, comedian, who was famous in such parts as " Captain Cuttle," and the Carrier in the "Cricket on the Hearth." Her grandfather and great- grandfather were also distinguished come- dians, and her husband, Mr. Cyril Maude, is one of the most artistic actors on the English stage. Miss Emery was educated in London, and went on the stage as a child-actress, making her debut at Liver- pool as the child in " Green Bushes." Her next appearance was in a pantomime at the Princess's. She subsequently went to school for five years, and then took an engagement under Mr. Wilson Barrett at the Court Theatre. During a tour in the country Mr. Barrett offered her the alter- native of playing leading parts in the provinces or appearing in very small ones in London, and by her mother's advice Miss Emery decided to choose the latter course. She understudied Madame Mod- jeska as Juliet, and, though never called on to play the part, acknowledges her in- debtedness to the great tragedienne's method and manner. Subsequently she played in "A Clerical Error," and then made her first success in "The Old Love and the New." Mr. Barrett's tenancy of the "Court" now expired, and Miss Emery entered upon an important phase in her career as under- study to Miss Ellen Terry at the Lyceum. Her connection with that theatre lasted from about 1881 to 1887, and during these years she often took Miss Terry's place in such plays as "Faust," and the "Vicar of Wakefield," and played on her own account in "Louis XI." and "The Bells." Since 1887 she has played at the Vaudeville as Lydia Languish, as Fanny in "Joseph's Sweetheart," and as Clarissa. Other im- portant parts have been the Mother in "Little Lord Fauntleroy," Vashti Dethic in "Judah" at the Shaftesbury Theatre, Lady Windermere in "Lady Windermere's Fan" at the St. James's, Rosamond in " Sowing the Wind " at the Comedy, the Old-Fashioned Wife in " The New Woman," and as Lady Babbie in "The Little Minis- ter " at the Haymarket, and Jane in the "Manoeuvres of Jane," &c, &c. She was married to Cyril Francis Maude in 1888. Address : 33 Egerton Crescent, S.W. EMLYN, Viscount, Frederick Archibald Vaughan Campbell, is the eldest son of the present Earl of Cawdor, and was born on Feb. 13, 1847. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He sat in the House of Commons as Member for Carmarthenshire from 1874 to 1885. Lord Emlyn has been, since 1895, Chairman of the Great Western Railway, and he is Lord-Lieutenant of Pem- brokeshire. He has been since 1880 an Ec- 336 EMMA — ESCOTT clesiastical Commissioner, and is an Hon. Commissioner in Lunacy. He was married in 1868 to Edith, daughter of Christopher Turnor, of Stoke-Rochford, Lincolnshire. Addresses : 7 Prince's Gardens, S.W. ; and Golden Grove, Carmarthen. EMMA, Queen Regent of the Netherlands, Adelaide Emma Wil- helmina Therese, is the second daughter of the Duke of Waldeck Pyrmont, and consequently the sister of our Duchess of Albany. Queen Emma was born Aug. 2, 1858, at Arolsen, the capital of her father's state, Waldeck. Four daughters and one son formed the family circle. She was married to King William III. of Holland on Jan. 7, 1879, and her daughter was born in 1881. As years went on, and the King, who was in ill-health, became gradually insane, she shut herself up in the sick-room, and it was with difficulty the physicians prevailed upon her to take air and exercise. When in March 1889 Ministers proposed to convoke the States-General, and, with the consent of physicians, to declare the King incapable of reigning, and Queen Emma Regent until the Princess Wilhelmina had attained her majority, the Queen earnestly opposed the scheme. At the last moment she unwillingly accepted the offered Regency ; and in a few days afterwards the King died (November 1890). Queen Wilhelmina I. nominally succeeded to the throne on her father's death. The Queen has watched with unceasing vigilance over the bringing-up of her child, and her ma- ternal zeal has deepened the esteem felt for her by her subjects. On Sept. 6, 1898, Queen Wilhelmina came of age, and Queen Emma resigned her onerous charge. She figured with regal pomp at the coronation ceremonies at Amsterdam. EMMAUS, Bishop of. See Patter- son, The Right Rev. James Laird. ENGLISHMAN in Paris. See Van- dam, Albert Dresden. ENOTRIO ROMANO. See Car- ducci, GiosuS. ERNE, Earl of, John Henry Crichton, K.P., was born in Dublin on Oct. 16, 1839, and succeeded his father .as 4th Earl in 1885. He was educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford. As Viscount Crichton he represented Enniskillen in the House of Commons from 1868 to 1880, and sat as member for Fermanagh from 1880 to 1885. He was a Lord of the Treasury from 1876 to 1880, and acted at Conservative Whip from 1876 to 1885. Lord Erne is Lord-Lieutenant -of co. Fermanagh, and was married, in 1870, to Lady Florence Mary Cole, daugh- ter of the 3rd Earl of Enniskillen. Address : Crom Castle, Newtown Butler, co. Fermanagh ; and 12 St. George's Place, S.W. ESCOMBE, The Right Hon. Harry, LL.D., D.Sc, Q.C., Ex-Prime Minister of Natal, was born at Notting Hill in 1838, and educated at St. Paul's School. Having emigrated to Natal, in 1872 he entered the Legislative Council as Member for Durban. In 1880 he was appointed to the Executive Council ; from 1881 to 1894 he was Chair- man of the Natal Harbour Board. When responsible government was granted in 1893, he became Attorney-General and in 1896 Prime Minister. He attended the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, on which occasion he was made a Privy Councillor and Hon. LL.D. of Cambridge. On return- ing to Natal, he resigned office and was succeeded by Mr. Aston Binns. Address : Bay View, Durban, Natal. ESCOTT, Thomas Hay Sweet (who does not use the first of the two surnames), was born at Taunton, April 26, 1844, being the eldest son of the Rev. Hay Sweet- Escott, and member of a very old West Somerset family, whose seat is Hartrow Manor, near Taunton. He was educated at Oxford, where he graduated second class in the final examination in Litteris Humanioribus in June 1865. Mr. Escott was lecturer in logic at King's College, London, from 1868 till 1872, and during the year 1870 he acted as Professor Lons- dale's deputy as Professor of Classics. He adopted journalism as a profession imme- diately after he came up to London, in 1865, from Oxford, and he has been closely and actively connected with the London daily and weekly press ever since. He has also written much for the chief monthly magazines, for the most part anonymously. He edited the "Satires of Juvenal and Persius" in 1866, and "The Comedies of Plautus " in 1867. In 1879 he published "England, its People, Polity, and Pur- suits," since translated into most European languages, and accepted as a standard work, followed by a sequel, bringing it up to date, viz.," Social Transformations of the Victorian Age," 1897. Mr. Escott was ap- pointed Editor of the Fortnightly Review in October 1882, on the resignation of Mr. John Morley, but was obliged to resign in 1886 on account of a physical weakness, since nearly cured, brought on by the ex- hausting overwork of five - and - twenty years. In the autumn of 1894 Mr. Escott once more appeared before the literary public, contributing to the Contemporary Review, Blackwood's, and other leading re- views. Since then, though still out of ESHER — ESMONDE 337 London, he has resumed his normal acti- vity of pen. Address : 90 Buckingham Eoad, Brighton. ESHER, Viscount, The Right Hon. William Balio! Brett, late Master of the Rolls, eldest surviving son of the Rev. Joseph George Brett, of Ranelagh, Chelsea, by Dora, daughter of the late George Best, Esq., of Chilston Park, Kent, was born Aug. 13, 1815. From Westmin- ster School he was sent to Caius College, Cambridge (B.A. 1840 ; M.A. 1845). In 1846 he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. In March 1860 he obtained his silk gown, and at the same time he was made a Bencher of his Inn. His political career began in 1866, when, in view of a general election, he went down to Rochdale to oppose Mr. Cobden, and in this advanced Liberal borough declared himself to be, not merely a Conservative, but a Tory. Nevertheless he made so much progress among the constituents, that Mr. Cobden deemed it prudent to visit Rochdale person- ally, in order to defend his seat. Mr. Brett did not succeed in his bold attempt, and he failed in the contest against Mr. T. B. Potter. In July 1866 he stood for Hel- ston, in Cornwall. This election became famous from the circumstance of there being a tie, and the Mayor assuming to give after four o'clock a casting vote. For doing this the Mayor was summoned before the House of Commons, and Mr. Brett was seated on petition. Mr. Brett represented Helston till 1868, being in February of that year appointed Solicitor- General, on which occasion he received the honour of knighthood. During the short period he remained in office he took a prominent part in passing, in 1868, the Registration Act, which enabled the general election to be taken in that year, and the Corrupt Practices Act, which is now in force. In August 1868, when it was known that the Conservative party had failed to gain the support of the country, he was appointed a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and by the operation of the Judicature Act he be- came a Judge of the High Court of Justice in 1875. In October 1876 he was made a Judge of the intermediate Court of Appeal, and added to the Privy Council. In April 1883 he was appointed Master of the Rolls, on the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone, in the place of the late Sir George Jessel. In 1885 he was raised to the peerage in recognition of his long and eminent services as a Judge. He retired from the Mastership of the Rolls in Octo- ber 1897, and was succeeded by Lord Justice Lindley. He was created Viscount on his retirement. He married, in 1850, Eugenie, daughter of Louis Mayer, Esq., and step-daughter of the late Captain Gurwood, C.B. (editor of "The Duke of Wellington's Despatches "). Address : 6 Ennismore Gardens, S.W., &c. ; and Athe- naeum. ESMOND, Henry V., actor and dramatist, born at Hampton Court on Nov. 16, 1869, his father being Richard George Jack, a physician ; was educated at home by tutors, but went for a year to the Grammar School at Pocklington, in Yorkshire. He determined to become an actor, and in January 1886 made his first appearance on the stage as a super under Mrs. Langtry's management at the Prince of Wales' Theatre. After three months spent thus, he went into the country to play parts, and to endeavour to learn his business. He remained in the country for three years, during which time he played thirty-six parts, ranging from Uriah Heep to Hamlet. On March 28, 1889, he made his reappearance in London at the Ope'ra Comique in the " Panel Picture " ; but the play proving a failure, he went back to the country, returning on July 11 of the same year to play Rafael in the "Mar- quisa " at a matinee at the Opera Comique, which performance resulted in his engage- ment by E. S. Villard for his season at the Shaftesbury Theatre. Then followed en- gagements at the Lyric, Terry's, Comedy, Haymarket, Garrick, and St. James' Theatre. The principal parts he has played in London are: Algy in "Sweet Nancy," 1890 ; Howard Bompus in " The Times," 1892 ; Cayley Drummle in "Second Mrs. Tanqueray," 1894; Eddie Remon in "The Masqueraders " ; Uncle Archie in "Bogey," 1895; Touchstone in "As You Like It," St. James' Theatre, 1896. Mr. Esmond began writing plays in 1891, bis first play, entitled "Rest," being produced at the Avenue Theatre on June 10, 1892. Then followed "Bogey," at the St. James' Theatre, Sept. 10, 1895 ; "The Divided Way," St. James' Theatre, in November 1895; "The Courtship of Leonie," produced by Daniel Frohman in America, 1896; "One Summer's Day," produced by Charles Hawtrey at the Comedy Theatre, Sept. 15, 1897. He was married on Nov. 19, 1891, to Miss Eva Moore, herself an actress, now playing in Mr. Hawtrey's company. Address : 21 Whiteheads Grove, Chelsea. ESMONDE, Sir Thomas Henry Grattan, Bart., M.P., J.P., is the son of the late Colonel Sir John Esmonde, M.P., and the great-grandson of Henry Grattan, through his mother Louisa, daughter of Henry Grattan, M.P. He was born at Pau on Sept. 21, 1862, and educated at Oscott. He entered Parliament in 1885, and repre- Y 338 ESSON — EUGENIE sented co. Dublin, South, from that year to 1892, when he was returned for West Kerry, which he now represents. He is a leading Nationalist, and is whip to his party. He was Sheriff of co. Waterford in 1886-87, and from 1881 to 1886 was Lieuten- ant in the 6lh Brigade (Militia) of the South Irish Division of the Royal Artillery. In October 1898 he was created by the Pope a Chamberlain in the Vatican household. He succeeded his father, the 10th Baronet, in 1876. He has travelled in all parts of the world, and has published a book on his travels. Lady Esmonde is a daughter of Patrick Donovan, of Frogmore, Tralee. Ad- dress : Ballynastragh Gorey, co. Wexford. ESSON, William, Professor, M.A., F.R. S., was educated at St. John's College, Oxford, and graduated with first - class honours in the Final School of Mathematics in 1859. He had obtained the Junior Mathematical Scholarship of the Univer- sity in 1857, and he was in 1860 elected Senior Mathematical Scholar. He became a Fellow of Merton College in 1862. Mr. Esson was appointed Deputy Savilian Pro- fessor of Geometry in 1894, and three years later he succeeded to the chair, be- coming at the same time a Fellow of New College. He has published several papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society on "The Laws of Connection between the Conditions of Chemical Change and its Amount " ; and " Notes on Synthetic Geo- metry," in the Proceedinr/s of the London Mathematical Society , 1897. Professor Esson is a Curator of the University Chest, and acts as Bursar of Merton College. Address : Merton College, Oxford. EU, Comte d', Prince Louis Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston d'Orleans, born at the Chateau de Neuilly, in the department of the Seine, April 28, 1812, is the eldest son of the Due de Nemours, and one of the grandsons of King Louis Philippe. Brought up in exile, he was educated in England, and entered the military service of Spain in 1859, serving in Morocco. Later he joined the Artillery College at Segovia, from which he graduated in 1863. In 1864 he married Isabella, the eldest daughter of Dom Pedro II. of Brazil. He was made a Field- Marshal in the Brazilian army in 1865, and in 1869 was appointed Commander-in- Chief of all the forces on land and sea, a position he retained until the war with Paraguay (begun in 1864) was ended in 1870 toy the death of Lopez, Dictator of Paraguay. From 1865 to 1889 he held the post of Commander-General of the Brazilian Artillery, and was President of various Commissions. In the many ab- sences of Dom Pedro from the empire during this period, the Comte d'Eu had the virtual direction of all Brazilian affairs. When the revolution of November 1889 occurred, establishing the Republic of Brazil, and deposing the Emperor, the Comte d'Eu, with his wife, accompanied Dom Pedro to Portugal, and he has since resided in Europe. EUAN-SMITH, Sir Charles Bean, K.C.B., C.S.I., was born in 1842, and entered the Indian army in 1859, became Captain in 1870, Major in 1879, Lieutenant- Colonel in 1881, and Colonel in 1885. He retired in 1889. He served through the Abyssinian War of 1867, acted as Secre- tary to Sir Fred. Goldsmid's Persian Mis- sion in 1870, was Military Attache" and Private Secretary to Sir Bartle Frere's Anti-Slave Trade Mission in 1872, and was appointed Consul-General at Zanzibar in 1875. In the year following he was Resi- dent at Hyderabad, and in 1879 occupied the same position at Muscat. In the Afghan War of 1880 he was Chief Political Officer with the forces taking part in the flank march upon Candahar. During this campaign he was constantly mentioned in despatches, and, as a reward for his ser- vices, received the medal and clasp and the bronze star, being at the same time made Brevet Lieut.-Colonel. In 1891 he was appointed Her Majesty's Envoy Extraor- dinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Tangier, this appointment being at the time held to be a suitable recognition of the services rendered by him at Zanzibar, where he represented British interests throughout a critical and trying period. He remained at Tangier until 1893, his period of office being disturbed by troubles with Morocco so acute that at one time a Moroccan Question seemed imminent. At the end of July 1898 his appointment to be Minister Resident at Bogota was gazetted, and in October 1898 he became Her Majesty's Minister Resident in the Republic of Colombia, and British Consul- General in the same republic. He re- tired Dec. 1896. K.C.B. 1890. In 1877 he married Edith, daughter of Col. Frederick Alexander, Royal Artillery. Address: 11 Draycott Place, Cadogan Gardens, S.W. EUGENIE, ex-Empress of the French, Eugenie-Marie de Guzman, Countess of Teba, born May 5, 1826, is the daughter of Doiia Maria Manuela Kirkpatrick, of Closeburn, Dumfriesshire, Countess-dowager de Montijos, whose father was English Consul at Malaga at the period of her marriage with the Count de Montijos, an officer in the Spanish army, connected, more or less closely, with the houses of the Duke de Frias, representative of the ancient admirals oi EUSTIS 339 Castile, of the Duke of Fyars, and others of the highest rank, including the descend- ants of the Kings of Aragon. On the death of the Count de Montijos, his widow was left with a fortune adequate to the maintenance of her position, and two daughters, one of whom married the Duke of Alba and Berwick, lineally de- scended from James II. and Miss Churchill. For Eugenie, the second, a still higher destiny was reserved. In 1851 the Coun- tess IMba, accompanied by her mother, paid a lengthened visit to Paris, and was distinguished at the various entertainments given at the Tuileries by the dignity and elegance of her demeanour, and by great personal beauty — of the aristocratic Eng- lish rather than the Spanish style. Her mental gifts were not less attractive, for her education, partly conducted in Eng- land, was very superior to that generally bestowed upon Spanish women, who sel- dom quit their native country. Shortly after the opposition of the higher North- ern Powers had put an end to the idea of a union between the Emperor Napoleon III. and the Princess Carola Wasa of Sweden, he apprised the Council of Minis- ters of his intended marriage with the daughter of the Countess Montijos ; a measure which excited some disapproval among them, and even led to their tem- porary withdrawal from office. During the short time which intervened between the public announcement of the approach- ing event and its realisation, the Countess Te'ba and her mother took up their abode in the palace of the Elyse"e. The marriage was celebrated with much magnificence on Jan. 29, 1853, at Notre Dame. The life of the Empress Eugenie after her marriage was comparatively uneventful, being passed chiefly in the ordinary rou- tine of state etiquette ; in visits to the various royal maisons de plaisance, varied by an extended progress through France in company with her husband ; by an annual sojourn for the benefit of her health at Biarritz, her favourite summer resort in the days of her girlhood ; by a journey in England and Scotland in the autumn of 1861, and in 1864 to some of the German baths. The Empress Eugenie, who became the mother of an heir to the house of Bonaparte, March 16, 1856, was a devoted supporter of the claims of the Holy See, and to her influence much of the "policy of the Emperor towards Italy has been attributed. Accompanied by the Emperor, she visited the cholera hospitals in Paris in October 1865, and her conduct on that occasion was very highly commended. In July 1866 she made with the Prince Imperial an official tour in Lorraine, and was present at the fete held at Nancy in commemoration of the reunion of that province with France. On the occasion of the centenary of Napo- leon I., in August 1869, she proceeded with the Prince Imperial to Corsica. In October of the same year, her Majesty made a voyage to the East on board the steam yacht VAirjle. She went first to Venice, thence to Constantinople, next to Port Said, where she was present at the formal opening of the Suez Canal (November 17), visited the most interest- ing places in Turkey and Egypt, and returned to France at the end of Novem- ber. On the outbreak of the war between France and Germany she was appointed Regent (July 27, 1870) during the absence of the Emperor. Immediately after the revolution in Paris, on September 4, she hurriedly left the Tuileries, and escaped from France. She landed at Rvde, in the Isle of Wight, Sept. 9, 1870, and shortly afterwards proceeded to join the Prince Imperial at Hastings. Camden House, Chislehurst, was subsequently selected as a residence by the Imperial exiles. In October 1871, the Empress went to Spain on a visit to her mother. The Emperor died at Chislehurst, Jan. 9, 1873 ; and in 1879 the Prince Imperial, who had accompanied the English army in the Zulu war, was killed. His body was brought to England and buried at Chisle- hurst, and the following year the Empress went to Zululand to visit the fatal spot on the anniversary of her son's death. At the beginning of the year 1881 the Em- press removed from Camden House to the Farnborough estate in Hampshire, close to the borders of the county of Surrey. The estate, which was purchased for £50,000, consists of about 257 acres, with a picturesque mansion. Since 1870 the Empress has several times crossed France on her way south, and in 1883 and on other occasions she spent some days in Paris, but no political significance was attached to these sojourns. In the sum- mer of 1894 the Emperor of Germany visited her during his stay at Aldershot. Address : Farnborough. ETJSTIS, Hon. James Biddle, Ameri- can statesman, was born in New Orleans, Aug. 27, 1834. He graduated at Harvard Law School in 1854, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. He practised in his native city until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he entered the Confederate Army and served as Judge-Advocate until the close of the war. He was elected a member of the Louisiana Legislature prior to the passage of the Reconstruction Acts by Congress, and was one of the Commis- sioners sent to Washington to confer with President Johnson on the re-admission of Louisiana to the Union. From 1872 to 340 EVANS 1874 he was a member of the lower branch of the Louisiana Legislature, and from 1874 to 1876 of the State Senate. In 1876 he was elected U.S. Senator. This position he retained until 1879, when he became Professor of Civil Law in the University of Louisiana. In 1885 he again entered the U.S. Senate, where he remained until 1891, when he resumed his law practice in New Orleans. At the beginning of Mr. Cleveland's second term as President (March 1893) Mr. Eustis was appointed American Minister to France, and a few weeks later was made Ambassador Extra- ordinary and Plenipotentiary to the same country, a position which he retained till the close of Mr. Cleveland's administra- tion (1897). EVANS, Arthur John, M.A., F.S.A., eldest son of John Evans, D.C.L., F.R.S., &c, born in 1851 at Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, Herts, was educated at Harrow School and Brasenose College, Oxford, of which he is now an Hon. Fellow, taking a first class (in History) 1874, and continu- ing his historical studies at Gottingen University, under Dr. Pauli. At an early period he undertook a series of journeys having for their object antiquarian and ethnological researches through some of the least -known European regions. In the course of these he twice explored the Finnish and Lapp countries between the Arctic and Baltic Seas, in company with Mr. F. M. Balfour (afterwards Professor), and obtained interesting materials regard- ing the survival of heathen rites in those regions. In 1875 he travelled through the Slavonic parts of South-Eastern Europe, and after the insurrection broke out, took up his residence at Ragusa, in Dalmatia, and, while continuing to explore the antiquities and study the languages and ethnology of the Peninsula, followed the revolutionary movement with warm in- terest, and described the course of events from the camps of the insurgents. His correspondence, mostly communicated to the Manchester Guardian, and partly re- published as " Illyrian Letters," afforded Parliamentary weapons to the enemies of Turkish dominion in Europe. He was also instrumental in calling attention to the state of the Bosnian refugees, and he gave active assistance to Miss Irby's Belief Fund. During the comparatively tranquil period that succeeded he was able to continue his explorations of the interior, the archaeological results of which have appeared in Archceologia, under the title of "Antiquarian Researches in Illyri- cum," and in accounts of new discoveries of Illyrian coins in the Numismatic Chron- icle, &c. In 1882 a revolt broke out in the Crivoscian Highlands of South Dalmatia, consequent on the attempt of the Austrian Government (in violation of their agree- ment) to introduce military service into the country. The Austrian Government, highly irritated with Mr. Evans, had him arrested on a charge of complicity with the insurgents, and confined him in the prison at Ragusa. After seven weeks' solitary confinement he was released by Imperial orders, but expelled from the Austrian dominions. He then settled in Oxford, and continued his archaeological studies. In 1883 he was chosen as Uni- versity Lecturer on the Ilchester Founda- tion, and delivered a course of Lectures "On the Slavonic Conquest of Illyricum." In 1884, on the death of Mr. J. H. Parker, he was made Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, with the re-organisation of which he has since been occupied. He has also been engaged in archaeological researches in Sicily and Great Greece, and in 1889 published " The Horsemen of Tarentum," a monograph on the coinage of that city, in 1892 " Syracusan Medal- lions and their Engravers," and in 1893-4 edited, with supplements, the fourth volume of Mr. Freeman's "Sicily," from his posthumous MSS. In 1895 he dis- covered in Crete the evidences of a " pre- Phosnician system of writing," upon which his continued researches in that island have now enabled him to publish two works. He has married a daughter of the late Prof. Freeman. Address : Taylorian Museum, Oxford. EVANS, Sir John, K.C.B., Honorary D.C.L. Oxford, and Trinity University, Toronto, LL.D. Dublin and Toronto, and Sc.D. Cambridge, Treas. and V.P.R.S., V.P., S.A., For. Sec. G.S., &c, is son of the late Rev. A. D. Evans, D.D., who was Head-master of Market Bosworth Grammar School, Leicestershire. He was born on Nov. 17, 1823, and educated by his father. He has devoted much attention not only to archaeology, but to geology and numis- matics, as well as to other branches of science. For many years he was engaged in business as a paper manufacturer, and is the President of the Paper-Makers' Association. In 1864 he published " The Coins of the Ancient Britons," for which he received the Allier d'Hauteroche Prize from the French Academy. He brought out a supplement to this work in 1890. In 1872, "The Ancient Stone Implements', Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain," which was translated into French and pub- lished in Paris in 1875. " The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Orna- ments of Great Britain and Ireland," ap- peared in 1881, and a French translation of it in the following year. He has also written on the "Flint Implements in tha' EVANS 341 Drift," in the Archceologia, vols. 38 and 39 ; and a variety of papers in the Archce- ologia, and in the Numismatic Chronicle, of which he is one of the editors. He was President of the Geological Society in 1875-76, and of the Anthropological Institute in 1878-79, and of the Society of Antiquaries from April 1885 to 1892, and has been President of the Numismatic Society since 1875. In 1891-92 he was President of the Society of Chemical In- dustry, and in 1897-98 of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a Trustee of the British Museum, a correspondent of the French Institute (Academic des Inscriptions), and an honorary member of a large number of foreign learned societies ; and his anti- quarian and numismatic collections rank among the first in this country. He is a J.P. and D.L. for Hertfordshire, of which county he was High Sheriff in 1881-82. He is Chairman of Quarter Sessions for the St. Albans Division of Herts, and also Vice-Chairman of the Hertfordshire County Council. He married (1) Harriett Anne, daughter of John Dickinson, F.R.S. ; (2) Frances, daughter of Joseph Phelps ; and (3), in 1892, Maria, daughter of Charles C. Lathbury, Wimbledon. Addresses : Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead ; and Athenaeum Club. EVANS, Robley D., American naval officer, was born in Virginia in 1846, but was appointed to the United States Naval Academy from Utah in 1860, graduating there in 1863 as Acting Ensign. He was made Master in May 1866 ; Lieutenant in July 1866 ; Lieut. -Commander, March 1868 ; Commander in July 1878 ; and Captain in June 1893. He was in com- mand of the U.S. battleship Iowa during the naval engagement of July 3, 1898, off the coast of Cuba, in which the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera was entirely destroyed. His nickname in the navy of "Fighting Bob Evans" arises from a belief in his ready bravery. EVANS, Sebastian, M.A., LL.D., a distinguished member of a family eminent in literature, science, and art, was born on the 2nd of March 1830, at Market Bos- worth, in Leicestershire. From his grand- father, the Rev. Lewis Evans, a well-known astronomer and Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy at Wool- wich, and from his father, the Rev. Arthur Evans, a professor, an artist, and a somewhat voluminous writer, he derived a literary and artistic training. He was educated by his father, and afterwards at Cambridge, where he gained a Scholarship at Emmanuel College. He graduated B.A. in 1853, M.A. in 1857, and LL.D. in 1868. On leaving Cambridge he became Secretary to the " India Reform Associa- tion," and was the first person in England to receive the news that the Mutiny had actually broken out in India. Retiring shortly afterwards to undertake the management of the artistic department in the celebrated glass works of Messrs. Chance Brothers & Co., near Birmingham, he not only designed innumerable stained- glass windows for various churches and cathedrals at home and abroad, but in 1862 he designed the " Robin Hood " window for the Great International Exhibition, a coloured lithograph of it being published in Mr. Waring's " Masterpieces of Indus- trial Art." In 1867, having previously begun to interest himself in politics, and sharing with Mr. Joseph Chamberlain a local celebrity — owing to the facility of speech and the freedom with which they both expressed their opinions in a Bir- mingham Debating Society called "The Tobacco Parliament," — he undertook the editorship of the Birmingham Daily Gazette, and in 1868 he unsuccessfully contested Birmingham in the Conservative interest. After severing his connection with the Gazette he was called to the Bar, and in 1873 joined the Oxford Circuit, practising successfully for some years, and writing for many of the leading Conservative newspapers in London, his leading articles in the Observer specially attracting atten- tion. He took an active part in the organisation of the Conservative party in connection with the National Union of Conservative Associations, and in 1878, in company with Earl Percy and Mr. W. H. Smith, he started The People newspaper in the interests of his party, editing it him- self for nearly three years till its success was assured. He is the author of innumer- able essays and papers, political, historical, and archaeological. Many of his lectures on history and art have also been separately published, as have many translations and original short stories which have appeared in various periodicals and magazines, the most noteworthy being " King Solomon, Ben-David, and the Players at the Chess," and " The Cavern of the Great Death, "both of which appeared in Longman's Magazine. In 1881 he wrote "The Dialect of Leices- tershire, with a glossary of Leicestershire words, phrases, and proverbs," for the English Dialect Society, by whom it was published, and this was followed by " Con- tributions to a History of the Thames," which first appeared in parts in Notes and Queries. He is part author with his son of "The Upper Ten," a stoiy of the very best society, founded on M. Pailleron's " Le Monde, ou Ton s'ennuie," and published by Messrs. Sampson, Low & Co., uniform with their early editions of Mr. Rudyard Kip- 342 EVARTS — EVE ling's Indian stories. He was one of the original founders of Macmillan's Magazine, and was at one time a contributor to Punch, the celebrated " Pictures from the Black Country " being from his pen and pencil. He is well known both as an artist and a poet. He has exhibited in oils and water-colours, as well as in black and white, at the Royal Academy and other galleries. He excels as a draughtsman, and his portraits in ivory, and his wood- carvings and engravings, are considered unique. Of his poems, some of the best known are to be found in his two volumes "Brother Fabian's Manuscript" and "In the Studio," published by Macmillan in 1865 and 1875. Selections from his poems have also been published in " The Poets and Poetry of the Century," and in " The Painter-Poets," as well as in other works. His sonnets on the Death of the Duke of Wellington, published while he was still at Cambridge, at once established his position in the world of letters. His Latin verse has a very high reputation. His translations in verse from the Greek, Latin, Italian, and French are all equally happy, among those most known being " An Italian Country House, A.D. 1490-1500, a description in verse translated from the Latin of Giambattista Spagnoli," which first appeared in Longman's, and another work translated from the same author, "John Baptist Spagnolo of Mantua, Car- melite, to John Crestoni of Piacenza, Carmelite, then going away for a time to Monte Calestano," which was separately published with an introduction ; and an Envoi, also in verse, in 1884. In addition to these, many other poems and verses, of which several have been set to music, have appeared in various periodicals and maga- zines, and his political skits and parodies have gained a high reputalion. He is a very eminent scholar and linguist, and his knowledge of early and mediaeval history and art is considered unequalled. He was one of the first workers in the field of prehistoric research, and as early as 1859, after visiting with his brother, Sir John Evans, and the late Sir Joseph Prestwich, the wonderful collection of stone imple- ments discovered in the river-drift of the river Somme by M. Boucher de Perthes, and being convinced that they were un- doubted specimens of man's handiwork, he did much to rouse public interest in the importance of the discovery, and has ever since given valuable assistance to his brother in many of his brother's well- known works. Of his later publications, in 1898, his masterly translation of "The High History of the Holy Graal," from the French of the early 13th century, with an epilogue by himself, and illustrations by the late Sir Edward Burne-Jones, was published by Messrs. Dent in their Temple Classics. This was followed by his original work on the Graal, " In Quest of the Graal," also published by Messrs. Dent ; and at the close of the year Messrs. Nutt announced the publication of " St. Francis of Assisi, The Mirror of Per- fection, written by Brother Leo, edited by M. Paul Sabaties and translated by Sebastian Evans, from the mediaeval Latin." Dr. Evans is a brother of Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., &c, and he married, in 1857, Miss Elizabeth Goldney, daughter of the late Mr. Francis Bennett Goldney, one of the founders and direc- tors of the London Joint-Stock Bank. Address : Coombe Lea, Bickley, Kent. EVARTS, Hon. "William Maxwell, American statesman, LL.D., was born in Boston, Feb. 6, 1818. He graduated at Yale College in 1837, studied at the Harvard Law School, and in 1841 was admitted to the New York Bar, where he soon took a high position. From 1849 to 1853 he was Deputy U.S. District Attorney. In the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, in the spring of 1868, Mr. Evarts was the leading counsel for the defendant, and from July 1868 to the close of Mr. Johnson's administration, he was Attorney-General of the United States. In 1872 he was counsel for the United States in the tribunal of arbitration on the Alabama claims at Geneva ; and in the celebrated Tilton-Beecher case, in 1875, he was at the head of Mr. Beecher's counsel. He also argued the Republican side of the case before the Electoral Commission in 1877. Upon the accession, in March 1877, of Mr. Hayes to the Presidency, he was made Secretary of State, a position which he retained until the close of Mr. Hayes' term, 1881. From 1885 to 1891 he was U.S. Senator from New York. Although an accomplished scholar and able speaker, he has published only a few occasional discourses and addresses. Among these are the "Centennial Oration before the Linonian Society of Yale College," 1853 ; an "Address before the New England Society," 1854 ; a Eulogy on Chief-Justice Chase ; the Centennial Oration at Phila- delphia, and at the unveiling of the statues of Webster and Seward in New York. EVE, Frederic S., F.R.C.S. Eng., received his medical training at St. Bar- tholomew's and Leipzig. He is a Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and member of various other medical societies. At St. Bartholomew's he was House Surgeon and Ophthalmic House Surgeon, Surgical Registrar, and Curator of the Museum, of which he pub- lished a " Pathological Catalogue " in EVE — EVEEETT 343 1882. He was Pathological Curator at the Eoyal College of Surgeons of England from 1881-90, and is co-editor of the "Patho- logical Catalogue of the Museum of the R.C.S.E.," 1885. In 1882-84 he was Erasmus Wilson Lecturer at the College, his subject being Tumours. He is Surgeon and Ophthalmic Surgeon and Lecturer on Pathology at the London Hospital, and Surgeon to the Evelina Hospital. He has contributed largely to Mr. Trever's "Manual of Surgery" and to the leading medical journals. Address : 125 Harley Street, W. EVE, Henry Weston, M.A., Head- master of University College School, is a son of the late Mr. H. W. Eve, of Maldon, Essex. He was born in 1838, and educated at Mill Hill, Rugby, and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was elected a Fellow in 1862, after graduating with both mathematical and classical honours. From 1860 to 1876 he was, with some intervals, a Master at Wellington College, and, for most of the time, at the head of the modern side, which educated a good many boys for the scientific branches of the army. In 1866 he acted as an As- sistant-Commissioner to the School Inquiry Commission. In 1876 he succeeded the late Prof. Key in the Headmastership of University College School, an office which he still holds. Since 1883 he has been Dean of the College of Preceptors. He has published several books designed to promote the more scholarly study of French and German, including a French Grammar (jointly with F. de Baudiss, first edition, 1870), a German Grammar (first edition, 1880), and several editions of French classics (1892, &c.). Address: University College School, Gower Street, W.C. EVERETT, Joseph David, M.A., D.C.L., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., was born Sept. 11, 1831, at Rushmere, near Ipswich, where his father was a yeoman farmer ; was educated at a small school, and acquired some knowledge of advanced mathematics by private study. He was Mathematical Master from 1850 to 1854 in a school at Totteridge, Herts; and in 1854 he entered the University of Glasgow, where he took the degrees of B.A. and M.A. with honours in all the subjects of the curriculum. After successively oc- cupying the posts of Secretary to the Meteorological Society of Scotland, Pro- fessor of Mathematics at King's College, Nova Scotia, and Assistant-Professor of Mathematics in the University of Glasgow, be was appointed in 1867 Professor of Natural Philosophy in Queen's College, Belfast, from which position he retired in the beginning of 1897. He was elected F.R.S. in 1879, and F.R.S.E. in 1862. He has been secretary to the Underground Temperature Committee of the British Association, from its appointment in 1867, and has directed the observations taken for determining the rate at which tempera- ture increases downwards in the earth. His reports on this subject have appeared in the British Association volumes ; the most notable being a "Summary" of principles, methods, and results in the volume for 1882. He moved in 1871 the appointment of a Committee of the British Association for the selection and naming of dynamical and electrical units, and, after two years' discussion, drafted for the meeting in 1873 a Report, the adoption of which originated the C.G.S. system now generally employed. The names " dyne," " erg," and " C.G.S. unit " were introduced at his suggestion, and a small volume of "Illustrations of the C.G.S. System," which he prepared, was published by the Physi- cal Society in 1875, and has been enlarged for subsequent editions, besides being translated into French, German, Dutch, and Russian. His version of the " Traits' elementaire de Physique " of M. Privat Deschanel, published 1870-1872, has been so largely re-written, partly in the first and still more in succeeding editions, that it is in the main an original work. He has also published an Elementary Text Book of Physics in 1877 ; " Outlines of Natural Philosophy," intended as a school reading book, 1885 ; and " Vibratory Motion and Sound," 1882. He has contributed to the Greenxoich Observations, and to the Royal Societies of Edinburgh and London, papers on Underground Temperature, on At- mospheric Electricity, and on Rigidity ; to the Philosojihical Magazine papers on Mir- age, Atmospheric Circulation, Forced Vibrations, Brightness of Images, and Resultant Tones ; and to the Messenger of Mathematics an application of Quaternions to Sir R. Ball's " Theory of Screws." His "Universal Proportion Table," published (and described in Philosophical Magazine) in 1866, was the first application of the parallel-column arrangement for obtaining a slide-rule with very open scale, it being printed from copper plates on two large cards, with one of them cut away like a gridiron. He is a skilled shorthand writer, on a system invented by himself in his youth (printed for private circulation in 1851 and published in 1877), which has numerous adherents both at home and in the colonies. It gives greater facility for vowel insertion than the older systems, and is constructed with a view to certainty of reading, and freedom of writing, rather than extreme brevity. The chief ' ' Everett Shorthand " publications are : "Shorthand 344 EWART — EWING for General Use," 1877; "School Short- hand," 1883 ; "Shorthand Lessons," 1892; " Everett Leaflets," issued to members of the Everett Shorthand Society since 1884. He married in 1862 Jessie, daughter of the Rev. A. Eraser, Glasgow. Address : Queen's College, Belfast. EWART, James Cossar, M.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Zoology at Edinburgh University, was born at Peni- cuik, Midlothian, Nov. 26, 1851. He is the youngest son of the late John Ewart, and was educated at Penicuik and at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, where, in 1874, he was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy. In 1875 he was elected Conservator of the Museums of University College, London. While at University College, he completely reorganised the Museums and investigated the life-history of the bacillus of splenic fever and of other minute organisms. In 1878 he was appointed by the Crown to the Chair of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen, and in 1882 he was transferred to the corresponding chair in the University of Edinburgh — the most desirable post a naturalist can hold in this country. In the same year he was elected a member of the Fishery Board for Scotland. While in Aberdeen Professor Ewart introduced classes for the practical study of zoology, and or- ganised a small marine laboratory. At this, the first marine laboratory started in Britain, Professor Ewart and the late Mr. Romanes made their investigations for their memoir on the Echinoderms, which the Royal Society constituted the Croonian lecture for 1881. Since return- ing to Edinburgh, Professor Ewart has devoted himself to developing the Natural History Department, and to creating a scientific department in connection with the Fishery Board ; considerable progress has already been made in working out the natural history and development of the herring and other food fishes. In this work Professor Ewart has the use of three marine stations, and is assisted by a staff of three naturalists and several fishery officers ; and the Government, in addition to voting grants for carrying on the scientific work, has provided boats for trawling and other operations. Of late years he has been endeavouring to dis- cover improved methods for preserving fish, and to introduce the famous Loch Fyne herring to the Antarctic Ocean. In addition to the laborious work of his chair, Professor Ewart has found time to have two lectureships instituted in the Univer- sity — one on " Embryology," and one on the "Philosophy of Natural History," and he has done much to obtain for the students a much wanted Union such as exists at Oxford and at Cambridge. He has published a number of works on general and marine zoology, among which men- tion may be made of "The Locomotor System of the Echinoderms," 1884, written in conjunction with the late Professor Romanes, with whom he studied the Sea- urchins ; " The Cranial Nerves and Lateral Sense Organs of Elasmobranchs," 1889-91 ; "The Development of the Horse," 1894; " The Birth of a Zebra Hybrid," 1896, this being a subject in which he is now practically interested; "The Penicuik Experiments : I. Telegony and Reversion," 1897. Addresses : Edinburgh University ; and the Bungalow, Penicuik. EWING, Professor James Alfred, B.Sc. Edin., Hon. M.A. Cantab., F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E., Professor of Mechanism and Applied Mechanics in the University of Cambridge, son of the Rev. James Ewing, of Dundee, was born March 27, 1855, and was educated at the High School of Dun- dee, and at Edinburgh University, where he graduated in Science. He assisted Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thomson) and the late Professor Fleeming Jenkin for four years in their work as engineers, taking part in a number of telegraph cable expedi- tions on their behalf. In 1878 he was appointed by the Japanese Government Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the University of Tokio, which office he held till 1883, when he resigned his chair in Japan to become Professor of Engineer- ing in University College, Dundee. In 1890 he was elected Professor of Mechan- ism at Cambridge, where he has organised an Engineering Laboratory, with teaching adapted, to the new Tripos in Mechanical Science which was established by the Senate of the University in 1892. While in Japan he gave special attention to the study of earthquakes, and devised seismo- graphs by which a complete analysis of the motion of the ground was obtained. His apparatus for earthquake measurement is now used in many observatories, and was the subject of a Friday evening dis- course at the Royal Institution in 1888. He is the author of a treatise on " Earth- quake Measurement," published by the University of Tokio, 1883, and of many papers on the same subject in the Trans- actions of the Seismological Society of Japan. He has given much attention to electricity and its applications, and espe- cially to the study of Magnetism, and is the author of a treatise on "Magnetic In- duction in Iron," 1890, and of many papers, containing the results of original research, on this and kindred subjects, of which the chief are: "Experimental Researches in Magnetism," Phil. Trans., 1885; "Effects of Stress and Magnetisation on the EXETER — EYRE 345 Thermo-electric Quality of Iron," Phil. Trans., 1886; "Magnetic Qualities of Nickel," Phil. Trans., 1888 ; "Magnetism of Iron in Strong Fields," Phil. Trans., 1889 ; " Time-Lag in the Magnetisation of Iron," Proc. Roy. Soc, 1889; "Contribu- tions to the Molecular Theory of Magnet- ism," Proc. Roy. Soc, 1890; "Magnetic Qualities of Iron," Phil. Trans., 1893; "Magnetic Testing of Iron and Steel," Min. Proc. Inst. C.E., 1896. His " Magnetic Curve-Tracer," for exhibiting these quali- ties, was shown in an evening lecture at the Edinburgh Meeting of the British Association (1892), and his experiments in illustration of the molecular process in mag- netic induction were shown at the Eoyal Institution in 1891. His " Hysteresis Tester" and "Permeability Bridge" are practical instruments of magnetic measure- ment which are now extensively used by steel-makers and electrical engineers. In 1895 he was awarded a Royal medal by the Royal Society for his researches in Magnetism. Professor Ewing is the author of a treatise on "The Steam-Engine and other Heat Engines " (2nd edit., 1897), and of several of the longer articles on engi- neering subjects in the ninth edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," and is also a contributor to Chambers's Encyclo- paedia (articles, "Dynamo," "Electric Light," &c). He is a member of the In- stitution of Civil, Mechanical, and Elec- trical Engineers, and was elected P.R.S. in 1888. He married, in 1879, Anne, daughter of the late T. B. Washington, Claymont, West Virginia. Address : En- gineering Laboratory, Cambridge. EXETER, Bishop of. See Bickeb- steth, The Right Rev. Edwabd Henry. EYRE, The Most Rev. Charles, LL.D., Roman Catholic prelate, son of the late John Lewis Eyre, Esq. (Count Eyre, in the Papal dominions), and brother of the late Very Rev. Monsignor Eyre, of Hampstead, was born 1817, at Askam Bryan Hall, York, and educated at Ushaw College, Durham, and in Rome. He was appointed assistant-priest at St. Andrew's Church, Newcastle-on-Tyne, in 1843 ; re- moved to St. Mary's, Newcastle, in 1844 ; became senior priest at St. Mary's Cathe- dral, Newcastle, in 1847, and remained there, with a short interval, till Christmas, 1868. He was for many years Canon of the diocese of Hexham and Newcastle, and for some time was Vicar-General ; was appointed Roman Catholic Archbishop for the Western District, and Delegate- Apostolic for Scotland in December 1868; and was consecrated in the church of St. Andrea della Valle, Rome, Jan. 13, 1869, by the title of Archbishop of Anazarba, in partibus infidelium. When the ancient hierarchy was restored in Scotland by Pope Leo XIII., on March 4, 1878, Mgr. Eyre was appointed Roman Catholic Arch- bishop of Glasgow. Archbishop Eyre is the author of a " History of St. Cuthbert," 1849 (3rd edit., 1889); "Children of the Bible," "Papers on the Old Cathedral of Glasgow." He is a " Grand Cross " of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, a chaplain of the Order of Malta, and a Knight of the Holy Sepulchre. Address : 6 Bowmont Gardens, Glasgow. EYRE, Edward. John, for some time Governor of Jamaica, son of the late Rev. Anthony Eyre, Vicar of Hornsea and Long Riston, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, and Sarah, daughter of Dr. Mapleton, Bath ; lineal descendant of the Eyres of Hope, Derbyshire, temp. Henry II., was born on Aug. 5, 1815, and educated at the Louth and Sedbergh Grammar Schools. Finding he would have to wait nearly a year to obtain a commission in the army (for which the purchase-money was lodged) he elected, when only seventeen years of age, to accept the purchase-money (£450) and go out to Australia at once to try his fortune. He arrived in New South Wales early in 1833 with £400, engaged in sheep farming, and then in transporting stock overland from New South Wales to South Australia. In the latter colony he pur- chased property on the Lower Murray River, where he remained several years, having been appointed resident magistrate of his district, and protector of the abori- gines. In a work entitled "Discoveries in Central Australia," published in 1845, he earnestly pleads the cause of the wan- dering native tribes. In the meantime he distinguished himself as an Australian explorer, opening out an extensive tract of previously unknown country to the north of Adelaide in South Australia, and tra- versing the whole distance from Spencer's Gulf in 138° east longitude to King George's Sound in 118° east longitude, thus proving the practicability of an overland route between the colonies of SouthAustra- lia and West Australia, for which achieve- ment he received the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1845 Mr. Eyre returned to England, and in 1846 received from Earl Grey, then Secre- tary of State for the Colonies, the appoint- ment of Lieut. -Governor of New Zealand, as second to the Governor, Sir George Grey. Having served his full term as a colonial governor he returned to England in 1853, and about a twelvemonth after- wards was appointed Lieut.-Governor of the island of St. Vincent. This post he held for six years ; and in the years 1859 and 1860 hewas in the island of Antigua, 346 EYTON — FAED filling the place of the Governor of the Leeward Islands, who was on leave of absence. In 1860, upon the termination of his Governorship of Antigua, Mr. Eyre returned to England to recruit his health ; and in 1862 he was chosen by the late Duke of Newcastle, Secretary of State for the Colonies, to administer the Govern- ment-in-Chief of Jamaica and its depen- dencies during the absence of Governor Darling, who had returned to England on account of ill-health. In consequence of the non-return of Governor Darling, Mr. Eyre was appointed Captain-General and Governor, General - in - Chief and Vice- Admiral of the Island of Jamaica, July 15, 1864; and an insurrection having broken out in October 1865, he proclaimed martial law, and used very vigorous measures for its suppression. As a result, what was believed to be a dangerous insurrection was crushed. But his measures, more especially in the trial by court-martial and condemnation to death of George William Gordon, a mulatto of property, excited much resentment among certain sections at home, and a commission of inquiry was despatched to Jamaica, Governor Eyre being superseded, and Sir Henry Storks temporarily appointed in his place. The report of the committee, published in June 1866, exonerated Governor Eyre from the heavy charges brought against him, but he was recalled, and Sir P. Grant ap- pointed his successor. As regards the nature and extent of the emergency Mr. Eyre had to cope with, the commissioners reported : " The disturbances had their origin in a planned resistance to lawful authority ; and not a few had for their object the extirpation of the white inhabi- tants, and it spread with singular rapidity over a vast tract of country ; " and Sir Peter Grant (Mr. Eyre's successor) re- ported in reEerence to certain evidence taken before a special commission of oyer and terminer held on and after Jan. 24, 1866 : " It appears to me that, as far as it goes, this judicial evidence is even of greater value than any evidence which could be obtained by the Eoyal Commis- sion in their admirably conducted inquiry. . . . Moreover, this trial, which was held according to all the rules of English law, and was presided over by a legal judge, was necessarily deliberate, regular, fair, and full. . . . The judicial evidence in this case proves that the march and attack upon the Court-house on the 11th October were premeditated as part of an intended insurrection. . . . That the murder of cer- tain persons who were murdered on that occasion was predetermined, was openly spoken of the day before the occurrence amongst those engaged in the attack, and was boasted of afterwards by others so engaged. The evidence throws no light upon the cause which may have led to the conspiracy ; but it proves that the assail- ants proclaimed, upon making their attack, their object to be war ; that the war announced was a war of colour ; and that they themselves understood, the day after the slaughter, that what they had under- taken was war." Mr. Eyre's health having suffered from long service in the tropics, he retired from the Public Service in 1874 upon pension as a retired Colonial Gover- nor. Governor Eyre married, in 1850, Adelaide, daughter of Captain Ormonde, R.N. Address : Walreddon Manor, Tavi- stock, Devon. EYTON, Canon Robert, M.A., was born, June 21, 1845, in Shropshire. His father was the Rev. R. W. Eyton, Rector of Ryton, Shropshire, author of "The Antiquities of Shropshire " — a well-known antiquary. He was educated at Shrews- bury Grammar School, under Dr. Kennedy, from 1859 to 1864, and at Christ Church, Oxford, from 1864 to 1868. He was or- dained Deacon and Priest in 1870. He was Curate at St. Nicholas, Guildford, from September 1870 to April 1871, and then at St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, from 1871 to 1874, and was in charge of St. Mary's, Graham Street, from 1874 to 1884. He was appointed Sub-Almoner in 1883 by the Bishop of Ely ; and Prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral, in 1885, by Mr. Glad- stone. He was Rector of Holy Trinity, Upper Chelsea, from 1884 to 1895, and was appointed Rector of St. Margaret's, and Canon of Westminster, in 1895, by the Earl of Rosebery. He is the author of : "The True Life," 1889; "The Apostles' Creed," 1890 ; " The Lord's Prayer," 1892 ; "The Search for God," 1893; "The Ten Commandments," 1894 ; "The Beatitudes," 1895; "The Temptation of Jesus," 1895; "The Glory of the Lord," 1897. Address : 17 Dean's Yard, Westminster, S.W. FAED, John, R.S.A., artist, born in 1820, at Burley Mill, in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, where his father was an engineer and millwright, showed an early taste for art, and, encouraged by a succes- ful painting, which he finished at the age of twelve, began to paint miniatures in his own neighbourhood. He repaired in 1841 to Edinburgh, where he exhibited in 1850 some pictures of humble life, which met with a ready sale. His principal works are : " Shakespeare and his Contempo- raries " ; and two series of drawings, illus- trating "The Cottar's Saturday Night" FAED— FAIRBAIEN 347 and " The Soldier's Return." Since coming to London in 1864, Mr. Faed has painted : " The Wappenschaw, or Shooting Match " ; " Catherine Sefton " ; " The Old Style " ; "Tarn o' Shanter"; " Haddon Hall of Old"; "The Ballad"; "Old Age"; "The Stirrup Cup " ; " The Old Crockery Man " ; "John Anderson, my Jo"; "Parting of Evangeline and Gabriel"; "The Old Brocade"; "Auld Mare Maggie " ; "Game- keeper's Daughter"; and "The Hiring Fair." FAED, Thomas, R.A. (brother of Mr. John Faed), born at Burley Mill, in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, in 1826, lost his father in his boyhood, but, aided by his brother, who was working his way to reputation as an artist in Edinburgh, resolved to follow the bent of his genius. While a student at the School of Design in Edinburgh, where for a short period he was under the tuition of Sir W. Allan, he was annually successful for the competi- tion for prizes in various departments. The earliest work of art he exhibited in public was a drawing in water colours from the " Old English Baron." He soon after took to oil painting, exercising his brush on such subjects as 'draught-players and shepherd boys. Mr. Faed became an Associate of the Eoyal Scottish Academy in 1849, settled permanently in London in 1852, and began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, generally choosing domestic and pathetic subjects, or subjects appealing to Scotch religious sentiment. In 1855 his " Mitherless Bairn" elicited very high praise. Other works by Mr. Faed are : " Home and the Homeless " ; " The First Break in the Family " ; " Sun- day in the Backwoods" ; "The Last o' the Clan"; "Hush! Let him Sleep"; "The Anxious Look Out"; "Highland Tramp crossing a Headland"; and "The Shep- herd's Wife." He exhibited "The Rustic Bather" in the Royal Academy's Exhibi- tion, 1893. Mr. Faed was made A.R.A in 1859 and R.A. in 1864, and retired in 1893. He was elected an Honorary Member of the Vienna Royal Academy in January 1875. Addresses : 24a Cavendish Road, St. John's Wood, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. FAIRBAIEN, Sir Andrew, D.Sc, J.P., D.L., born at Glasgow on March 5, 1828, is the only son of Peter Fairbairn, afterwards Mayor of Leeds, and knighted by the Queen. He was educated at Leeds, Geneva, and Glasgow, and in 1846 became a pensioner at Christ's College, Cambridge, but migrated to Peterhouse in January of the following year. He graduated B.A. in January 1850, and took his M.A. degree in 1853. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple on April 30, 1852, and at- tended the .West Riding Sessions and Northern Circuit until 1856. He then re- linquished practice, and in I860 became a partner in the firm of his father, on whose death in 1861 he succeeded to the busi- ness. In 1866 he was elected Mayor of Leeds, and was re-elected to the same office in 1867. During the latter year he was a Commissioner of the Leeds Exhibi- tion of Fine Arts, and was knighted (by patent) in 1868, during the Ministry of Mr. Disraeli. He resigned his mayoralty in September 1868, in order to stand as Liberal candidate for Leeds. He was un- successful, as also in 1874, when he con- tested Knaresborough. He became a director of the Great Northern Railway in 1878, and the same year he was appointed Royal Commissioner to the Paris Exhibi- tion. In 1880 he was elected Member for the Eastern Division of the West Riding, and when the Division was split up into six sub-divisions in 1885 he was chosen as the first representative of the Otley Divi- sion. The same year he was appointed Vice-President of the Railway Congress at Brussels, and was made a Knight Com- mander of the Order of Leopold by the King of the Belgians. Having become a Liberal Unionist he successfully contested the Otley Division in 1886. He was Presi- dent of the First Section of the Interna- tional Railway Congress (Paris, 1889), when he was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour. He was High Sheriff of York- shire in 1892-93. In 1862 he married Clara, daughter of Sir John L. Loraine, Bart. Addresses : Askham Grange, York ; 47 Brook Street, W., &c. FAIRBAIRN, Andrew Martin, M.A., D.D., Principal of Mansfield College, Oxford, second son of John Fairbairn, born near Edinburgh, Nov. 4, 1838 ; was edu- cated there, and studied in the Universi- ties of Edinburgh and Berlin, and became minister of the Independent Church, Bath- gate, West Lothian, in 1860. He was transferred to Aberdeen in 1872 ; appointed Principal of Airedale Independent College in 1877 ; and Chairman of the Congrega- tional Union of England and Wales in 1883 ; and became first Principal of Mans- field College, Oxford, in 1886. Is D.D. of the University of Edinburgh, 1878, and of Yale, 1889 ; is M.A. (by decree of Convoca- tion) of the University of Oxford, 1896 ; was Muir Lecturer on the Philosophy and History of Religion in the University of Edinburgh, 1878-83 ; Lyman Bucher Lec- turer in the University of Yale, 1891 ; and Gifford Lecturer in the University of Aberdeen, 1892-94. Dr. Fairbairn is the author of "Studies in the Philosophy of Religion and History," 1876 ; "Studies in the Life of Christ," 1880; "The City of God," 1882; "Religion in History and 348 FAIRBANKS — FAITHFULL in Modern Life," 1884 ; enlarged edition, with Essay on "The Church and the Working Classes," 1894; "The Place of Christ in Modern Theology," 1893 (7th ed. 1896); "Christ in the Centuries" (ser- mons), 1893, and has been a frequent con- tributor to the Contemporary and other reviews. In 1883 he was Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, and in 1894-95 a Member of the Royal Commission on Secondary Educa- tion. He married the youngest daughter of the late John Shields, Byres, Bathgate, in 1868. Address: Mansfield College, Oxford. FAIRBANKS, Charles Warren, United States Senator, was born in Union County, Ohio, May 11, 1852, and was educated in the schools of the neighbour- hood and at Wesleyan University, Dela- ware, Ohio, graduating from that institu- tion in 1872. He was admitted to the Bar in 1874, and removed to Indianapolis, Indiana, the same year, where he has practised his profession. He was elected a trustee of Wesleyan University, Ohio, in 1885 ; was Chairman of the Republican Convention of the State of Indiana in 1892, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1893. He was elected U.S. Senator in 1897, and took his seat March 4 in that year. In 1898 he was appointed on the Joint Commission to settle questions at issue between Canada and the United States. FAIRFAX, Admiral Sir Henry, K.C.B., F.R.G.S., the son of Colonel Sir Henry Fairfax, Bart., was born in June 1837, and entered the navy in 1850. His first memorable service was in H.M.S. Amphitrite, which went two voyages to Behring Strait and the Arctic Sea, reach- ing a very high latitude. As Lieutenant in H.M.S. Ariel, on the south-east coast of Africa, he was constantly employed in boat service for the suppression of the slave- trade, and on several occasions performed distinguished service. He was speciallypro- moted to the rank of Commander in 1862 for great gallantry exhibited in the capture of a piratical slaver. He was promoted Cap- tain in 1868, and in 1872 accompanied Sir Bartle Frere as Naval Attache' on his special mission to the Sultan of Zanzibar. On his return, Sir Henry was appointed private secretary to the First Lord of the Ad- miralty. As captain of H.M.S. Volage he conveyed the astronomical expedition to Kerguelen for the purpose of observing the Transit of Venus in 1874, and in the fol- lowing year he was appointed Senior Offi- cer on the South-East Coast of America. In 1877 he took over the command of H.M.S. Britannia, and personally superin- tended the studies of Prince Albert Victor and Prince George of Wales, who were then on board as cadets. For this service he received the C.B., Civil Division. In 1881 he became an Aide-de-camp to the Queen, and the year following was ap- pointed to command H.M.S. Monarch. In this ship he took part in the bombardment of Alexandria, and at the finish of the operations, Captain Fairfax was appointed to command the naval and marine forces which were landed at Port Said in August 1882 for the preservation of order. He re- ceived a OB. and the thanks of the Egyptian Government for these services, and also the Egyptian medal, bronze star, and the Osmanieh of the third class. Sir Henry was promoted Rear-Admiral in 1885, and was appointed Commander - in - Chief on the Australian Station in 1887. He returned to England in 1889, and became a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty, and also a member of the Committee appointed to take evidence and to report upon the man- ning of the Navy. He commanded the Red Fleets in the naval manoeuvres of 1892 and 1893 with his flag in H.M.S. Royal Sovereign, and was also senior officer in command of the Channel Squadron from May 1892 to May 1894. Sir Henry was promoted K.C.B. in May 1896, and is a J. P. and a Deputy-Lieutenant of Rox- burghshire. He married in 1872 Harriet, daughter of Sir David Kinloch, Bart. Addresses : Ravenswood, Melrose ; and 5 Cranley Place, S.W. FAITHFULL, Lilian, was born 12th March 1865, at Hoddesdon, Herts, and is the daughter of the late Mr. Francis Grantham Faithfull, for twenty years Clerk to the Merchant Taylors' Company. Her early education was conducted at home, and she was also privately coached by her uncle, the Rev. Charles Crittenden. In 1883 she entered Somerville College, Oxford, where she gained an Exhibition, and successively passed the 1st and 2nd Examinations for women in 1884 and 1885, achieving First Class Honours in the final school of English Literature in 1887. Throughout her career at Oxford she evinced great interest, not only in her studies, but in athletics and the various societies connected with college life. From 1887 to 1888 she remained at College as Secretary to the Principal, Miss Shaw Lef evre. Subsequently she was for a year a form mistress in the Oxford High School. She was appointed Lecturer on Modern History and English Literature at the Royal Holloway College in 1889, where she remained for five years preparing several successful students for the London B.A. degree. In 1896 the Council of King's FALGUIERE — FALMOUTH 3-19 College, London, appointed her Vice- Principal of the Ladies' Department, which is carried on at 13 Kensington Square, W., where she resides during each term. Miss Faithfull is a niece of the late Sir Monier Monier Williams, Sanscrit Pro- fessor at Oxford, and cousin to the late Miss Emily Faithfull, one of the pioneers of women's work. Since her appoint- ment to King's College, she has become President of the All England Ladies' Hockey Association, and her interest in sports makes her specially popular with the students. Address : 13 Kensington Square, W. FALGUI^EE, Jean Alexandre Joseph, a French painter and sculptor, was born at Toulouse, Sept. 7, 1831., He was a pupil of Jouffroy, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts gained the Prix de Rome in 1859. In 1857 he sent to the Salon al plaster statue of the Infant Theseus, which was reproduced in marble and exhibited in 1865. Since then he has executed " A Christian Martyr," now in the Gallery of the Luxembourg, 1867 ; " Ophelia," 1869 ; "Vainqueur au Combat de Coq," 1870, also in the Luxembourg ; " Pierre Cor- neille," 1872 (purchased by the Govern- ment) ; " Danseuse Egyptienne," 1873, for the Theatre Francais ; "La Suisse accueillant l'ArmtSe Fran§aise," 1874, pre- sented to the town of Toulouse by the Federal Council ; a bust of Lamartine, 1876, which was solemnly unveiled at Macon in August 1878 ; " Coquelin Cadet," 1886 ; " Diane," 1887 ; " La Musique," 1889; "La Femme au Paon," 1890; and many other busts and statues, including a monument of Admiral Courbet at Abbe- ville and a monument of Lafayette for Washington. M. Falguiere is also well known as a painter. His first picture, " Pres du Chateau," 1873, attracted much attention; " Les Lutteurs," 1875, was warmly praised, as were also " Cain and Abel," 1876 ; and "The Beheading of John the Baptist," 1877. Amongst more recent paintings may be mentioned : " Acis et Galat^e," 1885 ; "Madeleine," 1887 ; " Nain Mendiant," 1888; and "Junon," 1889. At the Paris Exhibition of 1868 he was awarded a medal of the first class. He is a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and was elected a member of the Academie in succession to his master, Jouffroy, in 1882. His " Fan and Dagger," a revengeful Spanish beauty, is now in the Luxembourg. In 1898, when the Society des Gens de Lettres refused to accept M. Rodin's (q. v.) statue of Balzac, the com- mission was given to M. Falguiere. FALK, Dr. Paul Ludwig Adalbert, a German statesman, born at Metschkau, in Silesia, in 1827, is the son of a Lutheran minister, who was a "liberal theologian." He studied first in the Realschule of Landeshut, then at the Gymnasium in Breslau, and finally at the University of the latter city. In 1847 he began his legal career ; in 1850 he became an assis- tant of the Public Prosecutor in Breslau ; in 1853 chief of this office at Lyck ; in 1861 he assumed the same functions before the Kammergericht or Superior Court, with duties in the Ministry of Justice ; in 1862 he became Judge of the Court of Appeals at Glogau ; and in 1868 he was perma- nently assigned as Privy Councillor, or Geheimrath, to the Ministry of Justice. He sat in the Prussian House of Deputies from 1858 to 1861 ; he was elected to the Constituent North German Reichstag in 1867 ; and he has been a member of the Imperial Parliament ever since its estab- ishment. When Prince Bismarck resolved to weaken the influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Prussia, he caused Dr. Falk to be nominated Minister of Public Worship (Jan. 22, 1872), in succession to Dr. Von Miihler. During his tenure of office, Dr. Falk succeeded in passing various repressive laws directed against the hierarchy and the clergy, and his name has thus become known beyond the limits of the German Empire. He resigned the post of Minister of Public Worship, July 14, 1879, and was succeeded by Herr von Puttkamer. In January 1892 he was appointed President of the Higher Tri- bunal of Westphalia at Hamm, and retired from Parliamentary life. The Emperor has decorated him with the order of the Black Eagle. FALMOUTH, Viscount, Major- General Evelyn E. T. Boscawen, C.B., 7th Viscount, was born July 24, 1847, and succeeded his father in 1889. He was educated at Eton, entered the army as Lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards in July 1866, and was promoted Captain in 1870. He was appointed Adju- tant of his regiment in 1876, after having served as aide-de-camp to the Commander- in-Chief in Ireland. From March 1878 to September 1880 he acted as Assistant- Military Secretary at Headquarters, Ire- land, and attained the command of a battalion of his regiment as Lieut-Colonel in November 1893. Lord Falmouth served with distinction in the Egyptian campaign of 1882, being present at the action of Mahuta and the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. He received a medal with clasp, the bronze star, and the Osmanieh of the fourth class. In the Soudan war of 1884 he served in the Nile Expedition, had command of the Guards' Camel Corps, and was present at the action of Abu Klea. He also had 350 FANE — FAEQUHAESON executive command at the action of El Gubat and the reconnaissance of Metam- meh. Lord Falmouth was several times mentioned in despatches, and received a C.B. In 1895 he was appointed Colonel of the Coldstream Guards, and of one of the Home Regimental Districts. He married in 1886 the Hon. Kathleen Douglas-Pennant, daughter of Lord Pen- rhyn, and has issue. He has a second title, Lord Boscawen-Eose, and in 1891 his lordship succeeded his mother in the Barony of Le-Despencer (creation 1264). He is a D.L. and J. P. of Kent. Addresses : 52 South Audley Street, S.W. ; Tregothnan, Truro ; and Mereworth Castle, Maidstone. FANE, Sir Edmund Douglas Veitch, K.C.M.G., J. P., D.L., Minister at Copenhagen, was born May 6, 1837, and is the eldest son of Prebendary Fane. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, and became Attache at Teheran in 1858. He then was Secretary of Legation at Vienna, Copenhagen, Madrid, and Constantinople, where he was Minister Plenipotentiary ad interim in 1892. In 1893 he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to the King of Servia, which position he left for his present post in 1898. He is a J.P. and D.L. for Wilt- shire, and was created K.C.M.G. at New Year, 1899. English address : Boyton Manor, Heytesbury, Wilts. FANE, Violet. See Currie, Lady P. W. FANTIN LATOUR, Ignace Henri Jean Theodore, French painter, was born at Grenoble, Jan. 14, 1836, and is the son of a famous pastellist who died in 1875. He was educated by his father, by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, and Courbet. His first picture, " Studies from Nature," was exhibited in the Salon of 1861, and in 1864 his "Hommage a Delacroix," where the painter is surrounded by his principal disciples and defenders, created a great sensation. He repeated this in 1865 with " Le Toast," in which he grouped around the statue of Truth some of the artists and writers of that day. Since then his attention has been chiefly given to por- traits and flower - painting. His chief works have been : " Portrait of Edouard Manet (the painter)," 1867; "Un Atelier aux Batignolles," 1870, now in the Luxem- bourg ; " Coin de Table," 1872, in which he represented his friends Paul Verlaine, Jean Aicard, Arthur Rimbaud, Camille Pelletan, and others ; " Souvenirs de Bay- reuth," 1877 ; and " La Tentation de Sainte Antoine," 1891. M. Fantin-Latour has lived in London for some years past, and has been a continual exhibitor of flower- paintings at the Royal Academy and the Salon. He was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1879, and in 1898 had three pictures exhibited at the loan collection at the Guildhall. Address : 26 Golden Square, W. FARLEY, James Lewis, only son of the late Mr. Thomas Farley, of Meiltran, co. Cavan, was born at Dublin, Sept. 9, 1823. After the Crimean war and the peace of Paris in 1856, the attention of English capitalists was directed to Turkey, and the Ottoman Bank was formed. Mr. Farley accepted the post of Chief Ac- countant of the branch at Beyrout, which he assisted in successfully establishing. In 1860 he was appointed Accountant- General of the State Bank of Turkey at Constantinople, which subsequently be- came merged in the Imperial Ottoman Bank. He has been a frequent contributor to the newspaper press on questions relative to the trade and finances of Turkey, and was special correspondent for the Daily News during the Sultan's visit to Egypt in 1863, and during the Imperial and Royal visits to Constantinople in 1869. He is also the author of " Two Years in Syria," 1858 ; " The Druses and Maronites," 1861 ; "The Resources of Turkey," 1862 ; "Bank- ing in Turkey," 1863 ; and "Turkey," 1866. In recognition of his literary services to the Turkish Empire, he was, in March 1870, appointed Consul at Bristol for his Im- perial Majesty the Sultan. He is a Fellow of the Statistical Society of London, and a Corresponding Member of the Institut Egyptien, founded by the first Napoleon in Alexandria. Address : Bristol. FAEftUHAR, Lord, Horace Brand Townsend-Farquhar, J. P., is the son of Sir Walter M. Townsend-Farquhar, and was born in 1844. He sat in the House of Commons as Liberal Unionist Member for West Marylebone from 1895 to 1898, and he has represented East Marylebone on the London County Council since 1889. He was created a Baronet in 1892, and was raised to the Peerage in 1898. Lord Farquhar is President of the London Municipal Society, is a Director of the British South Africa Company, and is a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and London. He was married in 1895 to Emily, daughter of Colonel H. Packe, Grenadier Guards, of Hurleston, North- amptonshire. Addresses : 7 Grosvenor Square, W. ; and Castle Rising, Norfolk. FARQTJHARSON, Robert, M.P., LL.D. Aberdeen, M.D. Edinburgh, J.P., D.L., was born in Edinburgh in 1836, and is the second son of Francis Farquhar- son of Finzean. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and Univer- FARRAR 351 sity, and received his medical training at Edinburgh, Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. He was formerly Assistant Surgeon to the Coldstreams, Physician to the Belgrave Hospital for Children, Assistant-Physician, Joint - Physician (Skin Department), and Lecturer on Materia Medica at St. Mary's Hospital. He has published several works on Therapeutics, notably "A Guide to Therapeutics," now in its fifth edition, and, as Medical Officer to Rugby School, was the author of "School Hygiene, the Diseases Incidental to School Life," and a work on the influence of athletics on health. He has contributed various papers to the lead- ing medical journals. Dr. Farquharson is an extensive landowner, and in 1880 he entered political life, and was elected Liberal Member for West Aberdeenshire, a constituency he continues to represent. London address : Migvie Lodge, Porchester Gardens, W. FARRAR, The Very Rev. Frederic William, D.D., F.R.S., Dean of Canter- bury, son of the Rev. C. P. Farrar, Rector of Sidcup, Kent, was born in Bombay Aug. 7, 1831. He received his education at King William's College, in the Isle of Man, and at King's College, London. He became a classical exhibitioner of the University of London in 1850, graduated B.A. there, and was appointed a Univer- sity scholar in 1852. Mr. Farrar was successively a Scholar and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1854 he took his Bachelor's degree in that University as fourth in the first class of the Classical Tripos, and a Junior Optime in Mathematics. He had already obtained the Chancellor's Prize for English Verse by his poem on " The Arctic Regions," and he subsequently gained the Le Bas Classical Prize, and became also Norrisian Prizeman. In 1854 he was ordained deacon by the Bishop of Salisbury, and in 1857 he was admitted into priest's orders by the Bishop of Ely. For many years he was one of the Assistant Masters at Harrow under Dr. Vaughan, and under his successor Dr. Butler ; and he held, with great distinction, the Head-Master- ship of Marlborough College from Janu- ary 1871 till April 1876. Dr. Farrar was a select preacher before the University of Cambridge in 1868, and again in 1874-75, and often since, and he preached the Hulsean Lectures in 1870. He has fre- quently been appointed to preach before the University of Oxford, and was Bamp- ton Lecturer in 1885. He was an Honorary Chaplain to the Queen from 1869 to 1873, when he was nominated one of her Majesty's Chaplains in Ordinary. In April 1876 he was appointed to a canonry in Westminster Abbey and the rectory of St. Margaret's, vacant by the death of Canon Conway. He was appointed Arch- deacon of Westminster, April 24, 1883 ; and has three times been elected by the clergy of Westminster as their Rural Dean. In 1890 Archdeacon Farrar was offered by the Speaker, and accepted, the Chaplaincy of the House of Commons, rendered vacant by the death of the Rev. Henry White. He was appointed Dean of Canterbury in 1895, and in the same year became Deputy Clerk of the Closet to the Queen. Dr. Farrar is the author of the following works of fiction : " Eric, or Little by Little," 1858; "Julian Home," 1859 ; and " St. Winifred's, or the World of School," 1863 ; "Darkness and Dawn," 1895 ; " Gathering Clouds," 1891 ; " Alle- gories," 1898. His philological works are : " The Origin of Language," 1860 ; " Chapters on Language," 1865 ; " Greek Grammar Rules," 6th edit., 1865 ; " Greek Syntax," 3rd edit., 1867 ; " Families of Speech," 1870 ; and " Language and Lan- guages," being a revised edition of " Chap- ters on Language " and " Families of Speech," comprised in one volume, 1878. He has also published " A Lecture (before the Royal Institution) on Public School Education," with notes, 1867 ; and edited "Essays on a Liberal Education," 2nd edit., 1868. Both of these works con- tributed powerfully to enlarged ideas on the subject of Public School Education. His theological works are : " Seekers after God " (Sunday Library), 1869 ; " The Witness of History to Christ ; being the Hulsean Lectures for 1870," 1871 ; "In the Days of thy Youth," sermons preached in the Chapel of Marlborough College," 1877 ; " The Life of Christ," 2 vols., 1874, which reached its twelfth edition in a single year ; " Life of St. Paul," 1879 ; and " The Early Days of Christianity," 2 vols., 1882 ; besides several volumes of sermons ; and notably that bold work, " Eternal Hope," 1880, in which Canon Farrar combats the doctrine of eternal torture in hell. In his work on " The Bible : its Meaningand Supre- macy," he brought to a head and helped to perpetuate a very necessary change of view on the subject of inspiration. All Dr. Farrar's works have passed through many editions, and many of them have been translated into French, German, Dutch, Russian, Swedish, and Italian. Besides these works, Dr. Farrar has been a contri- butor to the Speaker's Commentary (Book of Wisdom) and Bishop Ellicott's Com- mentary (Book of Judges) ; to the Cam- bridge Bible for Schools he has contributed commentaries on St. Luke and the Epistle to the Hebrews, both in the Greek and in the English editions. To the " Expositor's Bible " he contributed commentaries on the First Book of Kings and the Book of 352 FARREN — FAUDEL-PHILLIPS Daniel. He also furnished articles to Smith's " Dictionary of the Bible," Kitto's "Biblical Cyclopaedia," the " Encyclopedia Britannica," &c. In 1883 he was ap- pointed Rural Dean by the late Bishop of London, and was re-elected by the clergy to the same office in 1885. Archdeacon Farrar is Honorary Chaplain of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion Royal Fusiliers, and of the Church Lads' Brigade. In 1885 he was appointed Bampton Lecturer before the University of Oxford, and delivered a course (since published) on "The History of Interpretation." In 1885 he visited America, where he received a hearty welcome from all classes, and especially from the members of all religious denomi- nations. He has taken a prominent part in temperance reform, in the Diocesan Council for the welfare of young men, in the Westminster Sanitary Aid Associa- tions, in the Westminster Sunday School Association (of which he was the founder), in the formation of a seaside camp for London youths, in the support of brother- hoods, and in many other philanthropic works. As Dean of Canterbury he has already raised more than £18,000 for the restoration of the Cathedral. Addresses : The Deanery, Canterbury ; and Athenamm. FARREN, Ellen (Mrs. R. Soutar), best known as Nellie Farren, was born in Lancashire, and is the daughter of Henry Farren. She first appeared on the London stage at the Victoria Theatre in March, 1864, as Ninetta in " The Woman in Red." In the same year she joined the company at the Olympic. It is at the Gaiety Theatre, however, that her best triumphs have been won. She joined that theatre, on its opening under the management of Mr. John Hollingshead, in December 1868, appearing in the piece entitled "On the Cards." Her connection with the Gaiety, in its palmiest days, was a long one, and she took a leading part in most of the plays produced here. For twenty-five years, it will be remembered, she took the leading part in every burlesque, including the famous " Ruy Bias." She became the idol of the public at the Gaiety Theatre. Owing to illness, this gifted comedienne was latterly compelled to withdraw for a long period from the scene of her former triumphs. On March 17, 1898, the " Nellie Farren Benefit " proved one of the greatest events of the London theatrical year. Over £6000 was raised by the perform- ance, the sale of programmes and photo- graphs of Miss Farren realising £500. All the talent of the London stage contributed to the success of this unique entertain- ment, and the final scene of the perform- ance showed Miss Nellie Farren in person, seated on a rostrum, and encircled by all the principal assistants in the success of the afternoon. It is understood that the large sum realised by the performance has purchased a respectable annuity for one who, in a gloomy age, has added materi- ally to the gaiety of nations. This annuity the Messrs. Rothschild have very fittingly guaranteed to pay Miss Farren annually. Two-thirds of the total she will be allowed to dispose of by testament, while £1000 will be devoted to the establishment of a " Nellie Farren " cot in a children's hospital, and another £1000 will be equally divided between the two principal theatrical benevolent funds. F ARRER, Lord, Sir Thomas Henry Farrer, Bart., J.P., was born on June 24, 1819, and is the son of Thomas Farrer, of Lincoln's Inn. He was educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating as B.A. in 1841, became a barrister in 1844, and in 1850 was ap- pointed Assistant-Secretary of the Marine Department of the Board of Trade. He was subsequently appointed Permanent Secretary of the Board of Trade, and resigned in 1886. He was formerly very active on the London County Council, was Vice-Chairman of the same, and was appointed Alderman (Progressive) in 1889, being reappointed recently until 1901, but he resigned in March 1898. He is a staunch and eloquent Free-Trader, and has published " Free Trade versus Fair Trade," and other works. As a politician he made a vigorous attack on the Sugar Convention Bill, and on the Civil Service Superannuation Bill, both which bills were withdrawn by Lord Salisbury's first Government. In 1883 he was "made a Baronet, and in 1893 was raised to the Peerage for his long public services by the title of Lord Farrer of Abinger in Surrey. In Feb. 1899, he was appointed President of the Cobden Club, a new office. He married (2), in 1873, Katherine Euphemia, daughter of Hensleigh Wedgwood. Ad- dresses : Abinger Hall, Dorking ; and Athenaeum. FAUDEL- PHILLIPS, Sir George Faudel, Bart., G.C.I.E., J.P., D.L., was born in 1840, and is the second son of Sir Benjamin Phillips, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1865-66. He was educated at University College School, and in Berlin and Paris, and is now famous among his friends as a book- collector. He was Sheriff of London and Middlesex, 1884-85 ; became Alderman of Ward of Farringdon Within, in succession to his father, in 1888 ; was High Sheriff of the County of London in 1895, and was Lord Mayor of London, 1896-97. In 1894 he was appointed a Governor of the Irish Society, which is the FAUEE — FA YE 353 managing body of Irish Estates of the Corporation of the City of London. He is also Governor of St. Bartholomew's and other hospitals, and Chairman or Presi- dent of many important bodies. During his Mayoralty he superintended the rais- ing of the Indian Famine Fund of half-a- million pounds. He assumed the addi- tional name of Faudel (his mother's maiden name) in 1895, and received the honour of a baronetcy and the G-.C.I.E. at the time of the 1897 Jubilee, at which great func- tion he received the Queen, in her pro- gress through London, at Temple Bar. He has many Foreign Orders. He married, in 1867, Helen, sister of Sir Edward Lawson, the first Bart. Addresses : 52 Grosvenor Gardens, S.W., &c. ; and Ball's Park, Hert- ford. FATJBE, Jean-Baptiste, a famous French baritone singer, born at Moulines, Jan. 15, 1830, was educated at the Con- servatoire from 1843 to 1852, and made his ddbut at the Opera Comique in the latter year. M. Faure performed at the Opera House in Paris, in "Pierre de Medicis," Oct. 14, 1861. In 1857 he was appointed Professor of Singing to the Conservatoire, in succession to M. Fre'de'ric Pouchard, and appeared during several seasons at the Royal Italian Opera, Covent Garden. For many years M. Faure was acknowledged head of the French lyric stage. He was nominated a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in December 1881. He is the possessor of a fine collection of works of art. FAWCETT, Edgar, American man of letters, was born at New York, May 26, 1847, and graduated at Columbia Col- lege in 1867. He has published " Short Poems for Short People," 1871; "Purple and Fine Linen," 1874; "Ellen Story," 1876; "Fantasy and Passion," poems, 1877; "A Hopeless Case," 1880; "A Gentle- man of Leisure," 1881; "An Ambitious Woman," 1883; "Tinkling Cymbals," "Adventures of a Widow," "Song and Story, Later Poems," "Rutherford," and "The Buntling Ball," 1884; "Social Sil- houettes," 1885 ; "Romance and Revery," 1886; "The Confessions of Claud," "The House at High Bridge," "Douglas Dnane," and "The New King Arthur," 1887; "A Man's Will," "Olivia Delaplaine," and "Divided Lives," 1888; "A Demoralis- ing Marriage," "Agnosticism and other Essays," "Miriam Balestier," and " Sola- rion," 1889; "The Evil that Men Do," "Fabian Dimitry," "A Daughter of Silence," and "How a Husband Forgave," 1890 ; " A Romance of Two Brothers " ; " A New York Family," "Loaded Dice," and "Songs of Doubt and Dream," 1891; "Women must Weep," "An Heir to Millions," "American Push," and "The Adopted Daughter," 1892 ; " The New Nero," and "A Round Unvarnished Tale," 1893 ; "Outrageous Fortune," 1894; "Life's Fitful Fever," 1895 ; " A Romance of Old New York," 1896; "Two Daughters of One Race" (Lippincott' s Magazine), 1897. London address : 109 Great Portland Street, W. FAWCETT, Mrs. Millicent Garrett, born at Aldeburgh, in Suffolk, June 11 1847, is sister to Mrs. Garrett Anderson M.D. In 1867 she married the late Pro fessor Fawcett, and soon after her mar riage she began to take a part in the Women's Suffrage movement. She is also an urgent pleader on the subject of girls' education. In 1870 she published " Political Economy for Beginners " ; " Tales in Political Economy," 1874 ; " Janet Doncaster," a novel, 1875; "Some Eminent Women of our Time," a series of twenty-four short biographical sketches, in 1889 ; a " Life of Queen Victoria," in 1895. In conjunction with her husband, Mrs. Fawcett wrote a volume of "Essays and Lectures," 1872 ; the article on "Communism" in the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica " is by her, as is also the article on Henry Fawcett in the 1888 edition of " Cham- bers's Encyclopaedia." Mrs. Fawcett is the mother of the Miss Fawcett who, in the Mathematical Tripos at Cambridge in 1890, was declared "above the Senior Wrangler." Address : 2 Gower Street, W.C. FAYE, Professor Herve Auguste Etienne Albans, astronomer, was born at Saint Benoit du Sault (Indre), Oct. 1, 1814, and finished his studies at the Ecole Polytechnique. He afterwards went to Holland, and on returning to France, be- came, on the recommendation of M. Arago, a pupil in the Observatory. He discovered, Nov. 22, 1843, a new comet, to which his name was assigned, and received the Lalande prize from the Academy of Sciences, to which learned association he submitted in 1846_ a paper, entitled " La Parallaxe d'une Etoile anonyme de la Grande Onrse." This was followed by a work entitled "Sur un Nouveau Colli- mateur zenithal et sur une Lunette zenithale nouvelle." He was elected a member of the section of Astronomy in place of Baron de Damoiseau, Jan. 18, 1847 ; a member of the Bureau of Longi- tudes, March 26, 1862 ; and was decorated with the Cross of the Legion of Honour in 1843. In 1864 he was appointed a member of the Imperial Council of Public Instruc- tion, and was promoted to the rank of z 354 FAYEEE Officer of the Legion of Honour. M. Faye was Professor of Geodesy at the Ecole Polyteohnique from 1848 to 1854, and in the latter year he was appointed Rector of the University Academy of Nancy. He succeeded M. Delaunay as Professor of Astronomy in the Polytechnic School in 1873. In 1877 M. Faye was for a short time at the Ministry of Public Instruction, and from the end of that year until 1888 he was Inspector-General of Higher Edu- cation. In addition to the works already mentioned, M. Faye is the author of " Sur l'Anneau de Saturne," published in 1848 ; " Sur les DiSclinaisons Absolues," in 1850; " Des Leijons de Cosmographie," in 1852; " Cours d'Astronomie nautique," 1880 ; " Cours dAstronomie de l'Ecole Polyteoh- nique," 1881; and "Sur l'Origine du Monde," 1889. M. Faye was promoted to the rank of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1889. FAYEER, Sir Joseph, Bart., K.C.S.I., LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., second son of the late R. J. Fayrer, Esq. , Commander R.N., by Agnes, daughter of W. Wilkinson, Esq., of Westmorland, was born at Ply- mouth, Dec. 6, 1824. He was brought up under private tuition in Scotland, and afterwards continued his studies in Lon- don, in Edinburgh, and on the Continent. He took the degree of M.D. in the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London, a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of London and Edinburgh, and a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, entered the medical ser- vice of the Navy, served in the military hospital of Palermo during the siege of that city (1847-48) ; and was also present at the siege of Rome (1848). In 1849 he entered the medical service of the army. In 1850 he entered the Bengal Medical Service, from which he retired in 1874. He served throughout the Burmese war of 1852, and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 ; also at the defence of Lucknow, where he was Political Assistant and Residency Surgeon. For these services he received medals and clasps and the brevet rank of Surgeon, and was allowed to count one year's ser- vice towards retirement. He was Professor of Surgery in the Medical College of Bengal from 1859 to 1874; was Fellow, Member of Senate, and during two years President of the Medical Faculty of the Calcutta University ; and was successively Vice-President and President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He was created C.S.I. Dec. 22, 1868; and advanced to K.C.S.I. in March 1876, at an investiture of the Order held at Allahabad by the Prince of Wales, whom during his travels in India he accompanied as physician. In acknow- ledgment of this service he received a letter from the Queen. He had previously accompanied the Duke of Edinburgh in his visit to India in 1870. He was ap- pointed Surgeon-General and President of the Medical Board of the India Office in December 1874. He is honorary physician to the Queen, the Prince of Wales, and physician to the Duke of Edinburgh, Sir J. Fayrer has written " Clinical Surgery in India " ; a work on the poisonous snakes, "The Thanatophidia of India," which he presented to the Indian Government, from whom he received thanks, and by whom it was published in 1872; "Clinical and Pathological Observations in India"; "Lettsomian Lectures on Dysentery"; " Croonian Lectures on Climate and Fevers of India " ; and many contributions to European and Indian journals, including papers on " Disease in India " ; " European Child Life in Bengal " ; " Malarial Splenic Cachexia of Tropical Climates " ; " Bron- chocele in India"; "Liver Abscess"; "Physiological Action of the Poison of Naja Tripudians " (in conjunction with Dr. Brunton) ; "Some of the Physical Condi- tions of the Country that Affect Life in India"; "Health in India"; "Rainfall and Climate of India " ; " The Claws of Felidaa " ; "Anatomy of the Rattlesnake" ; articles on "Sunstroke," "Tropical Diar- rhoea and Liver Abcess" in Davidson's "Hygiene and Diseases of Warm Cli- mates " ; and on " The Climate and Some of the Fevers of India," and " Sunstroke " in Clifford Allbutt's " System of Medicine." More recently he has published " On the Preservation of Health in India" (Mac- millan) ; and " Sir Ranald Martin " (A. D. Innes & Co.), 1898. He has received the second class of the Order of the Conception from the King of Portugal, the third class of the Redeemer of Greece from the King of Greece, and the third class of the Med- jidieh from the Khedive of Egypt. In August 1878 the hon. degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of Edinburgh, and in April 1890 by the University of St. Andrews. He was Vice- President of the Zoological Society of London. In December 1892 he repre- sented the Royal College of Physicians of London and the University of Edinburgh at the Tercentenary of Galileo at Padua, and was made Ph.D. of Padua. He is a Foreign Associate of the Academie de MeMecine de Paris, a Foreign Correspond- ing Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, and member of other foreign societies. He was created a Baronet in 1896, and has the Jubilee medal. In 1855 he married Bethia, daughter of Major-General Spens. Addresses : 16 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, W. ; and Athenasum. FEAEON— -FENN 355 FEAR, ON, Daniel Robert, M.A. Oxon. 1862, Barrister-at-Law, eldest son of the late Rev. Daniel Rose Fearon, suc- cessively Vicar of Assington, Suffolk, and St. Mary Church, Devon, by Frances Jane, daughter of the late Rev. Charles Andrewes, Rector of Flempton, Suffolk, was born at Assington, Dec. 1, 1835, and educated at Marlborough College and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a First Class in Moderations and in the Final Schools. He entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn, Nov. 10, 1859, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, Nov. 17, 1874. He was appointed, in 1860, one of H.M. Inspectors of Schools ; and in 1865 an Assistant Commissioner to the Schools Inquiry Commission, and in that capa- city reported on Secondary Education in London and the neighbourhood, and on the system of education in the Burgh Schools of Scotland. In 1869 he was appointed a Commissioner to inquire into the condition of elementary education in Manchester and Liverpool, in preparation for Mr. Forster's Elementary Education Act of 1870. In 1870 he was appointed an Assistant Commissioner to the Endowed Schools Commission, of which the late Lord Lyttelton was chairman. In 1873 he was commissioned by the Treasury, together with Mr. W. H. Gladstone, M.P., Sir Robert Hamilton, K.C.B., and Mr. Murray, to inquire into the Administra- tion of the Irish Education Department. In 1875 he was appointed an Assistant Commissioner to the Charity Commission for England and Wales, on the transfer to that Commission of the administration of the Endowed Schools Acts. In 1883 he was appointed Acting Secretary to that Commission ; and by Royal Warrant dated June 16, 1886, was appointed to be Secretary to the Charity Commission. Mr. Fearon is the author of a work on " School Inspection." He married, in 1861, Margaret, daughter of Professor Bonamy Price. Addresses : 142 Lexham Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. FEARON, The Rev. William Andrewes, D.D., Head-master of Win- chester College, is the third son of the Rev. D. R. Fearon, Vicar of Assington, Suffolk, afterwards of St. Mary Church, Devon. He was born at Assington, Feb. 4, 1841. His mother was Frances Jane, daughter of the Rev. Charles Andrewes, Rector of Flempton, Suffolk, a member of the same family as the celebrated Bishop Andrewes. He was educated at home till he entered Winchester College as a scholar in 1852. During his school career he twice obtained the Queen's Gold Medal, also the Goddard Scholarship for Classics, and the Duncan Mathematical Scholar- ship. In 1859 he gained a Scholarship at New College, Oxford. In 1863 he took a double first-class in the Final Schools of Lit. Hum. and Mathematics. In 1864 he was elected Fellow of New College, and also became Tutor of that College, retaining his post until 1867, when he was asked by Dr. Ridding to open a tutor's house at Winchester College, and to under- take the Junior Sixth Form. He was ordained deacon in 1867, priest in 1868. In 1882 he was elected Head -master of Durham School, and was appointed Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Newcastle, which offices he held till 1884, when he was elected to the Head-master- ship of Winchester College. In the same year he took his D.D. degree, and in 1889 became Hon. Canon of Winchester Cathe- dral. Dr. Fearon married Mary, eldest daughter of the late Archdeacon Freeman, Exeter. Address : The College, Winchester. FENN, George Manville, was born at Pimlico, on Jan. 3, 1831, and received his education at private schools. At twenty-one he entered one of the training colleges of the National Society, and, after the usual time of probation, obtained the mastership of a country school. His next step was to the post of private tutor ; but the responsibilities of married life soon in- duced him to enter into business, printing offering itself as the most congenial. This led to small literary ventures — the produc- tion of a magazine in 1862, and a partici- pation in the proprietorship of one of the provincial newspapers in 1864. Then fol- lowed the writing and offering of short sketches to the various magazines and periodicals. One of these, after endless disappointments, was sent to the late Charles Dickens for All the Year Round, and immediately accepted, others appearing subsequently in the same periodical. A busy pen soon produced sketches which were readily accepted by Mr. James Payn for Chambers's Journal, and by Mr. Edward Walford for Once a Week. About the same time — 1866— Mr. Justin McCarthy, then editing the Star, was running a series of short papers through the evening edition, and willingly enlisted the services of the young writer. Hence, about thirty or forty working-life sketches appeared in the Headings by Starlight. These papers, and others of a similar class, were pub- lished in four volumes in 1867, the same year witnessing the production of Mr. Fenn's first boys' story, "Hollowdell Grange," and a natural history tale for children, " Featherland." From that period, in rapid succession, novel after novel appeared in magazine, newspaper, and volume form, the principal breaks to this production occurring when Mr. Fenn 356 FENTON" — FENWICK succeeded Mr. Haweis as editor of CasseU's Magazine in 1870, and when he afterwards became the purchaser of Once a Week from Mr. (now Sir Walter) Besant's partner, Mr. James Bice, in 1873. In this venture, however, no better success attended him than had befallen the previous owners of what may certainly be dubbed a most un- lucky magazine, in spite of the long list of famous writers and artists who contributed to its pages. Mr. Fenn's principal novels are : "Bent, Not Broken," and "Webs in the Way," 1867; "Mad," 1868; "The Sapphire Cross," and "By Birth a Lady," 1871; "That Little Frenchman," 1874; "Thereby Hangs a Tale," 1876 ; " A Little World," 1877; "Pretty Polly," 1878; "The Parson of Dumford," 1879; "The Clerk of Portwick," 1880; "The Vicar's People," 1881; "Eli's Children," 1882; " The New Mistress," 1883 ; " The Rosery Folk," and "Sweet Mace," 1884 ; "Stained Pages," 1885; "Double Cunning," and "The Master of the Ceremonies," 1886; "One Maid's Mischief," and "This Man's Wife," 1887; "The Man with a Shadow," 1888; "The Lass that Loved a Soldier," and "Of High Descent," 1889; "A Flut- tered Dovecot," "Lady Maud's Mania," and "A Double Knot," 1890; "Mahme Nousie," and " The Mynns Mystery," 1891 ; "King of the Castle," and "Nurse Elisia," 1892 ; "Witness to the Deed," " The Star Gazer," and "In an Alpine Valley," 1893; "The Tiger Lily," "A Life's Eclipse," "The White Virgin," 1894; "An Electric Spark," and "Smith's Weakness," 1895; "The Case of Ailsa Gray," 1896 ; "High Play," 1897; and "A Woman worth Winning," 1896. Mr. Fenn's boys' stories, which have attained to a world-wide circulation, have been mainly written during the past few years: "Off to the Wilds," 1881; "In the King's Name," "Middy and Ensign," and "Nat the Naturalist," 1883; "The Silver Canon," and "The Golden Magnet," 1884 ; "Bunyip Land," and "Menhardoc," 1885; "Pa- tience Wins," and " Brownsmith's Boy," 1886; "Yussuf the Guide," and "Devon Boys," 1887; "Mother Carey's Chicken," "Dick of the Fens," " Commodore Junk," and "Nolens Volens," 1888; "Quick- silver," " Crown and Sceptre," and " Three Boys," 1889; "Mass' George," "Cutlass and Cudgel," and "The Boy who would not go to Sea," 1890; "Burr, Junior," "The Rajah of Dah," and "The Crystal Hunters," 1891 ; "Gil the Gunner," " The Weathercock," "The Dingo Boys," and "The Grand Chaco," 1892; "The Black Bar," "Real Gold," "Sail Ho!" "Steve Young," and "Bluejackets," 1893 ; "Fire Island," "The Vast Abyss," "First in the Field," and "Diamond Dyke," 1894; "The Queen's Scarlet," "The Cinnamon Garden," "Cormorant Crag," and "The Young Castellan," 1895; "In Honour's Cause," "Jack at Sea," and "The Black Tor," 1896; and "The Little Skipper," " Ydoll Gwyn," " Vince the Rebel," and "Frank and Saxon," 1897. Many of the above books were reprinted and have obtained their share of popularity in the United States, where "The Fenn Books," as thus advertised, are well known. In addition to hundreds of short tales and sketches, written expressly for the popular magazines of the day, Mr. Fenn is also the author of many Christmas stories, notably " Ship Ahoy," and, wholly or in part, of several dramas and three-act farces, two of which, "The Barrister" and "The Balloon," were written in collaboration, and produced in 1888 and 1889. He mar- ried, in 1855, Susanna, daughter of John Leake. Address : Syon Lodge, Isleworth. EENTON, Sir Myles, J.P., was born at Kendal on Sept. 5, 1830, and is the son of Myles Fentou, of Kendal. He was educated in his native town, and entered the service of the Kendal and Windermere Railway in 1845. He afterwards held posts under the East Lancashire, Eastern Counties, London and South-Western, Man- chester, Sheffield, and Lancashire Rail- ways, and Rochdale Canal. With this large knowledge of railway affairs, he became, in 1866, Secretary of the East Lancashire Railway, then Assistant-Manager of the Lancashire and Yorkshire, then General Manager of the Metropolitan Railway, a post which he held from 1863-1880, when appointed to the General Managership of the S.-E. Railway, the position in which he has been best known to the travelling public. In 1889 he received the honour of knighthood, and has, since 1896, been Con- sulting Director to the S.E.R. He married Mrs. Collins, nie Oakes, in 1883. Address ; Ridge Green, South Nuffield, Surrey. EENWICK, Charles, M.P., was born on the 5th of May 1850, at Cramlington, in the county of Northumberland, a little village standing right in the centre of the constituency which for nearly thirteen years he has represented in the House of Commons. His parents belonged to the humbler class of the mining community, and his father began to work in the mine when a lad of only eight years of age. Subsequently a law was passed which pro- hibited the employment underground of boys under ten years of age, and a further amendment of the law, passed in 1887, fixed the age limit at twelve for under- ground employment. Young Fenwick ac- cordingly, much against the wish of his parents, sought and obtained work on the pit banks. When only nine years old, and FENWICK — FEKDINAND 357 as soon as he reached his tenth birthday, he began to labour in the mine. His education up to this point was practically nil, but he then began to attend the village night-school, which was open three nights in the week during six months of the year, and during the other six months he was compelled to rely entirely upon his own energy and perseverance for the know- ledge he was able to obtain. In 1862 the Northumberland Miners' Association, or trade union, was started, and though then a lad of only twelve years of age, he joined the Association as a half-member, and he has maintained his connection with the union up to the present time. The Assimi- lation of the County with the Borough Franchise in 1884 gave the miners of Northumberland the balance of political power in three out of the four county divisions, and accordingly they determined to nominate a labour candidate for the Wansbeck Division. A representative meeting was held in the city of Newcastle- upon-Tyne, for the purpose of selecting such a candidate ; seven names, including his own, were submitted to the meeting, and, on the second vote, he obtained a clear majority over all the others, and was thereupon declared the candidate of the miners. It was then resolved that he should give up his employment as a work- ing miner, and devote himself to the furtherance of his candidature. This, how- ever, he refused to do until the annual meeting of the Liberal Association should have had an opportunity of considering the matter. The official Liberal meeting was held in the town of Morpeth, under the chairmanship of the late Sir Charles Tre- velyan, Bart., and he was unanimously accepted as the Liberal and Labour candi- date. Since that time he has gone through four contested elections, with an average majority of 3160 votes in his favour. In 1890 he succeeded Mr. Henry Broadhurst as Secretary to the Parliamentary Com- mittee of the Trades' Union Congress, a position which he held for four years, being ultimately defeated by Mr. Sam Wood, in consequence of his opposition to the Mines Eight Hours Bill. Mr. Fen- wick has served on two Royal Commis- sions, viz., the one of 1891, which was appointed to inquire into the effect of coal dust in originating or extending explosions in mines ; also that of 1894, which con- sidered the methods of establishing a well- organised system of secondary education. He is at present a member of the Northum- berland Miners' Wage Committee, and has represented them at most of the national and international labour congresses during the last fifteen years. Addresses : 14 Tan- kerville Terrace, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; and 95 Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W. FEN WI C K, Edward Nicholas Eenwick, Metropolitan Police Magistrate, was born in 1847, and is the son of E. M. Fenwick, of Burrow Hall, Lanes. Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1873, he was appointed Stipendiary Magistrate at Bradford, 1885. He was Metropolitan Police Magistrate at Hammersmith and Wandsworth, 1887-88 ; and at Greenwich and Woolwich, 1888-89. Since 1889 he has sat at the Southwark Borough High Street. FERDINAND I., Prince of Bul- garia, Duke of Saxony, was born in Vienna in 1861, and is the youngest son of Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and the Princess Clementine of Bour- bon - Orleans, a daughter of King Louis Philippe. The Prince served as an officer in the Austrian army, and pos- sesses large estates in Hungary. After the deposition of Prince Alexander in 1886, followed by a Regency, Prince Ferdinand received a deputation from the Sobranje offering him the vacant throne. He accepted the offer, and, on the 14th of August 1887, took the oath to the Bulgarian constitution at Tirnova. His sovereignty, however, was not formally recognised by the Porte and the Powers until February 1896. His reception by the Bulgarian nation has been most en- thusiastic, and in M. Stambuloff he had an admirable minister, as also in M. Stoiloff, his present Prime Minister. In April 1893 he married Princess Marie Louise of Parma, daughter of the Duke of Parma, of the house of Bourbon, and two sons have since been born, of whom the eldest, Prince Boris, was admitted to the Orthodox Greek Church, the State religion, in 1896, which occasioned much heartburning in Germany and Austria. Princess Marie Louise died in JaDuary 1899. In August 1897 Prince Ferdinand paid a personal visit to the Sultan, and it was understood that far more friendly relations had been established between them ; but Prince Ferdinand is known to be ambitious, and in the general scramble which, sooner or later, must take place for the European dominions of the Otto- man Empire, he intends to make a bold move, and relies for success on the help of Russia. He visited the Czar in July 1898. FERDINAND IV., Salvator- Marie - Joseph. - Jean-Baptiste - Fran- cois - Louis - Gonzag-ue - Raphael - Ren- ier-Janvier, Archduke of Austria, ex- Grand-Duke of Tuscany, eldest son of Leo- pold II., grandson of Ferdinand III. and of Marie Antoinette Anne, daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies, the 358 FERGUSON — FERRERS late grand-duke's second wife, was born June 10, 1835, succeeded to the grand- duchy on the abdication of his father, July 21, 1859, and reigned as Ferdinand IV. ; but his career as a sovereign prince was brief, he having been obliged to quit his dominions on the consolidation of the kingdom of Italy under Victor Emmanuel in 1861. He married the Archduchess Anne Marie, daughter of the King of Saxony, Nov. 24, 1856. She died in 1859. In 186S he married his second wife, Alice, Princess of Bourbon-Parma, by whom he has ten children. The grand - duke is Prince-Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, and a Colonel of Austrian Dragoons. FERGUSON, Richard Saul, the eldest son of the late Mr. Joseph Ferguson, J.P. and D.L., was born at Carlisle, July 28, 1837, and was educated at Shrewsbury and St. John's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A as 27th wrangler in 1860, M.A. in 1863, and subsequently LL.M. Mr. Ferguson was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1862, and practised there as an equity draughtsman and conveyancer until his health failed in 1871. After travelling abroad for two years he settled at. Carlisle. He is a J.P. for Carlisle and Cumberland ; has been Chairman of Quarter Sessions for that county since 1886, and Chancellor of the diocese of Carlisle since 1887. He is also an alderman for Carlisle (Mayor 1881- 82, 1882-83), and a County Councillor for Cumberland ; President, since 1886, of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiqua- rian and Archaeological Society ; a Fellow of the Societies of Antiquaries of London and Scotland, and Vice-President of the Eoyal Archaeological Institute and Surtees Society, and a member of several other learned societies. He is the author of "Cumberland and Westmorland M.P.'s, from the Restoration to the Reform Bill," 1871; " Early Cumberland and Westmor- land Friends," 1871 ; " Moss Gathered by a Rolling Stone," 1873 ; " A History of the Diocese of Carlisle," 1889 : " A Popular History of Cumberland," 1890 ; and " A Popular History of Westmorland," 1894. He is the editor of " Old Church Plate in the Diocese of Carlisle," 1882 ; of " Bishop Nicolson's Miscellany Accounts of the Diocese of Carlisle in 1703," and " Some Municipal Records of Carlisle," 1887. He is also editor of the Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archceoloc/ical Society; and author of several papers in transactions of various societies, including one "On an Astrolabe of Early English Make," and " An Archaeo- logical Survey of Cumberland and West- morland," both in the Archceologia. Ad- dresses : 74 Lowther Street, Carlisle ; and the Athenaeum. FERGUSSON, The Right Hon. Sir James, M.P., G.C.S.I., K.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., D.L., J.P., was born at Edinburgh in 1832, and is the son of the 5th Baronet, whom he succeeded in 1849, and Helen, daughter of the Right Hon. Lord Justice-General David Boyle. He was educated at Rugby and at University College, Oxford, of which University he was made an honorary D.C.L. in 1870. He served in the Grenadier Guards from 1851- 55, and went through the Crimean cam- paign, being elected M.P. for Ayrshire during the war. He represented Ayrshire for two periods (1854-57 and 1859-68). In 1866-67 he was Under-Secretary of State for India, and from 1867-68 Under-Secre- tary for the Home Office. In 1868 he was appointed Governor of South Australia, and in 1873 was transferred from this governorship to that of New Zealand, He left New Zealand for the post of Governor of Bombay, which he held from 1880-85. Resuming political life at home in 1885, he was elected M.P. for North-East Man- chester, his present constituency, and in the year following was appointed Under- Secretary for Foreign Affairs in Lord Salisbury's administration, subsequently succeeding Mr. H. C. Raikes as Postmaster- General in September 1891. He married (3), in 1893, Mrs. C. H. Hoare. Addresses : Kilkerran, Ayrshire ; and 80 Cornwall Gardens, S.W. FERRERO, General Anhibale, late Ambassador of Italy to the Court of St. James's, was born at Turin in 1839. In early life he became distinguished as a mathematician, but adopted the army as a career, into which he entered in 1857. During the war for the liberation of Italy, Ferrero served as Adjutant to General Menabrea, who, when Ambassador to this country, received in 1883 the degree of Honorary Doctor in Laws of the University of Cambridge. At the close of the cam- paign General Ferrero resumed his studies. In June 1898 the degree of Doctor in Laws was conferred upon him — he following thereby in the steps of his old chief, General Menabrea — by the University of Cambridge. The Public Orator (Dr. Sandys), in introducing this eminent Italian to the Vice-Chancellor, eulogised him as " distinguished in the arts of war and peace." Indeed, General Ferrero in himself combines the precision and daring of the soldier, the keenness and experience of the diplomatist, and the exactness and culture of the scholar. He resigned his post in August 1898 to take up duties at home. FERRERS, Rev. Norman Mac- leod, D.D., F.R.S., Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and formerly FERRIEK — FERRY 359 Vice-Chaucellor of Cambridge University, was born at Prinknash Park, Gloucester- shire, Aug. 11, 1829, and educated at Eton. He is the eldest son of Thomas Bromfleld Ferrers. He entered as a student at Gon- ville and Caius College, Cambridge, in 1847, and graduated in the Mathematical Tripos of 1851, when he attained the dis- tinguished position of Senior Wrangler and first Smith's Prizeman. Mr. Ferrers was elected to a Fellowship, and, after filling various college offices, was appointed Tutor in 1865. For thirty-eight years he has been constantly occupied in collegiate and university work. As a lecturer in mathematics he obtained considerable dis- tinction. He examined for the Mathema- tical Tripos no fewer than eleven times, and he was especially prominent as an advocate for the various important changes which were from time to time effected in the scheme of the Mathematical Tripos examinations. For a considerable period he was a member of the Council of the Senate, and he has been also a member of various syndicates and boards in the Uni- versity. He was elected Master of Gon- ville and Caius College, in succession to Dr. Guest, Oct. 27, 1880. He is the author of an " Elementary Treatise on Trilinear Co-ordinates," 1861 ; and " Elementary Treatise on Spherical Harmonics," 1877. In 1871 he edited and published the mathematical writings of the late George Green. From 1855 he was, with Professor Sylvester, joint editor of the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, and he has been a frequent contributor to its pages. In 1876 he was elected a governor of St. Paul's School (from which position he retired in 1891), in 1885 of Eton College (retired 1895), and in 1877 a Fellow of the Eoyal Society. In 1883 the University of Glasgow conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. For the years 1884 and 1885 he filled the office of Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. He married, in 1866, Emily, daughter of the Very Rev. John Lamb, CD., Dean of Bristol and Master of Corpus, Cambridge. Addresses : Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge ; and Heacham Lodge, Norfolk. FERRIER, Professor David, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.K.C.P., born at Aberdeen in 1843, was educated at the University of Aberdeen, where he graduated in Arts, with first - class Honours, in 1863. In the same year he gained the Fergusson Scholarship in Classics and Philosophy, open to competition by graduates of the four Scotch Universities. He has studied Philosophy in Germany, and Medicine in the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated as M.D. in 1870, with first- class Honours, and Gold Medal for his Thesis. He was appointed Professor of Forensic Medicine in King's College, London, in 1872. In 1889 he vacated this chair for that of Neuro-Pathology, speci- ally founded for him by the authorities of King's College. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876, and in 1890 received a Royal Medal for his researches on the Brain. He has also received the Baly Medal (Royal College of Physicians), the Marshall Hall Prize (Medico-Chirur- gical Society), the Cameron Prize (Edin- burgh University), and various other hon- ours. He is a member of various learned societies at home and abroad. He is Physician to King's College Hospital, and to the National Hospital for the Paralysed and the Epileptic. Dr. Ferrier practises as a physician, and is the author of works on the "Functions of the Brain," 1876; "Cerebral Localisation," 1878, 1890; be- sides numerous papers relating to the func- tions and diseases of the brain and nervous system. He has incurred the special hos- tility of the extreme anti-vivisectionists by reason of the number and the extra- ordinary success of his experiments on animals. It may be said that Dr. Ferrier's researches have increased our knowledge of brain disease, epilepsy, &c, almost more than those of any other living man. He married, in 1874, Constance, daughter of the late Albert C. Waterlow. Ad- dresses : 34 Cavendish Square ; Sutmer's Court, Chalfont-St.-Giles ; and Athenaeum. FERRY, Jules Franqois Camille, French statesman, was born at Saint Die", in the Vosges, April 5, 1832, and was called to the Bar of Paris in 1851. In 1865 he became one of the staff of Le Temps, writ- ing political articles, and showing special knowledge of financial questions. Notably, in 1868, he directed a campaign against the unavowed deficit in the Budget of the town of Paris, and this was republished in a pamphlet, "Les Comptes fantastiques d'Haussmann." In 1869 he was elected to the Corps Legislatif, and at once became one of the leaders of the anti-imperial op- position. He had a lively quarrel with M. Emile Ollivier (q.v.) on his proposal to dis- solve the Chamber, as it did not represent the majority of the country. After the Revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, he was ap- pointed a member of the Government of National Defence, which sat at the Hotel de Ville. As Secretary of that body he established the communications between Paris and the forts around it, and founded a corps of stretcher-bearers. He was onf of the mayors who regulated the rations of bread during the siege of Paris (Jan. 18, 1871). After the siege, he was elected a member of the National Assembly by his own department of the Vosges, and after 360 FESTING filling temporarily the post of Preset de la Seine, he was appointed Minister to Greece in 1872. After M. Thiers' defeat in 1873, he returned to France, and took a promi- nent part in the debates which determined whether France was to remain Republican or to return to Monarchy. On the final defeat of the Broglie Ministry (May 16, 1877), he protested against their illegal attempts to control the elections. He was chosen Chairman of the Committee to re- vise the Customs Duties. On MacMahon's resignation, in 1879, the new President (Grdvy) gave him the portfolio of Minister of Public Instruction, in which capacity he made sweeping reforms. He separated the department of fine arts under a special secretary, he reorganised the national museums, founded a Pedagogic Museum, and did much for the status of the teacher. His bill of 1879 on the freeing of the public schools from the domination of the Church led to much acrimonious debate ; and, during the recess, he made a tour of the chief provincial towns in its support. Although he spoke for two days in the Senate (March 5 and 6, 1880) on "the intro- duction of the bill, it was defeated by 148 votes to 129. It was, however, re- introduced and passed in July 1881. To Jules Ferry must be awarded the credit of reorganising both the secondary and primary education of his country. At the end of 1879 he had become Prime Minister, although retaining the Ministry of Public Instruction. During his first Premiership occurred the occupation of Tunis, the scrutin de list quarrels, and the new trea- ties of commerce. On the assembly of Parliament in 1881 he was much attacked on the Tunisian question, and although Gambetta succeeded in passing a vote of confidence, it was evidently so personal a vote that M. Ferry resigned in Gambetta's favour (October 1881). After the failure of the so-called "Great Ministry," M. Ferry accepted the Ministry of Public Instruction in the Freycinet Cabinet of 1882, and continued his former brilliant policy. However, in February 1883 he became Premier for the second time, and it was during this Ministry that he earned his nickname of " Le Tonkinois." He was blamed for the disastrous results of the Tonkin expedition, begun with insufficient forces, continued with insufficient rein- forcements, for which previous Ministers were in reality responsible. He took over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Novem- ber 1883 from M. Challemel-Lacour. The French can never bear defeat calmly, and the disastrous battles of Bac-Le and Lang-Son demanded in their eyes a scape- goat, whom they found in M. Ferry, and his Ministry was defeated on the day after the news of the latter battle had reached Paris (March 28, 1885). Not satisfied with his resignation, his enemies demanded a criminal prosecution, but in this they were defeated (June 1885). However, he was pursued in the press, in Parliament, and even in the streets, by outbursts of envious unpopularity, although he had done such good work, and increased the territory of France to such a degree. At the funeral of Hippolyte Carnot, the father of the late President, and biographer of Barere, he had to be rescued from a crowd of angry opponents (March 20, 1888). This un- popularity was increased by his opposition to General Boulanger (1888), whom he styled a " Saint Arnaud du cafe 1 concert," in a speech at Epinal. In 1889 he was defeated in his candidature for the Cham- ber, but was elected to the Senate in 1891. There he supported Protection against the Free-Traders, Jules Simon and Challemel- Lacour. Of late years he has been often spoken of as a possible Premier, but his opposition to Radicalism and his colonial policy have prevented his return to power. He is one of the few French statesmen left with truly imperial ideas, and it augurs ill for his country that they cannot rise to his ideals. He married, in 1876, Mdlle. Rissler-Kestner. FESTING, Edward Robert, F.R.S., Major-General, son of Richard Grindal Festing and Eliza Mammatt, was born at Frome, Aug. 10, 1839, and was educated at King's School, Bruton, at the Ordnance School, Carshalton, and the R.M. Academy, Woolwich. He received his commission in the Royal Engineers, April 20, 1855 ; went to India in 1857, and served in the Central India Field Force under Sir Hugh Rose and Sir Robert Napier, gaining the Indian Mutiny medal. He was appointed Assistant Director of the South Kensing- ton Museum, July 1864, and made Fellow of the Royal Society in 1887. Since 1893 he has been Director of the Science Museum at South Kensington. In 1871 he married Frances Mary, daughter of the late Rev. Arthur Legrew. Addresses : 3 Residence, South Kensington Museum ; and the Athe- FESTING, The Right Rev. John Wogan, D.D., Bishop of St. Albans, is the eldest son of Richard Grindal Festing and Eliza, daughter of Edward Mammatt, and brother of Major-General Festing, late of the Royal Engineers, and was educated at Wells Theological College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree in 1860, M.A. in 1863, and D.D. in 1890. In 1860 he was ordained deacon, and in 1861 priest. He was curate of Christ Church, Westminster, from 1860 to 1873 ; was appointed vicar FIELD 361 of St. Luke's, Berwick Street, in 1873, and vicar of Christ Church, Albany Street, 1878. The Bishop is Chairman of the Committee of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa. He was made rural dean of St. Pancras in 1887, Prebendary of St. Paul's in the following year, and Bishop of St. Albans in 1890. Among pamphlets from his pen may be mentioned, " Whose treatment of the Lord's Supper does St. Paul condemn ? " 1866. Address : 21 Ends- leigh Gardens, W.C. FIELD, Henry Martyn, D.D., brother of the late Cyrus West Field, and Hon. Stephen J. Field, was born at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, April 3, 1822. He gradu- ated at Williams College in 1838, studied theology, and in 1842 became pastor of a Presbyterian Church in St. Louis, Mis- souri. In 1847 he resigned his charge, and visited Europe, where he remained over a year. Returning to America he published "The Good and the Bad in the Roman Catholic Church " in 1848 ; and " The Irish Confederates, a History of the Rebellion of 1798," in 1851. The same year he became pastor of a church at West Springfield, Mass. In 1854 he removed to New York, and became one of the proprie- tors and editors of the Evangelist, a religious weekly newspaper, of which he has now been for twenty years the sole proprietor. In 1858 he made another European tour, which he has described in " Summer Pic- tures from Copenhagen to Venice." In 1866 he published the "History of the Atlantic Telegraph." In 1867 he again came to Europe, to visit the Paris Exhibi- tion, and as delegate to the Free Church of Scotland and the Presbyterian Church of Ireland. In 1875-76 he made a tour round the world, which he described in two volumes, " From the Lakes of Killarney to the Golden Horn," and " From Egypt to Japan," which have passed through seventeen editions. In 1881-82 he made a second visit to the East, the result of which was three volumes in the three years following, viz., " On the Desert, a visit to Mount Sinai " ; "Among the Holy Hills " ; and " The Greek Islands and Turkey after the War." A still more recent visit to Southern Europe has been followed by " Old Spain and New Spain " and " Gib- raltar." In 1890 appeared " Bright Skies and Dark Shadows," devoted principally to a discussion of the negro question. FIELD, Hon. Stephen Johnson, LL.D., brother of the late Cyrus West Field and of Dr. Henry Martyn Field, was born at Haddaro, Connecticut, Nov. 4, 1816, and graduated at Williams College, 1837. He studied law, with his brother David Dudley Field, at New York, and on his admission to the Bar entered into a partnership with him which lasted until 1848, when Stephen went to Europe. In 1849 he settled in California, where he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1851 he was a member of the Legisla- ture, and in 1857 was chosen a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, of which, in 1859, he became Chief-Justice. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lin- coln a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1873 he was nomi- nated by the Governor of California one of a commission to examine the code of laws of the State, and to prepare amend- ments to it for the action of the legislature, and in 1877 he was chosen a member of the Electoral Commission to decide the disputed presidential contest between Mr. Hayes and Mr. Tilden. He received the degree of LL.D. from Williams College in 1864, and in 1869 was appointed Professor of Law in the University of California. In 1889 an attempt was made to assassi- nate him while on circuit duty in California by a disappointed litigant, Judge Terry (his predecessor in the Chief -Justiceship of California), but his life was saved by the prompt interposition of an accom- panying court officer. He resigned from the bench in 1897. FIELD, The Rev. Thomas, D.D., was born at Folkestone, Nov. 9, 1855, and was educated under Bishop Mitchinson, at the King's School, Canterbury, from 1867 to 1873. He was head of the school from the age of 14 to 17, and subsequently obtained an Open Mathematical Scholar- ship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. At Oxford he was Proxime Accessit for the Stanhope Essay to Mr. Lodge, now Pro- fessor of History at Glasgow. He also obtained a first class in Classical Modera- tions in 1874, and in Mathematical Mode- rations in 1875. In 1877 he was placed in the first class in the Final Classical Schools, and was elected to a Fellowship at Magdalen College, being practically the last election held under the old statutes. After two terms' work as Sixth Form Master at Repton, he was appointed Com- position Master at Harrow, where he remained eight years. Archbishop Tait ordained him deacon in 1879, and priest in 1880. In 1886 he returned to Canter- bury as Head-master of his old school, the King's School, which has lately been shown by Mr. Leach to be the oldest school in the country. In January 1897 he was appointed Warden of St. Peter's College, Radley. He has been selected to preach before the University of Cam- bridge, and he preached the commemora- tion sermon at Oxford before the Uni- versity. He has published several articles 362 FIELD — FILDES on educational matters, and sermons preached before the University of Oxford, entitled, " Seven Lamps of Ritual." He married a daughter of the Rev. C. M. Church, sub-Dean of Wells. Address : Radley College, Abingdon. FIELD, Lord, The Right Hon. "William Ventris Field, eldest son of Mr. Thomas Flint Field, of Fielden, Bed- fordshire, was born Aug. 21, 1813. On leaving school he was at first articled to Messrs. Terrell, Barton, & Smale, solicitors, of Exeter, but was afterwards with Messrs. Price & Bolton, of Lincoln's Inn. He practised in that branch of the profession in London from 1840 to 1843, as one of the firm of Thompson, Debenham, & Field, of Salters' Hall Court; but from 1843, having entered himself as a member of the Inner Temple, and reading in the chambers of Mr. T. Kingdom, of the Western Circuit, he prepared for the Bar. He began in 1847 to practise under the Bar as a special pleader. In 1850 he was called to the Bar, and joined the Western circuit. This he afterwards exchanged for the Midland, where he gained a large practice, as well as in London, both in commercial cases at Guildhall and before the Privy Council. In 1864 Mr. Field was appointed a Queen's Counsel, and was elected a Bencher of the Inner Temple. He became leader of the Mid- land Circuit, besides practising largely before the Judicial Committee and Rail- way Commission, and other tribunals. Mr. Field was nominated a Justice of the Queen's Bench Division in the High Court of Judicature in February 1875, and shortly afterwards he received the honour of knighthood. On his retirement from the Bench in February 1 890, he was created a peer. Addresses : Bakeham, Englefield Green, Staines, &c; and Athenaeum. FIFE, Duke of, The Right Hon. Alexander William George Duff, K.T., was born on Nov. 10, 1849, succeeded bis father as 6th Earl of Fife in 1879, was created Duke of Fife in 1889, on his mar- riage with H.R.H. the Princess Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, the eldest daughter of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. The Duke was educated at Eton ; is Lord- Lieutenant of Elginshire; a Deputy -Lieu- tenant of the counties of Aberdeen and Banff ; Hon. Colonel of the Banffshire Artillery Volunteers ; a member of the Council of the Duchy of Lancaster; and a partner in the metropolitan banking firm of Sir Samuel Scott & Co. He was well known as Vice-President of the British South Africa Company having held that position from the formation of the Company some nine years before, until the spring of 1898, when he severed his connection with the Company on the ground, as stated by him in a speech at the annual dinner of the Royal Colonial Institute in March, that " a board of gentlemen sitting in London, however able and honest they might be, could not exercise the same control as the Impe- rial authority." In the same speech he welcomed the scheme formed by Mr. Chamberlain for the future government of the Chartered Company's territory, and pointed out that the Jameson Raid, of which plot he and his co-directors were demonstrably ignorant, could never have been carried out by individuals " who felt themselves under the direct control of the British Government." The Duke sat as M. P. for Elgin and Nairn, in the Liberal interest, in 1874-79 ; was Captain and Gold Stick of the Corps of Gentlemen-at- Arms, 1880-85 ; went on a special mission to the King of Saxony in 1882 ; and received the first Order of Saxony. The Duke and Duchess of Fife have two daughters, of whom the elder, Lady Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise, was born at East Sheen Lodge on May 17, 1891. The second, Lady Maude Alexandra Victoria Georgia Bertha, was born there on April 3, 1893. Ad- dresses : 15 Portman Square, W. ; Duff House, Banffshire ; East Sheen Lodge, Surrey ; Mar Lodge, Aberdeenshire (burnt and rebuilt in recent years). FIFE, Her Royal Highness the Duchess of, Princess Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar of Wales, eldest daughter of their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, was born at Marlborough House on Feb. 20, 1867, and married at Buckingham Palace on July 27, 1889, to Alexander William George Duff, first Duke of Fife. The Duchess of Fife is President of the Edin- burgh School of Medicine for Women, which is the first school where a medical education has been afforded to women in Scotland. See Fife, Duke op. FILDES, Luke, R.A., was born in Liverpool, Oct. 18, 1844, educated at a private school, and studied art at the South Kensington Art School, where he held an Exhibition, and the Royal Academy Schools. After completing his artistic education he worked for some time in black and white, illustrating books and magazines, and drawing for the Illustrated London News and other papers. His first Academy picture was exhibited in 1872, and is entitled " Fair, Quiet, and Sweet Rest." Other notable pictures are : " The Casual Ward," 1874; "The Widower," 1876 ; " The Return of the Penitent,' FILON — FISHEK 363 1879 ; " The Village Wedding," " A School-girl," " Phyllis," the two well- known Venetian studies ; '• The Al Fresco Toilette," and "Venetian Life," and the famous painting of " The Doctor," 1892, in which the medical man is said to be a portrait of an eminent contemporary surgeon. It is as a portrait-painter that Mr. Luke Fildes has become famous. In 1892 he had four portraits in the Academy, in 1893 one. The portraits of the Duke and Duchess of York were painted for the Graphic in 1893, and his portrait of the Princess of Wales has formed a Graphic supplement. He also painted a posthumous portrait of the late Duke of Clarence. In 1895 he exhibited at the Royal Academy portraits of Mrs. Johnson-Ferguson, Mrs. Arthur James, Mr. Yerburgh, M.P., and Mr. Frank Bibby ; in 1896 portraits of Mrs. Stuart Samuel as a Shepherdess, Mrs. Frank Bibby, Mr. Frederick Treves, F.R.C.S. (a presentation portrait), Mrs. Frank Brace, and Dr. Thomas Buzzard ; in 1897 portraits of Mrs. Donaldson, Jack (son of Mr. Elmer Speed), Mrs. Maple, Mrs. Lever, and Sir Myles Fenton ; and in 1898, Douglas (son of Mr. Elmer Speed), Miss Irene Blair, and Mr. John Aird. He became R.A. in 1887. Addresses : 11 Melbury Road, Kensington, W., &c. ; and Athenaeum. FILON, Pierre Marie Augustin, French litterateur, was born at Paris, Nov. 28, 1841, and is the second son of the historian Auguste Filon, who died in 1875. In 1861 he was admitted to the Ecole Normale, and having obtained his degree of Agre'ge' des Lettres, he became Professor at the Lycde of Grenoble. In 1867 he was appointed tutor to the young Prince Imperial, whom he followed into exile in 1870, and continued to teach until 1875. Since then M. Filon has been en- gaged in critical and journalistic work in England, but he has recently returned to his native land. His chief works have been : " Les Manages de Londres," a collection of short stories, 1875 ; " His- toire de la Litterature Anglaise jusqu'a nos jours," a work crowned by the French Academy in 1884 ; and " Contes du Centenaire," 1889. Since 1891 M. Filon has been the literary editor of the Revue Bleue. He has lately attracted much attention by his two books on the English and French contemporary drama, which were first contributed to the Fortnightly Review, and since published in book form, 1897 and 1898. His eldest son, Louis Napoleon Filon, obtained the Gold Medal at London University in Mathematics. FINLAY, Sir Robert Bannatyne, Q.C., M.P., Solicitor-General, M.D., LL.D., D.L., son of Dr. William Finlay, of Edin- burgh, was born on July 11, 1842, and educated at the Edinburgh Academy and at Edinburgh University, where he studied medicine and took his doctor's degree in 1863. Two years later he gave up medi- cal practice and began to study for the English Bar. He was called in 1867, at the Middle Temple. He joined the South- Eastern Circuit, and was made a Queen's Counsel in 1882. In the following year Mr. Finlay contested Haddingtonshire against Lord Elcho at a by-election, but was un- successful. At the General Election of 1885 he succeeded in gaining a seat for Inverness Burghs, and in 1886 he was again returned for the same constituency as a Unionist Liberal, defeating Sir Robert Peel (Gladstonian) by 273 votes. Up to the election of 1885 and the rise of the Home Rule question, Mr. Finlay had made no great mark in the House, but during the first debates on Mr. Gladstone's Government of Ireland Bill he rose into a very important position as a Liberal Unionist. Since that time Mr. Finlay has been before the public in several capa- cities. He was counsel for the late Lord Colin Campbell in the celebrated lawsuit brought by him for the dissolution of his marriage. In 1892 and 1895 he was not re-elected to Parliament. He is married to Mary, youngest daughter of the late Colin Innes, of Edinburgh. Addresses : 31 Phillimore Gardens, W. ; and Newton, Nairn. FISHER, Professor Ernest Euno Berthold, was born July 23, 1824, at Sandewald, in Silesia, and educated at the Universities of Leipzig and Halle, where he devoted himself to the study of Philo- sophy, Theology, and Philology. In 1850 he began to lecture at Heidelberg, and in 1856 was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the University of Jena, where he re- mained until called to fill a similar chair at Heidelberg in 1872. His chief works are : " Diotima, the Idea of the Beauti- ful," 1849; "History of Modern Philo- sophy," 1852-72 ; " Logic and Meta- physics," 1865; "Life of Kant and the Principles of his Teachings " ; " Life and Character of Spinoza " ; " The Confessions of Schiller " ; " Lord Bacon " ; " Goethe's Faust " ; and " Lessing as the Reformer of German Literature," 1881. He is one of the most brilliant modern representatives of Hegelianism. FISHER, Frederic Henry, was born in London, April 13, 1849, and is the eldest son of the late Rev. F. W. Fisher. He graduated B.A., London University, 1867, and passed into the Indian Civil Service, 1868, afterwards serving in the North- western Provinces. He retired and was 364 FISHER — FITCH called to the Bar of the Middle Temple in 1885. He is author of several works, chiefly on Indian subjects, namely, " Afghanistan and the Central Asian Question," " North-Western Provinces Gazetteer" (several volumes), "Cyprus: our New Colony and What we Know about it," and has edited the well-known Literary World since 1883. Address : Highfield, WestclifE-on-Sea, Essex. FISHER, Vice-Admiral Sir John Arbuthnot, K.C.B., was born in January 1841, and entered the Navy in June 1854. He first saw active service in the Baltic during the Eussian War. In 1859 he went to China, serving as Midshipman in H.M.S. Highflyer, Chesapeake, and Furious, and was present at the capture of Canton, and the Peiho forts. He was awarded the China medal with two clasps. He was promoted Lieutenant in 1860, and taking gunnery as his specialty, made his mark as an organiser and administrator before he became a Commander, which rank he reached in 1869. Sir John was promoted Captain in 1874, and was appointed Pre- sident of a Committee for revising "The Gunnery Manual of the Fleet." It fell to him to command H.M.S. Inflexible, at that time the most powerful warship in the world, at the bombardment of Alexandria, and after the fight, to command the Naval Brigade landed to occupy the city. He also devised and adapted the "Ironclad Train," and commanded in the various skirmishes with the enemy. For these services he received the C.B., the Egyptian medal, Khedive's star, and the Osmanieh of the Third Class. He was appointed Director of Naval Ordnance and Tor- pedoes in 1886, and the year following Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen. Sir John was promoted to the rank of Rear- Admiral in 1890, and shortly afterwards went to Portsmouth Dockyard as Admiral- Superintendent. That appointment he gave up in 1892, having been selected a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty and Con- troller of the Navy. He was created a K.C.B. in 1894, and in 1897 was selected as Commander-in-Chief on the North American and West Indian station, with his flag in H.M.S. Renown. He also holds the Beaufort Testimonial. He has been appointed Commander - in - Chief in the Mediterranean. He has also been chosen as a delegate to represent British naval interests at the Czar's Peace Conference. Sir John is married to Katharine, a daughter of the Rev. T. Delves, Broughton. Addresses : 18 Somerset Street, Portman Square, W. ; and Admiralty, S.W.* FISHEB, William Hayes, M.P., a Lord of the Treasury, was born in 1853, and is the eldest son of the Rev. R. Fisher, Rector of Downham, Cambridgeshire. He was educated at Haileybury, and at Uni- versity College, Oxford, where he took a second class in Jurisprudence in 1876 (B.A.). He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1879, went the Oxford Circuit, and eventually became Senior Conveyancing Counsel to the Court of Chancery. He was elected M.P. for Ful- ham in 1885, and still represents that con- stituency. He was Hon. Private Secretary to Sir Michael Hicks-Beach in 1886-87, and to the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour from 1887 to 1892. In 1895 he was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury, and is a Ministerial Whip. Address : 13 Bucking- ham Palace Gardens, S.W. FITCH, Sir Joshua Girling, son of Thomas Fitch of Colchester, was born in 1824 ; was educated at University College, London, and is M.A. and Fellow of the University of London. He was from 1852 to 1856 Vice-Principal, and after- wards Principal, of the Training College of the British and Foreign School Society. In 1863 he was appointed one of her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools, but has since been repeatedly detached for special services, first in 1865 as Assistant-Com- missioner to the Schools Inquiry Com- mission, afterwards, in 1869, as one of two Special Parliamentary Commissioners to investigate the educational condition of four great towns, with a view to the framing of the Education Act of 1870 ; and subsequently as Assistant-Commissioner under the Endowed Schools Act from 1870 to 1877. In that year he returned to the service of the Education Department, and in 1881 became Chief Inspector of the Eastern Division, and afterwards Inspector of Training Colleges until 1894, when he retired from the public service. He was Examiner in the English Language, Literature, and History in the University of London during ten years, and was appointed a Fellow of the University by the Crown, on the nomination of Convoca- tion. He has acted during many years as one of the special Examiners employed by the Civil Service Commission for the Indian and other higher branches of the Civil Service. In 1880 he delivered before the University of Cambridge a course of "Lectures on Teaching," since published by the Cambridge Press in a volume which has been largely used by teachers in England and America, and translated into several foreign languages. He is author of "Thomas and Matthew Arnold, and their Influence on Education," and also of numerous articles on literary and academic topics in the Nineteenth Cen- tury, the Quarterly, and other reviews. FITZGEORGE — FITZGERALD 365 He has written a work on "The Science of Arithmetic," and the article "Educa- tion" in Chambers's Encyclopaedia. The University of St. Andrews in 1885 con- ferred on him the hon. degree of LL.D., and he has received from the French Government the Cross of a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, in recognition of services rendered to the Professors of French Normal Colleges who have visited England to study educational institutions and methods. In 1888 he visited America, and wrote for the Eng- lish Education Department "Notes on American Schools and Colleges," which were afterwards reprinted, with additions, in England and in the United States. He also prepared for the Department in 1890, in view of the proposals of the Govern- ment to abolish fees in elementary schools, a Parliamentary paper on the "Working of the Free School System in France and other Countries," which was reproduced in the Annual Eeport of the Committee of Council in 1891. He was knighted for public services in 1896. He served for the year 1898-99 as Chairman of Council of the Charity Organisation Society. He is a member of the governing bodies of St. Paul's School, Girton College (Cam- bridge), and Cheltenham Ladies' College, and an Hon. Fellow of the Scottish and American Educational Institutes. Since his retirement he has, at the request of the Government, served on several special Committees of inquiry in refe- rence to Admiralty and to Poor-Law Schools. In 1856 he married Emma, daughter of Joseph Barber Wilks, Trea- surer of the Hon. East India Company. Addresses : 13 Leinster Square, W. ; and Athenaeum. FITZGEORGE, Colonel Augustus Charles Frederick, OB. (Civil Division), was born on June 12, 1847. He is the third son of H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge and of Mrs. FitzGeorge. He was educated in Belgium and at Sandhurst. He joined the 1st Rifle Brigade, then stationed in Canada, in 1865, and has been A.D.C. to Lord Napier of Magdala when in India (1870-75), and to the Prince of Wales on his Indian tour, and Extra Equerry to Sir Archibald Alison at Aldershot. In 1878 he was transferred to the 11th Hussars, and is now on the half-pay list. Since 1886 he has been Equerry to his father. Address : Gloucester House, Park Lane, W. FITZGERALD, Edward Arthur, F.R.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., is the son of William John Fitzgerald, a British subject, and Mary, daughter of Eli White, of New York, and was born at Connecticut, U.S.A., on May 10, 1871. He was educated pri- vately and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He has devoted his time largely to moun- tain-climbing, beginning by traversing the Alps from end to end in the company of Sir Martin Conway. In 1894 he visited the New Zealand Alps, and discovered the "Fitzgerald Pass." He afterwards or- ganised an expedition which proceeded to South America, and there climbed the Aconcagua and Tupungata. He is the author of "Climbs in the New Zealand Alps," 1896. Mr. Fitzgerald was married in 1892 to Jeanne Marie, daughter of Baron de Rothercob, of Rouen. She died in 1893. Address : 22 Down Street, Picca- dilly, W. FITZGERALD, George Francis, F.R.S., was born on Aug. 3, 1851, in Lower Mount Street, Dublin. His father was William Fitzgerald, sometime Bishop of Cork, and afterwards Bishop of Killaloe. Mr. G. F. Fitzgerald was educated at home by a private tutor, Charles J. Hooper, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1871, and M.A. in 1874. He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1877, Erasmus Smith Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy in the University of Dublin, Hon. Secretary of the Royal Dublin Society, 1881 till 1889; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1883 ; head of the Dublin Univ. School of Engineering, 1886 ; Pre- sident of Section A, British Association, Bath, 1888 ; and Examiner for London University in Experimental Science, 1888. The following is a list of his principal works : "On the Rotation of the Plane of Polarisation of Light by Reflection from the Pole of a Magnet," Proc. R. S., No. 176, 1876; "On the Electro-magnetic Theory of the Reflection and Refraction of Light," Trans. R. S., Part II., 1880 ; "On the Possi- bility of originating Wave Disturbances in the Ether by means of Electric Forces," Trans. R. D. S., Vol. I. ; " On the Superficial Tension of Fluids and its Possible Relation to Muscular Contractions," Trans. R. D. S., Vol. I. ; " On the Energy transferred to the Ether by a variable Current," Trans. R. D. S., Vol. III.; "On an Analogy between Electric and Thermal Phenomena," Proc. R. D. S., 1884; "On a Model illustrating some Properties of the Ether," Proc. R. D. S., 1885 ; " On the Structure of Mechani- cal Models illustrating some of the Proper- ties of the iEther," Phys. Soc. Proc. and Phil. Mag., 1885; "Note on the Specific Heat of the Ether," Proc. R. D. S., 1885 ; "On the Limits to the Velocity of Motion in the working parts of Engines," Proc. R. D. S., 1886 ; and " On the Thermodynamic Properties of a Substance whose Intrinsic Equation is a Linear Function of the 366 FITZGEKALD — FITZMAUKICE Pressure and Temperature," Proc. R. S., 1887. Address: 40 Trinity College, Dublin. FITZGEKALD, Sir Gerald, K.C.M.G., youngest son of the late Francis Fitz- Gerald, of Gal way, was born Jan. 1, 1833, at Galway, and educated at St. Mary's College, Galway, and in France. He was appointed Junior Clerk, War Office, 1856 ; was Estimate Clerk, 1861-63 ; selected in 1863 to proceed to India as Assistant- Commissioner for the Reorganisation of Indian Accounts ; Deputy -Comptroller- General of Military Accounts, 1864-66 ; Accountant-General of Madras, 1871 ; of British Burmah, 1872 ; and was Deputy- Comptroller-General of India, 1872-76. He was allowed to accept temporary ser- vice under the Egyptian Government in 1876 ; and was Director-General of Ac- counts in Egypt, 1879-85 ; and was ap- pointed Accountant-General of the Navy and Assistant Financial Secretary, June 1, 1885 ; retired 1896. During his tenure of office as Accountant-General many impor- tant changes were carried out in his department ; the Navy Estimates were remodelled, and the difficulties presented by the Naval Defence Act successfully surmounted. He is a Commissioner of the Royal Patriotic Fund and Member of Pensions Commutation Board. Sir G. FitzGerald was created C.M.G., 1880; K.C.M.G., 1885; and has received First Class of the Medjidieh ; Third Class of the Osmanieh ; and Egyptian War Medal and Bronze Star. He married Amicia, eldest daughter of the late Lord Houghton, in 1881. Address : 18 Cadogan Gardens, S.W. FITZGERALD, Percy Hethering- ton, M.A., F.S.A., son of the late Thomas Fitzgerald, M.P., born in 1834 at Fane Valley, co. Louth, Ireland, was educated at Stoneyhurst College, Lancashire, and at Trinity College, Dublin, after which he was called to the Irish Bar, and appointed a Crown Prosecutor on the North-Eastern Circuit. He is the author of many works of fiction, most of which originally ap- peared in All the Year Hound and Once a Week: "Never Forgotten," "Bella Donna," "Second Mrs. Tillotson," "Dear Girl," "Diana Gay," Novels of "Young Ccelebs," "The Lady of Brantome," "The Night Mail," and many others. Also the follow- ing biographies, (fee: " Croker's Boswell " ; "The Life of Wilkes"; "Lives of the Sheridans"; "Lives of Dukes and Prin- cesses"; "Life of Mrs. Olive"; "King Theodore of Corsica " ; " Life of William IV.," 2 vols.; "Life of George IV.," 2 vols.; " The Life of Sterne," 2 vols. ; " Life of Garrick," 2 vols. ; " Charles Townshend " ; "A Famous Forgery," being the life of Dr. Dodd; " Charles Lamb " ; "Principles of Comedy" ; "The Romance of the Eng- lish Stage"; two editions of "Boswell's Life of Johnson," in 3 vols. ; an edition of Charles Lamb's Works, in 6 vols. ; " Recreations of a Literary Man," 2 vols. ; "The World behind the Scenes," 1 vol. ; "A New History of the English Stage," 2 vols., 1882; "Kings and Queens of an Hour : Records of Love, Romance, Oddity, and Adventure," 2 vols., 1883 ; "Chronicles of Bow Street " ; " Henry Irving, or Twenty Years at the Lyceum"; "Picturesque London," and other works, together with several light pieces performed at the London theatres. He was also the joint author, with Mr. W. G. Wills, of " Vander- decken," produced by Mr. Irving at the Lyceum. FITZGIBBON, The Right Hon. Gerald, LL.D., is the eldest son of the late Gerald FitzGibbon, Master in Chancery, and was born Aug. 28, 1837 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin, of which he was a scholar, and where he gained the Berkeley Gold Medal (Greek) and many other high honours ; called to the Bar, Ireland, 1860 ; England (Lincoln's Inn), 1861. Appointed Q.C. 1872, Law Adviser, Dublin Castle, 1876 ; Solicitor - General, 1877 ; Lord Justice of Appeal, Ireland, 1878 ; Privy Councillor, Ireland, 1879 ; Commissioner of National Education, 1884-96 ; Judicial Commissioner Educa- tional Endowments, 1885 ; Chancellor of the United Dioceses of Dublin, Glenda- lough, and Kildare, 1896. He married, in 1864, Margaret Ann, second daughter of the Hon. Baron FitzGerald. Addresses : 10 Merrion Square, Dublin; and Howth, co. Dublin. FITZMATJRICE, Lord Edmund George Petty, M.A., M.P., second son of the 4th Marquis of Lansdowne, by his second wife, Emilie, eldest daughter of the Comte de Flahault and Madame de Flahault, Lady Keith, was born in London on June 19, 1846, and educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, where he gained a scholarship and a prize for an English Essay, and graduated, as a first-class in Classics, in 1868. In December of the last-named year he entered the House of Commons as member for Calne, which he continued to represent in the Liberal interest until 1885. He was Private Secretary to the Right Hon. R. Lowe at the Home Office in 1872-73; appointed, 1881, H.M. Com- missioner for reorganising the European Provinces of Turkey under Art. XXIII. of the Treaty of Berlin; and second Pleni- potentiary at the London Conference on the Navigation of the Danube in 1883 ; FITZPATBICK — FLAMMARION 367 and was appointed Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs in December 1882, in suc- cession to Sir Charles Dilke, who had been advanced to the Presidency of the Local Government Board. At the General Election of 1885 Lord Edmund was pre- vented by ill-health from offering him- self as a candidate. In 1886 he was appointed one of the Boundary Commis- sioners under the Local Government Act (1887); is Vice - Chairman of the Court of Quarter Sessions, and since 1896 Chair- man of the County Council of Wilts ; and is a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery, and one of the Commissioners on Historical Manuscripts. He is the author of a "Life of Lord Shelburne," the states- man, and in 1895 published a "Life of Sir William Petty," the political econo- mist, and has been a frequent contributor to the press, and to periodical literature, on questions of foreign policy and local government. In 1898, at a by-election, he was elected M.P. for North Wilts. Address : Leigh House, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts. FITZPATBICK, Sir Dennis, K.C.S.I., was born in 1837, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He went to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1872, and then entered upon a diplomatic career, becoming successively Resident at Hyder- abad, Secretary to, the Government of India, Chief Commissioner of Assam, Acting Resident at the Court of the Maharajah of Mysore, and in 1892 Lieu- tenant - Governor of the Punjaub and Officiating Judge of the Chancery Court. He held this position until in 1897 he was appointed a Member of the Council of the Secretary of State for India. In 1866 he married Mary, daughter of Colonel Buller. Club : East India United Service, St. James's Square, S.W. FITZWILLIAM, Earl of, William Thomas Spencer Wentworth - Fitz - William, K.G., D.C.L., D.L., was born on Oct. 12, 1815, is the son of the fifth Earl and the fourth daughter of the first Lord Dun- das, and succeeded to the title in 1857. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree in 1837. As Viscount Milton he entered Parliament as Liberal member for Malton in 1837, and represented that constitu- ency until 1841, and again from 1846-47, when he was returned for Wicklow, which he represented for ten years. He was Lord-Lieutenant of the West Riding from 1857-92, and A.D.C. to the Queen from 1884-94. He was made a K.G. in 1862, and married, in 1838, Lady Frances Harriet Douglas, daughter of the nineteenth Earl of Morton. This lady died in 1895. Ad- dresses : 4 Grosvenor Square, W. ; and Wentworth Woodhouse, Rotherham, &c. FITZWYGBAM, General Sir Frederick Wellington John, Bart., M.P., was born on Aug. 29, 1823; and succeeded his brother as fourth Baronet in 1873. He was educated at Eton, and obtained a commission in the 6th Dragoons in 1843, serving with the latter through the Crimean campaign. He exchanged into the 15th Hussars in 1860, became a Major - General in 1869, and acted as Inspector-General of Cavalry, and Com- mander of the Cavalry Brigade at Alder- shot, from 1879 to 1884. Promoted to be Lieutenant-General 1883, he retired from the army in 1889. Sir F. Fitzwygram was elected as Conservative member for South Hampshire in 1884, and he has, since 1885, represented the Fareham Division of Hampshire in the same interest. He is a Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and was the Presi- dent of that institution from 1875 to 1877. He is a Justice of the Peace, and a County Alderman for Hampshire. He is the author of " Horses and Stables " ; "Notes on Shoeing"; "Utilisation of Cottage Sewage"; "Parochial Life In- cumbencies." He was married, in 1882, to Angela, daughter of T. Nugent Vaughan. Address : Leigh Park, Havant. FLAMMARION, Camille, a French astronomer, born at Montigny -le-Roi (Haute Marne), Feb. 25, 1842, received his education in the ecclesiastical seminary of Langres and in Paris, was a student in the Imperial Observatory from 1858 till 1868, when he became editor of the Cosmos, and was appointed scientific editor of the Siecle in 1865. At that period he obtained, by a series of lectures on astronomy, a distinct reputation, which was subsequently increased by his giving in his adhesion to "spiritualism." In 1868 he made several balloon ascents, in order to study the con- dition of the atmosphere at great altitudes. M. Flarnmarion is the author of " La Pluralite des Mondes Habites," 1862 (15th edit., 1869) ; " Les Mondes Imaginaires et les Mondes Reels," 1864 ; "Les Merveilles Celestes," 1865; " Dieu dans la Nature," 1866; "Histoire du Ciel," 1867; "Con- templationsScientifiques," 1868; "Voyages Aeriens," 1868 ; " L' Atmosphere," 1872 ; " Lumen," 1872 (40th edit., 1890) ; " His- toire d'un Planete," 1873 ; and " Les Terres du Ciel," 1876. In June 1880, the French Academy awarded the Monthyon prize to M. Flarnmarion for his work, "L'Astrono- mie Populaire," and in 1881 he was decorated with the Legion of Honour. Among his most recent publications may be cited "Urania," 1889, and a number 368 FLEMING of maps, globes, and planispheres. He founded, in 1882, the monthly review, ' L' Astronomic. His works "Urania" and "Popular Astronomy" have been trans- lated into English. Paris address : 16 Eue Cassini. His observatory is at Juvisy in the Seine-et-Oise. FLEMING, George, C.B., LL.D., F.K.C.V.S., Principal Veterinary Surgeon of the Army (retired), was born in Glas- gow, March 11, 1833, and studied Veter- inary Medicine and Surgery in Edinburgh. While a student he obtained medals for competitions in Chemistry, Materia Medica, Essays, Anatomy, Best General Examina- tion, and Fitzwygram Prize for Practical Knowledge. He entered the army as Veterinary Surgeon towards the end of 1855, and served in the Crimea until the withdrawal of the British army in 1856. He volunteered to serve in the expedition to North China in 1859, and was present at the capture of the Taku Forts, the en- gagements at Sinho and Tangku, actions near Tangchow, and the surrender of Peking, remaining in that country until the end of 1861. He served in Syria and Egypt in 1867. He ha% served also in the Military Train, 3rd (King's Own) Hussars, Royal Engineers, and 2nd Regiment of Life Guards, and was appointed Inspect- ing Veterinary Surgeon at the War Office in 1879, and Principal Veterinary Surgeon to the army in 1883. During his tenure of office the War Office Veterinary Depart- ment has been put to the severest test by the various campaigns in Egypt and Africa. He was placed on retired pay, June 28, 1890, and made Companion of the Bath (Civil Division) on June 22, 1887. While at the War Office he suggested the establishment of the Army Veterinary School at Aldershot, and directed it dur- ing the period he was Principal Veterinary Surgeon. This institution has been of great benefit to the army, as well as to veterinary officers. It is owing to Dr. Fleming's representations and efforts that steps were first taken to establish a Civil Veterinary Department in India, that the health of army horses has been much im- proved, and that army horse-shoeing has been greatly simplified. Indeed, he has been uniformly on the side of humanity to animals. He has effected an immense improvement in the position and quality of veterinary officers, and has made it his chief object to raise the veterinary pro- fession both socially and scientifically. In 1881, at his own cost, and after much anxiety and trouble, he succeeded in obtaining from Parliament the Veterinary Surgeons Act, which put the profession in a recognised and well-established posi- tion, and endowed it with similar privi- leges to those possessed by the Faculties of Medicine and Surgery. He has contri- buted largely to veterinary literature, and these contributions have had an impor- tant influence in increasing professional knowledge in this country and in Eng- lish-speaking countries ; several of these works have been translated into foreign languages. He is founder and editor of the " Veterinary Journal and Annals of Comp. Pathology." He has represented the veterinary profession of the United Kingdom at several International Con- gresses, was appointed a Member of the General Committee, of the Sub-Committee (Chemistry and Physiology of Food), and a Juror of the International Health Ex- hibition of 1884, for which he received the Diploma of Honour ; was one of the officials of the International Congress of Hygiene and Demography held in Lon- don in 1891, at which he read a paper on Rabies ; was elected a Vice-President of the International Congress of Hygiene and Demography held at Buda-Pesth in 1894 ; was appointed a Member of the Royal Commission to report on Pasteur's Method of Protective Inoculation for Rabies, in 1886-87, and was examined by House of Lords' Committee on Rabies in Dogs in 1887. He has been elected Honorary Member of nearly every Veter- inary Medical Association and of many scientific societies in Europe and America, and has received two valuable testimonials from the veterinary profession in the United Kingdom in recognition of his efforts to raise veterinary medicine and improve its literature. Address : Higher Leigh, Combe Martin, North Devon. FLEMING, Rev. James, B.D., Vicar of St. Michael's, Chester Square, London, and Canon of York, Hon. Chap- lain to the Queen from 1876 to 1880, was born on July 26, 1830. He was educated at Shrewsbury, and at Magdalene College, Cambridge. Whilst Vicar of All Saints', Bath, he was one of the first to popularise the once-popular entertainments known as "Penny Readings." The collections at his London church in aid of the Hospital Sunday Fund are remarkably large. On the second Sunday after the death of the Duke of Clarence, in January 1892, he preached at Sandringham, and his sermon "Recognition in Eternity," had afterwards a very large sale. His publishers divided over £1400 of the profits therefrom ac- cruing between the Gordon Boys' Home and the British Home for Incurables. He has taken a prominent part, on the Pro- testant side, in the controversy upon " Lawlessness in the Church of England," which was for some time carried on in the Times in 1898. He has published '* Select FLEMING 369 Readings from the Poets and Prose Writers of every Country," &o. Address : St. Michael's Vicarage, Ebury Square, 8.W. FLEMING, John Ambrose, M.A. Cantab., D.Sc. Lond., F.R.S., Pro- fessor of Electrical Engineering in Uni- versity College, London, was born at Lancaster on Nov. 29, 1849, his father being the Rev. James Fleming, D.D. He received his first school education at University College School, London, which he entered at the age of fourteen, during the head-mastership of Mr. T. H. Key. He was subsequently entered as a student in University College, with the object of preparing for the engineering profession, for which, during boyhood, he had shown great aptitude. After two years spent under such teachers as Professors De Morgan, Hirst, and Williamson, and a further interval filled up with private study, he graduated in 1870 as Bachelor of Science at the University of London. Circumstances then led him to take up science teaching as a pursuit, and be became a student at the Normal School of Science at South Kensington. Here, under Professors Frankland, Guthrie, and others, he spent some time, and was finally appointed a Demonstrator in the Chemical Laboratories and private assist- ant to Dr. Frankland. During this period the late Professor Guthrie was engaged in founding the Physical Society of Lon- don, aud the first paper read before this society was one on the "New Contact Theory of the Galvanic Cell," by Mr. Fleming. In 1874 he became Science Master in the Military Department of Cheltenham College, but resigned in order that he might go to Cambridge to work under Professor Clerk Maxwell. Entering St. John's College as an Exhibitioner in Science in 1877, he studied hard under Mr. W. H. Besant in mathematics, and worked in the Cavendish Physical Labora- tory under Professor Clerk Maxwell. His scientific training enabled him to obtain a high position in his College, and he was elected successively Exhibitioner in Natural Science, Hare Exhibitioner, Wright's Prizeman, Foundation Scholar of his College, and Hughes Prizeman. During this time he carried out several investigations under the guidance of Professor Clerk Maxwell, the most im- portant being an elaborate comparison of the British Association "Standards of Resistance." At the end of his third year at Cambridge he took the Degree of Doctor of Science in the University of London, and that of Bachelor of Arts at Cambridge, this last being gained by a first class with special distinction in the Natural Science Tripos. In 1880 he was appointed University Demonstrator in Applied Mechanics under Professor James Stuart, and assisted him in the construction and design of the Cambridge Engineering Laboratories. When Uni- versity College, Nottingham, was opened, Dr. Fleming was selected out of a large number of candidates as the first occu- pant of the Chair of Mathematics and Physics in that institution. In 1881 electric lighting began to attract public attention, and, after a short residence at Nottingham, Dr. Fleming resigned his post there and removed to London. When the Edison Electric Lighting Company was first formed, he was appointed their electrical ehgineer, and in that capacity he was largely connected with the first introduction of incandescent electric lighting into England. In 1882 he was elected a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, a Fellow of University College, London, and Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Be- sides concerning himself with the prac- tical work of electrical engineering, he found time to carry on much original work, and published, amongst others, papers on " Problems of Electric Flow in Networks oE Conductors," "Molecular Shadows in Incandescent Lamps," and "The Use of Daniel's Cell as a Standard of Electromotive Force." In 1885 Dr. Fleming was appointed Professor of Electrical Engineering in University College, London, and whilst retaining his position as Electrical Adviser to the Edison and Swan Electric Light Com- pany and to other corporations, he threw himself once more into the work of teach- ing. Finding the accommodation at University College for such engineering education entirely inadequate, he began to set on foot a demand for increased facilities, which finally was instrumental in inducing the Council to erect the present engineering and electrical labo- ratories at University College. The arrangements of the part of those laboratories intended for electrical en- gineering were suggested and designed by Dr. Fleming, who organised and carried out, during his tenure of the chair, a complete course of instruction in electrical engineering. In addition to this work his advice was much sought after as an expert in electrical matters ; as adviser and consulting engineer he was connected with a large number of electric lighting companies and corporations. His attention was always particularly at- tracted to the subject of electrical measurements. In 1885 he read a paper before the Institution of Electrical Engineers urging the necessity for a National Standardising Laboratory for 2 A 370 FLEMING — FLETCHER Testing Electrical Instruments. This paper is freely acknowledged to have given the first impulse to a movement which ended in the establishment, at Richmond Terrace, of the Board of Trade Electrical Laboratory. As a lecturer and author Dr. Fleming has been much before the public. He has given numerous courses of lectures before the Society of Arts and Royal Institution, and has been successively Cantor and Gilchrist Lec- turer. For his paper on "Electro- magnetic Repulsion" he was awarded the silver medal of the Society of Arts. He has published " Short Lectures to Elec- trical Artisans," and " Electric Lamps and Electric Lighting," a reprint of a course of Royal Institution Lectures ; "Magnets and Electric Currents," a text- book for students, 1897 ; and his trea- tise on the " Alternate Current Trans- former," which is a standard work, appeared in 1889. His minor publica- tions in scientific journals form a long list, and more than forty scientific papers are recorded under his name in the trans- actions of various societies. Dr. Fleming's interest in popular education has always been very great, and he may be said to have originated the movement which resulted in the establishment of Morley College, Waterloo Bridge Road, London. He was elected a F.B.S. in 1892, and served for many years on the Council of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. He is also a Member of the Physical Society and of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. He lectured to children at the Royal Institution in the winter of 1894- 95 on " The Work of an Electric Current." Address : 2 Langland Place, Finchley Road, N.W. ; and University College, Gower Street, W.C. FLEMING, Sandford, C.E., LL.D., C.M.G., Canadian engineer, was born at Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire, Scotland, Jan. 7, 1827. He removed to Canada in 1845, and in 1852 was employed on the engineer- ing staff of the Northern Railway, and was afterwards one of the chief promoters of the railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first link in this chain was formed by the Inter-Colonial Railway, undertaken by Mr. Fleming at the request of the Governments of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, in conjunc- tion with the Imperial authorities. The 1st of July 1876 saw the completion of this great work, an historical account of which Mr. Fleming published in the same year. While the " Inter-Colonial " was being constructed Mr. Fleming was ordered to survey and locate the line for the Pacific Railway, a task which he partly accom- plished in 1872. For the next seven years he actively prosecuted that enterprise, and for his services was rewarded (1877) by being made a Companion of the Order of SS. Michael and George. In 1880, owing to some difficulty with the Government of the day, he resigned his office. The same year he was elected Chancellor of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, a position to which he has thrice been re-elected since, and which he still holds. In 1881 he represented the Canadian Institute at the International Geographical Congress at Venice, and in 1844 the Dominion at the International Prime Meridian Confer- ence at Washington. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by St. Andrews University in 1884, and by Columbia Col- lege and the University of N. Y. in 1887. In addition to engineering reports and contributions to periodicals and to the transactions of learned societies, he has published "England and Canada," 1884. He was made K.C.M.G. in 1897. FLETCHER, Alfred Ewen, editor of the New Age, and late editor of the London Daily Chronicle, was born at Long Sutton in 1841, and received his education at Owens College, Manchester, and Edin- burgh University. He began life as a teacher, but early devoted himself to jour- nalism , contributing to various periodicals. In 1872 he was appointed editor of the Barrow-in-Furness Vulcan. In 1876 he became London correspondent of the Barrow Daily Times, and afterwards joined the staff of the Educational Times, and acted as sub-editor of the Pictorial World. He was leader writer for the Weekly Dis- patch, under the editorship of Dr. Hunter, M.P. In 1885 he became connected with the Daily Chronicle, and on the death of Mr. Boyle in 1889 succeeded to the editor- ship. Under his guidance the Daily Chronicle became the leading independent Radical morning paper, to which Labour and Literature owe their somewhat tardy journalistic recognition. Mr. Fletcher has edited the " Cyclopaedia of Education." He retired from the editorship of the Daily Chronicle in 1895. Mr. Fletcher was first President of the Birmingham Ruskin Society (1897). He contested Greenock as an advanced Radical against Sir Thomas Sutherland, M.P., in 1895. He is greatly in demand as a public lecturer. Address : 7 De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill. FLETCHER, Banister, J.P., F.R.I.B.A., D.L., the second son of the late Thomas Fletcher, was born in 1833, and was educated privately. He is an architect and surveyor, and now holds the positions of Professor of Architecture and Building Construction at King's Col- lege, London, of which institution he is FLETCHER — FLOWER 371 moreover a Fellow ; District Surveyor of West Newington and part of Lambeth, having been appointed in 1875 ; one of the Surveyors to the Board of Trade. He is, besides, Chairman of the Trades Train- ing School Committee, Chairman of the Building Trades Exhibition, and Chairman of the forthcoming Art Metal Exhibition. At the International Congress of Hygiene and Demography held at Buda-Pesth in 1894, he represented the city of London ; he has of late years been Chairman of the Sanitary Committee of the city of London ; was one of the Presidents of the late Congress of the British Institute of Public Health ; and represented North- West Wiltshire in Parliament in 1885-86. He was one of the first to introduce faience work in street architecture, and he has written the following publications: "Model Houses for the Industrial Classes," 1871 ; " Sanitary Hints " ; " Valuations and Com- pensations " ; " Light and Air " ; " Arbi- trations" ; " History of Architecture" (in conjunction with Mr. B. F. Fletcher) ; " Dilapidations" ; " London Building Act," 1894. Professor Fletcher has travelled in Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey, France, Den- mark, Austria-Hungary, &c. He is Colonel of the Tower Hamlets Eifle Brigade, and received the Queen's decoration in 1892. He married, in 1864, the only daughter of the late Charles Phillips. Addresses : Angle- bay, West Hampstead ; and Brunswick Terrace, Windsor. FLETCHER, Lazarus, F.R.S., &c, born March 3, 1854, in Salford, Lanca- shire, is the eldest son of Stewart and Elizabeth Fletcher. He was educated at the Manchester Grammar School and Balliol College, Oxford, and is a Master of Arts (Oxon.). In 1871 he was elected Natural Science Scholar, Balliol College, Oxford ; First Class in Mathematical Moderations, 1873 ; " Highly Distin- guished " for the University Junior Mathe- matical Scholarship, 1874 ; First Class in Mathematical Finals, 1875 ; elected to the Senior University Mathematical Scholar- ship, and First Class in Natural Science Finals, 1876 ; and in the same year was appointed Junior Demonstrator, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, and Millard Lecturer, Trinity College, Oxford. In 1877 he was elected Fellow of University College, Oxford, and was First Class Assistant, Mineral Department, British Museum, 1878 ; appointed Keeper of Minerals, British Museum of Natural History, and Public Examiner at Oxford, 1880 ; and in 1883, Public Examiner at Cambridge. In 1888 he was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society. He was President of the Geological Section of the British Asso- ciation at the Oxford Meeting in 1894. He is likewise Fellow of the Geological Society ; Fellow of the Chemical Society ; Past President of the Mineralogical Society, and Fellow of the Physical Society, and is the author of " An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites" (1881) ; "An Intro- duction to the Study of Minerals " (1884) ; " An Introduction to the Study of Rocks " (1895) ; "The Optical Indicatrix and the Transmission of Light in Crystals " (1892) ; and of various technical papers relative to crystals and meteorites. He married Agnes, daughter of the late Rev. Thomas Holme. Address : 36 Woodville Road, Ealing, W. FLOWER, Sir William Henry, K.C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., Sc.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., second son of E. F. Flower, Esq., of Stratford-on-Avon, born at that place Nov. 30, 1831, was educated for the medical profession at University College, London, and the Middlesex Hospital. He entered the army as assistant-surgeon in April 1854, served in the Crimean war, was present at the battles of Alma, Balaclava, and Inker- mann, and the siege of Sebastopol, for which he received the English war medal with four clasps, and the Turkish medal. Settling afterwards in London, he was ap- pointed Assistant-Surgeon and Demon- strator of Anatomy at the Middlesex Hospital. Relinquishing henceforth sur- gical practice and devoting himself en- tirely to scientific pursuits, he was in 1861 elected Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1869 Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, which offices he resigned in 1884 on being appointed Director of the Natural History Depart- ments of the British Museum, at that time just removed to the new building erected for them in the Cromwell Road, South Kensington. He was President of the section of Biology at the meeting of the British Association in Dublin, in August 1878, and President of the section of Anatomy at the International Medical Congress, held in London in 1881. In 1879 he succeeded the late Marquis of Tweeddale as President of the Zoological Society of London, which office he still holds, and from 1883 to 1885 was President of the Anthropological Institute. The Royal Society awarded to him, in November 1882, one of its royal medals for his valu- able contributions to the morphology and classification of the mammalia, and to anthropology, and he has received the honorary degrees of LL.D. from the Uni- versities of Edinburgh, Dublin, and St. Andrews, D.C.L. from those of Oxford and Durham, Sc.D. from Cambridge, and Ph.D. from Utrecht. He was made a C.B. in 1887, and K.C.B. in 1892, and in 372 FOEESTER — FONVIELLE 1889 was President of the British Associa- tion at the meeting held at Newcastle-on- Tyne. In 1895 he was elected a Corre- spondent of the Institute of France (Acade'mie des Sciences), and is an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Sweden and Belgium, and of many other British and foreign scien- tific societies. The Emperor of Germany conferred upon him the Royal Prussian Order pour le rnerite in May 1898. Sir William Flower is the author of numerous memoirs on subjects connected with anatomy and zoology in the Transactions of the Royal, Zoological, and other learned societies; also of "An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia," 3rd edit. 1885; "Diagrams of the Nerves of the Human Body," 2nd edit. 1872; "An In- troduction to the Study of Mammals, Living or Extinct " (written in collabora- tion with Mr. Lydekker), 1891 ; and " The Horse, a Study in Natural History," 1892 ; "Essays on Museums and other subjects connected with Natural History," 1898 ; and various Catalogues of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and articles on scientific subjects in the ninth edit, of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." Sir Wm. Flower retired from the Directorship of the South Kensington Museum in 1898, and is succeeded by Professor Ray Lankes- ter (q.v.). The Standing Committee of the Trustees of the British Museum sent him in July 1898 the following letter, which was signed by their Chairman, Lord Dil- lon : — " Dear Sir William Blower, — With profound regret the Trustees accept the resignation of the directorship of the Natural History Museum, which, owing to failure of health, you have been unhappily compelled to submit to them. They had hoped that the remaining term of years which you might have spent in their ser- vice would have enabled you to perfect the arrangements of the collections so ad- mirably planned and so systematically de- veloped by you during your fourteen years of office, and they cannot but regard your retirement at this moment as a real mis- fortune to the Museum. They wish to record their high appreciation of your services. The rare combination of wide scientific knowledge with marked ad- ministrative ability and a sympathetic appreciation of the requirements of the uninstructed public has carried you through a most difficult task. Under your hands the natural history collections of the British Museum have fallen into the lines of an orderly and instructive arrange- ment, which no one, whether man of science or ordinary visitor, can examine without admiration. To you, as a worthy successor of Sir Richard Owen, will attach the honour of having organised a museum of natural history which now occupies a pre-eminent position among all the museums of the civilised world. For these devoted services the Trustees thank you. In your retirement you carry with you their lasting gratitude and their sin- cere good wishes." He married in 1858 the youngest daughter of Admiral W. H. Smyth, D.C.L., F.R.S. Address : Athenaeum Club. FOERSTER, Professor Dr. Wil- helm, Director of the Royal Observatory, and Professor at the University of Berlin, was born, Dec. 16, 1832, at Griinberg, Silesia. He studied at Berlin and Bonn from 1850 to 1854 ; was promoted as Doctor Philosophise at Bonn in August 1854 ; appointed as second Assistant of the Royal Observatory of Berlin, Oct. 1, 1855, first Assistant April 1, 1860 ; began to give astronomical lectures as " Privat- Docent " at the University of Berlin in the spring of the year 1857. On Oct. 31, 1863, he became Professor Extraordinarius, and, April 10, 1875, Professor Ordinarius at the University of Berlin. On March 11, 1865, he was appointed as Director of the Royal Observatory. From 1869 to 1886 he was Director of the Weights and Measures Department of the German Empire, with- out leaving his position at the Observatory. Dr. Foerster has published his astronomical investigations in the "Berliner Astrono- misches Jahrbuch," and in the "Astrono- mische Nachrichten," besides in a separate volume " Studien zur Astronometrie." He has published a considerable number of popular and historical essays and speeches, collected in three volumes under the title of "Sammlung von Vortragen und Ab- handlungen," Berlin, 1876, 1887, and 1890. FOLKESTONE, Viscount, Jacob Pleydell-Bouverie, M.P., is the eldest son of the present Earl of Radnor, by his wife Helen, sister of the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, and was born on July 8, 1868. He was educated at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He acted as Assistant Private Secretary to the Right Hon. H. Chaplin, M.P., from 1890 to 1892, and in the latter year was elected as Conservative member for the Wilton Division of Wilt- shire, a constituency which he continues to represent. In 1897 Lord Folkestone was chosen to move the Address to the Throne in the House of Commons. He is a Major in the Wilts Volunteers. He was married in 1891 to a daughter of Charles Balfour, of Newton Don. Addresses : 2 Balfour Place, Park Lane, W. ; The Manor House, Folkestone, &c. FONVIELLE, Wilfrid de, a French aeronaut and popular writer on scientific FORAIN — FORBES 373 subjects, born in Paris, July 26, 1826, was educated at Ste. Barbe, and was originally a teacher of mathematics, but first became known to the public as a journalist, and as a popular exponent of scientific knowledge. His family is from Toulouse ; his grand- father was Chevalier de Fonvielle, and his great-uncle was Barras, the President of the Directoire Exe'cutif of the French Re- public. He was a student in Paris when the 1848 Revolution broke out, and was one of the leaders of the insurrection in the Quartier Latin and of the column which caused the flight of the Duchess of Orleans and her son. M. de Fonvielle was arrested with others on June 13, 1849, but released then for want of proof. How- ever, he was, in 1851, transported to Algiers, and afterwards banished. He subsequently resided for several years in England ; but returned to Algiers in 1859, for the purpose of editing Alyirie Nouvelle with his brother Arthur and Clement Davernois, who ultimately seceded from Republicanism and turned Cabinet Minister under Napoleon III. The paper was sup- pressed by imperial decree after a duel fought by Arthur de Fonvielle and Yous- sef ; and Wilfrid became the scientific editor of La Liberti under Girardin. Be- sides advocating rational republicanism, M. de Fonvielle has devoted much of bis time to science, particularly to physics, and has invented several electrical instru- ments, and discovered "rotary magnetic fields " : the Scballenberger measurer of energy, and others similar, are applica- tions of this principle. During the siege of Paris he escaped from the city in a balloon, and, proceeding to London, gave a series of lectures,. in which he expatiated on the benefits of a republican form of government. Of late years he has made numerous balloon ascents, in order to carry on scientific experiments at great alti- tudes. His principal scientific works are : "L'Homme Fossil," 1865; "Les Mer- veilles du Monde Invisible," 1866 ; "Eclairs et Tonnerres," 1867 (translated into Eng- lish by T. L. Phipson, under the title of " Thunder and Lightning "); and " L'Astro- nomie Moderne," 1868, &c. An account of the balloon ascents made by M. de Fon- vielle, Mr. Glaisher, and others, appeared in French in 1870, and an English transla- tion was published in 1871, under the title of " Travels in the Air." His more recent popular scientific books are a description of the Greely Expedition of 1885 ; a history of the moon ; " Le Petrole," 1887 ; astudy of modern fasting-men, 1887 ; " Le Pdle End," 1888 ; and a work on celebrated ships, 1890. In addition to the above, M. de Fonvielle has written several political pamphlets ; his latest being " How Re- publics Perish " : an attack on Radicalism and Boulangism. In 1879 he published " Comment se font les Miracles en dehors de l'Eglise," a work in which he refutes, from a common sense standpoint, the pretensions of mediums. A more recent work of his deals with hypnotism, &c. He is one of the editors of La Nature, Petit Journal, and Lumiere Electrique. His younger brother, Uric, an artist, was fired at by Prince Pierre Bonaparte when the Prince murdered Uric's companion, Victor Noir. Uric de Fonvielle was the only witness for the unwilling prosecution in the celebrated process called " Drame d'Auteuil." FORAIN, Jean Louis, French artist, was born at Reims, Oct. 13, 1852, and was a pupil of Jaquesson de la Chevreuse. His first appearances at the Salon were unremarked, as for instance, "Au Buffet," 1884, and " Le Veuf," 1885. But his repu- tation has been acquired as a black-and- white artist, especially in caricature and in bitingly sarcastic, even brutal, com- ments on the political and social life of modern Paris. He has contributed to a host of newspapers, including the Figaro, La Cravache, Le Monde Parisien (1879), Le C'ourrier Franeais, La Vie Parisienne, and Le Journal. He is represented at every exhibition of the Salon by several of the original drawings which have appeared in these newspapers. He has illustrated "Les Croquis Parisiens" of J. K. Huys- mans (q.v.). His chief caricatures have been collected in albums, which have been published under the titles, " La Come'die Parisienne," 1892 ; " Les Temps Difficiles," 1893, a scathing commentary on Panama ; "Nous, Vous, "Eux," 1893; "Album de Forain," and others. M. Forain was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1893. He is a master of line (see the Studio, August 1898), and may be styled the French Phil May. FORBES, Archibald, journalist, eldest son of the Rev. L. W. Forbes, D.D., born in 1838, is a native of Morayshire, Scotland. After studying at the University of Aberdeen, he served for several years in the Royal Dragoons, and his knowledge of the practical details of military affairs stood him in good stead when, accepting a journalistic career as special corre- spondent for the Daily News, he accom- panied the German army from the be- ginning to the end of the Franco-German war. Later, in the same capacity, he witnessed the close of the Commune, visited India during the famine of 1874, saw fighting in Spain, at one time with Carlists, at another with Republicans, at a third with Alfonsists. In the capacity of representative of the Daily News, he 374 FORBES accompanied the Prince of Wales in the tour of his Royal Highness through India in 1875-76. In the summer and autumn of 1876, he was in Servia, and was present at all the important fights of that cam- paign. He followed the Russo-Turkish campaign in the summer and autumn of 1877, attached to the Russian army, and was present at the crossing of the Danube, the capture of Bjela, the advance of the Cesarewitch's army towards Rustchuk, the disastrous battle of Plevna on July 3rd, the severest fighting in the Shipka Pass, and the five days' attack by the Russians on Plevna, in September, remaining con- tinuously in the field until attacked by fever in the middle of September. In 1878 he proceeded to Cyprus as special correspondent of the Daily News. In the autumn of the same year he went to India, and in the winter accompanied the Khyber Pass force to Jellalabad, having been present at the attack on and reduction of Ali Musjid, and in several expeditions against the hill tribes, on one of which expeditions he was mentioned in the General's despatch for attending to the wounded and saving a wounded soldier's life under a close and heavy fire. From Afghanistan he proceeded to Mandalay, the capital of King Theebaw, where he had some interesting interviews with that potentate. When at Mandalay, he was summoned by telegraph to hurry to South Africa, where, after the catastrophe of Isandlwana, a British force was gathering for the invasion of Zululand. He accom- panied Lord Chelmsford's army through the interior of that region, and was present at the battle of Ulundi. Starting from the camp on the evening of the battle, he rode through a trackless country 120 miles to the telegraph wire at Landsmanns Drift on the Natal front, whence he wired the tidings of the victory to Sir Garnet Wol- seley, who was travelling to Port Durnford, and to Sir Bartle Frere, the Governor of the Cape, from both of whom he received warm thanks and congratulations. The curt telegram to Sir Bartle, transmitted by him to the Government at home, was read amidst acclamations by her Majesty's Ministers in both Houses of Parliament as being the only intelligence received up to date. Afterwards Mr. Forbes lectured on his experiences to large audiences in Great Britain, America, and Australia. The severe strain of his work as a correspondent had begun to tell upon his health, and he was not able to be present during the Egyptian and Soudan campaigns. Among his works are: "Drawn from Life," a military novel ; ' ' My Experiences of the War between France and Germany " ; "Glimpses through the Cannon Smoke," 1880; "Soldiering and Scribbling: a Series of Sketches," 1882; "Life of Chinese Gordon," 1884; "Souvenirs of Some Continents," 1885 ; " Life of the Emperor William of Germany," 1889 ; "Havelock," 1890; "Barracks, Bivouacs, and Battles," 1891; and "The Afghan Wars," 1892; "Tzar and Sultan," 1894; "The Black Watch," "Memories and Studies of War and Peace," "Camps, Quarters, and Casual Places," 1896 ; and " Life of Napoleon III.," 1898. He con- tributed to the Men of Action series in 1895, "Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde." He married Louisa, daughter of the late General M. C. Meigs, U.S.A. Address: 1 Clarence Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. FORBES, J. Staats, Chairman of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, was born in 1825, and as a youth became connected with the Great Western Rail- way on its construction. He was put upon the staff of the line when it was first laid, having received a training as an engineer- ing draughtsman under Brunei. Some years later he was promoted to the man- agership of the Dutch-Rhenish line, which he converted from a struggling into a suc- cessful concern. In 1861 he accepted the managership of the London, Chatham, and Dover line, then newly formed as the re- sult of an amalgamation. In 1873 he was chosen as the successor of Mr. Grosvenor Hodgkinson, and became Chairman of the Company. FORBES, Stanhope Alexander, A.R.A., was born in Dublin on Nov. 18, 1857, and is the son of William Forbes, at one time Manager of the Great Western Railway of Ireland, and a nephew of the well - known Chairman of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway. He was educated at Dulwich College, and studied art at Lambeth, the Royal Academy Schools, and under Bonnat in Paris. He settled some years ago at Newlyn, in Cornwall, and is now one of the leading representatives of the Newlyn school. His best-known pictures in the Royal Academy Exhibitions have been : " A Street in Brittany," " Off to the Fishing Ground," "The Fish Sale," "Their Ever-shifting Home," "The Health of the Bride," "By Order of the Court," " The Village Phil- harmonic," "The Quarry Team," "The Salvation Army," "Forging the Anchor" (perhaps his finest work), "The Smithy," 1895. In the same year he exhibited por- traits of G. J. Johnson, Esq., and of Wilson Noble, Esq., M.P. ; in 1896, portraits of T. Bedford Bolitho, Esq., M.P., Richard F. Bolitho, Esq., and Sir Peter Eade, M.D. (presentation portrait). In the same Exhi- bition appeared his characteristic picture, " The New Calf," which, like his work FORBES-ROBERTSON 375 "Forging the Anchor," is a marvellous study in strong contrasts of light and shade. "Across the Stream" appeared in 1897, as also the noteworthy picture "Christmas Eve" and "A Red Room in Holland." In 1898 he exhibited " October " and " The Letter." Mr. Stanhope Forbes is the painter of the romance of Cornwall, and his vivid and powerful method is suggestive of the best French traditions. His fresco in the Royal Exchange, illustrative of the Great Fire of London, was finished in 1899. London address : 134 Elgin Avenue, W. FORBES-ROBERTSON, John, art critic and journalist, is lineally descended from the Forbeses of Tolquhon. He is the son of John Robertson, merchant in Aber- deen, and was born there Jan. 30, 1822. He was educated at the Grammar School and at the Marischal College and Uni- versity of his native city, and became sub-editor of one of the local papers (under the late Joseph Robertson, the eminent historian and antiquary), and contributor to the "Poet's Corner" of another, while still a student, making dramatic and musi- cal criticism his special care. Early in 1844 he came to London, the year after- wards he visited France, and subsequently the United States of America. On his return he aided materially in opening up the salmon resources of Norway, and car- ried on a correspondence with the French authorities, especially Baron Haussmann of the Seine, on the artificial propagation of the fish, long before any practical results of the knowledge obtained be- came visible in England. Mr. Forbes- Robertson has since then written much art-criticism. He was editor for several years of Art, Pictorial and Industrial, art editor of the Pictorial World, and has been on the staff of those London journals which make art a feature. For ten years he was chief art-critic on the Art Journal, and contributed reviews of Continental exhibitions to the Illustrated London News, the Magazine of Art, &c. He is the author of several brochures of special art-criticism, and in 1877 he published a large quarto volume entitled "The Great Painters of Christendom," which was favourably re- ceived both in this country and in America. He is the author also of Me- moirs of "RosaBonheur," "Gustave Dore," of a " Life of George Jameson, the Scottish Painter," and, in conjunction with Wm. May Phelps, of a " Life of Samuel Phelps, Player." Mr. Forbes-Robertson is well known in London and elsewhere as a successful lecturer on the History of Art. His eldest son, Johnston Forbes-Robert- son (q.v.), is the well-known actor and manager, and his younger sons, Ian and Norman Forbes - Robertson, have both achieved for themselves recognised posi- tions as London actors. His youngest daughter, Miss Frances Forbes-Robertson, is the author of " The Potentate, a Ro- mance," as well as of several other volumes of tales and sketches. Address : 22 Bed- ford Square, W.C. FORBES-ROBERTSON, Johnston, actor, eldest son of John Forbes-Robertson (q.v.), was born in London on Jan. 16, 1853. He was educated at the Charter- house School and at a school in Rouen, after leaving which he was for three years a student in the Royal Academy Schools, and exhibited at the Royal Academy before he was twenty. One of his first pictures was a portrait of Miss Ellen Terry ; another was an admirable likeness of Madame Modjeska. The large painting from his brush of the church scene in " Much Ado about Nothing" is well known as an en- graving. He has also painted Sir Henry Irving. Mr. Forbes-Robertson has, how- ever, become famous as an actor rather than as a painter. He made his first appearance on the stage at the age of twenty-one, underwent a severe training in the provinces, and was for a time the pupil of Phelps, for whose methods he has publicly expressed the highest admira- tion. He has rarely been out of an en- gagement, and early became one of the leading actors, first at the Lyceum, under Sir Henry Irving, of whom he has been thought to be an imitator, and afterwards at Sir Squire Bancroft's and Mr. Hare's theatres. His repertoire is a very large one, and includes more than a hundred characters. He has created the parts of Dunstan Renshaw (chief r61e) in " The Pro- fligate," Claud Glynn in "The Parvenu," Count Orloff in "Diplomacy," Sir George Orman in "Peril," Maurice de Saxe in an English version of "Adrienne Lecouvreur," and Sir Horace Welby in " Forget-me-not." In Shakespearian drama he has given the public distinguished impersonations of Romeo, Claudio, the Duke of Bucking- ham, Leontes, &c. In the provinces he has been supported by Miss Marion Terry, and together with her achieved a triumph in Manchester in "Dr. and Mrs. Neill," and as Geoffrey Wynniard in "Dan'l Druce." Later, he won laurels at the Lyceum as Lancelot in "King Arthur." With Mrs. Patrick Campbell he has per- haps achieved his greatest successes, play- ing Lucas Cleeve in "The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith," whilst she impersonated the title-role (Garrick, 1895). Towards the close of that year he took over the management of the Lyceum, and played Romeo to her Juliet. At the same theatre he played the leading part of a clergy- man in "Michael and bis Lost Angel," 376 FOKD — FOEMAN a play which met with ill-deserved ill- success (1896). In "For the Crown," produced in February 1896, he played Constantine, a part which showed him at his high-water mark as a romantic actor. The play is in blank verse, being a trans- lation by Mr. John Davidson from the French of Coppee, and Mr. Forbes- Kobertson's delivery of his lines at once proclaimed him one of the very few actors who value the literature and rhythm of the dramatist. He excels in parts requir- ing the impassioned or the graceful de- lineation of sentiment. Since 1896 he has appeared as Professor Heffterdingk in " Magda," and as Joseph in a revival of the " School for Scandal." A lecture on his dramatic reminiscences and admira- tions, delivered at the Crystal Palace in 1897, proved intensely interesting to his many admirers. Address : 22 Bedford Square, W.C. FORD, E. Onslow, E.A., sculptor, was born in London, July 27, 1852, and as a boy had a great desire to become an artist. In 1870 he went to Antwerp and entered the School, working his way up to the Antique School, where he studied under M. Buffeau. In 1871 he went to Munich and joined the Academy, still studying painting ; but shortly before leaving he gave up painting and took to sculpture. In 1874 he returned to England, where he has since resided. His principal statues are "Sir Rowland Hill, K.C.B.," 1882 ; " The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P." 1883 ; " Henry Irving, Esq., as Hamlet," 1883 ; and "Linus," 1884. Be- sides these he has executed a number of busts, amongst which may be mentioned : "Sir John Brown," 1881; "Sir Charles Reid" and "Rev. John Rodgers," 1882; "The Archbishop of York," 1884; and " Lieut. -General Sir Andrew Clarke," 1886. In 1885 he exhibited a relief, " In Memo- riam," and his statuette, " Folly," was purchased by the Royal Academy under the terms of the Chantrey Bequest. Among his most recent works are a bronze statue of " Applause," and a statue of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, and bronze busts of Mr. Arthur Hacker, A.R.A., Mr. Walter Armstrong, the late Sir John Millais, and Messrs. Orchardson, Briton, Riviere, and Herkomer, as well as the following statues : General Gordon "on Camel at Chatham ; the Shelley Memorial, University College, Oxford ; the equestrian statue of Lord Strathnairn, Knightsbridge, London ; Sir James Gordon, Mysore, India ; Sir William Pearse, Glasgow ; Dr. Dale, Birmingham. In 1895 he was elected R.A. He married in Munich, in 1872, the second daughter of B. Franz von Kreilsser. Address : 62 Acacia Road, St. John's Wood, N.W. FOBDHAM, Edward Snow, M.A., D.M., Metropolitan Police Magistrate, is the eldest son of Edward King Fordham, of the Bury, Ashwell, Herts, and was born on Jan. 15, 1858. He was educated at Caius College, Cambridge, where he gra- duated B.A. in 1880. Subsequently enter- ing as a student at the Inner Temple, he was called to the Bar in November 1883, and became a member of the Midland Circuit. Mr. Fordham was, in 1898, ap- pointed a Metropolitan Police Magistrate, and sits at the North London Police Court. He was married, in 1880, to Annie, daughter of the late Thos. Carr- Jackson, F.R.C.S. FORESTIER - WALKER, Lieut. - General Sir Frederick "William Ed- ward, K.C.B., C.M.G., eldest son of the late General Sir E. W. Forestier-Walker, by a daughter of the 6th Earl of Seafield, was born in April 1844, and educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He entered the army as a Lieutenant of the Scots Guards in September 1862 and was promoted Captain in July 1865, and in that rank acted as Aide-de-Camp to the Major-General in command at Mauritius. From 1869 to 1873 he was Adjutant to his regiment, after which he was appointed Assistant Military Secretary to Sir Bartle Frere, Commander-in-Chief at the Cape. In 1895 he accompanied the expedition into Griqua Land West. He also saw con- siderable war service in the Zulu cam- paign, and was present at the battle of Inzezane and the occupation of Etshowe. He was mentioned in despatches, and received a C.B., a medal with clasp, and was promoted to a brevet Colonelcy. In 1882 he was appointed Assistant Adjutant- General in the Home District, and shortly afterwards went to South Africa in the same capacity and took part in the Bechuanaland expedition, being honour- ably mentioned for his services, and awarded a C.M.G. He became a Briga- dier-General in charge of the Infantry Brigade at Aldershot in 1889, and Major- General in Command of the English troops in Egypt in 1890. In November 1895 he was appointed to the command of the Western District, with Headquarters at Devonport. Lieut. -General Sir F. Forestier- Walker married, in 1887, Mabel, a daughter of Lieut. -Colonel A. E. Ross. Address: Devonport. FORMAN, Mrs. Alfred. See Mur- ray, Alma. FORMAN, Harry Buxton, C.B., born in London, July 11, 1842, was edu- cated at Teignmouth, and was appointed in 1860 to a Junior Clerkship in the Secre- FORREST 377 tary's Department of the General Post Office, where he is now Assistant-Secretary and Controller of Packet Services. He has for many years attended the Con- gresses of the Postal Union as British Delegate, and has been frequently sent on special foreign missions connected with this department of the public service. He is the author of " Our Living Poets ; an Essay in Criticism," 1871 ; "The Shelley Library ; an Essay in Bibliography," 1886, and several Essays on Shelley, published by the Shelley Society ; also editor of the Library Edition of " The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley," 4 vols., 1876-77 (reprinted 1882) ; " The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley," 4 vols., 1880 ; an unannotated edition of Shelley's Poetry, in 2 vols. , 1882 (reprinted 1886 and 1892) ; the Aldine edition, with a Memoir, 5 vols., 1892 ; separate editions of Shelley's tragedy, "The Cenci," 1886, and his eclogue, " Rosalind and Helen," 1888 ; Charles Wells's "Joseph and his Brethren," 1876 ; "Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne," 1878 (reissued 1889) ; the Library Edition of " The Works of John Keats in Verse and Prose," 4 vols., 1882 (reissued with additions, 1889) ; an unannotated edition of Keats's poetry, 1884 (of which there are five reissues, the last in 1898) ; "Poetry and Prose by John Keats," 1890; an enlarged edition of all Keats's Letters, 1895 ; " Gold, a Dialogue," by John Ruskin, 1891 ; " A Few Words about the late Sir Arthur Blackwood," 1894; "Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her Scarcer Books, a Bio- bibliographical Note," 1896; and "The Books of William Morris described, with some Account of his Doings in Literature and the Allied Crafts," 1897. Mr. Forman was for some time engaged upon a large edition of Byron's poetry, to be published by Mr. Murray, but was obliged by pres- sure of public work to abandon it. He has been a contributor of critical articles, mainly of a serious kind, to the Fortnightly Review, the Fine Arts Quarterly Review, the Athenceum, the Contemporary Review, Macmillan's Magazine, the Oentlemans Magazine, the Manhattan, the Saturday Review, the Illustrated London News, the Sketch, the London Quarterly Review, and Cosmopolis ; and is one of the authors who assisted in the production of Mr. Lloyd Sanders's Biographical and Critical Dictionary, "Celebrities of the Century," of Mr. Miles's ten-volume anthology, "The Poets and Poetry of the Century," and of the "Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth Century." He married Laura, daughter of W. C. Gelle, in 1869. Permanent address : 46 Marlborough Hill, St. John's Wood, N.W. FORREST, The Right Hon. Sir John, Premier and Treasurer of West Australia, K.C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Honorary Fellow of the Royal Geographical Societies of Italy, Vienna, and St. Petersburg, Knight of the Italian Crown, was born in Western Australia on Aug. 22, 1847, and is the third son of William Forrest, of Leschenault, near Bunbury. He was educated at the Bishops' School, Perth, and entered the Survey Department of Western Australia, 1865, and in 1869 commanded an exploring expedition into the interior in search of Dr. Leichhardt and party. In 1870 he com- manded an exploring expedition from Perth to Adelaide along the South Coast, and proved the practicability of the country for a telegraph line, which was erected in 1876. In 1874 he commanded an exploring expedition from Champion Bay on the West Coast of Australia to the overland telegraph line between Adelaide and Port Darwin without the aid of camels, with horses only, a journey of nearly 2000 miles. For these services he received the thanks of the Governor and the LegislativeCouncil, and was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, May 22, 1876, and was also presented by the Imperial Government with a grant in fee of 5000 acres of land. In 1876 he was appointed Deputy Surveyor - General of Western Australia. In 1878 and 1882 he conducted the Trigonometrical Surveys of the Nickol Bay District and the Gascoyne and Lyons District in North - Western Australia. From September 1878 to January 1879 he acted as Commissioner of Crown Lands and Surveyor-General, with a seat in the Executive Council of the Colony. In 1880-81 he acted as Comp- troller of the Imperial Establishments and Expenditure in Western Australia. He is a Justice of the Peace for the Colony. In 1882 he was made a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. In 1883 he was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands and Surveyor-General, and in the same year, and again in 1886, proceeded to Kimberley District, North-West Aus- tralia, to report on it to the Government. He filled this post till 1890. In the De- cember of that year he was sent to form the first Ministry under a responsible Government in Western Australia, and became its Premier and Treasurer. He had previously been a Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils of the Colony. During his tenure of office he introduced the system by which squatters, willing to remain in the country and to make certain specified improvements, are given grants of 160 acres of land. He has also estab- lished an agricultural credit and manhood suffrage, and has introduced other reforms tending to modernise his colony. In 1897 he was President of the Federal Council 378 FOKREST — FORTESCUE of Australasia, and was sworn of the Privy Council. He represented Western Aus- tralia at the Colonial Conference in London, 1887. He has published "Explorations in Australia," 1876; "Notes on Western Australia," 1883, 1884, and 1885. He married in 1876 Margaret Elvire, eldest daughter of Edward Hamersley, J. P., of Pyrton, near Guildford, W. Australia. Address : Perth, W. Australia. FORREST, Very Rev. Robert William, D.D., Dean of Worcester, was born in co. Cork, and is the son of the late Eev. Thomas Forrest, M.A., Rector of Rostellan, co. Cork. He graduated at the University of Dublin in 1854, and received his degree of D.D. in 1877. He entered the Irish Church in 1855, and was suc- cessively Curate of Holy Trinity and Per- petual Curate of St. Andrew's, Liverpool. He was appointed Vicar of St. Jude's, Kensington, in 1870, and in 1887 became a Prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral. In June 1891 he was appointed Dean of Wor- cester in succession to Dr. Gott. In 1889 he was appointed Hon. Chaplain to the Queen. He is an eloquent and impressive preacher, and has been Select Preacher at Cambridge and Dublin Universities in 1889 and 1893 respectively. His publications are : " Lectures on Revelation ii. and iii.," 1870 ; " Lectures on the Book of Amos," 1376 ; and on " The Letters to the Seven Churches. Address : The Deanery, Wor- cester. FORSYTH, Professor Andrew Russell, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., son of the late John Forsyth, was born in Glasgow on June 18, 1858. He was edu- cated at the Liverpool College under the late Dr. (afterwards Canon) George Butler, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1881 as Senior Wrangler and First Smith's Prizeman, and was elected a Fellow of his College in the same year ; and in 1890 he proceeded to the degree of Doctor in Science. He was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the new University College, Liverpool, in 1882, a post which he resigned in 1884 on his appointment as Lecturer in Mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge. On the death of Professor Cayley in 1895, he was appointed Sadlerian Professor of Pure Mathematics, and has been a Member of the Council of the Senate of the University of Cambridge since 1890. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1886, has served on its Council, and was awarded one of the Royal Medals in 1897 for his contributions to the progress of Pure Mathematics. He is the author of a "Treatise on Differential Equations," " Theory of Differential Equations," of which only Part I. has yet been published ; " Theory of Functions of a complex vari- able," and of mathematical papers (relating chiefly to differential equations, theory of functions, and theory of invariantive forms) published in the Transactions of the Royal Society, Transactions of the Cambridge Philo sophical Society, and in various mathematical journals ; and after Professor Cayley's death he acted as editor of Cayley's " Col- lected Mathematical Papers." Address : Trinity College, Cambridge. FORSYTH, William, Q.C., LL.D. son of the late Thomas Forsyth, of Liver pool, was born at Greenock, Oct. 25, 1812. and educated at Trinity College, Cam bridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1834. He was third in the first class of the Classi cal Tripos, and second Senior Optime, was Chancellor's Medallist, and Fellow of Trinity, and proceeded M.A. in 1837. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1839, went the Northern Circuit, be- came a Queen's Counsel in 1857, and a Bencher of the Inner Temple. He was standing counsel to the Secretary of State in Council of India, and is Commissary of the University of Cambridge. He is the author of "On the Law of Composi- tion with Creditors," published in 1841 ; " Hortensius ; or, the Duty and Office of an Advocate," in 1849 ; " On the Law re- lating to the Custody of Infants," in 1850 ; " The History of Trial by Jury," in 1852 ; "Napoleon at St. Helena and Sir Hudson Lowe," in 1853 ; " The Life of Cicero," in 1864 ; " Cases and Opinions in Constitu- tional Law," in 1869; "The Novels and Novelists of the Eighteenth Century, in illustration of the Manners and Morals of the Age," in 1871; "Hannibal in Italy; an Historical Drama," in 1872 ; " Essays Critical and Narrative," in 1874 ; " The Slavonic Provinces South of the Danube," in 1876 ; and has contributed to the Quar- terly and Edinburgh Reviews and Blackwood's Magazine. Having been elected member for the borough of Cambridge in the Con- servative interest in July 1865 he was unseated, on petition, on the ground that the office he held of standing counsel to the Secretary of State for India was one of profit under the Crown, and disqualified him from sitting in Parliament. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the repre- sentation of Bath in October 1873, but was returned to the House of Commons by the borough of Marylebone at the general elec- tion of February 1874, and he continued to represent that constituency till 1880. Ad- dresses : 61 Rutland Gate; and Athenseum. FORTESCUE, Earl, The Right Hon. Hugh Fortescue, the eldest son of the late Earl (who was Lord-Lieutenant FOSTER 379 of Ireland in 1839-41), was born April 4, 1818, and educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1841, whilst Vis- count Ebrington, he entered Parliament as member for Plymouth, which he repre- sented in the Liberal interest until 1852, when he unsuccessfully contested Barn- staple, but on petition unseated both the successful candidates for bribery. In December 1854 he was elected for Maryle- bone, for which he resigned his seat, and was called to the Upper House in his father's barony of Fortescue, Dec. 5, 1859, and succeeded as 3rd Earl, Sept. 14, 1861. His Lordship was a Lord of the Treasury from 1846 to 1847, and Secretary of the Poor-Law Board from 1847 to 1851. In 1847 he was besides appointed along with some very distinguished colleagues, Lord Morpeth, Sir J. Burgoyne, Mr. Chadwick, Mr. B. Stephenson, and others, a member of the first consolidated Metropolitan Com- mission of Sewers, and also in 1849 of the second, both unpaid but hard-working bodies of which he latterly became Chair- man. He resigned before the appointment of the third Commission, which was after- wards superseded by the Metropolitan Board of Works. In May 1856, while visiting a military hospital with a view to the motion which he carried afterwards in 1858, in favour of sanitary reform in the army, he caught ophthalmia, which de- prived him of one eye, permanently im- paired the other, and so much injured his health as to compel him, in Jan. 1859, to retire from the House of Commons. His lordship is the author of pamphlets upon "The Health of Towns," 1844; "Official Salaries," 1852 ; " Kepresentative Self- government for the Metropolis," 1854 ; "Parliamentary Reform," 1859 and 1884 ; a work on " Public Schools for the Middle Classes," 1864; and "Our Next Leap in the Dark," 1884. He married, March 11, 1847, the eldest daughter of the late Eight Hon. Col. G. Dawson Darner. She died in 1866, leaving him a large family. Ad- dresses : 48 Grosvenor Gardens, S.W. ; Castlehill, North Devon, &c. FOSTER, Sir (Balthazar) Walter, M.P., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., was born on July 17, 1840, and is the son of the late Mr. B. Poster, of Drogheda and Beaulieu. He was educated at Drogheda, at Trinity College, Dublin, and on the Continent, and graduated at the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland. He is also M.D. of Erlangen, F.R.C.P. Lond. At one time he was Professor of Anatomy, and after- wards of Medicine, at Queen's College, and is now Emeritus Professor. He is Consulting Physician to the Birmingham General Hospital and other hospitals of that locality, Vice-President of the British Medical Association, which presented him with its Gold Medal for Distinguished Merit in 1897, and of which he was Pre- sident of Council (1884-87), Fellow of the Royal Med. and Chir. Soc, Ex-President of the Irish Sch. and Grad. Association, &c, &c. His works on medical topics are numerous. We may mention : " Method and Medicine," 1870; "The Prince's Ill- ness, its Lessons," 1872; "Clinical Medi- cine," 1874 ; " On the Comparative Mor- tality of Birmingham and other Large Towns," 1875; "On the Political Power- lessness of the Medical Profession," 1883 ; and "The Public Aspects of Medicine," 1890. He has also contributed important articles to Quain's "Dictionary of Medi- cine," &c. It is as a politician that Sir Walter Foster has latterly been best known to the public. Feeling, as the title of one of his works bears witness, that the medical profession deserve, in the public interest, a share of political power, he stood for Parliament, and was returned for Chester City, which he represented from 1885-86. In 1887 he was elected for the Ilkeston Division of Derbyshire, which he continues to represent. Sir Walter Foster is President of the Allot- ments Association, and from 1892 to 1895 was Secretary of the Local Government Board, where he did important work. He was Chairman of the National Liberal Federation from 1886 to 1890. Lady Foster is a daughter of W. L. Sargant, of Edgbaston. Addresses : 30 Grosvenor Road, S.W. ; and Temple Row, Birmingham. FOSTER, Clement Le Neve, B.A., F.R.S., D.Sc, A.R.S.M., F.G.S., was born at Camberwell on March 23, 1841, and is the second son of the late Peter Le Neve Foster, for many years secretary of the Society of Arts. At the age of 12, he was sent to the College Communal at Boulogne, where he studied on the Science or Modern side, and whence he proceeded to take his B.-es.-Sc. degree at Amiens. In 1857 he entered the Royal School of Mines, and completed the three years' course in two years, took the Duke of Cornwall Scholar- ship, and otherwise distinguished himself. He was next sent, on Prof. Huxley's advice, to the great mining college at Freiberg, and whilst there was appointed by Sir R. Murchison to the Geological Survey of Great Britain (1860). For three years he was engaged mapping the Weal- den Beds in Kent and Sussex, and in 1864 he was transferred to Derbyshire and Yorkshire. During these years he spent his leisure in sedulous preparation for the London degrees, which he passed bril- liantly, eventually becoming D.Sc. in 1865. In the May of that year he left the Survey and obtained the appointment of lecturer 380 FOSTER to the Miners' Association of Cornwall and Devon. He now spent much time in the mines, and subsequently, at the request of the Royal Cornish Polytechnic Society, visited the Continent in order to report upon the Bergstrom and Dcering boring machines. He resigned his Cornish ap- pointment in 1867, and spent some time making mining explorations in the Sinai Peninsula. In 1868 he visited Venezuela, and from 1869 to 1872 held an appointment near Monte Rosa under the Pestarena Gold Mining Co. In 1872 he was ap- pointed an inspector under the new Metal- liferous Mines Regulation Act. The field of his operations lay in Cornwall and Devon, and for long he had to contend against very great opposition on the part of the mine managers, who clung to their traditional haphazard methods of work. He had to resort to prosecutions before he could get his notices attended to. " It is worthy of note," says a writer in the Mining Journal for December 1889, "that the average death-rate from mine acci- dents in Dr. Le Neve Foster's district was reduced from 2 per thousand during the first three years of his Inspectorship, to 1'3 per thousand the last five." In the spring of 1880, Dr. Le Neve Foster was transferred from the Cornish to the North Wales District, where he still remains. He issues annual reports, from which it appears that he is strongly in favour of a still more stringent Act being passed for the regulation of mines not included in the Coal Mines Act. In 1867 and 1878 Dr. Le Neve Foster acted as assistant-juror to Sir Warington W. Smyth, at the Paris Ex- hibition, and as juror in 1889, for which he received the Cross of Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. In December 1890 he was appointed Professor of Mining at the Royal School of Mines, London, as successor to Sir Warington Smyth. In 1892 he was elected F.R.S., and appointed one of the Royal Commissioners of the Chicago Exhibition, where he subsequently served as a judge in mining. In 1894 he was made Editor of the "Mineral Statistics " published by the Home Office, and has brought out three Annual General Reports upon the Mineral Industry of the United Kingdom. He has been a frequent con- tributor to scientific periodical literature, has translated ( with Mr. Galloway) Callon's " Lectures on Mining," and is the author of " Ore and Stone Mining." He married, in 1872, Sophia, second daughter of the late Arthur F. Tompson, of Belton, Suffolk, and has a son and two daughters. Address : Llandudno. FOSTER, Professor George Carey, F.R.S., Professor of Physics, University College, London, born 20th October 1835, at Sabden, Lancashire, is the only son of George Foster, of Sabden, a Justice of the Peace for the county of Lancaster, and West Riding of Yorkshire. He was edu- cated at private schools, and at Univer- sity College, London, and graduated as B.A. of the University of London in 1855 ; afterwards, from 1859 to 1861, he studied chemistry at Ghent, Paris, and Heidelberg, under Kekule', Wurtz, and Bunsen respectively. He was ap- pointed in 1862 Professor of Natural Philosophy in Anderson's College (then called Anderson's University), Glasgow. In 1865, on the resignation by Professor Potter of the Chair of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University College, London, which he had held with two years' interval since 1840, Mr. Foster was appointed to succeed him as Professor of Physics, and held this appointment till June 1898. He contributed to the great "Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of other Sciences," edited by the late Henry Watts, many articles on points of general chemical theory as well as on some parts of Physics, those on "Heat" and on " Thermodynamics " being among the most considerable of his writings. In 1896 he published, in conjunction with Dr. E. Atkinson, an " Elementary Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism," founded on M. Joubert's work with a similar title, several chapters of which he re-wrote. Since his appointment at University Col- lege, his thought and attention have been chiefly devoted to the teaching of Physics. The Physical Laboratory of University College, opened at his instigation in 1867, was the first in London in which practical instruction in Physics was offered to students. He has devised some useful new methods, or modifications of methods, of physical measurement, some of which, especially a method of comparing elec- trical resistances, have been frequently adopted. He was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1856 ; Fellow of Uni- versity College, London, 1867 ; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1869 ; and has four times served on the Council. He was one of the founders of the Physical Society of London, and was President of that Society, 1877-79; President of the Mathematical and Physical Section of the British Association, 1877 (Plymouth meeting) ; President of the Society of Telegraph Engineers (now Institute of Electrical Engineers), 1881 ; and was appointed, on the nomination of the Convocation of the University, a Member of the Senate of the University of London, 1885, and elected (without ballot) a member of the Athenseum Club, 1888. He married, in 1868, Mary Anne Frances, elder daughter of the late Andrew Muir, of Greenock, and has four FOSTER 381 sons and four daughters. Addresses : 18 Daleham Gardens, South Hampstead, N.W. ; and Athenasum. FOSTER, John "Watson, American soldier and statesman, born in Pike County, Indiana, March 2, 1836, gradu- ated at the Indiana State University in 1855, studied Law and was admitted to the Bar at Evansville, Indiana, and began practice there. He entered the army as Major of the 25th Indiana Kegiment in 1861, became Lieut.-Colonel, and later was Colonel of the 136th Indiana Kegiment. At the close of the war between the States he became editor of the Evansville Daily Journal, and in 1 869 was appointed post- master of that town. He was Minister to Mexico in 1873, and re-appointed in 1880. In March 1880 he was transferred to Russia, and held that mission till Novem- ber 1881. On his return to America he established himself as counsel in Wash- ington for foreign legations. He was Minister to Spain, 1883-85, and has been employed frequently since then in nego- tiating treaties, &c. In 1893 he was for a short time Secretary of State for the United States, and in 1894 he aided the Chinese Government in negotiating for peace with Japan. In 1898 he was ap- pointed one of the Joint Commissioners for the settlement of matters in dispute between Canada and the United States. FOSTER, Joseph, Hon. M.A. Oxon., antiquary, was born in Sunderland, co. Durham, March 9, 1844 (son of another of the same names, a woollen-draper of that town, andan elder brother of the late Birket Foster), and is a cadet of a family belong- ing to the Quakerocracy of the north since the early days of its apostle, George Fox, and originally seated at Cold Hesledon and Hawthorne, on the east coast of the Palatinate. His great - grandfather was the friend of Wordsworth and Southey. Mr. Joseph Foster, who was educated in private schools in North Shields, Sunder- land, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, inherited his genealogical faculty from his grand- father, Myles Birket Foster, and com- pleted, as early as his eighteenth year, his first genealogical brochure, entitled "The Pedigree of the Fosters of Cold Heseldon in the County Palatine of Dur- ham " (see also Virtue's " Art Annual," 1890). Henceforth his life was spent among books, and all his leisure was de- voted to increasing and arranging his genealogical collections. Having issued a larger edition of his family narrative, he was accidentally led, by the omission of the pedigrees from the 1870 edition of Baines' " History of Lancashire " (Rout- ledge), to commence his series of Pedi- grees of county families with those of that county (see "Herald and Genealogist," viii. 55, 169), and this volume was fol- lowed by three others for Yorkshire, which Mr. John Gough Nichols described as " mar- vels of elaborate and of accurate work " (" Herald and Genealogist," viii. 501). Mr. Foster, following Sir William Dug- dale, transcribed the admission register of the four Inns of Court, the earliest com- mencing 1 Hen. VI., 1422, together with a unique list of calls to the Bar. But still, before he could hope to grapple effectually with so arduous a task as the annotation of the earlier " Alumni Oxonienses," it was necessary that all the bishops' certifi- cates of institutions to livings (since the Reformation), now deposited in the Public Record Office, should be laid under contri- bution, with the result that these 150,000 institutions, &c, were utilised in the pre- paration of his great Oxford work, that happy hunting-ground of the biographer, which involved ten years' unremitting and unremunerative toil, and have now been made available for the projected com- panion work, "Alumni Cantabrigienses." In recognition of Mr. Foster's splendid achievement, the "Alumni Oxonienses" (see Clark's " Life and Times of Wood," vol. iv. 135), the University very properly con- ferred upon him (1892) the degree of M.A. honoris causa. With a view to the compilation of an armoury of authenti- cated coats only, Mr. Foster has devoted much time to the arrangement of grantees of arms which occur in the MSS. of the British Museum, not only alphabetically but also chronologically, under the re- spective kings of arms. Mr. Foster's best-known critical work was undoubtedly " Chaos," under which category he classed, for the first time, all known " soi-disant bar- onets." " Chaos " formed a minor portion of the "Peerage, Baronetage, and Knight- age," compiled and edited by Mr. Foster, 1880-84, and elaborately illustrated by Fr. Anselm and many others (the Quar- terly Review, No. 354, October 1893, Art. IV, "The Peerage," pp. 386-415). This industrious worker has also issued the majority of the Herald's Visitations of the North, viz., Northumberland, Cum- berland, Westmorland, Durham, and Yorkshire, and also of Middlesex in the South, whilst he has also published "Men at the Bar" ; " Scottish Members of Parlia- ment, 1357-1882" ; "Gray's Inn Admission Register, 1521-1889 " ; " Our Noble and Gentle Families of Royal Descent," and several minor family histories, e.g., those of Fox, Harris, Wilson, Pease, and Penn- ington. His elder son, Mr. Sandys Birket Foster, of Rochester, NY., edited a second edition of the Wilson family history, 1890. His latest works are : " Oxford Men and 382 FOSTEE — FOUQUIER their Colleges," 1893, and a brochure en- titled, " Concerning the Beginnings, the Etiquette, and the Practice of Heraldry." Address : 21 Boundary Eoad, Finchley Road, N.W. FOSTER, Professor Michael, F.R.S., D.Sc, D.C.L., LL.D., is the son of Michael Foster, F.R.C.S., and was born at Hunt- ingdon on March 8, 1836. He was edu- cated at Huntingdon Grammar School, at University College School, and University College, London. After practising as a surgeon at Huntingdon from 1860 to 1866, he became Demonstrator of Practical Physiology in University College, London, in 1867, and, two years later, was ap- pointed Professor. In 1870 he went to Cambridge as Pralector of Physiology at Trinity College, and he was, in 1883, elected Professor of Physiology in the University of Cambridge. He was ap- pointed a Commissioner under the London University Act in October 1898. Professor Foster is one of the secretaries of the Royal Society, and is the author of a well- known and widely read text-book of physiology, which is now in its sixth edi- tion. He has also contributed numerous articles on matters of physiological interest to various scientific journals. Address : Ninewells, Great Shelford, Cambridge- shire. FOSTER, Vere Henry Louis, was born at Copenhagen in 1819, his father, Sir Augustus Foster, Bart., being at that time British Minister in Denmark. He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, and was afterwards attached for some years to the diplomatic missions of Sir Henry Ellis at Rio de Janeiro, and of Sir William Ouseley at Monte Video. On his return from South America in 1817, he paid a visit to Ireland in the company of his eldest brother, Sir Frederick Foster. The famine consequent upon the failure of the potato crop was raging at the time, and the two brothers set to work at once to relieve the starving poor. Mr. Foster himself made three voyages to America as a steerage passenger in emigrant ships, and was so impressed by the badness of the accommodation, that he attracted the attention of Parlia- ment to the matter, and soon had the satisfaction of seeing the emigration laws in force, which rendered the miseries he had witnessed and endured thenceforth impossible in a British emigrant vessel. The outbreak of the civil war in America (1861) checked for a time the stream of emigration, and Mr. Foster turned his attention to the improvement of education in Ireland — by the substitution of boarded floors for damp earthen floors in about 1300 National schools, by the supply of furniture and apparatus to nearly 1500 others, and by grants in aid of building several hundred new school-houses. On the recurrence of exceptional distress in Ireland in the year 1879, Mr. Foster re- sumed his scheme of assisted female emigration to the United States and the British Colonies, with the co-operation of all the clergy of every denomination in the West of Ireland. The number of young women thus assisted during the last fifty years, partly by means of subscriptions, but chiefly at Mr. Foster's own cost, has been nearly 25,000. Mr. Foster is com- piler of various series of Writing, Letter- ing, Drawing, and Painting Books, which are in general use throughout the United Kingdom, and is editor of a volume en- titled " The Two Duchesses," consisting of correspondences between eminent persons and relating chiefly to memorable events between the years 1777 and 1846. FOSTER, Sir Walter. See Fostbk, Sir (Balthazae) Walter. FOUQUIER, Jacques Francois Henri, French journalist, was born at Marseilles, Sept. 1, 1838. The son of a solicitor, he studied law and medicine, and travelled in Spain and Italy. In 1861 he came to Paris and wrote for many papers, L'Avenir National, La Presse, and was correspondent of Le Progris du Nord. In 1867 he was special correspondent with Garibaldi for L' Indipendance Beige. After the proclamation of the Republic in 1870, M. Fouquier was entrusted with a mission to Marseilles, and founded there La Vraie Ripnblique, which he conducted till his appointment as Secretary of the Depart- ment. He took the place of the Prefect in the Communard outbreaks in March 1871. Until 1873 he was censor of the press at the Ministry of the Interior. After contributing to the ivinement, he started Le Petit Parisien, a halfpenny rival of Le Petit Journal. In 1878 he left to write for the Dix-Neuvieme Steele a daily article and the dramatic criticism. He wrote under several pseudonyms, especi- ally that of Columbine in the Gil Bias, which was the reason of a law-suit with the editor of that paper as to the owner- ship of the pseudonym. The j udges decided that it belonged to the paper as other con- tributors had written over that signature (1889). At the death of Albert Wolff in 1891 he succeeded him as dramatic critic of the Figaro. His ordinary articles are written under the pseudonym of Nestor. In 1889 he entered the Chamber as Deputy for the Basses-Alpes, and sits with the Moderate Republicans. In 1876 he married the widow of Ernest Feydeau, FOWLER — FOX 383 and in 1881 was made an officer of the Legion of Honour. Address : 12 Avenue de l'Alma. FOWLER, The Right Hon. Sir Henry Hartley, G.C.S.I., D.L., M.P., son of the Bev. Joseph Fowler, Wesleyan minister, secretary of the Wesleyan Con- ference, 1848, was born at Sunderland in 1830, educated at Woodhouse Grove School, and St. Saviour's School, Southwark. He was Mayor of Wolverhampton in 1863, and first chairman of the Wolverhampton School Board. From 1880 to 1885 he sat as a Liberal for the undivided borough of Wolverhampton, and after the Redis- tribution Act was returned for the East Division, which he now represents. • In December 1884 he was appointed Under- Secretary for the Home Department, and in Mr. Gladstone's Ministry of 1886, he held the post of Financial Secretary to the Treasury. He was a member of the Boyal Commission to inquire into the Civil Service, of the Labour Commission, and of other Commissions. He was created a Privy Councillor in June 1886, and was appointed President of the Local Govern- ment Board, with a seat in the Cabinet, in 1892. He introduced and carried the Parish Councils Bill in Parliament. When the Cabinet was partially recon- structed in March 1894, he became Secre- tary of State for India, retiring with his Government the following year. He was knighted in 1895. He married, in 1857, Ellen, the youngest daughter of the late G. B. Thornycroft, Esq., of Wolverhamp- ton and Hadley Park, Salop. Addresses : 105 Pall Mall, S.W., &c. ; and Athenseum. FOWLER, The Rev. Thomas, D.D., LL.D., F.S.A., was born at Burton-Stather, Lincolnshire, Sept. 1, 1832, and is the eldest son of William Henry Fowler and Mary Anne Welch. He was educated at King William's College, Isle of Man, and at Merton College, Oxford, where he graduated as a double first-class man in 1854. He was elected to a Fellowship at Lincoln College in 1855, and appointed to a Tutorship in the same year. He was Junior Proctor of the University in 1862-63, Select Preacher in 1872-74, Professor of Logic from 1873 to 1889, and has fre- quently acted as Public Examiner in the School of Literse Humaniores. Dr. Fowler is now a member of the Visitatorial Board, as also a Delegate of the Press and of the Common University Fund, and President of Corpus Christi College, to which he was elected Dec. 23, 1881. For many years he was also a Member of the Hebdomadal Council, for which he was first elected in 1869, and a Delegate of the Museum, but was obliged to retire from these offices as incompatible with his other duties. He has resided in the University continuously since the age of seventeen, and has taken a prominent part in several University movements, especially those connected with the removal of religious disabilities and the organisation of academical studies. In 1882 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Edin- burgh. He is the author of the " Elements of Deductive Logic," 1867 (10th edit., 1892) ; the "Elements of Inductive Logic," 1870 (6th edit., 1892); both which works were published by the Clarendon Press, which has also published an elaborate edition of Bacon's "Novum Organum," by Dr. Fowler, with an Introduction and Notes, 1878 (2nd edit., 1889), as well as an edi- tion by him of Locke's "Conduct of the Understanding," 1881 (3rd edit., 1890). In addition to these works, Dr. Fowler is the author of "Locke" in the series of "Eng- lish Men of Letters," and of "Bacon," and " Shaftesbury and Hutcheson," in the series of English Philosophers. Besides the last-named work, he has written also the following ethical treatises: "Pro- gressive Morality : an Essay in Ethics," 1884 (2nd edit., 1895) ; "The Principles of Morals " (introductory chapters), 1886 ; "The Principles of Morals" (Part II., being the body of the work), 1887. Part I. of the last mentioned work was written in conjunction with his predecessor in the Presidentship of Corpus, Professor J. M. Wilson ; Part II., though it also contains some contributions by Professor Wilson, was mainly written by Dr. Fowler, and has been published under his name only, as he is solely responsible for it in its final form. Both parts were reissued in one volume in 1894. Dr. Fowler's most recent work is a "History of Corpus Christi College," pub- lished by the Oxford Historical Society in 1893, containing many curious illustrations of academical, social, and ecclesiastical history during the 16th, 17th, 18th, and early part of the 19th centuries. He has also contributed articles to the Saturday Review, during its earlier period, the Spectator, the Academy, Mind, Macrnillan's Magazine, the Fortnightly Review, the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," and the "Dictionary of National Biography." In politics he is a Liberal Unionist, and his theological convictions are those of a Broad Churchman. He has travelled ex- tensively. Addresses : Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; and Athenaeum. FOX, Sir (Charles) Douglas, Vice- President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, was born in Warwickshire, May 14, 1840, and is the son of the late Sir Charles Fox. He was educated at Cholmondeley School and in the well- 384 FEAMPTON — FEANCIS-JOSEPH known Engineering Department of King's College, London, of which College he is a Fellow. He is a distinguished engineer, and has been in practice in his profession since 1861, first with his father, the late Sir Charles Fox, and afterwards with his brother and son. He has been joint- engineer to the Mersey Tunnel and to the Hawarden Bridge, and engineer to the Liverpool Overhead, the South Indian, and the Central Argentine Railways, &c. &c. He has also been joint-engineer with Sir Charles Metcalfe to the Bechuanaland Railway. He is also well known as an inventor, having patented a safety guard, which has been adopted on several Swiss lines and on the Snowdon Mountain line. As one of the Mersey Tunnel engineers he was knighted in 1886. He married, in 1863, a daughter of Francis Wright of Osmaston Manor, Derby. He is a Justice of the Peace for Surrey, and the County of London. Address : Coombe Springs, Kingston-on-Thames. FEAMPTON, George J., A.R.A., sculptor, was born in 1860, early deter- mined to take up the career of art, and began its study under Mr. Frith of Lam- beth, who taught him sculpture, and Pro- fessor Brown, who taught him drawing. In 1882 he joined the Academy Schools, where he won prize after prize until 1887, when he went out with the Gold Medal and £200. He was thus enabled to pro- ceed to Paris, where he studied sculpture under Dagnan-Bouveret and Mercie\ In the Salon of 1889 he exhibited his first successful work, the "Ange de la Mort," for which he obtained a medal. Other well-known works of his are "The Captive," and "St. Christina." He has been a fre- quent exhibitor at the Royal Academy. In 1895 he exhibited " Mother and Child," a group in bronze ; "Music and Dancing," low-relief panels in silver; and the "Gold Medal for Glasgow University ; " in 1896, a panel for a door, the subject of which was " Seven Heroines out of Mort dArthur ;" in 1897 a portrait medallion in bronze of the late Charles Keene, and a statue in bronze and marble of Dame Alice Owen for Owen's School ; in 1898 a bronze memorial, an enamel, and a bronze bust of John Passmore Edwards, Esq., for the Leighton Memorial Museum and School at Camber- well. He has done much fine decorative work, notably the terra-cottas in the Con- stitutional Club. He was made A.R.A. in 1896. Address : 32 Queen's Road, St. John's Wood, N.W. FRANCE, Jacques Anatole Thi- bault, Member of the French Academy, French author, was born in Paris, April 16, 1844. He was the son of a bookseller, who educated him at the College Stanislas, and, in 1876, he obtained a post in the Library of the Senate. He collaborated in several papers, La Globe, Les Dibats, and Le Temps, in the columns of which last, he replaced Jules Claretie in the production of a weekly literary letter which attracted great attention. His first work was a biographical study of Alfred de Vigny (1868); in 1873 and 1876 he published two volumes of poems. He is chiefly known as a novelist, and is, perhaps, the best French stylist now living. One of his first novels was " Le Crime de Sylvestre Bon- nard," which was crowned by the Academie in 1881. His masterpiece is, undoubtedly, "La Rotisserie de la Reine Pe'dauque," one of the most extraordinary reconstitu- tions of mediaeval Paris ever evolved. A later work that has caused some stir is "Le Lys Rouge" in which he lays the scene in the literary colony of Florence. Other well-known works of his are : " L'Etui de Nacre," "Balthazar," 1889; "Thais, 1890 ; and two volumes of " La Vie Lit teraire," reprinted from Le Temps, 1890. He was decorated with the Legion d'Hon neur in 1884, and lives in Paris close to the Bois de Boulogne. FRANCE, President of the Re- public. See Lotjbet, Pebsidbnt. FRANCIS FERDINAND of AUS- TRIA, Archduke, heir to the Austrian throne, is the son of the late Archduke Karl Ludwig, who died on May 19, 1896, by his second wife, the Princess Maria Annonciata, daughter of Ferdinand II., King of the Two Sicilies, and was born at Gratz in 1863. A few years ago he inherited the large fortune of his relative, the Grand -Duke of Modena, and in so doing took the name of Este. On the suicide of the Emperor's son, the Crown Prince Rudolph, on Jan. 28, 1889, the Emperor's brother, the Archduke Charles Louis, became heir to the throne ; but he renounced his rights of succession in favour of his son, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand ; and he, on becoming heir to the throne, renounced his fortune and name of Este to his brother, the Arch- duke Otho, who was born in 1865, and who married, in 1886, Maria Josepha, daughter of Prince George of Saxony. In Decem- ber 1892 he began a journey round the world, and was warmly received in India. He is of retiring habits, and has never been prominent in society. FRANCIS - JOSEPH I., Francis- Joseph-Charles, Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, &c., whose life has, with those of Queen Victoria and a very few others, been included in editions FBANCIS-JOSEPH 385 of this work since its inception nearly half a century ago, was born Aug. 18, 1830, and ascended the throne of Austria, Dec. 2, 1849, on the abdication of his uncle, Fer- dinand I. He is the eldest son of the late Archduke Francis-Charles (who stood next to the late Emperor in the legal order of succession, and who died March 8, 1878) and of the Princess Sophia. On ascending the throne he found the empire shaken by internal dissensions ; and his first step was to promise a free and constitutional govern- ment to the country. The course of events compelled him to close the National Assembly, and to assume absolute power. At the same time he abrogated the Con- stitution of Hungary, the people being in rebellion against him, and only brought to subjection by the armed intervention of Russia, while he owed his hold on Italy to the skill of his veteran General Eadetsky. Having at last obtained internal peace and freedom for governmental and legislative action, he promulgated the edict of Schon- brunn, Sept. 26, 1851, in which he declared the Government "responsible to no poli- tical authority other than the throne." Assisted by Prince Schwarzenberg, and after his death by Count Buol and Baron Bach, he centralised the government of his heterogeneous nationalities at Vienna, and, aided by Herr von Briick, inaugurated a series of fiscal and commercial reforms favourable to the interests of the middle classes. In 1853-4 the Emperor en- deavoured, though in vain, to induce the Czar Nicholas to abandon his ambitious designs against Turkey, and further excited that autocrat's displeasure by refusing to assist Russia against the Western Powers, whose rulers also felt aggrieved because he resolved to remain neutral, and not to throw the weight of his name into their scale. The policy of Austria on this occa- sion will, however, be more fairly esti- mated by posterity. Her unwillingness to make common cause with the Western Powers has been severely punished, for had she joined the alliance against Russia in 1854, in all probability Louis Napoleon would not have crossed the Alps and dic- tated the peace of Villafranca. It is, therefore, more than probable that her re- luctance to act against Russia in that war was the cause of her losing Lombardy three years later. The Emperor, who was then a handsome man of commanding presence, fought at Solferino, where he gave proof of bravery almost amounting to rashness. The Reichsrath was enlarged by Imperial patent, March 5, 1860, and the Emperor sanctioned the principle of the responsibility of ministers, May 1, 1862. The Convention of Gastein, signed Aug. 14, 1865, which transferred the govern- ment of Schleswig to Prussia, and that of Holstein to Austria, was a few days after- wards confirmed by the Emperor and the King of Prussia at Salzburg. The Em- peror issued an important manifesto to his people, Sept. 20, in which he expressed very conciliatory intentions towards the people of Hungary and Croatia. In March 1866, the armaments against Prussia be- gan, and councils of war were established in the circles of Prague, Pisek, Tabor, and Pilsen. An imperial order was issued May 6, placing the whole army on a war foot- ing, and concentrating the Army of the North pa the frontiers of Bohemia and Siles&T vThe Emperor published a mani- festo relating to the impending contest, SJune_^W, the Prussian minister having received his passports, June 12. The Emperor showed much devotion in the struggle which ensued, and the fortunes of war having been adverse, at once made peace and applied his energies to the diffi- cult task of reconstructing the empire. In this work he was powerfully aided by Count Beust, the late Prime Minister of Saxony, whom he summoned to his coun- cils in Oct. 1866, and who remained in office as his principal minister until Nov. 1870, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Count Andrassy. One of the principal results of the policy pursued by Count Beust was the coronation of the Emperor in Pesth, as King of Hungary, June 8, 1867. In 1878 the Congress of Berlin sanctioned the occupation by Austria of the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had formerly belonged to Turkey. In April 1854 he married the late Princess Elizabeth Amalie Eugenie, daughter of the Duke Maximilian-Joseph, and cousin on her mother's side to the King of Bavaria, a lady who often visited England and Ireland for hunting, who built the wonderful Achilleion Villa in Corfu, and met with a tragic death at the hand of an anarchist workman, at Geneva, Sept. 10, 1898. In 1857 the Emperor and Empress paid a visit to their Italian and Hun- garian dominions, and granted an amnesty to political offenders. In July 1890, their daughter, the Archduchess Valerie, was married to the Archduke Francis Salvator. The Emperor's only son, the Crown Prince Rudolph, having committed suicide on Jan. 28, 1889, the Emperor's brother, the Archduke Charles Louis, became heir, but he relinquished his rights of succession in favour of his son, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, who therefore is Heir Ap- parent. Preparations were being made throughout Austria for the Emperor's jubilee when the news of his consort's untoward fate reached him. The august mourner is said to have borne this last and most fearful blow with singular heroism. His jubilee was quietly cele- 2b 386 FRANKLAND brated on Dec. 2, 1898, and his reign was then described in the Times as having meant to his nation a continuous deliver- ance from mischievous traditions, and a constant advance in European importance. FBANKLAND, Sir Edward, K.C.B., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., J.P., born at Cburchtown, near Lancaster, Jan. 18, 1825, received his education at the Grammar School, Lancaster, the Museum of Practical Geology, London, and the Universities of Marburg and Giessen. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry in Owens College, Manchester, in 1851 ; in St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1857 ; in the Royal Institution of Great Britain in 1863 ; in the Royal College of Chemistry (Royal School of Mines) in 1865 ; and in the Normal School of Science, South Kensington Museum, in 1881. He re- signed this Professorship in 1885. Dr. Frankland was elected in 1853 a Fellow of the Royal Society ; in 1866 a correspond- ing Member of the French Academy of Sciences; in 1869 a Foreign Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Bavaria, and subsequently of the Academies of Sciences of Berlin, St. Petersburg, Up- sala, America, and Bohemia. In 1884 he was made corresponding Member of the Vienna Academy of Sciences. He was nominated one of Her Majesty's Commissioners for inquiring into the pollution of rivers in 1868, elected President of the Chemical Society in 1871, and President of the Institute of Chemis- try in 1877. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. of Edinburgh in 1884. He is also Honorary Fellow of the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society of London. He is the author of " Researches on the Isolation of the Radicals of Organic Com- pounds, and other Researches in Organic Chemistry," for which he received, in 1857, a gold medal from the Royal Society ; also of " Researches on the Manufacture and Purification of Coal- Gas," on the "Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on the Light of Gas, Candle, and other Flames," on " Winter Sanitariums in the Alps and elsewhere," on "The Purification of Town Drainage and other Polluting Liquids," and on the "Composi- tion and Qualities of Water used for Drinking and other Purposes." He is also the joint author, with Mr. J. Norman Lock- yer, of "Researches connected with the Atmosphere of the Sun." In February 1882 he delivered a Friday evening dis- course "On Climate in Town and Coun- try," at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, in which he suggested means for artificially producing a genial outdoor climate in England. In 1883, and again in 1889, he published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, "The Chemistry of Electrical Storage Batteries"; and in 1885, in the Journal of the Chemical Society, "On Chemical Changes in then- relation to Micro-Organisms." For a period of twenty-five years he has made monthly analyses of the water supplied to London by the various water companies, and has reported thereon to the Local Government Board and the Registrar- General. A check has thus been brought to bear upon the operations of the London water companies, beneficial alike to the companies and the public, the result being that the purity of the water has very materially improved. In 1887 he re- ported to the International Congress of Hygiene at Vienna on the present state, in England, of the purification of sewage, with special reference to the prevention of river pollution. In the same year he was appointed a Justice of the Peace for the county of Surrey, and, in 1889, for the county of London. His various investigations have been collected in one volume, entitled, "Researches in Pure, Applied, and Physical Chemistry." He has published also "Lecture Notes for Chemical Students," 2 vols., and "Water Analysis for Sanitary Purposes," 2nd edition, 1890. In 1894 he was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. He is Foreign Secretary to the Royal Society since 1895. In 1895 he was elected one of the eight Foreign Associ- ates of the Institut de France. In 1897 he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (Civil Division). He married (4) Sophie, daughter of F. W. Fick, Cassel, Hesse Cassel ; and (2) Ellen, eldest daughter of C. K. Grenside, of the Inner Temple. Permanent address : The Yews, Reigate Hill, Surrey. Club : Athe- FRANKLAND, Professor Percy- Faraday, Ph.D., B.Sc. Lond., A.R.S.M., F.R.S., F.I.C., F.C.S., is the second son of Sir Edward Frankland, K.C.B., F.R.S., by his first wife, Sophie Fick, a lady whose three brothers were German professors of note. He was born at South Hampstead, on Oct. 3, 1858, and his second name was given to him with the consent of the late Michael Faraday. In 1869 he entered University College School, whence he pro- ceeded in 1875 to the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, now known as the Royal College of Science. Here he obtained, on leaving the school in 1878, the Associateship of the Royal School of Mines (A.R.S.M.), gaining in addition the Forbes Medal and Prize. In 1877 he be- came an undergraduate of the London University, standing fifth in the Honours Division at the Matriculation Examina- FRANZOS 387 tion. In 1878 he obtained the Bracken- bury Entrance Scholarship at St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital, but on abandoning his intention of joining the medical profes- sion, he subsequently relinquished it, and went to study chemistry at the University of Wurzburg, where he took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), with the highest honours, in 1880, whilst in the following year he graduated as B.Sc. at the London University. In the year 1880 he was appointed Demonstrator of . Chemistry at the Royal School of Mines, subsequently becoming Lecturer and Senior Demonstrator in Chemistry at that school. In 1889 he was appointed Pro- fessor of Chemistry in University College, Dundee, which has since become an in- tegral part of the University of St. Andrews, and he has on two occasions been elected a member of the University Court of this University. Professor Frank- land is the author of more than seventy papers, which have been published chiefly in the Philosophical Transactions and in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, and the Journal of the Chemical Society, and has principally identified himself with the chemical and hygienic applications of bacteriology. He was the first to demon- strate in this country, in the year 1885, the value of sand filtration in the purifica- tion of water, the results of his investiga- tions being embodied in a paper entitled "Water Purification; its Biological and Chemical Basis," which was published by the Institution of Civil Engineers. He initiated, and at the request of the Local Government Board, furnished monthly re- ports on the microbal condition of the London water supply, before and after treatment by the companies. He has devoted a large amount of attention to the subject of fermentation and the chemical changes effected by micro- organisms. Some of his more important work in this direction has had reference to nitrification and denitrification, as well as to the preparation of optically active substances by means of bacterial life, and he has published a number of investigations on the connection between optical activity and chemical constitution. He is a well- known public lecturer. Amongst the dis- courses which he has given may be men- tioned " Micro-organisms in their Relation to Chemical Change," delivered at the Royal Institution ; one of the evening dis- courses at the Ipswich British Association Meeting, in 1895 ; the opening address at the Mason College, Birmingham, in 1895 ; the Pasteur Memorial Lecture at the Chemical Society, London, in 1897. Some of his lectures connected with the subject of micro-organisms are brought together in a small volume, "Our Secret Friends and Foes," published by the S.P.C.K. in their Romance of Science Series, and now in its third edition. "Micro-organ- isms in Water " is the title of a large work published in 1894, in conjunction with Mrs. Percy Frankland, by Messrs. Long- mans. The life of Pasteur by the same authors was published in 1898 by Messrs. Cassell in their Century Science Series. Professor Percy Frankland is also the author of the obituary notice of Pasteur which appeared in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. In 1896 he acted as Secre- tary to the British Section of the Pasteur International Memorial Fund. In 1892 he delivered a course of Cantor Lectures at the Society of Arts on " Recent Contribu- tions to the Chemistry and Bacteriology of the Fermentation Industries." He is also the author of the articles "Fermenta- tion and Water," which appeared in Pro- fessor Thorpe's Dictionary of Technical Chemistry. He has contributed various articles to the Nineteenth Century, National Review, Nature, and similar papers. In 1891 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and he is also a Fellow and late member of Council of the Chemical Society, a Fellow and late member of Council of the Institute of Chemistry, Honorary Member of the North of Eng- land Institute of Brewing, and a member of the Society of Chemical Industry. In 1891 he was requested by a special com- mittee of the Royal Society to conduct, in conjunction with Professor Marshall Ward, an extensive experimental investi- gation on the behaviour of pathogenic bacteria in potable waters. Amongst the subjects studied in this connection by Prof. Frankland may be mentioned an extensive series of investigations on the vitality of the typhoid bacillu s in waters of various kinds. In September 1894 he was appointed to succeed Professor Tilden in the Chair of Chemistry at Mason College. He married in 1882, Grace, youngest daughter of the aurist, Joseph Toynbee, F.R.S. Address : 1 Greenfield Crescent, Birmingham. FRANZOS, Karl Emil, a German author, son of a Jewish doctor, was bom Oct. 25, 1848, on the Russo - Austrian frontier. He was brought up in the Polish-Jewish town of Czortkow, and re- ceived his early education in the school of the Dominican monastery there. Then he proceeded to the German Gymnasium at Czernowicz, where, from the year 1862, he was wholly dependent on his own ex- ertions for a livelihood. A proof of the ardour and success with which he devoted himself to the study of the classical lan- guages is his translation of the Eclogues of Virgil into the Doric of Theocritus. Being 388 FRASER a Jew, and therefore having no hope of obtaining an appointment, he abandoned philology for jurisprudence. In 1868 he represented, as deputy, the students of Vienna at the Berlin " Kartellkongress " of the German "Burschenschaften," and he established, in 1869, the German annual in Bukowina, "Buchenblatter," a sort of almanac. In 1871 he was concerned in a trial in consequence of an appeal to the students of Gratz, being indicted as a rebel. After this affair he passed with distinction his examination for the Govern- ment Juridical Service, and practised for a time at the Bar with success, but ulti- mately he resolved to adopt the career of a professional author. At the outset he took to journalism, first at Vienna and afterwards (1872-73) at Pesth ; then he performed long journeys, mostly in the east of Europe, until he was enabled, in 1876, to find his means of subsistence by writing books. His chief power as a writer is found in ethnographical descrip- tion, especially in the form of romance. Among his works are : " Semi - Asiatic Life : Pictures of Civilisation in Galicia, the Bukowina, South Russia, and Rou- mania," 3rd edit., 2 vols., 1889; "From the Don to the Danube : New Pictures of Semi-Asiatic Life," 2 vols., 2nd edit., 1889 ; " From the Great Plain, New Scenes from Western Asia," 2 vols., 1888 ; "Young Love," three stories, 4th edit., 1884; "The Jews of Barnow," tales, 4th edit., 1886; "Moschko of Parma, the story of a Jewish soldier," 2nd edit., 1885 ; " Quiet Stories," 3rd edit., 1886 ; "A Fight for the Right," a novel, 2 vols., 3rd edit., 1884; "My Francis," a novel, in verse, 1882 ; " The Journey after Fate," a story, 2nd edit., 1885 ; " Tragic Novels," 1886; "The Shadow," a story, 2nd edit., 1889; "Judith Trachtenberg," a novel, 1891 ; " Der Gott des alten Doctors," and "Die Suggestion und die Dichtung," 1892; and " Der Wahrheitsucher," 1894. His novel " Der President " was translated in Heinemann's International Library in 1890, under the title of "The Chief- Justice." Franzos resided at Vienna until 1883; passed the winter, 1883-84, at Berlin ; was recalled to Vienna, and conducted the Neue Elustrierte Zeitung, 1884-86 ; since 1887 he resides at Berlin, as editor of the periodical Deutsche Dich- tung. His works have been translated into almost every European language. The translations of " The Jews of Barnow," " A Fight for the Right," and "The Chief - Justice," have attracted special attention in England. FBASER, Alexander, R.S.A., was born in 1827, at Woqdcockdale, near Lin- lithgow. He got his education in a scrambling manner in Dunoon, Greenock, Glasgow, Hamilton, and Lanark, in the Grammar School of which latter place he got the bulk of it, where, too, he made his first step in art, stippling the background in the works of an itinerant portrait painter in water colours. Early show- ing a taste for art, he received his first instruction from his father, who was an able amateur. On leaving school he was sent to Edinburgh to draw in the Gallery of Arts. Shortly afterwards he was ad- mitted to the School of Designs, where he learned to draw. At the same time he learned to paint by copying pictures in the National Gallery. His first appear- ance in the Academy Exhibition was with a figure picture, "A Gipsy Girl in Prison." But he soon abandoned the figure for land- scape. He has made many sketches, and painted many pictures. Generally his works are painted in the open air, though to this there are important exceptions. Mr. Eraser was elected R.S.A. in 1862. His best work has been done in the Valley of the Conway, North Wales, and in the neighbourhood of Hamilton. Address : 16 Eskside, Musselburgh. FRASER, Alexander CampbeU, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Emeritus Pro- fessor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh, was born on 3rd September 1819 at the Manse of Ard- chattan, co. Argyll, of which parish his father, the Rev. Hugh Fraser, a collateral descendant of the Frasers of Strichen, was minister. His mother was a daughter of Campbell of Barcaldine, a family of long standing in Argyllshire. His first four- teen years were years of home education exclusively. A winter at Glasgow College, in 1833, was followed by the customary course in the Faculty of Arts in Edinburgh, where he graduated in 1838, and for four years more studied metaphysics and theo- logy. At the University, especially after 1838, his dominant bent was to the meta- physical problems which underlie human life. In 1842, at the close of his academi- cal course, he obtained the University Prize, open to all matriculated students, for an essay on " Toleration." Then, after a short interval of ecclesiastical work, he devoted his life to religious thought and philosophy. Recommended by Sir William Hamilton and Dr. Chalmers, and by an essay on "Leibnitz," which he contributed in 1846 to the North British Review, he was in that year made Professor of Logic in the New College at Edinburgh. From 1850 to 1856 he edited the North British Review, broadening its basis, and enlisting distinguished contributors of wide sym- pathies. In 1856 he was placed in the Chair of Logic and Metaphysics in the FRASER 389 University of Edinburgh, as successor to Sir William Hamilton, an office which he held for thirty-five years. From 1859 till 1891 he was also Dean of the Faculty of Arts, active in academical administration throughout the thirty years inaugurated by the reforming Commission of 1858, and closed by the reforming Commission of 1889. In 1871 he was one of the exam- iners in Moral Science of the University of Cambridge, was made a member of the Metaphysical Society of London, and re- ceived from the University of Glasgow its honorary Doctorate of Laws. In 1872 and many following years he examined in the Moral Sciences for the Indian Civil Service. In 1877 he was chosen, as successor of Sir Robert Christison, to represent the Senatus Academicus in the Supreme Court of the University of Edin- burgh, an office which he held till 1891. In 1882 he was, without ballot, elected a member of the Athenaeum Club, London, for eminence in literature and philosophy. At Commemoration in June 1883, he was created an honorary Doctor of Civil Law of the University of Oxford. In 1891 he retired from the Edinburgh Chair of Logic and Metaphysics, and on his retirement received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University. Between 1846 and 1866 Professor Campbell Fraser contributed numerous articles, biographi- cal, historical, and philosophical, to en- cyclopaedias and reviews, six of which appeared in 1856 in a small volume of " Essays in Philosophy." In 1871 he made his first considerable contribution to philosophical literature — "A Col- lected Edition of the Works of Bishop Berkeley, with Annotations and Disser- tations," in 4 vols., published by the Clarendon Press, under the auspices of the University of Oxford. It was followed in 1874 by an annotated volume of " Selec- tions from Berkeley," a biography of " Berkeley " in 1880, and one of " Locke " in 1890 — the last two for Blackwood's Philosophical Classics, which have passed through several editions. The monograph on Locke was supplemented in 1894 by " An Annotated Edition of Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding, with Prole- gomena, Critical and Historical," in 2 vols., published by the Oxford Clarendon Press. In the same year he was made Gifford Lecturer on Natural Theology by the University of Edinburgh, in succession to Professor Pfleiderer of Berlin, who held that office in the two preceding years. The substance of Professor Fraser's Gifford Lectures appeared in 1896, in 2 vols., on the "Philosophy of Theism," which con- tain some of his matured thoughts on the foundations of religion and human know- ledge. This was followed in 1898 by a biography of " Thomas Reid," in the Famous Scots Series, in which, along with some fresh biographical material, Reid's philosophy is treated critically, in its relation to present-day thought. Professor Fraser's work as a philosophical author is concerned with the three great problems of philosophical interest, viz. : The ma- terial world, man and human understand- ing, and God — these as mutually related ; the first discussed in connection with Ber- keley, the second with Locke, and the third in the " Philosophy of Theism," and the inspired common-sense of Reid. In this philosophy external nature is the intelligible issue of continuous divine agency or providence ; man, as free, is a supernatural agent in all issues for which he is morally responsible ; while external nature and free agents receive their final explanation in God, infinitely incognisable, yet revealed in human relations. Accord- ing to the Quarterly Review, Professor Fraser is a leading representative of "the Spiritual tradition in British philosophy, as that is found in Locke and Berkeley, no less than in Coleridge, Reid, and Sir W. Hamilton, and as one who approaches the ultimate questions in an independent and characteristic way." The ideal of his philosophy is a progressively intelligent practical faith in the divine order of the incompletely interpretable universe, as the true via media between an agnosticism which would incoherently reduce human knowledge to mere phenomena of sense, and an omniscient idealism which is bound to eliminate all mystery from experience, in an exhaustive rational articulation of the actual universe of natural things and moral agents. Its sheet-anchor is, final trust in the perfect goodness of the Su- preme Reason and imminent Power, as the fundamental philosophical postulate of man's interpretation of any data of ex- perience, because the necessary alternative to sceptical paralysis of all his faculties. He married in 1850 Jemima, daughter of Dr. William Dyce, Cuttlehill, Aberdeen. Address : Gorton, Hawthornden, Mid- lothian, N.B. FRASER, Professor Thomas Richard, M.D., F.R.C.P.E., and LL.D. Aberdeen, F.R.S., was born at Calcutta, on Feb. 5, 1841, and was educated at Public Schools in Scotland and in the University of Edinburgh, where be gradu- ated as M.D. in 1862. In the following year he was appointed Assistant to the Professor of Materia Medica in the Uni- versity of Edinburgh. In 1869 he be- came Assistant-Physician to the Royal Infirmary, and, in 1870, extra-academical Lecturer on Materia Medica in Edinburgh, and Examiner in this subject in the 390 FEECHETTE University of London. Four years sub- sequently, he resigned his Edinburgh appointments on being elected Medical Officer of Health for Mid-Cheshire. While holding this office, he was appointed Exa- miner in Materia Medica in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh, and on the invitation of the Senate of the University of London, Examiner in Public Health in that Uni- versity. In 1877 he returned to Edin- burgh to assume the duties of Professor of Materia Medioa, to which office he was promoted on the resignation of Sir Robert Christison. In the following year he became also a Professor of Clinical Medi- cine, and in 1880 Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. Along with these University appointments, he holds that of Medical Adviser to the Prison Commission of Scot- land and of Chief Medical Adviser of the Standard Life Assurance Company. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society ; a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh; an Honorary Member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ; a Corresponding Member of the Thera- peutical Society of Paris, and of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia ; and a member of many other learned societies. In 1877 he was ap- pointed one of the two medical members of the Admiralty Committee to report on the causes of Scurvy in Sir George Nares's Arctic Expedition ; and he was President of the Section of Materia Medica and Pharmacology at the International Medical Congress held in London in 1881, and President of the Section of Materia Medica and Therapeutics at the meeting of the British Medical Association in 1885. In 1897, the Senatus of the University of Edinburgh awarded to him the Cameron Prize for the highly important and valu- able addition to practical Therapeutics resulting from his researches and practi- cal observations on the cardiac remedy, Strophanthus. Dr. Fraser is the author of " Characters, Actions, and Therapeutic Uses of Physostigma Venenosum " (awarded a Thesis Gold Medal by the University of Edinburgh, and the Barbier Prize of the Academy of Sciences of Paris), Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1863 ; " The Physiological Action of Physo- stigma Venenosum, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1866-67 ; "On the Connection between Chemical Constitution and Physiological Action " (conjointly with Professor Crum Brown), Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1868-69 (awarded the Macdougall-Brisbane prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh) ; " An Investigation into some previously undescribed Tetanic Symptoms produced in Cold-blooded Animals by Atropia," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1868-69 ; " An Ex- perimental Research on the Antagonism between the Actions of Physostigma and Atropia," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1870-71 ; " The Dyspncea of Asthma and Bron- chitis ; its Causation, and the Influence of Nitrites upon it," American Journ. of the Med. Sciences, 1887 ; " Strophanthus his- pidus : its Natural History, Chemistry, and Pharmacology," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1889 (awarded the Keith Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh) ; " On the rendering of Animals immune against the Venom of the Cobra and other Serpents, and on the Antidotal Properties of the Blood-Serum of the Immunised Animals," Proceed. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1895, and Nature, April 1896; "The Antivenomous Pro- perties of the Bile of Serpents and other animals," Proceed. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1897, and Brit. Med. Journal, July 1897 ; and of many papers on clinical medicine, therapeutics, and the physiological action of medicinal substances. His work has been chiefly in the direction of deter- mining the physiological effects of medicinal substances, with the view of establishing an accurate and rational basis for the treatment of disease. Ad- dress : 13 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edin- burgh. FRECHETTE, Louis Honore, C.M.G., LL.D., Quebec, a French-Canadian litUrateur and journalist, was born at Levis, opposite Quebec, Nov. 16, 1839. He received his education at the Quebec Seminary and at the College of Nicolet. He studied law, and was called to the Bar of Lower Canada in 1864. He became a voluminous contributor to the newspaper press of the French province, and edited successfully Le Journal de Quebec and Le Journal de Levis. In 1862 he published a collection of poems, under the title of " Mes Loisirs." In 1866 he settled in Chicago, where he published a French paper called L'Amfrique, and was foreign correspondent in the land department of the Illinois Central R. R. Co. He returned to Quebec in 1871, and entered political life, representing his native county of Levis in the Dominion Parliament from 1874 to 1878. Since then he has published five additional collections of poems, en- titled respectively " Pele-Mele," 1877 ; " Les Fleurs Boreales," 1880; " Les Oiseaux de Neige," 1880; "La Le"gende d'un Peuple," 1887; and "Les Feuilles Volantes," 1891 ; and also a poem on "J. B. de La Salle." While at Chicago he had also published another poem, called " La Voix d'un Exile," 1869. " Les Oiseaux de Neige" and "Les Fleurs Boreales" were crowned by the French Academy at Paris in August 1880. For a few years he was chief editor of La Patrie, Montreal, and in 1890 occupied the clerkship of the FREDERICK — FREMANTLE 391 Legislative Council, Province of Quebec. He has received the degree of LL.D. from three different Universities, and is known as the " national poet " of French Canada. He is a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and, in 1897, he was created a C.M.G. His address in Montreal is 404 Sherbrooke Street. FREDERICK, The Ex-Empress, Victoria Mary Louisa, the Princess Royal of England, was born Nov. 21, 1840, and was married to the late Emperor Frederick III. of Germany on Jan. 25, 1858, and has seven children, of whom the eldest is the present Emperor William II. FREDERICK WILLIAM LOUIS, Grand-Duke of Baden, born Sept. 9, 1826, succeeded his father, the Grand-Duke Leopold, as Regent, April 24, 1852, to the exclusion of his elder brother Louis, who was mentally incapable of governing. Since 1853 he has been continually en- gaged in struggles with the ecclesiastical power, and at the end of 1855 banished the Jesuits from the Duchy. In Septem- ber 1856 he had a narrow escape from assassination. He assumed the title of Grand-Duke, Sept. 5, 1856, and married the daughter of the Emperor William I. of Germany, September 20. An ardent advo- cate of German unity, he became an ally of Prussia in the Franco-German War (1870- 71), and the Badenese soldiers contributed in no small degree to the triumph of the German arms, thereby making themselves intensely unpopular with their former friends and neighbours, the people of Alsace. He was one of the first to accept the Constitution of the new German Empire and to acclaim the new German Emperor at Versailles. In 1881 he was seriously ill, and Baden was under a regency for a year. In 1886 he presided at the great quincentenary festival of the University of Heidelberg. FREMANTLE, General Sir Arthur James Lyon, G.C.M.G., C.B., is the son of the late Major-General John Fremantle, C.B. He was born in 1835, and after passing through Sandhurst, entered the army in 1852 as Ensign of the 70th Foot (East Surrey Regiment). Shortly afterwards he joined the Cold- stream Guards, and was promoted Lieu- tenant and Captain in 1854, and Lieu- tenant-Colonel in 1860, in which year he was also appointed Assistant Military Secretary at Gibraltar. In 1871 he re- ceived the brevet of Colonel, and com- manded a battalion of the Coldstream Guards from 1877 to 1880. His next staff appointment was that of Aide-de- Camp to the Duke of Cambridge. He was promoted Major-General in 1882, and in the Soudan expedition of 1884 he com- manded the Brigade of Guards, and was also appointed Governor of Suakim, suc- cessfully defending that town against many assaults. He was mentioned in de- spatches, created a C.B., and appointed Chief of the Staff in Egypt. For some years he was Deputy Adjutant-General at Headquarters for the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteers, and for a short time was the General in command of the Scottish Dis- trict, relinquishing that command in 1894, in order to take over the duties of Gover- nor and Commander-in-Chief at Malta. He is also a J.P. for Middlesex and Lon- don. On the occasion of the Queen's birthday in 1898, he was created G.C.M.G. He married in 1864, Mary, a daughter of Richard Hall, Esq. This lady died in August 1898. Addresses : 32 Cadogan Place, S.W.; and the Palace, Valetta. FREMANTLE, The Hon. Sir Charles William, K.C.B., was born at Swanbourne, Bucks, on Aug. 12, 1834, and is the third son of the late 1st Lord Cottes- loe (who was M.P. for Buckingham, 1827- 46, and held the offices of Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, and Chief Secretary for Ireland, and was subse- quently, 1846-74, Chairman of the Board of Customs, and died Dec. 3, 1890) and his wife, Louisa Elizabeth, daughter of Field-Marshal Sir George Nugent, G.C.B. She died in 1875. Sir Charles William Fremantle was educated at Eton ; ap- pointed a Clerk in the Treasury, April 1853, and was Private Secretary succes- sively to Sir William Hayter, Sir William Hylton Jolliffe, and the Hon. Henry Brand (afterwards Speaker of the House of Com- mons and Viscount Hampden), Parlia- mentary Secretaries of the Treasury. He was appointed, in 1866, Private Secretary to Mr. Disraeli, who was then Chancellor of the Exchequer, and subsequentlv, in 1 868, First Lord of the Treasury. In 1867- 68 he was Secretary to the Boundary Com- mission appointed by the Representation of the People Act, 1867, of which Viscount Eversley was the Chairman. In 1868 he was appointed Deputy-Master and Comp- troller of the Royal Mint; and in 1870 was constituted principal executive officer of that department, the Mastership of the Mint having by the Coinage Act of that year been vested in the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the time being. He retired from that appointment in 1894. He was appointed, in 1876, a member of the Play- fair Commission, to inquire into the con- stitution and management of Public De- partments, and in 1886 a member of the Royal Commission on Gold and Silver, 392 FREMANTLE — FREY which reported on the question of bi- metallism. Since the date of Sir Charles Fremantle's appointment to the Mint, annual reports have been issued by that department, giving full information, not only as to the coinage of the United Kingdom, but also as to the coinage and currency of other nations. In 1896 Sir Charles was appointed one of the official directors of the Suez Canal Company. He married, in 1865, Sophia, daughter of the late Abel Smith, M.P. for Woodhall. Address : 12 Buckingham Palace Gardens, S.W. FREMANTLE, Admiral the Hon. Sir Edmund Robert, K.C.B., C.M.G., F.R.G.S., the son of the 1st Lord Cottesloe, was born on June 15, 1836, and entered the navy in 1849. As midship- man in H.M.S. Spartan, he took part in the Burmese War of 1852, receiving the Burmese medal. He was promoted Lieu- tenant in 1857, Commander in 1861, and Captain in 1867. As Captain of H.M.S. Barracouta he was the senior Naval Officer in the Ashanti War of 1873, and served on shore throughout the whole of that cam- paign. While superintending the artillery during a skirmish, he was severely wounded in the right arm. For these services he received both the C.B. and C.M.G., and the thanks of both Houses of Parlia- ment. In 1881 he was appointed Aide-de- Camp to the Queen, and held that office until promoted to the rank of Rear- Admiral in June 1885. Sir Edmund was selected as second in command of the Channel Squadron in 1886, and became successively Commander-in-Chief in the East Indies, in China, and at Plymouth. During his command in China the war between that country and Japan took place. He was promoted K.C.B. in 1889, and also has Eoyal authority to wear the Prussian Royal Order of the Crown of the first class, which the German Emperor con- ferred upon him, and the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar of the first class. These Orders he received while Com- mander-in-Chief on the East Indian Sta- tion, where it was found necessary to land a naval brigade, which he commanded in person, for a punitive expedition against the Sultan of Vitu in East Africa in 1890. Sir Edmund is a Gold Medallist of the Royal United Service Institution, and also has the unique honour of possessing the gold, silver, and bronze medals of the Royal Humane Society for saving life at sea on various occasions. He is a direct descendant of one of Nelson's particular friends and best captains, Captain Fre- mantle of H.M.S. Neptune, who served at Trafalgar, and is the second Fremantle within thirty years to hold the Devonport command. Sir Edmund published in 1880 an Essay on Naval Tactics. He married, in 1866, Barberina, daughter of R. M. Isaacs, LL.D., of Sydney, New South Wales. Address : Admiralty House, Devonport. FREMANTLE, The Very Rev. the Hon. "William Henry, M. A., D.D., is the second son of the late Lord Cottesloe, and was born in 1831. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford ; ob- tained a first-class in classics in 1853, gained the prize for the English essay in the following year, and was Fellow of All Souls' from 1854 to 1863. He was Curate of Middle Claydon, Bucks, from 1855 to 1857, and Vicar of Lewknor, Oxfordshire, from the latter date till 1865, when he was appointed by Earl Russell to the rectory of St. Mary's, Bryanston Square, Marylebone. From 1878 to 1880 he was Select Preacher at Oxford. In 1882 he was chosen Bampton Lecturer at Oxford, and later in the same year he was appointed by Dr. Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury — one of whose Chaplains he had been since 1861 — to the canonry residentiary in Can- terbury Cathedral. In the same year Canon Fremantle accepted the position of Fellow and Theological Tutor of Balliol College, a position which he vacated at the end of the summer of 1894. In 1895 he became Dean of Ripon. He has written or edited "Ecclesiastical Judgments of the Privy Council," 1865, in conjunction with the Hon. G. C. Brodrick ; articles in the Contemporary, Fortnightly, and Nine- teenth Century Reviews, 1866-82 ; and " The Doctrine of Reconciliation to God through Jesus Christ," 1870; "The Gospel of the Secular Life " (University Sermons), 1882 ; " The World as the Subject of Redemp- tion " (Bampton Lectures), 1885; "A Pleading against War from the Pulpit of Canterbury Cathedral"; "Church Re- form," in the Imperial Parliament Series ; articles on St. Jerome, &c., in the " Dic- tionary of Ecclesiastical Biography " ; and a translation of the chief works of St. Jerome in the "Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers," 1893. He married, in 1863, Isabella, daughter of Sir Culling Eardley, Bart. Address : The Deanery, Ripon. EREY, Emil, formerly President of the Swiss Republic, was born at Arles- heim, Basle, Oct. 24, 1838, and emigrated early in life to the United States, fighting all through the Civil War in the ranks of the Northern army, in which he rose from private to colonel. In 1865 he returned to Switzerland, and began to take an interest in political affairs. He was made Secre- tary of State for the canton of Basle, and it was through his influence that the public FREYCLNET — FRITH 393 schools were freed from Church control. In 1882 he was appointed Swiss Minister to the United States, which post he occu- pied till 1887. FREYCTNET, Charles Louis de Sauloes de. See De Freycinet. FRIEDLANDER, Dr. Michael, was born on April 29, 1833, at Introschin, a small town in Prussia, province of Posen, where he remained during his childhood and youth. He left the place (after the great events of 1848) in 1851 to continue his studies in the capital of Prussia. He first studied under Bellermann, until 1856, when he finished his training, and matri- culated as student at the Berlin University. He there attended the lectures of Pro- fessors Trendelenburg, Boekh, Hengsten- berg, Benary, &c, and also studied Hebrew Theology under the Eabbis, I. Oettinger and E. Rosenstein. Dr. Friedlander gra- duated at Halle in 1862, his dissertation being "De Persarum Regibus veteribus." He subsequently obeyed a summons to Berlin to become the Director of the Insti- tute for the teaching of the Talmud of the Talmud Association of that city. In 1865 he left Berlin to become Principal of the Jews' College, a post which he still holds. Dr. Friedlander is a member of the Com- mittee of the Society of Hebrew Litera- ture. Under its auspices he has published : " The Commentary of Ibn Esra on Jesaiah, edited from MSS. and translated with Notes, Introductions, and Glossary," 1873-77 ; "The Book of Jesaiah, the Ang- lican Version, emended according to the Commentary of Ibn Esra " ; " The Hebrew Text of Ibn Esra's Commentary of Jesaiah, edited according to MSS. and accom- panied by a Glossary, with Short Disser- tations on subjects connected with the Commentary," 1874 ; "Essays on the Writ- ings of Abraham Ibn Esra," 1877; "The Guide of the Perplexed of Maimonides, translated from the Original Text, and Annotated," 1881 ; " The Jewish Family Bible, containing the Pentateuch, the Pro- phets, and the Hagiographa, Hebrew and English," 1882; "Spinoza, His Life and Philosophy " (two papers read before the Jews' College Literary Society), 1888 ; " The Design and the Context of Ecclesi- astes," in the Jewish Quarterly Review, 1888, Vol. I., No. 1 ; " The Age and the Authorship of Ecclesiastes, " in the Jewish Quarterly Review, 1888, Vol. I., No. 4; "Text Book of Jewish Religion"; and "The Jewish Religion," 1890. In 1892 he revised a volume of "Outlines of Jewish History." FRIPP, Alfred Downing, M.V.O., F.R.C.S., born at Blandford, Dorset, in 1862, is the only surviving son of the late Alfred Downing Fripp, the water-colour artist, by his marriage with Eliza Banister Rae. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and possesses the degrees of M.B. and M.S. of the Univer- sity of London. He is an Assistant-Sur- geon to Guy's Hospital, where he is also Senior Demonstrator in Anatomy, and is Surgeon-in-Ordinary to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, whom he attended after his accident. He married, in June 1898, Mar- garet Scott, only daughter of T. B. Hay- wood, of Woodhatch, Reigate. Address : 19 Portland Place, W. FRITH, "William Powell, retired R.A., born on Jan. 9, 1819, at Studley, near Ripon ; lost his father while young. In 1835 he entered the Art Academy, con- ducted by Mr. Sass, where he continued for three years, studying drawing and composition ; in 1839 he exhibited, at the British Institution, a portrait of one of the children of his preceptor. This was fol- lowed, in 1840, by " Othello and Desde- mona," and " Malvolio before the Countess Olivia," exhibited at the Academy the same year ; and in 1841, by his "Parting Interview between Leicester and Amy Robsart." In 1842 he exhibited at the British Institution a sketch from Sterne's " Sentimental Journey," and contributed to the Exhibition a scene from the " Vicar of Wakefield," representing Olivia and the Squire trying to ascertain which was the taller. Three years later he contributed the well-known picture of the "Village Pastor," which was the means of placing him on the roll of Associates of the Royal Academy. After becoming A.R.A., Mr. Frith almost entirely discontinued his contributions to the British Institution, ex- cept in 1852, when he sent a small female portrait, entitled "Wicked Eyes." In 1847 he produced his large picture of " English Merrymaking a Hundred Years Ago." His picture of 1849, entitled " Com- ing of Age," was in the same vein, and was a great popular success. Mr. Frith con- tinued to exhibit, and in 1852 he was elected R.A. A number of Shakesperean and other pictures followed, and in 1854 his " Life at the Sea-Side " was bought by the Queen. The famous picture, " The Derby Day " (now in the National Gallery), was exhibited at the Academy in 1858. For the next four years Mr. Frith did not exhibit much, being occupied in paint- ing the large picture of the "Railway Station." He exhibited at the Academy in 1865 "The Marriage of their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Wales and the Princess Alexandra of Denmark, in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, March 10, 1863" (painted for the Queen); and in 394 FROST — FRY 1868, " Before Dinner at Boswell's Lodg- ings in Bond Street," 1769. This work was sold in 1875 for £4567, which, up to that date, was the highest price ever given at auction for any picture during the artist's lifetime. Since that time Mr. Frith has constantly exhibited both illus- trations of literature and pictures after the manner of his old successes, " The Bailway Station," &c. Of these, " The Private View of the Eoyal Academy" (1881) has been the most ambitions. His Hogarthian series, " The Boad to Euin" (1878), is also well known. Mr. Frith published his "Autobiography" in 1887, and "Further Eeminiscences " in 1888. He is a member of the Academies of Vienna, Belgium, and Sweden. By his own desire, he was placed on the list of retired Eoyal Academicians in 1890. Address : 114 Clifton Hill, N.W. ; and Athenasum. FROST, Thomas, born in 1821 at Croydon, was formerly in business there as a printer, but retired in 1848, and adopted the literary profession. He parti- cipated actively in the Chartist agitation, and was one of the delegates to the Beform Conference at St. Martin's Hall in 1852. He was a contributor to Chambers's 'Tapers for the People," and in 1854 editor of the Magazine of Art. He was a leader-writer for the Birmingham Journal for several years from 1855, and subse- quently for the Liverpool Albion and the Shrewsbury Chronicle, down to 1872. He was editor of the Gentleman's Journal in that and the preceding year. Mr. Frost is the author of : " Half -Hours with Early Explorers," 1873 ; " The Old Showmen and the Old London Fairs," 1874; "Circus Life and Circus Celebrities," 1875 ; " Lives of the Conjurors," " Life of Thomas Lord Lyttelton," and " Secret Societies of the European Bevolution," 2 vols., 1876; "Forty Years' Eecollection," and "In Kent with Charles Dickens," 1880 ; " Mo- dern Explorers," 1882 ; and several stories of adventure for boys. In 1886 appeared his "Eeminiscences of a Country Jour- nalist." He became editor in 1881 of the Sheffield Evening Post, in 1882 of the Barnsley Times, and in the following year of the Barnsley Independent. FROTXDE, Robert Edmund, F.B.S., M.I.C.E., Assoc. Mem. Council I.N.A., Superintendent, Admiralty Experiment Works, Haslar, was born on Dec. 23, 1846, at Dartington Passage, in South Devon, then occupied by the Ven. Archdeacon Froude, his grandfather. He was third son of the late William Froude, F.E.S., the eminent investigator of scientific problems connected with naval architecture. His grandfather by the mother's side was Governor Holdsworth, of Dartmouth, South Devon, and his paternal uncles were the famous historian and the Oxford Trac- tarian, Hurrell Froude. He was at a private school at Heavitree, near Exeter, in 1856-58 ; in 1858-63 at St. Andrew's College, Bradfield, Berks ; and in 1853-64 at the Oratory School, Birmingham, under the superintendence of the late Cardinal (then Dr.) J. H. Newman, once his father's tutor at Oxford. He was preparing for Oxford when a failure of health necessi- tated his abandoning his studies, and spending two winters abroad. After this he assisted in the experimental work on which his father was then engaged ; and when, through the instrumentality of Sir Edward Eeed (then Mr. Reed, Chief Con- structor of the Navy), the Admiralty Experiment Establishment was instituted at Torquay, under the superintendence of Mr. W. Froude, Edmund Froude received a salaried appointment in the staff of that establishment. He was placed temporarily in sole charge of the establishment when Mr. W. Froude left for the Cape in 1878, and was appointed Superintendent on Mr. Froude's death in 1879. He has continued to hold that office to the present date. In 1886 the establishment under his charge was transferred from Torquay to Haslar, Gosport, the experimental plant being at the same time largely remodelled and im- proved. He became an Associate of the Institution of Naval Architects in 1880, member of the Institution of Civil En- gineers in 1884, and of the Society of Arts in 1890, and was elected a Fellow of the Boyal Society in 1894. He has contributed papers to the Institution of Naval Archi- tects, the United Service Institution, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh. In January 1894 he delivered the Watt Anniversary Lecture to the Greenock Philosophical Society. Addresses : North Lodge, Alverstoke ; and Athenajum. FRY, The Right Hon. Sir Edward, F.E.S., D.C.L., LL.D., F.S.A., F.G.S., second son of the late Mr. Joseph Fry, of Bristol, by Mary Anne, daughter of the late Mr. Edward Swaine, of Beading, was born at Bristol, Nov. 4, 1827, and educated at the College, Bristol, and at University College, London, of which he is a Fellow. He graduated B.A. at the University of London in 1851, taking honours in classics and animal physiology. In 1885 he was appointed by the Crown a member of the Senate of the University of London. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1854; in 1869 he received a silk gown; and in April 1877 he was appointed a Judge of the High Court of Justice. On the latter occasion he received the honour FRY — FRYER 395 of knighthood. In April 1883 he was appointed by Mr. Gladstone to the vacant Lord Justiceship of Appeal, caused by the elevation of Lord Justice Brett as the Master of the Rolls. He retired from the Bench in the year 1892. He is a Privy Councillor, and a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, and has been an Examiner in Law to the University of London and the Council of Legal Education. During the year 1897 he presided over a Royal Commission to inquire into the working of the Irish Land Acts. He is a F.R.S., F.S.A., and F.L.S. ; also a D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D. of Edinburgh ; an Honorary Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford ; a Governor of the Char- terhouse School and of Clifton College ; and a Trustee of the Hunterian Museum. He is the author of "A Treatise on the Specific Performance of Contracts," 1858, 1881, 1892 ; and of some theological works, including : " The Doctrine of Election," 1864; "Essays on the Accordance of Christianity with the Nature of Man," Edinburgh, 1857 ; " Darwinism and Theo- logy," 1872, a reprint of letters in the Spectator ; " British Mosses," 1892; and of articles in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica " and the "Dictionary of National Bio- graphy." He married, in 1859, Mariabella, daughter of the late Mr. John Hodgkin, barrister-at-law, of Lewes. Addresses : Failand House, Failand, near Bristol ; and Athenseum. FRY, Oliver Armstrong, M.A., the second son of the late Henry Fry, D.D., Rector of St. George's, Hobart, was born in that town in 1855. Coming to England at an early age, he was educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford, and at St. John's College, Oxford, whence he graduated in 1879 (M.A. 1883). Pending his call to the Bar he was for a short time a schoolmaster, and for longer a ' ' coach " for various com- petitive examinations. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1881, he con- tinued to take pupils, but wrote also for various newspapers and reviews, especially for Vanity Fair, whose tone and policy he greatly admired ; and when, in 1887, Mr. Thomas Gibson Bowles, M.P., the founder of that journal, asked him to assist in the editing, he gave up his legal practice to do so. Two years later, when Mr. Bowles sold Vanity Fair, he became its editor, and he now both manages and edits that journal, which is the oldest of its kind. He has published one or two small educa- tional works, and at one time he had a close connection with the Educational Times. He has also lectured regularly at the Birkbeck and elsewhere, and he was once offered a judicial appointment in Siam. He married, in 1884, Annie Zetter- quist, third daughter of the late George Crabb Rolfe, Vicar of Hailey and Crawley, Oxfordshire. Addresses : 141 Portsdown Road, W. ; and 7 Essex Street, Strand, W.C. ( Vanity Fair Office). FRY, Sir Theodore, Bart., is the second son of the late Francis Fry, Esq., F.S.A., of Tower House, Bristol, by Matilda, daughter of the late Daniel Penrose, Esq. , of Brittas, co. Wicklow. He was born on May 1, 1836; is a J.P., and nine years County Alderman of Durham, Lord of the Manor of Cleasby, Yorks, N.R. ; F.S.A., Hon. Member of University College, Lon- don, and Chairman of the firm of Sir Theodore Fry & Co. , Limited, iron manu- facturers, Darlington. He sat as M.P. for Darlington from 1880 to 1895. He married in 1862 Sophia, eldest daughter and co- heiress of the late John Pease, Esq., of East Mount, Darlington, and Cleveland Lodge, Great Ayton, Yorks. He was created a Baronet in 1894. Address : Woodburn, near Darlington. FRYE, William P., American states- man, was born at Lewiston, Maine, Sept. 2, 1831. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1850, and studied and practised law. He was a Member of the Legislature of Maine in 1861, 1862, and 1867 ; was Attor- ney-General of the State in 1867-69 ; was elected a Trustee of Bowdoin College in June 1880 ; received the degree of LL.D. from Bates College in July 1881, and the same degree from Bowdoin College in 1889 ; was elected to the Forty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Forty-third, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh Congresses ; was elected to the United States Senate and took his seat March 18, 1881 ; was re-elected in 1883, 1888, and 1895. In August 1898 he was appointed a Commissioner to arrange terms of peace with Spain. FRYER, Sir Frederick William Richards, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of Burmah, was born in 1845, and is the son of F. W. Fryer, Esq., of West Moors, Dorset, and Emily Frances, the daughter of John Richards, M.P. He entered the Bengal Civil Service in 1864, became Deputy-Commissioner of the Punjab, 1877, was promoted to be Commissioner of Upper Burmah in 1886 and Chief Commissioner in 1892. In 1894 he was appointed an additional Member of the Viceroy's Coun- cil, and was created a K.C.S.I. in 1895. In March 1897, on the establishment of a local Legislature in Burmah, under the provisions of the Indian Councils Act, he was promoted to his present rank. He married in 1870 Frances, daughter of W. E. L. Bashford, Esq. Address : Govern- ment House, Mandalay. 396 FULLER — FURNISS FULLER, Melville Weston, LL.D. American jurist, was born at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11, 1833. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1853, studied law, and began its practice in Augusta in 1853. For a short time he was one of the editors of the Age, and President of the Common Council. He became City Attorney in 1856, but resigned that office on his re- moval to Chicago in June of the same year. There he rose to the highest rank in his profession, and was connected with many important cases. He was a Member of the Illinois Constitutional Convention in 1862 ; of the lower branch of the State Legislature from 1863 to 1865 ; and was a Delegate to the Democratic National Con- ventiops of 1864, 1872, 1876, and 1880. In 1888 President Cleveland nominated him Chief-Justice of the United States (the highest judicial position in America), and on October 8 of that year he entered upon the duties of that office. Both the North- western University and Bowdoin College conferred the degree of LL.D. upon him in 1888, and Harvard University in 1891. FULTON, Sir Forrest, Q.C., LL.B., Common Serjeant of London, was born at Ostend on July 12, 1846, and is the youngest son of the late Lieutenant-Colonel Fulton, K.H., and Fanny, daughter of John Symp- son Jessopp. He was educated under Dr. Jessopp at Norwich Grammar School, and afterwards, in 1867, graduated B.A. in the University of London. He became LL.B. in 1873. Entering at the Middle Temple he became a Barrister in 1872. He is Counsel to the Treasury at the Middlesex Sessions and Central Criminal Court, Senior Counsel to the Post Office, and Counsel to the Mint, Hertfordshire. In 1886 he be- came M.P. for West Ham (North), and was defeated at the general election of 1892 by Mr. Archibald Grove, Liberal, who polled only thirty-two more votes. He read an address of welcome to the King of Denmark on the occasion of his visit to the city in 1892, and received the honour of knight- hood. He has published a ' ' Manual of Constitutional History." Addresses: 27 Queen's Gardens, Lancaster Gate, W. ; and The Cottage, Sheringham, Norfolk. FURLEY, Sir John, has been for twenty-five years Commissioner to the National Aid Society, and is one of the most distinguished wearers of the Red Cross. The stretcher of which he is the inventor is used by ambulance corps in all parts of the world. It has greatly facili- tated their labours, and has rendered Sir John Furley's name familiar wherever ambulance work is going on. Sir John is a Knight of St. John, and received the honour of the K.B. at the New Year, 1899. FURNEAUX, Rev. William Mor- daunt, M.A., of Swilly, Devon, head-master of Repton School, was born July 29, 1848, at Walton, Warwickshire, and is the eldest son of the Rev. William Duckworth Fur- neaux, of Swilly, and Louisa, daughter of William Dickins, D.L., J.P., of Cherington, Warwickshire. He was educated at Marl- borough College and Christ Church Col- lege, Oxford (B.A. 1872, M.A. 1875), and became an Assistant - Master at Clifton College in 1873, at Marlborough College, 1874-82. He has been head - master of Repton School since 1882. He was ap- pointed Canon of Southwell in 1891. Ad- dresses : Repton Hall, Burton-on-Trent ; and Gwyl Annedd, Penmaenmawr. FURNISS, Harry, caricature artist, was born March 1854, at Wexford, Ireland, of English parents. His father was an engineer, his mother the daughter of the well-known Newcastle- on -Tyne author, publisher, and politician, Eneas Mac- Kenzie, the founder of the Joseph Cowen political school of that place. He was educated in Dublin, and began drawing for periodicals and magazines at a very early age. Mr. Furniss came to London at the age of nineteen, and has ever since been constantly engaged in illustrating. For many years he was a regular contri- butor to the Illustrated London News, mostly depicting the lighter side of every-day life, but occasionally acting as a serious "special" for that paper. In the latter capacity he made a sketching tour of the distressed parts of England in the winter of 1878, and has followed political campaigns through the country, &c. His first draw- ing in Punch appeared in 1880, and he joined the regular staff four years after ; at this time his Punch Parliamentary Views were collected and published in an idition de luxe. His principal works in Punch are Parliamentary scenes and sketches of members, with few exceptions drawn direct in the Houses and finished in the studio. Besides his work in Punch he has illustrated the following works published from the same office : F. C. Burnand's "Happy Thoughts," A'Beckett's "Comic Blackstone " coloured plates, and Burn- and's " Incomplete Angler." He has con- tributed drawings to nearly all the chief magazines in London, Harper's in America, and others, and to numerous papers, the World and Vanity Fair among them. He has also brought out books for children, 1885-86, with coloured picures, entitled "Romps." In 1890 he was elected one of the original Fellows of the Institute of Journalists. During 1887 he lectured on " Arts and Artists " and " Portraiture Past and Present." He afterwards (1891) pro- duced his first entertainment, " The FUENIVALL — GADOW 397 Humours of Parliament," which he gave all over the country for two seasons. This was followed by "America in a Hurry," produced after a visit to the United States. These, with " Harry Furniss at Home " and " Stories and Sketches," he has given through the United Kingdom. He made a tour of the world (1897-98), visited the United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries. Mr. Harry Furniss severed his connection with Punch in 1894, and afterwards edited a comic threepenny weekly entitled Lil-a Joho. This was amal- gamated with the New Budget, a continua- tion t>f Mr. Astor's Pall Mall Budget, but finding it too stereotyped a publication, Mr. Furniss discontinued it (1895), and has recently (May 1898) produced his own periodical entitled Pair Game, at present published monthly. Address : 23 St. Edmund's Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. FURNTVALIi, Frederick James, M.A., Ph.D., born, Feb. 4, 1825, at Egharn, in Surrey, is the eldest son of the late George Frederick Furnivall, surgeon, re- ceived his education at private schools at Englefield Green, Turnham Green, and Hanwell, at University College, London (1841-42), and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, (B.A. 1846, M.A. 1849). He was called to the Bar in 1849, but has devoted his life mainly to the study of Early and Middle English Literature, and has established numerous societies of which he is director, for promoting the study of special works ; the Early English Text, 1864; the Chaucer, 1868; the Ballad, 1868; the New Shak- spere, 1873 ; the Wyclif, 1882 ; the Brown- ing, 1881 ; and the Shelley, 1885. Through his societies Dr. Furnivall has raised and expended over £40,000 in printing early MSS. and rare books. He was also one of the founders of the Working-Men's College, and taught there for many years besides being a captain in its volunteer corps and president of its boat club. He was one of the first builders of narrow wager-boats (1845), and introduced sculls instead of oars into fours and eights. He started the Hammersmith Girls' Sculling Club in 1897. Dr. Furnivall has edited a large number of early English and other works, amongst which may be mentioned Robert of Brunne's "Handlyng" and "Chronicle," Walter Map's "Queste del Saint Graal," "Percy's Folio MS. of Bal- lads and Romances," "The Babees Book," Harrison's "England" (1577-87), Caxton's "Book of Curtesye," a Six-Text print of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" — a very valuable aid to the study of Chaucer— and Parallel-Text editions of the poet's "Minor Poems," and "Troilus and Cres- sida," &c. To these may be added several of the Shakspere quartos in fac-simile, and the Introduction to a one-volume edition of the works, called "The Leopold Shak- spere." In 1890 Dr. Furnivall published a note on " Robert Browning's Ancestors." His most important recent works are bis editions for the Early English Text Society, of Hoccleve's "Minor Poems," 1892, and "Regement of Princes," 1897. Address : 3 St. George's Square, Primrose Hill, N.W. FURSE, Canon Charles Welling- ton, M.A., J.P., was born in 1821, and is the son of C. W. Johnson, of Torrington, and a daughter of the Rev. P. Wellington Furse, of Halsdon. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He was ordained in 1848, and has been Principal of Cuddesdon College from 1873 to 1883 ; Rector of St. John the Evangelist, West- minster, 1883-94 ; and, since 1894, Canon and Archdeacon of Westminster. He became Hon. Canon of Christ Church in 1873. He has published "Helps to Holi- ness," and "The Parish Church and the Parish Priest." He married (1) a daughter of the Rev. J. S. B. Monsell, and (2) Ger- trude, daughter of Henry Barnet. Ad- dresses : 1 Abbey Garden, Westminster, S.W. ; and Halsdon House, North Devon. G GADOW, Hans Friedrich, Ph.D., Hon. M.A. Cantab., F.R.S., Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in Cam- bridge University, was born in Pomerania on March 8, 1855, and is the eldest son of the late M. L. Gadow, Inspector of Royal Forests in Prussia. He was educated at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and at the Uni- versities of Berlin, Jena, and Heidelberg. At the last-mentioned he studied under Gegenbauer between 1878-80. During his period of compulsory service he served in 1879 as a Lieutenant in the Prussian Army Bodyguards (8th Foot). Coming to Eng- land, he was in the Natural History Department of the British Museum from 1880 to 1882. He has published "In Northern Spain," 1897 ; the volume on Birds in Bronn's "Thier-Reich," besides some ten papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society, the Journal fiir Ornithologie, and in other scientific journals. In con- junction with Professor Newton and others he is one of the chief contributors to the " Dictionary of Birds," 1893-96. He married Clara Maud, eldest daughter of Sir George Edward Paget, K.C.B., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge. Address : Museum of Zoology, Cambridge ; and Cleramendi, Great Shelford. 398 GADSBY — GAIRDNER GADSBY, Prof. Henry, was born near London on Dec. 15, 1842, and edu- cated at St. Paul's Cathedral. His first important work was a choral setting of the 130th Psalm, which was produced by Henry Leslie at St. James's Hall, in 1863. In 1864 he produced his first symphony, which was followed in 1868 by a cantata on the subject of Longfellow's "Golden Legend." His next works were "Alice Brand," a cantata ; a Festival service for eight voices for "the Sons of the Clergy Festival," 1873; and an overture ("Andro- meda") for the Crystal Palace Saturday Concerts. In 1874, at the request of his old friend and schoolfellow, Sir John Stainer, Prof. Gadsby wrote a concerto for organ and orchestra, which was played at the Crystal Palace. At the same time he was commissioned to write an overture for the British Orchestral Society, which was successfully performed at the St. James's Hall, This led to a second com- mission, and he wrote an " Intermezzo and Scherzo " for the same society. In 1874 he succeeded the late John Hullah as Professor of Harmony at Queen's College, London, and on the death of Sir William Cusins, he was elected Professor of the Pianoforte and Director of the Music at the same institution. In 1886 Prof. Gadsby wrote appropriate music for the " Alcestis " of Euripides, which was acted in Greek at the Christmas of that year, by ladies of Queen's College. This music was after- wards produced at the Crystal Palace, and was followed by " The Lord of the Isles," a cantata, sung at the Brighton Festivals, and "Columbus," a cantata for male voices sung at the Crystal Palace, with Mr. Edward Lloyd in the solo part. This was also sung at Oxford, where in 1886 the "Cyclops," a cantata, was pro- duced. In 1886 the Philharmonic Society commissioned Prof. Gadsby to write them an orchestral work, and the result was the " Forest of Arden." In 1887 his third symphony was produced in honour of the Queen's Jubilee at the Crystal Palace. It is in the key of D major. One of Prof. Gadsby's latest works is music to the ' ' Andromache " of Euripides, written for Queen's College in 1893. Professor Gadsby is now chiefly employed as a teacher of music. Since its commencement he has been Professor of Pianoforte and Harmony at the Guildhall School of Music, and is one of the Examiners of Schools and Col- leges appointed by the Associated Board of the Royal Academy and Royal College of Music. Besides the above-mentioned works, Prof. Gadsby has published many anthems and services, a string quartette in C, and a "Treatise on Harmony." Professor Gadsby has also written for the celebration of the Jubilee of Queen's Col- lege, an anthem "Except the Lord build the House," an ode, the words of which were written for the occasion by Mr. C. E. Maurice (son of the founder of Queen's College ), andthe music to Tasso's " Aminta," performed during the Jubilee week in May 1898. Address : Queen's College, Harley Street, W. GAGE, Lyman Judson, American financier, born at De Ruyter, New York, June 28, 1836, had to earn his own living from the age of fifteen, became a clerk in a bank at eighteen, and in 1855 removed to Chicago, where after a time he became connected with the Merchants' Loan and Trust Company. He rose step by step until he became cashier, and gained such a reputation in this post that he was called to be cashier of the important First National Bank of Chicago in 1868, and in the same year was elected President of the American Bankers' Association. In 1891 he was made President of his Bank. He was the first President of the Colum- bian Exposition Company, and has been known throughout the country for his views on honest money and banking re- form. In 1897 he became Secretary of the United States Treasury. GAIL, Hamilton. -See Dodge, Mary Abigail. GAIRDNER, James, LL.D., son of the late John Gairdner, M.D., F.R.C.S.E., was born at Edinburgh, March 22, 1828, and was educated there. In 1846 his father obtained for him an appointment in the Public Record Office, and in 1859 he became Assistant-Keeper of the Public Records. Dr. Gairdner has edited "Me- morials of Henry VII." (in Rolls Series), 1858 ; "Letters and Papers illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III. and Henry VII." (in the same series), 2 vols., 1861-3 ; " Historical Collections of a London Citizen " (for the Camden Society), 1876 ; and "Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles," 1880. He has also edited eleven volumes (vols. v. to xv., 1880-96) of the "Letters and Papers of Henry VIII." (one of the Calendars of State Papers published under the direction of the Master of the Rolls), a work begun by the late Prof. Brewer, and still in progress. He edited in Mr. Arber's series a new edition of the Paston Letters (3 vols., 1872-5) ; and he is the author of "The Houses of Lancaster and York" (1874), in Messrs. Longmans' Epoch Series ; " Life and Reign of Richard III.," 1878 ( a new and enlarged edition of which is now on the eve of publication) ; of the volume "England," in the Christian Knowledge Society's series, entitled "Early GAIRDNER 399 Chroniclers of Europe," 1879 ; and of "Henry VII." in "Twelve English States- men," 1889. He has also contributed numerous articles to the " Dictionary of National Biography." He received the degree of LL.D. at Edinburgh in 1897. He married in 1867. Address : West View, Pinner, Middlesex. GAIRDNER, Sir ■William Ten- riant, M.D. Edin., K.O.B., LL.D., F.K.S., Professor of Medicine in the University of Glasgow, and Senior Ordinary Physician to H.M. the Queen in Scotland, was born in Edinburgh on Nov. 8, 1824. He is the eldest son of the late Dr. John Gairdner, who was long officially connected with the Royal College of Surgeons of Edin- burgh, and occupied the Chair of the College in 1832. Prof. Gairdner received his education in Edinburgh, passing from public and private schools there to the University, where he attained the degree of M.D. in 1845, and was awarded one of the four gold medals in that year for a thesis " On Death." Almost immediately after his graduation, he accompanied the Earl and Countess of Beverley to Rome, as their travelling physician for the winter. On returning to Edinburgh in May 1846, he served for two years in the Royal In- firmary, and in 1848 succeeded Dr. Hughes Bennett as Pathologist to that institution. While acting in that capacity, Dr. Gairdner wrote numerous memoirs and conducted voluntary classes in pathological anatomy, especially in microscopic pathology, which was then being vigorously pursued in the Edinburgh School. In 1853 he began to lecture on the Practice of Medicine in the Extra Academical School, and continued to do so until his appointment to the Chair of Medicine in the University of Glasgow in 1862. Some of the personal relations formed during this period, espe- cially with Drs. Warburton Begbie, Mur- chison, Sanders, and others, were the subjects of an address to the Royal Medical Society in Oct. 1893, which, being a record of reminiscences of the old Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, has been included in the 2nd vol. of the "Edinburgh Hospital Re- ports." In 1862 Dr. Gairdner published a volume on " Public Health in Relation to Air and Water," which was a record of the first course of lectures on Sanitation ever delivered in Scotland. As a result of this publication, Dr. Gairdner was, in 1863, appointed Medical Officer to the city of Glasgow. The post was a new one, arrangements being made in the first in- stance so as to enable it to be held along with the professorship ; these arrange- ments continued for nine years, during which period many severe epidemics were dealt with. Some of the fruits of this ex- perience were alluded to in an address delivered to the Sanitary Institute, at its meeting in Glasgow in 1883. Glasgow was threatened with cholera in 1866, and the preparations for this epidemic developed new principles of action, of which some account was given in the transactions of the Association of American Physicians (September 1891). In 1866, also, Dr. Gairdner accompanied the Lord Provost of Glasgow, the late Mr. John Blackie, along with Mr. John Ure, the Chairman of the Sanitary Board, and Mr. Carrick, the city architect, to Paris, to report on the Im- perial improvements in that city ; and one of the results following very directly from this visit, and from the previous experi- ence placed on record as to the impossi- bility of dealing adequately with epidemics in the tenement-houses and slums of Glasgow, was the Glasgow City Improve- ment Act (1867), which completely revo- lutionised the sanitation of the city, and became the basis of much subsequent legislation elsewhere. Besides the works already mentioned, Dr. Gairdner is the author of many papers and memoirs, and published in 1862 a volume entitled " Clini- cal Medicine : Observations recorded at the Bedside, with Commentaries." In 1888 "Lectures to Practitioners" was published, jointly with Dr. Joseph Coats, and in 1889 a volume entitled "The Physician as Naturalist," containing, inter alia, the papers published originally be- tween 1864 and 1869, tending towards a much reduced scale of alcoholic stimula- tion in fevers and other acute diseases. From the Edinburgh University Prof. Gairdner has received the degree of LL.D. ; from Trinity College, Dublin, the degree of M.D. (honoris eausd) ; and from the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland its honorary Fellowship in 1887. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and was recently a Vice-President of the Patholo- gical Society of London ; besides being an Honorary Fellow of the Clinical, the Medical, and the Medico-Psychological Societies of London. In 1888 he became the Annual President of the British Medi- cal Association on the occasion of its meeting in Glasgow ; and in 1893 he was unanimously elected President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh ; this being the first occasion on which the Chair of the College has been occupied by one not residing in Edinburgh or the neighbourhood. Sir Wm. Gairdner, who received the dignity of K.C.B. in January 1898, is the representative of the University of Glasgow in the General Medical Council of Education, &c, as well as in the Uni- versity Court. In 1870 he married Helen Bridget Wright of Norwich. Address : 225 400 GALE — GALLIFET St. Vincent Street, and 9 The College, Glasgow. GALE, James, Ph.D., F.G.S., F.C.S., an inventor, born at Crabtree, near Ply- mouth, Devonshire, in July 1833, was edu- cated at Tavistock. While still a youth he was afflicted with the total loss of sight, but was able to become for a time a partner in a manufacturing business, and subsequently practised as a medical electrician at Plymouth. In 1865 he announced that he had discovered "a means of rendering gunpowder non-ex- plosive and explosive at will, the process for effecting the same being simple, effectual, and cheap, the quality and bulk of the gunpowder remaining unin- jured." Arrangements were made for a trial of the process at the Government House, Mount Wise, Plymouth, June 27, 1865, and the experiments, carried on in the presence of a number of military and naval officers, were attended at the time with satisfactory results. The invention consists of mixing powdered glass with the gunpowder, which is thereby rendered unexplosive. The glass can, by a simple process, be again separated from the gun- powder, which, of course, then resumes its explosive character. Mr. Gale is like- wise the inventor of the ammunition slide- gun, the fog-shell, the balloon-shell, &c. He was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1866 ; a Fellow of the Geo- logical Society the same year ; and re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Rostock in 1867. Dr. Gale's talents have been extremely versatile, and his public services have been many and varied. He has taken part in numerous public meetings and committees, and his services, before leaving Plymouth, in connection with the Blind Asylum and the Board of Guardians, were of a highly valuable nature. A portrait of him has been placed in the British Museum of Por- traits at South Kensington, by order of the Council. Address : 169 Adelaide Road, South Hampstead, N.W. GALE, Norman Rowland, poet, was born in 1862, and is the second son of William Frederick Gale, of Kew. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford (B.A.), after which he was a schoolmaster for some years. His first work to attract attention was "A Country Muse," published in 1892, and this has been followed by a second series of the volume; by "Orchard Songs," 1893 ;" Cricket Songs," 1894 ; and ' ' Songs for Little People," 1896. " A June Romance," published in 1894, is his prin- cipal prose work. Mr. Gale is also a frequent writer of reviews. He is the pastoral poet among young modern Eng - lish writers. Address: Oakfield Cottage, Rugby. 6ALLIEKI, General, Joseph Simon, Governor-General of Madagascar, was born April 29, 1849, and left Saint Cyr as Second Lieutenant, July 1870, serv- ing in the Marines. In 1879 he was of great use to General Faidherbe in Senegal, and in 1880 was charged by the Govern- ment with a mission to Ahmadou, the Chief of Segou, to contract an alliance. M. Gallieni set out from Saint Louis in 1880, and, after many contests with the intervening tribes, he arrived at Segou in June 1880. He found Ahmadou very un- willing to agree to anything, even to accepting his presents, but after ten months' chaffering with this chieftain, he succeeded, in March 1881, in obtaining from him a treaty giving to the French exclusive rights of commerce on the Upper Niger. On March 21 he returned to Saint Louis, and the Geographical Society of Paris awarded him its gold medal. In 1886 he was promoted Colonel and given the Governorship of Upper Senegal. Later, he was appointed to a Colonelcy of Marines at Brest, and in 1888 he was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour. He has published the results of his travels under the titles of: "Mis- sion d'Exploration du Haut Niger," 1885 ; and "Deux Campagnes au Soudan," 1890. In September 1896, Madagascar was made a French colony, and Colonel Gallieni was appointed Commander - in - Chief. His vigorous and determined policy made a great improvement in the condition of the country, since he cleared the trade routes of brigands. In March 1897, General Gallieni found it necessary to exile Queen Ranavalo to the Island of Reunion. He has also approved of the plan of connect- ing the coast with the capital by a canal. GALLIFET, Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de, a French general, born at Paris, Jan. 23, 1831, joined the army in April 1848, and became Colonel in December 1867. He commanded the 3rd Regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique, took part with the Army of the Rhine during the Franco-German war, and was pro- moted to the rank of General of Brigade, Aug. 30, 1870. During the second siege of Paris he commanded a brigade of the Army of Versailles, and was unenviably distinguished for his frightful severity to the Communard prisoners. In 1871, he was sent into Africa, and placed at the head of the subdivision of Batna, and had a considerable share in the pacification of the unsubdued tribes. He took charge of the expedition on El-Goliah, which pre- sented numerous difficulties for the trans- GALLON — GALTON 401 port of troops ; but he overcame all obstacles, and executed a rapid march through a desert country and severely punished the revolted tribes (December 1872 to March 1873). On the general re- organisation of the army, the Marquis de Gallifet (who had become very intimate with M. Gambetta) was named to the command of the 3rd Brigade of Infantry of the 8th Army Corps, and of the sub- division of the department of the Cher. Promoted to the rank of General of Divi- sion, May 3, 1875, he obtained the com- mand of the 5th Division of Infantry, and in February 1879, that of the 9th corps d'armee. In 1882 he was promoted to the command of the 12th Corps at Limoges, and at the end of three years was ap- pointed a member of the Conseil Supeneur of War. In 1891 he conducted his part of the French autumn manoeuvres so brilliantly that the military medal was conferred on him (September 1891). After again conducting the autumn manoeuvres in 1894 he retired from active service. He was decorated with the Legion of Honour in June 1855 ; made Officer, April 1863; Commander, April 1873; Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, July 1880 ; and Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, July 1887. He has been In- spector-General of many corps d'armee ; and, in case of war, Commander-in-Chief. He is an authority of European reputa- tion on cavalry and cavalry manoeuvres. His Paris address is 15 Hue Lord Byron. GALLON, Tom, novelist, was born in London on Dec. 5, 1866. He was educated privately, and has been a clerk in the City, a schoolmaster, a shorthand-teacher, secretary to a provincial mayor, and an occasional writer for the press. His novels are "Tatterley," 4th edit., 1898; "A Prince of Mischance," 1897; "Dicky Monteith : a Love Story," 1898. Address : 8 Serjeants' Inn, Temple, E.C. GALLOWAY, Earl of, Sir Alan Plantagenet Stewart, Bart., K.T., was born in London on Oct. 21, 1835, and succeeded his father as 10th Earl in 1873. Entering the Horse Guards in 1855, he retired as a Captain in 1869. As Lord Garlies he sat in the House of Commons as member for Wig- townshire from 1868 to 1873, and he acted as High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from 1876 to 1877. Lord Galloway has been Hon. Colonel of the 4th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers since 1891. He is married to Mary Arabella, daughter of the 2nd Marquis of Salisbury, K.G. Address : 17 Upper Grosvenor Street, W. ; and Galloway House, Garlieston, &c. GALTON, Francis, D.C.L. Oxford, Hon. Sc. D. Cambridge, F.R.S., third and youngest son of S. T. Galton of Dud- deston, near Birmingham, grandson of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, author of " Zoono- mia," and cousin of Charles Darwin, the naturalist, was born in 1822, and educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, which he left to study medicine, first at the Birmingham Hospital, and subse- quently at King's College, London. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1844 ; travelled, in 1846, to the White Nile, then rarely visited ; and in 1850, accompanied by Mr. Anderson, made an exploration of the then unknown Damara and Ovampo lands in South Africa, start- ing from Walfisch Bay. For this journey, of which he published an account, he received a gold medal from the Royal Geographical Society, in whose proceed- ings he took for a long time an active share. Mr. Galton is author of the " Art of Travel, or Shifts and Contrivances in Wild Countries," a work which went through five editions between 1855 and 1872; also of " Meteorographica," 1863, which was the first attempt to chart the progress of the elements of the weather on a large scale, and through which the existence and theory of anti-cyclones was first established by him. In later years he has published the following works, bearing more or less directly on Heredity and on the measurement of the various faculties: "Hereditary Genius, its Laws and Consequences," 1869; "English Men of Science : their Nature and Nurture," 1874; "Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development," 1883; "Natural Inheritance," 1889 ; " Finger Prints," 1893 ; "Average Contribution of each several Ancestor to the total Heritage of the Off- spring," Proc. R. Soc, 1897 ; also several memoirs on anthropometric subjects and on new statistical processes applicable to anthropometry, including that of com- posite portraiture. He received one of the gold medals of the Boyal Society in 1886. He was general secretary of the British Association from 1863 to 1868 : President of its geographical section in 1862 and in 1872; and of the anthropo- logical sections in 1877 and 1885 ; Presi- dent of the Anthropological Institute, 1885-88; and has been Vice-President of the Royal and the Royal Geographical Societies. He has been a member of the Meteorological Council of the Royal Society ever since its first institution, and is Chairman of the Committee to whom the management of the Kew Observatory is entrusted. He married, in 1853, Louisa, daughter of the Very Rev. G. Butler, some- time head-master of Harrow, and subse- quently Dean of Peterborough ; she died, 2 c 402 GAMGEE — GARDNER 1897. Addresses : 42 Rutland Gate, »S.W. ; and Athenaeum. GAMGEE, Arthur, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. , was born at Florence on Oct. 10, 1841, and was educated at University College School, London, and at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh. After filling the office of Assistant to the Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at Edinburgh from 1863 to 1869, he became an Assistant- Physician and Lecturer on Materia Medica in St George's Hospital, London. In 1873 he was appointed the first Brack- enbury Professor of Physiology in Owens College, Manchester, and he was Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution of Great Britain from 1882 to 1885. He now holds the title of Emeritus Professor of Physiology in Owens College, and is engaged in private practice, and in researches connected with Physiological Chemistry. Professor Gamgee has trans- lated and edited " Hermann's Human Physiology," 1873 and 1878 ; and is the author of " Text-Book of the Physiological Chemistry of the Animal Body, 1880-93," and of many original papers on Physio- logical subjects. Address : 5 Avenue du Kursaal, Montreux, Switzerland. GANZ, Willielm, the eminent pianist and composer, was born at Mayence in 1833, and first came to London in 1848 as a lad of fourteen with his father. In a little time he was engaged as one of the second violins at the New Philharmonic. Mr. Ganz became associated, in 1872, with Dr. Wylde in the direction of the New Philharmonic Concerts, and, on the retirement of Dr. Wylde in 1879, himself took the control of these historic performances, a position which he filled for three years, retiring in 1882. Since that time, Mr. Ganz has remained prominently before the English musical world as an accompanist and composer, and, during his life in London, extending over a period of fifty years, the great majority of the most successful musicians have, at some time or other, appeared under "his auspices or profited by his introduction into the higher ranks of the musical profession. For instance, he introduced such works as Berlioz's " Rome'o et Juliette" and Liszt's " Dante," and organised a special course of programmes, in which M. Saint-Saens played the solo parts of his four concertos. During his directorship of the Philhar- monic Society, M. Vladimir de Pachmann, the Russian pianist, Madame Sofie Menter, and Madame Essipoff were first brought to the notice of English audiences. Mr. Ganz has composed many songs, several of which are said to be particular favour- ites with Madame Patti, at whose wedding with Mr. Nicolini he was "best man." A most successful concert in commemora- tion of Mr. Ganz's fifty years' stay in London was given at the Queen's Hall in June 1898, and many artists of high dis- tinction signified their friendship for Mr. Ganz by taking part therein. Address : 126 Harley Street, W. GARDINER, Samuel Rawson, D.C.L., LL.D., son of Rawson Boddam and Margaret Baring Gould Gardiner, was born March 4, 1829, at Ropley, Hants, and educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford. He became an honorary student of Christ Church, was in the First Class in Lit. Hum. in 1851, in 1884 Fellow of All Souls', and in 1892 Fellow of Merton ; and for some time held the Pro- fessorship of Modern History at King's College, London. He was Examiner in History at Oxford University, 1886-89. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con- ferred on him by the University of Edinburgh, and of D.C.L. by the Uni- versity of Oxford. Dr. Gardiner has written "The History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Dis- grace of Chief-Justice Coke," 1863 ; " Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage," 1869; "England under the Duke of Buckingham and Charles I.," 1875 ; The Personal Government of Charles I.," 1877; "The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I.," vols. i. and ii., all which were republished in 1883-84 as a collected History of England, 1603-1642 ; "Introduction to the Study of English History," conjointly with Mr. J. Bass Mullinger, 1881; "The First Two Stuarts and the Puritan Revolution," 1875 ; and "The Thirty Years' War," 1874. On Aug. 16, 1862, a Civil List Pension of £150 was granted to him ' ' in recognition of his valuable contributions to the history of England." His "History of the Great Civil War," vol. i. 1886, vol. ii. 1889, vol. iii. 1891, was republished in 1893 in 4 vols., crown 8vo. In 1894 he published vol. i. of a "History of the Common- wealth and Protectorate," and vol. ii. in 1897. On the death of Professor Froude he was offered the Regius Professorship of Modern History at Oxford. Permanent address : 7 South Park, Sevenoaks. GARDNER, Mrs. James. See Roekb, Miss Kate. GARDNER, Professor Percy, M.A. Oxford, Litt.D. Cambridge, was born in Hackney, London, Nov. 24, 1846, and edu- cated at the City of London School and Christ's College, Cambridge. In 1871 he was appointed Assistant in the Depart- ment of Antiquities, British Museum ; was GARNETT — GARKICK 403 elected Fellow of Christ's College, 1872 ; was appointed Disney Professor of Archfe- ology, Cambridge, 1880 ; and Lincoln and Merton Professor of Classical Archaeology, Oxford, 1887. He has been editor of the Journal of Hellenic Studies since its first issue in 1880 ; and is the author of " The Types of Greek Coins," 1883 ; several volumes of the British Museum Cata- logues of Greek Coins ; " New Chapters in Greek History," 1892; "Manual of Greek Antiquities," in conjunction with Mr. Jevons, 1895; "Sculptured Tombs of Hellas," 1896 ; and numerous papers in learned journals. Professor Gardner is Vice-President of the Society of Hellenic Studies and of the Numismatic Society ; Ordinary Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute; F.S.A., &c. Professor Ernest Gardner, Professor Percy Gardner's brother, was formerly Principal of the British Hellenic School at Athens. Address : 12 Canterbury Road, Oxford. GARNETT, Richard, C.B., LL.D., late Keeper of Printed Books in the British Museum, is the eldest son of the late Rev. Richard Garnett, Assistant-Keeper, and was born at Lichfield, Feb. 27, 1835. He was appointed Assistant-Keeper in the Printed Book Department of the British Museum in 1851, and Assistant-Keeper of Printed Books in 1875 ; was Super- intendent of the Reading Room from 1875 to 1884, and became Keeper of Printed Books in 1890, a post which he held until his retirement in February 1899, after winning the enthusiastic esteem of readers during 47 years' service. Dr. Garnett's encyclopaedic knowledge of books is proverbial. He is the author of "Primula, a Book of Lyrics," 1858 ; re- published with large editions as " Io in Egypt, and other Poems," in 1859; and again with numerous additions and omissions as "Poems," in 1893. His other poetical works include " Poems from the German," 1862; "Idylls and Epigrams, chiefly from the Greek Anthology," 1869, republished in 1891 under the title of "A Chaplet from the Greek Anthology " ; " Iphigenia in Delphi, a Dramatic Poem," 1890 ; and " Dante, Petrarch, Camoens, cxxiv. Son- nets," 1896. As a writer of fiction he has produced " The Twilight of the Gods," 1888, and a number of other fanciful tales published in periodicals, but not yet collected. He is also the author of lives of Carlyle, Emerson, and Milton in the Great Writers series, and of a bio- graphy of Edward Gibbon Wakefield in "Builders of the Empire"; of "The Age of Dryden," 1895, in the series of Eng- lish literary histories edited by Pro- fessor Hales; of "A Short History of Italian Literature," 1898, in the series of literary histories edited by Mr. Gosse ; of a survey of Victorian literature to 1887 in Mr. T. H. Ward's "Reign of Queen Vic- toria " ; and of monographs on William Blake and on Richmond and its neigh- bourhood in " The Portfolio. " He is the editor of the series of Library Manuals published by Mr. George Allen, and has contributed largely to the transactions of the Library Association of the United Kingdom. He has also edited his father's "Philological Essays," 1859; "Relics of Shelley," a collection of poetical frag- ments discovered by himself among the poet's MSS., 1862 ; selections from Shelley's poems and his letters, in 1880 and 1882 ; De Quincey's " English Opium Eater," 1885; Warton's "Old Shropshire Oak," 1886; the works of Thomas Love Peacock, 1891 ; Drayton's "Battle of Agin- court," 1893 ; and in the same year Beck- ford's "Vathek," with an introduction in which the literary history of the book was fully told for the first time. In 1896 he edited the poems of Matthew Arnold, with a critical preface ; and in 1897 the choicest works of Coleridge, with an elaborate essay on the genius of the poet, and a selection from Browning, illustrated by Mr. Byam Shaw. In 1892 he trans- lated and edited the Spanish merchant Antonio de Guaras's narrative of the acces- sion of Queen Mary, from a unique MS. in the British Museum. He has con- tributed extensively to periodical litera- ture, and written numerous articles in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" and "Dic- tionary of National Biography." He has taken an active part in the improvements effected of late years in the library of the British Museum, and from the first superintended the publication, commenced in 1881, of the general catalogue of printed books. He was President of the Library Association in 1892-93, and of the Bibliographical Society in 1895-97. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con- ferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh in 1883, and he was made a C.B. at the beginning of 1895. In 1863 he married Olivia Narney, daughter of Edward Singleton, of co. Clare. Ad- dress : The British Museum. GARRETT, Edward. Isabella Fyvib. See Mayo, GARRICK, Hon. Sir James Francis, K.C.M.G., Q.C., was born in 1835, and was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1873. He was a mem- ber of the Assembly of Queensland from 1867 to 1868, and again from 1877 to 1883, whilst he acted as Attorney-General of that colony from 1878 to 1879, and was 404 GARROD — GASKELL its Postmaster-General in 1884. He was Agent-General for Queensland, in London, from 1884 to 1888, and again from 1890 to 1895. Sir James Garrick, who was created a K.O.M.G. in 1886, now occupies the posi- tion of Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland, and is also Chairman of the London Bank of Australia. He was married in 1865 to Catherine, daughter of the late J. J. Cadell, M.D. Address : 207 Cromwell Road, S.W. GARKOD, Sir Alfred Baring, M.D. , F.R.S., F.R.C.P., Physician Extraordinary to her Majesty the Queen, was born at Ipswich, May 13, 1819, educated at the Ipswich Grammar School and at Univer- sity College and Hospital ; graduated at the University of London, and was placed first in medicine, both at the M.B. examina- tion, 1842, and at the M.D. examination, 1843. He was Assistant - Physician to University College Hospital, 1847, and Physician and Professor of Therapeutics and Clinical Medicine in 1851. In 1863 he became Physician to King's College Hospital and Professor at the College, and in 1874 was made Consulting Physician to King's College Hospital. He was made a Member of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1851, Fellow in 1856, Senior Censor in 1887, and Vice-President in 1888. He delivered the Gulstonian Lec- tures at the College, on Diabetes, in 1858 ; lectures on the New Remedies of the British Pharmacopoeia in 1864, and the Lumleian Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of Uric Acid, especially in rela- tion to Renal Calculi, in 1883. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1858. In 1896 he was appointed Physician Extraordinary to the Queen. The follow- ing is a list of Sir Alfred Garrod's contri- butions to medical science : " On the Conversion of Benzoic into Hippuric Acid in the Animal Economy," 1843, Chemical Society's Transactions. In June 1847 Sir Alfred Garrod discovered the presence of nric acid in the blood of gouty subjects. A communication upon this was read before the Medical and Chirurgical Society in February 1848, and published in the Transactions for that year. In 1849 he published in the London Journal of Medicine, " Researches on the Pathological Condition of the Blood in Cholera." Dur- ing the next seven years various papers were published in the Medico- Chirurgical Transactions, "On the Condition of the Blood and Urine in Gout, Rheumatics, and Bright's Disease," and " On the Treatment of Acute Rheumatism by Alkalies " ; also " On the Effects of Caustic Alkalies in decomposing the active principles of Bella- donna, Stramonium, and Hyoscyamus, and destroying their Physiological and Medi- cinal Effects." In 1885 he published " The Essentials of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics," a work which has gone through a large number of editions, and has been very extensively used as a text-book on the subject. In 1860 Sir Alfred Garrod published his work "On the Nature and Treatment of Gout and Rheumatic Gout," for which latter he proposed to substitute the name of Rheumatoid Arthritis, a name which is now almost universally received by the profession. This work contained all his researches on the pathology of those diseases. It also contained an account of the action of the Lithia salts and their value as remedial agents. Sir Alfred Garrod first introduced Lithia as an inter- nal remedy. Lithia was, at the time he published his work, almost unknown, but is now used in every country in the treat- ment of gout and renal calculi. The work has been translated and published in Ger- man and French. In 1889 Sir Alfred Garrod published in the pages of the Lancet the results of his inquiries, over many years, of the value of very small but long-continued doses of sulphur in the treatment of liver, skin, and joint affec- tions ; also on the value of the treatment at Aix-les-Bains. Address : 10 Harley Street, W. GARTH, The Et. Hon. Sir Bichard, Q.C., P.C., is the son of the late Rev. Richard Garth, of Farnham, Surrey, and was born at Lashden, Hants, on March 11, 1820. He is the son of the Rev. Richard Lowndes and Mary Douglas, and in 1835 assumed the name of Garth. He was edu- cated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he proceeded to the degree of M.A. At College he captained the University Eleven in 1841-2. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1847, and went on the Home Circuit. He sat in Parlia- ment for a short time (1866-68) in the Conservative interest, as one of the mem- bers for Guildford. In March 1875 he was appointed Chief-Justice of Bengal, and received the honour of knighthood. He resigned the Chief-Justiceship in 1886. Address : Morden, Surrey. GASKELL, "Walter Holbrook, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., son of John Dakin Gaskell, of Highgate, Barrister-at-Law, and Anne Gaskell, was born at Naples on Nov. 1, 1847, educated at Sir Roger Cholmondeley's School, Highgate, and entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1865. He was elected to a foundation scholarship in 1868, and obtained a degree in the Mathematical Tripos (26th Wrangler) in 1869. After taking his degree, he deter- mined to read for a medical career. At that time Dr. M. Foster came to Cam- GASQUET — GATACRE 405 bridge, and under his influence he deter- mined to devote himself to physiological research. He went to University Hospital in 1872, finished his medical studies, and took his M.D. degree in 1878. In 1874 he went over to Leipzig and worked with Professor C. Ludwig for a year, mainly at the circulation of blood through muscle. In 1875 he came back to England, and settled down at Grantchester, near Cam- bridge, working in the physiological labo- ratory and assisting in the teaching of the physiological department in Cambridge. At the end of 1888 he left Grantchester and went into Cambridge to reside, and in 1893 he built a house at Great Shelford, where he now lives. In 1881, his paper " On the Rhythm of the Heart of the Frog, and the Action of the Vagus Nerve," was chosen for the Croonian lecture, and in the following year he was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society. In 1883 he was made a University Lecturer in Physiology ; in 1889 was elected to a Fellowship at Trinity Hall ; in 1888 was awarded the Marshall Hall Prize of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society for his investigations on the "Sympathetic Nervous System," and elected to the fellowship of that Society. In 1889 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society for his researches into the innerva- tion of the heart and the nature of the sympathetic nervous system, and in 1895 the Royal College of Physicians awarded him the Baly Medal. In 1894 the Hon. LL.D. was conferred upon him by Edin- burgh University, and in 1897 he received a similar degree from M'Gill University, Montreal. Since 1871 he has published — chiefly in the Journal of Physiology — a series of papers relating, in the first place, to the innervation of the heart, which led to the investigation of the structure of the heart, nerves, and so to that of the whole sympathetic system. The main paper, giving the results of these investigations, was published in the Journal of Physiology, 1886, vol. vii., under the title "On the Relation between the Structure, Function, and Distribution of the Nerves which Innervate the Vascular and Visceral Sys- tems." The continuance of the same line of thought has led to a new conception -of the meaning of the cranial nerves, and to the theory that the central nervous system of the vertebrates is in reality derived from the coalesced central nervous system and alimentary canal of a crustacean-like ancestor. The chief papers in which the evidence for this theory is given are : " On the Relation between the Structure, Func- tion, Distribution, and Origin of the Cranial Nerves ; together with a Theory of the Origin of the Nervous System of Verte- brata," Journal of Physiology, vol. x., 1889 ; "On the Origin of the Central Nervous System of Vertebrates," Brain, vol. xii., 1889 ; "On the Origin of Vertebrates from a Crustacean-like Ancestor," Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science, 1890. Also in 1896 he was elected President of the Physiological Section at the meeting of the British Association in Liverpool, and chose for the subject of his address the " Origin of Vertebrates." He is now pub- lishing a series of papers dealing with this subject in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, the first of which has already appeared. In 1875 he married Catharine Sharpe, daughter of R. A. Parker, of High- gate, of the firm of Messrs. Sharpe, Parker & Co., solicitors. Address : The Uplands, Great Shelford, near Cambridge. GASOTET, Rev. Francis Aidan, D.D., O.S.B., is the third son of Dr. Gas- quet, was born in London on Oct. 5, 1846, and was educated at Downside College, Bath. He was Superior of the Benedictine Monastery and College of St. Gregory, Downside, from 1878 to 1884. Father Gasquet is a Church historian, and among his published works there may be men- tioned : "Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries," 1888; "Edward VI. and the Book of Common Prayer," 1890 ; "The Great Pestilence," 1893; "The Last Abbot of Glastonbury," 1895; "A Sketch of Monastic Constitutional History," 1896 ; " The Old English Bible, and other Essays," 1897 ; and he has edited Montalembert's "Monks of the West." He was one of the scholars who assisted the Papacy in its investigations into the whole question of the validity of Anglican Orders. Address : 4 Great Ormond Street, W.C. GATACRE, Major - General Sir William Forbes, K.C.B..D.S.O., was born in December 1843. He entered the army in 1862 as Ensign of the Middlesex Regi- ment, and was promoted Captain in 1870, Major in 1881, and Lieutenant-Colonel in 1882. For several years he was the Instruc- tor in Surveying at the Royal Military Col- lege. In 1879 he was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant - General at Aldershot, relinquishing that office the following year to take over a similar one in Madras. In 1885 he became Deputy Quartermaster-General in India, where he has seen considerable war service. He joined the staff of General M 'Queen, and took part in the Black Moun- tain Expedition on the Hazara Field Force which was organised in September 1888, for the punishment of the Akozais who had murdered Major L. R. Battye. Colonel Gatacre was mentioned in despatches and received the D.S.O. In Burmah he com- manded the Bombay Lancers and dispersed the rebels in a conflict near Pakoka. He 406 GATLLNG— GATTY was also engaged in the Tonhon Expedi- tion of 1889. In January 1894 he was promoted to be a Brigadier-General of the Bombay Command, being afterwards chosen to command a Brigade of the Relief Force of the Chitral Campaign of 1895. He conducted the action of the 17th April at Mamagai and the passage of the Jambatai and Lawarai Passes, was mentioned in despatches, and received a C.B. In 1898 he was appointed to the command of the British Brigade in Egypt, and was the first man through the zariba at Atbara. He was created K.C.B. Dec. 1898. He married in 1895 Beatrice Wickens, third daughter of Lord Davey. Address : Senior United Service Club, S.W. GATLING, Richard Jordan, M.D., was born in North Carolina, Sept. 12, 1818. While a boy he assisted his father in perfecting a machine for sowing cotton- seed, and another for thinning out cotton plants. Subsequently he invented a machine for sowing rice. Removing to St. Louis in 1844, he adapted this inven- tion to sowing wheat in drills. For several winters he attended medical lectures at Laporte (Ind.) and at Cincinnati, and in 1849 removed to Indianapolis, where he engaged in railroad enterprises and real estate speculations. In 1850 he invented a double-acting hemp-break, and in 1857 a steam plough, which, however, he did not bring to any practical result. In 1861 he conceived the idea of the revolving battery gun which bears his name. Of these he constructed six at Cincinnati, which were destroyed by the burning of his factory. Afterwards he had twelve manufactured elsewhere, which were used by General Butler on the James River. In 1865 he improved his invention, and in the year following, after satisfactory trial, it was adopted into the United States ser- vice. It has also been adopted by several European governments. More recently he has invented an improved method of casting large cannon of steel, and also a torpedo and gunboat, a pneumatic gun for discharging high explosives, and a novel gun-metal, composed of a mixture of steel ar^d aluminium. He has visited Europe several times, and he exhibited his guns at the Paris Exposition in 1867. In 1888 Mr. Gatling established himself at Hartford, Conn., where his gun foundry is now situated. GATTY, The Rev. Alfred, D.D., is a member of a Cornish family, but was born in the City of London, April 18, 1813. He was educated at the Charterhouse and Eton. For a short time he prepared for the legal profession, but in April 1831 he entered at Exeter College, Oxford, and whilst an undergraduate printed a small volume of poems. At the beginning of 1836 he took the degree of B.A., and in 1837 was ordained by the Bishop of Ripon to the curacy of Bellerby, in the parish of Spennithorne, Yorkshire. In 1838 he graduated M.A., and in the following year married Margaret, the younger daughter of the Rev. Dr. Scott, best known as having been the friend and chaplain of Lord Nelson. In the year of his marriage he was presented to the vicarage of Eccles- field, near Sheffield, where he has ever since resided. In 1846 he received a numerously signed request from his parishioners, that he would publish the sermons they were accustomed to hear from him, to which he assented ; and in 1860 he was presented by them with £120, and the desire was expressed that he would take his Doctor of Divinity degree at Oxford, with which, after consulting his archbishop, he also complied. The 50th year of Dr. Gatty's incumbency was celebrated on Sept. 26, 1889, with great cordiality by his parishioners, who pre- sented him with an admirable portrait of himself, painted in oils by Mrs. S. E. Waller. Mrs. Gatty, being highly accom- plished, and with fine literary taste, joined her husband in writing a Life of Dr. Scott in 1842, which was quickly out of print. They also subsequently edited a Life of Dr. Wolff, the missionary, which passed through two editions ; and they described their Tour in Ireland in 1861, under the title of "The Old Folks from Home," which had a like success. Mrs. Gatty was also assisted by her husband, during her long fatal illness, in the compilation of her last work, "A Book of Sundials." On Oct. 4, 1873, Dr. Gatty lost his gifted wife, after ten years of suffering, during which time her intellect never lost its strength or clearness. The late Mrs. Ewing was their daughter, who wrote tales for the young, including "Jackanapes," " The Story of a Short Life," &c. Dr. Gatty's own literary works are a volume of Sermons, 1846 ; a second volume of Sermons, 1848 ; "The Bell : its Origin, History, and Uses " (second edition, 1848); " The Vicar and his Duties," 1853 ; "Twenty Plain Sermons," 1858; "The Testimony of David," 1870; a folio edition of Hunter's "History of Hallamshire," to which he added about one-third new and chiefly modern matter, 1869 ; also " Sheffield : Past and Present," 1873 ; "A Life at one Living," 1884; and in 1894, a fifth edition of "A Key to 'In Memoriam,' " annotated by Lord Tennyson. In 1861 he was appointed a rural dean by Archbishop Longley, who during the fol- lowing year bestowed upon him the honorary dignity of Sub-dean of York Cathedral. It has been Dr. Gatty's singular GAUDRY — GEIKIE 407 fortune to have served, at one benefice, under six Archbishops of York. Address : Ecclesfield, Sheffield. GAUDBY, Jean Albert, F.R.S., French palaeontologist, was born at St. Ger- main-en-Laye, Sept. 16, 1827, and was edu- cated at the College, Stanislas. In 1853 he travelled in the East, visited Cyprus, and resided in Greece from 1855 to 1860. When he returned to France, he was given a post in the Natural History Museum, where he was nominated Professor of Palaeontology in 1872. Ten years after- wards he was elected a Member of the Academy of Sciences ; he is also a Member of the Royal Society of London, which has awarded him the Wollaston Medal. He was promoted Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1886. He has published several geological works on the countries he has travelled in, among which the most im- portant are : " Geologie de l'lle Chypre," 1862; "Animaux Fossiles de l'Attique," 1862-67 ; " Les Ancetres de nos Animaux dans les Temps Geologiques," 1888. GEDDES, Sir "William Duguid, LL.D., Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen, was born in Glass, near Huntly, Aberdeenshire, on Nov. 21, 1828, and educated chiefly at Elgin Academy, and thereafter at Uni- versity and King's College, Aberdeen. He obtained his first important appointment by competitive trial in 1853 as Rector of the Grammar School of Aberdeen, in suc- cession to Dr. James Melvin ; in 1855 he was elected Professor of Greek in his own University ; thereafter he became, in 1860, Professor of Greek in the United Uni- versity at the union of King's and Maris- chal Colleges in Aberdeen, in which office he continued until December 1885, when he became Principal of the University. In 1876 he received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh. He is also D.Litt. of the University of Dublin, and has been Vice-President of the Society for Hellenic Studies. In 1892 he received the honour of Knight Bachelor. Among his numerous published works have been : " A Greek Grammar," first issued in 1855 ; this has gone through many editions ; an edi- tion of the "Phaedo of Plato," first pub- lished in 1863, second edition in 1885 ; "Problem of the Homeric Poems," 1878; "Flosculi Graeci Boreales," 1882. He is also a Vice-President of the New Spalding Club in Aberdeen ; and he issued in 1888, along with Mr. Peter Duguid, a volume on the Heraldic Ceiling of the Cathedral Church of St. Machar in Aberdeen. His latest work has been the "Musa Latina Aberdonensis," of which the first volume was issued in 1892, and the second in 1895. It is as a classical scholar and teacher and a literary archaeologist that he has attained distinction. Since 1885 he has been largely engaged in administrative work as Principal, and has taken a prominent part in securing the extension of the University buildings, now proceeding at a cost of over £100,000. In 1859 he married Rachel, daughter of W. White. Address : Chanonry Lodge, Old Aberdeen. GEGENBATJB, Carl, German ana- tomist, was born at Wurzburg, Aug. 21, 1826, and was appointed Professor at Jena in 1855, whence he went to fill a similar position at Heidelberg in 1873. His chief works are: "Comparative Anatomy," which was translated into English by Ray Lankester (q.v.) in 1878, and "Human Anatomy," 1883. His "Festschrift" (3 vols., 1896-97) was contributed to by the leading scientific men of Germany. Ad- dress : Heidelberg. GEIKIE, Sir Archibald, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., D.C.L., D.Sc, LL.D., Director- General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, eldest son of the late James Stuart Geikie, author of "My Heather Hills " and other well-known Scottish songs, born in Edinburgh Dec. 28, 1835, and educated at the High School and the University ; was appointed to the Geological Survey in 1855. He is a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, of the Geological Society of London, &c, and a Correspondent of the Institute of France, of the Academies of Berlin, Vienna, Belgium, Munich, Turin, Stockholm, Philadelphia, New York, and of many other foreign academies ; and is the author of numerous geological memoirs in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in ' ' Memoirs of the Geological Survey," in the Quarterly and North British Review, in Nature, &c. ; of "The Story of a Boulder," 1858; "The Life of Professor Edward Forbes" (con- jointly with the late Dr. George Wilson), 1861; "The Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland," 1863 ; "The Scenery of Scotland viewed in connection with its Physical Geology," 1865 (new edition, largely re-written, 1887); "A Student's Manual of Geology" (in conjunction with the late J. B. Jukes), 1871; "Physical Geography," and " Geology," in the Science Primers, 1873; "Memoir of Sir Roderick I. Murchison : with notices of his Scientific Contemporaries, and of the Rise and Progress of Palaeozoic Geology in Britain," 2 vols., 1874 ; " Geological Map of Scotland," 1876; "Class-Book of Physical Geography," 1877 ; " Outlines of Field - Geology," 1879 ; " Geological 408 GEIKIE — GELL Sketches at Home and Abroad," 1882 ; "A Text-Book of Geology," 1882 (3rd edition, 1893) ; " A Memoir of Sir A. C. Ramsay," 1894 ; "A Class-Book of Geo- logy," 1886 ; " The Ancient Volcanoes of Britain," 2 vols., 1897; "The Founders of Geology," 1897; "Geological Map of England and Wales," 1898. On the ex- tension of the Geological Survey, in 1867, Sir Archibald was appointed Director of the Survey of Scotland ; and in Decem- ber 1870 he was nominated by Sir Roderick Murchison as first occupant of the new chair of Geology and Mineralogy founded in the University of Edinburgh by Sir Roderick and the Crown. He re- signed the chair in 1882, and was succeeded by his brother. The University of St. Andrews conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in Feb. 1872 ; and the same degree was given to him by the University of Edinburgh at its tercentenary celebration in April 1885. He has also received the degree of D.Sc. from the Universities of Cambridge and Dublin, and of D.C.L. from that of Oxford. On the resignation of Sir Andrew Ramsay he was at the close of 1881 appointed Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, and Director of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. He was Foreign Secre- tary of the Royal Society from 1889 to 1893 ; President of the Geological Society, 1890-92 ; and President of the British Association, 1892. He has received a Royal Medal from the Royal Society, the Wollaston and Murchison Medals of the Geological Society, and has been twice awarded the Macdougall Brisbane Medal of the Royal Society" of Edinburgh. He was knighted in 1891 for his jubilee services. He married, in 1871, Alice Gabrielle, youngest daughter of the late Eugene Piquatel, of Lyons. Addresses : 28 Jermyn Street, London, S.W. ; 10 Chester Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. ; and Athenaeum. GEIKIE, Professor James, LL.D., D.C.L, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., the younger brother of the above Sir Archibald Geikie, and the son of the late J. S. Geikie, was born in 1839 at Edinburgh, and was educated at the High School and University of Edin- burgh. In 1861 he joined theGeological Sur- vey, in which service he rose to be District Surveyor or local director of the Survey in Scotland. He resigned this position on his appointment in 1882 to the Murchison Cbair of Geology and Mineralogy in Edin- burgh University, which he now occupies, in succession to his brother. On the in- stitution by the Royal Commission of a Faculty of Science in that University, he was elected Dean of the Faculty. Professor Geikie holds several honorary degrees, is member of many scientific societies in this country, and honorary or corresponding member of the Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm, the Videnskabsselskab i Chris- tiania, the Socie'te' Beige de Geblogie, the American Philosophical Society, the Boston Society of Natural History, &c. He is the author of many papers dealing with Palaeo- zoic and Pleistocene Geology and Physical Geography. His principal works are : "The Great Ice Age, and its Relation to the Antiquity of Man," 1874 (3rd edit., 1894) ; "Prehistoric Europe ; a Geological Sketch," 1881; "Outlines of Geology," 1886 (3rd edit., 1896); "Songs and Lyrics by H. Heine and -other German Poets," 1887; "Fragments of Earth-Lore," 1893 ; "Earth Sculpture, or the Origin of Surface-Feat- ures," 1898. In 1876, at the request of the Colonial Office, he accompanied the late Sir Andrew Ramsay to inspect and report on the water-supply for the town and gar- rison of Gibraltar. Professor Geikie is an original member and one of the founders of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, of whose organ — the Scottish Geographical Magazine — he is honorary editor. He has received the Macdougall Brisbane Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society. Hemarried Mary Simson, youngest daughter of John Somerville Johnston, of Crailing Hall, Jedburgh. Address : 31 Merchiston Avenue, Edinburgh. GKLL, The Right Rev. Frederick, D.D., Bishop of Madras, son of the late Rev. Philip Gel], of Derby, born in 1821, took his B.A. degree at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1843, of which he was a scholar, and soon afterwards gained the Bell University Scholarship, obtained a Senior Optime, and was placed in Class I. of the Classical Tripos. He then became Fellow and Tutor of Christ's College. He proceeded to the degree of M.A. in 1846. Having been Chaplain to the Bishop of London, and one of her Majesty's preachers at Whitehall, he, in 1861, was consecrated to the see of Madras. Address : Cathedral Road, Madras. GELL, Sir James, J.P., First Deemster of Man, was born in the Isle of Man on Jan. 13, 1823, and was educated at King William's College, Isle of Man. He became a Manx Advocate in 1845, was High Bailiff of Castletown from 1854 to 1866, Chairman of the Insular Justices in 1879, Chairman of the Manx Board of Education, 1872-81, and in 1897 was Deputy-Governor of the Isle of Man. He was for long Attorney-General of Man, ex-officio Member of the Legislative and Executive Councils, is Trustee of King William's College, and since 1895 has been an Ecclesiastical Commissioner. In Feb- ruary 1898 he took his seat in the Common GENOA — GEOEGE 409 Law Division of the Manx High Court on his appointment to the Bench, and received the congratulations of the Bar through Mr. Ring, the new Attorney-General, who referred to his high attainments as a Manx legist, and to the distinguished services he had rendered to the island in the office of Attorney-General. Among other works he has edited "The Statutes of the Isle of Man," 1836-48. He was knighted in 1877. He married in 1850 a daughter of the Rev. William Gill. Address : Castletown. GENOA, Duke of, Thomas Albert Victor de Savoy, only son of the late Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa, the brother of King Victor Emmanuel, was born Feb. 6, 1854. After receiving an English education at Harrow School, he went through a regular course of study in the Marine College at Genoa, and came out an officer of the Royal Italian Navy, in which capacity he was entrusted with the command of the Vettor Pisani, a cor- vette of the first rank, bound on a voyage round the world. The vessel completed her cruise in 1880, and the Duke's journal of the voyage was published at the close of that year. GEORGE I., Christian "William Ferdinand. Adolphus George, King of the Hellenes, second son of the King of Denmark, and brother of the Czarina and of the Princess of Wales, was born Dec. 24, 1845, and served for some time in the Danish navy. After the abdication of Otho I., the late King of Greece, in 1863, the vacant throne was first tendered by a majority of the Greek people to Prince Alfred of England, whose nomination the English Government refused to accept. It was then offered to Duke Ernest of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, who declined it ; and eventually to Prince Christian, who, with the concurrence of his own family and the consent of the Great Powers, accepted it, and began to reign, as King George I., on June 6, 1863. Since the year 1876, when ■ active trouble broke out in the Balkan Peninsula, King George's position has been very difficult. His country gained a considerable addition of territory by the decision of the Conference which followed the Congress of Berlin. In 1886, after the revolution at Philippopolis and the Servo- Bulgarian war, Greece (under a rash minister, M. Delyannis) was for declaring war against Turkey, and was only stopped by the firm attitude of England. Towards the end of 1896, however, serious disturb- ances took place in Crete, and the Christian inhabitants of the island were exposed to great dangers. On Feb. 5, 1897, it was announced by M. Delyannis that Greek warships would be sent to the island, the object being to protect Greek subjects, and not, so the official statement ran, to de- monstrate against Turkey. This decision was thought to have been made owing to pressure from the King, and the popular enthusiasm was great. The disturbances on the island increasing, a flotilla of torpedo boats, under the command of Prince George, the second son of the King, and military forces under Colonel Vassos, were despatched to Crete, for the further protection of the Christian population. In March hostilities broke out between Greece and Turkey, and the Crown Prince Constantine was appointed Commander- in-Chief. The Greek army meeting with several reverses, and these being attributed to the inefficiency of the Crown Prince's staff, the King sent for M. Delyannis, and asked him to resign ; this action was re- ceived with unanimous favour by the people. The Prime Minister refused to resign, and the King forthwith displaced him, and appointed M. Ralli in his room on April 28. In consequence of further defeats of their army, the Greek Govern- ment were obliged to accept the principle of self-government for Crete, and they placed the interests of the country in the hands of the Great Powers. On the con- clusion of the armistice, peace negotiations between the Ambassadors of the Powers and the Porte were entered upon in June. The peace preliminaries were put before the Greek Chamber, and the Government asked for a vote of confidence ; this, how- ever, was refused, and the Cabinet resigned on September 30. The King thereupon asked M. Zaimis, a follower of M. Delyannis, to form a new Ministry. In February 1898, whilst driving in the country near Athens, and accompanied by his daughter, Princess Marie, a determined attempt was made on his life. As the royal carriage was ascending a hill, two men were ob- served standing at the roadside, who fired several shots whilst the King was passing them. King George and the Princess for- tunately escaped, although the footman received a ball in his leg. The elder of the two criminals, named Karditzis, was subsequently arrested, and was supposed to belong to a society holding Anarchist views. On the following morning a solemn service of thanksgiving was held, at which all the royal family were present. On leaving the Cathedral, the King was received with the greatest enthusiasm by the assembled crowd. The King of the Hellenes pays a yearly visit to the Court of Denmark, with which he keeps up warm relations, as also with that of Russia. He was married at St. Petersburg to the Princess Olga, daughter of the Grand- Duke Constantine, Oct. 27, 1867. The Princess Olga was born Sept. 3, 1851. His 410 GEORGE — GEROME son Constantine, Duke of Sparta, the Crown Prince of Greece, was married at Athens on Oct. 20, 1889, to the Princess Sophie of Prussia, the aunt of the Em- peror of Germany. The Princess Alex- andra of Greece was married in June of the same year to the Grand Duke Paul of Russia. GEORGE, Ernest, is the son of the late John George, and was born in London on June 13, 1839. He was educated at Brighton and Reading, and entered the Royal Academy as a student, where he gained the R.A. gold medal for Architec- ture in 1859. He was articled to S. Hewitt, architect, and began to practise in partner- ship with T. Vaughan ; he has subsequently worked with Harold Peto and with A. B. Yeates. Amongst his works the principal ones are : " Studleigh Court " and " Rons- don," Devon; "Motcombe," Dorset; "Batsford," Gloucester; "Poles," Hert- fordshire; "Buchan Hill," Sussex; "Dun- ley Hill," Surrey ; " Shiplake Court," and houses in Harrington Gardens and Colling- ham Gardens, South Kensington, and in Cadogan Square and Berkeley Square. Mr. George has, as well, devoted a good deal of time to etching, and has published : " Etchings on the Moselle," " Etchings on the Loire," &c. In 1896 he was awarded the Queen's Gold Medal of the Royal Insti- tute of British Architects. Addresses : 18 Maddox Street, W. ; and " Redroofs," Streatham Common, S.W. GERAULT-EICHARD, Jean, French journalist and politician, was born in the Garthe in 1858. He started life as a carpet-weaver at Le Mars and came to Paris in 1880, where he wrote songs, at first rustic, then political and socialistic. He wrote for La Bataille, a Socialist news- paper edited by M. Lissagaray, and then for La Petite lUpublique. In 1893 he founded the Chambnrd, a print in which he grossly insulted the President of the Republic. He was arrested and con- demned to a fine of £120 and two years' imprisonment in 1894. The Socialist party by way of protest elected him a deputy for Paris, and he was included in the general amnesty on the accession of M. Faure, January 1895. GERMAIN, Antoine-Henri-Marie, a French politician and financier, was born at Lyons, Feb. 19, 1824. He was one of the founders, and is now the Chairman, of the great financial company, the Credit Lyonnais. In 1869 he was elected as Liberal member for the 3rd Circumscrip- tion of the Ain, and was chosen again at the general election for the National Assembly in 1871. He has several times been returned since as a moderate Re- publican. As the embodiment of " Left Centre" principles, and as one of the highest French authorities on finance, M. Germain has always held a very distin- guished position, and his rare speeches on the different budgets have made an impression, not only in Paris, but through- out Europe. He is opposed to much of the financial policy of the Republic. He has published several economic treatises, of which " La Situation Financiere de la France en 1886 " may be mentioned. GERMANY, Emperor of. See Wil- liam II., Frederick William Victob Albbet. GER6ME, Jean Leon, Hon. R.A., was born at Vesoul, Haute-Saone, May 11, 1824, studied in his native place, went to Paris in 1841, and entered the studio of Paul Delaroche, under whose direction lie pursued, for a time, his studies at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He remained under that celebrated artist until 1844, and accompanied him in his journey to Italy. Returning to France in 1845, he exhibited, for the first time, at the Salon of 1847 ; went on an excursion to Turkey and the eastern banks of the Danube in 1853, and to Upper and Lower Egypt in 1856. These travels furnished him with numerous subjects for his paintings. In December 1863 he was appointed Professor of Painting in the Ecole des Beaux- Arts. Since 1847 M. Gerome has exhibited: " The Virgin, the Infant Jesus, and St. John " ; " Bacchus and Cupid " ; "A Greek In- terior" ; the "Frieze" of the vase comme- morative of the Great Exhibition held in London in 1851 ; " The Age of Augustus and the Birth of Jesus Christ"; "Rem- brandt " ; a " Portrait of Rachel " ; " The Plague at Marseilles"; "The Death of St. Jerome" ; "Lioness meeting a Jaguar"; "Rex Tibicen," 1874; and " L'Eminence Grise," 1874. To these may be added several classical and Eastern subjects, especially " Ca;sar and Cleopatra, " a very famous picture; "The Slave Market of Cairo"; "Promenade of the Harem"; " Le Poete, la Soif," 1888 ; " Un Coin du Caire," 1890 ; and numerous pictures of Arab and Egyptian life. He has in recent years devoted much attention to sculpture, one of his latest works being a group en- titled, "Pygmalion and Galatea," 1892. M. Ger6me obtained a third-class medal in 1847, two second-class medals in 1848 and 1855, and higher medals at more recent dates, and the decoration of the Legion of Honour in November 1855. He was decorated with the order of the Red Eagle in 1869, and appointed a Commander of the Legion of Honour in February GEESPACH — GEVAERT 411 1878, and is a Member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts. He is represented at the Luxembourg by his famous "Combat de Coqs," and by a painted Tanagra statuette. His "Cleopatra " and " Cardinal in Grey " were last seen in the Guildhall Loan Col- lection of 1898. GERSPACH, Edouard, was born at Thann, Alsace, in 1833, and is now Director of the National Manufactory of the Gobelins, and of that of Mosaics. His publications have chiefly been upon mosaics, the manufacture of glass, and the decorative arts. He has in preparation two works, one, "La Manufacture des Gobelins," and the other, " Les Anciennes Faienceries Franchises." He has pub- lished " La Mosaique," 1881 ; " L'Art de la Verrerie," 1885; and "Les Tapisseries Coptes," 1890. GERSTER, Madame Etelka, was born at Kaschau, in Hungary, June 16, 1857. At a very early age she evinced musical abilities of no ordinary kind. By the advice of the director of the Conserva- toire at Vienna, who chanced to hear her sing at the head of one of the Catholic processions of her native town, she was placed under the tuition of the far-famed Madame Marchesi, with whom she studied most diligently for three years (1873-76). In the meantime, rumours of her wonder- ful voice had got abroad, and offers were made to her from several German towns. Etelka, however, declined these, as she was determined to begin her career in an Italian school ; and in January 1876 she made her debut at Venice, under the management of Signor Gardini, in the character of Gilda, in Verdi's ' ' Rigo- letto," and with wonderful success. Almost at once followed the parts of Ophelia, Lucia, Amina in "La Sonnam- bula," and " Marguerite," which last character she at first sang, as it was originally written, in French. Her next triumph was at Berlin, where she created such a furore as had never been known previously in the German capital. The demand for places was so great that the administration of the theatre was com- pelled to ask the public to apply by writing, and it is said that more than 21,000 applications were refused. She then made a short sojourn at Buda-Pesth, where she appeared in the operas of "La Sonnambula," and " Hamlet." The " Hun- garian Nightingale," as she has been called, next went to St. Petersburg and Moscow, where she carried everything before her, and was, at the Emperor's express desire, appointed " Kammersangerin." For her co-operation in the Court concerts, his Majesty presented her with 4000 marks and a handsome bracelet, while the Empress gave her a magnificent chain ornamented with pearls and diamonds. After she had sung at Pesth and Breslau, Mr. Mapleson had the good fortune to secure her, and she came to London. Here she first sang before an English audience on June 23, 1877, in "La Sonnambala." She at once became a great favourite with the English public, and her performances at Her Majesty's Theatre during the season of 1878 were a continued series of suc- cesses. In the same year she married the Impresario Gardini, and has since retired from public life. GEVAERT, Francois Auguste, born July 31, 1828, at Huysse, near Oudenarde, is the son of a baker, and was originally destined by his parents to follow that trade. His great musical talent, how- ever, becoming apparent, he was sent in 1841 to the Conservatoire at Ghent, where he studied under Sommere and Mengal. He was then appointed organist of the Jesuits' Church, and in 1846 a Christmas cantata of his composition was performed in Ghent. In May 1847 he gained the first prize for composition at the national competition at Brussels, but was allowed to postpone his foreign tour for two years, during which his first two operas, "Hughes de Somerghem," and "La Comedie a la Ville " were produced in Ghent. In 1849 he proceeded on his tour, and went to Spain. His reports on Spanish music were printed in the bulletin of the Academie of Brussels for 1851. On Nov. 27, 1852, he produced " Georgette " at the Theatre Lyrique in Paris, and in October 1854, "Le Billet de Marguerite," both with extraordinary success. For his can- tata, " De Nationale Verjaerdag," com- posed in honour of the twenty-fifth anni- versary of the reign of King Leopold, he received the Order of Leopold. In 1867 he was appointed Inspecteur de la Musique at the Acad^mie de Musique, Paris, a post which he retained until September 1870, since which time he has devoted his attention more especially to the history of music, and in 1875 brought out the first part of his " Histoire et Thebrie de la Musique dans l'Antiquite." His other works comprise "Quentin Durward," 1858; "Chateau Trompette," 1860; and " Le Capitaine Henriot," 1864 ; all produced at the Op diploma work, and " The Messenger from Sinai at the Wells of Moses," in 1864 ; "Rising of the Nile," in 1865; " Hagar and Ishmael," in 1866 ; " Mater Purissima " and "Mater Dolorosa," in 1868; "Jocha- bed," in 1870; "The Head of the House at Prayer," in 1872 ; " An Arab Improvisa- tor, " and "Subsiding of the Nile," in 1873 ; " Rachel and her Flock," " Agricul- ture in the Valley of the Nile," " A Fruit Woman of Cairo," "A Seller of Doves," and " The Day of Palm Offering," in 1875 ; "An Intruder on the Bedouin's Pasture," "The Holy Mother," and " Sheep- washing near the Pyramids of Ghizeh," in 1876 ; "Glencoe," "The Time of Roses," and "The Water-carriers: Egypt," in 1877; " Oxhey Place, Herts," "The Daughters of Laban," and " Palm Sunday," in 1868 ; " Water for the Camp," " Sarah and Isaac," and "Hagar and Ishmael," in 1879; "Moving to Fresh Pastures," " Time of the Overflow, Egypt," " Han- nah's Vow," " An Egyptian Pastoral," and "Holy Childhood," in 1880; "The Road to Mecca," " The Return from Mec- ca," "Artist and Model," and " Rebecca," in 1881; "Memphis," and "The Arrival at the Well," in 1882 ; " Crossing the Desert," " Returning from the Pasture, Ghizeh," "A Coffee-Shop, Cairo," "Out- side the Tent," and " Water for the Camp," 1883; "A New Light in the Harem," "The Flight into Egypt," "Sword of the Faithful," 1884; "Finding of Moses," "The Holy Child," "Gordon's Last Mes- senger," 1885 ; " Misery and Mercy," 1887; "Leading the Flock," 1889; and "The Thames from Windsor Castle," 1890 ; "Isles of Loch Lomond," 1891; "Spin- ners and Weavers," 1892 ; " Sheep Shearers in Egypt," 1892 ; " The Waters of the Nile," 1893; "The Palm Grove," 1894; "Laban's Pasture," 1895. Mr. Goodall has painted many portraits, of which the following is a list : " Alice," " Thomas Tarry, Esq.," "Sir John M'Neill," "Sir Henry Havelock," " Lady Grantley," " Sir Moses Monteflore," "The late Thomas Blackwell, Esq.," " The late Robt. Black- well, Esq.," "Mrs. Phipps Eyre," "Mrs. Goodall," "Charles Randell, Esq.," "J. Barrow, Esq.," "Mrs. J. Barrow," "Mrs. GOODHART — GORDON-CUMMING 431 Oates," " Miss Beatrice Shaw," " The Hon. Mrs. R. Devereux," " Beatty Kingston, Esq.," "W. K. D'Arcy, Esq.," "Miss Lena D'Arcy," "Sir Oscar Clayton," "Lady Dorothy Nevill," " Miss Rica Goodall," 1871-1894; "Mary Caroline, Duchess of Sutherland," 1897 ; " Anderson Crich- ett," " Henry A. Blyth," 1898. His recent paintings are : " The Way from the Village," 1896 ; "The Ploughman and Shepherdess " (now in the National Gal- lery), 1897 ; and "A Gilded Cage," "The Ancient Causeway, Egypt," and " An Egyptian Village," 1898. Address: Rosen- stead, Avenue Road, N.W. GOODHART, James Frederick, M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., received his medical education at Guy's Hospital, and at Aberdeen University, where he gradu- ated M.D. in 1873. In 1871 he obtained his CM. with highest honours, and special honours for his Graduation Thesis on "Artificial Tuberculosis." This was writ- ten while Dr. Goodhart was Assistant in the Pathological Department of the Hun- terian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons (England), where he also largely contributed to the formation of the Museum Catalogue. In 1867 he obtained the Gold Medal in Clinical Medicine at Guy's Hospital. He was at one time Lecturer on Pathology at Guy's, and is now Physician there. He is consulting Physician to the Evelina Hospital, Fellow of the Royal Med. and Chir. Society, and has examined in Medicine at the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and delivered, at the former, the Bradshawe Lectures in 1875, his subject being " Mor- bid Arterial Tension." He is known for his diagnoses, and has published a num- ber of important articles in the "Guy's Hospital Reports" (1869-90), in All- butt's "System of Medicine," the New Sydenham Society's " Atlas of Pathology," &c. In 1891 he delivered the Harveian lectures, his subject being "Common Neuroses." His "Students' Guide to the Diseases of Children" has passed through many editions. Address : 25 Portland Place, W. GORDON, John B., born in Upson County, Georgia, Feb. 6, 1832, was edu- cated at the University of Georgia, and admitted to the Bar. At the begin- ning of the Civil War he entered the Con- federate army as captain, and rose to the rank of lieut.-general. He became pro- minent towards the end of the war, especi- ally during the protracted siege of Peters- burg by General Grant. He commanded at the close of the war one wing of Lee's army, and led the last assault at Appomat- tox Court House. The State of Georgia having been "reconstructed" as a mem- ber of the Union, he was, in 1868, the Democratic candidate for Governor, but his Republican opponent was declared to be elected. In 1873 he was chosen Senator from Georgia, and re-elected in 1879, but resigned his seat in 1880. He took a leading part in the Senate, and although a Democrat, gave a moderate sup- port to the policy of President Hayes. On his retirement from the Senate lie became interested in various railroad enterprises, but in 1886 was elected Governor of Georgia, an office to which he was re- elected in 1888. He has been succeeded therein by Governor Northen. In 1890 he was again elected United States Senator, and served till 1897. GORDON-CUMMING, Miss Con- stance Frederica, sixth daughter of Sir William Gordon-Cumming, of Altyre and Gordonstoun, Morayshire, was born at Altyre, May 26, 1837. Homes so beautiful early inspired in her a deep love of nature, but for the first thirty years of her life, her wanderings were entirely confined to Great Britain. Then an invitation to join a married sister in the Himalayas resulted in her penetrating to the boundaries of Chinese Tartary, and, the taste for travel being now fairly awakened, the next twelve years were spent in various Oriental countries and Pacific Isles. Miss Gordon- Cumming has published accounts of her travels in the following volumes : "In the Hebrides " ; " Via Cornwall to Egypt " ; "In the Himalayas"; "At Home in Fiji " ; "A Lady's Cruise in a French Man- of -War " ; " Fire Fountains of Hawaii " ; " Granite Crags of California " ; " Wander- ings in China"; "Two Happy Years in Ceylon"; and, "Work for the Blind in China." The latter is now incorporated in " The Inventor of the Numeral Type for China" (published at Is. nett by Messrs Downay & Co., London), which is an account of the life and work of the Rev. W. H. Murray, of Peking, telling how he adapted Braille's system of dots to repre- sent numerals, and then numbered the sounds in Mandarin Chinese. Conse- quently books prepared in this type mark numbers only, and thirty of the simplest symbols ever devised, suffice for printing any book in Mandarin dialects, instead of a minimum of 4000 intricate Chinese characters. Books for both blind and sighted persons are printed by the blind students in the School for the Blind at Peking, and by this system the most ignorant peasants, either blind or sighted, can easily acquire the arts of reading and writing fluently in less than three months, whereas six years is the average time re- quired by Chinamen to learn to read books 432 GORDON-LENNOX — GORE in their own ideograph. There is every reason to believe that this system will prove an invaluable handmaid to common knowledge and civilisation, if not also to Christian missions, throughout the vast provinces in which Mandarin dialects are spoken. Its development is now Miss C. F. Gordon-Cumming's chief interest. Ad- dress: Crieff, Perthshire. GORDON -LENNOX, The Right Hon. Lord Walter Charles, was born in London on July 29, 1865, and is the youngest son of the first Duke of Kich- mond and Gordon. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and was appointed private secretary to the Marquis of Salisbury in 1886. He represented South-West Sussex in Parliament from 1888 to 1894, and was Treasurer to the Household in 1891-92. He is married to Alice, a daughter of the late Hon. G. Grant. Address : 28 Lower Sloane Street, S.W. GORE, The Rev. Charles, M.A., D.D. Edin., is the son of the Hon. Charles Alexander Gore, by a daughter of the 4th Earl of Bessborough, who was widow of the Earl of Kerry, and the nephew of the 4th Earl of Arran, and was born in 1853. He was formerly a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and is now Canon of Westminster. He was the first Prin- cipal of the Pusey Memorial Library in Oxford, and was named as one of the literary executors by the will of the late Canon Liddon. He resigned his post at the Pusey House in May 1893. He is prob- ably best known to the world as the editor of " Lux Mundi," and author of the essay on "The Holy Spirit and Inspiration" contained in that volume, 1890. Among his other works may be mentioned, "The Church and the Ministry," 1893; the Bampton Lectures for 1891 on "The In- carnation of the Son of God," " Roman Catholic Claims," an edition of Romanes' "Thoughts on Religion," 1894; "Dis- sertations" and "The Creed of the Christian," 1895 ; and expositions of " The Sermon on the Mount," 1896, and "The Epistle to the Ephesians," 1898 ; all of which have run through several editions. Address : Little Cloisters, Westminster. GORE, George, LL.D., F.R.S., was born Jan. 22, 1826, at Bristol, and attended a private school until of the age of twelve years ; but has otherwise been entirely self-educated and self-trained, without the aid of scientific teachers, lectures, or les- sons, or the advantage of working with scientific persons. Yet so well did he educate himself, and so important were his scientific discoveries, that he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1865, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. of Edinburgh University, 1877. He was Lecturer on Physics and Chemistry during many years at the Grammar School of King Edward VI., Birmingham ; and is the author of " Theory and Practice of Electro-deposition," 1850; "The Art of Electro-metallurgy," 1877; "The Art of Scientific Discovery," 1878 ; "The Scientific Basis of National Progress and Morality," 1882; "Electro-chemistry," 1885; and "The Art of Electrolytic Separation and Refining of Metals," 1890. He has made numerous scientific discoveries in physics and chemistry, which have been published in a series of papers in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the Pro- ceedings of that Society, the Proceedings of the Birmingham Philosophical Society, the Philosophical Magazine, &c. A list of most of his original electrical researches is given in "The Electrician's Directory," 1892, p. 37. He is chiefly distinguished by his discoveries in, and writings upon, the sub- jects of Electro-chemistry, Electro-metal- lurgy, and Chemistry ; his experimental investigations of the highly dangerous substance anhydrous hydrofluoric acid and the fluorides ; his discovery of " explosive antimony," and his recent invention of the '• voltaic balance," by means of which he has been enabled to discover and investi- gate invisible molecular changes (and measure their rates) in a number of liquids, to measure the effect of light upon chlorine- water, and to detect the influence of one part by weight of chlorine in 500,000 million parts of water. He was the first to observe the remarkable mole- cular change which occurs in iron at a dull red heat. His original observation of the decolorising effect of chlorine-water on crude phosphorus gave rise to the present mode of bleaching that substance, and his solution for electro-depositing nickel, made known in the year 1856, was the first to be commercially employed in electro-plating articles with nickel. Of his writings on the subject of original scientific research an article entitled " The National Importance of Scientific Re- search," published in the Westminster Review, April 1873, excited public atten- tion. In the year 1891 a Civil List Pension of £150 a year was granted to him in recognition of the national value of his numerous scientific discoveries, &c. In a laborious experimental research, published in the Proceedings of the Birmingham Philo- sophical Society, 1891-92, vol. vii., pp. 63-139, he discovered the general truth that the amount of voltaic electromotive force per molecular weight of dissolved substances in the exciting liquid of a voltaic cell is usually increased by dilution. More GORGEI — GORST 433 recently, in the Philosophical Magazine, June 1897, was published an experimental research on "The Influence of Proximity of Substances upon Volta-electromotive Force," commenced by him in the year 1849 and continued at intervals, in which he ultimately found, during the year 1894, that a cube of lead weighing 74 cwt., when brought near the positive zinc of a voltaic cell, increased the strength of the current. Address : Institute of Scientific Research, 20 Easy Row, Birmingham. GORGEI, General Arthur, was born at Toporcz in Upper Hungary, on Jan. 30, 1818 ; and having received a military edu- cation at Tuln, entered the Hungarian Body-Guard ; but subsequently relin- quished the profession of arms, and studied chemistry in the University of Prague. However, on the outbreak of the Hungarian revolution in 1848, his military ardour revived, and he went to the aid of Kossuth, and by his genius for war soon rose to the rank of General. His retreat through the defiles of the Carpathians was one of the most brilliant feats of the war. In 1849 he won a succession of victories, and was made Minister of War, refusing at the same time the rank of Field Marshal. Subsequently, through refusing to co- operate with his colleagues, he caused them to be defeated in detail ; and, on August 13, he was completely surrounded at Valagos, and surrendered to the Russian General, Rudiger. "His treason," wrote Kossuth, " has inflicted on me, and through me on the Republic, a death- blow." Ultimately he was pardoned ; and he published in 1851 a narrative of his connection with the insurrection, under the title of "My Life and Acts in Hun- gary." From that time he has lived in retirement, keeping completely aloof from politics. In 1885 a proposal was made formally to reinstate him in public favour, but it was not well received in Hungary. GORMAN, Arthur Pue, United States Senator, was born in Haward County, Maryland, March 11, 1839, and attended the public schools of his native county for a brief period. In 1852 he was appointed a page in the Senate of the United States, and continued in that ser- vice until 1866 ; was appointed collector of internal revenue for the Fifth District of Maryland in September 1866, and held the position until 1869 ; was appointed a director in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company in June 1869, and was elected to the lower house of the State Legislature in November of the same year. He was re-elected in 1871, and at the ensuing session was elected Speaker of the House. In June 1872 he was elected President of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company ; was elected to the State Senate in 1875, and was re-elected in 1879, but in January 1880 was elected to the United States Senate, and took his seat March 4, 1881. He was re-elected in 1886 and in 1892, but was defeated in 1898. He was an active and prominent leader among the Demo- cratic Senators. GORMANSTON, Viscount Jenico William Joseph Preston, G.C.M.G., D.L., was born at Gormanston Castle, on June 1, 1837, and succeeded his father, the 13th Viscount, in 1876. He is Premier Viscount in Ireland. Joining the 60th Rifles, he served through the Indian Mutiny, 1857-58 ; was Chamber- lain to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, the Duke of Abercorn, K.G., in 1866-68 ; Commissioner of National Education in Ireland, 1874-85 ; Governor of the Leeward Islands, 1885-87 ; Governor of British Guiana, 1887-93. In 1893 he was ap- pointed to his present position as Governor of Tasmania. He was promoted to G.C.M.G. in 1897. In 1865 he was High Sheriff of Dublin, and in 1871 of County Meath. He married (1), in 1861, the Hon. Ismay Bellew, daughter of the 1st Baron Bellew, and (2), in 1878, Georgina, daugh- ter of Peter Conellan, Esq. of Coolmore, County Kilkenny. Addresses : Govern- ment House, Hobart ; and Gormanston Castle, Balbriggan, County Dublin. GORST, The Right Hon. Sir John Eldon, Q.C., M.P., LL.D., F.R.S., late Under-Secretary of State for India, and Financial Secretary to the Treasury, is a son of the late Mr. Edward Chaddock Lowndes (the last name assumed instead of Gorst), of Preston, Lancashire, and of Elizabeth, daughter of John D. Nesham, Houghton le Spring, Durham, and was born in May 1835. He was educated at Preston Grammar School and St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he was sometime a Fellow, and was third Wrangler in 1857. From 1861-63 he was Civil Commissioner of Waikato, New Zealand, and in 1865 was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, becoming a Q.C. in 1875. In 1866 he entered Parlia- ment as Conservative member for Cam- bridge, but was defeated in 1868. In 1875 he was returned for Chatham, which he continued to represent till 1892, when he was elected member for the University of Cambridge. Mr. Gorst was from 1880 to 1885 one of the small group of members known as the Fourth Party. In Lord Salisbury's first administration (1885) he was Solicitor-General ; and in his second Government he held the post of Under- Secretary for India, and was created a 2 E 434 GOSCHEN Privy Councillor in 1890. Sir John Gorst is greatly interested in all questions con- cerning education. He was one of the English delegates at the Berlin Labour Conference (1890), and in 1891 he was conspicuous for his advanced attitude with regard to the Labour Question. After a visit to Ireland, he was appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury in November 1891, and held that office until the following July. In 1892 he was elected Conservative member for Cambridge Uni- versity, which he now represents in Par- liament. He married Mary, daughter of Rev. Lorenzo Moore, Christ Church, New Zealand. Addresses : Queen Anne's Mansions, S.W. ; and Howes Close, Cam- bridge. GOSCHEN, The Right Hob. George Joachim, M.P., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., son of the late William Henry Goschen, a London merchant, of German extraction, was born Aug. 10, 1831. He received his education at Rugby, under Drs. Tait and Goulburn, and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A., taking a first-class in Lit. Hum. in 1853. Soon after he became a merchant in partnership with Messrs. Frtihling and Goschen, of Austinfriars, and a Director of the Bank of England ; but he retired from the partnership on taking office in the Russell-Gladstone ministry. He was returned in the Liberal interest for the City of London in May 1863, on the death of Mr. W. Wood ; and he took an active part in the movement for throwing open the universities to dissenters, and the abolition of religious tests. Mr. Goschen, who was re-elected for the City of London, at the head of the poll, at the general election in July 1865, was made Vice- President of the Board of Trade, Nov. 20, 1865, when he was sworn of the Privy Council, and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and a Cabinet Minister, Jan. 26, 1866, retiring with the Russell ministry in June of that year. On the accession of Mr. Gladstone to power, in December 1868, he was appointed President of the Poor-Law Board, which office he held to March 1871, when he succeeded Mr. Childers as First Lord of the Admiralty. He went out of office with his party in February 1874. At the general election which was held in that year he was the only Liberal candidate returned for the City. In 1876 Mr. Goschen and M. Joubert were chosen as delegates of the British and French holders of the Egyptian debts to concert measures for the conversion of the debts. They proceeded to Egypt, where they were received by the Khedive (August 14), and eventually an agreement was signed at Cairo (November 18) for a reorganisation of the finances and public debt of Egypt, On July 17, 1878, Mr. Goschen issued an address to the Liberal electors of the City of London, declining to come forward again at the next general election, on the ground that his votes on the County Franchise question had not been in accord with the views generally entertained by the party. Mr. Goschen attended the International Monetary Con- ference held at the Foreign Office, Paris, in August 1878. In May 1880, immedi- ately after Mr. Gladstone's accession to power, Mr. Goschen consented to under- take the special duties of Ambassador Extraordinary at Constantinople, in the place of Sir Henry Layard, who retired, nominally on leave of absence, but in fact finally. Before proceeding to Constan- tinople Mr. Goschen visited the most im- portant political centres in Europe, and this was the first step towards the forma- tion of a European concert for the execu- tion of the unperformed parts of the Treaty of BerliD. In 1881 the ambassadors of the Great Powers in the Conference of Constantinople, after long and patient negotiations, joined in a note to the Greek Government recommending the acceptance of the utmost that Turkey could be brought to yield. The new frontier line left the greater part of Epirus, with Janina and Metzovo, to Turkey, giving Greece pos- session of almost all Thessaly, and the command of the Gulf of Arta. The Cabinet of Athens was forced, under pres- sure, to agree to this frontier line, which deprived Greece of nearly one-third of the territory promised to her at Berlin. It was admitted by all the Powers that the assent of Turkey to these terms was obtained chiefly through the persistence and firmness of Mr. Goschen. His mission came to an end in April 1881. Mr. Goschen was appointed an Ecclesiastical Commissioner for England in November 1882. He has written largely on financial questions, and his treatise on " The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges," 5th edit., 1864, has been translated into French by M. Leon Say. He has published various speeches in pamphlet form, amongst them his " Speech on Oxford University Tests Abolition Bill," 1865, and his " Speech on Bankruptcy Legislation and other Com- mercial Subjects," 1868, and "Addresses on Education and Economic Subjects," 1885. At the general election of 1885, Mr. Goschen, who had sat for Ripon since his retirement from the representation of the City of London in 1880, was elected, after a severe contest (in which he was opposed by a Radical, but obtained a great majority), to represent the Eastern Divi- sion of Edinburgh. In 1886, however, he was defeated by a large Gladstone-Liberal GOSCHEN — GOSSE 435 majority. From 1887 to the present time he has represented the St. George's Han- over Square Division. Mr. Goschen had taken a foremost place in the campaign against the Home Rule Bill. On the resignation of Lord Randolph Churchill in December 1886, and when Lord Salis- bury had failed to induce Lord Hartington to join his Government, Mr. Goschen was prevailed upon to accept the Chancellor- ship of the Exchequer, though he declined the leadership of the House. Mr. Goschen's scheme for the reduction of the interest on the National Debt was cordially accepted by all parties, and successfully brought to a conclusion in July 1889. Mr. Gladstone, however, vigorously attacked his proposals with reference to the Death Duties. In 1895 he was appointed first Lord of the Admiralty. He was elected Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen in 1874 and 1888, and of the University of Edinburgh in 1890. He married, in 1857, Lucy, a daughter of John Dalley. This lady died in February 1898. Addresses : Admiralty House, Whitehall ; Seacox Heath, Hawk- hurst, Kent ; and Athenaeum. GOSCHEN, William Edward, Minister at Belgrade, was born in 1849, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1869. Having served at Madrid, Buenos Ayres, and Paris, he was promoted to a second Secretaryship at Rio de Janeiro in 1877. In 1880 he was attached to the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen's embassy to Constantinople, where he became Secre- tary in 1881. In 1885 he went to Pekin, to Copenhagen in 1888, and to Lisbon in 1890. In 1893 he was promoted to be Secretary of Embassy at Washington, and was transferred to St. Petersburg in 1894. There he was granted the rank of Minister Plenipotentiary during the absence of the Ambassador in 1897. In July 1898 he was promoted from St. Petersburg to succeed Sir Edmund Fane at Belgrade. GOSFORD, Earl of, Sir Archibald Brahazon Sparrow Acheson, Bart., K.P., was born on Aug. 19, 1841, and is the son of the 3rd Earl and the only daughter of the 10th Earl of Meath. He succeeded his father in 1864. He was educated at Harrow. He is married to a daughter of the 7th Duke of Man- chester. Addresses : 22 Mansfield Street, W.; and Gosford Castle, co. Armagh. GOSLING, Audley Charles, Minister in Chili, was born in 1836, and having passed through Sandhurst, served for a short time, 1855-57, in the army, but entered the Diplomatic Service in 1859. He was promoted to be second Secretary in 1870, and in 1873 went to Athens, afterwards to Madrid, Copenhagen, and Stuttgardt. He became Consul-General to Hungary in 1879, Secretary at Madrid in 1885, and at St. Petersburg in 1888. He was promoted to be Minister to the Central American Republic in 1890, a post which he ex- changed for his present post in 1897. GOSSE, Edmund William, M.A., only son of the late distinguished zoolo- gist, Philip Henry Gosse, F.R.S., was born in London, Sept. 21, 1849, and edu- cated in Devonshire. He was appointed Assistant-Librarian at the British Museum in 1867, but has held since 1875 the post of Translator to the Board of Trade. In 1872 and 1874 he visited Norway, Den- mark, and Sweden, for the purpose of studying the literature of these countries ; and in 1877 he visited Holland with a similar purpose. His poetical writings consist of " Madrigals, Songs, and Son- nets " (in conjunction with a friend), 1870 ; "On Viol and Flute," lyrical poems, 1873 ; "King Erik," a tragedy, 1876; "The Unknown Lover," a drama, 1878; "New Poems," 1879; " Firdausi in Exile, and other Poems," 1886; and "In Russet and Silver," 1894. Mr. Gosse wrote "The Masque of Painters," which was performed by the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, on May 19, 1885, and on subsequent evenings, with great success. A collected edition of Mr. Gosse's poems, in three volumes, appeared in 1897. His chief prose writings are a volume of "Northern Studies," 1879, consisting of critical essays in Scandinavian, Dutch, and German literature ; a life of Gray, 1882 (English Men of Letters Series) ; about thirty essavs contributed to Ward's "English Poets," in 1880-81; "Seven- teenth Century Studies, a contribution to the history of English Poetry," 1883 ; '• From Shakespeare to Pope, an inquiry into the causes of the rise of classical poetry in England," 1885; a "Life of Philip Henry Gosse, the naturalist," 1890 ; " Gossip in a Library," 1891 ; "The Secret of Narcisse," a romance, 1892 ; " Questions at Issue," a volume of essays, 1893 ; and "The Jacobean Poets," 1894; "Critical Kit-Kats," 1896; and "A Short Plistory of English Literature," 1897. He has also edited a volume of "English Odes," 1881 ; the works of Thomas Lodge, in i vols., 1882 ; a complete edition of the works of Gray, in i vols., 1884 ; the writings of Beddoes, in verse (1890) and prose (1891) ; and a series of translated foreign novels, "The International Library." He intro- duced Ibsen to the English public in 1872, and he has published the authorised translations of "Hedda Gabler," 1891, and (with Mr. Archer) of the " Master Builder," 436 GOT — GOTCH 1893. In the spring of 1884, Mr. Gosse was elected Clark Lecturer in English Literature at Trinity College, Cambridge, in the place of Mr. Leslie Stephen, who retired ; and in 1885 he received the honorary degree of M.A. from the Uni- versity of Cambridge. He was re-elected Clark Lecturer in 1886, and retired in 1889. In the winter of 1884-85, Mr. Gosse, who had been invited to deliver the Lowell Lectures that season, visited America, and lectured not only in Boston, but before Harvard and Yale Colleges, before the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and in New York. He is now engaged in editing a series of Short Histories of Literature, of which Ancient Greek, French, English, Italian, and Spanish have already appeared. In 1875 Mr. Gosse married Ellen, daughter of the late Dr. G. K. Epps, a lady who is well known as an artist, and as a contributor to the princi- pal exhibitions. Address : 29 Delamere Terrace, W. GOT, Francois Jules Edmond, an eminent French comedian, born at Ligne- rolles, Orne, Oct. 1, 1822, received his education at the College Charlemagne, and after being employed for a short time at the Prefecture of the Seine, entered M. Provost's class at the Conservatoire, where, in 1842, he carried off the second, and in 1843 the first, prize for comedy. After a year's compulsory service in the army, he made his first bow to a Parisian audience in 1844 at the Comedie Fran- caise, of which Society he became a mem- ber in 1850. M. Got's reputation steadily increased, and he is now most deservedly regarded as one of the greatest actors on the French stage. He excels in the repre- sentation of the leading comic parts in the old classical dramas, and has created scores of original characters in modern pieces. M. Got's name has been fre- quently before the public in connection with the internal dissensions of the Comedie Fran9aise. When M. Got and his colleagues of the Theatre Francais visited London in 1871, they were enter- tained at a public dinner at the Crystal Palace. On Aug. 4, 1881, M. Turquet, the Under-Secretary of State for Fine Arts, publicly conferred the Cross of the Legion of Honour on M. Got at the Conservatoire. It was, however, as Profes- sor of the Conservatoire and Maitre de Con- ferences at the Ecole Normale Superieure, that M. Got received this high recom- pense for his services to art. M. Got again visited London with his colleagues of the French Theatre in the summer of 1893, and appeared in "Les Plaideurs" and other parts. On Jan. 12, 1895, he married Mdlle. TreVille, one of his pupils, and soon after retired from the stage, and lives at 11 Rue Hameau, Boulainvilliers, Paris. GOTCH, Francis, M.A. Oxon, B.A. and B.Sc. Lond., M.R.C.S. and F.R.S., born at Bristol in 1853, is the son of the late Rev. F. W. Gotch, LL.D., one of the Old Testament Revision Committee. Re- ceiving his early education at Amersham Hall School, he proceeded to University College, London, being appointed Gil- christ Scholar at University Hall in 1871. In 1873 he became a Graduate in Arts of the University of London, and was ap- pointed University Scholar in Logic and Moral Philosophy. Having turned to the study of science, he graduated in that subject in 1875, and subsequently became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1881. From this time he devoted him- self to Physiology, and studied in Berlin in the laboratory of Du Bois-Raymond. In 1882 he was elected Sharpey Physiological Scholar in the laboratory of University College, London, under Professor Burdon- Sanderson. In 1883 he proceeded to Oxford as Demonstrator in the Physio- logical Laboratory of the University, receiving the honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1885. He was appointed Holt Professor of Physiology in University College, Liverpool, in 1891, and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in the follow- ing year. In 1895 he was elected Wayn- flete Professor of Physiology at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor Gotch' s researches have been chiefly di- rected to the elucidation of fundamental questions as to the functions of various excitable structures, muscles, nerves, elec- trical organs, spinal cord, and brain. In conjunction with Professor Victor Horsley he carried out a prolonged experimental in- vestigation into the functions of the cen- tral nervous system by the use of a new method, that of observing and contrasting the electrical changes in nerve-fibres and nerve-centres when these are in a state of activity and repose respectively. These researches were made the subject of the Croonian Lecture at the Royal Society in 1891. Besides several communications to various physiological and medical journals, Professor Gotch has published the follow- ing papers : " Changes in the Mammalian Spinal Cord, following Excitation of the Cortex Cerebri" (Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1888), in conjunction with Prof. Horsley ; " The Electrical Organ of the Skate" (Journal of Physiology, Part II., 1889), in conjunction with Prof. Sander- son) ; " Communication and Demonstra- tion to the Physiological Congress at Bale " (Centralblatt fiir Physiologie, 1889) ; GOTT — GOUGH 437 " The Electrical Relations of the Brain and Spinal Cord" [Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Or eat Britain, 1890); "The Mammalian Nervous System " (Croonian Lecture, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1891, Phil. Trans., 1891), in conjunction with Prof. Horsley ; and " Temperature and Excitability," communicated to the Physiological Congress at Liege, 1892, and published in the Journal of Physiology, 1896. Other recent publications are: " The Electromotive Properties of Malap- terurus " (Phil. Trans., 1896) ; " The Elec- trical Changes in Nerve " (Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1898), &c. Address : The Lawn, Banbury Road, Oxford. GOTT, The Right Rev. John, D.D., Bishop of Truro, was born on Christmas Day 1830, and is the youngest son of William Gott, Wyther Grange, Yorkshire, and Margaret Ewart, Mosley Hall, Liver- pool. He was educated at Winchester and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree in 1853, and in 1873, when he became Vicar of Leeds, was made D.D. Ordained in 1857, he was for four years Curate at St. Nicholas, Great Yar- mouth, and afterwards held the incum- bency of the church of St. Andrew in the same town. He was appointed Perpetual Curate of Bramley, Leeds, in 1866, and became Vicar of Leeds in 1873 in succes- sion to Dr. Woodford, who was raised to the See of Ely. He was Vicar and Rural Dean of Leeds until 1886, when, on Lord Alwyne Compton becoming Bishop of Ely, he succeeded his lordship as Dean of Worcester. The vicarage of Leeds has long been a stepping-stone to high prefer- ment in the Church, having been held at different times by Dean Hook and Drs. Atlay and Jayne, in addition to the fore- going. Dr. Gott is a High Churchman, and is the author of " The Parish Priest of the Town," 1877; "The Ideals of a Parish," 1897. He became Bishop of Truro in June 1891. He married in 1858 Harriet, daughter of Whitaker Maitland, Loughton Hall, Essex. Addresses : Trenytown, Par Station, Cornwall ; and Athenaeum. GOUGH, General Sir Charles John Stanley, G.C.B., ».«., brother of Sir Hugh Gough, entered the army (Bengal Cavalry) on March 20, 1848 ; Lieutenant, Sept. 1, 1849 ; Captain, June 9, 1857 ; Major, July 20, 1858 ; Lieut.-Colonel, Jan. 24, 1867 ; Colonel, Nov. 28, 1875 ; Major- General, July 2, 1885 ; Lieut.-General, June 5, 1889. Sir Charles Gough served throughout the Punjab campaign of 1848-49, including the action of Ramnug- gur, passage of the Chenab, and battles of Sadoolapore, Chillianwalla, and Goojerat (Medal with two clasps) ; served in the Indian Mutiny campaign of 1857-58 ; was with the Guide Corps at the siege and capture of Delhi ; was Commander of the Guide Cavalry in the affairs at Kurkonda on the 15th, and Rhotuck on the 17th and 18th of August 1857, engaged in the cavalry affair in rear of the camp on Sept. 11. ■ He served with Brigadier Showers' column in the Delhi and Jhujjur districts ; was engaged in the action of Narnole on Nov. 16 ; served with Hodson's Horse in the actions of Gungeeree, Putteallee, Myn- poorie, and Shumshabad (wounded) ; com- manded a squadron of Hodson's Horse in the action of Meangunge ; was present throughout the siege and capture of Luck- now (Medal with two clasps, Victoria Cross, and Brevet of Major). He was awarded the <$.&., 1st, For gallantry in an affair of Khurkowdah, near Rhotuck, on Aug. 15, 1857, in which he saved his brother, who was wounded, and killed two of the enemy ; 2nd, For gallantry on Aug. 18, when he led a troop of the Guide Cavalry in a charge, and cut down two of the enemy's sowars, with one of whom he had a desperate hand-to-hand combat ; 3rd, For gallantry, on Jan. 27, 1858, at Shumshebad, where in a charge he at- tacked one of the enemy's leaders, and pierced him with his sword, which was carried out of his hand in the melie ; he defended himself with his revolver, and shot two of the enemy ; 4th, For gallantry, on Feb. 23, 1858, at Meangunge, where he came to the assistance of Brevet-Major 0. H. St. George Anson, and killed his oppo- nent, immediately afterwards cutting down another of the enemy in the same gallant manner. Sir Charles Gough served with the Bhootan Expedition in 1864-65, and was present at the capture of Dalingkote and Bala stockades (mentioned in Despatches). He served in command of the Cavalry Brigade in Afghanistan, 1878-80 ; was present at the capture of Ali Musjid (Despatches) ; commanded the force at the action of Futtehabad on April 2, 1879, completely defeating the Afghans (Despatches) ; and in December 1879 he commanded the force at the defence of the Jagdalak Pass and subsequent advance on and relief of Kabul (Despatches). He commanded a brigade at the action of Saidabad (Despatches), and was subse- quently made K.C.B. (Medal and two clasps). On the withdrawal of the army from Afghanistan, he was selected to com- mand the force left to hold the Khaibar Pass. Subsequently he served in command of the Hyderabad contingent from 1881 to 1885, and of the Oudh Division, Bengal army, from 1885 to 1890. He was created G.C.B. in 1895. He published in 1897 a work on "The Sikhs and the Sikh War." He married Harriette, daughter of the late 438 GOUGH — GOURATJD J. W. Power, M.P., in 1859. Address : Innislonagh, Clonmel, Ireland. GOUGH, General Sir Hugh Henry, G.G.B., O.ffi., was born Nov. 14, 1833, and is the third son of George Gough, of Rath- ronan House, Clonmel. He was educated by a private tutor, and entered the Bengal army on Sept. 4, 1853 ; Lieutenant, Aug. 9, 1855* ; Captain, Jan. 4, 1861 ; Brevet Major, Jan. 5, 1861 ; Major, Sept. 4, 1873 : Brevet Lieut.-Col., March 30, 1869; Lieut. -Col., Sept. 4, 1879 ; Brevet Col., Oct. 1, 1877 ; Major-General, Feb. 6, 1887. Sir Hugh Gough served as Adjutant of Hodson's Horse throughout the siege of Delhi (wounded) ; commanding a wing of the regiment in the actions of Bolundshur, Allyghur, and Agra, relief of Lucknow by Lord Clyde, battle of Cawnpore, affairs at Seraighat and Khodagunge, siege and cap- ture of Lucknow (severely wounded and two horses killed), and action of Ranode (mentioned in Despatches on several oc- casions for "distinguished bravery," and thanked by the Governor-General of India, Brevet Major, Victoria Cross, and Medal with three clasps). He received the U.S. for the following circumstances: "Lieu- tenant Gough, when in command of a party of Hodson's Horse near Alumbagh on Nov. 12, 1857, particularly distinguished himself by his forward bearing in charging across a swamp and capturing two guns, although they were defended by a vastly superior body of the enemy. On this occasion he had his horse wounded in two places, and his turban cut through by a sword, whilst engaged in a combat with three sepoys. Lieutenant Gough particu- larly distinguished himself also near Jella- labad, Lucknow, on Feb. 25, 1858, by show- ing a brilliant example to his regiment, when ordered to charge the enemy's guns ; and, by his gallant and forward conduct he enabled his men to effect their object. On this occasion he engaged himself in a series of single combats, until at last he was disabled by a musket-ball through the leg while charging two sepoys with fixed bayonets. Lieutenant Gough on this day had two horses killed under him, a shot through his helmet, and another through his scabbard, besides being severely wounded." ' He commanded the 12th Bengal Cavalry in the Abyssinian cam- paign in 1868, and was present at the cap- ture of Magdala (mentioned in Despatches, C.B., and Medal) ; served throughout the Afghan War of 1878-80 ; commanded the cavalry of the Koorum Force in 1878-79 ; and was present at the capture of the Peiwar Kotal, in the pursuit of the Afghans over the Shutargardan, in the affair of the Maugior Pass, and during the operations in Khost. He served with the Kabul Field Force in 1879-80 as Brigadier- General of Communications, and was pre- sent in the engagement at Charasiab, and in the various operations around Kabul in December 1879 (wounded); accompanied Sir Frederick Roberts in the march to Kandahar in command of the Cavalry Brigade, and was present at the recon- naissance of August 31 in command of the troops engaged, and in the cavalry pursuit of the following day (frequently mentioned in Despatches, K.C.B., Medal with four clasps, and bronze decoration). He be- came a Lieutenant-General in 1891, and was on the staff of the Bengal army from 1887 to March 1892. He was appointed Keeper of the Crown Jewels in the Tower of Lon- don in 1898. In 1897 he published "Old Memories." Address: Tower of London. GOULD, Francis Carruthers, assist- ant-editor of the Westminster Gazette, was born at Barnstaple on Dec. 2, 1844, and is the second son of R. D. Gould, architect. He was educated privately, and was for many years on the London Stock Exchange, which he was glad eventually to forsake. He is famous as a caricaturist, and for many years the Christmas number of Truth was illustrated by him. He was at one time on the Pall Mall Gazette, and, since its foundation, has drawn the notable cartoons in the Westminster. He is also caricaturist to the Sketch. Address : 3 Endsleigh Street, Tavistock Square, W.C. GOULD, Nathaniel, novelist and journalist, was born on Dec. 21, 1857, at Manchester. He is the son of the late Nathaniel Gould, of Manchester and Pils- bury Grange, Derbyshire, and of Mary, daughter of the late William Wright, of Bradbourn, Derbyshire. He was educated at Strathmore House School, Southport. His publications are : "The Double Event," 1891; "Running it Off" and "Jockey Jack," 1892; "Harry Dale's Jockey," "Banker and Broker," 1893; "Thrown Away," " Stuck Up," 1894 ; "Only a Com- moner," "The Miner's Cup," 1895; "The Magpie Jacket," "Who Did It?" "The Doctor's Double," " On and Off the Turf in Australia," "Town and Bush, 1896; " Horse or Blacksmith," " Not so Bad after all," "Seeing him Through," "A Lad of Mettle," 1897; "A Gentleman Rider," "The Famous Match," " War at Last," "Golden Ruin," 1898. He has travelled extensively in different parts of the world and in Australasia, where he held several impor- tant engagements on the press. Address : Wotton Grange, Bedfont, Middlesex. GOUBiAUD, Captain, French officer, was born in 1865, and became conspicuous during the " Marchand " incident. He left GOURKO — GOW 439 the Military School of St. Cyr in 1890. From 1894 to 1897 he served in the French Soudan, seeing considerable active service with the natives. After a short rest, he returned to Gourounsi in November of the same year (1897), and, early in 1898, was twice wounded in conflicts with the Sou- danese. On the conclusion of the Anglo- French Convention for the settlement of the Niger region, Captain Gouraud was appointed Resident at his old station, Gourounsi. While acting in this official capacity, he captured Samory, an act which has brought him some distinction. GOTJRKO, Count Joseph Vassil yevich, one of the most distinguished generals of the Russo-Turkish war, is of Lithuanian origin, and was born in 1828, and educated in the imperial "Corps de Pages." He was created ensign of the regiment of Hussars of the Imperial Body Guard in 1846. In 1857 he was already captain, and commanded a squadron in the same regiment, and was made in 1860 adjutant to the Emperor. In 1861 he received his colonel's commission. In 1866 Gourko was appointed commander of the 4th Hussar regiment of Marinpol. In 1867 the Emperor named him Major- General, and ordered him to be of his suite. Then he commanded the Grenadier regiment of the Imperial Guards, and in 1873 the first brigade of the second division of the Cavallerie de la Garde. We may add that Count Gourko took part, although in inferior rank, in the Crimean war, being stationed at Belbeck. His heroic deeds are almost too well known to be minutely recorded ; we will mention only some of the principal feats of this valiant general, who commanded the vanguard of the Imperial army. On June 25, 1 877, with a detachment of cavalry and a single battery, he attacked and took by assault the strong and powerfully occupied town of Tyrnovo (Tirnowo). On July 5 he occupied Kazanlyk and the village of Shipka, and after occupying and defend- ing the passes of Shipka, Hanko, and others, he, together with General Radetzky, traversed the Balkans in the middle of the winter snow-storms and frosts, with but few losses, and led the victorious Russian troops into the fertUe valleys beyond, thus occupying Sofia, Philippo- polis, and Adrianople. The hazardous and almost impossible feat of traversing the Balkans in the middle of winter will for , ever remain one of the greatest deeds per- formed by the soldiers of Russia. Count Gourko has been elevated to the rank of Adjutant-General, is a Knight of St. George of the second class, and of several other high orders. He was made a Count in April 1878, and was appointed Governor- General of St. Petersburg (1879) after the attempts on Alexander's life, and then, after a period of enforced retirement, Governor -General of Poland. His rule in Poland has been strongly Muscovite in tendency. In 1884 the Czar visited Poland, and General Gourko took extra- ordinary precautions for his safety. In 1891, during the Russian famine, he made an optimistic report on the food supply in Poland. Events proved him to have been mistaken, and his position was in danger, but he exculpated himself, and in April 1892 returned to Warsaw as Commander- in - Chief of all troops in Poland and Lithuania. Count Gourko is married to a French lady. GOURLEY, Sir Edward Temper- ley, M.P., is the eldest son of the late T. Y. Gourley, shipowner, of Sunderland, and was born at the latter place on June 8, 1828. He was educated at a private school in Scotland, and at Sunderland. He is a Sunderland merchant and ship- owner, and has represented that borough in the House of Commons, as a Liberal member, since 1868. He is a Justice of the Peace and an Alderman for Sunder- land, and has been thrice its Mayor. He was for ten years Hon. Secretary of the Sunday School Union, and was, for twenty years, Commandant of the Sunderland Rifles, a corps of which he is now Hon. Colonel. He received the honour of knighthood in 1895. Address : Roker-on- Sea, Sunderland. GOW, Andrew Carrick, R.A., was born in London, June 15, 1848. He be- came a student of Heatherley's School of Art, Newman Street. In 1868 he was elected a Member of the Institute (now Royal Institute), and since 1870 has been a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy. Amongst his chief works may be mentioned "A Suspicious Guest," 1870 ; "Introduction of Lady Mary Wortley to the Kit Kat Club," 1873; "Sophy Bad- deley at the Pantheon," 1875; "The Relief of Leyden," 1876, now in the National Gallery of Sydney ; " The Tumult in the House of Commons in 1640," 1877 ; "No Surrender," 1878, now in the National Gallery at Melbourne ; " The Last Days of Edward VI.," 1880; "Bothwell," 1884; " Absolution for the Lost at Sea," 1885 ; "Cromwell at Dunbar," 1886, purchased by the Trustees of the Chantrey Fund ; "The Garrison Marching out with the Honours of War," 1887 ; "A Lost Cause," Flight of King James II. after the battle of the Boyne, now in the Tate collection, 1888; "Charles I. at Hull"; "After Waterloo : Sauve qui pent," 1890 ; " Queen Mary's Farewell to Scotland," 1892 ; "The 440 GO WER — GRACE Flag Maidens of Taunton"; "God save King James"; "On the Sands at Bou- logne"; "Wellington crossing the Bidas- soa," 1896; "On the Way to Exile," 1897, Napoleon's arrival at Kochefort, purchased by the Emperor of Russia ; " A Gentleman of the Road," and "The Signal," 1898. Mr. Gow's works have been mostly historical. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1881, and R.A. in 1891. Addresses : 15 Grove End Road, N.W. ; and Athenaeum. GOWER, Lord Ronald Sutherland Gower, F.S.A., is the youngest son of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland, and uncle of the present Duke of Sutherland, and was edu- cated at home, at Eton, and at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. He is known as a sculptor and a writer, and is first President of the Society of Miniaturists. Amongst his works of art there may be mentioned : statues of Marie Antoinette on her way to Execution ; " The Old Guard at Water- loo " ; and the Shakespeare Monument at Stratford-on-Avon. He is the author of : "My Reminiscences"; "Life of Joan of Arc"; "Rupert of the Rhine"; "Stafford House Letters"; " Bric-a-Brac " ; "Last Days of Marie Antoinette " ; " De Brosse's Letters from Italy." Lord Ronald Gower was formerly member of Parliament for the county of Sutherland. He has dropped the name of Leveson, his father having first assumed that of Sutherland in 1841. Address : 27 Trebovir Road, S.W. GOWERS, Sir William Richard, K.B., M.D., F.R.S., son of William Gowers and Ann Venables, was born in London in 1845, and educated chiefly at Christ Church College School, Oxford. He com- menced the study of medicine in 1861 as pupil to a surgeon at Coggeshall, Essex, and continued it at University College and Hospital, graduating at the University of London in 1869 and 1870. In 1873 he was appointed Assistant - Physician to University College Hospital, and to the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, and subsequently became Physician to each institution, and a Pro- fessor of Clinical Medicine in Universitv College. He was elected F.R.C.P. in 1879, F.R.S. in 1887, and created Knight in 1897. His contributions to medical science have embraced many subjects, but he is chiefly known to the profession on account of his work on the structure and diseases of the nervous system. A special tract of fibres in the spinal cord, which he first described, is generally named after him. The extent to which his work upon this subject has been based on original observation and re- search, and the manner in which facts thus ascertained have been applied to the elucidation of the practical problems of disease, their diagnosis and treatment, have secured for his works a wide circula- tion, not only in this country but also in America, and in most European countries, and have made them popular alike with students and practitioners. He was one of the early investigators of the changes that occur within the eye in diseases of the brain, kidneys, &c, and his .."Manual and Atlas of Medical Ophthalmoscopy " (of which a third edition was published in 1890) is the chief authority on the subject. It is also of interest as containing the first systematic use of the Autotype process for illustrating the processes of disease, most of the plates having been thus reproduced from the author's own drawings. A course of lectures delivered before the College of Physicians in 1880 formed the basis of a work on "Epilepsy and the Convulsive Diseases." A small book on the "Diag- nosis of Diseases of the Spinal Cord " has been described as marking a turning-point in professional knowledge of the subject, and was followed by a similar work dealing with the Diseases of the Brain. His chief work, however, is a general "Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System," in 2 vols., of which a second edition appeared in 1892, and a third is now (1898) in pre- paration. Besides these subjects he is known in connection with diseases of the blood, and has improved or invented ap- paratus for counting the number of the blood corpuscles, and ascertaining their quality. Like many members of the medi- cal profession, he has found a recreative occupation in etching, and his work has been seen at the Royal Academy and other exhibitions. He is, indeed, appar- ently the first F.R.S. whose etching has been seen at the Academy, although many Fellows have exhibited work in oil and water-colour. He received the honour of knighthood in 1897. Sir William Gowers has employed phonetic shorthand most extensively throughout his life to pro- mote his scientific work, making ex- clusive use of it for personal writing, and strongly advocating its employment as a means of saving time and improving the quality of intellectual work. He has earnestly advocated its use in medi- cine and other branches of scientific work, and was the founder and first Presi- dent of a Society of Medical Phono- grapbers which now (1898) contains 300 members. This movement appears likely to attain considerable ultimate importance. In 1875 he married Mary, daughter of Frederick Baines, of Leeds. Addresses : 50 Queen Anne Street, W., and Athenjeum. GRACE, Dr. William Gilbert, the famous cricketer, was born at Downend, GEAFTON — GEAHAM 441 near Bristol, July 18, 1848, and is the fourth son of the late Henry Mills Grace, himself a keen cricketer and sportsman. He early evinced a great aptitude for cricket, being trained in the sport by his uncle, Mr. Alfred Pocock, and in 1864 played with the South Wales team at Brighton against the Gentlemen of Sussex, scoring 170 and 56 not out. The nest year he was eagerly sought for, and his reputation established. Between 1864 and 1890 Dr. Grace completed 814 innings in first-class matches, and ob- tained in all 35,466 runs, being an aver- age of 43J per innings, the most extraor- dinary record of batting performances ever chronicled. He captured 2230 wickets in first-class matches, between the same years, at a cost of 36,170 runs ; average per wicket, 16. In July 1879 he was presented with a costly testimonial, subscribed for by all classes of players, in recognition of his merits as an all-round cricketer. He is said to be the best bat in England, a good bowler, an excellent field, and a first-rate captain. In 1884 he played three innings of over 100 against the Australians, and repeated the feat in 1886. Like his father and brother (Dr. E. M. Grace) he is a member of the medical profession, and took his degree in 1879, having studied at Bristol Medical School, St. Bartholomew's and Westminster Hos- pitals. He has been in practice in Bristol since 1879. He published a book upon Cricket in 1891. In 1895 he made nine "centuries" in first-class cricket, and thereby completed his one hundredth "century." He had the second of the year's batting averages, his average being 48 innings, three not out, total runs, 2346 ; highest score, 288 ; and average, 51. The Daily Telegraph handed him £5000, the result of a great national subscription made up of his admirers' shillings. On his attaining his fifty-first birthday, or "jubi- lee," in July 1898, he was the object of an immense demonstration of enthusiasm. Address : Ashley Grange, Ashley Down, Bristol. GRAFTON, Duke of, Augustus Charles Lennox Fitzroy, K.G., C.B., J.P., was born on June 22, 1821, and succeeded his brother as 7th Duke in 1882. He was educated at Harrow, and obtained a commission in the 60th Rifles in 1837, subsequently entering the Coldstream Guards in 1839. He served through the Crimean campaign, being severely wounded at the battle of Inker- mann ; eventually rose to the rank of General, and retired from the army in 1881. He acted as Equerry to the Queen from 1849 to 1882, and in the latter year was appointed Honorary Equerry. His Grace is Hereditary Ranger of Whittlebury Forest, Northamptonshire, and he was married, in 1847, to Anna, daughter of the late James Balfour of Whittinghame, Had- dingtonshire (she died in 1857). Addresses: 17 Carlton House Terrace, S.W. ; and Euston Hall, Thetford, &c. GRAHAM, Sir Gerald, G.C.M.G., G.C.B., $.€., Lieut.-General on the Reserve List, only son of the late Robert Hay Graham, M.D., of Eden Brows, Cumber- land, was born June 27, 1831, and educated at private schools, three years being spent at a school in Dresden, Saxony. He en- tered the Royal Military Academy, Wool- wich, in 1847, and received his commission as Second Lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1850. He became Captain in 1858, Major in 1859, Lieut. - Colonel in 1861, Colonel in 1869, Major- General in 1881, and Lieut.-General in 1884. He served throughout the Crimean campaign, landing with the first troops at Old Fort on Sept. 14, 1854, and leaving when the Russian guard took over Bala- klava in May 1856. He was present at the battles of Alma and Inkermann, did nearly 100 turns of duty in the trenches, and led a ladder-party at the assault of the Redan on June 18, 1855. He took part in the demolition of the docks and "White Buildings" during the winter of 1855-56, and was twice wounded. For the Crimean campaign he received the medal with three clasps, fifth-class Medjidieh, Turkish medal, Victoria Cross, and was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour. He was twice mentioned in despatches, and ob- tained the brevet rank of Major. He took part in the China war of 1860, and was severely wounded at the assault of the Taku Forts ; was present at the capture of Pekin, mentioned in despatches, obtained brevet rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, C.B. , and medal with two clasps. In the Egyptian campaign of 1882 Major-General Graham commanded the second brigade of the first division throughout the campaign. He took part in the action of El Magfar, commanded at Kassassin on Aug. 28, took part in the subsequent action of Sept. 9, and in the battle of Tel-el-Kebir ; he was mentioned in despatches, thanked by both Houses of Parliament, received K.C.B., second-class Medjidieh, medal with clasp, and bronze star. Major-General Sir Gerald Graham was put in command of the expe- dition for the relief of Tokar in February 1884, after the destruction of an Egyptian force under Baker Pasha. The British force fought a severely-contested action with the rebel Hadendowas at El Teb, on Feb. 29, 1884, and relieved Tokar on the following day. On March 13 Sir Gerald Graham again defeated a large force of 442 GRAHAM — GKAND Arabs, with great slaughter, at Tamai. The road to Berber was then open, but the British troops were withdrawn. For these services Major-General Sir Gerald Graham was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant- General. In 1885, after receiving news of the fall of Khartoum, another expedition was sent under the command of Lieut. - General Sir Gerald Graham to Suakim to open the road to Berber and to lay down a railway. This expedition arrived at Suakim about March 13, and on the 20th fought the battle of Hasheen. Sir Gerald received the U.if. for "determined gal- lantry at the head of a ladder-party at the assault of the Redan (Sebastopol), on June 18, 1855 ; and for devoted heroism in sally- ing out of the trenches on numerous occa- sions, and bringing in wounded officers and men." For his services Lieut. -General Sir Gerald Graham was thanked by both Houses of Parliament, and was decorated with the Grand Cross of SS. Michael and George by her Majesty. He has contri- buted some articles to the Royal Engineers' Professional Corps papers, and translated Von Goetze's "Account of the German Engineers' operations during the campaign 1870-71." In January 1886, he contri- buted a paper to the Fortnightly called "Last Words with General Gordon." He married Jane, daughter of G. Durrant, of Elmhall, Suffolk, widow of the Rev. G. B. Blocker, Rector of Rudham Norfolk. Club : United Service. GRAHAM, Peter, R.A., was born, in 1836, in Edinburgh, where he received his artistic training at the Schoolof Design. He is famous as a painter of the Highlands, one of his first well-known pictures being " A Spate in the Highlands," 1866. He has been a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy's Exhibitions, and of late years has shown "The Sea with Ebb and Flow," 1895; "The Close of Day" and "From Beetling Sea - crags where the Gannet Builds," 1896; "Crossing the Stream" and a sea-piece, 1897 ; " The Road across the Moor," "Moorland Quietude," "The Grass - crowned Headland of a Rocky Shore," and " Lashed by the Wild and Wasteful Ocean," 1898. He was elected R.A. in 1881. Address: 93 Ladbroke Road, W. GRANBY, Marquis of, Henry John Brinsley Manners, J.P., is the eldest son and heir to the Duke of Rutland, and was born in 1852, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was principal private secretary to Lord Salisbury in 1885-86 and in 1886-88. In 1888 he was returned as Conservative member for the Melton Division of Leicestershire, and sat until 1895. In 1896 he was summoned to the House of Peers in his father's Barony of Manners of Haddon. He has been Cap- tain in the third battalion of the Leicester- shire Militia, and is a J.P. for Leicester- shire. He lias written many articles on sport, and is an ornithologist. The Mar- chioness of Granby, whom he married in 1882, is a talented artist in portraiture. She is the daughter of Colonel C. H. Lind- say, C.B., son of the late Earl of Balcarres and Crawford. Address : 16 Arlington Street, Piccadilly, W. GRAND, Sarah (nie Frances Eliza- beth Clarke), was born at Donaghadee, in the north of Ireland, where her father, a naval Lieutenant, held a Coastguard ap- pointment at the time. Though born in Ireland, Sarah Grand is of English parent- age, and has no Irish blood. Her father was Edward John Bellenden Clarke, Lieu- tenant R.N., and his family belonged to Hertfordshire ; her mother (nie Margaret Bell) was daughter of the late George Henry Sherwood, of Rysome Garth, York- shire, and granddaughter of Robert Bell, Humbleton House, Yorkshire. Her father died when she was a child, and her mother then settled down among her own people in Yorkshire, where Sarah Grand's girl- hood was passed. She was the youngest but one of five children, two boys and three girls. At fourteen she was sent to the Royal Naval School, Twickenham, but the discipline of this large establishment did not suit her, and she was accordingly removed to a school in Holland Road, Ken- sington. This part of her education, how- ever, terminated at sixteen, when she mar- ried. She accompanied her husband, an officer in the army, to the East — Ceylon, Singapore, China, and Japan. She also saw something of Egypt. She wrote much poetry in those days, and several novels, which she burnt, her whole life, from her marriage, being devoted steadily to literary expression. Sarah Grand first appeared in print in the columns of Aunt Judy, a girls' magazine, for which she wrote a few small pieces. In July 1888 she published her first book "Ideala." Written five or six years before it eventually appeared, it went from publisher to publisher, until at last it was printed at her own cost, and published by Mr. Allen, of Ave Maria Lane, from whom it was eventually taken over by Mr. Bentley. Two years after the appearance of " Ideala " Sarah Grand completed her novel of "The Heavenly Twins"; but again her work travelled from publisher to publisher, and was rejected by one after another. In the meantime she looked up some of her early work for publication. "Singularly Deluded," one of the novels written on more commonplace lines when GRANIEB DE CASSAGNAC — GRANT 443 she was little more than a girl — long be- fore she began "Ideala"— was accepted and published by Mr. Blackwood in Decem- ber 1892. And whilst "The Heavenly Twins " were being written and were still on their travels, she wrote several short stories for Temple Bar and other maga- zines. At last, in the spring of 1892, she determined to publish " The Heavenly Twins" also at her own expense. When it was printed, however, it was shown to Mr William Heinemann, who took over the whole risks of the work and published it in January 1893, when it became an im- mediate literary success. A collection of short stories was published in March 1894, under the title of " Our Manifold Nature," and in November 1897 appeared the novel, " The Beth Book." Address : 60 Wynn- stay Gardens, Kensington, W. GRANIER DE CASSAGNAC, Paul de. See De Cassagnac. GRANT, Frederick Dent, American soldier, a son of General U. S. Grant, was born in the city of St. Louis, Mis- souri, May 30, 1850. He was educated at the public schools and at the Military Academy at West Point, where he gradu- ated in 1871. After travelling in Europe, he returned home in 1873, and joined the army, soon receiving an appointment on the staff of Lieut.-General Philip H, Sher- idan, with rank of Lieut. -Colonel. In January 1879 he joined his father in Paris, and went with him on his journey around the world. He resigned from the army in 1881 ; was Minister to Austria under Pre- sident Harrison ; was a Police Commis- sioner in the city of New York in 1895, and on the outbreak of the war with Spain in 1898 he entered the army again and was made Brigadier-General. GRANT, The Very Rev. George Monro, D.D., LL.D., Principal of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, who is of Scottish parentage, was born at Stellar- ton, Pictou county, Nova Scotia, Dec. 22, 1835. He received his education at Pictou Academy and at the West Eiver Seminary of the Presbyterian Church in his native province. At the latter, at the age of eighteen, he won a bursary which entitled him to a collegiate course in the Uni- versity of Glasgow, the bursary being awarded by the Synod of the Old Kirk in Nova Scotia. During his university course at Glasgow he won academic distinction, taking the highest honours in philosophy at his examination for M.A., the Lord Rector's Prize for the best Essay on Hindoo Literature and Philosophy, and other prizes and scholarships. On his return to Nova Scotia, he spent some time as a missionary in the Maritime Pro- vinces, and became pastor of St. Matthew's Church, Halifax, a position which he held until his acceptance, in 1877, of the Principalship of Queen's University. In 1872 he published "Ocean to Ocean," an interesting diary of a tour across the American Continent, in connection with Sandford Fleming's surveying expedition, to locate the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway ; and, in 1884, " Picturesque Canada," an elaborate work illustrative of the scenery, the industries, and the social life of the Canadian Dominion. He is a frequent contributor to British, American, and Canadian periodicals, and writes, not only on theological, but on educational, social, and political subjects. Address : Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. GRANT, Lieut. -General Sir Robert, R.E., K.C.B., son of Sir Robert Grant, K.C.H., was born in August 1837. He was educated at Harrow and at Woolwich, and entered the army as lieutenant of Royal Engineers in October 1854. He was pro- moted captain in August 1860, major in July 1872, and lieut.-colonel in July 1876. He was for several years Aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief in British North America. From 1871 to 1876 he was Deputy - Assistant Adjutant - General of Royal Engineers at Head -quarters. Sir Robert Grant was appointed Colonel on the Staff of the Scottish District in 1884, and the following year went to Egypt to take part in the Soudan war. He was employed in the Nile Expedition, and during the latter portion of the operations was the Commanding Royal Engineer. He was mentioned in despatches. He was appointed Deputy Adjutant-General of Royal Engineers in 1886, and succeeded to his present appointment of Inspector- General of Fortifications in 1891. Sir Robert Grant was created a K.C.B. in 1896. He married in 1875 Victoria, widow of T. Owen, Esq., and daughter of John Cotes, Esq., of Woodcote Hall, Shropshire. Address : 14 Granville Place, W. GRANT, Robert, American writer, was born at Boston, Mass., Jan. 24, 1852. He was graduated from Harvard Univer- sity in 1873, and from its Law School in 1879. In 1888 he was appointed a member of the Board of Water Commissioners of Boston, of which in the following year he became Chairman. This position he resigned in July 1893 to accept his pre- sent office, that of Judge of Probate and Insolvency for the county of Suffolk, Mass. Besides his contributions to magazines he has published "The Little Tin Gods on Wheels," 1879; "The Con- fessions of a Frivolous Girl," 1880; "The 444 GRANT-DUFF — GRAY Lambs," 1882 ; "An Average Man," 1883 ; "The King's Men," with others, 1884; " The Knave of Hearts," 1885 ; " A Romantic Young Lady," 1886; "Face to Face," 1886; "Jack Hall," 1887 ; "Jack in the Bush," 1888; "The Reflections of a Married Man," 1892; "The Opinions of a Philosopher," 1893 ; " The Art of Living," and "The Bachelor's Christmas," 1895. GRANT -DUFF. See Duff, The Right Hon. Sib Moitntstuart Grant. GRANTHAM, Sir William, J.P., Judge of the High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, son of George Grantham, of Barcombe Place, Sussex, was born at Lewes, Oct. 23, 1835, and educated at King's College School. He was called to the Bar in 1863, after obtain- ing the studentship given by the four Inns of Court to the most distinguished student of the term ; was made Q.C. 1877, and became a Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1878 ; is J.P. and has been Deputy-Chairman of Sussex. In 1871 he was largely instrumental in securing the return of Mr. Watney for East Surrey, this being the first Conservative victory in the constituency for 27 years. At the general election of 1874 he himself con- tested the county against the Hon. Locke King, whom he defeated by the large majority of 1107 ; and in 1880 he was again returned with a majority of 2006. On the passing of the Redistribution Bill of 1885 he was asked to give up his seat for the county, to contest the new borough of Croydon, as no Conservative candidate could be found to contest it owing to the then popularity of the Liberal candidate, Mr. J. S. Balfour, who had been instru- mental in getting Croydon made a cor- poration a few years before, and who had been twice mayor. Mr. Grantham, how- ever, defeated him by a majority of 1157. In January 1886 Mr. Grantham was made a judge of the Queen's Bench Division, and consequently retired from Parliament. He married, in 1865, Emma, daughter of R. Wilson. Addresses : Barcombe Place, Lewes ; and Athenaeum. GRAVES, The Right Rev. Charles, D.D., D.C.L. Oxon., F.R.S., Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert, and Aghadoe, youngest son of John Crosbie Graves and Helena, daughter of the Rev. Charles Perceval, was born in Dublin Nov. 6, 1812, and edu- cated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took high honours, and became a Fellow, and Professor of Mathematics. He was President of the Royal Irish Academy from 1860 to 1865 ; and was for some time Dean of the Chapel Royal in Ireland, and Chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant. He was consecrated Bishop of Limerick, June 29, 1866. He was elected to the Athenaeum under Rule 2 in 1863. He married Selina, eldest daughter of the late John Cheyne, M.D., Physician-General to the Forces in Ireland, in 1840. She died in 1873. Ad- dresses : The Palace, Henry Street, Lime- rick ; and Athenaeum. GRAY, Professor Andrew, LL.D., F.R.S., was born at Lochgelly, Fifeshire, in 1847, and is the eldest son of John Gray of that place. His elementary education was obtained at the Subscription School of his native town. After a beginning of scientific study he entered at the Uni- versity of Glasgow, where he obtained on graduation the Eglinton Fellowship in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. While an undergraduate he was nominated by Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) to an experimental scholarship in Electricity and Magnetism given by Mr. Heugh of Tunbridge Wells, to the Andersonian Uni- versity, Glasgow. Afterwards Mr. Gray became Sir William Thomson's private secretary and experimental assistant, and in 1880 was invited by Sir William to become his official assistant in connection with the Chair of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow. In 1884, on the foundation of the Institution, he was appointed to his present post, the Pro- fessorship of Physics in the University College of North Wales. During the four- teen years of his tenure of this office Professor Gray has taken some part in the organisation of Welsh education, and has served for several years in the Court and Executive Committee of the University of Wales, besides assisting in the more academic work of the University as a Member of Senate. Besides various scien- tific papers chiefly on electrical subjects, Professor Gray has written "Absolute Mea- surements in Electricity and Magnetism " (a sketch of certain methods of measure- ment of importance in connection with practical electrical work) ; a general trea- tise entitled " The Theory and Practice of Electrical Measurements" (Macmillan and Co., 1892), the first volume of a treatise on "Magnetism and Electricity" (Macmillan & Co,, 1898), and in conjunction with Professor G. B. Matthews, F.R.S., "A Treatise on Bessel Functions and their Applications to Physics" (Macmillan and Co., 1895). Professor Gray is a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edin- burgh, and a Member of Council of the Physical Society of London. He has for several years been Examiner in Physics for Degrees in the University of Glasgow, and for the last four years has been Examiner in Physical Science to the University of GRAY — GREARD 445 New Zealand. In 1896 the degree of LL.D. (honoris causa) was conferred on him by the University of Glasgow. Addresses- Penybryn, Bangor, North Wales ; and the University College of North Wales, Bangor. GRAY, Miss Frances Helena, LL.D., was educated at the Methodist College, Belfast, and took first place in Ireland at the Intermediate Examinations, gain- ing at the same time two gold medals. In 1884 she matriculated with Honours in the Royal University, Dublin, gainin°- third place in the ensuing scholarship examination in Modern Literature. She took the degree of B.A. in 1888, with Honours in Geology and Biology. In the following year she turned her attention to Law, and succeeded in taking the degree of LL.B. ; while in 1890 she gained the high distinction of LL.D. GRAY, George, United States senator, was born at New Castle, Delaware, May 4, 1840. He graduated at Princeton College in 1859, receiving the degree of A.B. ; in 1862 he received the degree of A.M., and in 1889 the degree of LL.D. from his alma mater. He was admitted to the Bar in 1863 ; was appointed Attorney-General of the State of Delaware in 1879, and re- appointed in 1884 ; was elected to the United States Senate in 1885 to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1887 and in 1893. He exercises much influence among his colleagues, and is a member of several important committees, among which are those on Foreign Relations, Civil Service, and Judiciary. GRAY, Herbert Branston, D.D. Oxon., Warden and Head-master, and Chairman of the Governing Body of Brad- field College, Berks, from 1881 onwards, was born on April 22, 1851, at Layton House, Putney, S.W., and is the son of Thomas Cray, Esq., of a Kentish family, which for several generations had settled at St. Peter's in the Isle of Thanet. He was educated from 1865 to 1869 at Win- chester College, of which Foundation he was an Exhibitioner, and proceeded in 1870 to Queen's College, Oxford, of which Society he was appointed Classical Scholar. He gained a first class in Classical Moderations in 1872, and a second class in Literal Huraaniorea in 1874, and proceeded B.A. and M.A. in due course. The degree of B.D. and D.D. was conferred on him (by accumulation) in 1893. In 1875 he was appointed to a Mastership at Westminster School, which office he held till 1878, when he was elected to the Head-mastership of Louth Grammar School, Lincolnshire. In 1880 he was offered the Head-mastership of Bradfield College, Berks, and in 1881, on the resignation of the First Warden and Founder of the College, the Rev. Thomas Stevens, he was appointed Warden. At that time the College had fallen to a low numerical level, owing to many difficulties, and the numbers were hardly more than 50. Since that period the institution has grown enormously, and now numbers more than 260, while the buildings have increased to double their original size. The history of the College under Dr. Gray has been an uninterrupted success. Besides winning numerous scholarships and some Fellow- ships at both universities, it has sent a large number of its sons to Woolwich and Sandhurst. It owns the distinction of holding the Ashburton Shield for shoot- ing, open to all public schools, for the year 1897-98, a distinction which it gained once before, in 1893-94. One of the dis- tinguishing features of the College is the reproduction of Greek plays, which are performed in the only Greek theatre which has been built since the decay of the Attic drama four centuries B.C., the theatre being constructed by Dr. Gray on the model of that of Epidaurus in the Pelo- ponnese, and the most perfect of all the Greek theatres. These unique representa- tions have been performed four times in a cycle of three, the "Antigone" of Sopho- cles being played in 1890, the "Agamem- non " of iEschylus in 1892, the " Alcestis " of Euripides in 1895, and the "Antigone," for the second time, in 1898. Thither all the learned scholars flock from Oxford, Cambridge, Berlin, Edinburgh, and even from Athens. Dr. Gray is the author of two books of sermons, chiefly preached to Bradfield boys, " Modern Laodiceans " having been published in 1885, and " Men of Like Passions" in 1894. He is also the joint editor of a classical work, " The Westminster Ovid." He holds the Chair- manship of the Council of the College, by virtue of his office as Warden. Address": Bradfield College, Berks. GRAY, Maxwell. Sec Tutttett, M.G. GREARD, Vallery Clement Octave, Rector of the University of France, was born at Vire in the Calvados, April 18, 1828. He entered the Ecole Normale in 1849, and is a Doctor of Letters. He be- came a professor at the Lycees of Metz, Versailles, and Paris. In 1865 he was appointed an inspector of the Academy of Paris, and in 1872 Inspector-General. In 1874 he gained the Halphen Prize of the Academy of Sciences, given to the person who has most improved primary education. In 1877, M. Jules Ferry (q.v.) advisedly proclaimed him the best teacher in France. 446 GEEECE — GREEN In 1879 he became Vice-Rector of the Academy of Paris, and devoted himself to questions of organisation and method in secondary education. In 1883 he refused a senatorship in order to give himself up to extending the Paris Lycees, both for boys and girls, and to restoring the Sor- bonne. In 1875 he was elected to the Academy of Moral Sciences, and in 1886 to the French Academy itself in place of Comte de Falloux. He is a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, and has been a Member of its Council since 1880. His principal works are : " De la Morale de Plu- tarque," 1866; " L'Education de Femmes par les Femmes," 1886 ; " L'Enseignement Secondaire des Filles," 1883; "Precis de Litteraire," 1875. His Paris address is 30 Rue du Luxembourg. GREECE, King of. Sec George I., King of the Hellenes. GREELY, Brigadier-General Adol- phus W., was born at Newburyport, Mass., March 27, 1844. Entering the volunteer service as a private soldier, he was thrice wounded and attained the rank of Captain during the Civil War, and at its close was transferred to the regular army with the rank of Lieutenant. In 1868 he was placed in the Signal Service ; and in 1881 was assigned to the command of the International Polar Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay. In addition to completing his scientific work, his expedition made extensive geographical discoveries and attained 83° 24' N. latitude, — the farthest north of all previous time. Visiting ships having failed to reach Greely in 1882 or 1883, he retreated to Cape Sabine, where hardships and starvation spared but seven, who were rescued in 1884 by a squadron under Captain Schley. In the winter of 1896-97 Lieutenant Peary discovered a case of medical instruments and other relics in the deserted camp, but he failed to find the records of the expedition, as expected. General Greely wrote the " Report of the Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay" (2 vols.), 1886, and published a private account of the expedition in 1885, under the title of "Three Years of Arctic Service," which has been translated into French and German. He was awarded the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society, the Roquette Medal by the Society de Geographie, Paris, and given the formal thanks of Massachusetts. In 1887 he was raised to the rank of Brigadier-General and Chief Signal Officer, being appointed head of the corps in which he had served for twenty years. Other works of General Greely are "American Weather," N.Y., 1888, and "American Explorers and Tra- vellers," N.Y., 1893. GREEN, Alice Sophia Amelia (Mrs. J. R. Green), was born at Kells in Ire- land in 1848, and is the daughter of the well-known canon lawyer, Edward Adder- ley Stopford, Archdeacon of Meath, and granddaughter of the Bishop of that dio- cese. She was privately educated, and taught herself Greek, and was married in 1877 to the famous historian of the English people, the late John Richard Green. While he was writing his last two books, she greatly assisted her husband in the work of historical research, and acted as his amanuensis, and is herself the author of " Henry II." in the English Statesmen Series, and of " Town Life in the Fifteenth Century," published in 1894. She has edited her husband's work on " The Con- quest of England," and in 1888, five years after his death, issued a revised edition of the well-known "Short History of the English People," and in 1892 was editor of the illustrated edition of the same. She has lectured in London on " English Town Life in the Middle Ages," and on " Guilds." Address : 14 Kensington Square, W. GREEN, Anna Katharine. See Rohlfs, Mrs. Charles. GREEN, Professor Joseph Rey- nolds, F.R.S., D.Sc, F.L.S., was born at Stowmarket, Suffolk, on Dec. 3, 1848, and was educated at private schools, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was a scholar of his College. He was Demonstrator of Physiology at Cambridge from 1885 to 1886, and in the following year was appointed Professor of Botany at the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Professor Green is an Examiner in Botany at the University of London, and at the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. He is the author of " A Manual of Botany," 1895. Address : 17 Blooms- bury Square, W.C. ; and Amcliffe, Grange Road, Cambridge. GREEN, Mrs. Mary Anne Everett, whose maiden name was Wood, was born at Sheffield in 1818, and, in early life, resided in several parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire. She received an excellent education. Her intellectual tastes were fostered by the late James Montgomery, the " bard of Sheffield," an intimate friend of her father's. In 1841 her parents re- moved to London, and having now freer access to libraries and MS. collections, she conceived the idea of compiling the " Lives of the Princesses of England," the first volume of which appeared in 1849, and the sixth and last in 1855. Mrs. Green edited " Letters of Royal and Illus- trious Ladies," published in 1846 ; " The GREER AW AY — GREENWELL 447 Diary of John Rous," printed for the Cam- den Society, in 1856; "The Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria" in 1857 ; and has contributed occasionally to periodical literature, chiefly on antiquarian subjects. She has been' entrusted by the Master of the Rolls with the duty of calendaring the State Papers in the Record Office. The papers of the reign of James I., 4 vols., were published in 1857-59, and those of Charles II., 7 vols., appeared 1860-68. Mrs. Green was then requested to complete the calendar of the State Papers of Queen Elizabeth, left unfinished by the late Mr. Lemon, which, with addenda from Edward VI. to James I., forms 6 vols., published 1869-74. She is now occupied upon the papers of the Interregnum, of which 13 vols, were published, 1875-86. These complete the general historical portion of the work from 1649-60. She has since calendared the proceedings of the Com- mittee for Advance of Money from 1642 to 1656, in 3 vols., published in 1888. She is now at work upon the papers of the Com- mittee for Compositions with Royalists, 1643-60, of which one volume of general proceedings appeared in 1889, and one volume of the cases of the compounders from 1643 to 1646, in 1890. In 1845 she was married to Mr. G. P. Green, artist, of Cottingham, near Hull, and of London. GREENAWAY, Kate, R.I., artist, received her artistic education at the Kensington Art School, the life classes at Heatherley's, and the Slade School. She early studied Reynolds and Romney, and designed from old plates and sketches in books of costumes, until she evolved those delightful child types which are now of world-wide repute. Her first tiny pic- ture, earliest in a long series of exquisitely delicate paintings of child life and child costume, was exhibited in the Dudley Gallery. Those who are unfamiliar with the originals of Miss Kate Greenaway's small pictures can form no adequate con- ception of the value and beauty of her work. The original, for instance, of her " Sweet Slug-a-bed " is not at all the same thing as its reproductions in our necessarily rather crude colour-printing. Miss Green- away is the best kind of social reformer. It has been her proud mission to transform our overdressed tight- waisted babies, clad in the absurd and orthodox French fashion, dictated, it is supposed, by Worth, into the quaint old-world pictures that are one of the few delights of the London landscape. Miss Kate Greenaway is famous as a book illustrator. The following illustrated works and illustrations may be men- tioned : Cover to Every Girl's Magazine, edited by Miss A. A. Leith, and published by Messrs. Routledge, also coloured illus- trations in the same, the "Pied Piper of Hamelin," "Marigold Garden," "The Language of Flowers," " A Day in a Child's Life," "Mother Goose," " A Paint- ing Book for Boys and Girls," " Kate Greenaway's Alphabet," and last, but not least, " Mavor's Spelling Book," which to many children has rendered the labour of spelling our unphonetic old language almost tolerable. Many of Miss Green- away's most exquisite paintings are, or were, in the possession of Mr. Ruskin, who showed them to his audience when delivering the Slade lectures at Oxford, and for a time placed them in the cabinets in the Taylorian Art School. Address : 39 Frognal, Hampstead, N.W. GREENE, William Conynghame, C.B., British Agent and Charge' d' Affaires in the Transvaal, was born in Dublin on Oct. 29, 1854, and is the eldest son of R. J. Greene, and through his mother the great-grandson of the first Lord Plunket. His mother, the Hon. Mrs. Greene, was a writer of verses for children, and his brother is the well-known singer, Mr. Plunket Greene. He was educated at Harrow and Pembroke College, Oxford, where he held an open classical scholar- ship and graduated B.A. in 1877, M.A. in 1880. He entered the Diplomatic Service in 1877. He was appointed Acting third Secretary at Athens in 1880. He then held offices at Stuttgart, The Hague, Brussels, and in 1893 was promoted to Teheran. On Aug. 25, 1896, he was appointed to his present post, with the personal rank of Charge' d' Affaires. He was created a C.B. in 1897. He married in 1884 Lily, fifth daughter of the 5th Earl of Courtown. Address : British Agency, Pretoria. GREENWELL, The Rev. William, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., J.P., is the eldest son of the late William Thomas Greenwell, Esq., J.P., D.L., of Greenwell Ford, co. Durham. He was born there, March 23, 1820, and educated at Durham School and the University of Durham, where he graduated in 1839, and ulti- mately became Fellow of University Col- lege, and afterwards Principal of Neville Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. In 1847 he was preferred to the vicarage of Ovingham, Northumberland, and is now Minor Canon and Librarian of Durham Cathedral, and Rector of St. Mary, in the South Bailey, in the city of Durham. Dr. Greenwell is well known as an archaeologist, principally in connection with the sepulchral remains of the early inhabitants of Britain. His in- vestigations with regard to the territorial possessions of the bishopric of Durham, as well as those of the Prior and Convent of 448 GKEENWOOD the same place, are familiar to all in- terested in these and cognate subjects. He has written also on Greek numismatics, and other branches of Greek archaeology. His large series of skulls, many of which were derived from the barrows of England, was given by him some years ago to the University of Oxford. In 1879 he pre- sented to the nation a collection, second to none in Britain, of urns and other sepulchral pottery, weapons and imple- ments of stone and bronze, and ornaments, the result of above twenty years' re- searches in the burial mounds of many counties of England. These are now lodged in the British Museum. His prin- cipal works are : "Bolden Buke, a Survey of the Possessions of the See of Durham in 1183," 1852; "Bishop Hatfield's Sur- vey," a record of the possessions of the See of Durham, 1857; "Wills and Inven- tories from the Registry at Durham," 1860; "Feodarium Prioratus Dunelmen- sis," a survey of the possessions of the Prior and Convent of Durham in the fif- teenth century, 1872, being publications of the Surtees Society; "British Barrows," a record of the examination of sepulchral mounds in various parts of England, 1877 ; "Durham Cathedral," an address illustra- tive of the building and its history, 1881 ; "Electrum Coinage of Cyzicus," 1887, &c. Dr. Greenwell is a Justice of the Peace for the county of Durham. Address : 27 North Bailey, Durham. GREENWOOD, Frederick, publicist, was born many years ago, and throughout his long and honourable career has been identified with all that is best in the tra- ditions of English journalism. He was editor of the Pall Mall Gazette from its start in 1865, but when Mr. Yates Thomp- son bought the paper in 1880, and inaugu- rated its brief and brilliant career as a Liberal Journal, he and several of the other members of his staff remained honourably true to their principles and founded the St. James's Gazette. This im- portant journal he edited for some ten years. In 1890, or thereabouts, he started the Anti-Jacobin, which proved unfortu- nately little more than a witty and enter- taining venture in letters. It was too literary to live. An old-fashioned genera- tion of newspapers readers remember with pleasure his brother's (Mr. James Green- wood) articles on workhouse life, signed by " An Amateur Casual." Mr. Frederick Greenwood still occasionally contributes weighty articles, on subjects chiefly poli- tical, to the magazines and journals of the day. In 1853 he published "Louis Napo- leon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French" ; and in 1855, "Life of Napoleon the Third." He is also the author of a work on "Imagination in Dreams and their Study." Address : 19 Argyll Eoad, Camp- den Hill, W. GREENWOOD, Grace. See Lippin- cott, Sara Jane. GREENWOOD, Thomas, has been justly described as the apostle of the Public Library Movement. He was born on May 9, 1851, at Woodley, near Stock- port, and comes of old yeoman parentage. His father was one of the earliest of the Cheshire temperance reformers, and took an active part in the Chartist movement during the first half of the century. He died a few months after the birth of the son now named. The early education of Thomas was in the village day school, and this was supplemented by private tuition from the Rev. W. Urwick, M.A. While serving as a boy clerk in Manchester he was accustomed to make constant use of the Campfield Library in that city. This was the first municipal library under the William Ewart Act of 1850. It was Greenwood's use of this library which formed the groundwork of all that he has since sought to do in the extension of these institutions. His range of reading and study during this period, although only a youth of fifteen, covered a large field of high-class litera- ture. At a later date he was appointed librarian of one of the branch public libra- ries in Sheffield. After this he became connected with trade journalism, and is at the present time proprietor of four trade journals, and carries on an extensive pub- lishing business. The hobby of his life, aDd one to which he has given many years of thought and unwearied activity, has been the promotion of public libraries. In 1886 the first edition of his "Public Libraries, their Organisation, Uses, and Management," was published. The second edition was issued in the following year, a third edition in 1890, and a fourth edi- tion, consisting of nearly 600 pages, in 1891. For each of these editions the work was practically a new one, so rapid was the extension of the movement. The Prince of Wales, Mr. Gladstone, Lord Rosebery, and many other public men, have made constant reference to this book when opening new libraries. The book has in fact been the quarry from which many public speakers, magazine and news- paper writers, have drawn their particulars of these institutions. In thirty-six years the number of adoptions of the Public Libraries Acts stood at 133. During the succeeding eleven years the adoptions were considerably over 200, a result owing largely to an awakened interest in these institutions caused by the wide circulation GEEGOKY 449 of "Public Libraries," and the propaganda work of its author. By means of letters in the press, circulars, leaflets, pamphlets, and platform efforts, Thomas Greenwood has, with unstinted outlay, carried on the work of an association. The Public Library. Movement differs from almost every other organisation, in the fact that no single individual has, so far as is known, benefited to the extent of a shil- ling in the promotion of the movement. Other books by him bearing upon library and kindred matters have been " Museums and Art Galleries," issued in 1888 ; "Sun- day-School and Village Libraries," pub- lished in 1892 ; and "Greenwood's Library Year Book," in 1897. Books upon other subjects have been " Tour in the States and Canada," issued in 1883; "Eminent Naturalists," in 1886 ; and " Grace Mon- trose, an Unfashionable Novel," in the same year. Contributions on a variety of subjects, signed and unsigned, have ap- peared from his pen in magazines and newspapers. His own journals have for over twenty years contained articles written by him, and covering a wide range of commercial subjects and topics dealing with art and technical instruction. Mr. Greenwood has several times been asked to stand for Parliament, for the London County Council, and the Lon- don School Board, but has refused to enter public life. He has travelled exten- sively in most of the leading countries of the world, and visited many foreign libraries. Address : Frith Knowl, Elstree, Herts. GREGORY, Edward John, R.A., son of an engineer in the Peninsular and Oriental Company's service, was born at Southampton, April 19, 1850. He was educated in the Middle Class School there under Mr. David Cruickshank, who did much to encourage his artistic proclivities. He was then placed in the Engineers' drawing office of the Peninsular and Oriental Company at Southampton, where he remained till 1869. During this time he attended the Southampton School of Art. He also became acquainted with Mr. Herkomer, and took part in the formation of a Life Class, chiefly under his direction. He then came to London, studied at South Kensington for a few months ; and eventu- ally took up some more or less mechanical decorative work for the "department"; succeeding Herkomer in this employment. He exhibited his first picture (in water- colour) at the Dudley Gallery, and was then for a number of years a regular member of the Graphic artistic staff. In 1873 he was elected a member of the In- stitute of Painters in Water-Colours, and has since that time exhibited many admir- able drawings in the rooms of that body. His first considerable success dates from 1876, when he exhibited, at Mr. Des- champs' Gallery in New Bond Street, a powerful picture of morning light stream- ing through the blinds of a ball-room and on to a pair of lingering guests and a wearied and yawning pianist. Among the pictures exhibited by him at the Institute are "Norwegian Pirates"; "Pet of the Crew " ; " Sir Galahad " (which gained the Watts Prize at Manchester) ; " St. George " ; and "Last Touches." At the Grosvenor Gallery he has exhibited portraits of the Chairman of Lloyd's Register, Mr. W. T. Eley, and Miss Galloway ; and " The Re- hearsal " and other pictures ; and at the Royal Academy, his own portrait, and portraits of Mr. H. R. Robertson, and the Rev. Thos. Stevens, Warden of Bradford College. His last considerable work ex- hibited at the Academy was entitled " Sunday Afternoon at Boulter's Lock." Mr. Gregory was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, Jan. 30, 18S3, and R.A. in 1898. He has received a gold and a silver medal from the Paris Interna- tional Exhibition of 1889, a gold medal from Munich in 1893, and a medal of the first class at the Brussels Interna- tional Exhibition of 1897. Permanent address : 8 Greville Place, Maida Vale, N.W. GREGORY, The Very Rev. Robert, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's, son of Robert Gregory, Esq., of Nottingham, and Anne Sophia, his wife, born Eeb. 9, 1819, was educated at private schools and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford (B.A. 1843, M.A. 1846). In 1850 he gained the Denyer Theological Prize at Oxford. He was ordained deacon at Christmas, 1843, and priest in 1844 as curate of Bisley in Gloucestershire ; and became curate of Panton and Wragby, in Lincolnshire, in 1847 ; curate of the parish church of Lam- beth in 1851 ; and in 1853 perpetual curate of St. Mary-the-Less, Lambeth, which living he resigned in 1873. In 1868 he was appointed Canon of St. Paul's ; and in 1882 he was appointed by the Bishop of London Treasurer of the Cathedral. He became Treasurer of the National Society for the Education of the Children of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church in 1868, and has taken a decided line of action on the question of religious education. He was a member of the Ritual Commission and also of the Royal Commission upon the Administration and Operation of the Contagious Diseases Act. Canon Gregory was elected in 1868 Proctor for the Clergy of the Archdeaconry of Surrey, which post he held till he was elected for the Chapter of St. Paul's in 450 GKELN — GEENFELL 1874. He was re-elected for the Chapter in 1880 and 1885. Canon Gregory has taken an energetic share in the action of the Chapter since his appointment to the Canonry, and, in conjunction with Dean Church, did much to popularise the services of the Cathedral. In 1870 he was ap- pointed Rural Dean of Camberwell, which post he resigned in 1873 ; in which year he was elected a member of the London School Board for the City Division, and he sat on the Board till 1876, when he did not seek re-election. On Aug. 9, 1878, he was appointed a Royal Commissioner to inquire into the Parochial Charities of the City of London ; and in January 1886 a Commissioner to inquire into the working of the Education Acts. Dean Gregory is the author of "Plea for Small Parishes," 1849; "The Difficulties and Organisation of a Small Metropolitan Parish," 1866; "Sermons," 1869; "Lectures at St. Paul's," 1871-72 ; " The Cost of Voluntary Schools and of Board Schools," 1875 ; "Is the Canadian System of Education Rates possible in England 1 " 1875 ; " Position of the Celebrant Aspect in Convocation," 1875 ; "The Position of the Priest ordered by the Rubric in the Communion Service," 1876; "The Rise and Progress of Ele- mentary Education in England," 1895. In December 1890 the Rev. Canon Gregory was appointed Dean of St. Paul's in suc- cession to the late Dean Church. He has for long been actively engaged in the pro- motion of the scheme for the interior decoration of the Cathedral. He mar- ried first, in 1844, Mary Prances, younger daughter of William Stewart, Esq., of Frescati, near Dublin (she died in 1851) ; secondly, in 1861, Charlotte Anne, youngest daughter of Admiral the Hon. Sir Robert Stopford, G.C.B. Address: The Deanery, St. Paul's, E.C. GREIN, J. T. , was born in Amsterdam on October 11, 1862, and is, on the mother's side, of English extraction. He was edu- cated in Holland, Germany, and Belgium, and has been occupied in the East India and banking trades since 1879. He came to London in 1885, and is at present attorney in an important City firm. Since the early age of sixteen he has been con- nected with the press. He was in 1883 dramatic critic of one of the leading dailies in Amsterdam, and is the London editor of three of the most important daily papers of Holland, besides being dramatic critic of Life and of the West- minster Review. He is also correspondent of several German and French papers, and is accustomed to write four languages. The following works have been published by Mr. Grein : (in Dutch) "Dramatic Essays," 1884; "Silhouettes" (short novels), 1885 ; " London : Wealth and Poverty," 1890 ; (in English) "Twixt Light and Dark " (short stories) ; a play, "A Man's Love," in collaboration with C. W. Jarvis, in 1889, besides several small dramas which have been produced at various London theatres, and a collection of dramatic studies, 1894. In 1891 Mr. Grein founded the Independent Theatre Society, with a view to producing plays which have an artistic and literary, rather than a commercial value. During three seasons this society produced works by Ibsen, Zola, De Banville, Coppe'e, and ten original plays, notably ' ' Widowers' Houses," by G. B. Shaw ; " The Strike at Arlingford," by George Moore ; " Alan's Wife" (anonymous); "A Question of Memory," by Michael Field ; and "The Black Cat," by John Todhunter. In 1893 Mr. J. T. Grein founded the Sunday Popular Debates Club. He is Consul of the Congo Free State, and in 1897 started and edited Hollandia. He is also dramatic critic of the Sunday Special. From 1895 till 1897 he edited To-Morrow, a monthly magazine. Address : 35 Haymarket. Club : Constitutional. GrRENFELL, Bernard Pyne, M.A., born at Birmingham, Dec. 16, 1869, eldest son of the late John Granville Grenfell, B.A., Assistant-Master at Clifton College, was educated at Clifton College (1878-88) and Queen's College, Oxford (first-class Classical Mods., 1890 ; first-class Lit. Hum., 1892; B.A. 1892; Craven Travel- ling Fellow, 1894-95). He was elected to a research Fellowship at Queen's Col- lege, Oxford, in 1894 (MA. 1895). Since 1894 he has been engaged in explora- tions in Egypt, especially in connec- tion with the discovery of Greek papyri. He worked for two seasons with Professor Flinders Petrie at his excavations in Upper Egypt (1894-95). In 1895 he joined the Egypt Exploration Fund, and excavated for that society in the Fayum from 1895 to 1896, and at Behnesa, the ancient Oxy- rhynchus, from 1896 to 1897, where a very large discovery of papyri was made in the ruins of the old town, including the so- called "Logia" or "Sayings of our Lord." In 1896 he was joined by Mr. A. S. Hunt, with whom he has since worked in colla- boration. His publications are: "The Revenue Laws of Ptolemy Philadelphus," 1896 ; " An Alexandrian Erotic Fragment, and other Greek Papyri," 1896 ; and, in collaboration with Mr. A. S. Hunt: "New Classical Fragments, and other Greek and Latin Papyri," 1897 ; " Sayings of our Lord, from an early Greek Papyrus," 1897 ; "A Revised Edition of the Geneva Frag- ment of Menander," 1898 ; " The Oxy- | rhynchus Papyri I.," 1898. Addresses: GRENFELL — GREY 451 Queen's College, Oxford ; 62 Holywell, Oxford ; Cairo, Egypt. GRENFELL, Lieut. - General Sir Francis Wallace, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., late Sirdar of the Egyptian armies, was born in London on April 29, 1841, and is the son of the late P. St. L. Grenfell, J. P., and Madelena Du Pre\ He entered the army, Aug. 5, 1859 ; became Lieut., July 16, 1863 ; Captain, Oct. 28, 1871 ; Major, Nov. 11, 1878; Lieut.-Colonel, Nov. 29, 1879; Colonel, Nov. 18, 1882; Major- General, Aug. 3, 1889 ; served as Aide-de- Camp to Sir Arthur Cunynghame, also as Staff Officer to Colonel Glyn, commanding a field force in the Transkei in 1887-88, and was present in the engagement with the Galekas and Gaikas at Quintana Mountain on Feb. 7, 1878 (mentioned in despatches, brevet of Major) ; was Deputy-Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General at head-quarters in the Kaffir war of 1878 ; and was Deputy Assistant Adjutant - General at head-quarters in the Zulu war of 1879, where he was present in the engagement at Ulundi (mentioned in de- spatches) brevet of Lieut.-Colonel, Medal with Clasp) ; was Assistant-Quartermaster- General, under Sir Evelyn Wood, in the Boer war of 1881 ; was Assistant- Adjutant and Quartermaster-General on the Head- quarters Staff in the Egyptian war of 1882 ; and was present at the engagements of Tel-el-Mahuta and Kassassin, and in the battle of Tel-el-Kebir (mentioned in despatches, Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, Medal with Clasp, third class of Medjidieh, and Khedive's Star) ; was with the Nile Expedition in 1884-85 on the lines of communication (mentioned in despatches, C.B. and Clasp) ; was with the Egyptian Field Force in 1885-86, and was present in the engagement at Ginissin command of a Division (mentioned in despatches, K.C.B., and promoted to first class of the Medji- dieh, and third class of the Osmanieh). Sir Francis Grenfell also commanded the troops during the operations -near Suakim in Dec. 1888, including the engagement at Gemaizah, and headed the combined English and Egyptian forces at the battle of Toski (Aug. 3, 1889). On the day pre- vious to General Grenfell's departure from Egypt on leave of absence, his Highness the Khedive presented him with a sword of honour " In souvenir of the victories of Giniss, Gamaiza, and Toski." Major-Gene- ral Grenfell returned from Egypt in April 1892, and in May was appointed Deputy Adjutant-General for Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteers. In 1894 he was appointed Inspector-General of Auxiliary Forces, War Office. He was in command of the forces in Egypt in 1897-98. In 1887 he married Evelyn, daughter of General R. Wood, C.B. He is now (1899) Commander- in-Chief and Governor-General, Malta. GRENFELL, Lieut.-Colonel Henry Riversdale, J.P., born April 5, 1824, is second son of Charles Pascoe Grenfell, at one time M.P. for Preston, and of Lady Georgina, eldest daughter of Wm. Philip, 2nd Earl of Sefton. He was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford ; was private Secretary to Lord Panmnre at the close of the Crimean War, and to Sir Charles Wood during the period of the reconstruction of the Indian administra- tion from 1859 to 1861 ; was elected M.P. for Stoke-upon-Trent on the death of John Lewis Ricardo in 1862, and sat for that place till 1868, when he stood with Mr. Gladstone for South - West Lancashire, since which date he has not sat in Parlia- ment. He was elected a Director of the Bank of England in 1865, Deputy-Governor in 1879, and Governor in 1881. He is at present a Director of the Bank, and Chair- man of the General Council of the Bi- metallic League. He was Captain of 2nd Middlesex Militia in 1851, and was made Lieut.-Colonel of that regiment in 1870. He is also a Commissioner of Lieutenancy for the City of London, and sat as Royal Commissioner to inquire into the Metro- politan Board of Works in 1888. Colonel Grenfell is the author of several political pamphlets and magazine articles, princi- pally on economical subjects, banking legislation, and the standard of value. In 1886 he joined with Lord Aldenham in the publication of "The Bimetallic Con- troversy," a collection of papers on the Bimetallic question. In 1867 he married Alethea Louisa, daughter of H. T. Adeane, M.P. for Cambridgeshire, 1830-32. He is a Liberal-Unionist in politics. Address : Baeres, Henley-on-Thames. GREVILLE, George, C.M.G., Minister in Siaro, eldest son of Algernon William Bellingham Greville, of Brussels, was born in 1851, and, having been edu- cated at Magdalen College, Oxford, entered the Diplomatic Service in 1875. Having held several minor appointments at Lisbon, Buenos Ayres, and Pekin, he was appointed Secretary at Rio de Janeiro, 1892. In 1896 he was for a short period Consul-General at Buda-Pesth, be- fore taking up his present appointment. He was made a C.M.G. on May 25, 1895. GREVILLE, Henry. See Dukand, Alice Maeie Celeste. GREY, Earl, Albert Henry George Grey, LL.M., J.P., Administrator of Rhodesia, was born November 28, 1851, and is the son of General Hon. Charles 452 GREY — GEIEG Grey and Caroline, daughter of Sir Harvie Farquhar, Bart. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1878 he was elected M.P. for North- umberland, but was unseated on petition. He was M.P. for South Northumberland, 1880-85, and for the Tyneside Division, 1885-86. He was travelling in South Africa when he succeeded his uncle, the 3rd Earl, in the peerage, 1894. After the Jameson Raid, 1896, he succeeded Mr. Rhodes as representative of the British South Africa Company, and quelled the rebellion of the Matabele in 1896 and 1897. In 1877 he married Alice, third daughter of Robert Stayner Holf ord, M.P. Address : Howick House, Northumberland. GREY, Sir Edward, Bart., M.P., eldest son of George Henry Grey, was born in London on April 25, 1862, and succeeded his grandfather in the baronetcy in 1882. He was educated at Winchester and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a second class in Classical Modera- tions, and a third class in Law. Since 1885 he has represented Berwick-on-Tweed in the Liberal interest, and from 1892 to 1895 was Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. As the representative of Lord Rosebery, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, who was, of course, in the Upper House, Sir Edward Grey occupied a very delicate and responsible position, and his duties became even more onerous when his chief became Premier. In the House he is re- garded as a man of infinite possibilities in the future, and is a recognised authority on foreign affairs. It may be mentioned that in 1896 he was the winner of the Marylebone Cricket Club and Queen's Club Tennis Prize. In 1885 he married Dorothy, daughter of S. F. Widdrington, Newton Hall, Northumberland. Address : Falloden, Chathill. GREY- WILSON, William, C.M.G., Governor of the Falkland Islands, born at Tunbridge Wells on April 7, 1852, is the youngest son of Andrew Wilson, Inspector- General of Hospitals, H.E.I.C.S., and, through his mother, great-grandson of the first Earl Grey. He was educated at Cheltenham College and in France, and became Private Secretary to Sir William Grey, K.C.S.I., Governor of Jamaica, 1874, also to Lieut.-Governor Edward E. Rush- worth, General J. R. Mann, R.E., Sir Frederick Barber, and the Earl of North- esk, and clerk of the Executive and Legis- lative Councils of British Honduras, 1878 ; Magistrate on the Mexican Frontier and in command of the Frontier scouts, 1879 ; assistant Colonial Secretary and Treasurer, Sierra Leone, 1883 ; special commissioner to take over the Sulymah country, West Africa ; and subsequently sent on several special missions to native states in West Africa ; fourth assistant Colonial Secre- tary to the Gold Coast Colony, 1884 ; Colonial Secretary, St. Helena, 1886 ; administered Government, 1887 to 1890 ; Governor and Commander-in-Chief of St. Helena, May 1890-97. In 1897 he was appointed Governor of the Falkland Islands. Address : Government House, Stanley, Falkland Islands. Club : Junior Carlton. GRIEG, Edvard Hagemp, musician, was born at Bergen, in Norway, June 15, 1843. At an early age he received his first musical instruction from his mother, who was a highly gifted musician and an accomplished pianist. In 1858, on the advice of Ole Bull, the violinist, he went to continue his musical training at the Conservatorium of Leipzig, where he be- came a pupil of Moscheles, Hauptmann, Richter, Reinecke, and Wenzel. In 1863 he went to prosecute his studies at Copen- hagen under the late Niels Wilhelm Gade, who, with E. Hartmann, greatly contri- buted to develop his talent for composi- tion. The turning-point in his career, however, was his coming in contact, for a short period, with Richard Nordraak, a young Norwegian composer of brilliant genius, who shortly afterwards died. With regard to this meeting Grieg himself re- lates that "The scales fell from my eyes. It was from him that I first learned to appreciate the popular melodies of the North, and to be conscious of my own nature. We became determined adver- saries of the effeminate Scandinavianism which was an admixture of Gade and Mendelssohn, and with enthusiasm we struck out the new path now trodden by the Northern school." In 1867 he founded at Christiania a musical society, which he conducted until 1880. In 1865 and 1870 he paid visits to Italy, and became inti- mate in Rome with Liszt. He also re- peatedly visited Germany, especially Leip- zig, for lengthened periods. There he brought out his compositions in public, and he himself performed in 1879, at a concert in the Gewandhaus, his concerto for the piano. Madame Grieg is a singer of considerable repute. On the occasion of her husband's visit to England in the autumn of 1897, Madame Grieg came over to England for a time in order to nurse him, when he fell a temporary victim to our island breezes. While here, Madame Grieg sang in London, and charmed metropolitan music lovers with the purity and sweetness of her rich Norwegian voice. At about the same time Grieg himself gave several pianoforte recitals in London and in provincial towns, GKLFFITH 453 naturally achieving great success, the music performed consisting entirely of his own compositions. His orchestral suite, "Peer Gynt " (op. 46), is probably the most popular of his compositions. On Nov. 4, 1897, the Philharmonic Society of London gave a grand concert in honour of Grieg, who came over specially to con- duct his compositions, with which the programme was almost filled. Unfortu- nately, at the last moment, an acute attack of bronchitis prevented Grieg from attending the Queen's Hall, and his place was taken by Sir A. C. Mackenzie. Among his best-known works may be mentioned : " Tableaux Poetiques," " Humoresques Pieces Lyriques," "Morceaux Symphon- iques," besides choruses for female voices, sonatas, songs, and two operas, " Sigur Jorsalfar" and "Peer Gynt." M. Grieg is regarded by his fellow-countrymen as chief, with Svendsen, of the Scandinavian school. In June 1891 he was elected correspondent of the Institut de France. M. Grieg prides himself on his cosmo- politanism, which he attributes to his European travels. His personality is described as "most charming," and pretty pictures of the simplicity and sweetness of his home-life are to be found in con- temporary journals. He lives in a beauti- ful house — whose building he himself superintended, on the shore of a typical Norwegian fjord — an ideal spot for a composer so susceptible of the mystic in- fluence of the poetry of nature. On the confines of the grounds of his house he has had built a little sanctum sanctorum, where he works alone. This interesting place, the birthplace of much of the finest of contemporary music, is fitted up with everything dear to the heart of M. Grieg : the scores of Wagner, Grieg's favourite books, his small piano, and many other treasures which the eye of the guest would never see. Grieg spends ten months of the year in the warm cities of mid-Europe, as he suffers a great deal from chills. During the two months of Norwegian summer M. Grieg buries him- self in his retreat on the Hardanger Fjord for holiday-making and composition. He has long given up teaching, and lives a quiet country life when in Central Europe. GRIFFITH, The Hon. Sir Samuel Walker, G.C.M.G., Chief-Justice of ■Queensland, was born June 21, 1845, at Merthyr-Tydfil, Wales, and is of Welsh descent. He is the second son of Rev. Edward Griffith. He arrived in Australia in 1854, and was educated at Mr. Robert Horniman's School, Sydney ; at the High School (Presbyterian), West Maitland, N.S.W.; and at the University of Sydney, where he took the degree of B.A., 1863 (first class in classics and mathematics) ; M.A., 1870 ; Mort Travelling Fellow, 1865. He was called to the Queensland Bar in October 1867 ; was made Q.C. in 1876, and was also member of the Bars of New South Wales and Victoria. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in March 1872, and con- tinued a member until his appointment to the Bench. He was Attorney-General of Queensland from August 1874 to December 1878 ; Secretary for Public Instruction, January 1876 to January 1879 ; Secretary for Public Works, Sep- tember 1878 to January 1879; Leader of the Opposition, 1879 to 1883 ; and refused a seat on the Bench of the Supreme Court of Queensland, 1879. He was Premier of Queensland, November 1883 to June 1888, holding from time to time the offices of Colonial Secretary and Secretary of Public Instruction, Colonial Secretary only, Chief Secretary, and Chief Secretary and Trea- surer. He was the leader of the Opposi- tion, 1888-90. He attended the Sydney Convention of November-December 1883, at which the Constitution of the Federal Council of Australasia was framed, and he took considerable part in framing it. He was a member of the Federal Council from its inception in 1885 ; re-appointed in 1888 and 1891 ; Chairman of Standing Com- mittee of F.C., 1887-88; President, 1888, 1891, and 1893. He attended the Colonial Conference of 1887 in London, as a repre- sentative of Queensland ; attended the Federation Conference in Melbourne, February 1890, as a delegate from Queens- land ; was a delegate to represent Queens- land at the Federation Convention to frame a Federal Constitution for Austral- asia, and was appointed Vice-President of the Convention. He was also Chairman of the Constitutional Committee, and a principal framer of the Constitution adopted by the Convention. He has presided over the Federal Council in 1888, 1891, 1893. He was for many years the leader of the anti-servile labour party in Queensland, and of the Liberal party in Parliament. In 1890 he formed, with Sir Thomas Mcllwraith, a coalition Government, accepting the offices of Chief Secretary, Attorney-General, and Premier. He remained in office till March 1893, when he was appointed Chief-Justice, the Legislature having, with a view to his appointment, raised the salary of that office to £3500 at the instance of the leader of the Opposition. In 1892, at his instance, the Legislature removed the prohibition then existing against the introduction of Polynesian labour, the sugar industry in Queensland then being in a very critical condition, and white labour not being available to carry 454 GRIFFITHS — GRIMTHORPE on the work. The result was an imme- diate revival of the industry, which has since been in a prosperous condition. He has written articles in the Centennial Magazine (Sydney), and other papers on social questions relating to the unequal distribution of the products of labour. Throughout his career he was engaged in active practice at the Queensland Bar, of which he was for many years the re- cognised leader. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1886-87 ; G.C.M.G., 1895. Sir Samuel W. Griffith married, in 1870, Julia Janet, daughter of James Thomson, Esq. (for- merly Commissioner of Crown Lands, Maitland, N.S.W.), and has issue. Ad- dress : Merthyr, Brisbane. GRIFFITHS, Major Arthur George Frederick, second son of Lieut. - Col. John Griffiths, formerly of the 6th Royal Warwickshire Regiment, was born at Poona, in India, on Dec. 9, 1838. He was educated at King William's College, Isle of Man, and entered the army in Feb- ruary 1855. He served in the Crimea with the 63rd (now the Manchester) Regi- ment, was present at the siege and fall of Sebastopol, and gained the Crimean medal. After performing the duties of Brigade-Major at Gibraltar from 1864 to 1870, he retired from the army in the latter year, and obtained an appointment in the Prison Service. After filling the office of Deputy-Governor of Chatham, Millbank, and Wormwood Scrubs Prisons, he was, in 1878, made one of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Prisons, a post which he still holds. He is the author of : " Memorials of Millbank," 1875 ; "Chronicles of New- gate," 1883; "Secrets of the Prison House," 1894; "The Wellington Me- morial," and "Wellington and Water- loo," 1898 ; and the following novels : " Lola," 1876 ; " Fast and Loose," 1886; "The Wrong Road," 1888; "The Rome Express," 1897. Major Griffiths gained the Czar's gold medal in the inter- national competition for an essay on John Howard, and he was the representative of England at the last Congress of Criminal Anthropology at Geneva in 1896. He mar- ried the daughter of Richard Reilly. Ad- dresses : 12 Onslow Square, W. ; and the Athenseuni. GRIGGS, John William, United States Attorney - General, was born at Newton, New Jersey, July 10, 1849. He was educated in his native town, and at Lafayette College, where he graduated in 1868 ; was admitted to the Bar in 1871, and began the practice of the law at Paterson the same year. He was a mem- ber of the Lower House of the New Jersey Legislature, 1876-77 ; was elected a State Senator in 1882, and re-elected in 1885 ; was President of the State Senate in 1886 ; was elected Governor of New Jersey in 1895, and resigned that office in January 1898, to become Attorney-General of the United States, under President McKinley, and as successor to Hon. Joseph McKenna. GRILLO, Marquise del, n(e Ade- laide Ristori, tragic actress, born at Cividale, in Friuli, in 1821, being the child of a poor actor, was trained at a very early age for the stage. She appears to have risen through a long series of struggles to the eminence she ultimately attained. Having accepted in 1855 an engagement in Paris, she sought the favour of a French audience as an inter- preter of the tragic muse at the very time Rachel was in the zenith of her fame. Her appearance at such a period was regarded by the French as an open challenge to contest the supremacy of their tragic queen, and they assembled much more disposed to criticise than to applaud. The genius of Ristori, however, triumphed, and from that moment her position has been unassailed. Her reception in England was equally enthusiastic, and she appeared in Spain in 1857, in Holland in 1860, in Russia in 1861, at Constantinople in 1864, in the United States and other parts of the world, with success. William I. of Prussia gave her the medal in sciences and in arts in 1862. Amongst her most famous characters are those of Medea, Lady Macbeth, Fazio, Phaedra, Deborah, Judith, Francesca da Riviera, and Camilla. After an absence of fifteen years, Madame Ristori again appeared in London, June 11, 1873, and on November 8 in that year she took her farewell of the English stage at the Queen's Theatre,. Manchester. She appeared again, how- ever, on a few occasions in the year 1882, and acted Lady Macbeth with all her old distinction, if with some lack of fire. In 1887 she published "Etudes et Sou- venirs." She is married to the Marquis Capranica del Grille GRIMSTON, Kendal, Mes. Mrs. Kendal. See GRIMSTON, William Hunter Kendal. See Kendal, William Hunter. GRIMTHORPE, Lord, Edmund Beckett Denison (afterwards Sir Ed- mund Beckett, Bart.), Q.C., LL.D., J.P., son of Sir Edmund Beckett, Bart, and Maria, daughter of William Beverley of Beverley, was born at Carlton Hall, near Newark, May 12, 1816, and was edu- cated at Doncaster, Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was GKOSSMITH — GEOVE 455 scholar. He graduated B.A. and 30th Wrangler in 1838 ; was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1841, and became Q.C. 1854. In 1863 he received the degree of LL.D., and in 1877 was appointed Chan- cellor and Vicar-General of York Province and diocese. He was for many years leader of the Parliamentary Bar, and re- tired in 1881. In 1886 he was created a peer. He has always interested himself greatly in architecture, and has designed, built, or restored no small number of churches and houses, including all the new works at St. Alban's Cathedral since 1878, and those at Lincoln's Inn, of which he is a Bencher, and the great West- minster clock and bells. He is President of the British Horological Institute, and until lately of the Protestant Churchmen's Alliance, and is the author of the follow- ing works: "Lectures on Church Build- ing," 1856; "Life of Bishop Lonsdale" (his father-in-law), 2nd edit., 1869; "A Book on Building," 2nd edit., 1880; "Should the Revised New Testament be authorised?" (meaning that it should not, S.P.C.K.), 1882 ; "Astronomy without Mathematics," 7th edit., 1883 ; " Treatise on Clocks, Watches, and Bells," 7th edit., 1883; "St. Alban's Cathedral and its Restoration," 2nd edit., 1890 ; " Origin of the Laws of Nature," 2nd edit., 1880, of which the Times wrote, "It is long since we have met with a book which contains so much clear and vigorous reasoning on this subject in so short a compass"; and a "Review of Hume and Huxley on Miracles," S.P.C.K., 2nd edit., 1884; be- sides numerous pamphlets and reviews chiefly on questions of ecclesiastical law and a multitude of controversial letters in the Times on various subjects, legal, social, scientific, architectural, and theological. Lord Grimthorpe was for long practically senior Q.C. and Bencher of all the Inns of Court. On the death of Mr. Spencer Horatio Walpole in May 1898 he became so in fact. He married, in 1845, Fanny, daughter of the Bishop of Lichfield (Dr. Lonsdale). Addresses : Batch Wood, St. Albans ; 35 Queen Anne Street, W. ; and Athenseum. GROSSMITH, George, actor, was born on Dec. 9, 1847, and is the eldest son of the late George Grossmith, a journalist and well-known lecturer. He was edu- cated at the North London Collegiate School, and in 1866 joined his father as a reporter for the Times at Bow Street Police Court. Here, as Charles Dickens before him, he doubtless had abundant opportunities for studying humour and eccentricity in their most pronounced forms. He had himself a great natural talent for mimicry, and in 1870 appeared as an entertainer after the manner of John Parry, whose performance used mainly to consist of burlesques, mono- logues, singing in different voices, and rapid changes of costume. In 1877 began his famous career as an actor of Gilbert and Sullivan opera, for in that year he appeared in "The Sorcerer" at the Opera Comique. At this theatre and at the Savoy he afterwards played eight princi- pal parts in Gilbert and Sullivan's pieces, making his greatest creations as the Ad- miral in " Pinafore," and as " Bunthorne " in "Patience." In 1889 he began a series of tours as an entertainer, and gave single-handed humorous and musical re- citals both here and in America. He has published "A Society Clown," which is autobiographical, and "The Diary of a Nobody," written in conjunction with Weedon Grossmith. He has composed and written more than a hundred humor- ous and satirical songs and sketches, as well as " Cups and Saucers." The music for "Haste to the Wedding" (libretto by Gilbert) is from his pen, as also that for "Uncle Samuel." Address: 28 Dorset Square, N.W. GROSSMITH, "Weedon, actor and artist, brother of George Grossmith, began life as an art student at the Royal Academy Schools, and has exhibited fre- quently at the Royal Academy and Gros- venor. He is part-author with George Grossmith of " The Diary of a Nobody," and has contributed to Punch and the Art Journal. He wrote the play "Com- mission," and has taken the leading part in it, and in "The Pantomime Rehearsal" and " The New Boy." He has also played as Jacques Strop to Sir Henry Irving's Robert Macaire, and in "The Money Lender " and " Cabinet Minister." From 1894-96 he was lessee and manager of the Vaudeville Theatre. He married, in 1895, May, daughter of Dr. Palfrey, Brook Street, and granddaughter of J. Lever of Guy's Hospital. Address : Old House, Canonbury. GROVE, Major-General Sir Cole- ridge, K.C.B., was born at Wandsworth on Sept. 26, 1839, and is the second son of the late Right Hon. Sir W. R. Grove, who died in 1896, and Emma, daughter of the late John Powles. He was educated at a pri- vate school, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was Exhibitioner, and was in the first class, Mathematical Mods. , and in the Final School of Mathematics (B.A.). He entered the army, in 1863, as Ensign of the 15th Foot, now known as the East York Regiment. He was promoted Lieu- tenant in 1866, Captain in 1871, Major in 1881, and Colonel in 1888. General Grove 456 GEOVE— GEOVES has held many staH appointments, and is now Military Secretary to the Com- mander-in-Chief at Head-quarters. In the Egyptian campaign of 1882 he was Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General of the Headquarters Staff, and was mentioned in despatches, receiving the Brevet of Lieut. - Colonel and the Osmanieh of the Fourth Class. He was employed on special ser- vice in the Soudan expedition of 1884, and held various appointments, among them that of Assistant Adjutant-General for boat service on the Nile. He was also com- mandant at Gemai. In October 1885 he went to Gibraltar as Assistant Quarter- master-General, but vacated that appoint- ment in February 1886, when he became Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for War. He was created a C.B. in 1887, K.C.B. in 1898, and attained the rank of Major-General in July 1896. Address : Wellington Court, Albert Gate, S.W. GROVE, Sir George, C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. , second son of Thomas Grove, born at Clapham, Surrey, on Aug. 13, 1820, was educated as a civil engineer. In 1841 he erected the first cast-iron lighthouse constructed, on Morant Point, Jamaica ; and in 1844 a similar tower on Gibbs Hill, Bermuda. On his return to England he joined the staff of the late Mr. Bobert Stephenson, by whom he was employed on the works of the Chester and Holyhead Railway and the Britannia Bridge. In 1850 he succeeded Mr. Scott Bussell as Secretary to the Society of Arts, and on the formation of the Crystal Palace Com- pany in 1852 was appointed its secretary, a position he occupied till the end of 1873. After this he became a member of the Board of Direction of the Company, and retained his seat until 1878. He was at one time associated with the house of Macmillan & Co., publishers, and edited Macmillan's Magazine for several years. On the suggestion of Dr. Stanley, the then Dean of Westminster, he became one of the principal contributors to the "Dictionary of the Bible," edited by Dr. William Smith, and took an active part in the formation of the Palestine Exploration Fund, under the patronage of her Majesty. He is also editor of "The Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450-1886)." Some of the principal biographies — amongst them Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Schubert — are from his pen. The University of Durham con- ferred on Mr. Grove (June 26, 1875) the honorary degree of D.C.L., in recogni- tion of his services to literature. His analyses of classical orchestral music for the Saturday Concerts at the Crystal Palace, and his zeal as a propagandist of good music, are well known. Early in 1882 he was appointed by the Prince of Wales to be Director of the Eoyal College of Music at Kensington, but resigned this post in November 1894, and was succeeded by Dr. Hubert Parry. Sir George Grove is one of the literary executors of the late Dean of Westminster, with whom he visited the United States in 1878. He was knighted by the Queen at Windsor, May 24, 1883, and received the Com- panionship of the Bath in 1895. He is married to Harriet, daughter of the late Rev. Charles Bradley. Addresses : Lower Sydenham, S.E. ; and Athenaeum. GROVE, Thomas Newcomen Archi- bald, J.P., founder, proprietor, and late editor of the New Review, is the second son of the late Captain Edward Grove and Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel Ponsonby Watts. He was educated privately and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he took double honours, 1879-80, and studied for the Bar, passing all his examinations at the Inner Temple. He founded the New Review, and edited it from its commence- ment till 1894. After unsuccessfully con- testing Winchester in 1886, he was elected for West Ham (North) in 1892, and sat for that constituency until 1895. Mr. Grove has travelled extensively on the Continent, in Asia, and in Africa. He was married, in 1889, to Kate Sara, daughter of Henry James Sibley. Addresses : 11 Hans Road, Hans Place, S.W.; and Berry Down Court, Overton, Hants. GROVES, Charles Edward, F.R.S., the son of Charles Groves, of Highgate, was born there on March 4, 1841, and was educated at the College, Brixton Hill, under the late Dr. Wilson, and at the Royal College of Chemistry (Royal School of Mines) under Dr. A. W. Hofmann, to whom he was afterwards private assistant, and then assistant in the Laboratory of the College. In 1862 he went as assistant to Dr. Stenhouse, with whom he remained until his death in 1880. In 1882 he was appointed Lecturer in Practical Chemistry at Guy's Hospital, where he subsequently became Senior Lecturer in Chemistry and also Lecturer in Dental Metallurgy ; and in 1885 consulting chemist to the Hon. the Conservators of the River Thames. In 1878 he became sub-editor of the Journal of the Chemical Society, and on the decease of Mr. H. Watts, in 1884, succeeded him as editor of the journal. He was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1871, and of the Royal Society in 1883, and is one of the founders of the Institute of Chemistry, of which he was for many years Registrar and Secretary. He is the editor of several important works : Dr. F. Crace- Calvert's "Dyeing and Calico Printing," GRUBB — GUBERNATIS 457 1876; "Miller's Chemistry; Part II., In- organic Chemistry," 1878 ; and (in con- junction with Dr. Armstrong) of Part III., "Organic Chemistry," 1880; and "Fuel," in 1889, the first volume of Groves' and Thorp's " Chemical Technology," the second volume of which, " Lighting," was pub- lished in 1895. He is also the sole author, or joint author with his friend, the late Dr. Stenhouse, of numerous papers on "Organic Chemistry," being the dis- coverer of tetrabromide of carbon of Beta- napthaquinone, and of the corresponding diquinone, the last two belonging to classes of compounds hitherto unknown. Ad- dress : 352 Kennington Road, S.E. GRUBB, Sir Howard, F.R.S., was educated privately, and at Trinity College, Dublin. He is the head of a Dublin manu- factory of astronomical instruments, and he contracts for these instruments to the British and also to foreign governments. He received the Cunningham Gold Medal in 1881 ; was Hon. Secretary of the Royal Dublin Society from 1889 to 1893 ; and has been Vice-President of the Royal Dublin Society since 1893. Sir H. Grubb is the author of numerous papers on scientific subjects. Address : 51 Kemlworth Square, Dublin. GRUNDY, Sydney, dramatist, was born at Manchester, March 23, 1848, and is the only son of the late Alderman Charles Sydney Grundy, ex-Mayor of Manchester. Educated at Owens College, now the Vic- toria University, he was called to the Bar at Michaelmas 1869. He is author and part author of the following and other plays and operettas: "A Little Change" (Haymarket), 1872; "Mammon" (Strand), 1877; "The Snowball" (Strand), 1879 "In Honour Bound" (Prince of Wales's) 1880 ; " The Vicar of Bray " (Globe), 1882 "The Glass of Fashion" (Globe), 1883 " The Queen's Favourite " (Olympic), 1883 "The Silver Shield" (Strand), 1885 "Clito" (Princess's), 1886; "The Bells of Haslemere" (Adelphi), 1887; "The Ara- bian Nights " (Globe), 1887 ; " The Pompa- dour" (Haymarket), 1888; "The Union Jack " (Adelphi), 1888 ; " Mamma " (Court), 1888; "A White Lie" (Court), 1889 ; " A Pair of Spectacles " (Garrick), 890; "A Village Priest" (Haymarket), 1890; "A Fool's Paradise" (Garrick), 1892; "Haddon Hall" (Savoy), 1892; "Sowing the Wind" (Comedy), 1893: "An Old Jew " (Garrick), 1894 ; " A Bunch of Violets" (Haymarket), 1894; "The New Woman" (Comedy), 1894; "Slaves of the Ring" (Garrick), 1894; "The Greatest of These" (Garrick), 1896; "A Marriage of Convenience" (Haymarket), 1897; "The Silver Key" (Her Majesty's), 1897. Addresses : Winter Lodge, Addison Road, Kensington ; and 5 Beach Houses, Margate. GUBERNATIS, Count Angelo de, an Italian author, born at Turin, April 7, 1840, was educated in the University of Turin, where he received the degree of Doctor of Philology. He was appointed in 1860 Professor of Rhetoric in the Gym- nasium of Chieri, near Turin ; was sent in 1862, at the expense of the Government, to Berlin, where he studied under Professors Bopp and Weber ; became Extraordinary Professor of Sanscrit in the University of Florence (Institute di Sludii Superiori) in 1863, and Ordinary Professor in 1869. Signor De Gubernatis has obtained cele- brity as a dramatist, a lyric poet, a jour- nalist, a critic, an Orientalist, and a mythologist. He made his debut with his tragedy entitled " Pere delle Vigne." The principal character was sustained by the celebrated actor Ernesto Rossi, and the piece proved a great success. Afterwards he published the following dramas in verse : "La Morte di Catone, " " Romolo, " 1874; "II Re Nala," "II Re Dasarata," " Maya," " Romolo Augustolo," and "Savitri: Idillio Drammatico Indiano," 1878. He has founded five journals : L'ltalia Letteraria, 1862 ; La Civilta Itali- ana, 1869 ; La Rivista Orientate, 1867 ; La Rivista Europea, 1869; and the Bolle- tino Italiano degli Studii Orientali, 1876. He is the Italian correspondent of the Athenceum and of the Contemporary Review of London, of the Internatio'nal Review of New York, of the Deutsche Rundschau of Berlin, and of the Wiestnih Europy of St. Petersburg. Among his scientific works the following deserve special mention : "Piccolo Enciclopedia Indiana," Florence, 1867 ; "Fonti vediche dell' Epopea," Flo- rence, 1867; " Memoria sui Viaggiatori Italiani nelle Indie Orientali," Florence, 1867 ; " Storia comparata degli Usi Nuziali Indo-Europei," Milan, 1869 ; " Storia comparati degli Usi Funebri e Natalizii," Milan, 1877; "Zoological Mythology: or The Legends of Animals," 2 vols., Lon- don, 1872, translated into German, Leip- zig, 1873 ; and into French, Paris, 1874 ; " Letture sopra la Mitologia Vedica, " Florence, 1874 ; " Ricordi biografici," Florence, 1873 ; " Storia dei Viaggiatori Italiani nelle Indie," Leghorn, 1875 ; "MatcSriaux pour servir a l'Histoire des Etudes Orientales en Italie," Paris and Florence, 1876; and "Mythologie des Plantes," 2 vols. Paris, 1878. He is General Secretary of the Italian Oriental Academy. In May 1878 he delivered in the Taylor Institute at Oxford a series of three lec- tures on the life and works of Manzoni. They were published at Florence in 1879, 458 GUESDE — GUINNESS under the title of " Alessandro Manzoni : Studio Biografico." He acted as General Secretary to the Congress of Orientalists held at Florence in September 1878. In the same year he began publishing a bio- graphical dictionary of contemporary lit- terateurs, of which a revised edition was published in French between 1888 and 1891. GUESDE, Jules Basile, French Socialist, was born in Paris, Nov. 11, 1845, and at first was a translator for the Ministry of the Interior. He then en- tered journalism, and advocated the most advanced views. During the war of 1870 he was at Marseilles, editing a paper called Les Droits de V Homme, and was condemned to five years' imprisonment, which he evaded by escaping to Switzerland. He spent some years in that country and in Italy, only returning to France after the amnesty of 1880. He married one of the daughters of Karl Marx, and with him enunciated the doctrine of collectivism, whose aim is to do away with patriotism, replacing it by internationalism. In 189a he was elected member for Roubaix, and in 1894 advocated a minimum wage for agricultural labourers. During the same session he took up much of the time of the House, laying down collectivist doctrines, which, however, were never adopted. His works consist of popular pamphlets on collectivism. GUILBERT, Yvette. See Schiller, Madame. GUILDFORD, Bishop of. See Sumner, The Right Rev. George Henry. GUILLAIN, M., , French statesman, passed through the Ecole Polytechnique and adopted engineering as his profession, in which he has attained some eminence. M. Guillain was formerly Inspector-General of Roads and Bridges, and afterwards was appointed to the headship of a Department at the Ministry of Public Works. He was returned, in 1896, at a by-election for Dun- kirk. In October 1898 he attained minis- terial rank as Minister for the Colonies in M. Dupuy's government. GUILLAUME, Jean Baptiste Claude Eugene, Hon. R.A., a distin- guished French sculptor, was born at Montbard, C3te d'Or, Feb. 3, 1822, and after passing through the usual course of studies in the College of Dijon, went to Paris to become a pupil of Pradier at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where he ob- tained the Prix de Rome in 1845. On the reorganisation of the Ecole des Beaux- Arts at the close of 1873, M. Guillaume was appointed to a Professorship ; and a twelvemonth later was nominated Direc- tor of that Institution. He was elected a member of the Institute in 1862 ; pro- moted to the rank of Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1867 ; and elected an honorary member of the Royal Academy of London, December 15, 1869. This artist's name is familiar to those visitors at the London International Exhibition of 1862 who noticed " The Tomb of the Gracchi," which was suggested by the double busts of the great brethren placed as on a tomb, side by side. This is now in the Luxem- bourg, together with his " Anacreon." His statue of Napoleon I., which was at the French Universal Exhibition of 1867, at- tracted great attention. Among the other productions of his chisel are: "Theseus finding his Father's Sword on a Rock " ; " Anacreon's Guests," a bas-relief; bust of M. Hittorff in the Universal Exposition of 1855 ; " The Lives of SS. Clotilde and Valerie," bas-reliefs, in the new church of St. Clotilde ; the statue of L'Hopital, in the new Louvre; the "Monument of Col- bert," at Rheims ; and a bust of Mon- seigneur Darboy. He was sent to Rome in 1891 as head of the French Art School, having in 1887 been, appointed Professor of Drawing at the Ecole Polytechnique. His Paris address is 3 Rue Jean Bart. GUINNESS, The Rev. H. C. Grattan, D.D., born August 1835, near Dublin, is the son of Captain John Guin- ness, H.E.I.C.S., and grandson of Arthur Guinness, of Beaumont, co. Dublin. He was educated at private schools and at New College, London ; ordained, in 1856, as an undenominational Evangelist, a preacher of the Gospel both in Great Britain and Ireland, in America, and on the Continent. He is the Founder and Director of the East London Institute for Home and Foreign Missions, Harley House, Bow, London, E., which has sent out over 500 missionaries into all parts of the world. Dr. Grattan Guinness is the author of "The Approaching End of the Age, viewed in the Light of History, Pro- phecy, and Science," a work which has passed through ten editions; "Light for the Last Days " ; " Romanism and the Reformation " ; " The Divine Programme of the World's History," and other works. Address : Harley House, Bow, E. , &c. GUINNESS, Mrs. H. Grattan, wife of the above, daughter of Ed. Marlborough FitzGerald, and granddaughter of Maurice FitzGerald, of Upper Merrion St., Dublin, born in April 1831, and married in 1860, is one of the earliest woman preachers of the Gospel (members of the Society of GUTJSTON — GUNTHER 459 Friends excepted) ; Secretary of the above Missionary Institute ; and Secretary of the first Christian Mission on the Congo, the Livingstone Inland Mission ; and joint authoress of the above works, and author- ess of "The Life of Mrs. Henry Dening," "The New World of Central Africa"; and editor of "The Regions Beyond," &c. GTJINON, Georges, M.D., was born in Paris, Aug. 6, 1859 ; commenced his medical studies in 1877 ; and has worked chiefly under the direction of Professors Charcot and Bouchard. He obtained his degree of M.D. in 1889 ; and soon after was appointed Chef de clinique des ma- ladies du systeme nerveux, at the Sal- petriere. He has written many articles, chiefly on hysteria, has assisted the late Prof.Charcot in his "LeQOns stir les maladies du systeme nerveux " ; is secretary to the Editor of the "Archives de Neurologie," and Editor of the "Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpetriere." His Paris address is 35 Rue de l'Universite. GULLY, The Right Hon. William Court, M.A., Q.C., Speaker of the House of Commons, was born in London on Aug. 29, 1835, and is the second son of James Manby Gully, M.D., of Great Malvern. He was educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and in 1856 was senior in the Moral Science Tripos. During his University days he was President of the Union. Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1860, he went on the Northern Circuit ; was made Q.C. in 1877 and Bencher of his Inn in 1879 ; and was Recorder of Wigan, 1886-95. He sat as Liberal for Carlisle from 1886 to 1895, when he was elected Speaker in April in succession to Lord Peel, and re-elected by the Conservative Government in August. In 1865 he married Elizabeth Ann Walford, eldest daughter of Thomas Selby. Addresses : Speaker's House, Westminster, S.W. ; and Athe- nseum. GUNTER, Archibald Clavering, Ph.B. , was born in Liverpool, Oct. 25, 1847. When about five years of age he was taken to California by his parents, arriving there in February 1853. He was educated partly in England and partly in California, taking the degree of Ph.B. in the University College, San Francisco. From 1867 to 1874 he followed his profes- sion of mining and civil engineer, in Nevada, Utah, and other western parts of the United States. He early showed a taste for literature ; and, during his colle- giate course, and while following his pro- fession of engineer, wrote several plays, one of them being produced at the Cali- fornia Theatre under the name of "Cuba," and another at the Grand Opera House, San Francisco, under the title of "Our Reporter." In 1874 he became a stock- broker in San Francisco, operating until 1877, when he went to New York, intend- ing to make literature his occupation. His first play, which was produced in New York at the Union Square Theatre, August 1889, was " Two Nights in Rome." In February 1890, "Fresh, the American," was played at the Park Theatre. Since then he has had a number of plays per- formed, among them "Courage," "After the Opera," "The Wall Street Bandit," "Prince Karl," "The Deacon's Daughter," and his own dramatisation of his first story, "Mr. Barnes of New York," pub- lished in 1887. This proved a great suc- cess as a novel, and has since been pub- lished in several different languages, and by four or five English publishing houses. His second novel, "Mr. Potter of Texas," was published in 1888, and has been as successful as its predecessor. Since then he has issued " That Frenchman," 1889 ; " Miss Nobody of Nowhere," 1890 ; "Small Boys in Big Boots," 1890; "Miss Divi- dends," 1892 ; "Baron Montez of Panama and Paris," 1893; "The King's Stock- broker," and "A Princess of Paris," 1894 ; " The First of the English," " The Ladies' Juggernaut," and "Her Senator," 1895; "The Love Adventures of Al-Mansur," 1896; and "Bob Covington," 1897. His dramatisation of his novel, "Mr. Potter of Texas," met with marked success in the United States. Mr. Gunter is perhaps the only author who has successfully carried on the business of publishing his own works. GUNTHER, Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S., born at Esslingen, Wurtemberg, October 3, 1830, and educated at the Universities of Tubingen, Berlin, and Bonn, entered the service of the Trustees of the British Museum in 1857, and was appointed Keeper of the Department of Zoology in 1875; since that time he has devoted him- self exclusively to the administration of the extensive collections under his charge. Dr. Gunther, who is a member of many academies and learned societies at home and abroad, has published: "Die Fische des Neckars," Stuttgart, 1853; "Medi- cinischeZoologie," Stuttgart, 1858; "Cata- logue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collec- tion of the British Museum," London, 1858; "Catalogue of the Batrachia Sali- entia in the Collection of the British Museum," 1859; "The Reptiles of British India," 1864; "Catalogues of Fishes," vols, i.-viii., London, 1859-70; "The Fishes of the South Seas," Hamburg, 1873-78; "The Gigantic Land Tortoises, 460 GUTHRIE — GUYOT Living and Extinct," London, 1877 ; "An Introduction to the Study of Fishes," Edin., 1880; the Reports on the "Shore Fishes," " Deep-Sea Fishes," and "Pelagic Fishes," in the " Voyage of H.M.S. Challen- ger," 1887-88 ; and numerous papers in the Philosophical Transactions, the Proceedings of the Zoological and Idnnean Societies, and other periodicals. He is the founder of the "Record of Zoological Literature," of which he has edited the first six volumes, 1864-70; and co-editor of the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History." The Royal Society awarded to him, in 1878, one of its Royal Medals for his merits in advancing zoological science, and especi- ally for his herpetological and ichthyolo- gical researches. Dr. Gunther retired from the Natural History Museum in 1895 under the age limit. He introduced into the galleries those groups, copied from life, illustrating the habits of animals, which have been such an attraction to visitors. GUTHRIE, James Cargill, was born Aug. 27, 1814, at Airnefoul farm, in the parish of Glamis, Forfarshire. He was appointed in 1868 Principal Librarian to the Dundee Free Library, the first institu- tion of the kind in Scotland established under the Free Libraries Act. He is the author of numerous poems and popular Scotch songs, and some anthems and hymns, which 'have been set to music by Dr. Spark and other composers. GUTHRIE, Thomas Anstey (who publishes under the name of F. Anstey), was born Aug. 8, 1856, at Kensington, and is the eldest son of Thomas Austen Guthrie. He was educated at a private school, and at King's College School, Strand. He matriculated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1875 ; took his degree in the Law Tripos, 1879 ; and was called to the Bar by the Benchers of the Middle Temple, 1880. He read in chambers with a con- veyancer and equity draughtsman, but never practised as a barrister. He pub- lished short stories in various magazines between 1878-81. His first book, "Vice Versa," appeared in 1882, and achieved an immense success, running through many editions within the year of publication. It was also dramatised and performed on the London and provincial stage for many nights. It was followed in 1883 by "The Giant's Robe " ; " The Black Poodle," and other stories, 1884 ; " The Tinted Venus," 1885; "The Fallen Idol," 1886; "The Pariah," 1889 ; "Voces Populi," reprinted from Punch ; " The Travelling Compa- nions" ; "Under the Rose" ; "Lyre and Lancet" [Punch); "The Statement of Stella Maberley"; and, in 1897, "Baboo Jabherjee, B.A." (Punch). GUTHRIE, William, was born at Culhorn, Stranraer, N.B., 1835, being the son of the late George Guthrie, Esq., of Appleby and Ernambrie. He was educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh Universities, and was admitted an advocate at the Scotch Bar in 1861. Mr. Guthrie was appointed one of the Commissioners under the Truck Commission Act, in December 1871 ; Registrar of Friendly Societies in Scotland from October 1869 to February 1874 ; and Sheriff-Substitute of Lanark- shire at Glasgow, January 1874. He edited the Journal of Jurisprudence (Edin- burgh), from 1866 to 1874 ; and was one of the Reporters of Court of Session Cases, Scotland, from 1871 to 1874. He has pub- lished a translation of Savigny on "Pri- vate International Law " (System of Modern Roman Law, vol. viii. ), 1869 ; and edition of Erskine's "Principles of Scots Law," 1870 (2nd edition, 1874) ; two editions of Bell's "Principles of the Law of Scotland," 1871 and 1876; "The Law of Trade Unions in England and Scot- land," 1873 ; " Select Cases decided in the Sheriff Courts of Scotland," 1879. GUYOT, Yves, French statesman and writer, was born at Dinan, Sept. 6, 1843, and was educated at Rennes. He came to Paris in 1867, took to journalism, and be- came one of the contributors of the Bappel at its foundation. During the Commune he was instrumental in saving from fire the Archives Nationales, and the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He was elected to the Municipal Council of Paris in 1874, and became one of its most active mem- bers. In 1876 he organised the fete in honour of the centenary of Voltaire, and was a member of the International Con- gress of Genoa to abolish the State regu- lation of prostitution. In the same year he started a campaign against the Preset de Police in La Lanternc, and after being imprisoned for six months, he brought about the resignation of the Preset, M. Gigot, and the Minister of the Interior, M. de Marcere (1879). In 1885 he was elected to the Chamber for the Depart- ment of the Seine, and in 1888 was rap- porteur of the Budget. From 1889 to 1892 he was Minister of Public Works in the Tirard and Freycinet Cabinets ; and he was noted for being present at every opening of any building or railway through- out France, which gained for him the nickname of the " Wandering Jew." He is one of the few Ministers who have never accepted the Legion of Honour. His chief works are: "La Verity sur l'Empire," 1875 ; " L'Enfer Social," 1882 ; "La Prostitution," 1881 ; "La Traite des Vierges a Londres," 1885, and a novel, ' ' Un Drole," 1884. GYE — HAAG 461 GYE, Madame, n Union Theological Seminary, N.Y. City, in 1851. He was pastor of Presbyterian churches in Mendham, N.J., in 1852-56, and in New York City in 1856-82. He then became Professor of Sacred Rhetoric in the Union Theological Seminary, of which, in 1888, he was made the President, succeeding the late Dr. R. D. Hitchcock, who died in 1887. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the University of the City of New York in 1865, and that of LL.D. by the College of New Jersey, 1888. In conjunction with his father he edited "Church Melodies," published in 1857. He retired from the Presidency of Union Theological Seminary in 1897. HATTON, G. R., editor of the Biogra- pher, is the brother of Joseph Hatton (q.v.), and was born at Chesterfield on June 8, 1850. He adopted journalism as a career, and was successively in the offices of the Lincolnshire Chronicle, the Dorset County Chronicle, and various other provincial newspapers, and at the age of twenty-two became connected with the Western Tele- graph. He remained on this staff for a year, when he became editor of the Western Daily Mercury. He probably holds the record as the youngest editor of a daily paper. After a year he left this news- paper to become chief leader-writer of the Sheffield Independent, his colleagues pre- senting him with a diamond ring on his departure from Plymouth. In 1893 Mr. Hatton became connected with the Lon- don Star, Sun, and Morning Leader, for the columns of which he has written many biographies. He is indeed best known as a biographer. The paper of that name was started by him as long ago as 1874, under the slightly different title of the Biograph. It is a magazine entirely de- voted to biography, and was one of the earliest to appear of its kind. The first number contained some important in- formation obtained from Mr. Gladstone respecting his political career, which at once brought the magazine into public notice. Shortly afterwards Mr. Hatton bought C'olburn's New Monthly from Dr. Ainsworth. Mr. Hatton has written poems, of which some have been set to music by such composers as Louis Diehl and Sir Frederic Gore-Ouseley, and novels, as well as a series of papers on " George Eliot in Derbyshire," published in book form by Ward, Lock, & Co. Address : HATTON — HAUPTMANN 489 c/o Leonard Smithers, 4 & 5 Royal Arcade, Old Bond Street, W. HATTON, Joseph, born at Andover, Feb. 3, 1839, is the eldest son of the late Francis Augustus Hatton, founder of the Derbyshire Times, one of the first penny newspapers, for which his son began to write at an early age. He first came to London in 1868 to edit and reconstruct the Gentleman's Magazine, which he con- ducted for some years with a staff that included Tom Taylor, Shirley Brooks, Mark Lemon, "The Druid," "Luke Lim- ner," William Jordan, Blanchard Jerrold, and other well-known writers. For many years he was the special correspondent in Europe of the New York Times. He has filled similar positions for the Sydney Morning Herald, New South Wales, and the Kreitz Zeitung in Berlin ; and has inti- mate relations with more than one great American newspaper. His " Cigarette Papers : for After-Dinner Smoking," ap- pear in a selection of high-class journals at home and abroad. He has written for the leading magazines, has contributed special articles to the Illustrated London News, and has been professionally asso- ciated both with the Standard and the Daily Telegraph. His " Journalistic Lon- don" shows an intimate knowledge of Press life and methods. He has frequently crossed the Atlantic ; once on a mission from the Standard, during which time he exploited the Irish question and described for that journal, in one of the longest messages ever despatched by cable, the assassination of President Garfield. He collaborated with the Rev. M. Harvey in the latest " History of Newfoundland," and his name is well known in the Eastern seas as the author of " The New Ceylon," the pioneer volume on North Borneo ; since which time, through the death of his only son in those regions, he has given to the world the story and work of the young life, which is perpetuated in Borneo by the naming of a mountain near the scene of his death, Mount Hatton. Mr. Joseph Hatton is even better known as a novelist and miscellaneous writer than a journalist, though he has edited several leading papers in London and the country. His principal works in fiction are " Clytie," "Cruel London," "Three Recruits," "The Old House at Sandwich," " The Queen of Bohemia," "The Valley of Poppies," "By Order of the Czar," " The Princess Maza- roff," "Under the Great Seal," "The Banishment of Jenop Blythe," "The Dag- ger and the Cross," and "The Vicar." " Clytie," which had already been trans- lated into German, has appeared in Swe- dish, following the success of "By Order of the Czar " in that language. This latter work was prohibited by the Russian censor from circulation in Russia on account of its tragic exposition of the rising against the Jews in Southern Russia. Among his miscellaneous works are "Irving's Im- pressions of America," "Toole's Remi- niscences," "To-day in America," "Cap- tured by Cannibals," "Old Lamps and New," "Cigarette Papers," "In Jest and Earnest," " The Gay World," "The Abbey Murder," and " John Needham's Double." A dramatic version of the latter story, with Mr. E. S. Willard in the dual r61e of John Needham and Joseph Norbury, has been played in America, as also a version of " The Scarlet Letter," under the direc- tion of Mr. Richard Mansfield. Mr. Hat- ton is also the author of two other plays, the first, "The Prince and the Pauper," written for his youngest daughter, Miss Bessie Hatton, who has made a great artistic success in the dual role ; and the second, the newest version of "Jack Sheppard," commissioned by Mr. Weedon Grossmith, whose professional reputation has been greatly enhanced by his imper- sonation of Mr. Hatton's realistic young scamp, a courageous and successful protest against the exaggerated heroism hitherto associated with the Jack Sheppard of fiction. Distinction was given to a "record" first night at the Pavilion Theatre by the presence of Sir Henry Irving, when the play was received with the greatest enthusiasm. Address : 49 Grove End Road, N.W. HATZFEIDT - WILDENBURG, Count von, German Ambassador at the Court of St. James's, was born in 1831, and specially educated for diplomacy. In 1862 he was secretary to Prince Bismarck when Ambassador in Paris, and was always one of his favourites since. In 1874 he became Ambassador at Madrid, then at Constantinople, being recalled in 1883 to Berlin to act as Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1888 he was appointed to his present post in succession to Count Mtin- ster. He married the daughter of Mr. Charles Moulton, of New York, was di- vorced from her in 1886, and re-married in 1888, in order that their daughter might marry Prince Maximilian of Hohenlohe. Address : 9 Carlton House Terrace, S.W. HATJPTMANN, Gerhardt, German poet and dramatist, was born at Salzbrunn in Silesia, Nov. 15, 1862, where his father kept a railway inn. He made an early reputation among German authors by his mingled Wertherism and pessimism, inter- weaving the national traditions with those of the newer Scandinavian school. He acquired great notoriety in France by the efforts of a small society, called "L'CEuvre," 490 HATJSSONVILLE — HAWEIS directed by M. Lugne-Poe, whose aims were to popularise the Scandinavian drama, especially Ibsen and Strindberg. His first work, "Les Tisserauds," did not attract much attention ; but when " Le Theatre de l'CEuvre " attempted to produce "Les Ames Solitaires," translated by M. Alexandre Cohen, in December 1893, it was forbidden by the censor on account of its anarchist tendencies. In January 1894 a question in the House by M. Vigne' d'Octon gave this play more advertisement than any representation could have given it. A few days later was given his dream- poem of " Hannele Mattern," translated by M. Jean Thorel. One of his last works is another pessimist dream-poem, "Die Versunkene Glocke," which was translated in the Contemporary Review in March 1898. In the same year he published " Fuhrman Henschel," a play in Silesian dialect, which has been evidently inspired by his surroundings in boyhood. His religious drama " Christus " was recently (1898) to be produced in Berlin. His very remark- able dramas still await a hearing in London. HATJSSONVILLE, Comte d', Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cleron, French writer, was born at Gurcy-le-Chatel on Sept. 21, 1843, and is the son of Comte Joseph d'Haussonville, a French Aca- demician. He studied law in Paris, and completed his political and economic studies by travels in Europe and America. Directly after the war of 1870 he became a candidate for the National Assembly, and was elected member for his native department of the Seine et Marne. He sat with the Right Centre, and, although calling himself a republican, always voted with the monarchists. He failed to be re- elected in 1876 and 1877, and did not again present himself. In 1891, when M. Bocher retired from his unofficial position of re- presentative of the House of Orleans in France, the Comte d'Haussonville was chosen by the Comte de Paris as his suc- ■ cessor. He went on a campaign through- oat the provinces, and endeavoured by his speeches to infuse life into the despair- ing remnant of supporters of the monarchy. In 1888 he was elected the successor of M. Caro in the French Academy. His chief works are : " Sainte-Beuve, sa Vie et ses CEuvres," 1875 ; " Les Etablisse- ments pehitentiares en France," 1875, a work crowned by the Academy; "Etudes Biographiques et Litteraires," 1879; " Le Salon de Madame Necker," 1882 ; "A tra- vel's les Etats Unis : Souvenirs de Voyage," 1883 ; and " Madame de La Fayette," 1891, in the Great Writers series. He is the mouthpiece by which his chief, the Due d'Orleans, addresses the French people. HAVELOCK, Sir Arthur Elibank, G.C.M.C., G.C.I.E., Governor of Madras, was born in 1844, and is the third son of the late Lieut. -Colonel W. Havelock, K.H. He entered the army in 1862 (32nd Regi- ment), and retired with the rank of Captain in 1877. He was Secretary to the Governor of Mauritius, 1873-74 ; Chief Civil Com- missioner of the Seychelles, 1874-75 and 1879-80 ; Colonial Secretary and Receiver- General of Fiji, 1875-76 ; President of Nevis, 1877-78 ; Administrator of St. Lucia, 1878-79; Governor of the West Afri- can Settlements in 1881, in which year he was sent on a mission to Paris to nego- tiate the settlement of certain questions at issue between Great Britain and France with regard to territory in West Africa. In the same year he was appointed Her Majesty's Consul for Liberia, and nego- tiated a boundary treaty between Liberia and Sierra Leone. In December 1884 he was appointed Governor of Trinidad, which post he resigned for that of Natal in 1885. In 1890 he was Governor of Ceylon, and in 1895 he was promoted to his present post. He married in 1871 Anne, daughter of the late Sir W. Norris. Address : Government House, Madras. HAWEIS, The Rev. Hugh Reginald, M.A., was born at Egham, Surrey, April 3, 1838, being the son of the Rev. J. 0. W. Haweis, M.A., rector of Slaugham, Sussex, and Canon and Prebendary of Chichester Cathedral, and Mary Davis Haweis. He received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A. 1859 ; M.A. 1864). He was first appointed curate of St. Peter's, Bethnal Green ; next, in 1863, curate of St. James- the-Less, Westminster ; then St. Peter's, Stepney ; and, in 1866, incumbent of St. James's, Marylebone. He was at that time the youngest incumbent in London, and the prospect before him, at his new church, was far from cheering. The con- gregation was insignificant, and the church itself greatly in need of repair. It is owing to Mr. Haweis's indefatigable labours, both as a preacher and a man of business, that his church is now one of the most crowded in London. He took great interest in the Italian Revolution under Garibaldi, and was present at the siege of Capua, where he had several narrow escapes. He afterwards published in the Argosy an account of those events and a memoir of Garibaldi ; and subse- quently wrote, at his request, other me- moirs of his life for Cassell's Magazine. Hs has done much important work as a journalist ; was one of the earliest leader- writers on the Echo, has contributed at different times to the Quarterly Review, Times, Pall Mall Gazette, Contemporary HA WELL — HAWKINS 491 Review, and for a year he acted as editor of Oassell's Magazine. Mr. Haweis has always interested himself in the question of providing open-air spaces for the people, and he has had much to do with the plant- ing out of disused London churchyards and waste spaces ; he has, besides, been a strong advocate of the opening of mu- seums and galleries on Sundays. When quite a boy he displayed a wonderful aptitude for violin playing, and was a pupil of the great violinist Oury, himself an old pupil of Paganini. He has lectured at the Royal Institution on violins and church-bells. He is the author of "Music and Morals," " Thoughts for the Times," "Speech in Season," "Current Coin," "Arrows in the Air," "Pet, or Pastimes and Penalties," a book for children ; "Ashes to Ashes," a cremation prelude ; " American Humorists," a series of lectures delivered at the Royal Institution ; " Home- land," a hymn ; " Unsectarian Family Prayers," and "Christ and Christianity," in 5 vols. ; " The Broad Church ; or What is coming?" and "The Dead Pulpit," 1897. In June 1893 he published his "Life of Sir Morell Mackenzie." During the Chicago Exposition he visited the Parliament of Religions, and lectured at many places in the U.S.A. on " Music and Morals." In 1894 he passed two months on the Pacific coast, drawing enormous congregations at Trinity Church, Fran- cisco. He then passed through British Columbia and Canada, and visited the Sandwich and Fiji Islands. He accepted a lucrative engagement from R. S. Smythe, of Melbourne, and passed through Austra- lia, New Zealand, and Tasmania, preaching at nine Colonial Cathedrals to crowded congregations. In 1896 Mr. Haweis re- delivered some of his American and Aus- tralian lectures to London audiences at the Steinway Hall, by request. In 1897 Mr. Haweis was called to Rome for the third time to re-deliver his lectures on Mazzini and Garibaldi. He married, on his appointment to St. James's, Maryle- bone, Mary E., daughter of the late T. M. Joy, the well-known painter. This lady, herself a well-known authoress, died in 1898. Address : 31 Devonshire Street, W. HAWELL, John A., United States naval officer, is a native of New York, and graduated at the Naval Academy in 1858 ; served in the Mediterranean Sea for two years; was made Lieutenant in 1861, and joined the North Atlantic Squadron and served in the Gulf of Mexico, where he par- ticipated in the naval action inMobile, Aug. 5, 1864. He was made Lieutenant-Com- mander, March 3, 1865 ; was in command of the De Soto in 1866-67 ; was Instructor at the Naval Academy 1868 to 1879, except a period of three years 1872 to 1875, when he was connected with the Coast Survey ; was made a Commander in 1872, and Cap- tain in 1884. In 1881 to 1884 he was at the Washington Navy Yard, and for four years following a member of the Naval Advisory Board. In May 1895 he became Commodore, and in June 1896 he took charge of the European station, returning home in 1898 on the outbreak of the war with Spain. He is the inventor of a marine auto-mobile torpedo which is favourably regarded by experts. HAWKINS, Anthony Hope, M.A., the second son of the Rev. E. C. Hawkins, vicar of St. Bride's, Fleet Street, was born at Clapton on Feb. 9, 1863, and was edu- cated at Marlborough, and Balliol College, Oxford, of which he was elected a scholar. After taking first-class honours in both Classical Moderations and in the Final School of Lit. Hum., he was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1887, and practised on the London and Midland Circuit until 1894. when he ceased to pur- sue the legal profession. In 1892 he un- successfully contested South Bucks in the Liberal interest. His career as a novelist has, up to the present, been a brilliant one, and of his published works there may be mentioned: "A Man of Mark," 1890; "Father Stafford," 1891; "Mr. Witt's Widow," 1892; "Half a Hero," 1893: "The Prisoner of Zenda," 1894; "The Dolly Dialogues," and "The God in the Car," 1894; "The Chronicles of Count Antonio," 1895 ; " The Heart of Princess Osra," 1896; "Phroso," 1897; "Simon Dale," 1898. His novel, "The Prisoner of Zenda," was adapted for the stage in 1896, and had a most successful run at the St. James's Theatre under the management of Mr. George Alexander. The scene of this novel is laid in "Ruritania," an amalgam of the small Independent Statesof Southern Germany before 1870 and of the Danubian Principalities, which as a romantic inven- tion may be paralleled with Mr. Thomas Hardy's " Wessex. " He was elected a member of the Athenaium under Rule 2 in February 1899. Address : 16 Bucking- ham Street, Strand, W.C. ; andAthenajum. HAWKINS, Frederick, son of the late William Hamilton Hawkins, of the Times, was born in 1849, and from an early age has been connected with literature and journalism. His first work was a biography in two volumes of Edmund Kean, brought out in 1869. He assisted in establishing the Theatre, one of the few periodicals exclusively devoted to the literature and art of the stage. Begun in 1877 as a weekly newspaper, it appeared in the following year as a monthly review 492 HAWKINS — HAWLEY and magazine, and at the end of 1879 was sold by its original proprietors to Mr. Clement Scott. Mr. Hawkins had edited it from the outset. His "Annals of the French Stage from its Origin to the Death of Racine," came out towards the close of 1884. In 1888 Mr. Hawkins produced a continuation of the history to the Re- volution period, under the title of "The French Stage in the Eighteenth Century." Mr. Hawkins acted as dramatic critic for the Times during the last illness of Mr. Oxenford, and has for some time been a member of the editorial staff of that journal. HAWKINS, The Hon. Sir Henry (Baron Brampton), late Judge of the High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division), son of John Hawkins, Esq., of Hitchin, Herts, by Susan- nah, daughter of Theed Pearse, Esq., of Bedford, was born at Hitchin, Sept. 14, 1817, and educated at Bedford School. Adopting the law as his profession, he entered the Middle Temple, and was a very diligent special pleader before his call to the Bar in 1843. After a year or two he rapidly acquired a very large practice as a junior. He attached himself to the Old Home Circuit, and after he obtained his silk gown in 1858, he was for many years one of its leaders. He also became a Bencher of the Middle Temple. As a junior, Mr. Hawkins was one of the counsel (with Serjeant Byles) for Sir John Dean Paul in 1855 ; and (with Mr. Edwin James) for Simon Bernard, who was tried as accessory to the conspiracy against the life of the Emperor Napoleon, in 1858. After he became a Queen's Counsel he was engaged in nearly every important case that came before the Superior Courts. He was associated with the late Lord Chief- Justice Bovill in the great Roupell cases against the claims advanced upon the evidence of Mr. Roupell. In the famous convent case, " Saurin v. Star," tried in 1869, Mr. Hawkins led for the defence ; and he was leading counsel for Mr. W. H. Smith, whose seat for Westminster he successfully defended before Mr. Baron Martin. He was associated with the pre- sent Lord Coleridge in the first Tichborne trial, when he particularly distinguished himself by his exhaustive cross-examina- tion of Mr. Baigent. In the prosecution of the Claimant for perjury, Mr. Hawkins led for the Crown, and the skill he dis- played in this trial — one of the most protracted and the most remarkable in the annals of jurisprudence — greatly increased his reputation as an advocate. In the Probate Court Mr. Hawkins led the case in support of the will of the late Lord St. Leonards, which he established both be- fore the Judge Ordinary and the Court of Appeal. The Gladstone and Von Reable cases were among his victories in the Divorce Court. Mr. Hawkins was counsel in numerous election petitions ; was en- gaged for many years in every important compensation case ; acted for the Crown in the purchase of lands for the National Defences, for the Royal Commissioners in the purchase of the site for the new Law Courts, for the City of London, and for the Metropolitan Board of Works in the pur- chase of property required for the Holborn Viaduct, the Thames Embankment, and various new streets ; and was standing counsel for, and held the general retainer of, the Jockey Club, of which he is now a member. He was appointed a Judge of the High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division), Nov. 3, 1876, and transferred to the Exchequer Division, when he received the honour of knighthood. He resigned his seat on the Bench in December 1898, after having been a Judge for upwards of twenty-two years. Early in 1899 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Brampton, of Brampton, in the county of Huntingdon. By his express desire no public reference was made to his retirement at the Central Criminal Court, where during the last twenty years he has presided over all the most important and celebrated cases with distinguished ability. His keen and now famous sense of humour showed no diminution to the moment of his retire- ment, and his last summing-up, in a pro- tracted case, was delivered without notes and with his accustomed mastery of fact and detail. The elevation to the peerage of a puisne judge at the time of his re- tirement has only been twice paralleled during the Queen's reign, viz., in the case of Baron Parke (Lord Wensleydale) and of Lord Field. On being made a peer, Sir Henry Hawkins became qualified to sit as a Lord of Appeal, and to take part in the labours of the Judicial Committee. He mar- ried Miss Jane Louisa Reynolds, daughter of the late Henry Francis Reynolds, Esq., of Hulme, Lancashire. Addresses : 5 Tilney Street, Park Lane, W. ; and Athenajum. HAWLEY, Hon. Joseph Koswell, American journalist and statesman, was born at Stewartsville, North Carolina, Oct. 31, 1826. A.B. (Hamilton College), 1847. His parents were originally from Connecticut, and when he was eleven years of age they returned to that State, where he studied law and began to prac- tise in Hartford (1850), but abandoned law in 1857 for journalism, connecting himself with the livening Press, a newly established Republican paper. When the Civil War broke out he was the first citizen of his State to volunteer, and was HAWTHOENE — HAY 493 appointed Lieutenant and afterwards Cap- tain in the Conn. Infantry, rising before the end of the war to the rank of Briga- dier-General and brevet Major -General. In 1866 he was elected Governor of Con- necticut. He served one term, to 1867, and then resumed journalism. He was a Presidential Elector and President of the Republican National Convention at Chi- cago in 1868 ; and has been a Delegate to those held in 1872, 1876, and 1880 ; was Member of Congress in 1873-77 and in 1879-81 ; President of the Centennial Commission in 1876 ; and since 1881 has been U.S. Senator from Connecticut, his present term expiring in 1899. He is the owner and editor of the Hartford Courant, with which the Press was consolidated in 1867. HAWTHORNE, Julian, son of the eminent novelist, Nathaniel Hawthorne, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, June 22, 1846. He was prepared for college at Concord, Massachusetts, and entered Har- vard in 1863, where he remained until 1867, but he took no degree. He then entered the Scientific School to study civil engineering, but left it to go to Germany, in October 1868. He spent two years at a Keal-schule in Dresden, still studying engineering. In the summer of 1870 he visited the United States, intending to re- sume his studies at Dresden in the autumn ; but the Franco-German war interfered with his plans, and he joined the staff of hydro- graphic engineers in the New York Dock Department under Gen. McClellan, to which he remained attached until the summer of 1872. During 1871 he contri- buted a number of short stories and pieces to the American magazines, and they met with so much success that he determined to give up engineering for literature. He sailed for Europe in 1872, and after a short stay in England, proceeded to Dresden, where he remained two years, during which time he published in England and America his first two novels, "Bressant," 1873, and " Idolatry," 1874. In September 1874 he left Dresden and settled at Twickenham, where, in 1875, he published in the Con- temporary Review, and afterwards in book form in England and America, " Saxon Studies." His novel of " Garth " was issued in 1877. From 1875 until October 1881 he remained in or near London, writ- ing and publishing "The Laughing Mill," a collection of short stories previously con- tributed to English magazines ; " Archi- bald Malmaison," a novelette ; " Ellice Quentin," another collection of short pieces; "Prince Saroni's Wife," also a collection of tales ; and " Yellow-Cap," fairy stories, none of which have ap- peared in America. His novel, " Sebastian Strome," was published both in England and in America in 1880 ; and two other novels appeared afterwards serially, " For- tune's Fool" and "Dust." In 1882 Mr. Hawthorne went to the United States, and is now residing at Sag Harbor, L.I. While in England he wrote considerably for the periodicals, and for two years was connected with the staff of the Spectator. Since 1882 have appeared " Nathaniel Hawthorne and his Wife, a Biography," and several novels and short stories. He was literary editor of the New York World in 1885. In the summer of 1889 he visited Europe in connection with a delegation of fifty American working-men, sent to examine the condition in Europe of the industries which they represented at home. HAWTREY, Charles Henry, is the fourth son of the Rev. T. W. Hawtrey, of Slough, and grandson of the late Provost of Eton, and was born at Eton in 1858, where his father was an assistant-master. He was educated at Eton and Pembroke College, Oxford. On leaving the Univer- sity, he adopted the dramatic profession, and at the age of twenty-three appeared in " The Colonel," and some years afterwards adapted from the German the comedy or farce which, under its title of " The Private Secretary," has been one of the great successes of the English stage, having been performed no fewer than 844 consecutive times. "Jane," another very successful piece, is among other plays from his pen. Mr. Hawtrey is lessee of the Comedy and Avenue Theatres. Address : 114 Victoria Street, S.W. HAY, George, R.S.A., was born in Leith Walk, Edinburgh, and educated at the High Schools of Leith and Edinburgh. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1869 ; an Acade- mician in 1876 ; and was unanimously elected to the Secretaryship of the Aca- demy, Nov. 9, 1881, in the place of the late William Brodie, R.S.A. At an early age he showed indications of his future" skill as an artist. He studied modelling in the School of Art, and drawing and painting from the antique in the Board of Trustees' Gallery of Casts. At the age of seventeen he was induced to enter the architectural profession ; but after some years he abandoned it for the more congenial one of the artist. Among his pictures are : " A Barber's Shop in the Time of Eliza- beth," 1863 ; " A Street Incident in the Sixteenth Century," 1864 ; " The Jacobite in Hiding," 1865; "Shopping in the Sixteenth Century," 1867; "Devotional Art," 1867 ; " Richie Moniplies in Fleet Street," 1868; "Tea-tattle," 1871- "A 494 HAY Visit to the Spaewife," 1872 ; " Caleb Balderstone's Ruse," 1874, engraved ; " The Haunted Room," 1875; "The Warrant," 1875 ; " In Days of Yore," 1877 ; " The Spinners," 1879; "Secret Aid in '45," 1881; "Morning Practice," 1882; "Pro- digious I " 1883 ; " Here's to the King, sirs, ye ken wha I mean, sirs," 1884; "Escaped," 1884 ; " A Summer Stroll," 1886 ; " When Friends meet, Hearts warm," 1888; "Wait- ing at the Well," 1890; "Roland Gramme exchanging the Keys : Lochleven Castle," 1895 ; " Allan Fairford and Father Buona- ventnre at Fairladies," 1896 ; and " The Presence Chamber," 1897. Address : 7 Ravelston Terrace, Edinburgh. HAY, Sir James Shaw, K.C.M.G., Governor of Barbadoes, was born in 1838, and married (3) the grand-daughter of Lord Cockburn in 1894. After having served in the 89th Regiment he became Administrator of the Gambia in 1886, and Governor of Sierra Leone in 1888, while in 1892 he was appointed to his present post. In 1889 he was created a K.C.M.G. Club : Constitutional. HAY, Hon. Colonel John, late Ameri- can Ambassador to Great Britain, journalist and author, third son of Charles Hay and Helen Leonard, was born at Salem, Indiana, Oct. 8, 1838, and graduated at Brown University, 1858. He was admitted to the Bar in Springfield, Illinois, in 1861, but almost immediately went to Washing- ton as Assistant Secretary to President Lincoln, and subsequently was his Adju- tant and Aide-de-Camp. During the Civil War he served for a time under Generals Hunter and Gillmore, attaining the rank of Colonel and Assistant Adjutant-General. From 1865 to 1867 he was Secretary of Legation in Paris, and from that time to 1868 was Charge' d'Affaires at "Vienna. He was appointed Secretary of Legation in Madrid in 1869, where he remained until 1870, when he returned to the United States, and became one of the editors of the New York Tribune. This position he resigned in 1876, upon his removal to Cleveland, Ohio ; but he has continued occasionally to contribute to its columns to the present time. During the absence of the editor, Mr. Whitelaw Reid, in Europe, from April to November 1881, Colonel Hay returned to New York to take entire editorial charge of the Tribune. While on the Tribune he ob- tained considerable celebrity by his dia- lect poems of "Jim Bludsoe," "Little Breeches," &c. ; which were afterwards published in book form under the title of "Pike County Ballads," 1871. In the same year he also issued "Castilian Days," a series of sketches of Spanish life and character. From 1879 to 1881 he was Assistant-Secretary of State. He represented the United States at the International Sanitary Congress held in Washington in 1881, and was chosen Pre- sident of that body. He was subsequently engaged (in collaboration with John G. Nicolay) in writing a Life of Abraham Lincoln, which was published as a serial in the Century, from 1886 to 1890, and was printed in 1890, with extensive additions, in 10 vols. 8vo, by the Century Co. In the same year he published his collected "Poems." He took an active part in the campaign of 1896 which resulted in the election of President McKinley, and was appointed in March 1897 American Ambas- sador to England. He retired from his Ambassadorship, after representing his country with conspicuous ability and popularity, in September 1898, and was subsequently appointed United States Secretary of State. Col. Hay married, in 1874, Miss Clara Stone, eldest daughter of Amasa Stone, Esq., of Cleveland, Ohio, the eminent railway constructor and philan- thropist. His winter residence is at Wash- ington, D.C., and his summer home at The Fells, Newbury, N.H. London address: 5 Carlton House Terrace, W. HAY, The Right Hon. Sir John Charles Dalrymple, Bart., K.O.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., D.L., Admiral, Vice-Presi- dent of the Institution of Naval Archi- tects, eldest son of the late Sir James Dalrymple Hay, Bart., of Park Place, Wigtownshire, by his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Lieut.-Gen. Sir John Heron Maxwell of Springkell, Dumfriesshire, was born Feb. 11, 1821, and educated at Rugby. Entering the navy in 1834, he served in 1835 and 1836 on the Cape of Good Hope station, where he was landed with the seamen and marines for the defence of Fort Elizabeth in the first Kaffir war, and was present at the capture of five slavers in the river Bonny, on the West Coast of Africa. He then served in the Channel Squadron on the North Coast of Spain, on the South American and Pacific station; and in 1840-41 in the operations on the Syrian coast. He was at the capture of Beyrout and of Acre, and was specially gazetted for gallantry in the boat attack on Tortosa. He then served in the East Indies and China, and was flag-lieutenant with Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane in the operations in Borneo in 1845-46. He commanded the Wolverine and Columbine in China, and was senior officer in the operations against the pirate fleet of Chinapoo, which he de- stroyed with the squadron under his orders in Bias Bay, on Sept. 26, 27, 28, 1849 ; and with the same squadron he HAYMAN — HAYTER 495 destroyed the fleet of Shap'ng'tzai in the Tonquin River on Oct. 20 and 21, 1849. He received the thanks of the Admiralty and his promotion for these services ; and it was acknowledged by the merchants in China by thanks and a service of plate. He commanded H.M.S. Hannibal in the Black and Mediterranean Seas during the Russian war of 1854-56, and took part in the capture of Kertch and Kinburn, and in the bombardment and fall of Sebas- topol. He commanded the Indus in North America and the West Indies from 1857 till 1859 ; was one of the Greenwich Hospital Commission in 1860 - 61 ; and Chairman of the Iron Plate Committee from 1861 till 1864. He succeeded his father as 3rd Baronet, March 19, 1861 ; was elected in 1862 for Wakefield in the Conservative interest ; lost his seat at the general election in July 1865 ; was de- feated at Tiverton the same year, and elected in May 1866 for Stamford, which constituency he represented till the general election of April 1880, when he was an un- successful candidate ; but in July of that year he was returned for the Wigtown Burghs, which he represented till 1885. He was made a Rear-admiral, and was placed on the retired list of that rank in April 1870. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from June 1866 to Dec. 1868, has received three war medals and the Medjidieh fourth class. He is the author of " The Flag List and its Prospects " ; " Our Naval Defences " ; " The Reward of Loyalty," being suggestions in reference to our American Colonies, 1862 ; a " Memo- randum on his compulsory retirement from the British Navy," 1870; "Remarks on the Loss of the Captain," 1871 ; " Ashanti and the Gold Coast, and what we know of it ; a Sketch," 1874; "Suppression of Piracy in the China Sea," 1889 ; and "Lines from my Logbooks," 1898. Sir John married, in 1847, the Hon. Eliza Napier, third daughter of William John, 8th Lord Napier. Addresses : 108 St. George's Square, S.W. ; and Craigenveoch, Glenluce. HAYHAN, The Rev. Henry, M.A., D.D., Rector of Aldingham, Lancashire, and Hon. Canon of Carlisle, was born in Lon- don, March 3, 1823, and entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1832, whence, after gaining the chief prizes in Greek verse ' and Latin prose, he proceeded as scholar to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1841. He became a Fellow of his College in 1844, and in the following year was placed in the second class both in classics and in mathematics. He then came to London, and was successively curate at St. Luke's, Old Street, and at St. James's, Piccadilly, when the late Bishop of London, Dr. Jack- son, was rector, and in 1853-55 one of the Assistant-Masters at the Charterhouse. In 1854 he was appointed Assistant Preacher at the Temple Church, and in the follow- ing year head-master of St. Olave's Gram- mar School, Southwark. Subsequently he became head-master of Cheltenham Gram- mar School, and in 1868 of St. Andrew's College, Bradfield. When Dr. Temple was promoted to the See of Exeter, Dr. Hayman was elected his successor as head-master of Rugby School, Nov. 20, 1869, a post which he retained until 1874, when Mr. Disraeli appointed Dr. Hayman to the Crown Rectory of Aldingham, Lan- cashire, where he has since resided. Dr. Hayman's published works consist of oc- casional essays contributed to the Satur- day Review ; also to the Christian Remem- brancer, and more lately to the Church Quarterly, Edinburgh, Dublin, National, Fortnightly, British Quarterly, Contem- porary, and other Reviews, the Cornhill, St. James's, Temple Bar, and Clergyman's magazines, the Cliurchman, Antiquary, Biblictheca Sacra (U. S. of America), and other serials ; also of a volume of selec- tions from the above, entitled "Why We Suffer and other Essays," 1889. He is a member of the Cambridge Philological Society, and has contributed several papers to its Journal and Transactions. He is the author of "Exercises in Greek and Latin Verse Composition " ; numerous articles in the " Dictionary of the Bible " edited by Sir W. Smith, and has since published in three volumes an edition of Homer's Odyssey; and "Rugby School Sermons," with an introductory Essay " On the In- dwelling of the Holy Spirit," 1875 ; also in poetry, "The Lay of the Seven Oars," and "A Fragment of the Iason Legend." In 1884 he became Hon. Canon of Carlisle, and in 1885 was one of the first elected Proctors for the new Archdeaconry of Furness, a post which he has since re- signed. He is well known as a Lecturer on Church Defence, against Infidelity, and on a Mosaic Pentateuch, in most of the dioceses of the Northern Province. He married in 1855, Matilda Julia, daughter of George Westby, of Whitehall and Mow- breck Lane. Address : Rectory, Alding- ham, Ulverston, Lanes. HAYNE, The Right Hon. Charles Seale. See Seale-Hayne, The Right Hon. Chaeles. HAYTER, The Right Hon. Sir Arthur Divett, Bart., M.A., J.P., is the only son of the late Right Hon. Sir William Goodenough Hayter, Q.C., and Anne, daughter of William Pulsford, Linslade Manor, Bucks, and was born on Aug. 19, 1835. He was educated at Eton, and at 496 HAYTER — HAYWARD Balliol and Brasenose Colleges, Oxford ; he graduated with classical honours in 1857. In 1856 he obtained a commission in the Grenadier Guards, retiring in 1866 with the rank of captain. Sir Arthur Hayter was M.P. for Wells from 1865 till 1868, when he unsuccessfully contested East Somerset. In 1873 he was elected as mem- ber for Bath, in the Liberal interest. He succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father in 1878. In 1880 he was appointed a Lord of the Treasury, and in May 1882 he succeeded Mr. Campbell-Ban- nerman as Financial Secretary at the War Office. In 1885, and again in 1886, he stood for Bath, but was both times de- feated. He, however, returned to Parlia- ment as member for Walsall in 1893. Sir Arthur was created a Privy Coun- cillor in 1894. He is a member of the Executive Committee of the Royal Patriotic Fund, a Governor of the South- western Polytechnic, and a Vestryman of St. George's, Hanover Square. Sir Arthur Hayter married, in 1866, Henrietta, daughter of the late Mr. Adrian John Hope, a lady who was for long one of the best known o£ London hostesses, her salon being the rendezvous of leading Liberal politicians. Permanent address : 9 Gros- venor Square, South Hill Park, Bracknell. HAYTER, Harrison, civil engineer, Past President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Fellow and Associate of King's College, London, and Lieut. -Colonel Engi- neer and Railway Volunteer Staff Corps, was born near Falmouth on April 10, 1825, and is the son of the late Henry Hayter, Esq., of Eden Vale, Wiltshire, and nephew of the late Right Hon. Sir William Goodenough Hayter, Bart. After receiv- ing a classical and mathematical educa- tion, he entered (in 1840) the Applied Science Department of King's College, London, and went through the prescribed three years' curriculum with distinction. Upon leaving King's College he com- menced his professional training on the Stockton and Darlington Railway (now a part of the North-Eastern system), and was afterwards engaged in the construc- tion of the Great, Northern Railway. In 1857 he joined Sir John Hawkshaw, Past President of the Institution of Civil Engi- neers, as his Chief Assistant, and, in 1870, he became his partner — a long professional association which was severed only by the retirement of Sir John Hawkshaw from business at the end of 1888. During the time he was with Sir John Hawkshaw, he was engaged in the construction of the following works : Railways — Lancashire and Yorkshire ; Charing Cross and Cannon Street Lines ; the East London Railway ; the completion of the Inner Circle of the Metropolitan and District Lines, and the Severn Tunnel Railwaj', in England ; the Madras ; the Eastern Bengal ; and the West of India ; Portuguese Railways in India ; and the Jamaica and Mauritius Railways in the Colonies ; the Riga and Diinaburg, and Diinaburg and Witepsk Railways in Russia ; and the Madrid and Portugal Direct Railway in Spain. Har- bours — Holyhead, Aldney ; Ymuiden (Hol- land) ; and Mormugao (India). Docks — The South Dock of the West India Docks ; and Docks at Hull, Penarth, Maryport, Fleetwood, and Dover. Bridges — The Charing Cross and Cannon Street Bridges ; and a bridge nearly a mile long over the river Nerbudda, in India ; the London- derry Bridge ; a bridge over the Tees at Stockton-on-Tees ; and the Clifton Sus- pension Bridge. Other works — The Am- sterdam Ship Canal ; the Foundations of the Spithead Forts ; the Middle Level, the River Witham, and the Thames Val- ley Drainages ; and the drainage of Brigh- ton. The principal work he is now carry- ing out, in conjunction with his present partner, Mr. J. C. Hawkshaw, is the large system of Docks at Buenos Ayres, with a dredged channel fourteen miles long, the works occupying a river frontage of three miles, involving an expenditure of about £5,000,000; this being the largest dock system that has ever been carried out at one time. Besides the above works he has acted as arbitrator in many cases ; has had to report on, and prepare designs for, many undertakings ; and is a frequent witness before Parliamentary and other tri- bunals. He is the author of an account of Holyhead Harbour, of the Charing Cross Bridge, and of the Amsterdam Ship Canal, presented to the Institution of Civil Engi- neers, and published in their Minutes of Proceedings. He married, in 1854, the eldest daughter of the late Rev. Thomas Walker, rector of Offord d'Aray, Hants. Addresses : 33 Great George Street, West- minster ; 61 Addison Road, Kensington ; and Athenasum. HAYWAED, Charles Forster, F.S.A., architect, born at Colchester in January 1831, received his education at University College, London, and profes- sionally studied in the offices of Mr. Lewis Cubitt, Mr. P. C. Hardwick, and the' late Professor Cockerell. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1861, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1867, and appointed Dis- trict Surveyor by the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1871. Mr. Hayward was elected Honorary Secretary of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1862, and held the appointment for many years. He was also Honorary Secretary to the Insti- HAZELL — HEAD 497 tute's Architectural Committee for the Exhibition in Paris in 1867. Mr. Hayward is the architect of the Cathedral at Zanzi- bar, and has erected many buildings in London and the provinces — including the Duke of Cornwall Hotel at Plymouth, the Sanatorium, the Science Schools, and other buildings for Harrow, schoolhouses for Charterhouse, Mill Hill, &c. He is also a well-known furniture designer and art decorator. He is an occasional con- tributor to professional and archaeological journals, and was one of the founders of the Arts Club, Hanover Square, London. HAZELL, Walter, M.P., the son of the late Mr. Jonathan Hazell, was born in London on Jan. 1, 1843, and was edu- cated privately. He was elected to the House of Commons as an advanced Liberal for the borough of Leicester, at a bye- election in August 1894, being opposed by a Conservative and also by an Inde- pendent Labour Socialist. He was re- elected at the general election in the following year against the same opponents. He has been for many years an active worker on behalf of various social reforms. As the head of a large printing firm em- ploying many people, he has been brought into close touch with many labour prob- lems. These he has tried to solve by successful experiments, especially among his firm's workpeople. As a middle course between capitalistic monopoly and purely co-operative production, he has introduced with his partners many facilities for pro- moting thrift among their employees, with the result that some hundreds of them have saved and invested in the concern, of which he is the head, many thousands of pounds, under various systems which he nas devised. In educational and recrea- tive arrangements for them he seeks to sweeten factory life. He has helped to promote a large society for assisting emigration to the colonies, and personally conducts a farm in England upon which young men who are unemployed may be tested for their fitness for colonial life. In pursuance of inquiries into such subjects he has travelled extensively in Greater Britain. He is an active promoter of international arbitration, drastic land re- forms, and many other social movements. He is treasurer of the Peace Society. He married, in 1866, Anna, eldest daughter of James Tomlin. Address : 9 Kussell Square, W.C. HAZLTTT, William Carew, born Aug. 22, 1834, son of the late Mr. William Hazlitt, Registrar in Bankruptcy, and grandson of the famous critic, was edu- cated at Merchant Taylors' School, entered the Inner Temple as a student in 1859, and was called to the Bar in Nov. 1861. But he did not follow his profession, and has either written or edited a large body of literature both on archaeological and popular subjects. Mr. Hazlitt's literary work divides itself into original produc- tions and editorial superintendence of a large variety of dramatic, poetical, and miscellaneous books, particularly " Dods- ley's Old Plays," 15 vols. 8vo, 1874-6. His original publications are the " History of the Venetian Republic," 4 vols. 8vo, 1860 ; "Memoirs of William Hazlitt," 2 vols. 8vo, 1867 ; " Poems," 1877, second edit., greatly enlarged, 1897 ; "Offspring of Thought in Solitude," prose papers, 8vo, 1884 ; "Four Generations of a Literary Family," 2 vols., 8vo, 1897, and " Ourselves in Relation to a Deity and a Church," 8vo, 1897 (published anonymously). Mr. Hazlitt has also identified himself during many years with the writings of Charles Lamb, his grand- father's friend, and has largely contributed to place Lamb's correspondence on a better footing. But he is perhaps most generally known as a bibliographer, having since 1867 printed a " Handbook of Early Eng- lish Literature," and several volumes of "Bibliographical Collections and Notes," to which the General Index alone forms an octavo volume of 800 pages, and he has also within the last few years associated his name with numismatics. His " Coins of the European Continent " appeared in 1893, followed by a supplement in 1897, and the "Coin Collector" in 1896. Ad- dress : Barnes Common, Surrey. HEAD, Barclay Vincent, D.C.L., Ph.D., Keeper of the Department of Coins and Medals in the British Museum, was born at Ipswich on Jan. 2, 1844, and edu- cated at Queen Elizabeth's School in that town. He entered the British Museum in 1864. In 1868 he accepted the Hon. Secretaryship of the Numismatic Society of London, and the joint-editorship (with Sir John Evans) of the Numismatic Chronicle. In 1871, on the resignation of Mr. W. S. W. "Vaux, at that time the Keeper of Coins, he was appointed Assist- ant-Keeper of the Coin Department in the British Museum, and shortly after this was chosen a Corresponding Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Insti- tute. In 1893, on the retirement of Prof. R. S. Poole, Dr. Head was appointed Keeper of Coins, simultaneously with the removal of the Coins and Medals into the new west wing of the Museum, and the reorganisation of the Department in its present quarters was then entrusted to him. Dr. Head has made a special study of the origin and development of the art of coinage among the ancient Greeks, and he was the first to methodise the science 21 498 HEADLAM — HEALY of Greek Numismatics by introducing a strict chronological system of classification throughout the various series of Greek coins in the National Collection, in place of the now obsolete system of arrangement according to metals. His first work on this subject, "History of the Coinage of Syracuse," 1874, was couronnd by the French Institute, an honour which was on three subsequent occasions again conferred upon him for his "Coinage of Lydia and Persia," 1877; his "History of the Coin- age of Bceotia," 1881 ; and his "Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins of the Ancients," 1881. Dr. Head's most im- portant work, entitled, "Historia Numo- rum," published by the Oxford University Press in 1887, is a complete illustrated historical manual of the whole science of Greek Numismatics, which will probably long remain the standard text-book on the subject. The publication of this work gained for the author the honorary degrees of D.C.L. Durham, and Ph.D. Heidel- berg. Among Dr. Head's other works may be mentioned his volumes of the magnificently illustrated Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum, which was begun in 1873, and which has now reached many volumes. The sections of this great work contributed by Dr. Head himself comprise the "Coinage of Mace- don," 1875 ; of " Central Greece," 1884; of " Attica, Megaris, and iEgma," 1888 ; "Corinth and the Corinthian Colonies," 1889; and "Ionia," 1892. Dr. Head's minor works are his article "Numismatics," in "Chambers's Encyclopaedia " ; his "An- cient Systems of Weight," 1879; his " Young Collector's Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins," 1883; and his numerous con- tributions to the pages of the Numismatic Chronicle. Dr. Head also took an active part in the organisation of the "Egypt Exploration Fund," of which he was one of the original founders, and to the publi- cations of which he was a contributor. He married, in 1869, Mary Harley, daughter of John Fraser Corkram. Address : British Museum, W.C. HEADLAM, Rev. Stewart Duck- worth, was born on January 12, 1847, at Wavertree, near Liverpool, and was educated at Wadhurst, Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He read for ordina- tion with the Rev. Herbert James, at Livermere, Bury St. Edmunds, and with Dr. Vaughan at the Temple. He was curate of St. John's, Drury Lane, from 1870 to 1873 ; St. Matthew's, Bethnal Green, from 1873 to 1878 ; St. Thomas's, Charter- house, 1880-81 ; St. Michael's, Shoreditch, 1881-84 ; and he is now Warden of the Guild of St. Matthew, and member of the London School Board for Hackney. Mr. Headlam had to resign his Bethnal Green curacy on account of a lecture on theatres and music which he delivered in a working-man's club in the parish. The lecture gave grave offence to the Bishop of London, Dr. Jackson, whose successor, Dr. Temple, refused Mr. Headlam a license in the diocese on account of his support of stage dancing, which the latter considers a form of high art capable of the greatest development. This license has now (1898) been granted by the present Bishop of London, Dr. Creighton. Mr. Headlam is founder of the " Church and Stage Guild," and has published an essay on " The Func- tion of the Stage," besides editing part of Carlo Blasis' work on dancing, under the title of "Theatrical Dancing." He is also author of some volumes of sermons and lectures, entitled "Priestcraft and Progress," "Lessons from the Cross," "Christian Socialism," &c. For ten years he edited and wrote for the Church Reformer, a monthly Christian Socialist paper. He lectures frequently for the Guild of St. Matthew, the English Land Restoration League, and the Fabian Society, and has worked hard on the London School Board in behalf of educational reform, especially with reference to the Evening Continuation Schools. Address : 31 Upper Bedford Place, W.C. HEALY, Timothy Michael, M.P. for co. Louth, N., born May 17, 1855, at Bantry, co. Cork, was educated at the Christian Brothers' School, Fermoy. In October 1880 he was arrested for a speech at Bantry, and indicted under the Whiteboy Acts ; and the following month was elected unopposed for Wex- ford Borough ; and in December was tried and acquitted. During the passing of the Land Act in 1881 he carried several im- portant amendments to that measure, the "Healy Clause" enacting that no rent shall be allowed to the landlord on the tenant's improvements. In November 1881 he attended, with Mr. T. P. O'Connor, M.P., the Land League Convention of America, at Chicago, which voted £50,000 to assist the Irish movement. He returned to London in March 1882, having spoken for the League in all the principal American cities. In January 1883 he was cited before the Queen's Bench, Dublin, for a public speech, and having refused to give bail to be of good behaviour, was sen- tenced to six months' imprisonment, but released at the end of four months. In June 1883 he resigned his seat for Wex- ford, and was elected for co. Monaghan. In November 1884 he was called to the Irish Bar. Mr. Healy published in 1881 some works on the Land Act, and after- wards two pamphlets: "Loyalty plus HEAKD — HEATH 499 Murder," an exposure of Orange methods, and "A Word for Ireland," being a his- tory of the Irish Question. In November 1885 he was elected for North Monaghan and also for South Derry, and sat for the latter after the rejection of the Home Rule Bill. He was defeated in South Derry in July 1886, but in February 1887 was re-elected for North Longford. In 1895 he was elected for Louth, N. He was one of the "accused persons" charged before the Special Commission, 1888-90. In December 1890 he took a leading part against Mr. Parnell, and was one of the founders of the Dublin National Press newspaper (the organ of the Irish Party), which was amalgamated with the Freeman's Journal on that paper adopting the policy of the majority of Irish members in March 1892. He is one of the leaders of the Nationalist Irish party. He married in 1882, Erina Kate, daughter of T. D. Sullivan, M.P. Address : 1 Mountjoy Square, Dublin. HEARD, The Rev. "William Augus- tus, M.A., Head-master of Fettes College, was born in 1847, and is the second son of James Heard, of Manchester. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar from 1866 to 1871. He took a first class in Moderations, and a second class in Lit. Hum. in 1870, and graduated B.A. in 1871 ; M.A. in 1873. He took orders in 1885, and was ordained priest in 1886. From 1885 to 1889 he was assistant-master at Westminster School, and in 1890 was appointed to the head- mastership of Fettes College, the Scottish Public School on English lines. Address : Fettes College, Edinburgh. HEATH, Christopher, F.R.C.S., Past President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, was born in London on March 13, 1835, and educated at King's College, London. He was appointed Assistant- Surgeon and Lecturer on Anatomy at the Westminster Hospital in 1862 ; Assistant- Surgeon and Teacher of Operative Surgery at University College Hospital in 1866 ; Holme Professor of Clinical Surgery, and Surgeon to University College Hospital in 1875 ; Fellow of King's College and Consulting Surgeon to the Dental Hospital ; Member of Council of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1881, and of the Court of Examiners in 1883. He was Examiner in Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1875-80 ; and Examiner for Surgical Degrees at the Universities of Cambridge, Durham, and London, and at the Royal College of Physicians, and President of the Clinical Society of London, 1889-91 ; was twice President of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1895-96. He was given Hon. LL.D. Montreal, 1897. He is the author of " A Course of Operative Surgery," illustrated, 2nd edit., 1884; "Manual of Minor Surgery," 11th edit., 1897; "Prac- tical Anatomy," 8th edit., 1893; "Injuries and Diseases of the Jaws " (Jacksonian Prize Essay), 4th edit., 1894; "Students' Guide to Surgical Diagnosis," 2nd edit., 1883 ; editor of " A Dictionary of Practical Surgery," by various British Hospital Surgeons, 1886, and various contributions to the Transactions of learned societies. Address : 36 Cavendish Square, W. HEATH, Francis George, was born at Totnes, Devonshire, on Jan. 15, 1843, and was educated at Taunton. In 1862 he entered the Civil Service as a Higher Division clerk in the Customs Department, and he now occupies the position of Surveyor in the outdoor branch of the same service. For many years he has taken an active part in promoting, and supporting movements for the preserva- tion and extension of open spaces, chiefly in and around the metropolis. In 1872 he secured the enlargement of Victoria Park, by the addition to it of 24J acres at a cost of £24,500. He also laboured assiduously, from 1872 to 1878, in furtherance of the movement which resulted in the preserva- tion of Epping Forest. The unique bit of woodland known as Burnham Beeches was, in 1879, rescued by the Corporation of London upon his suggestion. In 1880 he succeeded in defeating the attempt made jointly by the Corporation and the Great Eastern Railway Company to dis- figure Epping Forest by the construction of a Chingford and High Beech Railway. In 1890 he commenced an active move- ment which resulted in the establishment in this country of the "Letter Express" system. In the same year he was returned at the head of the poll in a contest for a directorship of the Customs Fund. Towards the end of 1892 he commenced a movement to bring about an earlier opening to the public of the Botanical Gardens at Kew, and his efforts resulted last year (1898) in the earlier opening of these gardens. Mr. Heath is the founder of the "Imperial Press," which is designed to promote the unity and prosperity of the British race in all parts of the world, and is also the editor of the " Imperial Library," a collection of volumes following the same object. He is the author of : " The 'Romance' of Peasant Life," 1872; "The English Peasantry," 1874; "The Fern Paradise," 1875; "The Fern World," 1877; " Our Woodland Trees," 1878 ; " Burnham Beeches," 1879 ; new edition of Gilpin's "Forest Scenery," 1879; "Peasant Life in the West of England," 1880; "My Garden Wild," 1881; "Where to find 500 HEATH — HEBEKDEN Ferns," 1881 ; "Autumnal Leaves," 1881 ; " The Fern Portfolio," 1885 ; " Tree Gossip and Sylvan Winter," 1881 ; and he edited the Journal of Forestry from 1882 to 1884. In 1898 he produced an eighth, revised, edition of "The Fern World" (a volume that has been sold in every English-speak- ing country), with new coloured plates, showing the exact venation of each frond, and this year (1899) a new (fourth) edition of "Autumnal Leaves," and he is prepar- ing (May 1899) an illustrated edition of " My Garden Wild." Address : Under- wood, Kew Gardens, Surrey. HEATH, Henry Frank, Ph.D., Assistant -Registrar and Librarian of the University of London, was born in London, Dec. 11, 1863, and is the eldest son of the late Henry Charles Heath, miniature painter to the Queen and Prince of Wales. He was educated at Westminster, at Uni- versity College, London (B.A. Lond., 1886), and at Strassburg University (Ph.D. 1888). As a pupil of Henry Morley and Ten Brink, he specialised in English, in which subject he was Assistant-Examiner at the Univer- sity of London, 1889-94. In 1890 he was appointed Professor of English at Bedford College, London, and the next year he became, in addition, Lecturer at King's College and at the Crystal Palace. These posts he resigned in 1895 on being ap- pointed to his present position, in which he has been an ardent worker in the cause of the Teaching University for London. While at University College he was the leader of a band of young men, of whom the majority are now making names for themselves ; with them he founded the University College Literary Society. In 1891 he wrote "Old English Alliterative Verse," which was published in the Pro- ceedings of the Philological Society ; he con- tributed " Literature until the Accession of Elizabeth" to Dr. Traill's "Social Eng- land," 1894 ; and in 1897, together with Mr. A. W. Pollard and others, he edited the Globe "Chaucer." He is a Member of the Councils of the Philological Society and the Modern Language Association, and for the latter he has edited their journal, the Modern Quarterly, since 1897. He is an Examiner under the Scotch Education Department, and a Fellow of University and Bedford Colleges. In 1898 he married Miss Elaine Sayer, a niece of Professor Morley. Address : University of London, Burlington Gardens, W. HEATON, John Henniker, M.P., Postal Eeformer, is the direct descendant of the Heatons of Heaton, co. Lan- caster, and the eldest son of Lieutenant- Colonel Heaton, R.E. He was born at Rochester on May 18, 1848, and educated at Kent House Grammar School and at King's College, London. At the age of sixteen he emigrated to Australia, where he took to pastoral pursuits with varying fortune, and also became connected with the press, and acquired an interest in the most successful newspapers in New South Wales. He has always been most promi- nent in all public and philanthropic works in the Australasian colonies ; he repre- sented the Government of New South Wales at the Amsterdam Exhibition in 1883 ; was appointed by the Government of Tasmania to represent that colony at the Berlin International Telegraphic Con- ference in 1885, and succeeded in getting a very large reduction made in the cost of cable messages to Australia. In 1884 he was appointed by Mauritius to negotiate its new constitution. He was elected M.P. for Canterbury, England, at the general elec- tion in November 1885, and was re-elected in the following year and in 1892 and 1895. He was appointed Commissioner for the Government of New South Wales to the Indian and Colonial Exhibition in London in 1886. Mr. Heaton is the author of the standard work of reference on Australia, called ' ' The Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time " ; of a work on "The Manners, Customs, Traditions, and Annihilation of the Aborigines of Australia" ; also of " A Short Account of a Canonisation at Rome, from an Unsec- tarian Point of View." In Parliament he is a strong advocate, and first introduced a proposal, for a Universal International Penny Postal System and Cheap Imperial Telegraphs. In July 1898, he carried the Imperial Penny Postage Scheme, and has also introduced the system of Telegraph Money Orders in England, and the Parcel Post to France, &c. Owing to his indefatig. able exertions the postage to India and to the principal colonies was, on Jan. 1, 1891, reduced to half the former rates, and the system of Telegraphic Money Orders was established throughout Great Britain and Ireland. He married in 1 883 Mary, daughter of Samuel Bennett, of New South Wales. Address : 36 Eaton Square, S.W. HEBERDEN, Charles Buller, M.A., Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford, was born at Broadhembury, Devon, on Dec. 14, 1849, and is the third son of the Rev. William Heberden, who was Vicar of Broadhembury from 1829 to 1874. He was educated at Harrow, and matriculated at Balliol in January 1868, and was an Exhi- bitioner of the College for four years. In 1869 he obtained a first class in Classical Moderations, and in 1869 a first in Lit. Hum. (B.A. 1872, M.A. 1874). He was elected a Fellow of Brasenose in 1872, was Tutor from 1881 to 1889, Proctor in 1881, HECTOR — HEFNER- ALTENECK 501 Vice-Principal from 1883 to 1889. In October 1889 he was appointed Principal of his College. He was Classical Moderator in 1884, 1885, 1886, and 1891. He became a Member of the Hebdomadal Council in 1896. Address : Brasenose College, Oxford. HECTOR, Annie Alexander, "Mrs. Alexander," novelist, was born in Dublin in 1825. In 1858 she married Mr. Alexander Hector, of Bagdad and London. She was educated in Dublin and in France. Her best-known novels are : "The Wooing O't," "Her Dearest Foe," "Which Shall It Be?" and in 1897 "Barbara: Lady's Maid and Peeress," "By Woman's Wit," and numer- ous other novels. Address : 10 Warrington Gardens, W. HECTOR, Sir James, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., was born in 1834. He was edu- cated at Edinburgh University, where he studied medicine, and took the M.D. degree in 1856. From 1857 to 1860 he was attached as Dr. Hector to the Palliser Expedition to the Rocky Mountains. He owed his appointment to Sir Roderick Murehison, and in 1860 contributed to the section of Geography and Ethnology of the British Association a report "On the Capabilities for Settlement of the Central Parts of British North America." He has long resided in New Zealand, and is Direc- tor of the Geological Survey and Chancellor of the University of that colony. His contributions to scientific journals both in New Zealand and in Europe are numerous, and deal chiefly with the Geology and Marine Zoology of the colony. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1887, and married Maria, daughter of Sir D. Munro, M.D., in 1868. Address: Wellington, New Zealand. HEDIN, Sven Anders, Norwegian geographer and explorer, was born at Stockholm, Feb. 19, 1865, and is the son of the chief architect of that city. He was educated at the universities of Upsala, Berlin, and Halle ; and made a journey through Persia and Mesopotamia in 1885-86. In 1890 he was a member of the Embassy to the Shah from the King of Sweden, and then journeyed through Khorassan and Turkestan. From 1893 "to 1897 he journeyed right through Asia from Orenburg to Pekin over the Pamir plateau. He has published an account of his travels, which has appeared in an English transla- tion, "Through Asia," and is an honorary member of the Royal Societies Club. HEDLEY, Right Rev. John Cuth- bert, D.D., Roman Catholic Bishop of Newport, was born at Morpeth, April 15, 1837, being the son of Edward Anthony Hedley, M.D., and of Mary Ann (nie Davi- son) his wife. He was educated at Mor- peth Grammar School, and St. Lawrence's College, Ampleforth, near York. He entered the congregation of English Bene- dictines, at the same College, in 1854, was ordained in 1862, and held the Professor- ship of Divinity at the central Benedictine Home of Studies, St. Michael's Priory, Hereford, from 1862 to 1873. Consecrated on Sept. 29, 1873, Bishop of Crcsaropolis, and appointed coadjutor to Bishop Thomas Brown, he succeeded the latter in 1881 as Bishop of Newport. He has published two volumes of sermons, viz. , "Our Divine Saviour," and " The Christian Inherit- ance," and a " Retreat." Address : Bishop's House, Llanishen, Cardiff. HEFNER - ALTENECK, Jacob Heinrich von, a German writer on art, was born at Asehaffenburg, May 20, 1811 ; went through a complete course of artistic education, and then devoted himself to the diligent study of the history of art, particularly during the Mediaeval period. In 1853 he became Conservator of the Royal Vereinigten Sammlungen at Munich; Member of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences (1885) ; Honourable Member of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Arts ; and in 1863 he was appointed Conservator of the royal collection of prints and draw- ings. In 1868 he was nominated Con- servator - General of the artistic monu- ments of Bavaria, and Director of the Bavarian National Museum. Among his publications may be mentioned : " Trach- ten des Christlichen Mittelalters nach gleichzeitigenKunstdenkmalen," 1840-54 ; " Kunstwerke und Geriithschaften des Mittelalters und der Renaissance," 1848-55; " Hans Burgkmaiers Turnierbuch. Nach Maximilian I. Anordnung," 1853 ; " Die Burg Tannenberg und ihre Ausgrabun- gen," 1850 ; " Eisenwerke oder Ornamen- tik der Schmiedekunst des Mittelalters und der Renaissance," 1861-86 ; " Serru- rerie, ou les Ouvrages en Fer forge du rnoyen&ge et de la Renaissance, 1870 ; "Die Kunstkammer Seiner Koniglichen Hoheit des Fiirsten Carl Anton von Ho- henzollern," 1866-68; "Trachten, Kunst- werke und Geriithschaften," 1879-90 ; "Werke deutscher Goldschmiedekunst des 16 Jahrhunderts," 1890 ; " Entwurfte deutscher Meister fiir Prachtriistungen der KSnige von Frankreich," 1865 ; " Original- Zeichnungen deutscher Meister des sech- zehnten Jahrhunderts," 1889; "Orna- mente der Holzsculptur von 1450-1820, aus dem Bayerischen National-Museum," 1881 ; " Kunstschatze aus dem Bayerischen National -Museum," "Werke Deutscher Goldschmidekunst des 16en Jahrh.," 1890, &c. 502 HELLMUTH — HEMPHILL HELLMUTH, The Bight Rev. Isaac, D.D., D.C.L., was born at Warsaw in 1819, and is of Jewish extraction. Hav- ing been converted to Christianity, and ordained in the Anglican Church, he settled in Canada about 1856. By his energy Huron College was established for the education of the future clergy of the diocese. A few months afterwards the Loudon Collegiate School, since named Hellmuth College, was erected. Mean- while Dr. Hellmuth had been appointed suc- cessively Archdeacon and Dean of Huron. Finding that the boys' college (Hellmuth College) was a perfect success, he pro- ceeded to establish a similar college for ladies, which was opened in 18G9. On Aug. 24, 1870, he was consecrated Coad- jutor Bishop of Huron, with the title of Bishop of Norfolk, in the Cathedral of St. Paul, London, Canada West. In 1871, on the death of Bishop Cronyn, Dr. Hellmuth succeeded him in the See of Huron. He resigned that See and came to England in 1883, on being appointed Assistant-Bishop in the diocese of Ripon. He was Rector of Bridlington from 1885 to 1891. In 1891 he was appointed Chaplain at Holy Trinity, Pau. He has published " The Divine Dis- pensations and their Gradual Develop- ment," 1866 ; " Genuineness and Authen- ticity of the Pentateuch," 1867 ; and a "Biblical Thesaurus," 18S4. He is mar- ried to Mary, daughter of Admiral the Hon. A. Duncombe, widow of the Hon. Ashley Carr-Glyn. Address : Pau. HELY-HUTCHINSON, The Hon. Sir Walter Francis, G.C.M.G., Governor of Natal and Zululand, and Special Com- missioner for Amatongaland since 1895, second son of Richard John, 4th Earl of Donoughmore, and Thomasine Jocelyn, his wife, daughter of Walter Steele, of Mog- nalty, was born in Dublin, Aug. 22, 1849, and educated at Cheam School, Surrey, Harrow, and Cambridge ; B.A. Cam- bridge ; Barrister of the Inner Temple, 1877. He was private secretary to Sir Hercules Robinson, Governor of New South Wales ; for Fiji affairs, 1874 ; for New South Wales, 1875 ; and was Colonial Secretary of Barbadoes, 1877 ; Chief Secretary to the Government of Malta, 1883 ; Lieut.- Governor of Malta, 1884; and Governor of the Windward Islands, 1889 ; C.M.G., 1883 ; K.C.M.G., 1888 ; G.C.M.G., 1897 ; and Governor of Natal and Zululand, 1893. In the latter years he inaugu- rated the system of responsible govern- ment in Natal, and in 1895, when he was appointed Special Commissioner of Ama- tongaland, he completed the annexation of the Trans-Pongola Territories, which are now an integral part of Zululand. In ] 881 he married May, eldest daughter of Major - General William Clive Justice, C.M.G., commanding the troops in Cey- lon. Addresses : Government House, Pietermaritzburg ; and Rosslyn, Sutton, Surrey. HEMMING, Sir Augustus "William Lawson, K.C.M.G., Captain -General and Governor of Jamaica, was born in 1841, and educated at Epsom College. He entered the Colonial Office in 1860, and became Principal Clerk in 1879. After serving on several special missions, he became Governor of British Guiana in 1890, and gained much popularity by his enthusiasm for cricket. In 1897 he was promoted to his present post. In 1873 he married Gertrude, daughter of R. Mason, Esq. Addresses : King's House, Jamaica ; and 33 Emperor's Gate, S.W. HEMPHILL, The Eight Hon. Charles Hare, Q.C., M.P., J.P. for North Tyrone, was born in the city of Cashel, co. Tipperary, and is the youngest son of the late John Hemphill of that place, and of Rathkenny in that county, and of Barbara, youngest daughter of the late Rev. Patrick Hare, sometime rector of Golden, and Vicar-General of Cashel. (This lady was an authoress of whom there is a notice in the "Dictionary of National Biography," vol. xxv.) Mr. Hemphill was educated in Dublin, and at an early age entered Trinity College, where he obtained first honours in Mathematics and Classics, and a Scholarship of the House. He graduated as the first Classical Moderator of his year, obtaining the large gold medal, was also a prominent member of the famous College Historical So- ciety, when he obtained the gold medal for Oratory, and was elected auditor, as its president is termed, an office at various times filled by such men as Magee, Arch- bishop of York, and William Ewart Lecky. Having entered as a law student at the King's Inns, Dublin, and the Middle Temple, be was called to the Irish Bar in Michaelmas Term, 1845, and joined the Leinster Circuit, of which he was for many years a leader, having been called to the Inner Bar in 1860. He was appointed Chairman of Quarter Sessions for the county of Louth, and afterwards for the counties of Leitrim and Kerry in succession. In 1878, in consequence of the County Courts of Ireland Act, which, by the extension of the jurisdiction of the County Courts, rendered the retention of the chairmanship perilous to his position as a leader at the Bar, he resigned office. In 1882 he was appointed one of Her Majesty's Serjeants at Law in Ireland, and ultimately became First Serjeant. He is an advanced Liberal in politics, and HEMSLEY — HEMT 503 was invited to contest the West Derby division of Liverpool at the general elec- tion of 1886 as a supporter of Mr. Glad- stone's Home Rule policy, but was defeated by the Conservative candidate, Lord Claud Hamilton. Again, at the general election of 1892, he was selected by the Liberals of Hastings and St. Leonards to contest that borough with Mr. Wilson Noble, but with a like result. On the formation of the Liberal administration in 1892, Mr. Hemp- hill was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland, which office he held until the change of Ministry in 1895, and on his accession to office he was sworn in as a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council in Ireland. At the general election of 1895 he again entered the lists, and was returned to Parliament as member for North Tyrone, as a Gladstonian Home Euler. Since his entry into Parliament he has taken an active part in supporting Liberal measures, especially those more directly connected with Ireland, such as the Land Bill, the Local Government Bill (Ireland), &c. He and the late Sir Frank Lockwood occupied for some time the peculiar position of sitting on the front opposition Bench as actual Solicitors- General for England and Ireland respec- tively, in consequence of the delay in appointing their successors in office. Mr. Hemphill married Augusta, daughter of the late Hon. Sir Francis Stanhope, son of the 3rd Earl of Harrington. This lady died in April 1899. His addresses are : 65 Merrion Square, Dublin ; and Clifton House, Shankill, co. Dublin. HEMSLEY, William Botting', F.R.S., F.L.S., botanist, was born Dec. 29, 1 843, at East Hoathley, Sussex. His father was a gardener and nurseryman, and he was called upon at the early age of ten years to begin his training for the same walk in life. Having a taste for botany, he came under the notice of Mrs. Eardley Hall, a daughter of William Borrer, a well-known botanist in his day ; and through her influ- ence with Sir William Hooker he entered the Kew Herbarium in 1860. In 1863 he received a regular appointment in that establishment, which he was compelled to resign in 1867 in consequence of his health breaking down ; but after many vicissi- tudes he returned to Kew again in 1874. For some time he gained a living by writing popular articles for horticultural and botanical publications ; his first in- dependent work being an adaptation of a French treatise on plants suitable for outdoor culture. But through the assist- ance of the authorities at Kew, he soon obtained congenial employment, and he has been actively engaged in botanical work ever since. He is the author of numerous contributions to botanical sci- ence, including translations and summaries from various languages ; but his principal works are the botany of the Challenger Expedition, dealing with Insular Floras, the Botany of Salvin, and Godman's mag- nificent "Biologia Centralis-Americana" ; the Botany of Afghanistan, in conjunction with Dr. Aitchison ; and the " Index Flora? Sinensis," which is still in progress. In 1875 Mr. Hemsley was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society of London, and in the same year he was appointed Lindley Librarian to the Royal Horticultural Society. In 1876 he was appointed Lec- turer on Botany at St. Mary's Hospital, a post he soon resigned. In 1883 he was appointed Assistant for India in the Kew Herbarium, and in 1890 he was promoted to the post of Principal Assistant and Acting Librarian, a position which he still occupies. His later published work chiefly relates to insular floras, including Lord Howe Island, the Tonga Islands, the Solomon Islands, Christmas Island, and a general review of the literature bearing on the subject. He has also worked out the botanical collections made by most of the recent British and American ex- plorers in Tibet. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1889, and of the Linnean Society in 1896, and is at the present time a member of the Council of the latter Society. Address : Herba- rium, Kew Gardens. HEMY, Charles Napier, A.R.A., R.S.W., born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, May 24, 1841, is the eldest son of the late Henri Frederick Hemy, a well-known musician and composer. Educated at Dr. Bruce's Academy, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Ushaw College, Durham, he developed an early taste for drawing and painting, and as a boy studied at the Newcastle- on-Tyne School of Art. After leaving Ushaw College he went to sea, but speedily abandoned that career. He went to France, intending to become a " religions," but discovered his true vocation to be painting. Ultimately settling in London, he at the age of twenty-four made a reputation by pic- tures of Clovelly, and began to be known at R.A. and other exhibitions. At twenty- six he went to study at Antwerp Aca- demy of Painting, remaining three years there under Baron Henri Leys. Here he was selected to do some paintings for Antwerp Cathedral, and his drawings made at the Academy were retained as models for the students. Baron Leys dying, Mr. Hemy refused to remain in Antwerp, and abandoned the Cathedral commission. He returned to London, which remained his place of residence until 1881, when he removed to Falmouth 504 HENDERSON — HENLEY and built Churohfield, where he still resides. In Falmouth Harbour he keeps the Van der Meer, a sea-going house-boat and studio, on board of which many of his most important pictures have been painted direct from nature. At twenty- eight he painted his first picture in the man- ner of Baron Leys, and continued to paint in this style for some time. Gradually aban- doning his Antwerp manner, and devoting himself almost entirely to marine subjects, he developed a style of so marked an individuality that it has placed him at the head of a school of painters. The following are his most important pictures : "Evening Grey," 1866 (this early at- tempt made Baron Leys his friend) ; " Girl decorating an altar of Our Lady on a Feast day, sixteenth century " ; " The Limehouse Barge Builders"; "Shields Harbour"; "Blackwall"; "Saved," 1880; "Vespers, Oporto" ; "Grey Venice" ; "Homeward"; "Smelt Net"; "Silent Adieu"; "Tram- mel Net"; "Our Boat"; "Pilchards" (bought for Chantrey Bequest, 1897); "Lost," 1897; and "Wreckage." The following pictures have been reproduced as etch- ings : "Saved" (photogravure); "Silent Adieu " ; " Trammel Net " ; " Homeward." He was elected A.K.A. in February 1898, having previously, in June 1897, become E.S.W. Address : Churchfield, Falmouth. HENDERSON, The Very Rev. William George, D.D., D.C.L., was born in 1819, and is the son of Admiral George Henderson, of Harbridge, Hants. He entered Wadham College, Oxford, in 1836, but was elected a demy of Magdalen in the same year, and retained that post for ten years, when he became Fellow of his College (1846-52). During his College career he gained the following distinc- tions : The Latin Verse Prize in 1839, The Latin Essay in 1842, the Ellerton Prize in 1843. In 1840 he took a second class in the Final School of Mathematics. He took his B.A. in 1840, M.A. in 1843, became D.C.L. in 1853, and D.D. in 1882. He was Proctor of the University in 1850. From 1852 to 1862 he was Head-master of the Victoria College, Jersey, and from 1862 to 1884 he was Head-master of Leeds Grammar School. In 1884 he became Dean of Carlisle. He married the daugh- ter of J. Dalzell, of Lingo, Fifeshire. Address : The Deanery, Carlisle. HENEAGE, Admiral Sir Alger- non Charles Fieschi, K.C.B., is the son of Charles F. Heneage, Esq., of the 1st Life Guards, and Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, by the Honourable Louise, daughter of the 3rd Lord Graves. He was born in March 1833, entering the navy in 1845. He served in H.M.S. ^Hastings dur- ing the operations in Burmah, and was awarded the Burmese medal. In 1854, as a Lieutenant of H.M.S. St. Jean d'Acre, Sir Algernon took part in the Russian War in the Baltic, and was present at the capture of Bomarsund. In the following year he proceeded to the Black Sea, and at the close of the war he received the Baltic, Crimean (with Sebastopol clasp), and Turkish medals. In 1861 he was promoted Commander, and Captain in 1866, and while holding the latter rank was the recipient of a Good Service Pension. He became a Rear-Admiral in 1884, and the following year was appointed second- in-command of the Channel Squadron. Sir Algernon proceeded to the Pacific as Commander-in-Chief on that station in 1887, and in 1892 he hoisted his flag as Vice-Admiral at the Nore. He was created a K.C.B. on the Queen's birthday in 1894. The Royal Humane Society con- ferred upon him their silver medal for saving the life of a boy at Sierra Leone in 1861. Admiral Heneage is married to Louise, daughter of Sir Edmund Antrobns, Bart. Address : 22 South Eaton Place, S.W. HENEAGE, Lord, The Right Hon. Edward Henry, eldest son of the late George Fieschi Heneage, Esq., of an ancient Lincolnshire family, was born in London, March 29, 1840, and educated at Eton. He accepted a commission in the 1st Life Guards in 1857, but left after six years' service, and succeeded in 1864 to the family estates. In 1865 he was returned as a Liberal for Lincoln ; he unsuccessfully contested Great Grimsby in 1874, but gained the seat in 1880, and was again returned in 1885, 1886, and 1893. He has always been conspicuous among Liberal members for his great interest in agricultural and sea-fishery questions ; and it was probably for this reason that, on the formation of Mr. Gladstone's Government in 1885, he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with the Vice-Presidency of the Committee of Agriculture, posts which he resigned in April 1886, on account of disagreement with Mr. Gladstone's Irish Bill. Lord Heneage is High Steward of the Borough of Grimsby, and a Board of Trade Commissioner of the Humber Con- servancy. He was created Baron Heneage in 1896. He married, in 1864, Lady Eleanor Cecilia, daughter of the late Lord Listowel. Address : Hainton Hall, Lincoln. HENLEY, William Ernest, poet, critic, dramatist, and editor, was born at Gloucester on Aug. 23, 1849, and educated at the same city. In his early years he suffered much from ill-health, and his first book, "In Hospital : Rhymes and Rhythms," HENNER — HENNESSY 505 1888, was a record of experiences in the Old Infirmary, Edinburgh, from 1873 to 1875. This was the opening section of his " Book of Verses," which attained to a fourth edition in 1893. In 1875 he began writing for the London magazines, and in 1877 was one of the founders as well as the editor of London. In this journal much of his early verse appeared. He was after- wards appointed editor of the Magazine of Art, and in 1889 of the Scots Observer, which, under the new title of the National Observer, he directed until 1894. To these journals, as well as to the Athenamm and Saturday Review, he has contributed many critical articles, a selection of which was published in 1890 under the title of "Views and Reviews" (2nd edit., 1892). In col- laboration with the late R. L. Stevenson he published a volume of plays (1893), of which "Beau Austin" was previously acted at the Haymarket Theatre. In 1892 appeared his second volume of poems, "The Song of the Sword," of which a second edition appeared in 1893. To the same date belongs " London Volun- taries." These verses mark a new depar- ture in Mr. Henley's style. Both volumes are incorporated in the "Poems" of 1898, which set forth the author's verse as he wishes it to be known. Mr. Henley was at one time interested in old French poetical forms, and many of his lighter early pieces are in triolet and other metres. We have also from his pen " A Catalogue of French and Dutch Pictures at the Edin- burgh Exhibition" (1887). He is editing a series of " Tudor Translations " — North, Florio, Underdowne, Holland, and others ; and he produced a collection of "Verses for Englishmen," entitled " Lyra Heroica "; with Mr. Charles Whibley, an anthology of English prose ; and by himself, an antho- logy of "English Lyrics" (1897). In collaboration with Mr. T. F. Henderson he edited "The Centenary Burns" (4 vols., 1896-97), with a terminal essay on the Life, Genius, and Achievement of Burns, for which the Academy awarded him one of its prizes in 1898, and is at present engaged on an edition (12 vols. ; vol. i. 1896) of the prose and verse of Byron. In 1893 Mr. Henley received the honour of the LL.D. degree at the St. Andrews University. He was editor of the New Review from the beginning of 1885 till its extinction at the end of 1897. HENNER, Jean Jacques, a French painter, noted for his Rembrandt-like effects, born at Bernwiller, Alsace, March 5, 1829, was a pupil of Drolling and Picot, and in 1848 entered the Ecole des Beaux- Arts. At the end of two years ill-health compelled him to return home ; but he was readmitted in 1858, and gained a prize for his "Adam et Eve retrouvant le corps d'Abel." After this he went to Rome, studied under Hipp, and painted four pic- tures for the Musee de Colmar, one of which, "Jeune Baigneur endormi," was exhibited at the Salon of 1863, together with a fine portrait of Victor Schnetz. "La Chaste Suzanne," 1865, was pur- chased by the Government, and is now in the Luxembourg. " Alsacienne," 1870, one of his best-known pictures, was presented, in 1872, to M. Gambetta by a committee of Alsatian ladies. His later works are : "Madeleine dans le Desert," and "Le bon Samaritain," 1874; "Le Christ Mort," 1878; "Eglogue" and "J&us au Tom- beau," 1879; "Saint Jerome," 1881; " Herodiade," 1887 ; " Saint Se'bastien," 1888; "Priere" and "Martyre," 1889; "Melancolie," 1890 ; "Pieta" and "Pleur- euses," 1891, &c. M. Henner has obtained numerous medals at the Salon ; was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1873, and was made an Officer in 1878. He was elected a member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts in succession to Cabanel in 1889. HENNESSY, Professor Henry, F.R.S., M.R.I.A., second son of John Hen- nessy, of Ballyhennessy, was born on March 19, 1826, in Cork, where he received an excellent school training in mathe- matics and languages ; but the disabilities regarding higher education for those who were not members of the lately disestab- lished Church of Ireland prevented him from entering the University. He had thus to pursue the study of the higher parts of mathematics unaided, and at such intervals as his professional work as an assistant engineer permitted. Before at- taining to any position of a public nature he had commenced his career as a labourer in scientific investigation. The total amount of published matter which he has achieved amounts to more than eighty original papers, which have appeared in British and foreign scientific journals, the Reports of the British Association, the Pro- ceedings and Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy and the Royal Society, and the Oomptes Rendus of the Paris Academy of Sciences. In 1851 his "Researches on Terrestrial Physics" appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Society, and in this memoir, as well as others communi- cated to the Institute of France and to the Royal Irish Academy during subsequent years, he has investigated several questions regarding the figure and structure of the earth and planets. From the first he held to the view of the fluid origin of these bodies, and he has always maintained that all the facts regarding the earth which come under our notice are best explained 506 HENNIKER — HENSCHEL by the existence of fluid matter at a high temperature enclosed within its crust. He has also written papers on Climatology, which have appeared in various publica- tions, including those of the bodies above mentioned. He claims to have proved laws of temperature distribution in islands, and to have deduced consequences of general application from the physical properties of water. Long before the present tendency to develop inland naviga- tion, Mr. Hennessy published essays in some of the engineering journals, in which he advocated improvements and extensions in canal and river navigation. Besides his scientific papers, Mr. Hennessy is author of pamphlets relating to education, and, among others, of one relating to the study of science, a considerable portion of which has been reprinted in an Appendix to the Duke of Devonshire's Commission on Scientific Instruction. He has contributed to the discussion on international weights and measures by some publications, and by the proposal of a new standard derived from the earth's polar axis, which was soon afterwards advocated by Sir John Herschel. A series of weights and measures constructed from this standard were made under Prof. Hennessy's super- intendence. These are now in the College of Science, Dublin, together with a number of instruments and models of machinery, executed by metal-workers in Ireland. Some of these were designed by Prof. Hennessy, and they were intended to promote technical education and skilled industries. With reference to other in- dustries, Prof. Hennessy prepared a report in 1870 on the temperature of the waters surrounding the British Isles, for a Com- mission of Inquiry into Irish Fisheries, and he afterwards applied some of his meteorological deductions to questions relating to Agriculture. In 1855, on the invitation of Cardinal Newman, he became Professor of Physics in the Roman Catholic University of Ireland ; and in 1874 he was appointed by the Duke of Richmond to the Professorship of Applied Mathematics in the Royal College of Science. In this office he occupied himself with inquiries in Hydraulics and Mechanism, some of which have appeared in the publications of the Royal Society. He was Dean of the Royal College of Science in 1880 and 1888. He was elected an F.R.S. in 1858, and has been Vice-President of the Royal Irish Society. He is married to Rosa, the youngest daughter of Hayden Corn. Ad- dress : Maison Schlageter, Clarens, Vaud, Switzerland. HENNTKER, Lord, Sir John Major Henniker-Major, Bart., D.L., J.P., F.S.A., Knight of Justice of St. John of Jeru- salem, Lieut.-Governor of the Isle of Man, was born on Nov. 7, 1842, and is the son of the fourth baron, and Anne, eldest daughter of Sir Edward Kerrison, Bart. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A. 1866). He was Conservative M.P. for East Suffolk from 1866 to 1870, and has been Lord-in- Waiting at various times between 1877 and 1893, and was re-appointed in 1895. He was appointed Lieut.-Governor of the Isle of Man in 1896. He married Lady Alice Mary Cuffe, only daughter of the late Earl of Desart, in 1864 ; she died in 1893. Address : Government House, Isle of Man, &c. HENNIQTJE, Leon, French novelist and dramatist, was born in the island of Guadeloupe, November 4, 1851, and started his literary career as a disciple of Emile Zola. His first works "La D^vouee," 1878, and "Elisabeth Couronneau," 1879, exaggerated the style of his master. He also contributed to the famous "Soirees de Me'dan," and was conspicuous for his naturalistic depicture of most repellent details. His other novels are: "L'Acci- dent de M. Hubert," 1883 ; "Poeuf," 1887; and " Un Caractere," 1889. He has written for the theatre "Pierrot sceptique," a pantomime, in collaboration with Huys- mans ; "Esther Brantes," played at the Theatre Libre in 1887, as was "La Mort da Due d'Enghien," 1888. "Jacques Damour " was a dramatised version of one of Zola's tales, and was played at the Odeon in 1887. M. Hennique was con- nected for some years with the Biblio- theque de l'Arsenal, and was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1895. His Paris address is 22 Rue d'Artois. HENRY OF BATTENBERG, Prin- cess. See Beatrice, Princess. HENSCHEL, George, musician, was born at Breslau on Feb. 18, 1850, and is of Polish descent. He was educated at the Magdalen College in his native town, and at the Royal Conservatorium in Leipzig. In 1862, as a child of twelve, he made his first appearance as a pianist. Four years later he sang in public for the first time. In 1877 he came to England and took part in the Monday popular concerts. Settling in England the following year, he was ap- pointed Professor at the Royal College in succession to Jenny Lind. He was ap- pointed, in America, first conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and in 1885 started the well-known London Sym- phony Concerts which are closely asso- ciated with his name and work. In 1893 he set on foot the Henschel Choir. His marriage with Lillian Jane Bailey, the HENTY — HERBETTE 507 well-known singer, in 1881, marks the be- ginning of a famous musical partnership. Together Mr. and Mrs. Hensohel gave vocal recitals in the United States and in most European capitals till 1884, since which year they have constantly appeared on the concert platform. Mr. Henschel has com- posed some hundreds of songs, besides pieces for the piano, vocal studies, a comic opera, &c. He has also composed a "Stabat Mater" which was performed at the Birmingham Festival in 1894, and the incidental music for Mr. Tree's revival of "Hamlet" at the Haymarket in 1891. Address : 45 Bedford Gardens, N. Kensing- ton, W. HENTY, George Alfred, was born at Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, Dec. 8, 1832, and educated at Westminster School and at Caius College. Cambridge. He left Cambridge to go out to the Crimea in the Purveyor's Department. Returning in- valided, he was promoted to the rank of Purveyor to the Forces, and was sent out to Italy to organise the hospitals of the Italian legion. At the end of the war he returned home, and had charge first of the Belfast, and afterwards of the Portsmouth, districts. He resigned his commission, and for several years was occupied in mining operations in Wales, Italy, &c. Then he went upon the staff of the Stand- ard newspaper. As a special correspondent of that journal he witnessed the Italo- Austrian war ; was with Garibaldi in his campaigns in the Tyrol ; at the opening of the Suez Canal ; with the Abyssinian Expedition to Magdala, and the Ashanti Expedition to Coomassie. He also went through the Franco-German war, and the Communal siege of Paris, and was likewise out in the Carlist insurrection. He went to Russia for the Standard at the time of the Khiva Expedition, and on his return visited the mining regions of the United States, in California, Nevada, Utah, and on Lake Superior. He accompanied the Prince of Wales in his tour through India, and was with the Turkish army in the Turko- Servian war. Mr. Henty is the author of "A Search for a Secret," "All But Lost," and other novels ; " The March to Mag- dala," "The March to Coomassie," "Out on the Pampas," "The Young Franc- Tireurs," " The Young Colonist," and a large number of other books for boys, chiefly of an historical character. Among his most recent works may be mentioned "Dorothy's Double," "A Woman of the Commune," "The Queen's Cup," "Colonel Thorndyke's Secret," 1898. Address : Savage Club, W.C. HERBERT, Hon. Hilary A., Ameri- can statesman, was born at Lawrenceville, South Carolina ; removed with his father at the age of twelve years to Greenville, Ala. ; was educated at the Universities of Alabama and Virginia ; studied law and was admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of Alabama. During the Civil War he served in the Confederate army as Cap- tain and Colonel, and was wounded in the battle of the Wilderness, May 1864. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Greenville till 1872, and since then at Montgomery, which is now his home. From 1877 to 1893 he was a representative in Congress. On the accession of Mr. Cleveland to the Presi- dency for the second time (March 1893), Mr. Herbert became Secretary of the Navy, a position which he retained until the close of Mr. Cleveland's term. HERBERT, Hon. Michael Henry, C.B., Secretary to H.M. Embassy at Paris, was born June 25, 1857, and is the fourth son of the Right Hon. Sydney Herbert, and is brother of the Earl of Pembroke. He entered the Diplomatic Service in June 1877, and was appointed to Paris in 1879 as Attache. In 1883 he became a Second Secretary, and was transferred to Wash- ington in 1888, where he acted as Charge d'Affaires from October 1888 to February 1889. He was promoted to be Secretary of Legation at Washington in 1892, and in the next year was transferred to the Hague. In 1894 he was promoted to be Secretary of Legation at Constantinople, and in August of that year he was acting as Charge d'Affaires during Sir Philip Currie's absence at the time of the Ar- menian massacres. In acknowledgment of his energy and judgment he was created a C.B. In 1897 he was appointed Secre- tary at Rome, and transferred to his pre- sent post in August 1898, when he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary in the Diplomatic Service, this promotion being merely one in rank. HERBETTE, Jules Gabriel, French diplomatist, was born in Paris, Aug. 5, 1839, aud, having studied law, entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1860. In 1867 he became Consul at Naples, and two years after at Stettin. During the war he aided the Government of National Defence in its foreign relations. He was secretary to Jules Favre in March 1871, during the preliminaries of peace with Germany. Remaining at the Foreign Office, he was a delegate to the European Commission on the Danube in 1876, and to the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. He was the chief adviser of M. de Freycinet (q.v.) at the Foreign Office in 1880 and 1882. In 1886 he was appointed to the most difficult of all posts, that of Ambassador 508 HERDMAN — HERKOMER to Berlin, which he held under three Em- perors, William I., Frederick III., and William II., and in which he succeeded beyond all expectations in keeping the peace under very delicate circumstances, such as the Schnaebele affair. He held his post until 1896, when he was succeeded by the Marquis de Noailles. He is a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, and one of the 40. His Paris address is 2 Rue Pigalle. HERDMAN, William Abbott, D.Sc. , F.E.S., eldest son of the late Robert Herd- man, Scotch historical and portrait painter, was born on Sept. 8, 1S58, at Edinburgh. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, and at the University of that city, where he took the degree of B.Sc. in 1879, and that of D.Sc. at a later time. In 1879 he was appointed Secretary to the Challenger Expedition Commission, and assisted the late Sir Wyville Thomson in bringing out the reports on the scientific results of the Expedition. After occupy- ing the post of Demonstrator of Zoology in the University of Edinburgh, from 1880 to 1882, he was in the latter year elected Professor of Natural History in University College, Liverpool, a post which he still holds. He has published a " Report upon the Turjicata collected during the voyage of the Challenger" 3 vols., 1882-89, and in 1884 he received the Neill Gold Medal from the Royal Society of Edinburgh for his researches in connection with these marine animals. Since going to Liverpool he has occupied himself with marine bio- logy, and latterly with sea fishery ques- tions. The Liverpool Biological Society, started some nine years ago, owes its origin mainly to Prof. Herdman, and he has also founded the Marine Biological Station at Port Erin, in the Isle of Man, of which he is the Hon. Director. For some years he was engaged, together with friends and assistants, in a dredging ex- ploration of the Irish Sea, and the differ- ent volumes of reports on this subject were produced under his editorship, in the years 1886 to 1895. Prof. Herdman was in 1892 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, has published many papers on zoological subjects, and has established, conjointly with the County Council, a Sea Fisheries Laboratory in Liverpool. In 1895 he was President of the Zoological Section of the British Association. Ad- dress : Croxteth Lodge, Liverpool. HEREDIA, Jose-Maria de, Frenah poet, was born in the island of Cuba, at La Fortune-Lafeyere, near Santiago, on Nov. 22, 1842. He was sent to France, and studied history in the Ecole des Chartes, and subsequently wrote for the Revue des Deux Mondes, the Temps, and other leading French periodicals and news- papers, being one of the group called " Parnassiens." His fame as a poet is chiefly based on his volume of sonnets, which attracted great attention at the time of their publication, their classical polish being particularly admired in lite- rary circles. On Feb. 22, 1894, M. de Heredia was elected a member of the Academy, in succession to the late M. de Mazade. His first collection of poems was issued in 1893 under the title of "Trophies": it was at once crowned by the Academy, and was the chief reason of his election. In the same year he was created an officer of the Legion of Honour. He has translated " L'Histoire vendique de la Conqugte de la Nouvelle Espagne " from the Spanish of Bernal Diaz del Castillo. His eldest daughter, Marie, is married to the poet Henri de Regnier. His Paris address is ; 11 Rue de Balzac. HEREFORD, Bishop of. See Pbe- oival, The Right Rev. John. HERKOMER, Hubert, R.A., M.A., Hon. Fellow of All Souls', &c. , was born in 1849, -at Waal, in Bavaria. His father, Lorenz Herkomer, who was a skil- ful wood-carver, emigrated with his family, in 1851, to the United States, but in 1857 sought to improve his fortunes in England, and settled in Southampton. As a boy, Hubert was hindered much in his educa- tion by ill-health and poverty ; but at thirteen he entered the Art School at Southampton. In 1865 he went to Munich with his father (who had been commis- sioned to carve copies of figures by Peter Vischer), and while there the young artist was aided in his studies by Professor Echter. In 1866 he entered the schools at South Kensington, but after five months was obliged to return to Southampton, where he was instrumental in establishing a drawing-school for the study of the living model ; and at Christmas in that year he and the young artists associated with him held an exhibition of their works, in which he sold his first picture. In 1867 he again went to South Kensington for a few months, and in the following year he established himself in the village of Hythe, and there painted two pictures, which he exhibited at the Dudley Gallery (1868). He then came to London, and occupied himself successfully with water-colour painting and designing for the wood-en- gravers. In 1871 Mr. Herkomer was in- vited to join the Institute of Painters in Water-Colours ; and to the gallery of this Society, and subsequently to the Gros- venor, he contributed many drawings, HERMITE 509 chiefly of Bavarian subjects. The oil pic- ture, " After the Toil of the Day," in the Academy Exhibition of 1873, extended his reputation and prepared the way for " The Last Muster," 1875, the memorable picture of Chelsea pensioners, which, after appearing in the Lecture Room at Bur- lington House in 1875, figured at the Paris Exhibition of 1878, and was there awarded one of the two Grand Medals of Honour carried off by the English school. Subse- quently the artist turned his attention to etching and _ pure mezzotint engraving, being chiefly instrumental in causing the revival of the latter art in this country. Some earlier pictures exhibited by him at the Royal Academy and other exhibitions in London were: "At Death's Door," 1876; "God's Shrine," a large Bavarian landscape ; " Wind-swept," 1880 ; "Home- ward," 1882; "Castle Gardens," and "Natural Enemies," 1883. Since 1880 he has painted a very large number of por- traits, including many of notable persons. In 1883, and again in 1885, he paid visits of some months' duration to America, where he also painted many portraits. One of his most notable successes in por- traiture was that of Miss Catharine Grant — "The Lady in White" — which gained him a gold medal at Berlin, Vienna, and elsewhere. This portrait was followed by a companion, in a black scheme of colour, entitled " Entranced," painted during his second visit to America, which had also a great success. In 1885 his landscape "Found," a scene on a Welsh mountain, was purchased under the terms of the Chantrey Bequest, and in 1889, a second picture — "The Chapel of the Charter- house " — was purchased in the same manner. Besides these two pictures, his later important works have been "Our Village," "The Foster - Mother," "The Bin-germeister and Town Council of Lands- berg, Bavaria," a large picture which he presented to that town; "Hard Times," purchased by the Manchester Art Gallery ; "On Strike," 1891, his diploma work to the Royal Academy; "Back to Life," 1896 ; and "The Guards' Cheer," 1898, re- presenting Crimean veterans of the Guards cheering her Majesty the Queen during the Jubilee Procession in 1897. Besides these, he has produced a large number of smaller subject pictures, both in oil and water- colours. In the Academy of 1899 he ex- hibited as many as eight subjects, six of them portraits, including one of the Duke of Sutherland, and another of Prince Luitpold of Bavaria. He founded and superintends an important art school at Bushey, in con- nection with which a theatre was opened in 1888, where a romantic fragment, " The Sorceress," by Prof. Herkomer himself, was first performed, followed in 1889 by a musical and pictorial play, entitled "An Idyl." Since this date several less im- portant plays have been produced. Mr. Herkomer's house at Bushey, which has been in progress for many years, contains much wood-carving, weaving, and other art-work, designed by the artist, and carried out principally by his father and his two brothers, whose portraits as "The Makers of my House " hang in one of the rooms. At Landsberg-am-Lech, where his mother died, stands the " Mutterthurm, " ahabitable tower built by him to her memory. Mr. Herkomer was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1879, and a full Member in 1890. Having for some years resigned his position as Member of the Royal In- stitute of Painters in Water-Colours, he was in 1893 elected an Associate of the Old Water-Colour Society, and in 1894 a full Member. In 1896-97 he acted as Deputy-President of the Society. For nine years, 1885-95, Mr. Herkomer held the position of Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford, where he also received the degree of M.A., and an Honorary Fellow- ship of All Souls' College. He holds the Maximilian Order pour le Merite, and a Life Professorship at Munich. He had the honour of being elected a Member of the Institute of France in place of Lord Leighton ; and is also an Officer of the Legion of Honour. He is a Member of the Academy at Berlin, Vienna, Antwerp, and Stockholm, and is an Honorary Member of many Art Societies, both in the United Kingdom and abroad. His interest in Celtic tradition was manifested in 1896, when he presented to the Arch-Druid of Wales, Hwfa Mon, a complete official Druidic costume, with jewelled insignia, designed in accordance with ancient tra- dition. Permanent addresses : Lululaund, Bushey, Herts ; and Athenasum. HERMITE, Professor Charles, was born on Dec. 25, 1822, at Dieuze, Lor- raine, and studied first at Nancy, and then at Paris. He is a distinguished mathematician, Professor of Higher Al- gebra at the Sorbonne, and Honorary Professor at the Ecole Polytechnique. His publications are chiefly in the scientific and mathematical journals of France and other countries ; and deal with the theory of numbers, the theory of algebraical forms, elliptic functions. &c. He has edited, in conjunction with Gerret, the Elementary Treatise of Lacroix on the Differential and Integral Calculi (1867). Prof. Hermite is Foreign Member of the Royal Society, and of the Mathematical Society of London ; of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; the Royal Irish Academy ; and of the Academies of Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Munich, Naples, and Stockholm. 510 HERTFORD — HEWLETT He is also a Member of the Royal Aca- demy, and of the Pontifical Academy of the Nuovi Lincei at Eome, and is Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, and Knight or Commander of other orders. His Paris address is 2 Rue de la Sorbonne. HERTFORD, Marquis of, The Right Hon. Hugh de Grey Seymour, D.L., J. P., was born in Dublin on Oct. 22, 1843, and is the son of the 5th Marquis, and of Emily, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Mansfield. He was educated for the army at Sandhurst, and has been a Captain in the Grenadier Guards. He has sat in Parliament, either as Captain Seymour, or latterly as Earl of Yarmouth, as Conservative member for co. Antrim from 1869 to 1874, and for South Warwick- shire from 1874 to 1880. He was Comptroller of the Household in 1879-80, when he was sworn of the Privy Council ; suc- ceeded to the title in 1884, and married the Hon. Mary Hood, daughter of the 1st Viscount Bridport, in 1868. Addresses : 115 Eaton Square, S.W. ; and Ragley Hall, Warwickshire. HERTSLET, Sir Edward, K.C.B., son of the late Lewis Hertslet, Esq., who for fifty-seven years was sub-librarian and afterwards librarian and keeper of the papers of the Foreign Office, was born in Westminster, Feb. 3, 1824, and educated at private schools. He entered the Foreign Office March 23, 1840, and was promoted to be sub - librarian April 1, 1855 ; and librarian and keeper of the papers, Nov. 19, 1857; was elected F.R.G.S., Jan. 11, 1858. He is the author of " Hertslet's Commercial Treaties," a work in 19 vols., which was begun by his father in 1820 ; the "British and Foreign State Papers," a. work in 80 vols., also begun by his father in 1825, and compiled for the use of her Majesty's Government ; "The Map of Europe by Treaty," a work in 4 vols., showing the various political and terri- torial changes which took place in Europe between 1814 and 1891, with numerous maps ; " The Map of Africa by Treaty," in 2 vols., with numerous maps ; " A Col- lection of Chinese Treaties," in 2 vols.; "Analyses of Treaties and Tariffs regu- lating the Trade between Great Britain and various Foreign Powers," in 8 vols. ; and the "Foreign Office List," forming a complete diplomatic and consular hand- book, which has been published annually since 1852. He was made a Companion of the Bath, Feb. 21, 1874, and was attached to the special embassy of the late Earl of Beaconsfield and the Marquis of Salisbury to the Congress of Berlin in June and July 1878, with a Royal Commission as acting secretary of embassy in her Majesty's diplomatic service ; and was knighted by her Majesty, July 30, 1878, in recognition of his services in Berlin. He was one of the British delegates appointed in June 1889 to examine into the question of the boundary between the Netherlands Terri- tories in Borneo and those under British protection, and he was made a K.C.B. on August 20, 1892. He retired from the Foreign Office on Feb. 2, 1896, after nearly fifty - six years' service, and was presented with a handsome testimonial by his colleagues on July 17 of that year. He married Eden, daughter of the late John Bull, Clerk of the Journals, House of Commons. Address : Belle Vue House, Richmond, Surrey. HESS, Henry, proprietor and editor of the African Critic, was born in 1864, and is the youngest son of Joseph Charles Hess. He was educated at Frankfort-on- the-Main, and became a solicitor at the Cape in 1885. After practising there for some time, he went to the Transvaal in 1887, and in 1891 founded the Burlesque, which in 1892 he incorporated with another new paper, the Critic. In December 1896 the Boer Government suppressed this jour- nal. In September 1895 Mr. Hess founded the well-known African Critic in London. Address : Tuqvor House, Kew Gardens, Surrey. HESSE, Grand -Duke of, Ernest Louis, K.G., is the son of the late Grand- Duke of Hesse, and of the late Princess Alice, second daughter of Queen Victoria, and was born on Nov. 25, 1868. He suc- ceeded his father in March 1892, and was married, in 1894, to Victoria Melita, second daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. His youngest sister, the Princess Alix, is the Empress of Russia. HEWLETT, Maurice Henry, author of "The Forest Lovers," a Theocritan idyll, which was awarded one of the Academy prizes in 1899, was born on Jan. 22, 1861, and is the eldest son of Henry Gay Hewlett, of Shaw Hill, Ad- dington, Kent, who was himself a well- known man of letters. He was educated at the London International College, and at Spring Grove, Islesworth, and was called to the Bar in 1891. Five years later he was appointed Keeper of the Land Revenue Records and Enrolments. His publications, which are now begin- ning to attract much notice, are : " The Masque of Dead Florentines," 1895 ; "Earthwork out of Tuscany," 1st edit. 1895, 2nd edit. 1899 ; "Songs and Medi- tations," 1897 ; and "The Forest Lovers," and "Pan and the Young Shepherd," 1898. Address : 53 Colville Gardens, W. HEYCOCK — HICHENS 511 HEYCOCK, Charles Thomas, M.A., F.R.S., born Aug. 21, 1858, is the youngest son of Frederick Heycock of Braunstons, Oakham, and was educated at Bedford Grammar School, Oakham Grammar School, and King's College, Cambridge. In 1895 he was elected a Fellow of King's College, and became Lecturer and Assis- tant-Tutor of that College in 1896. He is joint author with Mr. H. F. Neville of several papers on Alloys published in the Transactions of the Royal Society, and in the Journal of the Chemical Society. Mr. Hey- cock devotes some time to volunteering, and is the Colonel commanding the 3rd Cambs. Vol. Battalion of the Suffolk Regi- ment. ■ He was married in 1883 to Caro- line, only daughter of W. J. Sadler, Bent- ham Purton, Wilts. Address : 24 Fitz- william Street, Cambridge. HEYSE, Paul Joharm Inidwig, a German poet and novelist, was born March 15, 1830, in Berlin, where his father was a distinguished University Professor and philologist. He was educated in the Fre- derick-William Gymnasium of his native city, and in the Universities of Berlin and Bonn, where he applied himself to the study of philology. In 1852 he repaired to Italy, to examine the manuscripts in the public libraries of Borne, Florence, and Venice. In May 1854 he was summoned to Munich by King Maximilian, and he there married the daughter of the eminent writer on art, Franz Kugler. He has written some tragedies, which have been performed in various towns of Germany, viz. : " Francesca di Rimini," 1850 ; " Me- leager," 1854; "The Men of the Palati- nate in Ireland (Die Pfalzer in Irland)," 1855; " Elizabeth Charlotte," 1860 ; "The Counts Von der Esche " ; and some others, which, though never presented on the stage, have been eagerly read by a wide circle of readers. He has also pro- duced narrative and epic poems, " The Brothers," 1852; "Thecla," a poem in nine cantos, 1858 ; and a number of col- lections of metrical tales and novels ("Gesammelte Novellen in Versen," 1863). Besides these, he has published various works on philology and on old French, Spanish, and Italian poetry. His later productions are " Troubadour-Novellen, " 1882 ; " Don Juan's End," a tragedy, "Buch der Freundschaft," and " Siechen- trost," 1883; and "Gesammelte Werke," in 21 vols., 1872-85. HIBBERT, The Right Hon. Sir John Tomlinson, K.C.B., J.P., D.L., eldest son 'of Elijah Hibbert, of Oldham, by Elizabeth, daughter of A. Hilton, Esq., was born at Oldham in 1824, and educated at Shrewsbury School, and at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1847; M.A. 1851). He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1849. Mr. Hibbert, who is a Liberal in politics.lunsuccessfully con- tested Oldham in 1859, and Blackburn in September 1875. He succeeded in his candidature for Oldham in May 1862, when he was returned unopposed, and he con- tinued to represent that burgh till the general election of January 1874, when he was an unsuccessful candidate, but on the death of Mr. Corbett in 1877 he regained his seat, and he was again returned at the general election of April 1880. Mr. Hib- bert was Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board from 1872 to February 1874, and on the formation of the Gladstone Ministry in May 1880. he was re-appointed to his former office, which he held till June 1883, when he was nominated Under-Secretary at the Home Office, in succession to the Earl of Rose- bery. In 1885 he was appointed Secretary to the Treasury, and he was again re- turned for Oldham, and was appointed Secretary to the Admiralty in Mr. Glad- stone's Government in 1886. At the general election of 1886 he stood as a Gladstonian Liberal, and was defeated by a large majority. In July 1892 he was again returned for Oldham, and on the formation of the Gladstone Ministry, was appointed Secretary to the Treasury, and went out of office in 1895, when he again contested his seat at Oldham, but was beaten by Messrs. Ascroft and Oswald, Q.C. He is a Magistrate and Deputy- Lieutenant of the County Palatine of Lan- caster, and is Chairman of the Council of that County and of the County Councils Association. He is married to Charlotte, daughter of Admiral Warde. Address : Hampsfields, Grange-over-Sands. HICHENS, Robert Smythe, jour- nalist and novelist, was born at Speld- hurst, in Kent, on Nov. 14, 1864, and is the eldest son of the Rev. F. H. Hichens, Rector of St. Stephen's, near Canterbury. He was educated at Tunbridge Wells and Clifton, and, on forming a determination to take up a musical career, at the Royal College of Music. Here he studied his art for some years, as also at Bristol, and wrote and published a number of lyrics for music. At the same time he wrote some recitations and short stories, and finally determined to change music for literature. He underwent a year's training at Mr. Anderson's School of Journalism in the Outer Temple, and has since contributed regularly to the newspapers, being now on the staff of the World. He wrote "The Coastguard's Secret " at the age of seven- teen. This was afterwards published, and was followed by his well-known satire on 512 HICKEY — HICKS decadents, " The Green Carnation," 1894 ; "An Imaginative Man," 1895; "The Folly of Eustace," 1896 ; "Flames," "Byeways," "The Londoners: An Absurdity," 1897. Address : The Grosvenor Club, New Bond Street, W. HICKEY, Emily, poetess, was born at Macmine Castle, co. Wexford, Ireland, and is the second daughter of the Eev. John Steuart Hickey, and granddaughter of " Martin Doyle." She was educated at home and at a private school, attended lectures at University College, and passed with great distinction in the Cambridge Higher Local Examinations. In 1881, in conjunction with Dr. Furnivall, shefounded the Browning Society. Miss Hickey lec- tures on English Language and Litera- ture. She has published "A Sculptor and other Poems," 1881 ; "Verse Tales, Lyrics, and Translations," 1889; "Poems," 1895; and has edited " Strafford," by Robert Browning, 1884. Address : 89 King Henry's Eoad, N.W. HICKS, Edward Seymour, best known as Seymour Hicks, was born at St. Heliers in 1871, and is the eldest son of Major Hicks of the Black Watch. He was educated in Bath and in Jersey, and was intended for the army, but went on the stage in his seventeenth year, and played under Mrs. Kendal for three years, then under Mr. J. L. Toole for two years, and at all the leading theatres in the metropolis. In 1893 he joined the Gaiety Theatre as leading light comedian, and is now (1899) playing the leading part in "A Court Scandal " at the Court Theatre. His plays include the following four-act dramas : "This World of Ours," 1889 ; " Uncle Silas " (Shaftesbury Theatre); "One of the Best" (Adelphi), a play founded on the Dreyfus incident, in which Mr. William Terriss obtained one of his last great suc- cesses ; and "Sporting Life." One-act plays from his pen are : "The New Sub," and "Good-bye," both played at the Court Theatre. He has also written " Under the Clock," a burlesque ; and the " Yashmak," ii musical play. He is married to Miss Ellaline Terriss, the accomplished actress, daughter of the late William Terriss. London address ; 17 Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, W. HICKS, Henry, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., son of the late Thomas Hicks, surgeon, of St. David's, Pembrokeshire, by Anne, daughter of William Griffiths, Esq., of Carmarthen, was born in 1837, and was educated at the Collegiate and Chapter School in that city, and at Guy's Hospital, London. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1862, and M.D. of the University of St. Andrews in 1878, and practised medicine at St. David's from 1862 to 1871. During that time he commenced his geological researches amongst the older rocks of that neigh- bourhood. His first paper was communi- cated to the Liverpool Geological Society in 1863. In the following years, in con- junction with the late Mr. Salter, Palaeon- tologist to the Geological Survey, he contributed several papers to the British Association, Geological Society, &c. In 1871 he removed to Hendon, Middlesex, and since that time has carried on re- searches in North Wales and Scotland, the results being communicated in nume- rous papers to the Geological Society, British Association, London Geologists' Association, Geological Magazine, &c. Of late his investigations have been mainly confined to the oldest (Pre-Cambrian) rocks of Great Britain, and he has shown that they are exposed in many areas in which their presence had been hitherto unsuspected. Dr. Hicks has also described many new fossils discovered by him in the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian rocks, and has written several papers on the classification of those rocks. He has also published results of explorations carried on by him in ossiferous caverns in North and South Wales, in which evidence is given to show that man occupied some of the caverns during a part of the Glacial period. In 1891 he described the Glacial deposits at Hendon and Finchley, and in 1892 he published an account of the dis- covery of mammoth and other remains in Endsleigh Street, London, with sections of the deposits in which they were found. He has also written several papers on the rocks of North Devon, and has discovered a rich fauna in the " Morte slates," which until then were considered to be entirely unfossiliferous. In 1896-97 appeared a work from his pen on the " Morte Slates " of North Devon and West Somerset. A new geological map of North Wales was prepared by him for the International Geological Congress which met in Lon- don in 1888. Dr. Hicks was awarded the Bigsby Gold Medal of the Geological Society in 1883, and has been Hon. Secre- tary, and afterwards President, during the years 1896 and 1897, of that society. He was President of the London Geologists' Association in 1883-85 ; and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1885. He is corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, and of the Geological Society of Belgium, and hon. member of the Liverpool Geological Society, Chester Society of Natural Science, &c. He married, in 1864, Mary, only daughter of the Rev. P. D. Richard- HICKS — HIGGINSON 513 son, Vicar of St. Dogwells, Pembroke- shire. Address : Hendon Grove, Hendou, Middlesex. HICKS, William Mitchinson, So.D., F.R.S., eldest son of Samuel Hicks, was born at Launceston, Sept. 23, 1850, and entered at St. John's College, Cambridge, October 1869. He took the degree of B.A., after Mathematical Tripos, 1873 ; and was elected Fellow of St. John's College, 1876 ; and Sc.D. in 1891. The fellowship was extended for five years in 1882. In 1885 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He became Principal of Firth College, now University College, Sheffield, and Professor of Mathematics and Physics in 1883, and later, on the division of the Chair, remained Professor of Physics only. He is the author of the following papers, published in the Transactions of the Royal Society: " On the Motion of Two Spheres in a Fluid," 1879; "On Toroidal Func- tions," 1881; " Steady Motion and Small Vibrations of a Hollow Vortex," 1883 ; and " Researches in the Theory of Vortex Rings," 1885. At the British Association Meetings, 1881-82, Mr. Hicks read a " Re- port on Recent Progress in Hydrodyna- mics." He has contributed also several papers to various other journals, and is the author of " Elementary Dynamics of Particles and Solids," 1889. He was Hop- kins Prizeman in 1890, and President of Section A at the Ipswich meeting of the British Association in 1895. He married Ellen, eldest daughter of H. S. Perrin, in 1887. Address : University College, Sheffield. HICKS-BEACH, The Right Hon. Sir Michael Edward, Bart., M.P., D.C.L., Chancellor of the Exchequer, eldest son of the late Sir Michael Hicks Hicks-Beach, of Williamstrip Park, Glou- cestershire, the eighth baronet, by his wife, Harriett-Vittoria, daughter of John Stratton, Esq., of Farthinghoe Lodge, Northamptonshire, was born in Portugal Street, London, in 1837. From Eton he was sent to Christ Church, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in the Final School of Law and Modern History ; B.A. 1858; M.A. 1861; Hon, D.C.L. 1878. He succeeded his father in 1854. In July 1861 he was elected M.P. for East Glouces- tershire. He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor-Law Board from February till December 1868, with the exception of a few weeks, during which he was Under- Secretary for the Home Department. When the Conservatives again came into office, in February 1874, Sir M. Hicks- Beach was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland. On taking that office he was sworn on the Privy Council, and in 1877 he was admitted to a seat in the Cabinet. In February 1878 he was nominated Secre- tary of State for the Colonies, in the place of Lord Carnarvon, who had resigned in consequence of a difference with his col- leagues on the Eastern Question. Sir M. Hicks-Beach went out of office with his party in April 1880, and on the accession of Lord Salisbury to power was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, with the leadership of the House of Commons, June 1885. This he held till Mr. Glad- stone's return to power. On the dissolu- tion in 1886 he was returned again for West Bristol, which he had previously represented, and continues to represent, and accepted the office of Chief Secretary for Ireland, vacated by Mr. John Morley. He resigned this office, owing to failure of eyesight, March 1887, and in February 1888 was appointed President of the Board of Trade, and retained that office until August 1892. In 1895 he was again ap- pointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. Sir Michael is a magistrate and deputy- lieutenant for Gloucestershire, and was for fourteen years captain in the Royal North Gloucestershire Militia. He was appointed a Church Estates Commissioner in December 1893. He has served, amongst others, on the Royal Commissions on Friendly Societies, on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, and on Labour. He is married to Lucy, daughter of the third Earl of Fortescue. Address: Netheravon House, Salisbury. HICKSON, Professor Sydney John, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., is the son of the late George Hickson, and was born in London on June 25, 1859. He was educated at University College School and at Downing College, Cambridge, becoming eventually a Fellow of his College. He took the de- gree of D.Sc. at the University of London, and was awarded the hon. degree of M.A. by the University of Oxford. Becoming an assistant to Professor Mosley, the Lin- acre Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford, in 1882, he subsequently spent a year, from 1885 to 1886, in the Malay Archipelago, for the purpose of scientific investigation. He acted as Deputy Pro- fessor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford from 1888 to 1890, and in the latter year became Lecturer in Advanced Morphology at Cambridge. Dr. Hickson has been, since 1894, Professor of Zoology at the Owens College, Manchester. He is the author of : "A Naturalist in North Celebes" ; " The Fauna of the Deep Sea." Address : Ellesmere House, Withington, Manchester. HIGG-INSON, Mary (Thacher), was born at Machias, Me., Nov. 27, 1843, and 2 k 514 HIGGINSON — HILL is the daughter of Peter and Margaret Potter Thacher. She is the niece, by his first marriage, of Henry W. Longfellow, who induced her to publish her first book, "Seashore and Prairies," 1876. She has since published "Room for One More" (a tale), 1879 ; and, with her husband (T. W. Higginson), a volume of poems, " Such as They Are," 1893. HIGGINSON, Thomas Wentworth, was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, Dec. 22, 1823. He graduated at Harvard College in 1841, studied divinity, and was a minister of the Theodore Parker school until 1858, when, having entered actively into literature and also into political affairs, notably in the anti-slavery conflict in Kansas, he abandoned the pulpit. In 1862 he became captain in a Massachusetts regiment of volunteers, and afterwards colonel of a coloured regiment in South Carolina, this being the first regiment of freed slaves in the United States service. He was severely wounded in August 1863, and left the service in the following year. From the close of the war to 1878 he resided .at Newport, Rhode Island, but since 1878 has lived at Cambridge, Massa- chusetts. He is an earnest advocate of woman suffrage, and in 1880 and in 1881 was a member of the Massachusetts Legis- lature. From 1881 to 1884 he was a mem- ber of the State Board of Education. He has published: "Outdoor Papers," 1863; "Malbone, an Oldport Romance," 1869; and " Oldport Days," 1873, both depicting- life at the watering-place of Newport ; ".Army Life in a Black Regiment," which was translated into French, 1870; "The Sympathy of Religions," 1871 (reprinted 1883); "Harvard Memorial Biographies," 1866; "Atlantic Essays," 1871; "Brief Biographies of European Statesmen," 1875; a "Young Folk's History of the United States," 1875, which has been translated into French, Italian, and German; "Young Folk's Book of American Explorers," 1877; "Short Studies of American Authors," 1879; "Common Sense about Women," 1881 ; "Margaret Fuller Ossoli," 1884 ; "A Larger History of the United States," 1885 ; "The Monarch of Dreams," 1886 ; "Hints on Writing and Speech-making," 1887; "Women and Men," 1888; "Travellers and Outlaws," and "The Afternoon Land- scape," poems, 1889 ; " The New World and the New Book," 1892; "Concerning All of Us," 1892; "English History for American Readers " (with Professor Ed- ward Channing of Harvard University) ; and " Such as they Are," poems (with his wife, Mary Thacher Higginson), 1893 ; "Massachusetts in the Army and Navy," 1895-96; "Book and Heart," "The Pro- cession of the Flowers," 1897; "Cheerful Yesterdays," and " Tales of the Enchanted Islands,"' 1898. He also translated the " complete works " of Epictetus, 1865 (revised edit., 2 vols., 1890). In addition to these he is a frequent contributor to the magazines and papers, particularly to the Atlantic Monthly, the Nation, and Harper $ Bazaar. HILES, Henry, Mus. Doc, born at Shrewsbury, Dec. 31, 1826, was educated privately in his native town. Dr. Hiles has held several organ appointments in Lon- don and Manchester, and was appointed Lecturer on Harmony and Musical Compo- sition at the Owens College, Manchester, in 1880, which appointment he still holds. He is also Professor of Harmony, Musical Composition and History in the Royal Manchester College of Music, as well as conductor of several important musical societies in and near Manchester. He graduated Mus. B. at Oxford in 1862 and Mus. Doc. in 1867. Dr. Hiles gained the prizes for the best organ composition offered by the College of Organists in 1864, 1865, and 1868 ; also the prize for the best anthem in 1865 ; and was by the Council specially elected as a Fellow of the College. In 1868 Dr. Hiles's Anthem for six voices was returned as " incompar- ably superior to all the other works sub- mitted." In 1878 the prize offered by the Manchester Gentlemen's Glee Club for the best serious glee was awarded to Dr. Hiles for his four-voiced glee "Hushed in Death," which, with two other of his works, was returned at the head of all the compositions sent in. Dr. Hiles is well known as the author of several standard theoretical works — especially "The Gram- mar of Music ; a Treatise on Harmony, Counterpoint, and Form," "Part-writing, or Modern Counterpoint," an exhaustive treatise on all styles of part writing, invertible or otherwise; and as the com- poser of a large quantity of church music ; also as the author of an Oratorio "The Patriarchs, " several cantatas ( such as " Fayre Pastorel," " The Crusaders," &c), of "War in the Household," and other operatic works, of several concert over- tures, and of many songs and organ pieces of classical form. In 1882 Dr. Hiles took a leading part in the establishment of "The National Society of Professional Musicians," now called "The Incorporated Society of Musicians," an association of musical artists and teachers, which rapidly developed throughout the kingdom its organisation of earnest followers of the art. Address : Owens College, Manchester. HILL, Alex, M.A., M.D., J.P., Vice- Chancellor of Cambridge University, and Master of Downing College, was born at HILL 515 Loughton in 1856, and is the son of John Hill, of the London Stock Exchange. He was educated at University College School, and at Downing College, Cambridge, also for the medical profession at St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital. He was appointed Fellow of Downing in 1880, and in 1888 Master. He is said to have been the youngest man, and only medical man, appointed to a university headship since William Harvey was made Warden of Merton in 1644. He was appointed Hunterian Professor of the Eoyal College of Surgeons (Eng.) in 1885, and gave two series of lectures on the Brain, was at one time President of the Neurological Society of London, and has been the energetic Chairman of Exe- cutive Committee of the National Home Reading Union since its foundation. He has written some important works on Neu- rology, which include "The Plan of the Central Nervous System," 1885 ; and a translation of Obersteiner's "Central Ner- vous Organs." Other works of his are "Notes to Browning's Poems," and, in 1897, "A Run round the Empire." He married, in 1878, a daughter of the late Benjamin Woodward, of Liverpool. Ad- dress : Downing Lodge, Cambridge. HILL, The Right Hon. Alexander Staveley, Q.C., M.P., D.C.L., J.P., D.L., was born at Dunstall Hall, Staffordshire, in 1825, and was educated at Birmingham Grammar School, in the house of Dr. Lee, the future first Bishop of Manchester, and in company with Rendal, Westcott, Evans, Lightfoot, Benson, and other celebrities. From there he went to Exeter College, Oxford, and in due course, having taken his degree, was elected to a Staffordshire B'ellowship at St. John's. He subsequently took his D.C.L. degree, and was appointed one of the Examiners in Law and Modern History, in which capacity he participated in the award of a "first class" to Sir Michael Hicks-Beach. He was called to the Bar of the Inner Temple in 1852, and joined the Oxford Circuit, being elected the same night as Mr. Henry Matthews, Mr. Ward Hunt, and Sir Henry James ; and he soon obtained a large practice, eventually becoming leader of the circuit. His practice was very varied, ranging from criminal business, probate and divorce, to Parliamentary ; and in addition to all this he found time to devote himself energeti- cally to the Volunteer movement. He was, in fact, one of the first to join the Victoria Rifles in 1859. It was not till 1865 that he was tempted to take any part in politics, and by that time his Parliamentary practice had become exceedingly lucrative. The death of his wife in 1868, and the increas- ing calls of his profession had, however, decided Mr. Staveley Hill to give up all thought of politics when the offer made by Mr. Disraeli led him to reconsider his decision. He sat for Coventry from 1868 to 1874, for West Staffordshire from 1874 to 1885, and has represented the King- swinford Division since that date. Perhaps the most interesting part of Mr. Staveley Hill's career is his connection with Canada. He first went out there in 1881 to ascertain, on behalf of his constituents, what sort of place it was for emigration ; and speedily becoming alive to the advantages of the New World, he not only established a large cattle ranche in the Far West, but returned there himself in successive autumns, and eventually published his book, " From Home to Home," which sets out the wild charm of life among the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. This book is dedicated by permission to H.R.H. the Princess Louise. It is illustrated with sketches by the present Mrs. Staveley Hill, whom he married in 1876, and who has regularly accompanied him in his Canadian tours. Mr. Staveley Hill is a staunch advocate of a duty on foreign manufactured goods, and has for many years worked in the cause of Imperial federation, having seen enough of our Empire to realise how entirely self- supporting it could become. Mr. Staveley Hill was Treasurer of the Inner Temple in 1886, and is Judge-Advocate of the Fleet and Counsel to the Admiralty, and Deputy High Steward to Oxford University. He is also Deputy Lieutenant and J. P. for Staffordshire. He married (1) in 1864 Katharine, daughter of M. Ponsonby, and (2) in 1876 Mary, daughter of the late F. Baird. Addresses: 13 King's Bench Walk, E.C. ; 4 Queeu's Gate, S.W. ; and Oxley Manor, Wolverhampton. HILL, The Right Hon. Lord Arthur William, M.P., D.L., J.P., youngest son of the 4th Marquis of Downshire, was born in 1846. He entered the 2nd Life Guards as Lieutenant in 1865, and retired in 1868. In 1880 he was returned as Con- servative member for co. Down, and in 1885 was returned for co. Down West, which he continues to represent. From 1885 to 1892 he was Comptroller of the Royal Household and Conservative Whip, and was reappointed Comptroller of the House- hold in 1895. He was Lieutenant-Colonel in the 2nd Middlesex Artillery Volunteers from 1885 to 1887, and is Deputy-Lieu- tenant for co. Down, and J.P. for Sussex, Berks, and co. Down. He married (2), in 1877, Annie, daughter of J. F. Harrison. Address : 74 Eaton Place, S.W., &c. HILL, Sir Clement Lloyd, K.C.M.G., C.B., head of the African Department of the Foreign Office, was born on May 5, 1845, and is the third son of the late 516 HILL Rev. John Hill. He was educated at Marlborough College ; entered the Foreign Office in 1867 ; was secretary to Sir Bartle Frere's mission to Zanzibar in 1872-73 ; was appointed Acting Charge" d'Affaires at Munich in 1876 ; and was Commissioner to Hayti in 1886 and 1887. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1887, and C.B. in June 1898, for services in connection with the then recent West African negotiations. He married in 1889 the widow of Charles Waring, daughter of Sir G. Denys. Ad- dress : 9 Grosvenor Place, S.W. HILL, Hon. David Bennett, American statesman, was born at Havana, New York, Aug. 29, 1843. He received an academic education, studied law and was admitted to the Bar at Elmira, New York, in 1864. In the same year he was appointed City Attorney. Since 1868 he has been a dele- gate to many Democratic State Conven- tions, serving as President of those held in 1877 and 1881. He was also a delegate to the National Conventions of the same party in 1876 and 1884. He was a member of the State Legislature in 1870 and again in 1871 ; was chosen Mayor of Elmira in 1882 ; and in January 1883 became Lieut. - Goveinorof the State. On the resignation of Governor Cleveland in 1884 after his election to the Presidency, Mr. Hill became Governor of New York, a position which by subsequent elections he continued to hold till 1891, when he entered the U.S. Senate for the term ending March 1897, at which time he was succeeded by Thomas C. Piatt. HILL, Sir Edward Stock, K.C.B., J.P., M.P. for Bristol (South) from 1886 to 1898, is the son of the late Mr. C. Hill, of Bristol, and was born at Bristol in 1834. He was educated at Bishop's College, Bristol, and on the Continent. He was elected President of the Chamber of Shipping of the United Kingdom in 1881, and was President of the Association of Chambers of Commerce from 1888 to 1891. He is partner in the Bristol shipowning and mercantile firm of Charles Hill and Sons, is J.P. for Glamorgan and Cardiff, and was High Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1888, has been Colonel-Commandant (since 1864) of the Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, and is K.C. of the Swedish Order of Wasa. He was made K.C.B. in 1892. He married a daughter of General Tickell, C.B., in 1866. Addresses : 1 St. James's Street, S.W., and Rookwood, Llandaff, &c. HILL, George Birkbeck Norman, D.C.L., LL.D., was born at Tottenham on June 7, 1837, and is the second son of Arthur Hill, Head-master of Bruce Castle School. He is of the family of Sir Row- land Hill, K.C.B. He was educated at his father's school, and at Pembroke College, Oxford, where he took a fourth class in Lit. Hum. From 1859 to 1876 he was Head-master of Bruce Castle School, and since that date has devoted himself to letters. As becomes an old Pembroke man, he is the first living authority on Johnsoniana, and has become famous as the editor of the definitive "Boswell" and of Johnson's '.' Letters." He became B.C.L. in 1866; D.C.L. in 1871; is Hon. Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford ; and Hon. LL.D. of Williams College, Mass. His works include: "Dr. Johnson: his Friends and his Critics," 1878; "Foot- steps of Dr. Johnson in Scotland," 1890; an edition of Boswell's Correspondence, 1879, and one of the Life, 1886; an edi- tion of "Rasselas," "Wit and Wisdom of Dr. Johnson," 1888 ; editions of Gold- smith's "Traveller," 1888; "Letters of David Hume to W. Strahan," "Select Essays of Dr. Johnson," 1889; "Letters of Johnson," 1892; "Johnsonian Miscel- lanies," 1897, &c, &c. Address: 1 The Wilderness, Holy Hill, Hampstead. HILL, Joanna M. Margaret, was born at Hampstead. She is the youngest daughter of the late Mr. Mathew Daven- port Hill, Recorder of Birmingham and M.P. for Hull, and niece of Sir Row- land Hill, of penny-postage fame. For the greater portion of a century the Hill family have been associated with schemes, useful and philanthropic, and from earliest childhood the influences surrounding Miss Joanna Hill were calculated to fit her for a life of intelligent devotion to her fellow- creatures. She was the god-daughter of the well-known writer Joanna Baillie, and a pupil of Mary Carpenter, whose mind left its mark on the character of her pupil. At an early age Miss Hill became the friend and eollaborateur of her father in his labours for the amelioration of the condi- tion of criminal and neglected children. In 1860 she and her elder sisters wrote " Our Exam piers," being an account of the lives of persons of all classes who had benefited mankind to a remarkable degree. It was published with a preface by the late Lord Brougham. Circumstances brought to Miss Hill's notice, in 1859, the friendless condition of girls in workhouse schools. She became a member of the Workhouse Visiting Association, and for many years was a constant visitor in the workhouse wards of Bristol, where her father then resided. After her father's acceptance of the Recordership of Birmingham, Miss Hill, with the consent of the guardians of the poor of that town, revived a system of visiting young workhouse girls in service, which had fallen into disuse owing to HILL 517 the failing health of its originator, Mrs. Charles Talbot. While studying the con- dition of pauper children, Miss Hill heard of a system then being tried in some parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland to restore the pauper child to the privileges of family life under the careful supervision of efficient ladies. To this scheme Miss Hill has devoted her best energies, and, as hon. secretary to the King's Norton Boarding-out Committee, she has accom- plished a good work. Miss Hill's evidence before the Select Committee for the Infant Life Protection Bill, will be found in a Blue-Book published in August 1890 ; also a paper in the appendix of the same by Miss Hill, which contains information concerning her plan for the inspection of pauper children by lady visitors. HILL, Micaiah John Muller, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Professor of Mathematics, University College, London, eldest son of the late Rev. Samuel John Hill, was born Feb. 22, 1856, at Berhampore, Bengal. From 1864 to 1872 he was educated at the School for Sons of Missionaries, Black- heath. From this school he obtained, in June 1872, the fourth place and first prize at the Matriculation Examination of the University of London, and in the follow- ing September, an Andrews Entrance prize at University College, London. There he devoted his attention chiefly to the study of Mathematics under Profes- sors Henrici and Clifford. In June 1873 he obtained the Exhibition in Mathematics at the first — or, as it is now called, the Intermediate — B.A. Examination. In June 1874 he obtained a second year Andrews prize at University College, and in the following November the Scholar- ship in Mathematics at the B.A. Examina- tion of the University of London. In April 1875 he competed for the Civil Service of India, and obtained the first place in the open competition, but did not proceed to the further examinations. In October 1875 he entered as an under- graduate at St. Peter's College, Cambridge, where he had been elected to an open scholarship, and whilst studying there he was elected, in February 1876, a Fellow of University College, London, and in June of that year he obtained the Gold Medal for Mathematics at the M.A. Examination at the University of London. In January 1879 he was bracketed equal Fourth Wrangler, and immediately afterwards was bracketed equal Smith's Prizeman. From April 1879 to June 1880 he acted as Assistant-Professor of Mathematics at University College, London. In February 1880 he was appointed Professor of Mathe- matics at the Mason Science College, Birmingham, commencing work there in the following October on the opening of the College. In 1883 he took the degree of M.A. in the University of Cambridge, was elected a Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and a member of the London Mathematical Society. In 1884 he was appointed Professor of Mathe- matics at University College, London, act- ing as Dean of the Faculty of Arts from 1888 to 1890, and Member of the Council of the College from 1888 to 1892. From 1877 to 1882 he acted as Assistant-Examiner, and from 1885 to 1890 as Chief Examiner in Mathematics at the University of London. In 1890 he received the degree of Doctor of Science from the University of Cambridge for original work. In 1891 he was elected a Member of the Council of the London Mathematical Society, and in 1894 a Fellow of the Royal Society. His chief writings on mathematical subjects are a paper on the " Discriminants of Ordinary Integrable Differential Equations " in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, a paper on the "Fifth Book of Euclid's Elements " in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philo- sophical Society, and the following papers in the Proceedings and Philosophical Trans- actions of the Royal Society: "On the Motion of Fluid, part of which is moving rotationally and part irrotationally " {Pro- ceedings, No. 229, Transactions, Part II., 1884); "On the Locus of Singular Points and Lines which occur in connection with the Theory of the Locus of Ultimate Intersections of a System of Surfaces " (Proceedings, vol. 50, Transactions, vol. 183, 1892) ; " On a Spherical Vortex " (Proceed- ings, vol. 55, Transactions, A., 1894). He was married on Dec. 21, 1892, to Minna Grace, elder daughter of the late Marriott Ogle Tarbotton, Consulting Engineer to the Corporation of Nottingham. Address : Lakeview, Northwood, near Rickmans- worth. HILL, Octavia, social reformer, has laboured principally among the poor, whom she seeks to benefit morally and physically. The record of her work is given in "Homes of the London Poor," and from it we learn that in 1864, partly at the suggestion and under the guidance of Mr. Ruskin, who advanced the necessary funds for the beginning of the scheme, Miss Octavia Hill purchased three cottages in one of the poorest courts in Marylebone, and became her own rent-collector and manager, and without any commercial loss, succeeded by kindness and concilia- tion in effecting the gradual reformation of the tenants. By degrees the whole of the court became hers ; and the Countess of Ducie and others entrusted their pro- perty in Marylebone and Drury Lane to her management, with the same excellent 518 HILLIER — HITCHENS results. Miss Octavia Hill's work in managing houses has of late years largely extended, and she has also devoted much time to securing and preserving open spaces both in London and in the country. Address : 190 Marylebone Road, N.W. HILLIER, Frederick James, late editor of the Morning, is the second son of Alfred George Hillier, and was born at Southampton in 1868. He was privately educated, and joined the staff of the New York Herald, becoming successively assis- tant London correspondent, news editor, in 1890, of the London edition, and then night editor in Paris. He was subse- quently offered the chief sub- editorship of the Morning, when it was started, and was promoted to be news editor and editor, lu November 1898 he resigned this last post, which he had filled with great ability. He married, in 1890, Anne, daughter of William Henry, of St. Heliers. Address : 18 Electric Mansions, Brixton, S.W. HIND, C. Lewis, editor of the A cademy, was born in 1862. He has been sub-editor of the Art Journal, 1887-92, editor of the Pall Mall Budget, 1893-95, and has written largely for magazines and newspapers. In November 1896 he succeeded Mr. Cotton as editor of the Academy, and has intro- duced great changes and improvements into the working of that important literary weekly. In November 1898 he published " The Enchanted Stone," which has been described as " a very modern romance," in a style beyond reproach. Address : 43 Chancery Lane, W.C HINGESTON-RANDOLPH, The Rev. Prebendary Francis Charles, M.A., born at Truro, March 31, 1833, is the only son of the late Francis Hinges- ton, St. Ives and Truro, and Jane, eldest daughter of the late William Kirkness, of Kernick. He was educated at the Truro Grammar School, and at Exeter College, Oxford (B.A., Double Hon. fourth Classics and Mathematics, 1855 ; M.A. 1858). Having held a curacy in Oxford (Holy- well), he was appointed in 1859 to the Perpetual Curacy of Hampton Gay, near Oxford, and in 1860 to the Rectory of Ringmore, Devon. He was appointed Domestic Chaplain to the Baroness le Despenser (Dowager Viscountess Fal- mouth), 1859 ; Rural Dean of Woodleigh, Devon, 1879; and Prebendary of Exeter, 1885. He is the author of " Specimens of Ancient Cornish Crosses, Fonts, &c," 1850 ; " Four Years of a Country Friendly Society," 1870 ; has edited " The Poems of Francis Hingeston," 1857 ; " The Chron- icle of England, by John Capgrave" (under the direction of the Master of the Rolls) ; '' Johannis Capgravii Liber de Illustribus Henricis " (in the same series) ; " The Book of the Illustrious Henries " (trans- lated from the Latin of Capgrave), 1858 ; and " A Collection of Royal and Historical Letters during the Reign of Henry IV." (for the Master of the Rolls), 1860; "The Register of Edmund Stafford, Bishop of Exeter," 1886; "The Register of Walter Bronescombe and Peter Quivil, Bishops of Exeter," 1889; " The Register of Walter de Stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter, 1892 " ; "The Register of John de Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter," 3 vols., 1894-98. He married Martha, only child of the late Rev. Herbert Randolph, whose name he assumed in 1860. Address : Ringmore Rectory, near Kingsbridge. HINKSON, Katharine Tynan. See Tynan, Katharine. HISTORICUS. See Haecourt, The Right Hon. Sie William. HITCHCOCK, Ethan Allen, was born at Mobile, Alabama, in September 1835, his parents being of New England stock and he a great-grandson of Ethan Allen of American revolutionary fame. After taking an academic course at New Haven, Connecticut, he went to St. Louis in 1851 and engaged in mercantile pursuits till 1860, when he went to China and was employed by the old-established house of Oliphant & Co. there. Remain- ing in China for twelve years, he returned to St. Louis in 1874, where he became president of several large manufacturing and railroad corporations, but resigned these positions in 1897 to become United States Minister to Russia. HITCHENS, Rev. J. Hiles, D.D., was born in 1835, and educated for the Congregational Church Ministry at the Western College. He settled as Minister of Peckham Rye Congregational Church in 1858 ; was one of the earliest to preach in the London theatres ; became a well- known lecturer on historical and biographi- cal subjects ; was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1863 ; was Deputy-Chairman of the London Mis- sionary Society in 1887 ; became Minister of Eccleston Square Church, Belgrave Road, London, in 1871 ; President of the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews. He is author of "Ecce Veritas," "The Young Men of Scripture," " Bible Waters," "A Minister- ing Angel," "Perfect Through Suffering," " The Jesuits, their history and principles," "The Face of the King," "Near the Cross," and several other works. Address: 90 Gloucester Street, Belgravia, S.W. HITT — HOBBES 519 HITT, Robert Roberts, American statesman, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834 ; removed to Ogle County, Illinois, in 1837 ; was educated at Rock River Seminary and at De Pauw Univer- sity. He was First Secretary of Legation and Charge' d'Affaires ad interim, at Paris, from December 1874 until March 1881 ; was Assistant-Secretary of State in 1881 ; was elected to the Forty-seventh Congress in November 1882 to fill a vacancy, and has been continuously re- elected since then to represent his district. He is at present (1898) Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. HOAR, Hon. George Frisbie, LL.D., brother of the Hon. Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, was born at Concord, Massachu- setts, Aug. 29, 1826. A.B. Harvard, 1846. He was admitted to the Bar in 1849, and began practice at Worcester, where he still resides. He was a Member of the State House of Representatives in 1852, and of the State Senate in 1857. He was City Solicitor in 1860, and in 1868 was elected a Member of Congress, and was re-elected three times, declining a nomina- tion for a fifth term. From 1874 to 1880 he was an Overseer of Harvard ; was a Delegate to the Republican National Con- ventions of 1876, 1880, 1884, and 1888, presiding over that of 1880. He was elected a United States Senator from Mas- sachusetts in 1877, and re-elected in 1883, 1889, and 1895. When a Member of the lower branch of Congress he was one of its managers in the Belknap impeachment trial in 1876, and served on the Electoral Commission which decided the disputed presidential question in the same year. He was a regent of the Smithsonian In- stitution in 1880, and is now (1898) Presi- dent of the American Antiquarian Society; a trustee of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology ; and a member of many learned societies. The degree of LL.D. has been conferred upon him by William and Mary, Amherst, Williams, Yale, and Harvard Colleges. HOARE, Alfred, is the fifth son of the late Mr. H. Hoare. He was educated at Eton, and at St. John's College, Cam- bridge, of which he was a scholar. In 1873 he was 14th wrangler. He is a partner in the famous banking house at 37 Fleet Street. He represented Holborn in the first London County Council, and was Alderman (Progressive) in the second County Council. He was re-elected Alder- man (Radical) for the next six years in March 1898, standing second on the poll with 68 votes. Addresses : 37 Fleet Street ; and Athenaeum. HOARE, Edward Brodie, M.P., is the son of the late Rev. Edward Hoare, Hon. Canon of Canterbury, and for many years Vicar of Holy Trinity, Tunbridge Wells, and Maria Eliza, daughter of Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, Bart. He was born at Richmond, Surrey, on Oct. 30, 1841. He was educated at Tunbridge School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he ob- tained his B.A. degree in 1864, and M.A. in 1867. He was for several years a part- ner in the banking-house of Barnett, Hoare & Co., and became a director of Lloyd's Bank, Limited, on the amalgama- tion of the two banks in 1884. In 1885 he contested the Attercliffe division of Shef- field, and the Central division of Bradford on the death of the Right Hon. W. E. Forster in 1886. He was returned as Member for Hampstead on the elevation of Sir Henry Holland to the peerage in 1888, and has sat for that constituency as a Conservative since that date. He mar- ried Katharine, daughter of Rear-Admiral Sir Wm. Edward Parry, in 1868. Address : Tenchleys, Limpfield, Sussex. HOBART, Garret A., Vice-President of the United States, was born in Mon- mouth County, New Jersey, June 3, 1844. He graduated from Rutgers College in 1863 ; taught school a short time, and then studied law and was admitted to the Bar in 1869, commencing practice in Pater- son, N. J. He was a Member of the State Legislature in 1873 and 1874, and was elected Speaker of the lower house in 1876 ; was elected to the Senate of the State in 1879, and in 1881 was President of that body, and re-elected in 1882. He was elected Vice-President of the United States in 1896, and took the oath of office March 4, 1897. HOBBES, John Oliver (Mrs. Crai- gie), nie Pearl Mary Teresa Richards, is the eldest daughter of John Morgan Richards, and was born at Boston, Mass., on Nov. 3, 1867. She was privately edu- cated, and afterwards studied music at the Royal Academy under Macfarren, and in Paris. She also studied Greek and Latin at University College, London, under that brilliant scholar, the late Pro- fessor A. Goodwin. Thus equipped, she early learned the value of literary style, and now shares with Mrs. Meynell the distinction of being a master of epigram and pure English. Her first novel, " Some Emotions and a Moral," appeared in 1891, and at once put her in the first rank of contemporary novelists. This was fol- lowed by "The Sinner's Comedy," 1892; "A Study in Temptations," 1893; "A Bundle of Life," 1894 ; " The Gods, some Mortals, and Lord Wickenham," 1895 ; 520 HOBHOUSE — HOCKING- "The Herb-Moon," 1896; "School for Saints," 1897. As a playwright John Oliver Hobbes has been no less successful than as a writer of novels. Her first piece was written for Miss Ellen Terry, and is entitled "Journeys End in Lovers Meet- ing : Proverb in one Act," 1894. Her play, " The Ambassador," still running with undiminished success at the St. James's Theatre, was first produced in 1898. She has also written "Repentance," a drama in one act, 1899. Address : 56 Lancaster Gate, W. HOBHOUSE , Lord, The Bight Hon. Sir Arthur, K.C.S.I., OLE., fourth son of the late Right Hon. Henry Hobhouse, of Hadspen House, Somersetshire, by Harriet, sixth daughter of John Turton, Esq., of Sugnall Hall, Staffordshire, was born at Hadspen, Nov. 10, 1819. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he gained a first class in classics in 1841. In 1845 he became a Member of the Chancery Bar, and practised as a con- veyancer and equity draughtsman, and sub- sequently as a Queen's Counsel, in the Rolls Court. He was appointed one of her Majesty's Counsel in 1865 ; but in the fol- lowing year he quitted the Bar in conse- quence of ill-health, and was appointed a Charity Commissioner, and in 1869 an Endowed Schools Commissioner. In 1872 he was nominated Law Member of the Governor-General's Council in India, and on his retirement in 1877, was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India. In 1878 he was appointed arbitrator under the Epping Forest Act ; and in 1881 he was made a Privy Coun- cillor and a Member of the Judicial Com- mittee. In 1882-84 he was a Member of the London School Board, and from 1889-92 was an Alderman of the London County Council. In 1885 he was created Baron Hobhouse, of Hadspen, in the county of Somerset. Lord Hobhouse has taken a keen interest in many social topics, especially in those connected with women's property, with endowments, and with settlements and transfer of land. He has delivered many addresses on these subjects, some of which were collected and printed under the title of " The Dead Hand," 1 880. He stood for Westminster in the Liberal interest at the general election of 1880, but was unsuccessful. He married Mary, daughter of Thomas Farrer, in 1868. Ad- dresses : 15 Bruton Street, W. ; and Athen- sum. HOBS ON, Lieutenant Richmond Pearson, United States naval officer, was born at Greensboro', Alabama, Aug. 17, 1870 ; was educated at the Southern University and at the Naval Academy, where he graduated in 1889. His con- structive genius was so marked that he was sent for a three years' special course of study to Paris. On his return he organised and conducted the post-gra- duate course of construction at the United States Naval Academy. When war with Spain was declared in April 1898, he applied for active service and was ordered to the flag-ship New York, with rank of Lieutenant, and distinguished himself in June following by taking an old collier, with the aid of a crew of seven men, in under the guns of the forts at the entrance to the harbour of Santiago, Cuba, and there sinking his vessel in the channel, with a view to preventing the escape of the Spanish fleet then lying within the harbour. He and his men were not able to escape as they had planned, owing to the destruction of their small boat by the furious fire of the enemy, and all were taken prisoners, but were exchanged a month later, with the ready chivalry of the Spaniards, and returned safely to their own ships. HOCKING-, Joseph, minister of reli- gion and novelist, born in St. Stephens in Brannel, Cornwall, on Nov. 7, 1860, is the son of James Hocking, mine owner and farmer, and Elizabeth Hocking (both deceased). He was educated at the local school, afterwards at Owens College, Manchester, and Crescent Range College, Victoria Park, Manchester. As a boy he exhibited an exceptional fondness for reading, and would walk to the nearest town, seven miles away, when twelve years old, in order to spend a few coppers on a cheap reprint of some valuable book. He had read nearly all Sir Walter Scott's books at twelve years of age. He wrote stories from early childhood. At fourteen years of age he had completed a three- volume novel. He became a land sur- veyor at the age of sixteen, and continued surveying to the age of twenty. He entered Owens College, Manchester, at twenty, and left it when twenty-three, after pursuing theological studies at Cres- cent Ran ge College, where he took the Cuth- bertson Prize, and stood first for the year. He entered the Free Church ministry at twenty-three in a Yorkshire village, stayed there two years, and afterwards removed to London. In 1887 he spent several months in Eastern travel ; went to Italy, Egypt (up the Nile), Port Said, Jaffa, Jerusalem, &c, and spent nearly two months in the Holy Land. He also visited Smyrna. Rhodes, Ephesus, Athens, Corinth, &c. On his return from the East he wrote his first novel, " Jabez Easter- brook," a religious novel, and sold it for a song. The book has sold by many thou- HOCKING — HODGE 521 sands. Afterwards he wrote two stories which appeared in a volume entitled "The Monk of Mar-Saba." They are both novels, the scenes of which are laid in the Holy Land, being the direct outcome of his Eastern trip. List of books : " Jabez Easterbrook," a religious novel, 1891; " Lilian," 1892 ; " Story of Andrew Fair- fax," 1893; "Ishmael Penally," 1894; "The Monk of Mar-Saba," 1894; "All Men are Liars : a Study in Cynicism and Pessimism," 1895 (the last, his most ambitious book, took more than a year to write, and has had a very large sale, be- tween 20,000 and 30,000, and still sells readily); " Fields of Fair Renown," 1896 ; "The Birthright; a Romance of Adven- ture," 1897"; " And Shall Trelawney Die?" 1897. He has lately finished a romance entitled " Trevanion," which has appeared in Cassell's Magazine, and been published by James Bowden. He has devoted much time, in Ireland and elsewhere, to the study of Jesuitry, and has begun a new story, which promises to be the most ambitious work he has yet attempted. It will deal with the effect of monastic vows on life, also the struggle between vows and the pleadings of the human heart. Address : Brunswick Manse, Burnley. HOCKING, Silas Kitto, was born at St. Stephens, in Cornwall, on March 24, 1850. The Hockings belong to one of the oldest Cornish families. His mother was related to Dr. John Kitto, the celebrated commentator. The subject of this sketch was educated at the local Grammar School, and afterwards privately. His first inten- tion was to become a mine surveyor, and to that end his education was directed. Afterwards, however, his inclinations turned in the direction of the ministry, and in the year 1869 he became a candi- date for the Methodist itineracy. He was subsequently appointed to charges in Pontypool, Spalding, Liverpool, Burnley, Manchester, and Southport. In the last charge he remained thirteen years, and relinquished it in the year 1896 to devote himself exclusively to literature. In 1879 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal His- torical Society. In 1884 he went to Canada in connection with the British Association, which met at Montreal, and at the close of the meetings he spent several weeks in visiting the principal cities of Canada and the United States. Since that time he has travelled in most Continental countries as well as in Algiers, mainly for the purpose of local colour for his novels, and to get an enlarged ac- quaintance with the life and manners of European nations. His first book was published in the year 1877. The title was " Alec Green. " This was followed in 1878 by "Her Benny," a story of Liverpool street life, which has been translated into a number of languages, and has had a sale of over 100,000 copies. In 1879 " His Father" and "Reedyford" were publish*!. These were followed in successive years by "Ivy," "Sea-waif," "Dick's Fairy," "Real Grit," "Caleb Carthew," " Crook- leigh," "For Abigail," "Rex Raynor," " For Light and Liberty," "Doctor Dick," "Where Dutv Lies," "One in Charity," " The Heart of Man," " For Such is Life," "In Spite of Fate," and "God's Outcast." The last-named has been lately issued. The total sale of these volumes has reached 1,200,000 copies. In 1894 he was ap- pointed editor of the Family Circle, which post he relinquished in 1896, when along with Mr. F. A. Atkins he established the Temple Magazine, a sixpenny illustrated monthly for Sunday and general reading, which has taken a prominent position among the illustrated magazines of the day. In addition to his literary work Mr. Hocking has lectured on various subjects in nearly all the principal towns and cities of England, drawing large audiences wherever he has appeared. His more recent volumes have been translated into French, German, and Danish. Mr. Hock- ing is a frequent contributor to periodical literature, and also writes a weekly column of chat for the National Press Agency, in which he deals with current topics from an ethical standpoint. This is syndicated throughout the country under the title of "For a Quiet Hour." He married in 1876 the youngest daughter of Mr. R. Lloyd, of Liverpool, by whom he has two sons and two daughters. Address : 18 Avenue Road, Highgate, N. HODGE, Harold, editor of the Sa- turday Review, was born in 1862. His parents are both Cornish, his father being a member of the firm of Gotheby's. He is the youngest of three sons, the eldest being Rector of Holy Trinity, Marylebone, the second a partner with his father in Gotheby's. Mr. Hodge was educated at St. Paul's School, under Mr. Frederick Walker, where he was captain of football and president of the debating society, and at Pembroke College, Oxford, of which he was an Open Exhibitioner. He took his degree in Classics (2nd Mods., 3rd Greats). On leaving Oxford in 1885, he devoted himself for some years to the study of social and political problems in East London. He is still actively connected with the Oxford House in Bethnal Green and with the Mansion House Council on the Dwellings of the Poor. He was called to the Bar (Middle Temple) in 1893, de- voting himself to Common Law and Par- liamentary practice. He was one of the 52: HODGSON — HOGAN counsel in the famous Colonial Judge Case (Anderson v. Gonie), the last case Lord Coleridge ever tried. Daring this time he was a contributor to the Saturday Review. He has also written in the Fort- nightly Review and in the Athenceum. Bat it was as a politician and social worker rather than as a journalist that Mr. Hodge came to take the editorship of the Satur- day Review. He has always taken the deepest interest in Church matters and in problems affecting the welfare of the working classes, particularly questions of housing and public health and element- ary education. He inherits a strong turn for natural history. Address : 6 Crown Office Row, Temple, E.C. HODGSON, Frederic Mitchell, C.M.G., Governor of Gold Coast Colony, was born in 1850, and entered the Post Office in 1869. In 1882 he became Post- master-General of British Guiana, a post which he exchanged for the Colonial Secretaryship of the Gold Coast in 1888. In 1892 he raised a force of Gold Coast Volunteers, of which he is the Major com- manding. Having administered the Colony in the absence of the Governor on several occasions, he was appointed to succeed Sir W. E. Maxwell, K.C.M.G., on March 22, 1898. HOEY, Mrs. Frances Sarah (who writes as Mrs. Cashel Hoey), wife of John Cashel Hoey, Esq., C.M.G., of Dromalane, Newry, daughter of the late Charles Bol- ton Johnston, Esq., was born at Bushey Park, Rathfarnham, co. Dublin, Feb. 15, 1830. She married, in 1846, the late Adam Murray Stewart, Esq., of Cromleich, co. Dublin, and secondly, in 1858, her present husband. Mrs. Cashel Hoey has written for several literary journals since 1860, and is the author of the following novels : "A House of Cards," "Falsely True," "A Gol- den Sorrow," "Out of Court," "Griffith's Double," " All or Nothing," " The Blossom- ing of an Aloe," "No Sign," "The Question of Cain," 1882 (new edit., 1890) ; " The Lover's Creed," 1884 ; and "A Stern Chase," 1886 ; "The Queen's Token," &c. Mrs. Cashel Hoey is a contributor to Chambers's Journal, Temple Bar, All the Year Round, Belgravia, London Society, and other periodicals, and is the translator of several works from the French and Italian languages. Among the former are : " The Memoirs of Madame de Rdmusat," "The King's Secret," " 1794 : A Tale of the Terror," " The Last Days of the Con- sulate," "Frederick the Great and Marie Theresa," " The Surprising Exploits of Dr. Quies," "Ten Centuries of Toilet" (a translation), and "A Friend of the Queen" (Marie Antoinette and Count de Fersen — a translation), 1894. Address : Dromalane, Newry. HOFMEYR, The Hon. Jan H., South African journalist and politician, is the moving spirit of the Africander Bond. He has represented South Africa in many conferences, notably at Ottawa and Lon- don. He edits the Volkstein. For many year the ally of Cecil Rhodes (q.v. ), he broke with him after the Jameson raid, and in the elections of 1898 was his chief opponent, not as a candidate, but as wire- puller of the Bond Caucus. In his early days he was a man who advised total separation from England, but after the Transvaal War of 1882 he acted as medi- ator between the Boers and the Cape Government, especially over the Swaziland question, when a peaceful solution was arrived at through his influence. HOGAN, James Francis, M.P., was born at Nenagh, Tipperary, on Dec. 29, 1855, but while still an infant was taken by his parents to Australia. He was edu- cated in St. Patrick's College, Melbourne, and was for some years in the service of the Education Department of Victoria. In 1881 he joined the staff of the Mel- bourne Argus, being also a regular con- tributor to the Melbourne Punch, and the Sydney Daily Telegraph. Articles from his pen have appeared in the Melbourne Review, the Victorian Review, and other colonial periodicals. He was the founder and the first President of the Victorian Catholic Young Men's Society, and the heroic bronze statue of Daniel O'Connell by Mr. Thos. Brock, R.A. , now standing in front of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Mel- bourne, was erected by a committee of which Mr. Hogan was secretary. He is the author of the following books : "An Australian Christmas Collection," 1886 ; " History of the Irish in Australia," 1887 ; " The Australian in London," 1888 ; "The Lost Explorer," 1890; "The Convict King," 1891 ; " Robert Lowe, Viscount Sherbrooke," 1893 ; " The Sister Domin- ions," 1895; and "The Gladstone Colony," 1898. In February 1893 Mr. Hogan was elected, without opposition, for the Mid Division of Tipperary. Since he entered the House of Commons he has been active in the promotion and ventilation of colonial questions. He organised the Colonial Party, and at its first meeting in August 1893 was unanimously appointed its secre- tary. To the Contemporary Review for November 1893 he contributed an article explanatory of the constitution, aims, and objects of the Colonial Party, whose roll of membership now numbers 45, drawn from all quarters of the House, but bound HOGG— HOLE 523 together by a common interest in colonial questions and the adequate representation of the interests of Greater Britain in the Imperial Parliament. Mr. Hogan was again returned unopposed for the Mid Division of Tipperary at the general elec- tion of 1895. Address : Montague Mansion, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W.C. HOG-Gr, Quintin, is the youngest son of the late Sir James Weir Hogg", Bart., Chairman of the Old East India Com- pany, and also brother of the late Lord Magheramorne. He was born in London on February 14, 1845, and was educated at Eton. On leaving school Mr. Hogg at once took an active and personal interest in homeless boys. Eventually he took a large warehouse in the neighbourhood of Drury Lane, which he fitted up as dormi- tories, and a home for about fifty working boys, with playground, &c, attached. All his leisure was devoted to their welfare, and he practically lived amongst them, sleep- ing in a special corner of the boys' dormi- tory. This initiated the movement which is now being continued by the Committee of the Homes for Working-Boys. In time, evening classes and a Sunday School were started in connection with the home by Mr. Hogg, assisted by his old school friends, Mr. (now Lord) Kinnaird, and the Hon. T. H. W. Pelham. In 1873 he started, in a room in Endell Street, under the title of " The Youth's Christian Institute," an association for those of his lads who were above sixteen years of age. The work of the Institute was of so accept- able and attractive a character to youths and young men generally, that the mem- bership gradually rose to 1000, and when the premises of the old Polytechnic in Regent Street came into the market in 1882, Mr. Quintin Hogg purchased them, and adapted them for the work of his Institute. From that time the member- ship numbers went up by leaps and bounds ; and now, in 1898, the members and students exceed 16,000. The work of the Polytechnic is of a threefold character — viz., social, educational, and religious, but attendance at any of the religious meetings or classes is perfectly optional. Upon the purchase of the lease, and the adaptation and enlargement of premises and their maintenance, Mr. Hogg has expended some £200,000. For years, from early evening until closing time at night, he has been on the spot, making the acquaintance of members, and in many ways giving the Polytechnic boys the benefit of his experience and advice. All this work is, however, but one aspect of what has been a very active business life. On leaving Eton, Mr. Hogg entered the old-established West Indian house of Bosanquet, Curtis & Co., as a junior, and is now the head of the firm, its present title being Hogg, Curtis, Campbell & Co. At one time he was much pressed to enter Parliament, and was in 1886 invited by the electors of Westminster to stand as their candidate. Indifferent health, how- ever, and a feeling that public life would interfere with his work at the Polytechnic, caused him to decline the invitation. A few years later, however, upon the con- stitution of the London County Council, he was spontaneously elected Alderman. In February 1899, after eight months' absence in the East Indies, Mr. Quintin Hogg was welcomed home at the Queen's Hall, Langham Place, by an audience of from 3000 to 4000 members of the Poly- technic, representing all the social in- terests of that institution. In 1871 he married the daughter of Mr. William Graham, the late M.P. for Glasgow, a lady warmly interested in her husband's work. Addresses : 309 Regent Street, W.; 5 Caven- dish Square, W.; and Athenseum. HOLE, The Very Rev. Samuel Reynolds, D.D. , Dean of Rochester, was born on Dec. 5, 1819, is the son of Samuel Hole, Esq., whose family has resided at Caunton, Nottinghamshire, since Hugh Hole was Vicar in 1567, and was educated at the Grammar School, Newark-on-Trent, and at Brasenose College, Oxford. He was ordained Deacon, 1844 ; Priest, 1845 ; and became Curate of Caunton, 1844 ; Vicar, 1850 ; Rural Dean of Southwell, 1865 ; Prebendary of Lincoln, 1875 ; Proc- tor in Convocation, 1875 ; Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 1885 ; Select Preacher to the University of Oxford, 1885-86 ; Dean of Rochester, 1887 ; Almoner of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in 1895 ; and Grand Chaplain of Freemasons in 1897. Dean Hole is the author of " A Little Tour in Ireland," illustrated by John Leech, 1858 ; "A Book about Roses," 1859 (this has run through many editions, and has been translated into several languages); "Six of Spades," 1860; "Nice and her Neighbours," 1881 ; "Hints to Preachers," 1881 ; and of num- erous pamphlets, sermons, and speeches. Among his later works we may mention his "Book about the Garden," 1892; "Memories of Dean Hole," 1892; "More Memories," 1894 ; and " A Little Tour in America," and "Addresses to Working Men." Addresses: The Deanery, Roches- ter ; and Caunton Manor, Notts. HOLE, William, R.S.A., only child of Richard Hole, M.D., of Hole, 'in Ex- bourne, Devon, and Anne, his wife, the daughter of Dr. Fergusson, Governor of Sierra Leone, was born in Salisbury on 524 HOLLAND Nov. 7, 1846. On the death of his father from cholera in 1849, his mother returned to her family, then residing in Edinburgh, and her son was educated at the Edin- burgh Academy and University. In 1874 he was apprenticed to a firm of civil engineers. After four years he took a trip to Itay, and developed latent artistic instincts in the congenial studio atmo- sphere of Rome. On his return lie could lind no employment as an engineer, and definitely abandoned that profession for art. He was trained, in a sort of way, at the Edinburgh School of Art, and then learned his business under Cameron and Chalmers at the School of the Royal Scottish Academy. He was elected Asso- ciate of that body in 1878, and full Acade- mician in 1889. He is also a member of the Royal Scottish Water-Colour Society, and of the Royal Society of Painter Etchers. Mr. Hole's claim to distinction is perhaps chiefly due to his power as an etcher, in which art he certainly has taken a foremost place. His principal pictures are: "The End of the '45," 1879; "The Evening of Culloden," 1880; "Prince Charlie's Parliament," 1881 ; "The Fill of the Boats," 1883 ; "If Thou hadst known," 1884; "News of Flodden," 1886; "Geth- semane," 1887 ; and many portraits. His principal original etchings are: "Quasi Cursores," portraits of the Professors of the Edinburgh University in its Tercen- tenary Year, 1884; and "Canterbury Pilgrims," 1888 (36-inch plate). His other etchings are: "Mill on the Yare," after Crome, 1888 ; " He is Coming," after Mattys Maris, 1889 ; "The Sawyers," after J. F. Millet, 1890; "Six plates after Thomson of Duddingston," 1889; and many others. A large plate after Con- stable's "Jumping Horse," was published in the autumn of 1890, and was followed by two others after Velasquez — viz., "Don Gaspar de Guzman " and " Admiral Pulido Pareja." More recently Mr. Hole issued an important etching after Sir John Millais' "Idyll of the '45." At the Chicago Exhibition Mr. Hole was granted an Award of Merit for his etchings. For the future his name will probably be associated with works of mural decoration. His " Te Deum" in the Church of St. James, Edinburgh, has already attracted considerable attention, and he is at present engaged on the decoration of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, a commission entrusted to him in 1897, and probably the most important work of the kind in point of magnitude which has been given to one man since the recent revival of mural art in these islands. In 1876 Mr. Hole married Elizabeth, daughter of James Lindsay, Esq., W.S. Address : 27 Inverleith Row, Edinburgh. HOLLAND, Canon Henry Scott, son of George Henry and Hon. Char- lotte D. Holland, of Gayton Lodge, Wimbledon, was born at Ledbury, Here- fordshire, in 1847, and educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford. He took a first class in the Final Schools in 1870, and in the same year was elected to a senior studentship at Christ Church. He was ordained at Cuddesdon in 1872, and was afterwards Theological Tutor at Christ Church. He was Select Preacher at, Oxford in 1882, and again in 1896; Proctor in 1882-83, and Censor of Christ Church in 1883. In 1882 he was appointed Canon of Truro and Examining Chaplain to the Bishop, and in 1884 was made Canon, afterwards Precentor of St. Paul's. He has published several volumes of ser- mons, "Logic and Life," in 1882; "Good Friday at St. Paul's " ; " Creed and Charac- ter," 1886 ; " Christ or Ecclesiastes," 1887; "On Behalf of Belief," 1888; articles on "Justin Martyr" and on "Doctor Liddon " in the Dictionary of Christian Biography; an Essay in " Lux Mundi," "Pleas and Claims," 1893; "God's City " ; and, in collaboration with Mr. W. Rockstro, a "Life of Jenny Lind." Permanent address : 1 Amen Court, E. C. HOLLAND, Professor Thomas Erskine, D.C.L., LL.D., son of the Rev. T. A. Holland, rector of Poynings, Sussex (author of " Dryburgh Abbey and other Poems "), was born at Brighton, July 17, 1835. After entering Oxford as a member of Balliol College, he obtained a Demyship at Magdalen, a First Class in the Final Classical School ; a Fellowship at Exeter College, and a Chancellor's Prize. He was called to the Bar in 1863, and practised on the Home Circuit. In 1874 he was elected Vinerian Reader of English Law at Oxford, but resigned that office on being elected, a few months later, Chichele Professor of International Law. He has frequently been law examiner at Oxford, as also (1870-75) in the University of London ; (1891-92), at Cambridge; and (1878-80, and 1893-97) to the Inns of Court. He is a member and lately l r . Vice-President of the Institut de Droit International ; a Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy ; D.C.L. of Oxford ; Fellow of All Souls' College ; Assessor of the Chancellor's Court ; Hon Prof, in the University of Perugia ; Hon. LL.D. of the Universities of Bologna, Dublin, and Glasgow ; and Hon. Member of the University of St. Petersburg, of the Juridical Society of Berlin, and of the Academie de Legisla- tion of Toulouse. Among his published works are: "An Essay on Composition Deeds," 1864; "Essays on the Form of HOLLINGSHEAD — HOLMAN-HUNT 525 the Law," 1870; "The Institutes of Jus- tinian as a Recension of the Institutes of Gains," 1873 (2nd edit., 1881); "Select Titles from the Digest " (with Mr. C. L. Shadwell), 1874-81 ; " Alberioi Gentilis de Jure Belli," 1877 ; " The European Con- cert in the Eastern Question," 1885; "A Manual of Naval Prize Law," issued by authority of the Lords of the Admiralty, 1888 ; but he is probably best known by his "Elements of Jurisprudence," which, first published in 1880, is now in its eighth edition, and has become a text-book in most English and American Universities and law schools. This work received in 1894 the " Swiney Prize," which is decen- nially awarded for "the best published work upon Jurisprudence," and was ad- judged in 1864 to Sir Henry Maine's " Ancient Law." Addresses : Poyning's House, Oxford ; 3 Brick Court, Temple ; and Athenfeum. HOLLINGSHEAD, John, author and journalist, son of Mr. Henry R. Hollings- head, of the Irish Chamber, was born in Hoxton, London, Sept. 9, 1827, was edu- cated at Homerton, and entered business early ; but preferring journalism, became connected with several leading daily and weekly newspapers, as well as magazines. He joined the staff of Household Words in 1857 ; was a constant contributor to that periodical and to All the Year Round, the Oornhill Magazine, Good Words, and Once a Week. From 1859 to 1864 he pub- lished several volumes of essays and stories, chiefly on life in London. In 1861, the famine year in London, he was the Special Commissioner of the Morning Post at the East End. The outcome of his mission was " Ragged London," in 1861. In 1862 he was connected with the Great Exhibi- tion, and wrote the historical introduction to its catalogue. He has written one or two original dramatic pieces, and was for six years the dramatic critic of the Daily News, London Revieiv, Punch, &c. ; he con- tributed much to Punch, and is a member of the Dramatic Authors' Society and of the French Society of Gens de Lettres. In December 1868, Mr. Hollingshead opened the Gaiety Theatre, in the Strand, but after eighteen years he ceased to be its lessee and manager. He has had three Metropolitan theatres under his direction " at one time, with the most powerful com- bination of actors in London. He has also been the director of the principal theatre in Manchester. In 1879 he induced the whole Come'die Francaise to visit London and play for six weeks at the Gaiety. A collection of his writings was published under the title of "Miscellanies: Stories and Essays," 3 vols., 1874 ; two other small collections in 1882 and 1883, called respectively " Plain English " and " Foot- lights " ; and in 1877 he made a successful adaptation of MM. Meilhac and Halevy's "La Cigale," under the title of "The Grasshopper." Mr. Hollingshead is a director of several large variety theatre companies in London, the provinces, and abroad, and was the managing director of "Niagara in London," the popular pano- rama which Mr. Hollingshead organised for some American friends. In 1890 he collected some papers under the title of "Niagara Spray," containing, like "Foot- lights," a good many reprints from Punch. In 1892 he published "The Story of Leicester Square," and his Autobiography (2 vols. ) in 1894, and " Gaiety Chronicles " in 1898. Addresses : 8 Egerlon Mansions, Brompton Road ; and 3 Garrick Mansions, Charing Cross Road, W. HOLMAN-HUNT,"William, painter, one of the most prominent of the three working members of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, was born in London in 1827, and exhibited his first picture at the Academy in 1844, a portrait of a child, entitled "Hark ! " The earlier works were adapted from poetry and fiction, such as " Dr. Rochecliffe performing Divine Ser- vice in the Cottage of Joceline Joliffe at Woodstock," in 1847 ; " The Flight of Madeline and Porphyro, " from Keats's "St. Agnes," in 1848; and " Rienzi vow- ing to obtain Justice for the Death of his young brother," in 1849. He began that series of religious and mystical subjects, whereby he has since made himself best known, with " A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids," in 1850 ; followed by the symbolical " Hireling- Shepherd, "in 1852. His picture in 1851 was in a different class of sentiment — " Valentine receiving Sylvia from Pro- teus " ; that of 1853, " Claudio and Isa- bella," and " Our English Coasts," a study of the Downs at Hastings. Three of these pictures were awarded £50 and £60 prizes at Liverpool and Birmingham. The occult meaniDg of his "Light of the World, "and of the "Awakening Conscience," of 1854, was explained by Mr. Ruskin in some letters to the Times. "The Scapegoat," of which the scene was painted upon the margin of the salt-incrusted shallows of the Dead Sea, was exhibited, in 1856. The "Finding of the Saviour in the Temple " was exhibited in 1860 ; and " Isabella and the Pot of Basil," in 1866. His more recent pictures are " London Bridge on the Night of the Marriage of the Prince of Wales " ; "The Afterglow " ; and " The Festival of St. Swithin." The last-mentioned was in the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1868. The largest of his 526 HOLME — HOLMES works, which exclusively occupied his time during a residence of four years in Palestine, was finished in 1873. It is styled "The Shadow of Death," and re- presents a prevision of the Crucifixion. "Plains of Esdraelon," an Oriental land- scape with shepherd and sheep, taken at Nazareth, was exhibited in 1877. "The Ship," an illustration of lines from "In Memoriam," represents the deck of a ship by night, exhibited in 1878. A " Portrait of Sir Richard Owen, C. B.," was exhibited in Bond Street in 1880, &c. "The Triumph of the Innocents" was exhibited in Bond Street in 1885. It represents a company of the spirits of the Children of Beth- lehem accompanying the Holy Family on their flight into Egypt. " Christ amongst the Doctors," designed for a mosaic placed in Clifton College Chapel, was exhibited in 1890. In the year 1880 he delivered a lec- ture at the Society of Arts upon the need of greater knowledge and care on the part of artists in the preparation of the mate- rials upon the perfection of which they have to rely for the permanence of their works. This at the time awakened much attention to the matter, and still encour- ages research for better methods of obtain- ing superior preparations. A nearly com- plete collection of Mr. Holman-Hunt's works was exhibited at the Fine Arts Society's rooms in 1886. He has written in the Contemporary Review two articles of reminiscences of the Pre-Raphaelite move- ment. In the columns of the Times he subsequently led the attack upon the Royal Academy, in which, of course, he no longer exhibits. In May 1898 the Queen purchased one of his pictures, " The Beloved," exhibited in the New Gallery. Addresses : Draycott Lodge, Ful- ham ; and Athenaeum. HOLME, Charles, F.L.S., editor and proprietor of the Studio, Hon. Secretary of the Japan Society, was born at Derby on Oct. 7, 1848, and is the son of George Holme, a silk manufacturer of that town. He was educated privately at Derby, and from 1868 to 1886 was an East India mer- chant. He has travelled much in Russia, Japan, and the East generally. He suc- ceeded the late Mr. Gleeson White as editor of the Studio in 1894. Address : The Red House, Upton, Bexley Heath, S.E. HOLMES, Lord Justice, The Right Hon. Hugh Holmes, P.O., is the son of the late William Holmes of Dungannon, and was born in 1840. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1865. He was successively Solicitor-General and Attorney-General of Ireland between the years 1878 and 1880 ; became a Judge of the High Court of Justice in Ireland in 1887, and was in the latter year appointed an Irish Lord Justice of Appeal. He had a seat in the House of Commons from 1885-87 as Conservative member for Dublin University. Address: 3 Fitz- William Place, Dublin. HOLMES, Richard Rivington, M.V.O., F.S.A., Windsor Librarian, was born in London on Nov. 16, 1835, and is the second son of John Holmes, Assistant Keeper of the MSS. at the British Museum. He was educated at Cholmeley School, Highgate. He was appointed Assistant in the British Museum in 1854, Archaeologist to the Expedition to Abyssinia, 1868, and obtained the medal. In 1870 he became Librarian to the Queen and Keeper of the Prints and Drawings at Windsor Castle. He was honoured with the M.V.O. fourth class in 1897, and is a Lieutenant-Colonel, V.D., late 1st Volunteer Battalion Royal Berks Regiment. He is author of various papers in literary and antiquarian periodi- cals, of "Naval and Military Trophies," 1897 ; and of the sumptuous illustrated work entitled "Queen Victoria," 1897. He has exhibited water-colour drawings at the Royal Academy, Grosvenor, and New Galleries, and is a designer of stained glass and other ornamental work. He drew on wood the illustrations to Mrs. Oliphant's "Makers of Venice." Addresses: Windsor Castle ; and Athenaeum. HOLMES, Timothy, M.A., F.R.C.S., was educated at Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1847 (M.A. 1850), and at St. George's Hospital, London, of which he is Treasurer and Consulting Surgeon. As a young surgeon he enjoyed the honour of the great Sir Benjamin Brodie's in- timacy. He is Fellow, and was at one time President, of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, has been Vice - President of the Pathological Society, and was at one time Senior Vice - President and Professor of Surgery and Pathology at the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons (England), where he lectured in 1872-74 on the "Surgical Treatment of Aneurism." He was also at one time Chief Surgeon to the Metro- politan Police Force, and Surgeon to the Hospital for Sick Children. He has edited the famous " System of Surgery," and has contributed important articles to that work. He is author of " A Treatise on the Surgical Treatment of the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood," and " A Treatise on Surgery, its Principles and Practice"; and with Dr. Bristowe wrote a "Report on Hospitals " in the sixth Annual Report of Medical Officers to the Privy Council. Lately he has published "Sir Benjamin HOLYOAKE — HOME 527 Brodie " in the Masters of Medicine Series, 1898. Address : 6 Sussex Place, Hyde Park, W. HOLYOAKE, George Jacob, born at Birmingham, April 13, 1817, was edu- cated at the Mechanics' Institution in that town. He was appointed Superintendent of Assistants of the first Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures held in Birming- ham in 1839 ; Teacher of Mathematics to the Mechanics' Institution, and one of the Lecturers to explain the Social System of Robert Owen, 1841. In 1846 he was awarded the five prizes offered by the Independent Order of Oddfellows for five new Degree Lectures upon Know- ledge, Charity, Justice, Science, and Pro- gress. He was Acting Secretary to the British Legion sent out to Garibaldi ; and Secretary of the Hyde Park Demonstra- tion Committee against Lord Palmerston's Conspiracy Bill. Mr. Holyoake is the founder of "Secularism," a system which, according to him, "bases duty on con- siderations purely human, relies on material means of improvement, justifying its be- liefs to the conscience, irrespective of Atheism, Theism, or Revelation." He is the author of numerous works on work- ing-class education, theological criticism, politics, and co-operation; "Uses of Euclid"; "Reasoning from Facts"; "Public Speakingand Debate" ; " Trial of Theism" ; "History of Middlesborough - on - Tees " ; " Letters to Lord John Russell on an Intelligence Franchise"; "The Political Situation " ; a letter to Joseph Cowen, which J. S. Mill declared, 1865, to be "the best of Mr. Holyoake's political writings"; "The History of Co-operation in Rochdale," which caused upwards of 250 co-operative societies to be founded in two years, and has been translated into the chief European and Indian languages ; " A History of Co-operation in England," in 2 vols.; and "A New Defence of the Ballot," which Mr. Bright described as the only original argument for it he had seen. He was the editor of thirty volumes of the Reasoner. Mr. Holyoake was the last person imprisoned in England for alleged Atheism. The cause was an answer given in debate after a lecture upon Home Colonies (1841). Mr. Justice Erskine admitted that Mr. Holyoake did not introduce theology into the address, and merely gave an honest answer to a public question, but sentenced him to six months' imprisonment to encourage him in candour. Mr. Holyoake was also the last person against whom an indictment was issued by the Court of Exchequer for pub- lishing unstamped papers in support of the Society for Repealing the Taxes upon Knowledge. Mr. Holyoake having in- curred upwards of £600,000 of fines, Mr. Gladstone said to a deputation upon the subject that " he recognised that Mr. Holyoake's object was not to break the law, but to try the law." The Repeal of the Newspaper Stamp Act, however, caused the prosecution to be abandoned. He was chiefly instrumental in causing the Evidence Amendment Bill to be passed, which legalised purely secular affirmations. He suggested and furnished the scheme of the series of Blue-Books issued by Lord Clarendon, prepared by the Foreign Office on the " Condition of the Industrial Classes in Foreign Countries." It was on bis suggestion, made when Lord John Manners was Commissioner of Works, that the limelight was placed over the Clock Tower at Westminster, to denote at night when Parliament was sitting. A later work is the " Life of Joseph Rayner Stephens, Preacher and Orator." In 1882 he a second time visited Canada and the United States to propose to the Govern- ments of both countries the issue of a Settlers' Guide Book, to be prepared and published on their authority, Mr. Glad- stone making Mr. Holyoake two grants from the Public Service Fund in aid of this object. Mr. Holyoake edited the first three volumes of the Present Day, a journal discussing "Agitated Questions without Agitation." His recent works are: "Among the Americans," "A Hundred Days Abroad in New Mexico and Canada," and " Hostile and Generous Toleration." He has been a member of the Central Board since its first establishment in 1869. He has also published " Self-Help One Hundred Years Ago," 1890; "The Co-operative Move- ment of To-day," 1891; " Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life," 1892 ; "Public Speak- ing and Debate," 1S94 ; "Origin and Nature of Secularism," showing that where Free Thought commonly ends Secularism begins, 1896 ; "Jubilee History of the Leeds Co-operative Society," 1897. Ad- dress : Eastern Lodge, Brighton. Clubs : National Liberal (Hon. Member), and of the Institute of Journalists, of the Cobden Club, and the Musee Social, Paris. HOME, Earl of, Charles Alexander Douglas-Home, K.T., D.L., J. P., was born at the Hirsel, Coldstream, on April 11, 1834, and is the son of the 11th Earl, whom he succeeded in 1881, and Lucy, eldest daughter of the second and last Lord Montague. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A.). He was Lord-Lieutenant of Ber- wickshire from 1879 to 1890, since which year he has been Lord-Lieutenant of Lanarkshire. He is A.D.C. to the Queen, Major-General of the Royal Company of Archers, Colonel of Yeomanry, and Hon. 528 HOOK — HOOKER Colonel of Volunteers (V.D.). He assumed the name of Douglas in 1877. In 1899 he was created K.T. in place of the late Lord Napier and Ettrick. He married, in 1870, Maria, daughter of Captain Charles C. Grey, R.N. Addresses : 6 Grosvenor Square, W.; The Hirsel, Coldstream, Ber- wickshire ; and Douglas Castle, Lanark- shire, &c. HOOK, James Clarke, R.A., was born in London, Nov. 21, 1819. His father, Mr. James Hook, was the Judge Arbitrator in the Mixed Commission Courts, Sierra Leone, and his mother was the second daughter of Dr. Adam Clarke, the biblical commentator. The future artist was entered as a student of the Royal Academy in 183fi, and his progress from the outset was marked and encouraging. He took the first Medals in the life and painting schools in 1852. He obtained the Gold Medal for historical painting in 1845, the subject being "The Finding of the Body of Harold." Up to this time Mr. Hook had chiefly confined himself to subjects from English history, and occasional por- traits. In 1846 he obtained the travelling pension of the Royal Academy for three years, and in the same year married the third daughter of Mr. James Burton, solicitor, and went to Italy. After eighteen months' absence he gave up half his pen- sion, and returned to England. He now began painting subjects from Italian and French history and poetry, and occasion- ally from Scripture. Of this class may be mentioned the following, all exhibited at the Royal Academy : " Pamphilus relating his Story," a subject from Boccaccio, 1844 ; "The Song of Olden Time," 1845; "The Controversy between the Lady Jane Grey and Feckenham," 184C ; "Bassanio com- menting on the Caskets," a scene in the "Merchant of Venice," 1847 ; "The Em- peror Otho IV. and the Maid Gualdrada, " 1848 ; "The Chevalier Bayard wounded at Brescia," also, " Othello's First Suspicion," and " Bianca Capello," 1849 ; " Escape of Francesco Novello di Carrara and the Lady Taddea, " and "A Dream of Venice," 1850. Mr. Hook was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1850, and at- tained the full honours of the Academy in 1860. He exhibited " The Rescue of the Brides of Venice," and "The Defeat of Shylock," 1851; "The Story of Torello," from Boccaccio, and "Othello's Description of Desdemona," 1852; "The Chevalier Bayard kuighting the Son of the Duke of Bourbon," and " Isabella of Castille and the Idle Nuns," 1853; "Incidents in the Persecution of the Protestants in Paris," 1854; and "Gratitude of the Mother of Moses for the Safety of her Child," 1855. About this period Mr. Hook returned to his first inclination, and devoted himself chiefly to pastoral and modern subjects. Of examples in his later style we may instance the following: "The Birthplace of the Streamlet," "The Market Morning," and "The Shepherd's Boy," 1855; "The Fisherman's Good-Night," 1856 ; " A Sig- nal on the Horizon," and " The Ship-Boy's Letter," 1857 ; "A Pastoral," with a quaint inscription from Spenser, and " The Coast- Boy Gathering Eggs," 1858. Of late years Mr. Hook has devoted himself to marine subjects, " Luff, Boy ! " "A Cornish Gift," and " The Skipper Ashore," 1859 ; "Leav- ing Cornwall for the Whitby Fishing," 1861 ; "The Trawlers," 18C2 ; "Fish from the Doggerbank," 1870; "Salmon Trap- pers, Norway," " Norwegian Haymakers," "Market Girls on a Fjord," 1871; "As Jolly as a Sand-Boy," 1872; "Hearts of Oak," and "The Samphire Gatherer," 1875; "Crabbers," 1876; "A Gull Catcher," "The Coral Fisher, Amalli," 1878 ; " Little to Earn and Many to Keep," "Mushroom Gatherers," and " Tanning Nets : Witches and Cauldrons from the Macbeth Country," 1879 ; "King Baby : The White Sands of Iona," " Home with the Tide," " Sea-pools," and " Mussel- Gardens," 1880; "Diamond Merchants, Cornwall," and "Past Work," 1881; "Caller Herrin'," and "Devon Harvest Cart : the Last Handful Home," 1882 ; "Catching a Mermaid," "Love Lightens Toil," "The Wily Angler," "Carting for ' Farmer Pengelly,' " 1883 ; " The Broken Oar," 1886 ; " The Sea-weed Raker," 1889 ; "Last Night's Disaster," and "A Jib for the New Smack," 1890. More recently he has exhibited "Good Liquor, Duty Free," 1893; and "Before Sundown," " Herring- packers," "Practising without Diploma," and " Seed-time," 1894; " Finnan Haddie," " Hey, Ho, Seely Sheepe I " " A Harvest in the West Country," 1895; "A Dish of Prawns," and " Breadwinners of the North," 1896; "From the Shore to the Field," Portrait of Allan J. Hook, Esq. ; "Low Water at the Tidal Crossing," "A Dutchman's Home," 1897 ; "A Turn in the Lane : Blackberries " ; " Idlers," "Trouble with the old Muzzle-loader," and a landscape, 1898; "Waders," "Grist to the Mill," " Water-Cresses I " and a portrait of Bryan Hook, Esq., 1899. Ad- dress: Silverbeck, Churt, Farnham, Surrey. HOOKER, Sir Joseph Dalton, G.C.S.I., C.B., P.P.R.S., M.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. Cantab., Dubl., Edin., and Glas., is the second and only surviving son of the late Sir William Jackson Hooker, Regius Professor of Botany in Glasgow University, and sub- sequently Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, by Maria, eldest daughter of Mr. HOOKEK 529 Dawson Turner, F.R.S., banker, of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. He was born at Halesworth, Suffolk, June 30, 1817, and was educated at the High School and University of Glasgow, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1839. At the age of twenty-one he accompanied, officially as assistant-surgeon, but in reality as naturalist, the famous expedition of Sir James Clark Ross, fitted out by the Gov- ernment for the purpose of investigating the phenomena of terrestrial magnetism in the South Circumpolar Seas. The result of his researches during this voyage was a series of superb volumes on the botany of the Southern regions, embracing the flora of the Antarctic Islands, Fuegia, New Zealand, and Tasmania. By a com- parison of the plants of these regions with those of other parts of the world, he succeeded in advancing our knowledge of the laws which govern the distribution of plants over the surface of the earth. He returned to this country after an absence of four years. In 1846 he accepted the appointment of botanist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain under Sir H. de la BSche, and he contributed a valuable paper to the second volume of the "Records " of that institution on the vegetation of the Carboniferous period as compared with that of the present day ; and another on the structure of coal-fossils. In 1847 Dr. Hooker undertook a journey to India for the purpose of investigating the plants of tropical countries, and the flora of a hitherto unexplored region of the Hima- layas. In the course of his travels in these remote districts he was for some time kept prisoner by the Rajah of Sikkim. He returned in 1851, and published two very interesting volumes of " Himalayan Journals," and a number of scientific works on the botany of India. In 1850, while in India, he published some beauti- ful sketches of rhododendrons from the Sikkim Himalaya, several of which have since been introduced into England. These expeditions, though partly at his own expense, were conducted under the authority of Government, which supplied some of the funds. He was appointed in 1855 Assistant-Director of Kew Gardens ; and, on his father's death in 1865, suc- ceeded to the Directorship, which he resigned in 1885. He was some time Examiner in Natural Science of candidates for medical appointments in the Royal Army and in the late East India Com- pany's Service, and Examiner in Botany to the London University and Apothecaries Company. In the autumn of 1860 he accompanied the late Admiral Washington on a tour in Syria, during which he paid special attention to the oaks of that country. Dr. Hooker presided over the meeting of the British Association held at Norwich in 1868. The main subject of his address, which gave rise to much con- troversy, was the consideration of the views put forward from time to time by Mr. Darwin on the doctrine of the con- tinuous evolution of life, and in connection with this, on what is termed "natural selection," together with his theory of the " origin of species." To Darwin's notions, expressed in their fullest extent, Dr. Hooker gave his entire adhesion. He was appointed a Companion of the Bath (Civil Division) in 1869. In April 1871 Dr. Hooker left England for Morocco, in com- pany with Mr. John Ball, F.R.S., and Mr. G. Maw, F.L.S., his purpose being to col- lect the plants of that comparatively unexplored country. On the 16th of May he and his companions made the ascent of the Great Atlas, the heights of which mountain had never before been trodden by any European ; and at the close of June returned to Kew, bringing a large collec- tion of plants. In 1873 Dr. Hooker was elected President of the Royal Society, but resigned in 1878, when the late Mr. W. Spottiswoode was chosen as his suc- cessor. In 1877 he was created Knight Commander of the Star of India, for his services to the Government of India, and in 1897, on the completion of "The Flora of British India," was raised to G.C.S.I. In 1877 he paid a visit of three months' duration to the United States, where he was most cordially received by the leading scientific men. On his return he presented to Kew a large collection of seeds and museum specimens, and a herbarium of about a thousand species, together with notes on the distribution of the North American trees in particular. He was awarded by the Royal Society a Royal medal in 1854, the Copley in 1887, and the Darwin in 1892. In 1884 the Founders' medal of the Royal Geographical Society was awarded to him "for his eminent services in scientific geography " ; and in 1883 the Society of Arts presented to him their Albert medal for the services he has rendered to the arts, manufactures, and commerce by promoting an accurate knowledge of the floras and economic vegetable products of the several colonies and dependencies of the Empire. In 1888 he received the medal of the Linnean Society, and in 1898 that of the Manchester Philosophical Society. Sir Joseph is a member of various learned societies, and a corresponding member of the Institute of France. His works are : " Botany of the Antarctic Voyage," 6 vols., 4to, 1847-60 ; " Handbook of the New Zealand Flora." 1867; "Rhododendrons of the Sikkim- Himalaya," 1849-51; "Himalayan Jour- nals," 2 vols., 8vo, 1854; "Genera 2l 530 HOPE — HOPKINS Plautarnm," 1862, etseq.; "The Student's Flora of the British Islands," 1870 ; "The Flora of British India," 1872-97 ; " Journal of a Tour in Morocco and the Great Atlas," 1878. Addresses : The Camp, near Sun- ningdale ; and Athenaeum. HOPE, Anthony. Anthony Hope. See Hawkins, HOPE, Sir Theodore Cracraft, K.C.S.I., CLE., was born in 1831, and is the only son of the late James Hope, M.D., F.R.S. He was educated at Rugby and at the East India Company's College at Haileybury, and entered the Bombay Civil Service in 1853. He was an Educa- tional Inspector in India, 1855-60 ; mem- ber of the Governor-General's Legislative Council, 1875-80 ; provisional member of Council, Bombay, in 1880; Secretary to the Government of India for Finance and Commerce, 1881-82 ; Finance Minister (officiating), in 1882 ; Public Works Mem- ber of the Governor-General's Councils, 1882-87. He has retired from the Civil Service, and was created a K.C.S.I. in 1886. In 1893 he published " Church and State in India." He married in 1866 Josephine, only daughter of the late John Williamson Fritton, of Braidujle House, co. Down. Addresses : 21 Elvaston Place, S.W. ; Bel Ritiro, San Remo ; and Athe- naeum. HOPETOUN, Earl of, The Right Hon. John Adrian Louis Hope, G.C.M.G., D.L., Lord Chamberlain, was born at Hopetoun House, N.B., Sept. 25, 1860, and is the son of the 6th Earl and Etheldred Anne, daughter of C. T. S. Birch-Reynardson, Esq., and was educated at Eton College. He succeeded his father in 1873. He passed at Sandhurst in 1879, but did not enter the army. He was appointed Lieutenant, Lanarkshire Yeo- manry, 1880 ; is a Deputy-Lieut, for Linlithgow, Lanark, and Dumfries ; and Justice of the Peace for Linlithgow. Earl Hopetoun was Junior Whip in the House of Lords from 1883 to 1886 ; was Lord- in-Waiting to the Queen from 1885 to 1889 ; and wa9 Lord High Commissioner to the Church of Scotland 1887-88-89. He is the Hon. Colonel of the Forth Submarine Mining Volunteer Corps ; and was made Governor of the Colony of Victoria in 1889 in succession to Sir Henry Loch, and in the same year was made G.C.M.G. He resigned this position in 1895, since which year he has been President of the Institu- tion of Naval Architects. In December 1898 he was appointed Lord Chamberlain in the room of the late Earl of Lathom. He married in 1886 the Hon. Hersey Alice Eveleigh-de-Moleyns, daughter of the 4th Baron Ventry. Address : Hopetoun House, South Queensferry, Linlithgowshire. HOPKINS, Edward J., Mus. Doc, Organist at the Temple Church, born in Westminster, June 30, 1818, was admitted, at the age of eight, as a chorister in the Chapel Royal, St. James's, where heremained till his voice broke in 1833. He then became a pupil of Thomas Forbes Walmis- ley, organist of the Church of St. Martin- in - the - Fields. About a twelvemonth afterwards, Sept. 17, 1834, Mr. Hopkins played for and obtained his first appoint- ment, that of organist to Mitcham Church, Surrey, at the early age of sixteen. This post he exchanged for that of organist to St. Peter's, Islington, in 1838. The same year he obtained the Gresham gold medal for his anthem, " Out of the Deep "; and in the year 1840 he obtained a similar prize for his anthem, " God is gone up," the umpires being Dr. Crotch, Mr. W. Horsley, and Sir John Goss. In 1841 he accepted the position of organist to St. Luke's Church, Berwick Street, where he remained until 1843. During that time he executed a task calling for much dili- gence and patience, viz., that of " scoring " two sets of old madrigals from the separate and unbarred part-books for the Musical Antiquarian Society — Thomas Weelkes's first set of madrigals, 1597 ; and John Bennet's first set of madrigals, 1599 ; the former of which was published in the early part of 1843, and the other a few years later. About that time he began to publish a series of arrangements for the organ, the first three numbers of which were devised for the GG orgaD, to the use of which he had been trained ; but the remainder of the series were laid out for the CC organ, to which, in conjunction with Dr. Gauntlett and Henry Smart, Mr. Hopkins became an early adherent. On May 7, 1843, Mr. Hopkins" played his first probationary service at the Temple Church, and in the following October he was for- mally appointed " Organist to the Hon- ourable Society of the Temple," by the Benchers. He retained his position until 1898. In 1849 the octave and a half of F pedals were removed from the Temple organ, and a proper set, of the range of two octaves and a half (from CCC to F), were laid down in their stead. For the opening of the organ with this important improvement, the service known as " Hop- kins in F " was written, and was soon followed by the second service in A major. Previous to this, however, he had resumed publication of the series of organ arrange- ments for the CC organ, introducing the Continental oblong form for the printing; and he had also issued his "Four Pre- ludial Pieces." In September 1850 Mr. HOPKINS — HOPPS 531 Hopkins delivered a course of four lectures at the Collegiate Institution, Liverpool, on " The Construction and Capabilities of the Organ, illustrated with Diagrams, &c," which, on receiving the request that they should be printed, were developed into the book since entitled "The Organ : its History and Construction," by Dr. Rim- bault and E. J. Hopkins. In 1880 Dr. Hopkins's history of the organ appeared in Sir George Grove's ' ' Dictionary of Music," and in 1883, at the request of the Treasurers of the two hon. societies, Dr. Hopkins undertook the rather heavy task of preparing a new book of the words of the anthems, and a pointed psalter with chants, for the express use of the Temple Church. Dr. Hopkins has composed a number of anthems, services, and volun- taries, and has received many honourable distinctions in recognition of his services to music. HOPKINS, Admiral Sir John Omanney, K.C.B., late Commander-in- Chief in the Mediterranean, son of the Rev. W. T. Hopkins, Rector and Rural Dean of Nuffield, Oxford, was born in 1834, and educated at Marlborough College. He entered the navy in 1848, and was pro- moted Lieutenant in 1854. During the Russian war he served in H.M.S. Sans- pared, H.M.S. Britannia, and H.M.S. Lon- don, and was present at the attack on the sea defences of Sebastopol and in various other operations, for which he received the Crimean and Turkish medals. He was promoted Commander in 1862 and Captain in 1867, and was appointed Private Secre- tary to the First Lord of the Admiralty in 1881, in which year he was also appointed Aide-de-Camp to the Queen. In 1883 he was selected to fill the office of Captain Superintendent of Sheerness Dockyard. This appointment he relinquished in 1885 in order to take over the duties of the Di- rectorship of Naval Ordnance. Sir John attained Flag rank in 1885, and was elected a member of the Inter-Departmental Com- mittee, which was ordered by the Govern- ment to inquire into the supply of naval armaments. He was Admiral Superin- tendent of Portsmouth Dockyard between 1886 and 1888, when he became a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty. In 1892 he went to the North American and West Indian Station as Commander-in-Chief of the English Fleet in those waters. While he held that command a revolution took place at Nicaragua, and Admiral Hopkins received the thanks of the inhabitants of Bluefields for despatching a ship to their assistance, and by his prompt action ren- dered a most valuable service in protecting them from the outrages of brutal and undisciplined soldiers. He became Com- mander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean in 1896, and was retired from the service in July 1899. Sir John was created a K.C.B. in 1892. He married (1) in 1875 a daughter of Metcalfe Larken ; and (2), in 1882 Minna, daughter of Admiral Sir Sydney Dacres, G.C.B. Address : United Service Club. HOPPER, Eleanor Mora, was born Jan. 2, 1871, in Exeter, and was the daughter of the late Harman Baillie Hopper, Captain 31st Bengal Native In- fantry, by his second wife, Caroline Augusta Hopper {ne'e Francis). She was educated at the school of Mr. A. S. B. Scott, of Emperor's Gate, Kensington. Miss Hopper is a student of folk-lore and superstition. She is the author of the serial, " A Northern Juliet," now running in Atalanta, of " Ballads in Prose," 1894 ; "Under Quicken Boughs," 1896 ; and is a contributor to Longmans', Atalanta, Souse- hold Words, Marmillan's, Yellow Book, Eng- lish Illustrated, Sketch, Black and White, All the Year Round, Morning Post, Album, Illustrated London News, Ludgatc Monthly, Pall Mall Gazette, Sylvia, Girls' Own Paper, Woman, National Observer, New Review, Gentleman's Magazine, the Evergreen, the Lyceum. She began to write first for publication in 1887, and her earliest con- tribution was a poem which appeared in the Family Herald on Sept. 5, 1887. Her poems on Irish subjects are specially admired. Address : 36 Royal Crescent, W. HOPPS, John Page, was born in London, Nov. 6, 1834, and was educated in London and at the Baptist College, Leicester. He entered the Baptist minis- try at Hugglescote and Ibstock, Leicester- shire, in 1855, and became assistant to George Dawson at the Church of the Saviour, Birmingham, in 1858. In 1860 he accepted an invitation from a Unitarian church at Sheffield; and afterwards was Unitarian minister at Dukinfield and Glas- gow. At Glasgow he was elected a member of the first School Board, being the only re- presentative thereof the principleof secular education only in public schools. In 1876 he became minister of the Great Meeting, Leicester. For thirty years, in addition to the ordinary gatherings of his con- gregation, he has held meetings of working people on Sunday afternoons in public halls, at Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Glasgow, and Leicester, for worship and "the uplifting of the life." During part of this time in Leicester, for several winters, he closed his chapel on Sunday evenings, and gathered together immense audiences of working people in the Floral Hall. He was proprietor and editor of the Truthseeker 532 HOPWOOD — HORE for twenty-five years, from 1863 to 1887, and is the author of a great number of works on theological and religious sub- jects, including a " Revised Old Testa- ment " for young people, a "Life of Jesus" for the young, and several volumes of non- controversial sermons, also of various hymns and poems. He is the writer of the most widely circulated statement of the Unitarian Faith, of which four hundred thousand copies have been issued. The following are some of the titles of Mr. Hopps's sermons : — " Fear of Evil Mastered by Faith in God," "Self-possession through Endurance," "The Goodness of God in a World of Struggle," "Love for God a Power working with us for Good." Mr. Hopps has always been a social reformer, an advocate of co-operation, and a politi- cian. In 1885 he contested South Pad- dington against Lord Randolph Churchill, and in 1889 was invited to be the Liberal candidate for St. George's-in-the-East. He has written a series of papers on the Irish question, which have had a combined circulation of over a quarter of a million. He has been a frequent contributor to the Pall Mall Gazette, the Daily News, the Daily Chronicle, the Star, and the Echo. He is the editor of the Coming Day, the first number of which was published Jan. 1, 1891. In 1892 he founded " Our Father's Church," a purely spiritual com- munity, whose members, in various parts of the world, unite on the basis of "The Fatherhood of God (who is the inmost uplifting Life of all things), and the brotherhood of man for sympathy and service." The members of the Church have no officials and no rules, and never meet. "The Ideal," the accepted testi- mony of the Church, simply sets forth the leading principles of an ideal life in society. It has been translated into Welsh, French, German, Italian, Hun- garian, and Japanese, and published all over the world in English. In 1892 he accepted the pastorate of "The Free Christian Church," Croydon. Address : Oak Tree House, South Norwood Hill, S.E. HOPWOOD, Charles Henry, Q.C., appointed Recorder of Liverpool in 1886, fifth son of J. S. S. Hopwood. of Chancery Lane, solicitor, was born July 20, 1829, and educated at a private school, and after- wards at King's College School andat King's College, London. He became Barrister of the Middle Temple in 1853, practised on the Northern Circuit and in London, and was made Queen's Counsel in 1874. He was elected M.P. for Stockport, 1874, and was returned again in 1880, but rejected in 1885. In 1892 he was elected for the Middleton Division of Lancashire, and sat till 1895. He was elected Bencher of the Middle Temple, 1876, and Reader, 1885 ; was appointed Recorder of Liverpool, F'ebruary 1886 ; attained considerable practice, and was joint author of "Elec- tion Cases," Hopwood and Philbrick, and Hopwood and Coltman. He advocated the cause of Trades Unions, defending at the Bar their members against prosecu- tion, and insisting upon protection of their funds against the prejudice of the time. In the House of Commons he assisted in amending the laws as to employers and workmen, and pressed forward reforms in the summary juris- diction of justices to reduce the fre- quency and length of imprisonments. He advocated the creation of a Court of Appeal in indictable cases. He worked for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts as to Women, as well as of the Vaccination laws. Always advanced in political opinions, he supported every extension of the suffrage. He is earnest for a merciful administration of the criminal law, which he believes to be harsh and inconsiderate, producing con- viction of the innocent, and despair, not reform, of the guilty. To carry out these views he has founded the Romilly Society, named after Sir Samuel Romilly, one of the first advocates of mercy towards offenders. Address : Northwich Lodge, 2 St John's Wood Road, N.W. HOKE, Annie Boyle, wife of the following, Edward Coode Hore, was born in Bloomsbury, London, April 8, 1853. She was educated at Queen's College, and gained the Monteagle Scholarship in 1867. In 1882 Mrs. Hore commenced her travels in Central Africa. On her first journey she started from Saadani and reached Mambria, 200 miles inland, trying the experiment of wheels. In 1884 Mrs. Hore started from Quillimane to try to reach Tanganyika by the Nyassa route, but after a five days' journey up the Kwa-kwa river in a little open boat, she was obliged to turn hack from Marandeni on account of war between the Portuguese and the natives. A month later Mrs. Hore joined her husband at Delagoa Bay, and together they took the old ]Oad to Ujiji, via, Saadani, Mpwapwa, Ugogo, and Unyamwezi. Mrs. Hore was the first white woman to reach the shores of Lake Tanganyika, and she spent nearly four years on Kavala Island teaching the children the first rudiments of Christianity and civilisation. Mrs. Hore is the authoress of " To Lake Tanganyika in a Bath Chair." Mrs. Hore accompanied her husband to Polynesia (1894). HORE, Edward Coode, F.R.G.S., was born in Islington on July 23, 1848. His HORN BY — HORSLEY 533 parents were of two old Cornish families. He was educated chiefly in a private school at Cambridge, and was apprenticed, at the age of sixteen, to the owner of a London ship, and visited nearly every part of the world, serving on more than twenty dif- ferent vessels, from the small coasting schooner to the first-class mail steamer, and passed through all the grades of apprentice, able seaman, boatswain, third, second, and chief officer, and master. In March 1877 Captain Hore was appointed to the London Missionary Society's pioneer expedition in Central Africa. He lived on the shores of Lake Tanganyika for about ten years, first at Ujiji, then at Niumkorlo (south end), and subsequently on Kavala Island. He surveyed the 1000 mile coast- line of Lake Tanganyika in a little log canoe, and discovered the Lukuga to be the true outlet of the lake. In 1884 Cap- tain Hore returned to England to report upon his work. In 1882 he took the sec- tions of a steel lifeboat, on trucks, from Saadani to Ujiji, a distance of 836 miles, in less than 100 days. In 1888 he finished the building of the steam yacht the Good News on Lake Tanganyika. Cap- tain Hore received a gold chronometer from the Government of the French Re- public for attention and assistance to the late Abbe Debaize ; and in 1890 received the Cuthbert Peek grant from the Koyal Geographical Society. Captain Hore is the author of " Tanganyika ; eleven years in Central Africa" ; as well as of contri- butions to various journals descriptive and defensive of the condition and rights of the natives of Central Africa, for whom he has deep sympathy. In pursuit of the same subject he also during three years delivered many lectures throughout Eng- land, and in Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S.A. ; and exhibited in London a display of models (made by himself) illus- trative of Central African life. These lectures were known as the "Brightest Africa " lectures. Early in 1894 Captain Hore accepted a call to further work in the Mission field, and has been appointed chief officer of the fine new steamship John Williams for the London Missionary Society's work in Polynesia. HORNBY, The Rev. James John, Provost of Eton College, D.D., D.C.L., third son of the late Admiral Sir Phipps Hornby, G.C.B., of Little Green, Sussex, and of Maria, daughter of the Right Hon. Sir John Burgoyne, was born at Winwick, Dec. 18, 1826, and educated at Eton under the Rev. Dr. Hawtrey, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where, in 1849, he took a first class in Lit. Hum. He rowed twice in the Oxford University Eight, viz., in 1849 and 1851, and was known at College and at Eton as a cricketer. He is now a mem- ber of the Alpine Club. In 1849 he became a Fellow of Brasenose College, and in 1854 Tutor and Principal of Bishop Cosin's Hall in the University of Durham. Returning to Oxford in 1864 be became Classical Lecturer at Brasenose ; and in 1866 was Senior Proctor of the University. At the close of the latter year he was elected Second Master of Winchester School, which post he retained till his appointment as Head-Master of Eton in January 1868. Dr. Hornby was appointed one of Her Majesty's honorary chaplains in February 1882, and made D.C.L. of Durham Univer- sity the same year. He was appointed to the Provostship of Eton, July 1884, and is Chairman of the Governing Body of Eton. He married in 1869 Augusta Eliza, daughter of the Rev. J. C. Evans, of Stoke Poges (died 1891). Addresses: The Lodge, Eton Col- lege ; and Athenaeum. HORSLEY, John Callcott, R.A, son of the late William Horsley, the well-known musician, and grand-nephew of the late Sir Augustus Callcott, the eminent painter, was born in London, Jan. 29, 1817. His first exhibited picture, painted while he was a youth — "Rent-Day at Haddon Hall in the Sixteenth Century" — was spoken of in high terms by Wilkie. " The Chess- players," "The Rival Musicians," "Waiting for an Answer," were first seen in the British Institution ; and he exhibited, for the first time at the Academy, the "Pride of the Village" (now in the Vernon Gal- lery). This was followed by "The Contrast : Youth and Age," in 1840; "Leaving the Ball," another "Contrast," gay pleasure seekers on the one hand, the homeless outcast on the other; and "The Pedlar," both in 1841 ; "Winning Gloves," in 1842 ; and "The Father's Grave," in 1843. In the latter year Mr. Horsley's cartoon of "St. Augustine Preaching," gained at Westminster Hall one of the three prizes in the second rank of £200 ; and in the trial of skill of 1844 he obtained, by his two small frescoes, a place among the six painters commissioned to execute further samples for the Palace at Westminster. That of 1845, for " Religion," was approved, and the subject executed at large in the House of Lords. In 1847 his colossal oil painting, "Henry V., believing the King dead, assumes the Crown," secured a pre- mium of the third class. Another fresco which he was employed to execute, " Satan Surprised at the Ear of Eve," is to be seen in a portion of the New Palace, called Poets' Hall. Amongst his later works are : " Malvolio i' the Sun practising behaviour to his own Shadow," "Hospi- tality," "The Madrigal — 'Keep your Time,'" "The Pet of the Common," 534 HORSLET " L' Allegro and II Penseroso " (painted for the late Prince Consort) ; " Lady Jane Grey and Roger Ascham," " A Scene from Don Quixote," " Flower Girls — Town and Country," "The Holy Communion," "The Lost Found," "A Jealous Eye," "The Duenna's Return, " " The New Dress," and "Under the Mistletoe," "The Bashful Swain," "The Duenna and Her Cares," "Attack and Defence," "Detected," "The Gaoler's Daughter," "Caught Napping," " The Banker's Private Boom — Negotiating a Loan," "Old Folk and Young Folk," "Pay for Peeping," "In with You," " Stolen Glances," "The other Name?" "The Poet's Theme," " Sunny Moments," and a large religious subject with figures of a colossal size, entitled " The Healing Mercies of Christ," painted as an altar-piece for the chapel of St. Thomas's Hospital ; portrait of Thomas Woolcombe, Esq., painted for the South Devon Bailway Company ; "Under Lock and Key," "Coming Down to Dinner," "The World Forgetting," "Critics on Costume — Fashions Change," " Le Jour des Morts," " Life in the Chateau Gardens at Fontainebleau," 1881; "A Merry Chase in Haddon Hall," 1882 ; and "Wedding Rings," 1883, &c. In 1893 he exhibited a portrait of Alderman Treloar at the Royal Academy. In 1882 Mr. Hors- ley was elected Treasurer of the Royal Academy. He has been very active in bringing together the magnificent collec- tions of "Old Masters" displayed every winter since 1870 at Burlington House. On attaining eighty years of age Mr. Horsley, having held the office of Treasurer to the Royal Academy for fifteen years, resigned that post in 1897 and joined the list of "Retired Academicians." Addresses: 1 High Row, Kensington, W.; and Willesley, Cranbrook. HORSLEY, Victor Alexander Haden, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.S., B.Sc, son of J. C. Horsley, R.A., was born on April 14, 1857, in Kensington, and educated at Cranbrook School and University College Hospital with the view of entering on a medical career. After taking the Gold Medal in Anatomy and in Surgery, ob- taining the Surgical Scholarship at the University of London, and holding the usual preliminary posts, including the Surgical Registrarship, he was appointed on the surgical staff of the Hospital, having previously taken the F.R.C.S. and London degrees in medicine and surgery. From 1884 to 1890 he held the post of Professor -Superintendent of the Brown Institution, in the laboratory of which he carried out investigations into the localisation of functions of the brain and into the functions of the thyroid gland, by which latter he proved that the disease known as myxcedema was caused by the loss of this organ. In 1885 he was ap- pointed Secretary to the Royal Commis- sion on Hydrophobia, in which capacity he personally sought out and followed up the cases operated on, and became thoroughly convinced of the efficiency of their treatment. In 1886 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, to the Trans- actions and Proceedings of which he, in conjunction with others, has contributed many papers bearing principally on brain physiology and localisation. Having been elected Surgeon to the National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy, he, in 1886, performed a successful operation for re- moval of a tumour in the brain of a patient suffering from those diseases. This he followed up by many others of a similar nature, and in 1887 he performed the first successful operation for the removal of a tumour of the spinal cord. The operations in question formed the subject of papers on Brain Surgery in 1886 in the British Medical Journal, and again in 1887 and 1890. In 1890 he suggested the use of the thyroid gland in the treatment of myxosdema, the method proposed being that of grafting the gland into the bodies of patients suffering from the disease, and in 1891 he contributed a critical and his- torical view of the subject to Virchow's "Festschrift." In the same year he, in conjunction with Professor Gotcb, was appointed to give the Croonian Lecture of the Royal Society, the subject being " The Mammalian Nervous System, its Functions and their Localisation, deter- mined bv an electrical method." From 1891 to 1893 he held the post of Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution, and delivered three sets of lectures (of which the first has appeared in book form) on the Brain and Spinal Cord. He was elected President of the Section of Pathology at the British Medical Association in 1892, and in 1893 opened the discussion in the Surgical Section of that Association with a paper on the treatment of Cerebral Tumours. As one of the lecturers before the British Association for that year he delivered an address on the Discovery of the Functions of the Nervous System, showing how largely our knowledge on the subject is the result of experimental research. In the same year he was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics by the University of Edinburgh. Mr. Horsley was Professor of Pathology at University College (1893-96), and in the Pathological Laboratory of that Institution, as well as at the Brown, has carried out researches on intra-cranial pressure with Mr. Spencer, on the larynx with Dr. Semon, on rabies, on the Du Buisson hot-air treatment for hydrophobia, on the motor function of HORTON — HOSKINS 535 certain cranial nerves with Dr. Beevor, and on gunshot wounds of the brain with Dr. Kramer. Mr. Horsley is also the author of several papers in the British Medical Journal, especially on the surgical treatment of neuralgia, and an operation, after the method of Lannelongue, for the relief of microcephalic idiocy in children. He is a member of the German Surgical Society, the American Surgical Society, the American Neurological Society, the Socie'te' de Biologie in Paris, and a corre- sponding member of the Royal Association of Physicians of Buda-Pesth. He has greatly interested himself in questions of medical politics, is President of the Medical Defence Union, and has devoted much of his leisure time to the study of archaeo- logy, especially in reference to prehistoric methods of trephining, on which latter subject he has delivered several lectures, the first being before the Royal Institu- tion in 1886. Mr. Horsley is an ardent advocate of experimental research, and his vindication of himself and his English colleagues at the Church Congress of 1892, followed by his article on the subject in the Nineteenth Century and by many letters in the Times, &c, is well known. Addresses : 25 Cavendish Square, W.C. ; and Athenaeum. HORTON, Robert Forman, M.A., D.D., one of the most distinguished preachers and authors in the Congrega- tional body, was born in London on Sept. 18, 1855, and is the son of the Rev. T. G. Horton, at that time minister of Tonbridge Chapel. He was educated at Tettenhall College, Shrewsbury School, and New College, Oxford ; taking a first class in Lit. Hum., and subsequently becoming Fellow of the College and Lecturer in Roman history. About this time he pub- lished his first book, "A History of the Romans," which is still a favourite text- book at the Universities and Public Schools. In December 1883 Dr. Horton's name came prominently before the public in connec- tion with his appointment by the govern- ing body of the University as one of the Examiners in " The Rudiments of Faith and Religion," which included examina- tion in the Thirty-Nine Articles. A fierce outcry was raised in the Clerical and Con- servative circles of the University at the appointment of a Nonconformist to the office, a vigorous opposition was started, and at the meeting of Convocation the proposal was defeated by a considerable majority. In the following January Dr. Horton was ordained pastor of the Con- gregational Church, Lyndhurst Road, Hampstead, the services of which he had been conducting in a tentative way for more than three years previously. The success of his ministry may be judged from the fact that whereas at the forma- tion of the church on Oct. 27, 1880, the total membership was 59, including him- self, the number of members at present in active communion is 1170, besides about 100 whose names still remain upon the register, but are abroad or residing too far away for practical connection with the Church. The work of the Church is highly organised, and the reports of the various institutions connected with it, in the "Church Manual," form a consider- able volume. A large mission and social settlement is also carried on at Lyndhurst Hall, Warden Road, Kentish Town, which was erected some years ago at a cost of over £6000. In 1893 Dr. Horton was invited to deliver the annual lectures on preaching at Yale University, and visited America for that purpose, the lectures being afterwards published under the title of " Verbum Dei." In recognition of this important service the University con- ferred upon him the degree of D.D., but personally Dr. Horton does not use it, nor the ordinary title of "Rev.," pre- ferring to be considered simply a Christian layman. Notwithstanding the pressure of his pastoral duties, and the number of his outside preaching engagements, Dr. Horton has found time to add consider- ably to the literature of the day, his prin- cipal works, in addition to those already mentioned, being " Inspiration and the Bible," " Revelation and the Bible," " The Book of Proverbs," "This do," "The Cartoons of St. Mark," "The Lyndhurst Road Pulpit," "Oliver Cromwell," "The Teachings of Jesus," "John Howe," and " The Women of Scripture." He is also a frequent contributor to the magazines, and many of his papers have been republished in attractive form, such as " The Art of Living Together," "The Four Pillars of the Home," "The Conquered World," "Success and Failure," &c. Recently a series of addresses by him on Romanism, republished under the title of " England's Danger," has excited wide interest and attention. His monthly lecture to artisans appears in the "Christian World Pulpit" on the Wednesday following the first Sunday of each month, and thus reaches a wide circle of readers. Dr. Horton, in the year 1898, occupied the position of Chair- man of the London Congregational Union, and he has already filled the Chair of the London Missionary Society. Address : Chesils, Christ Church Road, Hampstead, N.W. HOSKINS, Admiral Sir Anthony Hiley, G.C.B., son of the late Rev. Henry Hoskins, was born in 1828. He was edu- cated at Winchester, and entered the 536 HOSMER — HOULDS WORTH navy in 1842. He was promoted Lieu- tenant in 1849, Commander in 1858, and Captain in 1863. As a Midshipman in H.M.S. Conway he was present at the operations off Madagascar and in the Mozambique Channel in 1845 and 1847. During the Kaffir War of 1851-52 he was a Lieutenant of H.M.S. Castor, and acted as Naval A.D.C. to General Sir Harry Smith, being several times mentioned in despatches. He went to China in 1857 as Commander of H.M.S. Sidney, and was present at the capture of Canton and the Taku Forts. As Commodore, Sir Anthony Hoskins had command of the Australian station between 1875 and 1878, when he also received a C.B. He held the appoint- ment of Aide-de-Camp to the Queen for three years before his promotion to flag- rank in 1879. As a Rear-Admiral he was employed on special service in Egypt dur- ing the war of 1882, and was awarded a K.C.B. and the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. Upon his return to England he was appointed Admiral-Superintendent of Naval Reserves. In 1889 he went to the Mediterranean as Commander-in-Chief, and while on that station was presented with the Medjidie of the first class by the Sultan of Turkey. Sir Anthony has been three times a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty, and received a G.C.B. as a special reward for distinguished service upon his retirement from the active list in November 1893. He has also served upon several of the committees appointed by the Admiralty to inquire into service matters, and was the recipient of a good- service pension in 1893. He married, in 1865, Dorothea, a daughter of the Rev. Sir George Robinson. Address : 17 Mon- tague Square, W. HOSMER, Harriet, born at Water- town, Massachusetts, Oct. 9, 1830, was educated at Lenox, Massachusetts, and early displayed a taste for art. She re- ceived a few lessons in modelling in Bos- ton, and then entered a medical College in St. Louis to study anatomy and dissection. Her first work in marble was a reduced copy of Canova's bust of Napoleon, which was soon followed by an ideal work, " Hesper, or the Evening Star." In 1852 she went to Rome, and became a pupil of Gibson. After two years of study and modelling from the antique, she produced the busts of "Daphne" and "Medusa." Her first full-length figure in marble was GSnone, completed in 1855, and this was followed in the same year by "Puck," of which many copies have been made. Next came a companion piece, " Will-o'-the- Wisp." Her reclining statue of " Beatrice Cenci " was completed and exhibited in 1857. A colossal statue of "Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, in chains," was her next important work, followed by the " Sleeping " and the "Waking Faun," and a design of a memorial monument to Abraham Lincoln. Besides her skill in sculpture, Miss Hosmer has exhibited talents for designing and constructing machinery and devising new processes, especially in connection with her own art, such as a method of converting ordinary Italian limestone into marble. She has resided for many years in Rome, making occasional visits to the United States. HOTHAM, Admiral Sir Charles Frederick, K.C.B., Commander-in-Chief at the Nore, is the son of the late Captain John Hotham, R.N., and a rela- tive of the Barons Hotham. He was born in 1843, entered the navy as a Cadet in 1856, and was promoted Lieutenant in February 1863, Commander in April 1865, and Captain in December 1871. He first saw active service in the Maori War of 1863, and in November of that year he landed with a party of small-arm men to attack the rebel redoubt at Rangariri, on which occasion he was wounded. His ser- vices were favourably noted at the Ad- miralty, and he was afterwards sent in charge of a detached party to escort an officer across mud flats in rear of enemy's position. He was specially mentioned in despatches and promoted, receiving also the New Zealand medal. As Flag-Captain to the Commander-in-Chief of the Medi- terranean Fleet he took part in the bom- bardment of Alexandria, and for his ser- vices throughout the Egyptian War he was created a C.B., and was awarded the Khedive's Star, and the Osmanieh of the third class. In 1880 Captain Hotham was appointed a member of the Royal Com- mission on the system of purchase and contract for the Royal Navy. He has also been a naval Aide-de-camp to the Queen. In January 1888 he was promoted Rear- Admiral, and in the same month became a Lord of the Admiralty. He went to the Pacific station as Commander-in-Chief in 1890, holding that appointment for three years. Admiral Sir Charles Hotham, who is the youngest officer of his rank, is married to Margaret, daughter of David Milne-Home, Esq., of Milne-Graden, Ber- wickshire. Addresses : St. Mary's, Bever- ley ; and 20 Warwick Square, S.W. HOUGHTON, Lord. Earl of. See Crewe, HOXJIiDSWORTH, Sir William Henry, Bart., M.P., is the son of the late Henry Houldsworth, of Coltness, Lanark- shire, and was born at Manchester on Aug. 20, 1834. He was educated at St. HOUSSAYE — HO WAKD 537 Andrews University. He has represented North-West Manchester, as a Conservative member of the House of Commons, since 1883, and has served as a member of the Royal Commissions on Trade Depression, Gold and Silver, and the Liquor Licensing Laws. He was appointed a Delegate to the Monetary Conference at Brussels in 1890, and also to the Labour Conference at Berlin in 1892. Sir William Houlds- worth is a Justice of the Peace for Lanca- shire and Cheshire, a County Alderman for Lancashire, and is married to Eliza- beth, daughter of Walter Crum, of Thorn- liebank, Renfrewshire. He was created a Baronet in 1887. Address : 35 Gros- venor Place, S.W. ; and Coodham, Kilmar- nock, N.B. HOUSSAYE, Henry, the son of Arsene Houssaye, was born in Paris, Feb. 24, 1818, and was educated at the Lycfe Napoleon. He was first destined for paint- ing, but turned towards the study of Greek antiquities. During the war of 1870 he was an officer of Mobiles, and was decorated with the Legion of Honour for his gallantry. At nineteen he started in literature with a "History of Apelles," 1867, and after a stay in Greece of some duration he issued " History of Alcibiades and the Athenian Republic," 1873, which obtained the Thiers Prize. His other works include : " Memoire sur le Nombre des Citoyens d'Athgnes au V 8 Siecle," 1882 "Aspasie, Cleopatre, Theodora," 1890 "Le Premier Siege de Paris, 52 B.C.," 1876 " Les Hommes et les Idees," a collection of articles from the Joitrnal des Debate. He has contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes and La Presse. His later works have been on the History of the Cam- paigns of Napoleon in 1814 and 1815, and they gained him a seat in the French Academy in 1894 as successor to Leconte de Lisle. His Paris address is 39 Avenue Friedland. HOUSTON, K. P. W., M.P., was born in 1853, and was educated at Liverpool College. He is a Liverpool shipowner, and practises as engineer and shipbuilder, whilst he is also the chief director of the Houston Line of steamers. He has since 1892 represented the West Toxeth Divi- sion of Liverpool, as a Conservative mem- ber of the House of Commons. Addresses : 44 Park Lane, W. ; and The Lawn, Aig- burth, Liverpool. HOWARD, Sir Henry, K.C.M.G., C.B., is the son of Sir Henry F. Howard, G.C.B., and was born in 1843. Entering the Diplomatic Service, he was appointed Second Secretary at Buenos Ayres in 1873, at the Hague in 1875, and at Washington in 1877. He was Acting Charge d' Affaires at Guatemala from 1883 to 1884, and be- came Secretary of Legation at Athens in 1885. Transferred to Copenhagen in 1886, he served in the same capacity there for a year, and also at Pekin from 1887 to 1891. Mr. Howard was promoted to be Secretary of Embassy at St. Petersburg in 1891, and occupied the same position at Paris from 1894 to 1896. Since the latter year he has been Minister at the Hague. He was created K.C.M.G. at the New Year, 1899. He was married, in 1867, to Miss Cecilia Riggs, an American lady. Address : British Legation, The Hague. HOWARD, General Oliver Otis, LL.D., was born at Leeds, Maine, Nov. 8, 1830. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1850 ; and in 1854 at the Military Aca- demy at West Point, where, in 1857, he was made Instructor, and later Assistant- Professor of Mathematics. Upon the breaking out of the civil war he was made Colonel of a regiment of volunteers ; com- manded a brigade at the battle of Bull Run ; and was made (Sept. 3, 1861) Briga- dier-General of volunteers. He lost his right arm at the battle of Fair Oaks, June 1, 1862. He was made Major-General of volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862 ; and had the command of a division at Burnside's defeat at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. Soon after, he was placed in command of the 11th Army Corps, which was attacked at evening by the Confederate General Jack- son, and put to flight, at Chancellorsville, July 1, 1863. He received the thanks of Congress for taking the position of success at Gettysburg. In the following autumn he was sent with his corps to the West ; took part in the campaign which followed, down to the capture of Atlanta, and commanded the right wing of the army during Sherman's "march to the sea." He was in December 1864 pro- moted to Brigadier-General, and in the following March to Brevet Major-General in the regular army. In May 1865 he was placed at the head of the Freeman's Bureau, his duties lasting until 1874 ; and he served also from 1869 to 1873 as Presi- dent of Howard University. In 1872 he was sent as special commissioner to the Indians in New Mexico and Arizona ; and from 1874 to 1881 he commanded the Department of Columbia on the Indian frontier. In 1881 he took charge for two years of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point ; and was subsequently trans- ferred to the command of the Department of the Platte. In 1886 he received his full rank of Major-General, and was placed on the retired list in 1894 on account of reaching the age limit. The degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Bowdoin 538 HOWELL— HOWLAND College in 1853, and that of LL.D. by Waterville and Shurtleff Colleges in 1865, and by the Gettysburg Theol. Seminary in 1866. The French Government made him a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1884. He has contributed many articles to the magazines, and has published : "Donald's School Days," 1879; "Chief Joseph," 1881 ; and "General Taylor" (in the Great Commanders series), 1893. HOWELL, Very Rev. David, B.D., is the son of John Howell, of l'en Coed, and was born in 1831 ; ordained Deacon in 1855, and Priest in 1856 ; he was Curate of Neath from 1855 to 1857 ; and became Vicar of Pwllheli in 1861. He was pre- sented to the Vicarage of Cardiff in 1864; was appointed Vicar of Wrexham in 1875, and Archdeacon of Wrexham in 1889. He became a Canon of St. Asaph in 1885, and was appointed to the Deanery of St. David's in 1897. Address : The Deanery, St. David's. HOWELLS, William Dean, MA. (Harvard and Yale), was born at Martins- ville, Ohio, March 1, 1837, and is the son of William Cooper and Mary Dean Howells. In 1840 he removed to Hamilton, Ohio, with his father, who was a 'printer and journalist. He learned the printer's trade of his father, and was afterwards editori- ally connected with the Cincinnati Gazette and the Ohio State Journal. From 1861 to 1865 he was United States Consul at Venice. Returning to America he engaged in literary labour, and in 1871 became editor of the Atlantic Monthly, a position which he retained until 1880, when he relinquished it to devote himself exclu- sively to writing. Besides his papers in that magazine and other periodicals, he has published "Poems of Two Friends," himself and J. J. Piatt, 1860; "Life of Abraham Lincoln," 1860; "Venetian Life," 1866; "Italian Journeys," 1807; "No Love Lost," 1868; "Suburban Sketches," 1870; "Their Wedding Journey," 1872; "A Chance Acquaintance," and "Poems," 1873; "A Foregone Conclusion," 1874; " Counterfeit Presentment," a Comedy, and "A Day's Pleasure," 1876 ; "The Parlour Car," " Out of the Question," and " Life of Rutherford B. Hayes," 1877; "The Lady of Aroostook," 1879; "The Undis- covered Country," 1880; "A Fearful Re- sponsibility, and other Stories," and "Dr. Breen's Practice," 1881; "A Modern In- stance," 1882 ; "A Woman's Reason," and "The Sleeping Car, "1883 ; "The Register," 1884 ; "The Elevator," "The Rise of Silas Lapham," and " The Garroters," 1885 ; "Indian Summer," and "Tuscan Cities," 1886 ; " The Minister's Charge," and "April Hopes," 1887; "Annie Kilburn," "Modern Italian Poets," 1888 ; " A Hazard of New Fortunes," 1889; "The Shadow of a Dream," 1890; "An Imperative Duty," 1891; "The Quality of Mercy," 1892-93; "The World of Diamonds," and "The Coast of Bohemia," 1893; "A Traveller from Alturia," 1894; "My Literary Passions," 1895; "The Day of their Wedding," " Impressions and Experi- ences," "A Parting and a Meeting," 1896 ; "The Landlord at Lion's Head," "An Open-Eyed Conspiracy," "A Previous En- gagement," "Stories of Ohio," 1897, and "The Story of a Play," 1898. Under the title of " Choice Biography," he edited, in 1877-78, a series of eight small volumes. For several years he conducted a regular department, the Editor's Study, inllarper's Mar/azine, but resigned the charge of it in 1891. All his works have been largely circulated in England, where, of late years, he has become almost as well known as in his own country. HOW LAN, The Hon. George William, Canadian statesman, was born at Waterford, Ireland, May 19, 1835, and emigrated to Prince Edward Island with his parents in 1839. He was educated at the Central Academy, Charlottetown, and followed a mercantile career. From 1862 to 1873 he was a Member of the Island As- sembly, and at the time of the Union was defeated at Prince for the first Dominion Parliament. However, in 1873 he was called to the Senate of Canada, where he sat until his appointment as Lieut.- Governor of Prince Edward Isle in 1894. In 1892 he came to London to consult Sir Douglas Fox on a project to connect the island with the mainland by a submarine tunnel. He is a Vice-President of the British Empire League in Canada. Ad- dress : Government House, Charlottetown, P. E. I. HOWLAND, The Hon. Sir William Pearce, C.B., K.C.M.G., was born at Paw- lings, Duchess Co., N.Y., May 29, 1811, but removed to Canada in 1830. He at once engaged in business at Toronto, and in time became one of the largest mill- proprietors in the Dominion. He was returned for West York in 1857, and sat in the Legislature of Canada until 1868, when he was appointed Lieut.-Governor of Ontario. In 1862 he became a Member of the Executive Council of Canada ; from 1862 to 1863 he served as Minister of Finance; 1863-G4 as Receiver-General; and 1864-66 as Postmaster-General. In 1866 he succeeded the Hon. A. T. Gait as Finance Minister, and on the formation of the first Dominion Government, in the following year, he accepted the portfolio of Minister of Inland Revenue, and was HO WORTH — HUBBARD 539 sworn a Member of the Privy Council. That position he resigned in 1868 on accepting the Lieut. -Governorship of Ontario, held by him till 1873. He was created a C.B. in 1867, and a K.C.M.G. in 1879. He lives at Toronto. HOWORTH, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries, Corr. Member of the Royal Academy of Lisbon and of the Geographical Society and Anthropological Society of Italy, Hon. D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., &c., is the son of the late Henry Howorth, of Lisbon, merchant, and was born in Lisbon, July 1, 1842, educated at Rossall School, and called to the bar at the Inner Temple, June 11, 1867. He has devoted himself chiefly to literature and politics, and is the author of a large work on the " History of the Mongols," of which several volumes are published, and which is still in progress ; a "History of Ohing- hiz Khan and his Ancestors," based upon an entirely new chronicle of the race found in the Peking Library (this work has been published in a series of over 30 chapters in the Indian Antiquary) ; of a considerable geological work entitled "The Mammoth and the Flood," discussing the problems arising out of the destruction of so-called palajolithic man and his contemporaries ; of a second work entitled "The Glacial Nightmare and the Flood," in which the theories of the more extravagant glacialists are attacked, and the effects which they largely assign to ice are attributed to water. These two works, which have been favourably reviewed in the Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews and elsewhere, involve an attack upon the current theories of Uniformity. Sir Henry Howorth has also edited a work on the "History of the Vicars of Rochdale," for the Chetham Society. In addition he has written more than seventy scientific memoirs, chiefly on geological, ethnographical, and historical subjects. Among these are several series of papers on the Westerly Drifting of Nomades, on the Early Ethnography of Germany, on the Spread of the Slavs, in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute ; a similar series on the Northern Frontiers of China, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society ; and a series on the Early Expedi- tions of the Scandinavians, in the Journal of the Royal Historical Society. He has also contributed memoirs to the International Congress of Orientalists, to the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, the Archoso- logia, the Geological Magazine, the Journal of the Numismatic Society, the Quarterly, Edinburgh, and other reviews ; and has contributed numerous letters to the Times, Spectator, &c, on political and social sub- jects, &c. He is a magistrate for Lanca- shire ; and for more than twenty years he has been actively interested in Lancashire politics. He is a trustee of Owens College and a Feoffee of Chetham's College and Library. In 1894 he was appointed Presi- dent of the Archaeological Institute, and in May 1899 was appointed Trustee of the British Museum in place of the late Mr. Drury Fortnum. Sir Henry Howorth was elected a Conservative member for South Salford at the general election of 1886, and again in 1893. In recognition of his works upon Eastern history, &c., he was created a K.C.I.E. in 1892, and a F.R.S. in 1893. In 1869 he married the eldest daughter of the late J. P. Brierley. Addresses : 30 Col- lingham Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenseum. HOWSE, Henry Greenway, M.B., F.R.C.S., received his medical education at Guy's Hospital, London, and graduated M.B. at the University of London, where he was Surgical Scholar and Exhibitioner in Physiology and Biology. He is Senior Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery at Guy's, Consulting Surgeon at Evelina Hospital, Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, and Member of Council, and lately Vice-Presi- dent of the Royal College of Surgeons (Eng.), and has been Examiner in Surgery and in Anatomy at the University of London. He has contributed important articles to Heath's " Dictionary of Practical Surgery," 1886, to Stevenson and Murphy's "Treatise on Hygiene," to the Med. Chir. Transactions, " Guy's Hospital Reports," the Transactions of the Pathological Society, and other leading medical journals. Ad- dress : 59 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. HOWTH, Earl of, William "Click Tristram St. Lawrence, K.P., was born on June 25, 1827, and suc- ceeded his father as 4th Earl in 1874. He was educated at Eton, and then entered the army, from which he retired, as Captain of the 7th Hussars, in 1850. He acted as State Steward to the Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland from 1855 to 1858, and from 1859 to 1866 ; and he sat in the House of Commons as Liberal Member for the borough of Galway from 1868 to 1874. Addresses : 55 Jermyn Street, S.W. ; and Howth Castle, co. Dublin. HUBBARD, The Hon. Evelyn, M.P., was born in London on March 18, 1852, and is the youngest son of the 1st Baron Addington, and Maria Margaret, eldest daughter of the 8th Baron Napier, of Merchiston. He was educated at Radley, and at Christ Church College, Oxford, where he took a second class in Classical Moderations in 1872, and a second in History in 1874, and graduated B.A. in 540 HUBBARD — HUDSON 1874 ; M.A. 1878. He engaged in busi- ness in Russia in 1875, and is a member of the firm of Russia merchants, Messrs. Hubbard & Co., of St. Helen's Place, London, and of Egerton, Hubbard & Co., of St. Petersburg. He is a Director of the Bank of England, a Commissioner of Public Works Loans, a D.L. for the City of Lon- don, and in 1895 was elected an Alderman of the London County Council, an office which he resigned in March 1898. As a Conservative he contested North Bucks twice, in 1889 and 1891, and Plymouth in 1895, when, in company of Sir Edward Clarke, he was beaten by only 26 votes. He was returned for Brixton West at a bye-election in January 1896. He married in 1881 Evelyn Maude, youngest daughter of Wyndham Spencer Portal, of Mal- shanger, Hants. Addresses : 38 Lennox Gardens, S.W. ; The Rookery, Downe, Kent. HXJBBAKD, N. W., Alderman of the London County Council, was born at Brixton, Surrey, on September 29, 1846, his parents being in a humble position. He received but little education in a local school, and having lost his father very early in life, he went out to work at the age of nine years. Mr. Hubbard very early began to take interest in public affairs, at first devoting his efforts chiefly to social and temperance reform. In the year 1881 he was elected a member of the Lambeth Vestry, and he has continued to be a member up to the present time. Chiefly through his untiring efforts, baths and wash-houses were established in Lambeth in 1897, and were opened on the 9th July by the Prince of Wales, Mr. Hubbard pre- siding at the opening ceremony. When the London County Council came into existence in 1889, Mr. Hubbard was elected a member for the Norwood Division of Lambeth, and was again re-elected in 1892. At the elections in 1895, how- ever, he lost his seat, but the Pro- gressive party, knowing his worth, and being desirous of retaining his services, made him an Alderman, which position he still occupies. He has been Chairman of the Fire Brigade Committee, the High- ways Committee, and Vice-Chairman of several other committees, and is at the present time Chairman of the Asylums Committee. In connection with his tem- perance work, Mr. Hubbard is a prominent member of the Independent Order of Good Templars, and for four years occupied the position of Grand Counsellor of the Grand Lodge of England. For the last thirty years Mr. Hubbard has been a successful merchant, whilst in addition he is Chair- man of the British Homes Assurance Cor- poration, Limited, 25 Great Winchester Street, E.C., an institution started for the purpose of enabling persons to become the owners of their own houses. Mr. Hubbard has several times been invited to contest a parliamentary seat, but up to the present has not acceded to these re- quests. Address : 39 Shakespeare Road, Heme Hill, S.E. HUDLESTON, Wilfrid H., M.A., F.R.S., J. P., is the son of John Simpson, of Knaresborough, M.D. , who in April 1867 assumed by royal license the surname of Hudleston, in right of his wife, Eliza- beth, heiress of line of the Hudlestons of co. Cumberland. He was born at York, June 2, 1828, and educated at York and at Uppingham, and afterwards at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1850. During the period between 1855 and 1860 he travelled in Lapland, Algeria, Greece, Turkey, and other countries, as an ornithologist, and. contributed articles to the earlier numbers of the Ibis. Of late years he has paid much attention to the study of geology, and has written nume- rous papers, reviews, and addresses, which have appeared in the Proceedings of the Geologists 1 Association, the Geological Maga- zine, the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, the Mineralogical Magazine, the issues of the Pcdosontographical Society, and in other publications. He is a Past Presi- dent of the Geologists' Association, of the Mineralogical Society, of the Malton Field Naturalists' Society, and of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. He was elected Presi- dent (1889-90) of the Devonshire Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art, and in 1892-94 was President of the Geological Society of London, of which he had previously been Secretary. In 1897 Mr. Hudleston was awarded the Wollaston Gold Medal by the Council of the Geological Society. Ad- dress : 8 Stanhope Gardens, S.W. HUDSON, Charles Thomas, M.A., LL.D. Cantab., F.R.S., son of John Corrie Hudson, Esq., of Guildford, was born at Brompton, London, on March 11, 1828, and was educated at The Grange, Sunderland. He entered St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge, in 1848, and was 15th Wrangler in 1852. He was President of the Royal Microscopical Society in 1888, 1889, and 1890, and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1889. He is joint author with Mr. P. H. Gosse, F.R.S., of Hudson and Grosse's "Rotifera," and is the discoverer of Pedulion mirum, and of numerous new genera and species of Roti- fera, described in papers published in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, and the Annals and Magazines of Natural HUDSON — HUGGINS 541 History, from 1869 to the present year. Dr. Hudson is specially distinguished for his knowledge of the Rotifera, con- cerning which he is the chief living auth- ority. In 1886 he published, with the assistance of P. H. Gosse, F.R.S., the " Rotifera ; or, Wheel Animalcules," 2 vols. He married (i) Louisa M. F., daughter of Freelove Hammond, of the Inner Temple, in 1858. Address : Lamorna, Dawlish. HUDSON, Prof. William Henry Hoar, M.A., LL.M., was born in London on Dec. 11, 1838, and is the son of W. Hudson, Esq., Architect. He was edu- cated at King's College, London, and St. John's College, Cambridge. At the Uni- versity he was third Wrangler in 1861, Fellow of St. John's College from 1862 to 1875, Lecturer of the same College, 1869- 82, for some time also a Lecturer at St. Catherine's College, Camb., and occupied the position of Examiner for the Mathe- matical Tripos in 1873. He is now Profes- sor of Mathematics at both King's and Queen's Colleges, London ; a Fellow of King's College, London ; a member of the Council, and Auditor of Newnham College, Cambridge ; a Member of the London Mathematical Society, and also of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Prof. Hudson has published "Notes on Dyna- mics," 1883 ; and the revised and enlarged edition of Barnard Smith's Arithmetic for Schools, 1892. His son, Mr. R. W. H. T. Hudson, was Senior Wrangler at Cam- bridge in 1898. Address : 15 Altenberg Gardens, S.W. HUGGINS, Sir William, K.C.B., F.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. Cantab., Edin., Dublin, and St. Andrews, Ph.D. Leyden, was born in London, Feb. 7, 1824, and received his early education at the City of London School. He afterwards continued his studies in mathematics, classics, and modern languages with the assistance of private masters. Much of his time was given to experiments in natural philo- sophy, and he collected apparatus by the use of which he gained considerable prac- tical knowledge of the elements of chemis- try, electricity, magnetism, and other branches of physical science. In 1852 he was elected a member of the Micro- scopical Society, and for some years he applied himself with much assiduity, with the aid of the microscope, to the study of animal and vegetable physiology. In 1855 Sir William Huggins erected an observa- tory at his residence at Upper Tulse Hill, and occupied himself for some time with observations of double stars, and with careful drawings of the planets Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. From the first estab- lishment of his observatory it was his desire not to continue in the beaten track of astronomical observation, but, if possible, to bring to bear upon the science of astro- nomy the practical knowledge which he had obtained of general physics. For bis important discoveries and researches by means of the spectroscope applied to the heavenly bodies, Sir William Huggins received, in November 1866, one of the Royal Medals placed at the disposal of the Royal Society, of which he had previously, onJune 1, 1865, been elected a Fellow. In 1867 the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society was awarded to Sir William Huggins and Dr. Miller for their conjoint researches. Sir William Huggins has since continued his prismatic re- searches by a re-examination of the nebulae with a more powerful spectroscope, by which his former results have been con- firmed. He has also examined the spectra of various comets, and has found that the greater part of the light of these objects is different from solar light. Sir William Huggins has made observations of the spectra of the solar prominences, and devised the method by which the forms of these objects may be seen. From 1875 he has been engaged in obtaining photographs of the ultra-violet portions (invisible to eye observation) of the spectra of the stars. This difficult research has led to important results, and has opened quite a new field of work to the astronomer ; it furnishes one of the chief data which we at present have as to the probable relative ages of the stars and of the sun. Sir William has extended this method of research to the planets, to comets, to the Great Nebula in Orion and to other nebulas ; new results of importance being obtained. For these newer researches, and for that on the motion of stars in the line of sight, Sir William Huggins a second time received a medal from the Royal Society, the Rum- ford Medal being conferred upon him in 1880 ; also a Prix Valtz (1883) from the Institute of France ; and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for the second time (1885). The research on the motions of the stars in the line of sight was indeed a new departure of the utmost importance in astronomical physics. It has since been followed up at Greenwich, and at Potsdam and Harvard, by means of photography. Besides revealing to us the orbits of many stars, and otherwise indetectable companion stars, the study of line of sight motions must certainly widely increase our knowledge of the general laws and arrangements of the stellar universe. The work of the Tulse Hill Observatory continues to be actively carried on. Some of the latest investiga- tions (still in progress) include researches 542 HUGHES on the evolution of double stars ; on the correlations of the ultra-violet spectra of stars, and those of nebula? ; while in the Physical Laboratories attached to the Observatory researches have recently been made on the spectrum of Calcium which have important bearings on the problems of solar and stellar physics ; and other chemical researches are in hand. An autobiographical article giving a useful account of Sir William Huggins's early work, which laid the foundations of Astro- physics in this country, was published in the Nineteenth Century for June 1897, under the title " The New Astronomy." Sir William Huggins delivered the Rede Lecture at the University of Cambridge in 1869, when he gave an account of his researches in astronomy by means of the spectroscope. In May 1870 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge, and at the Com- memoration at Oxford the same year, the degree of D.C.L. On the occasion of the meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh in 1871, he was created hono- rary LL.D. of that university. A large duplex telescope by Messrs. Grubb, of Dublin, consisting of an achromatic of fifteen inches, and of a reflector of eighteen inches, constructed at the expense of the Royal Society, was placed in 1871 in Sir William Huggins's hands, and fixed in the observatory erected by him at Upper Tulse Hill. In July 1872 he was elected a Foreign Member of the ancient Univer- sity, Dei Lincei, in Rome. In the October of the same year the Academy of Sciences of Paris awarded the Lalande Prize for Astronomy to Sir William Huggins, as an acknowledgment of his researches in the physical constitution of the stars, planets, comets, and nebulas. The late Emperor of Brazil, who has twice paid long visits to Sir William Huggins's observatory, hon- oured him with the distinction of Com- mander of the Order of the Rose in March 1873. About the same time he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of Denmark, and also of the Philosophical Society of Lund. In January 1874 he received the honour of being elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. At the tercentenary commemoration of the University of Ley- den, in 1875, Sir William Huggins received the honorary degree of Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. In 1877 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of Gottingen, and a member of the Royal Society of Bohemia. In 1886 he received the degree of LL.D., honoris causd, from Trinity College, Dublin ; in 1888 the Prix Janssen from the Institute of France ; and in 1897 the Wilde Medal from the Lit. and Phil. Society of Manchester. He is also an Hon. Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales ; an Hon. Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston ; and a Fellow of various other learned Societies at home and abroad. Sir William Huggins was President of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1876 to 1878 ; and President of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science in 1891-92. In June 1897, on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee, he was created a K.C.B. (Civil Division) in recognition of his great ser- vices to astronomical science. He married, in 1875, Margaret, daughter of John Murray, Dublin. Addresses : 90 Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. ; and Athenamm. HUGHES, Professor David Ed- ward, F.R.S., was born in London on May 16, 1831 ; his parents, however, emigrated to the United States. He was, in 1850 (on account of his great musical talents), appointed Professor of Music at the College of Bardstown in Kentucky, where he had received his education. His equal talents for physical sciences and mechanics later on procured him the appointment to the Chair of Natural Philosophy at the same College. His first great invention was that of the printing telegraph which bears his name. In 1854 Professor Hughes went to Louisville to superintend the making of his first instru- ment, but the patent for it was not taken out in the United States until 1855. In that year the invention became a practical success, and no sooner was this the case than Professor Hughes received a telegram from the editors of the American Associated Press summoning him to New York. The American Telegraph Company was then in possession of the Morse instrument, and levied rates for transmission which were felt to be excessive. The Hughes type- writer was therefore taken up in opposi- tion to the Morse. A company was formed, and the lines of several small companies were leased. In 1857 these smaller com- panies united to form one large corporation — the present Western Union Telegraph Company. In that year Professor Hughes came to England in order to effect its introduction here, but the English autho- rities metaphorically threw cold water on his invention, and he could not, at that time, persuade the telegraph companies here even to try it ; so, after three years' fruitless efforts, he went to France, where the French Imperial Government at once put the instrument in practical use as an experiment between Lyons and Paris. At the end of that trial a provisional contract was made with Professor Hughes for the right to the use of the instrument for all the French lines ; stipulating that the HUGHES 543 experimental trials should be continued and extended between Marseilles, Lyons, Paris, and Bordeaux for twelve months, during which a committee of the highest scientific experts should watch and report upon the results obtained. The report of this committee being highly favourable, the French Government, in 1861, adopted the Hughes instrument for all their im- portant lines. The Emperor Napoleon III. took great interest in the invention, and often sent for Professor Hughes in order to consult him privately upon several of his Majesty's own electrical inventions. Professor Hughes was nominated, in 1862, Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur, and made a member of the Telegraph Com- mission de Perfectionnements. In the latter capacity he undertook, in conjunc- tion with Professor Guillemin, at the request of the Government, a series of experiments upon the comparative value of the lightning protectors then in use. These experiments, were made at the laboratory of the Ecole de St. Cyr, and formed the subject of memoirs published in the Comptes renins of the Academy of Science. At the end of the year 1862, the Italian Government invited Professor Hughes to visit Italy, and instruct their officers in the use of his instrument. This was done, and the instrument was tried probationally for six months be- tween Florence, Genoa, and Turin, at the end of which time the Hughes sys- tem was adopted for all their important lines. In 1863 the United Kingdom Tele- graph Company of England adopted the Hughes instrument for their lines. In 1864, Professor Hughes was invited by the Rus- sian Government to visit St. Petersburg, where he remained nine months, during which he had the honour of being a guest of the Emperor in the Summer Palace of Czarskoezelo, where he was requested to explain his invention, and also to give a lecture on electricity to the Czar and his court. His instrument was adopted for all long Eussian telegraph lines, and he was made a Knight of the Order of St. Anne. Between 1864 and 1876 Professor Hughes was called successively to Ger- many, Austria, Turkey, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and Spain, where his tele- graph system met with the same thorough adoption. In 1878 Professor Hughes an- nounced through a paper to the Boyal Society his discovery of the microphone. This instrument not only transmits speech, but magnifies the smallest sound, so that it is easy to render audible the faintest sound, such as the walk of a fly. The microphone is now universally employed as a transmitter to the telephone. In 1879 he presented to the Royal Society his invention of the Induction Balance, now well known to the scientific world. In 1880 Professor Hughes was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ; and he has since read numerous papers upon electri- city and magnetism before that Society, for which, together with his discovery of the microphone and invention of the In- duction Balance, the Royal Society, in 1885, bestowed upon him their Royal Gold Medal, and in 1897 the Prince of Wales, as Chairman of the Society of Arts, pre- sented to him, in the name of the Society, and in presence of the Council at Marl- borough House, their Gold Albert Medal, " in recognition of the services he has rendered to arts, manufactures, and com- merce by his numerous inventions in electricity and magnetism, especially the Printing Telegraph and the Microphone." The Post Office in England now makes use of the Hughes system for all its Con- tinental messages, and it is in active service in all the large cities of the Con- tinent. In 1881 Professor Hughes represented Great Britain as one of the Commissioners at the Paris Electrical Exhibition ; and in 1886 he was elected President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. He has received numerous orders of knighthood, medals, and diplomas from the different countries which have appreciated his works. Professor Hughes is Commander of the Legion d'Honneur (France) ; Charles III. (Spain) ; Iron Crown (Austria); Medjidieh (Turkey); and Knight of St. Anne (Russia) ; St. Maurice and St. Lazarus (Italy); St. Michael's (Bavaria); Grand Officer of the Royal Order of Takovo (Servia) ; Officer of the Royal Order of Leopold (Belgium) ; and he received the special Gold Grand Prix (one of ten only), Paris Exhibition, 1867, as well as the Grand Diplome d'Honneur, Paris Electri- cal Exhibition, 1881 ; besides numerous other medals and titles of less importance. Address : 40 Langham Street, Portland Place, W. HUGHES, Colonel Edwin, M.P., L.C.C., V.D., was born at Droitwich, Wor- cestershire, May 27, 1832, and educated at the Grammar School, Birmingham. In 1862 he was commissioned Second Lieu- tenant in the Plumstead Artillery "Volun- teers, and became a prize-winner at many county and Wimbledon competitions. In 1865, Mr. Hughes was appointed chief county Conservative agent, and was suc- cessful in gaining enough on one revision to win six seats, which have ever since been kept by the Conservatives. In 1874 he was transferred to the City of London Conservative Association, and increased the Conservative majority by thousands so that in 1880 they polled two to one, and in 1885 four to one. After twentv-five 544 HUGHES — HULL years' exertions he procured the return in 1880 of two Conservative members for Greenwich. He took an active part in the agitation against the School Board in 1885, and on the triumph of the "economical" party he was elected to the post previously held by the Hon. Lyulph Stanley. In 1885 he was elected first member for Woolwich by a large Conservative majority ; and again in 188G he was returned by a still larger majority. In 1887, retiring from the Volunteers, he became Honorary Colonel of the Artillery Brigade he had raised and commanded for twenty-eight years. He is an authority on Metropolitan Local Government, and in 1889 he was elected Member of the London County Council, where he has continuously represented Woolwich from the first. In 1892 he was re-elected to Parliament by a ma- jority of 1892 over Mr. Ben Jones, whom he again beat by a very large majority in 1895. He has laboured unceasingly in the cause of the Government workmen as to superannuation, and of the sailors as to Greenwich Hospital pensions, and ob- tained two select Committees of the House of Commons in favour of his several pro- positions, gaining enormous advantages to others by his exertions, in pensions and increased wages of the capital value of over £5,000,000. Thus it comes about that in dockyard towns and in Woolwich Arsenal he is gratefully known as the "Pensioner's Champion." Colonel Hughes has given concurrent municipal service on various London Boards totalling to one hundred and seventeen years. His continuous political service as agent and member amounts to fifty-one years, his services, municipal and parliamentary to- gether, probably exceeding that of any other public man. He is married to Mary Adele Elliott. Address : Oaklands, Plum- stead Common. HUGHES, Rev. Hugh Price, M.A., London, a celebrated We.4eyan preacher, was born in 1847, at Carmarthen, South Wales, and is the son of the late John Hughes, Esq., surgeon, coroner, senior magistrate, chairman of School Board, itc, in Carmarthen, who died in 1897. He was educated privately, and afterwards attended lectures at University College, London, and at the Theological College of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, at Rich- mond, Surrey, where Dr. Moulton was his tutor. His first appointment was to Dover in 1869. He remained there, and at every other place to which he was ap- pointed, for the three years permitted by the itinerancy law of his Church. His succe.-sive appointments were, Dover. Brighton, Stoke Newington, London ; Mostyn Road, London ; Oxford, and Brix- ton Hill. At the conclusion of his three years at Brixton Hill he was appointed to his present position as superintendent of the West London Mission, which conducts services in St. James's Hall, Prince's Hall, Wardour Hall, and Cleveland Hall, and has a centre of social philanthropy in Lincoln House, 60 Greek Street, Soho Square ; a residence for young men at Wiclif House, Fitzroy Square ; and a Sisterhood in Katherine House, Montague Street, Russell Square. During 1888 he joined in the Education controversy which arose in relation to the Majority Report of the Commission. He published, in 1889, " Social Christianity," now in its third edition ; and "The Philanthropy of God," in 1890. Other works from his pen are "Ethical Christianity," "Essential Christianity," and " The Atheist Shoe- maker." In 1892 he came prominently forward at the " Review of the Churches " Conference at Grindelwald, when his re- marks on a possible reconciliation between English Dissenters and the Church of England led to much discussion. He was present also at the Conferences at Lucerne in 1893. He is editor of the Methodist Times, the most influential Methodist newspaper ; is an active total abstainer, and Vice-President of the United Kingdom Alliance. He took a prominent part in the Social Purity movement ; is a per- manent member of the Methodist Con- ference ; and a leader also of "The Forward Movement," which aims at the promotion of Social as well as Individual Salvation. He was President of the Wes- leyan Conference, 1898-99. Address : Methodist Times Office, 125 Fleet Street, E.C. HUGHES, Professor Thomas M'Kenny, F.R.S., F.S.A., is a native of the Principality, and was appointed Wood- wardian Professor of Geology at the Uni- versity of Cambridge in 1873. In con- nection with the completion of his 25th year of office he was entertained at a public dinner, in London, on Feb. 26, 1898, when he was presented with an illuminated address, in which he was con- gratulated on the notable success of the Cambridge School of Geology. The ad- dress was presented in the name of former students. Professor M'Kenny Hughes has contributed many reports and papers on Geology to the British Association Re- ports and to geological papers, &c. Ad- dress : Cambridge. HULL, Bishop of. See Blunt, The Right Rev. R. F. L. HULL, Professor Edward, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., late Director of the Geo- HULL 545 logical Survey of Ireland, and Professor of Geology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin, was born at Antrim, in Ireland, on May 21, 1829 ; his father, the late Rev. J. D. Hull, Vicar of Wickhambrook, in Suf- folk, being then the curate of the parish. He comes of a military family, distinguished for bravery in the days of the Peninsular war. Professor Hull was educatedat Edge worths- town School, and graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1850, obtaining in the same year the Diploma of Civil Engineering in the school attached to Dublin Univer- sity. It was while attending the lectures of Professor Oldham that he acquired his first knowledge of geology. On the re- commendation of his instructor, he was appointed, in 1850, to the staff of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, under the general direction of Sir H. T. delaBeche, Professor (now Sir Andrew C.) Ramsay, being Local Director ; and he served the first years of his official life in company with the late Professor Jukes (whom he afterwards succeeded) and Dr. Selwyn, the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. During the period of about twenty years in which Mr. Hull was en- gaged on the survey of Great Britain, he geologically mapped a large portion of the central counties of England, including the coal-fields of Lancashire, Cheshire, and Leicestershire. In 1867 he was appointed District-Surveyor to the Survey of Scot- land ; and in 1869 Director of the Geo- logical Survey of Ireland (in succession to Professor J. B. Jukes), and Professor of Geology to the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Under his directorate the northern half of Ireland has been geologically sur- veyed, and a large portion of the southern half revised and brought into harmony with the British formations. Mr. Hull was elected Fellow of the Geological Society of London in 1855, and of the Royal Society in 1867. During the inquiries made by the Royal Commission, under the presidency of the Duke of Argyll, Prof. Hull gave much information regarding the resources of the British and Irish coal- fields, which are recorded in the Report of the Commission issued in 1871. The Report on the Irish coal-fields was drawn up by himself. In 1873 Prof. Hull was elected President of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, and in 1874 he was appointed Examiner in Geology to the University of London in conjunction with Prof. T. R. Jones, F.R.S., which appoint- ment he held for three years. At the meeting of the British Association in Bel- fast, in 1874, he was President of the Geological Section (C), and read an address on the volcanic phenomena of the North of Ireland. In 1879 he received the honorary degree of LL.D from the University of Glasgow on the occasion of the installation of the late Duke of Buccleuch as Chan- cellor. One of the most important events in Prof. Hull's life was his visit to Arabia Petra?a and Palestine towards the close of 1883. On the recommendation of Colonel (now Major-General) Sir Charles "Wilson, R.E., he was nominated by the Committee oE the Palestine Exploration Society to take the command of an expedition organised for making a geological and topographical survey of the Arabah Valley and adjoining territories between the Sinaitic Peninsula on the south and Southern Palestine on the north. In that expedition he was accompanied by Colonel Kitchener, R.E. (now the famous Sirdar of the Egyptian Army), Mr. H. C. Hart, his son Dr. E. G. Hull, and several assistants ; and in November of the above-named year (1883), the party, with an escort of twenty- nine camels and their drivers, left Suez, and traversed the Sinaitic Peninsula, the Arabah Valley from Akabah to the Dead Sea, visiting Mount Hor and Petra, and thence across Southern Palestine to Gaza by Beersheba ; the period occupied being about three months. By this ex- pedition the surveys of Sinai and Palestine were connected, and the geological pheno- mena mapped and described. Collections of plants and animals were made by Mr. Hart, and meteorological observations were carried out daily by Mr. Reginald Laur- ence. The narrative of the expedition was drawn up and published by the Palestine Exploration Committee, under the title of "Mount Seir, Sinai, and Southern Pales- tine " ; and the geological details are con- tained in the memoir, "On the Physical Geography and Geology of Arabia Petraaa, &c.," 1886. In 1893 Prof. Hull visited Egypt and the Nile Valley as far as the First Cataract, for the purpose of examin- ing the evidence regarding the former magnitude of that river as compared with that of the present day; and arrived at the conclusion that in the Pleistocene (or Glacial) epoch its volume was vastly greater than at present. The evidence for this conclusion was laid before the Geological Society of London. At the annual meeting of the Geological Society of London, in 1890, the Murchison Medal was presented to Prof. Hull in considera- tion of his services to Geology. Prof. Hull is the author of several works and scientific memoirs, of which the following are the more important: "The Coal-Fields of Great Britain : their History, Structure, and Resources," 1865, 4th edit., 1881 ; " A Treatise on the Building and Ornamental Stones of Great Britain and Foreign Countries," 1872; "Contributions to the Physical History of the British Isles," 1882; "Sketch of Geological History," 2 M 546 HUMBERT — HUMPHREY 1887 ; " A Text-Book of Physiography or Physical Geography," 1888 ; " The Phy- sical Geology and Geography of Ireland," 1878; "Moilnt Seir, Sinai, and Southern Palestine," 1885; "Memoir on the Physical Geology and Geography of Arabia Petrasa, Palestine, and adjoining Districts," 1886 ; " Our Coal Resources at the Close of the Nineteenth Century," 1897 ; also several memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, and papers in the Transactions of learned and scientific societies. Prof. Hull is an Honorary Member of the Geological Societies of Belgium, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Man- chester; and of the Yorkshire Philo- sophical Society, and of the Academy of Science, Philadelphia. On the completion of the Geological Survey of Ireland in 1890, Prof. Hull retired from the public service. Address : 20 Arundel Gardens, W. HUMBERT I., ' Renier-Charles- Emmanuel - Jean - Marie - Ferdinand - Eugene, King of Italy, the eldest son of the late King Victor Emmanuel II., and of Adelaide, Archduchess of Austria, was born at Turin, March 14, 1844. At an early age he obtained an insight into political and military life under the guid- ance of his father, whom he attended during the war of Italian Independence, although he was then too young to take an active part in the struggle. The youthful heir to the throne was more closely connected with the movement for the unification of Italy, which followed the events of 1859. In particular he took part in the work of reorganising the ancient kingdom of the Two Sicilies ; and in July 1862 he visited Naples and Palermo, where he shared the popularity of Gari- baldi. When the war between Prussia and Austria was imminent, Prince Hum- bert was despatched to Paris to ascertain the sentiments of the French Government in reference to the alliance between Italy and Prussia. On the outbreak of hostili- ties he hastened to take the field ; obtained the command of a division of General Cialdini's army with the title of Lieuten- ant-General ; and was present at the dis- astrous battle of Custozza (June 23, 1866), where it is said he performed prodigies of valour. On April 22, 1868, he married, at Turin, his cousin, the Princess Marguerite Marie Therese Jeanne of Savoy, daughter of the late Duke Ferdinand of Genoa, brother of King Victor Emmanuel. The Queen is a most accomplished lady, an artist, and a mountaineer of courage and endurance. A son was born at Naples, Nov. 11, 1869, who received the names of Victor Emmanuel Ferdinand Mary Janu- arius, and the title of Prince of Naples. After the occupation of Eome by the Italian troops in 1870, Prince Humbert and the Princess Marguerite took up their residence in the Eternal City. He suc- ceeded to the throne on the death of his father, Jan. 9, 1878. As he was entering Naples, Nov. 17, 1878, a mannamed Giovanni Passanante approached the Royal carriage and attempted with a poniard to assassi- nate his Majesty. The King escaped with a slight scratch, but Signer Cairoli, the Prime Minister, who was with him, was wounded rather badly in the thigh. Passanante was condemned to death, but the punishment was commuted by the King to penal servitude for life. King Humbert received the Order of the Garter by the hands of the Duke of Abercorn at the Quirinal, March 2, 1878. He is a Chevalier of the Order of the Black Eagle ; and of the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece, &c. King Humbert and Queen Marguerite celebrated their silver wedding at Rome in April 1893. His son, the Crown Prince Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples, was married in Oct. 1896 to the Princess Helen of Montenegro. A second attempt upon the King's life in 1897 happily failed. There had been rumours as to the unpopularity of the monarchy, and this event was almost regarded as a confirmation of such reports. As the King was driving out on April 22 to the Capan- nelle Racecourse, a workman struck at him with a dagger. The blow was averted, the man was seized, and was eventually sent to penal servitude for life. HUMPHREY, The Rev. William, S.J., son of John Humphrey, Esq., J.P., of Pitmedden, Aberdeenshire, was born at Aberdeen, July 31, 1839. He was educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, and is a member of the General Council of the University of Aberdeen. He studied law at the University of Edinburgh ; was ordained a clergyman of the Church of England by Dr. Forbes, Bishop of Brechin, and held the living of St. Mary Magdalene, Dundee. He became a Roman Catholic in March 1868, and went to Rome, where he made his theological studies at the Collegio Romano. He was ordained priest by Cardinal Manning in 1871, and served on the mission in London till 1874, when he entered the Society of Jesus. Father Humphrey is the author of "The Divine Teacher," 7th edit. ; " Mary Magnifying God," 7th edit.; "The Written Word"; " Other Gospels " ; " Mr. FitzJames Stephen and Cardinal Bellarmine " ; " The Religious State " ; " The Bible and Be- lief " ; " Christian Marriage " ; " The One Mediator," 2nd edit. ; " The Vicar of Christ " ; " Elements of Religious Life " ; " Conscience and Law, or Principles of HUMPHRY — HUNTER 547 Human Conduct"; " Recollections of Scottish Episcopalianism " ; " Hie Divine Majesty; or, The Living God"; and has contributed to the "Catholic Academia" and the Month. Address : 114 Mount Street, Grosvenor Square, W. HUMPHRY, Mrs. C. E. ("Madge" in Truth), author and journalist, was born in Londonderry, and is a daughter of the late Rev. James Graham, Derry Cathedral, and grand-daughter of the late Rev. John Graham, Rector of Tamlaght-ard, author of ''The Siege of Derry," "Annals of Popery," &c. She was educated in Dub- lin. As a journalist she has contributed "Girls' Gossip" by "Madge" to Truth since the origination of those papers. She has also contributed to the Daily News since 1884. Publications: "Cookery Up-to-Date," and " Manners for Men," 1897 ; " Manners for Women," 1898 ; and "A Word to Women." Address: 42 Blom- field Road, Maida Hill, W. HUNGARY and BOHEMIA, King of. See Fbakois Joseph I. HUNTER, Major - General Sir Archibald, K.C.B., D.S.O., Commander 1st CI. Dist., Ind., son of Archibald Hunter, Esq., merchant, and Mary Jane, daughter of Major Duncan Graham, of Glenny, Perthshire, was born Sept. 6, 1856. He was educated at Glasgow Academy and at Sandhurst, entering the Army as Lieute- nant of the Royal Lancashire Regiment in June 1874. For two years he served as Adjutant to his regiment, and was pro- moted Captain in August 1882, Major in June 1885, and Colonel in January 1894. He served in the Nile Expedition, was mentioned in despatches and was awarded the Medjidieh of the third class and the Osmanieh of the fourth class. In 1885 he was employed with the Egyptian Frontier Force, and was present at the action of Giniss, where he was severely wounded, again obtaining mention in despatches and the D.S.O. During 1889 he served on the Soudan Frontier in command of a Brigade of the Egyptian Army and took part in the engagements at Arguin and Toski. He was promoted to Lieut.-Colonel. In August of 1892 Colonel Hunter was ap- pointed Governor of the Red Sea Littoral and Commandant at Suakin, and after- wards Commander of the Egyptian Fron- tier Field Force. In 1896 he served with the Dongola Expeditionary Force under Sir Herbert Kitchener in command of the Infantry Brigade, being present at the en- gagement at Firket and the operations at Hafir. He was mentioned in despatches, and specially promoted to Major-General for distinguished service in the field. In March of 1898 General Hunter made a reconnaissance of the enemy's position at Atbara, and shortly after the brilliant action was fought in which 3000 dervishes were slain and 4000 taken prisoners. General Hunter was second in command on that occasion. He was appointed Governor of Omdurman on the settlement of affairs after the battle. Address : High- thorn, West Kilbride, Ayrshire. HUNTER, Colin, A.R. A., was born in Glasgow, July 16, 1841, and is the son of John Hunter, bookseller and postmaster, of Helensburgh. He was educated in that town, and began painting at twenty years of age, after four years' clerkship. His education as a painter was derived from nature. His principal pictures are "Trawlers Waiting for Darkness," ex- hibited in the Royal Academy, 1873 ; "Salmon Stake Nets" (R.A.), 1874, now in the Sydney Government collection ; "Give Way" (R.A.), 1875; "Digging Bait " (R.A.), 1876 ; " Their Only Har- vest " (R.A. ), 1878, now the property of the Chantrey Bequest Trustees ; " Silver of the Sea" (R.A.), 1879; "Mussel Gatherers," and " In the Gloaming " (R.A.), 1880; "The Island Harvest" (Fine Art Society's Rooms), 1881 ; " Wait- ing for the Homeward Bound " (R.A.), 1882, now in the Adelaide collection ; "A Pebbled Shore " and " Lobster Fishers " (R.A.), 1883; "Herring Market at Sea" (R.A.), 1884, now in Manchester Corpora- tion collection ; " The Rapids of Niagara " (R.A.), 1885 ; " The Woman's Part " (R.A.), 1886 ; " Their Share of the Toil " (R.A.), 1887 ; "Fishers of the North Sea" (R.A.), 1888; "Baiters" (R.A.), 1889; " The Hills of Morven " (R.A.), 1890 ; and, more recently, "Ireland" and "Lobster Fishers," 1893; and "The Gleanings of the Herring Harvest," and "Wintry Weather," 1894. Since 1895 he has ex- hibited some eighteen pictures of wild life at the Royal Academy's Exhibition. Mr. Hunter was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in January 1884, and is also a Member of the Royal Scottish Water-Colour Society. He married, in 1873, Isabel, daughter of John H. Young, of Glasgow. Address : 14 Melbury Road, Kensington, W. HUNTER, Sir "William Guyer, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.C.P., eldest son of the late Mr. Thomas Hunter, of Catterick, Yorkshire, was born in 1831, and edu- cated at King's College, London, at Aber- deen University, and at various hospitals. He entered the Indian Medical Service, Bombay Presidency, in 1850, and served through the Burmese War and the Indian Mutiny. In 1876 he was appointed Prin- 548 HUNTER cipal of the Grant Medical College ; and in 1879 Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bombay. He retired in 1880, and in 1883 went out to Egypt to serve on the Cholera Commission. For his services on this occasion he was made a K.C.M.G. In 1885 he entered Parliament as Con- servative member for Central Hackney, and was again returned for the same con- stituency in 1886, retaining the seat until 1892. He married (2), in 1871, a daughter of S. Stainburn. Address : 21 Norfolk Crescent, W. HUNTER, Sir William Wilson, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., M.A. Oxford, Hon. LL.D. Cambridge and Glasgow, son of the late A. Galloway Hunter, Esq., of Denholm, was born July 15, 1840, and educated at the universities of Glasgow, Paris, and Bonn. He headed the list of Indian civilians appointed in 1862 ; and after distinguishing himself in Calcutta by proficiency in Sanskrit and the modern vernaculars in India, passed through the appointments of a junior civil servant in the Bengal districts. On the outbreak of the Orissa Famine of 1866, he was appointed Inspector of Public Instruction in the province of Orissa and the south- western division of Bengal. At the end of the dearth he received the thanks of the Government, but was invalided to England. When on sick leave Sir William Hunter wrote "The Annals of Eural Bengal," which in the next ten years passed through five editions ; and a " Dic- tionary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India and High Asia." On his return to Bengal, he received the gazetted acknow- ledgments of the Governor-General and the Secretary of State; together with a present of Bs. 20,000 of public money, also notified in the Government Gazette, for his services. In 1869 he was attached on special duty to the Secretariat of the .Government of Bengal ; in 1870 to that of the Supreme Government of India, acting for a time as Under-Secretary ; in 1871 he was appointed Director-General of Statistics to the Government of India. As the head of this Department he organised, and carried out from beginning to end, the Statistical Survey of India. The first census of India was taken in 1872. In 1876 he issued the "Statistical Account of Bengal" in twenty volumes. For the other eleven provinces of India a statistical survey was executed under his direction in each district of an area " equal to all Europe less Russia." Sir William Hunter again received the gazetted thanks of the Government. His labours had done much to throw light on the causes and manage- ment of famines, and to bring them within administrative control. In 1878 he was appointed in the first list of members of the new Order of the Indian Empire. By 1880 the Statistical Survey of India had been brought to completion under his direction, and its records had been made available to the public in 128 printed volumes. In 1881 he issued a condensation of this vast work, alphabetically arranged, in the "Imperial Gazetteer of India," in nine volumes. In the same year he was appointed a Member of the Viceroy's Legislative Council, and in 1882 President of the Education Commission in India. As a Member of the Viceroy's Legislative Council, Sir William Hunter took an active part in the important series of measures which issued from the Indian Legislature between 1881 and 1887, especially those affecting the Land Law, and the Tenancy Rights of Cultivators. As President of the Indian Education Commission he was largely instrumental in consolidating public instruction in India on its present basis. The results of these labours have been briefly but accurately described as the development of the Department of Public Instruction in India into a truly national system of education for that coun- try. For these services he again received the gazetted thanks of the Government, and was appointed a Companion of the Star of India. In 1884 Sir William Hunter was deputed to England, by the Governor- General in Council, to give evidence before the Parliamentary Committee upon the economic aspects of Indian railway deve- lopment. In 1886, in addition to his duty in the Viceroy's Legislative Council, Lord Dufferin appointed him to the Finance Commission, to conduct a searching inquiry into Indian expenditure, and to revise the financial relations of the Provincial Governments to the Supreme Government of India. Among the honorary offices dis- charged by Sir William Hunter during the course of his Indian career was that of the Vice-Chancellorship of the University of Calcutta. In 1887 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Star of India, and having completed his twenty-five years of service, he retired from that country. On his return to England he brought out the expanded edition of the "Imperial Gazetteer of India" in fourteen volumes. Since then he has been a consistent and powerful advocate of moderate reform in India. As an examiner and occasional lecturer in the Honours School of Oriental Studies, and as a member of the Faculty of Arts, he has taken an active part in the university life of Oxford. Under his impulse the University Press undertook the series of short histories and biographies now well known as " The Rulers of India." Of this series Sir William Hunter was the projector and editor, and of its twenty- HUNT-GKUBBE — HUNTINGTON 549 five volumes three are from his hand. Sir William Hunter has received honorary degrees from the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Glasgow ; and is an honorary member of many learned societies in Europe and Asia. He is an active magistrate and J. P. for Berkshire and Oxfordshire, and a Deputy-Lieutenant of the former county. His best-known books are the " Annals of Rural Bengal," " Orissa, or an Indian Province under Native and British Rule," "The Indian Mussulmans," "A System of Famine Warnings," "A "Life of Lord Mayo," 2 vols.; a shorter life of the same in one volume, "The Life and Work of the Marquess of Dal- housie," "A Dictionary of the Non -Aryan Languages of India and High Asia," " The Imperial Gazetteer of India," 14 vols. ; " The Indian Empire, its History, People, and Products," which condenses into one volume, for popular use, the main results of the Statistical Survey of India. His " Brief History of the Indian Peoples " has been translated into five languages, and in its English editions has reached eighty-five thousand copies. Among his more recent works are " The Old Mis- sionary," "The Thackerays in India," and " A Life of Brian Hodgson." In March 1899, he published vol. i. of an important " History of British India." Sir William Hunter married the daughter of the late Rev. Thomas Murray, M.A., LL.D., J.P., the author of "The Literary History of Galloway," and other antiquarian works. Addresses : Oaken Holt, Cumnor, Berk- shire ; 128 Piccadilly ; and Athenaeum. HtTNT-GRUBBE, Admiral Sir Walter James, K.C.B., son of the late Rev. James Hunt-Grubbe, was bom in 1833, and entered the navy in 1844. He was promoted Lieutenant in 1854, serving in H.M. S. Scourge on the West Coast of Africa, and took part in the bombardment of the towns of Pessie and Labadie, and was sub- sequently landed for the instruction of the Gold Coast Artillery. In 1855 he was appointed to command H.M.S. Teaser for the suppression of the slave-trade on the West Coast of Africa, and a few years afterwards commanded H.M.S. Jaseur on the same station for a similar purpose. As Senior Lieutenant of H.M.S. Arrogant he took part in the operations on the river Gambia in 1861, and also the capture of the stockaded town of Saba. He was mentioned in despatches and promoted to Commander. In 1866 he was appointed in charge of the Island of Ascension. During the second phase of the Ashanti War of 1874 he commanded the Naval Brigade, taking part in all the fighting and the capture of Kumassi. He was severely wounded, mentioned in de- spatches, and promoted to OB. As Cap- tain of H.M.S. Sultan he was present at the bombardment of Alexandria, and being the Senior Captain of the Mediterranean Fleet at that time, he was appointed to command the offshore squadron in the attack on the forts, and for his services on that occasion he received a K. OB. Sir Walter also had charge of the transports in the feint on Aboukir, and was con- stantly employed in watching the enemy's coasts until the close of the campaign. He was promoted Rear-Admiral in 1884, and the following year was appointed Commander-in-Chief on the Cape and West Africa station. For three years he was Admiral Superintendent of Devonport Dockyard, and also Umpire in the Naval Manusuvres of 1893 and 1894. He attained the rank of full Admiral in 1895, and was appointed President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, retiring from the active list in 1897. Admiral Sir Walter Hunt Grubbe has been an Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, and is a J.P. for Hampshire. He married, in 1867, Mary Anne, daughter of William Codrington, Esq., of Wrough- ton, Wilts. Address : Royal Naval Col- lege, Greenwich. HUNTINGTON, Daniel, LL.D., American artist, was born at New York, Oct. 14, 1816. He was prepared for Col- lege by Rev. Horace Bushnell at New Haven, and entered Hamilton College in 1832 ; and in 1835-36 was a pupil of S. F. B. Morse in the art department of the New York University. In 1836 he exhibited "The Toper Asreep," a "Bar-room Poli- tician," and several landscapes. In 1839 he studied in Florence and Rome, where he painted "The Sacred Lesson" and " Christian Prisoners" ; and, on his return to America, painted "Mercy's Dream "and "Christiana and her Children." In 1844 he again went to Rome, where he painted the "Roman Penitents," "Italy," "The Communion of the Sick," and several landscapes. In 1851 he visited England, where he painted the portraits of several distinguished personages, among them Sir Charles Eastlake (then President of the Royal Academy) and the Earl of Carlisle, now in the collection of the Historical Society. Among his later works, besides numerous portraits, are " Lady Jane Grey and Feckenham in the Tower," " Henry VIII. and Queen Catherine Parr," "Queen Mary Signing the Death-Warrant of Lady Jane Grey," "The Good Samaritan," "The Sketcher," "Ichabod Crane and Katrina van Tassel," " The Counterfeit Note," another "Mercy's Dream," "The Republi- can Court," a number of Shakespearian subjects, " Chocurna Peak," "Philosophy and Christian Art," "Sowing the Word," 550 HUNTINGTON — HUTCHINS and " Titian and Charles V." In 1882 he visited Spain, and painted "The Gold- smith's Daughter," "The Doubtful Let- ter," as well as portraits. Since his return he has painted "A Burgomaster of New Amsterdam," and many portraits of dis- tinguished people. He was one of the founders of the Century Club, of which he was President until 1895 ; and he is a Vice-President of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He was President of the National Academy of Design, New York, from 1862 to 1891, with the exception of a few years. HUNTINGTON, The Right Rev. Frederick Dan, S.T.D., LL.D., Bishop of Central New York, was born at Hadley, Mass., May 28, 1819. He was graduated from Amherst College in 1839, studied divinity at Cambridge, and in 1842 be- came pastor of a Unitarian church in Boston. In 1855 he was elected preacher to Harvard University, and Plummer Pro- fessor of Christian Morals. In 1860 he withdrew from the Unitarian denomina- tion, and was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He organised a new parish, which he named Emmanuel Church. In 1861 he was one of the founders of the Church Monthly. In 1869 he was conse- crated Bishop of Central New York, taking Syracuse for his Cathedra] City. Among his publications are: "Sermons for the People," 1856 ; " Lessons on the Parables," 1856; "Christian Believing and Living," 1860; "Lectures on Human Society, as illustrating the Power, Wisdom, and Good- ness of God" (Lowell Lectures), 1860; " Elim, or Hymns of Holy Refreshment," 1865; "Lessons for the Instruction of Children in the Divine Life," 1868 ; " Helps to a Holy Lent," 1872 ; " Steps to a Living Faith," 1873 ; " New Helps to a Holy Lent," 1876 ; "Personal Christian Life in the Ministry," 1887; "Forty Days with the Master," 1891 ; a Pamphlet on "Strikes," 1891 ; "The Golden Rule applied to Business and Social Life," 1892 ; besides other pamphlets, sermons, charges, and contributions to various periodicals. In 18S3, by appointment, he wrote the Pas- toral Letter of the House of Bishops. HTJNTLY, Marquis of, The Right Hon. Charles Gordon, Bart., LL.D., J.P., was born at Orton-Longue- ville, Peterborough, on March 5, 1847, and succeeded his father as 11th Marquis in 1863. He is the premier Marquis of Scotland, acted as Lord-in-Waiting from 1870 to 1873, and was Captain of the Hon. Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms in 1881. Lord Huntly filled the position of Lord Rector of Aberdeen University in 1890, 1893, and again in 1896. He was married, in 1869, to Amy, daughter of Sir William Cunliffe-Brooks, Bart., of Barlow Hall, Lancashire. Address : Orton-Longueville, Peterborough, &c. HURLBATT, Miss Ethel, Principal of Bedford College, London, is a native of Kent, and was educated at private schools until 1884. In 1888 she entered Somer- ville College, Oxford, as an Exhibitioner, and took a second class in the Final Honour School of Modern History in 1891. She remained in College until June 1892, for further historical work, holding a Special Scholarship given by the Cloth- workers' Company. In 1892 she was appointed Principal of Aberdare Hall, the residence for women students of the Uni- versity College of South Wales and Mon- mouthshire, Cardiff. During the six years of her tenure of this office the number of students increased from 17 to 39, and new and permanent buildings were completed and occupied in January 1895. Miss Hurl- batt acted as Hon. Sec. for South Wales of the Association for the Promotion of the Education of Girls in Wales. She also served on the Committee of the Training School of Cookery and Domestic Arts, Cardiff, and was a Governor of the Howell School, Llandaff. For several years Miss Hurlbatt was employed temporarily during the Long Vacation upon the staff of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, where she was employed in calendaring mediaeval char- ters. In February 1898, Miss Hurlbatt was appointed Principal of Bedford College (for Women), London. There can be no doubt that this College will have increas- ing importance in the future. It was recognised by the Cowper Commission (London University) as one of the Colleges qualified for recognition as a " School" of the revised University of London. There are at present 180 students attending the College (37 in residence), of whom 132 are preparing for examinations of the Univer- sity of London, for which the College specially fits them. HUTCHINS, Sir Philip Perceval, K. C.S.I. , was born in London, Jan. 28, 1838, and is the fifth son of William Hutchins and Isabella, daughter of Leigh Thomas, sometime President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' and Hailey- bury, and joined the Madras Civil Service in 1857. He was District Judge of Madura, 1872-82, and after having been called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1875, he became a Judge of the High Court of Madras in 1883, and a member of the Council in 1886. From 1888 to 1893 he HUTCHINSON — HUTCHISON 551 was a member of the Governor-General's Council, when he joined the India Office as Secretary of the Judicial and Public Department. In June 1898 he succeeded Sir A. Arbuthnot as a member of the Coun- cil of India. He became a C.S.I, in 1888, and K.C.S.I. in 1891. Address : 72 Crom- well Eoad, S.W. HUTCHINSON, John, Librarian of the Middle Temple, is the eldest son of George Hutchinson, of the Hutchinsons of Cornforth and Bishop Middleham, in the co. of Durham, whose sister Mary married the poet William Wordsworth. He was born at Ballingham, in the co. of Hereford, and was educated at home and at Chelsea, under the Eev. Derwent Coleridge, and in Paris. In 1855 he was appointed First Master of the English Form (now the School of John Lyon) in connection with Harrow School, and was subsequently Vice -Principal of Hereford Proprietary College, and Master of the Modern De- partment of Doncaster Grammar School. In 1879, after establishing the College at Llandrindod Wells, Eadnorshire, he re- tired from educational work, and in the following year obtained the appointment he now holds as Keeper of the Library of the Hon. Soc. of the Middle Temple. He has been a contributor to periodical litera- ture, and has published " Ariconia : a Poem," 1853 ; " Herefordshire Biogra- phies," 1890 ; " Men of Kent," 1892 ; "Llandrindod Legends and Lyrics," 1895 ; "The Legend of Hereford Cathedral: a Poem," 1897 ; &c. Address : The Middle Temple Library, London. HUTCHINSON, Professor Jona- than, M.D., F.B.C.S., F.E.S., LL.D., Past President of the Eoyal College of Surgeons of England, was born on July 23, 1828, at Selby, Yorkshire, and educated there. He is the second son of Jonathan Hutchinson and Elizabeth Massey. He was admitted a Fellow of the College of Surgeons in 1862 ; was appointed President of the Hunterian Society in 1869 and 1870 ; President of the Pathological Society in 1879 and 1880 ; of the Opbthalmological in 1883 ; of the Neurological in 1887 ; of the Medical in 1890 ; and of the Eoyal Medical and Chir- urg. in 1894-96. He was Professor of Sur- gery and Pathology in the Eoyal College of Surgeons from 1877 to 1882, and was elected President of that College in 1889. Professor Hutchinson was a member of the Eoyal Commission appointed in 1881 to inquire into the condition of the London hospitals for smallpox and fever cases, and into the means of preventing the spread of infection. He was also a mem- ber of the Eoyal Commission on Vaccina- tion. The degree of LL.D. (Hon.) was conferred upon him by Glasgow University in 1887, and by that of Cambridge in 1890. At the Tercentenary of Trinity College, Dublin, he received the honorary diploma of M.D. He holds also the Honorary Fellowship of many learned societies in conection with medicine on the Continent and America. He has taken much interest in "Educational Museums " as a means of popular education, and has arranged one at Haslemere which possesses novel fea- tures. Among his principal works may be mentioned : "Eare Diseases of the Skin," "The Pedigree of Disease," "Illustrations of Clinical Surgery," as well as his quar- terly Archives of Surgery, and a short-lived experiment, the Home University. Ad- dresses : 15 Cavendish Square, W. ; and Inval, Haslemere, Surrey. HUTCHINSON, The Hon. Sir Joseph Turner, Chief -Justice of Cyprus, was born at Braystones, Cumberland, on March 28, 1850. His father was one of the old Cumberland "Statesmen," whose forefathers had lived on the same small estate for upwards of three centuries. He was educated at St. Bees Grammar School ; elected to a foundation scholarship at Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1870 ; took his degree there in 1873 in the first class of the Classical Tripos, and proceeded to M.A. in 1876. After leaving Cambridge he became Sixth Form Master at Dulwich College, where he, in conjunction with Arthur Gray, edited for the Pitt Press the Hercules Furens of Euripides ; afterwards was Sixth Form Master at the City of London School from 1876 to 1879 ; and in 1879 was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple. He practised for eight years as an Equity draughtsman and conveyancer. In April 1888 he was appointed Queen's Advocate of the Gold Coast Colony ; and in January 1890, on the retirement of Mr. Macleod, was appointed Chief - Justice. This post he held until 1895, when he be- came Chief-Justice of Grenada, in which year he was knighted. In 1897 he was appointed to his present post. Home ad- dress : Grenada, Braystones, Cumberland. HUTCHISON, John, E.S.A., sculptor, was born at Lauriston, Edinburgh, June 1, 1832. At the age of thirteen he was ap- prenticed to a wood-carver in the High Street, Edinburgh, and in the evenings, during his apprenticeship, studied drawing and modelling in the Trustees' Academy and the School of Arts. In 1852 he was employed to execute the wood-carvings and other decorations in relief for the Picture Gallery then in course of erection at Hospitalfield, Arbroath, by Patrick Allan 552 HUTTON Eraser, H.E.S.A. Returning to Edin- burgh, he studied in the Antique and Life School of the Trustees' Academy, then under the able direction of Robert Scott Lauder, R.S.A. He first exhibited in the Royal Scottish Academy in 1856. In 1859 he exhibited there a colossal bust of " Harald Hardrada, the Norse Sea- King," which was purchased by the Hon. Mrs. Norton for Lord Dufferin ; it is now at Clandeboys, Ireland. In 1860 he visited Rome and studied with the late Alfred Gatley, an able and enthusiastic sculptor. Returning to Edinburgh with several works in marble, executed at Rome, he exhibited in the 1862 Exhibition a bust in marble of a Roman matron. Again visit- ing Italy in 1863, he executed several works in marble, "Pasquccia," a Roman girl, now in the National Gallery, Edin- burgh ; and a life-size statue in marble of a "Roman Dancing - Girl Resting." While in Italy Mr. Hutchison enjoyed the friendship of the Italian sculptors Tene- rani and Dupre, and Hiram Powers, the American. In 1862 he exhibited for the first time in the Royal Academy a marble bust of John Philip, R.A. — a commission from Mr. Philip — and has contributed to Royal Academy Exhibitions for many years ; in 1889 he exhibited a study in bronze, " II Condottiere." He has exe- cuted colossal bronze statues of James Carmichael, engineer (inventor of the fan- blast), erected in Dundee; Adam Black, M.P., publisher, for Edinburgh ; Dr. Grigor, M.D., for Nairn. For Lochmaben a colossal statue of King Robert Bruce in freestone ; a statue in bronze-gilt of a Greek Torch Racer for the summit of the dome of the University of Edinburgh ; four statues (life-size) for the Scott Monument, Edinburgh, viz., Baron Bradwardine, Hal- o'-the-Wynd, the Glee Maiden, and Flora Maclvor. For the relic-room of the Scott Monument, eight historical portrait-heads alto-relievo in bronze. Amongst many other monuments which Mr. Hutchison has designed and executed may be men- tioned a marble monument in Leyland Church, Lancashire, a recumbent figure of a lady (Mrs. Farington) resting on an altar-tomb ; and a monument in memory of G. Paul Chalmers, R.S.A., in the Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh. He has also exe- cuted and exhibited in the Royal Academy and Royal Scottish Academy various busts of distinguished characters ; likewise studies in marble and bronze of Hamlet, Dante, Don Quixote, Bonny Kilmeny, Genevieve ; and Marietta, a Roman Girl, now in the National Gallery, Edinburgh. By command of the Queen, Mr. Hutchison has executed busts of the late Principal Tulloch and Dr. Norman Macleod for Balmoral, and has also designed and exe- cuted the marble monument in memory of the Royal Stewarts buried in Paisley Abbey. In 1888 her Majesty honoured Mr. Hutchison with sittings for her bust at Windsor Castle. The bust of the Queen and that of the late Prince Consort were executed for the Victoria Art Galleries, Dundee. Mr. Hutchison was elected Asso- ciate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1862 ; Academician in 1867 ; Librarian in 1877 ; and Treasurer in 1886. HUTTON, Arthur Wollaston,youDg- est son of the Rev. H. F. Hutton, Rector of Spridlington, Lincolnshire, was born Sept. 5, 1848. Educated at Bury St. Edmunds Grammar School, at Brussels (under M. le Pasteur Vent), and at Cheltenham College, he obtained a scholarship at Exeter College, Oxford, and entered upon residence there in January 1867. In 1869 he obtained a second class in classical moderations, and in June 1871 he was placed alone in the first class in the honour school of theology, and graduated B.A. in that year, and M.A. in 1873. Ordained by the Bishop of Oxford, he was curate of St. Barnabas Church in that city, 1871-73, and in 1872, on the occasion of the secession to the Church of Rome of his fellow-curate, the Rev. C. H. Moore, he published an essay entitled " Our Posi- tion as Catholics in the Church of England." In 1873, on the death of his father, he was appointed to the living of Spridlington, a village nine miles N.E. of Lincoln. Here he rebuilt the church and enlarged the school ; but in January 1876 he resigned his position, and was shortly afterwards received into the Catholic Church by Dr. (afterwards Cardinal) Newman. Thence- forward, until 1893, he resided at the Birmingham Oratory as one of the com- munity, being ordained priest in 1879, and having for the greater part of the time the management of the public elementary schools. In 18TT) he published " The Anglican Ministry, its nature and value in relation to the Catholic Priesthood," a criticism of the position of the Ritualists, to which Cardinal Newman contributed a preface of twenty pages. In November 1883 Mr. Hutton withdrew from the Catho- lic Church and the clerical profession, and held no definite position until 1887, when he was appointed the first librarian of the Gladstone Library at the National Liberal Club in Whitehall Place. He retired from this post in March 1899, and was succeeded by F. G. Haley. In addition to other magazine articles, lec- tures, and reviews, Mr. Hutton published in the Expositor for September, October, and November 1890, " Personal Reminis- cences of Cardinal Newman " ; in 1892, in the series of English Leaders of Religion, HUTTON — HYNDMAN 553 a life of Cardinal Manning ; and in the same year, in Bohn's Standard Library, a new edition of Arthur Young's "Tour in Ire- land." In conjunction with Mr. H. J. Cohen, Mr. Hutton began in 1892 acollected edition of the " Speeches and Public Addresses of Mr. Gladstone," to be completed in 11 vols.; and in the autumn of 1894 appeared an essay on "The Vaccination Question," in the form of an open letter to Mr. Asquith. Address i Warden Lodge, Chiswick. HUTTON, Sir John, J.P., late Chair- man of the London County Council, was born in London in 1842, and educated by private tutors. He began life as a journalist, and for more than twenty years was connected with the Weekly Times, of which he even- tually became editor and proprietor. He also partly owned the Sporting Life news- paper, and had at one period an interest in four important journalistic or literary properties. In 1889 he stood for the Lon- don County Council, and was returned as senior member for South St. Pancras, for which he was again elected in 1892, 1895, and 1898. He acted for three years as Chairman of the Building Act Committee, in which position he established a reputa- tion for industry. When the second Council met he was elected Vice-Chair- man, and upon the resignation of Lord Rosebery succeeded him as Chairman. In March 1893 and 1894 he was re-elected to this post, which he retained to 1895. Sir John Hutton, who was at one time a man of leisure, devoted the whole of his time to his presidential duties, and has only on very rare occasions missed a meeting of the Council. His annual address was considered an ample commentary on the Council's work. He is a Progressive. The honour of knighthood was conferred upon him in May 1894, his name being among the " birthday honours " on the 26th. He married Elizabeth, daughter of William Neal, in 1864. Addresses : 10 Cumberland Terrace, Eegent's Park ; Ongar Hill Cottage, Addlestone, Surrey. HUTTON, Laurence, author and literary editor of Harper's Magazine, was born in New York on Aug. 8, 1843, was educated at private schools, at Yale (of which he is M.A.), and at Princeton Uni- versity. He was in business from 1863 to 1871, and then began to write dramatic criticism, and to contribute to the maga- zines. In 1885 he joined the staff of Harper's, and in time became editor of the magazine. He has published several works on the American stage, including a life of Edmund Booth, " Portraits in Plaster," "From the Books of Laurence Hutton," " Boy I knew," and " Literary Landmarks " of London, Edinburgh, Jerusalem, Venice, Rome, and Florence. Address : 229 W. 34th Street, New York. HUYSMANS, Joris Karl, French author, was born in Paris, Feb. 5, 1848, of a family of Dutch origin and artistic repu- tation. At an early age he threw himself ardently into the footsteps of the leaders of the naturalistic and pessimist school. He was first an imitator of Baudelaire and then of Zola, and distinguished himself by his minute depicture of extreme realism. He then attached himself to the Decadents, and was characterised by Max Nordau, in that writer's manner, be it said, as the type of "literary hysteria." His first work was a volume of poems in prose, "Le Drageoir a Epices," 1874 ; and this was followed by a novel, " Marthe," the history of a girl. Then came ' ' Les Scaurs Vatard," 1879 ; "Croquis Parisiens," 1880, illustrated by Forain ; "En Manage," 1881; "A Rebours," 1884, by many considered his finest work; "En Rade," 1887; "Les Vieux Quartiers de Paris," 1890. In 1891 he more or less dissociated himself from the Zolaistic school, and published " La- Bas," a study of diabolism in Paris. This was followed by "En Route," 1895, more or less a continuation and recantation of the previous work — and in "La Cathe'- drale," 1897, he goes still further along the path of neo-Catholicism. In 1881 he col- laborated in "Les Soirees de M^dan," to which he contributed " Sac au Dos." He is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and his Paris address is 41 Rue de Sevres. HYACTNTHE, Father. SccLoyson, Abbe Charles (Pere Loyson). HYNDMAN, Henry Mayers, Socialistic leader, eldest son of the late John Beckles Hyndman, a capitalist and most generous benefactor of churches, was born on March 7, 1842 ; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; B.A. 1864 ; and entered the Inner Temple in 1863. He was special correspondent of the Pall Mall Gazette during the war between France and Italy in 1866. He is the author of " The Indian Famine and the Crisis in India," 1887 ; " England for All," 1881 ; " Historic Bases of Socialism in Eng- land," 1883 ; " The Social Reconstruction of England," "Socialism and Slavery," and " A Summary of the Principles of Slavery," and "Will Socialism Benefit the English People ? " 1884. More recently he has published " Socialism and Slavery," and " General Booth's Book Refuted," 1890 ; " The Commercial Crisis of the Nineteenth Century," 1892; and "Econo- mics of Socialism," 1896. He married, in 1876, Matilda Ware. Address : 9 Queen Anne's Gate, S.W. 554 IBSEN IBSEN, Henrik, dramatist and poet, was born at Skien, in Norway, on March 20, 1828, and is the son of a rich merchant. He is said to be of Scotch descent on his mother's side, but as he is unable to this day to read English, his foreign extraction is perhaps doubtful. The choice of his boyhood was to be an artist, but his father failed in business when Henrik was only eight years old, and all his dreams of a university education and artistic training were dispelled. He was forced to earn his own living, the only opening available being in a small apothecary's shop in an obscure provincial town. For five years he lived the humdrum life of an assistant druggist, dispensing drugs and learning all he could, with a youthful longing to enter the medical profession. In his spare hours, which were few, he read out-of-the- way books. The struggle was hard and embittering, and at last, unable to stand it any longer, young Ibsen started for Christiania with only a small sum of money in his pocket. In 1849, with the assistance of some of his student-friends, he published, under the pseudonym of "Brynjolf Bjarme," his first book. This first venture was a dismal failure, finding but thirty buyers, and, heart-broken, Ibsen was compelled to sell the remaining copies as waste paper in order to keep the wolf from the door. He drowned his misery by becoming an ardent Radical and by writing revolutionary poems. In the same year he entered the university, where, in conjunction with others, including Bjbrn- son, with whom he studied, he founded a literary journal in which appeared his first satire, "Norma, or a Politician's Love." He sought mental recreation in attending and addressing Radical meetings, but, failing in Greek and mathematics at his matriculation examination, he left the university and occupied himself with the composition of poems and dramas, and in addressing more meetings. En passant, it is curious to notice that in later life Ibsen lost both his Radicalism and his eloquence, maturing into a staid Conservative of the most uncompromising type, and becoming utterly incapable of speaking in public. On leaving the university he again turned to literature and wrote " The Warrior's Barrow," which was acted successfully in the Christiania Theatre in 1850. Through the influence of Ole Bull, the violinist, he was appointed stage manager of the Bergen theatre. He remained in Bergen for seven years, and then returned to Christiania to take over the management of the new theatre (The Norske), thus gaining that experience of stage work which has made his plays so popular with the profession. Becoming tired of the theatre he retired in 1862, and, wishing to travel, applied to the Government for that truly admirable Norse institution, a poet's pension, but Bjornson, his old fellow- student, being at that time better known, received it instead. However, in 1864 the Storthing granted him the allowance, Ibsen having previously decided to abandon political affairs. For some time he lived in Rome, and travelled a great deal on the Continent, realising, as one result, the petty tyranny of Norway and the narrow- ness of her officials, which he denounced in "Brand," attacking vigorously the Established Church. Then came "Peer Gynt," probably his best-known effort, and from that date a continuous stream of dramas, poems, and novels has issued from the master-brain of Ibsen. The following of his works have been trans- lated into English, and have exercised a stimulating influence on English literary and dramatic criticism : " The Pillars of Society," 1877; "Ghosts," 1881; "An Enemy of Society," and " The Wild Duck," 1884; "Rosmersholm," 1886; "Hedda Gabler," 1890 ; and ,; The Master Builder," 1892. All of the foregoing have been dramatised, as also have others, such as "A Doll's House," "Little Eyolf," and "John Gabriel Borkman." In these re- presentations some of the finest talent on the English stage has taken part, and, if space permitted, an interesting list of productions might be given. However, two particular performances may be cited, as they aroused considerable feeling and criticism, viz., " An Enemy of the People," produced by Mr. Beerbohm Tree at the Haymarket Theatre, on June 15, 1893 ; and " Little Eyolf," staged by the New Century Theatre and acted by Miss Janet Achurch, Miss Elizabeth Robins, and Mrs. Patrick Campbell. Within the last few years (he was comparatively un- known beyond Norway ten years ago) Ibsen has acquired a considerable and influential following in England, due, in part, to the efforts of Messrs. William Archer and Edmund Gosse, who, by translation and connotation, have largely aided in the introduction of Ibsen to English readers. It is to be regretted that Ibsen himself has not thought fit to make a direct appeal to English circles, but he once declared himself indifferent to the study of English, as he felt that he could never "get at the heart," as he expressed it, of the English people, al- though he confessed to a strong desire to see and talk with such English giants as Tennyson, Gladstone, and Herbert Spen- IGNATIEFF — ILBEKT 555 oer. The new feeling towards the Nor- wegian master, referred to above, received its clearest and most fitting expression in an address presented to Ibsen by some of his English admirers, on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, March 20, 1898. Accompanying the address, which was signed by a representative gathering, was a set of silver, consisting of a ciboriurn or loving cup, an exact facsimile of one executed for King George II. in 1730 ; a ladle, in silver and ebony, an original, made about 1725 ; and a small cup of the same period. On the same date (March 20, 1898) a long poem by Mr. William Archer appeared in the Daily Chronicle, inscribed to Ibsen, and hailing him as "Great Poet, ... by friends' and foes' consent, in Drama's wide domain pre- . eminent ! " His seventieth birthday was celebrated in Christiania amid great festivities, and congratulations were pre- sented by the President of the Storthing, in the name of that body, and by numerous deputations, associations, and private per- sons. King Oscar also took part, and, in his telegram of congratulation, said : "Tour day of honour is, likewise, the day of honour of the Norwegian people." A critical estimate of his work, entitled "Ibsen on his Merits," was recently elaborated by Sir Edward R. Russell and Mr. Percy Cross Standing. IGNATIEFF, Nicholaus Pavlo- vitch, a Russian general and diplomatist, was born January 29, 1832. He is the son of Count Paul Ignatieff, a captain of in- fantry, who at the time of the military insurrection that occurred at St. Peters- burg in consequence of the somewhat forcible accession of the Grand-Duke Nicholas to the throne of Russia in 1825, was the first to pass over, with his com- pany, to the side of the new Czar — a defection which it was his duty to make in this manner in opposing the defection of the rebels, and which ensured the triumph of the former, and gained for Captain Ignatieff and his family the powerful protection of Nicholas I. The subject of this notice had at the very out- set of his career the Emperor Alexander II. for his godfather. He was educated at home and in the Corps des Pages, and, according to custom, quitted that select establishment for young aristocrats to enter the Guard ; and in the Military Academy, after three years' study, he was appointed as staff officer. At the begin- ning of the Crimean war he was ordered to be on the staff of General Berg. He occupied at Riga the post of Quarter- master-General of the Baltic corps. He then passed from the military to the diplomatic service, finding his point of transition in the military attacheship to the Embassy at London. His chief per- formance in this capacity was a report on England's military position in India, which so pleased the Emperor that he summoned Captain Ignatieff to Warsaw for a perso- nal interview. In 1858 Ignatieff, now a colonel and aide-de-camp to the Emperor, was sent on a special mission to Khiva and Bokhara. He was afterwards made a major-general in the Imperial suite, and sent as a plenipotentiary to Pekin, 1860, where he concluded a treaty by which the province of Ussuri was ceded by China to Russia. On his return to Russia he was made Director of the Asiatic Department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1864 he was appointed Minister at Con- stantinople, where his legation was after- wards (1867) raised to the rank of an embassy. Apart from his rank as am- bassador, he was a lieut.-general, and general aide-de-camp to the Emperor. The object which General Ignatieff steadily pursued at Constantinople was to secure for Russia a powerful influence over Tur- key. He completely reassured the late Sultan Abdnl Aziz as to the intentions of the Government of St. Petersburg, while on the other hand he gained the good-will of the Christian subjects of the Porte by his courteous behaviour and his simulated anxiety to protect them. In the negotia- tions between the various European Powers prior and subsequent to the war between Russia and Turkey, General Ignatieff took a very prominent part, and the treaty of San Stefano was mainly his work. He was recalled from the embassy at Constantinople, May 2, 1878, when Prince Lobanoff was sent there in his place. Afterwards he was appointed Minister of the Interior, from which post he was dismissed in June 1882, owing to disagreements with the pacific M. De Giers. He remained, however, a member of the Council of the Empire. He is a bitter enemy of the Nihilists. IGNATIUS, Father. See Lyne, The Rev. Joseph Leycestek. ILBERT, Sir Courtenay Peregrine, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., was born June 12, 1841, at Kingsbridge, Devon, and is the eldest son of the late Rev. Peregrine A. Ilbert, Rector of Thurlestone, Devon. He was educated at Marlborough, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he gained an open scholarship, and also the Hertford, Ire- land, and Craven University Scholarships. He was placed in the first class in the Classical Moderations 1862, and in the Lit. Hum. 1864, and was elected to a Balliol Fellowship. After taking his degree he read for the Bar, and was elected to 556 1LCHESTER — IMAGE the Bldon Law Scholarship in 1867. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1869, and practised as a parliamentary and equity draughtsman and conveyancer. For many years he did work in connection with the Parliamentary Counsel's office, and had a considerable share in the draft- ing ot important Government measures. He was Counsel to the Education Depart- ment from 1879 to 1882 ; Legal Member of the Council of the Viceroy of India from 1882 to 1886 ; and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta in 1885. During Lord Dufferin's absence in Burmah in 1886 he was President of the Viceroy's Council, with the powers of the Governor- General. As Legal Member of Lord Ripon's Government in India, Mr. Ilbert's name was associated with a measure for the Amendment of Criminal Procedure, in pursuance of the Viceroy's policy, which became the subject of vehement conten- tion, and was popularly known as the Ilbert Bill. He was also responsible for an important measure for revising the relations between landlord and tenant amongst an agricultural population of sixty millions, known as the Bengal Tenancy Bill, which, as finally amended after long and careful discussion, is now part of the law of India. This was only one of a series of similar measures, affecting the tenure of land in almost every part of India, for which Mr. Ilbert was respon- sible, as Legal Member of the Council, first under the Marquis of Ripon, and afterwards under the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava. On returning from India in 1886 Mr. Ilbert was appointed to the per- manent office of Assistant Parliamentary Counsel to the Treasury, which he still holds. He was knighted in February 1895. In January 1899 he was ap- pointed Parliamentary Counsel to suc- ceed Sir Henry Jenkyns, K.C.B., retired. He is a member of the Council of Marlborough College, and of the Board of Visitors of the Cooper's Hill Engineering College. A paper which he read at the Imperial Institute in 1894 resulted in the foundation of the Society of Comparative Legislation. He is the author of a book on the Government of India (Clarendon Press, 1898). In 1874 he married Jessie, daughter of the Rev. C. Bradley, and niece of the present Dean of Westminster. Per- manent addresses : 67 Gloucester Place, Portman Square ; and 3 Whitehall Gar- dens (official). ILCHESTER, Earl of, The Bight Hon. Henry Edward Fox-Strang- waye, was born on Sept. 13, 1847, and is the only son of the Hon. John George Fox - Strangways. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford ; from 1873 to 1874 he was Captain of the Hon. Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, has been a Captain of Yeomanry, is Lord- Lieutenant and County Alderman of Dor- set, and a member of the London County Council. He succeeded his uncle, the fourth Earl, in 1865, and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1871. He married, in 1872, Lady Mary Eleanor Anne Dawson, daughter of the first Earl of Dartrey. His London residence is the historic Holland House, Kensington. IMAGE, Selwyn, artist, is the second son of the Rev. John Image, of Bodiam, Sussex, and was born in 1849. He was educated at Marlborough and at New Col- lege, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree in 1872 (M.A. 1875). He was curate of St. Anne's, Soho, from 1876 to 1880, but has since devoted himself entirely to his art, the rudiments of which he acquired under the influence of Mr. Ruskin, one of whose earliest pupils he was at the Slade School, Oxford. Writing in a" recent number of the Studio, the editor says : "Mr. Selwyn Image's influence upon modern art is well known to those who have studied its development in recent years." The labours of the Century Guild, the organ of which was the Hobby Horse quarterly, have been mainly in the direc- tion of a revived interest in the English Renaissance as well as its Italian proto- type, infused in both cases by Pagan learning as well as by the more barbarous Gothic creed. These labours were greatly inspired by Mr. Image. The title-page of the Century Guild Hobby Horse was from his design, and many have seen in its out- lines the inspiration of much modern decorative work, such, for instance, as the late Mr. Aubrey Beardsley's incomparable line. Mr. Image has done much decora- tive work, and has painted landscape, but he is chiefly known for his glass. He is perhaps the most distinguished of English designers for glass, the austere beauty and extreme delicacy of his work placing him far above the facile and flamboyant em- ployes of the great firms of church decora- tors, who are ordinarily called in to help in the perfunctory adornment of our churches. Among his principal works are the windows for the Prince of Wales's Pavilion at the Paris Exhibition, the west window in St. Luke's, Camberwell, four archangels in Morthoe Church, Devon, besides windows in private houses. He is a frequent exhibitor at the Arts and Crafts Exhibitions, and is member of committee of several art societies concerned in the reform of decoration. He has lectured on art at the Society of Arts and at the Arts and Crafts Exhibition. He has also written much on art, and has published a volume INCE — INGRAM 557 of poems, which ranks him among " poet- painters." His address is : 6 Southampton Street, Bloomsbury. INCE, The Rev. William, D.D., eldest son of the late William Ince, some- time President of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, was born in the parish of St. James's, Clerkenwell, June 7, 1825, and educated at King's College, London, and Lincoln College, Oxford, where he gained a scholarship in 1843. He graduated B.A. with first class in Lit. Hum. in 1846 ; and became Fellow of Exeter College in 1847 ; Sub-rector of Exeter, 1857-1878, when he was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church in succession to Dr. Mozley. Dr. Ince was Whitehall Preacher, 1860-62 ; Public Examiner at Oxford, 1866-68 ; and Chaplain to the Bishops of Oxford, Dr. Mackarness, and subsequently Dr. Stubbs, 1871-1888. He has published " Some Aspects of Christian Truth," 1862; "Re- ligion in the University of Oxford," 1874 ; " Education of the Clergy at the Univer- sities," 1882 ; and various university and college sermons, two funeral sermons, and some addresses. Address : Christ Church, Oxford. INCmOUIN, Lord, Sir Edward Donough O'Brien, Bart., K.P., a Repre- sentative Peer for Ireland, was born in Dublin on May 14, 1839, and is the eldest son of the 13th Baron, whom he succeeded in 1872, and Mary, eldest daughter of William FitzGerald, of co. Clare. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A. Hon.). He was High Sheriff of co. Clare in 1862, and has been Lord-Lieutenant of that county since 1886. He is Hon. Colonel in the 7th Division Royal Artillery, Ireland, and became a Representative Peer in 1873. He married (1), in 1862, the Hon. Emily Holmes-A'Court, daughter of the 2nd Baron Heytesbury (she died in 1868) ; and (2), in 1874, the Hon. Ellen Harriet White, daughter of the 2nd Baron Annaly. Ad- dress : Dromoland Castle, co. Clare. INDERWICK, Frederick Andrew, Q.C., J.P., is the son of the late Andrew Inderwick, R.N., and was born in 1836. He was educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1858, becoming a Q.C. in 1874, and a Bencher in 1877. After con- testing Cirencester in 1868, and Dover in 1874, he was elected as member for Rye, in the Liberal interest, in 1880, and con- tinued to represent that constituency until 1885. He acted as Mayor of Winchelsea from 1892 to 1893. Mr. Inderwick is the author of : " Law of Wills, Divorces, and Matrimonial Causes Act," "The Story of King Edward and New Winchelsea," " The Prisoner of War," "Side Lights on the Stuarts," "The Interregnum," "The King's Peace." He was married, in 1857, to Frances, daughter of John Wilkinson, of the Exchequer and Audit Department. He practises on the South-Eastern Circuit. Addresses : 1 Mitre Court Buildings, E.C. ; and Mariteau House, Winchelsea, Sussex. INGE, The Rev. "William, D.D., Provost of Worcester College, Oxford, was born, in 1829, at Ravenstone, Leicester- shire, and is the eldest son of the Rev. Charles Inge of Benn Hill, Atherstone. He was educated at Shrewsbury School, and matriculated at Worcester College in 1849. He was a scholar of his college from 1849 to 1854, was in the first class in Classical Moderations in 1852, and in the first class in Lit. Hum. in 1853. He was also a member of the University Eleven in 1853 (B.A. 1853; M.A. 1856; B. and D.D. 1892). He was Fellow of his College from 1854 to 1859, and suc- ceeded Dr. Cotton in 1881 as Provost, at a time when he had been for many years a country clergyman, first as curate of Crayke, Yorks., 1857-75, and secondly as Vicar of Alrewas, Staffs., 1875-81. He is a member of the Hebdomadal Council, was hon. secretary to the Oxford Education Board in 1884, Commissary for the Bishop of Grahamstown, 1883-88, and examining chaplain to the Bishop of Lich- field, 1880-91, and to the Archbishop of York in 1891. INGRAM, The Right Rev. A. F. "W. See WlNNINGTON-lNGEAM, A. F. INGRAM, John H., was born in London, Nov. 16, 1849, and educated at Lyonsdown and City of London Colleges and by private tutors. He entered the General Post Office in 1868. In 1863 he published a small volume of verse, subse- quently suppressed. This was followed, in 1868, by "Flora Symbolica," a work on the folk-lore of flowers, which has passed through numerous editions. In 1873 he began a series of articles in English and American periodicals, calling attention to misrepresentations about the life and character of Edgar Allan Poe ; and in October 1874 embodied some of the results of his investigations in a short "Memoir of Poe," prefixed to a four- volume edition of the poet's works. This was followed in 1880 by an exhaustive two-volume biography of Edgar Allan Poe ; new one-volume editions of which work have since been published, the latest in the Minerva Library of Famous Books, for which series Mr. Ingram edited and copiously annotated a new edition of 558 INGRAM Lockhart's "Life of Burns," 1890. In 1879, under the name of "Don Felix de Salamanca," he published " The Philosophy of Hand-writing," wherein the characters of several celebrated contemporaries were assumed to be portrayed by their calli- graphy. In 1881 he published a volume of "Fairy Tales," translated from the Spanish of Fernan Caballero, and in 1882 a collection of historical sketches, styled "Claimants to Royalty. " In the winter of 1883 he published a volume of historical ghost stories, entitled "The Haunted Homes of Great Britain," and in 1884 a second series of similar narratives. In the same year appeared his life of "Oliver Madox Brown," the young poet- painter, who died in 1874. In 1884 Mr. Ingram edited an illustrated idition de luxe of Edgar Poe's "Tales and Poems," in 4 vols., and a selection from Poe's works, in 2 vols., for the Tauchnitz collection. In 1885 he published a monograph on Poe's "Raven"; in 1887, a collection of Mrs. Browning's Poems, with Memoir, and in 1889 a variorum edition of Poe's " Poetical Works." He is editing a series of ori- ginal biographical manuals, entitled the Eminent Women series, and wrote for it, in 188S, a Life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. It is the only complete memoir of Mrs. Browning yet published, has gone through several editions, and has been adopted as a University text-book. In 1892 Mr. Ingram edited, with a biographical introduction, a reprint of George Darley's "Sylvia," and wrote various papers for Mr. Miles's "Poets and Poetry of the Nineteenth Century." He is a contributor to many of the leading reviews of Europe and America, and has occasionally lec- tured on behalf of educational institutions. Address : General Post Office, E.C. INGHAM, John Kells, LL.D., Litt.D., born in the county of Donegal, Ireland, on July 7, 1823, and eldest son of the Rev. William Ingram, was educated at Newry School and Trinity College, Dublin. He was elected scholar of his College in 1840, and Fellow in 1846, Professor of Oratory and English Literature in 1852, Regius Professor of Greek in 1866, and Librarian in 1879. He is now Vice-Provost of Trinity College. He was President of the Statis- tical Section of the British Association in 1878, and in that capacity delivered an address on "The Present Position and Prospects of Political Economy," which attracted much attention at home and abroad, and was translated into German by the well-known economist, Dr. H. Von Scheel, and into Danish by A. Peterson. He also gave an address to the Trades Union Congress in 1880 on "Work and the Workman," of which a French transla- tion appeared in the following year. He is author of the article " Political Economy " in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" (9th edit.), which has since been reprinted in a separate volume (1888), and which has been translated into French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, Russian, Polish, Czech, and Japanese. He also contributed to the same Encyclopaedia the article "Slavery" (separately published, with additions, in 1895, and since translated into German) and many biographical notices, amongst which may be mentioned those of Quesnay, Turgot, Petty, Adam Smith, Ricardo, Arthur Yonng, and Cliffe Leslie. He is author of " Greek and Latin Etymology in England," " The Etymology of Liddell and Scott," and other articles in Hermathena, a university journal which he edited for some years ; of papers on "The Opus Majus" of Roger Bacon, on "The First English translation of the De Jmitatione Christi" on "Mediaeval Moral Tales," and other subjects, in the Pro- ceedings of the Royal Irish A cademy ; of a paper on "The Weak Endings of Shake- spere," in the Transactions of the New Shahespere Society, vol. i. ; of Lectures on Shakespere and Tennyson in "After- noon Lectures" (Dublin, 1863 and 1866), and of the etymological portion of Dr. William Smith's Latin School Dictionary, 2nd edit., 1883. He edited for the Early English Text Society, in 1893, the old English version of the Imitation men- tioned above. He was President of the Library Association in 1884, and delivered an address on "The Library of Trinity College, Dublin." He has also been President of the Statistical Society of Ireland, and of the Royal Irish Academy, and is one of the Trustees of the National Library of Ireland, a Visitor of the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, and a Commis- sioner for the Publication of the Ancient Laws and Institutions of Ireland. He received in 1893 the Hon. Degree of LL.D. from the University of Glasgow, and is an Hon. Member of the American Economic Association. He married, in 1862, Made- line, daughter of J. J. Clark, D.L., Largan- togher, co. Londonderry. She died in 1890. Addresses : Trinity College, Dublin ; and 38 Upper Mount Street, Dublin. INGHAM, The Very Rev. "William Clavell, D.D., Dean of Peterborough, is the eldest son of the late Rev. George Ingram, B.D., formerly rector of Ched- burgh, in the county of Suffolk, and Jane Kames Clavell, his wife. He was born at Chedburgh Rectory on Aug. 11, 1834. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1857. After taking his degree, he was for some time an assistant master at St. Nicolas INGRAM — IRVING 559 College, Lancing, and he was ordained Deacon by the late Bishop Gilbert at Chichester in 1859, and Priest the follow- ing year. He proceeded to the degree of Master of Arts in 1864, and to the degree of Doctor in Divinity in 1893. In 1863 he was appointed Chaplain to Her Majesty's Forces at Woolwich, and the following year he accepted the Crown living of Kirkmichael in the Isle of Man, and became Chaplain to the late Bishop Powys. Here he remained for ten years till Bishop Magee removed him to the living of St. Matthew's, Leicester, a large poor parish, containing at that time some 15,000 inhabitants. In 1887 Bishop Magee, afterwards Archbishop of York, promoted Dr. Ingram to an honorary Canonry in Peterborough Cathedral, and in 1892, on Mr. Gladstone's nomination, he became Dean of Peterborough. Dr. Ingram is the author of several sermons, amongst others a volume entitled " Happiness in the Spiri- tual Life," published by Longmans, and he has also written a short account of Peter- borough Cathedral, issued by Isbister and Co. Address : The Deanery, Peterborough. INGRAM, Sir William James, Bart., was born in 1847, and is the son of the late Herbert Ingram, sometime M.P. for Boston, and justly famous in the annals of journalism and English enterprise as the founder of the Illustrated London News. His mother was Anne, daughter of William Little, Esq., of Eye, and was afterwards Lady Watkin, wife of Sir E. Watkin, Bart. The subject of our notice was educated at Winchester, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1872. From 1874 to 1880 he represented Boston in the Liberal interest in the House of Commons, and again in 1885-86, and 1892-95. Sir William Ingram is proprietor of the IUus- trated London News, the English Illustrated Magazine, the Sketch, and the Penny Illus- trated Paper. He invented the rotatory printing press named after him, and a main factor in the phenomenal success of the last-mentioned paper. Together with Mr. Charles Ingram, he projected the well- known weekly, the Sketch, which obtained an immediate and wide-spread success. He was created a Baronet in 1893. He married, in 1874, Mary, daughter of the Hon. Edward Stirling, of Adelaide. His heir, Mr. Herbert Ingram, was born in 1875. Addresses : 65 Cromwell Road, S.W. ; The Bungalow, Westgate-on-Sea, &c. , &c. IOTA. See Caffyn, Mks. Manning- ton. IRON, Ralph. See Schebinee, Olive. IRVING, Sir Henry, LL.D., the name assumed by John Henry Brodribb, the actor, only son of the late Samuel Brodribb, was born Feb. 6, 1838, at Kein- ton, near Ghistonbury, and educated at Dr. Pinches' school, in George Yard, Lombard Street, London. He made his first public appearance at the Sunderland Theatre, Sept. 29, 1856, and after a series of engagements at Edinburgh, Glasgow, .Manchester, and Liverpool, extending over nine years, he was engaged on July 30, 1866, to play, with Miss Kate Terry, at Manchester, by Mr. Dion Boucicault, in an original play of his, entitled " Hunted Down." This led to a London engage- ment, when he came out at the St. James's Theatre as Doricourt in the " Belle's Stratagem." He subsequently played at Drury Lane, the Haymarket, and the Gaiety theatres. In May 1870 he trans- ferred his services to the Vaudeville Theatre, playing Digby Grant in Mr. Albery's comedy of the "Two Roses," which character he sustained for 300 con- secutive nights. His representation of " Hamlet " at the Lyceum Theatre, Oct. 31, 1874, produced a great sensation among the playgoing public, and opinion was at first much divided as to the merits of the performance, but it is now generally ad- mitted that by his rendering of this and of other Shakespearian parts, Mr. Irving has placed himself at the head of English tragedians. " Hamlet " was played for 200 nights, the longest run of the play on record. He appeared in " Macbeth " Sept. 18, 1875 ; in " Othello " in 1876 ; and next as Philip in Tennyson's drama of "Queen Mary." Afterwards Mr. Irving played his Shakespearian parts in the provinces, in Scotland, and in Ireland. When in Dublin he played " Ham- let " by the request of the Univer- sity, he having been presented with an address in the Dining Hall of Trinity College. In January 1877 he added to his Shakespearian repertory by playing " Richard III." at the Lyceum. The with- drawal of Mrs. Bateman from the Lyceum gave Mr. Irving supreme control over the theatre, of which he had long been the mainstay. It opened under bis manage- ment on Dec. 30, 1878, when he again played " Hamlet " for 100 nights. The most remarkable incidents of Mr. Irving's management have been the production of " Othello " (in which he alternated the parts of the Moor and Iago with Mr. Edwin Booth), "The Merchant of Venice," "Much Ado about Nothing," "The Cup," "Twelfth Night," and " Faust," all which have been played in conjunction with Miss Ellen Terry. A public banquet was given to Mr. Irving at St. James's Hall, on July 4, 1883, shortly before his departure with the 560 ISABELLA Lyceum company for a theatrical tour in the United States. A second visit to America was made in 1884, and before its close Mr. Irving delivered an address to the students of Harvard University on the art of acting. He also delivered an address by the invitation of the Vice- Chancellor (Dr. Jowett) at Oxford, on June 26, 1886. On May 5, 1887, Mr. Irving was elected a Life Trustee of Shakespeare's birthplace. On June 1 he produced Byron's " Werner " at the Lyceum Theatre for the benefit of Dr. Westland Marston, with the fine result of giving over £800 to the distressed dramatist. On October 17 he visited Stratford-on-Avon for the purpose of making the dedicatory speech at the pre- sentation of a public fountain by Mr. G. W. Childs, of Philadelphia, and the next day left Liverpool for a third tour in America, lasting until March 24, 1888. During his stay in the States he was given, on March 15, a reception by the American Goethe Society, and on March 19, by special desire of the War Depart- ment, he took his company to the Military Academy at West Point, where, with Miss Ellen Terry, he gave " The Merchant of Venice " in Elizabethan dress and without scenery of any kind. On March 12 the great blizzard occurred which paralysed New York for a week, and on that evening the Star, where Mr. Irving was performing, was the only theatre open. After a short season at the Lyceum he took "Faust" on tour, and at Bolton laid the foundation- stone of a new theatre. On November 28 he was entertained at a public banquet in Birmingham. On December 29 he pro- duced " Macbeth " at the Lyceum, with Miss Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth, and ran it until the following summer, nearly 200 nights, which is the longest run of the play on record. In April of the year 1889 he visited Germany, where "Julius Cassar" and " The Merchant of Venice " were pre- sented for him at the Berliner Theatre by Herr Barnay ; and on his return home he played, with Miss Ellen Terry, before the Queen at Sandringham. On September 28 lie revived at the Lyceum Watts- Phillips' play "The Dead Heart." The play ran the whole season, ending in the summer of 1890, after which, with Miss Ellen Terry, he made a short provincial tour, giving recitals of " Macbeth " with the accompaniment of Sir Arthur Sullivan's music. On Sept. 20, 1890, he produced " Ravenswood, " by Herman Merivale, founded on Sir Walter Scott's " Bride of Lammermoor." This was followed in 1891 by a revival of "Much Ado," "The Lyons Mail," and "The Corsican Brothers." During the season of 1892 Mr. Irving's company played " Henry VIII.," a notable revival, at the Lyceum, the great actor taking the part of Cardinal Wolsey. His next part was not dissimilar to this, for he appeared as " Becket " in the late Lord Tennyson's great play of that name. At the end of 1893 Mr. Irving gave numerous revivals of familiar pieces in his repertoire. He then took his company to America, and, on his return to the Lyceum in the spring of 1894, revived "Faust." In September 1894 he appeared at Bristol in a little play by Dr. Conan Doyle, in which he figured as a Waterloo veteran. In 1895 he appeared as King Arthur in a play of that name, and in 1896 he played in "Cymbeline," a Shakespearian revival. In April 1897 he appeared as Napoleon in a translation of " Madame Sans-Gene." He received the honour of knighthood in May 1895, in the autumn of which year he again visited America. In June 1898 he delivered the Rede Lecture at Cambridge, on "The Theatre in its relation to the State," and on the 15th of that month received the LL.D. of the Cambridge University. After a long absence from the scene of his former triumphs and a period of serious ill-health, Sir Henry Irving re- turned to the Lyceum Theatre in April 1899, opening with the play of " Robes- pierre," specially written for him by M. Victorien Sardou. He received a welcome of unprecedented enthusiasm from his old admirers. In "Robespierre," now running (May 1899) he sustains the title- part, while Miss Ellen Terry plays the chief female character. Addresses : 15a Grafton Street, Bond Street, W. ; and Athenaeum. ISABELLA II., Maria Isabella Louisa, ex-Queen of Spain, was born at Madrid, Oct. 30, 1830. Her father, Fer- dinand VII., had been induced, by the influence of his wife, to issue the Prag- matic Decree, revoking the Salic law ; and at his death, Sept. 29, 1833, his eldest daughter, then a child, was proclaimed Queen, under the regency of her mother, Maria-Christina. This event proved the signal for civil warfare, as the claims of the late king's brother were warmly sup- ported by certain classes of the people The war of succession lasted seven years, and the country was desolated by the struggle between the contending Carlist and Christina parties, until the Cortes confirmed the claims of Isabella by pro- nouncing sentence of exile on Don Carlos and his adherents. In 1840 the Queen- regnant, finding it impossible to carry on the government without making conces- sions to public feeling for which she was indisposed, retired to France, resigning her power into the hands of Espartero, whom she had been previously compelled ISLINGTON — ITO 561 to summon to the head of affairs. For the following three years, whilst that con- stitutional leader was able in great measure to direct her education and training, the young Queen was subjected to purer and better influences than she had before ex- perienced. She was declared by a decree of the Cortes to have attained her majority, Oct. 15, 1842, and took her place among the reigning sovereigns of Europe. Maria- Christina returned to Madrid in 1845, and her restoration to influence was marked by the marriage of Isabella II. to her cousin, Don Francisco d'Assisi, the elder son of her maternal uncle, Don Francisco de Paula, which took place Oct. 10, 1846. Sacrificed to the intrigues of a party whose interests were based on this uncon- genial union, Isabella II. never knew the beneficial influence of domestic happiness ; estrangements and reconciliations having succeeded each other alternately in her married life. It deserves special mention, however, that during her reign Spain rose to take rank among the great powers of Europe, while the internal progress of the country advanced with rapid strides. On Sept. 16, 1868, a great revolution broke out in Spain, starting with the fleet off Cadiz, and gradually spreading over the whole peninsula. The speedy result was the formation of a Republican Provisional Government under Prim, Serrano, and others at Madrid, and the flight of Queen Isabella to France. On November 6 her Majesty took up her residence in Paris, where she remained during her exile, with the exception of an interval spent at Geneva during the Franco-Prussian War. On June 25, 1870, she renounced her claims to the Spanish throne in favour of her eldest son, the Prince of the Asturias. After eight years of exile she returned to Spain, and was received at Santander by her son, the late King Alfonso XII. (July 29, 1876). Queen Isabella has had five children : 1. Infanta Mari^-Isabel-Fran- coise-d'Assise-Christine-de-Paule-Dominga, born Dec. 20, 1851. 2. Alfonso XII., late King of Spain. 3. Infanta Maria del Pilar, born June 4, 1861. 4. Infanta Maria della Paz, born June 23, 1862 ; and 5. In- fanta Maria Eulalie, born Feb. 12, 1864. ISLINGTON, Bishop of. See Turner, The Right Rev. Charles -Henry. ISRAELS, Josef, a Dutch painter, was born at Groningen in 1824. He studied in Amsterdam, under Kruseman, and next in Paris, under Picot ; and received Gold Medals of Honour in Paris, Brussels, and Rotterdam. He also had conferred upon him the Belgian Order of Leopold, and was nominated a member of the French Legion of Honour. His principal paint- ings are: "The Tranquil House," "The " Shipwrecked," and "The Cradle," "In- terior of the Orphans' Home at Katwyk," "The True Support," " The Mother," and " The Children of the Sea " (in the Queen of Holland's collection). In 1873 he ex- hibited at the French Gallery in Pall Mall, "Minding the Flock," and since that time has continually added to that long list of pictures in which he has recorded the sadder aspects of humbler life. Among his later pictures we may mention " The Little Sick -Nurse," and the "Sewer," 1888. At the Paris Exhibition of 1889 he obtained a grand prix. He was elected a correspondent of the Academy of Fine Arts in January 1885. Mr. Israels has resided in the Hague for many years. His brother, Mr. Lehman Israels, born at Groningen in 1833, went at an early age to the United States, where he acquired a considerable reputation as a journalist. He was for several years foreign editor of the New York World. A monograph of the work of Josef Israels has been written by Netscher, and translated into French by Zilcken. ISTRIA, Princess Dora d\ See Koltzopp-Massalsky, Princess von. ITALY, King of. See Humbert I. ITALY, Queen of. See Margherita. ITO, High Admiral of the Japanese fleet during the war with China, was for ten years at the head of the Yokosha Arsenal. In the summer of 1894 he was put in command of the Japanese naval forces engaged against China off the coast of Korea, and quitted his post at the arsenal to go on board his flagship the Matsushima, On Sept. 7, 1894, a great naval battle took place between the Chinese and Japanese fleets. Twelve Chinese cruisers and warships were con- voying transports full of Hunanese soldiers to the scene of war, when twelve Japanese ironclads and cruisers and five torpedo- boats under Admiral Ito engaged them. The fight lasted some seven hours, and re- sulted in the sinking or destruction of four Chinese men-of-war, and the disablement of many others. Only one Japanese war- ship was disabled, but the troops had all been landed before the engagement. The Japanese fleet was again ordered to sea in October, after it had been refitted at Port Arthur. Admiral Ito explained the tardy progress of Japanese influence in Korea on the ground that it was necessary to restore order in that country, to crush the brigands swarming in the mountain districts, to 2N 562 IVEAGH — JACKSON erect works in order to keep open the line of communication with the Japanese armies, and to enrol and train the Koreans as soldiers. In November he co-operated with the land forces attacking Port Arthur. Towards the end of January 1895 he was reported to be narrowly watching Wei-hai- wei, the forts of which had fired upon his ships on the 21st. In February the whole place, together with the Chinese fleet, was surrendered to him by Admiral Ting, who subsequently committed suicide, together with three principal Chinese officers. Ad- miral Ito, in compliance with the dead man's request, allowed all the soldiers in Wei-hai-wei and all the sailors in the Chinese fleet to return home free, and even conceded them the honours of war. He has resumed his duties at the arsenal, and resides in the palace in the Park sur- rounding it. IVEAGH, Lord, Edward Cecil Guinness, Bart., K.P., LL.D., J.P., D.L., of Castlenock, co. Dublin, born on Nov. 10, 1847, formerly a member of the great firm of brewers in Dublin, is the younger brother of Lord Ardilaun, and is well known as a munificent philanthropist, who has given a quarter of a million to be ap- plied to the better housing of the poor, and also as a scion of a house whose wealth has been systematically employed for the promotion of schemes of public utility. His father, Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, it will be remembered, rebuilt St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin ; and even the most rigid of teetotalers, when they see the purposes to which the great fortune of the Guinness family has been devoted, may almost be expected to for- give the source from which it has been derived. In December 1898 Lord Iveagh made two munificent offers, the first of a sum amounting to £250,000 for the further endowment of the Jenner Institute of Preventive Medicine, which has been gratefully accepted, the second of a like amount for the improvement of an in- sanitary area in the heart of Dublin. This last offer requires the sanction of Parlia- ment. It is a scheme for erecting work- men's dwellings, &c, in the Bull- Alley area of Dublin, and for otherwise improving the streets of that district. He was raised to the peerage on Jan. 1, 1891, and received the degree of Hon. LL.D., Dublin, in the same year. He was made a K.P. in February 1896. Sir Edward married, in 1873, Ade- laide Maria, daughter of Richard Samuel Guinness, M.P. for Deepwell, co. Dublin. Addresses : Farnleigh, Castlenock, co. Dublin ; and Elveden, Suffolk. IZZET BEY, Ahmet, was born some forty years ago, and was educated for the law. In the later days of Mahmoud Nedim he was appointed a judge in the Tidjaret. After the accession of Abd-ul- Hamid (q.v.) he became a palace spy, in which position he greatly distinguished himself. From being a reporter, he rose to be a counsellor, and in 1895 became the Sultan's right-hand man. He caused the ruin of Kiamil Pasha and Kutchuk Said, and induced his master to seek Russian protection from British persecution. The Cabinet are nearly all his creatures. Naturally he has crowds of enemies ; the old Turkish party hate him for his Russo- phil policy, while the advanced party dis- like his despotic methods. He is in full command of the Palace police ; and is in truth the Power behind the Throne. JACKSON, Frederick Georg'e, Arc- tic explorer, born in 1860, is the eldest son of G. F. Jackson of Leamington. He was educated at Denstone College and Edin- burgh University. He has travelled across the Australian deserts and across the Tundras of Siberia. In 1894 he was given the command of the Arctic Expedition sent out by Mr. A. C. Harmsworth (q.v.). He set out from London in the Windward, and fixed his headquarters in Franz Josef Land, in a small house which he called Elmwood, near Cape Flora. During the three years he spent there he mapped out the whole region, which he proved not to consist of a continuous mass of land, but of a number of islands. He also omits Gillies Land from his maps, of the exist- ence of which there has been much con- troversy. He has brought home valuable collections, immense numbers of photo- graphs, and most valuable meteorological and magnetic observations. In 1896 he came across Nansen off the north of Franz Josef Land, and his " Are you Nansen ? " has become almost as famous as the " Dr. Livingstone, I presume I " of another well- known explorer. He returned to England in September 1897. Interviewed in December 1897, he announced his inten- tion of starting upon another polar ex- pedition as soon as possible. His ship, a whaler, will be left as far north of Coburg Island as possible, and he will push on in a sledge drawn by dogs or ponies, and accompanied by only one other explorer. He laments the apathy of British geo- graphers with regard to the north polar area, where so much remains to do. He is an Hon. Corresponding Member of the Geographical Societies of America and Italy, received a knighthood of the first class of the Royal Order of St. Olaf from JACKSON 563 King Oscar in December 1898, and in February 1899 was awarded the Gold Medal of the Geographical Society of Paris in recognition of his recent ex- ploration of Franz Josef Land. He pub- lished, in 1895, "The Great Frozen Land." He married, June 1898, Miss Mabel Dal- rymple Bruce, daughter of Colonel Dal- rymple Bruce. Address : Royal Societies Club. JACKSON, Henry, Litt.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, eldest son of Henry Jackson, surgeon, was born at Shef- field, March 12, 1839. He received his early education at the Sheffield Collegiate School, and at Cheltenham College. He proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1858 ; graduated with Classical Honours in 1862 ; and was elected a Fellow of his College in 1864. He was appointed Assistant Tutor in 1866, and Praelector in Ancient Philosophy in 1875. In 1881 he was ad- mitted to the degree of Doctor in Letters. In 1895 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Aberdeen. From 1882 to 1886, from 1888 to 1892, and from 1892 to 1896, he was a member of the Council of the Senate of the University. He has served upon several boards and syndicates ; in particu- lar, upon the boards for Classics and for Media;val and Modern Languages, and the syndicates of the Library and the Press. He is a member of the governing body of Girton College. He took a part in the movement for the Education of Women which began in 1866 ; in the movement which led to the abolition of University tests in 1871 ; in the revision of the sta- tutes of his College in 1870-72 ; in the comprehensive academic and collegiate reforms of 1877-83 ; and in the agitations in favour of degrees for women in 1887-88, and in 1895-97. He is a Progressive Liberal, and has been since 1882 a con- vinced Home Ruler. His chief published writings are: "The Fifth Book of the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle," 1879 ; a series of articles on " Plato's Later Theory of Ideas," in the Journal of Philology, Nos. 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28, 30, 49 ; papers in the same periodical on sub- jects connected with the writings of Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient philosophers ; and articles in the "Encyclopaedia Britan- nica " on Thales, Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeuo of Elea, Sophists, Socrates, Speusip- pus, &c. Dr. Jackson married, July 1, 1875, Margaret Edith, fourth daughter of the late Canon F. V. Thornton. He resides during the University terms at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in vacation at Aldourie, Branksome Wood Road, Bourne- mouth. He is a member of the Athenaeum Club. JACKSON, Thomas Graham, R.A., M.A., F.S.A., is the son of Hugh Jackson, a solicitor, and was born at Hampstead, on Dec. 21, 1835. He was educated at Brighton College and Wadham College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar. He took honours at both Classical Modera- tions and the Final School of Lit. Hum. ; graduated B.A. in 1858, and was elected a Fellow of his College in 1864. He vacated his Fellowship in 1880, but was elected an Hon. Fellow in 1882. Selecting the profession of an architect, he was a pupil of Sir George Gilbert Scott, R.A., from 1858 to 1861, was elected an A.R.A. in 1892, and became a full Academician in 1896. Mr. Jackson's name is closely connected with most of the recent buildings in Oxford, whether it be restoration, additions, or entirely new work ; and the following buildings in the University and city may be cited as in- stances of his skill in design, and in blending new work with old : The New Examinations Schools of the University ; restoration of the Bodleian Library, St. Mary's (the University), and All Saints' Churches ; new additional buildings for Brasenose, Lincoln, Corpus, Trinity, Balliol, and Hertford Colleges ; Somerville Hall ; the City High School ; and the High School for Girls. He has provided new buildings for some important public schools, viz. : Rugby, Harrow, West- minster, Uppingham, Radley, Brighton, Giggleswick, Cranbrook, &c, as also new buildings at the Inner Temple and at the Drapers' Hall. Amongst his churches may be mentioned those at Annesley, Horn- blotton, Stratton, Wimbledon, Northing- ton, &c. He has also furnished designs for numerous private houses. Mr. Jackson is the author of : " Modern Gothic Archi- tecture," 1873 ; " Dalmatia, the Quarnero, and Istria," 1887; "Wadham College, Oxford : its History and Buildings " (with illustrations), 1893; "The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford : its History and Architecture"; and numerous articles on subjects connected with Architecture. Addresses : 14 Buckingham Street, Strand, W.C. ; and Eagle House, Wimbledon. JACKSON, The BightHon. William Lawies, M.P., J. P., eldest son of the late Mr. William Jackson, of Leeds, was born at Otley in 1840, and was educated pri- vately and at a Moravian school. He is a Director of the Great Northern Railway Company, and a prominent figure in the leather and woollen trades. He repre- sented Leeds from April 1880 until the dissolution in 1885, after having unsuccess- fully contested the borough in 1876. In 1885, 1886, 1892, and 1895, he was returned for the Northern division of Leeds. In 564 JACKSON — JACOBS Lord Salisbury's first administration he received the important appointment of Financial Secretary to the Treasury, in succession to Sir Henry Holland, and in the Ministry of 1886 again held the same post. He was regarded as one of the strongest of the subordinate members of the administration, and in 1891-92 was Chief Secretary for Ireland. In 1890 he was made a Privy Councillor. He mar- ried, in I860, Grace, daughter of G. Tem- pest. Addresses : 27 Cadogan Square, S.W., &c. ; and Athenseum. JACKSON, William Walrond, D.D., Rector of Exeter College, Oxford, eldest son of the late Eight Rev, William Walrond Jackson, D.D., Bishop of Antigua, West Indies, was born in Trinidad on May 17, 1838, and educated at Codrington Col- lege, Barbadoes, and at Balliol College, Oxford ; B.A. 1860 (first class Classics Moderations, 1858 ; second class Lit. Humaniores, 1860) ; M.A. 1863 ; D.D. 1892. Dr. Jackson was elected to an open Fellowship at Exeter College in 1863 ; he was Tutor' of that Society from 1863 to 1883 ; Proctor of the University in 1872 ; Secretary of the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board, 1876 - 80 ; Select Preacher before Oxford Univer- sity, 1880-82 ; Censor of the Non-Collegiate Students, 1883 - 87 ; and was elected Rector of Exeter College in 1887. He is a Member of the Hebdomadal Council, and of various educational bodies within and outside the University. He has always taken an active part in educational ques- tions in Oxford, and in all questions affecting the relations between the Uni- versity and the education of the country at large. Address : Exeter College, Oxford. JACOB, The Right Rev. Edgar, D.D., Bishop of Newcastle-on-Tyne, is a son of the late Archdeacon Jacob, and of Anna, eldest daughter of the late Hon. and Rev. G. T. Noel, Canon of Winchester. He was educated at Winchester and at New College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar. He took a first class in Classical Moderations in 1865, and a third class in Lit. Hum. in 1867. Ordained by the late Bishop Wilberforce in 1868, he was suc- cessively curate of Taynton and Witney, Oxfordshire. A year of parochial work in Bermondsey followed, after which he accepted the domestic chaplaincy to the late Dr. Milman, Bishop of Calcutta, re- maining in India with that prelate until his death in 1876. In 1877 he had charge of the Wilberforce Memorial Mission in South London. In 1878 he was appointed by his old college of Winchester to the important parish of Portsea. During his long in- cumbency here the parish church was rebuilt by an anonymous donor, who after- wards was found to be the late W. H. Smith. Dr. Jacob was appointed an Hon. Canon of Winchester in 1884, Hon. Chap- lain to the Queen in 1887, and Chaplain- in-Ordinary, 1890-96. He was Examining Chaplain to Bishop Browne of Winchester from 1876 to 1891 ; Chaplain to Bishop Thorold of Winchester, 1891-95 ; to Bishop Davidson of Winchester, 1895-96 ; Rural Dean of Landport, 1892-96 ; Proctor in Convocation for Hants and the Isle of Wight, 1895-96. He published in 1890 "The Divine Society" (Cambridge Lectures on Pastoral Theology). Addresses : Ben- well Tower, Newcastle - on - Tyne ; and AtherEeum. JACOBS, Joseph, was born in 1854, and educated at Sydney Grammar School and University, and thence came to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he was senior in the Moral Science Tripos in 1876. He also took a scholarship at London. He has made his mark as editor, critic, anthropologist, and folk- lorist. He wrote in 1882 the article in the Times, on the persecution of the Jews, which attracted much attention. He has contributed to the Archaeological Review, Journal of Anthropological Insti- tute, and the principal magazines. He was philosophical critic of the Athenceum from 1878 to 1888, and also contributed to it the necrologies of George Eliot, Browning, Newman, Matthew Arnold, &c, which have since been collected in book form. Recently he did the necrologies of Tennyson and Renan in the Academy. He has been editor of "Folklore," and is now editing the "Jewish Year Book" and the "Literary Year Book," besides being Secretary of the Russo-Jewish Committee, and President of the Jewish Historical Society of England. Among the books he has edited, with volumes of Intro- ductions and Notes, are "The Fables of Bidpai," "The Fables of .ffilsop," "Daphnis and Chloe," "The Palace of Pleasure," and " The Letters of James Howell." He has also translated Bal- thasar Gracian's "Art of Worldly Wisdom," for the Golden Treasury series. He pub- lished "Celtic Fairy Tales" in 1890; " Indian Fairy Tales " in 1891 ; " Studies in Jewish Statistics" in 1892; "Tenny- son and In Memoriam " in 1892 ; and the "Jews of Angevin England" and "More English Fairy Tales" in 1893. Amongst his more recent publications may be mentioned " Studies in Biblical Archae- ology," 1894 ; " Sources of Spanish-Jewish History," 1894; "Jewish Ideals," 1896; "As Others saw Him" (a Jewish Life of Christ), 1895. In the winter of 1896 Mr. Jacobs visited America on a lecturing JACOBS — JAMES 565 tonr. Address : Merodelia, Grafton Road, Acton, W. JACOBS, "William Wymark, son of William Jacobs, was born on Sept. 18, 1863, in London, and was educated at a private school. He entered the Savings Bank Department of the Civil Service in 1883. As an author he has published "Many Cargoes," 1896; and " The Skipper's Wooing," 1897. His address is : 112 Manor Road, Stoke Newington, N. JAMES, Lord, The Right Hon. Henry James, Q.C., Hon. LL.D. Cam- bridge, youngest son of Philip Turner James, Esq., of Hereford, by Frances Gertrude, third daughter of John Boden- ham, Esq., of Presteign, Radnorshire, was born at Hereford, Oct. 30, 1828, and re- ceived his education at Cheltenham Col- lege. He was called to the Bar in the Middle Temple in 1852, and went the Oxford Circuit. He had already dis- tinguished himself in his Inn, having been Lecturer's Prizeman at the Inner Temple in 1850, and again in 1851. Mr. James was nominated to the ancient order of "postman" of the Court of Exchequer in 1867 ; was made a Queen's Counsel in June 1869 ; and became a Bencher of his Inn in 1870. In March 1869 he obtained a seat in the House of Commons as one of the members for Taunton, unseating, on a scrutiny, his opponent, Mr. Serjeant Cox (who had been returned at the general election of the previous December), and continued to represent that borough in the Liberal interest until 1885, when he was returned for Bury (S.E. Lanca- shire). During the session of 1872 he took a prominent part in the debates on the Judicature Bill. In September 1873 Mr. Gladstone appointed him Solicitor-General in succession to Sir George Jesse], and in November of that year he became Attorney-General, and received the honour of knighthood. He went out of office with the Liberal party in February 1874. He was again appointed Attorney-General on the return of the Liberals to power under Mr. Gladstone in May 1880. During this second tenure of office he introduced and carried through Parliament the Corrupt Practices (Parliamentary Elections) Act. In Mr. Gladstone's administration of 1886 Sir Henry James (who had been offered the Lord Chancellorship) declined to take office, on the ground of disagreement with the Prime Minister's Home Rule policy. He was returned unopposed for Bury, as a Unionist Liberal, at the general election of 1886, and has since then been one of the fighting leaders of the Liberal Unionist party. He was one of the counsel for the Times in the action of O'Donnel v. Walter, and as one of the leading counsel for that paper in the Parnell Commission delivered an able address, forming a retrospect of the history of Ireland from his point of view. In 1892 he was again returned for Bury, and took a leading part in the discussion of the Home Rule Bill in 1893, moving several amendments which were adopted. He was one of the Chairmen of Standing Committees in that Parliament. He was raised to the Peerage in 1895 by the title of Lord James of Hereford. From 1892 to 1895 he was Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales as Duke of Cornwall, and since 1895 has been Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1896 he was appointed a Member of the Judicial Com- mittee of the Privy Council. In August 1898 the Royal Commissioners of the Inter- national Exhibition of 1851 elected Lord James of Hereford a member of their body, and placed him on the Board of Management. Addresses : 41 Cadogan Square, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. JAMES, Henry, American novelist and essayist, was born at New York City, April 15, 1843. He is the son of the late Henry James, a forcible writer on reli- gious and philosophical topics (born 1811 ; died Dec. 18, 1882). In his eleventh year his family went abroad, and after some stay in England made a long sojourn in France and Switzerland. On their return to America in 1860 they first resided in Newport, Rhode Island, removing to Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, in 1866. Mr. James attended the Harvard Law School for a year or two while his family were at New- port, but a few years after their removal to Cambridge, 1869, he went abroad, where he has since remained, with the exception of occasional brief visits home. He now lives in London, though he spends con- siderable time in Italy. He has been a contributor to most of the American magazines, but his celebrity rests mainly upon his novels, which usually deal with the American as found abroad. His pub- lished books are: "Watch and Ward," 1871 ; "A Passionate Pilgrim, and other Tales," 1875; "Roderick Hudson," 1875; " Transatlantic Sketches," 1875 ; " The American," 1877; "French Poets and Novelists," 1878 ; "The Europeans," 1878 ; "Daisy Miller," 1878; "An International Episode," 1879; "Hawthorne" (one of the English Men of Letters series), 1879 ; "A Bundle of Letters," 1879; "Confi- dence," 1879 ; "Diary of a Man of Fifty," 1880; "Washington Square," 1880 ; "The Portrait of a Lady," 1881; "Siege of London," 1883; "Portraits of Places" 1884; "Tales of Three Cities," 1884 ; "A Little Tour in France," 1884; "Author 566 JAMES — JAMESON of Beltraffio," 1885; "The Bostonians," 1886 ; " Princess Casarnassima, " 1886 ; "Partial Portraits," 1888; "The Aspern Papers," &c., 1888; "The Reverberator," 1888; "A London Life," 1889; "The Tragic Muse," 1890; "The Real Thing," 1892; "The Private Life," 1893; "Essays in London," 1893; "Picture and Text," 1893; "The Album," "The Reprobate," "Tenants," "Disengaged," 1894; "Ter- minations," 1895 ; " Embarrassments," "The other House," 1896; "The Spoils of Poynton," "What Maisie Knew," 1897 ; and "In a Cage," 1898. He also pro- duced in London, September 1891, a play founded on his novel " The American," and bearing the same title, and more recently, at the St. James's Theatre, London, "Guy Domville," a drama with an eighteenth-century hero. Address : c/o W. Heinemann, 21 Bedford Street, W.C. JAMES, Rev. Herbert Armitage, D.D., Head-Master of Rugby School, was born on Aug. 3, 1844, at Kirkdale, Liver- pool, being the second son of the Rev. Dr. James, then Incumbent of St. Mary's, Kirkdale. He was educated at Aber- gavenny Grammar School, and Jesus and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford, being a scholar of Lincoln College. He was President of the Oxford Union Society in 1871, took a first class in Classics in both Moderations and the final schools, and was elected a Fellow of St. John's College. He was an Assistant-Master at Marlborough College from 1872 to 1875, Head-Master of Rossall School from 1875 to 1886, Dean of St. Asaph from 1886 to 1889, Principal of Cheltenham College from 1889 to 1895, and in the latter year was appointed Head-Master of Rugby. He was Chair- man of the Head-Masters' Conference in 1896-97. He is the author of "School Ideals " (sermons preached at Rossall School), 1887. Addresses : School House, Rugby ; and Athenssum. JAMES, The Rev. Sydney Rhodes, M.A., head-master of Malvern College, was born at Aldeburgh, on May 30, 1855, and is the eldest son of Rev. Herbert James, rector of Livermere, Suffolk. He was educated at Haileybury College, and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was elected Scholar in 1874. He obtained the Bell University Scholarship in 1875, and was eighth Classic in 1878, being in the same year honourably mentioned for the Chancellor's Medals. From 1879-97 he was assistant-master at Eton, and in 1897 was appointed head-master of Malvern. He was ordained deacon in 1883, priest in 1897. He has taken a keen interest in the Volunteer movement at Eton, and in 1878 was captain of the Cambridge University Rugby football team. He is married to a daughter of H. Hoare, Esq., late of Staplehurst. Address : School House, Malvern College. J AM E SO N, Surgeon- Major - General James, C.B., M.D., LL.D., Glasgow, Director of the Army Medical Department, was born at Kilbirnie, Ayr- shire, on Aug. 15, 1837. He is the second son of W. Jameson, Esq., of Ladeside, and was educated at the High School and University of Glasgow, where he graduated in medicine in 1857 ; the same year he was admitted a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. He entered the Army Medical Staff as an assistant-surgeon in November 1857. He joined the 47th Foot (North Lancashire Regiment) and proceeded to Canada. He afterwards served in the West Indies, and while he was at Trinidad a severe epidemic of yellow fever occurred which led to his being specially promoted to Staff-Surgeon in consideration of his highly meritorious services. This start over many seniors was afterwards neutralised by an Army Order which made promotion to the relative rank of lieutenant-colonel con- tingent on 20 years' actual full-pay service. During the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 he commanded a division of the English Ambulance. He was promoted Brigade- Surgeon in 1883 and Surgeon -Major- General in 1893, and, for two years before succeeding to his present appointment, he served as professional assistant to Sir William Mackinnon. Surgeon - Major - General Jameson is a Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and an LL.D. of Glasgow University. He mar- ried, in 1864, Mary, daughter of the Rev. R. W. Cartwright, of Kingston, Ontario. Address : Newlands, Eltham, Kent. JAMESON, Leander Starr, C.B., M.D., was born in Edinburgh in 1853. He is the son of the late Mr. R. W. Jame- son, a Writer to the Signet and journalist. Deciding to enter the medical profession, he came to London in 1870 and joined the Medical School of University College Hospital. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and M.B. and B.S. of London University in 1875, taking a gold medal and first-class Honours in Forensic Medicine, and third- class Honours in Obstetric Medicine. He proceeded M.D. in 1877. Before qualifying he held a dressership under Sir John Erichsen, and also gained the Atkin- son-Morley Scholarship at University College. After graduation he was ap- pointed House Physician to Sir John B. Reynolds, and House Surgeon to John Marshall, F.R.S., and also Demonstrator JAMESON 567 of Anatomy to the Hospital. In 1878he became Resident Medical Officer, but his period of office was interrupted by a voyage of some months to the United States, where he went in charge of a patient, and was cut short by the fact of a good opening presenting itself at Kimberley. About this time, too, his health broke down through over-work, and he decided to go to Kim- berley in the hope that a complete change of climate and environments would quite restore him. He arrived in South Africa in 1878, entered into partnership with a Dr. Prince, and soon acquired a large practice. His success as a doctor was very remarkable, and among his patients on various occasions were President Kriiger, President Brand of the Orange Free State, and the Matabele chief Lobengula, whom he treated for gout. His professional in- come at that time has been estimated at between £5000 and £6000 a year. It was at Kimberley that Mr. Rhodes and Dr. Jameson first met and formed that close friendship which has existed ever since. During 1888 the British South Africa Company experienced a great deal of difficulty in the negotiations for the open- ing up of Mashonaland, and it was at this stage in the history of the Chartered Company that Dr. Jameson first lent active assistance to his friend and abandoned a magnificent practice to undertake an arduous and dangerous mission. In order properly to develop Mashonaland and other adjacent territories it became necessary to obtain concessions from Lobengula, the Matabele chief, through whose country the pioneer force wished to pass. Dr. Jameson offered to carry out the mission and went to Buluwayo. Ulti- mately Lobengula agreed to all that was demanded of him. In 1889 the Home Government granted a Royal Charter to the British South Africa Company, en- trusting it with the development of the extensive regions lying to the south of the Zambesi. An expedition was therefore decided upon, and Mr. Selous was in- structed to make a road into Mashonaland. But a check was placed upon the opera- tions owing to the renewed hostility of Lobengula and the aggressive attitude of the Matabele. Dr. Jameson again gave up his medical practice and undertook another mission to the wavering king, with a perfectly successful result. It now became more and more evident that his services were indispensable to the Char- tered Company and to Mr. Rhodes. Dr. Jameson therefore relinquished altogether his medical practice, and joined the Pioneer Expedition. He accompanied it into Mashonaland and settled at Fort Salisbury as the representative of Mr. Rhodes. In a few months he started upon an exploring expedition through an un- known country to discover, if possible, a route leading to the East Coast of Africa, which might be constructed as a waggon road and ultimately converted into a rail- way. But as a wide belt of the country through which he passed is inhabited by the tsetse fly, whose bite is fatal to oxen, the idea of a waggon road was abandoned and the Beira Railway constructed, which has reduced freights into Mashonaland by one half. Dr. Jameson's next venture was a mission to Gungunhana, King of Gaza- land, who had been defeated by the Portuguese and taken prisoner. Gungun- hana had for years asked the British Government to assume a Protectorate over his country without avail ; the Char- tered Company therefore entered into negotiations with him with a view to granting him a subsidy for certain con- cessions. This arrangement was strongly resented by the Portuguese, who immedi- ately asserted a suzerainty over Gazaland. Their claim was allowed by Lord Salisbury. Dr. Jameson then determined to undertake a journey to Gungunhana before the Portuguese could make final arrangements. In company with two other Englishmen he started his march over 600 miles of en- tirely unexplored and unhealthy country, and made the journey in 43 days. They endured great hardships and were nearly starved, and being constantly wet with wading through rivers and marshy ground, suffered severely from malarial fever. His two companions nearly died by the way, and he himself never fully recovered from the effects of that terrible journey. Dr. Jameson had no difficulty in getting a concession signed by the King, who was glad of the opportunity of throwing off the Portuguese yoke. Although no territory was ceded to the Chartered Company on that occasion, it was entirely owing to the prompt action of Dr. Jameson that the Portuguese were prevented from absorbing Gazaland. During 1891 the Administrator of the Chartered Territories resigned, and Dr. Jameson, at the instance of Mr. Rhodes, was appointed his successor. He had not been in office many months when a large body of armed Boers made an attempt to invade a portion of Mashonaland which borders the Transvaal. Dr. Jameson met them and explained that he would oppose their passage by armed force. He had a parley with the leaders, and persuaded some of them to trek into Mashonaland, where they would be welcomed and enjoy equal rights with the English settlers. Ultimately the remainder returned peace- ably home. About this time signs of unrest became only too apparent among the Matabele, and to prevent a massacre of whites, Dr. Jameson determined to take 568 JANET the field, more especially as he discovered that the Matabele had for many months been secretly preparing for war. He made a plan of campaign, foresaw the duration of the war and the speedy collapse of the rebellion, and astonished his officers by his power of organisation and tactical ability. In a few months, after several successful engagements, he completely subdued the Matabele, and having been allowed a free hand in the business, he conducted the settlement with admirable skill. Towards the end of 1894 Dr. Jameson visited England, meeting with a very cordial reception. On Jan. 24, 1895, a dinner was given in his honour in Whitehall Kooms by his fellow students at University College, where he had been Resident Medical Officer for two years. Mr. Christopher Heath was in the chair, and many eminent members of the medi- cal profession were present. A few days after he delivered an address in the Im- perial Institute before the Prince of Wales and an audience of 2500 people. The past, present, and future of South Africa constituted the subject of the address. Before he left England a C.B., civil division, was conferred upon him in recognition of his splendid work in South Africa. To- wards the end of 1896 the discontent and agitation of the Outlander population of Johannesburg took a serious turn, and they secretly armed and determined to force the Boer Government to grant them constitutional rights. On Dec. 28 a letter was sent to Dr. Jameson, who was at Mafeking, asking him to come and help them. On the following day he started to their assistance with the Bechuanaland Police, 600 strong. Major Sir John Willoughby was in command of the force, and they took with them eight Maxim guns. After having cut the telegraph wires, they crossed the Transvaal border and pressed on to Krugersdorp. As soon as the news reached England, Mr. Cham- berlain ordered the High Commissioner of South Africa publicly to repudiate Dr. Jameson's act by proclamation. At the same time Sir Hercules Robinson sent a despatch to Jameson ordering his immedi- ate return. Dr. Jameson, however, dis- regarded the message, and at Krugersdorp he was met by a force of 1000 Boers, and fighting ensued. He then pressed on to Doornkop, hourly expecting some promised assistance from Johannesburg. Mean- while the Boer force had been consider- ably augmented, and Jameson at last hoisted a flag of truce and gave in on the condition that the lives of his followers were spared. They were taken to Pretoria, and he and his officers were sentenced to be shot ; but it was afterwards arranged that the whole force should be given up to Her Majesty's Government. The Queen at once telegraphed to President Kriiger her satisfaction at the decision of the Transvaal Government. At this juncture in the crisis the German Emperor sent a telegram to the Boer President congratu- lating him upon successfully resisting the invasion of the Transvaal. This inter- ference on the part of the German Em- peror caused the most widespread indig- nation in England, and led to the com- missioning of a Flying Squadron. In spite of the disastrous consequences of the illegal raid, Dr. Jameson upon his arrival in London met with a popular ovation. He was taken to Bow Street and charged before Sir John Bridge under the Foreign Enlistment Act, and with five of his officers was committed for trial. The trial was at bar before three judges, the Lord Chief -Justice presiding. The accused were all found guilty and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment, Dr. Jame- son receiving fifteen months, the heaviest term. As a result of the imprisonment his health was broken, and after a necessary operation the Home Secretary ordered his release. He had served about a year of his time. Dr. Jameson has since led a retired life, chiefly devoting himself to the reading of English and foreign scientific and professional literature. During the sitting of the South African Commission, which had been appointed to inquire into the causes of the raid, Dr. Jameson was called as a witness, and in his evidence made use of the expression, " If I had been successful, I should have been forgiven." JANET, Paul, French philosopher, was born in Paris on April 30, 1823. He is a follower of Cousin, and has been a Professor at Bourges and Strassburg, and at the Lyc£e of Louis-le-Grand, Paris. In 1864 he became Professor of the History of Philosophy at the Sorbonne, and a member of the Academy of Moral and Poli- tical Sciences, which institution awarded prizes for his " La Famille," 1855 ; and " Histoire de la Philosophie dans l'anti- quite' et dans les temps modernes," 1858. Among his more recent works are : " His- toire de la Science Politique," 1871 ; "Problemes du XIX. Siecle," 1872; "Philosophie de la Revolution Framjaise," 1875; "Les Causes-Finales, 1876; "La Philosophie Francaise Contemporaine," 1879 ; " Les Maltres de la Pensee Moderne," and " Les Origines du Socialism Contemporain," 1883; "Histoire de la Philosophie," in collaboration with M. G. Seailles, 1887 ; a centenary history of the French Revolution, 1889 ; " La Philo- sophie de Lamennais," 1890. He has also contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes, JANSSEN— JAPP 569 Dictiormaire des Sciences Philosophiques, Le Temps, &c., and is a Commander of the Legion of Honour. He is also a member of the Higher Council of Public Instruction. His Paris address is 59 Rue de Grenelle. JANSSEN, Pierre Jules Cesar, French astronomer, was born at Paris, Feb. 22, 1824, and in 1860 gained his D.Sc. by a remarkable thesis on " L' Absorption de la Chaleur rayonnante obscure dans les milieux de l'CEil." In 1853 he was Assistant-Professor at the Lycee Charle- magne, and from 1865 to 1871 Professor at the School of Architecture. His chief work, however, has been done in connec- tion with the numerous astronomical missions on which he has been sent. In 1857 he was sent to Peru to determine the magnetic equator, but the fever of the virgin forests incapacitated him. From 1861 to 1864 he was studying the solar spectrum in Italy. In 1867 he observed the annular eclipse at Trani, and the eruptions of Santorin. In 1868 he was charged to observe the eclipse of the sun at Guntoor, in India, one of the most im- portant of modern times, which led to the discovery of the corona. The Academy of Sciences granted him the Lalande Prize, increased specially to five times its normal value. To observe the eclipse of 1870 in Algeria he escaped from Paris in a balloon, December 2, and travelled 300 miles in five hours, descending at Savenay. In 1874 he observed the transit of Venus in Japan with great success, and he accompanied an English expedition to Siam in 1875. In 1891 he ascended Mont Blanc to study the question of an observatory. His reports have been included in the "Annales de Chimie," and the "Archives des Missions Scientifiques." He is an honorary LL.D. of Edinburgh, and F.R.S. of England. He was granted the Rumford Medal in 1877. In 1875 he was appointed Director of the Government Observatory at Meudon. He is a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and his Paris address is 63 Rue de Vaugirard. JANVIER, Louis Joseph, born at Port-au-Prince, Hayti, May 7, 1855, son of Joseph Janvier, a retired infantry captain and district administrator, grandson of a cavalry colonel, was educated till fourteen years of age at the Wesleyan Primary School, founded at Port-au-Prince and conducted by English Wesleyan mission- aries ; then at the Lycee National, till he was eighteen ; then at the School of Medicine and Military Hospital of Port- au-Prince, till he was two-and-twenty ; then at the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. He is a Doctor of Medicine of the Univer- sity of Paris, and was Prizeman of the same in June 1881. He entered the School of Political Sciences of Paris in October 1881 ; passed with success the ex- aminations of the Administrative Section in July 1883 ; of the Diplomatic Section in July 1885 ; of the Political Economy and Finance Section in July 1887, and obtained the three separate diplomas. He was the delegate of the Haytian Govern- ment at the Conferences held from 1884 to 1887 for the Copyright Convention of Berne, and signed the Convention of 1886 and ratified it. He has been the corre- spondent in Paris during the Exhibition of 1889 of the Moniteur, the "journal ofBciel " of the Republic of Hayti. Appointed Secretary to the Haytian Legation in Lon- don in September 1889, he was specially detached by permission of the President of Hayti as representative of the Haytian Orthodox Apostolic Church of Hayti at the Congress of Old Catholics at Lucerne, in September 1892. He has been Charge 1 d'Affaires of Hayti at the Court of St. James since November 1892. Publica- tions : " La Phthisie Pulmonaire ; Causes, Traitement, Preventif," "La Republique d'Haiti et ses Visiteurs," " Les De'tracteurs de la Race Noire et d'Haiti," " Les Anti- nationaux," "Les Affaires d'Haiti," "De l'Egalite" des Races," " Les Constitutions d'Haiti," " Le Vieux Piquet," "Haiti aux Haitiens," "Une Chercheux." He is mar- ried to an English-born subject, Miss Jane Maria Windsor. Addresses : 5 Albany Court Yard, Piccadilly ; and Holmbury, Mitcham Road, Tooting Gravenay, Surrey. JAPAN, Mikado of. Seel Mutstj- Hito. JAPP, Francis Robert, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. , Professor of Chemistry, Aberdeen University, was born at Dundee, Feb. 8, 1848. He is the youngest son of James Japp, minister of the Catholic Apostolic Church, and was educated at schools in Dundee and St. Andrews, and at the universities of St. Andrews, Edinburgh, Heidelberg, and Bonn. In 1881 he was appointed Lecturer on Chemistry in the Normal School of Science (now Royal Col- lege of Science), South Kensington. From 1885 to 1890 he was Foreign Secre- tary of the Chemical Society, and in the latter year received from the Society the Longstaff Medal for Chemical Research. In 1890 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the University of Aberdeen. He has published, chiefly in the Journal of the Chemical Society, numerous researches (over 60) dealing almost exclusively with questions relating to organic chemistry, and is also joint author, with Sir Edward Frankland, of a Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. Address : The University, Aberdeen. 570 JAKVIS — JEBB JARVIS, Thomas Stinson, Cana- dian author, was born in Toronto, May 31, 1854 ; was educated at Upper Canada College, and when seventeen years old was sent away for a year's travel. He went through Europe, spent a winter in Italy, and visited various Oriental countries. He studied law from 1875 to 1880, and was called to the Bar. His first literary effort, " Letters from East Longitudes," was compiled from letters written to his parents while in the East ; in 1890 he pub- lished " Geoffrey Hampstead." In 1891 he removed to New York, where he published " Doctor Perdue " as his second novel, and "The Ascent of Life" followed early in 1894. The remainder of the year he spent in Paris and London, whence he published in New York " She Lived in New York." JAYNE, The Right Rev. Francis John, D.D., M.A., Bishop of Chester, was born Jan. 1, 1845, and is the son of John Jayne, J. P. He was educated at Rugby School and Wadham College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar. He took a first class in Moderations in 1866, and a double first class in the Final Schools, 1868, in which year he became a Fellow of Jesus College. He was ordained in 1870, and was for a year curate of St. Clement's, Oxford, after- wards becoming Tutor of Keble College, where he remained until 1879. In that year he was appointed Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter, of which insti- tution he greatly increased the efficiency. In 1886 he accepted the important vicarage of Leeds, vacant by the resignation of Dr. Gott, who became Dean of Worcester. In 1889 he was consecrated Bishop of Chester. In 1892 the Bishop initiated a discussion on public-house reform, and has since urged the necessity of temperance legisla- tion on constructive lines. He is a warm advocate of what is known as the " Goth- enburg System " of State-controlled liquor- traffic, and both on the platform and in the press has constantly advocated his views. He married in 1872 Emily, daughter of Watts J. Garland, of Lisbon. Addresses : The Palace, Dee Side, Chester ; and the Athenasum. JEBB, Professor Richard Claver- house, LL.D., D.C.L., Litt.D., Regius Professor of Greek, Cambridge University, and M. P., Cambridge University, born at Dundee, Aug. 27, 1841, is the eldest son of Robert Jebb, Esq., formerly counsel for the Revenue in Ireland ; grandson of the late Mr. Justice Jebb ; and grand-nephew of Bishop Jebb ; while, on the maternal side, he is great - grandson of Bishop Horsley. He was educated at St. Col- umba's College, co. Dublin ; at Charter- house School, London ; and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as senior classic in 1862, and was soon afterwards elected a Fellow. As a classi- cal lecturer of his College he took a fore- most part in organising at Cambridge the system of Inter-Collegiate Classical Lec- tures, and was the first secretary of an association of college lecturers for that purpose. Along with Professor E. B. Cowell, he was also instrumental in found- ing the Cambridge Philological Society, of which he was the first secretary. In 1869 he was chosen by the Senate to be Public Orator of the University. In 1871 he was nominated by the University as a Governor of Charterhouse School, a post which he ceased to hold from 1875 (when he went to Glasgow) till 1893, when he was re- elected to it ; in 1872 he was elected Classical Examiner in the University of London ; and was also appointed Tutor of Trinity College ; but resigned these posts on being called, in 1875, to fill the chair of Greek in the University of Glasgow. In 1878 he received from the King of the Hellenes the order of the Saviour, in recog- nition of his services to Greek studies ; and in the following year the University of Edinburgh conferred upon him the hono- rary degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1882 he was instrumental in founding the British School of Archaeology at Athens, of which he was the first secretary. In 1884 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Archaeological Institute of the German Empire ; and, on visiting the United States, received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Harvard University. In 1885 the degree of Doctor of Letters was conferred on him by the University of Cambridge ; in 1888 he received the de- gree of LL.D. from the University of Dublin, and that of Ph.D. from the Uni- versity of Bologna ; in 1891 the degree of LL.D. from the University of Glasgow, and that of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford. In 1889 he was elected Regius Professor of Greek at Cambridge ; and in 1890 he succeeded the late Bishop Light- foot as President of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. He is also a F.S.A. In 1891, on the death of the Right Hon. H. C. Raikes, he was elected M.P. for the University of Cam- bridge, and was re-elected at the general elections in 1892 and 1895. In 1897 he was appointed by the Crown a Fellow of the University of London. He is a Governor of Charterhouse School, and a Fellow of St. Columba's College, co. Dublin. He is the author of a work in 2 vols, on " The Attic Orators " ; also of " Selections from the Attic Orators," with notes ; " The Charac- ters of Theophrastus," with notes and translation ; " Modern Greece " ; "A Primer of Greek Literature " ; a " Life JEFFERSON — JERNINGHAM 571 of Richard Bentley " (in English Men of Letters, which has appeared in a German translation) ; an "Introduction to Homer," which has been translated into German and Russian ; ' ' Lectures on Greek Poetry," given at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore ; " Translations " into, and from, Greek and Latin; the "Electra" and " Ajax" of Sophocles, with notes (in Catena Classicorum) ; a complete edition of Sopho- cles, with critical notes, commentary, and translation (Cambridge University Press), 1883-96 ; and important articles on classi- cal literature, history, and archaeology, in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," "Diet, of Nat. Biography," the Classical Review, and Journal of Hellenic Studies. He is engaged on a critical edition of the poems and frag- ments of Bacchylides discovered in 1896. He has taken an active part in promoting the study and teaching of Modern Greek. He was appointed in 1894 a member of the Eoyal Commission on Secondary Educa- tion ; served in 1896-97 on a Departmental Committee on the Regulations of the Science and Art Department (South Ken- sington) ; and was nominated in 1898 a member of the statutory Commission on the University of London. He served in 1896-97 as Chairman of a Select Parlia- mentary Committee on Burial Grounds. Both in the House of Commons and else- where he has taken an active interest in questions relating to the Church of Eng- land and to national education. In October 1898 he was appointed a Commissioner under the London University Act. He married Caroline Lane, daughter of the late Rev. John Reynolds, D.D. , and widow of General A. E. Glemmer, U.S.A., in 1874. Addresses : Springfield, Cambridge ; and Athenaeum. JEFFERSON, Joseph, actor, was born at Philadelphia, Feb. 20, 1829. His grand- father and great-grandfather were distin- guished actors, and his mother, Mrs. Burke, was a celebrated vocalist. He ap- peared on the stage at a very early age, and gradually rose to the front place as a comedian, and his merits are recognised in both England and America. His range of characters is very wide, covering almost the entire field of comedy and farce, with- out degenerating into burlesque. His most famous rdle is that of Rip Van Winkle in Mr. Dion Boucicault's play of that name, founded upon the story by Washington Irving ; a character which Mr. Jefferson may be said to have created, as well as to have made his own. Perhaps he is equally successful as Bob Acres in "The Rivals," Dr. Pangloss in "The Heir at Law," and Caleb Plummer in ' ' The Cricket on the Hearth." Besides playing in every city in the United States, he has made professional visits to England, Australia, and New Zealand. JENKINSON, Francis John Henry, M.A., Librarian of the University Library, Cambridge, was born on Aug. 20, 1853, and is a son of John Henry Jenkinson. He was educated at Marlborough and Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, of which he was Assist- ant-Tutor. He is a Fellow of his College. Address : 10 Brookside, Cambridge. JENNER, George Francis Birt, Minister to the Republic of Central America, was born in Paris, May 26, 1840, and is the eldest son of Albert. Lascelles Jenner, of Wenvoe Castle, Glamorgan. He was educated abroad, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1857, receiving his first appointment to Washington in 1859, and accompanied Lord Lyons in attend- ance on the Prince of Wales during his travels in Canada and the United States, 1860. He was Acting Consul-General at Tabreez, 1868 ; Secretary of Legation in Mexico in 1884, and at Buenos Ayres, 1887. In 1892 he was appointed Minister at Bogota, and in 1 897 to his present post. Club : St. James's. JERMYN, The Most Rev. Hugh Willoughby, D.D. , late Bishop of Brechin, Primus of Scotland, was born at Swaff- ham Prior, Cambridgeshire, in 1820, is the son of the Rev. G. B. Jermyn, LL.D., and was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge (B.A. 1841, M.A. 1847, D.D. 1872). Having accepted an appointment in the West Indies, he was made Archdeacon of St. Christopher. In 1858 he became Rector of Nettlecombe, Somersetshire, and in 1871 was appointed Bishop of Colombo, being consecrated in the chapel of Lambeth Palace, Oct. 28, 1871. He resigned this See early in 1875, and came home. Soon afterwards he was elected Bishop of Brechin, and was formally in- stalled at Dundee, Jan. 18, 1876. In September 1886 he was elected Primus of the Episcopal Church of Scotland in suc- cession to Bishop Eden, and resigned in March 1899. He married (2), in 1879, Sophia Henrietta, daughter of the late Rev. Edward C. Ogle. Address : Forbes Court, Broughty Ferry. JERNINGHAM, Sir Hubert Edward Henry, K.C.M.G., J.P., Gover- nor of Trinidad and Tobago, was born Oct. 18, 1842, and is the son of C. W. E. Jerningham, of Painswick, Gloucester. He is a Bachelier-es-Lettres of the Univer- sity of France, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1866. He was M.P. for Berwick from 1881 to 1885. From 1887 to 1889 he was Colonial Secretary of Honduras, and 572 JEROME — JESSOP of Mauritius from 1889 to 1892, when he became Governor, a post he held until he was appointed to his present post in 1897. He is a prolific writer, among his best- known works being : " Reminiscences of an Attach^," '* Life in a French Chateau," "Diane de Breteuille," and "History of Norham Castle." He married, in 1874, Annie, widow of C. Mather and daughter of E. Liddell. Addresses : Longridge Towers, Berwick-on-Tweed ; Government House, Port of Spain ; Athenaeum. JEROME, Jerome Klapka, was born at Walsall, May 2, 1861, and is the son of a gentleman belonging to a west of Eng- land family, a colliery proprietor. He came to London when a child, and has lived there ever since. He was educated at the Philological School, Marylebone, served a good many callings, was clerk, schoolmaster, shorthand writer, reporter, actor, and journalist. In 1885 he pub- lished " On the Stage — and Off," a brief account of his own stage experiences ; in 1886, " Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow," a book of essays ; in the same year he pro- duced at the Globe Theatre " Barbara," a one-act comedy. In 1888 he produced "Sunset," a one-act comedy; "Fennel," an adaptation of a poetical play from the French ; " Wood Barrow Farm," a three- act comedy. In 1889 he wrote " Stage- land," a skit on stage conventionalities, and " Three Men in a Boat," a humorous story which has had an immense success. In 1890 he produced a three-act farce, " New Lamps for Old," and " Ruth," a play. In 1891 he published " The Diary of a Pilgrimage," and in 1892 he started the Idler magazine in co-editorship with Robert Barr. In 1893 he produced, in America, " The Councillor's Wife," a three-act comedy, played in England under the title of " The Prude's Pro- gress " ; published " Novel Notes," and John Ingerfield " ; and started the weekly magazine-journal To-Day, from all con- nection with which, however, he retired a few years later in consequence of political and other differences with his co - proprietors. In 1897 he published " Sketches in Lavender," a book of short stories, and produced "The MacHaggis " at the Globe Theatre, a three-act farce. His latest work is " Letters to Clorinda," 1S98. He married, in 1888, Jenyina Henrietta Stanley, daughter of Lieutenant Nesya, of the Spanish army. Addresses : 5 Park Row, S.W. ; and Gould's Grove, Wallingford. JERSEY, Earl of, The Right Hon. Victor Albert George Child Villiers, G.C.M.G., D.L., J.P., was born March 20, 1845, and succeeded to the earldom in 1859. He is eldest son of the sixth Earl and of his wife, the eldest daughter of the late Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Peel, Bart. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford ; was Lord-in- Waiting to her Majesty, 1875-77; and Paymaster-General, 1889-90 ; and was appointed, on the re- tirement of Lord Carrington in 1890, to be Governor of New South Wales, where he was succeeded in 1893 by Sir R. W. Duff. He is Lord-Lieutenant, County Councillor, and J.P. for Oxfordshire ; J.P. and D.L. for Warwickshire ; and County Alderman for Middlesex ; Chairman Light Railways Commission ; principal proprietor of Child's Bank ; and was formerly Cornet in the Oxfordshire Yeomanry Cavalry. The Earl married, in 1872, the Hon. Margaret Eliza- beth Leigh, daughter of the second Baron Leigh, and has two sons and three daugh- ters. Addresses : Hiddleton Park, Bices- ter ; Osterley Park, Isleworth. JERVIS-SMITH, The Rev. Fred- erick John, M.A., M.I.E.E. , Mem. Phys. Soc. London, F.R.S., was born at Taunton on April 2, 1848, and is the only son of the late Rev. Frederick J. Smith, Vicar of St. John's, Taunton, and Prebendary of Wells. He was educated by tutors and at Pembroke College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1872. He was ordained Deacon in 1877, and Priest in 1880. He became Curate of St. John's, Taunton, and Vicar of the same church, 1885. He is patron of two livings. He was appointed Millard Lecturer in Mechanics at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1886, and University Lecturer in Mechanics in 1888. He was Public Examiner in 1 887-88 and in 1892-93. He served on a committee appointed by the Home Secretary to inquire into the causes of explosions due to compressed gas (1895-96, at the Home Office). He lias long been occupied in researches in Prac- tical Mechanics and Physics, and is the inventor of dynamometric and integrating instruments, and of chronographio ap- paratus used in measuring the flight of projectiles, and in physiological research and the process known as Inductoscript. He is the author of many papers on physi- cal subjects. In February 1897, by a Deed Poll in the High Court of Judica- ture, he changed his name from Smith to Jervis-Smith. Address : 28 Norham Gar- dens, Oxford. JESSOP, Thomas Richard, F.R.C.S., J.P. for the West Riding of Yorkshire, re- ceived his medical education at Leeds. He was formerly resident medical officer at the Leeds General Infirmary, to which he is now Consulting Surgeon, and Pro- fessor of Surgery at Yorkshire College, and Hon. Surgeon to the Leeds Public Dis- JESSOPP — JEUNE 573 pensary. He is a Member of Council of the Royal College of Surgeons, Eng., and represents Yorkshire on the Council of the British Medical Association. In 1889 he delivered the presidential address as Presi- dent of the Surgical Section of the British Medical Association. He has contributed important papers on surgical subjects to the Lancet, the British Medical Journal, and the Transactions of the Obstetrical Society, Address : 32 Park Square, Leeds. JESSOPP, The Rev. Augustus, D.D., was born on Dec. 20, 1824, at Albury Place, Cheshunt, Herts, where his father was J. P. for the county and a Deputy - Lieutenant. His mother, ne'e Elizabeth Tucker, was eldest daughter and co-heir of the Hon. Bridger Goodrich, of Bermuda. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he is M.A. ; and he is D. D. of Oxford. He was ap- pointed Head-Master of Helston Grammar School, Cornwall, 1855 ; Head-Master of Norwich School, 1859 ; and Rector of Scarning, Norfolk, 1879. He was select preacher before the University of Oxford in 1870 and 1897-98. He became Hon. Canon in the Cathedral of Norwich ; and was elected to an Honorary Fellowship in St. John's College, Cambridge, and in Worcester College, Oxford, in 1895. Dr. Jessopp is the author or editor of " Donne's Essays in ; Divinity," with Life, 1855 ; " Tales by Emile Souvestre, with Notes and Life of the Author," 1860, which has passed through five editions ; "Norwich School Sermons," 1864 ; " A Manual of the Greek Accidence," 1865 (third edit., 1879) ; "The Fragments of Primitive Liturgies and Confessions of Faith contained in the writings of the New Testament," 1872 ; "Letters of Father Henry Walpole, S.J.," from the MSS. at Stonyhurst College, 1873 ; " One Generation of a Norfolk House, a contribution to Elizabethan His- tory," 1878 (second edit., 1879) ; "Husen- beth's Emblems of Saints," edited for the Norfolk Archaeological Society, 1882 ; "History of the Diocese of Norwich" (S.P.C.K.), 1884 ; and contributions to the Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews, Nineteenth Century, and other serials. His volume of social papers entitled " Arcadia, for Better for Worse," which was first issued in 1887, is already in the fifth edition ; and his " Coming of the Friars, and other His- torical Essays," published in 1888, and treating of some important social and re- ligious movements during the Middle Ages, have been widely read in England and in the American States, and three editions were absorbed within a year. In 1898 appeared his " Life of John Donne, Dean of St. Paul's," in the Leaders of Religion series. Dr. Jessopp has con- tributed some important articles to the " Dictionary of National Biography " ; the most notable being the life of Queen Elizabeth, and lives of the Cecils and Loid Burghley. He has likewise contributed many papers on historical and antiquarian subjects in the Proceedings of the Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society, of which he is a Vice-President. Among his more recent works should be mentioned " Doris, an Idyl of Arcady," 1892 ; "Pity the Poor Birds," and " Studies by a Recluse," 1893 ; " Random Roaming and other Papers," 1894; and " Frivola," 1896. He married Mary Ann, daughter of Charles Cotes- worth, R.A., of Liverpool. Address: Scarning Rectory, Dereham, Norfolk. JEUNE, The Right Hon. Sir Francis Henry, K.C.B., President of the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division, eldest son of a late Bishop of Peterborough, was born in 1843, and educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained firsts in Classical Moderations and Literae Humaniores, 1863 and 1865. He also won University prizes for historical essays, the Stanhope in 1863 and the Arnold in 1867. He has been a Fellow of Hertford, but immediately after taking his degree in 1865 he came to London to read for the Bar. Called at the Inner Temple in Nov- ember 1868, he was created a Queen's Counsel twenty years after. He was well known as an ecclesiastical lawyer, and has held several ecclesiastical appointments. He was also extensively engaged in com- mons and rights of way cases, and before Parliamentary committees, and was junior counsel for the Claimant in the historic Tichborne Case. In January 1891, Mr. Jeune was appointed a Judge of the Pro- bate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division in succession to the late Sir James Hannen, who had been promoted to be a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. The late Justice Butt was at that time President of the Probate Division, and on his death, in 1892, Sir Francis Jeune was appointed to succeed him as President, and was also appointed a Privy Councillor. In the same year he was appointed Judge-Advocate- General, and was, in 1897, created a K.C.B. for his services in that capacity. Sir Francis, then Mr. Jeune, married in 1881 Mary Susan Elizabeth, elder daughter of Mr. Stewart Mackenzie of Seaforth, and widow of Colonel the Hon. John Constan- tine Stanley, brother of the present Lord Stanley of Alderley. Addresses : Arling- ton Manor, Newbury, Berks ; 79 Harley Street ; and Athenaeum. JETJNE, Lady (Mary), is the eldest daughter of the late Mr. Stewart-Mac- kenzie of Seaforth. She was married (1) 574 JEX-BLAKE — JOACHIM to the Hon. Constantine Stanley, second son of Lord Stanley of Alderley, and (2), in 1881, to Mr. Jeune, Q.C., now the Right Hon. Sir Francis Henry Jeune, K.C.B. Lady Jeune is well known for her philanthropy, and for her social brilliancy. She has frequently contributed to the magazines and reviews on social questions, especially on the position of Woman, whom she regards from an en- lightened conservative point of view. She has published a selection of her essays under the title " Lesser Questions. " Ad- dresses : 79 Harley Street, W. ; and Ar- lington Manor, Newbury. JEX-BLAKE, Sophia, M.D., is the daughter of Thomas Jex-Blake of Sussex Square, Brighton, and sister of the present Dean of Wells, and was born in January 1840. At the age of eighteen she became a mathematical tutor at Queen's College, London, where she remained for three years. After travelling on the Continent and in America, in order to study the education of girls, she entered on a course of medical training under Dr. Lucy Sewall, in Boston, U.S.A., in 1866. Returning to England two years later, she matriculated in the Medical Faculty of the University of Edinburgh. Being, however, not per- mitted to take her degree, she brought an action against the University in 1872, which she eventually lost in the Scotch Court of Appeal. She took the degree of M.D. at the University of Bern in 1877, and became a Licentiate in 1877, and a Member, in 1880, of the Irish College of Physicians. Leaving Edinburgh in 1874, she came to London, where she founded the London School of Medicine for women. She returned to Edinburgh in 1878, and in the" same year opened a Dispensary for women and children, and a Cottage Hospi- tal in 1885. In the following year she founded the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women, which was recognised by the University of Edinburgh in 1894, and she is at the present time Dean of the school, and Lecturer on Midwifery. Dr. Jex- Blake is the author of " American Schools and Colleges," 1866 ; "Medical Women, " 1872 and 1886 ; " Puerperal Fever," 1877 ; and "Care of Infants," 1884. Address: Bruntsfield Lodge, Whitehouse Loan, Edinburgh. JEX-BLAKE, The Very Rev. Thomas "William, D.D., Dean of Wells, was born in London on Jan. 26, 1832, and is the only surviving son of Thomas Jex-Blake, J.P. for Norfolk, and Maria Emily, daughter of T. Cubitt, J.P. and D.L. for the same county. He was educated at Rugby, under Dr. Cotton, and at University College, Ox- ford, of which he was a scholar, and where he was placed in first class in Classical Moderations and Lit. Hum., and gradu- ated B.A. in 1355. He took his M.A. in 1857, and D.D. in 1873. In 1855 he was appointed by Dr. Cotton Composition Master to the sixth form at Marlborough College, and was elected a Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, in the same year. He vacated his fellowship on his marriage in 1857. Ordained Deacon in 1856 and Priest in 1857, he became an Assistant- Master at Rugby in 1858. In 1868 he was appointed Principal of Cheltenham Col- lege, and in February 1874 succeeded Dr. Hayman as Head-Master of Rugby at a difficult period of the school's history. In 1887 he resigned the Head-Mastership of Rugby, and was appointed to the Rectory of Alvechurch, Redditch, in the diocese of Worcester. He succeeded the late Dean Plumptre at Wells in February 1891, and is a Justice of the Peace for Worcester- shire. He is the author of " Long Vaca- tion in Continental Picture Galleries," 1858 ; of " Life and Faith," 1875 ; of " The Latin Sermon to the Clergy in St. Paul's," August 1892 ; and of " Higher Religious Education," 1896. He married Henrietta, daughter of John Cordery, of Hampstead, in 1857. Addresses : The Deanery, Wells ; and Athenseum. JOACHIM, Joseph, Mus. D. Camb. and Oxon., LL.D. Glasg. , violinist, born at Kitsee, near Presburg, in Hungary, of Jewish parents, July 15, 1831, en- tered while very young the Conservatory of Music at Vienna, where he studied under Joseph Bonn. From the age of twelve years he attracted much attention at Leipzig by his rare skill on his instru- ment, and obtained an engagement, which he held for seven years, in the orchestra of the Gewandhaus. Meanwhile, however, he assiduously pursued his studies under the guidance of Ferdinand David, and also received lessons in the theory of music from Moritz Hauptmann. In 1850 he paid his first visit to Paris, and in the same year he was appointed Director of the Concerts at Weimar. In 1853 he became Master of the Chapel Royal at Hanover. After this he appeared in most of the capitals of Europe, and paid annual visits to London, where he gave several series of concerts. In 1869 he became a member of the Senate of the Berlin Academy, and was nominated Director of the School of Instrumental Music in the Conservatory of Music then recently established in the Prussian capital. He was created an hon- orary Mus. Doc. of the University of Cambridge, March 8, 1877. Herr Joachim's fame rests mainly on his extraordinary skill as an instrumentalist, but he is too great an artist not to keep his own wonder- JOHNSON 575 ful technical ability always subordinate to the interpretation of the music he is playing. As a composer he belongs to the school of Schumann. The "Concert a la Hongroise " (Hungarian Concerto) is one of bis chief compositions for violin and orchestra. In August 1882 he was appointed conductor of the Royal Academy of Music in Berlin, and Musical Director of the Royal Academy of Arts. He has frequently visited England since then, and has been principal violinist at the Monday and Saturday Popular Concerts at St. James's Hall since they were first started. On March 17, 1889, the fiftieth anniversary of his first appearance in public was celebrated, he being presented with a magnificent violin by his admirers. Madame Amalie Joachim, his wife, the greatest of German ballad and oratorio singers, died in February 1899. Oxford University has conferred on him the D.C.L. degree, and Cambridge that of Mus. Doc. in 1877. JOHNSON, Eastman, American artist, was born at Lovell, Maine, July 29, 1824. From the age of seventeen he devoted himself seriously to art work, and in 1849 went to Diisseldorf, where he studied two years, and afterwards resided for four years at the Hague, where, besides numerous portraits, he executed " The Savoyard " and "The Card-Players," his earliest elaborate pictures in oil. After visiting the principal European galleries, he established himself in Paris, but was soon after called home to Washington. In 1858 he settled at New York, where he still remains. His favourite subjects are American rural and domestic life, includ- ing the negro and other subjects, though of late he has devoted himself almost exclusively to portrait-painting. He re- visited Europe in 1885. Among his best works, many of which have been repro- duced in engraving and chromo-litho- graphy, are : "The Old Kentucky Home," "Mating," "The Farmer's Sunday Morn- ing," "The Village Blacksmith," "The Pension Agent," "The Maple-Sugar Camp," " Milton Dictating to his Daughters," " Consuelo," " A Light unto his Feet," "Corn-Husking Bee," "The Cranberry Harvest at Nantucket," and "The School of Philosophy at Nantucket." Among the portraits he has painted are those of Grover Cleveland, Chester A. Arthur, Dr. James M'Cosh, and William M. Evarts. JOHNSON, The Most Rev. Ed- ward Ralph, D.D., Hon. LL.D. Camb., late Bishop of Calcutta, fi fth son of William Ponsonby Johnson, of Castlesteads, Cum- berland, was born at Castlesteads, Feb. 17, 1828, and educated at Rugby, and at Wad- ham College, Oxford (B.A. 1850; M.A. 1860 ; D.D. 1876). He was ordained deacon and priest by the Bishop of Wor- cester — deacon, with a title to the curacy of Famborough, in the county of Warwick — in 1851. He was appointed, in 1860, to a minor canonry in the cathedral of Chester, and to the curacy of the cathe- dral parish of St. Oswald. In 1866 the Dean and Chapter appointed him to the rectory of Northenden, in the county of Chester, where he succeeded the late Archdeacon Woolrough. He was selected by the Bishop of Chester, in 1871, to fill the post of Archdeacon of Chester, upon the resignation of the late Archdeacon Pollock. In October 1876 he was appointed to the Bishopric of Calcutta, vacant by the death of the late Dr. Robert Milman. He was consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, Nov. 30, 1876, and was in 1898 succeeded by the Head-master of Harrow, Dr. Welldon. JOHNSON, The Right Rev. Henry Frank, LL.B., D.D., Bishop Suffragan of Colchester, was born at Walbury, Essex, on Dec. 17, 1834, and is the son of Col. John Johnson. He was educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Entering the army, he was cornet in the 1st Dragoons from 1855 to 1856, but finding, like the Archbishop of York, that he had a vocation for the Church, he retired, and in 1858 was ordained. He has been successively curate of Richmond, Surrey ; Sawbridgeworth, Herts, 1860-62 ; vicar of High Wych, Sawbridgeworth, 1862-80 ; rector of Chelmsford, 1880-94 ; Archdeacon of Essex, 1885-94 ; and of Colchester since 1894, in which year he became Bishop Suffragan of Colchester. He married, in 1857, Emily, youngest daughter of Thomas Perry of Moor Hall, Harlow. Address : Chelmsford Rectory. JOHNSON, Lionel, poet and critic, is the eldest son of the late General John- son, and was born at Broadstairs, Kent, on March 15, 1867. After a distinguished career at Winchester, he entered New College, Oxford, in 1886, and graduated in 1890 (B.A.), after obtaining a second class in Classical Moderations and a first class in Lit. Hum. Coming up to London, he commenced authorship, writing for Frederick Greenwood's brilliant and short- lived Anti-Jacobin, for the eccentric and admirable art quarterly, the Hobby Horse, to which he contributed poetry while still a schoolboy, and for the Academy and Daily Chronicle, &c. His scholarly criticisms in these two last-mentioned journals are the delight of many readers. Mr. Johnson is justly regarded as one of the late Walter Pater's leading dis- 576 JOHNSON — JOHNSTON ciples. We need only cite his " Letter to Sir Thomas Browne," and his critiques on the Celtic spirit and on Renan. Mr. Lionel Johnson has also made his mark as a poet of distinction, having published " Poems " and " Ireland and other Poems," besides contributing verse to the two books of the Rhymers' Club and to the Speaker, the Outlook, and other well-known papers. His "Art of Thomas Hardy" is a weighty prose contribution to the study of that novelist. Address : 8 New Square, Lincoln's Inn. JOHNSON, The Right Hon. Wil- liam Moore, Q.C., is the only son of the Rev. William Johnson, M.A., formerly Chancellor of Ross and Cloyne, and rector of Clenore, County Cork, by Elizabeth Anne, daughter of the Rev. William Hamilton, F.T.C.D., and was born in 1828. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, taking his Bachelor's degree in 1849, and that of M.A. in 1856. He was called to the Irish Bar in Michaelmas term, 1853, was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1872, and was Law Adviser to the Crown in Ireland from 1868 till 1874. Mr. Johnson was returned as M.P. for Mallow at the general election of April 1880 ; and on the formation of Mr. Gladstone's Administration in the following month he was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland, and re-elected M.P. for Mallow. He succeeded Mr. Law as Attorney-General for Ireland in November 1881, and was appointed Judge of the High Court of Justice in Ireland, Queen's Bench Division, 1883. He is a Bencher of the King's Inns, Dublin (1880), and was made a Privy Councillor (Ireland), 1881. He married, in 1884, Susan, daughter of R. D. Bayly, J.P. Address : 26 Lower Leeson Street, Dublin. JOHNSTON, Sir Harry Hamilton, K.C.B., F.R.G.S., African traveller, born June 12, 1858, at Park Place, Kenning- ton, Surrey, is the third son of John Brookes Johnston, Esq., and was educated at Stockwell Grammar School and King's College, London. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, Zoological Society, Anthropological Institute, and Royal Colonial Institute, and was appointed H.M. Vice-Consul for the Cameroons and the Oil Rivers in October 1885. He was Acting-Consul for Bights of Benin and Biafra, 1887-88, and was promoted to be Consul for Portuguese East Africa, Decem- ber 1888. He has written a great deal in the leading journals and reviews on subjects connected with natural history, travel, and political matters, and pub- lished, in 1884, a work entitled "The River Congo" ; in 1886, "The Kilimanjaro Expedition"; in 1889, "The History of a Slave"; and in 1891, the "Life of Livingstone." He studied painting as a student of the Royal Academy of Arts in London, 1876-80, was a Medallist of the South Kensington School of Art in 1876, and has frequently exhibited pictures at the Royal Academy and in other galleries. In 1880 he travelled through Tunis and Algeria ; in 1882-83 visited the river Congo and other parts of West Africa; and in 1884 conducted an expedition to Mount Kilimanjaro in East Africa. In 1887 he surveyed a portion of the Niger Delta, and in 1889-90 visited Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika, for the purpose of making peace between the Arabs and the African Lakes Company. In 1890 he was made a C.B., and in 1891 was appointed Commissioner and Consul - General in British Central Africa, and for some years administered the extensive territories of that protectorate. He visited England in 1894, and frequently lectured on the sub- ject of Central Africa, and in the autumn of that year published, as a Government publication, a short and interesting account of his charge. This forms one of a series of blue-books and reports on Central Africa published by him between 1888 and 1S96, In 1897 he was appointed Consul-General, Regency of Tunis. His last important work is "British Central Africa," pub- lished in 1897. He was created a K.C.B. in January 1896 ; was appointed Consul- General for the Regency of Tunis, July 1897 ; and received the Jubilee medal in 1897. In 1896 he married Winifred Irby, daughter of the 5th Lord Boston, and step- daughter of Sir H. Percy Anderson, K.C.B., Assistant Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. Address: H.B.M. Consulate- General, Tunis, North Africa. JOHNSTON, Richard Malcolm, American writer, was born in Hancock County, Georgia, March 8, 1822. He graduated at Mercer University, Georgia, in 1841, and, after teaching for a year, was admitted to the Bar. In 1857 he was offered a judgeship, but declined it to accept the Chair, of Literature in the University of Georgia, where he remained until the outbreak of the Civil War. Retiring to his country home near Sparta, Georgia, he there opened a boarding- school for boys, which in 1867 he removed to Baltimore, Maryland, where he has since resided. He has published, in addi- tion to contributions to periodicals, in conjunction with William Hand Browne, a " Life of Alexander H. Stephens," 2 vols., 1878, and "A History of English Litera- ture," 1879 ; " Dukesborough Tales," 1883; "Old Mark Langston," 1884; "Two Gray Tourists," 1885 ; Mr. Absalom Billingslea JOHNSTON — JOKAI 577 and other Georgia Folk," 1888 ; " Ogeechee Cross-Firings," 1889; "Widow Guthrie," 1890; "The Pines and their Neighbours," 1891; "Studies Literary and Social" (1st series, 1891, 2nd series, 1892); "Mr. Fortner's Marital Claims," 1892; "Mr. Billy Downs and his Likes," 1892 ; "Widow Guthrie," 1893 ; " Little Ike Templin and other Stories," 1894 ; " Old Times in Middle Georgia," 1897; and "Pearce Amerson's Will," 1898. JOHNSTON", William, M.P. (known as Mr. Johnston of Bally kilbeg), was born in Down patrick, Feb. 22, 1829, is the eldest son of John Brett Johnston and Thomasina Anne Henriette Scott, and received his education at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1852, and M.A. in 1856. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1872. He was elected M.P. for Belfast, in the Protestant interest, in 1868, was re-elected in 1874, and sat for that borough till 1878, when he was appointed Inspector of Irish Fisheries. He held that office till 1885, when he was dismissed by Lord Spencer for a speech in the General Synod of the Church of Ireland. Mr. Johnston has been since 1848 a member of the Orange Institution, and was imprisoned for two months, in 1868, for taking part in an Orange pro- cession at Bangor, co. Down, on July 12 in the previous year. He is the author of the novels : " Nightshade," 1857 ; " Fresh- field," and "Under which King?" 1872. In 1885 he was returned for South Belfast by a large majority, and was again elected in 1886, 1892, and 1895. He has long been identified with Temperance move- ments, both of a social and a political character, and has been for many years a total abstainer. In 1898 he was unani- mously elected President of the Irish Temperance League. In the House he is a leading representative of the Orange party. He married (3), in 1863, Georgiana Barbara, daughter of Sir John Hay, Bart. Address : Ballykilbeg, co. Down. JOICEY, Sir James, Bart., M.P., was born on April 6, 1846, and is the son of Mr. G. Joicey, of Newcastle-on-Tyne. He was educated at Gainford School, near Darlington. As Chairman and Managing Director of James Joicey & Co., Ltd., and of the Lambton Collieries, Ltd. , he is one of the most extensive coal - mine owners in the northern counties. He is principal proprietor of the important New- castle Daily Leader, Director of the N.E. Railway, J.P. for Durham County, North- umberland, and Newcastle-on-Tyne, and D.L. for the county of Durham. Since 1885 he has sat in Parliament as Liberal member for Chester-le- Street, Durham. In 1884 he married (2) a daughter of the late Colonel Drever, H.E.I.C.S. Addresses : 58 Cadogan Square, S.W ; and Longhirst, Morpeth. jdKAI, Maurus (or M6r), the most productive and genial of Hungarian novel- ists, was born Feb. 19, 1825, at Komorn. His father was an advocate, of good and ancient family, and a strict Calvinist, so that his son was puritanically brought up, until his twelfth year, when he was left an orphan. For two years before his father's death he had been learning German at Presburg, but he was then left to teach himself, until in 1840 he went to the High School at Papa, and in 1842 to that of Kecskemet, at both having the Hungarian poet Alexander Petfafi as his schoolfellow. In 1844 he went to Pesth, where he was articled to an advocate, and obtained his diploma, of which, however, he never availed himself ; for in 1846 he was already editor of the then very famous Wochenblatt. In 1848 he proclaimed the "Twelve Points of Pesth," and in the same year he married Rosa Laborfalvi, the greatest of Hungarian tragedians. In 1849 he followed the Hungarian Government to Debreczin, where he edited the Abendblatter, and was present at the capitulation of Villagos, August 28. To escape being made prisoner, he resolved on suicide, but was hindered by the fortunate arrival of his wife from Pesth. She had converted all her jewels into gold, and the pair found their way on foot through the Russian army, reached a safe hiding-place in the wood of Bukk, and at last got safe to Pesth. Ten years followed, during which Hungarian literature became well - nigh extinct. Almost alone this young man created a new one, and since political journalism was impracticable he betook himself to fiction. He has published in 160 vols. 25 romances of several vols, each, 320 novelettes, and six dramas, of which more than half a million copies have been sold amongst six millions of Magyars, besides translations into various languages. Amongst his most popular romances are : " The Good Old Assessors," " A Hungarian Nabob," and its continuation, entitled " Zoltan Karpathy," " Sad Times," "Oceania," "The White Rose," "The Accursed Family," "Transylvania's Golden Age," " The Turks in Hungary," " The Last Days of the Janissaries in 1820," "Poor Rich Men," "The World Turned Upside down," " Madhouse Management," " The New Landlord " (translated into English by A. Patterson, London, 1865), " The Romance of the Next Century," "Black Diamonds," "Die Zonen des Geist.es," " Beloved to the Scaffold," 1882 ; "The White Woman of Leutschan," &c. 2o 578 JOLY — JONES Among his dramas may be mentioned : "King Koloman," 1858; "The Martyrs of Sziquetvar," and "Milton," 1878. In 1863 Jokai established, as an organ of the Left, the Hon (Fatherland), the most ■widely circulated Hungarian journal, in which many of his romances appeared. He has also become chief editor of the Governmental journal, the Nemzet (Nation). In 1898 his novel, "Dr. Dumatiy's Wife," was translated into English. JOLT, John, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., was born in 1858 in Hollywood, King's County, Ireland. He is the youngest son of the late Rev. J. P. Joly, M.A., Rector of Clonsast, and Julia, daughter of Frederick, Count de Lusi, Resident Prus- sian Minister in Greece. Owing to the early loss of his father his education and preservation during a delicate boyhood devolved upon his mother, to whose influence he ascribes what enthusiasm for science he possesses. He was partly educated, also, at the Rathmines School, Dublin ; entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1876, and took the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in 1883. He received the degree of M.A. (Stip. Con.) in 1887, and of Doctor of Science in 1889. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1892. He is Honorary Secretary of the Royal Dublin Society, has occupied successively the posts of Assistant Lecturer in Engineering and in Experimental Physics in Trinity College, and is now Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Dub- lin. He is author, among others, of the following papers : "On the Direct Experi- mental Determination of Specific Heats of Gases at Constant Volume," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, vol. 182 ; " On the Method of Condensation in Calorimetry," Proc. Roy. Soc, vols. 45 and 47 ; "On the Specific Heats of Minerals," ibid. vol. 41 ; " Ob- servations on the Spark Discharge over the Surface of Dielectrics." ibid. vol. 47; " On the Steam Calorimeter," ibid. vol. 47 ; " On the Volcanic Ash of Krakatoa," Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, vol. 4; "On a Method of Determining the Density of a Gas," Phil. Mag., 30, 5 ; "On the Uses of the Meldometer," Proc. Roy. Irish Ac, ii. 3 ; " On the Beryl and Iolite of Glencullen," Proc Roy. Dublin Soc, iv. ; " The Abund- ance of Life," ibid. vii. ; "On the Forma- tion of Crystals of Calcium and Magnesium Oxide," ibid. vi. ; "On a Diffusion Photo- meter," Phil. Mag., 28, 5; "On the Thermal Expansion of Diamond," Nature, 49; "On the Bright Colours of Alpine Flowers," Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, viii. ; "A Speculation as to a Pre-material Con- dition of the Universe," ibid, vii.; "On a Method of Photography in Natural Colours," Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc, vol. vi. ; "On the Origin of the Canals of Mars, " ibid. ; " On the Volume-change of Rocks attending Fusion," ibid. ; "On Sub- marine Geological Investigation," Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. , vol. viii. ; and jointly with H. H. Dixon, Sc.D., "On the Ascent of Sap," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, vol. 186; " On the Path of the Transpiration Cur- rent," Annals of Botany, vol. ix. Address : 39 Waterloo Road, Dublin. JONES, Lieut.-Col. Alfred Stowell, KS.€., Assoc. M. Inst. C.E., was born at Liverpool, Jan. 24, 1832, and is the youngest son of the late Archdeacon J. Jones, M.A., and his wife Hannah, daughter of the late Thomas Pares, Esq., J.P., of Hopwell Hall, Derby. He was educated at the Liverpool College. While serving as a Lieutenant in the 9th Lancers he passed his examina- tions by the Public Works Department, India, 1857, for employment as a Civil Engineer, and graduated at the Staff Col- lege, 1860. Lieut.-Colonel Jones was pre- sent at the battle of Buddleekeserai and at Delhi throughout the siege operations, including the assault and capture of the city, having been Deputy Assistant Quar- termaster-General to the Cavalry Brigade from August 8 to Sept. 23, 1857. He served with the 9th Lancers in Greathed's pursuing column, and was present in the actions of Bolundshuhur and Allyghur and battle of Agra, where he was dangerously wounded, having received a musket-shot wound and twenty-two sabre cuts. He was mentioned in the despatches of Sir Hope Grant on three different occasions (Brevet of Major, Victoria Cross, Medal with Clasp). He was awarded the U.ffi. for the following service : " The cavalry charged the rebels and rode through them. Lieutenant Jones of the 9th Lancers, with his squadron, captured one of the guns, killing the drivers, and, with Lieut.-Col. Yule's assistance, turned the gun upon a village occupied by the rebels, who were quickly dislodged. This was a well-con- ceived act, gallantly executed." As has been stated, he was Deputy Assistant Quartermaster -General at the siege of Delhi, 1857, and held a similar Staff ap- pointment at the Cape of Good Hope, 1861-67; Adjutant of the Staff College, 1869-70, when that appointment was abolished on his own evidence before a Royal Commission on Military Education, resulting in a saving of £400 per annum on the army estimates for the last twenty years, while the duties have been carried out efficiently as Lieut.-Colonel Jones had proposed. In civil matters he has been Consulting Engineer to the Borough of Wrexham for sewage disposal ; Corporate Member of the Institution of Civil Engi- neers, 1876 ; Membre de la Socie'te' Fran- JONES 579 caise d'Hygiene, 1877 ; Fellow of the Sanitary Institute, 1880 ; and Member of the Association of Municipal Engineers, 1883. He is the author of "Will a Sewage Farm Pay?" 1874 (third edit., 1885), and many papers on sewage disposal in the Transactions of the Society of Arts and of the Sanitary Institute, and in other pro- fessional publications. But Lieut. -Colonel Jones is perhaps best known in connection with the Canvey Island scheme, intro- duced by himself and other engineers, and approved and recommended by Lord Bramwell's Royal Committee on Metro- politan Sewage Discharge in their Final Report, 1884. This scheme has been ela- borated and perfected by Lieut. -Colonel Jones and his partner, Mr. J. Bailey Denton, Member Inst. C.E., and has been under the consideration of the London County Council since 1889. In 1879 he was awarded one of the only two £100 prizes ever offered by the Royal Agricul- tural Society of England for the best- managed sewage farms. JONES, David Brynmor, M.P., Q.C., J.P., was born at Pentrepoeth Morriston, near Swansea, Glamorganshire, on May 12, 1852, and is the eldest son of the Rev. Thomas Jones, of Swansea, sometime Chairman of the Congregational Unions of England and Wales and of Victoria. He was educated at University College School and at University College, London, where he was Hume Scholar in Jurisprudence in 1873. He graduated LL.B. (Lond.) in 1874, obtained a studentship of the Council of Legal Education in January 1875, and was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1876. After practising in London and on the South Wales Circuit from 1876 to 1885, he was appointed Judge of the Mid Wales County Court Circuit in the latter year, was transferred to the Gloucester- shire Circuit in 1886, and resigned in 1892. Being made a Q.C. in February 1893, he resumed practice. He was elected M.P. for the Stroud division of Gloucestershire in July 1892 in the Liberal interest, and was elected for the Swansea District in 1895, likewise as a Liberal. He served as a member of the Royal Commission on Land in Wales and Monmouthshire, 1893- 96. He is at present a member of the Court and Executive Committee of the University of Wales, and Hon. Standing Counsel of the University, a governor of the University Colleges of Wales (Aberyst- wyth), and of South Wales and Monmouth- shire, and one of the Whips of the Welsh Liberal Parliamentary, party. Mr. Jones has edited "The Divine Order and Other Sermons and Addresses," by Thomas Jones of Swansea, with an introduction by Robert Browning, 1884 ; he has also pub- lished an essay on "Welsh History and Recent Research," 1891 ; "Home Rule and Imperial Sovereignty," 1886 ; and divers magazine articles and papers on the Welsh laws. He is a vice-president of the Cymmrodorion Society, before which he has read several papers. He acted as Senior Counsel for the promoters of the Welsh University, and drafted the charter with Mr. Cadwaladr Davies, and defended it in the House of Commons in 1893. In 1895 he successfully acted as honorary arbitrator between masters and men in regard to the dispute and strike at Aber- gwynfe Collieries. He also took an active part in bringing together the Welsh Na- tional Liberal Convention at Cardiff in February 1898. He married in 1892 Flo- rence, widow of A. de M. Mocatta, and daughter of Major Lionel Cohen. Ad- dresses : 27 Bryanston Square, W. ; and 12 King's Bench Walk, Temple. JONES, Emily Elizabeth Con- stance, was born in 1848, at Langstone Court, Herefordshire, and is the eldest daughter of J. Jones, Esq., M.D., J. P., and his wife, Emily Edith, who was daughter of Thomas Oakeley, Esq., J.P., of Lydart House, Monmouth, and his wife, Elizabeth Pearce, co-heiress of Llanrumney Court, Monmouthshire, and was descended from the ancient Welsh families of Lewis of Llanthewy and Morgan of Llanrumney. Miss Jones was educated at Miss Robin- son's, Alstone Court, Cheltenham, and at Girton College, Cambridge, and took a First Class in the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1880 (was bracketed with the Senior), and appointed Resident Lecturer in Moral Science at Girton College in 1884, and Librarian in 1889. She has retired from both offices. Miss Jones was joint trans- lator with Miss Elizabeth Hamilton of " Lotze's Micro-cosmus," and editor of the translation, which was published in 1885, and reached a third edition in 1888. Miss Jones is also the author of " Elements of Logic as a Science of Propositions," pub- lished in 1890. JONES, Henry Arthur, was born on September 28, 1851, at Grandborough, in Buckinghamshire, and is the son of Sil- vanus Jones. After receiving the middle- class education of that period at the Winslow School, he was sent into the world at thirteen to shift for himself. He was engaged in commercial pursuits for some years, devoting all his leisure to the study of literature and to writing, and it was not until Dec. 11, 1878, that his first play, " Only Round the Corner," was pro- duced by Mr. Rousby at the Exeter Theatre. In the summer of 1879 he made his first appearance before a London 580 JONES audience as a dramatic author. This was in the comedietta "A Clerical Error," which was accepted by Mr. Wilson Barrett and produced by him at the Court Theatre. His next essay in dramatic writing was a play entitled "His Wife," an adaptation of Mark Hope's "Prodigal Daughter," which was written for and produced by Miss Bateman at Sadler's Wells Theatre, and was afterwards played in the pro- vinces. In November 1882 "The Silver King " was produced by Mr. Wilson Bar- rett at the Princess's Theatre. This play ran for over a year, and has been since played without intermission in America, Australia, and the English provinces. In 1884 Mr. Henry Arthur Jones wrote the first of the series of plays of modern Eng- lish life with which he has since become so closely identified. This play, " Saints and Sinners," was produced at the Vaude- ville on September 25 of that year. The propriety of dealing with religious matters on the stage provoked a considerable amount of discussion, but the play ran for over 200 nights. After the production of " Saints and Sinners " Mr. Jones reverted for a time to melodrama, and wrote, amongst other plays, "Hoodman Blind," "The Noble Vagabond," "The Lord Harry," " Heart of Hearts," "Hard Hit," &c. But it was not until 1889 that he was able to devote himself to the class of work that was really congenial to his inclina- tion. On Aug. 27, 1889, "The Middle- man" was produced at the Shaftesbury Theatre with Mr. Willard in the leading part. This achieved an instantaneous success, and ran for over two hundred nights, and was followed on May 21, 1890, by "Judah," a psychological play which achieved equal popularity. Both these plays have been translated and produced in Germany, Austria, Holland, Belgium, and Denmark. On Jan. 15, 1891, "The Dancing Girl" was produced at the Hay- market Theatre, with Mr. Tree in the leading part. This ran for over a year. In the autumn of 1891 Mr. Jones went into theatrical management, and his new comedy, "The Crusaders," was produced by him at the Avenue Theatre, running for one hundred nights. "The Bauble Shop " was produced by Mr. Chas. Wynd- ham at the Criterion Theatre on Jan. 26, 1893, and in the following autumn "The Tempter," a four-act tragedy, was pro- duced by Mr. Tree at the Haymarket Theatre. Nearly all of Mr. Henry Arthur Jones's plays have been produced in America. In 1894 Mr. Jones wrote "The Case of Rebellious Susan," which achieved a great success with Mr. Wyndham and Miss Mary Moore in the leading parts. Recent dramas from his pen are : " Michael and his Lost ADgel," produced at the Lyceum Theatre in 1896 ; a satire on the clerical career, with Mr. Forbes Robertson in the leading part. In the same year "The Rogue's Comedy" was produced at the Garrick Theatre, and this was followed in 1897 by "The Physician" and "The Liars," both at the Criterion Theatre. Address : Townshend House, North Gate, Regent's Park, N.W. JONES, Capt. Henry Michael, t.C, late Minister at Lima and Quito, was born in 1830, and entered the army in 1849. He served through the Crimean war with great distinction, being severely wounded at the Alma and the Redan. Leaving the army in 1857, he entered the Diplomatic Service the next year. In 1868 he was Consul-General at Tabreez, and subse- quently at Christiania and Philippopolis. In 1889 he wasMinister at Bangkok and was promoted to Peru in 1894. He has retired. JONES, Kennedy, part proprietor of the London Daily Mail, and Managing Director of the London Evening News, was born in Glasgow, on May 4, 1865, and was educated at the High School, Glasgow. In 1884 he began his career as a journalist by joining the editorial staff of the Glasyow Evening News, and in 1889 became assistant- editor of the Birmingham Daily Mail. He came to London a few years later. Ad- dress : Daily Mail Office, Carmelite Street, Temple, E.C. JONES, Morris Charles, F.S.A., was born in Montgomeryshire, May 9, 1819, and educated at Bruce Castle School, Tottenham. He is the author of numerous genealogical and antiquarian articles and privately-printed pamphlets, and of "The Abbey of Valle Crucis : its Origin ' and Foundation Charter," 1866; and "The Feudal Barons of Powys," 1868. He is the founder and chief supporter of the Powysland Club, an archasological society for Montgomeryshire, and also of the Powysland Museum and Library connected therewith. He has devoted much time to the illustration of the archaeology and history of his native country, and since 1867 has been the editor of " The Mont- gomeryshire Collections," issued by the Powysland Club, which contain elaborate and useful contributions to local topo- graphy and history, and afford complete and extensive materials for the history of the county of Montgomery. In 1876 his archaeological services were acknowledged by a testimonial raised by public sub- scriptions, which were devoted chiefly to the purchase of a fine life-size bronze group representing a scene in Welsh his- tory, which, at his request, was placed in the Powysland Museum. JONES 581 JONES, Thomas Rupert, F.E.S., F.G.S., late Professor of Geology at the Staff College, Sandhurst, naturalist, geolo- gist, palaeontologist, and antiquary, was born Oct. 1, 1819, at No. 6 Wood Street, Cheapside, London, and is the son of John Jones, silk merchant and silk throwster, of London and Taunton (descendant of the old Powys family of North Wales), and Rhoda Jones {ne'e Burberry), of Coventry. He was educated at Foster's at Taunton, and the Rev. John Allan's at Ilminster ; and was apprenticed to a surgeon (Hugh Norris) at Taunton, Somerset, in 1835 ; at his death he finished apprenticeship with Dr. Joseph Bunny, of Newbury, Berks, in 1842. After some years of desultory medi- cal and scientific education, he was, in 1850, appointed Assistant-Secretary to the Geological Society of London ; Lecturer on Geology at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst," in 1858, and Professor in 1862, and subsequently at the Staff College until he " retired " in 1881. He is the author of "Monograph of the Cretaceous Entomo- straca," in 1849; and of "The Tertiary Entomostracain England," in 1856; "Mono- graph of the Fossil Estheriae," 1862 ; article, " Tunicata," in Todd's " Cyclopedia of Anatomy," 1850 ; and of articles in Cas- sell's "Natural History," "Science for All," and "Encyclopaedic Dictionary"; also of numerous articles and memoirs on Geology, Fossils, and Pre-historic Man, and especially on recent and fossil Forarn- inifera and Entomostraca, in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, the Natural History Review, Annals of Natural History, the Geologist, the Geological Magazine, Pro- ceedings of the Geologists' Association, and many other periodicals, as well foreign as British. Particularly may be mentioned : "The Antiquity of Man," Croydon Nat. Hist. Soc, 1877; "The History of the Sarsens," Wilts Archceol. Soc, 1886; "The Geology and the Mineral Wealth of South Africa," Mining Journal, 1886, and Im- perial Colonial Instil., 1887 ; " The Coal- field of South Wales," Brit. Assoc. Report for 1891 ; "The Geology of the Plateau Implements of Kent," Natural Science, 1894 ; " Rockell and its Previous History," Trans. R. Irish Acad., 1897. These papers and essays are more or less characteristic of Professor R. Jones' wide range of re- search, and of his steady endeavours to bring together scattered information on many subjects of interest to geologists and of use to the public. Whether as lecturer, professor, author, or reviewer, Professor Rupert Jones has always aimed at the advancement of geological science, free from the prejudices of old or new phases of thought. He is joint-author of the " Monograph of the Arctic and North- Atlantic Foraminifera," 1865 ; the Fora- minifera of the Abrohlos Bank," 1888 ; "Foraminifera of the Crag," 1866 and 1895 ; " Palaeozoic Bivalves, Entomostraca," 32 Parts, 1855-95; "Nomenclature of the Foraminifera," 15 Parts, 1859-72; of the " Micrographical Dictionary," 1874 and 1882; "Monograph of the Carboni- ferous Cypridinadse," 1874 and 1884 ; Palaeozoic Phyllopoda," 1888 and 1892 ; " Geology," Part I. Heads of Lectures, &c., 1870 ; and of numerous papers on Carboniferous and other Entomostraca. Mr. Jones was the editor of the "Arctic Manual," 1875 ; and the editor and joint author of the " Reliquiae Aquitanicae ; or, Caves and Cave - Dwellers in Central France"; and of the second edition of "Dixon's Geology of Sussex," 1878; also of the "Supplement to the Monogr. Tertiary Entomostraca," 1889 ; and " Supplement to the Cretaceous Entomostraca," 1890. He was formerly Examiner to the London University, and to the Victoria (Man- chester) University ; and to the New Zealand University ; now Examiner to the College of Preceptors ; Assistant-Exa- miner to the Civil Service Commission, to the Department of Science and Art, and to the Royal College of Science. He was President of the Geologists' Association, 1879-81 ; Vice-President of Section C, British Association, at Montreal, in 1884 ; and President of Section C, at Cardiff, in 1891. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Geological Society of London ; Honorary Member of numerous scientific societies, British and foreign ; Recipient of the Murchison Geological Fund in 1882 ; and Lyell Medallist of the Geological Society in 1890. Address : 17 Parson's Green; Fulham, S.W. JONES, Rev. William, Primitive Methodist minister, was born at Hales- owen, Worcestershire, July 6, 1834. He re- ceived a fair modern education. His first appointment of special importance was to Tunstall, the mother church of the Primi- tive Methodist connection. His next special appointment was to Birmingham, in 1867. It was while here that his fame as a preacher and lecturer became universally known. His name became a household word not only in his own denomination, but in Nonconformist churches generally. He was a familiar figure and speaker on many great occasions in the famous Town Hall. From Birmingham he returned to Tunstall. During his term of ministerial service he was instrumental in building, at a cost of £9000, the Jubilee Memorial Schools opposite the church. At the same time he rendered important service to the denomination by preaching and lecturing up and down the kingdom in behalf of its various interests. He was a constant con- 582 JONES — JO YNT tributor to the denominational newspaper. His own church, large as it is, was always crowded with persons eager to listen to him when he was at home. He was elected chairman of the first School Board for Wolstanton. When, in 1877, Surrey Chapel was taken over from Rev. Newman Hall by the Primitive Methodist Conference, Mr. Jones was appointed pas- tor, and to him belongs the honour of founding the first Primitive Methodist church in the historic building. From Surrey he removed to Derby, where another special task awaited him. The Central Church was in course of building, and as soon as it was finished he commenced his labours there, and succeeded in drawing together a large congregation and building up a powerful church. Mr. Jones's next ap- pointment was to Stepney Green Taber- nacle, London. He laboured subsequently at Grays, Lincoln, and Sunderland. At the Conference of 1896 he was elected to the office of President of the denomi- nation. On his retirement he was pre- sented with the thanks of the Conference. He is now for the third time stationed at Tunstall, and for the second time holds the position of Chairman of the School Board, besides being President of the Free Church Council for Tunstall and District. He is now in the sixty -fourth year of his age. Address: The Manse, Forster Street, Tunstall, Staff. JONES, The Most Rev. William West, D.D., Archbishop of Cape Town, was born in 1838, and is the sixth son of Edward Henry Jones, of Hackney. He was educated at St. John's College, Oxford, of which he was a Foundation Fellow from 1856 to 1859. He obtained a second class in Classical Moderations in 1858, and a fourth in the Final Honours School of Mathematics in 1860 ; B.A. 1860 ; M.A. 1864; B.D. 1869; D.D. 1874. He was appointed Dean of Arts in 1864, and Vice- President of his College in 1872. He was Vicar of Summertown from 1864 to 1874, and Whitehall Preacher in 1870-72. He was appointed Bishop of Cape Town in 1874, and Archbishop in 1897. He is mar- ried to a daughter of Mr. John Allen, of Altrincham, Cheshire. Address : Bishop's Court, Claremont, Cape Town. JORDAN, John Newell, C.M.G., Charge" d'Affaires in Corea, was born in 1857, and in 1876 became a student-inter- preter in China. Having been Acting- Consul at Kiungchow and Amoy, he was attached to the Legation as Accountant in 1886, Assistant Chinese Secretary in 1889, and Chinese Secretary in 1891. In 1896 he was promoted to be Consul- General for Corea, to reside at Seoul, and in 1897 he was made a C.M.G. JOTJBERT, Petrus Jacobus, General- in-Chief of the Transvaal, was born about 1831, and first distinguished himself by his defeat of Sir George Colley at Majuba Hill, 1881. In 1893 and 1898 he allowed himself to be nominated for the Presidency of the South African Republic, but was easily defeated by President Kriiger (q.v.). In 1896 he was the chief factor in causing the surrender of Dr. Jameson. As a tacti- cian, he acts severely on the defensive, concealing his men behind earthworks and obstacles, and trusting to their marksman- ship to prevent their position being rushed. In political matters he is entirely subser- vient to Kriiger's domination. JOY, George William, painter, was born at Dublin in 1844, and is the son of W. Bruce Joy, M.D. He received his education at Harrow, and afterwards studied art as a Royal Academy student and in Paris under Bonnat and Charles Jalabert. His principal works, exhibited at the Royal Academy, are "Domenica," his first picture, 1871; "Nelson's First Farewell," "Wellington at Angiers," "Danaids," "Truth," "The King's Drum shall never be beaten for Rebels " ; in 1894, the "Death of General Gordon"; "The Bayswater 'Bus" and "Joan of Arc," 1895; "Patience," 1897; and "Christ and the Little Child," 1898; "A Merchantman Seeking Goodly Pearls," and "Mary of Bethany," 1899. He has won medals at the Paris Salon and at the Chicago World's Fair. Mr. George Joy is well known as a volunteer, and has shot several times in the Irish Volunteer team at Wimbledon. He married in 1877 Florence, daughter of Thomas Masterman. Address : The Red Lodge, 51 Palace Court, Paddington, W. JOYCE, Thomas Heath, F.R.G.S., editor of the Graphic and Daily Graphic, was born in London on July 9, 1850, and is the son of Thomas Joyce, of Freshford, Somerset. He received the principal part of his education on the Continent, and has been on the staff of the Graphic since the first issue of that important weekly in 1869. He has translated Victor Hugo's "History of a Crime," besides writing articles on various subjects in journals and magazines. Address : Freshford, South Hill, Bromley, Kent. JOYNT, Miss Maud, M.A., is the second daughter of Deputy Surgeon- General Christopher Joynt, Indian A.M.D., and entered Alexandra College, Dublin, in 1881. In 1883, at the intermediate exami- nations, she gained an exhibition in the middle grade and three gold medals ; at the same examinations in 1884 she gained JUDD — KASSON 583 highest marks of all Ireland, two gold and three silver medals. She matriculated at the Royal University in 1886, taking first honours in Latin, first place and first honours in German, first place and second honours in English, first honours in Experi- mental Physics, and later in the same year the scholarship of Modern Literature. She obtained first class exhibitions in 1887-88 ; gained in the latter year the Henry Hutch- inson Stewart scholarship (Mod. Litera- ture), a very distinguished honour. Her B.A. was obtained in 1889, with first ex- hibition honours in modern literature, and the degree of M.A. was conferred on her on Oct. 29, 1890. JUDD, Professor John "Wesley, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., geologist, was born at Portsmouth, Feb. 18, 1840 ; but when he was only eight years of age his family removed to the neighbourhood of London. During his earlier years he was engaged in teaching, first in London and afterwards in Lincolnshire, but his taste for science, and especially for geological studies, led him, in 1863, to become a student in the Royal School of Mines. In the following year he accepted the post of Analytical Chemist in one of the great iron and steel works at Sheffield, but while there he met with a railway accident that interrupted his work and studies for a considerable period. Upon his recovery, he determined to devote himself entirely to his favourite studies, and commenced a geological survey of the county of Lincolnshire, the results of his investigations being pub- lished in a number of memoirs on the Neocomian formation, which he showed to be admirably developed in that and the adjoining counties. In 1867 he was invited to join the staff of the Geological Survey and to continue his work in con- nection with that body. During a period of four years he was engaged in working out the relations between the Jurassic rocks of the Midland district as compared with those of the Northern and Southern areas in England, and his book on the Geology of Rutland, &c, deals with this very important question. In 1871 he was induced by his friend the late Matthew Arnold to act with him for a time as a School Inspector, and to assist in the work of preparing the way for the opera- tion of the Education Act of 1870 in the north-eastern suburbs of London. After a year of this work, however, he returned to his geological studies, and commenced the execution of a long-cherished project, that of unravelling the complexities of the whole of the Secondary Strata of the Scottish Highlands. Not only was he able to show what are the true relations of the great series of Triassic and Jurassic rocks in that area, but he also discovered and studied very interesting deposits of Carboniferous and Cretaceous age, the existence of which in the district had been previously overlooked. These studies led him to the investigation of the relics of the great Tertiary Volcanoes of the Western Isles of Scotland ; and during several years he was engaged in travelling in various volcanic regions, and making comparisons between these and the dis- tricts in the British Isles in which igneous action was rife during past geological times, a long series of memoirs being published as the result of these researches. In 1877 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in the same year, upon the retirement of Sir Andrew Ramsay, became Professor of Geology in the Royal School of Mines ; in 1881 he accepted the same position in the Royal College of Science. From 1877 to 1885 Professor Judd was Secretary to the Geological Society, and during the years 1886 and 1887 held the office of President of that Society. In 1891 the Geological Society awarded Professor Judd the highest honour in their gift — the Wollaston Medal. In 1895 Professor Judd succeeded Profes- sor Huxley as Dean of the Royal College of Science, and in the same year he was created a Companion of the Bath (Civil Division). He is the author of " Geology of Rutland," 1875; "Volcanoes: what they are and what they teach," 1878 ; "The Student's Lyell," 1896. He has, besides, published many papers in the Trans. Roy. Soc, and other scientific periodicals. He married Jeannie Frances, daughter of John Jeyes, in 1878. Ad- dresses : 22 Cumberland Road, Kew ; and Athenseum. K KASSON, John Adams, American statesman, was born near Burlington, Vermont, Jan. 11, 1822. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1842 ; studied law in Massachusetts, and was admitted to the Bar. He practised law in St. Louis, Missouri, until 1857, when he removed to Des Moines, Iowa. In 1861 he was appointed First Assistant Postmaster-General by President Lincoln ; resigned in 1862, and was elected to Con- gress, 1863-67. He was_ United States Postal Commissioner to Paris in 1863, and again in 1867, when he negotiated postal conventions with Great Britain and other nations. He was a member of the lower house of the Iowa Legislature from 1868 to 1873, when he was again elected to Congress, serving until 1877. In that year he was 584 KATO — KAY-SHUTTLEWOKTH appointed Minister to Austria, serving till 1881, when he was again sent to Congress, until he went as Minister to Germany, 1884-85. In 1898 he was appointed on the Joint Commission to settle matters in dispute between Canada and the United States. KATO, Takaaki, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Em- peror of Japan at the Court of St. James's, was born in 1860, and was educated in the Imperial University of Tokio, where he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1881. He was Private Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Chief of the Political Bureau in the Foreign Office at Tokio, from 1887 to 1890. In the latter year he became Director of the Banking Bureau, and of the Revenue Bureau, in the Finance Department, and held these posts till 1894, when he was appointed to the Foreign Office and Directorship of the Political Affairs Bureau, with the rank of Minister Pleni- potentiary. He was ordered to proceed to London as Envoy Extraordinary in November 1894, and has remained in that position since 1895. In recognition of his services during the Chino-Japanese War of 1894-95, he was decorated by the Emperor of Japan with the third class of the Rising Sun of the Empire of Japan. Address : Japanese Legation, 8 Sussex Square, Hyde Park, W. KAWASfi, Viscount Masataka, late Japanese Minister at the Court of St. James's, was born in 1839, and belongs to a family who in former times were vassals of the Prince of Choshiu, in Japan. During the disturbed period preceding the restoration of the Mikado, Kawase" experienced many vicissitudes, but his first important appearance was in com- mand of a force raised to defend the territory of Choshiu from the army of the Shogun. The latter was completely defeated, and terms of peace were ar- ranged. Kawasd then visited Europe, and resided for some time in England, being one of the first Japanese who de- voted themselves to the study of Western institutions with the view of engrafting such as appeared suitable on those of their own country. On his return to Japan he was appointed Vice-Minister of Public Works by the present Emperor, and subsequently Vice-Chamberlain of the Imperial Household. In 1874 he was sent to Italy to represent Japan. He then successively filled the position of Senator and Vice-Minister of Justice, and in 1884 was appointed Envoy Extraordin- ary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of St. James's, a post which he filled until the beginning of 1894, when he was succeeded by Viscount Aoki. He was created Viscount in 1887, and is the holder of numerous decorations. KAYSEBLING, M.,born in Hanover, Germany, June 17, 1829, was educated there and at the University of Berlin. He was appointed by the Government of Aargau, in 1861, Rabbi of the Swiss Jews, and in September 1870, Rabbi and Preacher of the Jewish Community in Pesth, Hungary. In 1861 he married a daughter of the celebrated Dr. Ludwig Philippson. Dr. Kayserling is the author of "Sephardim : Romanische Poesien der Juden in Spanien," Leipzig, 1859; "Ein Feiertag in Madrid, zur Geschichte der Spanische Portugiesischen Juden " ; "Ge- schichte der Juden in Spanien und Por- tugal," 1859-61; "Menassie Ben Israel, sein Leben und Werken," Berlin, 1867 ; "Geschichte der Juden in England," Berlin, 1861 ; "Der Dichter Ephraim Kuh, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Deutschen Literatur," Berlin, 1867: "Moses Men- delssohn, sein Leben und Werken," Leip- zig, 1852 ; "Zum Siegesfeste, Dankpredigt und Danklieder von M. Mendelssohn," Berlin, 1866 ; " Die Rituale Schlachtfrage, oder 1st Schachten Thierqualerei ? " Aarau, 1867 ; " Schlachten Bibliothek Jildischer Kanzelredner," Berlin, 1870, 1871. He also published a volume of Sketches of Distinguished Jewish Women ; a bio- graphical work on Jewish diplomatists and statesmen : several series of historical and literary articles in the Deutsche Museum of Prutz, Frankel's Monatsschrift, Jahrbuch filr Israeliten in Wien, Steinschneider 's Htbr. Bibliographie ; and some sermons. Among his most recent works we may mention : " Biblioteca Espaiiola - Portugueze - Jud - aica," 1890 ; " The First Jew in America," and " Gedenkblatter," a book on prominent Jews of the nineteenth century, 1892. KAY-SHTJTTLEWORTH, Right Hon. Sir Ughtred. James, Bart., M.P., J.P. , D.L., is the eldest son, born Dec. 18, 1844, of the late Sir James Phillips Kay- Shuttleworth, Bart., D.C.L. (for many years Secretary of the Committee of Council on Education), by Janet, his wife, only child and heiress of R. Shuttleworth, Esq., of Gawthorpe Hall, Lancashire. Sir Ughtred was educated at Harrow, at home, and at the London University, and is the author of the " First Principles of Modern Chemistry " (the second edition of which was published in 1870). At the invitation of the Liberal party in North -East Lanca- shire, he contested that division in 1868, and was defeated by a majority of 131. In October 1869 he became Member for Hastings. His maiden speech in Parlia- KEANE — KEENE 585 ment was delivered on the second reading of the Elementary Education Bill in 1870. In 1871 he called the attention of the House to the subject of the London water supply. In 1874 he was re-elected Member for Hastings, and brought before the House the state of the dwellings of working people in London, eliciting the promise of Mr. Secretary Cross which resulted, in 1875, in the passing of the Artisans' Dwelling Act. In 1878 he moved resolu- tions on the Government of London. At the next general election, 1880, he lost his seat for Hastings, and havintr failed at a by-election in 1881, at Coventry, he was out of the House of Commons till he was returned by a majority of 2359, in 1885, for the Clitheroe Division of North-East Lancashire. During the time he was not in the House he served for two years on the London School Board. He was also a Member of the Royal Commission on Re- formatory and Industrial Schools. He became Under-Secretary for India when Mr. Gladstone's third administration was formed in 1886, and subsequently was ap- pointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- caster and a Privy Councillor. At the general election of 1886, Sir U. Kay-Shut- tleworth was returned unopposed for North-East Lancashire, as a Gladstonian Liberal. He has been Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of the House of Commons, and Vice-President of Uni- versity College, London. In 1892, at the general election, he was again returned for the Clitheroe Division of Lancashire, and in August was appointed Parlia- mentary Secretary to the Admiralty, and held that office till July 1895. At the general election of 1895 his constituents again returned him unopposed. He mar- ried, in 1871, Blanche Marion, youngest daughter of Sir Woodbine Parish, K.C.H. Addresses : 28 Princes Gardens. S.W. ; Gawthorpe Hall, Burnley, Lancashire, &c. ; and Athenaeum. KEANE, Right Rev. John Joseph, American Roman Catholic prelate, was born at Ballyshannon, county Donegal, Ireland, Sept. 12, 18,39. He went with his family to America in 1846, and was edu- cated at St. Charles's College, and at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, and in 1866 was ordained to the priesthood. He was assistant pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Washington, until 1878, when he was con- secrated Bishop of Richmond, Virginia. In 1887 he was appointed Rector of the Catholic University of America, which was formally opened at Washington in 1889. In that year he received the degree of D.D. from Laval University, Quebec, and in 1893 that of LL.D. from Harvard University. At the request of the Catholic Archbishops of the United States, he or- ganised and superintended the representa- tion of the Catholic Church in the World's Parliament of Religions held during the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893. In 1897 he resigned as Rector of the Catholic University of America, and went to Rome. KEBBEL, Thomas Edward, M.A., youngest son of the late Rev. Henry Kebbel, Vicar of Wistow and Kilby, in the county of Leicester, was born at Kilby Nov. 23, 1828, and graduated at Oxford in 1849. He was called to the Bar in 1862. Mr. Kebbel's first introduction to jour- nalism was in 1855, when he was invited to join the staff of the Press newspaper, then newly established by the late Lord Derby and Mr. Disraeli as the weekly organ of the Tory party. In 1867, when the Day newspaper was founded, repre- senting the views of the " Cave," Mr. Kebbel was engaged as the leading political writer in support of the Conservative Re- form Bill. Since that time he has been a contributor to the principal publications of the day — the Quarterly, Edinburgh, Fortnightly, Nineteenth Century, and Na- tional Reviews, Blackwood's, the Cornhill, Fraser, and Macmillan's Magazine, and, under Mr. Delane, he was a frequent con- tributor to the literary columns of the Times. In 1873 he joined the staff of the Standard, on which he has continued ever since. In 1864 he published " Essays on History and Politics " ; and in 1881, on the death of Lord Beaconsfield, he was employed to edit a collection of his speeches published in two volumes by Messrs. Longman. In 1886 he published. " Tory Administrations from the Accession of Mr. Pitt to Power in 1783 to the death of Lord Beaconsfield in 1881." In 1887 he brought out "The Agricultural La- bourer," an account of the English peasantry, pronounced by the Edinburgh Review to be the best of its kind. A new edition of this work came out in 1893. In 1888 he contributed a life of the poet Crabbe to the series of Eminent Writers. He is also the author of lives of Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Derby in the Statesmen series, and has recently pub- lished "The Old and the New," a com- parison between the country life of 1890 and 1840 (1891) ; and "Sport and Nature " (1893). He is a contributor of articles to the "Dictionary of National Biography." Address : 54 Cathcart Road, West Ken- sington, W. KEENE, The Most Rev. James Bennett, Bishop of Meath, was born in Dublin on Oct. 25, 1849, and is the young- est son of A. Bennett Keene, M. A. He was 586 KEKEWICH — KELLY educated at Rathmines School and Trinity College, Dublin, where his academic career was phenomenally brilliant. He was first Honour-man and Prize-man in Classics in 1867 ; first of the First Honour- men in Science in 1867, 1868, and 1869 ; first Primate's Hebrew Prize-man in the same year, and winner of scholarships in Mathematics, Hebrew, Syriac, andChaldee, and of several theological prizes. He be- came Rector of Navan in 1879, and has been Prebendary of Tipper and Canon of St. Patrick's, Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Meath, Head-Master of Navan College, and Diocesan Nominator and Secretary of the Board of Education. He is a member of the Senate of Trinity College, Dublin. Address : Bishopscourt, Ardbraccan, Navan. KEKEWICH, The Hon. Sir Arthur, late Standing Counsel to the Bank of England, was born in 1832, and is the second son of Samuel Trehawke Kekewich, Peamore, Exeter, at one time M.P. for South Devon. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in Lit. Hum., and a second class in Mathematics, afterwards, in 1854, becoming Fellow of Exeter. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1858 ; made Q.C. in 1877 ; Bencher of his Inn in 1881 ; and was raised to the Judicial Bench (Chancery Division) in 1886. He married Marianne, daughter of F. W. Freshfield, in 1858. Addresses : 19 Park Crescent, Portland Place, W. ; and Athenaeum. KEKEWICH, Sir George William, K.C.B., D.C.L., Secretary to the Educa- tion Department, is the third son of the late Samuel Trehawke Kekewich, M.P., and a younger brother of the Judge, and was born in 1842. He was educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in Classical Modera- tions, and a second class in Lit. Hum. In 1864 he entered as a student at Lin- coln's Inn. He was appointed Examiner to the Education Department, the central authority for primary education, in 1867 ; Senior Examiner in 1871, and Secretary in 1890. In 1897 he was made Hon. D.C.L. of Durham. Address : Meadhurst, Sunbury Common, Middlesex. KELLOGG, Clara Louise, American vocalist, was born at Sumterville, South Carolina, July 1842. In 1843 her parents returned with her to Connecticut, where they remained until 1856, when they went to New York. At an early age she gave evidence of musical talent, and after some years of careful study made her first ap- pearance at the Academy of Music in New York in 1861. After four more years of study she appeared as Marguerite in Gounod's " Faust," in the season of 1864- 65. Her success was not less complete, within the next two years, in "Crispino," as Linda di Chamounix, in the " Barber of Seville," "La Sonnambula," " Lucia di Lammermoor," and other operas. On Nov. 2, 1867, she made a successful de"but in London as Marguerite in "Faust." She returned to the United States in 1868. In 1872 she again visited England, appearing at the Drury Lane Opera. In the winter of 1873-74 she organised an English Opera Company, continuing until 1876. Return- ing to Europe once more in 1879, she sung at Her Majesty's in London, and at the Imperial Opera Houses of Vienna and St. Petersburg, and has since that time ap- peared in opera and concerts in the prin- cipal cities of the United States. She was married some years ago to Mr. Stra- kosch. KELLY, Rev. Charles Henry, Presi- dent of the Wesleyan Methodist Confer- ence, 1889, was born at Salford, Manches- ter, Nov. 25, 1833, and educated at the School of the Society of Friends, and the Wesleyan College, Didsbury. He spent the first eleven years of his ministry as Chaplain to Methodist troops ; and was actively engaged during that time in securing the recognition of the religious rights of Nonconformists in the British Army and Navy. For fourteen years he was at the head of the Wesleyan Sunday School Department as the Connectional Secretary ; and he was appointed to the superintendence of the great Book Con- cern of Methodism in 1889. Mr. Kelly was the Delegate from the British Con- ference to the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church which met in New York in 1888. Mr. Kelly holds the degree of D.D., although he does not use it. Address : Wesleyan Conference Office, City Road, London. KELLY, The Bight Rev. James Butler Knill, Bishop of Moray, Ross, and Caithness, N.B., was born in 1832, and educated at Clare College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. in 1854, M.A. in 1858, and D.D. in 1867. He was conse- crated Coadjutor-Bishop of Newfoundland in 1867, and succeeded as Bishop of that See in 1876. He was appointed Bishop- Commissary to the Bishop (Jacobson) of Chester in 1879 ; Archdeacon of Maccles- field in 1880 ; Bishop-Commissary to Bishop Moberly of Salisbury in 1884 ; and was elected Bishop-Coadjutor of Moray, Ross, and Caithness in 1885 ; and succeeded to that see in 1886. Address : Eden Court, Inverness. KELLY — KELVIN 587 KELLY, Colonel James Graves, C.B., A.D.C., was born in November 1843. He joined the West India Eegiment as an Ensign in September 1863, and shortly afterwards exchanged into the 94th Foot, the Connaught Rangers. He was pro- moted Captain in the Indian Staff Corps in September 1875, and Major in 1883, and for several years was the Brigade-Major of the Bengal Command. He first saw active service with the Hazara Expedition in 1891, and obtained a medal with clasp. In the same year he also served in the Miranzai Expedition. In March 1895 he was appointed in charge of the Gilgit troops, which, in co-operatioD with the force under Sir Robert Low, effected the relief of Chitral. Colonel Kelly's troops were made up of Bengal infantry, Cash- mere sappers and miners, and a small body of levies from various frontier tribes, with two guns. They marched a distance of 200 miles over a country presenting very great physical difficulties, crossed the Shandur Pass, which is 12,000 feet high, in deep snow, relieved the Mastuj garrison, and twice defeated the enemy posted in strong natural positions. After a most arduous and difficult march they reached Chitral on the 20th of April. Colonel Kelly was especially mentioned in des- patches, and received the thanks of the Government of India. He was appointed Aide-de-camp to the Queen, and Officiating Colonel of the Staff at Sealkote in the Punjab Command. KELVIN, Lord, The Right Hon. William Thomson, G.C.V.O., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., P.R.S.E., D.L., Pro- fessor of Natural Philosophy, Glasgow University, was born in Belfast on June 26, 1824. His father, the late James Thomson, LL.D., was Professor of Mathe- matics at the Royal Academical Institute in Belfast, but on his appointment to the Professorship of Mathematics in the Uni- versity of Glasgow in 1832 he removed thither with his family. At the early age of ten William entered the Glasgow Col- lege, and after a distinguished course there, he entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, where in 1845 he graduated as Second Wrangler and First Smith's Prizeman, and was elected to a Fellowship in his College. While at Cambridge he did not confine himself to his books, but took a great interest in outdoor sports. He was a keen oarsman, and won the Colquhoun sculls. He was also President of the University Musical Society. In 1846 he was elected to the Professorship of Natural Philosophy in Glasgow University, a post which he has now held for fifty-three years. At the early age of seventeen, while yet an undergraduate of Cambridge Univer- sity, he attracted the attention of the scientific men of the country by his paper "On the Uniform Motion of Heat in Homogeneous Solid Bodies, and its Con- nection with the Mathematical Theory of Electricity." The method of this paper was quite original, and later proved of the greatest importance in the discussion of problems in electrostatics and magnetism. This paper was soon followed by others showing the same remarkable scientific insight and mathematical ability, and it was at once manifest that Thomson was destined to take a foremost place as a scientific worker. In 1845 he became the first editor of the Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal, and held that office for nearly seven years. In its predecessor, The Cambridge Mathematical journal, his article mentioned above had appeared, and several others of later date, of which we may note that "On the Linear Motion of Heat." From among the articles of later years, which have appeared in the various scientific periodicals or as com- munications to the learned societies, only a few of the most important can be selected for mention here. By his paper " On Electrical Images " he introduced an idea which has led to great advances in the mathematical theory of electricity. The value of his paper " On an Absolute Thermometric Scale " is shown by the universal use that is now made of that conception in calculations in thermo- dynamics. Many of his papers deal with the theory of heat — " On the Dynamical Theory of Heat"; "On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion " (Joule and Thomson) ; " Compendium of Fourier Mathematics for the Conduction of Heat in Solids"; "Elasticity and Heat" — and his work in this department is worthy of special notice ; for some of it was carried out in conjunction with Joule, and the warm friendship which existed between these two workers is a noteworthy feature in the lives of both. Other papers worthy of special mention are the following : "On a Universal Tendency in Nature to the Dissipation of Mechanical Energy " ; " On the Theory of the Electric Telegraph"; "On the Use of Observations of Terrestrial Temperature for the Investigation of Absolute Dates in Geology"; "On the Electro-Dynamic Qualities of Metals." These papers, with others, have all been collected and pub- lished in 3 vols, under the title of "Mathematical and Physical Papers." The third volume was published in 1890, but since then many valuable papers have been published, of which the most recent are a lecture to the Victoria Institute "On the Age of the Earth," and a lecture to the Royal Institution " On Volta-Contact 588 KEMBALL Electricity." His papers on "Electro- statics and Magnetism" up to 1872 were published in collected form in that year. In addition to these books Lord Kelvin has published 3 vols, of " Popular Lectures and Addresses," and a standard text-book on Natural Philosophy (conjointly with Professor Tait). Thomson's researches in Electrostatics soon led him to the inven- tion of those beautiful measuring instru- ments which are now so well known in laboratories and electric installations. His chain of electrometers affords a means of accurately measuring electric potentials ranging from exceedingly small to exceed- ingly high values. His portable electro- meter is largely used for the determination of the electric state of the atmosphere. In Electromagnetism again his ammeters and electric balances cover a wide range in the measurement of electric currents, while his supply meter has been found useful in electric installations. Perhaps, however, to the general public Lord Kelvin is best known by his inventions in the field of telegraphy and by those which form aids to navigation. By the invention of the mirror galvanometer and of the siphon recorder he has made it possible to receive and record accurately telegraphic signals over the longest cables. When the Atlantic cable was successfully laid in 18fi6 he received the honour of knighthood for the part he had taken in that undertaking. Sir William Thomson was always an enthusiastic yachtsman, and it is therefore not surprising that he should have directed his attention to de- vising aids to navigation. His magnetic compass and his sounding machine are familiar to all seamen. The former gives complete and perfect correction against disturbance by the ship's magnetism ; by the latter instrument soundings can be readily taken without slackening the speed of the ship. In 1892 Sir William Thomson was raised to the Peerage as Baron Kelvin of Largs, in the county of Ayr. The appreciation and esteem in which Lord Kelvin is held by scientific men generally were well manifested in 1896, when his Jubilee as Professor of Natural Philosophy was celebrated in Glasgow University. To that celebration came many of the most distinguished British and foreign men of science to offer their congratula- tions, and the brilliant gathering was an event to be long remembered. A short time afterwards the Queen made him a Knight of the Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. Besides this, Lord Kelvin has at different times received de- corations from foreign countries. He is Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour of France, Knight of the Order "pour le Me'rite" of Germany, Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil), and Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium). From Glasgow, where he has laboured so long, he received the freedom of the city after the laying of the Atlantic cables in 1866, and is now Deputy-Lieu- tenant of the County of the City of Glasgow. The degree of LL.D. has been conferred on him successively by the Universities of Dublin, Cambridge, Edin- burgh, Montreal ( M'Gill ), Columbia, Glasgow, Princeton, and Toronto. Oxford gave him the degree of D.C.L., and he holds honorary degrees from the uni- versities of Ticino, Heidelberg, Bologna, Padua, Budapest, and Moscow. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, which has presented him with the Copley and the Royal Medals, and made him President from 1890 to December 1895. He is now President for the fourth time of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and holds the Keith Medal of that Society. He delivered the Rede Lecture in Cam- bridge in 1866, was President of the British Association in 1871, and President of the Geological Society of Glasgow from 1872 to 1894. In October 1872 he was elected a Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge (his first fellowship there was resigned on his marriage), under the provisions of the College Statutes empowering the Master and Fellows to elect men eminent in science or learning. He has been five times President of the Mathematical and Physical Section of the British Associa- tion, viz. : at Belfast, 1852 ; Dundee, 1867 ; Glasgow, 1876 ; York, 1881 ; Montreal, 1884. Of the learned societies of foreign countries there are few which have not entered the name of Lord Kelvin among their Foreign Members. From the In- stitut de France he received the "Prix Poncelet" (2000 francs) in 1874, and the Arago Medal in 1896. He is one of its eight Foreign Associates. In 1892 he re- ceived the Helmholtz Medal from Ger- many. He married (1 ) Margaret, daughter of Walter Crum, Thornliebank, in 1852 (died 1870); (2) Frances, daughter of Charles R. Blandy of Madeira, 1874. Addresses : the University, Glasgow ; Netherhall, Largs, Ayrshire ; and Athe- KEMBALL, General Sir Arnold Burrowes, K.C.B., K.C.S.I., J.P., D.L., born in 1820, was educated for his profes- sion at Addiscombe, and received his first commission as Second Lieutenant in the Bombay Artillery, Dec. 11, 1837. His battery formed part of the army of the Indus! under Lord Keane, and with it he served in the first campaign in Afghani- stan, 1838-39, including the siege and storming of Ghuznee and subsequent KEMPE 589 occupation of Cabul, for which he received the medal. His real field of utility, how- ever, was determined by his appointment as Assistant Political Resident in the Per- sian Gulf in 1842, where he was employed in various political duties for 28 years, and acquired a special and valuable experience of Turkish and Persian affairs, and mas- tery of the Turkish, Persian, and Arabic languages. He was made Political Resi- dent in the Persian Gulf in 1852, and Consul-General of Bagdad and Political Agent in Turkish Arabia in 1855, after having acted in both capacities at various times during the absences of previous in- cumbents. He took part in the Persian Expedition in 1857, under Sir James Outram, and was present at the capture of Mohumrah and subsequent operations in the field. He was specially mentioned several times in the despatches of both the General and the Commodore com- manding the land and sea forces, for his valuable assistance, advice, and gallantry. Lord Canning, in his notification of June 18, 1857, publicly thanked him for his zealous services, " afforded on every occa- sion of difficulty and danger, and especially in the brilliant expedition against Ah was." For his services in the Persian War, Captain Kemball was rewarded with the medal and clasp, a Brevet Majority, and the C.B. In 1866 he was nominated to the second class of the Star of India, and in 1874 was promoted to General Officer's rank. He was in attendance upon the Shah of Persia during his Majesty's first visit to England in 1873 ; was her Majesty's Commissioner for demarcating the frontier of Turkey in Asia between the Turks and Persians when these countries demanded the mediation of England and Russia in 1875 ; Military Attache at her Majesty's Embassy at Constantinople and at Head- quarters of the Turkish army during the Servian campaign in 1876 ; and British Commissioner in Armenia during the Turco-Russian War. He is now on the Retired List. He is a J.P. and Deputy- Lieutenant for Sutherland, and a Director of the East Africa Company. He married Anna, daughter of A. N. Shaw, in 1868. Addresses : 62 Lowndes Square, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. KEMPE, Alfred Bray, M.A., F.R.S., is the third son of the Rev. John Edward Kempe, Rector of St. James, Piccadilly. He was born on July 6, 1849, at Kensington, and was educated at St. Paul's School and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was a Scholar. He graduated B.A. in 1872 as 22nd Wrangler, was called to the Bar in 1873 at the Inner Temple, and joined the Western Circuit. In 1881 he was appointed by Mr. Gladstone to be the Secretary of the Royal Commission on the Ecclesiastical Courts which sat during the years 1881-83. In January 1887, he was appointed Chancellor of the Diocese of Newcastle, in October of the same year Chancellor of the Diocese of Southwell, and in 1891 Chancellor of the Diocese of St. Albans. He was the junior counsel for the Bishop of Lincoln in the historical trial of that prelate before the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1889-90, and has been engaged in a number of other important ecclesiastical cases. Mr. Kempe is the author of a number of papers on mathe- matical subjects, the value of which has been recognised by his election to a Fel- lowship of the Royal Society in 1881. The earlier of these papers were mainly about " linkages " ; the most important being one published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society for 1875, "On a general method of producing exact rectilinear motion by linkwork," and a little book, "How to Draw a Straight Line," pub- lished in 1877. Later papers related to some interesting theorems as to the move- ment of a plane (Nature, vol. xviii. p. 149), the colouring of maps (id. vol. xxi. p. 399) ; the graphical representation of invariants and covariants (Proc. Land. Math. Soe., vol. xvii. p. 108, and vol. xxiv. p. 97) ; the con- nection between logic and geometry (id. vol. xxi. p. 147) and knots (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 1886). In 1886 Mr. Kempe communicated to the Royal Society an important paper on the nature of the sub- ject matter of exact thought, entitled "A Memoir on the Theory of Mathematical Form," which was printed in the Philo- sophical Transactions for that year. He has taken an active part in the manage- ment of the London Mathematical Society, of which body he was for some years the Treasurer, and was in 1893 and 1894 the President. He has served as a Manager of the Royal Institution in Albemarle Street, and is now (1898) on the Council of the Royal Society. He married (2), in 1887, Ida, daughter of his Honour Judge Meadows White, Q.C. Addresses: 10 Por- chester Square, Hyde Park, W. ; 2 Paper Buildings, Temple ; and Athenaeum. KEMPE, The Kev. John Edward, M.A., son of A. J. Kempe, Esq., F.S.A., a distinguished antiquary, was born March 9, 1810 ; educated at St. Paul's School and Clare College, Cambridge, where he gradu- ated B.A. in 1833 as a Senior Optime, and first class in Classics ; and M.A. in 1837. He was appointed Curate of Tavistock, Devon, in 1833, and elected a Fellow of his College in 1841. He became Curate of Barnet, Herts, in 1844 ; incumbent of St. John's, St. Pancras, on the presentation of Bishop Blomfield, in 1846 ; of St. Barnabas, 590 KENDAL — KENMABE Kensington, in 1848 ; and Rector of St. James's, Piccadilly, on the presentation of Lord Aberdeen, as Premier, 1853. In 1861 he was appointed by Bishop Tait to the Prebendal Stall of Chamberlainewood, in St. Paul's ; in 1864 he became one of her Majesty's Chaplains ; and in 1868 he was elected one of the Proctors in Convocation for London, being re-elected in 1874. In 1880 he retired from Convocation, and in 1895 resigned the Rectory of St. James. He was a rural Dean of the Diocese, and is considered to have rendered great ser- vices to the Anglican Church in general, and especially to its cause in London, by having established, and conducted as Pre- sident for many years, monthly confer- ences, at which clergy and laity met for the discussion of Church questions. Mr. Kempe has published lectures on the Book of Job, and on Elijah ; occasional sermons and prefaces to lectures delivered in St. James's Church on "The Use and Abuse of the World," "Companions for the Devout Life," and " Classic Preachers of the English Church," besides an adapta- tion of Bishop Andrewes' " Devotions," &c. Mr. Kempe is also the founder of the St. James's Diocesan Home for Female Penitents ; and he was one of Bishop Tait's principal counsellors and coadjutors in the origination and earlier working of the Bishop of London's Fund. In 1868 Mr. Kempe was offered the Bishopric of Calcutta by Lord Cranborne (now Marquis of Salisbury), who was then Indian Mini- ster, but declined it for family reasons. In 1843 he married Harriet, daughter of the Rev. R. Wood, of Osmington House, Dorset, by whom he has a daughter and four sons, of whom one is Chancellor of the Diocese of Newcastle, Southwell, and St. Albans. His present address is 14 Mon- tague Place, W. KENDAL, Mr., the stage name of Mr. William Hunter Grimston, was born in London on Dec. 16, 1843. He was edu- cated at a private school and under a tutor, and went on the stage in Glasgow in 1862. Here he remained for several years, supporting Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean, Helen Faucit, &c, and in 1866 appeared for the first time in London, at the Haymarket Theatre, the play being "A Dangerous Friend." He played many important parts at the Hay- market, at the Court, and at the Old Prince of Wales's Theatre. From 1879 to 1888 he was lessee and manager, to- gether with Mr. John Hare, of the St. James's Theatre, and with that dis- tinguished player produced "The Queen's Shilling," "The Squire," "Impulse," "The Ironmaster," "A Scrap of Paper," &c, &c. He married the well-known actress, Miss Madge Robertson, in 1869, and has acted with her ever since, The Kendals' Canadian and American tours, undertaken between the years 1889 and 1895, were exceptionally successful. Address : 12 Portland Place, W. KENDAL, Mrs. (Mrs. William Hunter Grimston), ne'e Margaret Brun- ton Robertson, was born at Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, March 15, 1849. Her grandfather, her father, and her uncle were all actors. Her brother was the dramatist T. W. Robertson. Miss "Madge" Robertson's d^but in London was made on July 29, 1865, when she appeared at the Haymarket as Ophelia to the Hamlet of Walter Montgomery, On March 14, 1868, she made her first decided success in the metropolis as Blanche Dumont in Dr. Westland Marston's "Hero of Romance," which was performed for the first time on that occasion at the Haymarket Theatre. On Aug. 7, 1869, Miss Robertson was married to Mr. William Hunter Grimston, who on the stage and in society is known by his assumed name of Kendal. In the ensuing five years she appeared at the Haymarket in various characters. The creation of the character of Lilian in "New Men and Old Acres" gave Mrs. Kendal a position among the leading comediennes of the day. In January 1875 she began a short engagement at the Opera Comique, and in the same year joined the company organised by Mr. Hare for the Court Theatre. Afterwards she joined the Prince of Wales's Theatre, then under the management of Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft. In January 1879 Mrs. Kendal returned to the Court Theatre. In 1879 she joined the company at the St. James's Theatre, under the joint manage- ment of Mr. Kendal and Mr. Hare. In September 1889 Mr. and Mrs. Kendal went to America, where they made several tours up to 1895, when they finally re- turned to England, having obtained an extraordinary success. Mrs. Kendal has contributed to Murray's Magazine a series of gossipy articles, chiefly autobiogra- phical, entitled "Dramatic Opinions." Addresses : 12 Portland Place, W. ; and The Lodge, Filey, Yorks. KENMAEE, Earl of, The Right Hon. Valentine Augustus Brown, Bart., K.P., was born on May 16, 1825, and is the eldest son of the 3rd Earl, whom he succeeded in 1871, and Catherine, daughter of Edmund O'Callaghan, of Kil- gory, co. Clare. As a Liberal he sat in Parliament for co. Kerry from 1852 to 1871, was Comptroller of the Household from 1856 to 1858, Vice-Chamberlain from 1859 to 1866 and 1868-72, Lord-in-Wait- KENNAN — KENNEDY 591 ing, 1872-74 ; Lord Chamberlain, 1880-86 ; has been Lord Lieutenant of co. Kerry since 1866, and since the same year has been Hon. Colonel of the 4th Battalion of the Royal Munster Fusiliers. He mar- ried in 1858 Gertrude, only daughter of Lord Charles Thynne. He owns immense estates. Address : Killarney House, Kil- larney. KENNAN, George, American tra- veller, son of John Kennan and Mary Ann Morse, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Feb. 16, 1845. He received an aca- demic education, completing his studies at the Columbus (Ohio) High School, while working as a night telegraph operator. Having risen to be assistant chief operator at Cincinnati, he was sent, in December 1864, by the Russo-American Telegraph Company to superintend the location and construction of lines in Siberia, and spent three years in travelling through the north-eastern part of that country on this mission. He returned to the United States in 1868, and two years later pub- lished an account of his Arctic experience in a volume entitled "Tent Life in Si- beria." In 1870 he went again to Russia, and spent some months in an exploration of Daghestan and the mountains of the eastern Caucasus, returning to America in 1871 by way of the Black Sea, Constanti- nople, and the Danube. In 1885-86 he made a third journey to the Russian empire, this time for the especial purpose of investigating the Siberian exile system. The results of his observations on this trip, during which he travelled 15,000 miles in Northern Russia and Siberia, were published in a series of twenty-eight articles in the Century Magazine, between the years 1887 and 1890, and were repub- lished in book form in 1891, under the title, "Siberia and the Exile System." This work attracted wide attention, and was translated into most of the European languages, including Russian, Polish, Bo- hemian, Bulgarian, German, Swedish, and Dutch. Since then he has been a frequent contributor, as in the past, to leading American magazines. In 1879 he married Emmeline, daughter of J. R. Weld. Club: Authors', New York. KENNAWAT, The Right Hon. Sir John Henry, Bart., M.P., was born in 1837, and is the eldest son of the late 2nd Baronet and Emily, daughter of Thomas Kingscote, of Kingscote. He was edu- cated at Harrow and Balliol College, Ox- ford, where he obtained a First Class in the Law and Modern History School (M.A. 1862). He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1864. He sat in the House of Commons from 1870 to 1885 as Conservative member for East Devon, and since 1885 has represented the Honiton Division of Devon. He succeeded his father in 1873. He is President of the Church Missionary Society and of the London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, has been since 1894 Colonel of the 3rd Volunteer Battalion of the Devon Regiment, and is J.P. and D.L. for Devonshire. He married in 1866 Fanny, daughter of Archibald F. Arbuth- not. Addresses : Escot, Ottery St. Mary, Devon ; and Athena5um. KENNEDY, Emeritus Professor Alexander Blackie 'William, Vice- President of the Inst, of Mechanical En- gineers, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., born March 17, 1847, at Stepney, is the son of Rev. J. Kennedy, D.D., late President Congrega- tional Union, and Helen Stodart Blackie, sister of the late Professor Blackie, and was educated chiefly at the City of London School, and afterwards, for a year, at the School of Mines, Jermyn Street. He served as an engineering pupil for four and a half years with Messrs. J. & W. Dudgeon, Engineers and Shipbuilders, Millwall ; in 1868 became leading draughts- man at Palmer's Engine Works, Jarrow ; in 1871 chief draughtsman to Messrs. T. M. Tennant & Co., Ltd., Leith ; in 1872 became consulting engineer in Edinburgh with Mr. H. O. Bennett, as Bennett & Ken- nedy. In 1874 he was appointed Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at University College, London, the title of the Chair being changed later to that of Engineering and Mechanical Technology. In 1875 he established the Engineering Laboratory at University College, which was the precursor of the similar Labora- tories now to be found at nearly all the colleges in the country where Engineering is taught. In 1889 he resigned his chair, but received the honorary title of Emeritus Professor of Engineering from the Council of University College. In 1876 he trans- lated and edited Reuleaux's " Theoretische Kinematic," under the title of " Kine- matics of Machinery." In 1886 he pub- lished the "Mechanics of Machinery" (second edit., 1898). He has been connected with the Research Committees of the In- stitution of Mechanical Engineers since their foundation, and as Reporter of the Committee on Riveted Joints, carried out an elaborate series of experiments, which are published in the Proceedings of the Institution, 1881, 1882, 1885, and 1888. As Chairman of the Committee on Marine Engine Trials he has carried out a number of extended trials at sea, the results of which have been published in the Pro- ceedings of the Institution of Mechanical En- 592 KENNEDY rjineers, 1889 and 1890. He contributed a paper on "Engineering Laboratories" to the Institute of Civil Engineers (Proceed- ings,yo\. lxxxviii., 1887), and has published many papers in the professional journals. Among other structural work he designed the iron and concrete internal structure of the present Alhambra Theatre, probably the first building in which all the floors were simply flat concrete slabs, made in situ and carried by a wrought-iron skele- ton, and also the Promenade Pier at Trouville, the first purely arched steel structure of the kind which has been built. He has been Engineer in Chief to the Westminster Electric Supply Corporation, Ltd., since its formation in 1890. He has also designed and carried out systems of electric lighting for the Corporations of Glasgow, Aberdeen, Oldham, Belfast, Edin- burgh, Sunderland, Chester, Croydon, Carlisle, York, West Hartlepool, and many other places, in connection in several cases with systems of electric traction. He is Joint Engineer, with Mr. W. R. Galbraith, to the Waterloo and City Eailway, is one of the engineers for the Brompton and Piccadilly Railway, &c. He is an Hon. Life Member and a Past President, 1894-96, of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He is a Member of Council of the Institute of Civil Engineers. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1887. In 1874 he married Elizabeth Veralls, eldest daughter of the late William Smith, LL.D., Edinburgh. Addresses : 1 Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square ; and 17 Victoria Street, S.W. KENNEDY, Captain Alexander William Maxwell Clark, F.R.G.S., F.L.S., was born at Rochester, Sept. 26, 1851, being the eldest son of the late Colonel John Clark Kennedy, C.B., of Knockgray, N.B. He was educated at Eton, where at the age of sixteen he published " The Birds of Berkshire and Buckingham- shire, a Contribution to the Ornithology of the two Counties," 1868, by "an Eton Boy." He entered the Coldstream Guards as Ensign in 1870, became Lieutenant in 1872, and Lieutenant and Captain in 1874, and retired the same year. He is the author of various verses and poems, and of a work of travels, "To the Arctic Regions and Back in Six Weeks," being travels in Lapland and Norway, 1878. He has contributed articles to the Ibis, Zoolo- gist, Land and Water, the Field, and other natural - history periodicals ; and is a fellow of several learned societies. He is a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant for Kirkcudbrightshire, for which county he came forward as Conservative candidate at the general election of 1874, but re- tired. KENNEDY, Gilbert George, Magis- trate of the Metropolitan Police Courts at Greenwich and Woolwich, was born on May 9, 1844, and is the fourth son of the late John Kennedy, of the Diplomatic Service. He was educated at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge, was called to theBarin 1870, and was appointed Recorder of Grantham in 1889, in which year also he was appointed to his present post. He is author, in conjunction with J. S. Sandars, of a work on " The Law of Sewers," and is joint editor of Roscoe's "Criminal Evi- dence." He married, in 1874, a daughter of the late Edward Lyon, of Johnson Hall, Staffs. Address : 6 Linden Gardens, Bays- water, &c. KENNEDY, John Gordon, Minister to Roumania, was born in 1838, and is the eldest son of John Gordon Kennedy, of Naples. He entered the Diplomatic Service in 1857, having been educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He filled minor appointments at Vienna and Washington, and became Second Secretary at Constan- tinople in 1886, where he was Private Secretary to Sir Henry Elliott, whom he accompanied in 1869 when representing her Majesty at the opening of the Suez Canal. In 1878 he was Secretary at Yeddo, and then at St. Petersburg and Rome. He became Minister to Chili in 1888, a post which he exchanged for his present post in August 1897. KENNEDY, Bobert John, C.M.G., D.L., J.P. , Minister to Montenegro, was born in 1851, and is the son of Robert Stewart Kennedy of Cultra. He was edu- cated at Harrow and University College, Oxford, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1870. He has been Secretary of Legation in Russia, Bulgaria, Roumania, and Persia, and was appointed to his present post in 1897. He married Bertha, daughter of the fifth Viscount Bangor, in 1883. Ad- dresses : British Legation, Cettinge ; Cul- tra, co. Down, &c. KENNEDY, The Hon. Sir William Bann, KB., eldest son of the Rev. W. J. Kennedy, Vicar of Barnwood, was born in 1846, and received his education at Eton and at King's College, Cambridge, of which he was subsequently a Fellow, and at Pembroke College in the same University. In 1863 he was Senior Classic. After leaving Cambridge he entered at Lincoln's Inn, was called to the Bar in 1871, and joined the Northern Circuit. He enjoyed a large practice at the Bar, and in 1885 was made a Q.C. He was Private Secre- tary to the President of the Poor Law Board from 1870 to 1871, and a Member of the Bar Committee from 1883 to 1892. In KENNETT-BARRINGTON — KENT 593 the latter year he was appointed a Judge of the High Court (Queen's Bench Divi- sion), and was made a K.B. He unsuc- cessfully contested St. Helen's in the Gladstonian interest at the 1S92 general election. In 1874 he married the daughter of George Richmond, R.A. Addresses : 94 Westbourne Terrace, W. ; and Atbenaaum. KENNETT - BARRINGTON, Sir V. H. See Baeeington, Sie V. H. K. KENNION, The Bight Rev. George Wyndham, D.D., Bishop of Bath and Wells, born in 1845, is the son of George Kennion, M.D., of Harrogate. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford (B.A. 1867 ; M.A. 1871). He was ordained Deacon in 1869 by the Bishop of Tuam, and Priest in the following year by the Archbishop of York. He was Domestic Chaplain to the Bishop of Tuam, 1869-70 ; Curate of Don- caster, 1870-71 ; York Diocesan Inspector of Schools, 1871-73 ; Vicar of St. Paul's, Sculcoates, Kingston-on-Hull, 1873-76 ; and Vicar of All Saints', Bradford, from 1876 until his advancement to the episco- pate. On Nov. 30, 1882, he was conse- crated, in Westminster Abbey, Bishop of Adelaide, in succession to Dr. Short, who had resigned the See, which comprises the whole of South Australia. He was made Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1894, in suc- cession to the late Lord Hervey, and arrived in England in the autumn. He married, in 1882, Henrietta, daughter of Sir Charles Dalrymple Ferguson, Bart. Addresses : The Palace, Wells ; and Athenaeum. KENNY, The Right Hon. William, Q.C., Judge of the High Court of Justice, Ireland, was born in Dublin on Jan. 14, 1846, and is the only son of the late Edward Kenny, solicitor, of Ennis. He was educated privately and at Trinity College, Dublin, of which he is M.A. He was called to the Irish Bar at the King's Inns in 1868, and rose to be the leader of the Irish Chancery Bar (Q.C. 1885 ; Bencher, King's Inns, 1890). After the defeat of the Home Rule Bill of 1886 he laboured to organise Liberal Unionism in Ireland, and for a time was Secretary to the Liberal Union of Ireland. He arranged for the famous visit to Dublin of Lord Hartington and Mr. Goschen in 1887. He was Liberal- Unionist member for St. Stephen's Green from 1892 to 1897. He was Solicitor- General for Ireland from 1895 to 1897. On his appointment to this office he had again to contest his seat, and he thus held a hitherto impregnable Nationalist stronghold at three successive elections. In 1897 he was appointed Judge of the High Court of Justice, Ireland. In 1873 he married Mary, daughter of David Caffey, Master in Chancery. Addresses: 72Chester Place, S.W. ; 35 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin. KENT, William Charles Mark (known as Charles Kent), poet and jour- nalist, was born in London, on Nov. 3, 1823, and was educated at Prior Park and Oscott Colleges. His father, William Kent, R.N., who was born on Dec. 23, 1799, in the Government House at Sydney in Australia, when his great-uncle, Captain (afterwards Admiral) Hunter was Governor of New South Wales, and who, on Aug. 27, 1816, was a midshipman on board the Leander frigate at the battle of Algiers under Viscount Exmouth, was the only son of Captain William Kent, R.N., the discoverer of Kent's Group and the Gulf of St. Vincent, and who died in 1812, while in command, during the great Napoleonic War, of H.M.S. Union, 98 guns, then stationed off Toulon. Mr. Kent's mother, Ellen, was the only daughter of Judge Baggs, of the Court of Vice-Admiralty in Demerara, by a lady of good Irish family. At an early age Mr. Charles Kent adopted literature as a profession. When 19 he had written and published, in three series, more than forty Essays and Stories. When 22 he began, in the Christmas of 1845, his twenty-five years' editorship of the Sun daily newspaper, of which journal, during the last eight years of that quarter of a century, he was both editor and sole proprietor. Beginning with 1874 he was for seven years editor of the Weekly Register. He is the author, among other works, of "The Vision of Cagliostro, a tale of the Five Senses " 1847 ; " Aletheia, or the Doom of Mythology, and other Poems," 1850; "Dreamland, or Poets in their Haunts, and other Poems," 1862 ; "Footprints on the Road," 1864; his "Poems," in a collected edition, 1870; a "Mythological Dictionary" (virginibus puerisque), 1870; "Charles Dickens as a Reader," published simultaneously in London and Philadelphia, 1872 ; "Corona Catholica," in fifty languages, in which work he was translated by the chief lin- guistic scholars of Europe, Asia, and Africa, among them being Professor Paley into Greek, Professor Max-Muller into Sanskrit, Prince Louis Lucien Bona- parte into Basque, Professor Mir Aulad AH into Persian, Professor Dillmann into Ethiopic, Professor Sayce into Assyrian, Professor Noldeke into Syriac, and Pro- fessor Novalevsky into Russian. He has written, besides this, " The Modern Seven Wonders of the World," profusely illus- trated, in 1890. He has also published under various assumed names such entirely different productions as "Catholicity in the .Dark Ages," by an Oscotinn, 1847; 2P 594 KEPPEL — KER "The Derby Ministry," by Mark Rochester, 1858 ; and " The Gladstone Government," by a Templar, 1869. He edited in 1875 " The Centenary Edition of Charles Lamb," which has been frequently reprinted and has had a very wide circulation. Besides this, he edited, in 1879, " The Centenary Edition of Thomas Moore." Prefixed to these two last-mentioned works, he wrote a Memoir, embellished with facsimiles, in which he brought together a mass of entirely new facts, especially in regard to Charles Lamb, from sources until then wholly overlooked by preceding biogra- phers. In a similar way he edited also, in 1874, "The Works of Robert Burns." in 1881, those of " Father Prout," and, in 1888, those of his own personal friend, Leigh Hunt. Under his supervision the miscellaneous works of the first Lord Lytton, including his poems, plays, essays, and minor romances, were added, in 12 volumes, to the Knebworth Edition of his more famous Novels and Romances. In 1879 he presented to the British Museum the "Last Letter of Charles Dickens," and in 1887 the "First Letter of Lord Lytton," both addressed to him- self, and both now permanently displayed there, under glass, in the Manuscript Department. Beyond this, he published, in 1883, "The Wit and Wisdom of Lord Lytton"; and, in 1884, "The Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens." He has contributed largely for years to many of the leading periodicals, such as the Westminster Review, Blackwood's Magazine, Household Words, and All the Year Round; writing besides a great number of memoirs in the " Dictionary of National Biography," the Illustrated Review, and the ninth edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." He was called to the Bar on June 10, 1859, at the Middle Temple, and was awarded in 1887 a Pension from the Crown of £100 a year on the Civil List, in recognition of his contributions to literature as poet and biographer. KEPPEL, Admiral The Hon. Sir Henry, G.C.B., D.C.L., fourth son of the late 4th Earl of Albemarle, and Elizabeth, daughter of the late Lord de Clifford, born June 14, 1809, entered the navy at an early age, was made Lieutenant in 1829, and Commander in 1833. In command of the Childers, 16 guns, he served on the south coast of Spain during the civil war of 1834-35, afterwards on the west coast of Africa, was made Captain in 1837, and commanded the Dido from 1841 till 1845, during which time he was employed in the China war of 1842, and afterwards in the suppression of piracy in the Eastern Archipelago. From November 1847 till Julv 1851 he commanded the Meander, 44 guns, on the China and Pacific stations ; in May 1853 was appointed to the com- mand of the St. Jean d'Acre, 101 guns ; served in the Baltic and in the Black Sea, and having in July 1855 exchanged into the Rodney, 74 guns, obtained command of the Naval Brigade before Sebastopol. After the fall of that stronghold he returned to England, and was appointed to the Colossus. In September 1856 he hoisted his pennant as Commodore on board the Raleigh, 52 guns, and proceeded to China, where his ship was lost by strik- ing on an unknown rock. He commanded a division of boats at the destruction of the Chinese war fleet in the Fatshan Creek, June 1, 1857, for which service he was made a K.C.B., and on attaining flag- rank he returned to England. In 1859 he was made Groom-in-Waiting to the Queen, which office he relinquished in May 1860, on being appointed to the Cape of Good Hope as Naval Commander-in-Chief, from which he was transferred to the Brazilian station. In January 1867 he hoisted his flag on board the Rodney, as Vice-Admiral Commander-in-Chief on the China and Japan station. He returned to England in December 1869, on attaining the rank of full Admiral, and was made D.C.L. of Oxford in 1870. He was created a G.C.B. in 1871, and he became an Admiral of the Fleet in 1877. He retired in 1879. He is a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and Medjidieh of the second class. Sir H. Keppel has written " Expedition to Borneo, with Rajah Brooke's Journal," published in 1847, " Visit to the Indian Archipelago," and "Reminiscences," 1898. He married (2) Jane, daughter of Martin J. West, barrister-at-law. She died in 1895. Ad- dress : 8 Albany, W., &c. KER, William Paton, MA. Oxon., LL.D. (Hon.) Glasgow, son of William Ker, a Glasgow merchant, was born in 1855. He was educated at the Glasgow Academy, at Glasgow University, and at Balliol Col- lege, Oxford, of which latter foundation he was Snell Exhibitioner. At Oxford he also gained the Taylorian Scholarship in 1878, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls' College, in 1879. After assisting for some time the Professor of Humanity in the University of Edinburgh, he was, in 1883, appointed Professor of English Language, Literature, and History in the University College of South Wales at Car- diff. In 1889, on the resignation of Pro- fessor Henry Morley, he became Professor of English Language and Literature in University College, London. He has con- tributed an Essay on the "Philosophy of Art" to "Essays in Philosophical Criti- cism," edited by A. Seth and R. B. Haldane, 1883; and papers to Craik's KERATRY — KERR 595 " English Prose Selections." He is besides the author of " Epic and Romance " ; and "Essays on Mediaeval Literature," 1897. His address is : 95 Gower Street, W.C. KERATRY, I5mlle, Comte de, was born in Paris, March 20, 1832, of an ancient Breton family, his father being Count Auguste Hilarion Keratry, who died in 1859. Having completed his studies at the Lyceums of St. Louis and of Louis-le- Grand, he entered as a volunteer the 1st Regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique, in 1854, went through the Crimean campaign, removed successively to the 1st Regiment of Spahis and of Cuirassiers, and, in 1859, was appointed Sous-Lieutenant in the 5th Regiment of Lancers. In 1861 he ex- changed into the 3rd Regiment of Chas- seurs d'Afrique, in order that he might make the campaign in Mexico ; and in 1864 he was detached as Captain com- manding the second squadron of Colonel Dupin's famous counter-guerilla. In this dangerous service he distinguished him- self by his bravery and decision, and afterwards he was appointed Officer of Ordnance to Marshal Bazaine. The Comte de Keratry was several times mentioned in the "Order of the Day" in Africa and Mexico. In 1865 he was recommended for a Lieutenant's commission, but he sent in his resignation and retired from the ser- vice. At this period he had received the Legion of Honour, and had been decorated with several foreign Orders. On his return to France he devoted himself to literary pursuits, and contributed to the Revue Oontemporaine a remarkable series of articles on the Mexican expedition, in which he severely attacked the Govern- ment and the conduct of Marshal Bazaine. Soon afterwards he became editor of the Revue Moderne, in which periodical he continued his accusation. In 1869 he was returned by the electors of Brest to the Corps Legislatif, when he associated him- self with the new Liberal Tiers-Parti. On the establishment of the Government of the National Defence in September 1870, he was made Prefect of Police ; but in the following month he escaped in a balloon from Paris, then besieged, and proceeded on a diplomatic mission to Madrid, where, soon afterwards, he was succeeded by M. Edmond Adam. On October 22 he was appointed General of Division, command- ing the mobilised forces in Brittany, and recruited a number of old sailors, but shortly afterwards resigned his command. When M. Thiers came to power he was appointed Prefect of the Bouches-du- Rhone, but his severe repression of disorder excited the hostility of the Republican press, and he eventually retired. After several unsuccessful attempts to get into Parliament he retired into private life, and has latterly devoted himself to the question of international copyright. He is the author of "Le Contre-Guerilla," 1867; "La Creance Jecker," 1867; "L'EUSva- tion et la Chute de Maximilien," 1867 ; a work on French events entitled " Le 4 Septembre et le Gouvernement de la Defense Nationale," 1871 ; " Armee de Bretagne, 1870-1," published in 1874; " Mourad V., Prince, Sultan, Prisonnier d'Etat," 1878; and "A travers le passee Souvenirs Militaires," 1887. In 1872 he was promoted to be a Commander of the Legion of Honour. EEBNAHAN, Coulson, son of Dr. James Kernahan, M.A., F.G.S., born at Ilfracombe, Aug. 1, 1858, was educated at St. Albans, and privately by his father. He was for many years literary adviser to Ward, Lock & Co., now to James Bowden. He has contributed to the Nineteenth Cen- tury and the Fortnightly, and most of the principal English and American reviews. His first book, "A Dead Man's Diary," 1890, was published serially in Lippincott's Magazine, of which Mr. Kernahan was at one time Eng- lish editor. Then followed " A Book of Strange Sins," 1893 ; " Sorrow and Song," a volume of literary essays, 1894. His two most widely circulated publications, "God and the Ant," and "The Child, the Wise Man, and the Devil," were issued in 1895 and 1896 respectively. The com- bined sale of these two booklets exceeds 100,000 copies. In 1897 he issued " Cap- tain Shannon," which ran first as a serial in the Windsor Magazine. The stories contained in " A Book of Strange Sins " has been re-issued by the publishers (whose copyright the work is) in separate booklets, some of which, especially " A Literary Gent," have had large circula- tions. Mrs. Coulson Kernahan, the widow of the late Professor Bettany, of Caius College, Cambridge, is the author of several successful volumes : "The House of Rim- mon," "A Laggard in Love," " Trewen- not of Guy's," &c, and is a contributor to Temple Bar, the A rgosy, and other magazines. Mary Kernahan, whose book of "Non- sense Verse " was published by Bowden in 1898, and who is also a contributor to the magazines, is Mr. Coulson Kernahan's sister. Address : Thrums, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. KERR, Robert, architect, Emeritus Professor, King's College, London, was born at Aberdeen, Jan. 17, 1823, and became a pupil of John Smith, city archi- tect of Aberdeen. He was the first Presi- dent of the Architectural Association in 1847, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1857, and was appointed Professor of the Arts of 596 KERR — KILMOEEY Construction at King's College, London, in 1861, retaining that post until his re- tirement in 1890. He is the author of "The English Gentleman's House," 1864, and other works, and amongst other build- ings, has designed and executed Bear- wood, Berkshire, the residence of the late Mr. John Walter, of the Times. He is the consulting architect to various profes- sional papers. Address : 22 Old Burling- ton Street, W. KERR, Robert Malcolm, LL.D., D.L., J.P., Judge of the City of London Court, was born in Scotland in 1821, went to the Scottish Bar in 1843, and was called to the English Bar, at Lincoln's Inn in 1848, and at the Middle Temple in 1860. Mr. Commissioner Kerr is well known for his just administration of the law for the protection of the victims of unscrupulous usurers ; and has edited several valuable legal works. He twice unsuccessfully con- tested Kilmarnock in the Liberal interest. Addresses : 7 Chester Terrace, N.W. ; and Athenaeum. KERSHAW, S. Wayland, M.A., F.S.A., Librarian of the Archbishop's Library, Lambeth, is the youngest son of the late Rev. John Kershaw, M.A., and was born in 1837, and educated at King's College, London, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took his degree. On leaving the University, he engaged in library and journalistic work, and was officially connected with the Royal Institute of British Architects for eleven years. In 1870 he was appointed by Archbishop Tait as Librarian of Lambeth Palace, which position he still holds. He is an Hon. Member of the Guernsey Antiquarian and of the Society des Anti- quaires, Picardy, also one of the first members of the Huguenot Society of London, founded in 1885. He has con- tributed papers on Art and Archaeology to the Art Journal, Architect, &c, as well as to several antiquarian societies, especially on subjects relating to Surrey and Kent. For some time he was joint editor of the late Herbert Fry's "Handbook to London," and has published an illustrated manual on the "Art Treasures of Lambeth Library," 1873, and a work on "Protestants from France in their English Home," also chapters to some of the series of " By- gone " County Histories lately issued by the Hull Press, as well as occasional essays on ecclesiastical matters, in Church and other periodicals. Address : Archbishop's Library, Lambeth Palace. KESTELL-CORNISH, The Right Rev. Robert Kestell, D.D., late Bishop of Madagascar, only surviving son of the Rev. George James Cornish, of Salcombe Hill, Sidmouth, Devon, Prebendary of Exeter, was born in 1824, and educated at Winchester School, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford (B.A. 1846; M.A. 1849; D.D. 1874). He was vicar of Coleridge, Devon, 1856-61 ; of Revelstoke in the same county, 1861-66 ; and Rector of Landkey, Barnstaple, from 1866 till 1874, when he was appointed the first Bishop of Mada- gascar, retiring in 1896. In 1897 he became Rector of Down St. Mary, Bow, North Devon. In 1871 he assumed the additional name of Kestell, as the sole surviving representative of the ancient family of Kestell of Kestell, Cornwall. Address: Rectory, Down St. Mary, Bow, N. Devon. KIDD, Benjamin, was born in 1858, and entered the Civil Service (Inland Revenue Department, Somerset House) by open competition in 1877. He has been engaged for many years in the study of practical biology. He was Hon. Secre- tary from 1882 to 1886 to the Committee of the Second Division of the Civil Service, the work of which was one of the prin- cipal causes leading to the appointment of the Ridley Commission, and ultimately to the reorganisation of the Home Civil Service. He has contributed, from 1884 onwards, many articles to reviews and periodicals mainly on subjects scientific (biological), helping with others in Eng- land to direct attention to the importance of the theories being enunciated in Ger- many by Professor August Weismann, whom he visited at Freiburg in 1890. He published, in 1894, "Social Evolution," upon which he had been at work for a period of ten years. The book immediately attracted wide attention in England, and later in foreign countries ; in England and America it has gone through a large number of reprints and editions, the nine- teenth English edition being issued by Messrs. Macmillan in February 1898. It was soon translated into German (with in- troduction by Professor Weismann) ; Swed- ish (introduction by Professor Rydberg; Russian (introduction by Mikhailovsky) ; French and Italian. Mr. Kidd resigned his appointment in the Inland Revenue Department in 1897, and is now engaged in the further development of the system of social philosophy outlined in " Social Evolu- tion." Address : c/o Messrs. Macmillan, St. Martin's Street, London, W.C. KILL ALOE, Bishop of. See Aech- dall, This Right Rev. Mbrvyn. . KILMOREY, Earl of, Charles Fran- cis Needham, K.P., D.L., J.P., was born on Aug. 2, 1842, is the eldest son of the late KIMBEKLEY — KING 597 ViscountNewry andMourne, and succeeded his grandfather, the 2nd Earl, in 1880. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated B.A., 1864; M.A., 1867. As Viscount Newry he sat for Newry in the House of Commons from 1871 to 1874. In 1881 he became a representative peer for Ireland, K.P. in 1890. He was appointed, in 1895, Hon. Colonel of the Shropshire Yeomanry Cavalry, and in 1871 was High Sheriff of Down. He married, in 1881, Ellen Con- stance, daughter of Edward H. Baldock, Esq., M.P. Addresses : 5 Aldford Street, Park Lane, W. ; and Mourne Park, Kilkeel, co. Down. KIMBEKLEY, Earl of, The Right Hon. John Wodehouse, K.G., D.C.L., Bart., born Jan. 7, 1826, was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1847, taking a first-class in classical honours. He is the eldest son of the Hon. Henry Wode- house and his wife, daughter of Theophilus Thornhagh Gurdon, Letton, Norfolk, and succeeded his grandfather as 3rd Baron Wodehouse, May 29, 1846, and was raised to the earldom of Kimberley, June 1, 1866. In December 1852 he accepted the post of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, which he held under Lords Aber- deen and Palmerston until 1856, when he was appointed Envoy at St. Petersburg. He returned from Russia in 1858, and resumed his post as Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs in Lord Palmerston's second administration, June 19, 1859, retiring Aug. 14, 1861. In 1863 he was sent on a special mission to the north of Europe, with the view of obtaining some settle- ment of the Schleswig-Holstein question ; and in 1864 he was appointed Under- Secretary for India. In October of the same year he succeeded the late Earl of Carlisle in the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland, resigning that post on the fall of Lord Russell's second administration, in July 1866. He held the office of Lord Privy Seal in Mr. Gladstone's administra- tion from December 1868 to July 1870, and that of Secretary of State for the Colonies from the latter date until the retirement of Mr. Gladstone in February 1874. In February 1878 he was nomi- nated Chairman of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the working of the Penal Servitude Acts. He was reap- pointed Secretary of State for the Colonies on Mr. Gladstone's return to power in May 1880; and in June 1882 he was also appointed to hold provisionally the seals of the office of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, resigned by Mr. Bright. On December 16, 1882, he received from the Queen the seals of the office of Secretary of State for India, which he held till June 1885, and to which he was reappointed on the formation of Mr. Gladstone's third Government in February 1886. In August 1892, on the formation of Mr. Gladstone's fourth Government, he again received the seals of the Secretary of State for India, and was at the same time appointed Lord President of the Council. These offices he held until March 1894, when, on Lord Rosebery becoming Premier, he received the seals of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and resigned that post on the fall of that administration in June 1895. In 1885 he was made a Knight of the Garter. He is a member of the Senate of the University of London, and was President of University College, London, resigning in 1887. In March 1899 he was appointed Chancellor of the University of London, to succeed the late Lord Herschell. He married Florence, eldest daughter of the 3rd Earl of Clare, in 1847. She died in 1895. Addresses : Kimberley House, Wymondham, Norfolk ; 35 Lowndes Square, S.W. ; and Athenasum. KINCAIRNBT, Lord, William Ellis Gloag\ Senator of the College of Justice, Edinburgh, was born in Perth on Feb. 7, 1828, and is the son of William Gloag, of Greenhill, banker. He was edu- cated at Perth Grammar School, and at Edinburgh University, became an advocate in 1853, and has been Sheriff of Stirling- shire and of Perthshire. Address : 6 Heriot Row, Edinburgh, &c. KING, The Bight Rev. Edward, D.D., Bishop of Lincoln, was born in the year 1829, and is the son of the late Arch- deacon King, of Rochester. He was edu- cated at Oriel College, Oxford (B.A. 1851 ; M.A. 1855). He was ordained deacon in 1854, and priest 1855, by the Bishop of Oxford, and became curate of Wheatley. In 1858 he was appointed Chaplain and Assistant-Lecturer of Cuddesdon College, and from 1863 to 1873 he was Principal of the College. In 1873 he became Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, and Regius Pro- fessor of Pastoral Theology, in which position he exercised a wide influence throughout the University. On the death of Dr. Christopher Wordsworth in 1885, Dr. King was appointed to the Bishopric of Lincoln, and was consecrated in Lin- coln Cathedral. Dr. King is a High Churchman, and at Lincoln carried ritual- istic practices to such a point that he was citedbefore the Archbishop of Canterbury for nonconformity to the Rubric ; the result being that he promised to obey the Archbishop's injunctions, and abstain from certain forms which gave offence. He has published ' ' Meditations on the Last 598 KING — KINGSLEY Seven Words," &c. Address : Old Palace, Lincoln. KING, Lieut. -Col. Sir George, LL. D., F.R.S.,K CLE., superintendent of theRoyal Botanic Gardens at Calcutta, was born in Scotland, April 12, 1820, and was educated at Aberdeen University. In 1866 he be- came a Surgeon at the Hospital of Calcutta, and in 1 871 was appointed Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens, Professor in Botany at the Calcutta Medical College, and Superintendent of the Government cinchona plantations at Darjeeling. In 1891 he became, in addition, Director of the Botanical Survey of India. He is the author of " Manual of Cinchona Cultiva- tion in India," and other botanical works, and he is the editor of the "Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens of Calcutta." He was made a CLE. in 1890, and promoted to knighthood in the same Order in 1898. Address : Geebpore, Calcutta. KING, Yeend, B.I., was born in Lon- don on Aug. 21, 1855, and is the only son of Henry King. He was educated at the Temple Choir School and the Philological School, and then became apprentice to Messrs. O'Connor, the glass painters. He stayed here three years, and then began to study painting under William Bromley, E.B.A., and afterwards under the great French painters Bonnat and Corinon. He is well known as a painter of landscape with figure, and has exhibited constantly for some twenty years in the Royal Academy. Among his well-known pictures of earlier date should be mentioned " Green and Gold," which was bought for Liverpool, " The Lass that Loves a Sailor," "The Miller's Daughter," and "Sweet September." In 1895 his landscapes were "Sleeping Waters" and "On the Ouse" ; in 1896, "At Sunset" and "Hay in Sep- tember," purchased for New South Wales by the R.A. ; in 1897, " The Garden by the River" and "The Windmill"; and in 1898, "Blackmore Vale" and "Milking Time." He is Hon. Treasurer of the R. Inst., and has obtained medals at Paris, Berlin, and Chicago. Address : 103 Finch- ley Road, N.W. KING-HARMAN, Charles An- thony, C.M.G., M.A. Cantab., Adminis- trator and Colonial Secretary of St. Lucia, is the fifth son of the Hon. Lawrence King-Harman, of Roscommon, and was born in 1851. He was educated at Chel- tenham and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his degree in 1872. He be- came Private Secretary to the Governor of the Bahamas in 1874, and to the High Commissioner of Cyprus in 1879, where he also acted as Assistant Commissioner. In 1883 he became Auditor-General of Bar- badoes, and ten years later Colonial Secre- tary of Mauritius, where he often took the place of the Governor. He obtained his present post in 1897. He married in 1888, Constance, daughter of General Sir R. Bid- dulph, G.C.M.G. Address: Government House, St. Lucia. KINGSBTJBGH, Lord. See Mac- donald, The Right Hon. John Hat Atholb. KINGSFORD, "William, Canadian historian, was born in London Jn 1819, and entering the army came to Canada with the 1st Dragoon Guards. He left that regiment in 1841, and entered the City Surveyor's Office at Montreal, becom- ing later Deputy City Surveyor. He resigned that position in 1844 to become co-editor of the Montreal Times. In 1846 the Times ceased to exist, and he entered the Department of Public Works, survey- ing the Lachine Canal. He aided in the construction of the Hudson River Railway, the Panama Railway, and on returning to Canada was appointed Surveyor of the Grand Trunk Railway. In 1860 he re- turned to England, and did not revisit Canada until 1866, when he became Engi- neer of Harbours, and Surveyor of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1880. On retir- ing from this work he turned to literature, and in 1887 produced the first volume of his " History of Canada from the Earliest Times until the Union of Upper and Lower Canadas in 1841." This great work was finished in 1897 in ten volumes, and has earned the encomium of every writer. He was made an honorary LL.D. of Queen's and Dalhousie Universities, and he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Address : 310 Chapel Street, Ottawa. KINGSLEY, Mary H., explorer, is a daughter of Dr. G. H. Kingsley, brother of the late Canon Kingsley. In 1893 she went out to St. Paul de Loanda to study botany and zoology, and after collecting many specimens visited Cabenda, where the Portuguese authorities gave her great assistance. She travelled through regions hitherto untraversed by Europeans, and had a long struggle with the difficulties encountered in swamps and dense bush, but the results of her adventurous expedi- tion were most satisfactory. In November 1896 she returned to Africa, visited Old Calabar and the rivers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, and collected some rare specimens of plants, &c, which may eventually form articles of export. After- wards she travelled, and had more than one hairbreadth escape in the elephant KINGSTON — KIPLING 599 and gorilla countries. She was once nearly drowned in her desire to view the rapids above N'Ojole near Talaguga. She returned to her friends at the French Protestant Mission of Talaguga, then visited Lambarene, afterwards made a courageous journey across country to Ogongou, on the Rembwe River, where no white man had ever set foot, and then came to Gaboon. In Dr. Nassau's boat, the Lafayette, she next made a thorough exploration of the island of Corisco, obtaining rare specimens. Thence she visited the Cameroons, the branches of the Old Calabar River, &c. Miss Kingsley doubtless derives her passion for travel and natural - history studies from her father, long familiar to the scientific society of Cambridge. She has published the results of her journeys in two books, "Travels in West Africa," 1896, and " West African Studies," 1898, the latter a very important contribution to our knowledge of the Crown Colonies on the Gold Coast. KINGSTON, The Bight Hon. Charles Cameron, Q.C., LL.D., D.C.L., Prime Minister of South Australia, was born at Adelaide, Oct. 22, 1850, and is the younger son of the late Sir George Strick- land Kingston, one of the pioneers who came to the province with Colonel Light in the Cygnet in 1836 before the foundation of the colony. He was educated at Ade- laide Educational Institution, and was then articled to Mr. S. J. Way, now Chief- Justice of South Australia. He was called to the Bar in 1873, and became a Q.C. in 1889. In 1881 he entered political life, and was returned for West Adelaide, which district he has represented ever since. Having been three times Attorney-General, he formed a government in 1893. Among the measures passed during his premier- ship have been the extension of the fran- chise to women, the establishment of the State Bank of South Australia, factory legislation, and progressive income taxa- tion. Address : West Adelaide, South Australia. KINNE AR, Lord, Alexander Smith Kinnear, Scotch Lord of Session, was born in Edinburgh on Nov. 3, 1833, and is the son of John Kinnear, and Mary, daughter of Alexander Smith, an Edin- burgh banker. He was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and was called to the Bar in Edinburgh in 1856. He was appointed a Q.C. in 1881, and in 1882 was raised to the Bench. In 1881 he was Dean of the Faculty of Advo- cates, and in 1897 was created first Baron Kinnear. Address : 2 Moray Place, Edin- burgh. KINTOBE, Earl of, The Bight Hon. Algernon Keith - Falconer, G.C.M.G., F.R.S.E., was born in Edin- burgh on Aug. 12, 1852, and was edu- cated at Eton and Trinity College, Cam- bridge (M.A., LL.D.). He succeeded his father, the 8th earl, in 1880. He was ap- pointed First Government Whip in the House of Lords in 1885; was Lord-in- Waiting in 1885-86, and has served in that position since 1895 ; was Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard from 1886 to 1889, when he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of South Aus- tralia, a position he held until 1895. He is an hon. Colonel of Militia. He married in 1873 Lady Sydney Charlotte Montagu, daughter of the 6th Duke of Manchester. Addresses : 13 Lower Berkeley Street, Portman Square ; and Keith Hall, Inver- urie, &c. KIPLING, Budyard, who has been described as the "Tyrtasus of the con- quering Saxon," was born in Bombay, Dec. 30, 1865, and is the son of John Lock- wood Kipling, CLE., late Head of the Lahore School of Art, author of " Beast and Man in India," 1891. He was educated at the United Services College, Westward Ho, North Devon ; returned to India in 1882 as sub-editor of the Lahore Civil and Military Gazette, and was special corre- spondent for that paper and for the Pioneer of Allahabad, on the frontier, at Rajputana and elsewhere. He published, in India, " Departmental Ditties," and " Plain Tales from the Hills," followed by six small books of military, native, and social life in India, of which " Soldiers Three " deserves special mention. He left India in 1889, and travelled in China, Japan, and America, and thence to England. He has written the following books in recent years : A one-volume novel, "The Light that Failed," published in 1891 ; "Life's Handicap," a collection of tales, mostly Oriental, in the same year ; " Ballads and Barrack- room Ballads," 1892 ; " Many Inventions," "The Jungle Book," 1894; "The Second Jungle Book," 1895; "The Seven Seas," 1896; "Soldier Stories," 1896; "Captains Courageous," 1897; "The Day's Work," 1898. He has also published stories and poems in the Pall Mall Gazette, and poems in the Daily Chronicle and Times. These journalistic poems may be said to mark an epoch in modern English literature. They have appeared, backed by the immense advertising power of the London journals in which they have been printed, and have at once become household words. We need only mention "The Flowers," "Our Lady of the Snows," and "Recessional." The last-mentioned appeared in the Times, and was the chosen poem of the Jubilee 600 KIPPING — KIRKPATRICK celebrations in June 1897. It was a some- what Hebraic warning to the Anglo-Saxon race, only too prone to worship merely material aggrandisement, and, as such, it compares curiously with Mr. George Mere- dith's sonnet on Empire, which appeared at about the same time. Despite criticism, the belief is growing that Mr. Kipling is one of the few brilliant men of genius who carry on the tradition of English letters in the times that have succeeded the deaths of Tennyson and Browning. What- ever may be thought in 1950 of " The Gadsbys," there can be no doubt that the twentieth century will admire this author's masterly pictures of the ancient life of those whom the Anglo-Saxon is tending to obliterate. His tales, "Without Benefit of Clergy," " Beyond the Pale, " "Mohamed Din," and many others dealing with Hindoo life, will place him among the immortals of another century, when many of his more English stories will have been forgotten. In the spring of 1899 Mr. Kipling passed through a very dangerous attack of pneumonia, contracted by him while staying in a New York hotel. He was devotedly nursed by Mrs. Kipling, and his recovery was marked by the en- thusiastic rejoicings of Americans and English. KIPPING, Professor Frederic Stanley, F.R.S., was born in 1863, at Manchester, and is the eldest son of James Stanley Kipping. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School, at Owens College, and at Munich University, of which he is Ph.D. He is also D.Sc. of London. After completing his chemical studies in Germany, he for some years assisted Professor Perkin in Edinburgh. He has been Lecturer in the Chemical Department of the Central Technical Col- lege, and was appointed Professor of Chemistry at University College, Notting- ham, in 1897, in which year he was also elected P.R.S. In conjunction with Prof. Perkin he has written a work on " Organic Chemistry," and has published many papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society, chiefly on Bromocamphoric Acids, &c. He is married to a daughter of W. T. Hol- land, J. P., of Bridgwater. Address : The College, Nottingham. KIRK, Sir John, M.D., G.O.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., LL.D. (Honorary) Edin- burgh, Sc.D. Cambridge, was born at Barry, near Arbroath, Forfarshire, on Dec. 19, 1836, and is the second son of the Rev. John Kirk, Arbirlot, Forfarshire. He graduated M.D. in the University of Edin- burgh in 1854, and early distinguished himself in botany and other departments of natural history. He served on the Civil Medical Staff during the Crimean War, and subsequently, for five years, February 1858 to July 1864, as Chief Officer and Naturalist to the late Dr. Livingstone's second exploring expedition, sent out by the British Government. In 1866 he was Vice-Consul and Assistant Political Agent at Zanzibar. In 1873 he was appointed her Majesty's Consul-General, and in 1880 her Majesty's Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar. He accompanied the Sultan of Zanzibar in his visit to England in 1875, having previously, by his great influence with that potentate, induced him to enter into a treaty for the abolition of the slave- trade in his dominions. By his own exer- tions, and the aid he has afforded to other explorers, Dr. Kirk has materially assisted the progress of geographical discovery in East Africa, for which he received the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London ; but his great achieve- ment is the almost complete suppression of the slave-trade in the greater part of Eastern Africa. In 1875 he was appointed Consul in the Comoro Islands, in addition to his other duties. In 1889 and 1890 he was her Majesty's Plenipotentiary at the Slave-Trade Conference at Brussels ; H.M. Commissioner on the Niger in 1895 ; and became Vice-Chairman Uganda Railway, 1896. He was made a C.M.G. in August 1879 ; K.C.M.G. in September 1881 ; G.C.M.G., Feb. 16, 1886; and a K.C.B. in 1890. He married Helen Cooke in 1867. Addresses : Wavertree, Sevenoaks ; and Athenaeum. KIRKPATRICK, Professor the Rev. Alexander Francis, D.D., is the son of the late Rev. F. Kirkpatrick, who was descended from a younger branch of the family of the Kirkpatricks of Close- burn in Scotland, and was born at Lewes on June 25, 1849. He received his educa- tion at Haileybury College, under the Rev. A. G. Butler, and at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, where he obtained a Minor Scholarship in 1867, and a Foundation Scholarship in the following year. He was elected Bell Scholar and Porson Scholar in 1868, and Craven Scholar in 1870 ; and graduated B.A. in 1871, as second in the first-class of the Classical Tripos. In the same year he was elected to a Fellowship at Trinity College. He was placed in the first class of the Theo- logical Examination in 1872, obtaining the Evans Prize, and being equal for the Scholefield and Hebrew Prizes, and in 1874 was elected Tyrwhitt Hebrew Scholar. He was ordained deacon in 1874, and priest in 1875, by the Bishop of Ely. He held the office of Assistant-Tutor of his College from 1871 to 1882 ; served as Junior Proctor and Examiner for the KITCHENEK 601 Classical and Theological Triposes ; was Whitehall Preacher, 1878-80, and Lady Margaret's Preacher, 1882 and 1893 ; and has also been University Preacher upon other occasions. In 1882 he succeeded Prof. Jarrett as Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University of Cambridge, an office to which a Canonry in Ely Cathedral is attached, and in 1898 was appointed to the Mastership of Selwyn College. He has been a member of the Council of the Senate of the University, and is on various Boards and Syndicates. He was Examin- ing Chaplain to the Bishop of Winchester (Harold Browne) from 1878 to 1890, and was Warburtonian Lecturer at Lincoln's Inn, 1886-90. Since 1891 he has been Examining Chaplain to Bishop Randall Davidson, in the Diocese of Rochester (1890-95) and Winchester. Prof. Kirk- patrick has written commentaries on the First and Second Books of Samuel and the Book of Psalms in " The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges," and is the general editor of the Old Testament in that series. He has contributed to the Church Quarterly Review and the Expositor. He has also published "The Divine Library of the Old Testament," 1891, and " The Doctrine of the Prophets," 1892, being the Warburtonian Lectures for 1886-90. He married, in 1884, Mary, eldest daughter of the Rev. J. Pemberton Bartlett. Ad- dresses : Selwyn College Lodge, Cam- bridge ; and The College, Ely. KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM, Lord, Major - General Sir Horatio Herbert, R.E., G.C.B., K.C.M.G., Sirdar of the Egyptian army, and Pacha, eldest son of the late Lieut.-Colonel H. H. Kit- chener of the 13th Dragoons, was born in June 1850, and educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He entered the army as a Lieutenant of Royal Engi- neers in January 1871, and was promoted Captain in January 1883, Major in October 1884, and Colonel in April 1888. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 he saw some service on the French side as a volunteer. The eight years between 1874 and 1882 were spent in civil employment. In 1874 he joined the survey of Western Palestine under Major Conder, but after the attack on the party at Safed, in 1875, he returned to England, and for two years was engaged in laying down the Palestine Exploration Fund's map. Returning to the Holy Land in 1877, he executed the whole of the sur- vey of Galilee. In 1878 he was sent to Cyprus to organise the Courts. He was next appointed Vice-Consul at Erzeroum. Subsequently he returned to Cyprus and made a survey of the entire island. In 1882, hearing that an Egyptian army was being organised by Sir Evelyn Wood, he volunteered for the service, and was ap- pointed one of the two Majors of the cavalry. Major Kitchener soon acquired a knowledge of the Egyptian character, so that he was often entrusted with missions of some delicacy, which were always car- ried out in a most satisfactory manner. In June 1884 he was appointed Deputy- Assistant Adjutant-General of the Intelli- gence Department under Sir Chas. Wilson, and took part in the Nile Expedition. He also drew up a scheme for the relief of Khartoum and the rescue of Gordon. It was to have been effected by a small brigade of infantry, led with confidence and moved with celerity, but the plan was overruled. For his services he was several times mentioned in despatches, and was promoted Brevet Lieut.-Colonel. In August 1886 he succeeded General Watson as Governor of the Red Sea Territories, and the judicious advice he then gave the Arabs enabled them to overthrow Osman Digna at Tamai with great slaughter. Subsequently he succeeded Colonel Cherm- side as Governor-General of the Red Sea Littoral, and Commandant at Suakin. At the action of Handoub he commanded the Egyptian troops, and was severely wounded. In May 1888 he left for Eng"- land, being succeeded at Suakin by Lieut.- Colonel Holled Smith. Upon his arrival he was nominated Aide-de-Camp to theQueen, which appointment carries with it the rank of Colonel ; he was also awarded the Medjidie of the second class. Towards the end of the year Colonel Kitchener again left for Egypt, and was appointed to com- mand a Brigade of the Egyptian army in the Soudan. He was present at the action of Gamaizah, and was mentioned in de- spatches. At the battle of Toski, in August 1889, he was in command of the mounted troops. He was again mentioned in despatches, and received a C.B. In 1892 he succeeded Sir Francis Grenfell as Sirdar of the Egyptian army, with the local rank of Kerik or Lieut.-General. Colonel Kitchener had been, since 1888, Adjutant-General and second in command of the army, and also Inspector-General of Police at Cairo. His next achievement was the re-capture of Dongola. In the summer of 1896 an expeditionary force, composed of English and Egyptian troops, advanced into the Soudan with the object of re- taking from the Dervishes the lost pro- vince of Dongola, and after several successful engagements the whole pro- vince was subdued. Sir Herbert Kitchener was promoted Major-General and created a K.C.B. for distinguished service in the field. The Khedive also conferred upon him the Medjidie of the first class, and the Osmanieh of the second class. The vic- tory enabled him to extend a railway to 602 KITCHIN — KITSON Berber, and was the first decisive blow struck at the power of the Mahdi. The brilliancy of the action, however, was eclipsed by the crushing defeat inflicted at the battle of Atbara on Good Friday of 1898. A force of Dervishes, numbering about 20,000 men, under the command of the Emir Mahmoud and Osman Digna, were strongly entrenched in a zareba at Atbara, but in spite of the strength of their position the Anglo-Egyptian army utterly routed the Dervishes, who fled, leaving over 3000 dead and nearly 4000 prisoners. Sir Herbert Kitchener, who had been under fire throughout the fight, received congratulatory telegrams from the Queen and the House of Commons, and most of the crowned heads of Europe. The climax of the Soudan campaign of 1898 was reached at the battle of Omdur- man and the capture of Khartoum on September 2nd, when the army of the Khalifa was annihilated. Among the results of the brilliant victory were the extinction of Mahdism, and the submis- sion of the whole of the country formerly under Egyptian authority. The Sirdar, upon arriving at Fashoda, found a French force entrenched, but he claimed the terri- tory for England and Egypt, and left the settlement of the affair to diplomacy. On October 21st he was raised to the peerage as Lord Kitchener of Khartoum and of Aspall in Suffolk, and was promoted to a G.C.B. He arrived in England in Nov- ember, and met with a most enthusiastic reception. The Lord Mayor entertained him at the Mansion House, and presented him with the freedom of the city and a sword of honour. At the same time he asked the public to raise a fund of £100,000 for the founding and endowment of a college to be built at Khartoum as a memo- rial of Gordon, for the education and training of Egyptians and Soudanese. The scheme met with universal approval, and when he returned to Egypt he took with him the whole of the sum required for the purpose. The foundation-stone of the Gordon College was laid by Lord Cromer in the presence of a large number of Sheiks and other notables. In Decem- ber Lord Kitchener was appointed Gover- nor-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Soudan. Address : Cairo. KITCHIN, The Very Rev. George "William, D.D., F.S.A., Dean of Durham, and Warden of the University of Durham, was born Dec. 7, 1827, at Naughton Par- sonage, Suffolk, being the son of the Rev. I. Kitchin, Rector of St. Stephen's, Ips- wich, by his wife, a daughter of Rev. W. Bardgett, Rector of Melmerby, Cumber- land. He was educated at Ipswich Grammar School, King's College, London, and Christ Church, Oxford, Student of Christ Church, 1846 (B.A., double first- class, 1850 ; M.A., 1853 ; D.D., 1883). He was appointed Tutor of Christ Church in 1853 ; Head-Master of Twyford School in 1855 ; Censor and Tutor of Christ Church in 1861 ; Proctor of the University in 1863 ; Tutor to H.R.H. the Crown Prince of Denmark in 1863 ; Censor of Non-colle- giate Students, 1868-83 ; History Lecturer at Christ Church, and History Tutor at Christ Church in 1882; Dean of Win- chester in 1883, in succession to Dean Bramston, who retired, and Dean of Dur- ham in 1894. He was Select Preacher at Oxford in 1863 and 1864 ; and Whitehall Preacher in 1866 and 1867. He was a Member of the Hebdomadal Council of the University of Oxford, 1879-83 ; Governor of Ipswich and Portsmouth Endowed Schools ; also Chairman of the Cheltenham Ladies' College ; and was formerly Exa- mining Chaplain to Dr. Jacobson, Bishop of Chester. His works include editions of Bacon's " Novum Organum," 2 vols., 1855; Bacon's "Advancement of Learning" and "Twyford Prayers," 1860; Spenser's " Faery Queene," i., ii., 1867, 1869 ; " Cata- logue of MSS. in Christ Church Library," 1867 ; translations of " Brachet's French Grammar," 1869 ; and of the same author's "French Dictionary," 1873. Dr. Kitchin is the translator of part of Ranke's " Eng- lische Geschichte," and author of a " His- tory of France," 3 vols. (Clarendon Press), 1873, &c. ; " Life of Pope Pius II.," for the Arundel Society, 1881; and of "Win- chester," 1890, for Messrs. Longman's series of Historic Towns. He has also edited " Winchester Cathedral Records, No. I.," being a Consuetudinary of the Refectory of St. Swithin's Priory, 1886, and No. II., being the " Charter of Edward III. for the St. Giles' Fair, Winchester," 1886 ; also 3 vols, of the publications of the Hampshire Record Society, "Docu- ments relating to the Foundation of the Chapter of Winchester, A.D. 1541-47," 1889 ; ' ' Rolls of the Obedientiaries of St. Swithin's Monastery," 1893 ; and " The Manor of Manydown," 1895 ; also "Edward Harold Browne, D.D., Bishop of Winchester," a Memoir, pub- lished by Messrs. Murray, 1895. He married, in 1863, Alice Maud, daughter of Bridges Taylor, Elsinore, Denmark. Addresses : The Deanery, Durham ; and Athenajum. KITSON, Sir James, Bart., M.P., was born at Leeds on Sept. 22, 1835, and is the second son of the late James Kitson, of Elmet Hall, Leeds. He was educated at University College, London, and is a very wealthy and well-known iron and steel manufacturer. In one of his two huge KITTO — KLEIN 603 workshops engines only are manufactured, which are famous at home and abroad. He is Chairman of the Yorkshire Banking Company, Director of the North-Eastern Railway Company ; was from 1888 to 1890 President of the Iron and Steel Institute ; has been President of the Leeds Chamber of Commerce, and was Lord Mayor of Leeds from 1896 to 1897. In 1892 he was returned to Parliament for the Colne Valley Division of Yorks., which he repre- sents in the Liberal interest. He is J.P. for the West Riding and Leeds, and was created a baronet in 1886. He married (2), in 1881, Mary, daughter of E. Fisher Smith. Addresses: 105 Pall Mall, S.W.; and Gledhow Hall, Leeds. KITTO, John Fenwick, M.A., was born Dec. 31, 1837, in Islington, and is the eldest son of John Kitto, D.D., F.S.A., the well-known author on biblical subjects, who died in 1854, and whose eminence is the more remarkable from the fact that he had become totally deaf whilst he was a boy. Mr. Kitto was educated at the North London Collegiate School in Camden Town, where his father was then living, and in 1856 proceeded to St. Alban Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in June 1860, having been placed in the second class in Mathematics by the moderators, as well as in the final schools. He took the M.A. degree in 1870. In the year 1862 he was ordained by Bishop Tait to the Curacy of St. Pancras, then under the care of the Rev. Canon Champreys, who afterwards became Dean of Lichfield. Whilst he was still a Curate of St. Pan- cras, he was invited to join the Committee of the Church of England Sunday-School Institute, being the first clergyman who had occupied that position. He is still a Member of the Committee, although he resigned the office of Chairman after he had held it for twenty-one years. In 1866 he was invited by the Bishop of London to take charge of the new parish of St. Matthias, Poplar, of which the chapel be- longing to the East India Company was to be the Parish Church, and the chaplain's home the new Vicarage. The distress which followed the outbreak of cholera, and the collapse of Messrs. Overend and Gurney, affected the whole of the East End, and Mr. Kitto was at once actively engaged in means of relief. He assisted in starting the East End Emigration Fund as a means of relief, and thousands were by this means enabled to seek a brighter prospect in Canada. He acted for some years as Hon. Secretary to the Poplar Hospital for Accidents, and started a con- valescent home for the East End poor, which is still maintained at Reigate. After nine years at Poplar, he was pre- sented by Bishop Jackson, in 1875, to the important rectory of Whitechapel. At the time of his entrance on this work, it had been determined to rebuild the Parish Church in consequence of a munificent offer from Mr. Octavius Coope, who had been born in Whitechapel, and had been asked to contribute to its repair. He arranged that as part of this church an open-air pulpit should be erected at the corner of the tower as a memorial to Dean Champreys, who had been for many years Rector of Whitechapel. This pulpit, which is in constant use for services and meet- ings, is, we believe, the first open-air pulpit erected in England since the Re- formation. The church, which was opened and consecrated in February 1877, was burned down in August 1880, after Mr. Kitto had accepted the Rectory of Step- ney, the mother parish of the whole of East London, to which he had been ap- pointed by Bishop Walsham How. He re- mained at Whitechapel long enough to make arrangements for the rebuilding of the church, and to secure better acoustical properties. At Stepney he remained until 1886, when he was appointed by Bishop Temple to the living of St. Martin in the Fields. Whilst at Stepney he was ap- pointed Select Preacher to the University of Cambridge, and after coming to St. Martin's, he became, in 1889, Chaplain to the Queen. In 1896 he was made by Bishop Temple a Prebendary of St. Paul's. In each parish which he has held there has fallen upon him the duty of restoring or repairing, or rebuilding the Parish Church ; in each parish he has had the gratification of throwing open the church- yard for the use of the public ; and in each parish he has been closely associated with hospital work — the Poplar Hospital for accidents, the London Hospital, and Charing Cross Hospital. He has been a Member of the Hospital Sunday Fund from its formation. He married Eliza- beth, daughter of Adam Symon, of Dundee. Address : St. Martin's Vicarage, St. Mar- tin's Place, W.C. KLEIN, Edward E., M.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, was born in 1849. He is one of our chief authorities on bacteriology, and his advice has been much sought by the Local Government Board. His chief works are : " The Ana- tomy of the Lymphatic System," 1873 ; " Researches into the Smallpox of Sheep," 1875 ; " Atlas of Histology, " 1880 ; " Micro- organisms and Disease," 1884 (4th edition, 1896); " Bacteria in Asiatic Cholera," 1889 ; and " Etiology of Grouse Disease," 1892. Address : 19 Earl's Court Square, S.W. 604 KNAUS — KNIGHTON KNATJS, Ludwig, Hon. R.A., a cele- brated German genre-painter, was born at Wiesbaden, Oct. 10, 1829, and entered the Academy at Diisseldorf, where he studied under Sohn and Schadow. He then went to Paris, and, with a break of one year in Italy, lived there for eight years, perfect- ing himself in the technical part of his art by close study of modern French masters. His first important pictures were " The Golden Wedding," 1858, and "The Chris- tening," 1859. In the following year he returned to Wiesbaden, but in 1861 went to Berlin, in 1866 to Diisseldorf, whence in 1874 he once more returned to Berlin, in order to fill an important post in the Aca- demy. Besides the above-named works may be mentioned " Funeral in a Hesse Village," 1871 ; "His Excellency Travel- ling," " The Village Musician," and " The Inn," 1876 ; "The Refractory Model," 1877; " Solomon's Wisdom," 1878 ; and " A Peep Behind the Scenes," 1880. He was pro- moted to be an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1867. KNIGHT, Francis Arnold, field naturalist and writer on country life, was born in 1852 at Gloucester, and now re- sides at Weston-super-Mare, in Somerset- shire, where he has a school. Since 1888 Mr. Knight has been a regular contributor, mainly on Natural History subjects, to the leader columns of the Daily News, and he has also written for the Contemporary Re- view, the Speaker, the Spectator, the Globe, and various provincial journals. He has published several volumes of essays, chiefly on Natural History and Country Life, en- titled, "By Leafy Ways," " Idylls of the Field," " Rambles of a Dominie," and " By Moorland and Sea," which appeared in the autumn of 1893, and was illustrated by himself. In 1896 he published an illus- trated work, " In a West Country." His literary style suggests that of the late Richard Jefferies. KNIGHT, Joseph, R.I., R.P.E., &c, only son of Joseph Knight, was born in Manchester on Feb. 27, 1838, was edu- cated at an ordinary day school until thirteen years of age, and was put to most uncongenial employment until twenty-four years of age. He is self-taught as an artist, paints in oils and water-colours, and is an engraver in mezzotint. He is a Member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours ; a Member of the Royal Society of Painters, Etchers, and En- gravers ; a Member of the newly formed Society of Mezzotint Engravers ; and a Member of the Royal Cambrian Academy. Amongst his pictures may be mentioned : " A Tidal River," bought by the Council of the R.A., out of the Chan- trey Bequest, and now in the Tate Gallery ; a water-colour picture called " A Welsh Moorland," bought for the nation, and now in the South Kensington Museum ; an oil picture called "Lifting Mist,!' bought by the corporation of Manchester ; an oil picture, " Showery Weather," bought by the corporation of Liverpool ; and also other oil pictures bought by the corpora- tions of Oldham, Salford, and Blackburn, and now in their galleries. He was repre- sented at the Paris International Exhibi- tion in 1889, and was awarded a bronze medal ; also at the Brussels International Exhibition in 1897 he exhibited five works. Address : Min Afon, Tywyn, near Llandudno. KNIGHT, Professor "William Angus, LL.D., was born in Scotland on Feb. 22, 1836, and is the second son of the late Rev. George Fulton Knight, of Ber- wickshire. He was educated at the High School and University, Edinburgh, and was appointed Professor of Moral Philo- sophy at the University of St. Andrews in 1876. He has been Examiner to Victoria University, and is Examiner to the Uni- versity of London, to that of New Zealand, and to the Civil Service Commissioners. He has published voluminously, his works on Wordsworth and on his poetry being particularly well known. Among these, mention should be made of his edition of Wordsworth's works, with life, 1881-89 ; " Selections from Wordsworth," 1889 ; an edition of " The White Doe of Rylstone," 1891 ; " Wordsworth's Prose," 1893 ; " The English Lake District as interpreted in the Poems of Wordsworth," 1872; "Through the Wordsworth Country," 1892; "The Works of William and Dorothy Words- worth," &c. He has also interested him- self extensively in philosophical questions, has edited the " Philosophical Classics for English Readers," and has written on Theism, Christian Ethics, the Beautiful, &c. In the summer of 1898 he made a munificent gift to the trustees of Dove Cottage, Grasmere, the Wordsworths' old house, of all the editions of Wordsworth's poems in his possession, of many Words- worth relics, portraits, sketches, and en- gravings, as well as Wordsworth MSS. and letters, &c, all of which will in future be housed in Dove Cottage. Addresses : Castle House, St. Andrews ; and Athen- KNIGHTON, William, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D., born in Dublin, the son of Richard Ingham Knighton, is of the same family to which belonged Henry de Knyghton, Canon of Worcester, and Chronicler of English History about a.d. 1400, and Sir William Knighton, Bart., Keeper of the KNOLLYS — KXOWLES 605 Privy Purse in the reign of George IV. He was educated in Glasgow, and ap- pointed Head-Master of the Normal School of Colombo, Ceylon, before he was twenty years of age. He was partner in a coffee plantation in the interior of the island, and wrote the "History of Ceylon," from native chronicles, and " Forest Life in Ceylon," from his own experience. He was the first Hon. Sec. of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. He was subsequently appointed Professor of History and Logic in the Calcutta Uni- versity ; and in 1860 was transferred as Assistant Commissioner to Oudh by Lord Canning. His "Private Life of an Eastern King," published before the great Indian Mutiny broke out, gave a faithful account of the career of Nussir-ood-deen, King of Oudh, and incidentally of the state of that country before its annexation. This work was translated into most of the languages of Europe, and was referred to in Parlia- ment by supporters of the Government of the day as proving the necessity for the annexation of Oudh to the British domi- nions in India. In Fraser's Magazine, when edited by Mr. Froude, Mr. Knighton pub- lished his "Village Life in Oudh," and, in 1864, he issued his "Private Life of an Eastern Queen." Mr. Knighton retired from the Oudh Commission in 1878, and has since devoted himself to literature. In 1887 he was elected a Vice-President of the Royal Society of Literature in London, and of the International Literary and Artistic Association of Paris. In 1889 he erected a statue of Shakespeare on the Boulevard Haussmann, in Paris — a statue in bronze, modelled by Paul Fournier, the eminent French sculptor. Mr. Knighton is a Master of Arts, a Doctor of Philosophy, and a Doctor of Laws of the Giessen Uni- versity in Germany. These degrees were granted to him when Baron Liebig was Dean of the Philosophical Faculty in that University. His most recent work, "Struggles for Life," was translated into French by M. Leon Delbos, under the title of " Les Luttes pour la Vie," and has been very popular in Paris, in London, and in Berlin. Of Mr. Knighton's contributions to the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature the most remarkable are "Early Roman History," "Cleon the Democrat," " The Philosophy of Epicurus and Modern Agnosticism," and " Greek and Latin Wit." He married, in 1883, Charlotte, daughter of Sir W. Drake, K.C.B. Address : Tile- worth, St. Leonards-on-Sea. KNOLLYS, Sir Courtenay, K.C.M.G., Colonial Secretary of Trinidad, was born in 1849, and is the fourth son of Canon Erskine Knollys. He was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he took a second class in the Final Schools. He rowed for Oxford in the boat race in 1872 and 1873 ; won the Diamond Sculls at Henley in 1872, and the Goblets in 1873. In 1874. he was appointed Sub-Receiver of Trinidad ; from 1879 to 1894 he was Auditor-General and Colonial Secretary of Barbadoes, and in the latter year was appointed to his present post. He married in 1874 Ellen May, daughter of P. H. de la Motte, and in 1897 was created a K.C.M.G. His address is : Port of Spain, Trinidad. KNOLLYS, Sir Francis K., K.C.M.G., K.C.B. (Civil), was born in the thirties, and is the second son of the late General the Right Hon. Sir W. T. Knollys, K.C.B. , and Elizabeth, daughter of the late Sir J. St. Aubyn. He is well known as Private Secretary and Groom-in-Wait- ing to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. He received the honour of knighthood in 1897. He married in 1887 a daughter of the late Sir H. Tyrrwhit, Bart., and of the Baroness Berners. Official address : St. James's Palace, S.W. KNOWLES, James, F.R.I.B.A., born in 1831, was educated as an architect at a piivate school, at University College, in his father's office, and in Italy. He is a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and has executed many archi- tectural works, chiefly in London and its neighbourhood — amongst which may be mentioned Aldworth, the Surrey residence of Lord Tennyson ; Kensington House, with its gardens and adjuncts ; the Thatched House Club, St. James's Street ; the public garden and fountain in Leicester Square ; Albert Mansions in Victoria Street ; and St. Saviour's, St. Philip's, and St. Stephen's churches at Clapham. Mr. Knowles has also been engaged in litera- ture from an early age, contributing many articles to journals and reviews, and in 1860 compiling (from Sir Thomas Malory) "The Story of King Arthur," which reached a sixth edition. In 1869 he originated the Metaphysical Society, a club consisting of forty members, being chiefly eminent representatives of the most various forms of belief and contem- porary thought on speculative subjects — Anglican, Roman Catholic, Nonconformist, Positivist, Agnostic, and Atheistic — and constituted for the full, free, and con- fidential discussion of philosophical ques- tions. The list of members included Lord Tennyson, Mr. Gladstone, Dr. Martineau, Cardinal Manning, the Archbishop of York, Prof. Huxley, Prof. Tyndall, Prof. W. K. Clifford, Father Dalgavius, Mr. John Morley, Mr. Arthur Balfour, Dr. Ward, Mr. Froude, Mr. Ruskin, the Duke of 606 KNOWLES — KNOX Argyll, the Bishop of St. David's (Thirl- wall), the Bishop of Peterborough (Magee), the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol (Ellicott), Mr. Frederic Harrison, Sir J. Fitzjames Stephen, Mr. Leslie Stephen, Lord Selborne, Sir F. Pollock, Mr. R. H. Hutton, Prof. Seeley, Prof. Henry Sidg- wick, Sir M. E. Grant Duff, Mr. Robert Lowe (Lord Sherbrooke), Lord Arthur Russell. Mr. Shadwack Hodgson, Mr. James Hinton, Mr. St. George Mivart, Sir Andrew Clark, Sir John Lubbock, Prof. Pritchard, Dean Stanley, Sir William Gull, the Dean of St. Paul's (Church), the Rev. F. D. Maurice, Prof. Sylvester, Mr. Walter Bage- hot, Mr. Mark Pattison, Rev. Dr. Mozley, Mr. Crooin Robertson, &c. In 1870 he succeeded Dean Alford in the editorship of the Contemporary Review, which, by en- listing the aid of the members of the Metaphysical Society, he raised to a position of influence and importance. In 1877, owing to a change in the proprietor- ship of the Contemporary Review, a separa- tion took place between it and Mr. Knowles, when — supported by more than one hundred writers of celebrity (mostly members of the Metaphysical Society, and contributors to the Contemporary Review) — he established the Nineteenth Century, a monthly review, in which, as his own pro- perty, the principle of the unfettered and unbiassed discussion of all topics of public interest, by authors signing their own names, might be preserved without inter- ference. The Nineteenth Century immedi- ately attained, and still preserves, a very wide circulation. The introductory sonnet was written by Lord (then Mr.) Tennyson, who had become intimately acquainted with Mr. Knowles, consulting with him upon all matters of business, &c, and sharing rooms with him, for several years, as a joint-tenant, in Victoria Street, West- minster. A very iufluentially-signed pro- test against the proposed Channel Tunnel Scheme which appeared in the Review largely assisted in defeating that project, Mr. Gladstone often reproaching the editor that "he had stopped the Channel Tunnel," and another important protest signed by hundreds of women of all ranks against " Female Suffrage " helped to hinder that scheme. Mr. Knowles is a collector of works of art, a member of the Burlington Fine Arts Club, and a frequent contributor to the Winter Exhibition of the Old Masters at the Royal Academy and to other exhibitions. Permanent address : Queen Anne's Lodge, St. James's Park, S.W. KNOWLES, Lees, D.L., M.P., eldest son of the late John Knowles, Esq., J.P. , C.A. and D.L. (High Sheriff of Lancashire, 1892-93), of Westwood, Pendlebury, by Elizabeth, daughter of the late James Lees, Esq., of Green Bank, Oldham, was born Feb. 16, 1857, and was educated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degrees of M.A. and LL.M., and was president of the Cam- bridge University Athletic Club in 1878. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1882, joined the Northern Circuit in 1883, and is joint-editor of the 2nd edition of Greenwood's "Real Property Statutes." Appointed unpaid private secretary to Mr. Ritchie, President of the Local Govern- ment Board, in 1887, he received the same appointment again in 1895, whilst he had formerly been hon. sec. of the Guinness Trust, a member of the Select Committee on Town Holdings, and chairman of the Select Committee on the Plumbers' Regis- tration Bill. He was appointed a Church Estates Commissioner in 1895, and he is a trustee for two church livings. Mr. Knowles is a D.L. for Lancashire ; hon. secretary to the Lancashire Conservative M.P.'s Association, and has been success- ful in passing five Acts of Parliament, dealing chiefly with sanitation. In 1885 he unsuccessfully contested the Leigh Division of Lancashire, but was elected for Salford (West) in 1886 as a Conserva- tive member. Addresses : 4 New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C., &c. ; and Westwood, Pendlebury. KNOX, The Bight Rev. Edmund Arbuthnott, D.D., Bishop Suffragan of Coventry, son of the late Rev. George Knox, Vicar of Exton, Rutland, was born on Dec. 6, 1847, at Bangalore, India. He was educated at St. Paul's School, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, of which he was elected a scholar in 1865. He took a first class in Moderations, a first class in Lit. Hum., and a first class in Law and Modern History, proceeding to the degree of B.A. in 1868, and to that of M.A. in 1872, whilst the hon. degree of D.D. was conferred upon him in 1894. At Oxford he was a Fellow of Merton from 1868 to 1875, and held the appointments of Vicar of St. John Baptist from 1874 to 1879 ; tutor of Merton College, 1875 to 1885 ; and chaplain of Merton, 1879 to 1885. He became rector of Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicester, in 1888 ; vicar of Aston, Birmingham, and examining chaplain to the Bishop of Worcester in 1891. Mr. Knox was in 1894 appointed Hon. Canon of Worcester, rector of St. Philip's, Birmingham, Archdeacon of Bir- mingham, and Bishop Suffragan of Cov- entry (for Diocese of Worcester). He married (1), in 1878, Ellen Penelope, daughter of the Rt. Rev. Thomas Valpy French, Bishop of Lahore (she died in 1892) ; (2) in 1895, Ethel Mary, KNOX — KOCH 607 daughter of the Rev. Canon Newton, vicar of Redditoh. Address : St. Philip's Rectory, Birmingham. KNOX, Mrs., nte Isa Craig, was born in Edinburgh, Oct. 17, 1831. At an early age she began to contribute anonymously to several periodicals, and at last her poetical contributions to the Scotsman, under the signature "Isa," attracted attention, and led to her employment in the literary department of that journal. In 1856 she published a collection of her poems. In 1857 she came to London, and her services were engaged by Mr. Hastings in organising the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, to which she acted as secretary and literary assis- tant, until her marriage with her cousin, Mr. John Knox. In 1859 she won the first prize for her Ode (against 620 com- petitors), recited at the Burns Centenary Festival, and in 1865 published "Duchess Agnes," and other poems. Among later works from her pen may be mentioned " Songs of Consolation," 1874, and "Esther West," a story, which in 1880 was in its fifth edition. In 1892 selections of her poetry were edited by Dr. Japp. KNTTTSFORD, Viscount, The Bight Hon. Henry Thurstan Hol- land, Bart., G.C.M.G, Knight of Justice of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, eldest son of Sir Henry Holland, the famous physician, and President of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and Emma, daughter of James Caldwell, Limley Wood, Staffordshire, was born on Aug. 3, 1825, and educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, taking his University degree in 1847. After the usual preliminaries he was called to the Bar in 1849 by the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, and joined the Northern Circuit. Undertakings of a difficult and delicate nature soon de- volved upon him, and he was frequently employed by the Treasury, in conjunction with Sir W. Stephenson, the late Mr. George Hamilton, then Secretary to the Treasury, and the late Mr. George Ar- buthnot, also attached to the same office, to revise and reorganise the establishment of various public offices, among the num- ber being the Ecclesiastical Commission, the Poor Law Board, and the Woods and Forests Commission. In 1851 he was appointed by the then Lord Chancellor to the onerous duty of drawing up the Bill which, in 1852, became law under the title of the Common Law Procedure Act, 1852. This task he carried out under the direction of the late Mr. Justice Willes, one of the Royal Commissioners. The Common Law Procedure Act of 1854 which followed the measure just men- tioned, was the next work upon which Sir Henry Holland was engaged as drafts- man. He was next employed by Lord Chief Baron Sir Fitzroy Kelly in drafting two of the criminal measures which be- came law in 24th and 25th Vict. The County Court Judgeship of Northumber- land was offered him by Lord Campbell when Lord Chancellor, but the appoint- ment was declined. Sir Henry continued to practise at the Bar until the beginning of the year 1867, when Lord Carnarvon selected him to fill the office of legal adviser to the Colonial Office. In 1870 he was promoted to an assistant under- secretaryship, and remained in that office until August 1874, when he resigned in order to stand for the borough of Mid- hurst ; he was elected without a contest, and took his seat in the House of Com- mons in the following session. In 1885, after the borough of Midhurst was dis- franchised, Sir H. T. Holland stood for the new borough of Hampstead, and beat his opponent, the Marquis of Lome, by a large majority. In June 1885, when Lord Salisbury took office, Sir H. T. Holland accepted the post of Financial Secretary to the Treasury, and held that post till the September following, when he was appointed Vice-President of the Committee of Council on Education, and became a Privy Councillor. He was again returned for Hampstead in 1886, and again appointed Vice-President of the Council on Education. In January 1887 he was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies, continuing in office till 1892, and as Secretary of State presided over the Colonial Conference which was held in London in 1887. In 1888 he was raised to the peerage, and took the title of Knutsford. In 1889 he carried through the House of Lords a Bill for giving a constitutional government to Western Australia, but it was rejected in the House of Commons. It was, however, passed in 1890 by both Houses. In 1895 he was created a Viscount. Lord Knutsford is a Bencher of the Inner Temple, a Deputy-Lieutenant of Middlesex, and a magistrate for the counties of Surrey and of the county of London. He is also a Trustee of the National Portrait Gallery. He married (1), in 1852, Elizabeth Mar- garet, daughter of Mr. N. Hibbert of Watford, and (2), in 1858, Margaret Jean, daughter of the late Sir Charles Trevelyan. Addresses : Pinewood, Wit- ley, Godalming, Surrey ; and Athenaeum. KOCH, Professor Dr. Robert, the eminent bacteriologist, was born at Klaus- thai, in Hanover, on Dec. 11, 1843. He studied medicine at the University of 608 KOHLRAUSCH — KOLTZOFF-MASSALSKY Gottingen from 1862 to 1866, and having taken Ms degree was appointed assistant- surgeon in the General Hospital at Ham- burg, and afterwards practised privately at Langenhagen in Hanover, and at Racke- witz in Posen. In 1872, when District Surgeon at Walistein, he began his bac- teriological investigations, and conse- quently was appointed in 1880 a member of the Imperial Board of Health. About that time he discovered a method of colour- ing microscopical preparations, by means of which he in 1882 isolated the tubercle bacillus, and produced tuberculosis by its inoculation in animals. In 1883 he was appointed a Privy Councillor, and given the direction of the German Cholera Com- mission, which visited Egypt and India. He then discovered the so-called " comma" cholera bacillus, and for his services re- ceived a gift of 100,000 marks (£5000). Two years later he went to France to make further investigations in regard to the cholera bacillus, and on his re- turn was appointed Professor in Berlin University and Director of the Institute of Hygiene in Berlin. In 1891 he became an honorary Professor and Director of the New Institute for Infectious Diseases. At the beginning of the year 1890 he became famous for his discovery of the phthisis bacillus, and for a specific agent which arrests the ravages of the same. Invalids crowded to Berlin to be inoculated with Dr. Koch's lymph, of which the secret was closely kept. The German Government even sought to obtain a monopoly of its sale. The lymph was sent to various hospitals in Germany and abroad, notably to King's College, London. A committee of French doctors, however, visited Berlin in 1890 in order to study the newest Koch method, and announced, as a result of their investigations, that in several cases the lymph had aggravated the dis- ease it was meant to cure. The celebrated Virchow also maintained that the injected lymph tended to produce centres of irri- tation. During the six years (1890-1896) work on the Koch cure and bacteria-caused disease has been going on steadily. In 1897 he said that, on the whole, his ex- periments led him to believe that perfect immunity from tuberculosis was brought about in two or three weeks after using the larger doses of his newer tuberculin ; but he uttered an emphatic warning against unrealisable expectations. A patient who, in the natural course of things, has only a few more months to live can gain no benefit from his treat- ment ; but with suitable cases he has had no failure. In 1896 he was summoned to Cape Colony to study the cattle plague (rinderpest) then raging in South Africa. In the next year he visited India to study the bubonic plague, whence he went to German East Africa and discovered that this plague was really a rat disease, and claimed that the centres were Mesopo- tamia, Hunan in China, Tibet, Mecca, and Kissiba, close to the Victoria Nyanza. He anticipated that, within a measurable distance of time, the last plague centres would disappear. He has written works on splenic fever and wound poison. KOHLRAUSCH, Friedrich, F.R.S., German physicist, was born at Rinteln, Oct. 14, 1840, and is the son of Rudolf Kohlrausch, Professor of Physics at Er- langen. He was educated chiefly by his father, and at an early age he was ap- pointed to the chair of Physic at Gottin- gen. He was promoted in succession to Zurich, Darmstadt, Wiirzburg, Strasburg, and finally appointed President of the Im- perial Physical and Technical College at Charlottenburg. His chief works have been : "Leitfaden der praktischen Physik," of which the eighth edition was published at Leipsig in 1896; "Das Leitvermogen der Elektrolyte " (Leipsig), 1898, in con- junction with L. Holborn. He also contri- butes greatly to the Annalen der Physik. He is a member of the scientific societies of Berlin, Munich, St. Petersburg, Up- sala, and Haarlem, and of the Royal Society of London. Address : 25b March- strasse, Charlottenburg. KOLLIKER, Rudoph. Albert von, F.R.S., German physiologist and anato- mist, was born at Zurich, July 6, 1817, and became Professor of Physiology at his native town in 1845. He was promoted to the chair of Anatomy at Wiirzburg in 1847. Among his chief works are : " Manual of Human Histology," 1852, which was translated into English in 1854 ; and the Challenger report on Penna- tulida, 1880. KOLTZOFF - MASSALSKY, Prin- cess von, whose literary pseudonym is the "Princess Dora d'Istria," was one of the daughters of Michael Ghika, and niece of Prince Gregory IV., who was the first to spread among the people of Wallachia the liberal institutions of civilisation. She was born at Bucharest in 1829, and was married in 1849 to the Russian Prince Koltzoff-Massalsky. Disliking the absolu- tist system of government in Russia, she quitted that country in 1855. She spent five years in Belgium and Switzerland, carefully studying the customs and laws, and, having made a tour through Greece, she went to Italy in 1861. At this period Garibaldi addressed to her a letter, re- questing her to exert her influence over the Roumanians, to induce them to rise in, KOTZE — KKEHL 609 rebellion against Austria. The Princess, who resides in Florence, is said to be thoroughly acquainted with the Italian, German, French, Roumanian, Greek, Latin, Eussian, and Albanian languages, and has written much on the essential and vital questions affecting the political and social future of the Greeks, the Albanians, and the Slavs of Southern Europe. She is an enthusiastic advocate of "Women's Eights," and an indefatigable champion of oppressed nationalities. Since 1850 she has been a contributor to the Revue des deux Mondes : and she has written many articles in the French, Belgian, Greek, German, Italian, English, and American journals. Among her works are: "La Vie Monastique dans l'Eglise Orientale," Brussels, 1855 (2nd edit., Paris and Geneva, 1858) ; "La Suisse Alle- mande et P Ascension du Monch," 4 vols., Paris and Geneva, 1856, translated into English and German ; " Les Femmes en Orient," 2 vols., Zurich, 1858; "Excur- sions en Eoumelie et en Mor^e," 2 vols., Zurich, 1863 ; " Des Femmes, par une Femme," 2 vols., Paris and Brussels, 1865 ; " La Nazionalita Albanese secondo i canti popolare," Cosenza, 1867; "Discours sur Marco Polo," Trieste, 1869 ; " Venise en 1867," Leipzig, 1870; " Gli Albanesi in Eumenia," a history of the Princesses Ghika in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, published in the Rivista Europea, 1871-73; "Eleonora de Hallingen," and " Ghizlaine," two novels, 1871 ; " La Poesie des Ottomans," 2nd edit., Paris, 1877 ; and " The Condition of Women among the Southern Slavs," 1878. A detailed list of her works is given in the "Bibliografia della Principesse Dora d'Istria," 6th edit., Florence, 1873. KOTZE, ex-Chief-Justice of the South African Republic, is a Cape Dutchman by birth, has been called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and has always been much in favour of an English system in matters legal. He has translated into English, and annotated "Van Lieuwen's well-known Eoman-Dutch text-book. He is now edit- ing the Transvaal Law Eeports in 1881. Chief-Justice Kotze first came into noto- riety for condemning to death two high- way robbers who had shot at a policeman. The men were reprieved after the sentence had been everywhere protested against. He was dismissed by President Kriiger (q.v.) in February 1898 for refusing to comply with the law of 1897, by the 4th section of which the judges were directed to treat the resolutions of the Volksraad as laws. He declared this to be a trespass on the liberties of the people and an attack on the independence of the country, and more particularly of the voteless Uitlanders, whose property would depend absolutely on the pleasure of the majority of the Volksraad for the time being. He claimed for the Bench the so-called " Test- ing Right," i.e., the right to see whether laws passed by the Volksraad are in accordance with the provisions of the Orondwet, or written constitution. Mr. Kotze came to England in June 1898 to lay his case before the Colonial Secretary, by whom he was received most sym- pathetically. KOUR.OPATKIN, Major -General, of the Eussian army (sometimes spelled Koropatkin and Kuropatkin), is said to have been born in 1843, and was first famous as the chief of the staff to General Skobeleff. He was left for dead at the Shipka Pass. After the Eusso - Turkish war he wrote a book upon its operations. Although Skobeleff 's right-hand man, he held the rank of Captain only during the Eusso - Turkish war ; after which, however, he obtained the command of the light troops in Turkestan. He was again with Skobeleff at the attack on Geok Tepe, where he had the rank of Colonel. KOWAIEWSKT, Alexander, F.E.S., embryologist, was born at Duna- burg, Nov. 19, 1840, and became Professor at St. Petersburg. He is known for his researches on the embryology of inverte- brates, which led to Haeckel's (q.v.) "Theory of the Gastroea" ; for his discovery of the true position of the Ascidians ; and for investigations of the development of the Brachiopods. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Eoyal Society, and is now Professor at Odessa. KRANTZ, Camille, French states- man, was born at Epinal in 1848. His father was a life Senator and Commis- sioner-General of the 1878 Exhibition. He studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, and became an engineer. In 1893 he was elected deputy for his native town, Epinal, and acted as reporter on the last French Budget. In religious matters M. Camille Krantz is a Protestant. He entered official life on the offer of M. Dupuy, made in October 1898, to accept the portfolio of Minister of Public Works in the new Government which succeeded that of M. Brisson, and in May 1899 he succeeded M. de Freycinet on his resigna- tion. EBEHL, Ludolf, is Professor of Arabic at Leipzig, and Chief Librarian of the University. For the past forty-eight years he has been editor of the Zeitschrift, the organ of the German Oriental Society, 2 Q 610 KROPOTKIN — KRUGER and has contributed many important papers to its pages. His principal work is the edition of Bukhary's "Corpus of Mohammedan Traditions." Other works by Professor Krehl are " The Religion of the Pre-Islamic Arabs," 1863 ; "Essays on the Koranic Doctrine of Predestination and Faith," 1877; "The Life of Moham- med," 1884, &c. KROPOTKIN, Prince Petr Alexeie- vitch, a Russian revolutionist and geo- grapher, was born at Moscow, Dec. 9, 1842. At the age of fifteen he entered the Corps of Pages at St. Petersburg, and was pro- moted Lieutenant in 1862. Attracted by the desire of travelling, he joined a regi- ment of Cossacks of the Amur, and spent five years in Eastern Siberia, first as Aide-de-Camp to the Military Governor of Transbaikalia, and, after 1863, as Attache' for Cossacks' Affairs to the Governor- General of Eastern Siberia. During these five years he thrice visited the Amur and Usuri, and made extensive journeys in Siberia and Mantchuria. In 1863 he crossed North Mantchuria from Trans- baikalia to the Amur, vid Merghen ; in the same year he took part in the first steamer expedition up the Sungari to Ghirin. Accounts of these journeys, and several others, are published in the Memoirs of the Russian and the Siberian Geographical Society, from the former of which he received the Gold Medal. Pro- moted Captain in 1865, he returned in 1867 to St. Petersburg, and studied four years at the Mathematical Faculty of that University, and acted as Secretary to the Physical Geography Section of the Geographical Society. He then pub- lished the reports of his chief expeditions to the Olekma and Vitim Highlands, as well as a general sketch of the Orography of Eastern Siberia. In 1871 he was sent by this society to explore the glacial deposits in Finland and Sweden, the account of which is embodied in a larger work on the Glacial Period, the first volume of which was published by his brother Alexander, in the Memoirs of the Geographical Society, while he was confined in prison. In 1872 he paid a visit to Switzerland and Belgium, and became acquainted with the International Working- Men's Association, and joined the most advanced anarchist section of it. He returned to Russia and became a member of the widely - spread organisa- tion of the Tchaykovtzy ; was arrested in March 1874, and confined to the fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul, where he con- tinued to write on the Glacial Period. He was transferred to the prison of the Military Hospital, and escaped on July 12, 1876, and went to England. The next year he rejoined, in Switzerland, the Jura Federation of the International Working- Men's Association, and in February 1879 founded at Geneva the anarchist paper La Revolte, now published in Paris. Expelled from Switzerland in September 1881, he stayed first for a few months at Thonon, while his wife passed her examination of B. Sc, and then went to reside in England, where he roused an agitation against the Russian Government both in the press (Newcastle Chronicle, Fortnightly Review, and Nineteenth Century), and by a series of lectures at Newcastle and in Scotland. In October 1882 he went again to stay at Thonon, where he was arrested Dec. 20, 1882. On Jan. 19, 1883, he was con- demned by the Police Correctionnelle . Court at Lyons to five years' imprison- ment for participation in the International Working - Men's Association. He was liberated on Jan. 15, 1886, by decree of the President of the French Republic. His anarchist papers contributed to La Rivolte have been collected by his friend Elise"e Reclus, and were published in October 1885, in a separate volume, under the title " Paroles d'un ReVolte\" parts of which have had a wide circulation in the shape of pamphlets, in English, German, &c. His review articles on prisons were published in book form, in 1887, under the title "In Russian and French Prisons." In 1892 appeared in French one of his latest nihilistic utterances, entitled " A la Recherche du Pain." He has written the article on Russia in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," and in " Chambers's Encyclo- paedia." In 1896 he issued "L'Anarchie, son philosophie, son ideal," which was translated into English in 1897. In 1898 appeared his "The State: its Part in History." Address : Bromley, Kent. KRUGER, Stephanus Johannes Paulus, President of the South African Republic, was born at Rastenburg in Cape Colony, Oct. 10, 1825. With his father, family, and fellow-Boers he took part in the Great Trek of 1836-37, and successively trekked to Natal, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal. When quite young he was a spectator of the battles in which the advancing Boers drove the Matabele under Moselikatse, father of Lobengula, across the Limpopo. In his youth he was re- nowned as a fine game shot and splendid runner. He shot great quantities of wild animals in the uncultivated countries tra- versed by the Boers. He became a " Dop- per " or member of the strictest sect of the Dutch Reformed Church, and even dis- tinguished himself, like the Puritans of old, as a preacher. The Bible was his sole education, and considering what the Boer ideals were, he needed no other. KWANG-HSU 611 He became a Field Cornet, District Com- mandant, and Commandant, and in 1872 he became a Member of the Executive Council under President Burgers, and was even then distinguished for coolness, cour- age, and common-sense. In the war against England in 1881 he was chosen Head of the Provisional Government, and this post was made permanent in 1883, when he was elected President of the South African Republic for five years. He was re-elected in 1888 and 1893. On the occasion of Jameson's Raid and the abor- tive insurrection in Johannesburg (1896), by a masterly display of what his enemies call finesse, and what many good judges re- gard as diplomacy, he succeeded in prevent- ing the Uitlanders, or what he considered money-hunting foreigners, from acquiring equal rights with the Boers, his old pas- toral confreres. He was humane and moderate on more than one occasion during the days succeeding the Raid. In 1897 the Transvaal demanded an indem- nity for the Raid of £600,000 for material damage and £1,000,000 for "moral dam- age," besides a small sum of odd shillings and pence, which excited the mirth of those who failed to see the satire involved in this scrupulously accurate bill of costs. In February 1898 he was re-elected for the fourth time by an overwhelming majority, obtaining more than 12,800 votes, while Mr. Schalk Burger polled only 3700, and General Joubert 2001. As the white popu- lation numbers 180,000, and the total number of votes polled was only 18,600, this gives an idea of the oligarchic char- acter of what is really a seventeenth-cen- tury Dutch republic. A statue has been erected to President Kriiger at Pretoria. It is characteristic of the man and his friends that Mrs. Kriiger's especial wish should have been respected, and that the hat, an ugly chimney-pot, should have been left rootless, so that rain-water may collect there and afiord solace to thirsty birds. He is called "Oom Paul" by his adoring subjects, and is a typical Boer in appear- ance and mind. His supporters regard him as a strong, sincere man, a type out of seventeenth-century Holland, who has struggled successfully against usurping hands, and retained the independence of his little fatherland against overwhelming odds. His official income is £7000 per annum, besides innumerable allowances. Like Hazelrigg of old, he has already amassed a very large fortune, but the simplicity of his life and surroundings renders wealth a superfluity. KWANG-HSTJ, Emperor of China, who may be likened to Joseph II. of Aus- tria, was born on Aug. 15, 1871, and is a cousin of the late Emperor Tung-Chih, and nephew of his predecessor Hsien-Feng, and succeeded to the throne on Jan. 12, 1875, previously, in accordance with Chinese custom, having taken the name of Tsai- t'-ien. His Kwo Sao, or reigning name, is, however, the above. Until he was twenty- one he was under the regency of his aunt, Tze-hsi {q.v.), the Empress-Dowager, who, although sprung from the dregs of the people, is admitted to be a woman of great energy and ability. She has often been compared to Catherine the Great, and the analogy is not infelicitous, in regard to her greed of power, extravagance, and other characteristics. In July 1898 the German Emperor presented Kwang-Hsu with the Order of the Black Eagle set in diamonds. For some time past he had been much influenced by one of his advisers, Kang- Yu-Wei, the Cantonese reformer, who per- suaded him to issue a decree ordering his people to cut off their pig-tails, assume foreign dress, and adopt a curious form of Christianity which he had evolved from the teaching of the English missionaries, and had afterwards corrected in accord- ance with the teachings of Confucius. The Emperor's reforming decrees amount to some two hundred perhaps, and evince a sincere desire for the reform of a corrupt bureaucracy. One of the most important edicts was issued in August 1898, and abolished the time-honoured system of literary essays in ancient subjects which constitute the examinations for governor- ships, &c. The essays, the edict provided, were in future to deal with practical mo- dern subjects, and the highest examination of all was to be held in the Emperor's presence. Calligraphy, which in China implies a scholar's knowledge of words, was in future not to be insisted on on the ground of its being "an empty accomplish- ment." Another very important reform, promulgated in June, provided that mem- bers of the Imperial family should in future be sent abroad to travel and study. A college of foreign literature and science at Peking was also projected, and education was in many ways to be popularised. In April 1898 the Empress-Dowager openly threatened to dethrone him if he persisted in these schemes of reform. However, in July, he promulgated a decree, the effect of which was to close about two-thirds of the Buddhist temples throughout the Empire. The Empress warned him that he was going too fast, throwing thousands of officials into idleness, and getting him- self detested by the old Manchu aristocracy. On Sept. 21, 1898, by a coup d'etat, in con- junction with Li Hung Chang {q.v.), she seized the reins of power, arrested the young Emperor's reforming advisers, and sequestered him within the precincts of the Summer Palace at Peking. It was 612 KYLLACHY — LAFARGE even reported that the young Emperor had been assassinated, and that the Empress wished to place Prince Kung's grandson on the throne. Kang escaped to Shanghai in a British steamer. His character has been sketched thus: "The Emperor ap- pears to be a sickly youth with a melan- choly, but not unattractive countenance, given to violent fits of passion, which he gratifies in a relatively harmless way by smashing his furniture. In the self-imposed seclusion of his palace, within whose pre- cincts only women and eunuchs are allowed to dwell, he holds no communication with the outside world except through the high State officials, who approach him on bended knee to present reports upon public affairs in which the necessities of truth are largely subordinated to the considerations of courtly expediency. When he goes forth to sacrifice in one of the Imperial temples, the streets through which he passes are carefully cleared and guarded, the houses on either side are shut off with heavy hangings, the ground is strewn with yellow sand, and everything removed which might offend the sensitiveness of Imperial eyes or nostrils. Through the deserted thorough- fares the Son of Heaven flits, generally in the stillness of night, like a ghost borne in a lofty palanquin " (Valentine Chirrol). The Emperor is a keen student of English. He is married, but childless. KYLLACHY, Lord, William Mackintosh, M.A., LL.D., J.P., D.L. Edinburgh and Inverness-shire, was born in Inverness on April 9, 1842, and is the eldest son of the late William Mackintosh, of Inshes House, Inverness-shire. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and the University of Edinburgh, and passed as Advocate in 1866 ; was Procurator of the Church of Scotland, 1880 ; Sheriff of Ross, Cromarty, and Sutherland, 1881 ; Dean of Faculty, 1886 ; and was appointed Judge of the Court of Session, 1889. In 1869 he married Jane, daughter of David Stevenson, C.E., Edinburgh. Addresses : Kyllachy, Tomatin, Inverness-shire ; and 6 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. LABORI, Femand Gustave Gaston, French lawyer, was born at Reims, Aug. 18, 1860, and was brilliantly successful in the law school of Paris, being prizeman in 1881 and 1883. He was called to the Bar, Nov. 11, 1881, and in 1887 was Secretary to the Bar Committee. His chief cases have been in defence of the assassin Duval, the anarchist Pini, and the dyna- miter Vaillant. Civilly, he has defended Deputy Gabriel Compayre' in his famous libel action against Numa Gilly. He has also defended several literary cases, such as those of La Plume and the Theatre Realiste. But his European reputation has been founded on his masterly defence of M. Zola {q.K.) when accused of libelling the President and the French army. His final appeal to the jury lasted two days, but was, of course, of no avail. He also defended the editor of the Aurore and Colonel Picquart in subsidiary actions, and he is now looking forward to the triumph of his client M. Zola's cause. LABOUCHERE, Henry, M.P., eldest son of the late John Labouchere, of Broome Park, Surrey, and nephew of the late Lord Taunton, was born in 1831, and educated at Eton. He entered the diplo- matic service in 1824, and was succes- sively Attache' at Washington, Munich, Stockholm, Frankfort, St. Petersburg, and Dresden ; he was appointed Third Secretary in 1862, Second Secretary at Constantinople in 1863, and retired in 1864. In 1865 he entered Parliament as Liberal member for Windsor ; but in April 1866 he was unseated on petition, and from 1867 to 1868 sat for Middlesex. In February 1874 he unsuccessfully contested Nottingham, but in 1880 was returned at the head of the poll for Northampton, and has since sat for that borough, his fellow- member for some years being the late Charles Bradlaugh. Mr. Labouchere was returned at the last general election as a strong Gladstone Liberal, and was one of the most energetic supporters of Mr. Gladstone. In February 1893 he took part in drafting a simple Bill providing that after Jan. 1, 1895, all members of Parliament should be elected by popular vote. Had this Bill become law, it would have had the effect of putting an end to the existence of a hereditary House of Lords. In March 1894 Mr. Labouchere was conspicuous in his opposition to Lord Rosebery's being appointed Premier. He headed a "cave" of some twenty members who are understood to have been in favour of Sir William Harcourt's premiership, but he eventually withdrew his opposition. He is proprietor and editor of Truth, and was part-proprietor of the Daily News. He sat on the Jameson Raid Royal Com- mission, and the extreme pertinence of his questions was not a little perplexing to the Rhodesian party. Address : 5 Old Palace Yard. LAFARGE, John, landscape and ecclesiastical painter, best known by his mural and stained-glass work, was born in New York, March 31, 1835. He estab- lished his reputation as a brilliant colourist LAFFAN — LAMBERT 613 and idealist. He was one of the first admirers of Japanese art, visiting that Empire in 1866. In his stained glass he has almost performed the still impossible task of rivalling the colours of the finest mediaeval windows, and has, like many other glass-painters, perfected a method of "leading" by which the mechanical means are made to contribute to the rendering of details and general effect. In 1869 he was elected a member of the National Academy, and he is also a member of the Society of American Artists. An account of his work appeared in the Portfolio for May 1896. LAFFAN, The Rev. Robert Stuart de Courcy, M.A., Principal of Chelten- ham College, was born on Jan. 18, 1853, and is the eldest son of the late Lieutenant- General Sir Robert Michael Laff an, K. C. M.G. He was educated at Winchester and at Merton College, Oxford, of which college he was an exhibitioner. He took a first class in Moderations and in Lit. Hum. (B.A. 1878 ; M.A. 1884). He took orders in 1882 ; was Senior Classical Master, and afterwards Chaplain of Derby School, 1880-84; Head Master of Edward VI.'s School at Stratford-on-Avon, 1884-95 ; and in 1895 was appointed to his present post at Cheltenham. He announced his inten- tion of retiring from the Principalship in August 1899. Mrs. de Courcy Laffan, whom he married in 1883, has been on the staff of All the Tear Round since 1878, and has published a number of novels, of which " Madelon Lemoine " is well known and now in its fourth edition. Address : Montpellier Lodge, Cheltenham. LAGDEN, Sir Godfrey Yeatman, K.C.M.G., Commissioner of Basutoland, is the son of the late Rev. R. Dowse Lagden, of Balsham House, and was born in 1851. From 1869 to 1877 he was a clerk in the General Post Office in London, but in 1878 he was appointed clerk to the Secretary to Government of the Transvaal under British protection, and later Private Secretary to Sir O. Lanyon, Sir W. Bellairs, and Sir Evelyn Wood while administering the Government. In 1881 he was Secretary to the Transvaal Royal Commission for compensation claims, and he then served as war correspondent in Egypt during 1882. The next year he became Colonial Secretary of Sierra Leone, but in 1884 he returned to South Africa as Secretary and Accountant of Basutoland. He was pro- moted to be Assistant Commissioner in 1885, acting Commissioner of Swaziland in 1892, and Resident Commissioner of Basutoland, 1893. He married, in 1881, Frances, eldest daughter of Bishop Bousfield, of Pretoria. Address : British Residency, Maseru. LAKING, Sir Francis Henry, K.C.V.O., M.D. Heidelberg, M.R.C.P., L.S.A., was born in 1847, and received his medical education at Heidelberg, where he obtained the M.D. degree in 1869, and at St. George's Hospital, London, where he was House Physician from 1869 to 1870 and Medical Registrar from 1871 to 1874. He is the Surgeon- Apothecary to the households or persons of the Queen, the Prince of Wales, and the Dukes of York, Saxe-Coburg, and Connaught. He attended the Prince of Wales in the summer of 1898, when his Royal Highness was suffering from fracture of the patella, and at the same period was sent to visit the late Queen of Denmark. He is "Visiting Apothecary" to St. George's Hospital ; Consulting Physician to the Gordon Hospital for Fistula ; Assistant Physician to the Victoria Hospital for Children, &c, and a Member of the Royal Institution. He was appointed K.C.V.O., September 1898. He is married to Emma, daughter of Joseph Mansell. Addresses : 62 Pall Mall, S.W. ; and 13 Addison Road, W. LAMB, Horace, M.A., F.R.S., son of the late John Lamb, of Stockport, was born on Nov. 27, 1849, at Stockport, and educated at Stockport Grammar School, Owens College, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. He was second Wrangler and second Smith's Prizeman in 1872 ; Fellow and Assistant-Tutor of Trinity in 1872 ; Professor of Mathematics in the University of Adelaide, South Australia, in 1875 ; and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1884 ; and Professor of Mathematics in Owens College, Victoria University, Man- chester, 1885. He is the author of a treatise on " Hydrodynamics," and of various papers on Applied Mathematics, principally on Hydrodynamics, Elasticity, and Electro-magnetism. In the year 1890 he was awarded the Hopkins Prize of the Cambridge Philosophical Society " for his various important contributions to Mathematical Physics." In 1897 he pub- lished a work on the Infinitesimal Cal- culus. In 1875 he married Elizabeth, daughter of the late Simon Foot, of Dublin. Address : 6 Wilbraham Road, Fallowfield, Manchester. LAMBER, Juliette. Mme. Edmond. See Adam, LAMBERT, George, M.P., is the son of the late George Lambert, of Spreyton, Devonshire, and was born in 1866. He was educated at North Tawton Grammar School. He has represented the South Molton Division of Devonshire as a Liberal member of the House of Commons since 614 LAMINGTON — LANDOK 1891. Mr. Lambert is Lord of the Manor of Spreyton, and himself farms part of his own estate. He has acted as a Guardian of the Poor, and is a member of the Devon County Council. In 1893 he moved the Address in reply to the Queen's Speech, and in the same year he served as a member of the Royal Commission on Agriculture. Addresses : 6 Upper Bel- grave Street, S.W. ; and Spreyton, Bow, North Devon. LAMINGTON, Lord, Charles Wal- lace Alexander Napier Cochrane- Baillie, K.C.M.G., D.L., J.P., F.R.C.I., Governor of Queensland, was born on July 29, 1860, and is the son of the first Baron and of Annabella, daughter of Andrew R. Drummond, of Cadlands, Hants, and grand-daughter of the fifth Duke of Rut- land. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he was in the fourth class of the Modern History School in 1880 (B.A. 1881). In 1885-86 he was Assistant Private Secretary to the Premier, the Marquis of Salisbury, and from 1886 to 1890 he represented North St. Pancras in Parliament in the Conservative interest. He succeeded his father in 1890, and in 1895 he was appointed Governor of Queens- land. In the same year he married the youngest daughter of Sir William Hozier. Addresses : Government House, Brisbane, Queensland; 26 Wilton Crescent, S.W., &c. LAMONT, Hon. Daniel Scott, American statesman, was born at East- landville, N.Y., Feb. 9, 1851, and was edu- cated at the McGrawville Academy and Union College, Schenectady, N.Y. He was English reporter and managing editor for some years of the Albany (N.Y.) Argus ; Private Secretary and Military Secretary to Mr. Cleveland during his Governorship of N.Y. State, 1883-85 ; and Private Secretary of President Cleveland during his first term of office, 1885-89. At the beginning of Mr. Cleveland's second term of the Presidency (March 1893), Mr. Lamont entered the Cabinet as Secretary of War, a position retained by him till March 1897. LAMOtTREUX, Jean, French mu- sician, was born at Bordeaux of poor parents, and at the age of twelve played the violin at the Grand Theatre of his native town. Two years later he came to Paris and studied under Girard and Chauvet. He became one of the orchestra at the Church of La Trinite", and in 1854 carried off the first prize for violin -playing at the Conservatoire. Until 1872 he was the second Chef d'Orchestre at the Con- servatoire Concerts, when he founded the Societe" de l'Harmonie Sacree. In 1875 be performed the " Messiah " for the first time in Paris, and he introduced Handel and Bach to French audiences. In 1880 he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and the next year his concerts raised quite a furore in Paris. Although he was unable to force Wagner upon the attention of his public in 1887, he did not despair, and succeeded in 1891. His Musical Festivals are one of the features of the Parisian season, and when he visited London in 1896 and 1897 he gained a great success. LANCASTER, Albert Benoit Marie, was born at Mons, Belgium, on May 24, 1849, and is Meteorological In- spector and Librarian of the Royal Obser- vatory, Brussels ; Director of the journal Ciel et Terre ; and Associate of the Liver- pool Astronomical Society. M. Lancaster has written many articles on meteorology, earthquakes, and astronomy, in various Belgian scientific publications, and many separate works, e.g. " Instructions pour les Stations me'te'orologiques beiges " (two editions) ; " Discussion des Orages en Belgique " ; "La Pluie en Belgique " ; " Quatre Mois au Texas, de la Nouvelle Orleans b, la Havane " ; also, jointly with the late M. Houzeau, the " Traits elemen- taire de Me'te'orologie " (two editions) ; "Catalogue des ouvrages d'Astronomie et de Me'tebrologie qui se trouvent dans les principales bibliotheques de la Belgique "; and the colossal " Bibliographie generale de l'Astronomie," now completed. LANDOR, A. Henry Savage, art- ist and explorer, was born at Florence, and is the grandson of Walter Savage Landor. He was educated at the Liceo Dante, Florence, and at Julian's in Paris. For several years he travelled in the East, through Japan, China, and Corea, but he first made his name by his book "Alone with the Hairy Ainos," an account of his stay with the primitive inhabitants of the Kurile Islands. He subsequently published "Corea, or the Land of the Morning Calm," and "A Journey to the Sacred Mountain of Siao- on-tai-shan." Early in 1897, Mr. Landor set out from England with the avowed object of making an entry into Tibet, a region hitherto inaccessible to travellers. His adventures on this expedition, which was one of particular danger, were re- corded in part in the Daily Mail, but his letters suddenly ceased, and horrify- ing rumours of an untimely fate reached this country. The full story of these days came to be written when Mr. Landor, after suffering almost indescribable tor- tures, was released and made his way across the Indian frontier. In a letter LANE — LANE-POOLE 615 which he sent to Bombay, Mr. Landor stated that after proceeding for no less than 56 marches with only one bearer and a sick coolie (28 out of his original com- pany of 30 deserted him a few days from starting), he lost his provisions, and, by an act of treachery, was made prisoner after a desperate struggle for liberty. He and his two men were put in chains and sentenced to death, but the Tibetans seeing that firing and inhuman torture did not frighten him, Mr. Landor's execu- tion was ordered. The preparations for this act were of an agonisiDg description. However, at the last moment, the Grand Lama commuted the sentence of decapi- tation to the torture of the ' ' stretching log " — a kind of rack which injured the un- happy prisoner's spine, legs, feet, arms, and hands. The effect of these barbarities on Mr. Landor can be estimated by com- paring the two portraits of him, one taken in February and the other in November of the same year (1897). Mr. Landor re- mained chained up for eight days, and his two servants were kept in fetters and manacles for eighteen days. The prisoners were subsequently released, and Mr. Lan- dor reached India, physically ruined for life, and with 22 wounds. These unparal- leled adventures were afterwards recounted in "The Forbidden Land," published in September 1898. The volume was illus- trated from photographs, and from sketches made by the author on the spot, except on certain readily-imagined occasions. Naturally, the book in ques- tion aroused a high feeling amongst Englishmen, which was equalled only by the universal sympathy for the nar- rator. Mr. Landor is, at the time of going to press, engaged on a lecturing tour through England. His address in Eng- land is the Grosvenor Club, New Bond Street. LANE, Richard Ouseley Blake, Q.C., J.P., Metropolitan Police Magistrate for West London, was born in 1842, and is the eldest son of the Kev. J. Lane of Killashee. He went to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1870, was made Q.C. in 1890, and was appointed a Police Magis- trate for North London in 1893, and for West London in 1895. He married, in 1867, Sophia, daughter of P. M. Burke. Addresses : 2 Westgate Terrace, South Kensington, S.W. ; and 1 Temple Gardens, E.C. LANE-POOLE, Stanley, born in London, Dec. 18, 1854, eldest son of E. S. Poole, of the Science and Art Department (who died in 1867), was educated under the direction of his great-uncle, E. W. Lane, the Orientalist, and proceeded to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, whence he took his B.A. degree in 1878, M.A. 1895. As early as 1870 his studies had been turned towards numismatics by his uncle, R. S. Poole, the Keeper of Coins in the British Museum, and in 1872 he published his first treatise on Arabic Coins in the Chronicle of the Numismatic Society. In 1874 he was appointed by the Trustees of the British Museum to write the official " Catalogue of the Oriental Coins " in the national collection ; the work appeared in 8 vols., 1875-83, and was couronni by the French Institute. Three volumes of a subsequent " Catalogue of Indian Coins " were published in 1884-92, and 2 vols, of "Additions to the Oriental Collection " in 1890. A "Catalogue of the Arabic Glass Weights in the British Museum," making the fourteenth volume of cata- logue, followed in 1891 ; and a " Catalogue of the Mohammedan Coins in the Bod- leian " was published in 1888. He has also printed 4 vols, of collected papers . on Arabic Numismatics, 1875-93. On the death of Mr. Lane, in 1876, the duty of completing his great Arabic Lexicon de- volved on his grand-nephew, who brought out vols. 6-8, between 1877 and 1893, and published a " Life of E. W. Lane" in the former year. In 1883 he was sent to Egypt by the Science and Art Depart- ment, for which he wrote a handbook of the " Art of the Saracens," 1886. With a view to collecting materials for a Cor- pus of Mohammedan numismatics, he visited Russia in 1886, and examined the coin cabinets of Stockholm, St. Peters- burg, and Constantinople. In 1888 he published in 2 vols, the "Life of Strat- ford Canning, Viscount Stratford de Red- cliffe," from the ambassador's private and official papers, of which a popular edition appeared in 1890 ; and in the latter year he edited the despatches of Sir G. F. Bowen, the colonial governor, and pub- lished a memoir of Sir Richard Church, the generalissimo of the Greeks in the War of Independence. His next bio- graphy (1894) was the " Life of Sir Harry Parkes, late Minister to China and Japan," in which Mr. F. V. Dickins collaborated ; and his latest is a " Life of Saladin," now at press. He is at present engaged upon a " History of Mohammedan India " and a biography of the Emperor Babar. His chief works, besides those already men- tioned, are " Speeches and Table-talk of the Prophet Mohammed " (Golden Trea- sury Series) ; and " Le Koran, sa Po&ie et ses Lois " (Bibliotheque Elzevirienne), 1882 ; " Arabian Society in the Middle Ages," " Studies in a Mosque," 1883 (2nd edit., 1893) ; " Picturesque Egypt " (edited by Sir C. Wilson), and "Social Life in Egypt," 1883 ; " Prose Writings of Jona- 616 LANG — LANGE than Swift," 1884 ; " Swift's Letters and Journals," " Coins and Medals : their Place in History and Art," 1885 (3rd edit., 1895) ; "The Moors in Spain," 1886; "Turkey," 1888 ; " The Barbary Corsairs," 1890 ; "History of the Mogul Emperors," 1892; " Cairo," 1892 (3rd edit., 1897) ; " Auran- zib" (Rulers of India), 1893; "The Mo- hammedan Dynasties," 1893. In all, he has published about sixty volumes. He also contributed to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," "Chambers's Encyclopaedia," the " Dictionary of National Biography," and weekly critical reviews ; and is a member of the Russian Archaeological and other learned societies, and an honorary member of the Egyptian Commission for the preservation of the monuments of Arab art. During two visits to Cairo in 1895 and 1897 he wrote a " Catalogue of the Coins in the Khedivial Library " there, and was instrumental in obtaining, through Lord Cromer's influence, a large increase in the Egyptian grant for the preservation of the Arab monuments, on which his report was presented to Parliament in the Egyptian Bluebook for 1896. He married, in 1879, Charlotte Bell, second daughter of the late David Wilson, of Ballymoney, co. Antrim, and niece of Gen. Fr. R. Chesney, R.A. Addresses : 3 Newnham Road, Bedford ; and Athenaeum. LANG, Andrew, M.A., Hon. LL.D., critic, poet, and anthropologist, son of John Lang and Jane Plenderleath Sellar, was born at Selkirk, Mar. 31, 1844, and educated at the Edinburgh Academy, St. Andrews University, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he gained first classes in Classical Moderations and the Final Schools. In 1868 he was elected a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. In 1888 he was appointed Gifford Lecturer at St. Andrews University on Natural Religion, and delivered his inaugural address on Jan. 17, 1889. He has published, in verse, "Ballades in Blue China," 1881; and "Helen of Troy," 1882; "Rhymes a la Mode," 1884 ; and "Grass of Parnassus," 1888 ; and, in prose, "Custom and Myth," 1884 ; "Myth, Ritual, and Religion," 1887. He has published also a prose translation of the "Odyssey" (with Prof. Butcher), and of the " Iliad " (with Messrs. E. Myers and Walter Leaf), and of "Theocritus," "Aucassin and Nicolette," "Perrault's Popular Tales," "The Gold of Fairnilee," 1888 ; " Lost Leaders " (a reprint of Daily Neivs articles), 1889; "Prince Prigio," " Blue Fairy Tale Book," " Red Fairy Tale Book," "True Stories " ; and, in collabora- tion with Mr. Rider Haggard, in 1890, " The World's Desire " ; also " The Life, Letters, and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northcote, the First Lord Iddesleigh," 1890 ; a volume of verse, entitled " Ban et Arriere Ban " ; and a discussion of the spiritualist controversy, entitled " Cock-Lane and Common Sense," 1894. Among other recent works of his maybe mentioned: "Angling Sketches," "The Blue Poetry Book," and "Essays in Little," 1891 ; his introductory essays and notes to numerous books, including the Border Edition of the Waverley Novels, 1892, and " The Natives of Sarawak " ; his series of " Fairy Books," including " My Own Fairy Book," 1895 ; " Life of John Gibson Lockhart," 1896; "Pickle the Spy," an exhaustive study of Jacobite affairs in Scotland subsequent to '45 ; "The Book of Dreams and Ghosts," "The Pink Fairy Book," 1897; "The Companions of Pickle," and " The Making of Religion," 1898. Mr. Lang writes literary articles for the Daily News, and is a frequent contributor to periodical litera- ture. The monthly causeries " At the Sign of the Ship," in Longmans' Magazine, are from his pen. Addresses : 1 Marloes Road, W. ; and Athenaeum. LANGE, FrSulein Helene, was born at Oldenburg in 1848. She stands in the foremost ranks of those who represent the new ideas of women's education in Ger- many. After the death of her father, when she was sixteen, a wish began to make itself felt in her to lead a useful life, to test her strength and capabilities, to create for herself a world with which she could feel in sympathy, and this at last induced her to take up the life of a teacher, a choice which proved a happy one in every way. In 1870 she settled permanently at Berlin, and, after duly qualifying for the profession, she was called to the head of a training college for teachers, which, under her distinguished leadership, very soon established her repu- tation. Her position brought her into contact with colleagues of all shades of opinion, and she felt that something must be done to stop the mischief of a system which leaves girls' education in the hands of men. She consulted, and earnestly deliberated with, women whom she knew to be thoroughly of one mind with herself, and in 1887 a petition was laid before the Prussian House of Deputies, signed by Frl. Lange and others, praying for a re- form of the obnoxious system, and for institutions where women might qualify for appointments as Oberlehrerinnen. The petition was accompanied by a pamphlet, written by Frl. Lange, in which she thoroughly exposed the hollowness and mischievous tendency of girls' education as then carried on, and at the same time warmly vindicated the right of women to educate their own sex. The plain truth had never been told so plainly before, and LANGEVIN — LANGFORD 617 it was enough to set public opinion on fire even outside the profession. Although the petition was unsuccessful, the Govern- ment, in curious contrast to their previous uncompromising attitude, soon after sanc- tioned the opening of classes for history, German, and literature for women students at the "Victoria Lyceum, which was to be equivalent to university study, and by which the capacities of women for serious study were to be tested. A further step towards a realisation of Frl. Lange's plans was the opening of an institution where women might receive instruction in those branches of science which are the indis- pensable basis for any profession. These classes, called Real-kurse (comprising ma- thematics, chemistry, natural sciences, national economy, and languages), were opened in October 1889, in the presence of the Empress Frederick, on which occasion Frl. Lange delivered an address on the necessity of training women's faculties, which is greater in our day than it has ever been before. The advancement of women's education and culture is Frl. Lange's one aim and object, to which she makes every other interest subservient. She is identified with every movement tending to strengthen the capacities of women and to widen their spheres of in- fluence and usefulness. The small band of those who are working for a near solu- tion of the Woman's Question in Germany is increasing rapidly, and their eyes are fixed with hope and confidence on Frl. Lange, who has shown ability and courage to take initiative where it is necessary. LANGEVIN, The Hon. Sir Hector Louis, Q.C., K.C.M.G., C.B., LL.D., born in Quebec, Aug. 25, 1826, was edu- cated at the Seminary in his native city, studied law at Montreal, and was called to the Bar in 1850. He was created Q.C. March 30, 1864. He was for some time chief editor of the Melanges Rcligieux, Montreal ; was afterwards one of the editors of Le Courrier du Canada, Quebec, and wrote "Droit Administratif des Paroisses, or Parochial Laws and Customs of Lower Canada," 1862 (second enlarged edition, 1875). Mr. Langevin, elected Mayor of Quebec in December 1857, was re-elected in 1858 and 1859, has filled the chair of the Institut Canadien, and has been Presi- dent of the St. Jean Baptiste Society of Quebec. He was elected January 2, 1858, member of the Provincial Parliament, by the county of Dorchester, and has always supported the Conservative party. In March 1864 Mr. Langevin became Solici- tor-General for Lower Canada, with a seat in the Cabinet in Sir E. P. Tache's Ad- ministration, and exchanged the former post for the Postmaster - Generalship in November 1866. He was one of the Cana- dian delegates to the conference at Prince Edward Island on the question of the Confederation of the British North Ameri- can Provinces in the summer of 1866, and afterwards to the Quebec Conference, and repaired to London with other commis- sioners towards the end of that year, in order to complete the arrangements. On the organisation of the Dominion Cabinet in 1867, Mr. Langevin became a Privy Councillor, Secretary of State of Canada, Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs, and Registrar-General ; and in November 1869 exchanged that office for that of Minister of Public Works, which he re- tained until the fall of the Macdonald Government in 1873. At the General Elections of 1878 he was returned for Three Rivers (which he still represents), and was sworn in as Postmaster-General in the Liberal-Conservative Government of that year. This portfolio he resigned, in May 1879, for that of the Ministry of Public Works, which he continued to fill until he resigned the office in August 1891. He was made a C.B. after the arrangements for the organisation of the Dominion Government, and in 1881 had the order of K.C.M.G. conferred upon him. He is also a Knight Commander of the Roman Order of St. Gregory the Great, and LL.D. of Laval University. In 1851 he married Justine, daughter of Colonel Fetu. LANGFORD, John Alfred, LL.D., was born at Birmingham, Sept. 12, 1823, and was educated at the Mechanics' In- stitute, but in 1S51 took private lessons in classics and mathematics from Prof. Lund, at Queen's College in that town. His first public work was to take a very active part in securing Aston Hall and Park for the people, for which he was presented to the Queen, when her Majesty performed the opening ceremony on June 15, 1858. He was an original Fellow of the Royal His- torical Society, a post which he resigned in 1877. He was a Member of the Bir- mingham Free Libraries Committee, 1864-74 ; and teacher of English Litera- ture in the Birmingham and Midland Institute, 1868-74. In 1875-76 he visited Australia and the United States, and the results of his travels were published in a series of articles in the Birmingham Weekly Post in 1876. He was elected a Member of the Birmingham School Board in 1874, and re-elected in 1876, 1879, 1882, 1885, and 1888. In 1891 he retired, having been a Member of the Board for seventeen years. In 1892 he was elected a Member of the Yardley School Board, and was appointed Chairman of the Attendance and Appeals Committee, but was not a candidate for re-election in 1895. He has been a 618 LANGLEY Member of the Old Library Committee since 1871, and was elected President in 1880. He has been local editor of the Birmingham Daily Gazette and the Bir- mingham Morning News. Dr. Langford is the author of "Religious Scepticism and Infidelity," 1850; "A Drama of Life and Aspiranda," and "Religion and Education in Relation to the People," 1852 ; " Eng- lish Democracy," 1855; "The Lamp of Life : a Poem," 1856 ; " Poems of the Fields and Town," 1859; "Shelley and other Poems," 1860 ; " Prison Books and their Authors," 1861; "Pleasant Spots and Famous Places," 1862 ; " A Century of Birmingham Life," 2 vols. 1868 ; "Mo- dern Birmingham," 2 vols., 1874-77 ; "Staffordshire and Warwickshire, Past and Present," 2 vols., 1874; "Birming- ham: a Handbook," 1879; "The Praise of Books," 1880 ; " Child-Life as Learned from Children," 1884 ; "On Sea and Shore," 1887; "Heroes and Martyrs," 1890; "Pattie's Christmas Tree," 1892; "Plea- sant Spots and Famous Places," second series, 1898. He has contributed to the last edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britan- nica"; read a number of papers at the meetings of the Birmingham Archaeolo- gical Society, published in its Transactions; and is the author of several pamphlets on current topics. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Greene- ville and Tusculum College in 1869. Ad- dress : Astley House, Fernley Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham. LANGLEY, John Newport, M.A. D.Sc, F.R.S., was born at Newbury on Nov. 10, 1852. He is the second son of John Langley, by his wife, Mary Groom, eldest daughter of Richard Groom, for- merly Assistant - Secretary in the Tax Department, Somerset House. Mr. Lang- ley's earlier education was carried on partly at home and partly at the Exeter Grammar School. In October 1871 he en- tered at St. John's College, Cambridge ; was elected a Foundation Scholar in May 1874 ; and obtained a first class in the Natural Science Tripos in December of the same year. He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in October 1877, and a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1883. In 1884 he was appointed a Lecturer in Natural Sciences in Trinity College, and a Lecturer in Histology in the University. On the lapsing of his Fellowship in 1885 he was re-elected. In 1892 he received one of the Royal medals for original re- search awarded on the recommendation of the Royal Society. In 1897 he was elected to serve on the Council of the Royal Society, and in 1899 was elected a member of the Athenaeum under Rule 2. Most of Mr. Langley's papers have been published in the Journal of Physiology, the Proceedings or Transac- tions of the Royal Society. His observa- tions have for the most part been con- cerned with one of two fields of research. In the first place he has investigated the microscopical changes which take place in glands during secretion arid the physiological conditions of secretion. On this subject he has written on the " Sali- vary Glands," 1879, 1886, 1889; on the "Gastric Glands," 1879, with Dr. Sewall, 1881, 1882; on "The Liver," 1882, 1885; and a series of six papers on the " Physi- ology of the Salivary Secretion," 1878-90. And in connection with this subject he has written on the "Destruction of Fer- ments in the Alimentary Canal," 1882; with Miss Eves on the "Amylolytic Action of Saliva," 1882 ; with Dr. Edkins on "Pepsinogen and Pepsin," 1886; with Dr. Fletcher on the "Secretion of Salts in Saliva," 1888. In the second place, he has investigated the connections and functions of the sympathetic nervous system. He has written with Prof. Sher- rington on "Pilo-Motor Nerves," 1891; on the "Origin, Course, and Connection of the Sympathetic Fibres for the Head," 1892; for the "Limbs and Trunk," 1891-94 ; and for the "Lower Abdominal and Pelvic Viscera," 1895-96, the latter in conjunction with Dr. Anderson ; with Dr. Anderson on the "Movements of the Iris," 1892 ; with Dr. Anderson on " Reflex Action from Sympathetic Ganglia," 1894 ; on the " Regeneration of Sympathetic and other Similar Nerve-Fibres," 1895, 1897, 1898; on "White and Grey Rami Com- municantes," 1896 ; and on the "General Arrangement of the Sympathetic System," 1893, 1895, 1896. Mr. Langley has also made observations with regard to the physiological action of poisons and the structure of the central nervous system. On the former subject may be mentioned : " Pilocarpin," 1876 ; "The Antagonism of Poisons," 1880 ; " Piluri and Nicotin," with Dr. Dickinson, 1890; "Poisonous Action of Alkaloids on Nerve Cells," with Dr. Dickinson, 1890 ; " Nicotin in the Ciliary Ganglia," with Dr. Anderson, 1892. On the latter subject, "The Structure of the Dog's Brain," 1883 ; " Secondary De- generation," with Prof. Sherrington, 1884, and with Dr. Griinbaum, 1890. He has written also on Hypnotism. Mr. Langley is the joint author with Prof. Foster of a " Practical Physiology and Histology," now in its sixth edition ; and editor with Prof. Foster of the Journal of Physiology. Ad- dresses : Trinity College, Cambridge ; and Athenaeum. LANGLEY, Samuel Pierpont, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L., American astrono- LANGTON — LANKESTER 619 mer, was born at Roxbury, Boston, Mass., Aug. 22, 1834. Upon graduating from tbe Boston Latin School he devoted himself at first to civil engineering, and then for a time to architecture, but soon abandoned these professions for astronomy. In 1863 he went to Europe, and upon his return to America in 1865 became an assistant in the Harvard Observatory. He remained there, however, only for a few months, being called to the professorship of Mathematics in the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. From 1867 to 1887 he was Director of the Observatory of the Western Univer- sity of Pennsylvania (at Allegheny) ; and in January 1887 was appointed Assistant- Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, succeeding to the full secretaryship in November 1887. Secre- tary Langley has accompanied many of the parties sent out by the U. S. Govern- ment to observe eclipses of the sun in various parts of the world, the study of that body being the work to which he has largely devoted himself, and by which he is best known. Besides his lectures and addresses in America, he in 1885 lectured before the Royal Institution in London, and in 1882 made an address before the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Southampton. He received, in 1886, the first Henry Draper medal awarded by the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1887 the Rumford medals from both the Royal Society of London and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a member of many scien- tific societies, American and European, and a correspondent of the Institute of France. The degree of LL. D. was con- ferred on him by Harvard University in 1888, as well as by other institutions of learning, and that of D.C.L. by Oxford in 1894. In addition to his numerous strictly scientific papers, he published in 1884-85 in the Century Magazine some more popular articles on "The New Astronomy." LANGTON, John, F.R.C.S., received his medical education at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and became M.S. in 1861, and Fellow in 1865. He is a Member of Council, and has been Vice-President and Hunterian Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and a Member of its Court of Examiners. He is Surgeon and Lecturer on Clinical Surgery at his own hospital, and surgeon to a number of other important institutions. He is Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical and the Royal Medical 'Societies of London, &c. To the " St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports " and the Transactions and Journal of the Clinical Society he has contributed important papers on " Hernia," &c. He is also a contributor to Heath's "Dictionary of Surgery," and has edited Holden's "Manual of Dissection." Address: 62 Harley Street, W. LANGTRY, Lillie, actress, is the daughter of the Rev. W. C. Le Breton, Dean of Jersey, and was born in 1852. In 1874 she was married to Mr. Langtry, a native of Belfast, and about 1881, after having been for some years celebrated for her beauty in London society, determined to go on the stage. Mrs. Langtry made her first public appearance on Dec. 15, 1881, at the Haymarket Theatre, in "She Stoops to Conquer." In January of the following year Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft en- gaged Mrs. Langtry to play at the Hay- market Theatre, and she appeared in the character of Blanche Haye in Robertson's play of " Ours." She appeared as Rosalind in "As You Like It," at the Imperial Theatre, on Sept. 23, 1882, and subse- quently went to America. Mrs. Langtry has twice leased the Prince's Theatre (now the Prince of Wales's Theatre). At the end of the summer season of 1885 she weut once more to America, and in 1887 became a naturalised citizen of the United States. In 1891 she leased the Princess's Theatre in London, and appeared as Cleopatra in " Antony and Cleopatra." Her husband died under melancholy circumstances in 1897. LANKESTER, Professor Edwin Ray, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., eldest son of Edwin Lankester, M.D., F.R.S., coroner for Middlesex, was born May 15, 1847, at 22 Old Burlington Street, London, and was educated at St. Paul's School, London, and Christ Church, Oxford. He was appointed Fellow and Lecturer of Exeter College, Oxford, in 1872, and Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in University College, London, in 1874. He is an Honorary LL.D. of the University of! St. Andrews (1885), Examiner in the Univer- sities of Cambridge, London, and New Zealand, and one of the Honorary Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford, his colleagues being the late Lord Chief-Justice, Mr. Froude, Sir E. Burne-Jones, Mr. William Morris, and the Regius Professor of Divinity. He is a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, &c. In 1878 the professorship in London held by Mr. Lankester was selected by Mr. Jodrell for endowment, with the interest of £7000, and subse- quently large laboratories and a museum, adapted both to class teaching and to the pursuit of original investigations in the field of natural history, were placed at his disposal by the Council of the College. Professor Lankester was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875. He has 620 LAJSTSDELL published more than a hundred scientific memoirs (dating from 1865), mostly on comparative anatomy and palaeontology, the chief of which are " A Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain," Part I., 1870; "Comparative Longevity," 1871; "Contributions to the Developmental History of the Mollusca " (Philos. Trans. Royal Society), 1875 ; " De- generation, a chapter in Darwinism," 1880; " Limulus an Arachnid," 1881; " Rhabdopleura and Amphioxus," 1889; and the English editions of Haeckel's " History of Creation," and of Gegenbaur's "Comparative Anatomy." Besides these he has published numerous shorter memoirs, and has constantly contributed reviews and articles to the pages of the Athenceum, the Academy, and Nature, and is the author of the articles Hydrozoa, Mollusca, Polyzoa, Protozoa, Vertebrata, and Zoology in the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." Since 1869, when he joined his father, the late Dr. Edwin Lankester, in that work, he has been chief editor of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. During the years 1870-74 he was one of the sectional secretaries of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and organised the annual museum which has become a feature of the meetings of that body. In 1883 he was President of the Biological Section of the Association when it met at Southport. In the autumn of 1876 Pro- fessor Lankester prosecuted the spirit- medium Slade, and procured his conviction by Mr. Flowers at Bow Street as " a com- mon rogue and vagabond." He has also taken a prominent part in the defence of scientific experiment on live animals and in the discussion of University Reform. In April 1882 the Regius chair of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh was, on the death of Sir Wyville Thomson, offered by the Home Secretary to Professor Lankester, and accepted by him. This had been the most coveted post to which a naturalist could aspire, on account both of its pecuniary value and of its educa- tional importance. It was, however, intimated by the Government, at the moment of making the appointment, that the division of the chair and the alteration of the curriculum in such a way as greatly to reduce the professor's income from students' fees were in contemplation. Finding that he would be unable in these circumstances to develop the museum and laboratories of the University in a satis- factory manner, on account of the gene- ral uncertainty as to the contemplated changes, Professor Lankester resigned the Regius Professorship a fortnight after his appointment, and was immediately re- elected to the Jodrell Professorship in London. In November of the same year he was elected by the Royal Society to be a member of the Council of that body, and for a second term of service in November 1888. In 1884 Professor Lankester founded the Marine Biological Association, of which he is President. The Association has erected at Plymouth, on a site granted by the War Office, a large laboratory and aquarium for the study of marine fishes and shell-fish. The Association has ob- tained support from the Fishmongers and other City Companies, and from the Government, so that it has been able to spend £12,000 on the laboratory, and has an income of £1000 a year to maintain it. In 1885 the Council of the Royal Society awarded to Professor Lankester one of the Royal Medals in recognition of his dis- coveries in the field of Zoology and Palaeontology. In 1891 Professor Lankes- ter was appointed to the Linacre Pro- fessorship of Human and Comparative Anatomy at Oxford. In August 1898 he was appointed by the principal trustees of the British Museum to succeed Sir William Flower as Director of the Natural History Department of the British Museum. This was a popular appointment, which put an end to the fear at that time expressed by scientific men, that the powers of the Direc- tor would in future be greatly curtailed. In 1890 he published "The Advancement of Science," and in 1891 issued in book-form his zoological articles in the "Encyclo- paedia Britannica," ed. 9. Addresses : Natural History Museum, South Kensing- ton, S.W. ; and Athenseum. LANSDELL, Trie Rev. Henry, D.D., is known as author, editor, traveller, and divine. He was born at Tenterden, Kent, on Jan 10, 1841, received his early educa- tion from his father, and subsequently studied at St. John's College of Divinity, Highbury, whence he was ordained in 1867 to the Curacy of Greenwich. In 1869 he was appointed Metropolitan Association Secretary to the Society for Irish Church Missions, and during the following ten years preached and spoke on its behalf in twelve countries, forty counties, three hundred churches, &c. In 1873 he planned and, as honorary secretary, was the prin- cipal worker in founding the Church Homiletical Society, which had for its object the improvement in preaching and pastoral work of the younger clergy and candidates for Holy Orders, and which brought within its membership or influence about one-fifth of the English clergy. In connection with the foregoing society he originated, and for twelve years was editor of, the Clergyman's Magazine, of which about 300,000 copies were circulated. He edited also about the same time a volume LANSDOWNE 621 of "Homiletioal and Pastoral Lectures," and "Three Lectures on Preaching, de- livered in St. Paul's Cathedral." Dr. Lansdell is widely known as a traveller and author. It occurred to him to make his holidays a means of philanthropic and religious usefulness, partly by the visitation of hospitals and prisons, and partly by the distribution therein, and elsewhere, of religious literature. Ac- cordingly he visited in 1874 prisons in Scandinavia, Finland, Eussia, and Poland ; in 1876 Norway, Sweden, and both shores of the Gulf of Bothnia; in 1877, during the Eusso-Turkish War, Austria-Hungary, Eoumania, and Sclavonia ; and in 1878 St. Petersburg and Archangel. The foregoing were tours, each of a few weeks only, after which he was asked whether he could not do something for Siberia. This led in 1870 to his traversing the Eastern Hemisphere in a tolerably straight line from Calais to the Pacific, crossing America, and in seven months finishing the circuit of the world. Another journey of five months took him, in 1882, through Eussian Central Asia, including Kuldja, Bokhara, and Khiva ; and this was followed by a tour of three months, in 1885, through eight of the kingdoms of Europe. Among the results of these journeys may be men- tioned in gross the distribution in public institutions and elsewhere of about 150,000 publications, in twenty languages, and in particular the providing at least one copy of some portion of Holy Scripture for each room of every hospital and prison throughout Siberia, Eussian Central Asia, Finland, and, less completely, the Caucasus and certain parts of European Eussia. Accounts of these travels have appeared in some 100 newspapers and magazine articles, also in two vols., published 1882, entitled "Through Siberia" (now as one volume in its fifth edition), and translated into German, Swedish, and Danish ; also, in 1885, "Eussian Central Asia," in two vols., translated likewise into German, and abridged into one volume, published in 1887, and entitled " Through Central Asia ; with an Appendix on the Eusso-Afghan Frontier." As a parochial clergyman, in addition to his curacy at Greenwich, Dr. Lansdell served as Assistant Minister of St. German's, Blackheath, in 1880-82; and in 1885-86 was in sole charge of St. Peter's, Eltham ; after leaving which he was asked whether he would "come out and lead the way " by a Pioneer Mission through Mongolia towards Tibet. This led to the last and greatest of his honorary missionary journeys, namely, of 950 days, through five of the kingdoms of Europe, four of Africa, and every kingdom of Asia, in the course of which he distributed Scriptures in eleven languages through five new countries, and also came in contact with about 400 missionaries, re- siding at 170 mission stations, in 110 loca- lities, and working under fifty societies. He also collected some few thousands of specimens of the fauna of Eussian and Chinese Turkistan. In 1892 Dr. Lansdell was appointed by the trustees Chaplain of Morden College, Blackheath, S.E. In the same year he married Mary Ann, eldest child of Charles and Mary Ann Colyer, of Farningham and Greenhithe, and pro- ceeded on a tour to Spain and Portugal, thereby completing his visits to every kingdom of Asia and Europe. In 1893 he published another considerable work, in two volumes, entitled " Chinese Central Asia : a Eide to Little Tibet," a record of part of his last journey in Asia. Dr. Lans- dell was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Geographical Society in 1876, and in 1880 became a member of the General Commit- tee of the British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, before the annual meeting of which, at Swansea, he read a paper. In 1882 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from the Archbishop of Canterbury, confirmed by Her Majesty's letters patent. He is, by invitation of the Council, member of the Victoria Institute, member of the Eoyal Asiatic, and sundry other societies. Ad- dress : Morden College, Blackheath, S.E. LANSDOWNE, Marquis of, The Right Hon. Henry Charles Keith Petty - Fitzmaurice, E.G., G. C.S.I. , G.C.I.E., G.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., late Viceroy and Governor-General of India, eldest son of the 4th Marquis of Lans- downe, K.G., by his second wife, the Hon. Emily Jane, eldest daughter of the Comte de Flahault and the Baroness Keith and Nairne, was born Jan. 14, 1845. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford (M.A. 1884; Hon. D.C.L. 1888; Hon. LL.D. Camb. ; Hon. LL.D. M'Gill University, Canada, 1884), and was formerly a Captain in the Wilts Yeomanry Cavalry. He succeeded his father in the Marquisate and other titles in 1866. Lord Lansdowne was a Lord of the Treasury from 1868 to 1872, and Under-Secretary for War from the latter date till 1874. He was appointed Under-Secretary for India when Mr. Gladstone took office again in 1880, but retired two months afterwards (July 8), owing to a disagreement with the Government on the subject of the Com- pensation for Disturbance (Ireland) Bill. In May 1883 the Queen approved the ap- pointment of Lord Lansdowne as Gover- nor-General of Canada, in succession to the Marquis of Lome, who retired in Octo- ber of that year, on the completion of the period for which he was appointed. Lord 622 LA KAMEE — LASKEE Lansdowne was created G.C.M. G. a few months later. At the expiration of his term of office as Governor-General of Canada (the chief events of which were the suppression of Riel's rebellion in the North-West, the execution of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the satisfactory settle- ment of the long-standing controversy concerning the North American Fisheries), Lord Lansdowne was appointed by her Majesty Viceroy and Governor-General of India. His Excellency took his seat at Cal- cutta on Dec. 10, 1888. In December 1893 he was succeeded by the Earl of Elgin. He was appointed a Trustee of the National Gallery in 1894. In July 1895 he was appointed Secretary of State for War. His lordship is a magistrate for Wiltshire, and also for the county of Kerry. He married, in 1869, Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton, youngest daughter of the first Duke of Abercorn. Addresses : Lansdowne House, Berkeley Square, W. ; Bowood Park, Calne, Wilts ; and Athen- aeum. LA RAMEE, Mdlle. Louise de, com- monly known to her readers as "Ouida, " was born at Bury St. Edmunds in 1840. At a very early age she commenced authoress, and contributed to Colbum's New Monthly. She has written a large number of popular novels, some of which possess high literary charm. Of these the principal are " Held in Bondage," 1863; " Chandos," 1866; "Idalia," 1867; "Under Two Flags," 1867 ; " Folle Farine," 1871 ; " In a Win- ter City," 1876; "In Maremma," 1882; "Bimbi" (stories for children), 1882; "Wanda," 1883; "Othmar," "Guilderoy," 1889 ; " Signa," 1875 ; " Moths," 1880 ; " Syrlin," "Ruffi.no," "Santa Barbara," "The Tower of Taddeo," "Two Offen- ders" (tales), 1894; "Le Selve," 1896; "The Massarenes," and "Toxin, an Altruist," 1897. "Ouida "lives in Flor- ence, and is a well-known figure in Anglo- Florentine circles. Her novels deal with all phases of European society, and the scenes of many of them are laid in Italy. LARMOR, Joseph, M.A. (Camb.), D.Sc. (Univer. Lond.), D.Sc. (Eoy. Univer. Ireland), F.R.S., was born in 1857, being the eldest son of the late Hugh Larmor of Magheragall, Lisburn, Co. Antrim, and was educated at the Royal Belfast Acade- mical Institution, at Queen's College Bel- fast, and at St. John's College Cambridge. He has been a Fellow of St. John's College Cambridge since 1880, and University Lecturer in Mathematical Physics since 1885. From 1880 to 1885 he filled the chair of Natural Philosophy in Queen's College Galway, and in the Queen's Uni- versity in Ireland, and for some years he was a Fellow of the Royal University. He is at present Examiner in Mathematics, and Natural Philosophy, in the University of London ; a Governor of Mason College Birmingham ; Treasurer, and lately Vice- President of the London Mathematical Society ; Vice - President, and lately (1886-95) Secretary of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ; and a member of Council of the Royal Society. Mr. Larmor has published memoirs on various branches of mathematics, and natural philosophy, in the publications of these Societies, and in other journals. Address : St. John's College, Cambridge. LASCELLES, The Bight Hon. Sir Frank Cavendish, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., Ambassador to Germany, is the son of the late Right Hon. William Sebright Las- celles, M.P., third son of the 2nd Earl of Harewood, and of Lady Caroline Georgiana Howard, daughter of the 6th Earl of Car- lisle. Born in 1841, he entered the Diplo- matic Service at the age of 20, and was soon afterwards appointed Attache' at Madrid. Until 1878 he filled many subor- dinate posts in Paris, Berlin, Copen- hagen, Rome, Washington, and Athens, and in all these varied jjositions gained the character of an able, painstaking diplo- matist, especially when he acted as Charge' d'Affaires. In 1878 and 1879 he, on three occasions for several months, was Agent and Consul-General in Egypt, and in that capacity convinced his official superiors of his fitness for higher and more inde- pendent spheres of action. Accordingly he was sent to Bulgaria in November 1879, and displayed in that difficult position so much ability and discretion that in 1886 he was made a K.C.M.G., and on Jan. 1, 1887, was appointed to the vacant post of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Bucharest. From thence, in July 1891, he was transferred to the Court of Teheran, succeeding Sir Henry Drummond Wolff there as Minister Pleni- potentiary. His activity and vigilance in Persia caused him to be so much appreci- ated by the Foreign Office that they appointed him to one of the most impor- tant posts in the Diplomatic Service. He was made Ambassador to St. Petersburg at the close of 1893, in succession to the late Sir Robert Morier. In 1895 he was appointed to Berlin. He married, in 1867, Mary, daughter of the late Sir J. F. Olliffe, M.D. Lady Lascelles died suddenly at Berlin in April 1897. Address : British Embassy, Berlin. LASKER, Emanuel, chess champion of the world and of England, was born on Dec. 24, 1868, at Berlinchen, in Germany, and received a university education at LASSALLE — LATHAM 623 Berlin and Gottingen. When only fifteen years of age he entered seriously on the study of chess, and won a first prize in 1889 at a Berlin tournament. He won a third prize at the Graz International Tournament in 1890. He gave exhibition performances in London in 1891, and in 1892 won the first prize at the National Master Tournament. In the now cele- brated quintangular match against Messrs. Blackburne, Bird, Gunsberg, and Mason, he obtained the first prize with 6J games out of eight. He toured in America from September 1892 onwards, and beat Steinitz in 1894 by ten games to five, of which four were drawn. He studied mathematics in his student days, and has won three im- portant chess championships, that of Eng- land in 1892, of America in 1894, and of the chess-playing world in 1897. He has also won many first prizes in chess tourna- ments, and has published several works on chess and on mathematical subjects. Ad- dress : 71 Chiswell Street, E.C. LASSALLE, Jean, French baritone, was born in 1859, and was educated as an artist, but gave up that career and entered the Paris Conservatoire. His success was immediate, for he is a consummate actor, as well as a singer of high rank. He takes infinite pains with a part, ransacking every library to study Hamlet, becoming a classicist to play Polyeucte, and studying Egyptology before undertaking A'ida. He is a frequent performer at Covent Garden, and is a great favourite with English audiences. LATEY, John, F.J.I., editor of the Penny Illustrated Paper, was born in Lon- don on Oct. 30, 1842, and is the only son of the late John Lash Latey, who for many years edited the Illustrated London Neivs. Both his parents were Devonians, and he received his early education at Barnstaple. He has been practically all his life a journalist. He joined the Penny Illustrated Paper when it was started by the proprietors of the Illustrated London News in October 1861, and has worked for it ever since, latterly as art and literary editor. To the columns of the Illustrated London News, to which his paper is still affiliated, he has contributed largely, hav- ing succeeded the late Mr. Spellen as writer of the Parliamentary sketch for that paper. During the rise of the Parnellite party in the House of Commons, he was well known in the Gallery as "The Silent Member," under which pseudonym he composed his Parliamentary articles. For several years he contributed to the Penny Illustrated Paper a series of articles, signed ' ' The Showman." These were in great part bright and amusing satires on the follies and vices of the age. " Bird's-eye Views," in the same paper, were also devised by him, in collaboration with Mr. Harry Fur- niss. Mr. Latey has been a busy novelette writer, the Christmas Annuals of the Penny Illustrated Paper having been largely the work of his pen. He has also written a comedietta, "The Rose of Hastings," a "Life of General Gordon," and transla- tions of Dumas' " Mohicans of Paris " (Routledge), and Paul Feval's " Fils du Diable," which in its English dress appeared as "The Three Bed Knights." Mr. Latey was one of the founders of the London Press Club, and is a Fellow of the Jour- nalists' Institute. Address : 10 Milford Lane, Strand, W.C. LATHAM, Bev. Henry, M.A., J.P., was born on June 4, 1821, at Dover, being the son of John Henry Latham, for many years one of the Paymasters of Exchequer bills, and Harriet, only child of E. Brode- rip, M.D. He was educated privately and at Trinity College, Camb., of which College he was a Scholar. He was 18th Wrangler in 1845, and was appointed Tutor of Trinity Hall in 1847, becoming a Fellow in 1848. He was ordained Deacon in 1848, and Priest in 1850. He was appointed Master of Trinity Hall in 1888. He is the author of " Problems in Geometrical Conic Sections," 1848 and 1882 ; " On the Action of Ex- aminations," 1877; "Pastor Pastorum," 1888; "A Service of Angels," 1895. He is a Justice of the Peace for Cambridge- shire. Address : Master's Lodge, Trinity Hall, Cambridge. LATHAM, Peter Wallwork, M.A , M.D., F.B.C.P., the eldest son of Mr. John Latham, a physician practising in Wigan, Lancashire, was born Oct. 21, 1832. He was educated at Gonville and Caius Col- lege, Cambridge, and took the BA. degree in 1858 as 19th Wrangler, and in 1859 was placed first, with distinction in five sub- jects, in the Natural Science Tripos. In 1860 he was elected into a Medical Fellow- ship at Downing College. He studied Medicine at Cambridge, Glasgow, and at St. Bartholomew's, London ; graduated as M.A. and M.B/ in 1861, and as M.D. in 1864. In 1866 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London, where he has held the offices of Councillor 1886-87, and Censor 1887-89 ; and in 1886 delivered the Croonian Lectures, and in 1888 the Harveian Oration. In 1868 he was appointed Deputy for the Downing Professor of Medicine in the University of Cambridge, and succeeded Dr. Fisher in the Professorship in 1874. He has twice been an Examiner for the Natural Science Tripos, and on several occasions for Medi- cal Degrees at Cambridge. He is Senior 624 LA THANGUE — LAUKIER Physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital, and has published several works and papers relating to medicine : "On Nervous or Sick Headache," 1873; "On the Formation of Uric Acid in Animals," 1884; "On some Points in the Pathology of Rheumatism, Gout, and Diabetes," Croonian Lectures, 1886; articles in "Quain's Dictionary of Medicine," and the Harveian Oration for 1888. Dr. Latham resigned the Downing Professorship in 1894, having discharged the duties of the office for twenty-six years. Address : 17 Trumpington Street, Cambridge. LA THANGUE, H. H., A.R.A, was educated at Dulwich College, the Academy Schools, and the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. His methods are rather French than English, and his broad realistic manner marks him out as one of the future leaders of a new school of English land- scape art. He was elected A.R.A. in 1898, and of late years has exhibited the follow- ing Royal Academy pictures: "The Last Furrow" and "Cleaning the Orchard," 1895 ; "A Little Holding," "In a Cottage Garden," and " The Man with the Scythe " fa most noteworthy allegorical picture), 1896 ; "A Summer Morning," "Travelling Harvesters " (a very fine painting), and "Gleaners," 1897; "Nightfall," "Bracken," "Harvesters at Supper," and "A Sussex Cider-Press," 1898 ; " Cider Apples," "Cut- ting Bracken," "Harrowing," and "Love in the Harvest Field," 1899. Address : Graffham, Petworth, Sussex. LATJGHTON, John Knox, M.A., was born in Liverpool on April 23, 1830, and was educated at the Royal Institution School, Liverpool, and at Cains College, Cambridge. Appointed a Naval Instructor in 1853, he was present in the Baltic during the Russian War of 1854-55, and served in China during the second war of 1856-59, where he obtained a medal and three clasps. He subsequently served in the Mediterranean and the Channel, and was in 1866 appointed Mathematical and Naval Instructor at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth. In 1873 he was transferred to Greenwich in the same capacity, where he also lectured on Meteorology ; and in 1876 he became Lecturer on Naval History at the same institution. Professor Laugh- ton was in 1885 elected to the chair of Modern History at King's College, London, and in 1895 became an Hon. Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge. He acted as President of the Royal Meteorological Society from 1882 to' 1884. He is the author of "Physical Geography in its Relation to the Prevailing Winds and Cur- rents," 1870; "A Treatise on Nautical Surveying," 1872 ; " Studies in Naval His- tory," 1887; "Nelson" (English Men of Action Series), 1895; "Nelson and his Companions in Arms," 1896 ; and has edited "Memoirs relating to the Lord Torrington," 1889; "Letters and De- spatches of Lord Nelson," 1886 ; " Defeat of the Spanish Armada" (Navy Records Society); "Memoirs of Henry Reeve," 1898. Address : King's College, London. LAURIER, The Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid, Canadian statesman, was born at St. Lin, Quebec, Nov. 20, 1841. He was edu- cated at L'Assomption College, graduated in law at M'Gill University in 1864, and was admitted to the Bar in 1864. From 1871 to 1874 he was in the Quebec Assembly. He then entered the Dominion Parliament, and in 1877 was appointed Minister of Inland Revenue in the Mackenzie Government, a position which he held until the resignation of the Ministry in 1878. M. Laurier at one time edited Le Difricheur. On the retire- ment of Mr. Blake from the Liberal leader- ship in 1887, M. Laurier, who had already been recognised as the head of the French- Canadian wing of that party, was unani- mously chosen to succeed him. At the general election in 1896 his party was successful, and he was sworn into office as President of the Privy Council, July 9 of that year. Notwithstanding powerful op- position he was able to settle the Manitoba School question in such manner as to remove it from the domain of politics, and in 1897 he took part in London at the Diamond Jubilee, being received in the Mother Country in almost regal manner, his fine and romantic presence as he headed the Colonial statesmen in the Jubilee Procession being all in his favour. As an orator he took first place everywhere. He advocated a closer union between Great Britain and her colonies and preferential trade arrangements, predicting that the time was approaching " when Canadian pride and aspiration would develop a claim to demand as a right their share in that broader citizenship which embraces the whole empire, and whose legislative centre is the Palace of Westminster." He was also received with unusual honours by the President of France and His Holiness the Pope. On his return to Canada he had splendid receptions in all the chief cities of his native land, where great enthusiasm was shown. He was (1898) one of the Joint Commissioners for the settlement of mat- ters in dispute between Canada and the United States. He was sworn of the Privy Council and created a Knight Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George in 1897, and in the same year the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Toronto University and also by Queen's University of Kingston. Honorary degrees were also LAVED AN — LAW 625 conferred by Oxford and Cambridge Uni- versities in England, and he was appointed a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour in France. LAVEDAN, Henri Leon Emile, French dramatist, is the son of a famous Republican journalist under the Second Empire, and was born at Orleans in April 1859. He was educated at the Lycee Louis le Grand, and immediately took up letters as his profession. He started by writing Chroniques to several smart Parisian papers, such as L'Echo de Paris, Le Gil Bias, and Le Figaro, in which he displayed talents of keen observation and mordant satire. These articles have been since reprinted in a dozen volumes, with the titles " Mam'selle Vertu," "Lydie," "Petites Fetes," &c. But his chief success has been on the stage. He made a brilliant debut at the Theatre Frangais with a comedy in four acts, en- titled "Une Famille" (May 1890), for which he was given the Thoirac prize of £160 by the French Academy. Two years later he offered a satirical drama, "Les Descendants," to the same theatre, in which play his object was to contrast the present decadence of the great aristocratic families with the glorious past of their ancestors. There it was refused, but, under a fresh title, " Le Prince dAuree," it was played at the Vaudeville (Paris) with im- mense success, thanks to its continual play of sparkling epigram. In April 1894 he wrote " Deux Noblesses " for the Od£on, and in November 1895 his "Viveurs" was presented at the Vaudeville. On Dec. 8, 1898, he was elected a Member of the French Academy. He is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and his Paris ad- dress is 15 Rue dAstorq. LAVISSE, Ernest, French historian, was born at Nouvion-en-Thierache, Dec. 17, 1842, and was educated at the Church Schools of St. Roch at Paris. He entered the Ecole Normale in 1862, and in 1865 he passed his agrige in History. After having been a teacher at the Lycees of Versailles and Henri IV, he became a docteur is lettres in 1875, and a Professor of Modern History at the Sorbonne in 1888. He was elected a Member of the French Academy in June 1892 in the place of Admiral Jurien de la Grav'iere, having been created an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1887. M. Lavisse is remarkable both for the clearness of his elementary historical text- books and for the depth of his historical researches. His chief study has been the history of Germany and the close relation- ship of its present policy with its past. His chief works are : " Etudes sur l'His- toire de Prusse," 1879 ; "Essais sur l'Alle- magne Imp<5riale," 1887 ; "La Jeunesse du Grand Frederic," 1891; "Trois Empereurs dAllemagne," 1888; studies of William I., Frederick III., and William II. Amongst his historical text-books may be cited : "Sully," 1880; "Histoire de France," 1890 ; and ' ' La Premiere Annee d'Histoire de France," 1876. He wrote an introduc- tion to a translation of Professor Freeman's "Historical Geography of Europe," and he has written essays on university questions. He is a frequent writer in the Revue des Deux Mondcs and the Revue de V Enseigne- ment Supirieur. His Paris address is 5 Rue de Meclicis. LAW, William Arthur, dramatist, was born on 22nd March 1844 at North Repps Rectory, near Cromer, Norfolk, his father being the Rev. Patrick Comerford Law, Rector of North Repps, and his mother Frances, daughter of the Right Rev. Alexander Arbuthnot, Bishop of Killaloe. His family is the Irish branch of the Scotch family of the Laws of Lauris- ton, which branch went over to Ireland with "Strongbow" in 1166, and his an- cestor, Sir Michael Law, fought under William of Orange at the battle of the Boyne in 1690 ; and another ancestor, Lord Danganmore, fought on the opposite side for James, bis title and estates being afterwards forfeited for high trea- son. He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and in 1864 obtained a commission in the 21st Royal Scots Fusiliers, in which regiment he served at home and in Burma for eight years. In 1872 he went on the stage, his first engagement being at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh. After acting in the provinces and at the Surrey Theatre for two years he joined Mr. and Mrs. German Reed's Company in 1874, and was con- nected with it for five years. In 1877 he married Miss Fanny Holland of the same company, and from 1879 to 1881 he and his wife gave an entertainment of their own throughout the country. In 1881 Arthur Law was engaged at the Savoy Theatre, when he retired from the stage and devoted himself solely to writing plays. His first piece, "A Night Sur- prise," was produced at the German Reeds' entertainment on Feb. 12, 1877. He wrote 19 plays for the German Reeds, and up to the present has also produced 20 plays in the London theatres. At German Reeds' we may mention: "A Night Surprise," "A Happy Bungalow," "An Artful Auto- maton," "Enchantment," "£100 Reward," "Castle Botherem," "A Flying Visit," "A Merry Christmas," "All at Sea," "Cherry Tree Farm," "A Bright Idea," " The Head of the Poll," "Nobody's Fault." "A Strange Host," "Treasure Trove," "A Moss Rose Rent," "A Terrible Fright," 2b 626 LA WES — LAWRENCE "Old Knockles," and "A Peculiar Case." At the London theatres: "Hope," "Mr. Guffin's Elopement," " The Happy Return," "Uncle Samuel," "A Mint of Money," "The Great Tay-kin," "Chirruper's For- tune," "After Long Years," "Gladys," "The Mystery of a Hansom Cab," "John Smith," "All Abroad," "Dick Venables," "The Judge," "Culprits," "In Three Volumes," "The Magic Opal," "The New Boy," "The Ladies' Idol," and "The Sea Flower." Address : Cromer House, 223 Elgin Avenue, Maida Vale, W. LAWES, Sir John Beimet, Bart., F.R.S., D.C.L. Oxon., D.Sc. Camb., LL.D. Edin., son of the late Mr. John Bennet Lawes, of Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, by Marianne, daughter of Mr. John Sherman of Drayton, Oxfordshire, and widow of the Rev. D. G. Knox, was born at Rotham- sted, Dec. 28, .1814, and succeeded to his estate there in 1822. He was educated at Eton and at Brasenose College, Oxford. On leaving the University he spent some time in London for the purpose of study- ing in a practical manner the science of chemistry. In October 1834 he started regular experiments in agricultural chemis- try on taking possession of his property and home at Rothamsted, and from that date up to the present time he has unceas- ingly been applying his scientific know- ledge to the solution of questions affecting practical agriculture. Among his earliest experiments, the effect of bones as a manure on land occupied his attention for some time. Mr. Lawes afterwards established large works in the neighbour- hood of London for the manufacture of superphosphate of lime, by which name the manure is known which has produced quite a revolution in the science of agri- culture. In 1843 Mr Lawes engaged the assistance of Dr. Gilbert, the present director of Rothamsted Farm, and under- took with him a systematic series of agricultural investigations in the field, the feeding-shed, and the laboratory. Mr. Lawes was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1854, and in 1867 the Royal Medal was awarded to him conjointly with Dr. Gilbert by the Council of the society. He also received a gold medal from the Imperial Agricultural Society of Russia. In June 1881 the Emperor of Germany, by Imperial decree, awarded the Gold Medal of Merit for Agriculture to Mr. Lawes and Dr. Gilbert jointly. In 1893 the Society of Arts awarded the Albert Medal to Sir John Lawes and Professor Gilbert for their joint services to scientific agriculture. The results of the Rothamsted investiga- tions are to be found in the Journals of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, the Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the Journal of the Chemical Society of London, the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of London, the Journal of the Society of Arts, the Journal of the Horticultural Society of London, the Edinburgh Veterinary Review, the Reports of the Royal Dublin Society, the Philosophical Magazine, the Agricultural Gazette, the Chemical News, and in official reports and scattered pamphlets and news- paper letters. In 1870 he published his views on the valuation of unexhausted manures ; and in 1873 wrote an interest- ing pamphlet on the same subject with reference to the Irish Land Act of 1870. In 1892 he published a work on the Rothamsted Farm. He has recently col- lected his papers on Agriculture, published from 1847 to the present, and has made them into three quarto and six octavo volumes, which he has presented to various national institutions in different countries. He was created a baronet in May 1882. Address : Rothamsted, St. Albans. LAWEANCE, The Hon. Sir John Compton, J. P., D.L., one of the Justices of the High Court, is the only son of Mr. T. M. Lawrance, late of Dunsby Hall, Lincoln- shire, and was born in 1832, was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1859, was created a Queen's Counsel in 1887, and was elected a Bencher of his Inn in 1879. He had been for some years the leader of the Midland Circuit. He has held the appoint- ment of Recorder of Derby (1879) ; repre- sented South Lincolnshire in the Con- servative interest from 1880 until 1885 ; and sat, until 1890, for the Stamford divi- sion of the county, his return being un- opposed in 1886. He was made one of the Justices of the High Court in February 1890. He married, in 1861, Charlotte, daughter of Major Smart. Addresses : 7 Onslow Square, S.W. ; and Dunsby Hall, Bourne, &c. LAWRENCE, The Bight Rev. William, S.T.D., D.D., son of Amos A. and Sarah E. Lawrence, was born in Boston, Mass., May 30, 1850. He was graduated from Harvard in 1871, studied for the ministry at Andover, the Divinity School in Philadelphia, and the Episcopal Theo- logical School in Cambridge, taking the degree of B.D. at the latter place in 1875. He was ordained deacon in 1875, and entered the priesthood in 1876. On April 1, 1876, he entered upon the duties of assis- tant-minister of Grace Church, Lawrence, Mass., and accepted the position of Rector of the same church in March 1877. In 1884 he became Professor of Homiletics and Pastoral Care in the Episcopal Theo- logical School in Cambridge, Mass., and accepted the office of Dean in addition to LAWSON 627 the above Chair in 1889. From 1888 to 1893 he was preacher to Harvard Univer- sity. In 1888 he published the " Life of Amos A. Lawrence," and also a pamphlet on " Proportional Representation in the House of Deputies of the General Con- vention." The degree of S.T.D. was con- ferred upon him in 1890 by Hobart Col- lege, and that of D.D. by Harvard in 1893. He was consecrated seventh Bishop of Massachusetts, Oct. 5, 1893. LAWSON, Sir Edward Levy-, Bart., D.L., J.P., is the eldest son of J. M. Levy, and was born in London on Dec. 28, 1833. He was educated at University College, London, and in 1875 he assumed the name of Lawson, by royal license, in accordance with the will of his uncle, Mr. Lionel Lawson. He served the office of High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 1886, and in the same year was President of the Royal Institute of Journalists. Sir Edward Lawson, who was created a Baronet in 1892, is the principal pro- prietor of the Daily Telegraph, is a Deputy- Lieutenant for the City of London, and a County Alderman and a Justice of the Peace for Buckinghamshire. Addresses : 12 Berkeley Square, W. ; and Hall Barn, Beaconsfield, Bucks. LAWSON, Harry Lawson Webster, eldest son of Sir Edward Lawson, Bart., of Hall Barn, Beaconsfield, Bucks, by Harriette Georgiana, only daughter of Mr. Benjamin Webster, author, manager, and actor, was born in St. Pancras, Middlesex, Dec. 18, 1862. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxon, where he obtained a first class in the Final School of Modern History. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1891 ; he is a J.P. for Bucks ; and a Major in the Royal Bucks Hussars. He sat as M.P. for West St. Pancras from 1885 to 1892, and for East Gloucestershire, 1893-95. He was a Member of the London County Council for West St. Pancras, 1889-92 ; was elected for Whitechapel in 1897, and was re-elected in 1898. He was also a member of the Royal Commission on Civil Establishments from 1887 to 1891. Since 1892 he has been a member of the Colonial Office Committee of the Emigrants' In- formation Department. While in the House of Commons he served on nearly every Select and Hybrid Committee appointed to consider Metropolitan ques- tions, and was a member of the Town Holdings Committee, 1886-92. He has acted as special correspondent for the Daily Telegraph in South Africa and India, and has contributed topical articles to the monthly periodicals. He married, in 1884, Olive, second daughter of General Sir Henry Percival de Bathe, 4th Baronet. Addresses : 37 Grosvenor Square, London, W. ; and Orkney Cottage, Taplow, Bucks. LAWSON, John Grant, M.P., J.P., D.L., is the son of the late Andrew Lawson of Aldborough, Yorkshire, and was born in Yorkshire on July 28, 1856. He was edu- cated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated M.A. in 1882. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1881, and has represented the Thirsk and Malton Division of Yorkshire as a Conservative member of the House of Commons since 1892. He is a Parlia- mentary Charity Commissioner, and one of the Deputy-Chairmen of Committees of the House of Commons. Addresses : 14 Arlington Street, S.W. ; and Elm Bank, York. LAWSON, Sir Wilfrid, Bart., M.P., eldest son of the late Sir Wilfrid Law- son of Aspatria, Cumberland, and of Caroline, daughter of Sir James Graham of Netherby, was born Sept. 4, 1829, and succeeded to the title and estates on his father's death in 1867. From an early age he has been an enthusiastic advocate of the temperance movement, and is now the leader and President of the United Kingdom Alliance, and is its spokesman in Parliament. At the general election of 1859 he stood, in conjunction with his uncle, the late Sir James Graham, as a candidate for the representation of Car- lisle, and succeeded by a narrow majority over his opponent, Mr. Hodgson. In March 1864 he first moved for leave to introduce the measure now so well known as the Permissive Bill, the main principle of which is the giving to two-thirds of the inhabitants of any parish or township an absolute veto upon all licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors granted within their districts. It was supported by forty members. In 1865 he was displaced at the general election by his former oppo- nent, Mr. Hodgson ; but, ^at the general election of 1868, on appealing to the en- larged constituency as a supporter of Mr. Gladstone he was returned at the head of the poll. Sir Wilfrid Lawson succeeded, on June 18, 1880, in carrying his Local Option resolution by a majority of 26, and in 1881 and 1883 he again got it passed. In 1885 he stood for the new Cockermouth division of Cumberland, but was defeated by a Conservative majority of ten. In 1886, as a Gladstonian Liberal, he gained the seat by a large majority, and was again returned in 1892 and 1895. Sir Wilfrid is an advanced Radical, and is in favour of the disestablishment of the Church, and of the abolition of the House of Lords and of standing armies. He is 628 LEA — LEAF married to a daughter of J. Pooklington Senhouse of Netherhall, Cumberland. Ad- dress : Bray ton, Carlisle. LEA, Arthur Sheridan, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S., was born in New York, of English parents, on Deo. 1, 1853. He came to England in 1859, where he has since resided, and was educated in a private school, and at the Royal Institution School, Liverpool. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1872, reading at first for Honours in Mathe- matics. In his second year he turned his attention to Natural Science, and was elected to a Foundation Scholarship in May 1875, being placed in the first class of the Natural Science Tripos in Decem- ber of the same year. Immediately after taking his degree he proceeded to Ger- many and worked with Professor W. Kiihne, of Heidelberg, in conjunction with whom he published his first paper, " Beobachtungen iiber die Absonderung des Pankreas " (Untersuch. Physiol. Inst. Heidelb., vol. ii.). After his return to England he acted as head - assistant to Professor Michael Foster, during which time he lectured on Chemical Physiology. He was appointed Lecturer to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in 1881, and University Lecturer in 1884. In October 1885 Gonville and Caius College elected him to a Fellowship, whereupon he migrated to this Society from Trinity. While actively engaged in teaching and in endeavouring to promote the progress of science he published a short series of papers, dealing chiefly with enzymes or soluble ferments, which appeared in the Journal of Physiology and in the Proc. Roy. Soc, the most important being "A Comparative Study of Artificial and Natural Digestions " (Jour. Physiol. , vol. xi., 1890). He has further been respon- sible for the Appendix to the several editions of Foster's "Text-book of Physi- ology," publishing it in an enlarged and extended form as a separate volume in 1892. He was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1890. Address : Caius College, Cambridge. LEADER, Benjamin Williams, R.A., C.E., was born at Worcester, March 12, 1831, and is the son of E. Leader Williams, M.Inst.C.E. He received his earliest instruction in art at the School of Design in his native city. In 1854 he was ad- mitted a student in the Royal Academy, and in the same year exhibited his first picture, "Cottage Children Blowing Bubbles," which was bought for £50 by an American gentleman. Two years later Mr. Leader visited Scotland, having till then seen no hills higher than the Mal- verns. Since then he has become a popular delineator of mountain scenery, Wales and Switzerland being his favourite sketching grounds. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, Jan. 16, 1883, and R.A., Feb. 2, 1898, and has exhibited pictures in the Royal Academy since 1856. His most important pictures since then are : " A Moated Grange," 1868; "The Streams through the Birch Wood," 1871 ; "Mountain Solitude," 1873 ; "Wild Waters," 1875; "Barges passing a Lock on the Thames," "An English Hayfield," and "A November Evening after Rain," 1876 ; " The Valley of Clear Springs," and "Lucerne," 1877; "View of the Wetterhorn," 1878 ; " The Last Gleam," 1879; "A Gleam in the Storm," 1880; "February fill Dyke," 1881; "In the Evening there shall be Light," 1882 ; " Parting Day," " Green Pastures and Still Waters," and "An Autumn Evening," 1883. In 1886 he exhibited three pictures, one of them " With Verdure Clad," being the largest he has yet painted. Since then he has painted "An April Day," 1887; "Sands of Aberdovey," and "A Summer's Day," 1888; "Sabrina's Stream," "Cam- bria's Coast," and "The Dawn of an Autumn Day," 1889 ; " The Sandy Margin of the Sea," "The Silent Evening Hour," 1890 ; " The Manchester Ship Canal Works in Progress " (a large picture), 1891 ; "Conway Bay" and "Across the Com- mon," 1892; "By Mead and Stream," "An Old Country Church," and two Surrey scenes, 1893 ; and "Worcester Cathedral," 1894 ; " Evening," " English Cottage Homes," "A Sunny Morning: Surrey," and "Evening Glow," 1895; "A Golden Eve," "The Skirts of a Pine-Wood," "A Silvery Morn," and " Hill - side Pines," 1896;' "The Breezy Morn," "Fast Falls the Eventide," "An Autumn Gleam," and "On a Surrey Common," 1897; "In a Welsh Valley," "Where Peaceful Waters Glide," "The Silver Sea," and "Surrey Sheep Pastures," 1898; "The Sand-Pit, Burroughs Cross " (Diploma Work), "Even- ing's Last Gleam," "Where Brook and River Meet," and "Summer Eve by Haunted Stream," 1899. Several of his pictures have been very successfully etched by Chauvel and Brunet-Desbaines [q.v.). He received the Gold Medal at the Paris Exhibition, 1889, and was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He married, in 1877, Mary Eastlake, of Plymouth. Ad- dress : Burroughs Cross, Shere, Guildford. LEAF, "Walter, was born in 1852, at Norwood, and is the eldest son of Charles John Leaf, F.L.S., F.S.A., and Isabella Ellen, daughter of the late John Tyas, of the Times. He was educated at Harrow, 1866-69, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, LEAN — LECKY 629 1870-74 ; Minor Scholar, 1869 ; Scholar, 1871 ; Craven University Scholar, 1873 ; B.A. Senior Classic (bracketed), 1874 ; Chancellor's Medallist, 1874 ; Fellow of Trinity, 1875 ; M.A. 1877 ; Doctor of Letters (Litt. D.), 1888. He entered the firm of Leaf, Sons, & Co., wholesale ware- housemen, in 1877, and became Chairman of Leaf & Co., Limited, in 1888, retiring in 1892. He was one of the founders and first members of the Council of the London Chamber of Commerce ; Deputy Chair- man of the Council, 1885-86 ; Chairman, 1887 ; and is now Vice-President of the Chamber. He is a Director of the London and Westminster Bank, and member of the Senate of the University of London, of the Governing Body of Harrow School, Marlborough College, the Central Founda- tion Schools of London, and the Ware- housemen, Clerks', and Drapers' School ; of the Councils of the Society for Psychical Research, and the Hellenic Society, and Treasurer of the British School at Athens. He is author of " The Story of Achilles " (with J. H. Pratt), 1880; '-The Iliad of Homer translated into English Prose " (with Messrs. A. Lang and E. Myers), 1882; "The Iliad, Edited with English Notes and Introduction," 1886-88 ; " Com- panion to the Iliad," 1892; "A Modern Priestess of Isis " (translated from the Russian), 1894 ; " Versions from Hafiz ; An Essay in Persian Metre," 1898 ; and of numerous papers in the Journal of Philology, the Journal of Hellenic Studies, the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, and elsewhere. He married, in 1894, Charlotte Mary, daughter of the late John Addington Symonds, of Clifton Hill, Bristol, and Am Hof, Davos. LEAN, Mrs. Francis. See Maebyat, Florence. LEATHES, Professor the Rev. Stanley, D.D., Prebendary of St. Paul's, was born March 21, 1830, at Ellesborough, Bucks, being the son of the Rev. Chaloner Stanley Leathes, rector of that parish. He was educated at Jesus College, Cam- bridge (B.A. 1852, Tyrwhitt University Scholar, 1853, M.A. 1855), was ordained in 1856, and became curate successively of St. Martin's, Salisbury ; St. Luke's, Berwick Street ; and St. James's, Westminster. Mr. Leathes succeeded Dr. M 'Caul as Professor of Hebrew in King's College, London, in 1863. He was appointed Boyle Lecturer in 1867, and held this office from 1868 to 1870. He became minister of St. Philip's, Regent Street, 1869. He was elected Hul- sean Lecturer in the University of Cam- bridge for the year 1873, Bampton Lec- turer at Oxford for the year 1874, and was appointed Warburtonian Lecturer at Lin- coln's Inn in 1876. The University of Edinburgh couferred on him the honorary degree of D.D., March 2, 1878. He was appointed Prebendary of St. Paul's, 1876 ; Rector of Cliffe at Hoo, 1880 ; and Rector of Much Hadham, Herts, 1889. In 1885 he was elected Honorary Fellow of his College. Dr. Leathes, who was invited by Convocation to join in the revision of the Authorised Version of the Old Testament, is the author of " The Witness of the Old Testament to Christ," being the Boyle Lectures for 1x68; "The Witness of St.. Paul to Christ"; "The Witness of St. John to Christ " ; a " Hebrew Grammar " ; " Structure of the Old Testament," a series of popular essays, 1873; "The Gospel its Own Witness," 1874, being the Hulsean Lecture delivered in the preced- ing year ; " Religion of the Christ " (Bamp- ton Lecture), 1874; "The Christian Creed ; its Theory and Practice : with a Preface on some present Dangers of the English Church," 1878 ; " The Law in the Pro- phets," 1890 ; and Introductions to the Books of Ezekiel and Daniel. Addresses : Much Hadham, Herts ; and Athenaeum. LEBRET, M., French statesman, was born at Etampes in October 1853. After passing with distinction through the School of Law, he was in 1879 entrusted by the then Minister of Education with a mission to England and Scotland for the purpose of reporting on leases and agricul- tural legislation and usages. He pub- lished, on his return, a treatise enumerat- ing the conclusions arrived at during his journey, and soon afterwards was ap- pointed Professor of Law at the Univer- sity of Caen. He was elected Deputy for the town of Caen in 1893, and at the general election in the summer of 1898 was re-elected. In October of the same year he was offered and accepted the portfolio of Minister of Justice in M. Charles Dupuy's Cabinet. M. Lebret is new to ministerial work. He is Mayor of Caen, and, in his professional capacity, stands in considerable repute. He is probably one of the highest authorities on technical jurisprudence. LECKY, The Right Hon. William Edward Hartpole, eldest son of John Hartpole Lecky, Longford Terrace, Dublin, and Maria, daughter of W. E. Tallents, Newark-on-Trent, was born at Newtown Park, near Dublin, March 26, 1838, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1 859 and M.A. in 1 863. Devoting himself to literature, he soon gained distinction as an author. His ac- knowledged works are "The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland," published anonymously in 1861, and republished in 630 LECOCQ — LE CONTE 1871-72 ; " History of the Rise and In- fluence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe," 2 vols., 1865 (fifth edit,, 1872) ; " History of European Morals from Augus- tus to Charlemagne," 2 vols., 18G9 ; "His- tory of England in the Eighteenth Cen- tury," vols. i. and ii. 1878, vols. iii. and iv. 1882, vols. v. and vi. 1887, vols. vii. and viii. (completing the work), 1890. A Cabinet Edition of the History in twelve volumes was published in 1892, the last five being devoted to Ireland and Irish affairs down to the Addington Ministry. Mr. Lecky published a small volume of poems (1891), and an important work on contemporary politics, called " Democracy and Liberty," in 1896, a second edition of which was published in 1899, and created some stir through its adverse comments on Mr. Gladstone. His first three works and a large part of his History of Eng- land have been translated into German, and some of them into other languages. Most of his works have gone through many editions in England. Mr. Lecky has received the honorary degree of LL.D. from his own University of Dublin, and from the Universities of St. Andrews and Glasgow ; the degree of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford, and the degree of Litt. D. from the University of Cambridge. In 1894 he was elected Corresponding Member to the Institute of France. He is also an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy. In November 1895 he was elected member of Parliament for the University of Dublin, and is a prominent figure in the debates of the House. In 1897 he was made Privy Councillor. He has contributed occasionally, but not fre- quently, to periodical literature ; and since the division in the Liberal party, in 1886, he has been an active member of the Unionist party. He married, in 1871, Elizabeth, Baroness de Dedem. Addresses : 38 Onslow Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. LECOCQ,, Charles Alexandre, a celebrated French composer of popular operatic music, was born in Paris in 1832, and studied under Halevy, entering the Conservatoire in 1849, where he gained several prizes and became Professor of Music. His first operetta was produced in 1857 at the Bouffes Parisiens, and was entitled " Le Docteur Miracle." This was followed by "Le Myosotis," 1866 ; "Fleur de They 1868 ; "Fille de Madame Angot," his most popular achievement, 1873, which ran 500 nights after having been coldly received on its first appearance. This work has been revived in France and in other parts of the world more frequently than any other of its class. This was followed by "Girofle' Girofla," 1874; "La Marjolaine," 1877; "Le Petit Due," 1878; "Le'Jour et la Nuit," 1882 ; " La Princesse des Canaries," 1883; "Plutus," 1885; "Les Grenadiers de Montcornette," 1887; "La Voliere," 1888 ; " Ali-Baba," ballet at the now defunct Eden, 1889; and "L'Egyp- tienne," 1890. He has also written a number of melodies and chansonnettes under the title of "Miettes musicales." His most recent work has been "Ruse dAmour," which was produced at the Bodiniere in June 1897. He is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and his Paris address is 27 Rue du Mont Thabor. LE CONTE, Joseph, M.D., LL.D., born in Liberty County, Georgia, Feb. 26, 1823, graduated at Franklin College, in 1841, and the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1845, and practised his profession at Macon, Georgia. In 1850 he went to Cambridge, Massa- chusetts, where he studied under Agassiz. He subsequently held several professor- ships, and since 1869 has been Professor of Geology and Natural History in the University of California. He has pub- lished many essays on Education and the fine arts, and on philosophical subjects, a work on "The Mutual Relations of Religion and Science," 1874; "Elements of Geology," 1878; "Sight," 1881 ; "ACom- pend of Geology," 1884; and "Evolution and its Relation to Religious Thought," 1888. Among his strictly scientific pub- lications are papers on "The Agency of the Gulf Stream in the Formation of the Peninsula of Florida," " On the Correla- tion of Vital Force with Chemical and Physical Forces," "On the Phenomena of Binocular Vision," "A Theory of the Formation of the Great Features of the Earth's Surface," " On some of the Ancient Glaciers of the Sierras," "On the Great Lava Flood of the North-west," " On the- Structure and Age of the Cascade Moun- tains," " Critical Periods in the History of the Earth and their Relation to Evolution," " Genesis of Sex," " Psychical Relation of Man to Animals," "Structure and Origin of Mountains," "Genesis of Metalliferous Veins," "Interior Condition of the Earth," " Flora of the Coast Islands of California in relation to recent Changes in Physical Geography," "A Post-tertiary Elevation of Sierra Nevada, as shown in the River Beds," " Tertiary and Post- tertiary Changes on the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts," " The Mutual Relations of Land Elevation and Ice-accumulation during the Glacial Period," "Evolution and Human Progress," "The Relation of Philosophy to Psycho- logy and to Physiology," " The Race Problem in the South from a Scientific Point of View," " Theory of the Origin of Mountains," Presidential Address before the Am. Assn. Adv. of Sci. (1893). LEDOCHOWSKI — LEE 631 LEDOCHOWSKI, His Eminence Miecislas, Cardinal of the Roman Church, Archbishop of Gnesen and Posen, and Primate of Poland, was born at Gork, of an illustrious Polish family, Oct. 29, 1822. He began his theological stndies under the Lazarists in the College of St. John, Warsaw, and at the age of eighteen received the ecclesiastical tonsure and habit from the Bishop of Sandomir. After some studies at Vienna he proceeded to Rome, where he joined the "Academia Eccle- siastica," founded by Pius IX. to impart a special training to young ecclesiastics dis- tinguished by their acquirements. His Holiness named Ledochowski Domestic Prelate and Protonotary Apostolic, and also sent him on a diplomatic mission to Madrid and as Auditor of the Nunciature to Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro, and Santiago de Chili. He was nominated Archbishop of Thebes, in partlbus infidelium, on his appointment, Sept. 30, 1861, to the Nun- ciature of Brussels, where he remained four years. In January 1866 he was trans- lated to the archbishopric of Gnesen and Posen, and as the occupant of that See he possesses the title of Primate of Poland. In consequence of his resistance to the laws enacted in Prussia against the Church, he was, in 1874, cast into prison, and he was actually incarcerated in the dungeons of Ostrowo when he was proclaimed a Cardinal by the Pope in a secret consis- tory held in Rome, March 15, 1875. He was released from captivity, Feb. 3, 1876. Being banished from his diocese, he pro- ceeded to Rome, where he took possession of his " title," the church of Santa Maria in Araceli (May 11). He was cordially received by Pius IX., and lived in the Vatican, whence he continued administer- ing the affairs of his diocese. Legal pro- ceedings were several times taken against him by the Prussian Government, and at last he was condemned in default to seventy days' imprisonment and to the payment of a large fine for having excom- municated one of his lesser clergy. He was closely confined in the Vatican for fear of being handed over by the Italian to the Prussian Government, who, however, denied that they had asked for his extradi- tion (1883). In 1884 the Pope appointed the cardinal Secretary of Memorials, which necessitated his living in Rome and resigning his archiepiscopal seat. This concession to the Prussian authorities put an end to the attacks on Cardinal Ledochowski, who in January 1892 was appointed Prefect of the Propaganda. LEE, Fitzhugh, American soldier and statesman, was born at Clermont, Fairfax County, Virginia, Nov. 19, 1835. He is a nephew of the late General Robert E. Lee. He graduated from the Military Academy at West Point in 1856. On the outbreak of the war between the States in 1861 he resigned from the United States Army, and entered the Confederate service. He became Lieutenant-Colonel of the First Virginia Cavalry and later was made Colonel and participated in all the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia. In July 1862 he was made Brigadier-General, and in September 1863 Major-General. In March 1865 he was put in command of the whole cavalry corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, and a month later he was compelled to surrender to General Meade and retired to his home in Stafford County, Virginia. In 1885 he was elected Governor of Virginia, serving four years ; in June 1896 he was appointed United States Consul-General to Cuba, which position he held until the opening of the war between the United States and Spain, when he returned home and was made a Major-General and given command of an army corps in the United States Army. LEE, The Rev. Frederick George, D.D., born Jan. 6, 1832, at Thame Vicar- age, Oxfordshire, is the eldest son of the late Rev. Frederick Lee, M.A., rector of Easington, in that county. He was edu- cated at the Grammar School, Thame, and at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he graduated S.C.L., and became both a University and a College prizeman in 1854. His Newdigate Prize, " The Martyrs of Vienne and Lyons," has passed through five editions. He was afterwards a student of Cuddesdon Theological College, and was ordained deacon in 1854, and priest in 1856, by the Bishop of Oxford. He has been curate of Sunningwell, Berks, assistant-minister of Berkeley Chapel, and incumbent of St. Mary's, Aberdeen. He was created hon. D.D. of the Washington and Lee University at Lexington in Vir- ginia in June 1879. At present he is vicar of All Saints', Lambeth. He was F.S.A. from 1857 to 1892. Dr. Lee founded and edited the Union Review from 1863 to 1869, and was hon. secretary of the Association for the Promotion of the Unity of Christendom from 1857 to 1869. He was likewise one of the originators and officers of the Order of Corporate Reunion, established in 1877. This body, confined exclusively to members of the Church of England, has exercised con- siderable influence, acquired rather by construction than reform, and has at the same time successfully perpetuated the best traditions of the Oxford Tractarians. Its special organ, The Reunion Magazine (1877- 79) embodies its fundamental principles, set forth very clearly. He is the author 632 LEE of "Poems," 2nd edit., 1855; "The Gospel Message," 1860 ; " The King's Highway, and other Poems," 2nd edit., 1872 ; "The Martyrs of Vienne and Lyons, an Oxford Prize Poem," 5th edit., 1894; "The Message of Reconciliation," 2nd edit. , 1868 ; " Petronilia, and other Poems," 2nd edit., 1869; "The Beauty of Holi- ness," 4th edit., 1869; "Parochial and Occasional Sermons," 2nd edit., 1873 ; "Death, Judgment, Heaven and Hell," 3rd edit., 1870 ; "The Christian Doctrine of Prayer for the Departed," 2nd edit., 1875 ; " Memorials of the Rev. R. S. Hawker," 1876 ; " A Glossary of Liturgi- cal and Ecclesiastical Terms," illustrated by A. W. Pugin, &c, 1877 ; "The Sinless Conception of the Mother of God, a Theo- logical Essay," 1881 ; " A Manual of Poli- tics," 1889; "The Validity of the Holy Orders of the Church of England Main- tained and Vindicated," 1870 ; "The Bells of Botteville Tower," 1874; "The Words from the Cross," 3rd edit., 1880. As editor, Dr. Lee has issued two series of "Sermons," and one of "Essays on the Reunion of Christendom " (with a Pre- fatory Essay by Dr. E. B. Pusey), " Lyrics of Light and Life," 2nd edit., 1878. He wrote "Order out of Chaos," 1881 ; and has published " Altar Service Book of the Church of England," "The Book of Epistles," "The Book of Gospels," " Di- rectorium Anglicanum," 4th edit. He has also written " Glimpses of the Super- natural," 2nd edit., 1877; "More Glimpses of the World Unseen." 1880; "Glimpses in the Twilight," 1885 ; and " Sights and Shadows ; being Examples of the Super- natural," 1894. His work, "The History and Antiquities of the Prebendal Church of the B. V. Mary of Thame," an illus- trated folio of considerable size, was published in 1883, and brought about the restoration of that church under Mr. J. Oldrid Scott. His studies in History, chiefly bearing on the Tudor changes in the sixteenth century, have resulted in the issue of " Historical Sketches of the Reformation," 1879 ; "The Church under Queen Elizabeth," 3rd edit., 1897; "Ed- ward the Sixth, Supreme Head," 2nd edit, 1889 ; and " Cardinal Reginald Pole, Arch- bishop of Canterbury," 1888. In all of the above, numerous original MSS. have been largely made use of, and fresh light thrown upon past events. A metrical " Litany of the Faithful Departed," by Dr. Lee, approved for use by several Catholic dignitaries, used in various convents and religious communities, has had a very extended circulation in England, America, and Australia. Dr. Lee has likewise been a contributor to the Nineteenth Century, the Christian Remembrancer, the Contem- porary Reviev), Archeeologia of the Society of Antiquaries, the National Review, and other similar serials. Address : All Saints', Lambeth. LEE, Rev. Richard, M.A., born Sept. 5, 1846, at Odogh, near Kilkenny, is the son of the late Rev. Richard Lee, B.A., Scholar of Trinity College, Dublin, and Curate of Odogh (died May 1850, aged 28). He was educated 1853-65 at Christ's Hospital ; 1865-69 at Jesus College, Cam- bridge, of which College he was a Founda- tion and Rustat Scholar. He took the degree of B.A. in 1869 ; first (bracketed) of second class of Classical Tripos, and M.A. in 1872 ; and M.A. (ad eundem) Trinity College, Dublin, 1882. He was admitted to Holy Orders by the late Dr. Jackson, Bishop of London, in 1873, and ordained Priest in 1874. In 1873 he be- came Curate of Holy Trinity, Finchley ; Lecturer in 1875 of St. Benet's, Paul's Wharf ; and Curate of St. Margaret's, Lothbury, in the Diocese of London. He was appointed Assistant-Master in Christ's Hospital in 1871 ; and became Head- Master in 1876. Address : Christ's Hos- pital, E.C. LEE, Sidney, editor of the "Dic- tionary of National Biography," and bio- grapher of Shakespeare, born in London on Dec. 5, 1859, was educated at the City of London School. Proceeding to Balliol College at Michaelmas 1878, he obtained there an Exhibition in Modern History, and graduated B.A. with a second class in the Final School of Modern History at Midsummer 1882. From an early age, Mr. Lee interested himself in Elizabethan literature, and, while an undergraduate, he contributed to the Gentleman s Magazine two articles entitled respectively " The Ori- ginal of Shylock," in February 1880, and "A New Study of Love's Labour's Lost," in Oc- tober 1880. New facts were there brought together from an examination of State papers and contemporary literature, and new light was thrown on the circum- stances under which two plays of Shake- speare were written. The papers attracted the favourable attention of Shakespearian scholars, and Mr. Lee's views on the ques- tions at issue have been generally adopted by commentators. In 1882 Mr. Lee edited for the Early English Text Society a reprint of Lord Berner's early sixteenth- century translation of the B'rench mediae- val romance of " Huon of Burdeux." At the end of 1884 he published an original work entitled " Stratford-on-Avon from the Earliest Times to the Death of Shake- speare," which reached a new edition in 1890. In 1886 he edited, with many valuable additions, the autobiography of Lord Herbert of Cherbury ; when in the LEE — LEESE 633 summer of 1892 a bookseller who had purchased of the original publisher some unsold copies of this work tried to sell them in a garbled form as a new work by Mr. Lee, application was made for an injunction to the Court of Chancery, and although the application failed, Mr. Lee exposed the evil principle of the trans- action in letters to the Athenceum, which were privately printed as a pamphlet, entitled "Lee versus Gibbings." Mean- while, in March 1883, Mr. Lee had become sub-editor, under Mr. Leslie Stephen, of the " Dictionary of National Biography," the great storehouse of biography, pro- jected in 1882 by Mr. George Smith (Smith, Elder & Co.). After taking a large share in the work of editing the under- taking for seven years, Mr. Lee was officially appointed, in the spring of 1890, joint-editor with Mr. Stephen, and a year later, on Mr. Stephen's retirement owing to ill-health, he became sole editor. Thirty volumes have been issued at quarterly intervals under his sole supervision. In June 1894 Mr. Lee presided at a public dinner given by the contributors to Mr. George Smith, the proprietor of the " Dic- tionary," and on 8th July 1897 he was the principal guest at a public banquet which was given by the publisher to the editor and contributors, and was attended by many eminent persons. In January 1896 he gave at' the Royal Institution a Friday evening discourse on "National Biography," which was printed in the Cornhill Magazine for March and circu- lated privately in pamphlet form. Besides fulfilling very actively his part as editor of the " Dictionary," Mr. Lee has been a voluminous contributor, and nearly 800 articles are from his pen. Each of the later volumes of the "Dictionary" con- tain memoirs by him of the first import- ance, chiefly on Elizabethan authors or statesmen. His chief contribution is the elaborate life of Shakespeare in the fifty- first volume, published in June 1897, which was welcomed as the first endeavour to state clearly, and co-ordinate coherently, all the varied facts about the great drama- tist's career and works which antiquaries had accumulated during the past two centuries. Mr. Lee has since gone further in his efforts as a succinct, yet coherent, biographer of Shakespeare, and has based on his article in the " Dictionary" a full and elaborate biography of the poet, con- taining many newly - discovered facts. This book was published in an inde- pendent volume in this country and in America, and is likely to rank as the standard work on the subject. The Aca- demy crowned it in January 1899 as one of the three best books of 1898. Address : 108 Lexham Gardens, Kensington, W. LEE, Vernon. See Paget, Violet. LEEDS, Duke of, George Godol- phin Osborne, late Treasurer of the Household, was born on Sept. 18, 1862, and is the second son of the 9th Duke and Fanny, second daughter of the 4th Baron Rivers. He succeeded to the title in 1895, having been, as Marquis of Car- marthen, Conservative member for the Brixton Division of Lambeth from 1883 to 1S95, and Assistant Secretary to the Colonial Secretary from 1887 to 1888. He was Treasurer of the Household from 1895 to 1896. He was at one time a Lieutenant in the Yorkshire Hussar Yeo- manry Cavalry. He is a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, a descendant of Charles II. 's famous minister, and of Sir Edward Osborne, Lord Mayor of London in 1582, who, as legend has it, rose to prosperity through jumping from his master's house on old London Bridge to save his master's daughter from drowning in the rapids between the arches beneath. He married, in 1884, Katherine, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Durham. His heir is Lieut. Lord Francis Osborne, R.N. , born in 1864. Addresses : 11 Grosvenor Cres- cent, S.W. ; and Hornby Castle, Bedale, Yorkshire. LEES, The Very Rev. James Cameron, D.D., LL.D., Dean of the Order of the Thistle and of the Chapel Royal of Scotland, and Chaplain to the Queen, was born in London on July 24, 1834, and is the eldest son of the Rev. John Lees, A.M., Minister of Stornoway. He was educated in London, and at the Universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen. He was minister of Carmock, Ross, from 1856 to 1859, of the Abbey of Paisley from 1859 to 1877, and has been minister of St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, since the latter year. He was appointed Dean of the Order of the Thistle and of the Chapel Royal of Scotland in 1886. He has pub- lished histories of the Abbey of Paislev (1878), of St. Giles', Edinburgh (1889), and of the County of Inverness (1897), besides other works. Address : 33 Blacket Place, Edinburgh. LEESE, Sir Joseph Francis, Q.C., M.P., is the second son of Joseph Leese, of Manchester, and was born in 1845. He was educated privately, and at Cam- bridge, and is a B.A. of the London Uni- versity. Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1868, he practised on the Northern Circuit, was appointed a Q.C. in 1891, and became Recorder of Man- chester in 1893. He has been a Liberal member of the House of Commons since 1892, representing the Accrington Division 634 LEFEBVKE — LE GALLIENNE of Lancashire. He was knighted in 1895, and is married to Mary, daughter of William Hargreaves. Addresses : 2 King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. ; and 80 Queen Anne's Mansions, S.W. LEFEBVKE, Jules Joseph, a French painter, born at Tournan in 1836, was a pupil of Leon Cogniet. He gained the Grand Prix de Home in 1861 for " The Death of Priam," and in 1870 ex- hibited at the Salon "Truth," which is now hanging in the Luxembourg at Paris. These were followed, amongst others, by " The Grasshopper," 1872 ; a portrait of " The Prince Imperial," 1874 ; " Mary Magdalene," 1876 ; " Pandora," 1877 ; a portrait of "M. Pelpel," 1880; "Fiametta," and " Ondine," 1881 ; " La Fiancee," 1882; "Morning Glory," 1887; "Lady Godiva," one of his most elaborate works ; and " Une Fille d'Eve," 1892. M. Le- fcbvre has obtained three medals (in 1865, 1868, and 1870), and a first-class medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1878, and a Grand Prize in 1889. He was decorated with the insignia of the Legion of Honour in 1870, and made an officer in 1878. He was elected a member of the Academy of Fine Arts in November 1891. He is one of the leading painters of his school and style, an excellent example of which is the beautiful " Psyche," at one time exhibited in London, and engraved by Francois. His Paris address is 5 Rue La Bruyere. LEFEVKE, The Eight Hon. George John Shaw. See Shaw- Lepevee. LEFROY, The Right Rev. George Alfred, M.A., was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a first class in the Theological Tripos in 1878, graduating B.A. in the same year. He was ordained in 1879, and forthwith went out to India to superintend the Mission at Delhi on behalf of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and of the Cambridge University Missions. He was appointed Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Lahore in 1885, and in February 1899 he was consecrated Bishop of Lahore. LEFROY, The Very Rev. William, D.D., Dean of Norwich, was born in Dublin in 1836, and is the eldest son of Isaac Lefroy and Isabella his wife. He was educated at St. Michael-le-Pole School, Dublin, and under a private tutor. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, as B.A., M.A., B.D., and D.D. The Dean as a young man was a journalist, but took orders and became curate of Christ Church, Cork, in 1864. In 1866, on the advice of the late Dr. Magee, he accepted the incumbency of St. Andrew's, Liver- pool. During this period of his life he busied himself in training young men for the Church. He has been a prominent church-builder, having raised large sums of money for that as well as other church purposes. He has built several churches in Liverpool and in the Alps, and makes a yearly stay for climbing purposes at the Riffel Alp, where is a church of his found- ing. In co-operation with the late John Torr, M.P., he was instrumental in found- ing the Bishopric of Liverpool. He was Donnellan Lecturer at the University of Dublin in 1888 ; Hon. Canon of Liverpool, 1880 ; Proctor for Liverpool Archdeaconry, 1887-89 ; Rural Dean of Liverpool (South'),. 1884-87; Archdeacon, 1887-89; and was appointed Dean of Norwich in 1889. He is well known as a lover of music, and has, since 1892, raised a large fund for the restoration of his cathedral. The Clergy Sustentation Fund is held to have been originated by Dean Lefroy. His writings include, besides books on Norwich Cathedral and on the Christian Life, "A Plea for the Old Catholic Movement," 1875, and Lectures on Ecclesiastical History. He married (2) Mary, second daughter of the late Charles Maclver, of Calderstone, Liverpool, and Roxanstanes, Malta. Address : The Deanery, Norwich. LE G-ALLIENNE, Richard, poet, man of letters, and journalist, was bora in Liverpool on Jan. 20, 1866. His family came originally from Guernsey, but his father had for some time been settled in England. He was educated at Liverpool College, and at the age of sixteen entered the office of a chartered accountant. Here he privately printed his first volume of poetry, "My Ladies' Sonnets" (1887). In February 1889 he became literary secretary to Mr. Wilson Barrett, and stayed with him some months, though ill-health pre- vented him accompanying Mr. Barrett to America. In 1889 he returned to Liver- pool, and in Feb. 1891 joined the Star in London, becoming literary critic to that journal, and writing thenceforth a series of cultivated and kindly appreciations of contemporary literature over the signature "Logroller." Shortly after becoming critic to the Star he joined the staff of the Daily Chronicle and of the Speaker. Mr. Le Gallienne is the author of the following' volumes of prose and verse : " My Ladies' 1 Sonnets," 1887 ; "Volumes in Folio," "The Book Bills of Narcissus," and " George Meredith : some Characteristics," 18S9; "English Poems," 1892; "The Religion of a Literary Man," 1893 ; " Prose Fancies," 1894 ; " Robert Louis Stevenson, an Elegy and Other Poems," 1895; "Re- trospective Reviews," 1896; "Prose LEGGE — LEHMANN 635 Fancies," second series, 1896; "The Quest of the Golden Girl," 1897; "If I were God : a Conversation," 1897 ; "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a Para- phrase," 1897 ; " The Romance of Zion Chapel," 1898 ; and " Young Lives," 1899. He has contributed to " The Book of the Rhymers' Club," 1892 and 1894, and to the Nineteenth Century, the New Review, and other leading maga- zines and weekly journals. In February 1893 he engaged in a newspaper con- troversy with Mr. Robert Buchanan on the question " Is Christianity played out ? " which led to the publication of the "Re- ligion of a Literary Man." He has delivered lectures at South Place Chapel and elsewhere on such subjects as "The Influence of the Press upon Society," "The Nonconformist Conscience," "The Revolt of the Daughters," and "The World, the Flesh, and the Puritan." Mr. Le Gallienne married, on Oct. 22, 1891, Mildred, daughter of Alfred Lee, of Liver- pool. She died on May 21, 1894, their child, Hesper, having been born on Dec. 6, 1893. On Feb. 12, 1897, Mr. Le Gal- lienne married Julie Norregard, a Danish literary woman resident in London. Mrs. Le Gallienne is the London correspondent of "The Politiken," Copenhagen, writing under the name of "Eva," a pseudonym by which she is well known in her own country. Mr. and Mrs. Le Gallienne paid a visit to America during the spring of 1898, Mr. Le Gallienne lecturing and read- ing from his own writings. Address : Moorcroft, Hindhead, Haslemere. LEG-GE, Hon. and Eight Rev. Augustus, Bishop of Lichfield, was born in 1839, and educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a second class in Law and History in 1861, and at Lichfield College, B.A. 1861, M.A. 1864, D.D. 1891. He is the sixth son of the 4th Earl of Dartmouth and of Frances, daughter of the 5th Viscount Barrington. Ordained in 1864, he was Curate of Handsworth in Staffordshire from that year till 1866, Curate of St. Michael's, Bryanston Square, from 1866 to 1867, Vicar of St. Bartholo- mew's, Sydenham, from 1867 to 1879, and Vicar of Lewisham from 1879 to 1891, when he was promoted to the See of Lich- field. He was Rural Dean of Greenwich from 1882 to 1886, and of Lewisham between 1886-91, and Proctor of the Dio- cese of Rochester between 1885-91. In June 1891 he succeeded Dr. Maclngan as Bishop of Lichfield. In 1891 he published "In Covenant with God." In 1877 he married Fanny, second daughter of the late W. B. Stopford, Drayton House, Thrapston. Permanent addresses : The Palace, Lichfield ; Club, Athenaeum. LEGOTJVE, Ernest Wilfred, a French dramatist, the son of Gabriel Legouve\ author of " Merites des Femmes," was born in Paris, Feb. 14, 1807. At an early age he wrote novels, plays, and poems, and his lectures on " L'Histoire Morale des Femmes " were published in 1848. In 1849, in conjunction with Scribe, he produced "Adrienne Lecouvreur," which gained great popularity through the personation of the heroine by Rachel. She, however, paid a fine of 5000 francs rather than perform in his "M^dee," a play which in Montanelli's Italian version was in 1856 very successful with Ristori. In 1856 he succeeded Ancelot as a member of the Academy. Among his works are "Beatrix," 1861 ; "La Croix d'Honneur et les Com^diens," 1863; "Miss Suzanne," 1867; "Messieurs les Enfants," 1868 ; " LaBataille de Dames,"1873 ; "Etudes et Souvenirs de Theatre," 1880; " Le Mente des Femmes," 1882 ; t " La Lecture en Action," 1883 ; " Une Education de Jeune Fille," 1884 ; " Soixante Ans de Souvenirs," 2 vols., 1886-87; "Fleurs d'Hiver," &c, and " Une Eleve de Seize Ans," 1890. His collected plays were published in three volumes in 1887-90. He rose to the rank of Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1887, and has since been promoted a Grand Officer. He is by far the oldest member of the Academy, and may be styled the Grand Old Man of French Drama. His Paris address is 14 Rue St. Marc. LEHMANN, Rudolf, artist, was born Aug. 19, 1819, at Ottensen, near Hamburg, and educated at Hamburg. His art education he received in Paris, Munich, and Rome, where he afterwards resided for some time, and where his studio was much frequented. He has lived in London since 1866. He obtained three Gold Medals at three Paris Exhibitions, and was created a Knight of the Order of the Falcon by the Grand-Duke of Saxe- Weimar. His portrait, painted by himself at the request of the Director of Public Galleries in Florence, is placed in the Galleria degli Uffizi of that city, in the room set apart for portraits of distinguished artists painted by themselves. M. Leh- mann's chief pictures are "Sixtus V. Blessing the Pontine Marshes," bought by the French Government for the Museum at Lille (this is his largest work) ; a "Madonna," and a "St. Sebastian," ordered by the French Government for two churches in France ; " Graziella," from Lamartine's "Confidences"; "Early Dawn in the Pontine Marshes" ; numerous pictures of modern life and costume in Italy ; numerous portraits of distinguished persons in England, amongst whom are 636 LE HUNTE — LEIGH the late Duchess of Northumberland, Countess Percy, Duke and Duchess of Leinster, Earl and Countess Stair, Countess of Clanwilliam, Countess Radnor, Lady Enfield (Countess Strafford), the Rt. Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Goschen, Earl and Countess Beauchamp, Lord Houghton, Lord Revel- stoke, Viscount Galway, Helen Faucit (Lady Martin), Lady Herschell, Lord and Lady Herries, Lady Elizah Bultiel, Sir William and Lady Priestley, Sir William Fergusson, Sir Spencer Wells, Sir Andrew Clarke, Sir Henry Bessemer, Sir William Siemens, Emily Davies, James Payn, Wilkie Collins, Baron and Baroness Reuter, Mr. T. J. Morgan, Sir Charles and Lady Trevelyan, Dr. Collingwood Bruce, Hon. Mrs. Pitt-Rivers, Mr. Browning, the Earl of Clanwilliam, Admiral of the Fleet (1899), &c. ; and a collection of pencil sketches, portraits of distinguished con- temporaries, with their autographs, over one hundred in number. He has published his reminiscences, and more recently a reproduction in album form of bis collection of pencil drawings of contemporary celebrities, under the title "Men and Women of the Century" (George Bell & Sons). He married a daughter of Robert Chambers in 1861. Of his four daughters the eldest, Liza, is well known in the musical world through her singing and her compositions. She is married to Mr. Bedford. The second one married Mr. Heron Allen, the translator of Omar Khayyam ; and the third, Mrs. Barry Pain, has recently published a successful novel, "St. Eva." Address: 28 Abercorn Place, N.W. LE HUNTE, George Ruthven, C.M.G., Lieut. -Governor of British New Guinea in succession to Sir William Mac- gregor (q.v.), August 1898. He was born in 1853, educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1881. In 1875 he was appointed Private Secretary to the Gover- nor of Fiji, and after filling other offices became Acting Colonial Secretary in 1880. He was Judicial Commissioner to the West Pacific Islands in 1883, and in 1894 be- came Colonial Secretary in Barbadoes, whence he was promoted to Mauritius in 1897. LEICESTER, Earl of, Thomas William Coke, KG., D.L., J P., was born at Holkham on Dec. 26, 1822, and succeeded his father as 2nd Earl in 1812. He was educated at Eton. He has been Lord-Lieutenant of Norfolk since 1846, and he was in 1870 appointed Keeper of the Privy Seal to the Prince of Wales, K.G. He was married in 1875 to Georgiana Caroline Cavendish, daughter of the 2nd Lord Chesham (his second wife). Address : Holkham Hall, Wells, Norfolk. LEIGH, The Rev. Augustus Austen-, M.A., Provost of King's Col- lege, Cambridge, was born, July 17, 1840, at Scarlets in Berkshire, and is the son of the Rev. J. E. Austen- Leigh. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, of which latter College he was Scholar, Fellow, and, from 1868 to 1881, Tutor. He has been Provost of the College since 1889 ; and was Vice-Chancellor of the University, 1893-95. He is a member of Council of Senate and of the governing bodies of Eton and Winchester, and President of the Cambridge University Cricket Club. He married, in 1889, Florence Emma Lefroy, great-niece of Sir John Franklin. Address : The Lodge, King's College, Cambridge. LEIGH, The Hon. and Very Rev. James Wentworth, D.D., third son of the late Lord Leigh, was born in Paris on Jan. 21, 1838, and was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was ordained Deacon in 1862, and Priest in 1863, by the Bishop of Worcester. He began his clerical work as Curate of Bromsgrove, and then became Vicar of the agricultural village of Stoneleigh, where he remained for nine years. In 1872 he took an active part in the labourers' agitation, started by Joseph Arch in War- wickshire ; in the same year he also resigned his living, and went to reside in America, where he worked among the negroes on Butler's Island, had a church built for them, and was publicly thanked by the Bishop of Georgia for the interest he had taken in their spiritual welfare. Return- ing to England in 1877, he was for a time in charge of St. James', Stratford-on- Avon, but in the same year he was ap- pointed to the important living of Leam- ington. In 1879 he was made an Hon. Canon of Worcester, and during his stay in Leamington was Chaplain of the South Warwickshire Hospital, Chairman of the Warwick Board of Guardians, and Chair- man of the first Leamington School Board. Canon Leigh was in 1883 appointed Rector of St. Mary's, Bryanston Square, where he remained until 1894, when he was pre- ferred by Lord Rosebery to the Deanery of Hereford. He has taken an active part in questions of social reform ; introduced the boarding-out of pauper children in the Warwick Union thirty years ago ; and has published papers and pamphlets on various temperance and social subjects. In fact, the Dean is known throughout the land as a leader of the Temperance LEIGH — LEIGHTON 637 Reform Movement, and at the Shrewsbury Church Congress he read a paper on the duty of the Church towards the liquor traffic. He is married to Frances, daughter of Pierce Butler, Georgia, U.S.A., and Frances A. Kemble. Address : Deanery, Hereford. LEIGH, Lord, The Bight Hon. William Henry, LL.D., J.P., was born at Addlestrop House on Jan. 17, 1824, and succeeded his father as 2nd Baron in 1850. He was educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge. He has been Lord-Lieutenant of Warwickshire since 1856, acted as High Steward of Sutton Coldfield from 1859 to 1882, and is a Governor and Trustee of Rugby School. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1895. Lord Leigh was married, in 1848, to Lady Caroline Amelia Gros- venor, daughter of the 2nd Marquis of Westminster, K.G. Address : Stoneleigh Abbey, Kenilworth. LEIGHTON", John, F.S.A., artist, descended from the Leightons of Ulysses- haven, Forfarshire, was born in St. James's, Westminster, Sept. 15, 1822, became a pupil of Mr. Howard, R.A., and was one of the pioneers of industrial and technical art education, aiding by example the formation of the Department of Science and Art, by the foundation of the " Subur- ban Artisan Schools," of which the Prince Consort was the Patron. His first pub- lished work, a series of outlines, came out in 1844, but he had previously contributed to cartoon exhibitions. In 1848-50 he published several serio-comic brochures, satires on art principles (then little ap- preciated), under the name of "Luke Lim- ner." In 1851 Mr. Leighton aided Owen Jones in arranging the first International Exhibition, about the same time pub- lishing a series of twenty-four outlines, entitled "Money," and at the same time a book, "Suggestions in Design," which was greatly enlarged in 1881, and was the first ever issued in all styles. With Rossetti and several members of the ad- vanced school, he promoted a free exhibi- tion of pictures, and with Roger Fenton founded the Photographic Society, of which the President of the Royal Academy was the first Chairman. He was a mem- ber of the Copyright Committee of the Society of Arts that met in 1858-59 and codified the law as it now stands, and has since been at the International Copyright Congresses, at Antwerp, 1877, and Paris, 1878, under the chairmanship of M. Meis- sonnier. Mr. Leighton has had great bibliographical and typographical experi- ence. He has lectured on " Libraries and Books," "Oriental Art," and "Binocular Perspective " ; the " Advantages of a System of a Postal Ballot," and " Pic- torial Advertising, its Use and Abuse " ; and has also travelled in Russia, Caucasia, and Georgia, for the purpose of studying the Byzantine art of the Greek Church. In 1869 it was at Mr. Leighton's sugges- tion that Earl Sydney, the Lord Chamber- lain, modified the Court costume at St. James's, making it more dignified than of yore. He has illustrated " Moral Em- blems," " Lyra Germanica," " The Life of Man Symbolised," and " Mad re Natura." In 1871 he edited, with illustrations, " Paris under the Commune." He is one of the original proprietors of the Graphic, and a founder of the Ex-Libris Society, and a Vice-President. Mr. Leighton served on the Commissions of the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, also in Paris, 1855 and 1867, and Philadelphia, 1867, and was a Juror in Paris in 1878, where he first exhibited his scheme for the " Unification of London," preserving the City, the map now being in Spring Gardens. Mr. Leigh- ton is also a herald, and it was at his suggestion that Wales desired to adopt an emblem for the Principality on the Royal Standard, and the Cross of St. David on the Union Jack, a plea for which he put forth in his " Book-Plate Annual." He has three times contested the Borough of North St. Pancras in the Liberal Unionist interest, and once retired when an Unionist was returned. Mr. Leighton is a life member of the Society of Antiquaries, the Society of Arts, the Royal Institute, the Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts, the London Archaeological Society, the Zoological Society, the Corporation of the Artists and Literary Fund, the Ex-Libris, and many other kindred associations. He has recently published an important little work on a large subject, " The Unifi- cation of London : the Need and the Remedy" (with maps and plans). Ad- dress : Ormonde, Regent's Park, N.W. LEIGHTON, Mrs. Marie Connor,. novelist and critic, is the daughter of the late Captain James Nenon Connor, 87th Royal Irish Fusiliers, and was born in Clifton in 1869. She began to devote her- self to literary work at a very early age, and was educated mainly at Marquise, Pas de Calais, France. At the age of fifteen she wrote and published "Beauty's Queen," a three-volume novel, which was followed by "A Morganatic Marriage" in 1885; " Sweet Magdalen," 1887 ; " Husband and Wife," 1888 ; " The Triumph of Manhood," 1889; "The Lady of Balmerino," 1891; and "The Heart's Awakening." 1893. In 1889 she married Robert Leighton, with whom in 1891 she joined the literary staff of the Messrs. Harmsworth, and has written for Answers and others of the Harmsworth 638 LEIGHTON — LELAND journals some thirty serial novels, includ- ing "Convict 99," "In the Shadow of Guilt," " Michael Dred " (these three done in collaboration with her husband), and "The Harvest of Sin." Since 1896 Mrs. Leighton has been on the literary staff of the Daily Mail, while she is a prominent member of the Pioneer Club, and takes an active interest in all branches of women's work. Address : Vallombrosa, Abbey Road, N.W. LEIGHTON, Robert, author, editor, and critic, was born in Ayr, Scotland, June 5, 1858, being the eldest son of the late Robert Leighton, Scotch poet, and his wife, Elizabeth Campbell. He was edu- cated in Liverpool, and at the age of four- teen entered the office of the Liverpool Porcupine under the late Hugh Shimmin. Coming to London in 1879, he was ap- pointed editor of Young Folks, in which he wrote many stories and articles for young- readers ; in 1886 he became editor of the Bristol Observer, occupying this position for a year. He was married, in 1889, to Marie Connor, and in collaboration with her wrote "Convict 99," "Michael Dred, Detective," "In the Shadow of Guilt," and other stories which appeared serially in Answers and others of the Harmsworth periodicals. He was a Director of Answers, Limited, from 1893 to 1896, and has been literary editor of the Daily Mail since the appearance of its first number in May 1896. He has published the following books for the young : " The Pilots of Pomona," 1892;" "The Thirsty Sword," 1893 ; " In the Grip of the Algerine," 1893 ; " The Wreck of the Golden Fleece," 1894; "Olaf the Glorious," 1895 ; "Under the Foeinan's Flag," 1896 ; "The Golden Galleon," 1897 ; " The Splendid Stranger," 1898. Address: Vallombrosa, Abbey Road, St. John's Wood, N.W. IRISHMAN, The Rev. Thomas, D.D., was born on May 7, 1825, and is the eldest son of the Rev. Matthew Leishman, D.D., Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1858. He was educated at Glasgow High School and at the University, where he graduated MA. Since 1855 he has been minister of Linton, Roxburghshire. From 1894 to 1895 he was President of the Scottish Church Society, and in 1895-96 and 1896- 97 was General Assembly's Lecturer on Pastoral Theology in Scottish Universities. He was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland for 1898. He has, in collaboration with others, edited " The Book of Common Order and West- minster Directory," 1868 ; " May the Kirk keep Pasche and Yule ? " 1875 ; and " The Ritual of the Church of Scotland," 1891. He married, in 1857, Christina B. Fleming, who died in 1868. Address : Linton Manse, by Kelso. LE JEXJNE, Henry, A.R.A., of Flemish extraction, was born on Dec. 12, 1819. In early life he was sent to study at the British Museum, and in 1841 ob- tained the Gold Medal of the Royal Academy, for a picture of " Samson Burst- ing his Bonds." He was Head-master of the Government School of Design from 1845 to 1848, when he became Curator of the Painting School at the Royal Academy ; from which post he retired in 1864. He has been a frequent exhibitor since 1841 ; was chosen an A.R.A in 1863, and retired in 1886. His last exhibited picture is "Idle- ness," 1894. He married in 1844. Ad- dress : 155 Goldhurst Terrace, Hampstead, N.W. I/ELAND, Charles Godfrey, Hon. F.R.L.S., M.A. Harvard, Fellow of the American Philosophical Society, American author, eldest son of Charles Leland, mer- chant, was born at Philadelphia, Aug. 15, 1824. He graduated at Princeton College in 1846, and subsequently studied at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich, and in Paris. He was admitted to the Bar in 1851, but soon relinquished law for literature, and contributed largely to periodicals. For several years he resided at New York, and edited the Illustrated News, but returned to Philadelphia in 1885, and for three years was connected with the Evening Bulletin. In the early part of the Civil War he established at Boston the Continental Magazine. On the conclusion of the war he travelled through a portion of the Southern States, in con- nection with real estate business. He was for a short time a soldier, and at the battle of Gettysburg in 1864. Later he became editor of the Philadelphia Press. In 1869 he went abroad, and remained, chiefly in London, until 1880. On his return to America he introduced, and for a number of years supervised, a system of industrial- art education in the public schools of Philadelphia. Mr. Leland has taken part in and read papers before the Social Science Congresses of Great Britain, the British Philological Society, and the Oriental Congresses of Florence, Vienna, Stockholm, and London. He co-operated with Mrs. R. Jebb in founding the Home Arts and Industries Association of Great Britain, originated the Rabelais Club of London, and has been from the first the President of the Gypsy Lore Society of Great Britain and Hungary. It was at his instance that the Folk-Lore Societies of Hungary and Italy were established, and he was one of the first institutors and Hon. LEMAIEE 639 President of the first European Folk-Lore Congress, Paris, 1889, where he was de- puted to organise and direct the Second Congress, held in London in 1891. He was Hon. and Vice-President at the estab- lishment of the Italian Folk-Lore Society in 1893. His works, many of which are of a humorous or burlesque character, include "The Poetry and Mystery of Dreams," and " Meister Karl's Sketch-Book," 1855 ; " Pictures of Travel," a translation of Heine's " Beisebilder," 1856; "Sunshine in Thought," 1862; "Legends of Birds," 1864 ; " Hans Breitmann's Ballads," 1867-70 ; " The Music Lessons of Confu- cius, and other Poems," 1870; "Gaudea- mus," a translation of the humorous poems of Scheffel, 1871 ; " Egyptian Sketch- Book," and "The English Gypsies and their Language," 1873 ; " Fu-Sang, or the Discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist Priests in the Fifth Century," and " Eng- lish Gipsy Songs," 1875 ; " Johnuykin and the Goblins," and " Pidgin-English Sing- Song," 1876 ; " Abraham Lincoln," 1879 ; "The Minor Arts," 1880; "The Gipsies," 1882; "The Algonquin Legends of New England," 1884; "Twelve Art -Work Manuals," 1885; "Gipsy Sorcery and Fortune-Telling," "Practical Education," "Brand New Ballads," "Manual of De- sign," " Manual of Wood-Carving," " Metal Work," " Etruscan- Roman Remains in Popular Tradition," 1892 ; " The Book of One Hundred Riddles," 1892 ; "The Book of Copperheads," 1863; "Memoirs," 1893; "Dictionary of English Slang," (with A. Barrere), 2 vols., 1889 ; " The Art of Conversation," 1863; "Snooping," 1888; "France, Alsace, and Lorraine," 1870 ; " Centralisation versus State Rights," 1868 ; " Three Thousand Miles in a Railway Car," 1868 ; and " Industrial Art Education," 1882. Also, " Mending and Repairing," 1896 ; " Legends of Florence, as Told by the People," 2 vols., 1896 ; and a translation of all the works of Heinrich Heine. His projected or most recently published works are "Have You a Strong Will?" (1898), "One Hundred Acts" (1897), "The Simplest Musical Instruments," " Wayside Wanderers," "Songs of Sorcery and Witchcraft," the third series of the "Florentine Legends," " Aradia, or the Gospel of the Italian Wizards," " Unpublished Legends of Virgil gathered in Tuscany," "Tales and Traditions of Tuscany," "Proverbial Tales," and in French "La Lutin du Chateau." Among his officially-published works are the papers in English, German, French, and Italian, read at different Congresses. He was on the staff of Appleton's Cyclo- paedia, to which he contributed 200 articles, and was subsequently the European editor or agent for Johnson's Cyclopaedia. In a series of articles recently published, J. K. Gilmore, author of "Among the Pines," and formerly an editor of the New York Tribune, attributes entirely to Mr. Leland the so- called "Emancipation movement," during the Civil War, by means of which the Union men, who were still opposed to the Abolitionists, were reconciled to freeing the slaves, and he adduces the highest authority to prove that this emancipation policy, as conducted by Leland in the Continental, induced Abraham Lincoln to advance the emancipation by many months, a movement which, it is now gene- rally conceded, perhaps saved the Union by greatly abridging the war. Even Lincoln and all his Cabinet deemed the act premature. He has of late lived chiefly in Italy. Address : Messrs. Baring Brothers and'Co., 8 Bishopsgate Within, E.C. LEMAIRE, Mme. Jeanne Made- leine, nie Coll, French artist, born in 1850, at St. Rossoline, near Cannes, was brought up by her aunt, Mme. Herbelin. She from her earliest years imbibed a love of art from that eminent miniaturist. There was never any doubt as to what the pursuit of her life would be. As soon as the little girl could move about, a pencil was her greatest joy, so that even at the age of five or six the childish mind dictated attempts in imitative art. It is unfortunately but too seldom that the first efforts of those who afterwards become eminent in their profession are preserved, and we are not aware that any of Mme. Lemaire's juvenile artistic productions are in existence. Those, however, having charge of the child were, luckily, most careful not to neglect any evidence of un- usual talent, so that at the age of nine the child was placed with a Mme. Cava" to learn drawing, this being followed by four years' instruction at M. Chaplin's school. In 1865, and when but fifteen years of age, the artist exhibited her first picture at the Salon — a portrait in oils of her grand- mother — the talent in which was so fully recognised by the judges, that it was only the extreme youth of the artist that pre- vented a prize being adjudged for the work. Then followed a succession of pic- tures at the Salon — most of them being in oils — "A Columbine," an exceedingly clever work that was greatly admired, and one that at once foreshadowed the artist's future fame; "Diana Vernon," and another fancy figure in " Corinne," showed a sense of beauty of form and colour that fairly took the public by surprise. Rapidly de- veloping into a facile and productive painter, the artist's works became as numerous as they were diversified in manner. Season after season her works were to be seen at the exhibitions of the 640 LEMAlTKE — LENBACH Societe" d'Aquarellistes Francais, of which she was a member, her subjects embracing flowers, genre, and portraits. Mme. Lemaire also engaged somewhat extensively in book illustration, producing a series of forty water-colour drawings for the Edition de luxe of " L'Abbe' Constantin," by Ludovic Halevy, and a large number for the novel "Flirt," by Paul Hervieu. In 1890 the artist had two oil paintings — "Ophelia" and " Sornmeil," — at the exhibition of the Socie'te' Nationale des Beaux Arts, in the Champ de Mars. In 1891 she exhibited "Five," and, in 1892, "Le Char des Fees," &c. In addition to all this, Mme. Lemaire has entered the field as a pastellist, for which branch of art French painters are noted. She is a member of the Socie'te' des Pastellistes Francais, and a series of her drawings were at one time on view at the Goupil Gallery. Her Paris address is 31 Rue de Monceau. LEMAlTRE, Francois ^lie Jules, French poet and critic, was born at Ven- necy, April 27, 1853, and began his educa- tion at the seminary of the Cnapelle St. Mesmin, near Orleans. He entered the Ecole Normale in 1872, and became an assistant-master at the Lyc<5e of Havre in 1875. In 1880 he passed to Algiers, then to Besamjon ; but in 1884 he deserted the ill-paid paths of professorial work, to devote himself entirely to literature. He became the editor of the Revue Eleue, in which several of his articles attracted much attention, especially one on Flau- bert. But it is above all as a dramatic critic that he has earned his Euro- pean reputation. Succeeding Weiss on the Journal des Dibats in 1886, he has since then given to the world a weekly article on the drama that may be said to have revolutionised the methods of criti- cism ; and, at any rate, to have created a new school of dramatic critics in England, of whom Mr. A. B. Walkley is the chief representative. He was elected to the Academy in 1895 in succession to Duruy. His first work of any size was " Les Con- temporains," 1886-89, of which the studies on Zola, Ohnet, and Victor Hugo created a great impression. His dramatic criti- cisms have been collected into volumes entitled "Impressions du Theatre," of which the tenth volume was published in July 1898. Although a critic of peculiarly sarcastic power, he has been unable to keep from writing plays himself. His first was "Re'volte'e," which was played at the Odfon in 1889. This was followed by " Le Depute Leveau " (1890), and by "Le Mariage Blanc," which was played at the Theatre Francais in 1891 ; as have been " L'Age Difficile " and " Le Pardon." His plays are noted for their advanced views, and are appreciated best by intellectual audiences. He now writes for the Revue des Deux Mondes, and his work has become less impressionist andmore good-humoured. As a playwright he deals very severely with his own class. He is an officer of the Legion of Honour. His Paris address is : 39 Rue d'Artois. LE MARCHANT, Francis Charles, was born in 1844, and educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first in Lit. Hum. 1866. He proceeded to India as a member of the Civil Service ; and in 1896 was appointed a member of the Council of the Secretary of State. LEMONNIER, Antoine Louis Camille, Belgian critic and novelist, was born at Ixelles, near Brussels, March 24, 1835. He first attracted public attention by his criticisms on the salons of Brussels in 1863-66. In 1887 he obtained the quin- quennial Grand Prize given by the Belgian Government for a standard work of art by his "La Belgique." M. Lemonnier is, however, best known as a novelist of the naturalistic school, affecting crudity and brutality in his methods. His chief works are " Contes Flamands et Wallons," 1873 ; " Les Charniers," 1881 ; " Un Male," 1881 ; "Les Concubins," 1885; and "Madame Lupanar," 1886. In 1889 his novel in the Gil Bias, entitled "L'Enfantdu Crapaud," was stopped by the authorities, and he had to pay a fine of £40. He is a frequent contributor to the Figaro, Le Journal, L'Echo de Paris, and other French papers. LENBACH, Franz, a distinguished German portrait - painter, was born at Schrobenhausen in Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1836. He at first followed the trade of his father, a master-mason, but on his father's death in 1856 he entered the Munich Academy to study painting, and afterwards was a pupil of Griifle andPiloty. He first confined himself to genre painting, and his "Peasant Family in a Storm " excited much interest. In 1858 he went with Piloty to Rome, and there painted a picture of the Forum, which by its realism and colour created a great sensation in Munich. He then turned to portrait-painting, taking the old masters, especially Rembrandt, as his models. In I860 he received an appointment at the School of Art at Weimar, but left it soon in order to pursue further studies in Rome. In 1867 he exhibited a masterly portrait of the artist, Von Hagn ; and after further travels in Italy and Spain, he returned to Munich, and soon became renowned for his portraits. Commissions came to him from all parts, and for two years he worked in Vienna, but in 1874 settled again in Munich, where, when not travel- LENG 641 ling in Greece and Egypt, he has since resided. He is an honorary Professor at the Munich Academy. Amongst his most celebrated pictures are portraits of Paul Heyse, Frans Lachner, Moltke, Bismarck, Dr. Dollinger, Wagner, Liszt, the late King of Bavaria, Gladstone, the Emperor Francis Joseph, and William I. of Ger- many. LENG, Sir John, D.L., J. P., Senior Member of Parliament for the city of Dun- dee, was born in Hull on April 10, 1828. He is the second son of the late Mr. Adam Leng, by Mary, daughter of Mr. Christopher Luc- cock, land surveyor, Malton, Yorkshire, and is the younger brother of Sir William Christopher Leng, of Sheffield. Sir John was educated at the Hull Grammar School under the Head-mastership of Mr. J. D. Sollit. In 1847, when only nineteen years of age, he was appointed sub-editor of the Hull Advertiser, and thus began a very successful career as journalist. Four years afterwards (1851) he went to Dundee to fill the position of editor and general manager of the Dundee Advertiser. That journal had then passed its jubilee, having been founded in 1801, but although advo- cating advanced Liberal principles in politics, in consonance with the prevailing sentiment in the locality, it was so handi- capped by the heavy paper stamp and ad- vertisement duties that its bi - weekly circulation was very limited, and its con- dition languishing. Sir John set vigor- ously to work to improve and infuse new life into the Dundee Advertiser, which has since become a power of considerable magnitude, not only locally but through- out Scotland. About ten years after he undertook the management — that is, as soon as "the taxes on knowledge" were abolished — the Advertiser was changed from a bi-weekly to a daily journal, the price being reduced to one penny. In 1858 Sir John established the People's Journal, a weekly paper whose circulation is now over 250,000, there being twelve separate editions, specially adapted to the several districts of Scotland. Another enterprise which has proved successful was the founding by Sir John, in 1877, of the Evening Telegraph, a daily halfpenny newspaper, the several editions of which have a very large circulation. Some years before he had founded a literary journal named the People's Friend, which was begun as a monthly, but was received with so much favour that it was changed into a weekly. This publication has been the means of introducing many new writers to the public, such popular novelists as Annie S. Swan and Adeline Sergeant having first appeared in print as contributors to its columns. In addition to the journalistic work, an extensive business in commercial printing and lithography is conducted under Sir John's management ; and the small office which was sufficient for the Dundee Advertiser in 1851 has now de- veloped into a very extensive establish- ment. The Liberal principles which Sir John professed in 1851, when he under- took the editorship of the Dundee Adver- tiser, have been consistently maintained and advocated by him in his various journals. He has from the first been an adherent of Mr. Gladstone ; an advocate of Home Eule for Ireland, Scotland, Eng- land, and Wales ; and a supporter of measures calculated to bring about con- ciliation between Capital and Labour ; while on temperance questions he has striven to introduce measures whereby the liquor traffic would be controlled by the people. The prominence given to his political convictions on popular questions naturally suggested that he would be found of great service in Parliament, but he was reluctant to abandon his journalis- tic career, and it was after he had declined no fewer than fifteen invitations that he at length consented to enter the field of politics. The death of Mr. Firth in Sep- tember 1889 caused a vacancy in the representation of Dundee, and Sir John was induced to become a candidate. On that occasion he was elected without opposi- tion. At the general election in 1892 Sir John was returned at the top of the poll as representative for Dundee in conjunction with Mr. Edmund Robertson, Civil Lord of the Admiralty in Mr. Gladstone's fourth administration. On the distribution of birthday honours in 1893 he received a knighthood, and this dignity was accepted by him chiefly as an honour to the Press, and to the city of his adoption. He is a Magistrate for the counties of Forfar and Fife, Deputy-Lieutenant for Dundee, and President or Vice-President of numerous societies. Besides his journalistic work, Sir John has published a number of books and pamphlets, amongst which are the fol- lowing : " Impressions of America," 1876 ; " The Electric Light Recommended to Gas Companies and Corporations," 1878 ; "Scottish Banking Reform," 1881 ; "Ameri- can Competition and British Agriculture," 1881; "Practical Politics," 1885; "How Best to Deal with the Unemployed," 1886 ; " Trip to Norway," 1886 ; "Home Rule all Round," 1890 ; " Excessive Patent Fees," 1891; "Canadian Cattle Importation," 1893; "Disestablishment in Scotland," 1894; "Nationalisation: the Dream of the Labour Party," 1895 ; "Letters from India and Ceylon," 1896 ; "Some Euro- pean Rivers and Cities," 1897. He married (1), in 1851, Emily Cook, of Beverley, who died in 1894 ; and (2), in 1897, Mary Low, 2S 642 LEONCAVALLO — LEO THE THIRTEENTH of Dundee. Address : Kinbrae, Newport, Fife. LEONCAVALLO, Ruggiero, com- poser, was born in Naples on March 8, 1858. He enjoyed the friendship of Wag- ner, and for a long- period of time lived in Paris, where he composed songs and occa- sional pieces, and planned his trilogy of Italian history, of which the "Medici" constitutes the first part. In May 1892 he produced his short dramatic opera, " I Pagliacci," at Milan, and in November 1893 his "Medici" was first performed in the same city. The success of Mascagni's short operas may be said to have paved the way for his own. His works have often been heard at Covent Garden. LEOPOLD II. (Leopold-Louis- Philippe-Marie-Victor), King of the Belgians, son of the late King Leopold I., upon whose death, which occurred Dec. 10, 1865, he succeeded to the throne as Leopold II., was born in Brussels, April 9, 1835, and married, Aug. 22, 1853, the Archduchess Marie of Austria, by whom he has had three children — two daughters and one son, the Duke of Brabant, who died in January 1869 at the age of ten. In 1855, in company with the Duchess of Brabant, he made a lengthened tour through Europe, Egypt, and Asia Minor. As Duke of Brabant, he took a prominent part in several important discussions in the Senate, especially in that relating to the establishment of a maritime service be- tween Antwerp and the Levant. His Majesty has visited this country very frequently. General Gordon was his friend, and was in his service until ordered to leave Brussels for the Soudan. His "silver wedding" was celebrated with great rejoicing in August 1878. His Majesty takes a great interest in the development of the Congo Free State, was practically the founder of it, and is now its ruling sovereign. He has lately been zealously advocating the claims of his country in China, but without success. Having no son living, and daughters being excluded from the succession by the Bel- gian Constitution, the elder son of his brother, the Comte de Flandre, was heir- presumptive to the throne until his death, Jan. 23, 1891, aged twenty-two. Now Prince Albert, the only brother of the late Prince Baldwin, is heir-presumptive. LEO THE THIRTEENTH, The Pope, is the son of Count Ludovico Pecci, by his wife Anna Prosperi. He was born at Carpineto, in the diocese of Anigni, in the State of the Church, March 2, 1810, and was baptized by the names of Vin- cenzo and Gioacchino. His mother always called him by his first name, which was also used by himself up to the termina- tion of his studies, when he began to use his second name, Gioacchino. In 1818 his father sent him, along with his elder brother Giuseppe, to the Jesuit College of Viterbo. There he was taught gram- mar and humanities under Father Leo- nardo Giribaldi, a man of great learning, until the year 1824, when, on his mother's death, he was sent to Rome to the care of an uncle, and took up his residence in an apartment of the palace of the Marchese Muti. In November 1824 he entered the schools of the Collegio Romano, then re- stored to the Jesuits, and had for his teachers Fathers Ferdinando Minini and Giuseppe Bonvicini, both distinguished for eloquence and virtue of no common order. Three years later he began to study mathematics. He had for instruc- tors Father Giovanbattista Pianciani, nephew of Leo XII., and Father Andrea Carafa, a mathematician of renown. Young Pecci signalised himself by his assiduity and talent, and in 1828 got the first prize in Physico - Chemistry, and the first aecessit in mathematics. Then he passed to the course of philosophy, and in the four years of that curriculum he attended the lectures of Fathers Gio- vanni Perrone, Francesco Manera, Michele Zecchinelli, Cornelius Van Everbroeck, and Francesco Xaverio Patrizi, brother of the late Cardinal Patrizi. While study- ing philosophy Pecci was entrusted, de- spite his youth, to give repetitions in philosophy to the pupils of the German College. In his third year of philosophy he sustained a public disputation, and obtained the first prize (1830). The fol- lowing year, being then but twenty-one years old, he obtained the laurea in philosophy. Even in Viterbo young Pecci was noticed for his ability and for his perfect propriety of conduct. In Rome he seemed entirely devoted to study, and took no part in entertainments, conver- sazioni, amusements, or plays. At the age of twelve or thirteen he wrote Latin, prose or verse, with facility ; and it may be mentioned that since he became Pope a volume of his verses, chiefly Latin, has been printed at Udine. Having entered the College of Noble Ecclesiastics, the Abbate Pecci frequented the schools of the Roman University to learn canon and civil law. Pecci and the Duke Sisto Riario Sforza (afterwards Cardinal Arch- bishop of Naples) were the two brilliant youths who eclipsed all the rest of their companions in study. Cardinal Antonio Sala took much interest in Pecci, and assisted him with advice and instruction. Becoming a Doctor in Laws, he was made, by Pope Gregory XVI. , a domestic prelate LEO THE THIETEENTH 643 and Referendary of the Segnatura, March 16, 1837. Cardinal Carlo Odesoalohi, famous for his humility in renouncing the purple to enter the Society of Jesus, gave Pecci holy orders in the chapel of St. Stanislas Kostka, in S. Andrea al Quirinale, and on Dec. 23, 1837, conferred the priesthood upon him in the chapel of the Vicariate. Gregory XVI. bestowed upon him the title of Prothonotary Apos- tolic, and appointed him Apostolic Dele- gate at Benevento, Perugia, and Spoleto in succession. In these important posts he ruled with firmness and prudence, and while at Benevento he, by his energy, put a stop to the brigandage which had before infested that district. In 1843 he was again promoted by Pope Gregory XVI., being' sent as Nuncio to Belgium, and on Jan. 17 in that year he was created Archbishop of Damietta, in partibus infideliurn, to qualify him for his office of Nuncio. He remained in Brussels for three years, and was then nominated Bishop of Perugia on Jan. 19, 1846, about four months previous to the death of Gregory XVI. He was created and pro- claimed a Cardinal by Pius IX. in the 'Consistory of Dec. 19, 1853. He was a member of several of the Congregations of Cardinals — among them those of the Council, of Rites, and of Bishops and Regulars. In September 1877 he was selected by Pope Pius IX. to fill the im- portant office of Cardinal Camerlengo of the Roman Church, which post had be- come vacant by the death of Cardinal de Angelis. In that capacity, after the death of the late Pope (Feb. 7, 1878), he acted as head of the Church in temporal matters, made the arrangements for the last solemn obsequies of the Pontiff, received the Catholic ambassadors, and superin- tended the preparations for the Conclave. Sixty-two Cardinals attended the Con- clave, which was closed in the Vatican on Monday, Feb. 18, 1878, and the Car- dinal Camerlengo was made Pope by the acclamation of all. The news was officially proclaimed to the outside world at a quarter-past one o'clock from the gallery of St. Peter's, when it was announced that His Holiness had assumed the name of Leo XIII. On March 3 he was crowned in the Sistine Chapel, all the ancient cere- monies being observed, save the benedic- tion Urbi et Orbi, from the loggia of St. Peter's. At the end of 1887 the Pope celebrated his jubilee, commemorative of his having been fifty years in the priest- hood, on which occasion he received con- gratulations from all parts of the world. The Queen of England sent the Duke of Norfolk as her Special Envoy with valuable gifts and an address of congratulation. In June 1891 the Pope issued an impor- tant Encyclical Letter on Labour, which presents the Papacy in a new and liberal light. Later, His Holiness bade the French clergy recognise the Republic, the result being that many hitherto disaffected Mon- archists have accepted the present order of things in France. On Feb. 19, 1893, His Holiness celebrated his episcopal Jubilee, and held a State celebration at St. Peter's before immense crowds of pilgrims. The English pilgrims on this occasion were headed by the Duke of Norfolk. In October 1894 the Pope sum- moned a conference of the Patriarchs of the Greek and other Eastern Churches at the Vatican, but the gathering was with- out results. In March 1895 considerable excitement was aroused in Austria owing to an announcement in the leading organ of the Christian Socialists' Party that the Pope had sent his blessing to the party, whose leader, the well-known Polish priest and Christian Socialist agitator, Father Stojaloffski, was then awaiting his trial on a charge of inciting civil discontent, and to the journal itself. At about the same time an intimation was given to the world that, being approached by many English churchmen, both lay and clerical, who desired reunion with the Church if only certain restrictions, including the enforced celibacy of the clergy, could be with- drawn, the Pope was disposed to grant some mitigation as to celibacy, but, the English bishops being divided, nothing further came of the pronouncement. Following up this appeal to His Holiness, Viscount Halifax, as representing the English churchmen before mentioned, visited Rome and conferred with Cardinal Vaughan, the Pope's English Vicar, as to the conditions of reunion. The Pope did not endorse Cardinal Vaughan's conclu- sions favouring the promotion of individual conversions, but stated his desire to ad- dress an appeal to the English people. His famous utterance was published on April 20, 1895, inscribed "Ad Anglos," and the pathetic • plea for the unity of Christendom was followed, in June 1896, by an Encyclical addressed to the Bishops of the Church, in which the conditions of unity — in brief, unqualified recognition of Rome — were laid down. As was observed at the time by all thinking people, not one word from the beginning to the end of this statement could be found to justify the assumption of Lord Halifax and kin- dred spirits that Rome would or could treat the question of reunion as a matter of negotiation or compromise. Although rebuffed, members of the English Church Union sought for the recognition by Rome of Anglican Orders, and the assistance of Mr. Gladstone was enlisted in that behalf. But neither Mr. Gladstone's touching per- 644 LEPINE — LE ROUX sonal appeal to His Holiness nor the earnest, if misguided, efforts of the High Church Party availed. On Sept. 21, 1896, the now-famous " Papal Bull on Anglican Orders " was promulgated, and, to the keen disappointment of Mr. Gladstone and to the dismay of the English Ex- tremists, the Pope unequivocally re- fused to recognise English ecclesiastical Orders, setting forth in his pronounce- ment an elaborate argument to justify Rome's reiterated negative. When re- ceiving the Cardinals and his Court on the celebration of his 87th birthday in March 1897 the Pope emphasised the drastic nature of his Bull, which, he said, had been issued " in order to enlighten those who were honestly mistaken and to cut short sophistical evasions." His Holiness has not since made a further appeal to the English Church, convinced, probably, by the severe and discouraging criticism of both Prelate and laity that his Pontificate will never see the dawn of the reunion of the West. The only two recent intrusions of the Pope into English political life have been the bestowal, in March 1896, of his blessing on Mr. John Dillon as the new leader of the Irish Party, and his ex- pressions of sympathy with the objects of the Irish Race Convention, which met in Dublin during September 1896. But the Pope's active interest in European affairs has of late been as keen as ever, and in 1896 he made various representations to the Governments of Hungary, Bulgaria, and Servia, concerning which it is im- possible to comment here. An Encyclical was published in May 1897, exhorting the faithful, on the occasion of Pentecost, to pray for the unity of all Christians ; and in the following month the Pope solemnly canonised two old priests, Anthony Zaccaria (1502-39) and Peter Fourier (1565), a ceremony which had not been seen in St. Peter's for thirty years. His Holiness at this time made an important statement as to the Church's attitude towards the French Republic, asserting that the supreme criterion of the common good imposed upon Catholics the accept- ance of the existing form of government. On Aug. 14, 1897, the Pope received in audience Sir Wilfrid Laurier (q.v.) on his visit to Europe. This interview resulted in the appearance, on Dec. 24, 1897, of an Encyclical on the Manitoba Schools Ques- tion, in which, while asserting the con- cessions obtained by Catholics as in- adequate, the Pope advised the faithful on their part not to refuse a partial com- promise. On the previous day, Leo, speak- ing at his customary Christmas reception to the Cardinals, declared the hostility between the Vatican and the Italian Government to be "repugnant to the national traditions and genius," and said that such a state of affairs could never he supported by the votes of the Italian Catholics. x In the spring of 1898 the Pope endeavoured to act as mediator between Spain and America, with the view of bring- ing about the conclusion of the Hispano- American War, but with no success. In June 1897 His Holiness revived memories of his early days as a poet in a Latin poem, "In Praise of Frugality." An English translation of this poem, which was on the model of the Epistles of Horace, was made by Mr. Andrew Lang for the New York World. The effort was an interesting appeal for asceticism in modern life, and much astonishment was evinced at such a production from a statesman so advanced in years. From time to time, during recent months (1898), alarming reports have been issued as to the state of His Holiness's health, and bulletins have been issued with unusual reticence. In the early part of 1899 a serious operation was performed on His Holiness, from which he has only partially recovered. LUPINE, Louis, French administrator, was born at Lyon in 1846, and was educated at that town and at the Lycee Louis-le- Grand, Paris. He was attending the Law School when the war of 1870 broke out, and he at once enlisted in the "mobiles" of the Rhone, and after the siege of Belfort passed into a volunteer regiment organised by Colonel Denfert-Rochereau. After the war he was called to the Bar at Lyon, and in 1877 was appointed Sous-Preset at La Palisse. Having filled the same office at many towns, in 1S85 he was promoted Prefet of the Indre department. From 1886 to 1891 he was Chief Secretary of the Preset de Police at Paris, whence he went to the Loire as Pre"fet, and was instrumental in arbitrating between the masters and men during the strike of glass-workers and engineers. He then passed to the Seine-et-Oise, when in 1893 he was recalled to Paris to succeed M. Loz^ as Prdfet de Police, because of the riots of the students. On Sept. 29, 1897, he was appointed Governor-General of Algeria. LE ROUX, Henri (known as Hugues Le Roux), French writer, was born at Havre in 1860, and early in life took to journalism, and was a notable contributor to the Revue Politique et LitUraire. When M. Jules Claretie (q.v.) became Director of the Come'die Francaise, M. Le Roux took his place on the Temps. His first serious work was a translation from the Russian of Stepniak's " Subterranean Russia," and he has since poured forth a quantity of novels, travels, and works LESCHETIZK Y — LESSAR 645 of belles lettres. Among the most impor- tant of these are "Les Ames en Peine," 1888; "L'Enfer Parisien," 1888; "Entre Hommes," 1889; "An Sahara," 1891, illus- trated with photographs by the author; "En Yacht," 1891, travels in Spain, Morocco, and Algeria; "Les Mondains," 1893. In 1888 his adaptation of the Kussian novel of Dostoievski, entitled "Crime et Chati- ment," was played at the Odeon. He is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and his Paris address is 167 Boulevard Males- herbes. LESCHETIZKY, Th.eod.or, musician, was born at Langert, in Austrian Poland, in 1831. He was educated by his father, and by Czerny and Sechter, and began to teach at the age of 15. For many years he was Professor at St. Petersburg Con- servatoire, and first came to England as a pianist in 1864. Afterwards, he settled in Vienna, where he has acquired the reputation of being the finest pianoforte teacher in Europe. Among his pupils have been Paderewski (q.v.), Mark Ham- bourg, and Madame Essipoff, whom he subsequently married. In the autumn of 1897 he came to England on a visit to Mark Hambourg, and gave several recitals at the Salle Erard and elsewhere, being most cordially greeted. His compositions include an opera, entitled "Die Erste Falte," which was played at Prague in 1867, and numberless pieces for the piano- forte. LESLIE, George Dunlop, K.A., the youngest son of the late Charles Robert Leslie, R.A., was born at 12 Pineapple Place, St. John's Wood, London, July 2, 1835, and educated at the Mercers' School in the City. From his father he received, of course, a great deal of instruction in art ; and the pure and tender feeling, as well as the simplicity and method which distinguish so many works of the father, seem to be reflected in the productions of the son. Young Leslie was, however, placed by his father at Mr. F. Cary's School of Art, Bloomsbury, whence he was admitted a student in the Life School of the Royal Academy in April 1854. The first picture he exhibited, called " Hope," appeared at the British Institution in 1857, and was purchased by Lord Houghton. In the same year two small pictures by him were hung at the Royal Academy, where he has since regularly exhibited. In the spring of 1859 his father died, leaving the young artist entirely to his own resources. He was elected an Asso- ciate of the Royal Academy in 1868, and a Royal Academician, June 29, 1876. The principal pictures which he has exhibited are : " The Defence of Lathom House," 1865; "Clarissa," 1866, which was also exhibited at the Paris International Exhi- bition ; "Nausicaa and her Maids," 1871 ; "School Revisited" (his most celebrated picture), 1875; "Cowslips" and "The Lass of Richmond Hill" (his Diploma picture), 1877; "Home, Sweet Home," 1878; "Naughty Kitty" and "Alice in Wonderland," containing portraits of the artist's wife and daughter, 1879; "All that Glitters is not Gold," 1880; "Hen and Chickens," 1881; "Molly," "Sally in our Alley," "Pique," and "A Daughter of Charity," 1882 ; " Daughters of Eve " and "Wayside Rest," 1883; "A Girl with a Silver Bowl full of Roses" and "A Thames Boat-house," 1887; "Sun and Moon Flowers," 1889. More recently he has exhibited at the Royal Academy "November Sunshine," and "Toby," 1895 ; "Kathleen," and "September Sunshine," 1896 ; " The Day of Rest," 1897 ; " The Ash Grove," and "Arlington Row, Gloucestershire," 1898 ; " The Peaceful Highway," 1899. In 1881 Mr. Leslie gave up his house in St. John's Wood and removed with his family to an old- fashioned riverside house at Wallingford, where he has lived ever since. Mr. Leslie has at times used the pen as well as the pencil, being the author of " Our River," the first edition of which was published by Messrs. Bradbury & Agnew in 1881. In 1893 Messrs. Macmillan pub- lished his "Letters to Marco," which were written to Mr. Leslie's old friend, H. Stacy Marks, R.A., on subjects from natural history and country life. Both these books are illustrated by the author. In 1896 he published "Riverside Letters." Addresses : Riverside, Wallingford, Berks ; and Athenaeum. LESSAR, Paul, was born in 1851, and comes of a Montenegrin family. He was educated at the Ecole des Ingenieurs in St. Petersburg, and on account of his ability he was selected to accompany General Skobeleff into Asia to survey for railways. In 18S0 he joined General Komaroff as an expert in surveying and exploring the Turcoman country between the Caspian, and Afghanistan. He established himself at Askabad, and in November 1881 he penetrated beyond Sarakhs, across the Afghan frontier, to within a few miles of Herat. In the course of two years he rode a distance of nearly 6000 miles, exploring the whole of the ground of the Russo- Persian and Russo-Afghan frontier. He became Diplomatic Attache" to the Governor of the Transcaspian, and to him was com- mitted the real direction of the matter of the Afghan frontier. In 1885 he was sent on a special mission to London as geo- graphical expert, to assist the Russian 646 LETHBRIDGE — LEWIS Ambassador in the negotiations which accompanied the despatch of the Afghan Boundary Commission. LETHBBIDGE, Sir Roper, K.C.I.E., J. P., eldest son of the late Mr. E. Leth- bridge, was born on Dec. 23, 1840, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated in double honours (classical and mathematical). He was called' to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1880. In 1868 he was appointed Professor in the Bengal Educational Department. He was subse- quently elected a Fellow of the Calcutta University, and acted as an Examiner of that University (and also of the University of Lahore), at various times from 1868 to 1876, in Political Economy, History, English Language and Literature, Mathe- matics, and Mental and Moral Philosophy. In 1877 he was appointed Secretary to the Simla Educational Commission, and placed on special duty to write the articles on the Feudatory States for the "Imperial Gazetteer of India." In the following year he was transferred to the Indian Political Department as Political Agent and Press Commissioner under Lord Lytton's Viceroyalty. He was for man} 7 years editor of the only Indian quarterly, the Calcutta Review ; and is the author of a " History of India," also a " History of Bengal," and many other works. In 1885 he was elected Conservative member for North Kensington, and was again returned in 1886. He was created a Companion of the Indian Empire in 1877, a Knight Bachelor in 1885, and a Knight Com- mander of the Indian Empire in 1890. Sir Roper is a J.P. for Kent, Lord of the Manor of Exbourne, co. Devon, and patron of one living. He married ( 1 ), in 1869, Eliza, daughter of Mr. W. Finlay, and grandniece of the Bight Hon. John, 13th Lord Teyn- ham (she died in 1895) ; and (2), in 1897, Emma, widow of the late Mr. Frederick Burbidge of Micklefield, Herts. By his first marriage he has issue : Francis Wash- ington Lethbridge, Lieutenant Indian Staff Corps and Assistant Cantonment - Magis- trate of Rawal Pindi, India ; William Agar •Lander Lethbridge, Lieutenant 4th King's Own Regiment ; and Caroline Anne Roper, married to Mr. Frederic Gorell Barnes, M.P. for the Faversham Division of Kent. Sir Roper is Chairman of the Indian Con- stitutional Association, Member of Council of the East India Association and of the National Indian Association, and Member of the Indian Committee of the Society of Arts ; and Governor of the Plymouth College. Address : 21 Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. LEWIS, Mrs. Arthur. See Terry, Kate. LEWIS, Professor Bunnell, M.A., F.S.A., is descended from Philip Henry, the celebrated Nonconformist, father of Matthew Henry the Commentator, and from a Huguenot family which seems to have migrated into England at the time of the Reformation. He was born in London in 1824 ; educated at the Islington Proprietary School, under the late Dr. Jackson, afterwards Bishop of London, and at University College, London ; he also read privately with the late Mr. Charles Rann Kennedy. He took the degree of B.A. at the University of London in 1843, with the University Scholarship in Classics ; and was elected a Fellow of University College in 1847. He graduated M.A., Branch I. (Classics), in .1849, with the Gold Medal, then awarded for the first time ; and was appointed Professor of Latin in Queen's College, Cork, in 1849. At the founda- tion of the Queen's University in Ireland he took an active part in its administra- tion, and held the office of Examiner in Latin for four years. He was elected F.S.A. in 1865; and Foreign Correspond- ing Associate of the National Society of Antiquaries of France in 1883. He is a Member of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, the Royal Historical and Archaeo- logical Association of Ireland, and the Huguenot Society of London. At the request of the Council of University College, London, he delivered courses of lectures on Classical Archaeology in 1873, 1874, in connection with the Slade School of Art. Professor Lewis has visited, for purposes of archaeological research, Ravenna, Brittany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the south - west of France, Tarragona, Palermo, Constantinople, Autun, Reims, Switzerland, Langres and Besangon, the Middle Rhine and the Upper Danube, Pola, Aquileia, and Buda- pest. The results of these investigations have appeared in the Journal of the Archceological Institute, 1875-93. Many facts have been mentioned with which the English public was not previously acquainted, and ancient monuments have been specially considered as illustrating the Greek and Latin authors. With the view of making classical instruction more realistic and interesting, Professor Lewis has collected objects of art and antiquity for the museum of his college ; and has laboured in various ways to introduce the study of antiquities as an integral part of University education. He has contri- buted to the second revised edition of Dr. William Smith's Latin Dictionary. A great part of his paper on Autun was translated into French and published by the Society Eduenne, of which M. Bulliot, the explorer of Mont Beuvray, is the President. LEWIS 647 LEWIS, Sir George Henry, senior member of Lewis & Co., solicitors, was born in 1833, and educated at Edmonton and University College, Gower Street. At the age of seventeen he was articled to his father, and was admitted as solicitor in Hilary Term 1856, when he went into partnership with his father and uncle. He made his first mark in conducting the prosecution of the directors of Overend & Gurney's bank, and subsequently had the management of many other mercantile and financial prosecutions. He was engaged also in the prosecution of Madame Rachel, and of Slade, the medium ; in the Hatton Gar- den Diamond Robbery case ; in Belt v. Lawes ; the Baccarat case ; and later in the preparation of the case for Mr. Parnell and the Irish party against the Times at the Parnell Commission. He has by far the largest practice in criminal cases of any lawyer in London, and has been the solicitor in most of the causes cilebres, and in all the notable newspaper libel cases of recent years. He was knighted in June 1893. In 1867 he married Elizabeth, daughter of F. Eberstadt. Addresses : 88 Portland Place, W. ; Ely Place, Hol- born, E.C. ; and Walton-on-Thames. LEWIS, George Pitt, eldest son of the late G. Lewis of Exminster, and Jane Frances, niece of Stephen Pitt of Crichet Mallerbie, Somerset, was born at Honiton, Dec. 13, 1845. He was educated privately, gained a studentship of the Four Inns of Court in November 1869, and was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in June 1870; he became a Q.C. in 1885, and in the same year was appointed Recorder of Poole. He represented the Barnstaple Division of Devonshire in the Liberal interest from 1885 to 1892, but voted against the Home Rule Bill of 1886. He was one of the originators of the Bar Committee, now the Council of the Bar, and a member of it from its commence- ment ; was appointed Examiner for Honours to the Council of Legal Educa- tion in 1897, and is on the Board of Preliminary Examiners appointed by the Four Inns of Court in 1897. He is the author of " A Complete County Court Practice," which, after passing through four editions, is now merged in " The Yearly County Court Practice " ; also of "The Insane and the Law," 1895. He is also editor of the 9th edition of ' ' Taylor on Evidence," the author of "Inns of Court" and other articles in the "Ency- clopaedia of English Law," " The History of the Temple," &c., &c. He was appointed in 1898 one of the Honorary Counsel to the Honourable Society of the Baronetage. Address : 4 Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. LEWIS, Most Rev. John Travers, D.D., LL.D., Archbishop of Ontario, born in 1825 at Garrysloyne Castle, the son of the Rev. J. Lewi's, of St. Anne's, Cork, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated as Senior Moderator in Ethics and Logic, and was Gold Medallist. He was ordained in 1848, and held the curacy of Newtown Butler ; went to Canada in 1849, and was appointed by the Bishop of Toronto to the pastoral charge of the parish of Hawkesbury, which he exchanged in 1854 for the rectory of Brookville. He was consecrated first Bishop of Ontario, in Upper Canada, March 25, 1862. On Jan. 25, 1893, he was elected Metropolitan of Canada, and on Sept. 19 of the same year he was made Archbishop of Ontario at the General Synod held in Toronto for the Consolidation of the Church of England in Canada. Address : Bishopsleigh, King- ston, Canada. LEWIS, The Right Rev. Richard, D.D., Bishop of Llandaff, was born in Pem- brokeshire, March 27, 1821, and is the son of John Lewis. He was educated at Broms- grove and at Worcester College, Oxford (B.A. 1843 ; M.A. 1846). He was instituted to the rectory of Lampeter-Velfry, Nar- berth, Pembrokeshire, in 1851, and was appointed Archdeacon of St. David's in 1875. In 1883 he was appointed Bishop of Llandaff in succession to Dr. Ollivant, and was consecrated to that See by the Arch- bishop of Canterbury (Dr. Benson), in St. Paul's Cathedral on April 25 of that year. Addresses : The Palace, Llandaff ; Heullan, Narberth ; and Athenaeum. LEWIS, Professor William James, M.A., son of the Rev. J. Lewis, late of Bonvilston, born near Newtown, Mont- gomeryshire, Jan. 16, 1847, was elected a Scholar of Jesus College, Oxford, in October 1865, and obtained a first class in the Uni- versity Examinations in Mathematics and Natural Science. He was elected a Fellow of Oriel College in April 1869. For some time he was Assistant-Master at Chelten- ham College. He was a Member of the Total Eclipse Expeditions (English) of 1870 and 1871, and his observations on the polarisation of the corona have been published in the volume of "Solar Eclipses " issued under the auspices of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1874 he began to study mineralogy, and for that purpose went to Cambridge, where he received the valuable assistance of Professor William Hallows Miller. He held an appointment in the Mineral Department of the British Museum from 1875 to 1877, in which latter year he resigned owing to ill-health. He has contributed several papers on Crystal- lography to the Philosophical Magazine. In 648 LEYDS — LIE February 1881 he was elected Professor of Mineralogy at Cambridge in succession to the late Dr. William Hallows Miller. In 1884 he organised, and has since conducted as Honorary Secretary, the Cambridge University Scholastic Agency. Address : Trinity College, Cambridge. LEYDS, Dr. "W. J., Minister Plenipo- tentiary of the South African Eepublic in Europe, after the Jameson Raid in 1896, became the chief adviser of President Kriiger, and was credited with violent anti-English opinions. He made a visit to Europe, endeavouring to raise a loan, in 1896, and revisited Europe in 1898, when he was received by Emperor William II. in October of that year. LICHFIELD, Bishop of. SccLegge, Hon. and Right Rev. Augustus. LIDDEHDALE, The Right Hon. "William, Director of the Bank of Eng- land, son of John Lidderdale, a Russia merchant, was born at St. Petersburg on July 16, 1832, and educated at a private school in Cheshire. He entered com- mercial life in the office of Heath & Co., Russia merchant, in Liverpool, and after- wards became cashier to Messrs. Rath- bone Brothers & Co. in the same city, representing that firm in New York from 1857 to 1863, and becoming a partner in 1864, when he opened their London house. In 1870 he was elected a Director of the Bank of England. In 1887 he was Deputy- Governor of the Bank. From 1889-92 he was Governor. In November 1890 Mr. Lidderdale saved the City " from what would otherwise have undoubtedly been the greatest financial panic this genera- tion has seen," by his wise, firm, and rapid measures during the Baring crisis. In these measures he was materially assisted by Mr. Powell, the Deputy-Gover- nor, and by Lord Rothschild and a few other leaders of finance, but it was chiefly owing to his initiative that the Baring difficulty was smoothly tided over. In the Vagliano case he has also done good service to the banking interest at large, having afforded important assistance to Sir Richard Webster in his arguments before the House of Lords. Mr. Lidder- dale, after the Baring crisis was over, was continued in office as Governor of the Bank of England a year longer than is customary. He was also presented with the freedom of the City. Since 1893 he has been a Commissioner of the Patriotic Fund. In 1868 he married Mary, elder daughter of Wadsworth D. Busk, Esq., formerly of St. Petersburg. Address : 42 Lancaster Gate, W. LIDGETT, Rev. John Scott, M.A., was born on August 10, 1854. He is the son of the late John Jacob Lid- gett, a shipowner of the port of Lon- don, by his marriage with Maria Eliza- beth, the daughter of the late Rev. John Scott, the first organiser and head of the Wesleyan system of elementary education. He was educated at the Black- heath Proprietary School and at Univer- sity College, London, whence he gradu- ated at the London University, taking the B.A. degree in 1874, and the M.A. in 1875. In 1876 be entered the Wesleyan min- istry, being successively appointed to Tunstall in the Potteries, Southport, Car- diff, Wolverhampton, and Cambridge. During his residence in Cardiff and Wolver- hampton he took considerable part in edu- cational and social movements. While in Cambridge he inaugurated, in conjunction with the late Rev. Dr. W. D. Moulton, the movement which led to the establish- ment of the Bermondsey Settlement. The scheme was sanctioned by the Wesleyan Conference in 1889, and the settlement opened in January 1892. Mr. Lidgett has been Warden from the beginning. The settlement has now about 25 residents besides a large staff of non-resident workers, and it carries on an extensive programme of religious, educational, and philanthropic work in Bermondsey and Rotherhithe on broadly undenominational lines. In 1897 Mr. Lidgett published a considerable theological book entitled " The Spiritual Principle of the Atone- ment," being the 27th Fernley Lecture. This book attracted favourable notice in theological circles, and a second edition has been issued. In November 1897 Mr. Lidgett was returned to the School Board for London, being head of the poll in the Southwark Division. He is a Governor of the Leys School, Cambridge, Chairman of the Young People's Section of the National Home Reading Union, a Member of the Executive Committee both of the National and the Metropolitan Council of the Evan- gelical Free Churches, in addition to being a member of numerous Wesleyan and educational committees. He has also been for a number of years a Guardian of the Poor of the St. Olave's Union. In 1884 he married Emmeline Martha, second daugh- ter of Dr. Andrew Davies, of Newport, Mon. Address : The Bermondsey Settle- ment, Farncombe Street, Jamaica Road, S.E. LIE, Jonas, Norwegian novelist, was born at Eker, near Drammen, Nov. 6, 1833, and after having studied for the law abandoned it for literature. His novels, which are numerous, give realistic pictures of Norwegian life, especially of LIEBKNECHT — LIEBLING 649 that o£ the fishing population. The most noteworthy are: "The Visionary," 1870, which was translated into English in 1894; "The Three-Master Future," 1872; "The Pilot and his Wife," 1874, translated in 1877 ; "One of Life's Slaves," 1883, trans- lated in 1896 ; " The Commodore's Daugh- ters," 1886; and "Misa Ions," 1889. He published a volume of poems in 1866, and a comedy entitled " Lystiga Kmer " in 1894. LIEBKNECHT, Herr, one of the leaders of contemporary Socialism in Ger- many, was born at Giessen, March 29, 1826. He entered the university of that town in his sixteenth year, and enthusiastically devoted himself to the study of philology, theology, and philosophy, with the object of becoming a learned jurist or advocate. He showed socialistic tendencies at an early age, and, becoming enamoured of the writings of St. Simon, he hurried to Paris to aid in the February Revolution of 1848. Previously to this, however, he was charged with taking part in one of the Polish revolutionary movements, and was accordingly expelled from Austria in 1846, and he joined the ouvriers in Paris in 1848. This chapter over, he assisted in the ill-fated attempt to establish a re- public in Germany, was arrested at Frei- burg, and lay in prison for nine months without trial. Soon after his liberation Liebknecht came into collision with the Swiss authorities for trying to "impreg- nate " the trade unions of the Republic with socialist principles. He was accord- ingly conveyed to the frontier of France, and handed over to the police of that country, who conducted him to the coast, put him safely and surely on a ship, and, as he says, "packed him off to England like a bale of contraband goods." From 1850 to 1862 he remained in England, "living a life of honourable privation at the hungry occupation of journalism," an intimate associate of Frederick Engels and Karl Marx, who were also temporarily resident in this country. In 1862, on the proclamation of an amnestj', Liebknecht returned to Germany, and "to the tender mercies of Prince Bismarck. " He at once set to work to further the Socialist cause as a journalist, schoolmaster, and lecturer. In 1865 he was again banished from Berlin and Prussia. A candidate for Parliament in February 1867, he was arrested and imprisoned for three months, but was duly elected seven months later for Schneeburg Stolberg, in Saxony, and subsequently represented Offenbach on the Maine. In 1870 Liebknecht, Bebel (q.v.), and others "fearlessly bore testimony, "in the press and Parliament, against what they conceived to be "the fratricidal iniquity" of the Franco-German war. Arrested again, quite naturally, for high treason, Liebknecht with his colleagues was imprisoned for three months, and sentenced to two years' further incarceration. The " Man of Blood and Iron" passed his Anti-Socialist law in 1878, which continued in operation until 1890, when lie retired. The effect of this law on Herr Liebknecht was to deprive him of all direct intercourse with his family for a period of twelve years. Opinions may differ with regard to the philosophy of Liebknecht, but as to the heroihm and staunch conviction which have marked his career there can be no question. He visited this country in 1896, when he lectured throughout Great Britain, under the aus- pices of the Zurich International Socialist Committee, and returned to Germany to undergo another term of four months' imprisonment for lese-majeste. His offence was the childish one of not rising to wel- come the Emperor on his visit to open Parliament. His importance in German political life can be gauged by the fact that he has the high honour of represent- ing Berlin in the Reichstag, in which assembly he is regarded as an " Incorrup- tible." He is also editor of Vorivarts, the leading Socialist organ in Germany, and is an eloquent parliamentary and public speaker. LIEBLING, Alice, was born at Berlin, 27th November 1872, and was educated in that city and at Lausanne. Under the nom- de-plume of "Fred Aling " Madame Lieb- ling has won a considerable reputation in Germany as a writer and a novelist. She contributed feuilletons and essays to the Berliner Tageblatt and the Montags-Welt, and in 1897 published her first novel, "Eltern Siinden " ("The Sins of the Parents "), which created some sensation in Germany on account of the boldness and vividness of the style, and the courage with which the psychological sides of the incidents were handled. " Fred Aling " has written some poetry, chiefly the ballet "Der Spielteufel," and two of her fairy tales inspired the composition of two of her husband's most famous piano pieces, "The Flower and the Butterfly" (Op. 11) and " The Star of Warsaw " (Op. 14), which were well received at the St. James's Hall in June 1898. Madame Liebling is now en- gaged in writing the libretto of Herr Georg Liebling's opera "Am Fjord," which will be produced shortly. "Fred Aling" has settled in the metropolis as special corre- spondent for Great Britain of the Berliner Kleines Journal, and of that Parisian curiosity, La Fronde, a paper written, printed, and published entirely by women. On the occasion of her husband's recital before the Queen at Osborne in August 650 LIEBLING — LI HUNG CHANG 1898, Madame Liebling had the honour of being presented to her Majesty. LIEBLING, Georg, a German pia- nist, was born at Berlin, 22nd January 1865. As a child he showed remarkable musical ability both in composition and in execution. At the age of sixteen he became a teacher in the Kullak Con- servatoire, Berlin, in the following year making his first tour through Germany and Austria, where he was enthusiasti- cally received. He first studied the piano under Theodor and Franz Kullak, and learnt composition with Heinrich Urban and Alb. Becker. So promising was his future that, in 1884, Franz Liszt took him under his charge at Weimar, where he remained for two years, and thus completed his musical education. In October 1884 he gave his first Berlin concert, and from 1885 to 1889 travelled through Europe, performing before several of the Courts. He was appointed by the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha as Court pianist and chamber virtuoso to his Court, and Liebling's career from that time has been one of increasing success. Although still young, he has become well known as a composer, fulfilling the promise of his early years in overtures, concertos, dances, and songs. He gave a series of ten recitals in London during 1897 and 1898 at the St. James's Hall, on each occasion receiving merited applause. His composi- tions, which are numerous, are widely known and played. Herr Liebling, on 4th September 1895, married, at Berlin, Alice, daughter of Herr Goldberger, an in- timate acquaintance of the old Emperor, William I. On Aug. 14, 1898, Herr Georg Liebling played, by command, before her Majesty the Queen at Osborne, who ex- pressed great delight at the performance, complimenting Herr Liebling on his skill as an executant and composer, and pre- senting him with a diamond pin as a memento of the occasion. In September 1898 Liebling was offered a professorship at the Guildhall School of Music, which, after some hesitation, he accepted, aban- doning his projected American tour. He has played in several of the large pro- vincial towns, such as Liverpool, Black- burn, and Manchester (at the Halle' con- certs) — appearing with Patti at the Dome, Brighton — and has everywhere been re- ceived with great favour. Herr Liebling has settled, for the time being, in London. Address : 13b Hyde Park Mansions. LI HSI, King of Corea, succeeded to the throne in 1864, and although he has the reputation of being a weak and vacillating ruler, owing to his country being the battle-ground of China and Japan, yet he has firmly opposed the Court of Peking in their endeavours to possess Chosen, and to prevent him sending ambassadors to other Courts. A Russian Agent now resides at Seoul, and he is re- garded as the real King of Corea. LI HUNG CHANG, General, ex- Prime Minister of China, was born at Ho Fei Shieun, in the Anu-Huei province, Feb. 16, 1823. In 1860 he co-operated with General (then Colonel) Gordon in suppressing the Taeping rebellion, being then Governor of the Thiang-sin province. The other Thiang province being added to his rule, he was created Viceroy of the united countries May 1865. The follow- ing year he was appointed Minister Pleni- potentiary, and in 1867 Viceroy of Hong- Kuang, and a Grand Chancellor in 1868. After the Tieu-Tsin massacre in 1870 he was despoiled of his titles, and otherwise punished on the charge of not assisting the General in command, but in 1872 the reigning Emperor restored him to favour and to the office of Grand Chancellor. He was the mediator for fixing the indemnity for the murder of Mr. Margary, who was killed in 1876 while endeavouring to explore South-western China. He has also negotiated important treaties with Peru and with Japan. Li Hung Chang was till lately the Viceroy of the Metro- politan provinces of Pe-Chih-Li, and as such was the actual ruler or chief adminis- trator of the Chinese Empire. He is a man of liberal views, has permitted coal- mining and coast-steamer traffic to be carried on by English companies, and is thought to be favourable even to railways. He was the originator of the Chinese navy. During the recent war with Japan General Li Hung Chang, though an old man, and more than once discouraged and disgraced by the Emperor, carried up to 1895 the whole burden of responsibility which in a constitutional country would be divided between various ministers. He has performed the functions of a War Ministry, Marine Ministry, and Finance Ministry, and that without any staff or civil service to assist him. The Emperor issues edicts, but does not provide the means for carrying them out. On Li Hung Chang has devolved the task of providing means, whether in gross or in detail. Indeed, he has been fitly described as the Atlas on whose shoulders the whole rotten fabric of Chinese administration has rested for thirty years past. At the beginning of the recent war he was in- vested by the Emperor with the supreme charge of the naval and military forces sent to Corea, but early in the war was deprived of the Yellow Jacket and the Peacock's Feather, and was afterwards LI HUNG CHANG 651 superseded in the chief command. He, however, still continued Prime Minister. In December it was rumoured that in- fluential Chinese merchants and others at Canton were anxious that he should be impeached on the charge of being under Japanese, and even German, influences. Later it was reported that he had been definitely superseded in all his offices, and then again restored to complete favour (February 1895) in view of the peace negotiations with Japan, which he is said to have undertaken. On March 28, 1896, Li Hung Chang left Shanghai for Europe to represent the Emperor of China at the Czar's coronation, thus beginning his famous journey round the civilised world, which is thought to have critically in- fluenced the European situation. He de- clared that the object of his trip was to see Europe for himself, in order to study it, and to report to the Emperor as to feasible reforms for China. Indeed, he said the Emperor had expressly ordered him to make the trip, and he affirmed that his business in Europe was not at all that of concluding treaties of any sort, but solely to observe and to carry back useful information. He visited Germany, the Hague, Brussels, and Paris, arriving in England in August 1896. While here Li Hung Chang, naturally as an honoured guest, paid visits to almost everything worth visiting, doing homage in particular to Gordon's statue in Trafalgar Square, and receiving an invitation to Hawarden from the late Mr. Gladstone. After pay- ing his respects to the Queen, Li left England on Aug. 20, 1896, expressing his thanks to the English nation and assuring them of his good-will and gratification. He crossed to the United States and visited the Dominion, returning via Yoko- hama to Tien-tsin, which he reached Oct. 3, 1896, and proceeding to Peking (October 17). In a few days Li Hung Chang was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs, and, curiously enough, an Imperial edict was issued at the same time ordering him to be punished " for presuming to enter the precincts of the ruined summer palace while visiting the Empress Dowager." The Emperor suspected Li of going behind his back, and as a punishment deprived him of one's year's salary, although strongly advised to deprive the Foreign Minister of all his offices. Disgusted at the treatment he had received on his return, Li declared his intention of retiring into private life, but he remained at his post, probably to support the Empress Dowager and her party against the Emperor, but more par- ticularly, it has been hinted, in order to secure, by his influence, the long series of concessions which Russia has received from China, and to checkmate any incon- venient ascendency which Britain might acquire at Peking. In March 1898 China acknowledged that the mission of her envoy, Li Hung Chang, to St. Petersburg, had been unsuccessful, and that she had no alternative but to agree to the Russian demands. It is impossible to trace here all the influences, direct and indirect, which Li Hung Chang exerted over the course of events. He evidently gave some measure of satisfaction to his Im- perial master, for in June 1898 the Em- peror conferred upon him the Chinese Order of the Double Dragon (third degree, first class), a distinction never before be- stowed on a Chinese subject. Rumours were current in China during August 1898 reflecting doubtfully upon Li Hung Chang's integrity, and in September 1898 he was dismissed from the Tsung-li-Yamen by an Imperial decree. This momentous occurrence was regarded as a distinct success for British diplomacy, and, al- though Li was permitted to retain the position of Senior Grand Secretary, it was expected that, anticipating dismissal, he would resign. The cause of his disgrace was that he deceived the Tsung-li-Yamen as to the true nature of the terms of the Lu-han railway contract, and it was under- stood that, Li having served its purpose, Russia would abandon him. Towards the end of September 1898 rumour reached England that the Dowager Empress had re- covered her ascendency over the Emperor, and that consequently the return to power of Li Hung Chang, her lieutenant, was imminent. Whatever may be conjectured concerning his career as a diplomatist, admiration cannot be withheld from the elevating and distinguished efforts he has made to further the social and educational interests of his country. A recent writer, Mr. Valentine Chirol, has given the fol- lowing portrait of this potent politician : "Gifted with no mean intelligence and with a double dose of Chinese cunning, he is too much of a sceptic to allow prejudices or principles of any kind to stand in his way. Brought more often than most of his fellow-countrymen into contact with Europeans, especially during his five-and-twenty years' resi- dence at Tien-tsin, he has rubbed up acquaintance with Western modes of thought, and he has learned with some success the art of turning towards every European whom he meets that facet of his character which is most likely to im- press his visitor. On proper occasions he will shed crocodile's tears over the iniquity of the opium trade, yet nowhere does the cultivation of the native poppy receive more encouragement than in the province which he rules or on his own vast estates. He will deplore the lamentable periodicity 652 LILLY — LINDSAY of famines, and yet will allow his subor- dinates to engineer a gigantic corner in grain. It is difficult to believe that his own hands are clean when he is known to have amassed in the course of a long official career a colossal fortune, reputed by many to be the largest possessed by any single individual in the world, and certainly in China." His life was written by R. K. Douglas, and published in 1895. LILLY, William Samuel, M.A., J.P., eldest son of the late William Lilly, of Windout House, near Exeter, was born at Fifehead, Dorsetshire, on July 10, 1840, and educated at St. Peter's College, Cam- bridge, where in 1858 he obtained the senior scholarship and the Classical Prize. He graduated in 1861 in the Law Tripos, and in the same year obtained an appoint- ment, by open competition, in the Civil Service of India. He was sent to the Presidency of Madras, where, after filling various public offices, he was appointed, in 1869, Under-Secretary to the Govern- ment. He left India on account of ill- health in 1870. He was called to the English Bar in 1873, and in 1874 was ap- pointed Secretary to the Catholic Union of Great Britain, which office he still holds. He published, in 1884, "Ancient Religion and Modern Thought" ; in 1886, "Chapters in European History," 2 vols. ; in 1889, "A Century of Revolution" ; in 1890, " On Right and Wrong"; in 1892, "On Shib- boleths" and "The Great Enigma"; in 1893 (with J. E. P. Wallis) a " Manual of the Law specially affecting Catholics " ; in 1894, the " Claims of Christianity " ; and in 1897, "Essays and Speeches," and is well known as a contributor to the Qvxir- terly, Contemporary, and Fortnightly Reviews, and to the Nineteenth Century, upon philo- sophical and historical subjects. He is a Justice of the Peace for the counties of Middlesex and London. He married, in 1878, Susannah, .second daughter of the Rev. George Hall. Residence : 27 Egerton Terrace, S.W. ; Club: The Athenaeum. LIMERICK, Bishop of. See Graves, The Right Rev. Charles. LINCOLN, Bishop of. See King, The Right Rev. Edward. LINCOLN, The Hon. Robert Todd, American statesman, is the son of the sixteenth President of the United States, and was born at Springfield, Illinois, Aug. 1, 1843. He was prepared for college at Phillips Academy, Exeter, N.H., and graduated at Harvard in 1864. After a short sta)' at the Harvard Law School he was commissioned a Captain in the Union Army, and served through the final cam- paign of the Civil War. He then resumed the study of law, was admitted to the Bar, and began the practice of his profession at Chicago. All offers to enter public life were steadily refused by him until Pre- sident Garfield in 1881 tendered him the portfolio of Secretary of War in the Cabinet, and this he accepted. On the assassination of Mr. Garfield, Mr. Lincoln was requested by President Arthur to retain his seat, which he did until the accession to the presidency of Mr. Cleve- land in 1885. In the latter year he re- sumed the practice of law in Chicago, where he remained until sent by President Harrison in 1889 as the American Minister to England. He resigned this position at the beginning of Mr. Cleveland's second Administration, and again returned to his professional work in Chicago. LINDLEY, The Right Hon. Sir Nathaniel, Master of the Rolls, is the eldest son of the late Dr. John Lindley, F.R.S. (Professor of Botany at University College, London, and author of numerous well-known botanical works), by Sarah, daughter of Mr. George Anthony Free- stone, of St. Margaret's, Suffolk. He was born at Acton Green, Middlesex, in 1828, and educated at University College, Lon- don. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple, in Michaelmas term, 1850, and practised in the Chancery Courts. In 1872 he obtained a silk gown. He was appointed a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in May 1875, on which occasion he received the honour of knighthood. He became one of the Lords Justices of the Court of Appeal in Nov. 1881, and a member of the Privy Council in the following month, and Master of the Rolls in Oct. 1897. In 1892 he was Treasurer of the Middle Temple, and from 1891 to 1895 Chairman of the Council of Legal Education. In 1888 he received the Hon. LL.D. of Edinburgh University. He is the author of an " Introduction to the Study of Jurisprudence," and of treatises on the Law of Partnership and Companies, of which a fifth and sixth edition have been pub- lished. In 1858 he married Sarah, eldest daughter of Edward John Teale, of Leeds. Addresses : 19 Craven Hill Gardens, W. ; East Carlton, Norwich ; Athenasum. LINDSAY, Sir Coutts, Bart., of Bal- carres, J.P., D.L., born in 1824, late Lieut. - Colonel Grenadier Guards ; Lieut.-Colonel commanding the J"if e Rifle Volunteers ; and late Major commanding the first regiment of the Italian Legion, was the eldest son of Lieut. -General James Lindsay and the eldest daughter of Sir Coutts Trotter. He succeeded his maternal grandfather in 1837. Since his retirement from active LINDSAY — LINTON 653 military life he has devoted himself to artistic pursuits. During his residence in Rome he became an intimate friend of the late Mr. Gibson, and embracing art as a serious study enjoyed the advantage of the instruction of Ary Scheffer. Sir Coutts Lindsay, whom professional artists used not to consider as an amateur, has ex- hibited many pictures at the Royal Academy, notably the "Good Shepherd," and a portrait of Lord Somers. His most important work is, perhaps, to be found in Dorchester House, the central hall of which is decorated entirely from his designs, and mainly by his own hand. Strongly imbued with the Early Italian idea of painting, for decorative purposes, upon a golden ground, he has left in Mr. Holford's mansion a substantial record of his skill. He was on the English Commis- sion, and a member of the Fine Arts Committee, of the Paris Exhibition. He was the owner of the Grosvenor Gallery in the days of its greatness. In building it, however, he was not actuated by any spirit of opposition to the Royal Academy, but rather by the idea of affording an increased area to artists for the exhibition of their works. He married in 1864 Blanche, daughter of the late Right Hon. H. Fitz Roy, a lady well known as a painter and poetess. Addresses : Balcarres, Colins- burgh, Fife ; and 4 Cromwell Place, S.W. LINDSAY, David, F.R.G.S., Austra- lian explorer, was born at Goolwa, on the Lower Murray, South Australia, June 20, 1856, and is the younger son of John Scott Lindsay, master-mariner, of Dundee, Scotland. He was educated at the Goolwa Public School, and at the Rev. John Hotham's Private School at Port Elliot ; was appointed Cadet in the South Austra- lian Survey Department in June 1873, Surveyor in March 1874, Junior Surveyor for the Northern Territory in 1878, re- signed his post in the Government service in June 1882, was appointed, by the South Australian Government, as Leader of the Arnheims Land Exploring Expedition in 1883, during which journey much new country was discovered and mapped down, and much hardship endured through short- ness of rations, they having, for the last three weeks, to subsist on horseflesh dried in the sun. The expedition lost sixteen horses through accidents and starvation, and four horses were speared by natives at one camp. Mr. Lindsay carried out a private exploration at bis own risk and expense right across Australia from South to North, occupying twelve months, from November 1885 to December 1886 (during which time only three showers of rain fell). He surveyed and marked on the ground 550 miles of Run boundary lines, connect- ing the Queensland border-line with the Adelaide and Port Darwin telegraph line ; and discovered the "Rubies" in Mac- Donnell Ranges, Central Australia. The journals of these two explorations have been published in the South Australian parliamentary papers, and by the Royal Geographical Society of England. Mr. Lindsay is a Member of the Council of the South Australian Institute of Surveyors, Member of the Board of Examiners for Licensed Surveyors, Honorary Member of the South Australian branch, and Honorary Corresponding Member of the Victorian branch of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, and Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London. LINGEN, Lord, Ralph Robert Wheeler Lingen, K.C.B., D.C.L., Baron Lingen of Lingen, in the county of Here- ford, only son of Mr. Thomas Lingen, and of Ann, daughter of Mr. Robert Wheeler, of Birmingham, born in that town on Feb. 19, 1819, was educated at Bridgnorth Grammar School, whence he was elected, in 1837, to a scholarship at Trinity Col- lege, Oxford. He obtained the Ireland University Scholarship in 1838, the Hert- ford University Scholarship in 1839, gra- duated B.A. as a first-class in Classics in 1840, was afterwards elected to a Fellow- ship at Balliol College, and obtained the Chancellor's prize for a Latin Essay in 1843, and the Eldon Law Scholarship in 1846. He was elected an honorary D.C.L. in 1881. He studied in the chambers of the late Mr. Peter Brodie and the late Mr. Heathfield, and was called to the Bar in 1847, but shortly afterwards entered the Educational Department of the Privy Council, and in 1849 succeeded Sir J. P. Kay-Shuttleworth, Bart., as Secretary. In January 1870 he was appointed to succeed the Right Hon. G. A. Hamilton as Perma- nent Secretary of the Treasury, and held this post till 1885. He was nominated C.B. in 1869, and K.C.B. in 1878. He was created a Peer July 3, 1885, and elected an Alderman of the first London County Council in 1889, but resigned in 1893. He is a Governor of Rugby and Bedford Schools, and a member of the Committee for editing the Statutes and State Trials. He married, in 1852, Emma, second daugh- ter of Mr. Robert Hutton, of Putney Park, Surrey, formerly M.P. for the city of Dublin. Addresses : 13 Wetherley Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. LINTON, Sir James Dromgole, President of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, was born in London, Dec. 26, 1840, and is the only son of the late James Linton, of London, and Jane Scott, of Carlisle. He soon showed talent 654 LIPPHSTCOTT — LIPTON for drawing, and was sent to the Newman Street School of Art, then conducted by Leigh, a pupil of Etty. He continued his studies there till the age of twenty-one, and then began to exhibit water-colours at the Dudley Gallery and the Institute of Water-Colour Painters ; of the latter he was in 1867 elected a member, and his pictures soon became a special feature of the exhibitions. At the same time he became a member of the staff of artists on the Graphic. Among his pictures ex- hibited at the Institute maybe mentioned : "Maundy Thursday," "1793," "Love the Conqueror," " Off Guard," " The Cardinal Minister," "The Earl of Leicester," and " Priscilla." Mr. Linton worked hard to obtain for the art of water-colour painting a recognised position. In 1863 he, together with other artists, opened the Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, a development of the New Society which had been formed in 1832 by painters dissatisfied with the manner iti which their art was treated by the Royal Academy. The exhibition was for many years confined to the works of members, but in 1883, having moved to large new quarters in Piccadilly, it was thrown open to all comers, and Mr. Linton was elected President. The Queen granted the title "Royal," and in 1885 conferred on the President the honour of knight- hood. Sir James has also produced a number of pictures in oil ; in 1878 he ex- hibited a small picture, "Biron," at the Academy, and in 1879 five oil paintings at the Grosvenor Gallery. In the same year he received a commission for a series of pictures representing the conflict between Islam and Christianity in the sixteenth century. In 1885 he exhibited at the Academy "The Marriage of H.R.H. the Duke of Albany," painted by command of the Queen. Sir J. Linton is also President of the Institute of Painters in Oil Colours, which holds its exhibitions in the winter at the rooms of the Water-Colour Insti- tute ; President of the Society of Illustra- tors ; Hon. Member of the Scottish Water- Colour Society ; Chairman of the Royal Drawing Society ; Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem ; Officer of the Order of Leopold of Belgium. He was decorated with the Jubilee Medal in 1897. Address : 39 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. LIPPINCOTT, Sara Jane (Clarke), known by her pseudonym of " Grace Green- wood," was born at Pompey, New York, Sept. 28, 1823. She was educated at Rochester, New York. She removed with her father's family to New Brighton, Pennsylvania, in 1843, and soon began writing for magazines and other periodi- cals. In 1853 she was married to Mr. Leander K. Lippincott, of Philadelphia. In 1854 she established the Little Pilgrim, a paper for children, which for some years had a wide circulation. She has appeared on the stage as a dramatic reader and as a lecturer. Besides frequent contributions to periodicals, she has published : "Green- wood Leaves," 1850-52 ; " History of my Pets," 1850 ; " Poems," and " Recollec- tions of my Childhood," 1851 ; " Haps and Mishaps of a Tour in Europe," 1854; "Merrie England," 1855; "Forest Tra- gedy, and other Tales," 1856; "Stories and Legends of Ireland," and "History for Children," 1858 ; " Stories from Famous Ballads," 1859 ; "Bonnie Scotland," 1860 ; " Stories of many Lands," 1866 ; " Stories of France and Italy," and "Records of Five Years," 1867; "New Life in New Lands," 1873; "Heads and Tails," 1875; "Queen Victoria," 1883; "and "Stories for Home-Folks," 1885. She has been perhaps best known as a correspondent of the New York Tribune and New York Times, writing from Washington and from Europe, where she spent a number of years. LIPPMANN, Gabriel, French man of science, was born at Hallerich, in Luxemburg, Aug. 16, 1845. Admitted to the Ecole Normale in 1868, he completed his physical and chemical education in the universities of Germany. He gained his doctor's degree by a remarkable thesis on the relations between electric and capillary phenomena (1875). These studies led him to the invention of the capillary electrometer, an instrument of marvellous sensibility. In 1883 M. Lippmann was nominated Professor of Mathematical Physics at Paris ; and in 1886 succeeded Jamin as Professor of Experimental Physics ; and in the same year was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. He is married to a daughter of M. Cherbuliez, and is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. His writings are to be found in the journals of the Academy of Sciences, of which the most remarkable are : " Extension du Princip de Carnot a la The'orie des Phenomenes,Electriques," 1876 ; "Sur le Propri<5te's Electriques et Capillaires du Mercure," 1877 ; " Me'thode Thermoscopique pour la Determination de l'Ohm," 1882. Besides the electrometer, M. Lippmann has invented other remark- able instruments, such as the capillary electromotor, and he is also interested in the photography of colours. LIPTON, Sir Thomas Johnstone, Kt., merchant and philanthropist, was bom in Glasgow of Irish parentage. He is the owner of extensive tea gardens in Ceylon, and is well known for his teas, LISTEK — LISTOWEL 655 which are within the reach of every purae. As an importer of tea he has been a notable benefactor of the working-man, or rather of the working-man's wife and children. On Thursday in Jubilee week (1897) he sprang into fame as the provider of the tea drunk by some 300,000 poverty- stricken Londoners, in fifty-six different centres where Jubilee dinners were pro- vided for them at the kind instance of H.R.H. the Princess of Wales. To this colossal tea-drinking Sir Thomas Lipton most generously contributed £25,000. His generosity earned its reward, and he was knighted. Address : Osidge, Southgate, Middlesex. LISTER, Lord, Joseph Lister, Bart., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D., President of the Royal Society, Surgeon-Extraordinary to the Queen, Emeritus Professor of Clini- cal Surgery in King's College, London, is the son of the late Joseph Jackson Lister, Esq., of Upton, Essex, and was born in 1827. He is a B.A. and M.B. of the Uni- versity of London, 1852 ; a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, 1852 ; and a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, 1855. He was for some time Regius Professor of Surgery in the University of Glasgow, and after- wards Regius Professor of Clinical Sur- gery in the University of Edinburgh. In 1876 he was one of the members appointed to the General Medical Council for Scot- land by the Privy Council. In 1880 he received the Medal of the Royal Society ; and in the following year the prize of the Academy of Paris was awarded to him for his observations and discoveries in the application of the antiseptic treat- ment in surgery, which has often been referred to as " Listerism," and is now of world-wide fame and universal bene- ficence. He received the degree of LL. D. at Glasgow University in 1879 ; D.C.L. at Oxford in 1880 ; LL.D. at Cambridge in 1880 ; and in 1883 was made a Baronet on Mr. Gladstone's recommendation. He has also been the recipient of many other honorary degrees and distinctions. In 1896, being then President of the Royal Society, he was elevated to the peerage, as Lord Lister of Lyme Regis, and is, if not the first medical man called to the House of Lords, certainly the first to be called there in recognition of his great position as a medical man. In the September of that year he was President of the British Association, and at the Liverpool meeting delivered a masterly and comprehensive address on " Listerism " and all that the word implies. Old pupils of his recognised in this address the sum and substance of the master's teaching during many previ- ous years, but the general public, pro- foundly ignorant of the recent march of surgical science, were none the less pro- foundly impressed with what to them proved a revelation. Since that date his lordship has taken much the same posi- tion in the world of English science as that taken by Huxley a decade or two ago. The Royal College of Surgeons of England has presented him with its medal, an honour granted to very few, and he has been feted at a great banquet of the medical profession and of scientific men generally. His portrait, painted by Mr. Ouless, R.A., and subscribed for by his admirers, was presented to him by Mr. Davis-Colley, on behalf of the surgical profession, in the theatre of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in the hall of which it now hangs. More re- cently he was entertained by his former " dressers " at a banquet, of which Dr. St. Clair Thomson was secretary. At the Virchow address and dinner (October 1898), Lord Lister fitly presided, and was the object of the illustrious German savant's most fervent eulogy. During his address, Professor Virchow expressed the admira- tion felt for Lord Lister's grand scientific achievements by the Continent at large by one of those acts of spontaneous cour- tesy which, though rarely witnessed in this self-contained island, are an honour to foreign men of learning, for he turned round, at a critical point in his oration, and shook the subject of our notice warmly by the hand. It was a historic incident. In June 1899 the Council of the Royal Institution of Public Health awarded the" Harben Gold Medalforl899 to Lord Lis- ter, " in recognition of his eminent services to preventive medicine." He is the author of papers " On the Early Stages of Inflam- mation," &c, in the Philosophical Trans- actions ; " On the Minute Structure of Involuntary Muscular Fibre," in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh ; and of various other papers on "Surgical Pathology," &c. One of his latest papers on " Principles of Antiseptic Surgery " appeared inVirchow's Festschrift in 1891. He married, in 1856, Agnes, daughter of J. Syme. This lady died in 1893. Addresses : 12 Park Crescent, Portland Place, W. ; and Athenaeum. LISTOWEL, Earl of, The Bight Hon. William Hare, K.P., J.P., was born at Convamore, co. Cork, on May 29, 1833, and succeeded his father as 3rd Earl in 1856. Obtaining a com- mission in the Scots Guards in 1852, he was present at the battle of the Alma, where he was severely wounded, and retired as a Captain in 1856. He acted as a Lord-in-Waiting in 1880, was created K.P. in 1873, and is Vice-Admiral of the 656 LITTLE — LIVEING Province of Minister. Lord Listowel married, in 1865, Lady Ernestine Mary Brudenell -Bruce, daughter of the 3rd Marquis of Ailesbnry. Addresses : King- ston House, Princes Gate, S.W. ; and Convamore, Ballyhooly, co. Cork. LITTLE, The Rev. "William John Knox, M.A., Canon of Worcester, is a son of Mr. John Little, of Stewartstown, co. Tyrone, and was born in 1839. He was educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, where he took his Bachelor's degree in 1862 as a third class in the Classical Tripos, and proceeded M.A. in due course. He was successively assist- ant master in Lancaster and Sherborne Grammar Schools ; curate of Christ Church, Lancaster ; curate in charge of Turweston, Bucks ; and curate of St. Thomas's, Regent Street. He was col- lated to the rectory of St. Alban's, Cheet- wood, in 1875, and remained there until 1885, when he was appointed Vicar of Hoar Cross. In September 1881 he was nominated by Mr. Gladstone to the canonry in Worcester Cathedral that had been vacated by the promotion of Canon Brad- ley to the Deanery of Westminster. Canon Knox Little is well known as a most eloquent popular preacher of the High Church School, whose sermons suggest the grand flights of the Jesuit orators of the Roman Church. Perhaps his most memorable sermon is that which he de- livered on the text in the "Song of Solomon," "He is chiefest among ten thousand ; he is altogether lovely." He is the author of " Characteristics of the Christian Life," " Meditations on the Three Hours' Agony of our Blessed Re- deemer," " Motives of the Christian Life," and a volume of " Sermons " and some novels, one of which is " The Child of Stafferton," 1889. One of his most recent publications is " The Christian House, its Foundation and Duties," 1891. He married, in 1866, Annie, eldest daughter of Mr. Henry Gregson, of Moorlands, Lancashire, and has issue. Address : The Vicarage, Hoar Cross, Burton-on-Trent. LITTLER, Ralph Daniel Makin- son, Q.C., C.B., is the son of the late Rev. Robert Littler of London, and was born on Oct. 2, 1835. He graduated B.A. at the University of London in 1854, was Com- mon Law Prizeman, and is a member of the Convocation of the University. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1857, but was admitted a barrister at the Middle Temple in 1870, becoming a Q.C. in 1873, and a bencher in 1882. He practises on the Northern and North- Eastern Circuits, and is the author of ' ' Practice and Evidence in Divorce Cases"; "Digest of Cases before Referees, in Par- liament." Address: 6 Pump Court, Temple, E.C. LIVEING, George Downing, M.A., D.Sc, F.R. S. , eldest son of Edward Liveing, of Nayland, Suffolk, surgeon, was born Dec. 21, 1827, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. 1850 ; M.A. 1853 ; and became in the same year Fellow and Lecturer of St. John's College. He was one of the Cam- bridge Essayists, 1855. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Mili- tary College, Sandhurst, 1860 ; Professor of Chemistry in the University of Cam- bridge,. 1861 ; and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1879 ; and is J.P. for Cambridgeshire. Professor Liveing is joint - author with Professor Dewar, of "Ultra-Violet Spectra of the Elements," in the Transactions of the Royal Society, 1883 ; and of many papers on spectrosco- pic subjects in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and Philosophical Magazine ; and of " Chemical Equilibrium the Result of, the Dissipation of Energy," 1885. Besides his scientific work, Pro- fessor Liveing's energies have been much given to the spread of education. Before 1852 there were no laboratories in Cam- bridge in which students could learn the practical applications of science. In that year he established, at his own expense, the first chemical laboratory for under- graduates in Cambridge, and subsequently, for twelve years, he presided over the laboratory built for him by St. John's College. This was the beginning of that system of experimental teaching which has now so prominent a place at the Uni- versity. In the first establishment of the local examinations of the University he took a leading part, and for several years he was the organising secretary for these examinations. During that time, and in great measure through his exertions, the examination and inspection by the Uni- versity of secondary schools and the admission of girls and girls' schools to the examinations were commenced. He also took an active part in the establish- ment, in 1873, of the Oxford and Cam- bridge Schools Examination Board. In 1875 he promoted, and in great measure organised, the examinations of the Uni- versity in State Medicine, open to the whole medical profession, which have since taken the name of Examinations for the Diploma in Public Health, and have been the model for similar examinations by other bodies. In recent years he has actively promoted the establishment of a School of Agricultural Science at Cam- bridge, which has received the support LIVERPOOL — LLANDAFF 657 of several county councils. Appointed with the President of Magdalen College, Oxford, to examine into the working of University Colleges, he issued his " Report on University Colleges," in conjunction with Mr. Warren, in 1897. He married, in 1860, Katharine, second daughter of Rowland Ingram, rector of Great and Little Ellingham, Norfolk, who died in 1888 without issue. Addresses : The Pightle, Cambridge ; and Athenaeum. LIVERPOOL, Bishop of. See Rile, The Right Rev. John Charles. LIVERSIDGE, Professor Archi- bald, M.A., F.R.S., President Royal Society of New South Wales, was edu- cated at a private school, and by private tutors in science in London. He entered the Royal College of Chemistry and Royal School of Mines, London, 1866, and ob- tained a Royal Exhibition at these places in 1867 ; this privilege was tenable for three years with £50 per year and re- mission of all fees, equal to about £100 in addition. At the same examination he obtained Medals in chemistry, mineralogy, and metallurgy. During his first year as student at the Royal College of Chemistry he was given charge of the Chemical Laboratory at the Royal School of Naval Architecture for one term, during the ill- ness of the lecturer, and published his first paper on "Super-saturated Saline Solu- tions." He was trained in Chemistry at the College of Chemistry, under Professor Frankland, F.R.S., D.C.L., &c. He took the Associateship of the School of Mines, in Metallurgy and Mining, 1870, after having studied and passed in Physics under Professor Tyndall, Geology under Sir Andrew Ramsay, Mineralogy and Mining under Sir W. Warrington Smyth, Mechanics under Professors Willis and Goodeve, and Metallurgy under Dr. Percy. He also spent some time in Dr. Frank- land's private chemical laboratory, as a senior student upon research work. In 1870 he obtained an open scholarship in science at Christ's College, Cambridge. During his first year at Cambridge he held the post of Demonstrator of Chemistry in the University Laboratory for two terms in the absence of Dr. Hicks. He was one of the first two students in the new Physiological Laboratory at Cambridge, just started by Professor Michael Foster, Secretary to the Royal Society. In 1872 he was offered the appointment of Pro- fessor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney, and went out in September of that year. He was a Re- presentative Commissioner at the Paris Exhibition in 1878, and a juror in che- mistry and metallurgy. He has been a trustee of the Australian Museum, Sydney, since 1874, and during visits to Europe, America, &c, purchased most of the non- Australian mineral and geological col- lections which it possesses. Professor Liversidge has also been a member of the Sydney University Senate since 1878 and Dean of the Faculty of Science since the formation of that faculty in 1883. He made the chemical investigations upon the Sydney water supply for the Govern- ment in 1876 ; was one of the original members of the Board of Technical Education, and Hon. Secretary of the Royal Society of N.S.W. from 1874 to 1889, except when he was President in 1883-84. He was the President for 1889-90 (this being an annual office). He was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society, England, in 1882. He published a work on the minerals of N.S.W. in 1888, to show the progress made in the know- ledge of the mineralogy of N.S.W. during the first 100 years of its history. He originated the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, as a centen- nial record of the progress of the colonies. This Association held its first meeting in Sydney in 1890. He has visited Tasmania and New Zealand several times, Fiji, Java, China, Japan, and the United States in 1887. Professor Archibald Liversidge is an Associate of the Royal School of Mines, London ; Fellow of the Chemical Society, London ; Fellow Inst. Chemistry of Gt. Brit, and Irel. ; F.G.S. ; F.L.S. ; F.R.G.S. ; Mem. Phys. Soc. London ; Mem. Minera- logical Soc. Gt. Brit, and Irel. ; Cor. Mem. Roy. Soc. Tas. ; Cor. Mem. Senckenberg Institute, Frankfort ; Cor. Mem. Soc. d'Acclimat., Mauritius ; Hon. Fel. Roy. Hist. Soc. Lond. ; Mem. Min. Soc. of France ; Professor of Chemistry in the University of Sydney ; Editor for many years of the Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales; and is the author of nearly a hundred scientific papers and reports on chemistry, mineralogy, &c. Address : Sydney. LLANDAFF, Bishop of. See Lewis, The Right Rev. Richaed. LLANDAFF, Viscount, The Right Hon. Henry Matthews, Q.C., ex -Home Secretary, was born in 1826, in Ceylon, where his father, of whom he was the only son, was a Puisne Judge. After graduating at the Universities of Paris and London, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, after having been admitted to the Inn at the early age of eighteen. In 1868 he took silk, and from 1872 to 1876 acted as Examiner in Common Law to the Council of Legal Education. He has been engaged in several of the great 2 T 658 LLEWELYN — LLOYD cases of his time, notably the Home case, the Slade case, Reg. v. Boulton and Park, the Epping case, the Tichborne case, and the Crawford case. He contested the borough of Dungarvan three times un- successfully, but sat for it from 1868 to 1874. At the general election of 1886 he was returned for East Birmingham, being the first Conservative who ever sat for Birmingham. On the formation of Lord Salisbury's second Ministry, Mr. Matthews was appointed Home Secretary, and as such he had to endure a prolonged storm of adverse criticism in the Opposition press. In 1892 he was again returned for East Birmingham. In 1895 he was raised to the peerage by the title of Viscount Llandaff, his family having anciently been of that city. In 1897 he was appointed Chairman of the Royal Commission on the London Water Supply. Addresses : 6 Carlton Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. LLEWELYN, Sir Robert Baxter, K.C.M.G., was born in 1848, and entered the Colonial Office in 1868. In the next year he became Registrar of the Colonial Secretary's Office oE Jamaica, and was pro- moted to be Clerk of the Privy Council in 1877. In 1878 he was Commissioner of Turks Islands, and then was successively Administrator of Tobago, St. Vincent, and St. Lucia. In 1891 he was appointed Ad- ministrator of the Colony of the Gambia, which post he still holds. In 1898 he was created a K.C.M.G. LLOYD, The Right Rev. Arthur Thomas, Suffragan Bishop of Thet- ford, is the son of the Rev. Henry W. Lloyd, Vicar of Cholsey, Berks, and was educated at Magdalen College School, and St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1868, and M.A. in 1870. Ordained in 1868, he was Curate of Cholsey from 1868 to 1873, arid Curate-in-charge of Watlington, Oxon, from 1873 to 1876. He was presented to the Vicarage of Aylesbury in the latter year, and in 1882 became Vicar of the Cathedral Church of St. Nicholas, Newcastle, being at the same time appointed Hon. Canon and Rural Dean of Newcastle. Mr. Lloyd was ap- pointed Suffragan to the Bishop of Nor- wich in 1894, under the title of Bishop of Thetford ; he was also given the rectory of North Creake, Norfolk, and became Archdeacon of Lynn. Address : North Creake Rectory, Fakenham, Norfolk. LLOYD, The Right Rev. Daniel Lewis, D.D., is the son of John Lloyd of Penywern, and was born on Nov. 23, 1843. He was educated at Jesus College, Oxford, where he was a scholar of his College, and where he gained a second class in Moderations in 1865, and a second class in the final school of Lit. Hum. in 1867. He was ordained in 1867, and in the same year was appointed Head-Master of Dolgelly School and Curate of Dolgelly. In 1873 he became Head-Master of the Friars' School, Bangor ; and he accepted the post of Head-Master of Christ's Col- lege, Brecon, in 1878. After twelve years' work at Brecon, Dr. Lloyd was in 1890 consecrated Bishop of Bangor. He has published a Welsh Hymn Book under the title of "Emyniadun yr Eglwys." The Bishop has recently, owing to ill-health, been compelled to resign his see (Novem- ber 1898). Address : Gwynfryn, Llanarth, Cardiganshire. LLOYD, Edward, the famous tenor vocalist, was born in London in 1845. When seven years of age he entered Westminster Abbey choir. Afterwards he became solo tenor at the Chapel Royal, St. James's. Mr. Lloyd sang in Novello's Concerts in 1867, and at the Gloucester Festival in 1871, where he attracted much attention by his part in Bach's "Passion." In 1888 he went on a tour in America, and sang in the Cincinnati Festival. He repeated his visit in 1890 and 1892. In 1888 he sang also in the Handel Festival ; and was principal tenor in the Leeds Musical Festival in 1889. Since that year he has frequently taken part in musical festivals at the Crystal Palace and elsewhere, notably at the Handel Festival in 1891. In 1890 and 1892 he received an enthusiastic welcome in the United States, and he has sung with his accustomed power at the Handel Festival, and others, since 1894. LLOYD, The Right Rev. John, D.D., Bishop Suffragan of Swansea, is the eldest son of John Lloyd, and was born at Newport, Pembrokeshire, in October 1847. He was educated at Haver- fordwest, at Cardigan, and at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he was exhibitioner and scholar of his College, Prizeman in Divinity, and a Senior Optime in 1876, in which year he graduated B.A. Ordained in 1876, he was Curate, succes- sively, of Roehampton, and Storrington, Sussex. In 1877 he was appointed to the Vicarage of Llanfihangel Aberbythych, Carmarthenshire, and he became Rector of Penboyr, Llandyssil, Carmarthenshire, in 1884. Dr. Lloyd was, in 1890, consecrated Suffragan to the Bishop of St. David's, under the title of Bishop of Swansea; at the same time he became Vicar of Car- marthen, and Canon of St. David's. The Bishop has published numerous sermons and addresses. Addresses : Vicarage, Carmarthen ; and Glanymor, St. David's. LOBB 659 LOBB, John, was born on Aug. 7, 1840, in Mile End New Town, in the county of Middlesex. After a creditable examina- tion in 1862, he received a call to the Primitive Methodist ministry, but. pre- ferred a commercial sphere, remaining a lay preacher. In 1870 he established a local journal, the Kingsland Monthly Mes- senger, which proved a success. In 1872 his services were transferred to the Christian Aye, a weekly journal which had then been established about twelve months, with a sale of about 5000 copies weekly. In five years, by his energy, it reached a circulation of about 80,000 copies weekly. In 1880 Mr. Lobb became the chief pro- prietor. In 1876 he was urged by the late Mr. Samuel Morley, HP., and George Sturge, the well-known philanthropist, to raise a fund for the Rev. Josiah Henson, the original character of Mrs. Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Within seven months, by lectures and preaching sermons, he raised for him upwards of £2000. He edited the story of Mr. Hen- son's life, which also contained a preface by the Right Hon. the Earl of Shaftesbury, K.G. Within six weeks upwards of 30,000 copies were sold. Subsequently the book was translated into twelve languages. A quarter of a million have been sold. On Monday, March 5, 1877, Mr. Lobb received her Majesty's command to attend at Windsor Castle, with the hero of his book, and had the honour of inscribing his name in her Majesty's private album. At the triennial election of the London School Board of 1882, he was returned for the division of Hackney, second on the poll, polliDg 11,576. In 1885, of the thirteen candidates he was returned at the head of the poll, polling 15,092. In 1888 he was again returned at the head of the poll, polling 17,360 votes ; and at the triennial election of 1891 he was again at the head of the poll, polling 14,002. At the tri- ennial election of 1894 he lost his seat, it being the first and only occasion on which Mr. Lobb had identified himself with any party. Although known as an Independ- ent, he was regarded as a " Diggleite." In 1897 he was again returned to the Board. It must be said in justice to Mr. Lobb, how- ever, that he was strongly opposed to Mr. Athelstan Riley and his friends on the religious question. Mr. Lobb is known as the "famous pamphleteer," on "School Board Extravagance," " The Scandals of the Stores," " Pen and Ink Sketches of All the Members," "A Twelve Years' Experi- ence of the London School Board." His first pamphlet, published in 1885, reached a sale of 97,000 copies in six weeks. He was for nine years Chairman of the Stores Committee, and subsequently Chairman to the Finance Committee in succession to Sir Richard Temple, Bart., M. P. In 1886 he edited and published "The Life and Times of Frederick Douglas," the famous runaway slave who was afterwards Marshal to the District of Columbia, U.S.A., to which the Right Hon. John Bright con- tributed a preface. In 1879 he published the " Life of the Rev. T. De Witt Talmage, D.D.," and also "Arrows and Anecdotes and the Story of the Great Revival." In 1877 he published a weekly paper called the Daisy Family Story Paper, which in five years reached a weekly sale of 15,000 copies. In 1882 he received £1000 for the copyright of the Daisy, which was subse- quently conducted by Mrs. Joseph Parker of the City Temple. He is a Guardian of the City of London Union, of whom there are ninety-four, being elected in 1885 for the parish of St. Bride, Fleet Street, E.C. He is a Member of the Metropo- litan Asylums Board, and has published pamphlets on dementia, imbecility, and idiocy in its various forms. He is Ex- Chairman of the Lunatic Visiting Com- mittee of the City of London Union, the Contract Committee, and is Vice-Chairman of the Finance Committee. In 1887 he was elected a Member of the Court of Common Council for the ward of Farring- don Without. He has served on the Central Markets, the Billingsgate Market, and was Vice-Chairman of the Finance of the Markets Committees. He has served for ten years on the Officers and Clerks Committee, and six years on the Freemen's Orphan School Committee, and was Chairman for two years in succession. He is also a Member of the Guildhall Library Committee, the Epping Forest Committee, and one of the Court of Assist- ants to the Honourable Irish Society. On the occasion of the German Emperor's visit to the City he was a Member of the Reception Committee, and in 1894 served on the Lord Mayor's Committee ; and on the occasion of the Queen's visit to the City on June 22, 1898, was one of the five Common Councilmen appointed to receive her Majesty with the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs at Temple Bar. He has served for twelve years as a Governor of Lady Holles's Trust to the Ward of Cripplegate, E.C. He is a Governor of St. Bride's Foundation, a Fellow of the Royal His- torical Society, and the Royal Geographical Society. On July 21, 1891, he was publicly presented with a testimonial in the form of a cheque for £250 and an illuminated address, in the Mansion House, by the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, Sir Joseph Savory, Bart., M.P. A silver tea and coffee service was at the same time presented to Mrs. Lobb. In 1896 he was the recipient of another public testimonial in the form of a solid silver fruit-stand 660 LOCH — LOCKHAKT and an illuminated address from the School Keepers under the London Board. Mr. Lobb is a Freeman of the Loriners' Com- pany and the Blacksmiths' Company. A full-length portrait of Mrs. John Lobb was in the Eoyal Academy in 1897, No. 174 in Gallery No. 2, by Joseph Mordecai. Ad- dress : the Christian Aye, St. Bride's Street, Ludgate Circus, E.C. LOCH, Lord, The Right Hon. Henry Brougham Loch, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., D.C.L. Hon. Oxon., late Governor of the Cape, and High Commissioner for South Africa, was born on May 23, 1827, and is the son of James Loch, M.P. , of Drvlaw, Midlothian, and Anne, daughter of Patrick Orr, of Bridgeton, Kincardine- shire. Entering the Eoyal Navy in 1840, he served until 1842 ; in 1844 he obtained a cornet's commission in the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry, and was A.D.C. to Lord Gough in the Sutlej Campaign, and Adjutant and second in command of Skinner's Horse in 1852. Two years later he raised irregular Turkish cavalry in Bulgaria, and in 1857 joined the Earl of Elgin's mission to China as attache". After- wards we find him at the head-quarters of the army engaged in China. In 1858 he brought the Treaty of Yeddo to England, and in 1860 that of Tien-tsin and the Con- vention of Pekin. He was at that time Secretary of the Chinese Mission. He was taken prisoner during the war, and with Mr. Boulby, the Times correspondent, was carried about in a cage by his captors, and exhibited to the natives, After his libera- tion he returned to England, became Private Secretary to Sir G. Grey in 1861, and in 1863 was appointed Lieut.-Governor of the Isle of Man, and subsequently Governor of Victoria ; and in 1889 was appointed to succeed Sir Hercules Robin- son as Chief Commissioner at the Cape. Here he was energetic in developing the resources of his colony. He was con- spicuously before the public during the Matabele War in his character of repre- sentative of Imperial interests in South Africa. He several times visited England, and once more arrived in this country, with Dr. Jameson in November 1894. He retired from the Governorship of Cape Colony in 1895, and was succeeded by the late Sir Hercules Kobinson (Lord Ros- mead). He is married to Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. E. E. Villiers, and niece of the 4th Earl of Clarendon. Ad- dresses : 44 Elm Park Gardens, S.W., &c. ; and Athenaeum. LOCK, Walter, D.D., Warden of Keble College, Oxford, and Dean Ireland's Pro- fessor of Exegesis of Holy Scripture, was born at Dorchester on July 14, 1846, being the second son of Henry Lock, solicitor. He was educated at the Dorchester Grammar School from 1856 to 1858 ; at Marlborough College from 1859 to 1865, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he was a scholar, from 1865 to 1869. He gained a first class in the first Public Classical Examination, and the Hertford Scholarship in 1867 ; a first class in Literal Humaniores in 1869 ; and the Craven Scholarship in 1870. He was elected a Fellow of St. Mary Magdalen College in 1869. He became Tutor of Keble College in 1870, Sub-Warden in 1880, and Warden in 1897. He was Senior Proctor in 1882-83. He was Select Preacher at Oxford, 1889-90, and at Cam- bridge in 1891, and was Examining Chap- lain to the Archbishop of York in 1891. He was appointed Professor of Exegesis in 1895, and was elected Honorary Fellow of Magdalen College in 1897. He is the author of sermons preached in Keble Col- lege ; " Sermons," 1877 and 1889 ; Articles in the " Dictionary of Christian Bio- graphy," 1887 ; in the " Dictionary of the Bible," 1897 ; " The Church," an Essay in "Lux Mundi," 1890; "John Keble," a biography, 18S2 ; and is editor of the "Christian Year," with Introduction and Notes, 1895. Address : Keble College, Oxford. LOCKHART, William Ewart, R.S.A., was born in Dumfriesshire on Feb. 14, 1846. He exhibited in the Royal Scot- tish Academy at the early age of fourteen, and a few years later in the Royal Academy. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1870. Eight years later, in 1878, Mr. Lockhart was made a full Academician. He is the representative of the Scottish Academy among the Trustees of the British Institu- tion, and is an Associate of the Royal Water-Colour Society. In June 1887 Mr. Lockhart was commissioned by her Majesty the Queen to paint, for the Royal Galleries at Windsor, a picture of the "Jubilee Cele- bration in Westminster Abbey," which large work engrossed his whole attention for almost three years. His principal works exhibited in the Royal Scottish Academy are: " Priscilla," 1870; "Don Quixote,'" 1875; "Gil Bias," 1878; "Al- naschar," 1879; "Cardinal Beaton," 1881; "The Cid," 1882; "Swineherd," 1885; "Church Lottery," 1886; " Glau- cus," and "The Jubilee Celebration in Westminster Abbey," 1887, &c. Three years ago he was awarded a medal in the Paris Salon for his portrait of Lord Peel, the late Speaker of the House of Commons. In 1898 the French Govern- ment purchased his picture in the Salon for the State collection. In 1897 he was LOCKHART — LOCKROY 661 elected a Member of the Society of Por- trait Painters in London. Since the Jubi- lee he has been almost exclusively engaged on portraiture. As a young man he was several years in Spain, painted many scenes of Spanish life, and imbibed a great love for Spanish art, especially for the works of Velasquez. Address : 16 Philli- more Gardens, Kensington, W. LOCKHART, General Sir William Stephen Alexander, G.C.B., K.C.S.I., Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in India, was born in September 1841. He is the son of the late Rev. L. Lockhart, of Wicket- shaw and Milton Lockhart, co. Lanark. He entered the Indian Army in October 1S58 as a Lieutenant of the 44th Bengal Native Infantry, and was promoted Captain in December 1868, Major in June 1877, and Colonel in April 1883. For a few months in 1858 he served with the Sth Fusiliers in Oude. Sir William Lockhart has seen very considerable war service, and has taken part in campaigns in India, Abyssinia, Afghanistan, Burma, and Sumatra. He served with distinction throughout the Bhootan Campaign of 1864-66 as Adjutant of the 14th Bengal Cavalry, and took part in the Reconnaissance to Cheerung, obtain- ing Medal and Clasp. In the Abyssinian Expedition of 1867-68 he was Aide-de-camp to Brigadier-General Merewether, and was present at the action of Arogee and the capture of Magdala ; being mentioned in despatches. As Deputy-Assistant Quarter- master-General of the 2nd Brigade he served with the Hazara Field Force in the operations in the Black Mountain. During the Dutch War in Acheen of 1875-77 he took part in the capture of Lambada, and received the Dutch War Medal with Clasp, and promotion to Major. He served in the Afghan War of 1879 as Road Commandant in the Khyber Pass, and afterwards as Assistant Quartermaster-General to Lord Roberts's Division, and was present at the affair of Takht-i-Shah and the investment of Sherpore ; he also took part in the operations round Cabul. Lieut. -Colonel Lockhart was mentioned in despatches, received a medal with clasp, and was pro- moted to a C.B From June 1885 to July 1886 he was employed with the Chitral Mission, and in the Burmese Expedition of 1887 he obtained the command of a Brigade, and at the conclusion of the campaign received the thanks of the Government of India and promotion to K.C.B. In March of 1887 he was appointed a Brigadier- General in the Bengal Command, and some two years later Assistant Military Secretary for Indian Affairs at Headquar- ters. He was afterwards attached to the Punjab Frontier Force and chosen to com- mand the two Miranzai Expeditions of 1891. Recognition by the Indian Govern- ment, mention in despatches and promo- tion to Major-General for distinguished service in the field, were the rewards of his efforts. In the following year he con- ducted the Isazai Expedition. Sir William Lockhart was promoted Lieutenant-General in 1894 and obtained the command of the Punjab, the most important of the Indian commands. During the same year an expedition was sent into Waziristan under his charge, and he again received the thanks of the Government of India for the skilful manner in which he conducted the operations to a completely successful issue. He was also promoted K.C.S.I. A rising on the Indian frontier in 1897, which subsequently assumed a very serious aspect, again brought into prominence the capacity and military ability of Sir William Lock- hart. Soon after peace had been restored by Sir Bindon Blood in the Swat Valley, • the Afridis captured the forts in the Khyber and effectually closed the Pass. The Mohmands and Orakzais immediately joined in the revolt, and an army of 40,000 British troops for punitive operations was placed under the command of Sir William Lockhart. Much heavy fighting ensued, but ultimately all the chiefs of the tribes came into the British camp and submitted. The Mohmands, however, again proved troublesome, and the Tirah Field Force was organised further to chastise them. The Governor-General in his despatch said, "That the manner in which the campaign had been conducted reflected great credit on Sir William Lockhart's skill and judg- ment." Sir William was shortly after chosen Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in India in the room of Sir George White. He was promoted to a G.C.B. on the Queen's Birthday in 1898 in recognition of his ser- vices on the Indian frontier. He is married to Mary Katharine, daughter of the late Captain William Eccles of the Coldstream Guards. LOCKROY, Edward Simon, a French journalist and politician, son of the dra- matist and director of the Theatre Fran£ais, born in Paris, July 18, 1840, studied paint- ing under Eugene Giraud and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. He accompanied M. Renan as secretary on his archaeological tour through Judaea and Palestine, 1860-64, and took part, under Garibaldi, in the ex- pedition of Sicily. On his return to France he made his del>ut in journalism and wrote for the Figaro, the Diable a Quatre, and the Rappel. For these articles he was con- demned to four months' imprisonment and fined 3000 francs. During the siege of Paris he was chief of a battalion of the National Guard, and on Feb. 8, 1871, was elected to represent the Seine in the 662 LOCKYEE National Assembly, and voted against the preliminaries of peace. After the insur- rection of March 18 he was arrested in the environs of Paris, taken first to Versailles, and then to Chartres, but was liberated in June without a trial. On July 23 following he was elected a Member of the Municipal Council of Paris. He then became editor of the Peuple Souverain, a popular political journal, and for an article entitled "Mort aux traitres " he was tried and acquitted ; but a few days afterwards, owing to a noisy duel with M. Paul de Cassagnac, he and his adversary were condemned to eight days' imprisonment. On March 27, 1873, he was again condemned to a month's im- prisonment and a fine of 500 francs for an article, "La Liberation du Territoire." During his imprisonment M. Lockroy was elected representative for the department of Bouches du Rhone by 55,830 votes. At . the general election in February 1876 he was returned simultaneously for the 17th Arrondissement of Paris and for Aix, and was one of the 363 deputies who refused a vote of confidence in the Broglie Cabinet. In 1883 he acted with M. Floquet in carry- ing through his Exile Bill. M. Lockroy was Minister of Commerce under M. de Freycinet in 1886, and of Public Instruction in 1888 under M. Floquet; and in 1886 was charged with the organisation of the International Exhibition of 1889. In the September elections of 1889 he was elected for the Second District of the 11th Arron- dissement of Paris, beating the Boulangist Massard by a large majority. M. Lockroy was for long an important member of Victor Hugo's circle, having married the widow of Charles Hugo in 1877. On the constitution of the Brisson Cabinet in 1898, he was offered, and he accepted, the Port- folio of Minister of Marine, a position on which he has laid the foundations of an European reputation. His statesmanlike reorganisation of the navy received such support from all responsible parties that, notwithstanding the overthrow of his colleagues, M. Lockroy retained office as Minister of Marine in M. Charles Dupuy's Cabinet of October 1898, and through this unusual opportunity was enabled to con- tinue the vast scheme whose foundations he had already partly laid. His policy is as vigorous as his administration, and has brought him a large measure of official approval and general popularity. Person- ally M. Lockroy is essentially Parisian. He has been described as of that race of French troops who once stormed a city in silk stockings to the sound of violins. This fin-de-siicle portrait gives an excellent view of the popular Frenc.h Minister. He is said to be capable of enunciating a policy in the midst of the light persiflage of a salon, and will discuss torpedoes in the entr'acte of a premiere at the Com^die Francaise. On the administrative side M. Lockroy is a Minister of large designs. Besides many departmental details into which it is impossible to enter here, he has reinforced regulations for the suppression of advancement by favour, and has inaugu- rated a school for petty officers. In fact, M. Lockroy is slowly and surely re-estab- lishing the regime which Admiral Besnard, his old successor in office, promptly swept away. As there is no such thing as sta- bility in contemporary French administra- tion, we fear that M. Lockroy's reforms, excellent as they are, cannot survive the century. He has published several volumes, composed mainly of articles con- tributed to various journals: "LesAigles du Capitole," 1869 ; " La Commune et l'Assemblee," 1871; " L'Isle Revolted," 1877; "Ahmed-le-Boucher," 1887. He has also edited "Le Journal d'une Bourgeoise pendant la Revolution, 1791-1793," the lady in question having been his maternal grandmother, Mme. Jullien. LOCKYER, Sir (Joseph) Norman, K.C.B., F.R.S., born at Rugby, May 17, 1836, is the son of Joseph Hooley Lockyer, and Anne, daughter of Edward Norman, of Cosford, Warwickshire ; was educated in various private schools in England, and on the Continent, where he attended the scientific lectures at the Sorbonne in Paris. He was appointed to the War Office in 1857, and from Lord de Orey received the appointment of editor of the Army Regula- tions in 1865 ; and, in conjunction with Mr. Thomas Hughes, M.P., placed the legislation of the War Office on an im- proved basis. In 1870 he was appointed Secretary of the Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science, presided over by the late Duke of Devonshire, and, on the termination of the labours of that commission in 1875, was transferred by the then Prime Min- ister, Mr. Disraeli, to the Science and Art Department. In this Department he organised the Loan Collection of Scientific Apparatus, opened by her Majesty in 1876. He was subsequently employed in connec- tion with the Science Museum, and the inspection of the scientific teaching in the Training Colleges. He was appointed a member of the Solar Physics Committee on its establishment in 1878, and Professor of Astronomical Physics in the Royal College of Science on its reorganisation in 1881. Sir Norman Lockyer is known as a worker in astronomical physics, a large contributor to scientific literature, and a lecturer on scientific subjects. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1860, and he contributed an important paper on the "Planet Mars" to the LODER — LODGE 663 Memoirs of that Society. About tbat time he began telescopic and spectroscopic observations of the sun, and in 1866 pro- posed a method for observing the red flames without an eclipse, which method he and M. Janssen independently applied in 1868. To commemorate this discovery a medal was struck by the French Govern- ment in 1872. He was elected a Fellow of the Koyal Society in 1869, and inde- pendently, and in conjunction with Dr. Frankland, announced many important solar and physical discoveries to the Society in that and the following years. Since 1876, when his observatory was removed from his private residence at Hampstead to the Science and Art Depart- ment at South Kensington, he has com- municated many memoirs to the Royal Society, dealing, among other matters, with the dissociation of the terrestrial elements in the sun, the spectra of sun spots, a revision of Kant's hypothesis on the origin of celestial bodies, the spectra of meteorites, the classification of stars as determined by their spectroscopic pheno- mena when photographed on a large scale, and on the origin of new and variable stars. He was chief of the English Government Eclipse Expeditions to Sicily in 1870, to India in 1871, to Egypt in 1882, to the West Indies in 1886, to Lapland in 1896, and to India in 1898. He also observed the total eclipse of the sun in the United States in 1878. He was elected Rede Lecturer to the University of Cam- bridge in 1871, and Bakerian Lecturer to the Royal Society in 1874. He received the Rumford Medal from the Royal Society in 1874, and the Janssen Medal from the Institute of France in 1891. In 1875 the Institute of France (Academy of Sciences) elected him a corresponding member in the Section of Astronomy. He has since been elected a member of the Academy of the Lincei of Rome, and of a large number of other academies in Europe and America. Sir Norman Lockyer has published "Elementary Lessons in As- tronomy," 1870 ; "Contributions to Solar Physics," 1873 ; " The Spectroscope and its Applications," 1873 ; " Primer of As- tronomy," 1874; "Studies in Spectrum Analysis," 1878; "Star-Gazing, Past and Present," 1878 ; " The Chemistry of the Sun," 1887; "The Movements of the Earth," 1887; "The Meteoritic Hypo- thesis," 1890 ; " The Dawn of Astronomy," 1894; "Rules of Golf," 1896; "Recent and Coming Eclipses," 1897 ; and " The Sun's Place in Nature," 1897. Many of these works have been translated into German, and some of them into Russian, Greek, and Chinese. During the years 1890-93, Sir Norman Lockyer carried on an investigation of the orientation of ancient temples, with a view of ascertain- ing the astronomical basis of the old temple worships. For this purpose he visited Egypt in 1891 and 1893 ; the results of his inquiries are included in his last published work. Sir Norman Lockyer is a Knight of the Brazilian Order of the Rose, and he received the distinction of C.B. for his public service on the occasion of the New-Year Honours in 1894, and K.C.B. on the occasion of the Queen's Jubilee in 1897. On Nov. 22, 1894, a com- plimentary dinner, attended by many eminent men of science, was given to Sir Norman Lockyer to commemorate the jubilee of Nature, of which he is the original editor. In 1858 Sir Norman Lockyer married Winifred, daughter of William James, Trehinshon, near Aber- gavenny. Addresses : 16 Penywern Road, Earl's Court, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. LODER,, Gerald Walter Erskine, M.P., LL.B., J.P., D.L., was born in Sus- sex on Oct. 25, 1861, and is the fourth son of the late Sir Robert Loder, Bart., M.P. He was educated at Eton and Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge (M.A.). Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1888, he be- came private secretary to the Right Hon. C. T. Ritchie, at that time President of the Local Government Board. From 1892 to 1896 he was private secretary to Lord George Hamilton, Secretary of State for India. Since 1889 he has represented Brighton as a Conservative, and is a Director of the London and Brighton Railway. He married, in 1890, Lady Louise, eldest daughter of the 10th Duke of St. Albans. Address : 48 Cadogan Square, S.W. LODGE, Professor Oliver Joseph, D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., was born on June 12, 1851, at Penkhull, near Stoke-upon- Trent, Staffordshire, and is the son of Oliver and Grace Lodge, and grandson of Rev. Oliver Lodge, of Barking, Essex, and of Elsworth, Cambridgeshire (formerly of co. Tipperary), and of the Rev. Joseph Heath, of Lucton, Herefordshire. At the age of eight he went to Newport Grammar School, in the house of Rev. John Hea- wood ; with whom also, when rector of Combs, Suffolk, he was under private tuition between the ages of twelve and fourteen. At fourteen be was taken into business to help his father, who was in failing health, and he continued in business till the age of twenty-one ; matriculating at the London University and taking honours in Physics at the intermediate B.Sc, by evening work. He also obtained, through the Science and Art Department, a winter's work at the Chemical Labora- tory, South Kensington. In 1872 he was 664 LOEWE proxime accessit to a scholarship at St. John's College, Cambridge, and in the same winter went to University College, London, to study mathematics under Pro- fessors Henrici and Clifford, and to work in Professor Carey Foster's laboratory. He took the D.Sc. degree, and married in 1877 ; lectured on Physics at the Bedford College (for ladies), became Assistant-Pro- fessor of Physics at University College, London, and, during the illness of Pro- fessor W. K. Clifford, took charge of most of his classes. In 1880 he was appointed Professor of Physics at the University College, then just established in Liverpool. This office he continues to hold. In 1887 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ; and in 1888 the honorary LL.D. of St. Andrews University was conferred upon him. He is best known as a teacher, and he has examined for both the London University and the Science and Art De- partment. His writings are a text-book of " Elementary Mechanics," 1877 ; and " Modern Views of Electricity," 1889 ; a treatise on the phenomena of lightning and other disruptive discharges called " Lightning Conductors and Lightning Guards," 1892 ; and a popular illustrated work on astronomical biography and dis- coveries called " Pioneers of Science," 1893. His scientific papers have appeared chiefly in the Philosophical Magazine, but he has written considerably in Nature and the Electrician ; occasionally also in the Engineer. He has lectured at the London Institution on " Electricity and Light," and on "The Ether and its Functions" ; also at the British Association at Montreal on "Dust" ; and at the Royal Institution on the " Deposition of Dust Fume and Fog by Electricity," on " The Leyden Jar," on "Aberration," and (in 1897) to a Christmas audience on "The Principle of the Electric Telegraph." His chief experimental work has been connected with the alternating character of lightning and other dis- charges, and with the propagation of electro-magnetic waves (see Philosophical Magazine, August 1888). In this latter subject, he was on the track of the nearly simultaneous discoveries made by the late Dr. Hertz. These discoveries verify the electrical and optical theories of Clerk Maxwell, and owe their importance and rapid acceptance to his scientific insight. In conjunction with the late J. W. Clark, Professor Lodge discovered the now well- known power of electricity to coagulate or condense suspended particles of fume or fog. He has also written largely on elec- trolysis and on contact electricity, and has devised models illustrating Clerk Maxwell's theories. In 1891 he was President of Section A of the British Association at Cardiff, where he delivered an address, which is often quoted, concerning the need for scientific recognition and investi- gation of " occult " phenomena. He is, in fact, an active member of the Society for Psychical Research, and frequently con- tributes to their Proceedings. For some years he was engaged in examining the question whether moving matter is able to disturb the ether of space, and other questions connected with the subject of astronomical aberration (Phil. Trans. Hoy. Soc, 1893, 1897). His conclusion is that the ether is absolutely devoid of mechani- cal viscosity, and therefore cannot be dis- turbed in a "rotational" manner by any mechanical means. Another observation of importance, made while inventing the lightning guard for cables, &c, now manu- factured by Dr. Alexander Muirhead, was the fact that metals cohered readily under electrical influence, a principle which has led to the most sensitive detector of elec- tric waves known. Such waves emitted from one station can be received at a dis- tant station, and there by aid of a coherer be made to affect any telegraphic instru- ment. This method of signalling across space was demonstrated publicly by several persons, but most completely by Professor Lodge in 1894, though it has not till re- cently excited much interest outside scien- tific circles. An account of these re- searches is contained in a little book published by the Electrician newspaper, London, entitled, "The Work of Hertz and some of his Successors." In conjunc- tion with Dr. A. Muirhead, Professor Lodge has now devised and executed a plan for syntonising or tuning the emitter and receiver in wireless telegraphy, so that the response is discriminative as well as highly efficient, and he has made further advances in the same direction by another method which has not yet been published, though it has been referred to by Professor Sil- vanus Thompson in a recent lecture to the Society of Arts. In February 1899, he was elected President of the Physical Society of London. Professor Lodge married, in 1877, Mary F. A. Marshall. Address : 2 Grove Park, Liverpool. LOEWE, The Rev. Dr. Louis, was born at Ziilz, in Prussian Silesia, in 1809, and was educated at Rosenberg, in Silesia, subsequently at the theological colleges of Lissa, Nicholsburg, and Presburg, and the University of Berlin. He was appointed in 1839 Hebrew Lecturer and Oriental linguist to the late Duke of Sussex ; in 1856 Head-Master of the Jews' College, Finsbury Square ; in 1858 Examiner for Oriental Languages to the Royal College of Preceptors ; and in 1868 Principal and Director of Sir Moses Montefiore's Theolo- gical College at Ramsgate. Dr. Loewe LOEWY — LOFTIE 665 travelled under the auspices of the Duke of Sussex, the Duke of Northumberland (then Lord Prudhoe), the Earl of Munster, and the late Admiral Sir Sydney Smith, in the years 1836, 1837, 1838, in Egypt, Nubia, part of Ethiopia, Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Asia Minor, and Greece, for the cultivation of the study of Arabic, Coptic, Nubian, Turkish, and Circassian languages and literature, and accompanied Sir Moses Montefiore, Bart., on nine of his philan- thropic missions to the East, and on four to Russia, Poland, Roumania, and Rome. He has published "The Origin of the Egyptian Language proved by the Analysis of that and the Hebrew," in the Asiatic Journal, 1837; " Briefe aus dem Orient" (Letters from the East), in Dr. Philippson's Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, Nos. 18-79, in 18 numbers, Leipzig, 1839 ; a translation of J. B. Levinsohn's "Ef& Dammim," a series of conversations at Jerusalem between a patriarch of the Greek Church and a chief Rabbi of the Jews, London, 1841 ; a translation of the Rev. David Nieto's "MatWh Dan," being a supplement to the book "Kuzari," 1842; "Observations on a Unique Cufic Gold Coin, issued by Al-Aamir Beakhc&m Allah, Abu Ali Manzour Ben Mustali, tenth caliph of the Fatimite dynasty," London, 1849 ; "A Dictionary of the Circassian Lan- guage," in two parts, English-Circassian- Turkish and Circassian-English-Turkish, 1854; "Memoir on the Lemlein Medal," 1857; besides numerous "Discourses" and papers in the Transactions of learned societies. LOEWY, Maurice, National Astrono- mer of France, was born at Vienna, April 15, 1833, and was one of the most distin- guished pupils of the Observatory of his native town. In consequence of his Jewish birth, he was not allowed to follow a scientific career in his own country. Le Verrier, the renowned co-discoverer of Neptune, heard of this, and invited him to Paris, offering him a post at the Obser- vatory. In 1864 he became a naturalised French subject, and on there-organisation of the Observatory in 1873 he was made chief of the instruments. He was appointed a member of the Bureau des Longitudes in 1872, and in the next year a member of the Academy of Sciences, to the chair of Delaunay. He was nominated Sub- Director of the Observatory in 1878, and Director in recent years. He is a member of the Academy of Sciences of Vienna and St. Petersburg and of the Royal Society, whose gold medal be gained in 1889, and he is a Commander of the Legion of Honour. His chief work has been the determination of the longitudes of Vienna, Berlin, Marseilles, and Algiers, compared with that of Paris, by a new method that he has invented. His writings, which are exclusively scientific, have been published in the Mimoires of the Academy of Vienna, in the Comptes Eendus of the Academy of Sciences, and in the Annales of the Obser- vatory ; his articles deal with the deter- mination of orbits of comets and planets and other astronomical and mathematical questions. Address : L'Observatoire, Paris. LO FENG-LUH, Sir Chih. Chen, K.C.V.O., is the seventh son of Lo Shao Isung, a celebrated scholar and distin- guished military officer of Foo Chow. He was born in 1850, and was educated privately by his father, and at the Imperial Naval College on the river Min, from which he passed out first in 1872. He sub- sequently came to London, and studied at King's College, and in 1877 was attached to Kosung Tao's Mission. From 1879 to 1881 he was at the Chinese Legation in Berlin, and in 1882 he became Secretary to Li Hung Chang iq.v.), accompanying him as First Confidential Secretary of his Staff on important foreign missions, among others, to Shimonoseki, where the Peace Treaty with Japan was signed (1895). He also formed part of the con- gratulatory Embassy to the coronation of the Czar and on the subsequent European tour (1896). In the next year he was appointed Chinese Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to London, which post he still holds. His Excellency became a Mandarin of the Fourth Rank in 1881, a Taotai in 1885, a Mandarin of the Second Rank in 1890, and in 1892 honours were awarded his ancestors for three generations. In 1896 he was created an Hon. Knight Commander of the Victorian Order, and he has also been decorated with Russian, German, Dutch, and Belgian Orders. He is the author of "Problems in Nautical Astronomy and Navigation," and "Solutions of Problems by Inter- Terminate Equations." Lady Lo, his wife, died in London in February 1899. Address: Chinese Legation, 49 Portland Place, W. LOFTIE, Rev. William John, F.S.A., eldest son of John Henry Loftie and Jane Crozier, was born at Tandragee, in the county Armagh, July 25, 1839, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1864. Sub- sequently he turned to literature, writing first on antiquarian subjects in the People's Magazine (S.P.C.K.), of which he became editor in 1872. Elected F.S.A. in 1872, he published a " Century of Bibles," and in 1873 "The Latin Year," a collection of hymns. After holding temporary Church appointments he became Assistant-Minister 666 LOFTUS — LOMBROSO of the Chapel Royal, Savoy, 1871, holding that post until 1895, and in 1879 published "Memorials of the Savoy"; meanwhile, having spent some winters on the Nile, he wrote "A Ride in Egypt," and has since published "An Essay of Scarabs," and written papers in the Archceological Journal on "Egyptology." Being also a student of old prints, he published, in 1877, a catalogue of the works of Hans Sebald Beham. He became connected with the Guardian in 1870, and was a weekly cop tributor for six years. In 1874 he joined the staff of the Saturday Review, and. has written on art and archaeology in the Port- folio, the Magazine of Art, and many other periodicals. In 1894 he joined the staff of the National Observer. The Art at Home Series, begun in 1877, resulted in the issue of twelve volumes, by various writers, including Mrs. Loftie, Mr. Andrew Lang, Mrs. Oliphant, and Mr. Walter Pollock. He then turned his attention to municipal antiquities, and besides a short guide entitled " Through London," and other books, has published two editions of "A History of London," "Windsor," "Kensington, Picturesque and Historical," "Westminster Abbey," a volume on the " City " for Mr. E. A. Freeman's series of Historic Towns, the authorised " Guide to the Tower," for the Government, of which 10,000 copies were sold in the first three weeks ; " The Cathedral Churches of England," 1892; and "Inns of Court and Chancery," 1894. Besides these literary labours, he was one of the founders of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. He married, in 1867, Jeannie, widow of J. J. Burnett, of Gadgirth, Ayr. Address : 3a Sheffield Terrace, Kensing- ton, W. LOFTUS, The Right Hon. Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer, G.C.B., commonly called Lord Augustus Loftus, the fourth son of the 2nd Marquis of Ely, by the daughter of Sir H. W. Dash- wood, Bart., was born on Oct. 4, 1817, and educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, where he took the degree of M.A. Entering the Diplomatic Service, he was appointed Attache at Berlin in 1837, and paid Attache at Stuttgart in 1844. He accompanied Sir Stratford Canning (after- wards Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe) on his special mission to the Courts of Berlin, Vienna, Munich, and Athens, in March 1848. He was appointed Secretary of the Legation at Stuttgart in 1852, and in Berlin in 1853 ; and Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Vienna in March 1858. He was appointed by the Queen to represent her Majesty at the marriage of his Serene Highness Prince Leiningen with the Princess Mary of Baden, at Carlsruhe, in August 1858. In December 1860 he was transferred to Berlin. On the elevation of the Mission in Berlin to the rank of an Embassy, he was transferred, Oct, 28, 1862, to Munich, which was on that occasion raised to the rank of a First-class Mission. He was created a K.C.B., Dec. 12, 1862 ; was pro- moted to be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the King of Prussia, Jan. 19, 1866; and was made a G.C.B., July 6, 1866. He was appointed Ambas- sador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the North German Confederation, Feb. 24, 1868; was sworn a Privy Councillor, Nov. 11, 1868 ; and was appointed Ambas- sador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Emperor of Russia, Oct. 16, 1871. The latter post he held till February 1879, when he was appointed Governor of New South Wales, a post held by him till 1885. In 1892 he published his " Diplomatic Reminiscences between the years 1837 and 1862." He married, in 1845, Emma, second daughter of Admiral H. Greville, Address : 9 Queen's Gate Place. South Kensington, S.W. LOGUE, His Eminence Cardinal Michael, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, was born in 1840, and consecrated Bishop of Raphoe in July 1879 ; became Coadjutor for Armagh in 1887, and in 1888 succeeded to the Arch- bishopric. A Cardinal's hat was conferred upon him in January 1893. Address ; Armagh. LOMBROSO, Professor Cesare, criminologist, was born in November 1836 in Venice, and is of Venetian parentage. At the age of eleven he essayed the com- position of romances, poems, and tragedies, after the style of Alfieri, and, for so young a writer, attained a respectable success. At twelve he developed, with the intensity of youth, a passion for the study of classical antiquity, and even published two small works on Roman archaeology. At thirteen he was attracted to the investigations of sociology — a science then in its infancy— from a linguistic point of view, chiefly, we are told, with relation to Greek, Hebrew, Chinese, and Coptic. Being keenly interested in scientific pursuits, he was drawn at this time to natural science, and examined with particular attention the bearings of scientific re- search on the formation of crystals. Be- fore entering the University of Turin he published two books on marked evolu- tionary lines — »■ Darwin's theory was not propounded until some years later. While a student at the university he first ap- proached that field of scientific work — criminology in its sociological relations — LOMBKOSO 667 which has since given to his name a world- wide fame. He took up the investigation of mental diseases after a joint study of the history of ancient religions and of medicine, his conclusions being afterwards adopted by Virchow and other eminent specialists. In 1859 Lombroso joined the army, and later on became a military surgeon. He was appointed in 1862 to the charge of the department of mental diseases at the University of Pavia, where he initiated an institution for the in- sane, a psychiatric museum, and a series of researches in the application of exact scientific methods to the study of insanity. It is interesting to note, that at this period, which perhaps we might call the beginning of his professional career, Lom- broso incurred the displeasure and, indeed, the derision of the scientific men of the time. It was said contemptuously that he was studying madness with a yard measure, a comment in which a slight element of truth appears to have been unnoticed by latter-day enthusiasts for the Lombroso method. However, notwithstanding the general scorn, the Professor went on quietly with his work, carrying on some important investigations into the causes of pellagra, a skin disease due to under- feeding, common among the peasantry of Northern Italy, the Asturias, Gascony, Roumania, and Corfu. Lombroso's system slowly made progress, and came to be widely adopted. This may not have been owing so much to the inherent value of his method as to the fact that his was the only attempt at that time to conduct criminal investigation with due regard to recent scientific discovery. Appointed as Director of the Asylum at Pesaro, he intro- duced many reforms in the conduct of that institution, and established a news- paper written and managed by the insane. He afterwards returned to Pavia, where he continued his psychiatric work, investigat- ing the influence of atmospheric conditions on the mind, inventing an instrument to measure pain, and engaging in many studies, marked by extraordinary ingenuity, patience, and insight. It is said that Lombroso, even as a youth, exhibited a marvellous faculty, almost amounting to genius, of divining the possible bearings of other men's discoveries, and of turning his intuitions to important use in the con- sideration of new methods. Gifted as he was in this rare art, Lombroso eagerly assimilated the conclusions of Darwin as revealed in the latter's book, " The Origin of Species." An excellent critic has observed that Darwin's work " supplied, for the first time, an indispensable bio- logical basis, and furnished that atavistic key of which Lombroso was tempted to make at first so much use, sometimes, it must be added, so much abuse. These circumstances combined to render possible for the first time the complete scientific treatment of the criminal man as a human variety, while Lombroso's own manifold studies and various faculties had given him the best preparation for approaching this great task." Lombroso, with his usual acuteness, at once commenced an elaborate treatise on much the same lines that Darwin had followed, testing the latter's theories at many points, and specu- lating with considerable success on the important suggestions towards the study of man which "The Origin of Species" gave to the scientific world. Lombroso's great work, "L'Uomo Delinquente," was not published, however, until 1876 — nearly twenty years after the undertaking was conceived — and the second volume ap- peared only in 1889. The influence of " L'Uomo Delinquente " in Italy, France, and Germany is said to have been as im- mediate and as decisive as that of " The Origin of Species." Despine's "Psycho- logie Naturelle," the greatest work on the criminal which had appeared before Lomb- roso's, was partial ; the criminal was therein regarded purely as a psychological anomaly. Lombroso first perceived the criminal as, anatomically and physiologically, an organic anomaly. He set about weighing him and measuring him, according to the methods of anthropology. Even on the psycho- logical side he gained new and more exact results. He went back to the origins of crime among plants and animals, among savages and children. He endeavoured to ascertain the place of the criminal in nature, the causes of his appearance, and his treatment. It need hardly be said that this momentous investigation has earned for its conductor a reputation almost exceeding that of any other scien- tific man of the day. The results of that work are daily used on the Continent in the administration of several State prisons and in the control and supervision of many private asylums. Lombroso's methods have never been adopted in England. Rich, laborious, various, Lombroso's life- work has opened up so many new lines of investigation, and has suggested so many more, that it has everywhere been received as marking a new epoch. This distin- guished man works steadily on in Italy. The scientific world is enriched, almost every month, by some new study of his, conceived in a truly remarkable brain. He has frequently contributed to the Nineteenth Century and other important English magazines. The Monist, an American quarterly philosophical maga- zine, contained in its number of June 1898 a very suggestive essay by Lombroso on " Progressive Phenomena in Evolution." 668 LONDON — LONGMAN His work has now many English students, largely through the medium of such popular and useful series as the Criminology Series (Fisher Unwin) and the Con- temporary Science Series (Walter Scott). Lombroso, as yet, exerts very little in- fluence on English prison reformers, who are considered by some to run the risk of sinking the scientific beneath the purely emotional or traditional. LONDON, Bishop of. See Ceeigh- ton, The Bight Rev. Mandell. LONDONDERRY, Marquis of, The Right Hon. Charles Stewart Vane- Tempest-Stewart, K.G., LL.D., D.L., J.P., son of the 5th Marquis, and Mary, eldest daughter of Sir John Edwards, Bart., was born on July 16, 1852, and educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford. As Viscount Castlereagh he un- successfully contested South Kensington in 1874, and Montgomery District in 1877, and sat for County Down from 1878 to 1884. On the death of his father in 1884 he succeeded to the title, and on the for- mation of Lord Salisbury's second admin- istration in 1866, was appointed Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland. He remained at Dublin till 1889. He was Chairman of the London School Board from October 1895 until 1898, and in 1897 was appointed A.D.C. to the Queen. He married the eldest daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury, and is the owner of extensive collieries in Durham. His ancestor, the second peer, was the celebrated Viscount Castlereagh. Addresses : Londonderry House, Park Lane, W. ; Wynward House, Stockton-on- Tees, dec. LONG, John Davis, American jurist and statesman, was born at Buckfleld, Maine, Oct. 27, 1838. Educated at Har- vard University, and graduating there in 1857, he afterwards studied law, was ad- mitted to the Bar in 1862, and practised his profession in Boston. He was a Mem- ber of the State Legislature of Massachu- setts in 1875-78, being Speaker of the Lower House for the last three years ; was Lieutenant-Governor of the State in 1879 and Governor in 1880, 1881, and 1882; was elected to the forty-eighth Congress, and re-elected to the forty-ninth and fiftieth Congresses. In 1897 he was appointed to be Secretary of the United States Navy under President M'Kinley. LONG, The Right Hon. Walter Hume, M.P., J.P., D.L., President of the Board of Agriculture, is the eldest son of the late Richard Penruddocke Long, Esq., of Dolforgan, Montgomeryshire (who re- presented North Wilts from 1865 to 1868), by Charlotte Anna, daughter of William W. Fitzwilliam-Hume Dick, Esq., late M.P. for Wicklow, and also grandson of the late Walter Long, Esq., who represented North Wilts for thirty years. He was born at Bath, July 13, 1854. He was educated at Harrow and at Christ Church, Oxford. He represented North Wiltshire in Parliament from 1880 to 1885, and the Devizes Division of that county from 1885 to the general election in July 1892, when he was de- feated ; in the following December, how- ever, he was elected for the West Derby Division of Liverpool. From 1886 to 1892 he acted as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board under Mr. Ritchie, and in 1895 he became President of the Board of Agriculture, and was sworn of the Privy Council. Mr. Long may be de- scribed as being a " Progressive Conserva- tive." He is a Magistrate and Deputy- Lieutenant of Wiltshire, and Colonel of the Wilts Yeomanry. He married in 1878 Lady Dorothy Blanche, fourth daughter of the 9th Earl of Cork and Orrery. Ad- dresses: 11 Ennismore Gardens, S.W.; and Rood Ashton, Trowbridge, Wilts. LONGLEY, Sir Henry, K.C.B., Chief Charity Commissioner for England and Wales, was born in 1833, and is the son of the late Archbishop Longley and Caroline, daughter of the first Lord Congleton. He was educated at Rugby and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1856, M.A. in 1859, and B.C.L. in 1863. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1860, and after going the Northern Cir- cuit for a short time, ultimately practised at the Equity Bar and as a conveyancer. He was appointed a Poor-Law Inspector in 1868, and was in charge of the Metro- politan Poor-Law District from 1872 to 1874. In the latter year he was appointed Third Charity Commissioner upon the transfer of the duties of the Endowed Schools Commissioner to the Charity Com- mission. He was appointed Second Charity Commissioner in 1879, and Chief Charity Commissioner in July 1885 upon the death of Sir W. R. Seymour Fitzgerald, G.C.S.I. Sir H. Longley was created C.B. in 1887, and K.C.B. in 1889; he is the author of a report of the Local Government Board made in 1873 on " Poor-Law Administra- tion in London, with special reference to the disposal by Boards of Guardians of Applications for Relief." He married, in 1861, Diana, second daughter of John Davenport, of Foxley, Herefordshire. Ad- dresses : 8 Lowndes Street, S.W); Gwydyr House, Whitehall, S.W. ; and Athenseum. LONGMAN, Charles James, M.A., J.P., was born on April 14, 1852, and is the second son of the late William Longman, LONG STAFF — LOPES 6G9 the well-known publisher. He was edu- cated at Harrow and University College, Oxford, where he took a second class in Classical Mods., a third class in Mod. Hist., and graduated M.A. in 1877. He has succeeded his father in the firm of Longmans, Green & Co., and since 1882 has edited Longmans' Magazine. He was President of the Publishers' Association in 1896 and 1897. He is joint-author of the work on "Archery" in the Badminton Series, and in 1883 was Archery Champion of England. He is married to Harriet, second daughter of Sir John Evans, K.C.B., F.R.S. Address : 27 Norfolk Square, W., &c. LONGSTAEF, L. W., is the eldest son of the late Dr. G. D. Longstaff, and was born in 1841. He received his educa- tion at Wandsworth under Bishop Staley, and studied chemistry at Frankfort-on- the-Main and at the Royal College of Chemistry. He is a director of Blundell, Spence, & Co., and is favourably known in the world of capital and labour as having inaugurated one of the first successful attempts to reconcile employers and em- ployed. He has been President of the Hull Incorporated Chamber of Commerce and Shipping, and is F.R.G.S. and member of many other scientific bodies. He has recently become famous as the donor of £25,000 for the equipment of the National Antarctic Expedition. Address : Hull. LONGSTREET, General James, was born in South Carolina in 1821 ; gradu- ated at the Military Academy at West Point in 1842 ; and was on duty in Missouri and on the Mexican frontier till 1846 ; took part in the Mexican War, 1846-48, where he was wounded ; attained the rank of Captain and Brevet Major ; served subse- quently in Texas and as Paymaster in the U.S. Army, and became a Major on the staff in 1858. He resigned his commission to take part with the South in the Civil War, June 1, 1861, and was appointed to the command of the 4th Brigade of General Beauregard's first corps near Centreville. He was in command in the affair at Black- burn's Ford, July 18, 1861, and engaged in the battle of Bull Run, July 21. He commanded the Confederate troops in the battle of Williamsburg, May 6, 1862, and commanded the left wing of the Confede- rate army in the battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863. In the later part of 1861 he was made Major-General, and won reputation under General Lee in the cam- paigns against M'Clellan, Pope, Burnside, and Meade. After the battle of Sharps- burg, 1862, Longstreet was promoted to the command of a corps, with the rank of Lieutenant-General. He took an active part in the battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3. He was also conspicuous in the campaign of the Wilderness, May 1-6, 1864, where he was severely wounded, but recovered in time to lead his corps during the siege of Petersburg. He surrendered with Gen- eral Lee in April 1865. After the war General Longstreet acted zealously for the restoration of harmony between the two sections. Having been amnestied by Pre- sident Johnson, he was so cordial towards the Administration that President Grant appointed him Surveyor of the Port of New Orleans. In 1875 he took up his residence in Georgia, and in 1880 was sent as Minister to Turkey, where he remained until 1881. He was subsequently U.S. Marshal for the Northern District of Georgia, and in 1897 was appointed U.S. Commissioner of Railroads by President M'Kinley. He resides at Gainsville, Georgia. LOPES, Sir H. C. See Ludlow, Lobd. LOPES, The Right Hon. Sir Lopes Massey, Bart., of Maristow, Devon, M.P. for Westbury from 1857 to 1865, and for South Devon from 1868 to 1885, Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1874 to 1880, D.L. for Wilts and Devon, was born on June 14, 1818, and educated at Winchester and Oriel College. Sir Massey had several parliamentary contests, but the most severe was that with Lord Amberley, son of the late Lord John Russell, for South Devon in 1868, which lasted sixteen weeks, and which Sir Massey won by a majority of upwards of 500 votes. During the thirty years he was a member of the House of Commons he took a very pro- minent part in all measures which had reference to the agricultural interest, and more particularly directed his attention to the subject of Local Taxation, contend- ing that real property (i.e. land and houses) was very unjustly burdened with many charges which were national in their char- acter, and ought therefore to be trans- ferred to the Imperial Exchequer. Though at first there was much indifference on this subject among all parties, in and out of the House of Commons, and he met with comparatively little sympathy, he persevered every session in bringing this question before the House, and his able and exhaustive speeches in exposing the grievances and anomalies of the local tax- payer gradually created increasing interest in this subject until finally, in 1872, he carried a resolution "that it was expedient to remedy the injustice of imposing taxa- tion of national objects upon one descrip- tion of property, and that the ratepayers should be relieved from charges imposed upon them for the administration of 670 LOENE — LOTHIAN justice, police, and lunatics." This resolu- tion was carried into effect by Lord Beaconsfield's Government in 1874. The whole cost of the administration of justice and of prisons, as well as half the expenses of police and lunatics, were transferred to the Imperial Exchequer, and the ratepayers were relieved to the extent of nearly three millions. As Chairman of the Local Taxation Committee, which he initiated, Sir Massey consistently and successfully opposed several other measures which pro- posed to place further charges on the land rates, and when the late Mr. Stansfield brought forward the Public Health Bill, he carried an amendment that one half of the salaries of medical officers and inspec- tors should be defrayed by the National Exchequer. Mr. Goschen, who, as Presi- dent of the Poor - Law Board, was his chief opponent on these questions in the House of Commons, has since publicly admitted there that the credit of these changes for the relief of local rates was due to Sir Massey's advocacy, and that he was in error in his opposition to them, and has himself since proposed and carried other important measures which have tended to relieve the local taxpayer. Dur- ing the six years Sir Massey held the office of Civil Lord to the Admiralty, he intro- duced many reforms in the secretariat and in the dockyards. He was Chairman of several committees which were appointed for this object. By his management of the Greenwich property, which was en- tirely under him, he very much increased the value and income of this property. This enabled him very considerably to increase the Greenwich Age Pensions, and the number of boys educated in the Green- wich School. Lord Beaconsfield was so satisfied with the way in which Sir Massey fulfilled his duties, that he offered him the higher office of Secretary to the Treasury, in succession to the late Mr. W. H. Smith, but Sir Massey was so interested in his work that he preferred to continue in it. Sir Massey resigned his seat for South Devon in 1885. He married (1) Bertha, only daughter of the 1st Lord Churston, who died Jan. 13, 1872, leaving one sur- viving son, Henry Yarde Buller Lopes, M.P. for Grantham, who married Lady Albertha, daughter of the Earl of Mount- Edgcumbe ; (2) in 1874, Louisa, daughter of Sir Robert William Newman, Bart., of Mamhead. Addresses : Mavistow, Ro- borough, South Devon ; 28 Grosvenor Gardens, S.W. LORNE, Marquis of, The Right Hon. John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, G.C.M.G., LL.D., D.Sc, D.L. (Dumbartonshire since 1896), M.P., is the eldest son of the Duke of Argyll and Eliza- beth, eldest daughter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland, and was born at Stafford House, London, on Aug. 6, 1845. He was elected M.P. for Argyllshire, in the Liberal interest, in February 1868, and in Decem- ber of the same year he became private secretary to his father at the India Office. He married the Princess Louise, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, on March 21, 1871. The marriage ceremony was per- formed in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, by the Bishop of London, assisted by the Bishops of Winchester, Oxford, and Wor- cester. He was created a Knight of the Thistle in 1872. He has written "A Trip to the Tropics and Home through America," 1867 ; " Guido and Lita : a Tale of the Riviera" (a poem), 1875; "The Psalms literally rendered in Verse," 1877; "A Life of Lord Palmerston," 1890 ; " Windsor Castle " ; and a libretto for the opera "Diarmid," 1897. In July 1878 he ac- cepted the post of Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada, in succession to Lord Dufferin. He was soon afterwards created a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of SS. Michael and George. Accompanied by the Princess Louise, he proceeded to Canada, November 1878, where he had an enthusiastic reception. His term of office, during which he had travelled very exten- sively throughout the Dominion, expired in 1883, when he was succeeded by the Marquis of Lansdowne. He has since written on Imperial Federation and on many public topics. At the general election in 1885 Lord Lome contested Hampstead as a Liberal, against Sir Henry Holland. In 1892 he contested Bradford. In 1895 he was returned as a Liberal Unionist for South Manchester. He has been Governor of Windsor Castle since 1892, and has the Volunteer Order for Long Service. Addresses : Kensington Palace, W. ; Roseneath, Dumbartonshire ; and Athenaeum. LOTHIAN, Marquis of, The Right Hon. Schomberg Henry Kerr, K.T., LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., was born on Dec. 2, 1833, is the second son of the 7th Marquis, and succeeded bis brother as 9th Marquis in. 1870. He was educated at Glenalmond, Eton, and New College, Oxford. After serving on Sir James Out- ram's Staff in Persia, in 1857, he entered the Diplomatic Service, in which he was appointed second Secretary of Legation at Frankfort in 1862, and in the same capacity at Vienna in 1865. Lord Lothian was Secretary for Scotland, and Vice- President of the Council of Education for Scotland from 1887 to 1892, and held the position of Lord Rector of Edinburgh University from 1887 to 1888. He has been Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of LOTI — LOUISE 671 Scotland since 1874, and Captain of the Corps of Royal Scottish Archers since 1884. He is President of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and of the Royal (Scottish) Geographical Society, K.T.,187S; P.C., 1886. He was married, in 1865, to Victoria Alexandria Montagu - Douglas- Scott, daughter of the 5th Duke of Buc- cleuch. Addresses : 39 Grosvenor Square, W. ; and Newbattle Abbey, near Dalkeith, N.B. LOTI, Pierre. See Viaud, Julibn. LOUBET, Emile, President of the French Republic, was born at Marsanne, Drome, on December 31, 1838, his father being a peasant proprietor. He studied law, obtained the degree of Doctor, and established himself at Montelimar, of which town he became Mayor in July 1870. He entered political life in 1876, as representative of Montelimar, and took his seat among the Republican Left. His early Parliamentary career was marked by his support of M. Dufaure, the enemy of the Monarchist coalition ; he voted for pre- venting non-authorised religious congrega- tions from teaching, for the invalidation of the election of the Communist Blanqui, and for free elementary education. He supported the Gambetta and Ferry minis- tries, and voted for the Tonkin and Tunis credits. In 1885 he became Senator for his Department, sitting among the Moderate Republicans, and two years later was appointed Minister of Public Works in the Tirard Cabinet, which resigned in 1888, when he refused to join M. Floquet. When M. de Freycinet resigned in 1892, the President, M. Carnot, called upon his old friend to re-form the Cabinet, which he did with the majority of the former members, taking himself the Portfolio of the Interior from M. Constans, while M. de Freycinet became Minister of War. His policy was that of the Extreme Left, and in the strike of the Carmaux miners, he was reproached by the Left for lack of sympathy with the miners, and by the Right for his tolerance towards attacks on the liberty of the subject. M. Loubet offered himself as arbitrator between the men and the company, and managed to patch up a peace between them. The men' construing this into a victory, made revolutionary demonstrations at Carmaux and at Lyons, and the office of the com- pany at Paris was almost blown up by an infernal machine. The Right endeavoured to lay the blame of this on the weakness of the Government, but they were un- successful in the division. However, in November 1892, the Panama affair was seized upon as a pretext for upsetting the Ministry, which was succeeded by that of M. Ribot. In 1895 he was appointed President of the Senate, in succession to M. Challemel-Lacour, and filled that post with much distinction. He was a warm friend of M. Faure, and advised him on critical occasions. On the sudden death of the latter, Feb. 16, 1899, M. Loubet was called upon by the united votes of the Senate and Chamber to fill his place. He has been all his life remarkable for his devotion to work and for simplicity of manners, being a contrast to M. Faure, who was most attentive to ceremony and a slave to the protocol. LOUGH, Thomas, M.P., was born in Ireland in 1850, and is the son of Matthew Lough, of Killynebber House, Cavan, and Martha, daughter of William Steel. He was educated at the Royal School, Cavan, and at the Wesleyan Connectional School, Dublin. Mr. Lough, who is a strong Radical, contested Truro in 1886, and entered Parliament for Islington in 1892, being re-elected in 1895. In 1886 he founded the Home Rule Union, of which he has been an Hon. Secretary. He has been a citizen of the Metropolis since 1880, his business being that of a tea merchant, and in October 1892 he started the London Reform Union, having for its main object the improvement of the municipal govern- ment of London. He is now Chairman of the Union, Mr. Passmore Edwards being President. He published, in 1888, "Glimpses of Early Ireland," and, in 1896, "England's Wealth, Ireland's Poverty." He married, in 1880, Edith, daughter of the late Rev. John Mills. Addresses : 29 Hyde Park Gate, S.W. ; and Drummully House, co. Cavan. LOUISE, H.R.H. Princess, Mar- chioness of Lome, Louise Caroline Alberta, is the fourth daughter of her Majesty, the Queen, and was born at Buckingham Palace on March 18, 1848. She was married, on March 21, 1871, to the Marquis of Lome, eldest son of the Duke of Argyll. The Princess devotes a good deal of time to painting and sculp- ture. She is an accomplished painter in water-colours, and an industrious hon. member of the exclusive Old Water-Colour Society. She is also distinguished as one of the very few women sculptors in Great Britain. At an early age she is said to have watched the late Mrs. Tborneycroft at work, as the mother of the great sculptor modelled the young Royal Princes and Princesses at various ages. After- wards she studied her difficult art under the late Sir Edgar Boehm, R.A., and under his influence produced her fine statue of the Queen, now placed in Kensington Gardens, between the east front of Kensington 672 LOVELAND — LOW Palace and the Round Pond. To execute this idealised representation of her royal mother she was chosen by the Committee of the Women's Jubilee Fund of 1S87. The work was subscribed for by women, and is a conspicuous landmark in a park which contains only one other notable statue, that of Edward Jenner. Another fine example of her work is her marble bust of the Queen in the Gallery of the Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours. Her studio is in her home in Kensington Palace. Princess Louise, besides being a Princess of the United Kingdom, is Duchess of Saxony, and Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and V.A. and C.G. LOVELAND, Richard Loveland, Q. C, D.L., Deputy-Chairman of the County of London Sessions, was born in London, July 13, 1841, being the only surviving child of the late John Perry Loveland, J. P., Middlesex, and Harriet Hannah, only child of the late Richard Errington, of Beaufront, near Hexham, Northumber- land, and granddaughter of Thomas Love- land of Park Place, Islington, London. By royal license, dated March 28, 1861, he was authorised to take the surname of Loveland instead of that of Oldershaw, and to bear the arms of Loveland quarterly with those of Oldershaw. He was educated at Kensington Grammar School privately, and at Pembroke College, Oxford. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and Lincoln's Inn in 1865 ; and was Deputy- Chairman of Middlesex Quarter-Sessions, 1889-96. He was appointed Deputy- Chairman of the County of London Quarter- Sessions in 1896, and Queen's Counsel in 1897. He is editor of Sir John Kelying's "Crown Cases"; Shower's "Cases in Parliament" ; Hall's " Essay on Rights of Seashore," and joint-editor of Griffith and Loveland " On the Judicature Acts." Mr. Loveland is Past Master of the Worshipful Company of Turners of London, and was an Alderman of the Middlesex County Council up to 1896. He married Maria Elizabeth Oddie, fifth daughter of the Rev. P. H. Hind, Vicar of Woodcote-cum-South- stoke, Oxon. Address : 1 Gloucester Square, Hyde Park. LOW, Lord, Alexander Low, J.P., is the son of James Low of " The Laws," Ber- wickshire, and was born in 1845. He was educated at Cheltenham College, St. Andrews University, and St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge, where he obtained first class honours on graduating B. A. He was called to the Scotch Bar in 1870, and was appointed a Lord of Session in Scotland in 1890, at the same time receiving the title of Lord. He was married in 1875 to Annie, daughter of Lord Mackenzie, Lord of Session. Address : 12 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh; and "The Laws," Edrom. LOW, Lieut.-G-eneral Sir Robert Cunliffe, G.C.B., son of the late General Sir John Low, G.C.S.I., was born in the parish of Kemback, Fife, in January 1836. He entered the 4th Bengal Cavalry as a Lieutenant in September 1855. He was promoted Captain in January 1862, receiv- ing the brevets of Major in 1872 and Colonel in 1883. Sir Robert has seen con- siderable war service all over India, in Afghanistan, and in Burmah. During the Indian Mutiny he was present at many actions, including the siege and capture of Delhi, and in the operations in the Jhujjur district ; the siege of Luck- now, and the operations in Central India. He was mentioned in despatches, and thanked by the Indian Government for his services, receiving a medal with two clasps. He commanded a company in the second Eusofzai Expedition on the North-West Frontier in 1863. The Afghan War, however, gave Sir Robert his great opportunity, for, as Director of Transport to the army at Cabul, he rendered Lord Roberts invaluable service in the march to Candahar. He also accompanied the expe- dition to the Bezar Valley, and was present at the action of Zawa. He was mentioned in despatches, and received a C.B. and the command of a brigade in India. In the Burmese War of 1885 he had charge of a brigade with the rank of Brigadier- General, and was again mentioned in despatches. For his services during the campaign he was created a K.C.B., and was also promoted to Major-General in the Bengal command. In 1895 he was chosen to command the Chitral relief force. That campaign is considered a masterpiece of the " Art of War," and the successful issue to which it was brought was due in a very great measure to Sir Robert Low. As a reward for his distinguished services he was created a G.C.B., an honour never before conferred upon an officer below the rank of full General or Lieut. -General. He was promoted Lieut.. - General in November 1896. He married, in 1862, Constance, daughter of the late Captain Taylor, H.E.I.C.S. Address : Lucknow, India. LOW, The Hon. Seth, LL.D., was born at Brooklyn, New York, Jan. 18, 1850. He was graduated from Columbia College, New York City, in 1870, and immediately entered the mercantile house of his father, in which in 1875 he became a partner. In 1881 he was nominated as an independent (Reform) candidate for the mayoralty of his native LOW — LOWE 673 city, and was elected. He served for two terms (1882-85), and during his adminis- tration accomplished much in purifying municipal politics. On leaving that office he again became engaged in active busi- ness, until his election, in 1889, as the successor of the late Dr. F. A. P. Barnard to the Presidency of Columbia College, of which he was already a trustee. Mr. Low has been for a number of years a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce ; is President of the Archaeological Insti- tute of America ; a Vice-President of the New York Academy of Sciences ; was the founder and first President of the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities ; and one of the organisers and the first President of the Young Men's Republican Club of Brooklyn. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the University of the State of New York and Amherst College in 1889, and by Harvard University, University of Penn- sylvania, and Trinity College in 1890. In 1897 he was the candidate of the Citizens' Union party for the Mayoralty of New York, but was not elected. He is (May 1899) one of the American delegates to the Peace Conference at the Hague. LOW, Sidney James, born on Jan. 22, 1857, was educated at King's College School, and Balliol College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple. In 1883 he was appointed Lecturer on History at King's College, London. In 1884 he edited jointly with the late Prof. Pulling, the " Dictionary of English His- tory," a well-known work of reference. Mr. Low has been closely connected with the London daily press for many years, and was editor of the St James's Gazette from 1888 to December 1897. He has also contributed extensively to the Nineteenth Century, the Fortnightly Review, and other magazines. Permanent address : 2 Dur- ham Place, Chelsea, S.W. LOWE, Lieut. -General Sir Drury Curzon Drury-, G.C.B., J.P., son of the late Mr. William Drury Lowe, of Laco Park, Derbyshire, by the Hon. Caroline Esther Curzon, daughter of the 2nd Lord Scars- dale, was born in 1830 and educated at Oxford University, of which he is a graduate. He entered the army in 1854, became Captain in 1856, Major in 1862, Lieut.-Colonel in 1866, Colonel in 1871, and Major-General in 1881. He served with the 17th Lancers in the Crimea, from June 18, 1855, including the battle of the Tchernaya, the siege and fall of Sebastopol (Medal with Clasp, and Turkish Medal) ; also in the Indian Mutiny campaign of 1838-59, including the pursuit of the rebel forces under Tantia Topee, and the action of Zeerapore (mentioned in despatches, Medal with clasp for Central India). He commanded the 17th Lancers and the Cavalry of the 2nd Division in the Zulu war of 1879, and led the charge at the con- clusion of the battle of Ulundi, in which he was wounded (C.B., Medal with clasp). He served in the Boer war of 1881, under Sir Evelyn Wood, in command of the Cavalry Brigade ; served in the Egyptian war of 1882 in command of the Cavalry Division, and was present at the engage- ments of El Magfar Mahota, the two actions at Kassassin, and the battle of Tel-el-Kebir, immediately after which he commenced a forced march with the cavalry, by which he obtained possession of Cairo, the surrender of its citadel, and of the rebel chief Arabi (six times men- tioned in despatches, received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament, K.C.B., Medal with clasp, second class of the Osmanieh, and Khedive's Star). From 1885 to 1890 he was in command of the Cavalry Brigade at Aldershot, and was also I.-G. of Cavalry for Great Britain. From 1890 to 1891 he was I.-G. of Cavalry at the Headquarters of the army, and in 1892 was appointed Colonel of the 17th Lancers. In 1895 he retired. He is a J. P. for Hants. Address : Key Dell, Horndean, Hants. LOWE, Canon Edward Clarke, D.D., born at Everton, near Liverpool, Dec. 15, 1823, youngest son of S. Lowe, Esq., solicitor, formerly of Whitchurch, Salop, and subsequently of Liverpool, was educated at Liverpool at a private school, and afterwards at Oxford, where he entered under Eev. W. Jacobson (who became Bishop of Chester) at Magdalen Hall in 1842, whence he was elected to the Bible Clerkship at Lincoln College in June 1844, where he was a pupil of the late Mark Pattison. He graduated B.A. in 1846 (third cl., Lit. Hum.), and the fol- lowing year became Second Master of the King's School, Ottery St. Mary, and was ordained Deacon by Bishop Philpotts in September of the same year, and Priest in September of the year following. In 1849 he joined, at Shoreham, the Rev. N. Woodard, who had just begun his effort to found, by public boarding schools, a system of Church of England education for the middle classes. In January 1850 he opened, as Head-Master, at Hurst- pierpoint, the first middle school of the system, and remained in that office till the end of 1872, when he was appointed Provost of the Midland district of St. Nicolas College, as head of the Society of SS. Mary and John of Lichfield in union with St. Nicolas College, and directing the large schools at Denstone and Elles- mere for boys, and two for girls at Abbot's Bromley, as well as a boys' day-school at 2u 674 LOWE — LOWNDES Dewsbury. In 1891, on the death of Canon Woodard, he was elected Provost of St. Nicolas College in succession to the founder, and returned into Sussex. In September 1873 he was preferred to a Canonry in Ely Cathedral, upon a vacancy falling to the Crown, sede vacante ; and since 1880 up to the present time has re- presented the Chapter as Proctor in Con- vocation. He has published several small educational works ; among others, " Porta LatiDa," Erasmus Colloquies, "An En- glish Primer," and an annotated edition of &. Herbert's "Church Porch." Addresses : The College, Ely ; and Henfield, Sussex. LOWE, Edward Joseph, F.R.S., J.P., D.L., eldest surviving son of the late Alfred Lowe, Esq., J.P., of High- field, near Nottingham, was born at Highfield, Nov. 11, 1825, and in 1840 began that valuable series of daily me- teorological observations which were continued to April 1882. In 1846 he pub- lished " A Treatise on Atmospheric Pheno- mena." About 1848 he assisted the late Professor Baden Powell in the meteor observations for the British Association, and was the first to point out the conver- gence of meteors to a point in the heavens. "Prognostications of the Weather," a small work by him, appeared in 1849. In 1850 he became a member of the Royal Meteorological Society, of which he was one of the founders. In 1853 he wrote two valuable local works, entitled " The Climate of Nottinghamshire," and " The Conchology of Nottinghamshire." In the same year he likewise assisted the late Prof. Edward Forbes in the compilation of his work on "British Mollusca," and issued the first parts of the well-known "Natural History of British and Exotic Ferns." His next work, on "British Grasses," appeared in 1858, and he subse- quently wrote two other botanical works on "Beautiful-leaved Plants," and "New and Rare Ferns," in 1861 and 1862 ; "Our Native Ferns," in 1865 ; and " Chronology of the Seasons," &c. In 1860 he was one of those who accompanied the Govern- ment expedition to Spain for the purpose of observing the solar eclipse, and was placed in charge of the meteorological departments in the Santander district. In 1866 he was local secretary to the British Association. In 1868 he was President of the Nottingham Literary and Philo- sophical Society. Besides being the author of the works enumerated, Mr. Lowe has contributed many papers on scientific subjects to various learned societies, and to the British Association ; and he sent daily meteorological telegrams to the Board of Trade, and synchronous meteoro- logical observations to the United States Government up to 1882. He was the in- ventor of the dry powder tests for the ozone observations used in the scientific balloon ascents. He was also the dis- coverer of an entirely new and distinct species of British worm, the Megascolex rigida (Baird) ; has been the raiser of many abnormal British ferns ; and has succeeded in producing hybrids between Polysticlium aculeatum, and P. angulare. Since 1886 he has devoted his time to the hybridisation of ferns, and flowering plants, and has recently discovered that divisions of a prothallus will grow and produce several ferns, also that ferns can have multiple parents, and hundreds of distinct varieties have resulted from this discovery. In 1891 he published a " Hand- book on the Varieties of British Ferns," and has of late years issued a large work, " The Ferns of Great Britain and their Varieties." For some years past Mr. Lowe has been a Deputy-Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Nottinghamshire, and a Commissioner of Income Tax. He is a Fellow of the Royal, the Royal Astronomi- cal, the Geological, the Linnean, the Royal Meteorological, and the Royal Horti- cultural Societies. In 1849 he married Anne, daughter of John Allcock. In 1882 he went to reside at Shirenewton Hall, near Chepstow, which estate he purchased from Lord Kintore. LOWELL, Percival, son of Augustus Lowell and Katharine Bigelow (Lawrence) Lowell, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, March 13, 1855, and took his degree at Harvard Univer- sity in 1876. He has travelled consider- ably, especially in the Far East. While in Japan, in 1883, he was appointed Foreign Secretary and Counsellor to the Korean Special Mission to the United States, the first to go from Korea to a Western Power. He returned to Korea with the mission the same year, and spent the winter of 1883-84 in Soul, its capital. He published, in 1885, " Choson, a Sketch of Korea " ; in 1888, " The Soul of the Far East"; in 1889, " Noto, an Unexplored Corner of Japan," and poems in Scribner's Magazine, and lectured before the Q.B.K. Society at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is a Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Japan. LOWNDES, Mrs. F. S., nie Maria Adelaide Belloc, the only daughter of M. Louis Belloc, a French barrister, and of Madame Belloc {nie Bessie Rayner Parkes), through whom she is descended from Dr. Joseph Priestley, was born in 1868, and educated at May- field Convent. She is prominent among London lady journalists, - and, having LOWRY — LOYD 675 made a special study of French his- tory and literature, is an authority in matters of contemporary French bio- graphy. She has published the " Life and Letters of Charlotte Elizabeth, Princess Palatine," 1889, and selections from the correspondence of "Edmond and Jules de Goncourt," 1894. This last work was written in collaboration with Miss Shed- lock. She married, in 1896, Mr. Frederic Sawrey Lowndes, M.A., of the Times. Address : 11 Great College Street, West- minster, S.W. LOWRY, Henry Dawson, born at Truro, Feb. 22, 1869, is eldest son of T. S. Lowry and his wife Winifred. The family subsequently removed to Camborne, and Mr. Lowry was educated at Queen's Col- lege, Taunton, and at Oxford (unattached), where he graduated in the Honour School of Chemistry, 1891. He began the career of journalism very early, and in 1891 was already writing Cornish stories in the National Observer. He came to London in 1893, and wrote a good deal in prose and verse for the Pall Mall Gazette. He was on the staff of that journal for part of 1895, in which year he went to Black and White. Early in 1897 he became editor of the Ludgate, until, in April 1898, the magazine was sold by the Black and White Company, Limited, and he quitted their service. He had already become con- nected, as a leader-writer, with the Morn- ing Post, and this appointment he still holds. Publications: "Wreckers and Methodists," 1893; "Women's Tragedies," 1895 ; " A Man of Moods and Make- Believe, " 1896 ; and "The Happy Exile," 1895 ; and a great quantity of scattered articles. Permanent addresses : Camborne, Cornwall ; and the Yinik Club. LOWIHER, The Bight Hon. James, M.P., J.P., younger son of Sir Charles Hugh Lowther, Bart., by Isabella, daughter of the late Rev. Robert More- head, D.D., Rector of Easington-cum- Liverton, Yorkshire, was born at Swilling- ton House, Leeds, in 1840, and educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A. 1862, M.A. 1866). He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1864. The next year he was elected M.P. for York in the Conservative interest, and continued to sit for that city until 1880. He unsuccessfully contested East Cumberland in February 1881, and in September of the same year was elected Member for North Lincolnshire, which constituency he represented until Novem- ber 1885. He was Parliamentary Secre- tary to the Poor-Law Board from August to December 1868, and Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from February 1874 till February 1878, when he was appointed Chief Secretary of Ireland, which office he held until the resignation of Lord Beaconsfield's Government in May 1880. He unsuccessfully contested the East Lindsey Division of Lincolnshire, Novem- ber 1885, also North Cumberland at the general election of 1886 ; but was re- turned for the Isle of Thanet Division of Kent, in June 1888, and again in 1892 and 1895. Mr. Lowther is a magistrate, deputy-lieutenant, and county alderman for the North Riding of York. He is well known as a member of the Jockey Club. Addresses : 59 Grosvenor Street, W. ; and Wilton Castle, Redcar. LOWTHER, The Right Hon. James William, M.P., Ll.M., J.P., is the eldest son of the Hon. William Lowther, formerly M.P. for Westmore- land, and was born on April 1, 1855. He was educated at Eton, King's College, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained honours in both the Classical and Law Tripos. He was called to the Bar in 1879, and was elected a Conservative member of the House of Commons for Rutlandshire in 1883. After unsuccessfully contesting Mid-Cumberland in 1885, he was, in the following year, elected Member for the Penrith Division of the same county ; he still retains this seat in the Conservative interest. Mr. Lowther acted as an unpaid Charity Com- missioner from 1887 to 1891, was Under- Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 1891 to 1892, and he represented this country at the Venice International Sanitary Confer- ence in 1892. Since August 1895 he has filled the offices of Deputy-Speaker and Chairman of Ways and Means. He was married in 1886 to Mary Frances, daugh- ter of the late Right Hon. A. J. Beres- ford Hope. Address : 16 Wilton Crescent, S.W. LOYD, Archie Kirkman, Q.C., M.P, J.P., was born in 1847, and is the son of the late Thomas Kirkman Loyd, Bengal Civil Service. He was educated at Brighton College, and in 1867 entered the Indian Civil Service. He was Prizeman in English Law and in Hindi at the further examinations, but retired from the Civil Service in 1869. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1868, joined the Norfolk and then the Midland Circuit, became Q.C. in 1892, and Bencher in 1894. From 1880 to 1881 he was Secretary to the Macclesfield Corrupt Practices Commis- sion. He is a J. P. for Berks, and was elected to Parliament as Conservative member for the North or Abingdon Division of Berkshire in 1895. He is joint- editor of recent editions of Sir John 676 LOYSOJST — LUBBOCK Byles's work on Bills of Exchange. He married, 1885, Henrietta, daughter of the late E. L. Clutterbuck, of Hardenhuish, Wilts. Addresses : Hodoott, W. Ilsley, Berks ; 60a Cadogan Square, S.W. ; Lamb Buildings, Temple. LOYSON, Charles, known as Pere Hyacinthe, born at Orleans, March 10, 1827, was educated at Pau by private professors, where his father was Rector of the University. His mother was of the noble family Burnier-Fontonel, of the Chateau de Reiquier, Savoy. In 1845 he entered St. Sulpice, was ordained priest after five years of theological study, taught philosophy at the great Seminary at Avig- non, and theology at that of Nantes,*and officiated in his ecclesiastical capacity at St. Sulpice, in Paris. He afterwards spent two years in the convent of the Carmelites at Lyons, entered that Order, and attracted much attention by his preaching at the Lyce'e of that city. In June 1869 Pere Hyacinthe delivered before the Interna- tional League of Peace an address, in which he spoke of the Jewish religion, the Catholic religion, and the Protestant re- ligion as being "the three great religions of civilised peoples." This expression elicited severe censures from the Catholic press. On Sept. 20 of the same year Pere Hyacinthe published his famous Mani- festo, addressed to the General of the Barefooted Carmelites at Rome, but evidently intended for the governing powers of the Church, in which he pro- tested against the " sacrilegious perversion of the Gospel," and went on to say : " It is my profound conviction that if France in particular, and the Latin races in general, are given up to social, moral, and religi- ous anarchy, the principal cause is not Catholicism itself, but the manner in which Catholicism has for a long time been understood and practised." This manifesto against the alleged abuses in the Church created intense excitement, not only in Prance, but throughout the civilised world, and the young monk was hailed as a powerful ally by all the open opponents of the Papacy. Soon after this he left France for America, landing in New York, Oct. 18, 1869. He was warmly welcomed by the leading members of the various Protestant sects in the United States, but, though he fraternised with them to a certain extent, he con- stantly declared that he had no intention of quitting the Catholic faith. On Sept. 3, 1872, he was married in London, at the Marylebone Registry Office, to Emilie Jane, daughter of Mr. Amory Butterfield, and widow of Captain Edwin Ruthven Meriman, of the United States. The late Dr. Stanley, Dean of Westminster, and Lady Augusta Stanley, his wife, were present at the marriage. Soon after his marriage, Pere Hyacinthe was called to Geneva ; and after giving a series of lectures in the Salle de la Reformation, which found echo throughout Europe, he was invited by the Swiss Government to take charge of the Catholic Church in Geneva, and thus he became the founder of the Old Catholic State Church, or, as it is officially styled, the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland. In March 1894 Pere Hyacinthe, in consequence of pecuni- ary and other discouragement, asked Arch- bishop Gerrard Gul, head of the Dutch Jansenist body, to take over his Gallican mission. The mission was taken over, but Pere Hyacinthe was informed that, as a married priest, he would have to sink into the position of a layman. He pro- tested, and now continues his Gallican services at an Anglican church at Neuilly. In 1896 he went to Jerusalem in his en- deavours at a rapprochement between the three monotheistic religions. His great breadth of view has led to false rumours of his becoming a Copt or an Armenian. His " Last Will and Testament " explains his position very clearly. LUBBOCK, The Eight Hon. Sir John, Bart., M.P., D.C.L., LL.D., V.P.RS., D.L. , was born at 29 Eaton Place, London, April 30, 1834, being the son and heir of Sir John William Lubbock, of Mitcham Grove, Surrey, and High Elms, Down, Kent, a gentleman eminent as an astronomer and a mathematician, by his wife, Harriet, daughter of Lieut.-Col. George Hotham, of York. The baronetcy was created in 1806, in favour of the great- great-uncle of the present baronet, who succeeded to it in 1865, and who resides at High Elms, Down, in Kent. From a private school he was transferred to Eton. His father, owing to the sudden illness of several of his partners, took him when but fourteen years of age into his bank in Lombard Street, a business with which the family has been connected for several generations. He became a partner in that establishment in 1856. Among the improvements which he introduced in banking affairs were the " Country Clear- ing " and the publication of the Clearing House returns. So high was his pro- fessional reputation that he was chosen Honorary Secretary to the Association of London Bankers, the first President of the Institute of Bankers, an association numbering over 2000 members, and is now President of the Central Association of Bankers. He was nominated by the Crown to serve on the International Coin- age Commission. He was also a member of the Public School Commission, the LUBBOCK 677 Advancement of Science Commission, the Education Commission, the Gold and Silver Commission, and Chairman of the Committee which settled the designs of the new coins. He was also for some time Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. It is, however, by his works on the ancient vestiges and remains of man that Sir John Lubbock has most dis- tinguished himself. He has written " Pre- historic Times, as illustrated by Ancient Eemains and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages," 1865 (5th edit., 1889); "The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man," 1870, which also has, like the preceding work, passed through five editions, and which has been translated into all the principal languages ; " The Origin and Metamorphoses of In- sects," 1874; "On British Wild Flowers, considered in Relation to Insects," 1875 ; "Monograph of the Thysanura and Col- lembola"; two volumes of Lectures and Addresses ; a work on Ants, Bees, and Wasps, which in less than a year ran through five editions ; " The Pleasures of Life" — this is the most popular of Sir John Lubbock's works, and has run through over thirty editions, of which 130,000 copies have been sold ; " The Senses of Animals," "Fifty Years of Science," "Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves," "Representation," " Chapters in Popular Natural History," " The Beauties of Nature," " The Use of Life," " The Scenery of Switzerland" (2nd edit.), and over a hundred separate memoirs on zoo- logical, physiological, and archaeological subjects in the Transactions of the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries, the Linnaean, Ethnological, Geological, and Entomological Societies, and the British Association. He was chosen as President of the British Association for the "Jubilee " year (1881), and presided over the meeting held at York. He is now President of the Linnasan Society. He has been President of the Ethnological and Entomological Societies, and of the Anthropological Institute, Vice-President of the British Association, and of the Royal Society. Sir John Lubbock was twice chosen to represent Maidstone in Parliament. In February 1870, after he had been defeated as a Liberal candidate for West Kent by only fifty votes, he was returned for the county town, an honour which was re- newed at the general election of 1874 ; in 1880, however, he lost his seat, but was immediately returned by the Univer- sity of London, for which he now sits. In the House of Commons he has spoken principally on financial and educational- subjects. He has been so fortunate as to succeed in carrying more than twenty important public measures, including the Bank Holidays Act (1871), by which four new statute holidays were added to the two previously in existence. Amongst the other measures were : the Absconding Debtors Bill, the Apothecaries' Company Medical Act Amendment Bill, the Uni- versity of London Medical Act Amend- ment Bill, the Falsification of Accounts Bill (by which, for the first time, it be- came an offence to falsify accounts for the purpose of fraud), the Bankers' Books Evidence Bill, the College of Surgeons Medical Act Bill, the Factors Acts Amendment Bill, Shop Hours Regulation Act, and the Bills of Exchange Act, which consolidates and confirms the whole law relating to bills of exchange, cheques, and promissory notes ; the Public Libra- ries Amendment Act, the Open Spaces Act, and the Metropolis Management Act. More recently his name has been associated with the " Ancient Monuments Bill," which has received the sanction of the Legislature. In 1877 he moved the "previous question" to Mr. Gladstone's famous resolutions on the Eastern Ques- tion. In March 1878 he was appointed a Trustee of the British Museum, in the place of the late Sir William Stirling Max- well. In the same year the University of Dublin conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is also a D.C.L. of Oxford, LL.D. of Cambridge and of Edin- burgh, and M.D. of Wiirzburg. He has had the honour of being elected an honor- ary member of many foreign scientific societies, both on the Continent and in America.. He was Vice-Chancellor of the University of London for eight years, but resigned the office on his election to repre- sent the University in Parliament. This seat he held without a contest till 1886, but on the dissolution Mr. Frederic Harri- son was brought forward as a Home-Rule candidate, Sir J. Lubbock standing as a Unionist. The latter easily won the seat, polling 1314 votes against Mr. Harrison's 516. On the formation of County Councils he stood for the City on a requisition signed by the leaders of all parties, and out of 10,000 votes recorded, received 8900, the largest number of votes recorded for any candidate in the whole country. He was unanimously elected Vice-Chairman of the London County Council, and re- elected 1889 ; and in 1890 was elected Chairman, on the resignation of the Earl of Rosebery, and occupied this post to 1892. He is President of the London Chamber of Commerce, and was till 1899 President of the Working-Men's Col- lege, where he is now succeeded by Prof. A. V. Dicey. Several of his books have been translated into the French, German, Spanish, Italian, Danish, Swedish, Russian, Polish Bohemian, Roumanian, 678 LUCAN — LUCKOCK Marathi, and Urdu languages. Sir John Lubbock married (1), in 1856, Ellen, only child of the Eev. Peter Hordern, Chorlton- cum-Hardy (she died in 1879) ; and (2) Alice, daughter of General Fox-Pitt- Rivers, in 1884. Addresses : High Elms, Down, Kent ; 2 St. James's Square ; and Athenaeum. LUCAN, Earl of, The Right Hon. George Bingham, Bart., K.P., J.P., was born May 8, 1830, and succeeded his father as 4th Earl in 1888. He was edu- cated at Rugby, and then obtained a commission in the army. He served in the Rifle Brigade and the Coldstream Guards, acted as A.D.C. to his father in the Crimea, where he was present at the battles of the Alma and Balaclava, and finally retired as Lieut.-Colonel in 1860. As Lord Bingham, he sat in the House of Commons as member for Mayo from 1865 to 1874, and is now a Representative Peer for Ireland, having a seat in the House of Lords. He is a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and of the Medjidieh, has been Vice-Admiral of Connaught since 1889, and was created K.P. in March 1899. Lord Lucan was married, in 1859, to Lady Cecilia Catherine Gordon-Lennox, daugh- ter of the 5th Duke of Richmond, K.G. Addresses : Laleham House, Staines ; and Castlebar House, Mayo. LUCAS, John Seymour, R.A., was born in London on Dec. 21, 1849, and is a son of Henry Lucas, brother of the por- trait painter. Leaving school at the age of fifteen, he spent three months in the studio of a sculptor, and a further term of nine months with Gerard Robinson, the wood-carver, from whom he received his first notions of composition. His uncle, John Lucas, the painter, then articled him to his son, John Templeton Lucas, who was to teach him the art of painting. During the term of his appren- ticeship Mr. Lucas attended the evening classes of the St. Martin's School of Art, in connection with South Kensington ; and in 1871 he became a student of the Royal Academy, exhibiting his first pic- ture there in 1872. It was not until 1875, however, that Mr. Lucas contributed to the annual exhibition at Burlington House a work of any mark ; this was entitled " By Hook or Crook." The follow- ing year he sent two pictures, " Fleeced," and " For the King and the Cause" ; and in 1877, " Intercepted Despatches." "An Ambuscade, Edge Hill," appeared in 1878. The technical excellence of all this artist's work is of a high order, and is especially noticeable in " The Gordon Riots," which was exhibited in 1879. In 1877 he was elected full member of the Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, and in 1886 was elected A.R.A. His recent works are " The Armada in Sight," 1880 ; "Charles before Gloucester," 1881; " The Favourite," 1882 ; "A Whip for Van Trompe," 1883 ; " After Culloden," 1884 ; " From the Field of Sedgemoor," 1885 ; " Peter the Great at Deptford," 1886; and "The Latest Scan- dal," 1887, &c. He exhibited "The Call to Arms," and four portraits at the Royal Academy's Exhibition in 1894. Since that date he has exhibited as many as twenty- one pictures and black and white drawings at the Royal Academy. He was made R.A. in February 1898. Address : New Place, Woodchurch Road, West Hamp- stead, N.W. LUCCA, Pauline. Madame. See Wallhopfen, LUCK, Major-General Sir George, K.C.B., was born on Oct. 24, 1840. He is one of the Lucks of Mailing, Kent. He was educated privately, and entered the 15th Foot (East York Regiment) as Ensign in April 1858. The following year he exchanged into the 6th Dragoons, Innis- killings, and in 1868 was promoted Captain in the 15th Hussars. He attained the rank of Major in March 1878, and Lieut.- Colonel in April 1879. From 1871 to 1874 he was Instructor in Army Signalling at Bombay. He took part in the Jowaki Expedition of 1878, receiving a medal. He saw much service in the Afghan War, and took part in the occupation of Kanda- har and Khelat-i-Ghilzai, and the opera- tions at Yarkistan. He also commanded the advance cavalry at the action of Takht- i-pul, where he was wounded. He was mentioned in despatches, and received a C.B., and commanded the 15th Hussars in the march from Quetta and the relief of Kandahar. Sir George Luck with his regiment went to South Africa and took part in the Transvaal war of 1881. He was promoted to be Brigadier-General in command of the Sind district in 1884, was transferred to the Bengal command in 1887; and in the same year was appointed Inspector-General of Cavalry in India. He was promoted Major-General in May 1893, and was appointed Inspector-General of Cavalry in Great Britain and Ireland in 1895. Major-General Sir George Luck is married to Ellen Georgina, daughter of Major-General Frank Adams, C.B. Ad- dresses : Horse Guards, Whitehall ; and 23 Courtfield Road, South Kensington, S.W. LUCKOCK, The Very Rev. Her- bert Mortimer, D.D., Dean of Lichfield, was born at Great Barr, Staffordshire, on July 11, 1833, and is the second son of the LUCY — LUDLOW 679 Rev. T. G. M. Luckock. He was educated at Marlborough and Shrewsbury, and at Jesus College, Cambridge. After taking orders he was twice Vicar of All Saints', Cambridge. He has been Rector of Gay- hurst and Stoke Goldington, Honorary and then Residentiary Canon of Ely, first Principal of Ely Theological College, and was appointed Dean of Lichfield in 1892. He has published works bearing on points of theology and church history, such as the intermediate state, the history of marriage, the state of the faithful dead. He has also written " Footprints of the Son of Man,'"' Footprints of the Apostles," "The Divine Liturgy," "History of the Church of Scotland," and has edited Bishop Woodford's " Great Commission." He married, in 1866, Margaret Emma, daugh- ter of S. H. Thompson, of Thingwall, Lanes. Addresses : The Deanery, Lich- field ; and Athenaeum. LUCY, Henry W., J. P., born at Crosby, near Liverpool, Dec. 5, 1845, was appren- ticed to a Liverpool merchant ; joined the staff of the Shrewsbury Chronicle as chief reporter in 1864 ; in 1869 went to Paris to attend lectures at the Sorbonne ; in Janu- ary 1870 returned to London to join the staff of the morning edition of the Pall Mail Gazette; and in October 1873 joined the Daily News as special correspondent, chief of the Gallery staff, and writer of the Parliamentary summary. Mr. Lucy is the author of " A Handbook of Parliamentary Procedure " ; and " Men and Manner in Parliament. " He is a frequent contributor to London and American periodical litera- ture. In 1882 his first novel, " Gideon Fleyce," was published. In the autumn of 1883 he made a journey round the world, visiting the United States, Japan, and India. He wrote an account of the journey in a series of Letters which first appeared in the Daily Nexos and the New York Tribune, and were subsequently pub- lished in book form under the title " East by West." In 1885 the first volume of his "Diary of Two Parliaments" was pub- lished simultaneously in this country, the United States, and Australia. The second volume appeared in 1886. "A Diary of the Salisbury Parliament " was published in 1892 ; " A Diary of the Home Rule Par- liament," in 1896. Others of his works are, " Faces and Places," 1895 ; " Mr. Gladstone, a Study from Life," 1896 ; " The Miller's Niece," 1896. On the death of Mr. Tom Taylor, who, in succession to Mr. Shirley Brooks, had written the "Es- sence of Parliament " for Punch, Mr. Lucy was invited to continue the work. This he did in a new style, now familiar as "The Diary of Toby, M.P." In 1878 his letters to the Daily News, describing the condition of the people in South Wales owing to the strike, resulted in a public subscription, which in the course of three weeks amounted to over £10,000 in cash, in addition to many gifts in kind. With a portion of the money the rector of Merthyr was enabled to feed daily for seventeen weeks 5000 children. Mr. Lucy has travelled extensively, and accompanied the Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lome, when the last-named was appointed to the Governor-Generalship of Canada in 1878. In January 1886 Mr. Lucy accepted the editorship of the Daily Nevis, resigning the post in July 1887, preferring his earlier work in the Press Gallery of the House of Commons. Addresses : 42 Ashley Gardens, Westminster ; Whitethorn, Hythe, Kent. LUDLOW, Sir Henry, Knt., Chief - Justice of the Leeward Islands, was born in 1838, and is the son of Mr. George Ludlow, late of Hertford, who was first cousin to Mr. Serjeant Ludlow, sometime Recorder of Bristol. Sir Henry was edu- cated at Christ's Hospital and St. John's College, Cambridge, and graduated as B.A., 8th Wrangler, in 1857, and subse- quently became M.A. and Fellow of St. John's. He obtained, in 1861, the student- ship granted by the Inns of Court to the student who passed the best examination previous to his call to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn ; and was called to the Bar in 1862, and appointed Attorney-General of Trinidad in 1874, and Chief -Justice of the Leeward Islands in 1886. In conjunction with E. Chisholm Batten he published "Batten and Ludlow on the Jurisdiction of the County Courts in Equity," and in con- junction with H. Jenkyns, Esq., published "Ludlow and Jenkyns on Trade-Marks." He married, in 1876, Alice, daughter of Thomas Swordes. Address : St. John's, Antigua, West Indies. LUDLOW, Lord, The Eight Hon. Henry Charles Lopes, D.L., third son of the late Ralph Lopes, the second baronet of Maristow, Devon, by Susan Gibbs, eldest daughter of the late A. Ludlow, Esq., of Hey wood House, Wiltshire, was born at Devonport, Oct. 3, 1828, and received his education at Winchester School, and at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A. 1850). He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, June 7, 1852, and for some time he practised as an equity draughtsman and conveyancer. In 1857 he joined the Western Circuit, of which he became, in course of time, the leading "stuff gown." Mr. Lopes was made Recorder of Exeter in 1867, obtained his silk gown in 1869, and was elected a Bencher of his Inn shortly afterwards. In April 1868 he was returned to the House of Commons, in the Conservative interest, as 680 LUGARD — LUITPOLD member for Launceston. He was re-elected in December 1868, and he continued to sit for that borough till January 1874. The Warrington Park property having in the meantime changed hands, it then became necessary for Mr. Lopes either to oppose the new owner or to seek for another seat. Choosing the latter alternative, he deter- mined to stand for Frome, near which borough he had a residence and property. After a severe contest he was returned by 642 votes, against 557 recorded in favour of Mr. Willans, the Liberal candidate. He continued to represent Frome until his elevation to the judicial bench. Mr. Lopes was a frequent speaker in the House of Commons, and he succeeded in carrying through that House a Jury Bill containing more than a hundred sections, but there was not sufficient time to get it passed by the House of Peers. On Nov. 3, 1876, Mr. Lopes accepted the vacant judgeship in the Court of Common Pleas, in succes- sion to the late Mr. Justice Archibald, and very shortly afterwards he received the honour of knighthood. In November 1876, on the death of his maternal uncle, Sir Henry Lopes became the owner of Hey- wood, near Westbury, Wiltshire, a place which had been for many years in his mother's family, and where he now resides. On Dec. 1, 1885, he was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal, and subsequently sworn of the Privy Council. He retired from the Court of Appeal in 1897, and was raised to the peerage as Lord Ludlow of Heywood, being granted an annuity of £3500. In 1854 he married Cordelia Lucy, daughter of Brving Clarke, Esq., of Efford Manor, near Plymouth, and thus became connected with the old Cornish families of Moles- worth and Trelawney. She died in Decem- ber 1891. Sir Henry was Treasurer of the Inner Temple for the year 1890 ; and has been a Member of the Council of Legal Education. He was appointed Chairman of the Wilts Quarter Sessions in 1895. Addresses : Heywood, Westbury, Wilts ; 8 Cromwell Place, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. LUGARD, Colonel Frederick J. D., C.B., D.S.O., who comes of a race of fine soldiers, is a nephew of the late General the Right Hon. Sir Edward Lugard, G.C.B. He was born at Fort George, Madras, in 1858, his father being an army chaplain there at the time. He was educated at Rossall, and passed from that school into Sandhurst direct. He entered the army as a second lieutenant in the 86th Foot, the Royal Irish Rifles, and soon after joined the Norfolk Regiment. In 1879 he went to India, and was attached to the expedition despatched to avenge the murder of Sir Louis Cavagnari. He saw a good deal of service in the Afghan War, and was present at the affair at Saidabad. Mr. Lugard occupied his leisure during the next three or four years in preparation for different army examinations, and in studying the phases of animal life, thus gaining a knowledge which stood him in good stead when he wrote the zoological part of his work on Africa. In 1885 he was promoted captain, and was appointed, by telegram, transport officer of the Indian contingent under General Hudson for Suakin. He was mentioned in despatches, and received a medal with clasp, and the Khedive's Star, for his services in Egypt. In 1886 Captain Lugard went as transport officer to the Ruby Mines Column in Burma. As there are no roads in the portion of the country through which he journeyed, and the way led over moun- tains 8000 feet high, and through a dense bamboo jungle, the difficulties in the path were very great, but so successfully did Lugard overcome them that he was made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order, then recently instituted. In 1888 he commanded an expedition which was sent against slave-traders on Lake Nyassa, when he was severely wounded. After- wards, during sick-leave, he was appointed Representative in Uganda of the British East Africa Company, and on his return to-England in 1893 published his important work on "The Rise of our East African Empire ; or, Early Efforts in Uganda and Nyassaland," and in a series of public lectures and letters to the Times strenuously advocated the retention of those countries under British rule, in which efforts he has been successful. In 1894 Captain Lugard was employed by the Royal Niger Com- pany in command of the expedition to Borgu, which was organised to negotiate treaties between England and the native potentates. He was created a C.B. in May 1895, and in the following year was sent in charge of an expedition to Lake Ngami. He was shortly after appointed Commissioner and Commandant of the Forces in Nigeria and Lagos. Colonel Lugard, on account of ill health, returned to England in August 1898. Club : Junior Army and Navy. LTTITPOLD, Prince Charles Joseph William Louis, Regent of Bavaria, was born at Wiirzburg, Mar. 12, 1821, and is the second son of King Louis I. of Bavaria. He is General and Inspector-General of the Bavarian Army, Chief of the Regiment of Bavarian Artillery, and proprietor of the first regiment of Austrian Artillery. He married, April 15, 1844, the Princess Augusta, Archduchess of Austria, and has four children. On the death of Louis II., King of Bavaria, on June 10, 1886, he was appointed Regent on account of the mental "LUKE LIMNER" — LUNN 681 derangement of Prince Otto, the succeed- ing titular king. " LUKE LIMNER." See Leighton, John. LUMSDEN, General Sir Peter Stark, G.C.B., C.S.I, D.L, son of the late Colonel Thomas Lumsden, C.B, was born on Nov. 9, 1829. He entered the Indian Army in 1847, and has risen to his present rank by constant and active service, prin- cipally on the North-West and other frontiers of India. In 1857 he was em- ployed in a difficult mission to Afghanistan, at the crisis of the Indian Mutiny, and creditably discharged his arduous and perilous duties. He served in Central India in 1858, under Major-General Sir R. Napier. He accompanied the expedition to China in 1860, and was present in all the actions there, including the assault and capture of the Taku Forts. He was Quartermaster- General of the Army in India from 1868 to 1873, and Adjutant-General from 1874 to 1879, and Chief of the Staff to the Commander-in-Chief, Sir F. P. Haines, during the last Afghan War. He was appointed Commissioner for the demarca- tion of the North-Western Boundary of Afghanistan, July 16, 1884. After the Penjdeh "incident," Sir Peter Lumsden returned home to report on the state of things to the British Government, and his place was taken by Colonel (now Sir West) Ridgway. He attained General's rank in 1890, and joined the Indian Staff Corps in that year. Sir Peter Lumsden was a member of the Council of India from 1883 to 1893, and was made a G.C.B. July 3, 1885. He married, in 1862, Mary, daughter of J. Marriott. Address : Buch- romb, Dufftown, Scotland. LUNN, Henry Simpson, M.D., F.R.G.S. , editor of Travel, was born at Horncastle, in Lincolnshire, on July 30, 1859, and is the eldest son of Henry Lunn. He was educated at the Horn- castle Grammar School, and at Dublin University, where he graduated B.A., M.D., B.Ch. In 1887 Dr. Lunn left Eng- land for the Indian Mission field as a medical missionary. As correspondent to the Pall Mall Gazette he attended the Indian National Congress, becoming inti- mately acquainted with the leaders of the movement, and lecturiug to large assem- blies of educated Hindus on the develop- ment of their national life. The vigour with which he threw himself into his Indian work was responsible for a series of attacks of malarial fever, and he was ordered home only twelve months after he had entered the work. He was at once invited to become the colleague of the Rev. H. Price Hughes at St. James's Hall, and for two years was actively engaged in the work of the West London Mission. During this period he wrote a series of articles for Mr. Hughes's paper, the Metho- dist Times, which led to a grave contro- versy and to a special Commission, of which the Right Hon. Sir Henry Fowler, Sir George Chubb, and others were mem- bers. The report of the Commission was indecisive, but the bitterness aroused was so great that Dr. Lunn resigned the Methodist ministry, and accepted an ap- pointment as Sunday Evening Lecturer at the Regent Street Polytechnic. At this date he published his Indian experiences, under the title of " A Friend of Missions in India." In 1890 Dr. Lunn founded the Review of the Churches, a magazine express- ing the increasing desire for inter-de- nominational comity. In this he was assisted by an editorial staff, including Dean Farrar, Rev. Donald Fraser, D. D. ; Rev. John Clifford, D.D. ; Rev. John Mac- kennal, D.D. ; and Mr. Percy Bunting. In 1892 he founded the Grindelwald Con- ference for the consideration of the ques- tion of Christian unity, and was supported in arranging these gatherings by the Bishops of Ripon and Worcester, Earl Nelson, Dean Fremantle, the Moderator of the Church of Scotland, the Moderator of the English Presbyterian Church, the Moderator of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and a number of in- fluential Nonconformist divines. In 1895 Dr. Lunn visited America and lectured on Christian Unity and on the Religions of India to large and enthusiastic audiences in New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, Toronto, and Boston. He also delivered lectures at the Univer- sities of Harvard, Brown, and Boston. During late years he has devoted con- siderable energy to the development of the tours which grew out of the Grindel- wald Conference, and which have assumed a special educational character, and in connection with this development, he has published a series of guide-books entitled "How to Visit Switzerland," "How to Visit Italy," "How to Visit Northern Europe," and " How to Visit the Medi- terranean." Recently Dr. Lunn has taken an active part in the organisation of Free Church Councils, and spoke at the last gathering of the National Federation of Free Churches in Bristol on the relation of the Free Churches to journalism. He is also a member of, and lecturer for, the Eighty Club. He was one of the original founders of the Liberal Forward Move- ment, and is a member of the Execu- tive Committee. Dr. Lunn is married to Ethel, eldest daughter of Canon Moore, of 682 LUSHINGTON — LYDEKKER Midleton Rectory. Address : 5 Endsleigh Gardens, N.W. LUSHINGTON, Sir Godfrey, K.C.B., G.C.M.G. (1899), M.A., fifth son of the late Right Hon. S. Lushington, M.P. , was born in 1832. He was educated at Rugby and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in Classical Moderations in 1853, and also a first class in the Final School of Lit. Hum. in 1854 ; he was also elected a Fellow of All Souls' College. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1858, became counsel to the Home Office in 1869, and was appointed Assistant Under- Secretary of State for the Home Depart- ment in 1876. Sir G. Lushington was, from 1883 to 1895, Permanent Under- Secretary at the Home Office, and was created a K.C.B. in 1892. Formerly a member of the London County Council, he was elected Alderman (Moderate) until 1900, but resigned his Aldermanship in March 1898. He was married, in 1865, to Beatrice, daughter of S. Smith, of Embley, Romsey, Hants. Addresses : 34 Old Queen Street, S.W. ; Stokke, Great Bed- wyn, Hungerford ; and Athenaeum. LUXEMBURG - NASSAU, Grand- Duke of, Adolphus- William Charles- Augustus-Frederick, was born at Bieb- rich, July 24, 1817, and married, at Dessau, April 23, 1851, his second wife, Princess Adelaide of Anhalt ; his first wife, the Grand-Duchess Elisabeth Michai'lovna of Russia, having died in 1845 without issue. His only daughter, Princess Hilda, was married to the Crown Prince Frederick of Baden in 1885, a grandson of the Emperor William I., with a settlement of a million sterling. The Hereditary Prince Alex- ander is likewise an only son, born in 1852, and serves as major-general in the Austrian army. Should his sister die without issue, her dower will ultimately revert to him, and he will be one of the wealthiest princes in Europe, his father possessing, in addi- tion to a fortune of at least three millions sterling, vast estates in Austria and Ger- many. Prince Alexander married, on June 21, 1893, Marie-Anne, Princess of Braganza. Through this union his family hope to secure the succession to the Luxemburg throne in the direct line, thus eventually avoiding complications with Prussia. LYALL, Sir Alfred Corny n, K.C.B., G.C.I.E., son of the Rev. Alfred Lyall, was born at Coulston, Surrey, in 1835, and educated at Eton. He was appointed Home Secretary in India in 1873 ; Foreign Secretary in 1878 ; and Lieut.-Governor of the North-West Provinces in 1882, hav- ing in the previous year been created a K.C.B. He was formerly Secretary to the Order of the Star of India, and the Order of the Indian Empire. Sir Alfred Lyall, who is no less distinguished in literature than in the public service, is the author of "Asiatic Studies, Religious and Social," 1882, and of a volume of poems. In 1889 he published a biography of Warren Hast- ings in the English Men of Action Series, and in 1891 delivered the Rede Lecture at Cambridge on " Natural Religion in India." In 1893 appeared his " Rise of the British Dominion in India " (3rd edit., 1893). In January 1888 he was appointed a mem- ber of the Council of India. He has the honorary degree of D.C. L. at Oxford, and of LL.D. at Cambridge. In 1863 he mar- ried Cora, daughter of P. Cloete. Ad- dresses : 18 Queen's Gate, S.W. ; and Athenseum. LYALL, Sir Charles James, K.C.S.I., CLE., LL.D., Edinb., late Chief Commis- sioner of the Central Provinces of India, was born March 9, 1845, and educated at King's College, London, and at Balliol College, Ox- ford. In 1867 he entered the Bengal Civil Service, and was Assistant-Magistrate for Meerut until 1871, when he was appointed Under-Secretary for the N.W. Provinces. After holding other under-secretaryships, he became Secretary of the Chief Commis- sion of Assam in 1880 ; and Secretary to the Government of India for the Home Department, 1889-95, when he was ap- pointed to the post of Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces, India. In 1898 he was appointed Secretary of the Judicial and Public Department of the India Office. He has translated several texts from the Arabic. Address : Government House, Nagpur. LYALL, Edna. See Bayly, Ada Ellen. LYDEKKER, Richard, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., J.P. for Hertfordshire, eldest son of the late G. W. Lydekker, was born in 1849, went to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1868, and in 1871 was second in the first class of the Natural Science Tripos, the late Mr. A. H. Garrod being senior. In 1874 he went with three friends on a tour to Kashmir, and while there in the autumn was appointed by Lord Salis- bury (then Secretary for India) to the Geological Survey of India. He held this appointment until 1892, when he resigned on his marriage with the elder daughter of the Rev. Canon Davys, Rector of Wheat- hampstead, Herts, for which county he became J.P. during the same year. Dur- ing his service on the Geological Survey of India, he surveyed nearly the whole of the territories of the Maharaja of Kashmir. LYNE 683 The results of this difficult work were written after the author's return home, and published, with a map, by the Govern- ment of India in the Memoirs of the Geolo- gical Survey of India. In the winters during his Indian service, Mr. Lydekker was occupied in descriptions of the large series of vertebrate fossils from the Siwalik Hills at the foot of the Himalayas, this being continued (by special grant from the Indian Government) after his return to England. The results were published by the Indian Government in the Palaiontologia Inaliea. In 1884 Mr. Lydekker undertook for the Trustees the writing of catalogues of the fossil mammalia, birds, reptilia, and amphibia in the British Museum. Of this work the mammalia occupy five volumes ; reptiles and amphibians four, and the birds one volume. In 1893, and again in 1894, Mr. Lydekker, under the auspices of the Koyal Society, went out to Argentina to study the fossil mammals in the La Plata Museum, the results of his investigations having been published in two volumes, illustrated by folio plates. He has written a number of papers on vertebrate palaeon- tology, published in the Records of the Geological Survey of India, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, &c. While in India he was a Fellow of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. In 1880 he was elected a Fellow of the Zoological Society, and in 1883 he became a Fellow of the Geological Society. and was elected a member of the Council of the latter Society in 1886, and again in 1893, while in the following year he was chosen one of the Vice-Presidents, and in 1898 was elected on the Council of the Zoological Society. Mr. Lydekker is also joint-author with Professor H. A. Nichol- son of the only "Manual of Paleontology " extant in this country ; while, in co-opera- tion with Sir W. H. Flower, then Director of the British Museum (Natural History), he has written "The Study of Mammals." To the general public he is, however, pro- bably better known as the editor and chief author of the "Royal Natural History." Among his other contributions to scientific literature may be mentioned : an illustrated monograph of "The Deer of all Lands," "A Geographical History of Mammals," "Horns and Hoofs," " Forms and Phases of Animal Life," and "Life and Rock," three volumes of Allen's Naturalists' Library. He married, in 1882, Lucy Mari- anne, eldest daughter of Canon Davys. Address : The Lodge, Harpenden, Herts. LYNE, The Rev. Joseph Iieycester, called "Father Ignatius," son of Francis and Louisa Genevieve Lyne, was born Nov. 23, 1837, at Trinity Square, by the Tower of London, educated at St. Paul's School, then by Eev. G. N. Wright, at Ayscough Free Hall, Spalding, Lincoln, and Britannia House, Worcester; next at Trinity College, Glenalmond, Perth. He was ordained in 1860 to the curacy of St. Peter's, Plymouth, and was then Mission Curate to the late Mr. Lowder at St. George's in the East, but left him in 1862 to begin the attempt of restoring monasticism in the Church of England. He began at Claydon, near Ips- wich, and moved to Norwich, Jan. 30, 1863. Next he moved to the Isle of Wight, to a house of Dr. Pusey's, at Chale, then to Laleham, Chertsey, for three years, and finally he purchased land among the Black Mountains, and built Llanthony Abbey, five miles beyond the old ruined Llanthony Priory. There is a Priory of Nuns attached to the Church, as well as an Abbey for Monks, after the example of many of the old double monasteries of the Saxon Church. The monks claim to follow the ancient rule of St. Benedict, and use the Benedictine Breviary for Choir Office and the Sarum"" Missal of the ante-Reformation Church of England. They wear the old English Bene- dictine dress. Mr. Lyne's monastic name is "Ignatius of Jesus." During the last few years Father Ignatius has inaugurated a special crusade in defence of the Holy Scriptures and Orthodox Christianity against the "Higher Critics" and other opponents of Orthodoxy within the Church of England. During the year 1893 he initiated at Llanthony Abbey a petition to the Archbishop of Canterbury and Convo- cation, praying that Church authority should arrest the attacks upon the Faith of Christ now so common among the clergy. The petition was largely signed first in Oxford, then throughout the coun- try. It was presented by the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. In the early part of 1893 the Monk's preaching at the Uni- versity Church of St. Mary the Virgin in Oxford caused much excitement, being commented on as a significant fact by the Times and most newspapers throughout the country. Never had such vast congrega- tions of men assembled in this historic church for centuries. " The feat of filling and more than filling St. Mary's with men only has not been accomplished by any other preacher," was the statement made by one of the chief Church papers at the time. At the Church Congress at Birming- ham in 1893 Father Ignatius denounced the author of "Lux Mundi" as "an impugner of Holy Scripture and of our Lord Jesus Christ." He is the author of many pub- lished sermons, poems, hymns ; the "Tales of Llanthony," "Brother Placidus," "Leo- nard Morris," and "Tales of the Monastery." He is the composer of many pieces of sacred music, 1860-98 ; also editor of 684 LYNN — LYONS " Llanthony Monastery Tracts." In the years 1890 and 1891 the Welsh Monk made a missionary tour in America. From Quebec to the southernmost point of civi- lisation in Florida he preached the old- fashioned Gospel message, receiving invi- tations from bishops and clergy, from Baptist, Congregational, Presbyterian, and Methodist ministers to preach in their places of worship. He was asked by the Superior of a Roman Catholic College to address their students, and in Chicago he preached in the Cathedral and in Mr. D. L. Moody's Tabernacle. The Monk's visit to North America was certainly, from an ecclesiastical point of view, unique. In the summer of 1898 he was ordained Priest at Llanthony Abbey by Archbishop Mar Timotheus, of the Syrian Church, and afterwards issued a manifesto with regard to his ordination, in which he maintained the validity of the orders he had received. Address : Llanthony Abbey, near Aber- gavenny. LYNN, "William Thynne, B.A., F.R.A.S., eldest son of the late William Bewicke Lynn, F.R.C.S., for many years one of the surgeons of Westminster Hos- pital, and descended from a family long resident in the county of Durham, was born at Chelsea, Aug. 9, 1835, and educated privately in the neighbourhood of Esher, Surrey. His first appointment, after a short preliminary training at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, was that of an assistant at the Cambridge Observatory, under the late Professor Challis, in the year 1855, whence, in the following year, he returned to Greenwich as a member of the staff of the Royal Observatory, where Professor (afterwards Sir George) Airy was Astronomer-Royal. For several years he superintended the greater part of the astronomical calculations, during which he found time to devote some of his evenings to attending lectures at King's College, London, of which he was elected an asso- ciate in 18G2. In that year he also gradu- ated as B.A. in the University of London, after passing the requisite examinations in 1860 and 1861. In February 1862 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, to the Monthly Notices of which he from time to time contributed papers, of which the last appeared in 1896. In 1863 he published a small educational work called "The First Principles of Natural Philosophy." A long and serious illness compelled him to desist from night exposure, in consequence of which he retired from the Observatory in the month of February 1880. He continued, however, to give much of his time to astronomical literature, and numerous contributions from his pen appeared in the pages of the Observatory, the Athenceum, the Companion to the British Almanac, and other periodi- cals ; besides his editing and revising various astronomical works. In 1884 he published a concise and popular summary of the most interesting facts known re- specting the heavenly bodies (especially their movements) under the title "Celestial Motions : a Handy Book of Astronomy," of which a ninth edition appeared in 1897. In 1886 he was elected an Honorary Asso- ciateof the Liverpool Astronomical Society. In 1880 he had been admitted a Lay Reader in the diocese of Rochester ; and in 1889 he published two small volumes, intended chiefly for Sunday-school teachers, on "Bible Chronology, " and "Brief Lessons on the Parables and Miracles of our Lord," and early in 1891 a third, entitled "Emi- nent Scripture Characters," and in 1892 a " Short Catechism of English Church His- tory" in pamphlet form. In 1893 appeared also a small treatise on "Remarkable Comets" (of which a sixth edition was published in 1898), and "Brief Lessons on Astronomy," and in 1896 a companion volume to the former, entitled "Remark- able Eclipses," which is now in its third edition. The columns of Notes and Queries since 1882 contain a large number of con- tributions from his pen on literary, scien- tific, and Biblical subjects. "Celestial Motions " has been translated into French. Address : 3 South A'ale, Blackheath, S.E. LYONS, Sir Algernon M'Lennan, G.C.B., D.L., Admiral of the Fleet, was born in August 1833. He is the son of the late Lieutenant-General Humphrey Lyons by Eliza, daughter of Henry Bennett, Esq., of Fir Grove, Liverpool. He entered the Navy in 1847, and was promoted Lieutenant in June 1854, serving in that rank through- out the Russian War in the Black Sea. He commanded the boats of H.M.S. Firebrand in the destruction of Russian works on the Danube, and was mentioned in despatches. He was also present at the bombardment of Sebastopol, and as Flag-Lieutenant to the Commander-in-Chief assisted in subse- quent operations in the Black Sea, including the capture of Kertch and Kinburn. Sir Algernon commanded H.M.S. Racer on the American Station during the Civil War, and in 1875 he was appointed Commodore on the West Indian Station. He was pro- moted Rear-Admiral in 1878, and became successively Commander-in-Chief in the Pacific, on the North American Station, and at Devonport, where he succeeded H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. From 1875 to 1878 he was an Aide-de-camp to the Queen, becoming First and Principal Naval A.D.C. to Her Majesty in 1895. Sir Algernon was appointed K. C.B. in 1889, and promoted to G.C.B. in 1897. He holds LYTE — MAAETENS 685 the Crimean and Turkish Medals and the Medjidieh of the fifth class, and is a Deputy- Lieutenant and J.P. for the county of Glamorganshire. He married, in 1879, Louisa, daughter of Thomas Penrice, Esq., of Kilvrough, Glamorganshire. Address : Kilvrough Park, Mill, R.S.O. LYTE, Sir Henry Churchill Max- well, K.C.B., F.S.A., Deputy-Keeper of the Records, Royal Commissioner on Historical MSS., is the son of the late J. W. Maxwell Lyte, Esq., grandson of the Rev. H. F. Lyte, the well-known hymn- writer, and the representative of the families of Lyte of Lytescary, co. Somer- set, and Maxwell of Falkland, co. Mona- ghan. He was born in London on May 29, 1848, and educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he took honours in Law and History and became M.A. In 1875 he published a "History of Eton College," of which a new edition, revised and enlarged, was issued in 1889. In 1880 and 1881 he contributed to the Archaeo- logical Journal a series of papers on " Dunster and its Lords," which was afterwards reprinted with additions as a volume for private circulation. This was followed, in 1886, by a "History of the University of Oxford from the earliest times to the year 1530." In the mean- while Mr. Maxwell Lyte had been acting for some years as an Inspector for the Historical Manuscripts Commission. Re- ports by him on the Collections of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, the Duke of Rutland, and upwards of twenty other owners, have at different times been pre- sented to Parliament. In January 1886 he was appointed Deputy-Keeper of the Records, in succession to the late Sir William Hardy, and as such was entrusted with the direction of all official publica- tions and arrangements connected with the national archives, upon which he presents an annual report. In the follow- ing month he was nominated one of the Royal Commissioners on Historical Manu- scripts. He was made a OB. in January 1889, and a K.C.B. in 1897. He married, in 1871, Frances Fownes, daughter of the late J. C. Somerville, Esq., of Dinder, co. Somerset. Addresses : 3 Portman Square, W. ; and Athenaeum. LYTTELTON, Hon. Alfred, M.P., M.A., is the eighth son of the 4th Lord Lyttelton, and was born on Feb. 7, 1857. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was captain of both his school and university cricket elevens. He graduated B.A. in 1878, was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1881, and joined the Oxford Circuit. He acted as Legal Private Secretary to Sir Henry James, when Attorney-General, from 1882 to 1886, was appointed Recorder of Hereford in 1894, and in the following year became Recorder of Oxford. Mr. Lyttelton has represented Warwick and Leamington as a Liberal Unionist Member of the House of Commons since 1895, and he was chosen to second the Address in the Lower House in 1897. Address : 16 Great College Street, Westminster, S.W. LYTTELTON, Hon. Canon Ed- ward, M.A., the seventh son of the 4th Lord Lyttelton, and Mary, daughter of Sir S. Glynne, horn July 23, 1855, was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was foundation scholar, and where he gained a second- class in the Class. Tripos in 1878. He was assistant - master at Wellington College, 1880-82; assistant - master at Eton Col- lege, 1882-90 ; and was appointed head- master of Haileybury College in 1890. He was made an Honorary Canon of St. Albans in 1895. He married, in 1888, Caroline Amy, younger daughter of the Very Rev. John West, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin. Mr. Lyttelton is the author of a " Handbook on Cricket," 1890 ; "Mothers and Sons," 1892; and "Shall we go on with Latin Verses ? " 1897. He served on her Majesty's Royal Commission on Secondary Education, 1894-96. As a cricketer, moreover, Mr. Lyttelton has made his mark, and forms with his two brothers a remarkable trio of experts at this fine old English game. Residence : Master's Lodge, Haileybury College, Hertford. M MAAK.TENS, Bf aarten, novelist, was born in Holland, and received his educa- tion in Germany, and at the University of Utrecht. He is a barrister by profession, but for years now he has devoted himself entirely to literature. Some of his best- known books are: "The Sin of Joost Avelingh," "An Old Maid's Love," "A Question of Taste," " God's Fool " (perhaps his most popular work), and " The Greater Glory." These works, originally written in excellent English, are also published by the author in his native tongue. They present a not over - pleasant picture of bourgeois existence in the Netherlands, but are admitted by Dutchmen to be singu- larly true to life. On the occasion of her Majesty, Queen Wilhelmina of Holland, ascending the throne on Aug. 31, 1898, Mr. Maarten Maartens published a charming poem in the Daily Chronicle of that date, hailing the youthful Sovereign as "Queen of the Lowlands by the Northern Sea." 686 MACALISTER MACALISTER, Alexander, M.D., LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.S.A., second son of Robert Macalister, Esq., was born in Dublin on April 19, 1844, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He became L.R.C.S. in 1861, L.R.C.P. 1862, and sub- sequently M.A. and M.D. of the Univer- sities of Dublin and Cambridge, LL.D. of the University of Glasgow and of M'Gill University. In 1869 he was appointed Professor of Zoology in Dublin University, and of Anatomy in 1872. In 1883 he was appointed Professor of Anatomy at Cam- bridge, and he was elected a Fellow of St. John's College. He is F.R.S. and member of the Senate of the Royal Uni- versity of Ireland, and has published "In- troduction to Animal Morphology," 1876 ; " Morphology of Vertebrate Animals," 1878; "Text-Book of Human Anatomy," 1889 ; and a number of papers on ana- tomical and other subjects. Address : Torrisdale, Cambridge. MACALISTER, Donald, M.A., M.D., Cantab., B.Sc. London, F.R.C.P. London, was born May 17, 1854, at Perth, Scotland, and is the son of Donald MacAlister, Esq., formerly of Tarbert, Lochfyne, represen- tative of the ancient family who were hereditary keepers of Tarbert Castle. He was educated at Aberdeen and at Liverpool Institute, and his scholastic successes were probably unique. He took the highest place in successive years in Oxford Senior, Cambridge Senior, and London Matriculation ; five Gold and Silver Medals in the Science and Art Examinations ; Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society ; and five scholar- ships at Oxford and Cambridge. He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, October 1873, gained all College honours open to him, including the Herschel prize for Astronomy ; graduated B.A. as senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman 1877, and B.Sc. London the same year. He was Master at Harrow in 1877, and subse- quently examiner, and was elected Fellow of St. John's in the same year. He studied medicine at Cambridge and St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, where he was Lecturer in Natural Philosophy, and graduated M.B. in 1881. He made researches in the physiology of heat- production under Professor Ludwig at Leipzig in 1881, and studied the mechan- ism of the heart and the architecture of bones, on which he has published papers. He graduated M.D. in 1884, and was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1886 ; appointed Gulstonian Lecturer 1887, and first Croonian Pro- fessor 1888 ; Secretary and Recorder in the Section of Mathematics and Physics of the British Association for Advancement of Science, 1879-84, and Vice-President, 1886 ; is member of the Council, Tutor, and Linacre Lecturer, St. John's College ; Physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital ; late Member and Secretary of the University Council of Senate, 1886-98 ; Secretary of the Special Board for Medicine, Examiner and University Lecturer in Medicine ; Accessor to the Regius Professor of Physic ; Elector to the Professorships of Medicine, Surgery, Anatomy, Zoology, and Pathology ; member of the General Board of Studies, and of the Local Examinations and other Syndicates ; Representative of the University on General Medical Coun- cil (elected 1889) : Examiner in Medicine at Victoria University ; Thomson Lecturer at Aberdeen, 1889 ; late editor of the Eagle and of the Practitioner ; member of the editorial committee of the British Pharma- copoeia, 1898 ; and editorial referee of the British Medical Journal. He has published an English edition of "Ziegler's Patho- logical Anatomy," 1885-86 (3 vols., 3rd edit., 1897-98), and is the author of "The Nature of Fever," 1887; "Antipyretics," 1888; "Law of the Geometric Mean," 1879; "Advanced Study and Research in Cambridge," 1896 ; and other literary, scientific, and professional Memoirs. He is also a Fellow of the Cambridge Philo- sophical Society, the Royal Medical and Chirnrgical Society, and of the Physical, Mathematical, and Physiological Societies of London ; a Member of the Permanent International Commission of Hygiene and Demography (Madrid, 1898) ; and a Justice of the Peace for the county of Cambridge. He married Edith, eldest daughter of Pro- fessor A. MacAlister, in 1895. Addresses : Barrmore, Cambridge ; St. John's, Cam- bridge ; and Athenasum. MACALISTER, John Y. W., son of Donald MacAlister, Esq., formerly of Tar- bert, born at Perth in 1857, was educated at the High School, Liverpool, and Edinburgh University. For two years he studied medicine, but his health broke down, and when he recovered he chose librarianship as a vocation. In 1878 he entered the Liverpool Library as sub-librarian, and two years later was appointed Librarian of the Leeds Library, where he superin- tended the erection of the new buildings, the internal portion of which was designed by himself. He catalogued the collection of some 90,000 volumes, and classified the whole library on a system devised by himself. Recognised as an expert, he was invited by the Yorkshire Col- lege to assist in planning and arrang- ing their new library, for which he received the cordial thanks of the Col- lege. While in Leeds he contributed many literary and antiquarian articles to M ACARTHTJR — M'ARTHUR 687 the Leeds Mercury and Yorkshire Post, and was a successful lecturer. In 1887 he was appointed first librarian of the Gladstone Library. As soon as this appointment was made Mr. Gladstone invited Mr. Mac- Alister to Hawarden in order to discuss the scope of the new library, and to examine the statesman's ingenious methods of arrangement and classification. Immedi- ately afterwards he was elected Librarian of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society (the "Academy of Medicine" of Great Britain), and the Committee of the Gladstone Library reluctantly released him from his engagement. He, however, acted as Librarian of the Gladstone Library for some months in an honorary capacity, and started the work on right lines with a well-selected nucleus of books. In his new position he soon made his energy felt. The Society was housed in such cramped and ill- adapted quarters in Berners Street, that a portion of its valuable library was stored in the cellars, while its income was barely sufficient for its needs. He sub- mitted a scheme to the Council, which proposed that they should build new and suitable premises on such a scale and on such financial terms as, without cost to the Society, would place it ultimately in free possession. The scheme seemed so sanguine and risky that it was strongly opposed until Mr. MacAlister gained the powerful support of Sir Andrew Clark. In accordance with the scheme the Society purchased the freehold of 20 Hanover Square. Handsome premises were erected, which have become the centre of most of the leading scientific and literary societies in London. Mr. MacAlister's most sanguine expectations were realised, and the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society is now not only the chief medical society, but one of the wealthiest scientific societies of the king- dom. In 1892 Mr. MacAlister was ap- pointed Chairman of the Editing Com- mittee of the International Congress of Hygiene. In 1887 he was elected Honorary Secretary of the Library Association, and in that position has done great service to the library movement. In 1886 he founded the Library, a monthly magazine devoted to the work and literature of libraries, which soon became an established success. He has also edited the " Public Library Manual," the "Library Year-Book," and the " Library Association Series " of hand- books. In 1890 he took up the question of library legislation, then in a state of chaos, and it was mainly due to his efforts that in 1892 Sir John Lubbock was able to submit to Parliament a Bill consolidating and amending the different Acts, which soon passed, and is now the law under which all public libraries are conducted. In 1892 he visited the principal libraries of France, and was invited by the late Due d'Aumale to visit him at Chantilly, and to examine his magnificent library. He obtained from the duke an invitation to the Library Association to visit Chantilly, which they did when, later on, its annual meeting was held in Paris. His latest service to the cause of libraries was to secure for the Association, through the powerful influ- ence of Lord Dufferin, Lord Windsor, and Sir John Lubbock, a Royal Charter of Incorporation, which was granted in February 1898. Mr. MacAlister numbers amongst his friends many men of light and leading in the world of literature. He was very intimate with the late Oliver Wendell Holmes, who shortly before his death sent him a complete set of his works, each volume containing an appropriate autograph quotation. Dr. Nansen is an intimate friend of bis, and it was Mr. MacAlister who presented a library of well- selected books to the Fram. Among his most-treasured possessions are souvenirs from the famous expedition, which Dr. Nansen sent to him on his return. "Mark Twain" is another of Mr.MacAlister's many friends, and when in London, the greatest of humourists often smokes the pipe of peace at 20 Hanover Square with his friend. Mr. MacAlister is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Royal Geographical Society, and a well- known " Savage." His official address is 20 Hanover Square, W. MACARTHTJR, The Right Rev. James, D.D., Bishop of Bombay, was educated at the University of Glasgow, where he graduated M.A. in 1868. Be- coming a Scotch Barrister in 1871, lie was, three years later, called to the English Bar at the Inner Temple. Relinquishing the legal profession, Mr. Macarthnr spent a year at Cuddesdon Theological College, and was ordained in 1878. After serving a curacy at St. Mary, Redcliff, Bristol, for two years, he was presented to the Rec- tory of Lamplugh, Cumberland, in 1880, and in 1887 he became Vicar of St. Mary, Tothill Fields, London. He was subse- quently transferred to the Vicarage of All Saints, South Acton, in 1892, and was appointed Rural Dean of Ealing in 1894. In 1898 Mr. Macarthur was consecrated Bishop of Bombay. M'ARTHTJR, W. A., M.P., D.L., is the eldest son of Alexander M Arthur, M.P., and was born in 1857, and educated privately. Entering upon a business career, he became partner in the firm of W. & A. M'Arthur, Australian merchants, and was Commissioner for New South 688 MACAKTNEY — MACAULAY Wales to the Colonial Exhibition in 1886. He is also a Director of the Bank of Australasia, and a D.L. for London. His parliamentary career dates from 1886, when he contested Buckrose, Yorks., but was unseated on a scrutiny. In 1887 he was returned as a Liberal for the St. Austell Division of Cornwall, and was again returned in 1892 and 1895. He was a Junior Lord of the Treasury from Aug. 1892 to July 1895, and since March 1894 has been second Liberal Whip. He has acted as Hon. Sec. and unofficial whip to the Commiltee of Radical members. Ad- dress : 14 Sloane Gardens, S.W. MACAKTNEY, Sir Halliday, K.C.M.G. , son of Robert Macartney, of Dundrennan, Kirkcudbrightshire, was born in 1833, and was educated for the medical profession at the Edinburgh University. In 1856, during his student days, he joined a contingent of volunteers being raised for the Turkish army, and served through the Crimea, studying Turkish at the same time. Returning to Edinburgh he gradu- ated M.D., and entered the Army Medical Service as Surgeon in the 99th Regiment, at that time under orders for India, where the Mutiny had broken out. The regiment arrived too late at Calcutta for its services to be required, and was sent on to China, where Macartney was present at thetakiDg of the Taku Forts, the attack on Pekin, and the sacking of the Summer Palace. Remaining in China after the peace, he took service under the Imperial Govern- ment, 1862, being granted military rank and command together with General Gordon, of whom he was the friend. As an officer in the Celestial army, he drilled a force of 3000 men, which operated with success against the Taepings. He also established a military arsenal at Nankin, of which he was Governor for twelve years till 1876. He was then sent to Eng- land on a special mission in connection with the Margary incident. A per- manent mission being resolved upon by China, he became its European Secre- tary, and as such paid frequent visits to the principal European capitals. He attended the coronation of the present Czar's father, and has been present at many of the principal State functions at home and abroad. He is officially de- scribed as Councillor and English Secre- tary to the Chinese Legation in London, and his unrivalled knowledge of the Chinese language, customs, and policy, has led to his being described by Anglo- Chinese officials as "a thorough China- man." He received the honour of the C.M.G. in 1881, and the K.C.M.G. in 1885, and has been decorated with the Orders of the Precious Star and the Double Dragon. In 1884 he married Jeanne, daughter of J. L. de Sautoy. Address : 49 Portland Place, &c. MACAKTNEY, "William G. E., M.P., is the eldest son of Mr. J. W. E. Macartney, M.P., of co. Tyrone, and was born in 1852. He was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first class in History in 1875 (B.A.) He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1878, and went the South-Eastern Circuit. In 1885 he entered Parliament as Conservative Member for South Antrim, which he continues to re- present. In 1895 he was appointed Secretary to the Admiralty. Addresses : Clogher Park, Tyrone, and Palace Cham- bers, Westminster, S.W. MACAULAY, James, M.A., M.D., eldest son of Alexander Macaulay, M.D., was born at Edinburgh, May 22, 1817. His early education was received at the Edinburgh Academy, where he was from 1824 to 1830. The Rector of the school in those years was the Venerable Arch- deacon Williams. Tait, afterwards Arch- bishop of Canterbury, was "Dux" of the school in 1826. In 1830 he entered the University of Edinburgh, where he took degrees in arts and in medicine, attending also the classes in theology. After graduat- ing in 1841, Dr. Macaulay studied in Paris, and travelled in Italy and Spain. In 1850 he became joint-editor of the Literary Gazette, on the retirement of William Jerdan, and retained the appointment till 1857. In the following year he became editor of the Leisure Hour and the Sunday at Home. From the Leisure Hour office was issued, about twenty years ago, the Boys' Own Paper, which was started in order to take the place of the pernicious weekly literature which had previously been provided ; and was followed by the Girls' Ovm Paper. Both were founded by Dr. Macaulay. He has also written many books of biography, travel, and adventure, some of them chiefly for juvenile reading, such as "All True," "Stirring Stories of Peace and War," "Wonderful Tales from Real Life," " Anson's Voyage Round the World," and his story, " From Middy to Admiral of the Fleet." The last of these Christmas books is entitled, " Strange, yet True ; or, Interesting and Memorable Stories retold." " Notes of a Tour in the United States," which first appeared in the Leisure Hour, was afterwards issued as a volume, entitled " Across the Ferry," which passed through several editions. " The Truth about Ireland " contains the result of personal observation during re- peated visits. One of Dr. Macaulay's volumes in the Pen and Pencil Series MACBETH — M'CALMONT 689 is "Sea Pictures," which Mr. Ruskin said was the best book he had ever seen on the subject. He has also published books on Luther, Dr. Johnson, and General Gordon; and in 1887, "Victoria R.I., her Life and Reign." On the occasion of the silver wedding of the Prince and Princess of Wales he issued an annotated collection of the "Speeches and Addresses of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales during twenty-five years, 1863-88." Dr. Macaulay has'been for thirty-five years the editor-in-chief of the Religious Tract Society's periodicals. He is now Consulting Editor of its magazines, and only an occasional con- tributor to the Leisure Hour and Sunday at Home, to which he devoted so long a service as editor. He retired from the editorship of the Leisure Hour in 1895. He married, in 1860, a daughter of the late Rev. G. Stokes, vicar of Hope, Hanley. Address : 4 Wynnstay Gardens, Kensing- ton, W. MACBETH, Robert Walker, A.R.A., R.W.S., was born in Glasgow on Sept. 30, 1848, and is the second son of Norman Mac- beth, R.S.A. He was educated in Edin- burgh and abroad, and received his early art training at the Royal Scottish Academy Schools. He came up to London in 1871, and for a time drew for the Graphic. He became an Associate of the Royal Water- Colour Society in 1874, and is an original member of the Painter-Etchers, as well as a Correspondent of the Institut de France. He has been a constant ex- hibitor at the Royal Academy, and of late years has had the following pictures hung: " Unenvied, Unmolested," and " Dunster Castle," 1895 ; two illustrations to " The Fair Maid of Perth," " Cider Making," an etching of Sir E. Burne Jones's ''Chant dAmour," &c, in the Black and White Room, and "Marauders from the Moor," " Sweethearts and Wives," a water-colour, 1896; "The End of a Good Day," a por- trait sketch of Alfred Gilbert, R.A., and another of Philip H. Calderon, R.A., 1897; "In Cloudlnnd," " Sparklets," and, in the Black and White Room, two etchings of Mr. MacWhirter's "Affric Water," and another of his, "End of a Good Day." In 1899 he exhibited "Favourites of the Hunt," "Naval Manoeuvres," and, in the Black and White Room, "Midnight Moths." He married, in 1887, Lydia, eldest daughter of General Bates. He lives at Washford, not far from Dunster Castle, in Somerset- shire, and his London studio is 28 Tite Street, Chelsea, S.W. M'CALLTJM, Lieut.-Colonel Sir Henry Edward, R.E., K.C.M.G., Gover- nor of Newfoundland, was born in 1882, and is the son of Major H. A. M'Callum, R.M.L.I. He passed out of Woolwich first in 1871, and was appointed Superin- tendent of Telegraphy in the Southern District in 1874. Subsequently he became Private Secretary to Sir William Jervois in the Straits Settlements, and prepared plans for the defence of Singapore. In 1879 he was at Woolwich at the Works Office, and in 1880 became Colonial En- gineer of the Straits Settlements, and in 1884 Surveyor - General, when he con- structed the new fortifications of Singa- pore. He was created a C.M.G. in 1887, and promoted Knight Commander in July 1898. He was Governor of Lagos until September 1898, when he was appointed to his present post in succession to Sir H. H. Murray, K.C.B. M'CALMONT, Major Harry Leslie Blundell, M.P., J.P., D.L., was born in 1861, and is the eldest son of H. B. B. M'Calmont, Esq., barrister-at-law. He was educated at Eton, and in 1881 entered the 1st battalion of the 6th Royal Regiment, subsequently joining the Scots Guards in 1885. He retired in 1889, and is a Major in the 4th Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment (militia). In 1S95 he was elected as a Conservative to represent Newmarket. He is well known as an owner of racehorses, especi- ally of "Isinglass," winner of the "triple event " in 1893, i.e. the Derby, St. Leger, and the Two Thousand Guineas, and also of the Ascot Cup in 1895. He is a member of the Jockey Club and of the--Royal Yacht Squadron, and owns the steam yacht Oiralda. He married, in 1885, Amy H., daughter of Major-Gen. John Miller. This lady died in 1889, and he is now married to Winifred, daughter of General Sir Henry de Bathe, Bart. Ad- dresses : 11 St. James's Square, S.W. ; Cheveley Park, Newmarket, &c. M'CALMONT, Major - General Hugh, C.B., J. P., is the eldest son of the late James M'Calmont, of Abbeylands, co. Antrim, and Emily, daughter of the late James Marten of Ross, co. Galway. Born on Feb. 9, 1845, he was educated at Eton. Entering the 7th Hussars, he served with the Red River Expedition in 1870, and three years later he was A.D.C. to General Wolseley on the Gold Coast. From 1878 to 1879 he was High Commis- sioner and Commander-in-Chief in Cyprus, and held the same position in Natal in 1879-80. In the Egyptian War of 1882 he was Brigade-Major, and in 1885 com- manded the Light Camel Regiment on the Upper Nile. He was raised to the rank of Colonel in 1885, and of Major- General in 1896. He was made C.B. in 1885, in recognition of his Egyptian 2x 690 M'CARTHY — MCCARTHY services. He is a J. P. for counties An- trim and Dublin, and has sat for North Antrim since 1895. He married Kose Elizabeth, second daughter of the 4th Lord Clanmorris, in 1885. Address : Abbeylands, co. Antrim. M'CARTHY, Jeremiah, M.A. Dublin; M.B. London; F.R.C.S. England; late Senior Member of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, was born in Dublin, and is of Irish parent- age. He received his medical education at Trinity College, Dublin, and at the London Hospital, where for many years he was Lecturer on Surgery and Surgeon, retiring from the latter position in the autumn of 1898. He is a Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical and Hun- terian Societies, and has contributed important articles to Quain's and Heath's Dictionaries. Address : 1 Cambridge Place, Victoria Road, Kensington, W. MCCARTHY, Justin, M.P., eldest son of the late Michael Francis McCarthy, was born at Cork on Nov. 22, 1830. After receiving a liberal education there, he be- came attached to the staff of a Liverpool paper in 1853. He entered the Reporters' Gallery of the House of Commons in 1860 for the Morning Star, became foreign edi- tor of that paper the following autumn, and chief editor in 1864 ; he resigned the latter post in 1868, and travelled through the United States for nearly three years, visiting thirty - five of the thirty - seven States. Since that time he has more than once revisited America. Mr. McCarthy has contributed to the London Review, the Westminster Review, the Fortnightly Review, the Nineteenth Century, the Contemporary Review, to several English magazines, and to many American periodicals, including the North American Review, and the Forum. He is the author of " The Water- dale Neighbours." 1867; "My Enemy's Daughter," 1869; "Lady Judith," 1871; "A Fair Saxon," 1873; "Linley Roch- ford," 1874; "Dear Lady Disdain," 1875; "Miss Misanthrope," 1877; "Donna Quixote," 1879; "The Comet of a Season," 1881; "Maid of Athens," 1883; " Cami- ola," 1885 (novels) ; of " Con Amore," a volume of critical essays; and "Prohi- bitory Legislation in the United States," an account of the working of the Liquor Laws in Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Iowa, and other States of the Union. In collaboration with Mrs. Campbell - Praed he has written three novels: "The Right Honourable," 1886; "The Rebel Rose," 1887; and "The Ladies' Gallery," 1888. More lately he has published " The Dictator," a novel, 1893 ; and " Red Diamonds," a novel, 1893. Mr. McCarthy's most important work is "A History of Our Own Times" (1878-80), being an account of what happened in these countries, from the accession of Queen Victoria to the general election of 1880. He has pub- lished the first and second volumes of a "History of the Four Georges." He has also written a short history of "The Epoch of Reform," the period between 1830 and 1850, published in 1882, and a " Life of Sir Robert Peel," in the series called " The Prime Ministers of Queen Victoria," published in 1891 ; in 1896 a "Life of Leo XIII."; in 1897, 5th vol. of "History of Our Own Times," up to June of that year ; in 1898, " The Story of Gladstone's Life." Mr. McCarthy was for twenty - five years a political writer for one of the London daily papers. He was elected to Parliament as member for the county of Longford, Ireland, in March 1879, and was re-elected when the dissolution took place in 1880, in both instances without a contest. At the general election, 1885, he contested Derry, and was defeated by a majority of 29, but was immediately elected for Longford, by an immense majority. In 1886 he con- tested Derry again, and was defeated by a majority of 3, while at the same time he was returned unopposed for Longford. He claimed the Derry seat and obtained it on petition, and then elected to sit for Derry. He has since lectured in America. He is a Home Ruler, and was Vice-Chair- • man of the Irish parliamentary party in the House of Commons before the re- jection of Mr. Parnell by the majority, when Mr. McCarthy was by them elected Chairman. He married, in 1855, Char- lotte, daughter of the late W. G. Allman ; she died in 1879. Address pro tern. : 11 Roxburgh Road, Westgate-on-Sea. MCCARTHY, Justin Huntly, author, was born in 1860, and is the son of Justin McCarthy, M.P. He was educated at Uni- versity College School and College, and on his leaving the latter, travelled exten- sively and entered upon a career of journalism. He has written largely for the newspapers and magazines, and has published many books, including the following: (Poetry) "Serapion," " Hafiz in London," "Harlequinade"; (fiction) "Doom," "Dolly," "Lily Lass," "A London Legend," "The Royal Christo- pher"; (history) "An Outline of Irish History," "England under Gladstone," "Ireland since the Union," "The French Revolution"; (plavs) "The White Carna- tion," " The Highwayman," " The Wife of Socrates," &c. He has also translated "Omar Khayyam," the " Arabian Nights," and Hafiz. He sat in Parliament as an Irish Nationalist from 1884 to 1892. In M'CLELAN — M'CLINTOCK 691 1894 he married the accomplished Miss Cissy Loftus. Address : 31 King's Road, Brighton. M' CLE LAN, Trie Hon. Abner Reid, Lieut.-Governor of New Brunswick, was born at Hopewell, N.B., Jan. 4, 1831, of a family that had emigrated from Lon- donderry towards the end of the last century. He was educated at Mount Allison Academy, and for several years was a successful merchant at Hopewell. In 1854 he entered the N.B. Assembly as representative for Albert, and sat until the Union in 1867, which he aided to bring- about, being Chief Commissioner of Public works at the time. In 1867 he was called to the Canadian Senate, where he sat until his appointment as Governor in 1896. Address : Government House, Frederickton, N.B. M'CLINTOCK, Admiral Sir (Francis) Leopold, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., &c, is second son of the late Henry M'Clintock, Esq., uncle to the first Lord Rathdonnell, and of a daughter of Archdeacon Fleury. He was born at Dundalk in 1819, and entered the navy in 1831. After some years of foreign service, during which he was promoted to Lieu- tenant for special services in the recovery of H.M.S. Gorgon when stranded in South America, he returned to England about the time when great anxiety began to be felt for the safety of Sir John Franklin and his companions. He accompanied Sir James Clarke Ross as Second Lieutenant on board H.M.S. Enterprise, in the Arctic Expedition sent out by the Admiralty in 1848. Returning unsuccessful in Novem- ber 1849, M'Clintock joined a second expedition sent out early in 1850, under the command of Captain Horatio Austin, as Senior Lieutenant of H.M.S. Assistance, Captain (Sir) Erasmus Ommaney. It was their fortune, in August 1850, to see, at Cape Riley, the first traces of the missing expedition. In the following spring, whilst frozen up at Griffith's Island, he signalised himself by an unprecedented sledge journey of eighty days and 760 geo- graphical miles, reaching the most westerly point which had then been attained from the east, in the Arctic regions. Upon the return of this expedition to England in October 1851, Lieutenant M'Clintock was promoted to the rank of Commander. The following spring he again proceeded to the Arctic regions in command of H.M.S. Intrepid, one of five vessels com- posing the third searching expedition, under Sir Edward Belcher's command. In accordance with instructions from the Admiralty, the Intrepid, in company with the Resolute, Captain Kellett, wintered at Melville Island, in order to search for the heroic Captain M'Clure and his com- panions ; and most fortunately they were discovered and rescued, after their three years' imprisonment in the ice. M'Clintock again distinguished himself by his sledge journey of one hundred and five days and 1210 geographical miles, into the hitherto unexplored region northward of Melville Island. The comparative perfection to which Arctic sledge-travelling has been carried is almost entirely due to the im- provements effected by him. Abandoning four out of the five ships embedded in the ice, and also M'Clure's ship the Investi- gator, the personnel of this expedition, with M'Clure and his companions, returned to England in October 1854, in the depot ship North Star, and two relief ships, freshly arrived out, under Captain Ingle- field. M'Clintock was now advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1857 he accepted the command of Lady Franklin's own search expedition — to be fitted out at her expense. He selected, and appropriately equipped, the steam yacht Fox, of 177 tons, and with twenty-four companions sailed on July 1, 1857. He returned on Sept. 20, 1859, having discovered, upon the north- west shore of King William's Island, a record announcing the death of Sir John Franklin and the abandonment of the Erebus and Terror. M'Clintock brought home intelligence of their great dis- coveries and the fate of their crews, and many relics of the bold expedition. He published a very interesting account of his most important and successful searching voyage. Captain M'Clintock was received with great distinction. Knighthood, the Freedom of the City of London, and the highest degrees of the chief Universities were conferred upon him. Her Majesty, by her Order in Council, sanctioned his time in the Fox to count as sea-time served in the navy, for having brought home the only authentic intelligence of the death of Franklin and the fate of his com- panions. During the next six years Sir Leopold commanded, in succession, H.M.S, Bulldog, Doris, and Aurora, fulfilling various important and delicate duties abroad. From 1865 to 1868 he served as Commodore of the Jamaica Station. From 1868, until promoted to Rear-Admiral in 1871, he was a naval Aide-de-camp to the Queen ; from 1872 to 1877 Admiral- Superintendent of Portsmouth Dockyard, when he was promoted to Vice-Admiral ; and from 1879 to 1882 he served as Com- mander-in-Chief of the North American and West Indian Stations. In 1884 he became a full Admiral and also an Elder Brother of the Corporation of the Trinity House ; in 1887 he was selected for one of the few pensions open to admirals, for 692 MACCOLL — MAC COEMAC "good and meritorious services" ; and in 1891 he was created a Knight Commander of the Bath. He is the author of " The Voyage of the Fox in the Arctic Seas," which has gone through five editions. In 1870 Sir Leopold M'Clintock married Annette Elizabeth, second daughter of Robert Foster Dunlop, Esq., of Monaster - boice House, co. Louth, by Anna Elizabeth, sister of 10th Viscount Massereene and Ferrard, and has issue. Address : 8 Ather- stone Terrace, Gloucester Road, S.W. MACCOLL, Canon Malcolm, was born March 27, 1838, on a sheep farm occupied by his father, a man of some distinction in mathematical sciences, in Inverness-shire, and was educated at Edinburgh, at Trinity College, Glenalmond, and at the University of Naples. He was appointed assistant- curate of St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, in 1861 ; chaplain to the British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, 1862-63 ; curate of St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, 1864-67. He spent the period between 1867 and 1869 in Southern Italy, chiefly in the study of theology, literature, and foreign politics. In 1871 he was collated to the rectory of St. George's, Botolph Lane, in the City of London. In 1884 he became a Canon residentiary of Ripon. He is the author of "Mr. Gladstone and Oxford," by " Scrutator," 2nd edit., 1865 ; " Science and Prayer," 4th edit., 1866 ; " Is there not a Cause ? a Letter to Col. Greville Nugent, M.P. (late Lord Greville), on the Disestablishment of the Irish Church," 2nd edit., 1868; "The Reformation in England," 2nd edit., 1869; "The Ober- Ammergau Passion Play," 10th edit., 1870 ; "Is Liberal Policy a Failure?" by " Ex- pertus," 1870; "Who is Responsible for the (Franco-German) War?" by "Scru- tator," 2nd edit., 1871 ; " The Damnatory Clauses of the Athanasian Creed ration- ally explained," in a letter to Mr. Glad- stone, 1872; " Lawlessness, Sacerdotalism, and Ritualism," 3rd edit., 1875; "The Eastern Question : its Facts and Falla- cies," 1877 ; " Three Years of the Eastern Question," 3rd edit., 1878 ; " Christianity in Relation to Science and Morals," 5th edit., 1889; "Life Here and Hereafter," 2nd edit., 1896; "England's Responsi- bility towards Armenia," 4th edit., 1895 ; "The Sultan and the.Powers," 2nd edit., 1896 ; besides contributions to periodical literature, and, in 1886, a pamphlet on the Irish Question, which passed through nine editions in the course of the year. In foreign politics he has made a special study of Mohammedanism as a theocratic system of government, inconsistent, as he contends, with civilisation, and fatal to the moral and intellectual development of any people who embrace it. This is his conclusion from the history and tenets of Islam, confirmed by his own observation in various Mohammedan lands. Address : The Residence, Ripon. MACCOLL, Norman, M.A., editor of the Athenaum, was born in 1843, 'and edu- cated at Downing College, Cambridge, of which he was a Fellow. He was Hare Prizeman in 1868, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1875. He has published a work on " Greek Sceptics from Pyrrho to Sextus," 1869. Address: 1 New Court, Carey Street, W.C. ; and Athenaeum. M'CONNELL, W. K,, Q. C, J.P., D.L., Chairman of the County of London Court of Sessions, was born on July 2, 1837, at Belfast, being the only child of David M'Connell, J.P., of Castlereagh House, co. Down, and Jane, his wife, daughter of Alex. M'Connell. He was educated at the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, at a private school in England, at Heidelberg, and the University of London, where he graduated B.A. in 1858. After being called to the Bar by the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple in 1862, he joined the Northern Circuit in 1863. He was appointed Revising Barrister for Liverpool in 1868 ; one of the Counsel to the Board of Trade in 1875 ; and Counsel to her Majesty's Board of Customs in 1876. He was Royal Commissioner to inquire into Corrupt Practices at Parlia- mentary Elections in the city of Glou- cester in 1880. He became a Queen's Counsel in 1897, and was appointed Chair- man of the Court of Quarter Sessions for the County of London in August 1897. He is a Magistrate for the counties of Down and London, a Deputy-Lieutenant, and a F.R.G.S. Mr. M'Connell is married to Minnie, daughter of Edward Marshall. Addresses : 35 Montague Place, Russell Square, W.C. ; and Norfolk Cottage, Littlehampton, Sussex. MAC CORMAC, Sir William, Bart., K.C.V.O., D.Sc, M.A., M.Ch. honoris causd, President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and Member of the Court of Examiners, Royal College of Surgeons, and now Examiner for H.M. Naval Medical Service, was born at Belfast, Jan. 17, 1836, being the eldest son of Henry Mac Cormac, M.D., and Mary Newsam. He was educated in the Belfast Institution, in Dublin, and in Paris ; he became Bachelor and Master of Arts, also Master in Surgery, and Doctor of Science honoris causa, of the Queen's University, and received its gold medal. He was afterwards a Member of the Senate, and Examiner in Surgery of the University. M'CORMICK — MAC CUNN 693 He was appointed Surgeon, and subse- quently Consulting Surgeon, to the Belfast Eoyal Hospital. He saw service at Metz and Sedan, during the Franco-German war, 1870-71, as Surgeon-in-Chief of the Anglo-American Ambulance, and during the Turco-Servian war, 1876. He was one of the Senior Surgeons, and Lecturer on Surgery at St. Thomas's Hospital during twenty years ; is Consulting Surgeon and Emeritus Lecturer on Clinical Surgery to the Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon to the French Hospital, the Italian Hospital, and Queen Charlotte's Hospital. He is a Fellow of the English and Irish Colleges of Surgeons, and lately Examiner in Sur- gery in the University of London, and Examiner in Surgery for her Majesty's Army and Indian Medical Services. He is a Member of the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. In 1881 he acted as Hon. Secretary-General of the International Medical Congress in London, and in consideration of his ser- vices in this capacity the Queen conferred upon him the honour of knighthood. In 1897 he was created a baronet on the occa- sion of her Majesty's Jubilee, and appointed Surgeon in Ordinary to H.E.H. the Prince of Wales, whom he attended in July 1898, when H.E.H. was suffering from the effects of his accident. He was elected President of the Eoyal College of Surgeons of Eng- land for the third year in July 1898. In September 1898 he and Sir Francis Laking received the honour of knighthood in the Eoyal Victorian order. In December 1898, on the occasion of the Jubilee of the St. Petersburg Academy of Medicine, he was appointed an Hon. Member of the Academy. He is an officer of the Legion of Honour, Commander of the Orders of the Danne- brog, the Crown of Italy, and the Takovo ; also possessor of the orders of the Crown of Prussia, North Star of Sweden, St. Iago of Portugal, Eitter Kreuz of Bavaria, Merit of Spain, and Medjidieh. Sir William Mao Cormac is the author of " Work under the Eed Cross," and treatises on "Anti- septic Surgery," and " Surgical Opera- tions," besides numerous surgical papers contributed to medical journals and ad- dressed to medical societies. On Feb. 14, 1899, Sir William Mac Cormac delivered the Hunterian oration at the Eoyal College of Surgeons, England, in the presence of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. Addresses: 13 Harley Street, W. ; and Athenaeum.- M'CORMICK, The Rev. Joseph, M.A, D.D., was born in the year 1834, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A 1857, M.A. I860, D.D. Dublin ad eundem, 1884). While at Cambridge he rowed in the University Eight, and was Captain of the University Eleven. He was ordained in 1858, and was for two years curate of St. Peter's, Eegent Square, London ; he was then appointed Sector of Dunmore East, Waterford, Ireland, where he remained until 1864, when he became Assistant-Minister of St. Stephen's, Marylebone. In 1867 he was appointed Perpetual Curate of St. Peter's, Deptford, and in 1875 he accepted the important Vicarage of Hull. He was made Eural Dean of Hull in 1875, Prebendary of York in 1884, and Hon. Chaplain to the Queen in 1890. In 1894 he was appointed Vicar of St. Augustine's, Highbury. Address : 1 Highbury Quadrant, N. MAC CUNN, Hamish, composer of dramatic music, was born at Greenock, March 22, 1868, and is the second son of James Mac Cunn, formerly shipowner in Greenock. He was educated at various schools in Greenock, and by private tutors, and commenced the study of music at the early age of six years. In 1883 he gained an Educational Scholarship for composi- tion at the then newly-established Eoyal College of Music, London. There he studied principally under Dr. C. H. Hubert Parry until 1886, when he resigned his scholarship. His first introduction to the public was at the Crystal Palace in 1886, when at one of the Saturday concerts Mr. Manns produced his overture entitled " The Land of the Mountain and the Flood," which gained for its composer immediate fame. His principal works are: "Chior Mhor," overture for orches- tra; "Bonnie Kilmeny," cantata for soli, chorus, and orchestra ; concert overture, "The Land of the Mountain and the Flood ; " " Lord Ullin's Daughter," ballad for chorus and orchestra ; " The Ship o' the Fiend," ballad for orchestra; "The Dowie Dens o' Yarrow," ballad — overture for orchestra ; " The Lay of the Last Minstrel," dramatic cantata for soli, chorus, and orchestra ; " Album of Ten Songs"; "Cycle of Six Love-Lyrics"; "The Cameronian's Dream," a ballad for baritone solo, chorus, and orchestra ; " Three Songs from William Black's ' Ebymes by a Deerstalker ' " ; (November 1894) an opera, produced at Edinburgh, and entitled "Jeanie Deans"; "Queen Hynde of Caledon," a dramatic cantata for soli, chorus, and orchestra ; " Suite of Six Scotch Dances"; "Three Eomantic Pieces," for 'cello and pianoforte ; suite for orchestra, " Highland Memories " ; ballad for male voice, chorus, and orches- tra, " The Death of Parcy Eeed " ; and a grand opera, " Diarmid," libretto by the Marquis of Lome, produced at Covent Garden in October 1897. Besides the above mentioned, he is the author of many other songs, part-songs, &c. In 694 MACDONALD June 1889 he married the only daughter of the late John Pettie, E.A. Address: 21 Albion Road, South Hampstead, N.W. MACDONALD, The Most Rev. Angus, D.D., Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, was born at Borrodale, in Inverness-shire, on Sept. 18, 1844, and is the youngest son of the late Angus Macdonald, Esq., of Glenaladale, and Mary, daughter of Hugh Watson, Writer to the Signet. He was educated at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, and is a B.A. of London University. He was or- dained priest in July 1872, and was conse- crated Bishop of Argyll and the Isles in 1878, when the Hierarchy of Scotland was restored in March of that year. He was translated to his present see in 1892. Twenty years before that date the staunch Protestants of St. Andrews used to aver that there were only two Roman Catholics in the ancient University city, but under Archbishop Macdonald the Church of Rome has made converts in the diocese. Address : 42 Greenhill Gardens, Edin- burgh. MACDONALD, Sir Claude Max- well, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., British Minister to the Court of China, son of the late Major- General J. P. Macdonald, was born in 1852. He was educated at Uppingham and at the Royal Military College, Sand- hurst, and entered the army as a Lieu- tenant of the 74th Highlanders in March 1872. He was promoted Captain in 1881, and Major in 1882, in which year he went to Egypt and took part in the campaign, being present at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. He was mentioned in despatches, and obtained the brevet of Major, the Khe- dive's Star, and medal with clasp. He remained in Egypt on special service, and in 1884 volunteered for the 1st Battalion of the Black Watch, which was attached to the Suakin Expedition, and took part in the battles of El-Teb and Tamai, where he was wounded. He obtained two clasps to his medal and the Osmanieh of the Fourth Class. From February 1883 until June 1887 he was attached by the War Office to the Agency at Cairo. He retired from the army in 1887, and was appointed Acting-Agent and Consul-General at Zan- zibar. In 1888 he became Commissioner on the West Coast of Africa, and the fol- lowing year proceeded on a special mission to the Niger Territories. Subsequently at Berlin he took part in the delimitation of the boundary between the Oil Rivers Pro- tectorate and the Cameroons, and then became Commissioner and Consul-General in the Oil Rivers Protectorate and the adjoining native territories. Sir Claude Macdonald was appointed in 1891 Com- missioner and Consul-General in the Niger Coast Protectorate, Consul to the Island of Fernando Po, and also Consul in the Cameroons. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1892, and K.C.B. in 1898. In January 1896 he was appointed Envoy-Extraordin- ary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Pekin. Since his appointment, China has been passing through the most critical stage in its history ; and although the British policy in the Far East has been severely criticised, yet Sir Claude Macdonald has secured some substantial concessions. Among them should be mentioned the decision of the Chinese Government to open all inland waters to navigation, whether by foreign or native steamers, and the assurance that no portion of the provinces adjoining the Yangtse-Kiang valley should be alienated to any other Power. It is also, in great measure, due to Sir Claude Macdonald that the Government undertook that, so long as British trade continued to exceed that of any other Power, the Inspector-General of Maritime Customs should be a British subject. In May 1899 he returned to England to take a short holiday, his health having been much impaired. Sir Claude married, in 1892, Ethel, daughter of Major W. Cairns Armstrong, widow of P. C. Robertson, Esq., of the Indian Poli- tical Service. Address : British Legation, Pekin, China. MACDONALD, Frederic William, born in Leeds, Feb. 25, 1842, is the son of the Rev. G. B. Macdonald, a well-known Wesleyan minister, and grandson of the Rev. James Macdonald. He was educated at St. Peter's Collegiate School, London, at Oxenford House, Jersey, and Owens College, Manchester, where he was Senior Prizeman in Classics, Greek Testament, and English Literature, session 1861-62. He entered the Wesleyan ministry in 1862. First stationed at Burslem, afterwards in Liverpool, Waterloo, Manchester, South- port, Kensington, and Clifton. In 1880 he was the representative of the British Methodist Conference to the General Con- ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States at Cincinnati. In 1881 he was Fernley Lecturer on "The Dogmatic Principle in Relation to Chris- tian Belief," and was appointed Professor of Systematic Theology at the Birmingham branch of the Wesleyan Theological Insti- tution. In 18S5 he published " The Life of Fletcher of Madeley " ; and in 1887 "The Life of William Morley Punshon, LL.D." He was assistant-editor of the London Quarterly Review, 1872-76, and was elected a member of the Birmingham School Board in 1888. In 1891 he retired from his professorship to become Secre- MACDONALD 695 . tary of the Wesleyan Foreign Missionary Society, and in this capacity travels largely at home and abroad. MACDONALD, George, LL.D., poet and novelist, was born at Huntly, Aber- deenshire, in 1824, and was educated at the parish school there, and at King's College and University, Aberdeen. After taking his degree he became a student for the ministry at the Independent College, Highbury, London, and was for a short time an Independent minister, but soon retired, became a lay member of the Church of England, and settled in London to pur- sue a literary career. His first work was " Within and Without, a Dramatic Poem," 1856 ; followed by "Poems," 1857; "Phan- tastes, a Faerie Romance," 1858 ; " David Elginbrod," 1862; "Adela Cathcart," 1864 ; " The Portent, a Story of Second Sight," 1864 ; "Alec Forbes of Howglen," 1865 ; "Annals of a Quiet Neighbourhood," 1866; "Guild Court," 1867; "The Dis- ciple and other Poems," 1868 ; "The Sea- board Parish." 1868; "Robert Falconer," 1868; "Wilfrid Cumbermede," 1871; " The Vicar's Daughter," and " Malcolm," 1874; "St. George and St. Michael," 1875; "Thomas Wingfield, Curate," 1876 ; "The Marquis of Lossie," 1877. Besides these Mr. Macdonald has written books fortheyoung ; "Dealings with the Fairies," 1867; "Ranald Bannerman's Boyhood," 1869; "The Princess and the Goblin," 1871 ; " At the Back of the North Wind," 1870 ; and others. He is also the author of "Unspoken Sermons," 1866; and a treatise on the "Miracles of our Lord," 1870. In 1877 he received a Civil List Pension of £100, in consideration of his contributions to literature. His later works are "The Gifts of the Child Christ, and other Poems," 2 vols., 1882 ; " Castle Warlock," 3 vols., 1882 ; " The Princess and Curdie," a fairv romance, 1882 ; "Weighed and Wanting," 1882; "The Wise Woman," a parable, 1883 ; " There and Back," a novel; and "A Rough Shaking," 1891 ; " Vicar's Daughter," 1893; " Lilith," 1895 ; "Salted with Fire," and " Rampolli," 1897. In May 1893 his poetical works were published in two volumes. For some years past Dr. Mac- donald has lived principally at Bordi- ghera, but pays annual visits to England. Address : Casa Coraggio, Bordighera. MACDONALD, Greville, M.D., eldest son of George Macdonald, LL.D., the novelist and poet, was born in Manchester on Jan. 20, 1856. He was educated at King's College School, subsequently ob- taining his medical education at King's College Hospital, where he gained several scholarships and prizes. In 1879 he took the membership of the Royal College of Surgeons ; in 1881 he graduated with honours at the University of London, taking the degree of M.B., and his M.D. in the following year. After travelling in the East and on the Continent for some years, he was appointed Resident Medical Officer to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat in 1886 ; since which time he has devoted his attention solely to the study of affections of the nose, throat, and ear. In the following year he was appointed Honorary Physician to the same institu- tion, which office he holds at the present time. In 1893 he was appointed Throat Physician and Lecturer on Diseases of the Throat and Nose to King's College Hos- pital. During the year 1888 Dr. Mac- donald devoted his attention specially to a scientific investigation of the functions of the nose ; the results of his experiments being published in a volume entitled " On the Respiratory Functions of the Nose." He had previously published (1887) a brochure entitled " The Forms of Nasal Obstruction in Relation to Throat and Ear Disease." He has since added to these " Board School Laryngitis," 1889 ; "A Treatise on Diseases of the Nose and its Accessory Cavities " (2nd edit.), 1892 ; " Hay Fever and Asthma," 1893. Besides the above he has contributed many articles and papers to the medical societies and journals, and is one of the editors of and contributors to the Medical Annual. One of his most recent papers is on " The Forms of Epithelial Hypertrophy in the Larynx" (International Clinics), 1895-96. Address : 85 Harley Street, W. MACDONALD, Colonel Hector Archibald, C.B., D.S.O., Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, was born April 13, 1852. He joined the Gordon Highlanders as a private soldier, and served in the ranks for over nine years. He first saw active service in the Afghan War of 1879-80, and for his conduct at the affair at Karatiga he was mentioned in despatches. He was attached to the Maidan Expedition, and was present at the engagement at Charasiah, and also took part in the operations round Cabul in December 1879. He accompanied Lord Roberts in the famous march to Cabul, and was present at the battle of Candahar, after which he was promoted Lieutenant for his distin- guished conduct in the field. He also received a medal with three clasps and a bronze decoration. Lieutenant Macdonald went to South Africa in 1881, and took part in the Boer War, and was present in the engagement at Majuba Hill. In June 1885 he joined the Egyptian Constabulary, and served in the Nile Expedition of that year as Garrison-Adjutant at Assiout. 696 M'DONALD — MACDONALD He was promoted Captain in the Gordon Highlanders in January 1888, and in the following December took part in the operations near Suakim and the engage- ment at Gemaizah. In 1889 he took part in the capture of Tokar and the battle at Toski, and was several times mentioned in despatches. He was awarded the D.S.O. and the third class of the Osmanieh, and in July 1891 was promoted Major in the Royal Fusiliers. He obtained the command of the 3rd Infantry Brigade of Lord Kitchener's Dongola Expeditionary Force, and was present at the engagement at Firket, and the operations at Hafir, promotion to brevet Lieut. -Colonel being the reward of his services on that occa- sion. During the operations in the Soudan in 1898, Macdonald as a Brigadier-General was appointed to the command of the Soudanese Brigade, which he soon brought to a high state of efficiency. At the battle of Atbara his troops distinguished themselves by their cool courage under fire and their spirited charges. He had the command of the same brigade at the battle of Omdurman and the taking of Khartoum. At one time during the fight a furious charge was made upon Macdonald's troops, which were somewhat unsupported. He made two rapid changes of front and effectually checked the Dervish rush, and thus defeated the only chance the enemy really had during the battle. But for Macdonald's generalship a slaughter of the Soudanese troops would have been unavoidable. He was promoted A.D.C. to the Queen, and obtained the rank of Colonel in the English army and that of Brigadier-General in the Egyptian army. Upon his return to England in May 1899 the Clan Macdonald presented him with a sword of honour in recognition of his distinguished services in the Soudan and elsewhere. The Highland societies of London also entertained him at a banquet, the Duke of Atholl being in the chair. M'DONALD, John Blake, R.S.A., a descendant of the family of M'Donalds of Keppoch, was born in the parish of Boharm, Morayshire, in 1829. When very young his family removed to Deeside, where he was educated, and early deve- loped a taste for art. He removed to Edinburgh in 1852, where he attended the Board of Trustees' School of Art for several years under Robert Scott Lauder and John Ballantyne, who were at that time the teachers, receiving previous to 1862 from the Royal Scottish Academy several prizes, and in that year the first prize for painting from life. In the same year he was elected Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1862 he painted "Prince Charlie leaving Scotland, or the Last of the Stuart Race," which was ■ exhibited at the International Edinburgh Exhibition of 1886, and there greatly admired by the Queen, and the Prince of Wales. Within the next few years he produced the following pictures : " A Scene from the Legend of Montrose," "The Quest of Henry Morton," "King James and the Witches," "The Arrest of a Jacobite," "Prince Charlie in Hiding," and "After the '45." He also produced numerous paintings of subjects from Sir Walter Scott's works, including " The Lady of the Lake," "The Antiquary," "The Heart of Midlothian," "Waverley," and "Rob Roy," all of which were engraved for the Royal Association for the Promotion of Fine Arts, by Lumb Stocks, R.A., Bell, Le Conte, Brown, and others. "Van Tromp's Duel" was another picture of this period. In 1876 he went to Venice for six months, where he made several sketches of Venetian views, which, on his return, he painted in water-colours and oil. He has paid several visits, at various times, to other places on the Continent in connection with his art, including Paris, Brussels, Cologne, and several parts of Germany. After 1876 he turned his attention to landscape. His first painting of this class was " Strathyre, at the head of Loch Lubnaig." This was followed by "The Garry above Struan " in the Edinburgh Exhibition of 1891. In 1877 he was elected a Royal Scottish Academician, his diploma picture being the "Massacre of Glencoe" now in the National Gallery, Edinburgh. In 1881 he painted another historical picture, "The Meeting of Flora M'Donald and Prince Charlie." Since then he has been principally engaged in painting landscapes in oil and water- colour. Address : 4 St. Peter's Place, Viewfortb, Edinburgh. MACDONALD, John Denis, R.N., M.D., F.R.S., Inspector-General of Hos- pitals and Fleets, youngest son of the late James Macdonald, Esq., of Cork, and Catherine his wife (daughter of the late Denis M'Carthy, Esq., of Kilcoleman), was born Oct. 26, 1826, and educated under his father's supervision. In 1841 he became the apprentice and pupil of the late Dr. Wm. L. Meredith, House- Surgeon to the South Infirmary, Cork; and commenced his professional studies in the Cork School of Medicine, but completed them in King's College, London, where he succeeded Dr. Martin Duncan, F.R.S., as prosector to the late Professor R. B. Todd, F.R.S., and Sir William Bowman, Bart., then joint-professors of physiology. Here he had the advantage of attending the Botanical Lectures of the late Pro- fessor Edward Forbes and the Zoological MACDONALD 697 course of Professor T. Rymer Jones, who may be said to have first inspired him with a taste for natural history. He was the winner of Sir William Fergusson's prize in Surgery, the Medical Society's prize, and a Certificate in Medicine, while connected with the College. Having passed the College of Surgeons he entered the Navy as Assistant-Surgeon in 1849 ; was appointed to the Royal Naval Hospital, Plymouth ; took charge of the Medical Museum, and made numerous pathological drawings and records, preserved in the Library. Subsequently he was appointed to H.M.S. Eerald, Captain Henry Mangles Denham, F.RS., Feb. 18, 1852, for survey- ing and exploring service in the S.W. Pacific. Before proceeding to join the ship Dr. Macdonald profited much by the advice and information communicated to him by Professor Huxley, whose discoveries in the South Sea fauna he afterwards had numerous opportunities of verifying, whilst himself studying the topography and natural history of the different locali- ties visited either in the ship or in the steam-tender the Torch. These included both sides of the Australian Continent, Tasmania, the Islands in Bass's Strait, the Percy Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, the Isle of Pines, and the Fiji Group. Microscopical drawings and determinations of all the more important soundings and products of dredge and towing net obtained in the expedition were communicated from time to time to the learned societies at home. He materially assisted Mr. John Macgillivray, the appointed naturalist, and Mr. Frederic Matthew Rayner, the surgeon, in making the large collection of objects of natural history which were sent home, and pre- sented by the Lords of the Admiralty to the British Museum. He headed a perilous exploring expedition into the interior of Viti Levu, ascending the Rewa river to its source at the Moli vei tala, with a terrestrial horizon, for nearly a month. An abstract of the report sent home by the captain was published by the Geo- graphical Society in the volume for 1857. Soon after this, the Rev. Mr. Baker, Wesleyan Missionary, and a party of native teachers were clubbed and eaten in the Solo ira district. Much informa- tion was furnished from time to time to the Colonial Office, and on leaving the Colony a gold chronometer was pre- sented to Dr. Macdonald by the Governor- General, Sir William Denison, RE., F.R.S., members of the Legislative Assembly, and other gentlemen, in recognition of services rendered. He was also made Correspond- ing Member of the Australian Museum by the late William Sharp Macleay, Esq., author of the "Horas Entomological," whose splendid library at Elizabeth Bay was fre- quently consulted when objects of interest presented themselves. On arriving in England in 1859, at the age of 33, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was promoted and appointed the same year to H.M.S. Icarus (Commander, now Sir Nowell Salmon, G.C.B., V.C.), and in the West Indies encountered almost single- handed (two medical officers dying in succession) one of the most formidable epidemics of yellow fever on record. Some of the particulars connected with it will be found in the article on Yellow Fever in Reynolds's System of Medicine. He was awarded the M'Dougall Brisbane Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, was also adjudged but not awarded the Keith prize, the technical reason being that he could not be called a Scottish Naturalist, as specified in the bequest. He gained the Sir Gilbert Blane Gold Medal for the journal of H.M.S. Lord Warden flag-ship, Mediterranean Station (1871), and was frequently engaged as one of the medical board of examiners, and he subse- quently superintended the Naval Medical Officers entering the Army Medical School, as Professor of Naval Hygiene and a member of the Senate. Dr. Macdonald was promoted to the rank of Inspector-General of Hospitals, &c. , in 1880; appointed to the Royal Naval Hospital, Plymouth, in 1883 ; and placed on the retired list in 1886. The following are some of his published works: "Sound and Colour," setting forth the undulatory theory as the only trustworthy basis of analogy, 1869; "Guide to the Microscopical Examination of Drinking-Water," 1875; "Outlines of Naval Hygiene," 1881 ; "A Guide to Micro- scopical Examination of Drinking-Water," 1883. Address : Amwell Place, Hurst Pier- point, Hassocks, Sussex. MACDONALD, The Bight Hon. John Hay Athole,Q.O, C.B., V.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., J.P., D.L. (Lord Kings- burgh), Lord Justice-Clerk of Scotland and Lord President of the Second Division of the Court of Session, son of M. N. Mac- donald-Hume, of Ninewells, W.S., by Grace, daughter of Sir John Hay, of Smithfield and Haystoune, Bart., was born Dec. 27, 1836 ; educated at Edinburgh Academy and the Universities of Edinburgh and Basle (LL.D. Edin. 1884) ; became Advocate, Scotland, 1859, and Q.C. 1880. He was Sheriff of Ross, Cromarty, and Sutherland 1874_76, and of Perthshire 1880-85 ; Soli- citor-General for Scotland 1876-80 ; and Commissioner of Northern Lighthouses 1876-80 and 1885-88; Member of H.M. Prison Board for Scotland and H.M. Board of Supervision 1875-76 and 1880-85 ; Dean of the Faculty of Advocates 1882-85, and MACDONALD — McDOUGALL Lord Advocate of Scotland 1885-86, re- appointed 1886-88 ; sworn of the Privy Council 1885, and Member of the Com- mittee of Council on Education 1885-88. He was created C.B. 1886, and received "Volunteer Decoration 1892, and is a J. P. and D.L. for the County of the City of Edinburgh, and a Member of H.M. Board of Manufactures. He was Colonel-Com- mandant of the Queen's Rifle Volunteer Brigade (Royal Scots) 1882 to 1890, and is Brigadier-General of the Forth Brigade 1888; F.R.S.E. 1886 and F.R.S. 1888; Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 1886 ; a Brigadier-General and Adjutant-General of the Royal Company of Archers (Queen's Body-Guard for Scotland) ; Chairman of Royal Commission on Boun- daries of Glasgow 1888 ; unsuccessfully contested Edinburgh 1874 and 1880, and Haddington Burghs 1878. He sat as M.P. for the Universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews 1885-88. He is an eminent elec- trician, having received numerous medals at International Exhibitions for inventions ; is an authority on Criminal Law, and his books and lectures on Drill and Tactics have been used as a basis for the improve- ment of British Infantry drill. His chief works are: "Macdonald on Tactics," "Treatise on the Criminal Law," "Our Trip to Blunderland," "Common Sense on Parade, or Drill without Stays," &c. He married in 1 864 Adelaide Jeanette, daughter of Major Doran of Ely House, Wexford ; she died in 1870. Address: 15 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. MACDONALD, Sir William 0., is the youngest son of the late Hon. Donald M 'Donald, at one time President of the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island. In 1854 he left Prince Edward Island and became an importer and tobacco merchant in Montreal. He received the honour of Knighthood (December 1898) for his gifts to philanthropical and educa- tional objects in Canada. He has been especially munificent to the McGill Univer- sity, his contributions to that institution amounting to upwards of 1,600,000 dollars. He is a Governor of McGill University, Montreal, a Governor of the Montreal General Hospital, and a Director of the Bank of Montreal. He is a Roman Catholic. Address : Montreal. MACDONELL, Sir Hugh Guion, G.C.M.G., her Majesty's Minister Plenipo- tentiary at Lisbon, was born at Florence, March 5, 1832, and is the second son of Hugh Macdonell. He was educated at Sandhurst, and joined the Rifle Brigade in 1848, with which regiment he served in British Kaffraria till 1852. In 1854 he entered the Diplomatic Service as an un- paid Attache", and was promoted to be a paid Attache" at Constantinople in 1858, and rose to be Second Secretary in 1862. He was successively Secretary at Buenos Ayres 1869, Madrid 1872, Berlin 1875, Rome 1878, and Munich 1882. In 1885 he was British Minister to Brazil, being transferred to Copenhagen in 1888, and to his present post in 1893. He was created a C.B. in 1890, a K.C.M.G. in 1892, and a G.C.M.G. in June 1899. Address : British Legation, Lisbon. MACDONNELL, Sir Antony Pat- rick, G.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Provinces of India, was born in 1844, and having been educated at Queen's College, Galway, he entered the Indian Civil Service in 1865. He became Chief Commissioner of the Central Pro- vinces in 1891, Acting Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal in 1893, and Member of the Viceroy's Council in the same year. In 1895 he was promoted to his present post, and was created a G.C.S.I. in 1897. In October 1898 he was entertained at a banquet in London by his friends and admirers. Address : Government House, Allahabad. McDOUGALL, The Hon. William, C.B., Q.C., and a Privy Councillor for Canada, was born at Toronto, Jan. 25, 1822. His grandfather, John M'Dougall, served through the American Revolution in the British Commissariat. He was educated at Toronto and at Victoria College, and afterwards studied law. From 1848 to 1858 he conducted at Toronto a monthly journal on agriculture, and from 1850 edited the North American, which was merged in the Toronto Globe in 1857. He was first elected to Parliament as a Reformer in 1858 ; was appointed Com- missioner of Crown Lands, and a Member of the Executive Council in a Reform Ministry in May 1862 ; and resigned office with his colleagues in March 1864 on ques- tions of constitutional changes ; in June of the same year accepted the office of Provincial Secretary in a coalition ministry, formed to carry a measure to unite British America under one government. During the Fenian troubles in the summer of 1866, Mr. McDougall was charged with the duties of Minister of Marine. In the first Dominion Government of 1867 he was made Minister of Public Works, which position he held until 1869. In 1868 he and Sir George Cartier were sent to England to confer with the Imperial Government on some questions that had arisen between the Provinces, including the acquisition of the North-West Territory and Rupert's Land then claimed by the Hudson Bay MACEVILLY— M'GAW 699 Company, under its charter from Charles II. After five months' negotiations the delegates concluded the purchase of nearly one half the North American continent for £300,000, and one twentieth of the prairie land surveyed within twenty years. In 1869 he was Commissioned Lieut.-Governor of Rupert's Land and the North-West Territories, but the half-breed rebellion, under the provisional government of Louis Biel, at the time prevented his entering the country. Returning to Ottawa he resumed his place in Parliament, and declined to assume the Governorship after the sup- pression of the outbreak. In 1873 he was the Special Commissioner of the Dominion Government to confer with the Imperial authorities on the subject of the Fisheries and Emigration. Mr. McDougall sat for South Simcoe in the Ontario Legislature from May 1875 to September 1878, when he resigned to contest Halton in the Dominion Parliament, which he represented until 1882. He was offered the Governor- ship of British Columbia or the Chief- Justiceship of Manitoba in 1878, both of which he declined. He resumed the prac- tice of his profession at Ottawa as Consult- ing Counsel in special cases. In 1867 he was created C.B. (Civil), and subsequently became a Puisne Judge in the Province of Quebec. MACEVILLY, The Most Rev. John, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam, Pri- mate of Connaught and Metropolitan, was born in Louisburgh, co. Mayo, on April 24, 1817, of respectable parents of the farmer class. He was educated at St. Jasteth's, Tuam, then graduated at Maynooth Col- lege, and after having earned the highest collegiate honours was a scholar of the Dunboyne Establishment for three years, and was ordained Priest in 1840. He was appointed Professor of SS. Scripture in St. Jasteth's in 1842, and in course of time became President of that College, which position he held up to the year 1857. In March 1857 he became Bishop of Galway, and in 1866 was also appointed temporary Administrator of Kilmacduagh and Kilfe- nora, remaining still Bishop of Galway. Between 1852 and 1894 he wrote a full Commentary in the English language on the entire New Testament, except the Apocalypse or Revelation. It has achieved a wonderful success, is used as a class book in almost all Colleges, and has reached (at anyrate the Epistles and leading Gospels) the fifth edition. It is in great request at home and abroad, especially in America. The Archbishop, who is now in his eighty-second year, administers the largest Diocese in Ireland with wonderful vigour and vigilance. Address : St. Jas- teth's, Tuam, co. Galway. MACEWEN, Professor William, M.D., F.R.S,, LL.D. (Glasgow), F.F.P.S. (Glasgow), was born in 1848, received his medical education at Glasgow University, of which he is M.D., and was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery in the same in 1892. He became F.R.S. in 1895. On the occasion of the Jubilee of the St. Peters- burg Academy of Medicine in December 1898, he was appointed an Hon. Member of the Academy. He has published "Oste- otomy," 1880; "Observations concerning Transplantation of Bone," 1881 ; " Trans- verse Fracture of the Patella," "Surgery of the Brain and Spinal Cord," &c. Ad- dress : 3 Woodside Crescent, Charing Cross, Glasgow. M'GAW, Joseph Thorbum, M.A., D.D. , was born on December 7, 1836, at Sunnyside, five miles from Belfast. His father, Mr. William Orr M'Gaw, was a well-known office-bearer in Carnmoney Presbyterian Church, and was held in the highest esteem for his superior intelligence and his marked integrity of character. His mother was a daughter of the Rev. Alexander Clarke, minister of Lylehill Presbyterian Church, near Antrim. He was sent at an early age to Belfast Academy, of which the Rev. R. J. Bryce, LL.D., was then Principal. In 1854 he entered Queen's College, Belfast, and secured the first Scholarship on the Classical side. In 1855, before he was quite nineteen, he was appointed Principal of the Coleraine Academy. In 1859 he became Headmaster of the English School of the Belfast Academy, and he was offered the Principalship some years afterwards. Prior to taking his degree he spent an extra session at the University of Glasgow. He graduated in the Queen's University in 1861, taking a double first in English Literature and Metaphysics, and obtaining a valuable exhibition and gold medal. In the same year, in competition with two distinguished rivals, he carried off one of the most coveted prizes of his college, the Senior Scholarship in Metaphysical and Economical Science, and became Assistant to the Professor of Logic and Metaphysics — Dr. M'Cosh, afterwards President of Princeton. Mr. M'Gaw studied theology at the General Assembly's College, Belfast. During his divinity course he took a lead- ing part in philanthropic and religious work. In May 1862 he was licensed by the Presbytery of Belfast, and in the autumn of the same year he was ordained at Ramelton, in co. Donegal. In June 1865, before he had completed his twenty- ninth year, he was elected by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland to the Chair of Logic, Belles- Lettres, and Rhetoric in Magee College, 700 M'GRATH — M'INNES Londonderry. He took an active part in the educational life of the " Maiden City," and was the founder of the Londonderry Academical Institution. In 1874 Professor M'Gaw resigned his chair in order to accept a call from the new congregation at Sale, Manchester, to which he minis- tered with much success till 1889, when the Synod of the Presbyterian Church of England unanimously appointed him General Secretary. In 1891 the Presby- terian Theological Faculty of Ireland con- ferred upon him the degree of D.D. During a vacancy in the Barbour Chair of the Presbyterian College, London, Dr. M'Gaw lectured on Homiletics and Pastoral Theology. In 1896 his brethren showed their appreciation of his work and their esteem for himself by unanimously electing him Moderator of the Synod — the highest honour at their disposal. From this record it will be apparent that Dr. M'Gaw has been a worker and a preacher rather than an author. He has found time, however, to contribute occasional articles to the magazines, and, when a Professor in Magee College, he published an address delivered as President of the Faculty on "Pantheism and Positivism as antagonistic to Christianity." Address : 7 East India Avenue, London, E.C. M'GRATH, Terence. See Blake, Heney Arthub. M'GREGOR, Robert, R.S.A., was born, of Scottish parents, in Yorkshire, July 6, 1848. Both his father and grand- father were artistic designers for table linen and silk goods. He was educated in Manchester and Edinburgh ; and elected an Associate of the Hoyal Scottish Academy (AR.S.A.) in 1882, and Royal Scottish Academician (R.S.A.) in 1889. MACGREGOR, Sir William, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.D., and LL.D. Aberdeen, B.Sc. Cambridge, Lieutenant-Governor of British New Guinea, was born in 1847, and is the eldest son of the late John Macgregor. He was educated at Aberdeen and Glasgow, and in Berlin and Paris. He began his medical career as Resident Surgeon and Resident Physician at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary and Royal Lunatic Asylum, Aberdeen. In 1873 he was appointed Assistant - Government Medical Officer in the Seychelles, was Surgeon at the Civil Hospital, Port Louis, Mauritius, in 1874, and became Chief Medical Officer in Fiji, 1875. In 1875 he was appointed Administrator of the Government and Acting High Commis- sioner and Consul-General for the Western Pacific ; and in 1888 Administrator of British New Guinea, and Lieut. -Governor in 1895. In 1889 he was made Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Address : Government House, Port Moresby, British New Guinea. MACHKAY, Most Reverend Robert, D.D., LL.D., the first Canadian Archbishop of the Church of England and Primate of All Canada, was born in Aberdeen in 1832, his father being a lawyer. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, graduating in 1855. He became a Fellow of his College, and in 1865, when Vicar of Madingly, was ap- pointed Bishop of Rupertsland, a diocese formerly including Manitoba and North- West Territories, but now only the former. He is Chancellor of St. John's College, Manitoba, and in 1893 became Prelate of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. At the First General Synod of the Church of England in Canada he was made Primate of the Dominion, and Arch- bishop of his See, September 1893. Ad- dress : Bishop's Court, Winnipeg. M'lLWRAITH, The Hon. Sir Thomas, K.C.M.G., LL.D., was born at Ayr, N.B., in 1835, and was educated at the Glasgow University. He went out to Victoria in 1854, and was civil engineer on the Government railways. He entered the Queensland Parliament in 1869 ; was Minister of Works, 1873 ; and Premier, 1879-83, when the general election re- sulted in a majority for Sir Samuel Griffith. In 1886 he retired from public life, but re-entered it in 1888, arousing enthusiasm by his programme of a National Party, and he became Premier for a short while. During this period the well-known dispute arose with the Governor, Sir Antony Mus- grave, as to his prerogative of mercy in the case of convicted criminals. He re- signed his post in November of the same year through ill-health, and travelled to China and Japan. In 1890 he joined Sir Samuel Griffiths in defeating the Govern- ment, and became Treasurer in his ad- ministration during 1890-91. He was again Premier from 1892 to 1893, when he finally retired. He is married to Harriette, daughter of Hugh Mossman. Address : Brisbane, Queensland. M'lNNES, The Hon. Thomas Robert, Lieut. -Governor of British Columbia, was born at Lake Ainslie, Nova Scotia, Nov. 5, 1840. He studied medicine at Harvard University and at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, graduating M.D. in 1869. He practised for some years at Dresden, Ontario, becoming reeve of the town in 1874. In the same year he re- moved to New Westminster and was McINTOSH — MACKELLAK 701 mayor of that town, 1876-78. From 1878 until 1881 he sat in the House of Commons, when he was called to the Senate. In November 1897 he was appointed to his present post. Address : Government House, Victoria, B.C. McINTOSH, Professor William Carmicliael, M.D., LL.D. St. Andrews, F.B.S., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., J.P., was born at St. Andrews, Oct. 10, 1838 ; and was educated at the Madras College, St. Andrews, the University of St. Andrews, and the University of Edin- burgh, graduating in Medicine in 1860 with a Thesis (Gold Medal); L.R.C.S., Edinburgh, 1860; Cor. Memb. Z.S. ; Soc. Psychol. Par. Soc. Honor., 1866; Soc. Centrale d'Agricult. de France Soc. Honor.; and Hon. Member of other societies. Dr. Mcintosh was Assistant-Physician, Perth Asylum, from August 1860 to March 1863; Physician to the Perth District Asylum from March 1863 to November 1883, and a Consulting Physician to the latter till 1893. He was Examiner in Natural His- tory, University of Edinburgh, from Octo- ber 1874 to January 1885; Professor of Natural History, University of St. Andrews, August 1882 ; President Biol. Sect. Brit, Assoc, 1885 ; Member of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1892-96 ; Director of the University Museum, and Hon. Presi- dent of various students' societies. He is also J.P. for Fife, and Vice-President Lit. and Antiq. Soc, Perth, and Literary and Philosophical Society, St. Andrews. He has published : " Observations and Experi- ments on the Shore Crab," 1860; "The Marine Invertebrates and Fishes of St. Andrews," 1875 ; " Monograph of the British Annelida (Bay Society)," 1872-73, and Part II., 1898; "The Annelida of H.M.S. Challenger" 1885 ; " Report on Trawling," for H.M. Commission under Lord Dalhousie, 1884 ; " On the Develop- ment and Life-Histories of the British Food-Fishes" (with E. E. Prince, B.A.), 1889 ; " Life-Histories of the British Food- Fishes " (with Dr. A. T. Masterman). Dr. Mcintosh is Neill Gold Medallist, Royal Society of Edinburgh ; Gold Medallist, Edinburgh Fisheries Exhibition, 1882 ; Gold Medallist, International Fisheries Exhibition, London, 1883. He has written numerous medical papers. Of scientific papers (Zoological) he has published up- wards of a hundred, some of them of considerable size, and the majority illus- trated by original plates. He has made large additions to the Perth Museum and to the University Museum, St. Andrews ; while the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory (1884) owes its existence to him, with the aid of the Government and the Fishery Board. By the munificence of Dr. C. H. Gatty, there is now the Gatty Marine Laboratory of the University of St. An- drews. He is Captain of the University company of artillery. Addresses : 2 Ab- botsford Crescent, St. Andrews ; Barham, Springfield, Fife. MacINTYKE, Margaret, prima donna, is a daughter of General Mac- Intyre, late of the Royal Artillery. She received her musical education at Dr. Wylde's branch of the London Academy of Music at Brighton, and subsequently studied under Signor Garcia at the London Academy of Music. She won the Bronze Medal of the Academy in 1883, the Silver Medal in 1884, the Gold Medal in 1885, and obtained an Associate's diploma. On the occasion of the late Abbe Liszt's visit to England, Miss Maggie Maclntyre sang the soprano music in that composer's oratorio of " St. Elizabeth," and won his warm approval. In May 1888 she ap- peared as Michaela in "Carmen," and won an instant success. At the Royal English Opera House she sang the part of Rebecca in "Ivanhoe," and in 1891 took part in the Handel Festival. She has also won great applause in Australia and the Colonies, and has sung as prima donna at La Scala and in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Address : 8 Pont Street, S.W. MACKAY, Sir James Iiyde,K.C.I.E., Indian merchant, was born at Arbroath, Sept. 11, 1852. He was educated at Arbroath and Elgin, and in 1874 he went out to India to the firm of MacKinnon, MacKenzie & Co., of which he has been a partner since 1881. He was appointed a member of the Legislative Council of the Viceroy of India in 1891 ; from 1890 to 1893 he was President of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce. He returned to England in the next year, and is a member of the Council of India, and a Director of the British India Steam Navigation Company- Address : 7 Seamore Place, Mayfair. MACKELLAK, Alexander Over- lin, M.D.R.U.I., F.R.C.S. Eng., received his medical education at Manchester ; Queen's College, Belfast ; University Col- lege, London ; and in Paris. He is Sur- geon, Senior Lecturer on Practical Surgery, and Lecturer on Forensic Medicine at St. Thomas's Hospital, and Surgeon-in-Chief to the Metropolitan Police Force. He was formerly Surgeon-in-Chief at the French Hospital, London. He took part as sur- geon in the Franco-Prussian Campaign of 1870-71, and for his distinguished services was created Knight of the Military Order of Merit of Bavaria. Attached as Surgeon- in-Chief to the English ambulance in the 702 MoKENDRICK — MACKENZIE Turoo-Servian War of 1876, he subse- quently became Knight Grand Cross of Takovo, &c. He was Consulting Sur- geon to the fifth Ambulance of the Red Crescent during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, and has the first class of the Medjidieh, besides other orders. Address : 79 Wimpole Street, W. MoKENDRICK, Professor John Gray, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.R. C.P., was born in Aberdeen on Aug. 12, 1841. He was educated in Aberdeen and in Braco village, Perthshire, spent several years in a law office in Aberdeen, and then taking to the study of medicine, he graduated as M.D. and CM. at the University of Aberdeen in 1864. He held in succession the offices of Visiting Sur- geon to the Chester General Infirmary, Resident Medical Officer to the Eastern Dispensary, London, and Surgeon to the Belford Hospital, Fort William. He then became Assistant to the late Professor Hughes Bennett, in the Chair of the Institutes of Medicine or Physiology in the University of Edinburgh. Owing to Professor Bennett's illness, he discharged the entire duties of the Chair for three sessions, then became an Extra-mural Lecturer on Physiology in Edinburgh for two years, and was appointed to the Chair of Institutes of Medicine in the Univer- sity of Glasgow in 1876. For two years he held the office of Fullerian Professor of Physiology in the Royal Institution of Great Britain ; and on two occasions he was the Thomson Lecturer on Natural Science in the Free Church College of Aberdeen. He has written various papers on physiological subjects, such as on the Action of Light on the Retina, on the Antagonism of Drugs, on Anaesthetics, &c, published in the Medical Journals and in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Societies of London and Edin- burgh. He has devoted special attention to physiological acoustics, and to the scientific use of the phonograph. In 1896 he devised a method by which the time, rhythm, and intensity of music may be communicated to the deaf. He published a work entitled " Outlines of Physiology " in 1878, and a larger " Text-book of Phy- siology," in 2 vols., in 1889 ; " Life in Motion, or Muscle Nerve," 1892 ; and "Physiology," 1896. He is LL.D. of the University of Aberdeen, 1882; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872 ; F.R.S.E. 1873 ; and F.R.S. 1884. He married, in 1867, Mary, daugh- ter of W. Souttar, Aberdeen. Address : 2 Florentine Gardens, Glasgow. MACKENZIE, Hon. Sir Alex- ander, K.C.S.I., late Lieut. -Governor of Bengal, was born at Dumfries, June 28, 1842, and is the eldest son of the Rev. J. R. Mackenzie, D.D. He was educated at King Edward School, Birmingham, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He entered the Bengal Civil Service in 1862, and became Assistant-Magistrate at Shahabad in 1863. In 1873 he was on Famine Duty, and in 1876 Magistrate at Moorshedabad. He became Home Secretary to the Govern- ment of India in 1882. In 1887 he was Chief Commissioner of the Central Pro- vinces, and was transferred to Burmah in 1890, while in 1895 he was appointed to the Lieut.-Governorship of Bengal, which he held till 1898. He married Maud, the grand-daughter of the late Sir George Elliott, Bart., in 1893, having been created K.C.S.I. in 1891. He has written a work on the " North-East Frontier of Bengal " in 1884. Address : The Shrubbery, Dar- jiling. MACKENZIE, Sir Alexander Campbell, Mus. Doc. St. And., Camb., and Edin., Principal of the Royal Academy of Music, is the son of a favourite Edin- burgh musician, Alexander Mackenzie of the Theatre Royal, was born in Edinburgh in 1847, and sent to Germany, at the age of ten, to study under Ulrich Edward Stein. Four years later he entered the ducal orchestra at Schwarzburg-Sonders- hausen, and remained in Germany till 1862, when he came to London to study the violin under M. Sainton. The same year he was elected King's Scholar at the Royal Academy of Music. In 1865 he returned to Edinburgh as a teacher of the pianoforte, then resided for some years in Italy, devoting himself entirely to com- position. His earlier works comprise "Cervantes," an overture for orchestra; a scherzo for the same ; overture to a comedy ; string quartette, and many other pieces in MS., but the composition which made him famous was his opera "Col- omba," based upon MenmeVs celebrated story. This work (of which the libretto was written by Dr. Hueffer) was produced with very great success by the Carl Rosa Company at Drury Lane in 1884. This was followed by "Jason," for a Bristol musical festival ; "La Belle Dame sans merci," for the Philharmonic Society, and the " Rose of Sharon " for Norwich ; two " Scottish Rhapsodies " for orchestra, and a violin concerto for Birmingham. His second opera, "The Troubadour," was produced in the summer of 1886 ; and at the Leeds Festival of 1886 his cantata " The Story of Sayid " was performed with success, and in 1890 "Ravenswood" was equally successful at the Lyceum. Among other works from his pen are : "A Jubilee Ode " for the Crystal Palace, " The New Covenant" for the Glasgow Exhibi- McKENZIE — McKINLEY 703 tion of 1888, a Twelfth-Night "Overture," "The Cottar's Saturday Night," "The Dream of Jubal" for Liverpool, a "Pi- broch " for Leeds, " Veni, Creator Spiritus " for Birmingham. His latest published works are : " Bethlehem," an oratorio ; music to " The Little Minister," Scottish Concerto for the Pianoforte, "His Ma- jesty," comic opera, Savoy Theatre. He was elected Principal of the Royal Aca- demy of Music in February 1888, in suc- cession to the late Sir George Macfarren, and in 1893 Conductor of the Philharmonic Society. He received the honour of knight- hood in 1895. Addresses : 4 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W. ; and Athe- nasum. McKENZIE, Marian. See Smith- Williams, Mrs., A.R.A. MACKENZIE, Robert Jameson, Rector of Edinburgh Academy, third son of the late Hon. Lord Mackenzie, Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland, was born in Edinburgh, Feb. 3, 1857. He was educated at Loretto School, Midlothian, and Keble College, Oxford, of which he was senior classical scholar, and where he graduated M.A. After being a master at Clifton College from January 1882 to April 1888 he was appointed Rector of the Edin- burgh Academy in October 1888. He has published a "Memoir of the late Ernest Roxburgh Balfour," which was written in conjunction with the Rev. Cosmo G. Lang, Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and Vicar of Portsea. To Mr. Mackenzie must be attributed the revival of the Edinburgh Academy, which was at a very low ebb when he succeeded to the rectorship. The school, which then numbered little over 200, now numbers 400. A large gymnasium and laboratory, two fives courts, and half a dozen schoolrooms have been built during this period, and a second cricket ground of 9 acres has been acquired to meet the new needs of the school. In connection with this field, 2J acres of ground have been secured on an admirable site in the north of Edinburgh, within ten minutes' walk of the school, upon which boarding- houses are being erected by the Edinburgh Academy Boarding-House Company — a company which has been formed among the old boys. In recent years the school has been successful in gaining scholar- ships at Oxford and Cambridge, and has upon two occasions given remarkably suc- cessful representations of Greek plays, the " Antigone " of Sophocles having been produced in 1895, and the "Alkestis" of . Euripides in the present year. It has also been successful in passing boys high for Woolwich, the Woods and Forests, and other examinations. In athletics the Academy has risen to a level with the chief boarding-schools in Scotland, having during the last season, and on former occa- sions, defeated at football both Fettes and Loretto. During the last five years two Academy boys have been captains of the Oxford University Rugby Football "Fifteen," namely, the late E. R. Balfour and T. A. Nelson. Address : The Academy, Henderson Row, Edinburgh. MACKENZIE, Stephen, M.D., F.R.C.P., brother of the late Sir Morell Mackenzie, received his medical education at the London Hospital, at Aberdeen Uni- versity, and in Berlin. He graduated M.D., with special honours for his gradua- tion thesis, at Aberdeen in 1875, and in 1873 obtained highest honours at the M.B. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London, and of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, besides being member of a number of learned societies. He is Physician, and Physician in charge of the department for skin diseases at the London Hospital, where at one time he lectured on Pathology, and is now Lecturer on the Principles and Practice of Medicine. He is an examiner in medicine at the Roy. Coll. Phys., and holds a number of hos- pital appointments. His contributions to medical literature chiefly take the form of articles on "Vertigo," "Jaundice," &c, in Quain's "Dictionary of Medicine," articles on "Chyluria" and "Filaria" in Heath's " Dictionary of Surgery," and various con- tributions to the medical transactions and journals. His address is : 18 Cavendish Square, W. McKINLAY, Mrs. John, nie Antoi- nette Sterling, by which name she is known professionally, was born at Sterling- ville, Jefferson Co., in the State of New York, in 1850, and is the youngest daugh- ter of James Sterling, of old New England descent. She was educated as a vocalist under Abella, Marchesi, Pauline Viardot, and Manuel Garcia. She made her de'but at one of the Covent Garden Promenade Concerts in 1873, and at once became a general favourite for ballads and Scotch songs. Her rendering of " The Better Land" and "The Lost Chord" is cele- brated. In 1875 she married Mr. John McKinlay. He died in 1893. She is a vice-president of the World's Women's Christian Temperance Union. Address : 125 Ashley Gardens, S.W. McKINLEY, Hon. William, twenty- fourth President of the United States, was born at Niles, Ohio, Jan. 29, 1843. He was educated at the public schools, and at the Poland (Ohio) Academy. In 1861, at the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted 704 M'LACHLAN as a private in the Union army, and before its close had risen to the rank of captain and brevet major. In 1867 he was ad- mitted to the bar, and began the practice of the law at Canton, Ohio. He was chosen prosecuting attorney of Stark Co., Ohio, in 1869, and in 1871 was elected a Representative in Congress, and was con- tinuously re-elected until 1891. Mr. McKinley was Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means that framed the Revenue Bill of 1890, and hence that measure has been known as " the McKinley tariff." He was elected Governor of Ohio in 1891, and re-elected by an increased plurality in 1893, serving until the close of 1895. As his name was closely con- nected in the minds of the people with the principles of a protective tariff, both these elections were contested on the national question of tariff policy, and this point was fully discussed by orators on both sides all over the country, so that when Mr. McKinley 's election in 1893 was found to be more pronounced than it had been in 1891, it was considered an indica- tion that he would be the candidate of his party for the Presidential election in 1896. This nomination took place at a Conven- tion of Delegates from the party in all parts of the country, which was held at St. Louis, Missouri, in June 1896. Soon after (July 7, 1896) the Democratic Con- vention was held in Chicago, and selected as their candidate Wm. Jennings Bryan, with a platform of principles advocating the unlimited coinage of silver, a low tariff, and the non-interference of the Federal authorities in local affairs, even when national interests were involved. In the ensuing election (November 1896) Mr. McKinley received the votes of many who were Democrats with reference to the tariff, while his opponent received many Republican votes in the west and south because of his views concerning silver. The tariff question was discussed during the canvass, but it did not take the pre- eminent place it had before occupied, and as a result the old party lines were much broken up. Mr. McKinley received a plurality over Mr. Bryan of over 600,000 votes, and was inducted into office Mar. 4, 1897. As the tariff of 1894, shorn of the income-tax feature, did not produce sufficient revenue for the support of the Government, an extra session of Congress was called to meet Mar. 15, 1897, and a new tariff, with strongly protective fea- tures (known from the name of the chair- man of the committee in which it originated as "the Dingley Bill"), was agreed upon. In the meantime relations between the United States and Spain were becoming more and more strained because of the sympathy of the Americans with the suf- ferings of the people in Cuba, occasioned by the restrictions of the Spanish autho- rities growing in part out of the insurrec- tion there. This tension was greatly increased by an explosion by which the U.S. battleship Maine was destroyed in the harbour of Havana on the night of Feb. 15, 1898, together with the lives of two of her officers and more than 250 of her crew. A careful investigation failed to show with certainty the cause of the explosion, but there were strong indica- tions that it came from a point outside the ship, and other events occurring which increased the existing irritation, war was declared in April following. Within four months the power of Spain on the sea had been destroyed, her army in Eastern Cuba had surrendered, and lodgments by the American land forces had been effected in Porto Rico and in the Philippine Islands. Spain then sued for peace, and a protocol was signed August 12, stopping hostilities and providing for the appointment of Peace Commissioners to settle the details with reference to the Spanish islands in the Pacific, her army to be withdrawn entirely from her West Indian possessions, and Porto Rico to be ceded to the United States. During the war the President has enjoyed a vast popularity in the States. M'LACHLAN, Robert, F.R.S., F.C.S., F.E. S., was born in London, April 10, 1837, and educated principally at Ilford, in Essex. His father, Hugh M'Lachlan, a native of Greenock, settled in London early in life, and was eminently successful as a chronometer maker. His mother, whose maiden name was Thompson, was from Northamptonshire. Robert, the youngest of five children, early showed a taste for natural history, which, as years sped on, concentrated itself upon botany, and subsequently upon entomology. A voyage to New South Wales and China in 1855-56, led to his collecting Australian plants ; and on his return to England his desire to have them named led to his acquaintance with Robert Brown, then Keeper of the Botanical Department of the British Museum. Contact with this celebrated botanist had a distinct in- fluence on his subsequent scientific career. In 185S he was elected a Member of the Entomological Society of London, of which he became successively Secretary, Treasurer, and President, the latter in 1885-86, and is again Treasurer. He was elected, in 1862, a Fellow of the Linnseau Society, and of the Royal Society in 1877, and is also a Fellow of the Zoological and of the Royal Horticultural Societies, and on the Honorary List of the New Zealand Institute, the Royal Society of Liege, the MACLAGAN 705 Entomological Societies of Holland, Bel- gium, Switzerland, Sweden, Russia, &c. His attention has been directed to entomo- logy in general, and he has, on several occasions, acted as scientific adviser to the Colonial Office. Repeated visits to the Continent have kept him in frequent in- tercourse with the entomologists of other countries. Amongst his general works perhaps the principal are the article " Insects," in the 9th edition of the " En- cyclopaedia Britannica," and "The Ento- mological Results of the last Arctic Expedition," published in the Journal of the Linnean Society. As a specialist he has particularly attended to the Order Neurop- tera, upon which his publications are very numerous, the principal separate work, a bulky 8vo, of upwards of 600 pages, with 76 plates, "Revision and Synopsis of the Trichoptera (or Caddis-flies) of the Euro- pean Fauna, with Supplement," 1874-84, the first attempt which has been made at working out exhaustively a special group of insects on characters based on certain structural peculiarities, and which has served as a departure in the case of workers of other groups. In 1893 came out his ' ' Catalogue of the Library of the Entomological Society." Mr. M'Lachlan has been a frequent contributor to most of the Natural History Journals during his time, and was for seventeen consecutive years a contributor to the Zoological Record, and has acted as an editor of the Entomo- logist's Monthly Magazine since its estab- lishment in 1864. Address : 23 Clarendon Road, Lewisham, S.E. MACLAGAN, Sir Douglas, eldest son of the late David Maclagan, M.D., F.R.S.E., Physician to the Forces, and Surgeon in Ordinary to the Queen in Scot- land, was born at Ayr, N.B., in 1812, and educated at the High School of Edin- burgh, and subsequently at the University of Edinburgh. He became Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, 1863, and has been President of both the Royal College of Surgeons and of Physicians, Edin., an honour held only by his father; he has been P.R.S.E., and is Deputy-Lieutenant of the City of Edin- burgh. He was Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Public Health in the University of Edinburgh from 1862 to 1896. Sir D. Maclagan holds the follow- ing posts : Surgeon-General of the Royal Company of Archers, the Queen's Body- Guard for Scotland ; Brigade-Surgeon Lieut.-Colonel Forth Infantry Brigade (V.D.) ; Medical Adviser to H.M. Prisons Commissioners for Scotland ; and Super- visor, on behalf of the Privy Council, of Pharmaceutical Examinations in Scotland. He is the author of "Nugse Canorse Medicse," and of numerous papers on Medical Jurisprudence, and on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, in the medical journals. He was made Knight Bachelor in 1886. Address : 28 Heriot Row, Edin- burgh. MACLAGAN, Thomas John, M.D. Edin., received his medical education at the University of Edinburgh, and in Paris, Munich, and Vienna. He was at one time Examiner in Medicine at the Univer- sity of Aberdeen, and is a Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, member of various medical societies, and Physician in Ordi- nary to Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. He has contributed articles on Rheumatism, Cholera, &c. , to the Lancet, a paper with the title " Is Typhoid l^ever Contagious ? " to the Nine- teenth Century, 1879, and has published '• The Germ Theory Applied to the Ex- planation of the Phenomena of Disease : the Specific Fevers," 1876 ; " Rheumatism : its Nature, its Pathology, and its Success- ful Treatment," 1881 ; " Fever, a Clinical Study," 1886 ; and a translation of Bou- chard's "Cerebral Haemorrhage." Ad- dress : 9 Cadogan Place, Belgrave Square, S.W. MACLAGAN, The Right Hon. and Most Rev. William Dalrymple, D.D., D.C.L., Archbishop of York, Primate of Eng- land and Metropolitan, brother of Sir Douglas Maclagan, born at Edinburgh in 1826, and educated there. In early life he served in the army in India, and retired with the rank of lieutenant in 1852. Then he went through the ordinary university course at St. Peter's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1856, M.A. 1860, D.D. jure dignatis 1878). He was ordained deacon in 1856, and priest in 1857. He served the curacies of St. Saviour, Paddington, and St. Stephen, Marylebone, till 1860, when he was appointed Secretary to the London Diocesan Church - Building Society. In 1865 he was appointed Curate-in-charge of Enfield, and in 1869 Lord Chancellor Hatherley gave him the Rectory of St. Mary, Newington. When Newington was transferred to Rochester, the Bishop of London, in order to retain Mr. Maclagan in his diocese, promoted him to the vicar- age of St. Mary Abbotts, Kensington, where he remained till 1878, when he was nominated by the Crown, on the recom- mendation of Lord Beaconsfield, to the Bishopric of Lichfield, which had become vacant by the death of Dr. Selwyn. He was consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral, June 24, 1878. In 1891 he was translated to York. The same year he was made an Hon. Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, and a D.C.L. of the University of Dur- 2 Y 706 MACLAKEN — MACLEOD ham, the latter degree being conferred by diploma. In October 1894 he became President of the Church Sanitary Associa- tion, and of the Church Society for the Promotion of Kindness to Animals. Dr. Maclagan has published one or two detached sermons ; a Charge delivered to the Clergy and Churchwardens of his Diocese in 1880 ; and several other ad- dresses to the Clergy, and Parochial Papers. In conjunction with Dr. Archi- bald Weir, he edited " The Church and the Age : Essays on the Principles and present Position of the Anglican Church," 1870 ; and in 1891 published his " Pastoral Letters and Synodal Charges." He mar- ried (1), in 1860, Sarah Kate, daughter of George Clapham ; and (2), in 1878, Augusta, daughter of the 6th Viscount Barrington. Addresses : Bishopsthorpe, York : and Athenaeum. MACLAREN, The Rev. John. Ian. See WATSON, M'LAREN, Lord, John M'Laren, LL.D., D.L., J.P., Lord of Session, Scot- land, was born in Edinburgh in 1831, and is the eldest son of Duncan M'Laren, M.P. He was educated at the University, Edin- burgh, and became an Advocate in 1856. He was Sheriff of Chancery from 1869 to 1880, when he became Q.C. and Lord Advocate. He represented Wigtown Dis- trict in Parliament in 1880, and was returned for Edinburgh in 1881. He was appointed Lord of Justiciary in 1885, and was raised to the Bench in 1881. He has published a " Treatise on the Law of Wills," and married the daughter of a German gentleman resident in Glasgow, in 1868. Address : 46 Moray Place, Edin- burgh. MACLEAN, James Mackenzie, M.P., President of the Institute of Jour- nalists, is the son of Mr. Alexander Mac- lean, and was born near Edinburgh on Aug. 13, 1835. Intending to enter at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was, how- ever, compelled by circumstances to forth- with earn his own livelihood, and he took up journalistic work. After working on the staff of the Newcastle Chronicle for a short time, he became its editor in 1855, and continued in that position until 1858. He then worked as leader-writer on the Manchester Guardian for nearly two years, and in 1859 went out to India as editor of the Bombay Gazette. Becoming in 1863 proprietor of that paper, he kept up his connection with it until 1879, when he effected a sale and left India for good. Whilst living at Bombay Mr. Maclean interested himself greatly in municipal matters ; was one of the first members of the newly-created Corporation, and held for a time the office of Chairman of the Town Council. In 1882 he became a part- proprietor of the Western Mail at Cardiff, and still continues to contribute to it. Mr. Maclean was elected Conservative member for Oldham in 1885, and in 1886 he came out at the head of the poll with the largest vote given in the whole country ; however, in 1892 he lost his seat, and remained out of Parliament for three years. Cardiff, which had been a Eadical stronghold for forty years, was won to the Conservative Party by him in 1895, and he still sits as member for that constituency. He is a Fellow of the University of Bom- bay, and has been a member of Council, and a Vice-President of the Associated Chambers of Commerce in England. He was elected President of the Institute of Journalists in 1896. On the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to India he published a " Guide to Bombay," which is a historical handbook for ali Western India from before the English conquest to the present day. He married Anna Maria Whitehead in 1867. Address : 40 Nevern Square, Earl's Court, S.W. MACLEOD, Mrs Alick. See Martin, Mrs. Frederick. MACLEOD, The "Very. Rev. Donald, D.D,, one of the Queen's Chaplains in Scotland, and editor of Good Words since the death of his illustrious brother in 1872, was born at Campsie, Stirlingshire, and is the son of the late Norman Macleod, D.D., first editor of Good Words, a magazine chiefly famous, in the opinion of the pre- sent generation, for the beauty of its illus- trations in the sixties. He graduated B.A. at the University of Glasgow, and then travelled, after which he became minister of the parish of Lauder, and subsequently of Linlithgow. He was Moderator of the Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1895-96, and since 1888 has been Con- vener of the Home Mission Committee of the Kirk. He has for nearly thirty years been minister of the parish of Park, Glas- gow, having been called thither in 1869. Dr. Macleod is famous not only as a minister and man of letters, but as a leader of the Church and organiser of mission work. Among his publications we may note his "Memoir of Norman Macleod, D.D.," and his edition of the Bible in three Tolumes. Address : 1 Wood- lands Terrace, Glasgow, &c. MACLEOD, Fiona, authoress, was born in the Hebrides, where she spent the greater part of her childhood. She is one MACLURE — MACMAHON 707 of the leading spirits of that "Renais- sance " which has done so much to revive the interest of intelligent people in the literature and traditions of the Celts. Her first book, " Pharais," published in 1S94 at Derby, at once attracted the favourable attention of prominent men and women of letters. Her subsequent works have been: " The Mountain-Lovers," and " The Sin-Eater," 1895 ; " The Washer of the Ford," "Green Fire," and "From the Hills of Dream" (verse), 1896; "The Laughter of Peterkin, Old Celtic Tales Retold," and a collected edition of some of her more important works, 1897. Her most recent work is the "Dominion of Dreams," 1899. From internal evidence derived from the writings of Miss Fiona Macleod and Mr. William Sharp (q.v.), it has recently been conjectured (Jan. 1899) that they are one and the same person. This, however, is not the case. Address : c/o Miss Rea, The Columbia Literary Agency, 9 Mill Street, Conduit Street, W. MACLURE, The Very Rev. Edward Craig, D.D., Dean of Manchester, eldest son of the late John Maclure, and eldest brother of Sir J. W. Maclure, Bart., M.P., was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, where he was the exhibitioner of his year. He graduated B.A., M.A. , and D.D. at Brasenose College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar and Hulmeian Exhibitioner. After occupying curacies at St. John's, Ladywood, Birmingham, and St. Pancras, Middlesex, he became vicar of Habergham Eaves, Burnley, in 1863, where he remained for fourteen years Chairman of the Burnley School Board. On the death of Dr. Moles worth in 1877 he was appointed vicar of Rochdale by the late Bishop of Manchester. In 1878 he became Honorary Canon of Manchester, and in 1879 Rural Dean. In Rochdale, and pre- viously at Burnley, he had carried out important works of church restoration and extension. Dean Maclure has always undertaken a very considerable share of diocesan work, having been honorary sec- retary of the Diocesan Conference and the Diocesan Board of Education. He is also honorary secretary to the Training Col- lege at Warrington. In 1888 he was one of the honorary secretaries of the Church Congress in Manchester, and was appointed Dean of Manchester in July 1890. He has twice been Chair- man of the School Board, Manchester, and is Governor of Owens College, the Grammar School, and of Hulme's Trust and Chetham's Hospital, besides holding other public offices. He is also Chairman of the School Boards Association of Eng- land and Wales, and he is prominent in all educational matters. He married the eldest daughter of Johnson Gedge, of Bury St. Edmunds. Address : The Deanery, Man- chester. MACLURE, Sir John "William, Bart,, M.P., D.L., J.P., F.R.G.S., was born in Manchester on April 22, 1835, and is the son of John Maclure, of Manchester, and Elizabeth, daughter of William Kearsley, of Kearsley. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School. He has been one of the most actively benevolent of Manchester public men. He founded, with the late Canon Richson, the Man- chester and Salford Sanitary Association, and has laboured from the first to improve the homes and the sanitation of large and overcrowded towns. He was founder of the Cotton Famine Fund, and was its Hon. Sec. from 1862 to 1866. With the then Premier, the late Lord Derby, and other influential men, he distributed more than a million and a half among the starving or distressed cotton operatives of the north. As Churchwarden of Manchester he raised nearly £50,000 towards the restoration of the ancient Parish Church at Manchester, which has since become the Cathedral. He is P.G. Deacon of Freemasons in England, a Knight of Grace of St. John of Jerusalem, Director of numerous public companies, Trustee and Treasurer of the Cotton Districts Convalescent Fund, F.R.G.S., F.S.S., J.P. for Lancashire and Manchester, has been Major of the 40th Lancashire Rifles, and was created a Baronet in 1898. He has sat as a Conservative for the Stretford Division of Lancashire since 1886. He married, in 1859, Eleanor, daughter of Thomas Nettleship, of East Sheen. Lon- don address : Victoria Mansions, 26 Vic- toria Street, S.W. MACMAHON, Major Percy Alex- ander, R.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., is the second son of the late Brigadier-General P. W. MacMahon, C.B., and was born at Sliema, in the island of Malta, Sept. 26, 1854. He was educated at the Proprietary School, Cheltenham, and afterwards at Chelten- ham College, where he obtained the Junior Mathematical Scholarship in January 1868. He entered the Royal Military Academy as a cadet in January 1871, and subse- quently, in September 1872, entered the Royal Artillery as a Lieutenant. He was promoted Captain in October 1881, and in March 1882 was appointed Instructor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy. From that date he has been engaged in research in Pure Mathematics. Numerous memoirs from his pen, chiefly connected with Higher Algebra, have been published in the American Journal of Mathematics, the Quarterly Journal of 708 MACMILLAN — MACNAMAKA Mathematics, the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, the Messenger of Mathematics, and the Philosophical Trans- actions of the Royal Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1890 ; was President of the London Mathematical Society, 1894-96 ; was in 1897 elected honorary member of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ; and the degree of Doctor of Science (honoris eausA) was conferred upon him by the University of Dublin. Address : 52 Shaftesbury Avenue, W. MACMILLAN, The Rev. Hugh., D.D., LL.D.. F.R.S.E., F.S.A. Scot., Chief of the Clan Macmillan, born at Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Sept. 17, 1833, was educated at Breadalbane Academy and Edinburgh University. He was appointed Free Church Minister of Kirkmichael, Perth- shire, in 1859, translated in 1864 to Free St. Peter's Church, Glasgow ; and in 1878 to the Free West Church, Greenock, his present charge. He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of St. Andrews in February 1871 ; was elected two months afterwards F.R.S.E. In April 1879 the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh ; and in 1883 he became an F.S.A. Dr. Macmillan is the author of " Bible Teach- ings in Nature," 1866, now in its 25th edition, translated into Danish, Swedish, German, and other Continental languages ; " First Forms of Vegetation ; " " Holidays on High Lands"; "The True Vine"; " The Ministry of Nature " ; " The Garden and the City ;',' "Sun-glints in the Wil- derness " ; " The Sabbath of the Fields," translated into Danish and Norwegian ; "Our Lord's Three Raisings from the Dead " ; " Two Worlds are Ours, " trans- lated into German; "The Marriage in Cana of Galilee"; "The Olive Leaf"; " Roman Mosaics ; or, Studies in Rome and its Neighbourhood " ; " The Riviera " ; "The Mystery of Grace"; "The Gate Beautiful, and other Bible Teachings for the Times"; "My Comfort in Sorrow"; "The Daisies of Nazareth," 1894; "The Clock of Nature," 1896; "The Spring of the Day, " 1898. Nearly all these books have passed through numerous editions, have been popular in this country and America, and have been translated into the leading European languages. Dr. Macmillan has published besides numerous contributions to quarterly reviews and religious and scientific periodicals. He delivered the "Thomson Lectures" on Science in the New College, Aberdeen, in 1886 ; and he was appointed to give the "Cunningham Lectures " on the Archeology of the Bible in the light of recent researches, in the New College, Edinburgh, in 1894, and the " Gunning Lectures" on Science and Reve- lation, in 1898, in the University of Edin- burg. He served as Moderator of the Free Church of Scotland during 1897-98. Ad- dress : 70 Union Street, Greenock. MACNAGHTEN, Lord, The Right Hon. Edward, D.L., J.P. (Life Peer), Lord of Appeal, is the second son of Sir Edward Macnaghten, 2nd Baronet, and was born in 1830. He was educated at Cambridge, where he twice rowed in the University race, and was a Fellow of Trinity ; called to the Bar, 1857 ; made Q.C., 1880; Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 1883 ; and appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, 1887, in succession to Lord Blackburn. He was returned to Parlia- ment as Conservative member for Antrim in 1880, and continued to sit for that con- stituency, or for North Antrim, until his appointment as Lord of Appeal. Since 1895 he has been Chairman of the Legal Council of Education. He married Frances only child of the Right Hon. Sir Samuel Martin. Addresses : 198 Queen's Gate, S.W., &c. ; and Athenaeum. MACNAMARA, Nottidge Charles, F.R.C.S., F.R.C.S.I., is of Irish stock, and became a M.R.C.S. when he was twenty- one years of age, the examination in those days lasting an hour and a half. Within a month he received a commission to pro- ceed to India as an Assistant-Surgeon in the Hon. E.I.C. Medical Service. His ex- periences in India during his nineteen years of service were typical, various, and often perilous. He went through the Southall Rebellion and the Mutiny, was stationed at Dinapore and Tirhoot, and in 1865 was appointed Surgeon to the Ophthal- mic Hospital in Calcutta. Here he was instrumental in building and endowing a large native hospital of 250 beds (the Mayo), which continues a most useful in- stitution. It was opened by Lord North- brook, the then Viceroy, in 1873. Returning to England, Mr. Macnamara, then Surgeon- Major, retired from the Bengal Medical Service and from his Indian appointments, and became Surgeon and Lecturer on Clinical Surgery at the Westminster Hos- pital. He is also Consulting Surgeon to the Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital, is a Vice-President of the British Medical Association, has (1875) been an Examiner to the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng- land, where also he was Vice-President of the Council from 1893 to 1896, and in 1895 Bradshaw Lecturer, his subject being Osteitis in Childhood. He is a Fellow of Calcutta University. He has published "Lectures on Diseases of Bones and Joints," 3rd edit. ; "Diseases of the Eye," 5th edit. ; " Notes on Leprosy," 2nd edit., MACNEILL — M'VAIL 709 and works on Asiatic Cholera, &c, besides contributing clinical lectures to the Lancet. Address : 13 Grosvenor Street, W. MACNEILL, John Gordon Swift, M.A., Q.C., M.P., is the only son of the late Rev. John Gordon Swift MacNeill, M.A., and of Susan, daughter of the Rev. Henry Tweedy, M.A. Mr. Mac- Neill was born in Dublin in 1849, and matriculated in Trinity College, Dublin in 1866, when he obtained three first honours in Classics. In 1868 he obtained a classi- cal exhibition at Christ Church, Oxford, was placed in the second class of Classical Moderations in 1870, and in the School of Law and Modern History in 1872. After obtaining a First Place and First Exhibi- tion at the Final Examination for call to the Irish Bar in 1875, and becoming Auditor of the Irish Law Students' Debat- ing Society, whose gold medal he holds, in 1876 he was called to the Irish Bar and joined the Munster Circuit. In 1881 he was an Examiner in the Law School of Dublin University, and in 1882 he was appointed Professor of Constitutional and Criminal Law in the Honourable Society of the King's Inns, Dublin, and being, on the expiration of the term, re-elected in 1885 for another term. Iu 1885 he wrote "The Irish Parliament, what it was, and what it did," a work which obtained the warm praises of Mr. Gladstone, at whose suggestion "English Interference with Irish Industries," which appeared in 1886, was written. "How the Union was carried " quickly followed. In February 1887 Mr. MacNeill, who had during the previous general election spoken in many constituencies in Scotland in favour of Home Rule, was elected in the National- ist interest, Member for South Done- gal. In 1887 he took a tour in South Africa, and meeting Mr. Rhodes on board ship, was authorised by that gentleman to make his offer, which was accepted, of £10,000 as a contribution to the funds of the Irish Parliamentary party. In 1891 Mr. MacNeill took a second journey to Cape Colony, and made a close study of the workings of responsible Governments under Colonial conditions. In 1892 the Conservative Government were defeated on his motion for the disallowance of the votes of certain directors and share- holders of the East African Company, for a grant towards the expenses of the Mombasa Railway, on the ground that they had a direct personal and pecuniary interest in the vote. In 1894 Mr. MacNeill published his work " Titled Corruption," describing the sordid origin of some of the Irish peerages. He is a lineal descendant of the last John Mac- Neill, Laird of Barra ; William Lenthall, Speaker of the House of Commons in the Long Parliament ; and of Godwin Swift, the uncle and guardian of Jonathan Swift, the illustrious Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral. Address : 19 Blackhall Street, Dublin. MACEOEIE, The Right Rev. William Kenneth, D.D., D.C.L., As- sistant-Bishop to the Bishop of Ely, late Bishop of Maritzburg, and Canon of Ely, born Feb. 8. 1831, in Liverpool, is the son of David Macrorie, M.D. , a well-known physician in that town, and received his education at Winchester and at Brasenose College, Oxford, B.A. 1852, M.A. 1855. He held the Rectory of Wapping in the Diocese of London from 1861 to 1866, when he was appointed Vicar of Accrington, Lancashire, which preferment he held until his consecration as Bishop of Maritz- burg, or Pietermaritzburg, Jan. 25, 1869. The ceremony was performed at Capetown, the consecrating prelate being the metro- politan, Dr. Robert Gray, Bishop of Cape- town, assisted by the Bishops of Grahams- town, St. Helena, and the Orange Free State. A protest signed by 129 persons having been presented against Dr. Mac- rorie's consecration on the ground that Maritzburg was in the See of Natal, which already had a legal Bishop (Colenso), the Metropolitan replied that it could not be accepted as a protest, the signers having no right to protest, but that he would receive it as "the expression of views of certain individuals." Bishop Macrorie was made a Canon of Ely in 1892 on his return from South Africa, and is now Assistant- Bishop to the Bishop of Ely. He is the author of some charges and addresses. In 1863 he married Agnes, daughter of William Watson, of South Hill, Liverpool. Address : The College, Ely. MACRORY, Edmund, M.A., Q.C., is the son of Adam John Macrory, of Dun- cairn, Belfast, advocate, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1853, became a Bencher in 1878, and practises on the Northern Circuit. He was formerly a Member of the Joint Board of Ex- aminers of the Inns of Court. He is the author of " Report of Cases relating to Letters Patent for Inventions," and is joint-editor of "Hindmarsh on Law of Patents." Mr. Macrory was married, in 1862, to Elizabeth, daughter of the Right Hon. Sir Henry Manisty, Justice of the High Court. Address : 7 Fig-Tree Court, Temple, E.C. M'VAIL, Professor David Cald- well, was born in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Oct. 6, 1845, is the son of the late James 710 M ACWHIKTER — MAD AN M'Vail, and studied Medicine in Ander- son's College, Glasgow. He is L.R.C.P. Edin., 1866 ; M.B. Glasgow, 1876 ; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1878; and was formerly House Surgeon in Alnwick Infirmary, late Pro- fessor of Physiology in Anderson's Col- lege, and subsequently Lecturer on the Practice of Medicine in the Western Ex- tra-mural School, and Member of the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom. At the present time he is Ex- tra Physician to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, and Professor of Clinical Medi- cine in St. Mungo's College, Glasgow. Dr. M'Vail is the author of various valuable contributions to medical literature, princi- pally with reference to diseases of the respiratory organs, e.g., " The Mechanism of Respiration in Normal and Abnormal Conditions," Lancet, 1882; "The Wavy Respiratory Sound of Phthisis," British Medical Journal, 1882; "Pathology of Pulmonary Emphysema," Ibid. 1884, &c. He is widely known in connection with what may be termed academic politics. For the past decade he has been the acknowledged and energetic leader of the reform party in the University of Glasgow ; and it is very largely to "him, and to the movement in which he has taken so active a part, that the recent thoroughgoing Universities (Scotland) Act is due. The main plank of the reform platform has been the destruction of the practical monopoly of teaching, of examin- ing, and of degree granting, enjoyed by the professors in the Scottish Universities, while the principal means urged for the accomplishment of this object have been an entire re-casting of the governing body of the Universities, the fuller recognition of extra-mural teaching, the prohibition of the degree-examination of candidates by their own teachers, and the affiliation of new colleges. Dr. M'Vail has also been the moving spirit in the erection and incorporation of St. Mungo's College, the medical faculty of which is in intimate connection with the Royal Infirmary of Glasgow. On the board of directors of the College he occupies a seat as one of the representatives chosen by the mana- gers of the Royal Infirmary. He was elected in 1891 a member of the Court of Glasgow University, and in 1892 he was appointed by her Majesty to be Crown member for Scotland of the General Medical Council. Address : 3 St. James's Terrace, Glasgow. MACWHIRTER, John, R.A., was born in 1839, at Slateford, near Edinburgh, and educated at Peebles. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Scottish Aca- demy in 1863. In the following year he came to London, and was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy on Jan. 22, 1879, and R.A. in 1893. He was elected an Honorary Member of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1882 ; elected mem- ber of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, same year ; exhibited in R.A. 1884, "The Windings of the Forth," " A Sermon by the Sea," and " Home of the Grizzly Bear"; 1885, "Track of a Hurricane," "Iona," "Loch Scavaig"; "The Three Witches," 1886. Mr. Mac- wbirter has painted " Loch Coruisk, Skye," 1867; "A great while ago the world began, with hey ho, the wind and the rain," 1871; "Caledonia," 1875; " The Lady of the Woods," 1876 ; " The Three Graces," 1878 ; " The Valley by the Sea," 1879 ; " The Lord of the Glen," 1880; "Sunday in the Highlands," and "Mountain Tops," 1881; "A Highland Auction " and " Ossian's Grave," 1882 ; " Corrie, Isle of Arran," "Sunset Fires," "Nature's Mirror," "A Highland Har- vest," 1883; and " Edinburgh from Salis- . bury Crag," 1887. More recently he has exhibited "A Highland Storm," and a set of three pictures, " The Shamrock," "The Rose," and "The Thistle," 1893; and " Subsiding Flood," " Nature's Arch- way " (diploma work, deposited on his election as an Academician), and three other pictures in 1894, since which date he has been a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy of his characteristic land- scapes. His principal Highland pieces have been : "Glen Affaric," 1895; "The Sleep that is among the Lonely Hills " and "Bonnie Scotland," 1896; "Affaric Water " (two pictures), 1897 ; " Morning, Isle of Arran," 1898; "Dark Loch Cor- uisk," and " The Silver Strand, Loch Katrine," 1899. He married, in 1872, Katherine, daughter of Professor Menzies, of Edinburgh University. Addresses : 1 Abbey Road, N.W. ; and Athenaeum. MADAGASCAR, Queen of. -See Ranavalo Manjaka III. MADAN, Falconer, M.A., born April 15, 1851, is the fifth son of the Rev, George Madan, then Vicar of Cam in Gloucester- shire (afterwards Vicar of St. Mary Red- cliffe.Bristol, and Rector of Dursley), and of his wife Harriet, ne'e Gresley. He was educated at Marlborough College from 1864 to 1870, and at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he obtained an open scholarship. He was twice Proxime Accessit for the Hertford Scholarship ; graduated B.A. in 1874, M.A. in 1877 ; was a Fellow of his College from 1876 to 1880, and was again elected to that position in 1889. On June 15, 1880, he was elected a Sub-Librarian of the Bodleian Library, and in 1889 was appointed Lee- MADDEN 711 turer in Mediaeval Palaeography in the University of Oxford — positions which he still holds. In 1874 he won the Univer- sity Single Fives Prize. His chief works are : " A Bibliography of Dr. Henry Sacheverell," 1884; "Books in Manu- script," 1893 ; "The Early Oxford Press, ' 1468 ' to 1640," 1895 ; " A Summary Cata- logue of Western MSS. in the Bodleian Library," vols, iii.-iv., 1895-97 (in pro- gress) ; " The Gresleys of Drakelowe," a family history, 1898. He married, on Dec. 29, 1885, Frances Jane, daughter of Harrison Hayter, Esq., Past President of the Institution of Civil Engineers : and has issue. Addresses : 90 Banbury Road ; and Brasenose College, Oxford. MADDEN, The Right Hon. Dodg- son Hamilton, M.A., LL.D., son of the Eev. Hugh Hamilton Madden, M.A. (Rec- tor of Templemore and Chancellor of Cashel), by Isabella, daughter of H. J. Monck Mason, Esq., LL.D. (author of "An Essay on Irish Parliaments," "Life of Bishop Bedell," and other works), was born at Loughgall, co. Armagh, Mar. 28, 1840. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1857, and obtained a Classical Scholar- ship and Moderatorship, a Gold Medal and Senior Moderatorship in Ethics and Logics, a Vice-Chancellor's Prize for English Com- position, and other honours. He gradu- ated B.A. and M.A., and in 1891 the Uni- versity conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. He was called to the Bar in 1864, appointed Q.C. in 1880, Third Serjeant-at-Law in 1887, Solicitor-General in 1888, Attorney-General in 1889, and a Judge of the High Court, Queen's Bench Division, in 1892. In 1896, under a pro- vision introduced into the Land Act of that year, he was appointed Additional Land Judge for the purposes of the Local Registration of Title Act, a measure which he was successful in passing, when At- torney-General for Ireland, in 1891. He represented the University of Dublin in Parliament (1887-92), and was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University in 1895, on the retirement of the Right Hon. John Thomas Ball, LL. D. He is Vice-Chairman of the Board of Intermediate Education in Ireland. He published works on the Registration of Deeds, 1868, and the Practice of the Land Judges' Court, 1870, 1879, and 1889 ; and is the author of " The Diary of Master William Silence : a Study of Shakespeare and of Elizabethan Sport " Longmans, 1897. He married (1), in 1868, Minnie, daughter of Lewis Moore, Esq., D.L., Cremorgan, Queen's County ; and (2), Jessie Isabelle, daughter of Richard Warburton, Esq., D.L. , Garry - hinch, King's County. Address : Nutley, Booterstown, co. Dublin. MADDEN, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., Chief -Justice of the Supreme Court of Vic- toria, was born in 1844, and educated at Melbourne University, where he graduated B.A. in 1863, and LL.D. in 1866. In the same year he was called to the Australian Bar, and in 1889 was appointed to his present post. He was created K.C.M.G. at the New Year 1899. He married, in 1872, Gertrude Frances, daughter of F. J. Stephen. Address : Cloyne, St. Kilda, Melbourne. MADDEN, Thomas More, M.D., was born in the island of Cuba, where his father, the late Dr. R. R. Madden, F.R.C.S. Eng., then filled the office of British representative at the Havanna, in the International Commission for the Aboli- tion of the Slave-Trade, to which he was appointed by Lord Palmerston, and for which he had relinquished his practice as a London physician. Dr. Madden, senior, who died in 1886, was not only a prominent member of the anti-slavery party, but was also a prolific and well-known writer, having in the course of his long and varied life published more than forty volumes. Amongst these we may here mention his " Travels in the East," " History of the United Irishmen," "Life and Correspond- ence of Lady Blessington," "Biography of Savonarola," " The Infirmities of Genius," " History of Periodical Literature," &c, Dr. More Madden entered on medical studies at the age of fourteen, when he was apprenticed to the late Mr. Cusack, Surgeon-in -Ordinary to the Queen in Ireland. Shortly before the completion of pupilage, however, he was forced by symptoms of pulmonary disease to remove to a more genial climate, and the next few years he passed in the South of Spain, Italy, and France, completing his profes- sional studies in Malaga and at the Uni- versity of Montpellier. Having graduated as a physician, after he returned home in 1862 he became a member of the London College of Surgeons, and is also a Member of the Dublin College of Physicians, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. After a further period of health-travel in Southern Europe, Egypt, Africa, and Australia, he settled down in practice in Dublin. In 1868, having adopted obstetric and gynaecological prac- tice as a specialism, Dr. More Madden was appointed Assistant Physician to the Rotunda Lying-in Hospital. On retire- ment from that office three years later, he was accorded the special thanks of the governors for " zealous and efficient dis- charge of his duties, and uniform kindness to the patients." In 1872 he received the French bronze cross, in recognition of his services in connection with the organisa- 712 MADGE — MAETERLINCK tion of the Irish Ambulance Corps em- ployed during the Franco-Prussian War. In that year, being also Examiner in Obstetric Medicine in the Queen's Univer- sity, he was appointed Physician to the newly-established Hospital for Sick Chil- dren, Dublin ; and not long afterwards became Obstetric Physician and Gynaeco- logist to the Mater Misericordiae Hospital. In addition to these appointments Dr. More Madden is Consultant to the National Lying-in Hospital, and other institutions. In 1878 he was elected Vice-President of the Dublin Obstetrical Society ; in 1885 Vice-President of the British Gynaecologi- cal Society ; in 1886 President of the Obstetric Section of the Academy of Medicine ; and more recently he held the office of President of the Obstetric Section of the British Medical Association. He received the degree of M. D. (honoris causd), from the Medical College of Galveston in 1890 ; and was accorded a Gold Medal by the Associazione dei Benemeriti Italiani. In 1892 he was Hon. President of the first International Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Brussels. He has been also made Honorary or Corresponding Member or Fellow of many medical and scientific societies at home and abroad. In 1895 he received the degree of Master of Obstetrics (honoris causd), from the Royal University of Ireland. Besides a vast number of contributions to medical journals, and several articles in Quain's "Dictionary of Medicine," and other standard books, Dr. More Madden's writ- ings include the last edition of " The Dublin Practice of Midwifery" ; "Change of Climate in Chronic Disease," 3rd edit., 1876 ; " Spas of Germany, France, and Italy," 1874; " Contributional Treatment of Chronic Uterine Disease," 1878 ; " Mental and Nervous Disorders peculiar to Women," 1883 ; " Child Culture- Mental, Moral, and Physical," 3rd edit., 1890 ; " On Uterine Tumours," 1887 ; " Treatment of Dysmenorrhoea and Ster- ility," London, 1889. In 1893 he edited " A Manual of Obstetric and Gynaecologi- cal Nursing " ; and in the same year was published in Philadelphia and in London his " Clinical Gynaecology — a Handbook of Diseases of Women," profusely illustrated. Finally, in the list of this writer's works may be mentioned "The Health Resorts of Europe and Africa," 3rd edit., 1891. The latter work has been also republished in America. The latest publication of this writer on a professional subject is one on " The Special Hygiene and Management of Childhood and Youth," 1897. Besides these Dr. More Madden has also contrib- uted to non -professional literature several works, amongst which are his " Memoirs from 1798 to 1886 of Dr. R. R. Madden, formerly Colonial Secretary of Western Australia," 1891 ; " Genealogical and His- torical Records of the O'Maddens of Hy- Mary," 1894; "Episodes in Ireland's History," 1897 ; and "A New Edition of the Lives and Times of the United Irish- men of 1798 and 1803, by the late Dr. R. R. Madden," 1898. Dr. More Madden mar- ried the eldest daughter of the late Thomas McDonnel Caffrey, Esq. of Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown, by whom he has two sons and one daughter surviving. Of his sons the eldest, Dr. Richard R. More Madden, follows his father's profession in London, where he is one of the Visiting Physicians to the Infirmary for Consump- tion, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square; and the youngest, Captain T. McD. Mad- den, is an officer in the Wicklow Artillery. Address : 55 Merrion Square, Dublin. MADGE. See Humphry, Mrs. MAETERLINCK, Maurice, Belgian dramatist and poet, was born at Ghent in 1864. At an early age he took to litera- ture, and wrote what Mr. W. L. Courtney once called "some youthful absurdities," among which were " Serres Chaudes" and "La Princesse Maleine." The latter, a strange old - world invention, introduced Maeterlinck to England, and was trans- lated by Mr. Alfred Sutro into English, with a preface by Mr. Hall Caine, in 1892. "L'Intruse," "Les Sept Princesses," and " Pelleas et Melisande " followed, suffused with an arresting mysticism, and widen- ing considerably the author's sphere of influence. Miss Alma Tadema translated the last play in 1895. In June 1898 "Pelleas et Melisande" was produced at the Lyceum Theatre by Mr. Forbes Robertson and Mrs. Patrick Campbell, and, albeit its run was short, special matinees were given during the "Macbeth" season in the following autumn. Natu- rally Mr. Forbes Robertson's venture attracted widespread attention, and curi- ously varying estimates were made of M. Maeterlinck's work. Succeeding contribu- tions from M. Maeterlinck were received with much interest, especially his best- known book, "Le Tre'sor des Humbles" (1897), which threw a wholly new light on the author's aims. This was introduced to the British public by Mr. A. B. Walkley and translated by Mr. Sutro. The current notion of him as a kind of fantastic de- cadent gave place to a conception of a new and snggestive but modest seeker after the mystery of existence. Some of his prose essays, it was said, were "empty enough," and others were of "a sort of etherealised Emerson, tender, fascinating, and almost beautiful." "Aglaraine and Selysette" (1897) struck a deeper note, MAGNUS — MAGRATH 713 and many adverse comments appeared as a result. On Oct. 15, 1898, "Wisdom and Destiny" was published simultaneously in London, Paris, and New York, Mr. Sutro again being the translator, and was hailed with a round of approval. In fact M. Maeterlinck has undoubtedly laid the foundations of a growing contemporary reputation, and whilst it is too early to assert that he will make some contribu- tion to "the stock of enduring wisdom," a surmise may be hazarded that "the Belgian Shakespeare," as he has been called, will in the coming century receive some commensurate measure of recogni- tion. MAGNUS, Sir Philip, J.P., second son of Jacob Magnus, was born in London on Oct. 7, 1842. He was educated at Uni- versity College School from 1854 to 1858, and afterwards at University College, London, where he obtained the Andrews Scholarship for Mathematics. He gradu- ated B.A. (first class with honours in Philosophy and Physiology) in 1863, and B.Sc. (first class with honours) in 1864 at the University of London. In 1865-66 he was a student at the University of Berlin. During his residence in Germany he made inquiries into the German system of educa- tion, visited schools, and studied methods of teaching. He embodied the results of these inquiries in a paper first read to the members of a College Society and after- wards published. This was his earliest essay on educational subjects. On his return to England he was busily engaged in tutorial, literary, and examining work, and held for some years the Professorship of Applied Mathematics at the Catholic University College. As a result of his lectures in Physics there appeared, in 1875, the first edition of his "Lessons in Elementary Mechanics " ( Longmans, Green & Co.), which he re-wrote in 1890, and of which more than 40,000 copies have been sold. Later he was associated with Professor Carey Foster in editing for the same publishers a series of Science Class - books, to which he contributed the volume on "Hydrostatics and Pneu- matics." Subsequently he became editor for Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. of a series of books on educational topics, called the "Education Library," to which in 1888 he contributed a volume consist- ing of reprints of essays and addresses delivered at various times, under the title of "Industrial Education." Since then he has contributed to different periodicals articles and essays on Educational and Commercial Subjects. In 1880 Sir Philip (then Mr.) Magnus was appointed Organ- ising Director and Secretary of the newly formed Association of Livery Companies, known as the City and Guilds of London Institute for the Advancement of Tech- nical Education. At that date little or nothing was known of technical educa- tion, and the wide development of that movement during recent years has followed pretty closely the lines laid down by those originally responsible for the organisation of the City Guilds Institute. In 1881 Mr. Magnus was a member of the Royal Com- mission on Technical Instruction. The Commission sat for three years, during' which Mr. Magnus, together with his col- leagues, devoted all the time he could spare from official duties to the inspection of schools and factories in France, Ger- many, Belgium, Italy, Holland, Switzer- land, Austria, aud England. In 1883 he was appointed Principal of the Finsbury Technical College, and delivered his in- augural address on Feb. 19 in that year. In 1884 he was Chairman of the Technical Section of the International Conference on Education held in London, and presided over by Lord Reay. In 1886 he received the honour of knighthood, and in the autumn of that year he represented this country at an Educational Conference held in Bordeaux. In 1890 Sir Philip Magnus was co-opted a member of the School Board for London, but did not seek re-election when the Board dissolved. In the same year he was elected by Con- vocation on the Senate of the University of London, to the work of which he had devoted considerable time. Sir Philip Magnus is a member of the Physical and Mathematical Societies, a Life Governor of University College, London, Honorary Fellow of College of Preceptors, Member of the Technical Education Board of London County Council, Representative of University of London on Joint Board for University Extension, and member of the governing body of more than one of the London polytechnics and other educa- tional institutes. He is President of the National Association of Manual Training Teachers, and also of the Joint Scholar- ship Board, and Education Adviser to the London Polytechnic Council. He is J.P. for the county of Surrey. Sir Philip Magnus was married in 1870 to Katie, only daughter of the late Alderman E. Emanuel, J.P., of Southsea. Addresses : 16 Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park ; Tang- ley Hill, Chilworth, Surrey ; Athenseum. MAG BATH, The Rev. John Richard, D.D., late Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, son of Nicholas Magrath, Surgeon, R.N., of Manor House, Guernsey, was born in Guernsey, Jan. 29, 1839, and educated at Elizabeth College, before proceeding to Oxford, where he gained a Scholarship at Oriel College. At '14 MAHAFFY — MAHAN the University he obtained (1860) the Stanhope Prize for an essay on "The Fall of the Republic of Florence." He gradu- ated B.A. , with a first class in Lit. Hum. in 1860, was Johnson's Theological Scholar, 1861, and took his M.A. degree, 1863. From 1860 to 1878 he was Fellow of Queen's College ; Chaplain from 1867 to 1878, and Bursar from 1874 to 1878. He was Select Preacher before the University in 1867-69, and Senior Proctor in 1877-78. In 1878 he was elected Provost of Queen's College, and he took the degrees of B.D. and D.D. Dr. Magrath has published " A Plea for the Study of Theology in the University of Oxford," 1868 ; ' ' Selections from Aristotle's Organon," 1868 (2nd edit. 1877); "Two Papers on University Reform," 1876. He was Chairman of the Oxford Local Board from 1882-87. He is a Justice of the Peace for Oxfordshire, Alderman of the City of Oxford, Member of the Heb- domadal Council of the University since 1878, and was Vice-Chancellor from 1894 to 1898, when he was succeeded by Sir William Anson. He married, in 1887, Georgiana Isabella, daughter of the Ven. W. Jackson, D.D., formerly Archdeacon and Canon of Carlisle and Provost of Queen's College, Oxford, 1862-78. Ad- dress : Queen's College, Oxford. MAHAFFY, Professor the Kev. John Pentland, D.D., seventh and youngest child of the Rev. Nathaniel B. Mahaffy and his wife Elizabeth Pentland, was born on Feb. 26, 1839, at Chappon- naire, near Vevay, on the Lake of Geneva, in Switzerland, and was never at school, being educated in Germany by his parents, till he entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1856. He was elected to a scholarship in 1858, and obtained two Senior Moderator- ships (in Classics and in Philosophy) at his degree in 1859 ; gained his Fellowship (by competition) in 1864 ; was appointed Precentor of the Chapel, with control of the college choir in 1867 ; Professor of Ancient History, 1871 (which offices he now holds) ; and Donnellan lecturer in 1873. He received the degree of D.D. in 1886, Hon. Mus. D. in 1890, Hon. D.C.L. (Oxon.), 1892. He was decorated with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Saviour by the King of Greece in 1877, and was elected an Honorary Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, in 1882, and a Corresponding Member of the Vienna Academy in 1896. He is a J. P. for the co. Dublin, on the Grand Jury of the co. Monaghan, and one of the Governors of the Irish National Gallery. Professor Mahaffy has published a translation of Kuno Fischer's "Com- mentary on Kant," 1866; "Twelve Lec- tures on Primitive Civilisation," 1868 ; "Prolegomena to Ancient History," 1871 ; "Kant's Critical Philosophy for English Readers," 1871 ; "Greek Social Life from Homer to Menander," 1874 (7th edit., 1898); "Greek Antiquities," 1876, a work adopted in French, Russian, and Hungarian schools ; " Rambles and Studies in Greece," 1876 (3rd edit., 1887) ; " Greek Education," 1879; "A History of Classical Greek Literature," 2 vols., 1880 (3rd edit., 1891) ; ' ' A Report on the Irish Grammar Schools " (in the Royal Commission of 1880-81); "The Decay of Modern Preaching," 1882; " The Story of Alexander's Empire," 4th edit., 1890; "Greek Life and Thought from Alexander to the Roman Conquest," 1887 (2nd edit., 1897); "The Art of Con- versation," 2nd edit., 1889; "The Greek World under Roman Sway," and "Greek Pictnres," 1890, and "Problems in Greek History," 1892; "The Empire of the Ptolemies," 1896 ; " A Sketch of the Life and Teaching of Descartes," 1880, and has edited the English edition of "Duruy's Roman History," 1883-86 ; also deciphered and edited the Petrie papyri for the Royal Irish Academy (Cunningham Memoirs, viii. and ix.), 1891-93 ; besides many papers in periodicals and reviews. Professor Mahaffy is at present Science Tutor and Examiner and Lecturer in Trinity College, Dublin, in Classics, Philosophy, Music, and in Modern Languages. He was elected a member of the Athenaeum by the Com- mittee in 1884. He married, in 1865, Frances, daughter of William M'Dougall, Esq., J. P., &c, of Howth, co. Dublin, and has two sons and two daughters. Ad- dresses : Trinity College, Dublin ; 38 North Great George's Street, Dublin ; Sea Lawn, Baldoyle ; and Athenaeum. MAH AN, Alfred T. , American naval officer and author, was born in New York, Sept. 27, 1840, and is the son of Prof. D. H. Mahan, Professor of Military Engineer- ing, U.S. Military Academy. He entered the navy in 1856, was midshipman June 9, 1859, and promoted to Lieutenant in 1861. At the close of the war between the States in 1865 he had become a Lieut.-Com- mander ; was made Commander in 1872 and Captain in 1885. The United States Naval War College at Newport, R.I., has received a great deal of his attention, and he has done much special duty there, having been President of it for some years. He was placed on the retired list at his own request in November 1896. He is widely known as an able writer on naval topics, and his work on the " Influence of Sea Power upon History," published in 1890, is standard. He has also published "The Gulf and Inland Waters," 1883; " Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire," 1892 ; "Life of Admiral Farragut," 1894; "The Life of MAITLAND — MALABAR! 715 Nelson," 1897 ; and he has collected various papers contributed to the American maga- zines and published them under the title of "The Interest of America in Sea Power, present and future," 1897. In 1894, when the Chicago of which he was in command lay in the Thames, he was the recipient of unusual honours from officers of the British Navy. On the outbreak of the war with Spain he was recalled into active service, and served in 1898 on the Board of Strategy. In 1899 he was chosen as Naval Expert for the U.S. on the Peace Con- ference at The Hague. Address : 160 West 86th Street, New York. MAITLAND, Agnes Catharine, Principal of Somerville College, Oxford, was born in London, on April 12, 1849, and is the second daughter of David John Maitland (only son of Col. Maitland, H.E.I.C.S., of Chipperkyle, Galloway), and of Matilda Leathes Mortlock, daughter of Sir John Cheetham Mortlock, Commis- sioner in Excise. She was educated at home, and was appointed Examiner to Northern Union of Schools of Cookery, 1877 ; Visiting Examiner to Elementary Schools under Liverpool School of Cookery, 1881 ; Principal of Somerville Hall, Oxford, in succession to Miss M. Shaw-Lefevre, 1889. Miss Maitland is the author of "Elsie," a Lowland sketch, 1875; "A Woman's Victory," 1877 ; " Rhoda," 1885 ; and several volumes of stories for children, various cookery books, both for schools and other establishments ; also " Cottage Lecture's on Health," 1889 ; and papers on Hygiene, Housekeeping, Education, and so forth. Miss Maitland has always taken great interest in questions affecting women, especially in the movement for their higher education ; and has lectured on these and other subjects ; and carried on successfully a considerable amount of philanthropic work. Somerville Hall has grown and extended its buildings con- siderably since Miss Maitland entered on her duties as Principal, and became a college in 1894. Address : Somerville College, Oxford. MAITLAND, Professor Frederic William, LL.D., was born on May 28, 1850, and is the son of John Gorham Maitland. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A.). He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, and in 1884 was appointed Reader of Eng- lish Law at Cambridge University, and in 1888 Professor of English Law. He is best known as an authority on the history of the Laws of England, and has published "Gloucester Pleas," 1884; "Justice and Police," 1885; Bracton's "Note-Book," 1887 ; and, jointly with Sir Frederick Pol- lock, the standard "History of English Law," 1895; "Domesday Book and Be- yond," 1897; "Township and Borough," and "Canon Law in England," 1898. He has also edited several of the Selden Society's publications. Addresses: Down- ing College, Cambridge ; and Athenuasm. MAITLAND, Major -General Sir James Makgill Heriot, K.C.B., younger son of the late James M. Heriot of Ramornie, Fifeshire, and grandson of the 6th Earl of Lauderdale, was born at Ramornie in June 1837. He was educated privately and at the Royal Military Academy, and entered the Royal Engineers as Lieutenant in April 1855, and was pro- moted Captain in April 1862, Major in July 1872, and Colonel in the Army in Decem- ber 1883. He first saw active service in the China War of 1857-59, taking part in the occupation of Canton, the storming of Chek-Hung, and the attack on the Peiho Forts. He was mentioned in despatches and received a medal. In 1882 he went to Egypt and was present at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. For his services throughout the campaign he was created a C.B. and was also awarded the Medjidieh of the third class. He was afterwards appointed Colonel on the Staff and Commanding Royal Engineer in Egypt, and in that capacity took part in the Soudan Cam- paign, being employed on the Nile and with the Frontier Field Force, and was present at the action of Giniss. In April 1891 he was appointed Deputy-Adjutant- General for Royal Engineers at Head- quarters, and was promoted to Major- General in May 1895. In the following year he was sent as a Special Envoy from the War Office to negotiate with the Government of India. He was created a K.C.B. in 1887. Major-General Sir James Maitland is married to Jessica, only daughter of the late Captain Hutchings, R.N. His first wife was Frances, daughter of the late Sir John Campbell. Address : 16 Herbert Crescent, Hans Place, S.W. MALABABI, Behramji Merwanji (ni Mehta), an Indian poet, philanthro- pist, and national reformer, was born at Baroda in 1853, and is the son of Dhan- jibhai Mehta, a poor Parsi clerk, who was in the service of the Gaekwar of Baroda, and died when his son was only two years of age. The child was adopted by a maternal relative, named Merwanji Nana- bhai Malabari, who subsequently became his stepfather, and whose name the orphan boy took, in lieu of Mehta. His mother, whose name was Bhikhibai, was a remark- able woman, possessing the rare qualities of irrepressible energy combined with great gentleness of disposition. Her large- 716 MALCOM KHAN ness of heart and loving sympathy for the friendless procured for her the esteem of all who had the happiness to know her. She died when her son was eleven years of age. To the ennobling influence of her character her son owes many of the traits which have made him the philanthropist that he is — one who has sacrificed his fortune and devoted his life to the ameli- oration of the condition of the girls and women of India ; and who, in the name of God and of humanity, has undertaken a noble crusade against infant marriages and enforced widowhood among the Hindu races. Malabari began life as a poet, and of his " Niti Vinod " it has been said that some of the poems will live as long as the vernacular of Gujarat endures. He has likewise written English verse which has elicited the admiration of Lord Tennyson, Professor Max Mtiller, and others. His poetical works are "Niti Vinod," " Wilson Virah," " Tarod-i-Ittefaq," and "The Indian Muse in an English Garb." He has also written " Gujarat and Gujaratis," which has passed into three editions, and is esteemed for its humorous and pictu- resque style. Mr. Malabari is editor and proprietor of the Indian Spectator, the leading native journal of India, which is known to have done most valuable service to the state and the country ; and also of the Voice of India. He has written largely on important political and moral questions, and is the greatest social re- former in India, known to be in touch with high authorities and leading thinkers in this country. He visited England in 1890, and his " Appeal from the Daughters of India," with his eloquent pleadings on their behalf in the Times and other jour- nals, created a profound impression in the highest circles. An influential committee was formed to aid his efforts. It consisted of former Secretaries of State for India, Viceroys, Governors, high legal and medi- cal authorities, and prominent representa- tives of Church and State. Mr. Malabari visited this country again in 1891, and continued the agitation commenced in the previous year against infant marriage in his own country. By great personal exertions, and with the aid of influential persons here, whom he interested in the cause of the helpless Indian child-wife, he succeeded in moving the Government of India to take legislative action in the matter. The famous Age of Consent Bill, introduced by Sir Andrew Scoble, the legal member of the Viceroy's Council, as the direct outcome of Mr. Malabari's long and persistent crusade, became law, after bitter discussions. The Age of Consent Act, the practical outcome of Mr. Mala- bari's labours of a lifetime, will remain his best claim to the gratitude of the Indian people. By raising the age of consent from ten to twelve years it tends to decrease the number of child-widows, and to improve the physical and moral condition of Indian girls in general. The educative influence of this piece of legis- lation is, however, its chief merit ; and the next generation will raise the age still higher with much less trouble and opposi- tion. A few years later Mr. Malabari urged the question of the Restitution of Conjugal Rights, which had been laid aside in 1891 for a more convenient op- portunity. Sir Andrew Scoble's succes- sor, Sir Alexander Miller, introduced a bill to mitigate the rigours of this imported law ; but owing to the weakness or igno- rance, of the new Government, the bill, introduced by Government themselves, was withdrawn. During the last few years, Mr. Malabari has been busy with his pen again, and published general literary works, all of which have met with a cordial reception, both in his own coun- try and in England and America. In his " Indian Eye on English Life," published in 1893, he has given his impressions of men and manners English, in his racy humorous style. The book has gone through several editions in a short time. Mr. Malabari has also written on politics, and his two brochures, " The India Pro- blem" (London and Bombay, 1894), and " India in 1897 " (London, 1898), treat some of the most burning questions of current Indian politics in a calm dispas- sionate manner, characteristic of this publicist. Nor has Mr. Malabari neglected his poetic muse amid political and philan- thropic labours, all - engrossing as they have been. He has added to his previous works two volumes of verse in his mother tongue, Gujarati, " Anubhavika, " or " Ex- periences of Life" (1894), and " Man and his World " (1898), which have considerably enhanced his fame as a genuine poet. Mr. Malabari has also interested himself keenly in Miss Florence Nightingale's scheme for Indian Village Sanitation, for which he is doing much in a quiet manner. During the last two or three years of troubles and disasters through which India has passed, Mr. Malabari has been busy rendering assistance to the plague - stricken and famine-stricken people in the cities and the provinces, and by long and frequent tours he has kept himself in touch with the operations and measures of relief started and worked by the officials, acting throughout as a welcome interpreter be- tween the people and their alien rulers. MALCOM KHAN, His Highness Prince, Nazem ud Dowleh, was born at Ispahan in 1832, and is descended from a noble family of great antiquity in Persia. MALET 717 His father, Yaooub Khan, was one of the ablest and most learned statesmen of Persia. After receiving a careful training at home under his father's immediate care, Malcom Khan was, at the age of twelve, sent to Paris, where he successfully applied himself to the study of mathematics and other sciences, literature, &c, and more especially to the study of the institutions of Europe as compared with those of Persia. When he returned to Persia he was at once appointed Oonseiller Intime, and A.D.C. to the Shah at Teheran. At the age of twenty-two Malcom Khan was sent to Europe with the special mission of elaborating and concluding treaties of friendship and commerce with the Gov- ernments of Europe and of the United States of America. On his return to Persia he ardently promoted the intro- duction of reforms in the Persian adminis- tration. To this end he had already written several pamphlets and books on literary, religious, and political subjects connected with Persia. As an author he introduced into the Persian language the methods and best style of European writers, and entirely transformed the diplomatic language of Persia. In 1860 the ideas of Prince Malcom Khan were found too ad- vanced for immediate realisation ; he therefore obtained leave of absence and went to take up his residence at Constan- tinople, where he married, in 1865, the Princess Dadian, by whom he has had four children, three daughters, and a son who was educated at Eton. In 1872 he was asked to draw up a comprehensive programme of reforms to be carried out in Persia ; and was recalled to Teheran and occupied the post second to that of the Grand Vizier, in which position all the great home and foreign affairs of the State passed through his hands ; and in conse- quence of many important reforms realised under his immediate direction, he was created Nazem ud Dowleh (Eeformer of the Empire), a title which ranks among the highest in the land. One of his best successes was to decide the Shah to under- take his first journey to Europe in 1873. The Prince was accordingly sent on an extraordinary mission to all the Courts of Europe to prepare for the visit of his sovereign. After accompanying the Shah during his tour, Prince Malcom Khan, unwilling to return to Persia, remained in Europe as Persian Minister at the Courts of London, Vienna, Berlin and other coun- tries. During the Shah's second visit to Europe, 1878, Prince Malcom Khan was sent to the Congress of Berlin as Persian Plenipotentiary, where he succeeded in obtaining the restitution by Turkey of a disputed province, and on that occasion was raised to the rank of Highness. Prince Malcom Khan has constantly pro- moted various reforms ; finding that the regeneration of Oriental countries could be effected only by radical religious trans- formations, and by a new system of public instruction, he devoted a large portion of his time and means to modify the Arabic alphabet. He recently published an edi- tion of the celebrated " Gnlistan " and other works in his new phonetic system of Arabic writing. It is generally con- sidered that the improvement of the relations between Great Britain and Persia, and the success which attended the visit of the Shah to this country in 1889, are due mostly to Prince Malcom Khan. Upon his sovereign's return to Persia he resigned the Embassy of London, on account of personal differences with the acting Grand Vizier. In the early part of June 1890 the Shah offered him the Persian Embassy at Rome, but his Highness declined the appointment on the plea of his health. In February 1899 his appointment was announced as Persian Minister in Rome, in succession to General Neriman Khan. MALET, The Right Hon. Sir Ed- ward Baldwin, G.C.M.G., G.C.B., born at the Hague, Oct. 10, 1837, is the son of Sir Alexander Malet, K.C.B., formerly British Minister at Frankfort. He was educated at Eton and at Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, and entered the diplomatic service in 1854 as attache at Frankfort. In 1858 he was transferred to Brussels, to Rio de Janeiro in 1861, and to Washington in 1862, where be was made Second Secretary. In 1865 he served at Lisbon and Constantinople ; was appointed to act temporarily as a supernumerary Second Secretary at Paris, in July 1867, and was transferred to Paris in January 1868. During the Commune he was Charge" des Archives ; was made a C.B. July 10, 1871, and promoted to be Secretary of Legation at Pekin in August of the same year. From 1873 to 1875 he was acting Charge d'Affaires at Athens, and then proceeded to Rome as Secretary of Embassy. In connection with the re- newal of the treaty of commerce with Italy, Sir Edward Malet visited the manu- facturing districts, and was appointed with Mr. Kennedy to confer with the Italian Commissioner in November 1875 with respect to the renewal of the treaty of Aug. 6, 1863, between Great Britain and Italy. On April 29, 1878, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary at Constantinople in the absence of the Am- bassador. The following year he went to Egypt as Agent-Consul-General, and as Minister Plenipotentiary in the diplomatic service. He was made a K. C.B. in 1881, and received the medal and Khedive's star for 718 MALLOCK — MANN his services in Egypt in 1882. In August 1883 he was promoted to be Envoy Extra- ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Brussels, and Ambassador at Berlin, Sept. 20, 1884. He was also accredited as Minister Plenipotentiary to Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Mecklenburg - Strelitz, Saxe- Weimar, Anhalt, Oldenburg, and Bruns- wick. In 1895 he retired on a pension. He was British Plenipotentiary at the Congo Conference in 1884-85, and at the Samoa Conference in 1889. Sir Edward Malet was sworn a Privy Councillor in March 1885, and in June of the same year was made a G.C.M.G., and G.C.B. in February 1886. He married Lady Ermyn- trude, daughter of the Duke of Bedford, in 1885. Addresses : 85 Eaton Square, S.W. ; Wrest Wood, Bexhill. MALLOCK, "William Hurrell, son of the Rev. Roger Mallock, of Cockington Court, South Devon, was born in Devon- shire in 1849. His mother is a daughter of the late Ven. R. Hurrell Froude, Arch- deacon of Totnes, and sister of Mr. An- thony Froude, the historian. Mr. Mallock was educated by a private tutor, the Rev. W. B. Philpot, of Littlehampton, Sussex, and afterwards at Balliol College, Oxford, where in 1871 he gained the Newdigate Prize Poem, the subject being "The Isth- mus of Suez." He took, at Oxford, a second class in the final classical schools. Mr. Mallock has never entered any profes- sion, though at one time he contemplated the diplomatic service. "The New Re- public," most of which he wrote when he was at Oxford, was published in 1876, having first appeared in a fragmentary form in Belgravia. A year later he pub- lished "The New Paul and Virginia." In 1879 he published "Is Life Worth Living?" which first appeared in fragments in the Contemporary Review and the Nineteenth Century. In 1880 he brought out a small edition of "Poems," written, most of them, many years previously. The fol- lowing year he published, " A Romance of the Nineteenth Century " ; and in 1882 " Social Equality : a Study in a Missing Science," the substance of which had already appeared in fragments iu the Nineteenth Century and the Contemporary during the three previous years. In 1884 he published "Property and Progress," an examination of the theories of contem- porary radical and socialistic agitation. This had been formerly published in the Quarterly Review in the shape of three essays. The year following he published "Atheism and the Value of Life, or Five Studies in Contemporary Literature," being criticisms of Professor Clifford, Lord Tennyson, George Eliot, the author of "Ecce Homo," and Herbert Spencer. In 1886 he published "The Old Order Changes," a novel which first appeared in the National Review. His most recent works are: "A Human Document," a novel, and "In an Enchanted Island," 1892; "Labour and the Popular Welfare," an edition of the Letters and Remains of the 12th Duke of Somerset, and a volume of " Verses," 1893. In 1889 he published his experiences in Cyprus, under the title, "In an Enchanted Island." More recently he has written in the newspapers, one of his most effective attacks being on socialis- tic doctrinairism. In 1896 he published " Classes and Masses," and in 1898, "Aristocracy and Evolution." In 1890 he became editor of the " British Review," a new weekly, now amalgamated with the "National Observer." Address: Bornhill, near Exeter. MANCHESTER, Bishop of. See Mookhouse, The Right Rev. James. MANCHESTER, Dean of. See Macluee, The Very Rev. Edward Craig. MANCHESTER,, Duke of, William Angus Drogo Montagu, was born in London in 1877, and is the son of the 8th Duke, and Consuelo, daughter of Signor Antonio Yznaga de Valle, of Louisiana. He was educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, and succeeded his father in 1890. He is a lieutenant in the 5th Battalion of the King's Royal Rifles. Ad- dresses : Kimbolton Castle, St. Neots ; and 45 Portman Square, W., &c. MANN, Horace, son of Thomas Mann, Esq., solicitor, and afterwards Chief Clerk in the General Register Office, was born Oct. 4, 1823, and educated privately and at Mercers' School, London. He entered at Lincoln's Inn in 1842, and was called to the Bar in 1847, practising on the Home Circuit until, in October 1850, he was appointed Assistant - Commissioner for conducting the Census of 1851. In that capacity he wrote special Reports on "Education" and " Religious Worship. " In June 1855 he was appointed Registrar, and in December 1875 Secretary to the Civil Service Commission, from which post he retired, on pension, 1887. MANN, Tom, was born at Foleshill, Warwickshire, on April 15, 1856. As a lad he worked in a mine till he was four- teen years of age, when his people removed to Birmingham. In 1877 he came to Lon- don, and became connected with the Amalgamated Engineers. He was em- ployed at Messrs. Thorneycroft's, but in 1889, during the great dock strike, devoted MANNS — MARCET 719 himself to labour organisation among the dock labourers. He was elected President of the Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General Labourers' Union, but retired from that position in September 1892. At the Bristol Conference of 1893 he accepted the position of Hon. President. In 1892 Mr. Mann became a member of the Royal Commission on Labour, and also gave evidence before the Commission. The London Reform Union being formed in 1893, he accepted the Secretaryship. In 1894 he became Secretary of the Independ- ent Labour Party, which office he held for three years, resigning in order to devote himself more effectually to the In- ternational Federation of Ship, Dock, and River Workers, which came into existence in June 1896. For organising purposes Mr. Mann has visited France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Spain, but owing to the opposition of the authorities he has been expelled from France, Belgium, and Hamburg. He is now engaged in the organisation of the Workers' Union, which it is hoped will draw into the ranks of Trade Unionism large numbers of those who have up till now stood apart. Ad- dress : 34 Minford Gardens, West Ken- sington. MANN'S, August, well known as a musical conductor, was born on March 12, 1825, at Stolzenburg, in Prussia. He showed great ability in conducting at Krolls, in Berlin, from 1849 till 1851, and afterwards from 1851 till 1854 as Director of Herr von Roon's Regimental Band in Cologne, and was appointed in 1855 musi- cal director of the Crystal Palace, where for nearly forty-three years he has wielded the baton at the famous winter and spring Saturday Concerts. During this long period he has done much to popularise certain French, German, and other foreign masters who would otherwise have re- mained comparatively unknown to the English music-loving public. It may be said that the liberal spirit in which musi- cal art has been nursed by the concerts under his conductorship has prepared the way for that general progress of musical art in Great Britain which now gives so much enjoyment to lovers of good music in London, and in most of the large pro- vincial towns. In 1883 he became con- ductor to the Handel Festival in succes- sion to Sir Michael Costa, who retired owing to ill-health. He has conducted at all subsequent Handel Festivals. Ad- dress : Crystal Palace, S.E. MAPLE, Sir John Blundell, Bart., M.P., Governor of Maple & Co., of the Tottenham Court Road, London, was born in 1845, and is the son of Mr. John Maple, upholsterer. He was educated at Crau- furd College and King's College School, and since 1887 has represented the Dul- wich Division of Camberwell in the House of Commons, where he votes as a Con- servative. He entered the London County Council for South St. Pancras in 1895, and has found the funds for rebuilding Univer- sity College Hospital at a cost of £120,000, on ground rendered partially vacant by the demolition of some of his workshops. He was created Baronet at the Jubilee in 1897, having been previously knighted. He is very well known in the racing world. He married Emily, daughter of Mr. Merryweather, in 1874, and their only daughter was married to Baron von Eck- hardstein of the German Embassy, in 1896. Addresses : 8 Clarence Terrace, N.W. ; and Childwickbury, St. Albans. MAPOTHER, Edward Dillon, born at Fairview, Dublin, Oct. 14, 1835, of a leading Roscommon family, and was edu- cated in the Queen's University. Before he had attained his nineteenth year he was elected Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, and in 1867 became its Professor of Physiology, and afterwards filled the presidential chair in that institution. He was also President of the Statistical Society of Ire- land. In 1888 he resigned his official position to practise in London, having purchased the residence of the eminent surgeon Quain, a house also interesting as having been the abode successively of three famous portrait - painters, Francis Cotes, R.A., George Romney, and Sir M. A. Shee, P.R.A. Dr. Mapother's writings include "A Manual of Physiology," 3rd edit., 1882 ; " Lectures on Public Health," 2nd edit., 1867 ; " Lectures on Skin Diseases " ; " The Body and its Health " (six editions). By this primer a know- ledge of Physiology and Hygiene has been diffused in the National Schools of Ireland and of most other English - speaking countries. He also gained the Carmichael Prize (£200) for an essay on Medical Edu- cation, and has contributed many medical biographical sketches and proposals for hospital reform. Address : 32 Cavendish Square, W. MARCET, "William, M.D. Edin., F.R.C.P. Lond., F.R.S., received his medi- cal education at Edinburgh, and graduated M.D. in 1850. In 1859 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Lon- don, and a Fellow of the Royal Society. He has been Assistant-Physician at the Brompton Hospital for Consumption, is Consulting Physician in London for the Invalid Ladies' Home at Cannes, and 720 MAKCHAND — MAKGOLIOTJTH Assistant - Physician at the Westminster Hospital. He was president from 1888 to 1890 of the Royal Meteorological Society, and is President of the Edinburgh Medical Society and Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Perhaps his best-known book is the reprint of his Croonian Lectures, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians in 1895, and entitled "A Contribution to the His- tory of the Respiration of Man." Ad- dresses : Flowermead, Wimbledon Park, Surrey ; and Athenaeum. MAKCHAND, The Hon. Felix Gabriel, Canadian author and statesman, was born at St. John's, Lower Canada, in 1832. He studied law, and entered the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in 1867. In 1878 he became Provincial Secretary, and for a short while was Commissioner of Crown Lands. In 1887 he was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. He has been a constant writer in most of the French- Canadian papers, notably Lc Franco- Oanadien, wbich he founded. He has also written comedies for the stage, such as " Erreur n'est pas Compte," and " Un Bon- heur en Attire un Autre." In 1879 he received the decoration of Officier de L'Instruction Publique from the French Government. MAKCHAND, Major Thomas, French explorer and " emissary of civilisa- tion," is the son of a carpenter of Thoissey, in the department of the Saone-et-Loire, and was born in 1863. He was educated at the local college, and for five years served as a clerc de notaire. At eighteen he wished to volunteer for the army, but gave way before his mother's entreaties. However, in 1883 he served his regulation time, and having re-engaged himself, he soon gained a commission. In 1896 he joined the staff of M. Liotard, the Com- missioner of the Upper Congo, and reached Loango in July of that year. He left Brazzaville, the capital of the French Congo, in March 1897, and steamed up the M'bomo River, hauling his boats through forests and over the mountains between the Congo and Nile Basins. In September 1897 he reached M'bima on the Boku River, the extremity of the Congo basin and the limit of the French Congo Protectorate. He then despatched Captain Baratier to reconnoitre the Sueh River, a tributary of the Bahr-el-Ghazal, one of the heads of the Nile. This river having been mapped out, he made a road 100 miles long by 16 feet wide, over which he carried his loads, two gunboats and ten steel boats. By November he reached the Sueh, and then worked his way down to the Bahr-el- Ghazal and so on to the Nile, establishing himself at Fashoda by July 1898. After the battle of Omdurman on Sept. 2, 1898, Lord Kitchener steamed up the Nile, and warned Major Marchand that he was on Egyptian territory. The Major refused to move until he had received orders from the French Government. He sent Captain Baratier with his report to Paris vid the Nile, and himself left Fashoda to supple- ment that report in October 1898. His Government having given him orders to leave Fashoda, he marched through Abys- sinia to Djiboutil, arriving at Toulon in May 1899, where he was received with great enthusiasm. His reception in Paris was phenomenal. MARCONI, William, electrical engineer and inventor of "wireless tele- graphy," was born at Marzabotto, near Bologna, in 1875, his father being Italian, but his mother English. He was educated at Livorno under Professor Rosa and at Bologna under Professor Righi, where he first attracted public attention with his system of wireless telegraphy. He visited in England in 1896, and becoming ac- quainted with the labours of Mr. W. H. Preece, C.B., F.R.S., Engineer-in-Chief of the Post Office, Signor Marconi went to him for advice, and his apparatus was tested between Penarth and Weston with a completely favourable result. Returning to Italy, he secured support from the Italian Minister of Marine, and experi- ments were carried out, firstly at Rome, and subsequently at Spezzia, where mes- sages were sent from the shore to an iron- clad ten miles away. His most important experiments, however, have been recently (1898) undertaken at Dublin in Kingstown Harbour, with the object of sending the results of the yacht races from the harbour to the offices of the Dublin Daily Express, whose editor, Mr. T. P. Gill, organised the trial. Signor Marconi, with the help of a transmitter, a receiver, an ordinary Morse taping machine, and two batteries attached to a width of wire-netting at the top of an improvised mast, succeeded in signalling to a distance of more than ten miles. The use that this system would be to lighthouses in foggy weather and to armies in the field can be easily seen. Signor Marconi has a permanent installa- tion working over a distance of 14J miles, between Bournemouth and Alum Bay in the Isle of Wight, and another between Dover and Cape Grisnez. MAKGOLIOTJTH, Professor David Samuel, Laudian Professor of Arabic in the University of Oxford, son of Ezekiel Margoliouth, was born in London on Oct. 17, 1858, and educated at the Hackney Collegiate School ; afterwards he was scholar of Winchester College, 1872-77 ; MAEIA CHRISTINA — MAEKHAM 721 whence he became scholar of New College Oxford, 1877-81, where he gained most of the University scholarships for Classics and Oriental languages. In 1881 he was elected Fellow of New College, where he became subsequently Lecturer, Tutor, and Librarian. In 1889 he was elected to the Laudian Professorship of Arabic at Oxford. In 1884 he published his critical edition of the "Agamemnon" of jEschylus ; in 1887 "Analecta Orientalia ad Poeticam Aristoteleam " ; in 1889 " The Commentary of Jephet ibn Ali on Daniel " ; in 1893, "Chrestomathia Baidawiana" and "Arabic Papyri in the Bodleian Library." He assisted Dr. Edersbeim in his commentary on Ecclesiasticus in the " Speaker's Com- mentary." Since 1896, with Mrs. Margo- liouth, nie J. Payne Smith, and a daughter of the late Dean of Canterbury, he has been engaged in completing the Syriac "Thesaurus" of the late Dean Payne Smith. He has also published various articles in learned journals chiefly con- nected with Arabic literature. Address : 88 Woodstock Road, Oxford. MARIA CHRISTINA, Q,ueen- Regent of Spain, born July 21, 1858, is the second daughter of the late Arch- duke Charles of Austria. She married, on Nov. 29, 1879, Alfonso XII., King of Spain, as his second wife, and upon his death on Nov. 25, 1885, she was appointed Regent. Her son, the present King, was born at Madrid on May 17, 1886, where also her eldest daughter, the Infanta Maria delas Mercedes, was born on Sept. 11, 1880, and her voungest daughter, the Infanta Maria- Theresa, on Nov. 12, 1882. As Regent she has proved herself a monarch of singular courage and supreme devotion to her son and his cause. The opening of the Cortes at the beginning of the Hispano-American War showed her in an almost heroic light. MARINDIN, Sir Francis Arthur, K.C.M.G., R.E., Senior Inspecting Officer of Railways, Board of Trade, was born at Weymouth on May 1, 1838, and is the second son of the late Rev. S. Marindin, formerly in the 2nd Life Guards, and of Isabella, daughter of A. Wedderburn Colville, was educated at Eton and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and entered the Royal Engineers in 1854, retiring in 1879 with the rank of Major. He saw service in the East in 1855-56, was A.D.C. and Private Secretary to Sir William Stevenson, K.C.B., Governor of Mauritius, from 1860 to 1863, and was on special service in Madagascar in 1861. From 1866 to 1868 he was Adjutant at the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, and was Brigade-Major from 1869 to 1874. He became attached to the Board of Trade in 1877. He was created C.M.G. in 1887 for work done on the Egyptian State Railways, and became K.C.M.G. in 1897, at the Jubilee. He married, in 1860, a daughter of Sir William Stevenson, K.C.B. Addresses: 3 Hans Crescent, S.W. ; and Craigflower, Dun- fermline. MAEKBT, Sir "William, K.C.I.E., D.C.L., J.P., fourth son of the Rev. William Henry Markby, B. D. , rector of Duxford St. Peter, in the county of Cambridge, was born at Duxford on May 3, 1829, and was educated at King Edward's School, Bury St. Edmunds, and Merton College, Oxford (B.A. 1850, M.A 1853, D.C.L. 1879). He was called to the Bar, 1856, and became Recorder of Buckingham, 1865-66 ; Judge of the High Court at Calcutta, 1866-78 ; Vice -Chancellor of the University of Calcutta, 1887-88 ; and was appointed Reader of Indian Law in the University of Oxford, 1878, which office he still holds. He is a Fellow of All Souls' and of Balliol Colleges, and Justice of the Peace for the county of Oxford. In 1892 he was appointed a Commissioner to inquire into the administration of justice in the island of Trinidad. He has published "Lectures on Indian Law," and "Elements of Law considered with Reference to General Prin- ciples of Jurisprudence" (Clarendon Press), 5th edit., 1896. Addresses: Headington Hill, Oxford ; and Athenaeum. MARKHAM, Sir Clements Robert, K.C.B., F.R.S., F.S.A., son of the Rev. David F. Markham, Canon of Windsor, and of Catharine, daughter of Sir W. Milner, Bart., of Nunappleton, co. York, was born, July 20, 1830, at Stillingfleet, near York, was educated at Westminster School, and entered the Navy in 1844. He was appointed Naval Cadet on board H.M. S. Collingwood, bearing the flag of Sir George Seymour, on the Pacific station, Midshipman in 1846, passed for a Lieutenant in 1850, and left the Navy in 1851. He became a clerk in the Board of Control in 1855, Assistant-Secretary in the India Office in 1867, and was in charge of the Geographical Department of the India Office from 1867 to 1877, when he retired. From 1862 to 1864 he was private secre- tary to Mr. T. G. Baring (now Earl of Northbrook). He was secretary to the Hakluyt Society from 1858 to 1889, and secretary to the Royal Geographical Society from 1863 to 1888. In 1888 he received the Society's Gold Medal. He served in the Arctic expedition in search of Sir John Franklin in 1850-51 ; explored Peru and the forests of the Eastern Andes in 1852-54 ; introduced the cultivation of 2 z 722 MARKHAM — MARKS the chinchona plant from South America into India in 1860-61 ; visited Ceylon and India in 1865-66 to report on the pearl fisheries ; served as Geographer to the Abyssinian expedition, and was present at the storming of Magdala in 1867-68 ; and was created a Companion of the Bath in 1871, and a K.C.B. in 1896. He received a "Grand Prix" at the Paris Exhibition of 1867 for introducing chinchona cultiva- tion into India. In 1874 he was created by the King of Portugal a Oommendador of the Order of Christ, and by the Emperor of Brazil a Chevalier of the Order of the Rose. In 1890 he became President of the Hakluyt Society. In 1893 he was elected President of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1895 he was President of the International Geographical Congress ; and in 1896 was created a K.C.B. He is the author of "Franklin's Footsteps," 1852; " k Cuzco and Lima," 1856; "Travels in Peru and India," 1862; "A Quichua Grammar and Dictionary," 1863 ; "Spanish Irrigation," 1867; "A History of the Abyssinian Expedition," 1869; "A Life of the Great Lord Fairfax," 1870 ; " 01- lanta, a Quichua Drama," 1871 ; "Memoir on the Indian Surveys," 1871 (2nd edit., 1878) ; "General Sketch of the History of Persia," 1873; "The Threshold of the Unknown Region," 1874 (four editions) ; " A Memoir of the Countess of Chinchon," 1875 ; " Missions to Tibet," 1877 (2nd edit., 1879); "Peruvian Bark," 1880; "Peru," 1880; "The War between Chili and Peru," 1879-81 (3rd edit., 1883); "The Fighting Veres," 1888; "Life of John Davis the Navigator," 1889; "Life of Columbus," 1892; "History of Peru," 1893; "Life of Major Bennett," "Major James Rennell and the Rise of Modern English Geography," 1895. In 1893 the National Congress of Peru voted him a Gold Medal for his historical works. He has translated and edited twenty works for the Hakluyt Society, and has con- tributed numerous papers to the Royal Geographical Society's Journal. He also wrote the reports on the Moral and National Progress of India for 1871-72 and 1872-73 ; and the Peruvian chapters for Winsor's "History of America." Sir C. Markham was editor of the Geographical Magazine, 1872-78. In 1857 he married Minna, daughter of the Rev. J. H. Chi- chester, Rector of Arlington, co. Devon. Addresses : 21 Eccleston Square, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. MARKHAM, Lieut. - General Sir Edwin, K.C.B., Inspector - General of Ordnance at Headquarters, is the son of W. Markham, Esq., of Becca Hall, York- shire, and was born in March 1833. He entered the army as a Lieutenant of the Royal Artillery in Dec. 1850, and was pro- moted Captain in Nov. 1857, Major in July 1872, and Colonel, by brevet, in January 1881. He first saw war service in the Crimea, and was present at the battles of Alma and Inkerman, and also at the siege of Sebastopol. He took part in the re- pulse of the sortie of the 26th Oct. 1854. For his services he was created a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and received the Crimean medal with three clasps and the Turkish medal. In 1856 he arrived in India during the Mutiny, and took part in the action of Secundra. For several years he was Assistant- Adjutant - General at Woolwich, and was appointed Colonel on the Staff in command of the Royal Artil- lery at Gibraltar in November 1882. In April 1885 he became Director of Artillery Studies at Woolwich, which appointment he gave up on being selected Deputy- Adjutant-General of Royal Artillery at Headquarters. Colonel Markham was pro- moted Major-General in April 1890, and went to Jersey in 1892 as Lieut. -Governor and Commander of the Troops. He was promoted a supernumerary Lieut. -General on taking over his present appointment in March 1895. Sir Edwin Markham was created a K.C.B. in 1897. He married, in 1877, Evelyn, a daughter of Admiral the Hon. Sir Montague Stopford. Address : 68 Chester Square, S.W. MARKS, Harry Hananel, M.P., J.P., is the fifth son of the Rev. Professor Marks and Cecilia, daughter of the late Mosely Wolff, of Liverpool. He was born on April 9, 1855, and educated at Uni- versity College, London, and the Athenee Royale, Brussels. After considerable jour- nalistic experience in the United States he returned to London in 1884 and founded the Financial News, of which he is editor and chief proprietor. He initiated in the columns of that journal the Metropolitan Board of Works exposures, which led, in the first place, to the appointment of a Royal Commission, whose report was fol- lowed by the abolition of the Board of Works and the establishment of the Lon- don County Council. Mr. Marks took a leading part in the conduct of the inquiry before the Commission, and one indirect consequence of his labours was the pass- ing of Lord Randolph Churchill's Act for the prevention and punishment of the acceptance of bribes by officers of muni- cipal bodies. In 1889, largely as a conse- quence of his action with reference to the Metropolitan Board of Works, Mr. Marks was elected to the London County Council for East Marylebone. In 1892 he unsuc- cessfully contested North - East Bethnal Green in the Unionist interest. In March 1895 he was elected to the London County MAELBOROUGH — MARRY AT 723 Council for St. George's-in-the-East, and in the following July was returned to Parliament for the same constituency, de- feating Mr. J. W. Benn, the Vice-Chair- man of the London County Council. A petition against his return was unsuccess- ful. On the London County Council Mr. Marks was largely instrumental in secur- ing payment for coroner's jurymen. He is a J.P. for Kent. Addresses : 6 Cavendish Square, W. ; Callis Court, St. Peter's, Thanet. MARLBOROUGH, Duke of, Charles Richard John Spencer - Churchill, was born at Simla on Nov. 13, 1871, and is the son of the 8th Duke, and Albertha, daughter of the 1st Duke of Abercorn, KG. He succeeded his father in 1892, was appointed Chancellor of the Primrose League in 1897, and in February 1899, Pay master - General. He married Consuelo, the daughter of the mil- lionaire, Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt, in 1895. Address : Blenheim, Oxfordshire. MARRIOTT, The Right Hon. Sir ■William Thackeray, Q.C., M.P., son of the late Mr. Christopher Marriott, of Crumpsall, and of Jane Dorothea, daugh- ter of John Poole, Esq., Cornbrook Hall, near Manchester, was born in 1834. He took his degree at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1858, and the same year he was ordained a Deacon, and appointed to the curacy of St. George's Church, Hulme. The population amidst which he worked was composed chiefly of the working classes, and in 1860 he published a pamphlet, which had a wide circulation, on "Some Real Wants of the Working Classes," in which he advocated the forma- tion of parks, playgrounds, gymnasiums, and clubs for the people. He started what is believed to be the first working-men's club in 1859, called the "Hulme Athe- naeum," which consisted entirely of work- ing-men, and was managed by themselves, and there was a gymnasium, with rooms for fencing and boxing, and rooms for cards and bagatelle and dominoes. When the time came for him to take priest's orders he hesitated and eventually de- clined, and gave his reasons in the pre- face to his farewell sermon, entitled "What is Christianity?" which was published in 1862. He then studied for the Bar, and was called at Lincoln's Inn in 1864, became a Queen's Counsel in 1877, and was made a Bencher of his Inn in 1879. He first entered Parliament in 1880 as Liberal member for Brighton, acknowledging Lord Hartington as his leader, and not Mr. Gladstone. When Mr. Gladstone again took the leadership, and became Prime Minister and formed his Cabinet, he soon began to show signs of dissatisfaction with his post, and in 1882 he moved the amend- ment against the Government on the Clo- ture question. In 1883 he published a pamphlet, condemning strongly the re- volutionary radicalism of Mr. Chamber- lain, and in 1884 differed so from the Ministry in their policy in Egypt and the Soudan, that he took the "Chiltern Hun- dreds," and offered himself to his consti- tuency as a supporter of Lord Salisbury. He was returned by a majority of 1457, and again in 1886 and 1892. In Lord Salisbury's first administration he held the post of Judge-Advocate-General, and was made a Privy Councillor, whilst he received the same appointment in Lord Salisbury's second administration, holding it from "1886 to 1892. In 1887 and 1888 he acted for the Khedive Ismail Pasha and other members of his family in set- tling their claim against the Egyptian Government, and in the latter year he received the honour of knighthood. In 1893 he resigned his seat in the House of Commons, but he still continues to be an active supporter of the Unionist party and the Primrose League. In his younger days, as student and barrister, he was a 'frequent contributor to the daily and weakly press, and occasionally now arti- cles by him appear in the monthly maga- zines. He is married to Charlotte, daugh- ter of Captain Tennant. Addresses : 56 Ennismore Gardens, S.W. ; and 6 Crown Office Row, E.G. M A R R Y A T, Florence (Mrs. Francis Lean), sixth daughter and tenth child of thelate Captain Frederick Marryat, R.N., C.B., F.R.S., and Catherine, eldest daughter of Sir Stephen Shairp of Houston, Linlithgowshire, was born at Brighton, in Sussex, and educated at home. She began to write in 1865, when her first novel, "Love's Conflict," was published, since which time she has written some seventy- . five novels, most of which have been re- published in America and Germany and translated into French, German, Russian, Flemish, and Swedish. She was appointed editor of London Society in 1872, and has been a constant contributor to magazines and newspapers. She is known on the stage as an operatic singer and high-class comedy actress, and has been most suc- cessful as an entertainer and lecturer. Several of her works deal with spiritualism, in which she takes much interest. The last-named are: "There is no Death," 1891, of which several editions have been published; "The Risen Dead," a novel, 1893 ; " The Spirit World," 1894 ; and " A Soul on Fire." Permanent address : Lang- ham Lodge, 26 Abercorn Place, N.W. 724 MARSDEN — MARSHALL MARSDEN, Alexander, M.D., F.E.C.S., F.R.A.S., Consulting and Senior Surgeon to the Royal Free and Cancer Hospitals, London, is the son of the late William Marsden, M.D., founder of the above institutions. He was born Sept. 22, 1832, and educated at Wimbledon School and King's College, London. He entered the army in 1854, and served at the General Hospital, Scutari. Early in 1855 he was appointed Surgeon to the Ambulance Corps before Sebastopol, was engaged in several actions with the enemy, and remained on active service till the end of the Crimean War, when he received the Crimean and Turkish War Medals. On his return home in 1856 he had the honour of being pre- sented to her Majesty the Queen by H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge. He was also ap- pointed full Surgeon to the Royal Free and Cancer Hospitals, and subsequently Curator of the Museum and General Superintendent of the former institution. For fifteen years Dr. Marsden worked at these two hospitals, seeing as many as 300 patients a week at the Royal Free, and about 70 to 80 at the Cancer. During the last twenty years he has devoted himself to the latter institu- tion only. He is the author of " A New and Successful Mode of Treating Certain Forms of Cancer," "Cancer Quacks and Cancer Curers," " The Treatment of Cancer by Chian Turpentine and all other Methods," "Our Present Means of Successfully Treat- ing or Alleviating Cancer and Tumours of the Breast, Tongue, Lip," &c. He is editor of the fourth edition of the late Dr. W. Marsden's "Treatise on the Nature and Treatment of Cholera," and is the author of numerous other papers. Address : Coombe, Nightingale Lane, S.W. MARSDEN, Trie Right Rev. Samuel Edward, D.D., is the son of Thomas Marsden, merchant, of Sydney, N.S.W., and grandson of the Rev. Samuel Marsden, known as the Apostle of New Zealand, for many years Principal Chaplain of N. S.W. Bishop Marsden was born in Sydney, and educated at private schools and at Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A.). He was Curate of St. Peter's, Hereford, from 1855 to 1858, Curate of Lilleshall, Salop, 1858 to 1861, Vicar of Bergerwick, Worcestershire, 1861 to 1869, and Inspector of Schools for Rural Deanery of Evesham. He was ap- pointed Bishop of Bathurst, N.S.W., in 1869, and consecrated by Archbishop Tait and other Prelates, Bishop Selwyn preach- ing the sermon on the occasion. Bishop Marsden took part in the formalities of the General Synod of the Church of England in Australia and Tasmania. He resigned his See at the end of 1885 in consequence of ill-health. He was ap- pointed in 1892 Assistant of the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, and was Adminis- trator of the Diocese of Bristol during the vacancy of the See. He is now Assistant- Bishop of the Diocese of Gloucester. He married an Australian lady in 1870. He was present at the Lambeth Conference in 1897. Address: Clifton Park, Clifton, Bristol. MARSH, Miss Catherine, is the youngest daughter of the late Rev. Dr. Marsh, Rector of Beddington, Surrey, who died in 1864. Her best-known works are "English Hearts and English Hands," "Memorials of Captain Hedley Vicars," the "Life of the Rev. William Marsh, D.D.," a volume of songs and hymns, entitled "Memory's Pictures," and "Light for the Line ; or, the Story of Thomas Ward, a Railway Workman," also "Brief Memories of the late Earl Cairns." Miss Marsh resided for some time at Beekenham, Kent, to the then rector of which parish her sister is married. During the visitation of cholera in 1866, whilst watching over sufferers from that disease in the wards of the London Hospital, she founded a Con- valescent Hospital at Blackrock, Brighton, which has since been established as a permanent institution. MARSH, Howard, F.R.C.S., received his medical education at St. Bartholomew's, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Eng., in 1866. He is Member of Council and of the Court of Examiners of the College, and in July 1898 was ap- pointed Vice-President of the Council. As Hunterian Professor of Pathology and Surgery he lectured in 1889 on "Tubercu- losis in some of its Surgical Aspects." He is Examiner in Surgery at the University of Cambridge, Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery at St. Bart's., and Consulting Sur- geon at the Hospital for Sick Children, besides being a Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, and member of various medical societies. He has published a work on the "Joints and Spine," 1895, has edited the first and second editions of Sir James Paget's " Clinical Lectures and Essays," besides contributing articles on bone- setting, joints, fractures, &c.,to the leading medical journals and manuals. Address : 30 Bruton Street, Berkeley Square, W. MARSHALL, Professor Alfred, M.A. Camb., Hon. LL.D. Edin., born in London on July 26, 1842, was edu- cated at Merchant Taylors' School, whence he obtained the title to a probationary fellowship at St. John's College, Ox- ford, awarded for classical attainments, but preferring mathematical studies he proceeded to St. John's College, Cam- bridge, He was Second Wrangler in 1865,. MARSHALL 725 and was elected Fellow of his College in the same year, and Lecturer on Moral Science in 1868. He held this position till 1877, when he was appointed Principal of University College, Bristol. In the same year he married Miss Mary Paley, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Paley, and in conjunc- tion with her he published in 1879 the "Economics of Industry." His health haying broken down, he resigned his post in 1881 and went abroad. In 1883 he was appointed Lecturer on Political Economy at Balliol College, Oxford, and in 1884 he was made a Fellow of that College. In the same year he was elected to the Chair of Political Economy at his old University, vacant by Professor Fawcett's untimely death, and in the following year he was re-elected a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. In 1889 he delivered the open- ing address at the Co-operative Congress at Ipswich ; and was President of Section F of the British Association for 1890. He was a Member of the Royal Commission on Labour, 1891. In 1896 he was made an Honorary Fellow of Balliol and a Foreign Fellow of the Accademia Reale dei Lincei. He published the first volume of his "Prin- ciples of Economics " in 1890, and an abridgment of the second edition of that volume in 1892, under the title " Elements of Economics of Industry." A list of his minor writings may be found in the "Hand- worterbuch der Staatswissenschaften " under his name. Address : Balliol Croft, Cambridge. MARSHALL, George William, LL.D., F.S.A, genealogist, born at Ward End House, co. Warwick, April 19, 1839, is the only son of George Marshall of Ward End, by Eliza Henshaw, youngest daughter of John Comberbach. He was educated at St. Peter's College, Radley, under private tuition, and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1860, and as LL.D. in 1873. He became a Barrister of the Middle Temple in 1865, is a J.P. for co. Hereford, a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and an Honorary Member of several American Antiquarian Societies ; and Rouge Croix Pursuivant of Arms from 1887. He has edited a number of genealogical works, among them: "The Visitations of Nottinghamshire," and "Le Neve's Knights," for the Harleian Society, of which he has been a member of the Council since its foundation; "A Hand- book to the Ancient Courts of Probate" ; and the first seven volumes of the Gene- alogist, which magazine was founded by him in 1875. He is probably best known as the compiler of "The Genealogist's Guide," a work which contains between seventy and eighty thousand references to pedigrees, and which has passed through three editions, the first having been issued in 1879. Permanent addresses : Sarnes- field Court, Weobley, R.S.O.; and Herald's College, E.C. MARSHALL, Herbert Menziee, R.W.S., youngest son of the late Mr. T. H. Marshall, Judge of the County Court, Leeds, was born at Leeds, Aug. 1, 1841, and educated at Westminster School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1864 second class in the Natural Science Tripos. In the same year he went to Paris for the purpose of study- ing architecture, and entered the atelier of M. Questel, architect to the Chateau of Versailles. On his return from Paris, 1867, he became a student of the Royal Academy, and in the following year obtained there the Travelling Studentship in architecture. The result of travelling in Italy and of constant sketching under a bright sun was to weaken his eyesight so much that he was obliged to give up all work for two years, and especially any architectural drawing. This accident induced him to turn his attention to water-colour painting as being less trying to the eyes, and in 1871 he exhibited his first drawing at the Dudley Gallery. In 1879 he was elected an Associate of the Society of Painters in Water-Colours, and became full Member in 1882. Mr. Marshall has held two exhi- bitions, in 1886 and in 1890, at the galleries of the Fine Art Society, illustrating the scenery of London, his special aim being to show how beautiful and mysterious is the common life of the streets and on the river when seen under the atmospheric effects which are found only in London. Address : 1 Victoria Mansions, Westmin- ster, S.W. MARSHALL, John, LL.D. Edin- burgh, Rector of the Royal High School, Edinburgh, was born in that city on March 9, 1845, and is the eldest son of P. Marshall of Edinburgh. He was edu- cated at Newington School, Edinburgh, and at the Training College, Moray House, Edinburgh, where he qualified as a certifi- cated teacher of the first class. At Edin- burgh University be gained class medals and other distinctions in every depart- ment, and on graduating with first-class honours in Classics in 1869, was awarded the Greek Travelling Fellowship as first graduate of his year. He proceeded to the University of Halle, in Saxony, where he attended lectures on classical subjects by Bemhardy, Keil, and others. In the autumn of the same year he gained the Ferguson Classical Scholarship open to all Scottish graduates, and was admitted a Foundation Exhibitioner at Balliol Col- lege, Oxford. In the following year (1870) 726 M ARTEL DE J ANVILLE — MARTIN he gained the Guthrie Classical Fellow- ship at Edinburgh University ; in 1S71 he passed first class in Classical Moderations, and entered as a student of Lincoln's Inn. In 1.H72 he passed first class in Litera Humaniores. In 1874 he was admitted a Barrister of Lincoln's Inn. He never practised, but continuing his classical studies, was appointed Classical Examiner for degrees in Edinburgh University, an office which he held for two periods of three years each. He also acted for many years as an Assistant Examiner to the Civil Service Commission (Sandhurst, Woolwich, Indian Civil Service). After assisting Dr. Abbott. Head-master of the City of London School, as Composition Master, Mr. Marshall returned to Balliol in 187(1 as Classical Lecturer, and in 1877 was elected Professor of Classical Litera- ture and Philosophy at the Yorkshire College, Leeds. There he remained for five years, contributing the economical chapters to a joint work by the Professors of the College on "Coal, its History and Uses " (Macmillan). In 1882 he returned to his native city as Rector of its ancient Grammar School, the Royal High School, where he still continues. The school has increased from about 330 to 580 boys. During his Head-mastership Mr. Marshall edited for the Oxford University Press the "Anabasis" and "Memorabilia" of Xenophon.and for Edward Arnold, Scott's "Lady of the Lako." He is also the author of a " Short History of Greek Philosophy" (Livingston), and of various pamphlets and essays on educational ques- tions. In 1890 the University of Edin- burgh conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Address : Royal High School, Edinburgh. MARTEL DE JANVILLE, Sibylle Gabrielle Marie Antoinette de Ri- quetti de Mirabeau, Comtesse de, better known under her pseudonym of "Gyp," French novelist, was born at the Chateau do Koiitsal in the Morbihan in 18G0, and is the great-granddaughter of the great Mirabeau's brother. Her father served in the Pontifical Zouaves, and died in Italy shortly before the battle of Men- tana. In 18U9 she married the Comte de Martel, who was permitted in 1888 to add to his name those of his wife, de Riquetti de Mirabeau. Her first sketches wore published in La Vie J'arisimne by Mar- cellin, and were at once noticed for the delicate malice of their observation, their witty risrjue' tone, and their art of en- closing a moral in a tale that only just escaped being indelicate. Several of her types have become proverbial, "Paulette," the luxurious woman of the world ; "Petit Bob," and "Loulou," the boy and girl of luxurious life. She has written in most of the high-class magazines, including the Heme des Veux Monties and Oosmopolia. Probably the best written of her novels is "Autour du Manage" (1883). It was dramatised by the authoress and M. Henri Cromieux, and produced at the Gymnase in the same year, but the play was not so great a success as the novel. She is in the habit of illustrating her own books, under the pseudomyn of " Petit Bob," in a child-like and comic manner. Her best- known works are : " Petit Bob," 1882 ; " Dans le Train," and "Autour du Divorce," a sequel to "Autour du Mariage," 1886; "Pour no pas I'otrel" 1887; "Made- moiselle Loulou," 1888; " Passionnette," 181)1 ; " Ces bons Normands," 1N92; " Le Mariage de Chiffon," 1894. She lives at 71 Boulevard Bineau, at Neuilly. MARTIN, Mrs. Frederick, nde Catherine E. M. Mackay, was born in the Isle of Skye, but left for Australia with her parents in infancy. Her educa- tion was private, in an up-country distriot in South Australia, but she was a diligent student of literature, and made herself familiar not only with the great German poets, but with the works of Kant, Fichte, and Hegel. After some journalistio work in the provincial and Adelaide press she produced the novel "An Australian Girl," anonymously published in 1890, followed by "The Silent Sea" and "Mrs. AUck Macleod " in 1892, in which we see the results of her German studies, and also the influence of "George Eliot." Both novels, however, show accurate and yet idealising observations of Australian scenery, and give a reflex of Australian life and sooiety, and of the growth of national sentiment in the great Southern Colonies. She resides in Adelaide, South Australia. MARTIN, Sidney Harris Oox, M.D., F. R.S. (1895), was born in Jamaica on April 8, 18G0, and is the second son of the late John Ewers Martin of Jamaica. Ho received his medical oducation at University College Medical School and in Vionna. He graduated M.B., M.D., and B.Sc. at the University of London, at which ho was University Scholar of Medi- cine. He was at one time Pathological Curator of the Museum and Medical Tutor of the Middlesex Hospital, and is now Assistant - Physician and Professor of Pathology at University College Hospital, Fellow of University College, London, and Assistant-Physician at Brompton Hospital and at various other hospitals ; Examiner in Pathology at Oxford, and in Medicine at Cambridge, and Fellow of the Roy. Med. Cliir. Soc, and member of various MARTIN — MARTINEAU 727 medical societies. In 1892 he delivered the " Gulstonian Lectures on Diphtheria," and, besides contributing important articles to Stevenson and Murphy's "Hygiene," Quain's "Diet, of Med.," and Allbutt's " System," and to the Roy. Soc. Trans., &c, he published, in 1895, a work on "Diseases of the Stomach," and wrote the Appendix to the Report of the Royal Com- mission on Tuberculosis, 1896. Address : 10 Mansfield Street, Portland Place, W. MARTIN, Sir Theodore, K.C.B., K.C.V.O.,LL.D.,J.P.,sonofthelateJames Martin, Esq., solicitor, of Edinburgh, was born there on Sept. 16, 1816, and received his education at the High School and at the University of his native city, of which he is an honorary LL.D. After practising as a solicitor in Edinburgh for several years he came, in 1845, to London, where he established himself with great success as a parliamentary agent. He first became known as an author by his contributions to Fraser's Magazine and Tait's Magazine, under the signature of "Bon Gaultier," and in conjunction with the late Prof. Aytoun he composed the " Book of Ballads " which bears that pseudonym, and a volume of translations of the "Poems and Ballads of Goethe," 1858. He prepared a trans- lation of the Danish poet Henrik Hertz's fine lyrical drama, "King Rene's Daugh- ter," the principal character, Iolanthe, being played by Miss Helen Faucit, who in 1851 became Sir T. Martin's wife. She died in 1898. His transla- tions of (Ehlenschlager's dramas, " Cor- reggio," and " Aladdin, or the Wonder- ful Lamp," published in 1854 and 1857, have made these masterpieces of the Danish poet's genius familiar to a large circle of English readers. His metrical translation of the " Odes of Horace " ap- peared in 1860, and was immediately re- published in the United States. It was followed, ten years later, by a critical essay on Horace's Life and Writings, in the Ancient Classics for English Readers. In 1882 Sir T. Martin completed his Horatian labours in a translation of Horace's whole works, with a life and notes, in 2 vols. His poetical translation of Catullus, 1861 (2nd edit., 1875), was fol- lowed by a privately printed volume of " Poems, Original and Translated," 1863, a translation of the " Vita Nuova " of Dante, and a translation of the first part of Goethe's " Faust." In 1866 he pub- lished a metrical version of the second part of "Faust." In 1867 he published a memoir of Professor Aytouu. It was while he was engaged on this biography that he was requested by the Queen to write the " Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort," the first volume of which appeared in 1874. His metrical version of Heine's " Poems and Ballads " appeared in 1878. The fifth and concluding volume of the "Life of the Prince Consort" was published on March 15, 1880, and five days afterwards the author received from the hands of the Queen the honour of knighthood, and was invested with the insignia of a Knight Commander of the Bath. On Nov. 25, 1880, he was elected Rector of the University of St. Andrews. In 1883 he published a "Life of Lord Lyndhurst," founded on papers furnished by his lordship's widow and family. His last published works are "The Song of the Bell, and other Translations from Schiller, Goethe, Uhland, and others," 1889 ; " Madonna Pia, and other Dramas," 1894 ; and a translation of " The iEneid of Virgil, Books i.-vi.," 1896. He is a J.P. for Denbighshire, where he has consider- able property, and he resides at Bryntysilio, near Llangollen, during the summer months. Addresses : 31 Onslow Square ; Bryntysilio, near Llangollen ; and Athen- aeum. MARTIN, Sir Taos. Acquin, Agent- General to the Government of Afghanistan, was born in 1850, and was educated at the Oratory at Birmingham. He is the head of the firm of Martin & Co., civil engineers, of Calcutta and London, and was appointed to his present post in 1895. He received the honour of knighthood at the New Year, 1896. Addresses : 3 Esplanade, Calcutta ; Silverlands, Eridge, Sussex. MARTINEAU, James, D.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Litt. D., younger brother of the late Miss Harriet Martineau, was born at Norwich, April 21, 1805, and educated at the Norwich Grammar School, Dr. Lant Carpenter's School at Bristol, and Manchester New College, York. He was appointed second minister of Eustace Street Presbyterian Meeting-House, Dub- lin, in 1828 ; second minister of Paradise Street Chapel, Liverpool, in 1832 ; sole minister three or four years after ; Pro- fessor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Manchester New College in 1840; re- moved to London, 1857 ; was minister of Little Portland Street Chapel, 1859-72; and was appointed Principal of Manchester New College, London, in 1869. Dr. Mar- tineau is the author of "The Rationale of Religious Inquiry," published 1836 ; "Lec- tures in the Liverpool Controversy," 1839 ; " Hymns for the Christian Church and Home," 1840 ; " Endeavours after the Christian Life," vol. i. 1843, vol. ii. 1847 ; " Miscellanies," 1852 ; "Studies of Chris- tianity," 1858 ; "Essays Philosophical and Theological," 2 vols., 1868; "Hymns of Praise and Prayer," 1874 ; and "Religion 728 MARTINEZ CAMPOS— MASON as affected by Modern Materialism," an address delivered in Manchester New Col- lege, London, 1874 ; "Modern Materialism: its Attitude towards Theology," 1876 ; "Ideal Substitutes for God considered," 1879 ; " The Relation between Ethics and Religion," 1881 ; " Hours of Thought on Sacred Things," 2 vols., 1876-80; "A Study of Spinoza," 1882; "Types of Ethi- cal Theory," 2 vols., 1885; "A Study of Religion," 2 vols., 1888; "The Seat of Authority in Religion," and " Essays, Re- views, and Addresses," 1890. He was a constant contributor to the Prospective and National Reviews, of which he was one of the founders. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Har- vard College, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., in 1872 ; that of Doctor of Theology by the University of Leyden in 1875 ; and that of D.D. by the University of Edinburgh in 1884 ; that of D.C.L. bv"the University of Oxford in 1888; and "of Litt.D. by the University of Dublin in 1892. His birth- day, on April 21, 1898, was the occasion for an interesting expression of feeling on the part of his admirers and of the press. Addresses: 35 Gordon Square, W.C. ; and Athenaeum. MARTINEZ CAMPOS, Arsenic See Campos, Aesenio Martinez. MARTINO, Chevalier Eduardo de, M.V.O., Marine Painter in Ordinary to the Queen, was born in Naples, and spent many years in the Italian navy. He painted much for the late Emperor of Brazil, and is the favourite of the Emperor of Germany and the King of Italy, of both of whom he is frequently the guest. He has painted a picture of the Jubilee Naval Review of 1897 for the Queen. He was created M.V.O. in 1898. MASCAGNI, Pietro, composer, was born at Leghorn. He was the son of a baker, but his father intended him to adopt a learned profession. He, however, when a child showed such a taste for music and musical composition, that his father was at length iuduced to send him to the Conservatoire at Milan. Here he failed to agree with his teachers, and joined a travelling opera company. In 1886 he married, and settled in Cerignola as a music-master. He had been a com- poser from early youth upwards, and his first important opera, "Cavalleria Rusti- cana," was written here, and soon made him famous in every European capital. It was written in competition for a prize offered for a one-act opera. In many European cities he has personally con- ducted the opera, which has been per- formed in the principal European lan- guages and in Russian. His later operas have been " L'Amico Fritz," founded on " L'Ami Fritz " of Messrs. Erckmann and Chatrian ; " I Rantzau," also founded on a work by the same authors ; and " Ratcliffe." " I Rantzau" was performed for the first time at Florence in November 1892, and in June 1893 it was put on the stage in London, when Signor Mascagni himself conducted. In the following month he conducted selections from his composi- tions before the Queen at Windsor. Sel- dom did public opinion chaDge so quickly as in the case of Mascagni. A few years since the premiere of his newest opera would have taken place before a small company of enthusiastic friends ; now, the production of a new composition is an event of first importance in the musical world, although, as has been truly ob- served, one fails to note continuity and real sincerity in his work. On June 23, 1896, the first English performance of " Zanetto " was given by the sisters Ravogli in London, and the new venture was considered to deserve a higher place than anything Mascagni had written since his "Cavalleria." The general feeling ex- cited by the last-named work has begun to die away, but the opera, especially the superb "intermezzo," still charms. On Nov. 22, 1898, his last new opera of Japanese life, "Iris," was produced at the Cortanzi Theatre ; the first and second acts were much applauded, but the third was felt hardly to reach the same high level. MASCART, Eleuthere EUe Nicolas, F.R.S., French physicist, was born at Quaroble, Feb. 20, 1835, and entered the Ecole Normale in 1858, and became Doctor of Science in 1864. He remained Curator of the scientific collections of the Ecole Normale for some time, and was then Professor of Physics at the College Chap- tal. He succeeded Regnault as Professor at the College of France in 1872, and became Director of the Meteorological Observatory in 1878. He was elected a Member of the Academy of Sciences in 1884, and he is also a Member of the Royal Society. He was created Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1889. His chief works are: "Elements de Mecanique," 1866; "Traite" d'Electricite' Statique," 1876 ; " Lecons sur L'Electricite' et le Mag- nefiisme," 1882; and "Traits d'Optique," 1889. His Paris address is 176 Rue de l'Universite. MASON, Professor Arthur James, D.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Cambridge University, was educated at Repton School and at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, of which he was Fellow from 1873 to 1884, and Assistant-Tutor from 1874 to MASPERO — MASSENET 729 1877. He was Canon of Truro from 1877 to 1884, and Vicar of All Hallows, Barking, from 1884 to 1895, when he was appointed Canon of Canterbury and Lady Margaret Professor. He has published : ' ' The Per- secution of Diocletian," 1875; "The Faith of the Gospel," 1887; "The Relation of Confirmation to Baptism," 1893; "The Conditions of Our Lord's Life upon Earth," 1896; "Thomas Cranmer," 1898. Address : Jesus College, Cambridge. MASPERO, Gaston Camille Charles, Egyptologist, was born at Paris, June 24, 1846, and after a brilliant course of study at the Lyce"e Louis-le-Grand, he entered the Ecole Normale in 1865. Devoted early to erudite studies, he was appointed Teacher and Professor of Egyptian Archaeology and Philology, first at ' the School of High Studies in June 1869, then at the College of France, Feb. 4, 1874. He is Docteur-es- Lettres since 1873. He is the author of " Essai sur l'lnscription De'dicatoire au Temple dAbydos," 1869; "Une Enquete Judiciaire a Thebes au Temps de la XX". Dynastie," 1872; "De Carohemis oppidi situ et Historic Antiquissima," 1873 ; " His- toire Ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient," 1875; "De Quelques Navigations des Egyptiens sur les Cotes de la Mer Ery- thre'e," 1879 ; " Les Contes Populaires de l'Egypte Ancienne," 1881 ; " Guide du Visiteur au Muse"e de Boulaq," 1883 ; " The Royal Mummies of Delr-el-Bahari," 1886; "Egyptian Archaeology," 1887 ; "Lectures Historiques," 1889, and a large number of important memoirs in the Kevue Archceolo- gique, Journal Asiatique, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. He has been since 1878 the editor of the Recueil de Tra- vaux relatif a la Philologie et V Archiologie Egyptiennc et Assyrienne. He has also edited works left in manuscript by Cham- pollion and by Mariette Bey, and is direct- ing the publication of the " Bibliotheque Egyptiologique," which contains the scat- tered and hitherto unpublished works of French Egyptologists. Among his recent publications should be mentioned ' ' Etudes de Mythologie et Archiologie Egyptienne, " and an enlarged edition of his "Histoire Ancienne," in three large volumes, the first and the second of which appeared 1894-96, and have been translated into English. On the death of Mariette Bey, Prof. Maspero was appointed Keeper of the Boulak Museum, and till his retirement in June 1886 he did much to promote archaeological discovery in Egypt. He was decorated with the Legion of Honour, Jan. 15, 1879, and promoted Commander Dec. 20, 1895. He was elected a Member of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1883 ; Hon. Fellow of Queen's College, and D.C.L. Oxon. in 1887. Permanent address : 4 Place du College de France, Paris ; private address : 24 Avenue de l'Observatoire. MASSENET, Jules Emile Frederic, a French composer, born at Montaud, May 12, 1842, is the youngest of twenty-one children of an engineer officer of the First Empire, who established himself as a blacksmith near Saint Etienne. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire under Laurent, Reber, Savard, and Ambroise Thomas, obtained the first prize for piano- forte in 1859, the first for fugue, and the Prix de Rome for his cantata, " David Rizzio," in 1863. He travelled through Italy and Germany, and made his de"but at the Opera Comique, Paris, in 1868, with "La Grand - Tante. " In 1878 he was appointed Professor of Composition at the Conservatoire, and elected a member of the Academie des Beaux Arts. He is the author of "Poeme d'Avril," 1868; "Suite d'Orchestre," played at the Pasdeloup Concerts, 1868; "Poeme du Souvenir," 1860 ; " Don Cesar de Bazan," produced at the Ope"ra Comique in 1873 ; " Les Erinnyes," a tragedy by Leconte de Lisle, and "Marie-Madeleine," a sacred drama produced at the Odeon the same year ; " Eve," an oratorio performed under the direction of M. Lamoureux at his concerts at the Sacred Harmony, 1874 ; " The Roi de Lahore," an opera, 1877; "The Virgin," a sacred legend performed at the Historical Concerts of the Acade"mie Nationale de Musique, 1880 ; " Herodiade," an opera first performed at the Monnaie of Brussels, 1881, and in Paris at the Italian Opera in 1883 ; " Manon," an opera comique, with the late Mme. Heilbronn in the principal part, 1883; "Le Cid," an opera, from Corneille's tragedy, 1885 ; " Esclarmonde," a romantic opera which had a run of 100 representations without interruption, 1889 ; and a large number of melodies which are now popular, pieces for the pianoforte, and a series of seven "Suites d'Orchestre," amongst which: "Scenes Pittoresques," "Scenes Alsaci- ennes," "Scenes Hongroises," "Scenes de Faerie," and "Scenes Napolitaines," and two cantatas, "Narcisse" and "Biblis." He has written also some entr'acts and stage music for Sardou's dramas " Theo- dora" and the "Crocodile." "Le Mage," a new opera of his, the words by Jean Richepin, was produced at the Grand Opera in Paris ; and a drame lyrique, adapted from Goethe's "Werther," was first performed in 1891. His opera, " Thais," was performed at the Paris Opera, Mar. 16, 1894, the libretto having been adapted from the novel of Anatole France ; while in May of the same year a short one-act piece, " Le Portrait de Manon," was performed at the Opera 730 MASSEY — MASSON Comique. In 1835 he wrote the music for Claretie's " La Navarraise," which was produced at the Opera Comique. MASSEY, Thomas Gerald (better known as Gerald Massey), was born of very poor parents at Gamble Wharf, near Tring, in Hertfordshire, May 29, 1828, and received a scanty education at the British and National Schools. At eight years of age he was working twelve hours a day in a silk manufactory. At the age of fifteen he went to London and found work as an errand-boy, and at twenty-one he became editor of the Spirit of Freedom. The fol- lowing year he was one of the secretaries of the "Christian Socialists," and a per- sonal friend of Charles Kingsley and F. D. Maurice. In 1854 he published "The Ballad of Babe Christabel, and other Poems," which entered its fifth edition at the end of the year. He then joined the staff of the Athenceum, and for ten years wrote a considerable number of its reviews. For several years he wrote on literary subjects in the Quarterly Review. As early as 1852 Mr. Massey began to take a great interest in mesmerism, spirit- ualism, and kindred subjects, and he has since delivered many lectures on such matters, both in London and abroad. He has lectured all through America, Aus- tralia, and the Colonies, twice from New York to San Francisco, where he is better known and more highly thought of than in England. Of late years he has written very little poetry, but has recently pub- lished his "Collected Poems," in 2 vols., under the title of "My Lyrical Life." He has also re-written his work on the "Secret Drama of Shakspeare's Sonnets," 1864- 1888. His principal works are "Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love," 1850 ; "The Ballad of Babe Christabel," &c, 1854; "War Waits," 1855 ; "Craigcrook Castle," 1856; "Havelock's March," &c„ 1860; "A Tale of Eternity, and other Poems," 1869; "Concerning Spiritualism," 1872; "A Book of the Beginnings," 1882; "The Natural Genesis," 1884; "My Lyrical Life," 1889 ; besides numerous contribu- tions to English and American periodical literature. Address : Anru, Norwood, S.E. MASSINGHAM, Henry William, editor of the Daily Chronicle, son of John Massingham, was born at old Catton, Nor- wich, in 1860, and was educated under Dr. Jessopp at Norwich Grammar School, of which he was head boy when he left. He entered journalism as a member of the staff of the Norfolk News and of the Daily Press, Norwich, coming to London as one of the editors of the National Press Agency. He became assistant-editor of the Star upon its foundation, and eventually succeeded Mr. T. P. O'Connor as editor. Leaving the Star, Mr. Massingham joined the staff of the Daily Chronicle as a leader-writer. He became successively literary editor and assistant-editor. He was the special repre- sentative of the Chronicle in the House of Commons from 1892 to 1895, when he was appointed editor of the paper. Mr. Mas- singham has contributed largely to the reviews, and is author of a book on the "London Daily Press." He is a Com- mander of the Order of the Saviour. Ad- dress : Daily Chronicle Office, Fleet Street, E.C. MASSON, David, Litt.D., LL.D., Historiographer-Royal for Scotland, Eme- ritus Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Edinburgh, was born Dec. 2, 1822, in Aberdeen, and educated at Marischal College in that city, and at the University of Edinburgh. He began his literary career at the age of nineteen as editor of a Scotch provincial newspaper, and repairing in 1844 to Lon- don, where he remained about a year, contributed to Frasers Magazine and other periodicals. He established himself in Edinburgh for two or three years as a writer for periodical publications, besides having special engagements with the Messrs. Chambers, but returned to Lon- don in 1847, where he resided for eighteen years, editing and contributing largely to Macmillan's Magazine from 1858 to 1865, and was appointed to the Chair of English Language and Literature at University College, London, on the resignation of the late Professor Clough in 1852. He retired from his posts in October 1865, havin g been appointed Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Edinburgh, a post from which he retired in 1895. He contributed numerous articles to the Quarterly, National, British Quarterly, and North British Reviews, to the "Ency- clopaedia Britannica, " and the "English Cyclopaedia." His papers on Carlyle's "Latter-Day Pamphlets," "Dickens and Thackeray," "Rabelais," "Literature and the Labour Question," " Pre-Raphaelism in Art and Literature," " Theories of Poetry," " Shakspere and Goethe," "Hugh Miller," and "De Quincey and Prose-writing," are the best known. His " Essays, Biographi- cal and Critical: chiefly on English Poets," appeared in 1856, and have been reprinted, with additions, in 3 vols. , 1874, one being entitled specially, "Chatterton : a Story of the Year 1770 " ; his classic " Life of John Milton, narrated in connection with the Political, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of his Time," vol. i. was pub- lished "in 1858, vol. ii. in 1871, vol. iii. in 1873, and vols. iv. and v. in 1878. He is also author of "British Novelists and MASTERS — MATHESON 731 their Styles : a Critical Sketch of the History of British Prose Fiction," in 1859 ; "Recent British Philosophy; a Review with Criticism, including some Remarks on Mr. Mill's Answer to Sir W. Hamilton," being an explanation of some lectures de- livered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in 1865. Other important publica- tions from his pen are an edition of Milton's Poetical works, called "The Cambridge Edition," in three volumes, with Introduc- tions, Notes, and an Essay on Milton's English, and a smaller edition of the same, called "The Golden Treasury Edition," in two volumes, with Introductions, Notes, and a Memoir. Both appeared in 1874. In 1873 he published a biography of the poet Drummond, entitled " Drummond of Hawthornden : the Story of his Life and Writings"; in 1874 "The Three Devils: Luther's, Milton's, and Goethe's" ; and in 1878 "De Quincey," in the English Men of Letters Series. He has edited " De Quincey's Collected Works," in 14 volumes. Among his most recent works should be mentioned "Edinburgh Sketches and Me- moirs," 1892 ; and his contribution to "In the Footsteps of the Poets," 1893. In 1893 he was appointed Historiographer- Royal for Scotland, and has edited the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vols. iii. to xiii. (1578-1625), published between 1880-96. He is married to Rosa- line, eldest daughter of Charles Orme. Addresses : Gowan Lee, Juniper Green, Midlothian ; and Athenaeum. MASTERS, Maxwell Tylden, M.D., F.R.S., Corresponding Member of the In- stitute of France, Chevalier of the Order of Leopold, born April 15, 1833, at Canter- bury, is the youngest son of Alderman Masters, and was educated at King's Col- lege, London, after which he practised medicine for some years. He held the lectureship on botany at St. George's Hospital from 1855 to 1868, and became principal editor of the Gardener's Chronicle in 1865. Dr. Masters has been Botanical Examiner in the University of London. He is a Chevalier of the Order of Leopold ; a Fellow of the Royal, Linnean, and Royal Horticultural Societies ; an Associate of King's College, London ; an honorary or corresponding member of the principal horticultural societies of the Continent and America, and of the Royal Society of Sciences of Liege, the Society of Natural Sciences of Cherbourg, the Botanical Society of France, and correspondent of the French Institute (Acade"mie des Sciences), and of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. His works consist of a treatise on "Vegetable Teratology," which has been translated into German (with addi- tions by the author), of "Botany for Beginners," and of " Plant Life " (of both which French, Dutch, and Russian trans- lations have been made), and of numerous monographs and papers on subjects relating to botany, vegetable physiology, and horti- culture. He is a frequent contributor to scientific periodicals, and has taken part in Oliver's "Flora of Tropical Africa," Hooker's " Flora of British India," Von Martius's" Flora Brasiliensis," "Flora Capensis," De Candolle's "Prodromus," the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," the "Pinetum Britannicum," and other works, besides preparing, either alone or in col- laboration with Messrs. G. Murray and Arthur Bennett, the second, third, and fourth editions of Henfrey's "Elementary Course of Botany." Addresses : 41 Wel- lington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ; and 9 Mount Avenue, Ealing. MATHERS, Helen Buckingham. See Reeves, Mbs. Heney. MATHESON, Rev. George, D.D., F.R.S.E., was born at Glasgow, March 27, 1842, and educated at Glasgow Academy and the University of Glasgow. He lost his sight in youth by a gradual process of internal inflammation, beginning at the age of 18 months and recurring intermit- tently until his twentieth year, from which time he has been practically blind. Dur- ing this gradual decline he was able with his own eyes to acquire a knowledge of Latin, Greek, French, and German, and to learn penmanship. At the Glasgow Aca- demy he carried off the first prizes in every department. He then entered the Uni- versity of Glasgow in preparation for the ministry, and took a leading place in Classics, Philosophy, and Theology ; car- ried off the first prize in the senior division of Logic, and the prize essay for the best specimen of Socratic dialogue in 1860 ; took the first prize for Moral Philosophy in 1861 ; graduated M.A. with honours in Philosophy in 1862, and B.D. in 1866. He was licensed to the ministry of the Church of Scotland in 1866 ; appointed assistant to Dr. Macduff of Sandyford Church, Glasgow, in 1867 ; chosen by popular election parish minister of Innellan in 1868 ; received in 1880 a unanimous call to succeed Dr. Cumming, London, but declined it ; and was appointed Baird Lecturer for 1881, and one of the St. Giles' lecturers for 1882. His ministry in Innel- lan was highly popular, the summer visitors flocking to his church in great numbers. His preaching is in expression purely extemporaneous, though he keeps in his mind a carefully studied train of thought. In 1886 he was translated to the parish of St. Bernard's, Edinburgh. In 1879 the University of Edinburgh con- 732 MATHEW ferred on him the degree of D.D. In 1890 he was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh. In 1886 he preached before the Queen at Balmoral with such acceptance that he was requested by Her Majesty to forward a printed copy of his sermon. On that occasion the Queen, taking into account his inability to appre- ciate a portrait, presented him with a small bust of herself. In Edinburgh he is known as the Poet-Preacher; and he has gathered round him a congregation from all parts. He is extremely popular with all denominations. As an instance of this, the first year after his translation to Edinburgh he was invited to deliver the inaugural address to the theological students of three different colleges — the Edinburgh University, the United Presby- terian Hall, and the Free Church College of Glasgow. He is a representative of the Broad-Church party, and the uniform aim of his teaching has been to discover a basis for the reconciliation of the conflict- ing creeds of Christendom. In 1897, through the pressure of accumulating work and the desire for more literary leisure, he associated with himself a col- league in the ministry of St. Bernard's, his duties in that sphere being now limited to the services of the pulpit. In 1892 he acquired a knowledge of the Braille system for the blind, which he has found of inestimable value. In preparing for the press his practice is to write each day in Braille what he deems an adequate amount, and on the following day to read off this in dictation to his secretary. In 1874 he published "Aids to the Study of German Theology " ; in 1877, " Growth of the Spirit of Christianity," 2 vols. ; in 1881, " Natural Elements of Revealed Theology" (Baird lecture); in 1882, "Confucianism" (in the St. Giles' lectures — "Faiths of the World") ; and a devotional volume, "My Aspirations " (translated into German) ; in 1884, "Moments on the Mount," also a devotional volume, and in the same year a paper on " The Religious Bearings of the Doctrine of Evolution " (delivered at the Pan-Presbyterian Council, Belfast, and published in its Transactions) ; in 1885, " Can the Old Faith Live with the New ? " or the problem of evolution and revela- tion ; in 1887, "The Psalmist and the Scientist," or the modern value of the religious sentiment; in 1888, "Landmarks of New Testament Morality," and another devotional volume, entitled " Voices of the Spirit " ; in 1890, a volume of hymns, en- titled "Sacred Songs"; in 1891, "Spiritual Development of St. Paul" ; in 1892, "Dis- tinctive Messages of the Old Religions"; in 1895, "Searchings in the Silence" ; in 1896, "Words by the Wayside" (trans- lated into German, and greatly admired by the Queen of Roumania) ; and " The Lady Ecclesia" (a religious allegory de- picting the early history of the Church) ; in 1898, "Sidelights from Patmos." In the course of 1897 he contributed one of the biographies to the volume issued by Dr. Lyman Abbot of New York — " Pro- phets of the Christian Faith." Dr. Mathe- son has contributed to the Contemporary, British Quarterly, Modern Review, Princeton Review, Interpreter, Expositor, Good Words, Sunday Magazine, and Sunday School Times (Philadelphia). His article in the Con- temporary Review, entitled ' ' The Originality of the Character of Christ," has been printed in the United States, and has recently been translated into French. He has also contributed to the revised edition of the "Scottish Hymnal" the hymn be- ginning " O Love that wilt not let me go," for the use of which he has received ap- plications from all parts of the world. Address : 19 St. Bernard's Crescent, Edin- burgh. MATHEW, The Hon. Sir James Charles, LL.D., Judge of the High Court of Justice, is son of Charles Mathew, of Lehenagh House, Cork, by Mary, daughter of James Hackett, of Cork. He was born at Lehenagh House, July 10, 1830, and re- ceived his education at Trinity College, Dublin, where he was senior moderator and gold medallist in 1860. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in Hilary Term, 1854, having in the previous Nov- ember obtained an open studentship. Mr. Mathew was a Member of the South- Eastern Circuit, when in March 1881 he was appointed by the Crown a Judge in the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. Shortly before that time he had acted as a member of the Committee on the subject of Costs of Legal Proceedings. His appointment to the Bench is one of the few instances of a member of the Junior Bar being elevated. He was knighted on his promotion ; and was created LL.D., honoris causd, by the University of Dublin. He was the third Catholic Judge appointed in England since Catholic Emancipation, the two previous ones being Mr. Justice Shee and Mr. Justice Hayes. In 1892 Sir James Mathew presided, at Dublin, over the Evicted Tenants' Commission, which began its sittings on November 8. Against the pro- ceedings of this Commission Mr. E. Car- son, Q.C., as representative of Lord Clan- ricarde, continuously protested, but was ordered to withdraw by Sir James, who refused to hear counsel or to adopt methods of legal procedure in his exa- mination of witnesses. In this course he was generally supported by the opinion of lawyers. In 1895 he was appointed Judge MATHEWS — MAUDE 733 of the Commercial Court, which was justly valued by City men. He married, in 1861, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the Rev. Edwin Biron, vicar of Lympne, Kent. Addresses : 46 Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. MATHEWS, George Ballard, M.A., F.R.S., eldest son of George and Harriet Hannah Mathews, was born in London, 1861. He was educated at Ludlow Gram- mar School, University College, London, and St. John's College, Cambridge. He has been Professor of Mathematics in the University College of N. Wales, 1884-96, and has published Part I. of a "Treatise on the Theory of Numbers," and, in con- junction with Professor A. Gray, a "Trea- tise on Bessel Functions and their Appli- cations to Physics." He has contributed various papers on mathematical subjects to the Messenger of Mathematics, the Quar- terly Journal of Mathematics, and the Pro- ceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Address : 10 Menai View Terrace, Upper Bangor, N. Wales. MATHILDE, Princess Mathilde Leetitia Wilhelmine Bonaparte, daughter of the ex-King Jerome and Princess Catherine of Wtlrtemberg, and cousin to Napoleon III., was born at Trieste, May 27, 1820, and married at Florence, Oct. 10, 1841, to the Russian Prince Anatole Demidoff. This union was not happy, and in 1845 they separated by mutual consent, her husband being com- pelled by the Czar to allow the Princess an annuity of 200,000 roubles. From 1849 till the marriage of Napoleon III. she did the honours at the palace of the President, and on the re-establishment of the Empire was comprised amongst the members of the imperial family of France, and received the title of Highness. After the war she again took up her residence in Paris, and continued giving the artistic and literary receptions which have made her salon famous. The Princess, who was a pupil of M. Giraud, is an accomplished artist, and has exhibited some of her pictures upon several occasions at the Salon de Peinture. She obtained honourable mention in 1861. MATTHEWS, Charles Willie, is the stepson of the late Charles Matthews, of London, comedian, and was born at New York on Oct. 16, 1850. He was educated at Eton, and was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1872. He is on the Western Circuit, and was appointed Recorder of Salisbury in 1893. Address : 1 Essex Court Temple, E.C. MATTHEWS, The Right Hon. Henry. See Llandaff, Viscount. MATTINSON, Miles Walker, is the son of Thomas Mattinson, of Newcastle- on-Tyne, and he entered as a student at Gray's Inn in 1874 ; he obtained the Bacon Scholarship in 1874, a first class Student- ship in 1875, a certificate of Honour in 1876, and was called to the Bar in 1877. He practices on the Northern Circuit, and was appointed Recorder of Black- burn in 1886. Mr. Mattinson is the author of " Law of Corrupt Practices at Elections," and "Selection of Precedents in Pleading." Address : 1 Garden Court, Temple, E.C. MAUDE, Cyril, actor, was born in London on April 24, 1862. He is the son of Captain Charles Henry Maude, formerly of the 14th Madras Infantry, grandson of Viscount Hawarden, and the Hon. Mrs. Maude, daughter of the third Baron, Sude- ley. He was educated by Charles King- sley's great friend, Cowley Powles, and afterwards at Charterhouse, Godalming. He first went on the stage in the spring of 1883, playing at Denver, Colorado. He continued acting in the American and English provinces until the autumn of 1867, when he made his first London success in a play called "Racing," at the Grand Theatre, Islington. Shortly after- wards he distinguished himself in a play by Hamilton and Quinton called "Hand- fast." He was a member of the Gaiety Company during the autumn and winter of 1887. He joined the Vaudeville Com- pany in 1888, remaining there for three consecutive seasons. He then joined Mr. Wyndham's forces at the Criterion, and after shorter seasons with Henry Arthur Jones at the Avenue, with Mrs. Langtry at the Haymarket, at the Shaftesbury, and with Mr. Alexander in " The Second Mrs. Tanqueray " at the St. James's, he played for three years at the Comedy Theatre under Mr. ComynsCarr's management. He then played at the Lyceum, and in 1896, together with Mr. Frederick Harrison, he started in management at the Haymarket Theatre, and has up to the presant date most successfully produced "Under the Red Robe," "A Marriage of Convenience," and " The Little Minister," the last-named piece breaking all the previous histori- cally successful Haymarket records. Mr. Maude is chiefly, and justly, famous for his impersonations of old men, which remind one of the most finished French acting. He was married in 1888 to Miss Winifred Emery (q.v.), and has two daughters, Mar- gery, born in 1889, and Pamela, born in 1893. Address : 33 Egerton Crescent, S.W. MAUDE, Mrs. Cyril. Isabel Winifbed M. E. See Emery, 734 MAUDSLEY — MAXIM MAUDSLEY, Henry, M.D., F.R.C.P., LL.D., third son of the late Thomas Maud- sley, was born near Giggleswiok, Settle, Yorkshire, Feb. 5, 1835, and educated at Giggleswick School and University Col- lege, London. He studied medicine at University College, and graduated M.D. at the University of London in 1857. Dr. Maudsley was Physician to the Manchester Royal Lunatic Hospital, 1859-62 ; was made Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1869 ; and was appointed Gulstonian Lecturer to the College in 1870. He is a Fellow of University Col- lege, London ; was lately Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in University Col- lege, and is Consulting Physician to the West London Hospital ; and an honorary member of various learned societies in Paris, Vienna, Italy, and America. He has been President of the Medico-Psycho- logical Association of Great Britain and Ireland, and was editor of the Journal of Mental Science. Dr. Maudsley is the author of "The Physiology of Mind," "The Pathology of Mind," "Body and Mind," "Body and Will," "Responsibility in Mental Disease," and "Natural Causes and Supernatural Seemings " (3rd edit., 1897). He is married to Ann Caroline, youngest daughter of the late John Conolly, M.D., D.C.L., Lawn House, Han- well. Addresses : 12 Queen Street, May- fair ; and Heathbourne House, Bushey Heath, Herts. MATTKEL, Victor, French singer, was born at Marseilles, July 12, 1848. His father being an architect, he first studied painting, together with music, but he soon devoted himself entirely to the latter. He studied at the Conservatoire of his native town, and in Paris, where he car- ried off the two chief prizes in 1867. The next year he was engaged at the Opera as understudy for the chief baritone singers. He preferred, however, Italian opera, and in 1869 he went to the Scala at Milan, to which he has often returned. Subse- quently he travelled in America, Egypt, and Russia, returning to Italy in 1873, when he made a great success in Mar- chetti's " Ruy Bias " and Gomez's ' ' Fosca." At the end of 1879 he was singing again at the Paris Opera, and appeared in "Hamlet" and "Don Juan," 1880. The same year he created the part of Amonasro in Verdi's " A'ida," and he is acknowledged to be one of the best interpreters of that composer's music. In 1883 he attempted to restore Italian opera in Paris, and took the Theatre des Nations, where be was assisted by the best European singers. He produced there " Simon Boccanegra," by Verdi, Massenet's " Herodiade," Doni- zetti's "Lucrezia Borgia," and other classical works ; but the enterpise proved a ruinous one, and he was compelled to desist at the end of 1884. M. Maurel is well known at Covent Garden, and in 1893 he appeared in Verdi's "Falstaff," after creating the part at the Scala at Milan. He has recently lectured on musical and operatic history, illustrated by snatches of song. His Paris address is 10 Rue Lesueur. MAXIM, Hiram Stevens, C.E., was born in the town of Tangersville, State of Maine, U.S.A., on Feb. 5, 1840. His parents were also born in the State of Maine, but his grandparents were born in the State of Mass., and were of English Puritan stock, and were among the early settlers of Ply- mouth County, Mass. He attended the common schools in the State of Maine, which only gave him the foundation of an education, since which time he has been engaged in educating himself in the different branches of science with which his work has brought him in contact. He always had a great liking for mechanics, and while still a mere boy was able to operate almost any kind of tool and to do very good work. Before the age of twenty-one years he had served an appren- ticeship and had also been foreman. At the age of twenty-four he was in the large machine works of his uncle, Levi Stevens, at Fitchburg, Mass. Later on he became a mechanical draughtsman in Boston, and also acted as foreman in the manufacture of gas machines and philosophical in- struments. At twenty-eight he was a draughtsman in a large steamship-build- ing establishment in New York City, where shortly after this he invented a new gas locomotive headlight, which went into general use. He also did much to perfect automatic gas machines for lighting private houses out of the reach of coal- gas. These machines went largely into use, and are still being made in large quantities. In 1877 he took up the question of electricity, and was among the first to make dynamo- electric machines and electric lamps in the U.S.A. He was the first to make incandescent lamp car- bons by the process known as " flashing," that is, a process of building up, solidify- ing and standardising the carbons by electrically heating them in an atmo- sphere of hydro-carbon vapours. It was this process which rendered it possible to make incandescent lamps which would stand. Unfortunately for Mr. Maxim the process, which is much used, has become common property. In 1881 he exhibited at Paris the first electrical current regula- tor ever made for electric lamps. This regulator maintained a constant potential of current quite irrespective of the num- MAX-MULLER 735 ber of lamps in the circuit, and for this invention he was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour by President Grevy. At this time he took out a great many patents on electrical machinery, including arc lamps, incandescent lamps, search lights, dynamo-electric machines, chemical processes relating to electricity, &c. In 1883 he took up the question of automatic guns. He believed that the recoil energy ofijthe gun, which was only a disturbing element in firing, could be turned to use- ful effect, and that the energy was always sufficient to perform all the necessary functions of loading and firing. Accord- ingly he made a species of a dynamometer gun with which he was able to measure the force of the recoil, the duration of the recoil, and everything relating to loading and firing a gun. This gave him the necessary data, and he made the first automatic gun in Hatton Garden in 1884. This gun was a nine days' wonder in Lon- don. People at first would not believe that it was possible for a gun to load and fire itself without any one touching it, and everybody came to see the gun, from the Prince of Wales downwards. Competitive trials with other guns operated by hand followed, and he exhibited his automatic guns in various countries, and received some very large orders. The amalgama- tion with the Nordenfelt Company fol- lowed, and the management of the com- pany passed into the hands of a board of directors. Mr. Maxim writes character- istically of the guns : " I think it is now admitted that these automatic guns have proved themselves superior to all others. In the late war with the Matabele they operated without a hitch, and it was these guns that saved the British column from total annihilation. I have received many letters from the officers in command, and they all attribute their wonderful success to the remarkable killing power of these guns, and they say that no soldier, no matter how brave, could stand up before them. Six hundred rounds a minute from a single barrel is rather too deadly a fire to stand up against ; in fact, the slaughter was so great that the matter was seriously discussed in Parliament as to whether the English were j ustifi ed in slaughtering the natives in such numbers." The French navy has adopted the fully automatic Maxim gun, using a barrel of lj-inch bore with cast-iron explosive projectiles, and the French officers, in describing the fire, said it was literally a rain of iron. When the question of smokeless powder came up in Europe Mr. Maxim was among the first in England to commence experiments, and he found that very excellent results could be obtained by combining gun- cotton of the highest degree of nitration — commonly called tri-nitrocellulose — and nitro-glycerine with a small percentage of a suitable oil. He found that the violence of the nitro-glycerine could be modified to any extent in this way, and with such a compound detonation was absolutely im- possible. After a large number of experi- ments he produced most excellent results. The powder was found to be a stable com- pound not affected by heat and moisture, and to give very high muzzle velocities and low pressures without any smoke at all. This was the first compound of the kind ever made. About nine years ago he took up the question of aerial navigation, and made a large number of experiments with a view of ascertaining exactly how much power was required to perform artificial flight on the aeroplane system, the aeroplane being propelled by screws. The experimental apparatus was placed on the end of a very long rotating arm, so that the apparatus passed around a circle, the circumference of which was 200 feet. After this he commenced experiments on a very much larger machine to run in a straight line on a railway track ; but it was first necessary to produce some kind of motive power which should be much lighter and stronger than anything else in existence, and this he has succeeded in doing. He has, he avers, been able to get a horse-power out of every 10 lbs. of motor, a result which, he thinks, has never been attained before. His large machine is driven by twin screws, and the thrust of these screws is over 2100 lbs. when the engines are running at full speed. The machine is provided with all sorts of instruments and tachometers, so as to measure the thrust of the screw, the speed and the lifting power of the aero- plane as the machine runs on the railway track. An inverted rail is provided on each side of the machine to prevent it from leaving the track. These are the first experiments that have ever been tried with a machine running in a straight line, and it is the first time that any con- siderable weight has been lifted by an aerial apparatus not provided with a gas bag. Mr. Maxim is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, Member of the Society of Arts, Member of the English Society of Mechanical Engineers, Member of the London Chamber of Commerce, Member of the Bridgeport Scientific Society, and has lately been decorated by the Sultan of Turkey with the Grand Order of the Medjidieh. MAX-MULLER, The Eight Hon. Professor Friedrich, K. M., LL. D., D.C.L., son of Wilhelm Miiller, the Ger- man poet, was born at Dessau, Dec. 6, 1823. In 1850 he took one of his Christian 736 MAX-MULLEE names as his surname. He was educated at the public schools of Dessau and Leip- zig, attended lectures in the Universities of Leipzig and Berlin, and took his degree in 1843. He studied Arabic and Persian under Professor Fleischer ; Sanskrit and comparative Philology under Professors Brockhaus, Bopp, and Riickert ; philo- sophy under Drobisch, Weisse, and Schelling. He published, in 1844, his first work, a translation of "The Hitopadesa," a collection of Sanskrit fables ; and then proceeded to Berlin, to examine the col- lection of Sanskrit MSS. there. In 1845 he went to Paris to continue his studies •under Eugene Burnouf, at whose sugges- tion he began to collect materials for an edition of the "Rig- Veda," the Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans, and the Com- mentary of Sayan&charya. After copy- ing and collating some of the MSS. in the Royal Library at Paris, he repaired to England in June 1846, in order to collate some more MSS. at the East-India House and the Bodleian Library. When he was on the point of returning to Germany he made the acquaintance of the late Baron Bunsen, then Prussian Minister in London, who persuaded him to stay in England, and on his and the late Professor Wilson's recommendation the East-India Company engaged him to publish the first edition of the "Rig- Veda" at their expense. In 1848 he settled at Oxford, where his work was to be printed, and the first volume of 1000 pages quarto appeared in 1849. He was invited by the University to give some courses of lectures on -Comparative Philology, as Deputy Taylorian Professor, in 1850 ; was made honorary M.A. and member of Christ Church in 1851 ; was elected Taylorian Professor, and received the full degree of M.A. by decree of Con- vocation in 1854 ; was made a curator of the Bodleian Library in 1856 ; and elected a Fellow of All Souls' College in 1858. He was in 1860 an unsuccessful candidate for the Professorship of Sanskrit at Oxford, being opposed by a coalition of theological parties. From 1865 to 1867 he was Oriental Librarian at the Bodleian Library. In 1868 the University founded a new Professorship of Comparative Philology, and the statute of foundation named him as the first Professor. In 1872 he was invited to lecture in the reconstituted University of Strassburg as Professor of Sanskrit. He declined the appointment, but gave some courses of lectures there in 1872. As he refused to accept any salary, the University of Strassburg founded a triennial prize for Sanskrit scholarship in memory of his services. On Dec. 3, 1873, at the invi- tation of Dean Stanley, he delivered in Westminster Abbey a lecture on -the "Religions of the World," the only address ever delivered by a layman within the Abbey. In 1875 he wished to resign the Professorship at Oxford, in- tending to return to Germany, but the University requested him to remain in Oxford, and entrusted him with the edition of a series of translations of the " Sacred Books of the East," appointing at the same time a Deputy-Professor, Mr. Sayce. Fifty volumes of this series have been pub- lished, of which the first contains Max- Miiller's translation of the "Upanishads," 1879, and the tenth his translation of the Dhammapada from Pali, 1881. In 1878 he delivered in the Chapter - House of Westminster a course of lectures on "The Origin and Growth of Religion, as illus- trated by the Religions of India " (last edition, 1891). These lectures were the first of those delivered under a bequest made by the late Mr. Hibbert. On Nov. 13, 1877, Professor Max-Miiller was elected a delegate of the University Press. On Oct. 28, 1881, he was re-elected Curator of the Bodleian Library in place of the late Professor Rolleston. In 1882 he was invited by the University of Cambridge to give a course of lectures on India, specially intended for the candi- dates for the Indian Civil Service. These lectures were published in 1882, under the title of " India : What can it teach us?" In addition to the "Hitopadesa," he published at Konigsberg, in 1847, " Meghaduta, an Indian Elegy," trans- lated from the Sanskrit, with notes, in German ; in the Reports of the British Association, 1847, an "Essay on Bengali, and its Relation to the Aryan Lan- guages"; in 1853, an "Essay on Indian Logic," in "Archbishop Thompson's Laws of Thought"; in 1854, "Proposals for a "Uniform Missionary Alphabet" and "Suggestions on the Learning of the Languages of the Seat of War in the East, with Linguistic Map," republished in 1855 under the title of "A Survey of Languages." In 1854 appeared his " Letter to Chevalier Bunsen on the Classification of the Turanian Languages in Bunsen's 'Christianity and Mankind' " ; in 1857, at Leipzig, " The Hymns of the Rig- Veda, together with text and transla- tion of the Pratisakhya, an ancient work on Sanskrit Grammar and Pronunciation," in German ; and " Buddhism and Buddhist Pilgrims" ; in 1858, "The German Classics from the Fourth to the Nineteenth Cen- tury " (new edition, 1886), and " Essay on Comparative Mythology," in the Oxford Essays, translated into French by Ernest Renan ; in 1859, " History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature" (2nd edition, 1860), and " Lectures on the Science of Lan- guage," two series, delivered at the Royal MAXWELL 737 Institution (last edition, 1888) ; a tho- roughly revised edition of this work was published in 1891, under the title "The Science of Language, founded on Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution." He published a "Sanskrit Grammar for Be- ginners" (2nd edition, 1870). In 1868 he delivered the Rede Lecture at Cambridge, "On the Stratification of Languages," and in 1870 a course of lectures " On the Science of Religion " at the Royal Institu- tion, published in 1873 under the title of "Introduction to the Science of Religion," with "Two Essays on False Analogies and the Philosophy of Mythology " (last edition, 1882). In 1873 he gave another course of lectures at the Royal Institution on Darwin's Philosophy of Language, pub- lished in Fraser's Magazine. Most of his essays have been collected in " Chips from a German Workshop," 4 vols., 1868-75 : — vol. i., Essays on the Science; of Religion ; vol ii., Essays on Mythology, Tradition, and Customs; vol. iii., Essays on Liter- ature, Biography, and Antiquities ; vol. iv., Essays on the Science of Language. A selection of them was published under the title of " Selected Essays," 2 vols., 1882, followed by a later edition of four volumes. In 1869 he published, as a specimen, the first volume of his transla- tion of the Rig- Veda "Hymns to the Maruts, or the Storm-Gods." In 1873 appeared his edition of the two texts of the Rig- Veda (2nd edition, 1877), and in 1874 the sixth and concluding volume of his large edition of the Rig-Veda with Sayana's Commentary. A new edition of this work in four volumes, published at the expense of the Mahttrajah of Vizianagram, appeared in 1891. Since the year 1879 Professor Max-Muller devoted himself to the teaching of several Buddhist priests who had been sent to him from Japan to learn Sanskrit. This led him to the dis- covery that the oldest Sanskrit MSS. existed in Japan. With the help of these Japanese MSS. he published the Sanskrit originals of several Buddhist texts, such as the Sukh&vativyiiha (Joum.Roy. A siatic Soc, 1880), the Vajracchedika, in the Anecdota Oxoniensia, 1881, while one of his pupils, Mr. Bunyiu Nanjio, compiled a complete Catalogue of the Buddhist Tripitaka, the Sacred Canon of the Buddhists in China and Japan, published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, in 1883. In 1881, in com- memoration of the centenary of its first publication, he brought out a new trans- lation of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, preceded by a historical introduction by Professor L. Noire\ Of the "Critique" alone a second edition was published in 1897. In 1884 he published a volume of " Biographical Essays " ; in 1 887, " The Science of Thought "; in 1888, " Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas. " In 1888 he was appointed Gilford Lecturer in Natural Religion in the University of Glasgow, and his first course of lectures was published in 1889, under the title of "Natural Religion"; the second course, "Physical Religion," in 1891 ; the third volume of lectures in 1892, "Anthropo- logical Religion " ; the fourth in 1893, "Thoosophy, or Psychological Religion." He was re-elected Gifford Lecturer in 1891. Professor Max-Miiller, who has contributed numerous articles to the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews, the Times, and various literary journals of England, America, Germany, and France, is one of the eight foreign members of the Institute of France, one of the thirty Knights of the Ordre pour le Merite, one of the ten foreign members of the Reale Accademia dei Lincei of Rome, and has received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws and Philosophy at Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, Bologna, and Buda- Pesth. In 1889 he was elected First President of the Aryan Section at the International Congress of Orientalists held in Stockholm and Christiania, and received the Northern Star (first class) from the King of Sweden. In 1892 he was chosen President of the International Congress of Orientalists held in London ; in 1894 President of the Ethnological Section of the British Association. In 1893 he visited Constantinople, and was decorated by the Sultan with the Turkish Ordre pour le Merite (Liakat) and the Star of the Medjidieh. On the fiftieth anniversary of his Doctorate (September 1893) the University of Leipzig presented him with an honorary Diploma, and on his seventieth birthday (Dec. 6, 1893) he received numerous addresses from acade- mies and learned societies to which he belongs. In May 1896 he was made a member of the Privy Council, and in the autumn of the same year received the insignia of a Knight Com. of the Legion d'Honneur. He is also Knight Com. of the Corone d'ltalia and of Albrecht the Bear. Professor Max-Miiller published in February 1898 a volume of reminiscences, "Auld Lang Syne," which has passed through several editions. Permanent addresses : All Souls' College ; and 7 Norham Gardens, Oxford. MAXWELL, The Rig-ht Hon. Sir Herbert Eustace, 7th Bart., M.P., F.R.S., of Monreith, only surviving son of Sir William Maxwell by his wife Helenora, daughter of Sir Michael Shaw Stewart, 5th Baronet of Ardgowan, Lord-Lieutenant of Renfrewshire, was born on Jan. 8, 1845, and educated at Eton and at Christ Church, which he left without taking a degree. 3 A 738 MAXWELL — MAY After leaving college he joined the Militia, and served for twenty-one years, finally retiring as a Major and Lieut. -Colonel. He succeeded his father in 1877, and was elected (Conservative) Member for Wigtownshire at the General Election of 1880, which county he continues to repre- sent. He was a Lord of the Treasury in 1886-92. He has made friendly societies and provident insurance a special subject of study, and was Chairman of the Select Committee on Provident Insurance in 1885-87, and of the Select Committee on Friendly Societies in 1888-89. He has also presided over inquiries into Scottish Salmon Fisheries, Solway Fishings, and the Vole Plague in Scotland. In 1893 he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, and in 1896-97 he was Chairman of the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1897. He is the author of numerous papers on Archae- ology and Natural History, besides mis- cellaneous essays and reviews ; has written regularly for the following journals : Saturday Review, National Observer, Out- look, Literature, and Pall Mall Gazette; and has published the following books : " Studies in the Topography of Galloway," 1887 ; "Passages in the Life of Sir Lucian Elphin," a novel in two vols., 1889 ; " The Art of Love," a novel, 1890 ; " The Letter of the Law," a novel, 1891; "Meridiana — Noontide Essavs," 1892; "Life and Times of the Right Hon. W. H. Smith (2 vols.), 1893; "Scottish Land Names," 1894; "Post Meridiana — Afternoon Es- says," 1895; "A Duke of Britain: a Romance," 1895; "Rainy Days in a Li- brary," 1896 ; "Robert the Bruce" (Heroes of the Nation Series), 1897 ; " Sixty Years a Queen," 1897; "Memories of the Months," 1897; "The Hon. Sir Charles Murray: a Memoir," 1898 ; "Salmon and Sea-Trout," 1898. He was appointed Rhind Lecturer in Archaeology (Edinburgh, 1893), and is Director of the Glasgow and South- Western Railway and of London and Pro- vincial Bank. He married, in 1869, Mary, daughter of Henry Fletcher Campbell of Boquhan, Stirlingshire, and has issue. Addresses : Monreith, Wigtownshire ; 49 Lennox Gardens, S.W. MAXWELL, Mrs. John, nie Mary Elizabeth Braddon, daughter of Henry Braddon, solicitor (a younger son of a family long established in North Cornwall), and widow of John Maxwell, publisher, was born in Soho Square, London, in 1837, and, after a home education, became at an early age a contributor to periodical literature, writing sentimental verses, political squibs, and parodies for the poet's corner of provincial newspapers. Miss Braddon has written a large number of novels, amongst which are "Lady Audley's Secret," "Aurora Floyd," "Elea- nor's Victory," "John Marchmont's Le- gacy," "Henry Dunbar," "The Doctor's Wife," "Only a Clod," "Sir Jasper's Tenant," "The Lady's Mile," "Rupert Godwin," and "Run to Earth." Miss Braddon conducted Belgravia, a London magazine, to which she contributed the following novels : " Birds of Prey," "Char- lotte's Inheritance," "Dead Sea Fruit," "Fenton's Quest," and a variety of short tales and novelettes. Her more recent works are: "To the Bitter End," 1872; "Lucius Davoring," "Strangers and Pil- grims," "Griselda," a drama in four acts, brought out at the Princess's Theatre in November 1873; "The Missing Witness," "Lost for Love," and "Taken at the Flood," 1874; "Hostages to Fortune," 1875; "Dead Men's Shoes" and "Joshua Haggart's Daughter," 1876; "An Open Verdict," 1878; "The Cloven Foot" and " Vixen," 1879 ; "Just as I am " and "The Story of Barbara," 1880; "Asphodel," 1881 ; "Mount Royal," 1882 ; "Flower and Weed," "Ishmael," "Wyllard's Weird," "Mohawks," 1886; "Like and Unlike," "The Fatal Three," "The Day will Come," 1889; "One Life, One Love," 1890; " Gerard," 1891 ; "The Venetians," 1892; "All Along the River" and " The Christ- mas Hirelings," 1893; "Thou art the Man," 1894; "Sons of Fire," 1895; "London Pride," 1896; "Under Love's Rule," 1897; "In High Places," and "Rough Justice," 1898. Addresses: Lich- field House, Richmond -on- Thames ; An- nesley Bank, New Forest. MAY, Phil, who is now credited with being able to earn as much as £100 a day by his drawings, was born at Leeds on April 22, 1864, and is the second son of Philip May, engineer. He was educated at St. George's School, Leeds. He began his artistic career when he was twelve years old, at which time the Grand Theatre, Leeds, opened, and he became acquainted with the son of the local scene-painter, and helped to mix the distemper. Here Mr. May used to sketch sections of other people's designs of costumes, and even- tually he designed comic masks and dresses. This brought him orders for portraits, and after a year or two the late Frederick Stimpson engager! him to play small parts and do six sketches a week as advertisement window bills. He got an engagement to design the dresses for the Leeds pantomime in 1882, but then deter- mined to come to London as a tragedian, his finances at the time consisting of twenty shillings. An aunt had married an actor there, and he sought her out. MAY — MAYKARD 739 By his uncle he was next day despatched again to Leeds, but he left the train and walked back to London. Then ensued a time of great privation, and the first turn of good fortune he had was when he met the owner of a photograph shop, who took his drawing of Irving, Bancroft, and Toole, and published it. At last a drawing by him of Mr. Bancroft in Society brought him to the notice of the St. Stephen's Re- view), where he was set the task of design- ing a cartoon, illustrations, cover and initials for a Christmas number. A week was given him to do this in. He worked night and day and finished the whole in time. He was employed on the illustra- tions of the Review till an agent came from Sydney to secure an artist. He went out to the Colonies, and in fine air has grown what he is, but he says the trials of his early days made him an artist. He was three years on the Sydney Bulletin. He is now an artist on the staffs of the Graphic and Punch, for both which jour- nals he continues to do notable and char- acteristic work. He has travelled for the Graphic in America. Since 1892 he has published "Phil May's Annual," and has also given to the world " The Parson and the Painter," 1891; "Phil May's Gutter- snipes," "Phil May's Sketchbook," 1896, &c. Address : Holland Park Road, Ken- sington, W. MAY, William Charles, was born at Reading early in the fifties. After studying at South Kensington he pro- ceeded to the Royal Academy Schools, where he gained a silver medal and hon- ourable mention for the historical gold medal which that year was won by Mr. Hamo Thornycroft. For some time Mr. May was the pupil and assistant of the late Signor Monti, sculptor of the cele- brated group, " The Sleep of Sorrow and Dream of Joy," which attracted so much attention at the Great Exhibition of 1862. He has been more particularly successful as a portrait sculptor, but has executed a large quantity of ideal work. His finest group in marble was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1877, and is entitled " The Death of Panthea." An exception- ally good engraving of it was published in the Art Journal in 1884, and attracted some attention. A beautiful monument in Remenham Churchyard, Henley-on- Thames, illustrative of the words " He shall give His angels charge over thee," by this artist to the memory of the late Mr. R. A. Cosier, a well-known art patron, was also greatly admired on a representa- tion of it being published in the Builder in 1886. Mr. May was the sculptor of the memorial subscribed for by the nation, and erected on Plymouth Hoe in 1892, in commemoration of the tercentenary of the defeat of the Armada. His only son, Mr. Charles Albert Victor May, is also a sculptor. MAYER, Michael Leopold, born Nov. 6, 1832, is a naturalised Englishman of Franco-German descent. With the ex- ception of his boyhood, he has spent all his life in London, where, for the last quarter of a century, he has been one of the central figures of the theatrical world. Formerly a journalist, he became the lessee of the Princess's Theatre in 1875, and produced "Round the World in 80 Days," an adaptation by himself from Jules Verne's popular romance and play, " Le Tour du Monde en 80 Jours." It was a great success, and was followed by " Heartsease," an adaptation by James Mortimer of "La Dame aux Camelias," by the younger Dumas. It is, however, as the founder of a regular season of French plays that Mr. Mayer is best known to the present generation. After introducing to London the leading artists of the French stage, he, by arrangement with Mr. John Hollingshead, the then lessee of the Gaiety Theatre, brought over the whole company of the Theatre Fran9ais for a season of six weeks, during which they performed about sixty of their most successful plays, both classic and modern. This was the first introduction to London of Madame Sarah Bernhardt. Since 1879 there has been a season of French plays every summer, and in some years a winter season too. All the leading French actors and actresses, including Mesdames Sarah Bernhardt, Hading, Bartet, and Chaumont; MM. Coquelin, Mounet-Sully, Got, De- launay, &c, have performed in London under Mr. Mayer's management, and have at various times occupied the boards of the Lyceum, Gaiety, Adelphi, Comedy, Daly's, Royalty, Opera Comique, and the old Her Majesty's theatres. At the last- named, Mr. Mayer also gave a season of French grand opera ; and at the Lyceum, about eight years ago, he gave a season of Italian opera, introducing to London for the first time Verdi's "Otello," with the whole of the famous orchestra and chorus of La Scala, Milan, under their late emi- nent conductor, Signor Faccio. MAYNARD, Constance Louisa, was born in London on Feb. 19, 1849, her father belonging to the family of the Viscounts Maynard, and her mother being of French Huguenot origin. She was educated at home, with the exception of one year at Belstead, Mrs. Umphelby's School, near Ipswich, and entered Girton College, Cambridge, in 1872, where she successfully passed the Moral Sciences 740 MAYO — MEASON Tripos in 1876, being the first woman to do so within the limits allowed by the Uni- versity of Cambridge. After working in the well-known school of St. Leonard's, at St. Andrews, for three years, she came to London, and studied art at the Slade School for some time. In 1882 she joined Miss Dudin Brown in founding Westfield College, Hampstead, an institution in which women receive the education of a University College, and at the same time are carefully grounded in the tenets of the Protestant religion. Address : Westfield College, Hampstead, N.W. MAYO, Mrs. Isabella Fyvie, born in London in 1843, of pure Scottish descent, was educated in London. She issued " The Occupations ofaEetired Life," by "Edward Garrett" (noni deplume) in 1868. She was married in 1870 to Mr. JohnjMayo, who died in 1877. Principal works : "TheCrustand the Cake," "Premiums paid to Experi- ence," "Crooked Places," "By Still Waters," "John Winter, a Story of Har- vests," "At any Cost," "Mystery of Allan Grale," 1885 ; " Ways and Means," 1889 ; " Not by Bread alone," 1890 ; " Her Day of Service," 1891 ; "Rab Bethune's Double," "A Black Diamond," 1894; "Nine-Day Wonder," 1896 ; " A Daughter of the Klephts," 1897, the latter story being the outcome of the two visits paid to Greece; "Other People's Stairs," 1898, &e. She has contributed innumerable articles both in prose and verse to the Leisure Sour, Good Words, the Sunday Magazine, the Sunday at Home, Atalanta, Chambers, the New Age, the Fireside, the Young Man, the Young Woman, the Argosy, the GirVs Oim, the Scots Pictorial, &c. Some of these articles are under her nom de plume, and some under her own name. Address : Albyn Place, Aberdeen. MAYOR, The Rev. John Eyton Bickersteth, M.A., Professor of Latin, Cambridge University, born atBaddegama, in Ceylon, Jan. 28, 1825, was educated at Shrewsbury School and St. John's College, Cambridge, and ordained deacon in 1855, priest in 1857. He was elected Fellow of St. John's College in 1849 ; was Assistant-Master at Marlborough College, 1849-53 ; College Lecturer in 1853 ; Li- brarian of the University of Cambridge, 1863-67, and was appointed Professor of Latin in that University in 1872, and President of the Vegetarian Society in 1883. Mr. Mayor is the editor of " Thirteen Satires of Juvenal," 1853 (3rd edit., 1881) ; " Juvenal for Schools," 1879 ; " Two Lives of Nicholas Ferrar," 1855; "Autobio- graphy of Matt. Robinson," 1856 ; " Early Statutes of St. John's College, Cambridge," 1859; "Cicero's Second Philippic," with notes, 1861 (6th edit., 1879) ; " Roger Ascham's Schoolmaster," with notes, 1873 (new edit., 1883), Bohn's Library ; " Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum Historiale de Gestis Regum Anglise," 2 vols., 1863-69 ; and "Thomas Baker's History of the College of St. John the Evangelist, Cam- bridge," 2 vols., 1869 ; " Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature," 1875 ; " The Latin Heptateuch," 1889 ; and numerous other works. Mr. Mayor was one of the editors of the Journal of Classical and Sacred Philology and of the Journal of Philology. Mr. Mayor's brother, the Rev. Joseph Bickersteth Mayor, is well known as the editor of Cicero's " De Natura," " St. James," and many other works. Address : St. John's College, Cambridge. MEAD, Frederick, is the son of George Edward Mead, a solicitor, and was born on July 22, 1847. He was educated at King's College, London, and was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1869. He acted as Counsel to the Treasury, at the Middlesex Sessions, from 1879 to 1886, and was engaged at the Central Criminal Court from 1886 to 1889. In the latter year he was appointed a Metropolitan Police Magistrate at the Thames Court. Mr. Mead was married, in 1878, to Sophia, daughter of R. H. Poland, of Blackheath. Address : 10 Eliot Place, Blackheath, S.E. MEADE, The Right Rev. William Edward, D.D., Bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, was born Feb. 24, 1832, and is the son of the Rev. William Meade, of Inchinabacca Rectory. He was educated at Middleton School and at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, where he was Scholar, Senior Moderator in 1856, Bishop Law's Prizeman, &c. He was appointed Rector of Ardtrea in 1864, Prebendary of Armagh in 1877, and Archdeacon in 1885. He married, in 1864, Mary Ferrier, daughter of Fleetwood Churchill, M.D. Address : The Palace, Cork. MEASON, Malcolm Ronald Laing, son of the late Gilbert Laing Meason, Esq., of Lindertis, Forfarshire, born at Edin- burgh in 1824, was educated in France, and at St. Gregory's College, Downside, near Bath. He entered the army in 1839 as ensign of the 40th Regiment, and served through the second Afghan and the Gwalior campaigns in India, was very severely wounded, and received two medals. He joined the 10th Hussars in 1846, and sold out in 1851. From the latter year to 1854 he was editor of the Bombay Telegraph and Courier. In 1855 he was sent to Paris by the Daily News in conjunction with Mr. Blanchard Jerrold as one of the special correspondents for MEATH — MEDING 741 the Paris Exhibition of that year. From 1855 to 1870 he was a frequent contribu- tor to the Daily News, Household Words, and All the Year Round. From 1866 to 1870 he was editor of the Weekly Register. In 1870 he went abroad as special corre- spondent of the New York Herald with the French Army. After Sedan he accepted an offer from the Daily Telegraph, and remained in France as special correspon- dent of that paper until the end of the war, and afterwards, for two years, as correspondent for the same journal at Paris and Versailles. He joined the staff of the Hour in 1873. In 1865 he published "The Bubbles of Finance," and in 1866 " The Profits of Panics," both being de- scriptions from life of the joint-stock swindles of the day. In 1868 he published a small volume on " Turf Frauds " ; in 1875, " Three Months after Date, and other Tales" ; andin 1886, "Sir William's Specula- tions." He has contributed to the Month, the Dublin Review, Belgravia, Fraser, Mae- millan, the Whitehall Review, and other periodicals. MEATH, Bishop of. See Keene, The Most Eev. James Bennett. MEATH, Earl of, The Bight Hon. Reginald Brabazon, P.O., was born in London on July 81, 1841, and is the son of the 11th Earl, whom he succeeded in 1887, and of Harriet, daughter of the late Sir Richard Brooke, of Norton Priory, Cheshire. He was educated at Eton and in Germany, and entered the Foreign Office, after competitive examination, in 1863. Five years later he exchanged into the diplomatic service, and was suc- cessively at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Berlin, The Hague, and Paris until 1873. For many years Lord Meath has been exceed- ingly busy as a public benefactor. As Lord Brabazon, in 1871, he became first Hon. Secretary of the Hospital Saturday Fund; in 1879 he was first Chairman of the Young Men's Friendly Society. In 1882 he founded and became first Chair- man of the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association, which has for its object the acquisition and laying-out of open spaces, such as disused burial-grounds, the plant- ing of trees, the provision of seats, the supply of children's gymnasiums, protec- tion of commons and existing open spaces &c. He was first President of the British College of Physical Education, and of the Church Reform Association. His work on the London County Council, of which he was for some years an Alderman, has been important. He was first Chairman of the Parks Committee. Latterly he has turned his attention to Dublin city and county, of which he has been since 1898 Lord- Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum. He is Hon. Colonel of the 5th Batt. R.D. Fusi- liers. He married, in 1868, the only sur- viving daughter of the 11th Earl of Lauder- dale. Addresses : 83 Lancaster Gate, W. ; and Kilruddery, Bray, Ireland. EECKLEKBUE G STBELITZ, Grand-Duke of, Frederick William Charles George Ernest Adolphus Gustavus, a Lieut. -General in the Prus- sian army, born Oct. 17, 1819 ; married, June 28, 1843, the Princess Augusta Caro- line Charlotte Elizabeth Maria Sophia Louisa of Cambridge, daughter of the late Duke of Cambridge. He succeeded his father, Sept. 6, 1860, and has one son, George Adolphus Frederick Augustus Victor Ernest Gustavus William Welling- ton, born July 22, 1848, who married a Princess of Anhalt in 1877, his son, Adolphus Frederick George, being born in June 1882. MEDING, Johann Ferdinand Martin Oskar, novelist (Gregor Sam- arow), was born April 11, 1829, at Konigs- berg, being the son of the Governor of East Prussia. He studied law in his native town, at Heidelberg, and at Berlin, from 1848 till 1851, when he became an advo- cate (Auskultator) at Marienwerder. At a later period he was employed in the magistracy and administration ; and in 1859 he quitted the public service of Prussia and joined that of Hanover. He was sent on several confidential missions by the King of Hanover, George V., and was concerned as a Councillor of State in the passing of various religious and political measures. In 1863 he accom- panied the King to Frankfort on the occasion of a Congress of the reigning Princes of Germany being held in that city. In 1866 he was sent on a mission to the Elector of Hesse, and subsequently went to Vienna with the deposed King of Hanover. He went to Paris in 1867 as the representative of the interests of the deposed King. In 1870 he gave in his adhesion to the Prussian Government, and, after residing two years in Switzer- land and at Stuttgart, he settled in Berlin, where, keeping wholly aloof from politics, he began to write his personal reminiscences, in the form of novels, under the pseudonym of " Gregor Sam- arow. " His works include : "For Sceptres and Crown," a romance in five parts, 1872-76 ; subsequently " The Roman Ex- pedition of the Epigoni," 1873; "The Dying Salutation of the Legions," 1874 ; " Heights and Depths," 20 vols., 1879-80 ; "Queen Elizabeth," 6 vols., 1881; "The Merchant's House," 1882; "A Difficult Choice," 1883 ; " Die Saxoborussen," 742 MEDLICOTT — MELDOLA 1885 ; " Gippel und Abgrund," 1888 ; " Feenschloss," 1890 ; aud " Der Weisse Adler," 1891. Under his own name Me- ding has published " Memoirs of Con- temporary History " (" Memorien zur Zeitgeschichte "), vol. i., 1881 ; "A Bio- graphy of William I. of Germany, with additions and corrections by the Emperor himself." MEDLICOTT, Henry Benedict, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., was born on Aug. 3, 1829, at Loughrea, co. Gal way, Ireland, and is the second son of the Rev. Samuel Medlicott, Rector of Loughrea, and Char- lotte, daughter of Colonel H. B. Dolphin, C.B. He was educated in France, Guern- sey, and Dublin, where he took the degree of B.A. at Trinity College in 1850, with diploma and honours in the School of Civil Engineering; and the M.A. de- gree in 1870. He became a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, 1856 ; of the Royal Society in 1877 ; and received the Wollaston Medal in 1888. He is honorary and corresponding mem- ber of several foreign societies ; and was awarded the Indian Mutiny Medal for special service as a Volunteer. He was appointed to the Geological Survey of Ireland, 1851 ; transferred to the English Survey, 1853 ; to the Indian Geological Survey and as Professor of Geology at the Roorkee College of Civil Engineers, 1854 ; Director of the Geological Survey of India, 1876-87, when he retired. He has published " A Manual of the Geology of India" (in part), 1879 ; scientific papers in the Journal of the Geological Society, 1868; five "memoirs" and forty-four " records " of the Geological Survey of India series, 1860-87 ; and pamphlets en- titled " Agnosticism and Faith," 1888, and " Evolution of Mind in Man," 1892. He married Louisa, second daughter of the Rev. D. H. Maunsell. Address : c/o H. S. King & Co., 65 Cornhill, E.C. MELBA, Madame Nellie, prima donna (Mrs. Armstrong), was born in one of the Australian Colonies on May 19, 1865. As a little child of six she sang ballads to her own accompaniment at a public con- cert. Subsequently she was sent to Europe, and studied under Madame Marchesi in Paris. She first appeared on the stage in October 1887, singing in "Rigoletto" at the Theatre de la Monnaie in Brussels. The year after she appeared before a London audience as Lucia at Covent Garden Opera House. She played Ophelia at the Paris Grand Opera in 1889, and also appeared as Juliet in London. Bemberg specially wrote "Elaine" for her, and she appeared in this opera in London in 1892. In 1893 she achieved great success in "Pagliacci" at Covent Garden. In 1894 she sang at the Handel Festival, and has been much before the public in principal parts during recent operatic seasons. Address : Rue de Prony, Paris. MELBOURNE, Bishop of. See Goe, The Right Rev. Field Flowers. MELDOLA, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Fins- bury Technical College, City and Guilds of London Institute, was born July 19, 1849, in Annette Crescent, Essex Road, Islington. His father, Samuel Meldola, was a printer, and his grandfather, the Rev. Dr. Raphael Meldola, Chief Rabbi of the Congregation of Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Lon- don (1805-28). An obituary notice of the Chief Rabbi, who was widely esteemed for his scholarship by all denominations, appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1828. The history of the family can be traced back without a break through eleven generations to Rabbi Isaiah Meldola, described in the pedigree as " one of the sages of Castile," who died as head of the college at Mantua in 1340. Many mem- bers of the family have been distinguished divines, physicians, scholars, and writers on various subjects. Professor Meldola received his early education in private schools, first at Bristol, where his mother's family resided, and afterwards at Kew and Bayswater. He received his scientific training at the Royal College of Chemistry in Oxford Street, having entered as a student under Dr. Edward Frankland in 1866. His first appointment was as Junior Assistant in the laboratory of the late Dr. John Stenhouse, F.R.S., where he imbibed the taste for organic chemistry which he has since cultivated. From the laboratory in Pentonville Professor Meldola trans- ferred his services to a firm of colour manufacturers at Brentford, where he ac- quired his first experience as a technologist, and in 1872 he again entered the Royal College of Chemistry, then transferred to the South Kensington establishment, in the capacity of Demonstrator under Dr. Frankland. In 1874 he became associated with Mr. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S., and assisted this well-known investigator in many of his researches in Spectrum Analy- sis. While in the laboratory of Mr. Lockyer, Professor Meldola was sent out by the Royal Society in charge of the Nicobar Island branch of the expedition commis- sioned to make observation on the total eclipse of April 5, 1875. Two years after his return to England he again gave his services to chemical technology, having accepted in 1887 the post of scientific chemist in one of the leading coal-tar colour factories in this country. In the MELDRUM — MELINE 743 laboratory of this firm at Hackney Wick he worked at chemical research for eight years, and made many discoveries of scien- tific and technical importance which are associated with hi6 name. He was ap- pointed to the professorship which he now holds in 1885. The list of chemical papers embodying the results of original investi- gations carried out by Professor Meldola alone, or by him in conjunction with his assistants and students, is a very long one, numbering about seventy memoirs and notes contributed to the recognised scien- tific periodicals in England and Germany. Although his work has been chiefly in the domain of chemistry, he is also an enthusi- astic naturalist and geologist, and much of his early work was in connection with the application of the Darwinian theory to the problems of animal coloration. His first published scientific papers were on biological subjects, and he has contributed about thirty entomological notes to various natural history journals. He is still warmly interested in the subject, and devotes most of his leisure time to collecting and ob- serving in the field. English biologists owe to Professor Meldola the translation of Weismann's " Studies in the Theory of Descent" (1881-82), a work which first brought into notoriety in this country the eminent German biologist, and which also embodied in the form of notes many of the translator's own observations. In 1886 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and he belongs to most of the scientific societies in London and to many foreign societies. He is one of the original Fellows of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Physical Society, and an Hon. Member of the Institute of Brewing. He has been Secretary, three times Vice-President, and wasPresidentof the Entomological Society, 1896-97; he is also Foreign "Secretary of the Chemical Society, a Member of Council of the Eoyal Society and of the British Association, and was President of the Chemical Section for the Ipswich Meeting in 1895. In connection with the British Association he has done much in helping to promote and consolidate the work of the local scientific societies throughout the country, and is Chairman of the Cor- responding Societies Committee of the Association. His tastes as a field naturalist led him to take an active part in 1880 in the formation of the Essex Field Club, of which he was the first President, and has since been a warm supporter. In addition to his official addresses and scientific papers published by the Club, he (in con- junction with Mr. W. White) drew up an exhaustive " Report on the East Anglian Earthquake of 1884," which forms the first volume of the Club's Special Memoirs. His experience as a technologist as well as a scientific teacher has enabled Professor Meldola to take an active part, outside his immediate professional duties, in the Tech- nical Education Movement. In 1886 he read a paper on " The Scientific Develop- ment of the Coal-Tar Colour Industry " before the Society of Arts, for which he was awarded a silver medal. In 1891 he_ delivered a course of Cantor Lectures on Photographic Chemistry before the Society of Arts. Professor Meldola's name has long been familiar as a reviewer in the pagesof Nature and other journals, although much of his writing in this category is anonymous. For many years he was asso- ciated with Land and Water as natural- history correspondent in the time of Frank Buckland and John Keast Lord. He has contributed articles on special subjects to the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," to " Watt's Dictionary of Chemistry " by Morley and Muir, and to "Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemis- try." He is the author of a little manual of "Inorganic Chemistry," Murby, 1874; the "Chemistry of Photography," Mac- millan, 1889 ; and "Coal, and what we get from it," published by the S.P.C.K. in 1891. Prof. Meldola has acted as an Exa- miner for the University of Cambridge. He was the recipient of a Jubilee Medal from the Queen in 1897. Professor Meldola married, in 1866, Ella Frederica, daughter of Dr. Maurice Davis, J.P. Permanent ad- dress : 6 Brunswick Square, W.C. MELDRUM, Charles, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., was educated at Aberdeen Univer- sity, and entered the Bombay Educational Department in 1846. He was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College, Mauritius, in 1848, was in 1851 Secretary and one of the Founders of the Meteorological Society of that colony, and in 1862 was appointed Government Mete- orological Observer and in 1875 Director of the Royal Alfred Observatory. In 1876 he was elected F.R.S. For ten years he was Member of Council of the Government of Mauritius. He is an authority on sun- spots and rainfall, and these form the subject-matter of several reports made by him to the British Association and to Nature. Address : 25 South Parade, Southsea. MELINE, M., French statesman, was born in the Vosges in 1838. After a dis- tinguished career as a student he was called to the Paris Bar, and espoused jour- nalism as a writer for the Opposition news- papers under the Empire. He entered the Chamber in 1876, and held the port- folio of Minister of Agriculture in the Ferry Cabinet from 1883 to 1885. He was elected President of the Chamber in 1889, 744 MELLOR — MENDELEEF and became best known as a Protectionist leader, and by taking a prominent part in opposing the income-tax scheme of the Bourgeois Ministry. In 1896, on the fall of M. Bourgeois, M. Midline suc- ceeded, after several vain attempts by other statesmen, in forming a Cabinet composed wholly of Moderates. The Ministry's declaration of policy expressed a desire to re-establish the indispen- sable harmony of the two Houses, pro- mised fiscal reforms, agricultural legis- lation, and announced that the various labour bills would be at once pushed for- ward. During 1896 M. Mfline received a deputation on tariffs, and stated his views with regard to Agricultural Depression, Free Trade and Protection, Bimetallism, Sugar Bounties, and on Rentes Taxation. In October 1897 the Premier made an im- portant statement on his policy, which he defined as being "neither revolution nor reaction." " The best way," he said, " of combating Socialism was to do all that was practicable for the amelioration of the lot of the masses, who would soon judge between empty flatterers and sin- cere friends." On the General Elections, which were held on Sunday, May 9, 1898, M. Meline's Government was returned by a majority of from 12 to 15, but this support was anything but certain, as was shown by the narrow election to the temporary Presidency of M. Deschanel (q.v.), the Government's nominee. We cannot enter here into the Dreyfus imbroglio, in which the Cabinet became involved, as so many points were thereby raised, but suffice it to say that during his whole period of office the War Minister, General Billot (q.v.), supported the action of his prede- cessor, General Mercier, and refused to allow the case to be re-opened. The Government was short-lived, for soon after the inaugural address of M. Des- chanel, who had previously been definitely elected Vice-President of the Chamber of Deputies, M. Meline resigned office, not- withstanding the urgent representations which the President made against that decision. After some delay M. Brisson (q.v.) succeeded in the task of forming a combination of a distinctly Radical tinge. MELLOR, Right Hon. John "Wil- liam, M.P., D.L., Q.C., is the eldest son of the late Right Hon. Sir J. Mellor, and was born on July 26, 1835. He completed his education at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and in 1857, when he took his B.A. degree, was eighth Senior Optime (M.A. 1860). In 1860 he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and went on the Midland Circuit. He took silk in 1875, and became a Bencher in 1877. He was Recorder of Grantham from 1872 to 1874, which he subsequently represented in Parliament from 1880 to 1886 ; the latter year became Judge-Advo- cate-General. He was sworn of the Privy Council in the same year. In July 1892 he was elected Member of Parliament in the Gladstonian Liberal interest for the Sowerby Division of Yorkshire, in 1893 was appointed Chairman of Committees in the House of Commons, and subsequently, until 1895, presided over many of the con- tentious discussions which arose out of the Home Rule Bill debates. In 1895 he was re-elected Liberal Member for the Sower- by Division of Yorkshire. He is a J. P. and D.L. for the county of Somerset, and J.P. for Devon. He married, in 1860, Caroline, daughter of the late Charles Paget, M.P., of Ruddington Grange, Notts. Addresses : 68 St. George's Square, S.W. ; Culmhead, Pitminster, Somerset. MELVILLE," George Wallace, American naval officer, was born in New York City, Jan. 10, 1841. He was edu- cated in his native city, and entered the United States Navy as third assistant- engineer in July 1861, with rank of mid- shipman, and has passed through all the intermediate grades to that of Chief Engineer, with the rank of Lieut. -Com- mander, which he attained in 1881. He was engineer of the Jeannette, which sailed from San Francisco, July 8, 1879, under command of Lieutenant George W. de Long, on a voyage of polar exploration. After the sinking of the Jeannette, on June 13, 1881, Engineer Melville accompanied De Long over the ice to Bennett Island, and, after the party had divided, he com- manded one of the Jeannette' s boats on the passage to one of the mouths of the Lena delta, which was reached Sept. 17, 1881. He now searched for Lieutenant de Long and his party, and obtained from the natives some of his records ; in the follow- ing spring he explored the delta thoroughly for traces of the missing party, and about the end of March the remains of de Long and his eleven companions were found. On his return to the United States he was appointed Chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineers with the rank of Commodore, Aug. 8, 1887, and Engineer-in-Chief of the U.S. Navy. He published " In the Lena Delta," 1885 ; and has had an important part in constructing the modernised U.S. Navy. MENDELEEF, Dmitri Ivanovich, Russian chemist, was born at Tobolsk, Feb. 7, 1834. He was educated at the Pedagogic Institute at St. Petersburg, and then came to Paris, where he was one of the most brilliant pupils of Wurtz. He then studied the chemical properties of petroleum in the mines of Caucasia and MEKDES — MENELEK 745 Pennsylvania. In 1866 he became Pro- fessor of Chemistry in the University of St. Petersburg. He may be said to have a world-wide reputation, and to be familiar with every section of chemical science ; but it is by his law of chemical combina- tion that his name is chiefly known. This law has led to the discovery of more than one chemical element. His " Principles of Chemistry" was published in Russian in 1868-70, and was translated into English in 1892. He is a D.C.L. of the University of Oxford, and a member of the Academy of Sciences, of Paris. Address : Univer- sity, St. Petersburg. MENDES, Catulle, a French author, was born at Bordeaux on May 22, 1841. In 1861 he established in Paris La Revue Fantaisiste, in which he published " Le Roman d'une Nuit," a drama in verse, which resulted in the author being con- demned to two months' imprisonment and a fine of 500 francs, although he was still under age. At that time he belonged to the little group of artistic poets called "Parnassians," whose aim was the careful choice of words and the introduction of audacious rythmical innovations. His other works include: "Philomele," a volume of lyrics, 1864 ; " Hesperus," a poem, 1869 ; "La Colere d'un Franc-tireur," '; Odelette Guerriere," 1871 ; " Contes Epiques," " Les Soirs Moroses," " Le Soleil de Minuit " (poe'sies), 1872, repub- lished in 1876 under the title of " Poe'sies" ; several novels, "Les Folies Amoureuses," 1877; " Les Meres Ennemies," 1880; "La Divine Adventure," 1881, in conjunction with M. Lesclide ; "Le Rose et le Noir," 1885; "Le Roi vierge," "Zo'har," "La premiere Maitresse," reckoned his master- piece in realistic fiction ; " Mephisto- phela," 1890; " Le Chemin du Coeur," 1895, and various pieces for the theatre, such as "Le Capitaine Fracasse," 1870, after Gauthier's romance ; "Le CMti- ment," 1887 ; and " Fiammette," 1889. In October 1898 Madame Bernhardt produced his version of " Medea " at the Renaissance, Paris. M. Mendes has been described as a very good second in almost every depart- ment of literature, but first in none. In verse he has written after the manner of Hugo, Le Conte de Lisle, Theodore de Banville, and Verlaine, and only just falls beneath the level of each of these masters. In prose his short stories are only inferior to Maupassant, although a good deal broader ; his realistic novels only below Zola, and his society scandals only below Gyp. He turns out an enormous quantity • of copy yearly. On Dec. 6, 1898, his " La Reine Fiametta" was produced with great success at the Odeon. It had previ- ously been seen at Antoine's Theatre Libre, and had been refused by the Francjais. In 1866 he married Mile. Judith Gautier, from whom he has since been legally sepa- rated as the result of a somewhat famous trial. Address : 44 Rue Lafayette, Paris. MENELEK II., Emperor of Abyssinia and King of Shoa, G.C.M.G., was born in 1843. He succeeded to the throne on the death of Johannes II., with whom he had been constantly at war. In 1877, as King of Shoa, Menelek was totally defeated in a great battle, and it was currently reported that he had been killed by Johannes. Upon the death of the latter in 1889, Menelek assumed the chief power in Abyssinia, and was crowned in November as Negus Negusti, or King of Kings in Ethiopia. For some time after his acces- sion many attempts were made by various chiefs to overthrow him, but he defeated all their efforts. In the first year of his reign Menelek concluded a treaty with Hum- bert, King of Italy, which practically placed Abyssinia under the protection of the Italians, who, at the same time, agreed to lend him 4,000,000 francs. In conse- quence of disputes in connection with this treaty, known as the Uccialli Treaty, and the continual encroachments of the Italians, especially from the direction of Erythrea, war broke out in 1895. Menelek raised a large army and inflicted a serious reverse upon the advance-guard of the Italian forces at Ambalagi in December. Many minor engagements followed, with the re- sult that the Negus made propositions for peace, which, however, the Italian Govern- ment declared were such as they could not accept. They included a demand for the retirement of the Italians from positions recently occupied by them, and a modifi- cation in the Treaty of Uccialli. On Feb. 24, 1896, Menelek concentrated his forces near Adowa, where he was at once pursued by the Italian troops under the command of General Baratieri {q.v.). A general advance upon the Abyssinian position was made on the 29th, the Italians attacking in three columns ; but the difficulties of the ground enabled Menelek to concen- trate his forces on the left column, and the other columns being unable, owing to the hills and to bad generalship, to succour it, a terrible defeat was sustained by the whole force. The Italians lost in killed and wounded over 7000 officers and men. After this reverse, which caused the fall of the Italian Ministry under Crispi, the idea of an Italian Protectorate over the country was abandoned, and in May General Valles was appointed with full powers to treat with the Emperor Menelek for the settle- ment of all questions at issue between Italy and Abyssinia, with the result that a treaty was signed recognising the 746 MENPES — MENZEL absolute independence of the latter country. The defeat inflicted by the Abyssinian monarch upon a European Power greatly increased his prestige, and he at once renewed his negotiations with France, which had lapsed since 1891, in which year he had presented President Carnot with a decoration and two tame lions. He also sent a mission to St. Petersburg to obtain the Czar's sympathy for the Abys- sinian Christians. In February 1897 he concluded a commercial treaty with the French, who despatched a Mission under M. Lagarde to Menelek in the following March. The Mission was very cordially received. In the early part of 1898 a Mission under Sir Rennell Eodd was sent to Abyssinia to negotiate a treaty between Menelek and England, with very successful results. The British Mission met with a handsome reception, 20,000 warriors being present and several Euro- peans, among whom were Colonel Leon- tieff, the head of a Russian mission, and Prince Henri d'Orleans, who were endeav- ouring to induce Menelek to thwart British efforts in the Soudan. By a curi- ous coincidence the average height of the officials composing the British Mission was over 6 feet, and their striking appearance made a great impression. The more im- portant points of the treaty, which was ratified by the Queen in July, were the settlement of the frontiers of the British Somali Protectorate ; the keeping open to British commerce the caravan route be- tween Zeila and Harar, and the prevention of the transit through Abyssinia of arms and ammunition to the Mahdists, whom Menelek declared to be the enemies of his country. In a letter to the Queen he ex- pressed the following sentiment : " The treaty of peace which is now between your Government and our Government, we hope it will increase in firmness and last for ever." In April Lieutenant Harrington was sent to the Emperor's capital as Diplomatic Agent. During October 1898 it was reported that Kas Mangascia, Governor of Tigre, had shown signs of rebellion against Menelek's supreme autho- rity. A large expedition was sent against the Has, but upon negotiations being opened the difficulty was amicably ar- ranged. The etiquette of the Abyssinian Court is very minute in its regulations, and among other usages distasteful to Europeans is that of kissing the ground on approaching the royal presence. Menelek, however, is careful not to offend foreign susceptibilities, and he never requires a stranger to go through any ceremony to which he objects. He is gifted with a capacious memory, and is very energetic, rising at 3 A.M., and devoting the first hour of the day to prayer. From four to six he works with his grand secretary, who is practically his only minister. He publicly administers justice and transacts all the affairs of State personally, being very kind to his people and accessible to all. Since his accession to the throne he has done much to consolidate his kingdom, and has very largely promoted civilisation. Menelek claims to be a direct descendant of Solomon by the Queen of Sheba. This descent is recorded on the coins which he had struck at the Paris mint some years ago. The large silver piece bears the head of Menelek, with the inscription "King of Kings of Ethiopia, 1887." The reverse side has a lion crowned and the words, "The Lion of the House of Judah has con- quered," this being the motto of the House of David. On the edge of the coins are the words, " Ethiopia stretches out her hands to God alone." His wife is Queen Taitou. MENPES, Mortimer, artist, was born in South Australia, whence, at the age of nineteen, he came to London with his father. He chose the career of art, and studied at South Kensington under Poynter and Sparkes, winning the Poynter prize for the best drawing done in any English art school. He then studied for three years in picturesque Brittany, and in 1880 exhibited etchings at the Royal Academy, which were much praised for their excellence. In 1885 he became a member of the Society of British Artists, and in 1887 went out to Japan, and re- turned with that unique collection of brilliant Japanese views for which he is famous. These were exhibited at Dowdes- well's in 1888. Mr. Mortimer Menpes has also twice visited India, and has sojourned in Venice, exhibiting the results of his artistic studies and appreciations in two notable exhibitions, held respectively in 1891 and 1892. In the Academy of 1898 he exhibited, in the Black - and - White Room, "Osaka, Japan," and in that of 1899 a water-colour and three portraits in black and white. He has written on Japan in the Magazine of Art. Address : 25 Cado- gan Gardens, S.W. MENZEL, Adolf Friedrich. Erd- mann, German historical painter, was born Dec. 8, 1815, at Breslau, but removed in 1830 with his parents to Berlin, where he studied art at the Academy. On his father's death he had to support himself, and first began by selling pen - and - ink drawings. In 1836 he made his first attempt in oil painting, "The Chess- players," followed by several other pic- tures ; but from 1839 to 1842 he worked at the illustrations to Kugler's "History of Frederick the Great." Since then he MERClE — MEREDITH 747 has become celebrated as a painter of the most life - like and accurate scenes from the age of Frederick ; his first important work of the period was the "Round Table of Frederick the Great," 1850, followed by the "Inline Concert at Sans-souci," 1852; "Frederick's Recep- tion in Breslau," and "Frederick at the Battle of Hochkirch," 1856; "Bliicher and Wellington at Waterloo," 1858; and many others. All these paintings are remarkable for strong realism, great power of characterisation, and for the masterly skill with which every detail is represented. Between 1861 and 1865 Men- zel was working at the "Coronation of William I. " ; in 1871 he completed the " King's Departure from Berlin " ; and from 1872 to 1875 he worked at "Modern Cyclops," representing a scene from the great ironworks, and one of the most extraordinary and remarkable of all his paintings. His later works are the ex- cellent illustrations to Kleist's "Broken Jug," 1877, and a clever Society picture, " The Ball Supper," besides a large number of pen - and - ink drawings and water-colours. He has been since 1856 Professor at the Berlin Academy, and is a Member of the Academies of Vienna and Munich, and Hon. Member of the English Royal Academy, the Royal Water-Colour Society, and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts of Paris. In 1885 a successful exhibition of his works was held in Paris. His illustra- tions to the works of Frederick the Great have been republished in 2 vols. 4to. He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1876, and his eightieth birthday was celebrated at Berlin in 1895 with much public rejoicing. MERCIE, Marius Jean Antonin, a French sculptor, was born at Toulouse, Oct. 30, 1845. He was a pupil of Falguere and Jouffroy, and studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. In 1868 he obtained the Prix de Rome, and the same year exhibited a medallion at the Salon. In 1872 he sent from Rome a plaster statue of " David," and " Delilah," a bust ; and in 1874 "Gloria Victis," a group in bronze, attracted much attention, and was pur- chased by the Government. "The Genius of the Arts," intended for the grand entrance of the Louvre, was exhibited in 1877 ; the plaster model of the bas- relief for the tomb of Michelet in Pere la Chaise, in 1879 ; and a statue of "Arago" in 1880. Besides these he has modelled various portrait busts, including that of Victor Hugo for the Senate in 1890. Among his most recent works are " Le Regret," a statue for the tomb of Cabanel ; a plaster statue of William Tell for the town of Lausanne, and a number of medallions. M. Mercie' was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1874, and made a Commander in 1889. In 1887 the Institute voted him their biennial prize of 20,000 francs, and the Academy of Fine Arts elected him one of their members in 1891. He is Professor of Drawing and Sculpture at the Beaux-Arts. His Paris address is 15 Avenue de l'Observatoire. MERCIER, Aug-uste, French general, and former Minister of War, was born at Arras, Dec. 8, 1833. He entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1852, and came out second two years after. He entered the Artillery, and by successive promotions attained the rank of General of Division in 1889. He was distinguished during the campaign of Mexico for his bravery at the siege of Puebla, for which he was decor- ated with the Legion of Honour. During the Franco-Prussian War he took part in the battles round Metz, and was made prisoner after the capitulation of that city. After the conclusion of peace he took part in the battles of the Com- munards, and subsequently was appointed to the command of the artillery at Angouleme. In 1888 M. de Freycinet called him to the War Office, and in 1889 he took a conspicuous part in the manoeuvres around Beauvais. Mercier being appointed to the command of the 18th Corps d'Arme'e at Bordeaux in 1893,the Prime Minister, M. Casimir-Perier, offered him the Ministry of War in December of the same year, which he accepted, and kept throughout the Dupuy Ministry. His tenure of office was distinguished for in- defatigable work and firm decision. This ■ was noted in his attitude with regard to M. Mirman, who was, at one and the same time, a soldier and a member of Parlia- ment. He absolutely refused to treat him differently to other soldiers. But a much more famous case was that of Captain Dreyfus, in which he asserted the absolute guilt of the accused, and in spite of all outside influence retained his obstin- ate opinion and dragged him before the Council of War, which condemned him to life-long penal servitude and to public de- gradation from his rank (Dec. 22, 1894). On the fall of the Dupuy Cabinet in January 1895 General Mercier was ap- pointed to the command of the 4th Corps dArmee at Le Mans, in place of General Zurlinden. In 1895 he was promoted a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. MEREDITH, George, novelist and poet, born in Hampshire on Feb. 12, 1828, and educated partly in Germany, was brought up to the law, which he quitted for literature. He has written "Poems," 1851 ; " The Shaving of Shagpat, an 748 MERIVALE — MERRIMAN Arabian Entertainment," a burlesque prose poem, 1855 ; " Farina, a Legend of Cologne," 1857; "The Ordeal of Richard Feverel," a philosophical novel, bearing upon the more serious questions of moral education, 1859 ; " Evan Harrington," a serial tale of modern life, first printed in Once a Week, and republished in a separate form, 1861 ; " Modern Love : Poems and Ballads," 1862; "Emilia in England," 1864 ; " Rhoda Fleming," 1865; "Vittoria," 1866; "The Adven- tures of Harry Richmond," 1871 ; " The Egoist," a novel, 3 vols., 1879; "The Tragic Comedians," 2 vols., 1881, a novel founded on the life and tragic fate of Ferdinand Lassalle, the German Social- ist ; " Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth," 1883; "Diana of the Crossways," 1885; "Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life," 1887; and "A Reading of Earth," 1888. His novel, "One of Our Con- querors," was published in the Fortnightly Review in 1890, and "Lord Ormont and his Aminta" appeared in the summer of 1894. This was followed in 1895 by " The Amazing Marriage," which is supposed to introduce as hero the late Robert Louis Stevenson; "The Case of General Opie and Lady Cowper," " The Tale of Chloe," and " The House on the Beach " ; and in 1897 by "Comedy, and the Uses of the Comic Spirit," recently translated into French by M. Henry Davray. In 1892 appeared the "Empty Purse," a volume of poems, and in the autumn of that year Mr. Meredith was elected President of the Incorporated Society of Authors in succes- sion to Lord Tennyson. A style of much obscurity and an excess of epigram have long prevented Mr. Meredith's works from becoming popular with the average novel- reading public, but among the cultured and critical few he has always been re- garded as the first of our living novelists. Strong expression was given to this sen- timent of admiration on Feb. 12, 1898, when he completed his seventieth year, and was presented with a letter of con- gratulation signed by thirty of the first of English men and women of letters. The letter ran as follows: "Some com- rades in letters who have long valued your work send you a cordial greeting upon your seventieth birthday. You have at- tained the first rank in literature after many years of inadequate recognition. From first to last you have been true to yourself, and have always aimed at the highest mark. We are rejoiced to know that merits once perceived by only a few are now appreciated by a wide and steadily growing circle. We wish you many years of life, during which you may continue to do good work, cheered by the consciousness of good work already achieved, and encouraged by the certainty of a hearty welcome from many sym- pathetic readers." Address : Boxhill, Surrey. MERIVALE, Herman Charles, son of the late Herman Merivale, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, and afterwards for India, was born in London, Jan. 27, 1839, and educated at Harrow and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1861. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1864, and served on the Western Circuit and Exeter Sessions. He afterwards practised in the Privy Council on Indian Appeals. Under the late Lord Beaconsfield's Reform Act he served on the Boundary Commission for North Wales. From 1870 to 1880 he was editor of the Annual Register, and in 1874, owing to ill-health, was obliged to give up the legal profession. Since then he has occupied himself with literature, and for a time with politics. His chief works are the plays "All for Her," 1874; "Forget me Not," 1879 ; " The Cynic," 1882 ; " Fedora " (from Sardou), 1883 ; and " Our Joan," 1885 (written in conjunction with his wife, Mrs. Merivale, as were also the comedies of "The Butler," "The Don," and " The Whip- Hand ") ; a novel, " Faucit of Balliol," 1882; " Binko's Blues," a fairy tale, 1884; "White Pil- grim, and other Poems," 1883; "Florien, and other Poems," 1884 ; besides some other dramas and various essays, travels, verse, &c, in All the Year Round (under Charles Dickens), and in weekly papers and monthly magazines. "Ravenswood," a blank-verse tragedy, played by Mr. Irving, on the subject of Scott's novel of "The Bride of Lammermoor," was produced in 1891. Address : Society of Authors. MERRIMAN, Henry Seton. See Scott, Hugh S. MERRIMAN, The Hon. John Xavier, the son of the Bishop of Grahams- town, was born in 1841, at Street, Somerset- shire, and was educated at Rondebosch Diocesan College and Radley. He went out to the Cape in 1849, and entered upon a political career in 1869. He was a member of the Molteno Ministry from 1875 to 1878, and in 1881, and Com- missioner of Crown Lands, Cape of Good Hope, from 1875 to 1878, and from 1881 to 1884. In 1890 he was the Treasurer- General of the Colony, and retained that office till 1893. He was a member of the Cape Jameson Raid Committee. He is married to Agnes Vincent, sister of L. Vincent, of the Cape Legislature. Address : Shellenbosch District, The Cape. MERRITT — METHUEN 749 MERRITT, Wesley, American soldier, was born in New York in 1836, and gra- duated from the Military Academy at West Point in 1860, when he entered the army as brevet Second Lieutenant of Dragoons. In 1862 he became Captain of Cavalry ; was on the staff of General Stoneman when he made the raid on Richmond, Va., in April 1863, and in June of the same year he was promoted to be Brigadier-General of Volunteers. From 1863 to 1864 he commanded a divi- sion of cavalry in Central Virginia, and served under General Sheridan, becoming Major-General of Volunteers and also re- ceiving promotions on the roster of the Regular Army. At the battle of Five Forks and other engagements, and at the surrender at Appomattox, he greatly distinguished himself. He became Lieu- tenant-Colonel in the Regular Army on July 28, 1866, and has since served in various parts of the country, chiefly against the Indians. He was made Colonel, July 1, 1876 ; Brigadier-General, April 16, 1887; and Major-General, April 25, 1895. In May 1898 he was sent to San Francisco to organise a force with which to operate in concert with Rear-Admiral Dewey against the Spanish in the Philippine Islands, and in August, shortly after his arrival there, received the surrender of Manila. He was appointed Governor- General of the Islands. MERRY, The Rev. William "Walter, D.D., Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford, son of the late Walter Merry, Esq., and grandson of William Merry, Esq., for many years Deputy-Secretary for War, and of his wife Elizabeth Mary Byrch, was born in 1835, and educated at Cheltenham College, whence he proceeded to Oxford, as a Scholar of Balliol, in 1853. Dr. Merry was placed in the first class in Classical Moderations in 1854, and in the second class in Lit. Humaniores in 1856. He gained the Chancellor's Prize for the Latin Essay in 1858 ; and in the next year he was elected Fellow and Tutor of Lincoln College, an appointment which he held till his election in 1884 to the place of Rector of that society, in succession to the late Mark Pattison. In 1861 he was presented to the Vicarage of All Saints, in the City of Oxford, in the patronage of his college. In 1880 Dr. Merry was elected to the office of Public Orator in the University of Oxford, and was appointed one of the Select Preachers, 1878-79, 1889-90 ; and in 1883-84 he was nominated by the Bishop of London as one of the preachers in the Chapel Royal, Whitehall. Dr. Merry has taken a pro- minent part in teaching and examining in the University, having frequently filled the post of Classical Moderator. The editions of classical authors which he has undertaken for the Clarendon Press are well known and widely circulated ; the principal ones are "Homer, Odyssey." i.-xii., 2nd edit., 1886; the same for Schools, 50th thousand ; and a series of the plays of Aristophanes. In 1891 he published "Selected Fragments of Early Roman Poetry." In 1862 he married Alice Elizabeth, only daughter of the late Joseph Collings, Jurat at the Royal Court of Guernsey. Address : Lincoln College, Oxford. METEINER, Oscar, French jour- nalist, was born at Sancoins, Jan. 17, 1859. He was educated by the Jesuits, and at eighteen entered the Artillery. After his term of service had expired he became Secretary to one of the Commissaires de Police in Paris, where for six years he collected valuable materials for his sub- sequent tales and articles. He retired from this in 1889, and took up journalism, becoming 'a contributor to the Gil Bias, the Journal, and other popular Parisian prints. He has published several of his short stories in volume form, and has written a biography of the singer Aristide Bruant (q.v.). His Paris . address is 55 Avenue de Neuilly. ■METHTJEN, Lord, Lieut. -General Paul Sanford Methuen, K.C.V.O., C.B., C.M.G., J.P., 3rd Baron, son of the 2nd Baron and of Anna, daughter of the Rev. John Sanford, was born at Corsham Court on Sept. 1, 1845. He was edu- cated at Eton, and in 1862 was ap- pointed Cornet in the Wilts Yeomanry Cavalry. He entered the army as a Lieutenant in the Scots Fusilier Guards in 1864, becoming Captain in 1867 and Adjutant to his regiment, and in 1881 he was promoted Colonel. In 1873 he was sent on special service to the Gold Coast, and the following year was appointed Brigade-Major of the Home District. Lord Methuen served in the second phase of the Ashanti War of 1874, and was present at the battle of Amoaful, being awarded a medal with clasp. In 1877 he was appointed Military Secretary to the Com- mander-in-Chief in Ireland, and during the same year was chosen to be Military Attache at Berlin. He held that office until 1881, when he returned to England, and became Assistant-Adjutant-General of the Home District. In the Egyptian War his Lordship served on the staff, and was also Commandant of the Troops at Headquarters. He was present at the engagements of Tel-el-Mahuta and Kassassin, and in the battle of Tel-el- Kebir. He was mentioned in despatches 750 METSCHNIKOFF — MEYER and was awarded a C.B. and the Osmanieh of the third class. In 1884 he served with the Bechuanaland Field Force under Sir Charles Warren, in command of Methuen's Horse, obtaining a C.M.G. and mention in despatches. For several years after he was Adjutant-General in South Africa. He was promoted Major-General, 1890, and held the command of the Home Dis- trict until 1897. In 1897 he accompanied the Tirah Expedition on the Indian Frontier as Press Censor, and was present at the actions against the Afridis and Orakzais. General Lord Methuen succeeded to the title and estates in 1891. He is the Hon. Colonel of the Third Battalion of the Duke of Edinburgh's Wiltshire Eegiment, and J.P. for Wilts. Lord Methuen is co-heir to the Earldom of Scarsdale. He married, in 1884, Mary, daughter of William A. Sanford, Esq., of Nynehead Court, Somserset, and has issue, his heir being the Hon. Paul Sanford, born Sep- tember 1886. Addresses : 32 Cadpgan Square, S.W. ; and Corsham Court, Chip- penham. METSCHNIKOFF, Elias, F.R.S., Russian zoologist and embryologist, was born in the province of Kharkoff, May 15, 1845. He -was educated at Kharkoff, Giessen, and Munich, and was appointed Professor of Zoology at Odessa in 1870. He resigned this post in 1882, in order to devote himself to private researches into the anatomy of the invertebrates. His chief studies have been published either in the Bulletins of the Academy of St. Peters- burg, or in German scientific journals. His chief books are: " Embryologische Studien an Insecten," 1866; "Uber die Metamorphosen einiger Seethiere," 1869 ; "Zur Entwichelungsgeschichte der Kalk- schwamme," 1874; "Embryologie der Doppeltfiissigen Myriapoden," 1875. Ad- dress : Institut Pasteur, Paris. MEXJRICE, Franqois Paul, French novelist and dramatist, and brother of the famous jeweller, was born at Paris in February 1820. He had a brilliant career at the College Charlemagne, and one of its most momentous episodes was a resolve to play Victor Hugo's then new drama, " Her- naiii," at the annual school festival. The late Auguste Vacquerie and himself went as delegates to the poet to beg for permis- sion to play his drama. The interview made such an impression on Meurice that ever afterwards he remained the fidus Achates of the great man, and more or less sacrificed his future to serve him. In 1842 his first play, "Falstaff," in collabora- tion with Gautier and Vacquerie, was represented at the Theatre Fran9ais, and in 1843, a one-act piece, equally from Shakespeare, entitled " Le Capitaine Paroles," and an imitation of the " Anti- gone " of Sophocles. His best - known collaboration, however, is that with Dumas of a translation of " Hamlet," which is still the best acting version of that play in French. In 1848 he became editor of the Evinement, Hugo's democratic journal, and in 1851 he was imprisoned for nine months for a famous article by Charles Victor Hugo on the death penalty, which appeared in that journal. In 1869 he founded, with others, the Rappel, equally a journal of the Hugo family, and in it he contributed chiefly the literary and dramatic criticisms. To him, also, Victor Hugo intrusted the publication of the definitive edition of his works, which appeared from 1880 to 1885, in 46 volumes. In addition to the plays named above, he has written, "Fanfan la Tulip," "Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-DoreV' "Cadio La Br&ilienne," " Quatre Vingt Treize," 1881; "Le Songe d'une Nuit d'BteV' after Shakespeare, which was represented at the Odeon in 1886. In October 1898 M. Meurice achieved a great success by producing at the Theatre Francais a drama called " Struens^e," which was the first unaided composition of his played at that theatre, although he was nearly eighty at the time. His Paris address is 24 Rue Fortuny. MEXICO, President of trie Re- public of. See Diaz, General Poefieio. MEXICO, Ex-Empress of. See Char- lotte. MEYER, Dr. Hans, African traveller, was born March 22, 1858, at Hildburg- hausen, and studied at Leipzig, Berlin, and Strasburg, where he prepared a great work on " The Strasburg Guild of Gold- smiths, from its Origin until 1681." In 1884 he entered his father's publishing business in Leipzig as partner. Previously he had travelled for two years in India, the Sunda Archipelago, Eastern Asia, and America, and had especially remained some time on the Philippine Islands, to undertake some ethnological researches on the Igorrotes, the results of which he made known in the illustrated work " Eine Weltreise," 1884. In December 1886 he went to South Africa, travelled through Cape Colony, Transvaal, and Natal ; and in the summer of 1887, through the territory of the German East African Company. From Mombassa Dr. Meyer travelled through the district of Teita, as far as the Kilima Ndscharo, he being the first to ascend the same, almost to the summit of the ice-covered Kibo, 5700 metres ; then he travelled through MEYNELL — MEYEICK 751 the Savannes, to the south of the Kilima Ndscharo, as far as the Pagani River, and along this stream to the coast. Later on he travelled through the Valley of the Kingani and the District of Usaranno. In 1888 Meyer, accompanied by the Afri- can traveller, 0. Baumann, undertook the new well-organised expedition to the Kilima Ndscharo, which was stopped by the insurrection that had taken place in the meantime in the district of the German East Africa Company, and could penetrate only a short distance into the country. Meyer himself, as well as Baumann, was taken prisoner by the Arab leader Bushiri, robbed of all his property, and could be released only by the payment of a large ransom ; this having been done, he returned to Europe, and published the splendid work, "Zum Schneedom des Kilima Ndscharo," 1888, with forty photographs. This failure did not discourage Meyer, and a new expedition was organised. It was accompanied by the Austrian mountaineer, Purtscheller ; and in September 1889 the march was commenced at Mombassa through English East African territory. This time the goal was reached, the Kibo was scaled, the highest peak of which was named the Emperor William's Peak, and was estimated to be about 6000 metres' elevation. At the same time a large crater was discovered on the Kibo, and on its side the first glacier ever discovered in Africa. The ascent of the smaller Marvensi Peak proved to be impracticable. MEYNELL, Alice, essayist, is a younger daughter of Mr. T. J. Thompson, one of Mr. Charles Dickens's most intimate friends. Devoted to literature from her girlhood, Miss Alice Thompson's first volume, "Preludes," was illustrated by her sister, Lady Butler, the painter of " The Roll Call." These early poems won the warm praise of Mr. Ruskin and Dante Rossetti ; and, with a few additions of later date, they were republished in 1892, and have run through several edi- tions. At the same date was published a companion volume of prose, " The Rhythm of Life," and other essays, which Mr. Coventry Patmore welcomed in the Fortnightly Review as "classical work," placing the author "in the very front rank of living writers in prose." This was followed in 1896 by " The Colour of Life and other Essays," upon which Mr. George Meredith wrote a paper in the Fortnightly Review, and by "The Children," 1896; "The Flower of the Mind," an anthology, 1897; and "The Spirit of Place," 1898. Miss Alice Thompson, who married in 1877 Mr. Wilfrid Meynell, has been a constant contributor to the National Ob- server (under Mr. Henley's editorship), the Pall Mall Gazette, the Daily Chronicle the Saturday Review, the Tablet, and the art magazines. Address : 47 Palace Court, W. MEYNELL; Wilfrid, born in 1852, belongs to a family long settled in York- shire, and on his mother's side is the great-great-grandson of William Tuke, of York, to whom, as to Pinel in France, England is indebted for the adoption of humane methods in the treatment of the insane. In 1881 Mr. Meynell became, at the request of Cardinal Manning, the editor and proprietor of the Weekly Register, and a little later he founded the Roman Catholic magazine, Merry England. Mr. Meynell (sometimes using the nom de plume "John Oldcastle") is the author of "Jour- nals and Journalism : a Guide for Literary Beginners," and of biographies of Cardinal Manning, Cardinal Newman, and Pope Leo XIII., all of which have passed through several editions ; also of many contributions to the Contemporary Review, the Art Journal, the Magazine of Art, the Athenceum, the Saturday Review, the Pall Mall Budget, the Illustrated London News, and the Daily Chronicle. Address : Palace Court House, W. MEYRICK, Canon Frederick, M.A., born at Ramsbury Vicarage, Wilts, on Jan. 28, 1827, is the youngest son of the Rev. Edward Graves Meyrick, D.D. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, of which he was successively Scholar, Fellow, and Tutor ; graduated B.A. in honours in 1847, and afterwards held the University offices of Select Preacher and Public Examiner. He was appointed one of Her Majesty's Whitehall Preachers in 1856, Inspector of Schools in 1859, and became Rector of Blickling and Erping- ham, in Norfolk, in 1868 ; in the same year he was appointed Examining Chaplain to the late Bishop Christopher Words- worth, and Non-Residentiary Canon of Lincoln in 1869. He was the chief agent in establishing the Anglo - Continental Society, for making known in foreign countries the principles of the English Church, and with that object in view has edited many dogmatic and controversial treatises in Latin, Italian, Spanish, &c. He has written " Practical Working of the Church in Spain," published in 1851 ; "The Moral Theology of the Church of Rome," in 1857; "The Outcast and Poor of London," in 1858; "The Wisdom of Piety," in 1859 ; " But isn't Kingsley right after all ? " ; " On Dr. Newman's Rejection of Liguori's Doctrine of Equivocation," in 1864; "Baptism, Conversion, Regenera- tion," in 1882; "The Doctrine of the Church of England on the Holy Commu- 752 MEZIEKES — MICHEL nion re-stated," 1885; "Justin Martyr," 1896. He has contributed to Dr. Smith's Dictionaries of the Bible and of Anti- quities ; to the Speaker's Commentary on the Bible edited by Canon Cook (Joel, Obadiah, Ephesians), to the Pulpit Com- mentary (Leviticus), to Hodder and Stoughton's Theological Library ("Is Dogma a Necessity?" 1883), to the National Churches series ("History of the Church in Spain," 1892), and has been editor for twenty-one years of the Foreign Church Chronicle and Review. During the year 1886-87 he was Principal of Codrington College, Barbados. He married Marion, daughter of G. Danvers, in 1859. Address : Blickling Rectory, Aylsham, Norfolk. MEZIERES, Alfred Jean Francois, French writer and politician, was born at Rehon, in the department of the Moselle, Nov. 19, 1826, and is the son of Professor Louis M&ieres, who died in 1872. He was educated at the College _of Metz, and at Sainte Barbe, at Paris, and entered the Ecole Normale in 1845. In 1850 he went to Athens, and on his return became a Professor in the Lyci^e of Toulouse in 1853, in which year he took his degree of Docteur es lettres. In 1854 he became Professor of Foreign Literature at Nancy, from which he was promoted to a similar post at the Sorbonne in 1861. He repre- sented the University of France at the Jubilee of Shakespeare in 1864, and of that of Dante in the next year. During the Revolution of 1845 he had taken part in the repression of the rebels, and had been aide-de-camp to General Brea ; and in the Franco-Prussian "War he served in a marching regiment. In 1874 he was elected a member of the French Academy, in succession to Saint Marc Girardin. In 1881 he was elected a member of the Chamber for the department of the Meurthe-et-Moselle. As a politician, his chief work was to advise the Government concerning International Conventions on Literary and Artistic property. His chief works are : "Etude sur les QEuvres Politi- ques de Paul Paruta," 1853 ; " Shakespeare, ses CEuvres et ses Critiques," 1861, which was crowned by the French Academy ; " Predecesseurs et Contemporains de Shakespeare," 1864; "Dante et l'ltalie Nouvelle," 1865 ; " Pdtrarque," 1867 ; " Goethe, les (Euvres expliquees par la Vie," 1872-73; and "Vie de Mirabeau," 1891. He is also a collaborator of the Temps and the Revue des Deux Mondes. He was promoted an Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1877. His Paris address is 4 Rue Cambon. MIALL, Louis C, F.R.S., Professor of Biology in the Yorkshire College, was born at Bradford in 1842, and is the son of the late Rev. J. G. Miall, who died in 1896, and was one of the oldest Nonconformist ministers in England. He was appointed in 1871 Curator and Secretary to the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, and in 1876 became Professor of Biology in the Yorkshire College. He has written many memoirs and papers on Anatomy and Palaeontology ; among others : " Reports on Labyrinthodonts " (British Assoc. ), 1873-74, "Anatomy of the Elephant," with F. Greenwood, 1878; "Anatomy, &c, of the Cockroach," with Prof. Denny, 1886. He has also published many papers on Insect Anatomy, and is author of " Ob- ject Lessons from Nature," "Natural History of Aquatic Insects," " Round the Year," "Thirty Years of Teaching," and various educational articles dealing espe- cially with elementary science. He was admitted to the Royal Society in 1892, and is Examiner in Biology and Zoology to the Science and Art Department. In 1897 be was President of the Zoological Section of the British Association at Toronto. He is married to Emily, daughter of John Pearce. Address : Crag Foot, Ben Rhyd- ding, Leeds. MICHAEL, Grand-Duke Nicolaie- vitoh, brother of the late Alexander II., Emperor of Russia, and fourth son of the late Czar Nicholas I., was born Oct. 13 (25), 1832. He is a General and Grand- Master of Artillery, General Aide-de-Camp to the Czar, Governor-General of the Caucasus, and head of several regiments of artillery, cavalry, and infantry. In the war between Russia and Turkey the Grand-Duke Michael had the chief com- mand of the army of the Caucasus. Alex- ander III. afterwards appointed him Pre- sident of the Council of State. He married, in August 1857, Olga-Feodorovna (formerly Cecilia Augusta), daughter of the late Leopold, Grand-Duke of Baden. She died in April 1891. The eldest of his children is the Grand-Duke Nicholas, who was born in 1859. MICHEL, Louise, a French revolu- tionary leader, was born at Vroncourt in 1830, and first distinguished herself by her poetical and musical talents, which were recognised and encouraged by Victor Hugo. In 1860 she opened a school in the Quartier Montmartre, Paris ; and in 1870 took an active part with the revolu- tionary Commune, and was made prisoner ; and though she eloquently defended her- self before the judges, she was sentenced to transportation for life. On the amnesty to political prisoners in 1880 she returned to Paris ; and, continuing to take part in Communist assemblies, she was re-impris- MICKLETHWAITE — MILAN 753 oned in 1883, and again in 1886. She has resided in London for some years, speaking regularly in Hyde Park and at the Anarchist Club off Tottenham Court Eoad, where she can always be heard. She is regarded now as the leader of the small party of English Anarchists, and invariably uses opportunities of preaching her gospel on the occasion of any public demonstration in the Parks or Trafalgar Square. A forcible, eloquent, and striking- speaker, she has also published her " Memoirs," and written a novel with the essentially characteristic title of " The Microbes of Society." MICKLETHWAITE, T., born at Wakefield in 1843, of an old Yorkshire family long settled at Hopton, near Mir- field, was educated privately and at King's College, London. He was articled to the late Sir Gilbert Scott in 1862, and com- menced practice in 1869 with Mr. James Clarke, a fellow-pupil, and since then he has been largely employed, chiefly upon church work and on private houses. In 1898 he was appointed Architect to West- minster Abbey. He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1870, served on the Council first in 1880, and is now Vice-President. He is author of "Modern Parish Churches, their Plan, Design, and Furniture," 1874 ; and of many papers on archaeological and anti- quarian subjects printed in Archceologia, the Archceological Journal, and elsewhere. Address : 15 Dean's Yard, Westminster, S.W. MIDLETON, Viscount, William Brodrick, D.L., J. P., eldest son of the Rev. William John Brodrick, Dean of Exeter, and afterwards 7th Viscount Midleton, and his second wife Harriet, daughter of the fourth Viscount Midleton, was born at Castle Rising, Norfolk, Jan. 6, 1830, and educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree in 1851, and M.A. 1857. He was called to the Bar in 1855, and was re- turned as member for Mid-Surrey in 1868. He was High Steward of Kingston-on- Thames, 1874-93, and is J.P. and D.L. for Surrey, and J.P. for Cork. In 1876 he served on the Royal Commission to inquire into Noxious Gases, and in 1878 on the Commission of the Sale and Exchange of Livings. Lord Midleton has for many years been known as a prominent member of the Conservative party in the House of Lords and was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Surrey in 1896. He married, in 1853, Augusta, third daughter of the 1st Baron Cottesloe in 1853. Addresses : Peper Harow, Godalming ; 18 Eaton Square, S.W. ; The Grange, Midleton, Ireland. MIEBS, Henry Alexander, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.C.S., Waynflete Pro- fessor of Mineralogy in the University of Oxford, was born May 25, 1858, at Rio de Janeiro, being the son of Francis Charles Miers, C.E., and Susan Mary, nee. Fry. He was educated at Eton College, where he was a King's Scholar from 1872 to 1877, and Geographical Society's Gold Medal- list in 1875 ; and at Trinity College, Ox- ford, of which foundation he was a Classical Scholar from 1877 to 1881. After serving as a first-class assistant in the Mineral Department of the British Museum from 1882 to 1895 ; and as In- structor in Crystallography in the Central Technical College, S. Kensington, 1886- 95 ; he was elected Professor of Minera- logy in the University of Oxford, and Fellow of Magdalen College in December 1895. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1896 ; he is also a member of the Mineralogical Society, of the Society of Arts, of the Mineralogical Society of France, and of the Geological Society of Sweden. He is editor of the Mineralogical Magazine ; Recorder of the Geological Sec- tion of the British Association ; and a mem- ber of Council of the Geological Society. He has published numerous memoirs and articles on mineralogical subjects, and, in conjunction with Dr. R. Crosskey, a small book on " The Soil in Relation to Health." Address : Magdalen College, Oxford. MILAN (OBRENOVITCH) I., ex- King of Servia, grandson of Ephraim Obrenovitch, brother of Milos, and conse- quently second cousin of Prince Michael, who is noticed in previous editions of this work, was born Aug. 10, 1854, at Jassy, of a Moldavian mother, who had married the only son of Prince Ephraim. He was adopted by Prince Michael, who had no children by his marriage with Julia Hunyadi, and was sent by him, in 1864, to Paris to be educated at the Lycee Louis- le-Grand. The youth's studies were in- terrupted by the events of 1868, and the assassination of Michael Obrenovitch. Hastening to Servia, he was proclaimed Prince in July of that year, the govern- ment of the country being entrusted, during his minority, to a Council of Regency, consisting of Messrs. Blaznavatz, Ristics, and Garrilovics, three able and patriotic men, who continued the liberal and reforming policy begun by Michael III. Their regency terminated with the coronation of Prince Milan IV. ; but M. Ristics continued to possess the confidence of the Prince, who was only eighteen years of age when he was crowned in Belgrade cathedral, Aug. 22, 1872. On Jan. 12, 1876, Prince Milan issued a proclamation 3b 754 MILES stating that " the insurrection in the Turkish provinces has found its way to the frontiers of Servia, enclosing the whole Principality by an iron band," which had compelled him " to place his people under arms." Shortly afterwards (June 22) he sent what may be called a threatening letter to the Grand Vizier, and then he formally proclaimed (June 30) that he intended to join his arms to those of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to secure the liberation of the Slavonic Christians from the yoke of the Porte. On July 2, a joint declaration of war was sent by the Prince of Servia and the Hospodar of Montenegro to the Turkish Government, their troops crossing the frontier at the same time. The Prince departed from Belgrade (July 21) to assume the command of the Servian troops in the field ; but he soon returned to his capital (August 12), and appointed the Russian general, Tchernayeff, to the command of the Servian forces. On September 1, an im- portant battle under the walls of Alexinatz resulted in the complete defeat of the Servian army. The Great Powers then interposed, but the negotiations for the suspension of hostilities were delayed by an ill-advised step which Prince Milan, at the instigation of General Tchernayeff, was induced to take. On September 16 he was proclaimed King of Servia at Deligrad, although upon the general expression of disapproval which followed, his Highness appeared disposed to disclaim any active share in the performance. War broke out again, and the Servian army, though largely reinforced by Russian volunteers — men as well as officers — was ignominiously beaten. On Oct. 31, the Turks captured the town of Alexinatz, and on the follow- ing day Deligrad was captured, thus leaving the road to Belgrade completely open. A peace was then concluded be- tween Turkey and Servia on favourable terms to the latter. When, however, Russia made war upon Turkey, Prince Milan saw an opportunity of gaining com- plete independence, and a proclamation of the Servian Government, dated Dec. 14, 1877, made known that the Servian army was immediately to cross the Turkish frontier, which they did on the following day, under the command of Generals Lesjanin and Benitzki. After the close of the war the independence of Servia was recognised, and its boundaries defined by the Treaty of Berlin (July 13, 1878). Prince Milan married, Oct. 17, 1875, Natalie, daughter of the late Russian Colonel- Keschko, by his wife Pulcheria, Princess of Stourdza. Servia was pro- claimed a kingdom under King Milan I., on March 6, 1882. On October 23, in that year, as the King and Queen were entering the cathedral of Belgrade, Madame Marko- vitch, widow of Lieut. -colonel Markovitch, who had been shot for a dynastic con- spiracy five years previously, fired at his Majesty, missing him and wounding in the thigh a woman who was looking on. The attempted assassination took place just after the King's return from Rustchuk, whither he had gone to visit Prince Alex- ander of Bulgaria. Unfortunately this friendly intercourse did not, in 1885, pre- vent King Milan declaring war upon Prince Alexander, on the ground of the unlawful union of Bulgaria and Eastern Roumelia. His army had some success at first, but within a fortnight was driven back, defeated and crushed, within the Servian frontier. Prince Alexander be- haved like a hero ; but it is not known that King Milan ever exposed himself under fire. King Milan has a son, the Crown Prince Alexander, born Oct. 14, 1876, in whose favour he abdicated on March 6, 1889, in consequence of the troubles arising out of his quarrel with his Queen Natalie. In January 1893 the news that he had become reconciled to Queen Natalie caused much rejoicing in Servia. The young King of Servia recalled ex-King Milan to Belgrade in January 1894, to aid him govern his subjects, who, during the whole of that year, were torn by political dissensions. Milan, despite his promises to the contrary, arrived at Belgrade on January 21. In March the decree of divorce between the ex-King and Queen was annulled, and in April Alexander re- stored his father and mother, by royal ukase, to their constitutional rights as members of the royal house. The Court of Cassation, on May 17, declared this ukase null and void, but on May 21 the Court itself was done away with, and the Constitution of 1888 suspended in favour of that of 1869. MILES, Major-General Nelson Appleton, American soldier, was born at Westminster, Mass., Aug. 8, 1839. He re- ceived an academic education, and was engaged in business when the Civil War broke out. Entering the army as a lieutenant of volunteers, he rose to the full rank of Major-General of Volunteers during its progress, and at its close was made a Colonel in the regular army, 1866. In 1867 he was breveted Brigadier- General and Major-General for gallantry shown on battle-fields during the war. Since the close of the war he has been stationed chiefly in the West, where he has been engaged in a number of conflicts with the Indians. He received the full rank of Brigadier-General in 1880, and on the death of General Crook in 1890, was made a Major-General in the regular MILLER — MILLS 755 army, now the highest grade in the Ameri- can service. He is at present (1898) Com- mander-in-chief of the Army of the United States, and accompanied the forces which invaded the island of Porto Eico in the war with Spain in the summer of 1S98. MILLER, " Joaquin," a Scottish- American poet, whose real name is Cin- cinnatus Heine Miller, was born in Indiana, Nov. 10, 1842. When he was ten years old his father emigrated to Oregon, whence the boy went three years later to try his fortune in California. After a wandering life of seven years, he returned home and entered a lawyer's office at Eugene, Oregon, having been twice severely wounded in the Indian wars. The next year he was an express messenger in the gold-mining districts of Idaho, which he left to take charge of the Democratic Register, a weekly newspaper at Eugene. In 1863 he opened a law office in Canon City, Oregon. Hostile Indians invested the new city, and he led an ex- pedition against them into their own country ; but after a long and bloody campaign, he was finally beaten back, leaving his dead on the field. From 1860 to 1870 he served as county judge of Grant County, and during this time began to write his poems. He published first a collection in paper covers called "Speci- mens," and next a volume with the title "Joaquin et al." In 1870 he went to London, where he published in the follow- ing year his " Songs of the Sierras," and " Pacific Poems." In 1873 appeared " Songs of the Sun Lands," and a prose volume entitled " Life among the Modocs : Unwritten History." His later works are "The Ship in the Desert," 1875: "First Fam'Iies in the Sierras," 1875 (republished in 1881 under the title of " The Danites in the Sierras ") ; " The One Fair Woman," 1876; "Baroness of N.Y.," 1877 ; "Songs of Far-Away Lands," 1878 ; " Songs of Italy," 1878; "Shadows of Shasta," 1881; "Memorie and Rime," 1884; and " Forty-Nine." He is the author of several plays, mostly dramatisations of his own works ; among which " The Danites," "The Silent Man," " Mexico," " '49," and "Tally Ho!" are more or less popular. He went to Klondyke in 1897, and has established a Utopian social community on his estate. MILLEVOYE, Lucien, French journalist and politician, was born at Grenoble in 1850. His grandfather was the author of the "Chute des Feuilles," and his father was a legal luminary of Lyons. He was educated for the Law, and served in the magistrature from 1877 to 1880. He then took to journalism, making foreign politics his speciality ; but it was not till the rise of Boulangism that he became at all well known. He became one of General Boulanger's most devoted adherents, speaking and writing with equal vigour on his side. In the 1889 election at Amiens he defeated the ex-Premier, M. Goblet, and remained a Boulangist after the death of his chief. He is well known in the Chamber as one of the most vigor- ous movers of " interpellations " against whatever Government happens to be in power. During the Panama scandals he was specially violent against the directors. He is particularly hostile to Great Britain in all his political articles, which are of an extreme Chauvinistic tone, and were noticeable during the Fashoda imbroglio of 1898. His Paris address is 10 Avenue Bugeaud. MILLS, Professor Edmund James, D.Sc, F.R.S., F.I.C., F.C.S.,son of Charles Frederick and Mary Anne Mills, and a lineal descendant of the Osmonds of Low- mandale (Uplowman, Devonshire), was born in London, on Dec. 8, 1840. When he was a year old his parents removed to Cheltenham, and it was at the ancient Grammar School of that town that he re- ceived his early education, which was partly classical and partly scientific in character. It was doubtless at this school that he imbibed his strong predilection for ehemistry. In 1858 he was elected to a provincial scholarship at the Royal School of Mines, London, where he studied his favourite science under the late Prof. A. W. von Hofmann. In due course (1861) he took the Technical Diploma of the School. In the same year he became assistant to the late Dr. John Stenhouse, F.R.S., for whom he conducted various in- vestigations in connection with organic chemistry. He was appointed in the following year to the newly-established chemical tutorship at Glasgow University, and remained there about three years, teaching and investigating. On his return to London he held an assistantship in the Laboratory of University College, 1866. He next accepted, 1867, the superin- tendence of the private laboratory of the late Sir Charles Taylor, Bart., where he remained seven years, busy with prepara- tions and original investigations. In 1875 he was appointed to the Chair of Technical Chemistry founded in connection with the then Anderson's University, Glasgow, by the late Mr. James Young, F.R.S., of Kelly ; this position he still retains. He took the degree of B.Sc. (first division) Lond. in 1863, and D.Sc. in 1865. At one time he held the post of Assistant Chemi- cal Examiner in the London University. He was elected F.C.S. in 1862 ; F.R.S. in 756 MILNE 1874 ; was one of the founders of the In- stitute of Chemistry and of the Physical Society of London ; and is a Member of the Athenaeum Club. Dr. Mills is the author of a long series of original memoirs, the first of which was published in 1860. Their general drift has been towards the dynamical, rather than the material, aspect of chemistry ; and in putting to one side the atomic theory, he has deliberately adopted a position among the minority of living scientists. Of his leading memoirs may be mentioned a group upon Nitror compounds, and another relating to Statical and Dynamical Ideas in Chemistry ; an investigation of Electrostrictionand Chemi- cal Repulsion, of the fundamental pheno- mena of which he has been the discoverer ; a theory of boiling-point and melting-point which has led to very simple and accurate mathematical expressions connecting these phenomena with chemical composition ; and a theory, equally simple in character, of the formation and numerics of the ele- mentary bodies. As a chemical technolo- gist he has also published a variety of researches clearing up doubtful issues, adducing new points of view, and, in general, demonstrating that chemical technology is a science of measurement. "Destructive Distillation," a little book first published in 1877, is now, in its fourth edition; "Fuel and its Applications" (of which Mr. F. J. Rowan is joint-author), a very exhaustive and copious work, ap- peared in 1889. In 1867 Dr. Mills married Amelia, daughter of the late Mr. William Burnett, of London, by whom he had sole issue in 1869, Edith Mary, who died in 1884. A volume of poems in his child's memory appeared in 1895. Permanent address: 60 John Street, Glasgow; and Athenaeum. MILNE, John, F.R.S., F.G.S., Hon. Fellow of King's College, London, Order of the Rising Sun, Japan, &c, was born in Liverpool on Dec. 30, 1850, his father being John Milne, of Milnrow, and his mother Emma Twycross, daughter of James Twycross, of Wokingham. He was edu- cated in Rochdale ; at the Collegiate Col- lege, Liverpool ; King's College, London ; and at the School of Mines. He is a Fellow of the Geological, Geographical, Physical, and other learned societies in England, and an Honorary or Correspond- ing Member of several Societies in Europe, and in 1877 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. For services rendered to the Japanese Government in 1895 he re- ceived the Third Class Order of the Rising Sun. After working with mining en- gineers in Cornwall and Lancashire, Mr. Milne spent a short time at the Mining •School in Freiberg, from which he visited mining districts in Central Europe. On behalf of Cyrus Field, Sir James Anderson, and others, two summers were occupied in collecting information respecting the mineral resources in Newfoundland. Lab- rador was visited, and at Funk Island Mr. Milne was successful in finding and bring- ing to this country one of the largest collec- tions of skeletons of the Great Auk which have hitherto been made. In 1874 he joined Dr. Beke's expedition to North-West Arabia, the objects of which were the recti- fication of certain points in Biblical geo- graphy, and to determine the site of Mount Sinai. In 1875 he was engaged as mining engineer and geologist by the Japanese Government. After travelling slowly across Russian Siberia, Mongolia, and some 1000 miles of China, visiting mines and other objects of interest on the journey, he reached Japan in 1876. He has given much attention to the study of earthquakes and volcanoes, the outcomes from which have been numerous. In Japan a Seismological Society was estab- lished which issued 20 volumes in English. A chair of Seismology was founded at the Imperial University of that country, a bureau to control some 968 earthquake- observing stations, and a Government Committee for the investigation of earth- quake and volcanic phenomena. One practical result of this work has been to establish rules and formulae in connection with construction, the objects of which are to mitigate the effects of earthquakes, and it is satisfactory to note that these have been adopted in Japan and other countries. It having been established that the vibrations resulting from a large earth- quake originating in any one portion of our globe can be recorded at any other portion of the same, Mr. Milne, as a Secre- tary of a British Association Committee, is now engaged in establishing around our globe the necessary instruments for these observations. In the Isle of Wight he re- cords about seventy earthquakes per year, some of which have occurred near Japan. This novel departure in seismological investigation is already throwing light upon the physical character of the interior of our globe. By it the foci of submarine dis- turbances which sometimes interfere with telegraph cables, are being located, and generally it promises to add greatly to our knowledge of the globe we live on. He has published : " Earthquakes," 1883 ; "Seismology," 1888 ; " The Miner's Hand- book," 1894; "Crystallography," and about 150 papers on Seismology, Geology, Mineralogy, Mining (Transactions of the Seismological Society, British, Association Reports, Transactions of the Royal- Society). In addition to the countries mentioned, Mr. Milne has visited Iceland, South of MILNER — MILVAIN 757 China, the Kuriel Islands, North Corea, Manila, Borneo, the Australian Colonies, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various parts of the United States and Canada. Ad- dress : Shide Hill House, Newport, Isle of Wight. MILNER, Sir Alfred, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner for South Africa, is the only son of Charles Milner, M.D., of Giessen, Germany, and Mary, daughter of Major- General Ready, Governor of the Isle of Man. He was born in 1854, and was edu- cated in Germany, at King's College, London, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he matriculated in February 1873. He had a distinguished scholastic career, becoming Jenkyns Exhibitioner in 1875, and was successively Hertford, Craven, Eldon and Derby scholar. He obtained a first class in Lit. Hum. when he took his B.A. degree in 1877. He was also elected to a Fellowship at New College. After his admission to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1881, he was for some years engaged in journalistic work, chiefly as a member of the staff of the Pall Mall Gazette. In 1885 he unsuccessfully contested the Harrow Division in the Liberal interest. Mr. Milner was appointed Private Secretary to Mr. Goschen, Chancellor of the Ex- chequer in 1887, but relinquished that appointment in 1889 to become Under- Secretary of Finance in Egypt in succes- sion to Sir Elwin Palmer who had been promoted Financial Adviser to the Khedive in the place of Sir Edgar Vincent, re- signed. Under Lord Cromer he had oppor- tunity during the four years that he held the appointment in Egypt to study the methods by which English influence has been established in that portion of Africa. In 1892 he resigned his post in the Egyp- tian Service, and upon his return to England was appointed Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue. In the year 1892 he published his great work, "Eng- land in Egypt," which much increased his reputation, and is admittedly the best con- temporary book upon the subject. In February 1897 Sir Alfred Milner was chosen to succeed Lord Rosmead as Governor of the Cape, and at the same time was created a G. CM. G. The appoint- ment was received with universal satisfac- tion, and it was felt that the judgment and ability which Sir Alfred had shown in the several official positions he had occupied marked him as a man likely to deal with the intricate questions of South Africa with impartiality and success. He arrived in Cape Town in May and was very cor- dially received, and in the following August he made a Colonial tour. At the beginning of June 1899 he met President Kruger in conference at Bloemfontein, the chief subjects of discussion being the posi- tion of the Transvaal Uitlanders. MILTON, Viscount, William Charles de Mure "Wentworth Fitz- william. J.P., M.P., was born in Canada in 1872, and is the eldest son of the late Viscount Milton, M.P., and Laura, daughter of the late Lord Charles Beau- clerk. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. Subse- quently he became a Lieutenant, and is now Captain in the 4th Battalion of the Oxfordshire Militia Light Infantry. He was Aide-de-Camp to the Marquis of Lansdowne, Viceroy of India, from 1892 to 1 893, and has travelled extensively in India He was returned as Liberal Unionist member for Wakefield in 1895, and is the youngest member of the House of Com- mons then elected. He hunts his own pack of hounds, is a trustee of the Ascot Grand Stand Fund, and takes considerable interest in mining engineering. He is J. P. for West Yorkshire and co. Wicklow, Lord Milton is next heir to Earl Fitz- william. He married, in 1896, Maud Dundas, daughter of the Marquis of Zet- land. Addresses : 46 Eaton Square, S.W. ; Carnew Castle, Wicklow. MILVAIN, Thomas, Q.C., LL.M., Chancellor of the County Palatine of Durham and Sudbury, son of the late Henry Milvain, North Elswick Hall, Northumberland, was born on May 4, 1844, and educated at Durham School and at Trinitv Hall, Cambridge. He took his degree of LL.B. in 1866, and of LL.M. in 1873, and was called to the Bar in June 1869. He joined the Northern Circuit in 1870, and when that was divided in 1876, elected to go the North -Eastern Circuit, of which he is now one of the leaders. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1888. At the General Election of 1885 he suc- ceeded in gaining the representation of the City of Durham in the Conservative interest, and was till the next General Election the only Conservative representa- tive of the county in Parliament. He again sat for the same constituency from 1886 till 1892, when he was defeated. In 1892 he was appointed Recorder of Brad- ford, and also Chancellor of the County Palatine of Durham and Sudbury. While in Parliament in 1889 lie introduced the Corporal Punishment Bill, which passed its second reading by a majority of 194 against 126, but owing to the pressure of other business could not be further pro- ceeded with. He was afterwards more successful with a Bill for remedying the grave injustice of the law of slander in reference to imputations on the chastity 758 MLNTO — MITCHELL of women, when he succeeded in obtain- ing the passing of the Slander of Women Act, 1881. He seconded the Address to the Throne in 1892. He unsuccessfully contested Cockermouth in 1895. He mar- ried Mary, third daughter of John Hen- derson, Durham. Addresses : 3 Plowden Buildings, Temple, E.C. ; 17 Rutland Gate, S.W. ; and East Bolton, Alnwick. MINTO, Earl of, Gilbert John Mur- ray Kynynmond Elliot, G.C.M.G, D.L., J.P., was born on July 9, 1845, and is the son of the 3rd Earl, whom he succeeded in 1891, and Emma, daughter of General Sir Thomas Hislop, Bart., G.C.B. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A. ), and entered the Scots Guards in 1867, retiring in 1870 with the rank of Lieutenant. He was for ten years Briga- dier-General in command of the South of Scotland Infantry (1888-98), and has had a varied and distinguished military career, having served with the Turkish army in 1877, and in the Afghan war in 1879. In 1881 he was Private Secretary to General Lord Roberts at the Cape, and from 1883 to 1885 Military Secretary to the Governor-General of Canada, the Mar- quis of Lansdowne. In the North-West Canadian Rebellion of 1885 he was Chief of Staff. In August 1898 he was appointed to succeed the Earl of Aberdeen as Governor-General of Canada, and started to take up his new duties in Novem- ber 1898, when also he was created K.C.M.G., and later G.M.C.G. In April 1899 he received the honour of the Hon. LL.D. of Queen's University, Kingston. He married, in 1883, Mary, daughter of General the Hon. Charles Grey. Home addresses : 6 Audley Square, S.W., and Minto Castle, Hawick. MIRANDA, Countess de, nie Christina Nilsson, is the daughter of a labouring man, and was born at Wedersloff, near Wexio, in Sweden, Aug. 3, 1843. At an early age she evinced great taste for music. She became quite proficient on the violin, learned the flute, and attended fairs and other places of public resort, at which she sang, accom- panying herself on the violin. While per- forming in this manner at a fair at Ljungby, in June 1857, her extraordinary powers attracted the attention of Mr. P. G. Tornerhjelm, a gentleman of influence, who rescued her from her vagrant life, and placed her at school first at Halm- stad, and afterwards at Stockholm, where she was instructed by M. Franz Berwald. She made her first appearance at Stock- holm in 1860, went to Paris, continued her musical education under Masset and Wurtel, and came out at the Theatre Lyrique, October 27, as Violetta in the "Traviata," with such success that she was engaged for three years. She made her first appearance in London at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1867, proved the great operatic attraction at that estab- lishment during the season, and has since performed here with constantly in- creasing success. She paid a visit to the United States (1870), where, within less than a year, she is said to have cleared £30,000. After a Transatlantic trip of two years she reappeared at Drury Lane Theatre, May 28, 1872, in " La Traviata." After this date she still occa- sionally made her appearance for short periods at Brussels and St. Petersburg. She was married at Westminster Abbey, Aug. 27, 1872, to M. Auguste Rouzau'd, the son of an eminent French merchant. He died at Paris, Feb. 22, 1882 ; and in 1887 she married, in Paris, Count A. de Miranda. MIRBEATJ, Octave, French novelist, was born at Trevireres, February 16, 1850, and early in life took to journalism, be- coming in 1874 the dramatic critic of L'Ordre. After a short experience in administrative life he returned to jour- nalism in 1877, writing for the Gaulois and the Figaro. A letter that he wrote to the latter in 1882, violently opposing the decoration of actors, gave rise to much heated discussion. Soon after he founded two short-lived newspapers, Paris Midi and Les Grimaces, in which he opposed the Republic with much violence, imitating the methods of Rochefort during the Em- pire. This led to his fighting several duels. He has been a contributor to nearly all the higher- class newspapers of Paris, to which he contributes short stories and artistic criticism. His letters on the decoration of actors, with M. Coquelin's reply, have been collected under the title of " Le Comedian," 1882. Other works of his are : " Lettres de ma Chaumiere," 1886 ; " Le Calvaire," 1886 ; and " Sebastien Roch," 1890. MITCHELL, Sir Charles Bullen Hugh, G.C.M.G., Governor of the Straits Settlements, High Commissioner of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, was born in 1836, and is the eldest son of Colonel Hugh Mitchell. He was educated at the Royal Naval School, and entered the Royal Marines in 1852. During the Crimean war he was attached to the Baltic Fleet, and was mentioned in despatches, having commanded the rocket detachment at the bombardment of Sveaborg. He became Colonial Secretary of British Honduras in 1868 ; Colonial Secretary of Natal in 1877, acting as Colonial Commandant at Maritz- MITCHELL — MITCHINSON 759 burg during the Zulu War ; Governor of Fiji in 1886 ; Governor of Natal in 1889 ; and was appointed to his present post in 1893. Address : Government House, Singapore. MITCHELL, Donald Grant, LL.D., was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in April 1822. He graduated at Yale College in 1841, travelled in Europe, and in 1847 published " Fresh Gleanings, or a New- Sheaf from the Old Fields of Continental Europe," under the pseudonym of "Ik Marvel." In 1848 he was again in Europe, and wrote, under his former pseudonym, '•The Battle Summer," 1849. Eeturning to New York, he published, anonymously, "The Lorgnette," a series of satirical sketches of society, 1850. In the same year appeared "The Reveries of a Bache- lor," followed in 1851 by "Dream Life." In 1853 he was appointed United States Consul at Venice. Returning to America in 1855, he purchased a farm, known as Edgewood, near Newhaven, Connecticut, where he now resides. In 1873 he was United States Commissioner at the Paris Exposition. He has published : "My Farm of Edgewood," 1863 ; "Wet Days at Edge- wood," 1864; "Seven Stories with Base- ment and Attic," 1864; "Dr. Johns," 1866 ; " Rural Studies," 1867 (subsequently issued under the title of "Out of Town Places"); "About old Story -Tellers," 1878; "Bound Together," 1885; and in 1889-90 two volumes of "English Lands, Letters, and Kings." In 1895 a third volume was published, and in 1897 a fourth on the same lines and under the same title. He has also edited (1883) an ela- borate genealogical "Woodbridge Record." He has been one of the Council of the Yale School of Fine Arts since 1865, and has lectured there and elsewhere on literary and art topics. With strong rural tastes (illustrated by many of his books), he has been associated in an advisory way with the laying out of many public parks and grounds in Newhaven and other places. MITCHELL, The Hon. Peter, Ca- nadian statesman, was born Jan. 4, 1824, at Newcastle, New Brunswick, and was educated at the same place. He was ad- mitted to the Bar in 1848, and in 1856 was elected a representative for his native county to serve in the Provincial Parlia- ment. After serving for five years he was appointed Life Member of the Legislative Council, and was a member of the Execu- tive Government of New Brunswick from 1858 till 1865, when his Government was defeated on the question of the confedera- tion of the British American provinces. He was three times appointed delegate to Canada and England, with the view of obtaining the construction of the inter- colonial railway from Halifax to Quebec, and the confederation of the provinces. In 1865 he formed, in connection with the Hon. R. D. Wilmot, an administration to test the province on confederation, and was appointed President of the Executive Committee. Having dissolved, they were sustained by a majority of thirty-three to eight, and confederation was carried. Mr. Mitchell, who was an ardent advocate of union, did much by his writings and speeches in and out of Parliament to pro- mote British connection. On the organi- sation of the Dominion Government in July 1S67, Mr. Mitchell was called to the Cabinet as Minister of Marine and Fish- eries, which post he held until the resig- nation of the Macdonald administration in 1873. He took an active part in the settlement of the Fisheries dispute be- tween the Dominion of Canada and the Government of the United States in 1878, and, later, gave important aid in opera- tions connected with the Canadian Pacific Railway. From 1882 to 1891 he was a representative in the Dominion Parliament for Northumberland County, New Bruns- wick. In 1897 he was appointed Inspector of Fisheries for the Atlantic Provinces. He bought the Montreal Herald in 1885, and is now President of the Herald Pub- lishing Company. In 1870 he published "A Review of President Grant's Message to the United States Congress relative to the Canadian Fisheries." MITCHINSON, The Right Rev. John, D.C.L., Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, son of the late John Mitchinson, a master-mariner trading with the East Indies, and Louisa, his wife (who died in 1896, in her 97th year), was born Sept. 23, 1833, and was educated at Dur- ham School, whence, in December 1850, he was elected to a scholarship at Pem- broke College, Oxford. There he obtained a first class in Classical Moderations in 1853, a first in Lit. Hum. in 1854, and a first in Natural Science in 1855, when he graduated B.A., proceeding in due course to M.A., which he commuted for B.C. L. , and proceeded D.C.L. in 1864. On gradu- ating B.A. he was elected Fellow of his College, and held the fellowship till he was presented in 1881 to the Rectory of Sibstone, in Leicestershire ; he was made an Honorary Fellow in 1883. After resid- ing as I'ellow for a short time he became an assistant-master in Merchant Taylors' School, and was in 1858 ordained deacon by Bishop Tait in St. Paul's Cathedral, and licensed to the curacy of St. Philip's, Clerkenwell. In 1859 he was appointed head-master of the King's School, Canter- bury, and was ordained priest by the Archbishop (Sumner) of Canterbury in 760 MITTAG-LEFFLER — MIVART 1860. While thus employed, he was called up to take occasional sermons in his uni- versity, was select preacher in 1872, and again in 1892-93 (this course of sermons being published) ; he preached the Rams- den Sermon at Cambridge in 1883. Also while head-master of Canterbury he acted twice as Examiner in Arts at Durham University, and subsequently in 1888 ex- amined for the L.Th. He was appointed an Hon. Canon of Canterbury by Arch- bishop Tait in 1871, and still holds his stall there. In 1873 he was consecrated Bishop of Barbados, and subsequently the Windward Islands were grouped into a diocese under his care ; also from 1879 to 1882 he was coadjutor to the aged Bishop of Antigua, so that he had the whole of the Lesser Antilles under his episcopal charge. Hence he was recalled to England to be Rector of Sibstone, and assistant to Bishop Magee of Peterborough, and in this capacity he acted under his successors. He is also Archdeacon of Leicester, and a Fellow of the College of SS. Mary and John of Lichfield. He was elected Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, in February 1899. Bishop Mitehinson has written a good deal of simple congregational music for village churches. Address : Pembroke College, Oxford. MITTAG-LEFFLER, Magnus Gus- taf, F.R.S., Swedish mathematician, was born at Stockholm, March 16, 1846, and studied at Upsala from 1865 to 1871 ; at Paris, under Charles Hermite, 1873-74 ; at Gbttingen, under Schering, 1874-75 ; and at Berlin, under Weierstrass, 1875-76. In 1872 he passed his examination of Doctor of Philosophy at Upsala. He is also an Honorary Doctor of Mathematics of Bologna (1888), and an Honorary D.C.L. of Oxford (1894). He now holds the posi- tion of Professor of Mathematics in the University of Stockholm, and is the editor- in-chief of the Acta Mathematica. This post he has held since 1S81 ; previously he was teacher of mathematics at Upsala, 1872 ; and professor at Helsingfors, 1877. He has written a quantity of mathematical dissertations, most of which have been printed in the Swedish, German, or French mathematical journals. He is a member of nearly all the learned societies of Europe, including the Philosophical Society of Cambridge, 1884 ; the London Mathemati- cal Society, 1892 ; British Association, 1894; Royal Society, 1896; and Socie'tc Math(5matique de France, 1873. He came to England in May 1899 to attend the centenary meeting of the Royal Institution. Address: Djursholm, Stockholm. MIVART, Professor St. George, Ph.D. Rome, M.D., F.R.S., was born at 61 (then 39) Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, London, Nov. 30, 1827, and edu- cated at Clapham Grammar School, Har- row School, King's College, London, and finally at St. Mary's College, Oscott, being prevented from going to Oxford (as in- tended) through having joined the Roman Catholic Church in 1844. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1851 ; ap- pointed Lecturer at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in 1862 ; elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1867; Vice-Pre- sident of the Zoological Society in 1869 and 1882 ; Secretary of the Linnean Society in 1874-80; and Vice-President, 1880 and 1892; Professor of Biology at University College in 1874 ; created a Ph.D. Rome in 1876, and M.D. Lou- vain in 1884. Mr. St. George Mivart is the author of various papers in the pub- lications of the Royal, the Linnean, and the Zoological Societies from 1864 : eg., " On the Zoology, Anatomy, and Classifica- tion of Apes and Lemurs, especially on the Osteology of the Limbs compared with the Limbs of Man" (Phil. Trans.); "The My- ology of the Echidna, Agouti, Hyrax, Iguana, and certain Tailed Batrachians " ; "The Osteology of Birds"; "The Sciatic Plexus of Reptiles" ; "The Structure of the Fins of Fishes, and the Nature and Gen- esis of the Limbs and Limb-Girdles of Vertebrate Animals generally " ; "A Memoir of the Insectivora," published in the Cambridge Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, and translated in the Annates des Sciences Naturelles; sundry papers in the Popular Science Renew, and articles in the Quarterly, Fortnightly, Dublin, and Con- temporary, and Nineteenth Century Reviews from 1870. He has also published the following books : " Genesis of Species," 1871 (two editions) ) "Lessons in Elemen- tary Anatomy," 1872; "Man and Apes," 1873; "Lessons from Nature" and " Con- temporary Evolution," 1876 ; "Address to the Biological Section of the British As- sociation," 1879; "The Cat" (an intro- duction to the study of backboned ani- mals), 1881; "Nature and Thought" (an introduction to a natural philosophy), 1883; "On Truth: a Systematic Inquiry," and "The Origin of Human Reason," 1889; "A Monograph of the Canidse," 1890; "Birds: an Introduction to Orni- thology," 1892; "Types of Animal Life," 1893; and "An Introduction to the Ele- ments of Science," from Mathematics to Metaphysics, 1894. Mr. St. George Mivart also wrote the articles "Apes," "Reptilia, (Anatomy)," and "Skeleton," in the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica"; a " Defence of Freedom and Liberty of Conscience"; and "Examination of Mr. Herbert Spencer's Psychology," in the Dublin Review. He has delivered lectures MOD JESKA — MOHAMED 761 at the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, at the London Institution, at Leeds, Bir- mingham, Hull, Bradford, Bristol, Halifax, Leicester, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Dundee, and elsewhere. He is known through the "Genesis of Species" as, to a certain extent, Mr. Darwin's opponent — an op- ponent who, while fully asserting evolution generally, denies that it is applicable to the human intellect, as also that " natural selection " is in any instance its true cause. He represents the formation of new spe- cies as mainly due to one mode of action of that plastic innate power manifest on all hands in nature, as evidenced by the many instances referred to by him. The author brings strongly forward the inde- pendent origin of several structures, in- sistence upon which is perhaps his principal contribution to physical philosophy. In his " Origin of Human Reason " he has pointed out the fundamental distinction between men and animals, distinctly de- fining wherein the human intellect differs from the highest psychical actions of brutes. In his work "On Truth" he has demonstrated what are the ultimate prin- ciples upon which all science must repose. To these expositions no reply has as yet been made. Dr. St. George Mivart, at the invitation of the Belgian Episcopate, has accepted the post of Professor of the Philo- sophy of Natural History in the University of Louvain. Address : 77 Inverness Ter- race, W. MODJESKA, Helena, actress, was born at Cracow, Poland, Oct. 12, 1844, and is the daughter of Michael Opido, a music- master of that town. She early mani- fested a desire for the stage, and after her marriage, at the age of seventeen, with her guardian, M. Modrzejewski (which she abbreviated on the playbills to Modjeska), a beginning was made with a company of strolling players, in Sep- tember 1861, in a little town of Austrian Poland named Bochnia. She then played throughout the towns of Galicia, and in 1862 was engaged at Lemberg and later at Czernowitz. It was not, however, until after her husband's death in 1865, and her marriage three years later to Count Bozenta Chlapowski, a Polish patriot and journal- ist, that she became the theatrical star and favourite of Warsaw. During this time Alexandre Dumas fils invited her to come to Paris and play in his "Dame aux Camelias." About 1876, failing health and the Russian censorship induced her to leave the stage and accompany her husband to the United States, where she settled on a ranch near Los Angeles, California, hoping to found there a colony for oppressed Poles, one of whom after- wards became the famous novelist, Sinkie- witz (q.v.). This did not prove so profitable as was expected, and in 1877, after only four months' study of English, she made her appearance in an English version of " Ad- rienne Lecouvreur" at a theatre in San Francisco. She won the American public immediately, and her record since has been one of continued triumph. She has made a number of tours through the country, lias acted several seasons in London and the British provinces, and has thrice visited Poland professionally. Madame Bozenta has appeared in about twenty-five parts in America, principally in the Shakespearian roles of Beatrice, Imogen, Juliet, and Rosalind, and also as Mary Stuart and Camille. She has also made adaptations for the Polish stage of "As You Like It" and "Twelfth Night." Latterly, however, she has not been seen in England. MOENS, "William John Charles, the son of Jacob Bernelot Moens, Esq. (d. 1856), of Upper Clapton, Middlesex, was born Aug. 12, 1833. He is a County Councillor for Hampshire, Lymington Rural East Division, 1889-1901, J.P., and Commissioner of Income and Land Taxes. He is the author of "English Travellers and Italian Brigands," 2 vols., 1866 ; " Through France and Belgium by River and Canal in the Steam Yacht Ytene, R.V.Y.C," 1876 ; " Registers of the Dutch Church, Austin Friars, London, with History of the Strangers in England," 1884, privately printed ; " The Walloons and their Church at Norwich, their His- tory and Registers, 1565-1832," publica- tion of the Huguenot Society of London, 1887-88 ; " Hampshire Allegations for Marriage Licences, granted by the Bishop of Winchester," 1689-1837, 2 vols., publica- tion of the Harleian Society, 1893, &c. Mr. Moens is a Fellow, and Local Secre- tary for Hampshire, of the Society of Antiquaries of London ; Vice-President of the Huguenot Society of London ; Member of the Council of the Harleian Society, and of British Record Society ; Hon. Member of the Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde te Leiden ; Corresponding Honorary Member of the Commission pour l'Histoire des Eglises Wallonnes de Hollande, &c. Address : Tweed, near Lymington. MOHAMED ALI KHAN, His Ex- cellency General Alia - us - Saltaneh, the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the Shah of Persia, has had serious and valuable diplomatic experience. He was for about seven years Persian Consul-General in India, and then afterwards in the same capacity for some time at Baghdad, whence he became Gov- 762 MOLESWOETH ernor of Resht ; for the eight years previous to 1890 he was Persian Consul- General at Tiflis (Caucasus), the Shah hav- ing, on this promotion, raised him to the highest rank in the empire — namely, " Alla-us-Saltaneh." Address: 30 Ennis- more Gardens, S.W. MOLES WORTH, Sir Guildford Lindsey, K.C.I.E., Consulting Engineer to the Government of India for State Hail- ways, Fellow of the University of Calcutta, Member of the Institution of Civil En- gineers, Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, is the son of the Eev. John Edward Nassau Moleswortb, D.D., vicar of Rochdale, and was born at Millbrook, Hants, on May 3, 1828. He was educated at King's School, Canter- bury, and at the College of Civil Engineers, Putney ; afterwards he served an appren- ticeship to civil engineering under Mr. Dockray on the London and North- Western Railway, and also in mechanical engineering under Sir William Fairbairn at Manchester. Subsequently he was employed in various railway and other engineering works in connection with ironworks in South Wales. In 1852 he was chief assistant-engineer on the Lon- don, Brighton, and South Coast Railway, which he left in order to superintend the construction of buildings and machinery in the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich during the Crimean war. Afterwards he prac- tised as a Consulting Engineer in London for some years. In 1858 the Institution of Civil Engineers awarded to him the Watt Medal and the Manby premium, for a paper read before the Insti- tution on the subject of " Conversion of Wood by Machinery." In 1859 he went out to the Ceylon Railway as Mechanical and Locomotive Engineer, and he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Ceylon Government Railway in 1862 ; Director- General of the railway in 1865 ; Director of Public Works in 1867 ; and Consulting Engineer to the Government of India in 1871. His " Pocket-Book of Engineering Formulae " passed through six editions in the first year, and is now a standard work in the profession. He originated and was mainly instrumental in intro- ducing the system of Decimal Coinage adopted in Ceylon. His services in the enemy's country with the army in the field in time of war gained for him the Afghan War Medal, as well as the Burma War Medal and clasp, and in 1881 he received the thanks of her Majesty for excellent services rendered during the Afghan War. He retired from the service of the Indian Government in 1889, and represented the Government of India as their delegate in the International Mone- tary Conference at Brussels. He is the author of various publications, amongst which may be named : "Proposals for the Establishment of a Decimal Coinage in Ceylon," 1868 ; and in India, 1871 ; " Re- ports on Public Works in Ceylon," 1869 ; " Light Railways in Ceylon," 1870 ; " Fes- tiniog Railway," 1871 ; " State Railways in India," 1872; "Gauge of Railways in India," 1873 ; " Graphic Diagrams," 1877 ; " Metrical Tables," 1879 ; " Masonry Dams," 1883; "Madras Harbour," and " Iron Manufacture in India," 1884 ; "Es- tablishment of an Engineer Volunteer Corps in India," and "Imperialism for India," 1885 ; " Text-book of Bimetallism," "Land as Property," "Bimetallic Cur- rency," "The Silver Question," "The ' Abt ' System," and " Instinct and Reason in Ants," 1886 ; " Silver and Gold" (Prize Essay), 1891 ; and " Indian Currency," 1894. He was made Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1879 ; and Knight Commander of the Order in 1888. Sir G. L. Molesworth married, in 1854, Maria Elizabeth, daughter of J. T. Bridges. Esq., of St. Nicholas Court, Thanet, and granddaughter of Sir Robert Affleck, Bart, Address : The Manor House, Bexley, Kent. MOLESWORTH, Mrs. Mary Louisa, nie Stewart, is of Scottish parentage, and was born in Holland on May 29, 1839, and partly educated abroad. Her father, of whom she was the eldest child, was Major-General Stewart, of Strath, Scotland, and her mother was Agnes Janet, daughter of John Wilson, of Transy, Fife. She has lived several years in France and Germany, and began to write very young. Her first works of any importance were four novels published under the name of Ennis Graham. These were: "Lover and Husband," "She was Young and He was Old," " Cicely," and " Not without Thorns." In 1875 she pub- lished her first book for children, " Tell me a Story." This was succeeded by "Carrots," which attained great popu- larity, and by other similar volumes yearly. Mrs. Molesworth has also published : "Sum- mer Stories for Boys and Girls," "Four Ghost Stories," and "French Life in Letters." Mrs. Molesworth has also con- tributed to many of the best serials, and some of her serial stories have since appeared as volumes, e.g. " Hermy," "Hoodie," "The Boys and I," "The Palace in the Garden," " Neighbours," " Silverthorns," and " The Third Miss St. Quentin." The following novels are by Mrs. Molesworth : " Marrying and Giving in Marriage," "That Girl in Black," and " Hathercourt Rectory. " Mrs. Molesworth has contributed every month since its first appearance to the Child's Pictorial, for MOLONEY — MONCKTON 763 very little children, and some of these stories are now published as books : " Five Minutes' Stories," and " Twelve Tiny Tales"; also "Lettioe," "The Abbey by the Sea," "The Little Old Portrait," a story of the Great French Revolution, "A Charge Fulfilled," &c. The chief of Mrs. Molesworth's latest publications since 1890 are: "Mother Bunch," "The Story of a Spring Morning," " Family Troubles," "Stories of the Saints for Children," and "An Enchanted Garden " (fairy stories), 1892 ; " Blanche : a Story for Girls," 1894 ; " Havercourt Rectory," ,: TheRed Grange," "Neighbours," "Stories for Children in Illustration of the Lord's Prayer," " Meg Langholme," "Miss Mouse and her Boys," 1897 ; " The Laurel Walk " and "The Magic Nuts," 1898, besides many other works for the young. Addresses : Oldway House, Paignton, S. Devon ; and 19 Sumner Place, Onslow Square, S.W MOLONEY, Sir Cornelius Alfred, K.C.M.G., Governor of the Windward Isles, was born 1S48, and is the son of the late Captain P. Moloney, of Limerick. He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and entered the army in 1867. He has held several colonial posts among which may be mentioned the Secretaryship to the Governor of the Bahamas (1871-73). In the latter year he served through the Ashanti Cam- paign, afterwards becoming Private Sec- retary to the Governor of the Gold Coast, and holding other appointments in that Colony until 1879. He then acted as Governor of Lagos, and from 1884 to 1886 was Administrator of the Gambia Settle- ment, afterwards returning to Lagos till 1890. In 1891 he became Governor of British Honduras, exchanging for his present post in 1897. He has written a work on the forestry of West Africa. MOMMSEN, Professor Theodor, the eminent German jurist and historian, was born at Garding, in Schleswig, Nov. 30, 1817, and is the son of a pastor. He studied at the University of Kiel, and travelled from 1844 till 1847, examining Roman inscriptions in France and Italy for the Berlin Academy. On his return he wrote numerous articles for the Schleswig -Holstein Journal, which he con- ducted, and was made Professor of Law at Leipzig. Having been dismissed on account of the part he took in political affairs, he was made Titular Professor of Law at Zurich in 1852, at Breslau in 1854, and at Berlin in 1858. In 1875 he was appointed Professor of Jurisprudence in the University of Leipzig. On June 15, 1882, he was tried at Berlin for having in an election speech slandered Prince Bismarck, but was acquitted. The deci- sion was appealed against, and on April 7, 1883, the Imperial High Court of Ap- peal at Leipzig finally acquitted Professor Mommsen of the charge. He has written numerous learned works, has edited a magnificent work on Latin inscriptions, published by the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and a work on Roman Coins, and is best known in England by his " Earliest Inhabitants of Italy," of which a translation by Robertson appeared in London in 1858, and "History of Rome," translated by W. P. Dickson, and pub- lished in London in 1862-63. In 1878 the King of Italy conferred on him the Grand Cross of the Order of SS. Maurice and Lazarus. In 1880 Professor Mommsen's library was destroyed by fire ; and a num- ber of his English admirers had the happy idea of presenting him with a selection of classical and historical books, printed in England, to compensate him for some portion of his loss. On the occasion of his seventieth birthday, in November 1887, a congratulatory address, signed by sixty-two Dons, was sent to him by mem- bers of the University of Oxford. Other works of his are : " The Oscan and other Italic Dialects," 1845; "Roman Coins," 1850 ; " Roman Constitutional Law," 1871 ; and an edition of Justinian's " Pan- dects," 1866-70. In 1895 he resigned his position as Perpetual Secretary of the Berlin Academy. Address: Charlottenburg. MONACO, Albert Prince of, was born in Paris, Nov. 13, 1848, and succeeded his father in 1889. He married (1) Lady Mary Douglas-Hamilton in 1869 (this mar- riage was annulled in 1880), and (2) Alice, Dowager-Duchesse de Richelieu, in 1889. His heir is Prince Louis, who was born in 1870, and who is serving in the French army. The Principality consists mainly of the towns of Monaco, Monte Carlo, and Condamine ; is Italian in language, but is under the control of France. The sum of £60,000 is paid annually to Prince Albert for the concession to "play " in the Casino ; and in March 1896 the Prince granted a fresh concession for fifty years on condi- tion that his annuity should be raised to £80,000. Prince Albert is interested in scientific questions, and has done some useful work in the way of deep-sea dredg- ing, to effect which he has taken several long cruises in his steam yacht. MONCKTON, Sir John Braddick, F.SA., Town-Clerk of the City of London, is the son of the late Mr. John Monckton, of Maidstone, and was born in 1832. He received his education at Rugby, and was afterwards admitted a solicitor. He prac- tised the law for a number of years, and in 764 MONCKTON — MONCRIEFF 1873 was elected Town-Clerk of the City. He has been annually reappointed ever since. He has been one of her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City of London, a Grand Warden of Freemasons of England, and Commissioner of Lieutenancy for London. He has been the recipient of various foreign decorations, such as the Belgian Order of Leopold, the Saviour of Greece, the Lion and Sun of Persia, and the Golden Lion of Nassau. He married, in 1858, Maria, daughter of P. B. Long (see Monckton, Lady). Address : The Guildhall, E.C. MONCKTON, Lady, wife of Sir John Braddick Monckton, nie Maria Louisa Long, is the second daughter of Peter Bartholo- mew Long, of Ipswich, and Hannah Justina, daughter of Admiral Richard Falkland. She was educated at home and in Brussels under Mme. Becker, wife of the Protestant German Chaplain of Leopold I. She early showed promise as an amateur actress, and in 1866 appeared on the stage at the Hay- market in "Jim the Penman." She created the part of Jim the Penman's wife, and became famous in the rflle. Subsequently Lady Monckton played in "The Red Lamp," "Captain Swift," "The Crusaders," " The Idler," and other dramas. She was married to Sir John Monckton in 1858. Address : 28 Montpelier Square, Knights- bridge, S.W. MONCRIEFF, Colonel Sir Alex- ander, K.C.B., F.R.S., J.P., born in Scot- land on April 17, 1829, is the eldest son of the late Captain Matthew Moncrieff of Cul- fargie, Perthshire, of the Madras Cavalry. He was educated at the High School and at the Universities of Edinburgh and Aberdeen ; be entered the office of Messrs. Miller & Grainger, Civil Engineers, in Edinburgh, where he served his time as a Civil Engineer. Colonel Moncrieff did not follow the profession, but obtained a com- mission in the Forfarshire Artillery Militia, and afterwards in the Edinburgh or 3rd Brigade Scotch Division Royal Artillery, of which he rose to be Colonel Commandant. He travelled extensively in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, and received the thanks of her Majesty's Government for topographical information given to the Colonial Office in London at the particular request of the Governor-General of Canada. During the Crimean War Sir Alexander Moncrieff, then a lieutenant in the Forfar- shire Militia, went to the seat of war, and received the permission of the Commander- in-Chief to visit the siege works, and to be present at the operations as a Militia officer during the first and second bom- bardments of Sebastopol. It was then that the idea of the invention with which his name is associated occurred to his mind ; but it was some years before it was matured into a practical form. It was first submitted by Captain Moncrieff to General Sir Richard Dacres, Commanding the Royal Artillery in Ireland, at Dublin in 1857, and it was some years more before the authorities were induced to give it a trial, after which Captain Moncrieff was engaged for eight years in the Royal Arsenal attached to the Department of the Director of Artillery. The Moncrieff System of Mounting Artillery, or the pro- tected barbette system, is sometimes called the Disappearing System, because upon firing the gun recoils into shelter, out of sight of the enemy, and the energy of the recoil is stored up so as to raise the gun into the firing position when loaded. In the first instance this was effected by means of a counterweight ; and the inter- position of a moving fulcrum (then for the first time employed in practical mechanics) enabled the sudden impetus of the dis- charge to be utilised without danger to the carriage. Another method by which the same end is accomplished, and which is applicable to sea service and to many cases in which the direct force of gravity would be unwieldy or unsuitable for application, is Moncrieff's Hydro-pneumatic System. In this case the recoil of the gun drives down a piston, which forces water into a vessel of compressed air, and the further compression of the air stores up the energy of the recoil to raise the gun to the firing position when required. His system is now largely and increasingly used in the British Service, both by land and sea ; and it is used also by foreign Governments. Sir A. Moncrieff is the author of a series of papers, extending over twenty years, illustrating and advo- cating the importance of invisibility, dispersion of heavy guns, and the use of parapets with their superior slope formed en glacis, which are the chief character- istics of his system, and which may be said to be the converse of the old system previously universal, in which the guns or their embrasures were visible, and the works in which they stood were conspicu- ous. Sir A. Moncrieff is a J.P. for Perth- shire, a Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers, a Fellow of the Royal Society, was created a C.B. in 1880, and a K.C.B. in 1890, and is a Knight of the Imperial Order of the Rose of Brazil, which order was given to him by the Emperor when, in one of his journeys in search of scientific information, he was made acquainted with Sir A. Moncrieff's invention, and recog- nised its originality and importance. He married Harriet, only daughter of James Rimington Wilson, of Broomhead Hall, Yorkshire. Addresses : 15 Vicarage Gate, MOND 765 Kensington, W. ; Bandirran, Perthshire ; and Athenaeum. MOND, Ludwig, Ph.D., F.R.S., born March 7, 1839, at Hessen-Cassel in Germany, was the eldest son of Mr. M. B. Mond, a merchant of that town, and his wife, Henriette, nie Levinsohn, a lady of rare attainments, who greatly influenced her son's career. He was educated at the Real-School, and subse- quently at the Polytechnic School of his native town, and thence proceeded to Marburg, where he studied Chemistry under Hermann Kolbe, and afterwards to Heidelberg, where he became the pupil of the renowned Robert Bunseu. After leav- ing this University he held several appoint- ments in chemical works in Germany. He first came to England in 1862 with the object of introducing his well-known process for the recovery of sulphur from alkali waste, and became connected with Mr. John Hutchinson of Widnes, at whose works he worked out and perfected his process. In 1864 he returned to the Continent to undertake the erection and management of a Leblanc Alkali Works at Utrecht in Holland. In 1867, shortly after his marriage with his cousin, Miss Prida Loewenthal, he settled definitely in this country, and installed his sulphur recovery process in a number of British and Foreign Alkali Works. In the course of his travels he met early in 1872 Mr. Ernest Solvay of Brussels, who had carried out successfully, at Couillet near Charleroi, a new process of his invention for the manufacture of soda by the intervention of ammonia, which has since become famous as the Solvay Process. Mr. Solvay gave him the fullest opportunity to examine his process, and Mr. Mond was so struck with its prospects, that he at once entered into an agreement with Mr. Solvay for its introduction into the United Kingdom, although the process was then only in its infancy, working on a small scale and requiring many improve- ments before it could be expected to supplant the old-established process of Leblanc. In conjunction with Mr. now Sir John T. Brunner, he established in 1873 the firm of Brunner, Mond, h Co., and erected works at Winnington, near Northwich, in Cheshire, for carrying out the Solvay process, which have grown until they have become the largest alkali works in the world. In 1881 this firm was converted into a Limited Liability Co. of which Mr. Mond is still a Managing Director. The best years of his life he has devoted to improving and perfecting the process he had taken in hand, and the amount of thought and energy he has spent in this task are evidenced by the numerous patents he has taken out in con- nection with the ammonia soda manufac- ture, and its by-products, among which his process for the production of chlorine from ammonium chloride requires special notice, as it converts the ammonia soda process into a complete cycle, leaving no waste product of any kind. But the fertility of his inventive faculty has been by no means exhausted by his work in this direction. He has made and patented many inventions of great scientific and commercial importance in allied and other branches of applied Chemistry. From ;in early date in his technical career, Mr. Mond's attention has been called to the great problems of the economical con- sumption of coal, and also of the recovery of ammonia from nitrogenous substances. Since 1883 he has taken out a number of patents for methods and appliances, which combine these two problems by utilising the coal in the form of gas, and recovering at the same time the nitrogen contained in it in the form of ammonia. The results of his work in this direction formed the subject in the year 1889 of his presidential address to the Society of Chemical Industry, which aroused considerable public interest at the time. Since then Mr. Mond has effected further important improvements in the solution of these problems, and has given particular attention to the use of the gas produced by his methods for the direct production of power by means of gas-engines, and to the utilisation of the large amount of heat up to now lost in hot exhaust gases from such engines, with the result, that he has succeeded in obtaining fully double the amount of power from a given quantity of coal (and that of the very commonest and cheapest) than it can yield by the use of the very best steam-engines. With the view of utilising the gas obtained by him from coal for the direct production of electricity, Mr. Mond worked out in conjunction with his assistant, Dr. Carl Langer, a new form of gas battery, which he communicated to the Royal Society in 1889, and which is still the most perfect appliance for solving this highly important problem. In the course of their investiga- tions of this subject Mr. Mond and his assistants, Dr. Langer and Dr. Quincke, discovered a new series of chemical com- pounds of very peculiar properties com- posed of metals and carbon monoxide, now known as metallic carbonyls, the chemical and physical properties of which they submitted to very full investigations, and their results, which excited great interest in scientific circles, were communicated in several papers to the Royal Society, and the Chemical Society, and formed the subject of a lecture given by Mr. Mond at the Royal Institution in June 1892. The further study of one of these com- 766 MONK — MONRO pounds, the nickel-carbonyl, has led Mr. Mond to devise and work oat an entirely new process for obtaining nickel from its ores, which promises to revolutionise the metallurgy of that metal. Mr. Mond is a member of many learned and scientific societies, he is a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Vice-President of the Eoyal Institution and of the Chemical Society, Past President of the Society of Chemical Industry, Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry, Member of the Physical Society, the German Chemical Society, &c. He is also on the Council of the British Associa- tion, and the British Institute of Preventive Medicine. The Universities of Heidelberg and Padua have conferred upon him the degree of Ph.D. honoris causd. Mr. Mond, who is a naturalised British subject, has always taken the warmest interest in all efforts for the advancement of science in this country. To promote this object he has founded, endowed, and given to the Eoyal Institution, the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory in Albemarle Street, opened by the Prince of Wales on Dec. 22, 1,396, which is devoted to scientific research in pure and physical chemistry, and provides all the facilities required for investigations in these branches of science by a number of independent investigators. Mr. Ludwig Mond was elected to the Athenaeum under Rule 2 in 1898. Ad- dresses : The Poplars, 20 Avenue Road, Regent's Park, N.W. ; Winnington Hall, near Northwich ; Palazzo Zuccari, Rome ; and Athenaeum. MONK, Charles r James, J. P., D.L., M.P., was born on Nov. 30, 1824, and is the son of the late Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which University he is M.A., having gradu- ated B.A. with honours in 1847. In 1845 he gained Sir William Browne's medal, and was Members' Prizeman for Under- graduates in 1846, and for B.A.s the year following. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1850, and was Chancellor of Bristol, 1855-85, and of Gloucester, 1859-85. From 1881 to 1884 he was Presi- dent of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom, was appointed a director of the Suez Canal Company in 1884, and is J.P. and D.L. for Gloucestershire. He stood for Cricklade in 1857, was returned as Liberal member for Gloucester in April 1859, and sat until August, when he was unseated on petition. He was re-elected for Gloucester in 1865, and at successive Parliamentary elections until 1880, and retired in 1885. He again contested Gloucester in 1892, and was elected for that borough as a Liberal Unionist in 1895. It is to him that we owe the Revenue Officers' Disabilities Re- moval Act of 1868, which gave votes to civil servants in the Post Office, Customs, and Excise. Addresses : Bedwell Park, Hatfield, Herts ; and 5 Buckingham Gate, S.W. MONKS-WELL, Lord, Robert Collier, eldest son of Robert Porrett Col- lier, 1st Baron, who was Solicitor-General, 1863-66, Attorney-General, 1868-71, and from 1871 to his death in 1886 a paid member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, by Isabella, daughter of William Rose of Wolston Heath, near Rugby, was born in 1845. He was educated at Eton, where he obtained a junior mathematical prize, and was placed in the select for the school prize. Pro- ceeding to Trinity College, Cambridge, he graduated in 1866 in the first class of the Law Tripos, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1869. In 1871 he was appointed Conveyancing Counsel to the Treasury ; and in 1885 he was appointed one of the official examiners of the High Court of Justice, an office he vacated on his accession to the peerage in the follow- ing year. Lork Monkswell is a Home Rule Liberal, and he unsuccessfully con- tested Launceston against the Earl of Halsbury in 1877 and 1880, and Chatham in 1885, against Sir John Gorst. In Mr. Gladstone's administration he was a Lord- in-Waiting to the Queen from 1892 to 1894, and was Under-Secretary of State for War in that of Lord Rosebery from January to June 1895. He has sat in the London County Council from its establish- ment in 1889 as a Progressive for the Hag- gerston Division of Shoreditch. He served on Lord Dunraven's Committee on the Sweating System, on Lord Sandhurst's Committee on Metropolitan Hospitals, and on Lord Hobhouse's Committee on the Law of Copyhold. He has passed through the House of Lords a Bill to amend the law of libel and the Public Libraries Act ; while in 1891 he carried through the second reading a Bill to consolidate and amend the Law of Copyright, and in 1897 he passed through the Lords a short Copy- right Bill, and took the chair of a Select Committee to which it was referred. For some years he was chairman of the Com- mittee of Management of the Feltham Industrial School. He is married to Mary, third daughter of J. A. Ha.rdcastle, M.P. Address : Monkswell House, Chelsea Em- bankment, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. MONRO, David Binning, M.A., Hon. LL.D. of Glasgow, Hon. D.Litt. of Dublin, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, was born in Edinburgh, Nov. 16, 1836, and is the eldest son of A. Binning Monro, MONEO — MONSON 767 of Auchenbowie, Stirlingshire. He was educated at Glasgow University, and, at the age of seventeen, matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he had gained a scholarship. Shortly afterwards he became a Scholar of Balliol (1854-59). He was in the first class in Classical and in Mathematical Moderations in 1856, gained the Ireland Scholarship in 1858, and obtained a first class in Lit. Hum. and a second class in the Final School of Mathematics in 1858. In 1859 he won the Latin Essay (B.A. 1858, M.A. 1862). He was Fellow of Oriel from 1859 to 1882, Tutor from 1863 to 1873, Vice-Provost from 1874 to 1882, Classical Moderator in 1866 and 1876, and Classical Examiner in 1869 and 1871. In 1882 he became Pro- vost of Oriel, and is besides Delegate of the Press and of the University Museum and Perpetual Delegate of Privileges. He entered at Lincoln's Inn in 1859, and is Hon. LL.D. of Glasgow (1883), and Hon. D.Litt. of Dublin (1892). Addresses : Oriel College, Oxford ; and Athenaeum. MONRO, James, C.B., son of the late George Monro, Esq., S.S.C., Edinburgh, was born in Edinburgh, Nov. 25, 1838, and was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh University, and Berlin Univer- sity. He entered her Majesty's Bengal Civil Service in 1857, being third on the list of competitors ; and held in Bengal the appointments of Magistrate, District and Sessions Judge, Secretary to Board of Revenue, Commissioner of the Presidency Division, and Inspector-General of Police. On several occasions Mr. Monro received the thanks of the Bengal Government for his services. He retired from the Bengal Civil Service in 1884, and in that year was appointed Assistant-Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police in charge of the Criminal Investigation Department. In 1888 he was appointed Commissioner of Metropolitan Police, and retired from the office which he had filled with so much efficiency in 1890. He was created C.B. in 1888. MONROE, The Right Hon. John, LL.D., Judge of the High Court of Justice (Chancery Division), Ireland, was born in 1839. He is the eldest son of the late John Monroe, Esq., of Hunter's Hall, Moira, by Jane, daughter of the late Rev. James Harvey, of Armagh. He was edu- cated by the Rev. James Mulligan of Moira, and entered Queen's College, Gal- way, in 1854. He took the degrees of B.A., M.A., and LL.B. in the Queen's University in Ireland, obtaining gold medals with each. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1880. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1863, and went the North-East Circuit. He took silk in 1877. He was Law Adviser to the Irish Government in 1878-80; became a Bencher of the King's Inns, 1884 ; Solicitor-General, 1884-85 ; Judge of the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, 1885 ; and was created a Privy Councillor in 1886. He married, in 1867, Lizzie, daughter of J. W. Moule, Esq., of Elmley-Lovel, Worcestershire. Address : Bartra, Dalkey, co. Dublin. MONSON, The Right Hon. Sir Edmund John, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., D.C.L., M.A., British Ambassador in Paris, is the third son of the 6th Baron Monson, by Eliza, daughter of Edmund Larken. He was born at Chart Lodge, Kent, on Oct. 6, 1834, and was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, and obtained a first class in Law and Modern History in 1855 (M.A.). In 1858 he was elected Fellow of All Souls, and in 1868 became Examiner in modern languages for the Taylorian Scholarships. On Mar. 26, 1856, he was nominated Attache^ passed an examination in June, and was appointed to Paris. After two years in the French capital he was transferred to Florence, and in December 1858 went to Washington. From that date he was private secretary to the late Lord Lyons until August 1863, when he became Attache at Hanover. He passed the second examination for the diplomatic service in 1863, was promoted to be third secretary, was transferred to Brussels, but resigned in 1865. In July of 1865 he unsuccessfully contested Reigate. In May 1869 he was appointed Consul in the Azores, to reside at St. Michael's ; and in December of 1872 was promoted to the post of Consul-General for the Kingdom of Hungary, to reside at Pest. He was employed on special service in Dalmatia and Montenegro from February 1876 to May 1877. He received the C.B. in January 1878. On June 21, 1879, he was appointed Minister Resident and Consul-General to Uruguay, and in January 1884 became Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary to the Argentine, and Minister Plenipotentiary to Paraguay. At the close of 1884 he was chosen for the post of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary to the King of Denmark, and in February 1888 to the King of the Hellenes. In 1886 the honour of K.C.M.G. was conferred upon him. Under the Con- vention of Dec. 6, 1888, he acted as Arbitrator between Denmark and the United States in the matter of the "Butterfield Claim," and gave his award on Jan. 22, 1890. In January 1892 he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the King of 768 MONTAGU — MONTALBA the Belgians, and in July 1893 became Ambassador Extraordinary and Pleni- potentiary to the Emperor of Austria. On August 18, 1896, he was appointed H.M. Ambassador at Paris on the retirement of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, K.P. His speech at the dinner of the English Chamber of Commerce in Paris in Decem- ber 1898 contained a statement of the recent disagreements between England and France over Fashoda, &c., and caused great offence in many quarters in Paris. Some journals went so far as to urge his recall. Sir Edward Monson's diplomacy has, however, been conciliatory on the whole, and that during a most trying period in the relations of the two countries. He was made a G.C.M.G. in August 1892, and was sworn of the Privy Council in July 1893. He married, in 1881, Eleanor Catherine Mary, daughter of the late Major Munro, H.M. Consul-General at Montevideo. Address: British Embassy, Paris. MONTAGU, The Right Eon. Lord Robert, second son of the 6th Duke of Manchester, born Jan. 24, 1825, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1848, was returned in April 1859 one of the members, in the Conservative interest, for Huntingdonshire, which county he represented till February 1874, when he was returned for the county of West- meath, as a "Conservative, but in favour of Home Rule." The Home Rule he pro- fessed was, however, essentially different from that of the Irish Party. He with- drew from the Home Rule organisa- tion in June 1877 ; and ceased to be a member of Parliament in March 1880. He was appointed Vice-President of the Committee of Council on Education, sworn a Privy Councillor and nominated First Charity Commissioner in March 1867, and held these offices till December 1868, He joined the Roman Catholic Church in 1870, and renounced it on June 11, 1882. Lord Robert Montagu has written "Naval Architecture and Treatise on Shipbuild- ing," 1852; "Mirror in America," 1861; "Words on Garibaldi," 1861 ; "Four Ex- periments in Church and State, and the Conflict of Churches," 1864 ; " Sewage Utilisation," 1866 ; " What is Educa- tion?" 1869; a "Lecture to Working- men," 1870 ; "Arbitration instead of War, and a Defence of the Commune," 1872; "Register, Register, Register," in 1873 ; " Some popular Errors concerning Politics and Religion," 1874, forming vol. i. of St. Joseph's Theological Library ; " Expostulation in Extremis : Remarks on Mr. Gladstone's Political Expostulation on the Vatican Decrees in their bearing on Civil Allegiance," 1874; " Foreign Policy : England and the Eastern Question," 1877; "Our Sunday Fireside," 1878; "Reasons for leaving the Roman Church," 1882 ; "Address on the Time of the Stuarts, or Home Rule in 158S, 1688, 1788, and 1888," 1886; "Home Rule, Rome Rule," 1886; "Recent Events, with a Clue to their Solution, 1st and 2nd edits., 1886; 3rd edit., 1888; "Scylla or Charybdis : Salis- bury or Gladstone — which 7 " " The Sower and the Virgin," "Whither are we drift- ing?" 1887 ; " The Pope, the Government, and the Plan of Campaign," 1888 ; " Ter- centenary of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada," 1888 ; "Defeat of the Armada," 1888 ; " The Lambeth Judgment, or Masks of Sacerdotalism," 1891. Addresses : 91 Queen's Gate, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. MONTAGU, Sir Samuel. See Samuel-Montagu, Sie Montagu. MONTALBA, Clara, the painter of Venice, is the eldest of four sisters, of whom the three younger have also won high distinction in art. Her sisters were for a time students in the Kensington and Slade Schools, but Miss Clara Montalba received no special training, and, to use her own words, " drifted into " the artistic career. While still a girl her parents, at that time resident in London, took her during several summers to Dieppe, where from time to time she was privileged to submit her studies and sketches from nature to Isabey, the famous French im- pressionist marine painter. He recognised Miss Montalba's promise of genius, and taught her the rules of his art. Water- colour was her earliest medium, and her large and luminous effects soon attracted attention. In 1876 she was elected a member of the Royal Water - Colour Society, being one of the first women admitted thereto. A few years after- wards she was elected a member of the Water-Colour Society of the Hague, then of the Royal Water - Colour Society of Brussels, and subsequently of that of Rome. She enjoys the signal honour of having been asked to send her own portrait, painted by herself, to the TJffizzi. Among her most famous pictures are her "Festival of St. John" and her "Welcome to the German Emperor," both Venetian scenes. She has also painted many views in Holland and on the Thames. In recent years she has exhibited at the Royal Academy " Salt - boats, Venice," 1895. Miss Hilda Montalba is best known for her figure paintings, the subjects of which are Venetian. She sees Venice in a more tranquil light than her eldest sister, a grey light which lovers of Venice cannot fail to recognise. Miss Helen Montalba MONTEAGLE — MOODY 769 paints the charm of girlhood admirably. Miss Henriette Montalba, whose death the world of art had cause to mourn some years ago, was a sculptor of great promise. She will be remembered for her busts of Robert Browning, and the Marquis of Lome in Canadian headgear. The work of the Montalbas filled a room at the Victorian Era Exhibition. "Here," says Miss Alice Corkran, writing in the Lady's Realm for February 1899, "their different styles were represented. Clara appeared the painter of light ; Hilda of delicate and fleeting eflects against which the figures of her Venetian folk stood out strongly ; Ellen's feminine touch in art, and her charming representations of girlhood, con- trasted with her sisters' work. A melan- choly interest attached to the busts and statue signed by Henriette." The sisters, who have studied and painted emulously ever since the summer visits to Dieppe, have latterly resided in Venice in studios overlooking the Giudecca, the picturesque business quarter of the city. They only pay occasional visits to London. Address in London : The Studio, Campden-House- Road-Mews, W. MONTEAGLE OF BBAKTDON, Lord, Thomas Spring-Rice, K.P., D.L., was born on May 31, 1849, and is the son of the Hon. Stephen Edmund Spring-Rice and a daughter of the late Mr. Serjeant Frere. He was educated at Harrow and at Cambridge, where he took honours as a senior optime in 1872. In 1866 he suc- ceeded his grandfather, the first Lord, who, before being raised to the peerage, was a distinguished minister, the Hon. S. E. Spring-Rice. In 1875 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Bishop Butcher. Addresses : 21 Carlyle Mansions, Cheyne Walk, S.W. ; and Mount Trenchard, Foynes, co. Limerick. MONTEFIORE, Sir Joseph Sebag. See SebAG-Montefioee, Sie Joseph. MONTEPIN, Xavier Aymon de, French writer, was born at Apremont, March 18, 1824, made himself conspicuous as an anti-revolutionary journalist in 1848, editing Le Canard, Le Pamphlet, and Le Lampion, and since then has devoted him- self to literature. His novels and plays, mostly of a sensational and melodramatic kind, are exceedingly numerous. Amongst the best-known novels are "Les Chevaliers du Lansquenet," 1847 ; " Confessions d'un Boheme," 1849; "Les Viveurs de Paris," 1852-56; "Les Marionnettes du Diable," 1860; "Les Tragedies de Paris," 1874; "Les Drames du Mariage," 1878; "Le M^decin des Folles," 1879. Of his plays may be mentioned : "Pauline," 1850; "La Sirene de Paris," 1860; " Le Mddecin des Pauvres," 1865; "Les Enfers de Paris," 1865; "La Fille du Meurtrier," 1866; "La Femme de Paillasse," 1874, &c, &c. Among his most recent works are: "La Tireuse de Cartes" and "La Fille du Fou," 1890; and "La Dame aux Erne- raudes" and "La Perle du Palais-Royal," 1891. MONTGOMERY, Florence, author- ess, was born in 1847, and is the daughter of Sir Alexander Montgomery, Bart. At the age of twenty she brought out her first story by the advice of Whyte-Melville, the novelist. Her works are as follows: "A Very Simple Story," 1867; "Misunder- stood," 1869; "Thrown Together," 1872; "Thwarted, or Duck's Eggs in a Hen's Nest," 1874 ; " Wild Mike and his Victim," 1875; "Seaforth," 1878; "Peggy, and other Tales," 1880; "The Blue Veil," 1883, and "Transformed," 1886; "The Fisherman's Daughter," 1888; "Colonel," 1895; "Tony," 1897. Address: 8 New Burlington Street, W. MONTREAL, Bishop of. See Bond, The Right Rev. William Bennett. MONTRESOR, Miss F. F., novelist, is the fourth daughter of Admiral F. B. Montresor. Her first book, "Into the Highways and Hedges," brought her fame in 1895, since which she has published "The One who Looked On," 1895; "Worth While," and "False Coin or True," 1896; and "At the Cross Roads," 1897. Address : 15 Elvaston Place, S.W. MONTROSE, Duke of, The Right Hon. Douglas Beresford Malise Ronald Graham, K.T., A.D.C., was born on Nov. 7, 1852, and is the son of the 4th Duke, whom he succeeded in 1874. He was educated at Eton, joined the Cold- stream Guards in 1872, was transferred to the 5th Lancers in 1874, and retired as Lieutenant in 1878. He is Hon. Colonel commanding the 3rd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, Hereditary Sheriff of Dumbar- tonshire, was appointed Lord Clerk Register of Scotland in 1890, and A.D.C. to the Queen in 1897. He is a very large land- owner, and Lord-Lieutenant of Stirling- shire. Created K.T. in 1879. In 1876 he married Violet Hermione, daughter of Sir Frederick U. Graham, 3rd Bart. Ad- dresses : 27 Pont Street, S.W. ; and Buchanan Castle, Glasgow, MOODY, Dwight Lyman, American evangelist, was born at Northfleld, Massa- chusetts, Feb. 5, 1837. He worked on a farm until the age of seventeen, when he became a clerk in a shoe-store in Boston. 3o 770 MOOR — MOOEE In 1856 he went to Chicago, and while engaged there in active business entered zealously into missionary work among the poorer classes. During the Civil War he was in the service of the Christian Com- mission, and afterwards became a lay missionary of the Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. In 1873, accom- panied by Mr. Sankey, an effective singer, he went to England, and the two insti- tuted a series of week-day religions ser- vices, which attracted large and enthusi- astic audiences. They returned to America in 1875, where they organised similar meetings all over the country. They again visited England in 1883. In addition to the many printed accounts of his meetings and reports of his addresses, Mr. Moody has published "Heaven," 1880; "Secret Power," 1881 ; "Way to God, and How to Find It," 1884 ; "Notes from my Bible," and " Pleasure and Profit in Bible Study," 1895 ; " Sowing and Reaping," 1896 ; and "The Overcoming Life, and other Ser- mons," 1897. His home is still at North- field, Mass. MO OK, Sir Ralph Dinham Ray- ment, K.C.M.G., Commissioner of the Niger Coast, is the son of Dr. W. H. Moor, of Brentingford, and was born about 1856. In 1881 he became an officer of the Boyal Irish Constabulary, and after ten years' service went out as Vice-Consul to the Niger Coast, then called the Oil Rivers Protectorate. From 1893 he was Acting- Commissioner and Consul-General, and in 1896 attained bis present post. MOORE, Frank Frankfort, novelist and dramatist, born in Limerick, May 15, 1855, was educated at the Royal Academi- cal Institution, Belfast, and by private tuition. He published in 1874 a volume of verses entitled "Flying from a Shadow," and subsequently the following novels and books of adventure : " Sojourners To- gether," "Where the Rail Runs," "Told by the Sea," "Daireen," "Mate of the Jessica," " The Fate of the Black Swan," "The Mutiny on the Albatross," "Will's Voyages," " The Great Orion," " Under Hatches," " Highways and High Seas," "Slaver of Zanzibar," "Fireflies and Mosquitoes," "Coral and Cocoa-nut," "Sail- ing and Sealing," " The Ice Prison," " From the Bush to the Breakers," " The Two Clippers," "Tre, Pol, and Pen," "I Forbid the Banns," "A Gray Eye or So," "A Journalist's Notebook," " One Fair Daugh- ter," "They Call It Love," " The Secret of the Court," "The Sale of a Soul," "Dr. Koomadhi of Ashantee," "Phyllis of Philistia," "Two in the Bush," "In our Hours of Ease," " The Impudent Come- dian," "The Jessamy Bride," "The Mil- lionaires," "The Beautiful Sisters." His plays are: "A March Hare," "Broken Fetters," "Moth and Flame," "Forgot- ten," " The Queen's Room," " Oliver Gold- smith," "The Mayflower," " Kitty Clive," "Nell Gwyn," "The Fatal Gift," 1899. He has travelled in South Africa, India, and Burma. He married Grace, daughter of Colonel Balcombe. Address : 17 Pem- broke Road, Kensington, W. MOORE, George, novelist, is an Irish- man of Norman descent, and was educated in Paris, where he imbibed his admiration for French art and its ideals. In England his discipleship of Flaubert and Maupas- sant has not been understood, his realism having constantly been misinterpreted by the leading booksellers who control the taste of the public. Of late years Mr. George Moore has been the consistent champion of what might be called the freedom of fiction. He has published : "Flowers of Passion," 1877; "Pagan Poems," 1881 ; "A Modern Lover," 1883; "A Mummer's Wife," 1884; "Literature at Nurse," 1885; "A Drama in Muslin," 1886 ; " Parnell and his Island," and " Mere Accident," 1887 ; " The Confes- sions of a Young Man," and "Spring Days," 1888; "Miss Fletcher," 1889; "Impressions and Opinions," and "Vain Fortune," 1890 ; "Modern Painting," and " The Strike at Arlingford," a play, 1893 ; "Esther Waters" (with the "Mummer's Wife," his best-known book), 1894 ; and " Celibates," 1895. His last novel is "Evelyn Innes," 1898. Mr. Moore is a frequent contributor to the journals of the day, his article usually dealing with some phase of his controversy with the book- sellers. MOORE, Sir John Voce, Lord Mayor of London for 1898-99, is the son of the late Mr. James Moore, merchant, of Stock- port, Leicester, and Loughborough, and was born at Stockport in 1826. He is the head of the firm of Messrs. Moore Brothers, tea merchants, and entered the Corpora- tion as a member of the Court of Common Council for Candlewick Ward in 1870, serving subsequently in the Chair of most of the important Committees, including the City Commission of Sewers. In 1885 he contested a seat in the Court of Alder- men for Bridge Ward with Sir Stuart Knill, but was defeated. In 1889, on the death of Sir Thomas Dakin, he was una- nimously elected Alderman of Candlewick Ward. He served the office of Sheriff in 1894, and with his colleague, Sir Joseph Dimsdale, received the honour of knight- hood in joint celebration of the opening of the Tower Bridge and the birth of an heir to the Throne in the direct line in the MOORE — MOREAS 771 person of Prince Edward of York. He is a member of the Loriners' Company, a Churchman, and a Conservative. He mar- ried, in 1847, Eliza, daughter of Mr. Philip Willsea, of Norwich, but was left a widower some years ago. His only daughter, Mrs. John King-Farlow, is the Lady Mayoress. Private address : 28 Russell Square, W.C. MOORE, Mary, actress, youngest daughter of the late Charles Moore, Parlia- mentary agent, was born in London, and early evinced a taste for the stage. She was educated at Warwick Hall, Maida Hill, and gained prizes for acting in German and English plays. At the age of sixteen she was married to Mr. James Albery, the playwright, through whom she made the acquaintance of London managers. None of them, however, would encourage her aspirations towards the actress's career. At length Mr. Wyndham was persuaded by Mrs. Bronson Howard to give Miss Moore a place as understudy in the first "Candidate" Company. Her chance soon came, and she played her superior's Lady Dorothy so well that she was eventually cast for the part and for that of Lady Oldacre. Subsequently Miss Moore played Lady Oldacre to Mr. Wynd- ham himself, and in October 1885 began her long career in that part and others as leading actress at the Criterion Theatre. Two of Miss Moore's great successes have been her Quakeress Lady Amaranth in O'Eeefe's " Wild Oats," 1886, and her Ada Ingot in " David Garrick," in which, with Mr. Wyndham in the title role, she won unprecedented applause both here and in the German form of the play. Latterly Miss Moore has played as Mrs. Mildmay in " Still Waters run Deep," as Lotty in a revival of her husband's " Two Roses," in "The Bauble Shop," 1893; "Rebellious Susan," 1894; "Home Secretary," 1895; "The Squire of Dames," and as Dorothy Cruickshank in " Rosemary," &c. Ad- dress : 8 Ulster Terrace, Regent's Park. MOORHOUSE, The Right Rev. James, D.D., Bishop of Manchester, son of Mr. James Moorhouse, a merchant of Sheffield, was born in that town in 1826. He received his education at St. John's College; Cambridge (B.A. 1853, M.A. 1860, D.D., jure dignitatis, 1876). He became Vicar of St. John's, Fitzroy Square, in 1862 ; Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge in 1865 ; Vicar of Paddington and Rural Dean in 1868 ; Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen in 1874 ; Prebendary of St. Paul's and Warburtonian Lecturer in 1875. In May 1876 he was appointed Bishop of Melbourne, in succession to Dr. Perry, resigned. On the death of Dr. Eraser, in 1885, he was appointed by Lord Salisbury to the Bishopric of Manchester. He is the author of " Nature and Revelation," four sermons preached before the University of Cambridge, 1861 ; " Our Lord Jesus Christ the Subject of Growth in Wisdom," being the Hulsean Lectures for 1865 ; "Jacob," three sermons before the University of Cambridge ; Charge at Primary Visitation, July 1889 ; " Christ and his Surround- ings," October 1889 ; various single ser- mons; "Dangers of the Apostolic Age," 1890 ; and " The Teaching of Christ, 1891. He is married to a daughter of Canon Sale, Vicar of Sheffield. Addresses : Bishop's Court, Manchester, and Athenseum. MORAN, His Eminence Cardinal Patrick Francis, D.D., Cardinal Arch- bishop of Sydney, born at Leghlinbridge, co. Carlow, Ireland, Sept. 16, 1830, was educated at the Irish College of St. Agatha, Rome. He is a nephew of another well-known Irish ecclesiastic, Cardinal Cullen. He was appointed Vice-President of the College in 1856, and Professor of Hebrew in the College of Propaganda, Rome. Returning to Ireland in 1866, he was Private Secretary to his Eminence Cardinal Cullen, Archbishop of Dublin ; was consecrated Coadjutor Bishop of Ossory on March 5, 1872, and succeeded, a few months later, to that See. He was trans- lated to the Archiepiscopal See of Sydney in Australia on March 21, 1884 ; and was made Cardinal, July 27, 1885. Besides publishing many pastoral letters, ad- dressed to the clergy and laity of his diocese, he has laboured a great deal to promote the study of Irish history and antiquities. Among other works he has published : " Memoir of the Most Rev. Oliver Plunkett," 1861 ; " Essays on the Origin, &c, of the Early Irish Church," and " History of the Catholic Archbishops of Dublin," 1864; "Historical Sketch of the Persecutions, &c, under Cromwell and the Puritans," 1865; "Acta S. Brendani," 1872; "Monasticon Hibernicum," 1873; "Spicilegium Ossoriense, being a Collec- tion of Documents to illustrate the His- tory of the Irish Church from the Re- formation to the year 1800," 3 vols., 4to, 1874 ; " Irish Saints in Great Britain," Dublin, 1879; and "Letters on the Anglican Reformation," and "Occasional Papers," 1890 ; &c. Address : Sydney. MORAY AND ROSS, Bishop of. See Kelly, The Right Rev. James Butlek Knill. MOREAS, Jean, French poet, was born at Athens, April 15, 1856, and early in life settled at Marseille, where he spent several years, and after travelling in Italy, Germany, and Greece he finally settled in 772 MORGAN — MORLEY Paris towards 1880. He is known as the leader of the Decadent School, whose Pope was the late M. Stephane Mallarme\ and he has edited several of the newspapers of this cult, such as Le Decadent and La Vogue. His verse is distinguished for its systematic disregard of prosody, and his prose for its obscurity, resulting from the use of the strangest neologisms, and from the piling up of words for the mere pleasure of sound. He is one of the inventors of the word "symbolism," used in its literary sense, of which doctrine he was the high-priest, until he suddenly abjured it to take up Romanism, by which he understands a return to the versifica- tion of the French poets of the close of the Middle Ages. His chief works are : "Les Syrtes," 1885; "Les Cantilenes," 1886; and "Le Pelerin passionne"," 1890, in which he is the complete symbolist. He has also published a novel of Parisian life, " Les Damoiselles Goubert." His Paris address is 35 Rue des Dames. MORGAN, John T., American states- man, was born at Athens, Tennessee, June 20, 1824. He was removed to Alabama when nine years old, and receiving an academic education he studied law, and was admitteed to the Bar there in 1845. He was a member of the State Convention which passed the ordinance of secession in 1861, and joined the Confederate Army as a private in May of that year. He was promoted to be major, and later lieut. - colonel of his regiment, and in 1862 he raised the 51st Regiment of Alabama Infantry, and was made its colonel, and in 1863 became Brigadier-General. At the close of the war between the States he resumed the practice of the law at Selma, Ala., and became interested in politics ; was elected to the United States Senate in 1876, and re-elected in 1882, 1888, and in 1894. On the acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States in 1898 he was appointed one of the com- missioners to visit that locality, and re- commend what legislation would be re- quired for the government of the islands. MORLEY, Earl of, The Right Hon. Albert Edmund Parker, only son of the 2nd Earl, was born at Kent House, Knightsbridge, June 11, 1843, and edu- cated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in classics in 1865. He succeeded to the title in 1864, and was Lord-in-Waiting to the Queen from 1868 to 1874. He was Under Secretary of State for War in Mr. Gladstone's Government from 1880 to 1885, Privy Councillor, 1886 ; and on the forma- tion of the new cabinet in February 1886 became First Commissioner of Works, but resigned in April through disagreement with Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Bill. He was elected Chairman of Committees of the House of Lords, and was Deputy Speaker of the same in 1889. In 1876 he married Margaret, daughter of Robert Staynor Holford, Esq., of Westonbirt, Gloucestershire, and Dorchester House. Addresses : Saltram, Plympton, Devon ; and 31 Prince's Gardens, S.W. MORLEY, Right Hon. Arnold, fourth son of the late Mr. Samuel Morley, was born in 1849, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took honours in the Math. Tripos, and rowed in the 1st Trinity boat when it was head of the river. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1873, joined the Mid- land Circuit, and first entered Parlia- ment in 1880, as Member for Notting- ham. He represented that borough until 1885, when he was returned for its Eastern Division. He is Vice-President of the "Eighty Club," and was one of the party who accompanied Mr. Gladstone in the Sunbeam to Norway. He has several times represented the Home Office at inquiries relating to accidents in mines. In Mr. Gladstone's administration of 1886 Mr. Arnold Morley held the office of Patronage Secretary to the Treasury, and First Whip, and in 1892 was appointed Postmaster- General as a member of the Cabinet. At the General Post Office he has introduced several important reforms, and one of his last administrative acts was the appoint- ment of the "Tweedmouth Committee" to consider and report upon all complaints made by any class of post-office officials. He has travelled considerably, having been three times in America, and having spent the winter of 1896-97 in India, when he made the tour of the world, and visited China and Japan. He is no longer in Parliament, having been defeated in the general election of 1895. Addresses : 7 Stratton Street, W. ; and Athenaeum. MORLEY, The Right Hon. John, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., M.P., is the eldest son of the late Mr. Jonathan Morley, surgeon, of Blackburn, Lancashire, where he was born in Dec. 24, 1838. He was educated at Cheltenham College, and at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he gradu- ated B.A. in 1859, and M.A. in 1874 ; and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1859, of which Society he was made a Bencher in 1893. He was for some years editor of the Literai-y Gazette, the title of which was subsequently altered to the Parthenon. Mr. Morley was editor of the Fortnightly Review, from 1867 to October 1882. He was also editor of the Pall Mall Gazette from May 1880 till August 1883, MOEEIS 773 and of Macmillan's Magazine from 1883 to 1885. He unsuccessfully contested the borough of Blackburn in 1869, in the Liberal interest, and the city of West- minster in 1880 ; but in February 1883, at a by-election, he was returned as an advanced Liberal by the borough of New- castle-upon-Tyne, defeating his Conserva- tive opponent, Mr. Gainsford Bruce, by a majority of 2256 (9443 votes against 7187). Mr. Morley presided over the great Confer- ence of Liberals held at Leeds in October 1883. On the formation of Mr. Gladstone's "Home Rule" Cabinet, February 1886, Mr. Morley was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland ; and throughout the debate on the Bill (for which he was in a great measure responsible), he was the Prime Minister's right-hand man. As almost the only cabinet minister who had been a consistent Home Ruler for many years, Mr. Morley was regarded with respect even by his most thoroughgoing opponents. He is one of the five Liberals who met in January 1887 for the purpose of discover- ing a modus vivendi for the re-union of the Liberal party. He was returned at the head of the poll for Newcastle, July 1886, and by a narrow majority, July 1892, and was appointed Irish Secretary in August, when he again fought the seat, the contest arousing great interest. His antagonist was Mr. Ralli, who was supported by a section of the Labour Party, headed by Messrs. Champion and Keir Hardie, M.P. Mr. Ralli gave a qualified adherence to an Eight Hours Bill, and thus won the suf- frages of the working-men, while Mr. Morley entirely refused to support it. Polling took place on August 25, 1892, and Mr. Morley was returned by a majority of 1739. At the general election of 1895 he was defeated, although his Irish ad- ministration had been most successful. He had held the Newcastle seat for twelve years. In the same year he became a candidate for the Montrose Burghs, and was returned in 1896. His works are : "Edmund Burke, an Historical Study," 1867; "Critical Miscellanies," 1871, 2nd series, 1877; "Voltaire," 1872; "On Com- promise," 1874; "Rousseau," 1876; "Dide- rot and the Encyclopaedists," 2 vols., 1878 ; "Life of Richard Cobden," 1881; "Wal- pole," 1889, in the Twelve English States- men Series; "Studies in Literature," 1891 ; "The Study of Literature," 1894, and several recent speeches which have been reprinted. He is the editor of the English Men of Letters series. Mr. Morley is an Honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, LL.D. of Cam- bridge and Glasgow, and a Trustee of the British Museum. He was elected a member of the Athenaeum Club in 1874. Addresses : 57 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. MORRIS, Henry, F.R.C.S., M.A., &c., received his medical education at Guy's, and afterwards graduated M.A. in 1870 at the University of London, obtaining high distinction in philosophy. He had pre- viously taken the M.B. degree in 1867. He became F.R.C.S. in 1873, and is a Member of Council and Member of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Sur- geons of England. He is Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery and Anatomy at the Middlesex Hospital, Examiner in Anatomy at the University of London, and is or has been an Examiner in Anatomy at the Col- leges of Physicians and Surgeons and at Durham University. He delivered the "Cavendish Lecture" in 1893, and has contributed important articles to Holmes's " System of Surgery," Ashurst's "Encyclo- paedia of Surgery," and to the leading medical journals. He is editor of "Mor- ris's System of Anatomy," a work to which a number of experts contributed, and author of "The Anatomy of the Joints of Man," ' ' Surgical Diseases of the Kidneys," &c. Address : 8 Cavendish Square, W. MORRIS, Sir Lewis, J.P., was born in Carmarthen in January 1833, being the eldest son of the late L. E. Williams Morris, of Carmarthen, formerly of Blan- nant, Breconshire, by Sophia, daughter of the late John Hughes, of Carmarthen. He was educated at Cowbridge, and Sherborne Schools and Jesus College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1855 as first class in Classics and Chancellor's Prizeman ; M.A. 1858 ; was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in November 1861, when he obtained a Certificate of Honour of the first class ; practised chiefly as a conveyancing counsel until 1880 ; was elected an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College in 1877. In 1879 he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Saviour (of Greece). In the same year he accepted the office of Honorary Secretary of the University College of Wales, of which he was afterwards treasurer. In 1880 he was appointed on the Depart- mental Committee charged by the Govern- ment to inquire into Intermediate and Higher Education in Wales, and in the same year was made a Justice of the Peace for Carmarthenshire. He was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Poli- tical Committee of the Reform Club, in the place of the late Mr. W. P. Adam, M.P. ; and was a candidate, in December 1881, for the Carmarthen burghs, but retired ; in 1886 he was Gladstonian candi- date for Pembroke and Haverfordwest, but was defeated. In 1891, on the retire- ment of Sir C. P. Stepney, he was again a candidate for his native borough, but retired at the request of Mr. Gladstone, in order not to endanger the seat. It is 774 MORKIS understood that he has now renounced all connection with politics. Sir Lewis Morris is the author of numerous addresses and papers on educational subjects, espe- cially on the now established University of Wales, of which he was one of the earliest advocates. He is a member of the governing bodies of the three Welsh col- leges, but he is perhaps best known for his contributions to the poetical literature of the time. In 1871-74-75 appeared the 3 vols, of " Songs of Two Worlds," since collected, 23rd edition. In 1876 appeared Bookii., and in 1877 Books i. anct iii., of "The Epic of Hades," now in a 37th edition. In December 1878 appeared " Gwen, a Drama, in Monologue," in March 1880, "The Ode of Life," both which are since in a 17th edition ; and in October 1883, " Songs Unsung," since in a 15th edition. In 1886 appeared a tragedy "Gycia," written for the stage, but not yet represented, now in a 14th edition ; and in 1887, "Songs of Britain," now in a 12th edition, embodying several beautiful Welsh legends, and containing also the Odes on the Queen's Jubilee, and on the foundation of the Imperial Institute (the latter written by request, owing to the ill- ness of the Laureate), for which Mr. Morris received the Jubilee Medal from the Queen. The above works are now collected, and were published under the author's name, in a popular edition of one volume, in the spring of 1890, which volume has passed into a 9th edition. In October 1890 Mr. Morris published his poem, " A Vision of Saints," which, proceeding after the manner of Dante, attempts for the Christian ideal what " The Epic of Hades " did for that of the Pagan world. This poem is now in the 4th edition. Mr. Morris wrote in 1892 another tragedy from Byzantine history. In 1894 appeared "Songs without Notes," and in 1896, "Idylls and Lyrics." The Odes on the Death of the Duke o£ Clarence, on the open- ing of the Imperial Institute, and on the Marriage of the Duke and Duchess of York, are from his pen, and the last two were written by desire. Mr. Morris is the great-grandson of the well-known Welsh antiquary and poet, Lewis Morris, of Pen- bryn. Addresses : Penbryn House, Car- marthen ; 42 Portsdown Road, W. ; and Athenpeum. MORRIS, Malcolm A., F.R.C.S. Edin., received his medical education at St. Mary's Hospital, London, and in Berlin and Vienna. He is at the head of the Surgical Skin Department and Lecturer on Dermatology at St. Mary's Hospital, and has been Clinical Assistant at the Hospital for Diseases of the Skin. He was appointed by the Prince of Wales as the representa- tive of the National Association for the Prevention of Consumption and other Forms of Tuberculosis at the Berlin Con- gress for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, which sat in May 1899. He has been President of the Harveian Society, is Fel- low of the Boyal Med. Chir. Soc, and member of many medical societies, besides being Corresponding Member to several foreign learned bodies. He is editor of the Practitioner and of the Book of Health, and author of " Skin Diseases : an Outline of the Principles and Practice of Dermato- logy," 1894. To the Pathological Society's Transactions, the British Journal of Derma- tology, Heath's "Dictionary of Surgery," and the leading medical journals, he has con- tributed many papers on lupus, the hair, the skin, &c, Address : 8 Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W. MORRIS, Lord, The Right Hon. Michael, Bart., LL.D. Dublin, Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, eldest son of Martin Morris, J.P., of Spiddal, co. Galway, by Julia, daughter of Dr. Charles Blake, of Galway, was born at the latter place on Nov. 14, 1827. He received his education at Eras- mus Smith's College, Galway, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he gradu- ated in 1847, First Senior Moderator and Gold Medallist. He was called to the Bar in Ireland in June 1849, and made a Queen's Counsel in February 1863, and a Bencher of King's Inn in 1866. Mr. Morris, who was High Sheriff in 1849-50, held the office of Recorder of Galway from 1857 to 1865. The representative of one of the old families known as the " Tribes of Gal- way," he was first elected as one of the members in Parliament of the borough of Galway, on Independent principles, in July 1865 having polled 90 per cent, of the electors ; was subsequently twice re- elected without opposition, on his appoint- ment as Solicitor-General for Ireland (July 1866), and as Attorney - General (Nov. 1866) in Lord Derby's Government ; and retained the seat until he was raised to the Bench, as one of the Judges of the Common Pleas in Ireland, in 1867, when he was succeeded in the representation of Galway by his brother, Sir George Morris, K.C.B. He served as a member of the Royal Commission to inquire into Primary Education in Ireland in 1868, 1869, and 1870 ; and became a Commissioner of National Education in 1868, and a member of the Senate of the Royal University ; was appointed Royal Chief -Justice of the Common Pleas in 1876, and in 1887 was appointed Lord Chief-Justice of Ireland. He was created a baronet in August 1885. In 1889 he was made a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, and created a Peer for life under the name, style, and title of Baron Morris MORRIS — MORRISON 775 of Spiddal, co. Galway ; and was made a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. Lord Morris is a member of the Privy Council for Ireland since 1866, and in 1889 he was sworn a member of the Privy Council in England. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con- ferred upon him by the University of Dublin in 1887. Lord Morris married, in 1860, Anna, daughter of the late Hon. H. G. Hughes, Baron of the Court of Ex- chequer in Ireland. Permanent address : Spiddal, co. Galway ; and Athenseum. MORRIS, Mowbray "Walter, editor of Macmillcm's Magazine, second son of Mowbray Morris, of London, was born in 1847, and educated at Eton, and at Merton College, Oxford. He has published " The First, Afghan War," 1878; "Essays in Theatrical Criticism," and " Poet's Walk," 1882; "Hunting" in the Badminton Library, in conjunction with the Duke of Beaufort, 1885 ; and works on Claver- house and Montrose. Club : United Uni- versity. MORRIS, Philip Richard, A.E.A., was born at Devonport, Dec. 4, 1833. The son of an engineer and ironfounder, he pursued his early artistic studies in the hours won with some difficulty from the working day. He owed his first encourage- ment to Mr. Holman Hunt, and by the advice of that eminent artist, studied the Elgin Marbles in the British Museum. He next entered the schools of the Royal Academy, where his first success was made by gaining the Silver Medal for the best drawing from the life. In the following year he achieved double honours by obtaining the Silver Medal for the best painting from the nude figure, and a second similar prize for the best painting from the draped figure. In 1858 he won the Gold Medal for the best historical picture, the subject being "The Good Samaritan," and subsequently competed successfully for the Travelling Student- ship, which enabled him to prosecute his studies in France and Italy. While he was yet a student in the schools of the Royal Academy his first publicly exhibited picture appeared on its walls under the title of "Peaceful Days;" since which time Mr. Morris has constantly exhibited at the Royal Academy, the Grosvenor Gallery, and elsewhere. Among his best-known pictures are "The Shepherd of Jerusalem," "The Mowers," "Sailor's Wedding, "The Fete Dieu at Dieppe," "Sons of the Brave," "Circling Hours," "The Builder's Daughter," 1897; "The Return of the Dove," 1898; "Purity," 1899, and numerous portraits of children and distinguished men and women of which, one of the most re- cent, in 1898, was a portrait of Mr. Picker- ing Pick, F.R.C.S. Mr. Morris was elected A.R.A. on June 18, 1877. He is married to a daughter of J. Evans of Elangollen. Ad- dress : 33 St. John's Wood Road, N.W. MORRISON, Arthur, novelist, was born in Kent on Nov. 1, 1863. He was educated at various private schools, and was a clerk in a public office in 1883. A few years later he resigned, and took a secretaryship. At this time he was a zealous cyclist, and was well known among the comparative few who then practised the sport. For his amusement he contrib- uted many facetious verses and articles to the cycling press of that time, and afterward began in the same way to make contributions to newspapers and magazines of the ordinary and more important sort. This led to the resigna- tion of his secretaryship in 1890, in order to join the staff of a daily paper, and soon he became a contributor to many periodicals. In particular he became con- nected with the National Observer, at that time under the editorship of Mr. W. E. Henley. Before he became a journalist the business of his secretaryship and other matters had called him much into the East End of London, and he made himself inti- mate with the various aspects of life in that part. He had published several studies and sketches of that life before his con- nection with the National Observer, notably the sketch "A Street" which forms the introduction to "Tales of Mean Streets." The suggestions of Mr. W. E. Henley, how- ever, confirmed him in an intention, already formed, to write a complete series of stories of East End life, and in consequence the greater part of the numbers afterwards printed in his first book appeared in the National Observer during the years 1892, 1893, and 1894. Gathered in a volume, and published in November 1894, with the title "Tales of Mean Streets," they attracted instant attention, and made a notable success. In the meantime Mr. Morrison had entered into a contract to produce four volumes of detective stories, one a year, for serial as well as for ordinary publication, and the first of these volumes appeared at about the same time as the "Tales," the remainder following at the agreed intervals. In the autumn of 1896 his first novel, "A Child of the Jago," appeared, with even more success than had attended "Tales of Mean Streets." An essay on these two books is included in the second volume of " Ecrivains Etrangers," by M. Teodor de Wyzewa, the eminent French critic. Mr. Morrison is also known for his large collection of prints and drawings by the old Japanese masters. His published works in their order are : "Tales of Mean Streets," 1894; "Martin 776 MORRISON — MOSTYN Hewitt, Investigator," 1894 ; " Chronicles of Martin Hewitt," 1895; "Adventures of Martin Hewitt," 1896; "A Child of the Jago," 1896; " The Dorrington Deed-Box," 1897 ; and " To London Town," 1898. Address : Savage Club, Adelphi Terrace, London. MORRISON, George Ernest, M.D., F.R.G.S., Times Correspondent at Peking, was born at Geelong, Victoria, on Feb. 4, 1862. He was educated at Geelong College and Edinburgh University, and graduated M.D. of the latter in 18y5 (M.S. in 1887). His travels have been numerous and daring. He walked across Australia from the Gulf of Carpentaria to Melbourne in 1882-83. In October 1883 he was speared by the natives in New Guinea, and for nearly a year carried the spear-head in his body until it was extracted in Edinburgh. In 1894 he crossed overland from Shanghai to Rangoon. As Special Correspondent for the Times he has undertaken some import- ant travels in China and Siberia (1896-97), and during the recent period of diplomatic tension in China (1898) has frequently sent home messages to his paper from which even the Government have been glad to draw their information. His over- land journey of 1894 has been described by him in his volume "An Australian in China." Address : Peking. MOBTEN, Miss Honnor, Member for City Division of the London School Board since 1897, born at Cheam in 1863, is a daughter of a solicitor, and niece of William Black. She was educated at Bed- ford College for Women, and was for many years engaged in nursing and journalism, and helped to found the Nurses' Co-opera- tion and the Association of Asylum Workers. She lectured on health and nursing subjects under the Home Office, the Technical Education Board, and other bodies, and is at present Lecturer on Sick- Nursing at the Borough Polytechnic. She is Warden of the Hoxton Settlement, and represents Hackney on the London School Board. She published " Sketches of Hos- pital) Life," "The Nurse's Dictionary," ' ' How to become a Nurse, " " How to Treat Accidents and Illnesses," and has edited "The Complete System of Nursing," 1898. Addresses : Ivy Hall, Richmond, Surrey ; and 280 Blegton Buildings, Nile Street, Hoxton, N. MORTON, The Hon. Levi Parsons, LL. D., American banker and statesman, was born at Shoreham, Vermont, May 16, 1824. He entered mercantile life at an early age, and soon showed a remarkable aptitude for business. In 1850 he became a partner in a Boston firm of merchants, and in 1854 removed to New York, where he established the firm of Morton & Grin- nell. He founded, in 1863, the banking houses of Morton, Bliss, & Co. at New York, and Morton, Rose, & Co. in London, the latter serving as fiscal agents of the U.S. Government from 1873 to 1884. Both these houses were active in the syndicates that negotiated U.S. bonds, and in the payments of the Geneva award of 115,500,000 and the Halifax fisheries award of $5,500,000. Mr. Morton was an Honorary Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1878, and in the same year was elected a Republican Member of the House of Representatives, and was re-elected in 1880. He declined a nomina- tion for the Vice-Presidency in 1880, but accepted the mission to France when it was tendered him by Presidenf Garfield. During his occupancy of that post, 1881-85, he secured the removal of the restrictions upon the importation of American pork, and obtained a legal status for American corporations in France. In 1888 he ac- cepted the nomination for the Vice-Presi- dency again offered him by the Republican party, and was duly elected in November of that year for the term expiring March 4, 1893. In 1894, he was elected Governor of the State of New York. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Dart- mouth College in 1881. MOSS, The Rev. Henry Whitehead, M.A., Head-master of Shrewsbury School, was born in Lincoln on June 23, 1841, and is the eldest son of the late Henry Moss, of Lincoln. He was educated at Shrews- bury School, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he was thrice succes- sively Porson Prizeman, Craven University Scholar in 1862, Browne's Medallist in 1863, and Senior Classic in 1864. In that year he was appointed Fellow and Lecturer of St. John's College, and in 1866 to his present head-mastership. He has been frequently on the Committee of the Head- master's Conference, and was a selected Speaker at Church Congresses in 1875 and 1896. He is married to Mary, the only daughter of the Rev. W. A. Beaufort. Address : The Schools, Shrewsbury. MOSTTN, The Right Rev. Francis, D.D., is Vicar Apostolic of Wales, the Vicariate having been erected by Pope Leo XIII. on Mar. 4, 1895. He was born at Talacre in Flintshire, on Aug. 6, 1860, and is of the family of Sir Puers Mostyn, Bart. He was consecrated Bishop of Ascalon, by Cardinal Vaughan, in September 1895. Address : Richmond Villa, Grosvenor Road, Wrexham. MOTT — MOTTKHTAR-PACHA 777 MOTT, Frederick Walker, F.R.S., M.D., B.Sc. Lond. ; F.R.C.P. ; physician to out-patients, Charing Cross Hospital ; pathologist to the London County Asylums ; was born at Brighton, and is the son of Henry Mott. He was educated at Uni- versity College and Hospital, London, and was University Scholar and Gold Medallist. He was at one time Lecturer in Physiology at Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, and is now engaged in investigating the Neuro-Pathology of Insanity. He is author of numerous contributions in medical journals and recent text-books of medi- cine, of several original papers relating to neurology in the Proceedings and Philo- sophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and in "Brain." He married Georgiana, daughter of the late G. T. Soley. Ad- dresses : 25 Nottingham Place, W. ; and Chesham Bois, Bucks. MOTTL, Herr Felix, was born at Vienna in 1856, and studied at Lemberg and the Vienna Conservatorium. He first attracted notice as conductor of the con- certs given by the Richard Wagner Verein, and in 1876 he was stage conductor under Richter (q.v. ) of the Bayreuth performance of the Nibelungen tetralogy. Subse- quently he became conductor of the Grand- Ducal Opera House at Carlsruhe, and in 1886 he conducted "Tristan und Isolde" at Bayreuth. He first appeared in London in 1894, and lovers of good music now look forward to his concerts as one of the regular features of the musical season. His opera, "Agnes Bernauer," was pro- duced at Weimar in 1880. MOUKHTAR-PACHA, Gh.azi Ahmed, springs direct from a family of silk merchants of Broussa in Asia Minor. His father, Hadji Halil Agha, died young, and Ahmed Moukhtar, who was born Oct. 31, 1839, was brought up by his grand- father, who sent him, in 1851, to the pre- paratory military school of his native city. He manifested a remarkable aptitude for military studies, and at the expiration of five years he passed from the school first of his class. Entering the Military Academy at Constantinople, he remained four years as pupil, when, in consequence of his pro- gress, he was, while still pursuing his studies, promoted to the grade of lieu- tenant. When he left, as a further reward of merit, he was made captain on the staff, and in that capacity he in 1860 joined the head-quarters of the Serder Ekrem Omar Pacha, in Montenegro, where, with a mere handful of troops, he dashed at an almost impregnable pass, and rendered such ser- vice that he was decorated on the spot with the Medjidieh of the fifth class. After a time Ahmed Moukhtar returned to the Military Academy, where he was appointed to the post of Professor of Astronomy, Military Tactics, and Fortifications. In this somewhat mixed capacity he remained until 1863, when he was sent as binbashi, or major and chief of the staff of the divi- sion of Islaheye — a division of organisa- tion — at Alexandretta, under the command of Dervish Pacha, now mushir at Batoum. At the end of 1864 the young soldier was appointed caimakam, or lieut. -colonel, and tutor to Prince Youssouf Issedin, the eldest son of Sultan Abdul Aziz. In this capacity he travelled over the greater part of Europe, and received the Legion of Honour, the Red Eagle, and the Crown of Iron among other decorations, and in 1867 returned to Constantinople. At that time Prince Youssouf became Colonel of the Im- perial Guard, and Ahmed Moukhtar was appointed one of the commissioners for regulating the frontier of Montenegro, in which capacity he served until 1869, by his policy saving to Turkey the strategical point of Veli Malou Berdu, between Spitz and Podgoritza, while as the ex-Professor of Fortifications he made the tete clu pont of Vezir Keupri. For these services he was promoted to the third class of the Medjidieh, and returning to Stamboul was made a member of the Council of War. Three months later he was nominated General of Brigade, under Redif Pacha, then commanding the Yemen expedition against the Arabs, 20,000 of whom were in insurrection. Soon after Moukhtar's arrival Redif fell ill, and the command fell into the hands of the young liwa, or Major-General. He took the city of Yedy, and was promoted for that achievement to the grade of ferik, or General of division, and chief of all the corps in Yemen, Redif becoming Governor, until he was super- seded, on the ground of illness, by Essad Pacha. When Ali Pacha, the Minister of War, died, Essad Pacha became seraskier, and Moukhtar was promoted to mushir, or full General, and the Governorship of Yemen, in 1871, at the age of thirty-three. He also received the Osmanli of the first class in brilliants. After the taking of Sana he was further decorated with the first class of the Medjidieh. In 1873 he returned to Stamboul, where he was ap- pointed Minister of Public Works, but he did not take up the post, as a few days afterwards he was named Governor of Crete. He was not destined, however, to occupy the post, for the command of the Shumla army corps fell vacant, and it was conferred on the young mushir. He re- mained at Shumla for 13J months, during which time he constructed the existing fortifications. Next, appointed Governor and Military Commandant at Erzeroum, he served in the Armenian capital for 778 MOULTON another 13J months, when, for yet a third period of 13J months, he took the com- mand of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, where his friends claimed for him that he had gained twenty battles and lost only one. Now named Governor of Candia, he was at the end of ten days about to leave Constantinople when the Government detained him to have his advice on the questions affecting Mon- tenegro, giving him the nominal command of the 4th or Erzeroum army corps. On Mar. 25, 1877, while in his bureau at Stam- boul, he learned that for the first time the prospects of peace were judged hopeless by Turkish statemen, and making an im- mediate application for a ship he left in a man-of-war on the 26th for Trebizond, where he arrived on the 30th, proceeding, after three days' hard work in the organisa- tion of land transport, &c, to Erzeroum and Ears. He had only three weeks to provide for the defence of Armenia when the war broke out, and in less than a week from his arrival in Ears that fortress was invested, and Moukhtar retired on the Soghanly Dagh. His gallant conduct has become a matter of history. On the even- ing of Oct. 1, 1877, he received the news that the Sultan had conferred on him the title of Ghazi, one of the greatest honours that can be given to an Ottoman. The word originally means fanatic, but in its modern acceptation it is both Defender of the Faith and Conqueror. Besides this title, the first class of the Medjidieh in diamonds, two fine Arab horses, and a sword in brilliants, marked his Ottoman Majesty's sense of Ahmed Moukhtar's ser- vices. In April 1878 he was appointed Grand-Master of Artillery, and in Novem- ber of the same year, Commandant of Janina. In September 1883 he was chosen to proceed to Berlin to attend the German autumn military manoeuvres. He also had several interviews with Prince Bismarck with reference to the entrance of Turkey into the Austro-German alliance. In 1885 he was sent to Egypt as High Commis- sioner from the Turkish Government. Here he had long conferences with Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, who represented Great Britain. Moukhtar Pacha's influ- ence on Turkish policy is described as still considerable, and, during these negotia- tions, he used it against England and con- tributed greatly to the failure of our plans in Egypt. He still resides in that country. His Excellency is the author of an astro- nomical work called "Fenni Bassite, ou la Science du Quadrant Solairepourle Temps Turque " ; the hours in Turkey depending upon the moment of sunset, and conse- quently varying from day to day. Moukh- tar-Pacha has retained his early interest in mathematics and astronomy, and has written an important work on the forms of calculation adopted before the logarithms, on the astrolabe, and on a reform in the calendar, whereby the annual error is re- duced to two seconds ; so that, for 30,000 years, the equinox would always fall on the true day. MOULTON, John Fletcher, M.A., M.P., Q.C., F.K.S., &c, the third son of the late Rev. James Egan Moulton, was born at Madeley, in Shropshire, on Nov. lg, 1844. He received the elements of his education at the New Kingswood School, near Bath ; and subsequently proceeded to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he became a pupil of the celebrated Dr. Routh. Throughout his school and college days- young Moulton displayed an extraordinary faculty for mastering any subject which he attacked ; so much so as hardly ever to fail of securing the first place in any examination for which he sat. His favourite subject was mathematics. During his undergraduate course at Cambridge, he was a competitor for mathematical honours at the London University, and he succeeded in carrying off in succession a mathematical scholarship at the matricu- lation examination, and again another mathematical scholarship at the first B.A. examination. In the next year he became University Scholar ; and, in 1868, he graduated M.A. and obtained the Gold Medal for mathematics. Meanwhile he was equally carrying everything before him at Cambridge, where he won the first mathematical scholarship at St. John's College ; and, subsequently, in the same year in which he took the Gold Medal at the London University, became Senior Wrangler and first Smith's Prizeman. On this occasion his score of marks was so extraordinary that his excess of marks over what would have sufficed to secure the Senior Wranglership would alone have entitled him to a high place among the wranglers. As was natural in the circum- stances, Mr. Moulton, when the choice of a profession presented itself to his mind, at first inclined to adopt an academic career, and he became a Fellow, afterwards a Lecturer of Christ's College, and subse- quently a Lecturer at Jesus College. The attractions of a larger sphere, however, prevailed, and in 1873 he resigned his Fellowship and came to London, receiving in the next year a call to the Bar at the Middle Temple. He took silk in 1885, and is still in leading practice at the Bar. In politics Mr. Moulton has always been an advanced thinker. He was a Radical member of the Union Debating Society at Cambridge, over which he for a time pre- sided, and sat for a short while in the S Parliament of 1885-86 as the Liberal MOUNET — MOUNTFORD 779 representative of Clapham. He became the designated Liberal candidate for the representation of Nottingham, but was defeated by a majority of 83 in the election of 1892. In March 1894, however, he was returned to Parliament, after a close con- test, as member for South Hackney, from the representation of which Lord (then Sir C. ) Russell had just retired. In 1898 he was returned as a Liberal member for the Launceston Division of Cornwall. He was elected an Alderman by the London County Council in 1893. In the discussion of the conditions under which the Uni- versity of London should be reorganised upon a new footing, a discussion which is proceeding actively at the present time, Mr. Moulton has taken a leading part as the champion of the cause of non-resident students. Notwithstanding professional and political preoccupations, Mr. Moulton has from time to time made contributions to current scientific discussion, and in particular during the year 1879 he wrote, in collaboration with the late Dr. William Spottiswoode, at that time President of the Royal Society, two elaborate papers upon the discharge of Electricity through rarefied gases, or, to speak more popularly, in vacuum tubes. The merit of these contributions was at once recognised in scientific circles, and Mr. Moulton was, in June 1880, elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society. Again, in 1881, he assisted at the Congress of Electricians, which met during that year in Paris, and on that occasion was decorated with the Cross of the Legion of Honour. He mar- ried, in 1875, Clara, the widow of the late R. W. Thompson of Edinburgh ; she died in 1889. Addresses : 57 Onslow Square, S.W. ; and 11 King's Bench Walk. MOTJNET, Jean Sully, known to the theatrical world of France as Mounet- Sully, the tragedian, was born at Bergerac, Dordogne, on Feb. 27, 1841. He showed a precocious love of the drama, and the actor's career, and met with opposition from his family. At the age of twenty- one, however, he undertook his own dramatic education, entered the Conserva- toire, and was praised by Bressant. In 1868 he won a first prize for tragic acting, and made a modest debut at the Odeon in Paris. During the war of 1870 he was in com- mand of a company of mobiles ; and for a time, in 1 871, thought of giving up the stage, but in July 1872 he was at length given the part of Oreste at the Theatre Franoais. In this role he won his laurels, and in eighteen months his services as a tragedian won him his election as sociitaire to the first theatre in the world. He has remained there ever since, and has become famous for the power and nervous intensity of his acting and the beauty of his voice. His most celebrated parts are Achilles in " Iphigenie," Xiphares in " Mithridate, " Hyppolytus in "Phedre,"and Orosmanes in " Zaire." In 1888 he surpassed himself as CEdipus Rex in the Sophoclean tragedy of that name, which was acted amid the ruins of the Roman theatre at Orange. He is also famous for his impersonation of Hamlet, and of various modern roles such as the King in " Le Roi s'Amuse," Fabrice in "L'Aventuriere," and Saint Megrin in "Henri III. et sa Cour." He was elected a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1889. He has himself written a drama in five acts, "La Buveuse de Larmes." When the Comeclie Francaise visited London in 1894 Mounet-Sully was one of the chief attractions. His Hamlet especially was contrasted with that of Sir H. Irving and that of Mr. Tree. He may be described as a fine French classical actor of the old school. His brother, Jean Paul Mounet, is also an actor of some eminence. He was born in 1847, and in 1889 entered the Theatre Francais. MOTJNT-EDGCUMBE, Earl of, The Right Hon. William Henry Edg- cumbe, D.C.L., D.L., was born on Nov. 5, 1832, and is the son of the 3rd Earl, whom he succeeded in 1861, and Caroline, daughter of Rear-Admiral Charles Fielding. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he took honours in the final Mathematical School in 1853 (M.A.). In 1858 he was appointed Equerry to the Prince of Wales, and, as Viscount Valletort, represented Plymouth in Parliament from 1859 till 1861. From 1862 to 1866 he was Lord of the Bed- chamber to the Prince of Wales, from 1879 to 1880 Lord Chamberlain of the Queen's Household, and from 1885 to 1886 and 1886 to 1892 Lord Steward. He was A.D.C. to the Queen from 1881 to 1897, has been Lord-Lieutenant of Cornwall from 1877 onwards, and in 1889 was ap- pointed Hon. Colonel of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion of the Devonshire Regiment. He married, in 1858, Katherine, daughter of the 1st Duke of Abercorn, KG. She died in 1874. Addresses : 5 Victoria Square, S.W. ; and Mount-Edgcumbe House, Plymouth, &c. MOUNTFORD, Edward William, is the son of Edward Mountford, and was born at Shipston-on-Stour, Worcestershire, on Sept. 22, 1855. Educated privately, he was articled in 1872 to Messrs. Haber- shon & Pite, architects, and began to practise as an architect in 1881. Amongst the various buildings, which have been erected from his designs, there may be mentioned : The Sheffield Town Hall, 780 MOUNT-STEPHEN — MTJIR 1890 ; Battersea Town Hall, Battersea Polytechnic, St. Olave's Grammar School, Southwark ; Northampton Institute, Clerkenwell ; Museum and Technical School at Liverpool. Mr. Mountford is a Member of Council of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and he was President of the Architectural Association from 1893 to 1895. Address : 17 Buckingham Street, Strand, W.C. MOUNT-STEPHEN, Lord, George Stephen, Bart., was born at Duff- town, Scotland, on June 5, 1829. He emigrated to Canada in 1850 and became a merchant in Montreal. In 1872 he was elected a Director of the Bank of Montreal, of which he was made President in 1878. In 1879 he became President of the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway Company, and in 1881 President of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. In 1887 as a memorial of Her Majesty's Jubilee, he and Sir Donald Smith (now Lord Strathcarron) gave £200,000 to found the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, and in 1896 they gave £200,000 more to provide a permanent endowment fund. In 1886 he was created a Baronet for his public services in connection with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and in 1891 was raised to the Peerage under the title of Lord Mount- Stephen. He married (1) Charlotte, daughter of Benjamin Kane (died 1896), and (2), in 1897, Gian, daughter of the late Commander Robert George Tufnell. Ad- dresses : Brocket Hall, Hatfield ; 16 James Street, Buckingham Street, S.W. ; and Grand Metis, Quebec. MOW AT, The Hon. Sir Oliver, G.C.M.G.,Q.C.,LL.D., Canadian statesman, was born at Kingston, July 22, 1820, and is the eldest son of the late John Mowat, of Canisby, Caithness. He was called to the Bar of Upper Canada in November 1841, and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1856, and a Bencher of the Law Society for the Province in the same year. From 1856 to 1857 he was a Commissioner for consolidating the Public General Statutes of Canada and Upper Canada. He entered political life in 1857, as representative of South Ontario, and was Provincial Secre- tary in the following year in the Brown- Dorion Government, which, however, lasted but a few days. He was Postmaster- General in 1863-64 ; and from November 1864 until October 1872 was one of the Vice-Chancellors of Ontario. He left the Bench at the latter period to form a new administration in Ontario, and became Premier and Attorney-General for the Province, and representative of North Ox- ford in the Legislature, positions which he held till his resignation, in July 1896, to enter Sir Wilfrid Laurier's Cabinet as Minister of Justice. He was appointed Lieut.-Governor of Ontario, Nov. 18, 1897. He is the author of many important legis- lative measures in the Provincial Parlia- ment, and is a Liberal in politics. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Queen's College, Kingston, in 1872, and by the University of Toronto in 1889. In 1892 he was made K.C.M.G., and in 1897 he was promoted to be a Knight Grand Cross of the same order. He married Jane, second daughter of the late John Ewart, of Toronto, in 1846. She died in 1893. Address : Toronto. MTJDFORD, William H., the life editor of the Standard, was born in 1839, and is the son of the proprietor of the Kentish Observer and the Canterbury Jour- nal. He became manager of the Standard in 1873, and editor in 1876. It is said that the success of that important paper is mainly due to the ability and moderation of its present editor, who nightly com- municates with his staff by telephone from his house at Sandgate, Kent. Address : 63 Cornhill, E.C. MTJIR, Matthew Moncrieff Patti- son, was born at Glasgow on Nov. 1, 1848, and educated at the High School of Glas- gow and the University of Glasgow. He studied chemistry under the late Dr. Penny at Anderson's College, Glasgow, and under Professor Fittig at the Univer- sity of Tubingen. He was Demonstrator in Chemistry in Anderson's College, 1871- 74 ; Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Chemistry in the Owens College, Man- chester, 1874-77 ; and was appointed Prse- lector in Chemistry at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 1877. He took the degree of M.A., honoris causd, given by the University of Cambridge in 1880 ; and was elected a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, 1881. He was Examiner in Chemistry in the Natural Sciences Tripos (Cambridge) 1884 and 1885, and is the author of "Qualitative Analysis and Laboratory Practice," with T. E. Thorpe, 1874 (several editions published since) ; " Chemistry for Medical Students," 1878 ; " Chemists " in " Heroes of Science " series, 1883; "A Treatise on the Prin- ciples of Chemistry," 1884 ; 2nd edit., 1889 ; " Elements of" Thermal Chemistry," 1885 ; "Elementary Chemistry," (with Chas. Slater), 1887 ; "Practical Chemistry" (with D. J. Carnegie) 1887 ; joint-editor of a new edition of Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry," 1888 ; and author of " The Chemistry of Fire," 1893 ; " The Alchemi- cal Essence and the Chemical Element," 1894; "The Story of the Chemical Ele- MUIR— MULLINGER 781 ments," 1896 ; and " A Course of Practical Chemistry," 1897. Address: Caius College, Cambridge. MUIR, Sir William, K.C.S.I., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., Principal and Vice-Chan- cellor of the University of Edinburgh, son of Mr. William Muir, of Glasgow, was born in 1819. He was educated at the Univer- sities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and at Haileybury College ; entered the Bengal Civil Service in 1837 ; has been Secretary to the Government of India in the foreign department ; was appointed Provisional Member of the Governor-General's Coun- cil in India in December 1867, and Lieu- tenant-Governor of the North-West Pro- vinces in 1868 ; was invested with the Order of the Star of India in 1867 ; appointed Financial Member of the Coun- cil of the Governor-General of India in 1874 ; and retired in 1876 ; Member of the Council of India, 1876 to 1885 ; Principal of the University of Edinburgh, 1885, in succession to the late Sir Alexander Grant. He is LL.D. of Glasgow and Edinburgh ; was created an honorary D.C.L. of the University of Oxford in 1882 ; and Ph.D. of Bologna in 1888. His works are : " The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira," 4 vols., Lond., 1858-61 (3rd edit., 1 vol., 1894) ; Annals of the Early Caliphate," 1883; "The Cali- phate," 2nd edit., 1893 ; " The Coran, its Composition and Teaching, and the Testi- mony it bears to the Holy Scriptures," 1878; "Extracts from the Coran, with English rendering," 1880 ; " The Apology of Al-Kindy," 1881 and 1887 ; "The Early Caliphate and Kise of Islam," being the Rede Lecture for 1881, delivered before the University of Cambridge; "Sweet First-Fruits" and "Beacon of Truth"; " The Mameluke Dynasty " ; " The Moham- medan Controversy," 1897 ; " Cyprian," &c. He married, in 1840, Elizabeth, daughter of James Wemyss, B.C.S. She died in October 1897. Address : Dean Park House, Edinburgh. MULHALL, Michael G., born 1836, is third son of the late Thomas Mulhall, lawyer, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin. He was educated at the Irish College, Borne. In 1861 he founded the Buenos Ayres Standard, the first English daily paper printed in S. America. Since 1880 he has been a constant contributor to the Con- temporary Review and to Section F. of the British Association. He was elected to the Committee of the Association in 1884, and attended the Anglo-American Scien- tific Congress, held that year at Phila- delphia. His principal works are ; " The Progress of the World," 1880 ; the " Dic- tionary of Statistics," 1886, of which the fourth edition has appeared ; and the " Industries and Wealth of Nations," 1896. His wife, Mrs Marion Mulhall, published, in 1883, a book of travels "Between the Amazon and the Andes," and received a complimentary letter from the Royal Italian Geographical Society. In 1896-97 she contributed some historical essays to the Dublin Review, besides an article in the Contemporary Review on Technical Schools for Girls. Permanent address ; Killiney Park, co. Dublin. MULLEB, Max. See Max-Mtjlleh, The Right Hon. Professor Feiedrich. MULLINGER, James Bass, M.A., was born at Bishop Stortford, Herts, being the second son of John Morse Mullinger, and Mary, second- daughter of the Rev. James Bass, of Halstead, Essex. He studied at University College, London, in the classes of the late Professors De Mor- gan and Maiden. In 1862 he entered at St. John's College, Cambridge ; gradu- ated B.A. in 1866 in double honours, third class in Classics, and second class in Moral Sciences, and was Le Bas, Hulsean, and Kaye University Prizeman. He was for two years Lecturer on History at Bed- ford College, London, and is at the present time Cambridge University Lecturer on History and Lecturer and Librarian to St. John's College. He was Birkbeck Lec- turer on Ecclesiastical History to Trinity College, 1890-94, and Lecturer on History of Education to Teachers' Training Syndi- cate at Cambridge from 1885 to 1895. He was President of the Cambridge Anti- quarian Society for the year 1896-97. Mr. Mullinger is the author of "Cambridge Characteristics in the Seventeenth Cen- tury," 1867 ; " The Ancient African Church," 1869; "The New Reformation," a narrative of the Old Catholic movement, published under the nom de guerre of "Theodoras," 1875; "The University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to the Accession of Charles I.," 2 vols., 1873-84 (on the third volume of which he is at the present time engaged); "The Schools of Charles the Great," 1877 ; and joint-author, with Dr. S. R. Gardiner, of "An Introduction to English History," which has gone through several editions. He has written also various historical articles in the " Dictionary of Christian Antiquities " ; and is the author of those on "The Popedom," "The Reformation," and "Universities" in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." He has been a frequent con- tributor to the Academy, the Revue His- torique, the Contemporary Review, and the " Dictionary of National Biography." Ad- dress : St. John's College, Cambridge. 782 MUN — MUNRO MOMS', Adrien Albert Marie, Comte de, French politician and philosopher, was born at Lumigny, Feb. 23, 1841, and is the great-grandson of the celebrated materi- alist philosopher, Helvetius. Before tak- ing to politics, he was in the army, and rose to be a Captain of Cuirassiers. How- ever, he left the service in 1875, owing to his devotion to the cause of Roman Catholicism, which he furthered by found- ing workmen's clubs throughout France. In 1876 he was elected Deputy for Pon- tivy, once a centre of the Breton Chouans, and sat among the Extreme Eight in the Chamber, where he rendered himself famous by his clerical and anti-Republican motions. Daring the Boulanger agitation he kept outside all strife, and in 1892, when Leo XIII. invited the French monarchists to give in their adhesion to the Republic, the Comte de Mun formally renounced politics, and devoted himself to the task of reconciling Church and State. In 1897 he was elected a member of the French Academy to the seat lately occupied by Jules Simon, and formerly by Massillon. His speech at his election in praise of his predecessor was greatly admired, for he is in the front rank of French orators. His Paris address is 5 Avenue de l'Alnia. MTJNKACSY, Michael von, or Michael Lieb, Hungarian painter, was born near Munkacs, Oct. 10, 1846. His parents were poor, and he was apprenticed to a carpenter, but his genius for painting soon manifested itself, and he left the bench for the easel, gaining a prize of eighty florins from the Pesth Art Union, which enabled him to study in the Vienna Art Galleries and afterwards at Munich and Diisseldorf. His picture, " The Last Day of a Condemned Prisoner," was ex- hibited in the Paris Salon in 1870, and at once established his reputation. This was followed by "An Episode of the Hungarian War of 1849," ''The Night Prowlers," "The Studio," "The Two Families," ' ' Milton Dictating ' Paradise Lost ' to his Daughters," 1878 ; " Christ before Pilate," 1882; "Christ on Calvary," 1884; "The Last Moments of Mozart, "1886 ; "Allegory of the Italian Renaissance," a fresco, 1890 ; "The Favourite Air," 1891; and three portraits of ladies, 1890-92. He was pro- moted to be a Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1890, and has obtained medals at successive Exhibitions in Paris, and a grand prize in 1889. He is famous for his fine colouring, surprising effects of light and air, and daring originality, but his canvases are occasionally too crowded with figures. In 1896 he returned to Hun- gary permanently from Paris, where he had lived since the early seventies, but in 1897 he developed symptoms of insanity, and he has lived in seclusion ever since. MUNEO,E,obert,M.A.,M.D.,F.R.S.E., Secretary to Lord Rosebery when Foreign Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, was born in Ross-shire, July 21, 1835, and married 8th Sept. 1875. Dr. Munro received his early education in the parish of Kiltearn, Ross-shire, whence he was sent for a couple of years to Tain Royal Academy preparatory to entering the University of Edinburgh. After com- pleting his studies at that University, graduating both in Arts and Medicine, he settled as a medical practitioner in the town of Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. Shortly afterwards he had an opportunity of grati- fying an early acquired taste for foreign travel by making a tour through Egypt and Palestine. During his residence at Kilmarnock some remarkable discoveries of Lake Dwellings were made in the West of Scotland in which he became greatly interested, and these ultimately supplied him with materials for his work " On the Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings," 1882. In 1885 he was President of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Branch of the British Medical Association, when he delivered an address on " The Scientific Basis of Medi- cine." Retiring from the medical profes- sion in 1886, he has since devoted his time to anthropological and archaeological pur- suits. In 1888 he was appointed by the Council of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Rhind-Lecturer in Archaeology for that year, the subject assigned to him being "The Lake Dwellings of Europe." These lectures formed the nucleus of his exhaustive work on that subject which appeared in 1890. In 1893 he was Presi- dent of the Anthropological Section of the British Association Meeting held at Not- tingham. He was invited by the Govern- ment of Bosnia-Herzegovina to attend a special Congress held at Sarajevo (August 1894) for the purpose of discussing some very remarkable discoveries recently made in that country. The outcome of that journey was the publication in 1895 of " Rambles and Studies in Bosnia-Herzego- vina and Dalmatia," the only work in the English language which gives an account of the great neolithic station at Butmir and of the early Iron-Age Cemeteries of Giasinac and Tezerine. In June 1896 Dr. Munro delivered a course of two lectures on "Lake Dwellings" at the Royal Insti- tution of Great Britain. His latest work, "Prehistoric Problems," 1897, contains among other subjects his much discussed essay on the influence of the erect posture on the intellectual development of the brain. Dr. Munro has also contributed largely to the journals of Scientific, Medi- MUNRO-FERGUSON — MURRAY 783 cal, and Archaeological Societies. He is {causd honoris) Member of the Royal Irish Academy, Fellow of the R. Soc. of Antiq. of Ireland, Member of the R. Society of Northern Antiquaries, Corr. Member of the Anthropological Societies of Berlin and Vienna, &c. During his travels he has visited North America, China and Japan, India, Egypt, and all the principal archaeological centres in Europe. His residence is 48 Manor Place, Edinburgh. MUNRO-FERGUSON, Ronald Craufurd, M.P., J.P., D.L., is the eldest son of the late Colonel R. Munro-Ferguson, of Raith, M.P. He was born in 1860, and was educated at Sandhurst. He was for a time Lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards. He was Liberal representative in the House of Commons of Ross and Cromarty from 1884 to 1885, and since 1886 has repre- sented the Leith Burghs. In 1894 he was appointed a Lord of the Treasury, going out of office in June 1895. He was Private Secretary in 1886 and again in 1892-94. He is J.P. and D.L. for Fifeshire, D.L. for Ross-shire, and in 1885 became Captain of the 1st Fife Light Horse Rifle Volunteers. In 1889 he married Helen, daughter of the Marquis of Dufferin. Addresses : Raith House, Kirkcaldy, &c. ; and 46 Cadogan Square, S.W. MUNSTER-LEDENBURG, Georg Herbert, Count, German Diplomatist and Ambassador in Paris, was born in London, Dec. 23, 1820, and is the son of the famous Hanoverian statesman. He was educated at the Universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, and Gottingen, and sat by hereditary right in the Hanoverian Upper House. From 1856 to 1864 he was on an Extraordinary Mission to St. Petersburg ; on the annexa- tion of Hanover he became a Member of the Upper House of Prussia, and after- wards of the North German Confederation, and finally of the Imperial Reichstag. He was appointed Ambassador to England in 1873, and to Paris in 1885. His services were rewarded by the Order of the Black Eagle in 1889, and in 1898 he celebrated his twenty-fifth year of ambassadorial rank. The German Embassy is situate at 78 Rue de Lille, Paris. MURAVIEFF, Count, Russian Foreign Minister, was born in 1845 of a distinguished Russian family. He was educated at Poltava and Heidelberg, and entered the Russian Diplomatic Service. In 1864 he was attached to the Russian Embassy at Berlin, and was afterwards at Stockholm and Stuttgart. In 1874 he be- came Secretary at the Hague, and from 1880 to 1884 he was at Paris. In 1893 he was promoted to be Minister to Denmark, where he created a favourable impression on the Dowager-Empress, who is a daughter of the King. Probably this led to his being chosen to succeed Prince Lobanoff as the Czar's Minister for Foreign Affairs in January 1897. This post he has held with conspicuous success ever since, and in August 1898 he was the channel through which the Czar's wishes for a Peace Congress were made known to the Great Powers. MURRAY, Alexander Stuart, LL.D., F.S.A., Keeper of Greek and Roman An- tiquities in the. British Museum, was born near Arbroath, Jan. 8, 1841, and is the eldest son of George Murray. He was educated at the Royal High School, Edin- burgh, the University of Edinburgh, and the University of Berlin. He was appointed Assistant in the British Museum in 1867, and Keeper in 1886, in succession to Sir C. T. Newton, K.C.B., retired. He is best known by a work on the History of Greek Sculpture, 2 vols., 1880 and 1883 ; and a Handbook of Greek Archteology, 1892. He has also contributed numerous articles to the Nineteenth Century, Contemporary Review, Revue ArclUologique, and Journal of Hellenic Studies, &c. He is an active and prominent member of the Hellenic Society. Ad- dresses : British Museum, and Athenaeum. MURRAY, Alrna, actress, was born in London, and is a daughter of Leigh Murray, the actor. She was educated privately, and first appeared on the stage at the Olympic whilst still a little girl. Since 1879 she has played at the Lyceum, and all the principal London theatres. In 1897 she played Rosalind, her first appearance in the part, at the Metropole Theatre, Camberwell. The Shelley and the Browning Societies have chosen her as the interpreter of the chief female characters in their arduous revivals. Thus in the daring revival by the Shelley Society of "The Cenci," she took the part of Beatrice. She is well-known for her recitations. Her husband is Mr. Alfred Forman, the Wagnerian. Address : 49 Comeragh Road, West Kensington, W. MURRAY, The Right Hon. Andrew Graham, Q.C., MP., Lord Advocate of Scotland, was born in Edin- burgh on Nov. 21, 1849, and is the only child of the late T. Graham Murray, W.S", of Stenton. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was a scholar (M.A. 1875). He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1874 ; was Advocate Depute from 1888 to 1890 ; Sheriff of Perthshire from 1890 to 1891 ; Solicitor-General for Scotland for two periods, viz., from 1891 to 1892, and 1895- 784 MURRAY 96, and in 1896 was appointed Lord Advocate. Since 1891 he has been Con- servative member for Bute. He became Q. C. in 1891, and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1896. London address : Ken- sington Palace Mansions, SW. MURRAY, David, A.R.A., A.R.S.A., A.R.W.S., R.S.W., was born in Glasgow on Jan. 29, 1849, and is the eldest son of James Murray of that city. He was educated at Glasgow, entered upon a com- mercial career, and after more than ten years chose the profession of art. He lived for a time in a hut in Skye, studying landscape. His landscapes include High- land views, a series of pictures of Picardy and of Hampstead Heath, and views on the Kennet and Avon, &c. Since 1875 he has been a constant exhibitor in the Royal Academy. Address : 1 Langham Cham- bers, Portland Place, W. MURRAY, David. Christie, was born at West Bromwich, Staffordshire, April 13, 1847, and educated at a private school there. He began press life as a reporter on the Birmingham Morning News, under the editorship of his friend George Dawson ; came to London in 1873, served on the Daily News, and was on the staff of the World. He acted as special corre- spondent of the Scotsman and the Times in the Russo-Turkish War. On his return he abandoned journalism for fiction. In 1879 he published his first long work of fiction in Chambers's Journal — "A Life's Atone- ment." "Joseph's Coat" appeared in 1880; "Val Strange" and "Coals of Fire," " A Collection of Short Stories," in 1881 ; " Hearts " and "By the Gate of the Sea," in 1882, the latter being the latest serial published in the original series of the Comhill Magazine. In 1883 Mr. Murray published " The Way of the World," and in 1886 " Aunt Rachel," which appeared first in the English Illustrated Magazine ; " Old Blazer's Hero," 1887 ; " A Danger- ous Catspaw " (written in connection with Mr. Henry Murray) ; and " Wild Darrie," 1889; "Bob Martin's Little Girl," 1892; "A Wasted Crime," 1893; "In Direst Peril," " The Great War of 189- " (in con- junction with P. Colomb), "The Making of a Novelist," " Mount Despair," and " A Gospel o' Nails," 1894 ; " The Bishop's Amazement," and " A Rogue's Con- science," 1896 ; " This Little World," and "My Contemporaries in Fiction," 189 7; "Tales in Prose and Verse," "The Cock- ney Columbus," and " A Race for Millions," 1898 ; and in collaboration with the late Henry Herman, " Our Travellers Re- turned," " The Bishop's Bible," and " Paul Jones's Alias." During the earlier part of the year 1898 Mr. Christie Murray was in Paris, where he had constant interviews with M. Zola, and warmly espoused his cause. He delivered lectures on the cele- brated Dreyfus imbroglio, employing the aid of the magic lantern to demonstrate the merits of the famous " bordereau." Address : Clan y don, Pensarn, near Abergele. MURRAY, Professor George Gil- bert Aime, was born in Sydney, Jan. 2, 1866, and is the third son of the late T. A. Murray, who was the first Speaker in the Legislative Council of New South Wales, and for ten years its President. G. G. A. Murray was educated at Mer- chant Taylors' School, and at St. John's College, Oxford, where, in his first year, he carried off the Hertford and Ireland Scholarships, and subsequently every open scholarship and prize of the University, and was elected to a Fellowship at New College. In 1889, at the age of only twenty-three, he became Professor of Greek at the University of Glasgow. He published in 1890, "Gobi or Shamo : a Story of Three Songs"; "History of Ancient Greek Literature," 1897, and has written much on Hellenic subjects in the Speaker, the Journal of Education, and the Oottigen Philologus. In November 1889 he married the Hon. Lady Mary Howard, eldest daughter of the Earl of Carlisle. Address : 5 The College, Glas- gow. MURRAY, The Hon. George Henry, Q.C., Premier and Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, was born at Grand Narrows, N.S., June 7, 1861. He was educated at Boston University, and was called to the Bar in 1883, and prac- tised at North Sydney, He was appointed to the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia in 1889, and in 1896 unsuccessfully fought Sir Charles Tupper (q.v.) for the repre- sentation of Cape Breton. In July of the same year he succeeded Mr. Fielding as Premier of Nova Scotia, and in August was returned to the Dominion Assembly for Victoria. He was made a Q.C. in 1895 by Lord Aberdeen. Address : Halifax, N.S. MURRAY, Sir George Herbert, K.C.B., the eldest son of the Rev. G. E. Murray, late Rector of South Fleet, was born in 1849. He began his career in 1873 as a clerk in the Foreign Office, and in 1877 acted as Secretary to the Commission for negotiating a new commercial treaty with France. In 1880 he was appointed Private Secretary to Sir Charles Dilke, and in the same year was transferred to a clerkship in the Treasury, where he remained up to the beginning of 1897, being latterly a MURRAY 785 principal clerk. He was Secretary to the Royal Commission on Trade in 1885, and was Private Secretary to Mr. Gladstone during his last ministry in 1892-94, and to Lord Rosebery during his tenure of office. He was made a C.B. in 1894. In February 1897 he was appointed to succeed Sir Alfred Milner as chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue, and in January 1899 was appointed Secretary to the General Post Office in succession to the popular and successful Sir Spencer Walpole, K. C.B. He accepted this post in deference to the special request of the Government. He was created K.C.B. in June 1899. He is married to a daughter of the late Lord Dunleath. MURRAY, George Robert Milne, F.R.SS. Lond. and Edin., F.L.S., Corre- sponding Member of the New York Aca- demy of Sciences, &c, Keeper of Botany, British Museum, since 1895, was born at Arbroath, N.B., on Nov. 11, 1858. He was educated at Arbroath High School and Strassburg University. He was Lecturer in Botany at St. George's Hospital, 1882- 86, and at the Royal Veterinary College, 1890-95. His publications are : An " In- troduction to the Study of Seaweeds," 1895 ; " Hand-book of Cryptogamic Botany," in which he was joint-author, 1889 ; " Phyco- logical Memoirs," 1892-95 ; and botanical papers from 1877 onwards. He married Helen, daughter of the late William Welsh, of Walker's Barns, Brechin, in 1884. Ad- dress : British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. MURRAY, Sir Herbert Harley, K.C.B. , late Governor of Newfoundland, was born in 1829, and is the son of the late Dr. Murray, Bishop of Rochester, and Sarah, daughter of the 9th Earl of Kinnoul. He was educated at Christ- church, Oxford, and entered the Civil Ser- vice. He was Deputy-Chairman of the Board of Customs (1887-90), and Chairman (1890-94). In September 1895 he was appointed to his late post, and created a Knight Commander of the Bath. He was Governor of Newfoundland until 1898. Address : St. John's, Newfoundland. MURRAY, James Augustus Henry, M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D., editor of the " Oxford Dictionary," was born at Denholm, near Hawick, Roxburghshire, in 1837, and was educated at Cavers, Minto, Hawick, Edinburgh, taking the Lon- don B.A., and becoming M.A. of Oxford (Balliol) in 1885. He began life as a schoolmaster, and was engaged in teaching from 1855 to 1885, becoming successively Assistant Master of Hawick Grammar School, and Master of Hawick Academy, and Master at Mill Hill School. From 1875 to 1879 he was Assistant Examiner in English at the University of London. He was President of the Philological Society of London for two periods, from 1878 to 1880 and from 1882 to 1884, and in 1879 undertook for this body and for the Claren- don Press, Oxford, the gigantic work of his life, the editorship of " The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles." This colossal work, which, at the present rate of progress, will not be finished till 1910, is based upon the collections of the Philo- logical Society. These consisted of a store of some two million quotations accumu- lated by many hundreds of readers. The quotations illustrate the history of every word in the English language, including slang, the canting languages, technologi- cal phraseology, &c, and all existing com- binations of words for seven hundred years past. Dr. Murray and his assistants, who labour in a special scriptorium at Oxford, have found it necessary to restrict them- selves exclusively to the linguistic side of their work, avoiding the tendency to be encyclopaedic which Dr. Johnson of old was compelled to repress. The Dictionary had been brought down to the word " Hod" in the year 1899. Dr. Murray has been editor of every volume up to the present, except E., which has been in the hands of Mr. Henry Bradley. To com- memorate the progress of the Dictionary Dr. MacGrath, then Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, entertained all con- cerned in its production at a public dinner in October 1897. Dr. Murray has also written voluminously on Archaeology, Natural History, History, Dialect, &c. , and has contributed especially to the Transactions of the Philological Society. Among volumes and editions published by him are : " A Week among the Antiquities of Orkney," 1861; "The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland," 1873 ; "Synopsis of Paley's '.Horas Paulinas,'" 1872-79 ; " The Minor Poems of Sir D. Lyndesay," 1871 ; " The Complaynt of Scotland," 1874 ; " The Romance and Prophecies of Thomas of Erceldoune," 1875 ; and the article on the English Lan- guage in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." Dr. Murray married Ada Agnes, eldest daughter of George Ruthven, of Kendal, in 1867. Address : Sunnyside, Banbury Road, Oxford. MURRAY, John, J.P., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., was born in London in 1851, and was educated at Eton, and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He is the head of the publishing house of John Murray, which was founded in 1768, and he has in 1898 become President of the Publishers' Association. He is also a Fellow of the 3d 786 MURRAY — M URP1I Y Society of Antiquaries, and of the Royal Geographical Society. He has edited Gibbon's "Autobiography," and other works. Mr. Murray is married to the daughter of William Leslie of Wasthill, Aberdeenshire. Address : 50 Albemarle Street, W. ; and Athemeum. MURRAY, Sir John, KC.B., F.R.SS. London and Edinburgh, D.Sc. Camb. , LL. D. Edin., Ph.D. Jena, Knight of the Royal Prussian Order pour le Merite, Scientific Member of the Fishery Board for Scot- land, one of the Secretaries of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Editor and Direc- tor of the " Challenger Expedition " publi- cations, was born at Coburg, Ontario, Canada, on March 3, 1841, and is the second son of the late Robert Murray, accountant. He received his early educa- tion at the Public School and Professor McAuley's Educational Establishment, London, Ontario, and at Victoria College, Coburg, Ontario. He removed to Bridge of Allan, Scotland, in 1858, where his education was continued under private tuition, and at the High School, Stirling, and at the University of Edinburgh. He studied also in France, Germany, and Belgium. For several years he assisted his relative, the late John Macfarlane, Esq., of Coney Hill, in the formation of a large Natural History Museum at Bridge of Allan. In 1868 he visited Spitzbergen and the Arctic regions as naturalist on board a whaler. In 1872 he was ap- pointed one of the naturalists of H.M.S. Challenger, during her circumnavigating voyage for the exploration of the physical and biological conditions of the great ocean basins, 1872-76. In 1876 he became first assistant on the staff appointed by the Government to undertake the publica- tion of the scientific results of the Challen- ger Expedition, and on the death of Sir Wyville Thomson, in 1882, became editor and director of the Challenger publications. In 1880 and in 1882 he took part in the Knight Errant and Triton expedition for the exploration of the Faroe Channel. In 1883 he was mainly instrumental in pro- curing funds for the establishment of a permanent meteorological observatory on the top of Ben Nevis, and has ever since been one of the directors of that institu- tion. Between 1882 and 1894 he con- ducted many observations in his steam yacht Medusa on the physical and bio- logical conditions of the lochs and seas of Scotland, and founded and maintained marine stations for scientific research at Granton, near Edinburgh, and at Millport, on the west coast of Scotland. He has travelled in nearly all parts of the world. The Reports on the Scientific Results of the Cliallenger Expedition, published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office in fifty royal quarto volumes, were completed in 1896, and form the most extensive work of the kind ever issued from the press. These reports consist of 3 volumes of a Narrative of the Cruise, 2 of Physics and Chemistry, 1 of Deep-Sea Deposits, 2 of Botany, 40 of Zoology, and 2 of a Summary of Results. Besides editing these Reports he wrote the " Summary of Results," and was joint-author of the "Narrative of the Cruise " and of the "Report on Deep-Sea Deposits." He has thus been engaged in the work of the Challenger Expedition for over a quarter of a century, and latterly he bore a considerable part of the expense connected with the completion of these Government publications. He has pub- lished papers on the " Structure and Origin of Coral Reefs and Islands " ; on "Marine Deposits from many parts of the World"; on the "Height of the Land and Depth of the Ocean "; on the " Total Annual Rainfall on the Land of the Globe " ; on the " Exploration of the Antarctic Regions " ; on the " Marine Fauna of the Kerguelen Region of the Southern Ocean " ; on the " Manganese Oxides and Manganese Nodules in Marine Deposits " ; on the " Geology of Malta " ; on the "Discovery of America"; on the " Effects of Winds on the Distribution of Temperature in the Sea and Fresh-Water Lochs of the West of Scotland " ; on " Bipolarity in the Distribution of Marine Organisms " ; and on many other subjects connected with geography, oceanography, and marine biology. In recognition of his scientific work he has been elected Corre- sponding Member and Honorary Member of a large number of British and Foreign Aca- demies and Scientific Societies, and has been awarded the Cuvier Prize and Medal of the Institut de France ; the Humboldt Medal of the Gesellschaft fur Erdkund« zu Berlin ; the Royal Medal of the Royal Society ; the Founders' Medal of the Royal Geographical Society ; the Neill and Mac- dougall-Brisbane Medals of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was created K.C.B. in 1898. He married, in 1889, Isabel, daughter of the late Thomas Henderson, Esq., shipowner, Glasgow. Addresses : Challenger Lodge, Wardie, Edinburgh ; and Athenasum. MURPHY, The Right Hon. James, B.A., LL.D. Dublin, is the fourth son of the late Jeremiah Murphy, of Limerick, and was born in 1826. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1849. He became a Q.C. in 1866, and was in 1883 appointed an Exchequer Judge in the High Court of Justice in Ireland. In the following year he was sworn a member of the Irish Privy Council. He was mar- MUTSU HITO — NANSKN 787 ried, in 1864, to Mary, daughter of the late Eight Hon. W. M. Keogh. Addresses : Glencairn, Sandyford, co. Dublin ; and Athenseum. MUTSU HITO, The Mikado, or Emperor of Japan, was born Nov. 3, 1852, or according to the Japanese calendar in 2512, and ascended the throne Feb. 3, 1867, succeeding his father Osa-hito. He began his reign by great reforms conceived in a liberal spirit, resulting in abolishing the feudal system which has impeded the general progress of the country. He has given the Japanese a Parliamentary Con- stitution based on the example of Euro- pean nations. He has in fact inaugurated the new era in Japan, which, during his reign, has become unprecedentedly pros- perous. During the recent Chino-Japanese war he has shown himself a true leader of his people, making many public appear- ances, and controlling and rewarding his generals after the fashion of an " en- lightened despot " of the eighteenth cen- tury in Europe. Unlike most Oriental despots, he is not self-indulgent, but spares no trouble to improve his mind. He presides himself at the meetings of his Privy Council, and has surrounded himself by statesmen who have raised Japan to its present prosperous and ad- vanced civilisation. The Prince Imperial is Yoshi Hito, born Aug. 31, 1879. MUZAFFER - ED - DIN, Shah of Persia, is a son of Nasr-ed-Din, the late Shah, and was born March 20, 1853, his mother being the "Royal Wife." His father, using his prescriptive right to appoint a successor, nominated him as his heir, although he was only the second son, and one of at least five sons and fifteen daughters. He was Governor- General of the province of Azerbaijan, whilst his elder brother, a dangerous rival, was Governor of Ispahan. On May 1, 1896, the late Shah was assassinated, and Muzaffer-ed-Din came to the throne. He was invested with sovereign power at Teheran on June 8, 1896. Viscount Curzon has pronounced him a prince of good intelligence and amiable intentions. MYERS, Frederic W. H., was born Feb. 6, 1843, at Keswick, Cumberland, being the eldest son of the Rev. Frederic Myers, Incumbent of St. John's, Keswick. He was educated at Cheltenham and at Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 1864; Fellow of Trinity, 1865, and was appointed one of H.M. Inspectors of Schools in 1872. He published in 1867 : " St. Paul " (poem) ; in 1881 and later, "Essays, Classical and Modern"; "Science and a Future Life, and other Essays," "Life of Wordsworth" in English Men of Letters Series, &c. ; "The Renewal of Youth" (poems). He collaborated with Edmund Gurney and Frank Podmore in "Phantasms of the Living " (1886), and has written much in the Proceedings of the Society for Psychi- cal Research, 1882-99, of which society he is Hon. Secretary. He married, in 1880, Eveleen, youngest daughter of Charles Tennant, Esq., of Cadoxton. Address : Leckhampton House, Cambridge. MYLNE, The Right Rev. Louis George, D.D., Bishop of Bombay, son of Major Charles David Mylne, H.E.I.C.S., was born in Paris in 1843, and educated at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, at the University of St. Andrews, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford (BA. first class in Lit. Hum., 1866 ; MA. 1870 ; D.D. 1876). He was curate of North Moreton, Berkshire, from 1867 to 1870, and senior tutor of Keble College from 1870 to 1876 ; was appointed Bishop of Bombay in suc- cession to the late Dr. Douglas, and was consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, May 1, 1876. He resigned the See of Bombay in 1897, and was appointed Vicar of St. Mary's, Marlborough, in the same year. He is author of several Charges to the Church in India, and of two volumes of sermons, one of which was published in India. The titles of his works are as follows : "English Church Life in India," 1884; "Corporate Life of the Church in India," 1888; "Counsels and Principles of the Lambeth Conference of 1888"; "Churchmen and the Higher Criticism," 1893. Dr. Mylne married, in 1879, Amy Frederica, daughter of D. W. Moultrie, Esq. , and has six children. Address : c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 55 Parliament Street, S.W. N NANSEN, Fridtjof, Sc.D., Ph.D., LL.D. ,D.C.L., was born near Christiania on Oct. 10, 1861. He went to the University of Christiania in 1880, and decided upon study- ing zoology ; therefore, to study animal lite in high latitudes he, in March 1882, went out in a Norwegian sealing ship to the Jan MayenandSpitzbergen seas, and afterwards to the sea between Iceland and Greenland. He returned from this expedition in July 1882, and later in the same year was appointed curator in the Natural History Museum at Bergen (Norway). In 1888 he took his degree as Doctor of Philosophy, and in May of that year started on his 788 NANSEN" memorable journey to Greenland, which continent he crossed, returning in May 1889, after which he was appointed, by the Government, curator of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy at the Chris- tiania University. He has written various papers upon anatomical subjects ; and the account of one of his expeditions "Across Greenland " was published in 1890. The Norwegian Storthing, or National As- sembly, some years ago voted a grant of 200,000 kroner for a fresh expedition to the North Pole. The charge of the ex- pedition was entrusted to M. Fridtjof Nansen, and there are several features of special interest in connection with the inception of this further effort to reach the .North Pole that call for notice. Hitherto, with one possible exception, all attempts to reach the North Pole have been made in defiance of the obstacles of nature. Now an attempt was to be made to ascertain whether nature herself had not supplied a means of solving the diffi- culty, and whether there was not, after all, a possibility of reaching the North Pole by utilising certain natural facilities in these frozen seas of which all early ex- plorers were ignorant. The circumstances upon which these new hopes were based may be thus summarised. The Jeannette expedition of 1879-81 and the loss of that vessel seemed to sound the knell of all expeditions to reach the Pole by Behring Strait, but in June 1884, exactly three years after the Jeannette sank, there were found near Julianshaab, in Greenland, several articles which had belonged to the Jeannette, and been abandoned by the crew at the time of its wreck, and which had. been carried to the coast of Greenland, from the opposite side of the Polar Sea, on a piece of ice. This fact at once aroused curiosity as to how it accom- plished that mysterious journey across the Arctic Ocean, and as to what unknown current had borne that significant and in- forming message from Behring Strait to Greenland ; and it was thought highly pro- bable that there was a comparatively short and direct route across the Arctic Ocean by way of the North Pole, and that nature herself had supplied a means of communi- cation, however uncertain, across it. Dr. Nansen's expedition endeavoured to real- ise these hopes of a direct route across the apex of the Arctic Ocean. In 1892 Dr. Nansen completed a polar ship, the Fram (Onward), which was rigged as a three- masted schooner, and had an engine of 160 horse-power and a displacement of 800 tons. The sides were so constructed as to force all ice meeting the vessel underneath her, so that the hull escaped being nipped or "screwed." Dr. Nansen, with a crew of twelve men, set out from Norway on July 21, 1893, taking on board thirty-four dogs at Khabarova on Yugor Strait. The navi- gation of the north coast of Asia was accomplished with considerable difficulty on account of the inaccuracy of the exist- ing maps. Cape Chelyuskin was rounded on September 10, and deciding not to carry out his original intention of calling at Olenek for more dogs, Dr. Nansen pushed on towards the New Siberian Islands. At this point the Fram was turned due north on September 18, and, four days later, a mooring was made to an ice-floe, north of Sannikof Island, in about 78^° N. Here the good Fram stuck, and the ice held her fast for three years, when she broke a way out on the north of Spitz- bergen. However, when it became evident that the Fram was fixed, the men relieved the monotony by games and other cheering pursuits. The great floe in which the Fram was frozen began to drift over a degree to the N.W., but came back to her starting- point in November. The course of the floe was uneven, passing the 80th degree in April 1894, moving to the 82nd by the middle of June, but on August 28 coming back to 81° again. Still, subsequent pro- gress was slow but sure, and by March 1895 another three degrees had been traversed, and the Fram was 84° N., and about 103° E. On March 14, 1895, Nansen and his alter ego, Johansen, at 84° N. lat., started on their famous journey polewards. The route was at first due north, and, despite almost insuperable difficulties, in three weeks 140 statute miles were covered. Changing his route to N.W. Nansen reached (April 7, 1895) lat. 86° 13' 6" N. in long. 95° E., and push- ing on alone for a few miles, the explorer attained 86° 14'. This stupendous fact in Arctic explorations means that Nansen and Johansen, in the space of twenty-four days, travelled 150 miles in a region " far beyond the farthest point ever reached by man before." The Fram itself in December 1894 passed the highest record previously attained — 83° 24' — " so that in something like four months close on three degrees of northing had been made — a feat unpre- cedented since the days of Baffin. Nansen recognising only too well the danger of pursuing a northern course — winter would have overtaken him had he done so — prudently resolved to veer and make for Spitzbergen or Franz Josef Land. The story of the journey south has been de- scribed as one of the most exciting in the literature of exploration. The dogs became weaker and weaker, and, as they died off, were given to the remainder for food, and, on one occasion, Nansen and Johansen had to be content with a meal of dog's blood. At last, in the beginning of August 1895, land was reached, but NAOROJI 789 before they could proceed farther the sea got blocked up, and another winter in the darkness became inevitable. Quarters were taken up on an island about the middle of the Franz Josef Land group, and there the winter was passed mainly in sleep. In May 1896 the dreary winter- ing came to an end, and the journey south and west to Spitzbergen was resumed. The historic meeting with Mr. Jackson, the explorer, was made on this southern course, and at last, "after fifteen months' solitary struggling with ice, and water, and darkness, and cold, begrimed with a year's dirt," the two weary but uncomplain- ing travellers plunged into civilisation and comfort. The scientific results of Dr. Nansen's expedition are of considerable value. Briefly put, his achievements are as follows : (1) he has succeeded in getting within 250 statute miles of the North Pole, some 200 miles nearer than the highest previous attainment ; (2) he has established the essential truth of the theory as to polar currents ; and (3) he has ac- cumulated a mass of evidence bearing on polar navigation of the highest scientific importance. On Feb. 8, 1897, Dr. Nansen delivered a lecture on " Some Results of the Norwegian Arctic Expedition " before a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society at the Albert Hall, Kensington. The President of the Society (Sir Clements Markham) occupied the chair, and was supported by the Prince of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of York, the audience including many persons of distinction. At the conclusion of the lecture the Prince of Wales, on behalf of the Society, presented Dr. Nansen with a medal specially struck in his honour. During the same month (February 1897) Dr. Nansen's great work, "Farthest North," was published. The full title of this book, which, in importance, takes high rank in the scientific literature of the century, is: " Fridtjof Nansen's 'Farthest North,' being the Narrative of the Voyage and Exploration of the Fram, 1893-96, and the Fifteen Months' Sledge Expedition. By Dr. Nansen and Lieu- tenant Johansen, with an Appendix by Otto Sverdrup." After a short rest of a few months in his native land, Dr. Nansen started on a lecturing tour through Europe. He married, in September 1889, Mdlle. Eva Sars, an eminent singer, the youngest daughter of the late M. Sars, Professor of Zoology in Christiania University. Ad- dress : Lysaker, near Christiania. NAOROJI, Dadabhai, late M.P. for Central Finsbury, is the first native of India who has represented a British con- stituency in Parliament. He is the son of a Parsee priest, and was born in Bombay on Sept. 4, 1825. When only four years old he lost his father, his early education thus devolving on his mother, who brought him up with great diligence and care. In India the opportunities of receiving an English education could hardly be said to have existed in the thirties, and young Naoroji was put into the only Govern- ment school that Bombay could boast at the time, being- a seminary which ulti- mately developed into the Elphinstone Institution. Here his career was one of uniform success. From the first he showed an unusual predilection for mathematics, and carried away almost all the prizes and exhibitions for proficiency in his favourite study, as well as for political economy and natural philosophy. His highest academi- cal reward came when he was elected to the Chair of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in his own college, the first Professorship ever held by an Indian in any prominent college in his country. Mr. Naoroji became famous as a reformer. Whatever could conducetotheregeneration of his countrymen, politically, socially, and morally, whether it was the abolition of child marriage and re-marriage of widows, whether the educating and cultivating of public opinion in the community, the in- stitution of schools, libraries, and gymna- siums, Mr. Naoroji was in the centre of each movement. Such institutions as the Students' Literary and Scientific Society, the Dryan Prasarak Society, the Rahnu- maya Mazdyasna Sabha, the Iranee Fund, the Bombay Gymnasium, the Framjee Cowasjee Institute, the Native General Library, the Victoria Museum, the East Goftai newspaper, an independent organ of native opinion, all owe their existence to his initiative or co-operation. He first left Bombay for England in 1855 as a partner in the firm of Messrs. Cama and Co., the first Indian house established in London and Liverpool, and has resided here, off and on, since then. After his arrival he lost no time in rousing a deep sympathy for his country and a high regard for his integrity and ability in such noted friends of India as the late John Bright and Henry Fawcett, and succeeded in furnishing most of them with effective briefs for fighting the battles of India in England. The question of holding exami- nations simultaneously in India and Eng- land for admission to the Indian Civil Service was then present in his mind, and he succeeded, through the kindness of the late Sir Erskine Perry, an early friend and patron, in unearthing a minute of a Committee of the Council of the Secre- tary of State for India which, so long ago as 1860, had recommended a step which only the other day found a con- firmation in a resolution of the present House of Commons, viz. to hold examina- 790 NAPIER tions simultaneously in England and India for all the Civil Services. Returning to India in 1864, he offered to pay 50,000 rupees (a very large slice out of his hard- earned money) to found a scholarship in Bombay in honour of Lord Canning, if others should adequately supplement it ; but on account of the financial crisis of that period, in which Mr. Naoroji and others suffered, the proposition fell through. Back again in London in 1S67, he, with other friends, established the East India Association, and induced the princes and chiefs of India to endow it handsomely. From 1868 he carried on a correspondence with Lord Iddesleigh (then Sir Stafford Northcote) and Mr. Grant Duff, which, with the help of a memorial proposed by him in the East India Asso- ciation, resulted in the addition of a clause in the Government of India Act of 1870 opening the Civil Service to a limited number of native Indians. In 1869 the residents of Bombay held a public meeting, and decided to present Mr. Naoroji with his portrait and a purse. Mr. Naoroji con- tributed largely to the appointment of the Select Committee to inquire into the finances of India (1873). His appoint- ment, in 1874, as Prime Minister of the Prince of Baroda called forth his highest faculties as a statesman ; and Sir Lewis Pelly, the British Resident at the Court, stated in recognition of his services, "that until purged by Mr. Dadabhai, the crimi- nal and civil administration of justice was notoriously venal and corrupt." He was a member of the Corporation and Municipal Council of Bombay ; as such he discovered the inaccuracy that had crept into the mode of calculating the instalment of principal and interest pay- able on account of the Vehar Waterworks, which had caused a loss to the Municipal Treasury to the extent of over £600,000 sterling. About this time came out his treatise, called the "Poverty of India," containing conclusions in which Major Baring (now Lord Cromer) subsequently concurred. Other works of Mr. Naoroji are: "England's Duties to India," and "Mysore," 1867; "The Expenses of the Abyssinian War," "Reply to Lord William Hay on the Mysore Succession," and the "Duties of the Local Indian Asso- ciations," 1868; "On the Indian Civil Service Clause in the Governor-General of India's Bill," "On the Admission of Edu- cated Natives into the Indian Civil Ser- vice," and on "The Bombay Act of 1869," 1869 ; "The Wants and Means of India," 1870 ; " The Commerce of India," " Cotton Frauds," and " Financial Administration of India," 1871; "Correspondence with the Secretary of State on the Condition of India," 1880; a "Note on General Educa- tion," a "Minute on Technical Education," and several other pamphlets. In 1885 Mr. Naoroji was appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Bombay. In 1886 he unsuccessfully contested the Holborn Parliamentary Division in London. In 1892 he was returned as a Liberal member by Central Finsbury, his majority being phenomenally small. When he visited* India in December 1893, Indians of all classes and creeds joined in enthusiastic and vast demonstrations of welcome. Mr. Naoroji presided in 1886 over the Second Session at Calcutta of the Indian National Congress, and over the Ninth Session at Lahore, in the Punjab, in December 1893. He sat as a Gladstonian in Parliament, and on other than Indian topics is an ad- vanced Liberal. He is President of the London Indian Society. As head of this Society he presided over a Conference in December 1897, and moved a very long resolution condemning the policy of the Government in India. In August 1894 Mr. Naoroji moved in the House of Com- mons for an inquiry into Indian affairs, and, on the occasion in question, achieved the distinction of making the longest speech — nearly two hours — of the session. Mr. Naoroji's perseverance was finally re- warded, by the appointment in 1895, after a second motion on his part, as an amend- ment to the Address, of a Royal Commis- sion, and Mr. Naoroji was invited to join it. Mr. Naoroji submitted to his colleagues on that body several further statements, expanding his case as argued in the House of Commons, and voluntarily presented himself as a witness before the Inquiry. He is intending, on the comple- tion of the great task to which the Com- mission is devoting itself, to again seek the suffrages of the electors, in order that he may have an opportunity from his seat in Parliament of carrying to a beneficent issue those suggested Indian reforms which he has largely been instrumental in ini- tiating. NAPIER, Thomas Bateman, LL.D., is the son of Richard Clay Napier, of Knutsford, Cheshire, and was born on July 11, 1854. He was educated at the University of London, where he took first- class honours in Common Law and Equity ; and he was also First Prizeman and Scholar of the Incorporated Law Society in 1876, gaining as well the Gold Medal for Con- veyancing. Subsequently he became a student of the Inner Temple, gained the First Senior Studentship in Roman Law and Jurisprudence in 1882, and was called to the Bar in the following year. Mr. Napier is the author of "Leading Deci- sions and Principal Statutes," 1881-84. Address: 3 New Square, W.C. NAPOLEON — NAKES 791 NAPOLEON, Victor Jerome Fred- erick, son of Prince Napoleon and the Princess Clotilde, was born July 18, 1862. On the death of the Prince Im- perial in 1879, when his father held the position of head of the House of Bona- parte, the claim was disputed by M. Paul de Cassagnac and several other Imperial- ists, who put forward the young Prince Victor as his father's rival. But this move was not encouraged by the son, though the latter, it is understood, was nominated in the Prince Imperial's will as his successor. During the last years of his father's life- time he was put forward by ardent fol- lowers as head of the " Victoriens," who at one time were fiercely opposed to the " Jeromistes," but Prince Victor is said to ; have denied that he was in any way opposed to his father's policy, and even accompanied him on a visit to the ex- Empress in England in 1883. In 1884, however, he put himself at the head of a new Bonapartist faction, and left his father's house, having been urged to this step by the Bonaparte paper Le Pays. At the same time a revenue of 40,000 francs a year was left him, which further accen- tuated his independence. When the Ex- pulsion Bill of 1886 became law the Prince and his father were exiled from France, but while the latter took up his abode in Switzerland, the son went to Brussels. Nor did he again see his father till the latter lay dying in Rome, in March 1891. In 1889 he issued a manifesto previous to the general election of that year. He is now bead of the French Bonapartist party, and has made several ineffectual attempts to stir up French opinion in his favour. In 1898 there was a rumour that the small remnant of French Bonapartists were dis- satisfied at his lack of initiative, and that, in consequence, he had resigned his titular leadership to his younger brother, Prince Louis Napoleon, who is a Colonel in the Russian cavalry, and reported to be made of far sterner stuff than his elder brother. NARES, Vice -Admiral Sir George Strong, K.C.B., F.R.S., is a son of thelate Captain William Henry Nares, R.N., of Danestown, Aberdeen, by his marriage with a daughter of Mr. E. G. Dodd, and a great-grandson of Sir George Nares, for- merly one of the Justices of the Court of Common Pleas. He was born in 1831, and was educated at the Royal Naval College, New Cross, where he gained the naval cadetship which is given annually to the most promising pupil by the Lords of the Admiralty. He saw some service in H.M.S. Canopus forming part of the Channel Squadron, and afterwards in H.M.S. Savannah on the Australian station. He was a mate on board the Resolute in the Arctic Expedition of 1852-54, when he took an active share in the winter amuse- ments, and did his part manfully as a sledge-traveller. He acted in the theatri- cals, and gave a series of lectures to the men on winds and on the laws of me- chanics. In the spring of 1853 he was auxiliary to Lieut. Mecham, and travelled over 665 miles in sixty-nine days. In 1854 he started in the intense cold of March, and went over 586 miles in fifty-six days. On the return of this Arctic Expedition he served in H.M.S. Glatton during the last year of the Crimean war ; afterwards in H.M.S. Conqueror on the Mediterranean station. On the inauguration of the pre- sent system of training for naval cadets, he served as Lieutenant in charge of cadets under the late Captain Robert Harris, in H.M. ships Illustrious and Britannia. In 1854 he was promoted to the rank of Com- mander, being attached also to the train- ing-ship Boscawen. In 1866-67 we find him employed at the Antipodes in command of the Salamander, engaged in supporting the original settlement of Royal Marines at Somerset, Torres Strait, North Australia, and in surveying the eastern and north- eastern coasts of Australia. In 1869 he was sent in H.M.S. Shearwater to survey and report upon the Gulf of Suez. From 1872 down to the end of 1874 Captain Nares was in command of H.M.S. Chal- lenger, employed in deep-sea exploration round the world. He was then ordered home, and appointed to the command of the Arctic Expedition. The two ships com- posing the expedition, H.M.S. Alert and H.M.S. Discovery, commanded respectively by Captains Nares and Stephenson, left England in May 1875, with the hope of reaching the North Pole vid Smith's Sound. The expedition reached the mouth of Lady Franklin Bay on August 27. Here Captain Nares left the Discovery to take up her quarters for the winter, while the Alert continued her course along the western shore of Robeson Channel. This course she held until, on September 1, the Alert herself attained the then highest latitude, and was made fast to some grounded bergs of ice, within 100 yards of a tolerably level beach in lat. 82° 27' and long. 61° 22'. Lieut. Rawson, of the Discovery, with his sledge-crew of eight men, had accompanied the advance ship with the object of return- ing to the Discovery during the autumn with news of the Alert's progress. This journey, however, he was never able to accomplish, the snow being too deep, and the ice too treacherous and too frequently in motion, to render sledge-travelling pos- sible for a distance of seventy to eighty miles at so late a period of the year. The Discovery therefore knew nothing of her consort's position until the ensuing spring. 792 NASI — NATALIE On Oct. 12 the sun finally disappeared, leaving the Alert in total or partial dark- ness for 142 days, and the Discovery for almost the same period. After the return of daylight, sledge expeditions were arranged. A party, numbering in the aggregate fifty-three persons, led by Com- mander Markham and Lieut. Parr, made a very gallant attempt to reach the Pole. They were absent seventy-two days from the ship, and on May 12 succeeded in planting the British flag in lat. 83° 10' 26" N. From this position there was no ap- pearance of land to the northward, but curiously enough, the depth of water was found to be only 72 fathoms. The men suffered intensely from the extreme cold, many were attacked by scurvy, and it was with great difficulty that the sledging party made their way back to the ship. Captain Nares now resolved to return home, as with the whole resources of the expedition he could not hope to advance more than about 50 miles beyond the posi- tions already attained. The expedition arrived at Valentia, Oct. 27, 1876. In re- ward for his services Captain Nares was appointed a K.C.B., December 1. He was afterwards again placed in command of the Alert, which sailed from Portsmouth, Sept. 24, 1878, to survey Magellan Strait, South America. From 1879 to 1897 he was engaged at the Board of Trade as Professional Officer of the Harbour De- partment, and is now Acting Conservator of the river Mersey. He retired from the navy in 1886, and was made a Vice-Ad- miral in March 1892. He is the author of " The Naval Cadet's Guide, or Seaman's Companion ; containing complete Illustra- tions of all the Standing Riggings, the Knots in Use, &c," 1860, afterwards pub- lished under the title of " Seamanship," 2nd edit., 1862 ; 3rd edit., 1865 ; 4th edit., 1868 ; " Reports on Ocean Soundings and Temperature" (in the Challenger), printed by direction of the Lords of the Admiralty, 6 parts, 1874-75 ; "The Official Report of the Arctic Expedition," 1876 ; and "Nar- rative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875-76 in H.M. ships Alert and Discovery," 2 vols., 1878. He married, in 1858, Mary, daughter of the late Mr. W. G. Grant, of Portsmouth. Address : Claremont Road, Surbiton. NAST, Thomas, American illustrator, was born at Landau in Bavaria, on Sept. 27, 1840. He went to America with his parents in 1846, his father, a musician in the Bavarian army, being advised to leave Germany, as his opinions were too Radical for the times. Young Thomas soon ex- hibited a preference for an artistic career, and at an early age, with very little in- struction, began to furnish sketches for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, and other periodicals. He was sent to England in 1860, to make illustrations of the prize- fight between Heenan and Sayers, for the New York Illustrated News. That finished, he joined General Medici in the campaign in which Garibaldi freed Sicily and Naples, and created the united kingdom of Italy. While in Italy he furnished sketches for various English, French, and American papers. Returning to America in February 1861, just before the breaking-out of the Civil War, he found the material which made his reputation as the patriotic artist of the war, and he produced from week to week those powerful pictures which roused the citizen and cheered the soldier. During the period of corruption which followed the war, he made his best-remembered hits against. the Tammany Ring in New York City. He is regarded as the father of American caricature, and it is generally conceded that to him is largely due the development of this branch of art there. He has also found time to illustrate a number of books and make designs for panoramas, as well as to paint one com- pletely. In 1873 he made his first appear- ance as a lecturer, illustrating in the presence of the audience. He began with crayon sketches and advanced by degrees to oil paintings, possessing wonderful dex- terity of execution. He has since lectured in 1885 and 1888. He has also executed a number of oil paintings, the largest of which is now in the possession of the 7th Regiment of New York, and hangs in the Colonel's room, in their armoury. It represents the departure of the regiment for the war, April 19, 1861. He is a veteran member of the New York 7th Regiment, and served with his company during the riot of July 12, 1871. His home is at Morristown, N.J. NATALIE, Queen of Servia, is the daughter of Pierre Ivanovitch Kechko, and was born May 2, 1859, and married at Belgrade to Milan I„ ex-King of Servia, Oct. 17, 1875 ; and was divorced from him in October 1888. Her son, Alexander I., who was born at Belgrade, Aug. 14, 1876, is now king. The validity of the divorce of the Queen, as conducted by the aged Metropolitan Theodosius alone, at the request of the king, was disputed by her Majesty ; and in reply to a letter ad- dressed by her to the Metropolitan Michael, she received a letter signed, not only by him, but also by two members of the Synod, stating that the decree of the Metropolitan Theodosius is null and void, having been granted without consultation with the Synod, and without the Queen having been heard in her?own defence. Therefore there can be no doubt that the NAUTICUS — NEILSON 793 Queen's divorce was illegal. It was granted by an aged prelate who was almost in his dotage, as it has since transpired, and who has since retired into a monastery. It was contrary to the ecclesiastical law of the land, which alone has jurisdiction in Servia over divorce cases, and it was declared invalid by the Holy Synod. In April 1891 King Milan engaged to absent bimself from Servia till his son's coming of age, on condition that the Queen should not be allowed to reside in the country. Accordingly, on May 18, 1891, Queen Natalie was expelled from the private house in Belgrade where she had resided since her divorce, but in January 1893 she was reconciled to the ex-king. NAUTICTJS. Laird. See Clowes, William NAUTICTJS. See Seaman, Owen. NAVARRO, Madame Antonio, nee Mary Antoinette Anderson, an Ameri- can actress, was born at Sacramento, California, July 28, 1859. Her parents moved to Kentucky when she was only six months old, and her home was at Louisville in that State until she went on the stage in her seventeenth year. Her first representation was as Juliet, Nov. 27, 1875, which met with a marked suc- cess. After travelling for a few years in the south and west, she made her appear- ance before eastern audiences in the large seaboard cities in 1880, where she was as warmly received as she had previously been in smaller places. Her career from the first was one of unchecked prosperity, and few actresses have met with more popular favour than has Miss Anderson. Her first visit to England (1879) was for pleasure only, but on her return (1884-85) she played at the Lyceum Theatre, during Mr. Irving's absence in America. It was during this second visit that the Memorial Theatre at Stratford-on-Avon was opened by Miss Anderson as Rosalind in "As You Like It," and her portrait in that character forms one of the panels in the theatre. Her principal parts have been Juliet, Bianca in "Fazio," Julia in "The Hunch- back," Evadne, Meg Merrilies, Pauline in " The Lady of Lyons," Galatea, Clarice in "Comedy and Tragedy," Parthenia, and Rosamond. From 1885 to 1889 she had many engagements both in Great Britain and in America, but a prolonged illness during 1889 compelled a temporary retire- ment from the stage, and early in 1890 she announced her withdrawal from the dramatic profession ; shortly afterwards she was married in London to M. Antonio Navarro _de Viana, a citizen of New York. Address : The Court Farm, Broadway, Worcestershire. NEILSON, Julia (Mrs. Fred Terry), was born in London in 1868, and spent the first twelve years of her life there, when with her family she went to live in Wiesbaden. Here she developed a musical talent, and in 1883, on the return of her family to London, was entered as a student at the Royal Academy of Music, and from the age of sixteen onwards studied her art, chiefly under Mr. Randegger, winning such academic distinctions as the Llewel- lyn-Thomas Gold Medal for declamatory singing (1885), the Sainton-Dolby Prize, and the Westmoreland Scholarship. Dur- ing her three years at the college she also took lessons in elocution from Mr. Walter Lacy, and sang several times in public at the Royal Albert Hall and at other con- certs, winning the suffrages of critics and public alike. In the autumn of 1S87 she acted in some amateur dramatic perform- ances, ending by an appearance in W. S. Gilbert's "Pygmalion and Galatea " at St. George's Hall, Langham Place, which made so marked an impression on her audience that Mr. Randegger and Sir Joseph Barnby, who were present, urged her to take up the dramatic, as opposed to the purely musical, career. Mr. Barnby introduced her to Mr. Gilbert, who soon perceived her true dramatic gift. At a Lyceum matinfe, in March 1888, Miss Julia Neilson made her de'but profession- ally as Cynisca in " Pygmalion and Gala- tea." Miss Mary Anderson acted Galatea, and the audience was considerable and cultivated. Soon after this, her first success, she appeared at a Savoy ma- tinee as Galatea. Her next part was Lady Hilda in Gilbert's "Broken Heart," and in " The Wicked World," revived for her benefit, she played Selene with in- creasing acceptance. Mr. Rutland Bar- rington was thus led to offer her the post of leading lady at the St. James's, where she appeared with him in " Bran- tinghame Hall," which was especially written for her by W. S. Gilbert. After- wards she was engaged by Mr. Tree to play Stella Darbyshire, Mrs. Tree's part, in " Captain Swift." She toured for some months in this part, steadily improving her talent, and returning to the Hay- market, played "Julie de Noirville" in "A Man's Shadow," and the title-roles in " The Dancing Girl " and " Hypatia," two parts for which her statuesque pres- ence eminently fitted her. Her last notable appearance was as Rosalind, at the St. James's, when " As You Like It " had the longest recorded run in London. In 1898 Miss Julia Neilson played the Gipsy heroine in the " Gipsy Earl " at the Adelphi. She 794 NELSON — NEWBOLT is married to Mr. Fred Terry. Address : 27 Elm Park Gardens, Kensington. NELSON, The Right Hon. Sir Hugh Muir, K.C.M.G., Premier o£ Queensland, was born at Kilmarnock, Dec. 31, 1835, and is the son of the Kev. W. L. Nelson, LL.D. He was educated at the High School, Edinburgh, and the Edinburgh University, and before he was twenty emigrated to Queensland. It was not until 1883 that he entered public life, being elected member for Northern Downs in the Assembly. In 1888 he was returned for Murilla, and became Secretary for Railways in the M'llwraith ministry of June of the same year. In 1892 he was Colonial Treasurer, and in the next year he became Premier, which post he has held ever since. In 1896 he was created a Knight, and came to England for the Diamond Jubilee, with the other Colonial Premiers, in 1897, on which occasion he was made a Privy Councillor. Address : Gabbinbar, Too Woomba, Queensland. NiSRTJDA, Madame Norman. See HalliS, Lady. NESTOR.. See Fotjquier, J. F. H. NETHERLANDS, Queen Regent of. See Emma, Queen Regent op the Netherlands. NETHERLANDS, Queen of. See WlLHELMINA, QUEEN OP THE NETHER- LANDS. NETTLESHIP, Edward, F.R.C.S., received his medical education at King's College, the London Hospital, and the Royal Veterinary College. He has been Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Hospital for Sick Children, and is now Consulting Oph- thalmic Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, and Surgeon to the Royal London Ophthal- mic Hospital, where he is also Curator of the Museum. It will be remembered that, in May 1894, Mr. Nettleship, together with Dr. Habershon and Dr. J. B. Lawford, operated on Mr. Gladstone for cataract in the right eye. In 1875 he reported to Government on Ophthalmia in Pauper Schools, a subject that now commands the attention of persons interested in Board Schools, and has published several works on the eye, including a " Student's Guide to Diseases of the Eye," 6th edit., 1897, and contributions to various trans- actions and learned periodicals. Address : 5 Wimpole Street, W. NEVARES, Celso, Consul-General of Ecuador in London, was born in Ecuador on June 13, 1850, and belongs to a high family of that country. He has resided in this country for the past twenty-six years, is married to an English lady, and three years ago was promoted by his Government from the position of Consul to that of Consnl-General. On the occa- sion of the Diamond Jubilee celebration in 1897, he represented his country, and was presented by the Queen with the Commemoration Jubilee medal. Sefior Nevares has done very much to assist the commercial houses of this country in bringing their specialities before the notice of the people of Ecuador. Senor Nevares is deeply interested in every movement iden- tified with the well-being of the Spanish- American states, and he has taken an active part in promoting the philanthropic objects of the Ibero-American Benevolent Society, of whose Executive Committee he is a member. He also belongs to the Associa- tion of Foreign Consuls. Address : Con- sulate of the Republic of Ecuador, 3 Copt- hall Buildings, Copthall Avenue. NEVILLE, Hon. and Rev. Latimer, M.A., the fourth son of Richard Neville, 3rd Baron Braybrooke, and Lady Jane, daughter of the 2nd Marquis Cornwallis, was born at Andley End, Essex, on April 22, 1827. He was educated at Eton, and at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he took a second class in the Classical Tripos. After being a Fellow of his College, he became Master in 1853, and served the office of Vice-Chancellor in 1860 and 1861. He has been Rector of Heydon, Essex, since 1851 ; was made an Hon. Canon of Rochester, and sub- sequently of St. Albans in 1873 ; was appointed Rural Dean of Saffron Walden in 1875 ; and was Proctor in Convocation for the Diocese of St. Albans from 1877 to 1885. He has published a few hymns, one in particular entitled "Royalty," dedicated on the occasion of the Jubilees in 1887 and 1897 to the Prince and Princess of Wales. Address : Magdalene College, Cambridge. NEWBOLT, Rev. William Charles Edmund, M.A., Canon of St. Paul's in succession to the late Dr. Liddon, youngest son of W. R. Newbolt and Ann Frances, daughter of T. Domen Magens, was born at Somerton, Somerset, on Aug. 14, 1844, and educated at Uppingham and Pem- broke College, Oxford, of which college he was a scholar. He took his degree with honours in classics in the year 1867, and was ordained the next year. After hold- ing for two years a curacy at Wantage, he was vicar of Dymock, Gloucestershire, from 1870 to 1887, when he was trans- NEWCASTLE — NEWDIGATE-NEWDEGATE 795 ferred to Malvern Link. In 1887 he was appointed Principal of Ely Theological College, and at the same time Honorary Canon of the diocese. He retired from Ely College in 1890, when he was appointed Canon of St. Paul's, and afterwards Chan- cellor. In 1892 he became Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Ely. He is the author of "Counsels of Faith and Practice," 1883; "The Man of God," 1887; "Penitence and Peace," 1892; "Speculum Sacerdotum," 1894; "Priestly Ideals," 1898. He was Boyle Lecturer, 1895-96, and in the same year published "The Gospel of Experience." He married, in 1870, Fanny Charlotte, fourth daughter of W. Wren, Esq. Address : 3 Amen Court, St. Paul's, E.C. NEWCASTLE, Duke of, Henry Pelham Archibald Douglas Pelham- Clinton, D.L., J.P., was born on Sept. 28, 1864, and is the son of the 6th Duke, whom he succeeded in 1879, and of Adela, daughter of the late Henry T. Hope, of Deepdene, Surrey. He was educated at Eton, and at Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford. He is Lord High Steward of Retford, Master Forester of Dartmoor, Keeper of St. Briavel's Castle, and was a member of the London School Board from 1894 to 1897. He married Kathleen, daughter of Major and the Hon. Mrs. Candy. Addresses : 11 Hill Street, W. ; and Clumber Park, Worksop. NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE, Bishop of. See Jacobs, Thb Right Rev. Edgar. NEWCOMB, Simon, LL.D., Ph.D., was born at Wallace, Nova Scotia, March 12, 1835. While a youth he went to the United States, and was for' several years engaged as a teacher. In 1857 he was employed on the computations for the "American Nautical Almanac." In 1858 he began original investigations in astron- omy, and in 1861 was appointed Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy, and stationed at the Naval Observatory. He negotiated the contract for the great 26-inch telescope and supervised its con- struction. He was made Secretary of the Commission created by Congress in 1871 to observe the transit of Venus (Dec. 9, 1874). In 1872 he was elected an Asso- ciate of the Royal Astronomical Society, and in 1874 received its Gold Medal for his tables of Neptune and Uranus. In the same year he was chosen a Corresponding Member of the Institute of France ; and in 1875 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Mathematics and Physics from the University of Leyden. In 1874 Columbia University, Washington, con- ferred on him the degree of LL.D. ; a similar honour came from Yale in 1875, in 1884 from Harvard, and in 1887 from Columbia (New York). In 1886 he received from Heidelberg the degree of Ph.D. In 1878 the Haarlem Society of Sciences awarded the Huyghens medal to Dr. New- comb, and in 1890 he received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. He went to the Cape of Good Hope to observe the transit of Venus on Dec. 6, 1882. Since 1877 he has been Superintendent of the "Nautical Almanac," and in that capacity has instituted a series of researches on the motions of the planets which are pub- lished from time to time as "Astronomical Papers of the American Ephemeris." These researches are to form the basis of new tables of the eight major planets. Among his other published works are : "On the Secular Variations, &c, of the Asteroids," 1860 ; " Investigation of the Distance of the Sun," 1867; "On the Action of the Planets on the Moon," 1871 ; "Tables of the Planet Neptune," 1865; " Tables of Uranus," 1873; "Integrals of Planetary Motion," 1874 ; " Researches on the Motion of the Moon," 1878 ; "Popular Astronomy," 1878; "A Course of Mathe- matics for Schools and Colleges," 1881-87 ; and "Principles of Political Economy," 1886. NEWDIGATE-NEWDEGATE, Lieut. -General Sir Edward, K.C.B., was born June 15, 1825, at Astley Castle, Warwickshire, and is the son of Francis Newdigate, Esq., and Lady Barbara, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Dartmouth, and was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He held a commission as second Lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade, May 29, 1842 ; Lieutenant, April 14, 1846 Captain, April 30, 1852; Brevet-Major Nov. 2, 1855 ; Major R. B., Sept. 1, 1857 Lieut. -Colonel, April 30, 1861; Colonel Oct, 23, 1867; Major-General, Oct, 1, 1877 Lieut. -General, April 15, 1887. His prin- cipal appointments having been : Brigade- Major, Aldershot, Aug. 11, 1856, to July 31, 1857 ; Particular Service, Canada, Dec. 13, 1861, to June 29, 1862 ; A. A. G., Aldershot, Sept. 1, 1865, to Sept. 30, 1870 ; Brigadier- General, Chatham, Jan. 21, 1878, to Feb. 17, 1879 ; Major-General, South Africa, Aprils, 1879, to Sept. 1879; Major-General, S. E. District, April 1, 1880, to March 31, 1885 ; Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Bermudas, Oct. 29, 1888. He has the following war services : Crimean Cam- paign, 1854-55, including battles of Alma and Inkerman (wounded), and Siege of Sebastopol (Medal with three clasps, Brevet of Major, and Knight of the Legion of Honour, fifth class of the Medjidieh, and Turkish Medal) ; Zulu War, 1879 ; Battle 796 NEWNES — NEWTON of Ulundi (Medal with clasp, and C.B.). He was placed on the Retired List in June 1892, was made a K.C.B. in May 1894, and appointed to the Colonelcy of the Devon- shire Regiment, May 24, 1897. He married, in 1858, Anne Emily, second daughter of the Very Rev. Thomas Gamier, Dean of Lincoln, and Lady Caroline, daughter of 4th Earl of Albemarle, and succeeded to the Arbury and Astley estates in Warwick- shire, and Harefield in Middlesex, on the death of his cousin, the Right Hon. Charles Newdigate-Newdegate in April 1887. In accordance with the will of the above he took the additional surname of Newdegate by royal license in 1888. Lieut. -General Newdigate-Newdegate is a J.P. for Warwickshire. Address : Stoke, Coventry. NEWNES, Sir George, Bart., J.P., was born on March 13, 1851, is the son of the Rev. T. M. Newnes, late of Matlock, and was educated at Silwates, Yorkshire, and at the City of London School. From what are understood to have been small beginnings financially, an old Fleet Street rumour being to the effect that the now famous Tit-Bits was started on a tiny capital, he has risen to be one of the largest and most successful newspaper proprietors in the world. Sir George Newnes makes his especial appeal to that huge and increasing class which, educated since 1870 in primary schools, is gradually awakening to an intelligent interest in popular literature. He is founder of George Newnes & Co. , Limited, a company own- ing Tit-Bits, the Strand Magazine, the Wide World, an illustrated monthly under the editorship of Mr. Fitzgerald, and other papers. He and his company are also proprietors of the Westminster Gazette. From 1885 to 1895 he represented the Newmarket Division of Cambridgeshire in Parliament. In politics he is a Liberal. He was created a Baronet in 1895. As a public man he is interested in many objects, and has been a benefactor of Lynton and Lynmouth, North Devon. He married, in 1875, Priscilla, daughter of the Rev. J. Hillyard, of Leicester. Ad- dress : Wildcroft, Putney Heath, S.W., &c. NEWPORT, Bishop of (R.C.). See Hedlet, Rlght Rev. J. C. NEWTON, Professor Alfred, M.A., F.R.S., born at Geneva, June 11, 1829, is the fifth son of William Newton, of Elveden (formerly M.P. for Ipswich, and Lieut.-Colonel of West Suffolk Militia), by Elizabeth, a daughter of Richard Slater Milnes, of Fryston (formerly M.P. for York). He entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1852, being afterwards chosen Travelling Fellow of that College, in which capacity he visited Lapland, Iceland, the West Indies, North America, and other countries. In 1864 he accompanied Sir Edward Birkbeck to Spitzbergen, and was elected by the University of Cambridge to the Professor- ship of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy on its establishment in 1866. In 1877 he was re-elected Fellow of Magdalene Col- lege. Prof. Newton has published "The Zoology of Ancient Europe," 1862 ; "Ootheca Wolleyana," 1864; and edited "The Ibis," second series; "Zoological Record," 1871-73; and the 4th edit, of Yarrell's "British Birds." He is the author of "Zoology," published by the S.P.C.K., of "A Dictionary of Birds" (1896), of numerous papers in publications of the Zoological, Linnean, Royal, and other learned societies, as also of many contributions to scientific journals, and to the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," 9th edit. He was President in 1888, and has been many times Vice-President of Section D. of the British Association, of the Royal and Zoological Societies, and of the Marine Biological Association, and is Honorary or Corresponding Member of various foreign and colonial societies. He has taken an active part in all questions relating to the legislative protection of birds. Address : Magdalene College, Cambridge. • NEWTON, Ernest, born in London on Sept. 12, 1856, was educated at Black- heath, and at Uppingham School, and was articled to Mr. R. Norman Shaw, the well- known architect, in 1873. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1890, he resigned this position in 1892. He published a "Book of Country Houses " in 1882; and another "Book of Houses" in 1890, and he con- tributed in 1892 one of a number of essays in the volume entitled "Architecture, a Profession or an Art," edited by R. Norman Shaw, R.A., and J. G. Jackson, R.A. He is a member of the Art Workers' Guild, is President of the Raymond Art Society, and has exhibited at the Royal Academy since 1881. Amongst his chief archi- tectural works there may be mentioned : The Sisterhood and Chapel buildings, Lloyd Square, Clerkenwell ; Redcourt, Bullerswood ; Glebelands, Haslemere ; Broome Hall, Wokingham ; St. Swithin's Church, Lewisham ; about 100 houses in different parts of England have moreover been designed by him. He is now bringing out a series of illustrated articles on "Modern English Domestic Architecture" in Kunsl and Kumthandwerk, an Austrian art magazine published in Vienna. Mr. Newton, in 1881, married Antoinette NEWTON _ NICHOLAS 797 Johanna Hoyack, of Rotterdam, grand- daughter of Sir James Turing, Bart., H.B.M. Consul. Address : 4 Raymond Buildings, Gray's Inn, W.C. ; and 13 Earl's Terrace, Kensington, W. NEWTON, Robert Milnes, M.A., J. P., late Metropolitan Police Magistrate, was born in London, July 2, 1821, being the second son of William Newton, Esq., of Elveden, Suffolk, by Elizabeth, the daughter of Richard Slater Milnes, Esq., of Fryston, Yorkshire. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1867. After studying law, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, in May 1847. He was Recorder of Cambridge from 1858 to 1866, and was appointed a Commissioner to inquire into the Lancaster Election Petition of 1866. In November of that year he became a Metropolitan Police Magistrate at Great Marlborough Street, which office he resigned in December 1896. Address : 18 Seymour Street, W. NICHOLAS I., the Hospodar of Montenegro, was born Oct. 7, 1841 ; was educated at Trieste and in Paris ; and succeeded his uncle, who had been assassinated, Aug. 25, 1860. He is Colonel of a Russian infantry regiment. In 1890 the thirtieth anniversary of his accession to the throne was celebrated, and during 1896 the bi-centenary of his dynasty. In 1897 the Queen of England decorated him with the Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. In 1860 he married Milena or Milona, daughter of Voywode Peter Vucotitch, and has nine children. His heir, Prince Danilo-Alexander, was born at Cettinge^ on June 29, 1871. His daughter, Princess Helen, is married to the Prince of Naples, the Italian heir- apparent, and Princess Anne, another daughter, is the wife of Prince Francis Joseph of Battenberg. NICHOLAS II. , Czar of all the Russias, was born at St. Petersburg on May 18, 1868, his father being the late Czar Alex- ander III., and his mother, the Princess Dagmar, a daughter of the King of Den- mark and a sister of the Princess of Wales. His education was conducted on modern lines, at the express wish of the late Czar, and he was instructed in modern languages and history, in constitutional history, eco- nomics, and the law and administration of Russia. He is a fluent linguist, and can speak French, German, Italian, and Eng- lish, and is familiar with our literature and manners. He has travelled in the East and visited India. While in Japan a savage attack was made on his life by a fanatical policeman, and on that occasion he displayed personal courage of a high order. During the Russian famine of 1891 he asked to be made President of the Committee of Succour, and as such dis- played great energy. He succeeded his father Alexander III. on Nov. 1, 1894, and on the 26th of the same month was married, in accordance with the late Czar's dying wish, to Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of the late Princess Alice. Pre- viously to the Czar's death this Princess had been summoned to the sick man's bedside at Livadia, and for some time it was supposed that the marriage would be solemnised during his lifetime. In a manifesto issued on the occasion of his marriage, Nicholas II. said, " Solicitous for the destinies of our new reign, we have deemed it well not to delay the fulfilment of our heart's wish, the legacy, so sacred to us, of our father, now resting in God ; nor to defer the realisation of the joyful expectation of our whole people that our marriage, hallowed by the benediction of our parents, should be blessed by the Sacrament of our Holy Church." The Imperial Manifesto proper announced the granting of certain pecuniary alleviations to the classes connected with agriculture, and contained the following notable passage : "We, in this sad but solemn hour, when ascending the ancestral throne of the Russian Empire and of the Czardom of Poland and the Grand-Duchy of Finland, indissolubly connected with it, remember the legacy left to us by our departed father, and inspired by it, we, in the presence of the Most High, record the solemn vow always to make our sole aim the peaceful development of the power and glory of our beloved Russia and the happiness of all our faithful subjects." The new Emperor has also proved himself favourable to the principle of religious toleration, and of the freedom, to a limited extent, of the press, so far as it concerns the censorship of foreign newspapers im- ported into Russia. But though he was known to be an amiable and not unen- lightened Prince, Europe was not prepared to find in him an idealism worthy of Tolstoi himself. In the summer of 1898 (August 24), when the German Emperor was on the eve of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, the Czar startled Europe by issuing, through Count Muravieff, the now famous rescript or circular which proposed a conference of the Powers for the pre- servation of the general peace by dis- armament. The rescript called forth universal expressions of admiration, and many sympathetic replies from official quarters have been sent to Russia. Be- fore he came . to the throne, Czar Nicholas II. held several military com- 798 NICHOLLS — NICHOLSON mands, and was Colonel of the Preobrajen- sky Regiment. In 1893 the Order of the Garter was conferred upon him. In November 1895 the Czarina gave birth to a daughter, the Princess Olga, and in June 1897 a second daughter wa-i born to the Imperial couple. His coronation was cele- brated with all the grandeur and pomp of the Orthodox Church, at Moscow, in May 1896. In the following August he set out on a series of important visits to the Em- perors of Germany and Austria, the King of Denmark, and Queen Victoria. He was entertained by the latter at Balmoral, and on the conclusion of his visit he crossed the Channel to Cherbourg, where he was received with great honours by the Pre- sident of the French Republic. His stay in Paris was marked by many brilliant displays and ceremonies, and was regarded by the French people as accentuating the entente cordiale, or alliance, as we may now call it, between France and Russia. In the summer of 1897 President Faure paid a visit to St. Petersburg, and it was on this occasion that the alliance was definitely announced. NICHOLLS, Harry, comedian, was born in London in 1852, and educated at the City of London School. Primarily intended, like Horace of old, for the voca- tion of an auctioneer, he chose the dramatic calling, and made his first appearance at the Theatre Royal, Windsor, played largely in every kind of part in the provinces, and in 1874 was engaged by Mr. William Hol- land at the Surrey, and then played at the Grecian. For fourteen years, from July 1880, he was the popular and vivacious low comedian, both in drama and panto- mime, at Drury Lane Theatre, and during the last five years has acted comic parts at the Adelphi. He has written a number of pantomimes, some of which have been acted at Drury Lane, and is part author of " Jane," " A Runaway Girl," &c. Address : Rupert Cottage, Bedford Park, W. NICHOLLS, Henry Alfred Alford, C.M.G., M.D., F.L.S., was born in London on Sept. 27, 1 851, and studied medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital and at the Uni- versity of Aberdeen, where he graduated with honours as Master in Surgery, and Bachelor of Medicine in 1873. In the same year he gained the membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng- land, since which time he has resided in Dominica, W.I., as Government Medical Officer. Here Dr. Nicholls has for a number of years carried on investigations into the nature of the disease known as Yaws. His articles on this malady in the Medical Times and Gazette, and his Official Reports as the Medical Superintendent of the Dominica Yaws Hospitals, have made him the chief authority on the subject. He has established a reputation as a naturalist, and has published some treatises on tropical agriculture. In 1888 he gained the premium of £100 offered by the Government of Jamaica for the best text- book on tropical agriculture, for the use of the schools and colleges of that colony. In 1891 he was appointed Special Commis- sioner, by the Home Government, to in- quire into the various matters relating to the spread of Yaws in the colonies of Tobago, Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, and the Leeward Islands. His report on the mission, addressed to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, has been published as a blue-book under the title of " Report on Yaws in Tobago, Grenada, &c," 1892. He has contributed numerous papers on Yaws and other tropical diseases to the leading medical journals, and papers on natural history to the Kew Bulletin, Nature, &c. He edited vols. i. and ii. of The Leeward Islands Medical Journal. He is a Fellow of the Linnean Society, a Cor- responding Member of the Zoological Society of London, of the New York Academy of Sciences, of the Jamaica Institute, and of the Chamber of Agricul- ture of the French colony of Guadeloupe, and he is also an Honorary Member of the Royal Agricultural Society of British Guiana. He has been decorated for his services in Dominica, W.I. Address : Roseau, Dominica, West Indies. NICHOLSON, Sir Charles, Bart., J.P., D.C.L., LL.D., born Nov. 23, 1808, was educated in Edinburgh, where he gradu- ated M.D. 1833. He became a resident in New South Wales in 1834, and was one of the original representative members for Port Phillip (now the Colony of Victoria) in the first Legislative Council established in New South Wales in 1843, of which body he became Chairman of Committees, and subsequently Speaker from 1846 to 1856. He filled the post of Vice-Provost and subsequently that of Chancellor of the University of Sydney, and received the honour of Knighthood in 1852, and that of Baronet in 1859. He received also the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the Uni- versity of Oxford, and that of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge. He is the author of various official papers and reports connected with Colonial, Economic, and Educational affairs, and has also writ- ten articles in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature (of which he is Vice- President), containing an account of ex- ploration in Upper Egypt, and at Memphis, with descriptions of remains of " Disk Worshippers," now deposited in the Museum of the University of Sydney. He NICHOLSON — NICOLL 799 married, in 1865, Sarah, daughter of Archibald Keightley. Addresses : The Grange, Totteridge, Herts; and Athenaeum. NICHOLSON, Edward "Williams Byron, Bodley's Librarian, Oxford, was born March 16, 1849, at St. Helier, Jersey. He is the only son of the late Edward Nicholson, R.N., and Emily Hamilton Wall. He was educated at Llanrwst Grammar School, Liverpool College, Ton- bridge School, and Trinity College, Oxford (Scholar, first class Classical Moderations, Gaisford Greek Verse Prize, Hall-Hough- ton Junior New Testament Prize ; M.A. ). His career in librarianship began when he was still an undergraduate. He was Librarian (Hon.) of Oxford Union Society in 1872, and held office for a year. On leaving Oxford he was for nearly ten years Principal Librarian of the London Institu- tion (1873-82). In 1882 he was appointed Librarian of the Bodleian Library, Ox- ford. He was Joint-Secretary of the In- ternational Conference of Librarians, 1877, and of the Library Association, 1877-78; and is a Fellow of the Library Association. His publications are : " The Christ Child and other Poems," 1876 ; " The Rights of an Animal," 1877; " The Gospel accord- ing to the Hebrews," 1879; "A New Commentary on the Gospel according to Matthew," 1881; "Our new New Testa- ment," 1881 ; " New Homeric Researches," 1882; "Jim Lord, a Poem," 1882 ; "The Bodleian Library in 1882-87," 1888 ; "The Pedigree of 'Jack,'" 1892; "The Ver- nacular Inscriptions of the Ancient King- dom of Alban," 1896; "Golspie," 1897. He has also published original melodies with words: "Four Melodies," 1896; "Waiting for You," 1897; "The Red Dragon," 1898, &c. He played chess for Oxford against Cambridge in 1871-73. Ad- dresses : Bodleian Library, Oxford ; and 2 Canterbury Road, Oxford. NICOL, Erskine, A.R.A., R.S.A., eldest son of James Main Nicol, was born at Leith, Scotland, on July 3, 1825, and re- ceived his art education in the Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, under Sir William Allan and Mr. Thomas Duncan. In 1846 he went to reside in Ireland, where he remained three or four years. It was this residence in the sister isle which decided the painter's choice of his peculiar field of representation, for most of his subsequent pictures have been Irish in subject. From Ireland he returned to Edinburgh, and after exhibiting for some time, he was ultimately elected a Member of the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1862 he settled in London, and after that date contributed regularly to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy, of which body he was elected an Associate in June 1866. His principal pictures are: "Notice to Quit," 1862; "Renewal of the Lease Refused," 1863; "Among the Old Masters," and "Waiting for the Train," 1864; "A Deputation," 1865; "Both Puzzled," "Paying the Rent," and "Missed It," 1866; "A "Country Booking-Office," and "Kiss an' make it up," 1867 ; "A China Merchant," and "Waiting at the Cross-roads," 1868 ; " A Disputed Boundary," 1869 ; " How it was she was delayed," "On the Look- Out," "The Fisher's Knot," and "The Children's Fairing," 1871 ; "His Bit-bees," " The Play Hour," and "Bothered," 1872 ; "Pro Bono Publico," "Steady, Johnnie," and " Past Work," 1873 ; " A Dander after the Rain," and " When there's nothing else to do," 1874; "The New Vintage," " Always Tell the Truth," and " The Sab- bath Day," 1875 ; "A Storm at Sea," and "Looking Out for a Safe Investment," 1876; "His Legal Adviser," and "Un- willingly to School," 1877; "A Colorado Beetle," " The Lonely Tenant of the Glen," "Under a Cloud," and "The Missing Boat," 1878; and "Interviewing their Member," 1879. Mr. Nicol entered on the Retired List of the Royal Academy in 1885, on account of ill-health. Address : The Well, Feltham, Middlesex. NICOLL, William Robertson, LL.D., was born at the Free Church Manse, Auchindoir, Aberdeenshire, on Oct. 10, 1851. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen, where he graduated as M.A. in 1870, and at the Free Church College, Aberdeen, where he stayed till 1874. In the latter year he was ordained minister of the Free Church at Dufftown, and in 1877 was transferred to the Free Church at Kelso. In 1884 he succeeded Dr. Samuel Cox as editor of the Expositor, and in 1886 he came to London and started the British Weekly. In October 1891 he started the Bookman, a monthly literary journal, and in 1893 the Woman at Home was largely founded by him. Dr. Nicoll is the author of many theological works, as well as of a " Life of James Macdonald of the Times," 1889, and a "Memoir of Professor Elmslie." In 1897 he published several theological works. He is joint- editor of " Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth Century,"of which two volumes were published in 1895-96. He has been for long engaged on " The Victorian Era of English Literature : a Biographical and Critical History," and has originated and edited the "Expositor's Bible," "The Clerical Library," " The Theological Edu- cator," and " The Household Library of Exposition." In 1890 Aberdeen Univer- sity conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. In 1897 he married (2) Miss 800 NICOLSON — NIGHTINGALE Katherine Pollard. Address : Bay Tree Lodge, Hampstead, N.W., &c. NICOLSON, Sir Arthur, K.C.I.E., C.M.G., Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Morocco, was born Sept. 19, 1849, and is the only surviving son of Admiral Sir Frederick W. E. Nicolson, 10th Baronet. He was educated at Rugby and Brazenose College, Oxford, and was appointed to a clerkship in the Foreign Office, Aug. 23, 1870. He was Assistant Private Secretary to the late Earl Gran- ville from 1872 to 1874 ; and having held posts at Berlin, Pekin, and Constantinople, he was appointed Superintendent of Stu- dent Interpreters in Turkey in 1879. In 1882 he accompanied the Marquis of Dufferin to Egypt, and then became Charge-d'Affaires at Athens in 1884. In 1888 he was Consul-General for Hungary, and in 1894 British Agent in Bulgaria, whence he exchanged for his present post in the next year. He married, in 1882, Mary, daughter of A. Rowan Hamilton, Esq., of Killyheagh Castle, co. Down. Address : British Legation, Tangiers. NIETZSCHE, Friedrich Wilhelm, philosopher, is by descent a Pole, and was born Oct. 15, 1844, at Rocken, near Lentzen, in Saxony. As a child he was obstinate and passionate, but at an early age he acquired strong self-control, and even, it is said, on one occasion, delibe- rately burnt his hand to show that Mucius Scsevola's act was but a trifling matter. At school he had little to do with his fellows, although he is represented to have been a well-developed, vigorous boy, who loved games of various kinds, especially those of his own invention. He was after- wards sent to a school where the discip- line was of military strictness, and while there, first became acquainted with the music of Wagner, which not only stimu- lated his artistic instincts, but influenced his moral and intellectual life. He left Bonn and Leipzig Universities a man of extraordinary width of knowledge, and at the early age of twenty-six was appointed a Professor of Philology at Basle. While at Basle he became intimately acquainted with Wagner, on whose music Nietzsche founded his scheme of philosophy. The Wagnerian, however, was but a passing phase. In 1876, while attending the Bay- reuth Festival, an entire change came over his views with regard to Wagner, and it has been thought that at this point Nietzsche's tragic mental malady first re- vealed itself. His favourite sister, how- ever, thought that the disease began in the terrible year of 1870. " He had six wounded young soldiers to look after, and the strain produced in him some depress- ing physical symptoms — dyspepsia, in- somnia, and then came the facile but perilous remedy of drugs." In 1880 so bad did his physical condition become that the professorship had to be aban- doned. For nine troubled years the stricken philosopher wandered through Europe, visiting various health resorts, and fighting desperately against the onset of mental disease. Meanwhile his lite- rary output was abundant, and his egoism increased in each succeeding work. On the publication of " Thus spake Zara- thustra " he exclaimed : "I have given to men the deepest book they possess." In 1889 the end came, and he fell into the " outer darkness " of hopeless insanity ; to this day he has given no sign of dawning reason. His works expound a revolution- ary philosophy, denouncing all religion, and treating all moral laws as a remnant of Christian superstition. His ideal is to be developed by giving unbridled freedom to the struggle for existence ; seeking pleasure only and despising pity. A translation of his works into English by Tille began in 1896, but met with few fol- lowers. Nordau (q.v.) has a special dis- taste for him, and the literary skirmishes of the two philosophers have entertained Europe. NIGHTINGALE, Florence, a lady whose name has been rendered illustrious by her philanthropic efforts to alleviate the sufferings of our wounded soldiers in the Crimean War, is younger daughter of Mr. William E. Nightingale, of Embley Park, Hampshire, and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire, and was born at Florence on May 15, 1820. She enjoyed all the advantages which fall to the lot of the children of the affluent and refined, and her command of different languages and other branches of a truly "liberal education" stood her in good stead in her after career. It was not long before her philanthropic instincts, exer- cised among the poorer neighbours of her English home, led her to the systematic study of the ameliorative treatment of physical and moral distress. Not satisfied with studying the working of English schools, hospitals, and reformatory insti- tutions, she examined similar institutions abroad in the same spirit, and in 1851 spent some months in an institution of Protestant Sisters of Mercy at Kaiserswerth on the Rhine. Before long an opportunity presented itself for applying the practical lessons she there learned, for having heard that the Governesses' Sanitarium in Harley Street languished for the want of super- vision and support, she generously devoted both her personal energies and private means to its restoration and thorough or- ganisation. This work had scarcely been NIGEA — NOBLE 801 accomplished when, before Miss Nightin- gale had time to recover her overtaxed strength, new demands were made upon her spirit of self-sacrifice. The inefficiency and mismanagement of our military hos- pitals in the Crimea led to an outburst of public feeling. Various plans of help were suggested, the most popular of which was the sending forth a select band of ladies. At the request of the late Lord Herbert, then Secretary of War (whose letter crossed one from Miss Nightingale offering to go), she undertook the organisation and conduct of this body. No eulogy can do justice to the talent, energy, and devotion she con- stantly displayed in her self-imposed task. By instituting order where confusion had before reigned, and by affording care and consolation, she alleviated the sufferings of all, saved the lives of many, and earned the blessings of the sick and wounded, as well as the gratitude of her country. A testimonial fund amounting to £50,000, subscribed by the public in recognition of her noble services, was at her special request devoted to the formation of an institution for the training of nurses, now carried out at St. Thomas's Hospital, in the "Nightingale Home." Her writings are intended to disseminate practical knowledge on the subject in which she is so well versed. "Notes on Hospitals," a valuable work which had a very large circulation, appeared in 1859 ; " Notes on Nursing," of which nearly a hundred thousand copies have been sold, was pub- lished in 1860; and "Observations on the Sanitary State of the Army in India," in 1863. It is understood that, at the request of the War Office, she drew up a very voluminous confidential report on the working of the Army Medical Department in the Crimea, and she has a further claim on the gratitude of her countrymen for the active interest she has displayed in the Volunteer movement. Although confined to her house by constant ill-health, she has been ceaselessly at work for the wel- fare of our fellow-subjects in India in all matters affecting the improvement of their health, education, and social benefit. The regulations of hospitals and supply of nurses in different parts of the world, sanitary measures, and nursing arrange- ments for the army at home and abroad, occupy her thoughts and time. During the Civil War in America she was frequently consulted in questions affecting the health of the army and assistance for the wounded in the field. During the Franco-German War she was similarly appealed to by the German authorities. Her name is as well known in America as in England, in- deed, it is a household word all the world over. Address: 10 South Street, Park Lane, W. NIGRA, Count Constantino, an Italian diplomatist, born at Castellemonte, June 12, 1827, studied law at the Univer- sity of Turin, and took part as a volunteer in the war against Austria in 1848. Being severely wounded at the battle of Rivoli he abandoned the military career, entered the Diplomatic Service, and acted as Sec- retary to Count Cavour at the Congress of Paris in 1856. He took part in the nego- tiations between Piedmont and France which preceded the war of 1859, at which he was present with the general staff of Napoleon III. He was Secretary to the Italian Plenipotentiaries at the Zurich Congress, after which he was nominated, on Cavour's recommendation, Minister Plenipotentiary, first of Sardinia, and afterwards of the kingdom of Italy in Paris. On the war of 1870 breaking out he was among those who made real efforts to prevent it, and then showed himself to the end, at least personally, devoted to the Emperor and Empress. He was one of the few persons who, on Sept. 4, were by the side of the menaced and fugitive sove- reigns. After having represented Italy in Paris for fifteen years as Minister Plenipo- tentiary, he was in May 1876 appointed to fill the same post at St. Petersburg. He was nominated Italian Ambassador in London in November 1882, on which occa- sion King Humbert conferred upon him the title of Count, in attestation of his Majesty's recognition of the eminent ser- vices he had rendered to his country. Count Nigra has published several works on the dialects and popular poetry of Italy. In 1885 he resigned the embassy in London, and was succeeded by Count Corti. He was afterwards sent as Italian Ambassador to Vienna. He is a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. NILSSON, Christina. See Miranda, Countess of. NOBLE, Captain Sir Andrew, K.C.B., F.R.S., D.L., was born in Scotland on Sept. 13, 1832, and is the son of G. Noble, of the Royal Navy. He was educated at Edin- burgh Academy and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, after which he en- tered the Royal Artillery and rose to be Captain. He was appointed Secretary to the Committee on Rifled Cannon in 1858, and to that on Plates and Guns in 1859. He was Assistant-Inspector of Artillery in the same year, in 1860 was a Member of the Ordnance Select Committee, and was a Member of the Committee of Explosives throughout its sittings. He is now Vice- Chairman of Sir W. G. Armstrong & Co., Ltd., which he joined as long ago as 1860. He was elected F.R.S. in 1870, and was 3b 802 NOBLE — NOEBURY awarded its Royal Medal in 1880. He was created C.B. in 1881, K.C.B. in 1893, and was High-Sheriff of Northumberland in 1896. His publications include various papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society on explosives and gunnery. Lady Noble was a daughter of Mr. A. Campbell, of Quebec. Addresses : 14 Pall Mall, S.W.; Jesmond Dene House, Newcastle-on-Tyne, &c. ; and Athenaeum. NOBLE, Captain "William, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S., was born in 1828, and is the eldest son of the late William Noble, Esq., of Berwick. He was Captain in the Rifle Brigade, and has long devoted great at- tention to astronomy, and much good work has emanated from the private ob- servatory which he erected in the grounds of his residence. Captain Noble has sat for many years on the Council of the Royal Astronomical Society ; was the first President, and is now Vice-President, of the British Astronomical Association, and is a County Magistrate. He is the author of many contributions to scientific perio- dicals. Captain Noble married, in 1851, Emily Charlotte, only child of Edward Irving, Esq., of H.M. 61st Regiment, and of the Baroness Hadriana Cornelia van Lijnden. Address : Forest Lodge, Mares- field, Sussex. NOEL, The Right Hon. Gerard, J.P., D.L., second son of the 1st Earl of Gains- borough, was born in 1823. He entered the army as a Cornet in the 11th Hussars in 1842, and retired in 1851. He was elected M.P. for Rutland in 1847 as a Conservative, and sat for that constituency until 1884. He was a Lord of the Treasury from July 1866 to October 1868; Parlia- mentary Secretary to the Treasury from the latter date to the December following, and First Commissioner of Works from 1876 to 1880. He married, in 1863, Lady Augusta Lowther, sister of Henry, Earl of Lonsdale. Address : Catmose, Oakham, Rutland. NOEL, Bear- Admiral Sir Gerard Henry Uctred, K.C.M.G., second in command in the Mediterranean Fleet, son of the late Rev. Augustus W. Noel, Rector of Stanhoe, Norfolk, was born March 5th, 1845. He entered the navy in December 1858, and was promoted Lieu- tenant in April 1866, Commander in 1874, and Captain from the Royal Yacht in January 1881. He was in command of the naval guard to Lord Wolseley at Cape Coast Castle in the Ashanti War of 1873, and was awarded the medal with Kumasi clasp. In 1875 he gained the gold medal of the Royal United Service Institution. In 1893 he was appointed Director of Naval Intelligence, and in the same year became a Lord Commissioner of the Ad- miralty. For three years Captain Noel was a naval AD.C. to the Queen, and in May 1S96 he attained Flag rank. In Feb- ruary 1898 he hoisted his flag in H.M.S. Revenge in the Mediterranean, and took charge of the English squadron in Cretan waters. The discontent amongst the Mahomedans in Candia broke out in open violence in September 1898, the collection of a tithe being the cause of the actual outbreak, in which nearly a hundred British soldiers were killed, and about a thousand Christians massacred. The Turkish troops did nothing to aid the British, but assisted the Mahomedans against them, and joined in pillaging the town. Admiral Noel then ordered a bom- bardment of the place, and afterwards presented an ultimatum to Edhem Pasha, commanding the Turkish troops, and de- manded the delivery of the ringleaders in the outbreak, within forty-eight hours, the transmission of the tithes collected since September 3rd, and the surrender of the forts and ramparts commanding the town. The ringleaders were given up, and the other terms were ultimately complied with, owing to the uncompromising atti- tude of Admiral Noel, whose firmness on that occasion went far towards a pacifica- tion of the islanders, and a settlement of the Cretan question. He received a K.C.M.G. for his services. Sir Gerard Noel is the author of " Gun, Ram, and Torpedo," and an "Essay on Naval Tac- tics." He is a J.P. for Norfolk, and married, in 1875, Charlotte, eldest daugh- ter of the late F. Cresswell, Esq. NORBTJRY, Sir Henry Frederick, K.C.B., M.D., Director-General of the Medical Department of the Navy, was born in 1839 and educated at Oundle School and at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1860, and joined the Navy as Surgeon in the same year. He was promoted Staff Surgeon in Decem- ber 1872, Fleet Surgeon in July 1879, and Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets in November 1894. His experience of active service has lain chiefly in South Africa, where he had medical charge of the naval brigade landed from H.M.S. Active during the Kaffir War of 1877-78, when he was mentioned in despatches and strongly recommended for promotion. He also served in the Transkei as Senior Medical Officer of six different columns of troops, was present in numerous skirmishes, in the action at the Quorra River, and at the battle of Quintana. Subsequently he was principal Medical Officer of Colonel NORDAU — NORDENSKIOLD 803 Pearson's column, and present at the battle of Inzezane and the relief of the garrison of Ekowe. Sir Henry was after- wards attached to General Crealook's column, and had medical charge of the entire Naval Brigade, and took part in the advance on Port Durnford. He was several times mentioned in despatches and promoted, receiving also a C.B. and the Zulu medal with three clasps. At the close of the war he was thanked by the Cape Government. In 1879 he was awarded the Gilbert Blane Gold Medal. He was appointed in charge of Plymouth Hospital in April 1895, and promoted to a K.C.B. in June 1897. Sir Henry Norbury is also a Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and M.D. of Malta and the University at the Cape. He married, in 1868, Nina Legge, daughter of the late E. G. Wade-Brown, Esq. He is the author of "The Naval Brigade in South Africa " Address : Royal Naval Hospital, Plymouth. NORDATJ, Maximilian Simon, M.D., was born of a Jewish family at Budapest on July 29, 1849. He was a boy of great promise, and while attending the Gymna- sium and University of his native town, he contributed to several newspapers. He studied medicine, and in 1878 established himself as a physician in Budapest. His nationality and creed, however, drove him from Hungary, and in 1886 he settled in Paris. His name, however, has been made by works with a deeply partisan feeling on current ethical, political, and literary subjects. His first work was " Studien und Bilder aus dem Wahren Miliardenlande," which attracted imme- diate attention in Germany, and was translated into five foreign languages. After several other volumes of romances and travels, came his " Conventional Lies of Society," 1883, which was trans- lated into English in 1895, after the suc- cess of "Degeneration." In 1886 he published " Paradoxes," and in 1893 the work by which he is best known, "De- generation." Therein he maintains, on strictly psycho-physiological grounds, that all modern tendencies in art, literature, and life are undeniable proofs of physical, mental, and moral degeneration. As a novelist and playwright he has been less successful. His chief novel is "Gefiihls- komodie," 1892. He is the Paris corre- spondent of the Vossische Zeitung. Address : 34 Avenue de Villiers. NORDENSKIOLD, Baron Adolf Erik, a Swedish naturalist and explorer, was born in Helsingfors, the capital of Finland, Nov. 18, 1832. Descended from a Swedish family long eminent in scientific pursuits, he had his inherent tastes de- veloped alike by his surroundings at his home at Frugard, which contained an extensive mineral and natural history col- lection, and by his journeys with his father, Nils Gustaf, who was chief of the Finland Mining Department. Thus the lad cared more for practical than for theoretical learning when he first went to the Gymnasium at Borgo, and on entering the University of Helsingfors in 1849 de- voted himself almost entirely to scientific studies, spending his vacations in excur- sions to the rich mineral localities of Finland. He soon became eminent in this particular branch of science, and was nominated to several appointments, but he unluckily incurred the suspicion of the Russian authorities by participation in various students' meetings, and time after time lost his appointments, and was obliged to leave the country. Indeed, at last, for some years he was unable to obtain a passport to return to Finland. He therefore settled in Sweden, and in 1858 first entered on his Arctic travels by ac- companying Torell to Spitzbergen. On his return to Stockholm, Nordenskiold was nominated Director of the Mineralo- gical Department of the various geo- graphical and scientific researches, and for making a preliminary reconnoitring for the measurement of an arc of the meridian. The work was not then finished, and accordingly, three years later, Nor- denskiold headed an expedition which successfully completed the reconnoitring, and marked the southern part of Spitz- bergen. The explorers, however, met with some shipwrecked walrus - hunters, and were obliged to return, their provi- sions being inadequate to maintain so large an addition to the party. Thus dis- appointed, Nordenskiold now endeavoured to organise a fresh expedition, and he eventually started in 1868 in the Govern- ment steamer Sofia, which managed to attain the high latitude of 81° 42' — a lati- tude exceeded only by Hall's American and Parry's and Nares's British Arctic Expeditions, and never exceeded by a sail- ing vessel in the old hemisphere. This success convinced Nordenskiold that he could reach a much higher latitude by wintering in Spitzbergen and utilising sledges. Accordingly, after an interval — during which he sat in the Swedish Diet, and travelled in Greenland to ascertain the respective value of dogs and reindeer as beasts of burden for sledge journeys — Nordenskiold sailed in 1872 to Spitzbergen in the Polhem, accompanied by two ten- ders. He made during this voyage the first serious attempt to penetrate on the inland ice in the interior, and discovered at Ovifak the largest known blocks of 804 NORDICA — NORMAN native iron, and brought home collections of fossil plants of great importance to the history of climatology during former geo- logical epochs. The winter was unusually early, and the ice shut in the tenders, which were to have returned home, there- by straitening the provisions through extra mouths ; the reindeer were lost, and the men suffered greatly from scurvy. Never- theless Nordenskiold and Lieutenant Palender successfully surveyed part of North-East Land, and in the following July the vessels were extricated from their winter quarters, Mussel Bay, on the north coast of Spitzbergen, and returned home richly laden with important scientific col- lections. Nordenskiold now turned his attention to Siberian exploration, and in 1875 sailed through the Kara Sea to the Yenissei, and ascended the river in a small boat, returning home overland. It was the first time that any ship had succeeded in penetrating from the Atlantic to the great Siberian rivers. He introduced in the following year, after a flying visit to the Philadelphia Exhibition, the first mer- chandises by sea to Siberia, returning in the autumn with his steamer via Kara Sea and Matotschkim Sound. These experi- ences gave Nordenskiold a reasonable hope of accomplishing the North-East Passage. The King of Sweden, Mr. Oscar Dickson, and Mr. Sibiriakoff at once lent their aid to the project, and in July 1878 Professor Nordenskiold started in the Vega. She was the first vessel to double the most northern point of the Old World, Cape Tchelyuskin ; she wintered near Behring's Strait ; and once more free in July 1879, reached Japan on Sept. 2. On his arrival in Europe Nordenskiold was enthusiastically welcomed and laden with honours. He was created a Baron (April 1880), and appointed a Commander of the " Nordstjerne Order" (Order of North Star). In 1883 Nordenskiold made his second voyage to the interior of Green- land, and succeeded in penetrating with a ship through the dangerous ice-barrier along the east coast of that country south of the polar circle, a feat in vain attempted during 300 years by different Arctic ex- peditions. He has also busied himself with a project for an expedition to the South Pole. He has written minerological memoirs: "The Voyage of the Vega round Asia," 1881 ; " The Second Swedish Expedition to Greenland," 1885; "Fac- simile Atlas to the Early History of Carto- graphy," 1889; and "Periplus," 1897. His letters, written during some of his earlier explorations, have been translated into French (1880). NORDICA, Madame. See Doehme, Madame. NORFOLK, Duke of, His Grace the Most Noble Henry Fitzalan Howard,P.C, K.G..J.P., Earl of Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk, and Baron Fitzalan, Clun, Oswaldestre, and Maltravers, Premier Duke and Earl, Knight of the Garter, Hereditary Earl-Marshal, and Chief Butler of England, is the eldest son of the 14th Duke, by his wife Augusta Mary Minna Catharine, second daughter of Edmund, 1st Lord Lyons. He was born in Carlton Terrace, London, Dec. 27, 1847, and suc- ceeded to the peerage on the death of his father, Nov. 25, 1860. His Grace, who is a Roman Catholic, takes great interest in all matters relating to his Church. He is President of the Catholic Union of Great Britain. It was to the Duke of Norfolk that Dr. Newman addressed in 1875 his reply to Mr. Gladstone's " Political Ex- postulation." The Duke of Norfolk took a prominent part, about the time of the general election of 1886, in the Unionist opposition to Mr. Gladstone's Home Eule measure, thus bringing himself into colli- sion with the Irish hierarchy. In 1887 the Duke was Her Majesty's Special Envoy with presents and congratulations to the Pope on his jubilee, and in 1893 he headed a special band of English pilgrims, who were present at the state celebration at St. Peter's. From 1892 to 1895 he represented the City of London on the London County Council. In 1895 he was appointed Post- master-General, and has organised the Im- perial Penny Postage in the face of many difficulties. From 1895 to 1897 he was Mayor of Sheffield, and from the Jubilee (1897) onwards has been first Lord Mayor of Sheffield. He takes great interest in the Volunteer movement, and since 1864 has been Hon. Colonel of the 4th West Riding (Yorks.) Volunteers, and since 1891 Major, with the rank of Lieut.- Colonel, in the 2nd Volunteer Batt. of the Royal Sussex Regiment. He married, at the Oratory, Brompton, on Nov. 21, 1877, Lady Flora Hastings, eldest daughter of Charles Frederick Abney Hastings, 1st Lord Donnington, of Donnington Park, Leicestershire, and the late Countess of Loudon. Her Grace died on April 11, 1887. Their son, Philip, the Earl of Arundel and Surrey, was born in 1879. Addresses : Norfolk House, St. James's Square, S.W. ; and Arundel Castle, Sus- sex, &c. NORMAN, Canon Alfred Merle, M.A. Oxon., D.C.L. Hon., Durham, Hon. LL.D. St. Andrews, F.R.S., F.L.S., is the youngest son of John Norman, D.L. of the county of Somerset, of Iwood, Congres- bury, and Claverham House, Yatton, in that county. He was born at Exeter, where his father was at that time residing, NOEMAN 805 Aug. 29, 1831. As soon as he could walk he was interested in botany by his eldest brother, the Hon. John Paxton Norman, who was afterwards Officiating Chief- Justice of Bengal, and was assassinated by a fanatic when entering, in his robes, the High Court of Justice at Calcutta, in September 1871. When about ten years old he was sent to the Grammar School at Ilminster, and during the four years he was there made a collection of the fossils of the lias of that neighbourhood. In 1844 he entered Winchester College, and while a scholar there took up the study of entomology. In 1848 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, taking the B.A. degree in 1852, and that of M.A. in 1859. While at the University he studied and published on the inland mollusca of Ox- fordshire, and also collected the fossils of the Stonesfield strata. In 1854-55 he was private tutor in the family of the Dowager Countess of Glasgow, at Cumbrae, on the Firth of Clyde. Here, with every facility as regards coast and boats, he commenced the investigation of the marine fauna of the Firth of Clyde, and to this branch of science he has from that period chiefly devoted his spare time. In 1855-56 he was at Wells Theological College read- ing for Holy Orders. In the latter year he was ordained Deacon by the Bishop of Peterborough, and Priest in 1857, being at this time Curate of Kibworth, Leicester- shire. In 1858 he accepted the curacy of Sedgefield, in the county of Durham, and in 1864 that of Houghton-le-Spring. In 1866 he was presented by the Crown to the living of the newly formed parish of Burnmoor, near Fence Houses, co. Dur- ham ; and in 1895, on the presentation of the Bishop of Durham, became Rector of Houghton-le-Spring, which living he re- signed in 1898. From 1867 to 1879 he was Honorary Chaplain to the late Earl of Dur- ham. In 1885 he was made Honorary Canon of Durham Cathedral. For twenty years he was Honorary Secretary of the Durham Training College for Schoolmasters, and for twelve years Honorary Secretary of the Durham Diocesan Conference. He was elected F.L.S. in 1880, and F.R.S. in 1890. Dr. Norman has received the medal of the Institute of France, conferred upon him in recognition of the part he took in 1880, when, by special invitation of the French Government, he was associated with the Commission of French Savants in the exploration of the great depths of the Bay of Biscay, in the surveying steamer Le Travailleur. In 1883 he was Chairman of the Jury on Natural History at the International Fisheries Exhibition, Lon- don. He is Vice-President of the Marine Biological Society of Great Britain, of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club (Presi- dent in 1865 and 1880), and of the Con- chological Society of Great Britain (Presi- dent, 1892) ; President of the Museums Association in 1895 ; Honorary Member of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and of many of the leading Natural History Societies of the kingdom. His collection of the invertebrate fauna of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans is probably the most extensive in the world, embrac- ing not only the products of his own dredgings, carried on during his summer holidays of almost every year since 1854, on all parts of the British coast, as well as during five summers in Norway and Finmark and others in the Mediterranean and Madeira, but also all such specimens as could be purchased, and the contribu- tions both of private friends and from the spolia of almost all the Government deep- sea dredging expeditions which have been sent out from the countries of Europe, as well as by the United States. A catalogue of the collection is in course of publica- tion, under the title " Museum Norman- ianum." An arrangement has been made with the Trustees of the British Museum, by which a portion of Dr. Norman's collec- tions has already found a place in that institution, and the remainder will become the property of the nation at his death. As a boy and young man Dr. Norman used to contribate to the Zoologist. He is the author of numerous memoirs and papers, chiefly on Marine Zoology, in Proc. Roy. Soc. ; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin ; Trans. Roy. Soc. Dublin; Trans. Linn. Soc; and other learned periodicals. He was editor and part author of Bowerbank's " Mono- graph on British Spongiadffl," vol. iv. (Roy. Soc). NORMAN, Henry, author, journalist, and traveller, was born at Leicester on Sept. 19, 1858, and is the son of Henry and Sarah Norman. He received his education privately in France, and after- wards at Harvard University, of which he is B.A., and at Leipzig University. After graduating, he inaugurated the public agitation for the national preservation of the Niagara Falls, which resulted in their subsequent purchase by the State of New York. He contributed to the Fortnightly Review and the Spectator, and in 1886 joined the editorial staff of the Pall Mall Gazette, for which journal he made a tour of the world, 1889-92. He has visited the whole of the United States and Canada, and travelled and explored in Japan, Siberia, Korea, China, Siam, the Malay Peninsula (in which he went through a tract of country hitherto unexplored), and Egypt. In 1892 he joined the Daily Chronicle, and became literary editor, the famous " literary page " of that journal 806 NORMAN — NORRIS being under his management. For the Chronicle, of which he was appointed assistant - editor in 1895, Mr. Norman travelled in the Balkans in 1895, inter- viewing the Prince of Montenegro, Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria, and other high personages. At the beginning of 1896 he was sent to Washington during the Anglo- American dispute concerning the Vene- zuela Boundary. His labours in the cause of arbitration were recognised by Presi- dent Cleveland's personal thanks. His despatches from Athens in 1897, where he represented his journal during the negotia- tions preceding the Turco-Greek War, again attracted much attention in Eng- land, and the King of Greece conferred on him the Order of the Saviour. In Feb. 1899 it was announced that Mr. Henry Norman had severed his connection with the Daily Chronicle in order to devote him- self to literary work. He contributes fre- quently to the Contemporary and regularly to Cosmopolis, is a member of the Council and Management Committee of the Society of Authors, and President of the Omar Khayyam Club, 1898, His publications are : " The Preservation of Niagara Falls," 1881; "Bodyke: a Chapter in the His- tory of Irish Landlordism," 1887; "The Real Japan," 1892 ; "Peoples and Politics of the Far East," 1895; and "The Near East," 1898. He married Menie Muriel Dowie [see Noeman, Mrs. Henry), author of "A Girl in the Karpathians," &c, in 1891. Address : The Savile Club, London. NORMAN, Mrs. Henry, nie Menie Muriel Dowie, was born in Liverpool on July 15, 1867, and is the second daughter of Muir Dowie, and of a daughter of the well-known Robert Chambers of Edinburgh. She was educated in Liver- pool, and in Stuttgart and France, and acquired her love of open-air life in the Highlands of Scotland, where her father hired shootings at different times. She first made her mark as a reciter, and in 1890 travelled and sojourned in the Kar- pathian Mountains, where she lived, a solitary English girl, protected in her walks only by a peasant attendant. Her twenty-third birthday, she tells us, found her engaged in revolver practice, for she was in a land where wild cats, bears, and wolves might be encountered at any moment. She conformed to the simple habits of the people, eating no meat and drinking neither wine nor beer. Her costume consisted of knickerbockers and leggings worn beneath a lady's ordinary skirt. The latter was so contrived as to be easily detached to permit of Miss Dowie riding en cavalier when it was necessary to go long distances. A full account of the journey, with all its picturesque and enter- taining adventures, appeared afterwards in the Fortnightly Review under the title of "In Ruthenia," and was subsequently em- bodied in her now famous book, " A Girl in the Karpathians," 1891, which created a considerable stir at the time of its pub- lication. Other works from Mrs. Norman's pen are a novel, "Gallia," 1895; "Some Whims of Fate," 1896; and "The Crook of the Bough," 1898, besides which she has written much in her husband's newspaper and elsewhere on social and domestic matters, particularly as they affect women. NORMAN, General Sir Henry Wylie, G.C.B. (Military Division), G.C.M.G., .C.S.I., is the son of James Norman, Esq., and was born in London on Dec. 2, 1826. He entered the Bengal Army in March 1844 ; has been Adjutant, Brigade-Major, Assistant Adjutant-Gen- eral, Deputy Adjutant-General, Acting Adjutant-General in India, Assistant Mili- tary Secretary at the Horse Guards, Aide- de-camp to the Queen, Military Secretary to the Government of India, and for seven years a member of the Council of the Viceroy of India, twice acting for several weeks as President of the Council during the absence of the Vice- roy. He has been a Member of the Council of India in London ; was for five years Captain-General and Governor-in- Chief of Jamaica, and was for six and a half years Governor of Queensland. He served throughout the Punjab Campaign, including the action of Sodoolapore, battles of Chilianwallah and Goojerat, and pursuit, of the Sikhs and Afghans. He was present in numerous affairs during six years' service on the Peshawur fron- tier ; served, throughout the Mutiny cam- paigns, including the siege of Delhi, the relief and capture of Lucknow, and many minor actions and services ; also in Southal campaign. He has received three war medals and six clasps. In 1893 he was offered and accepted the appointment of Viceroy of India, but withdrew his acceptance before the office became vacant. In 1897 he was appointed Chairman of a Royal Commission to report on the condi- tion and prospects of the British West Indian Colonies. Addresses : 85 Onslow Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaium. NORMAN-NERTJDA. See HalliS, Lady. NORRIS, William Edward, the novelist, son of the late Sir W. Norris, late Chief -Justice of Ceylon, was born on Nov. 18, 1847. He was educated at Eton. As a novelist he is noted for the delicacy of his dialogue and for his well-bred descriptions of aristocratic society. His first novel, NORTH — NORTON 807 " Heaps of Money," appeared in 1877, and has been followed by "Mademoiselle Mersao," "Matrimony,""" No New Thing," "His Grace," "A Deplorable Affair," "The Countess Radna," 1893, &c. ; "The Dancer in Yellow," 1896; "Clarissa Furiosa," and "Marietta's Marriage," 1897; "The Widower," 1898; &c. Mr. Norris married Frances Isobel, daughter of the late J. Ballenden, Esq., in 1871. She died in 1881. Address : Underbank, Torquay. NORTH, The Hon. Sir Ford, Judge of the High Court of Justice, is the eldest son of Mr. John North, of Liverpool, and Ellen, third daughter of Jonathan Haworth, and was born there, Jan. 10, 1830. He was educated at Winchester School, and at University College, Oxford, where he graduated as B.A. in 1852, taking a second class in Lit. Hum. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1856, and ob- tained a large practice in the Equity Courts, and at the Lancaster Chancery Palatine Court. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1877, and a Judge of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice in 1881, on the removal of Mr. Justice Lindley to the Court of Ap- peal ; and was transferred to the Chancery Division of the same Court in 18S3. He married, in 1857, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of William Mann. Addresses : 76 Queens- borough Terrace, Hyde Park, W. ; and Athenaeum. NORTH, John W., A.R.A., landscape painter, was elected Associate of the Royal Academy in 1893, where of late years he has exhibited " Fruition : England," 1895 ; "Late Summer in England: Afternoon" 1896; "An English Western Valley," " The Old Abbey Fishponds : Morning in March," "The Promise of May," 1897; "The Morning Moon," 1898; "Among the Galtees," 1899. Address : Washford, Somerset. NORTHBROOK, Earl of, The Right Hon. Thomas George Baring, Bart., D. C. L. , LL.D., eldest son of the first baron, who was long known as Sir Francis Baring, was born in 1826, and received his educa- tion at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated second class in Classics in 1846. He was successively Private Secretary to Mr. Labouchere at the Board of Trade, to Sir George Grey at the Home Office, to Sir Charles Wood at the India Board, and at the Admiralty till 1857, when he was re- turned to the House of Commons for Pen- ryn and Falmouth, which constituency he continued to represent in the Liberal in- terest till he became a peer on the death of his father in 1866. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from May 1857 to February 1858 ; Under-Secretary of State for India from June 1859 to January 1864; and Under Home Secretary from 1864 to 1866. On the accession of Mr. Gladstone to power in December 1868, Lord Northbrook was appointed Under-Secretary for War ; and after the assassination of the Earl of Mayo he was appointed to succeed that noble- man as Viceroy and Governor-General of India, in February 1872. He resigned in February 1876, and was succeeded by Lord Lytton. In recognition of his distinguished services he was created Viscount Baring, of Lee, in the county of Kent, and Earl of Northbrook, in the county of Southampton. From 1880 to 1885 he was First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1884 he was sent to Egypt as Lord High Commissioner to inquire into its finances and condition, the result being a loan of nine millions. In 1886 he was one of those who opposed the Home Rule policy of the Premier. In 1890 he was ap- pointed Lord-Lieutenant in the county of Southampton. He married, in 1848, the thircPdaughter of Henry Charles Sturt, of Crichel, Dorset. She died in 1867. Ad- dresses : 4 Hamilton Place, Piccadilly ; Stratton, Micheldever, Hants. NORTHUMBERLAND, Duke of, The Most Noble Henry George Percy, K.G., P.C., V.D., D.L., J.P., A.D.C. to the Queen, born May 29, 1846, is the eldest son of the sixth Duke of Northumberland and Louisa, daughter of Henry Drummond, of Albury Park, Surrey. He was educated at Oxford, and from 1867 to 1895 was Colonel of the 2nd Northumberland Artil- lery Volunteers, and from 1866 to 1895 Colonel commanding the 3rd Battalion of the Northumberland Fusiliers. From 1868 to 1885 he represented N. Northumberland as a Conservative in the House of Commons, was sworn of the Privy Council in 1874, was Treasurer of the Household from 1874 to 1875, and President of the Archaeologi- cal Institute from 1884 to 1892. In the latter year he was appointed A.D.C. to the Queen. He is chairman of the Northum- berland County Council. In 1887 he entered the House of Peers as Lord Lovaine, in a Barony of his father's, and in 1899 succeeded to the Dukedom on the death of the sixth Duke on January 2nd of that year. He was created KG. in succession to the Duke of Beaufort in 1899. In 1868 he married Lady Edith Campbell, daughter of the 8th Duke of Argyll, K.G. Seat : Alnwick Castle, North- umberland ; and London address, 28 Gros- venor Square, W. NORTON, Arthur Trehern, C.B., F.R.C.S., received his medical education at St. Mary's, London, and in Paris and 808 NORTON — NORWICH Berlin. He is Lecturer on Clinical Sur- gery and Consulting Surgeon to St. Mary's, and Examiner in Surgery to the Society of Apothecaries, London. He was formerly Examiner in Surgery at the University of Durham. He is Surgeon Lieut.-Colonel of the Volunteer Medical Staff Corps, has the Volunteer Decoration, is an Associate of the Order of St. John, and was decorated with the gold war medal by the French for services rendered by him in the Franco- Prussian war. In 1897 he received the honour of the C.B. He is author of "Os- teology for Students," two editions ; "Af- fections of the Throat and Larynx," two editions ; and has translated and edited Bernard and Huette's "Operative Surgery and Surgical Anatomy," two editions, be- sides contributing papers on the eye to the Proceedings of the Royal Society, and to "Walton on the Eye." He married, in 1898, a daughter of E. Meredith Crosse, D.L. Address : Leyfields Wood, Ashampstead, Berks. NORTON, Lord, The Wight Hon. Charles Bowyer Adderley, K.C.M.G., D.L., J.P., eldest son of the late Charles Clement Adderley, Esq., of Hams Hall, Warwickshire, and Norton, Stafford- shire, by Anna Maria, daughter of the late Sir Edmund Cradock-Hartopp, was born on Aug. 2, 1814, and educated at Christ Church, Oxford, of which he was a gentle- man commoner, and where he graduated B.A. in 1835. He was elected in the Con- servative interest in 1841, to represent the northern division of Staffordshire, which seat he retained for 37 years. Mr. Adder- ley was President of the Board of Health, and Vice-President of the Committee of the Privy Council on Education under Lord Derby's second administration of 1858-59, and Under-Secretary for the Colonies under Lord Derby's third admin- istration (July 1866 to December 1868). He is a Trustee and Governor of Rugby School, and was the Chairman of the Royal Sanitary Commission. In 1869 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. On the return of the Conservatives to power in February 1874, he was appointed President of the Board of Trade. Sir Charles Adderley took an active part in the establishment of Colonial self-government and in the introduction of reformatory institutions, and is the author of pamphlets on educa- tion and penal discipline, and of works on other subjects connected with Colonial policy. He resigned the office of Presi- dent of the Board of Trade in April 1878, when he was raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom by the title of Baron Norton, of Norton-on-the-Moors, in the county of Stafford. He was then sent to represent her Majesty at the funeral of Queen Mercedes at Madrid. His lordship presided at the meeting of the Social Science Association held at Cheltenham in October 1878. He was one of the Royal Commission on Reformatory Schools, and of another on Education, 1883-84. He has published works on "Revival of Constitu- tional Colonial Policy" and on " Prison Dis- cipline," and in 1896 on " Socialism." He married, in 1842, Julia Anne Eliza Leigh, eldest daughter of Chandos, Lord Leigh. She died in 1887. Addresses: 35 Eaton Place, S.W. ; and Hams, Warwickshire. NORTON, Charles Eliot, veteran American author, was born at Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 16, 1827, and graduated from Harvard in 1846. Soon after graduating he entered a Boston counting-house, and in 1849 he went as supercargo of a ship bound for India, in which country he travelled extensively. In 1855 he assisted Prof. Ezra Abbot in editing the writings of his father, and soon thereafter he spent a year or two in European travel. During the war between the States he was editor of the Loyal Publication Society's papers, and in 1864 to 1868 was joint-editor, with James Russell Lowell, of the North Ameri- can Review. After five years' sojourn in Europe he returned to America, and in 1875 was appointed Professor of the His- tory of Art in Harvard University, which position he held until 1897, when he re- signed. Harvard awarded him the degree of A.M. in course, and the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1887. He also received the degree of Litt.D. from Cambridge Univer- sity, England, in 1884, and L.H.D. from Columbia, New York, in 1888. Among his published works are : " Considerations on some Recent Social Theories," 1853 ; "The New Life of Dante," 1859; "Notes of Travel and Study in Italy," 1860 ; "A Re- view of a Translation into Italian of the Commentary by Benvenuto da Imola on the 'DivinaComedia,'" 1861 ; "The Soldier of the Good Cause," 1861 : " William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job," 1875; "List of Principal Books relating to the Life and Works of Michael Angelo," 1879 ; and "Historical Studies of Church- Building in the Middle Ages," 1880 ; be- sides which he has edited the "Corre- spondence of Carlyle and Emerson," 1883 ; Carlyle's "Letters and Reminiscences," and " Letters of James Russell Lowell," &c. He is generally regarded by competent judges in England as the eldest surviving representative of the grand age of Emer- son, Hawthorne, Longfellow, &c. Ad- dress : Shady Hill, Cambridge, Mass. NORWICH, Bishop of. See Sheep- shanks, The Right Rev. John. NOSZKOWSKI — NOVIKOFF 809 NOSZKOWSKI, Sigismund, a Russian composer and pianist of high merit, was born at Warsaw in 1846. He studied music at the Warsaw Musical Institute, and in 1873 was sent by the Musical Society to Berlin, where he be- came a pupil of Kiel and of Oscar Raif. At the present time he is Director of the Philharmonic Society, and Professor at the Conservatoire of his native city. His compositions are able and rather nume- rous, including symphonies, songs, and various works for chamber use. In May 1898 his Humoreske, Op. 41, was first performed in England at the St. James's Hall by his friend Georg Liebling, to whom the composer dedicated the work. NOVELLO, Clara. Countess of. See Gigliucci, NOVIKOFF, Madame Olga ("O.K.") ne'e Kireeff, journalist and foreign cor- respondent, was born in Russia in 1841, and is a god-daughter of the late Emperor Nicholas. The only daughter of a Russian family of high rank, her girlhood was spent uneventfully, being lived chiefly in the daily round of Moscow society. She was devoted to her two brothers, Alexan- der and Nicholas Kireeff, and on their entering upon active service in the Russo- Turkish war, Olga first gave her attention to the course of public events. In the early days of the war, the marvellous exploits of a young unknown volunteer, called Hadgi Girey, created widespread interest, and Olga Kireeff pressed her brothers for news of this mysterious chief- tain. A few days later, the 18th July 1876, the death of Hadgi Girey was an- nounced, and the young admirer learned that the brave volunteer was none other than her beloved brother Nicholas. This sad end to a brilliant career supplied to " O. K.," as she afterwards came to be known, her life-motive, and, convinced that had Russia and England been on friendly terms no volunteers such as her late brothers would have been needed in the Balkans, she determined to devote her life to the bringing about of an entente cordiale between this country and her native land. She had previously married a distinguished Russian soldier and scholar, Lieut.-General Novikoff, whose brother was the then Russian Ambassador at Vienna. She first appealed to her coun- trymen through the columns of the Mos- cow Gazette, and the Slavophile organ, Russia. Having already made the ac- quaintance of Mr. Gladstone on a previous visit to England, she wrote to him and to Sir William Harcourt, and other men of affairs, telling them of her brother's death, and reiterating that the sacrifice of his life would never have been made had Mr. Gladstone held the reins of power. The days which followed immediately upon the despatch of her letter to Hawar- den — Mr. Gladstone had temporarily re- tired from public life — brought many hours of poignant sorrow, relieved by ex- pectancy, and, on receiving no reply from the statesman, letter after letter, "en- treaties, adjurations, and remonstrances," as they have been termed, "rained on Hawarden." The last of these, the bitter cry of a sister for a martyred brother's cause, brought a few words of sympathy from Mrs. Gladstone, ending mysteriously, "Mr. Gladstone will send an answer next week." A few days after she received in Italy, whither she had gone with her mother, a missive from England — her answer. It was Gladstone's famous pam- phlet, "The Bulgarian Horrors." The encouragement of Gladstone's personal appeal to Europe made Madame Novikoff redouble her efforts. She commenced to contribute to the Northern Star, then edited by Mr. W. T. Stead, a series of articles on the Bulgarian Question. These communications were signed "0. K. ," the initials of her maiden name, so as not to throw suspicion on her husband's brother, who, it has been said, was Russian Am- bassador at Vienna. Carlyle thought much of these early labours, and sug- gested their republication in volume form. Indeed, he offered to write the preface him- self, "and then, with a kind of despair, holding out his trembling hands, he said, ' No, I cannot do so, my writing days are over ; but here,' he added, pointing to Froude, ' here is a young man who will be glad to do it for you.'" In this scene was born that famous volume, " Is Russia Wrong ? " which was followed by " Russia and England," reviewed by Mr. Glad- stone himself in the Nineteenth Century. " 0. K.," notwithstanding her isolation in London, made many friends, and those, too, of distinction, numbering Carlyle, Froude, Gladstone, Kinglake, Lord Hough- ton, and others. She introduced, in the seventies, Ivan Aksakoff, the Russian ora- tor and reformer, to the English people, and played a great part in the subsequent agitations which clamoured for the libera- tion of Bulgaria. She followed up her lead in England by writings in the Russian press, and became of considerable influ- ence in political and diplomatic circles. "Friends or Foes ?" and " Skobeleff and the Slavonic Cause," were published in quick succession, and a career of literary activity commenced which has kept its course since for twenty years. She has made frequent contributions of political articles to the Times, Nouvelle Revue, Nine- teenth Century, Contemporary Review, Pall 810 NUNEZ DE AKCE — OAKELEY Mall Gazette, Daily Netvs, Westminster Gazette, and other prints. She has now long been regarded by some people as the Russian Government's agent in London. This last suspicion has caused her considerable amusement, which would appear to be justified some- what by the presence in London of a Russian Embassy. Undoubtedly, Madame Novikoff is one of the few remarkable women of our time, although her energies have been exerted mainly in the previous generation. Her rooms in Claridge's Hotel became historic many years ago, and crowds of statesmen and notabilities have been visitors there. She gave the rooms up in 1896, and now resides, when in London, at No. 4 Portman Mansions, W. Since the death of her husband, General Novikoff, "0. K." has spent much of her time in Eussia, on her son's estates near Tamboff. NUNEZ DE ARCE, Don Gaspar, was born at Valladolid, August 4, 1834. He studied at Toledo, where he took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He has written, among other works, "Como se empefie un Marido," a comedy in one act, and in verse, 186U ; "Ni tanto ni tan poco," a comedy in three acts, 1865 ; " Discursos leidos ante la Real Academia Espanola," 1876; "El Laz de Lena," a drama in five acts, 1882 ; " Las Mujeres del Evangelio," 1884. His lyric poems have gained him the name of " The Tennyson of Spain." He has been a member of the Cortes since 1865, and was Colonial Minister in the Sagasta Cabinet, 1883-84, and in 1888 became President of the Section of Commerce, Agriculture, and the Interior in the Council of State. NUTTALL, The Most Reverend Enos, D.D., Archbishop of the West Indies, was born about 1840, became Bishop of Jamaica in 1880, and attained his present post in 1897. He has written " The Churchman's Manual." Address : Kingstown, Jamaica. o OAKELEY, Emeritus Professor Sir Herbert Stanley, Mus.D., D.C.L., LL.D., second son of the late Sir Herbert Oakeley, Bart., was born at Ealing, Middlesex, on July 22, 1830. His mother, Atholl Murray, the third Lady Oakeley, was daughter of the Eight Hon. Lord Charles Murray, youngest son of John, third Duke of Atholl. He was educated at Eugby School, and at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1853, M.A. 1855), and, after having graduated, went abroad to complete his studies in music, for which art, from earliest childhood, he had shown a marked predilection, and an accuracy of ear in naming any note struck without seeing the keyboard. At Leipzig he studied pianoforte-playing under Professors Moscheles and Plaidy, and at Bonn, organ-playing under Dr. Breidenstein, Professor of Music in that University, and later under the great organist Dr. Johann Schneider of Dresden. He acted for ten years as musical critic to a well-known London periodical, and still contributes occasional notices of musical festivals at home and abroad. In 1864 he was en- rolled, in Eome, as member of a Society of "Quirites." In 1865, on the death of Professor Donaldson, he was elected Pro- fessor of Music in the University of Edin- burgh ; and in 1871 he received from the Primate his earliest degree of Doctor of Music. In recognition of musical services for Scotland, the honour of knighthood was conferred on him by the Queen at Holyrood in August 1876. In 1879 his own University, Oxford, gave him the degree of Mus. Doc, honoris causd ; and in 1881 that of LL.D. was presented to him by the University of Aberdeen. In the same year he was appointed Composer to her Majesty in Scotland. In 1886 he received from Trinity College, Toronto, the degree of D.C.L. ; and in the following year Mus. Doc. from the University of Dublin, and Mus. Doc. from the University of St. Andrews. On his retirement from the Edinburgh Chair of Music in 1892, the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by that University, as " Emeritus" Professor, and in 1896 that of Mus. Doc, Adelaide University. He has composed some 20 anthems, a full "service, "and, for orches- tra, organ, or pianoforte, a "Jubilee Lyric" (1887), and an Album of 26 Songs, dedicated to H.M. the Queen, and for 1897 "A Golden Reign," "Dawn and Even- tide (1837-1897)," and various other vocal and instrumental works. To Sir Herbert Oakeley's influence may be in great mea- sure attributed the increase in appreciation of the organ and of the orchestra which has taken place in Scotland since his appointment at Edinburgh ; and also the foundation of a Students' Choral Associa- tion at each of the four Scottish Uni- versities. He is or was Hon. President of the University Musical Society of St. Andrews, and Vice-President of that of Edinburgh and Aberdeen, and of Dover Choral Union ; Hon. Visitor Lichfield Diocesan Choral Association, Hon. Pre- sident of Cheltenham Festival Society, Member of London Philharmonic Society, V.P. and Hon. Licentiate and Examiner in Music at Trinity College, London ; Member OAKLEY — O'BRIEN 811 of the Accademia Filarmonioa, Bologna, "Socio distinto" of the St a . Cecilia Acca- demia, Rome, and (1894) Hon. Member of the Eeale Filarmonioa Societa Romana, and of two societies at Naples. Address : Dover. OAKLEY, Sir Henry, V.D., A.M. Inst. C.E., General Manager of the Central London Railway since 1898, and late General Manager of the Great Northern Railway, was born in 1823. He is Colonel of Railway Volunteers. In 1891 he received the honour of knighthood. He married, in 1850, Fanny, rule Thompson. Address : 37 Chester Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. O'BRIEN, Sir George Thomas Michael, K.C.M.G., was born in 1844, and is the son of the late Bishop O'Brien. He was educated at Westminster and Trinity College, Cambridge, and became a writer in the Ceylon Civil Service. In 1867 he was appointed Additional Police Magistrate at Kurunegalla and afterwards at Harris- pattu and Colombo. After holding several other appointments, he became Treasurer in 1886 and Auditor-General in 1890. He was transferred as Colonial Secretary to Cyprus in 1891, and from 1892 to 1895 held the same post at Hong Kong. In 1897 he was Governor of the Fiji Islands, which post he still holds. O'BRIEN, Sir John Terence Nicolls, K.C.M.G., is the eldest son of the late Major-General Terence O'Brien, Com- mander of the Forces, and for some time Acting Governor of Ceylon. He was born April 23, 1830, at Manchester ; educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from which he obtained his commission without purchase in the 67th Regiment in September 1847 ; was transferred to the 70th Regiment, 1848 ; Lieutenant 70th Regiment, 1850 ; Captain 5th Fusiliers, 1858 ; transferred to 20th Regiment, 1858 ; Brevet-Major, 1859 ; Major, unattached, 1868; and Brevet-Lieut. -Colonel, 1870. He served uninterruptedly in India and Ceylon from 1849 to 1867 ; passed in the native languages, and as Surveyor and Civil Engineer ; was Staff Officer of the Darjeeling Depot, Regimental Interpreter, Assistant in the Revenue Survey, Assistant and subsequently Executive Engineer in the Public Works Department ; Deputy- Assistant Quarter-Master-General to a column in the field during the whole of the Mutiny ; Military Secretary in Ceylon, and Brigade-Major, Gwalior District, Bengal Army ; served on the North-west Frontier (medal and clasp), and through- out the Mutiny (mentioned in despatches, Brevet-Major, and medal) ; was in 1867 appointed Inspector-General of Police, Mauritius ; Poor-Law Commissioner and Governor of Orphan Asylum, 1870 ; and was Equerry to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh during his visit to the Colony in 1870. He was nominated Governor of Heligoland, 1881 ; and of Newfoundland, 1888. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1887. He married, in 1853, the youngest daughter of the late Captain Eastgate, H.E.I.C.S. ; she died in 1867 ; and he married, secondly, in 1880, the widow of Colonel J. W. Fane, late M.P., Oxon. He is a Past Officer of the Grand Lodge and of the Supreme Grand Chapter of England. Ad- dress : 88 Eccleston Square, S.W. O'BRIEN, Lucius Richard, first Pre- sident of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, was born at the family residence on Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada, in 1832, and educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto. At an early age he developed a taste for art. In 1872 he took an active part in founding the Art School of the Ontario Society of Artists, and for six years he held the Vice-Presidency of that Institution. In 1880 the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts was founded, and Mr. O'Brien was elected its President, a posi- tion which he held for ten years, retiring in 1890 ; he has been a constant contri- butor to its exhibitions. He superintended the illustration of "Picturesque Canada," 2 vols., Toronto, 1884, for which he sup- plied a large number of the drawings. He is represented in the Royal Collections at Windsor and Osborne, and has frequently contributed to the English Water-Colour Exhibitions. Seven of his pictures were exhibited in the Art Gallery of the World's Fair in Chicago, 1893. In 1895 he was elected President of the newly formed Provincial Guild of Sculpture at Toronto. • In 1897 he disposed by auction of his whole collection of water-colour drawings and pictures. His diploma picture, " Sun- rise on the Saguenay," is in the art gallery at Ottawa. He painted two pictures of Quebec by command of her Majesty the Queen, and he has likewise executed several commissions for the Marquis of Lome and Princess Louise. O'BRIEN, The Right Hon. Sir Peter, Bart., Lord Chief -Justice of Ire- land, LL.D. Hon. Dublin, son of the late John O'Brien, Esq., of Elm Vale and Ballima- lackin, co. Clare, was born June 29, 1841. He was educated at Trinity College, Dub- lin, and was called to the Bar at the King's Inn, Dublin, in 1865, took silk in 1880, and became a Bencher in 1884. He was appointed Senior Crown Prosecutor for Dublin in 1883, and third Sergeant-at- Law in 1884. He was Solicitor-General 812 O'BRIEN — O'CONNOR for Ireland from 1887 to 1888, and At- torney-General from 1888 to 1889, when he was appointed Lord Chief-Justice of Ireland. He was created a Baronet in 1891. In 1867 he married Annie, daughter of Robert Clarke, Esq., J.P., of Bansha, co. Tipperary. Addresses : 41 Merrion Square East, Dublin ; and Athenaeum . O'BRIEN, Richard Barry, barrister- at-law, youngest son of the late Patrick Barry O'Brien, was born in Kilrush, in the co. Clare, Ireland, in 1847. He was edu- cated by private tutors, and at the Catholic University, Dublin. In Michael- mas Term 1874 he was called to the Irish Bar, and in January 1875 to the English Bar. After practising for some years at the English Bar, he gradually glided into literature and politics, devoting himself mainly to Irish historical and political subjects. Among the books he has pub- lished are the following : " The Parlia- mentary History of the Irish Land Question," 1880 ; " The Irish Land Question and English Public Opinion," 1881; "Fifty Years of Concessions to Ireland, 1831-1881," 2 vols. 1883-1885; "Irish Wrongs and English Remedies," 1887; "Thomas Drummond, Life and Letters," 1889 ; and " The Home Ruler's Manual," 1890. He has also edited a new edition of the "Autobiography of Theobald Wolfe Tone," 1893 ; and has written a short " History of Ireland," 1897. He is Assistant-Editor of the New Irish Library, of which Sir C. Gavan Duffy is editor. Address : 100 Sinclair Road, West Ken- sington Park, W. O'BRIEN, William, ex-M.P., son of the late Mr. James O'Brien, of Mallow, and of Kate, daughter of James Nagh, was born • Oct. 2, 1852, and was educated at the Cloyne Diocesan College and the Queen's College, Cork. He represented Mallow from January 1883 until its extinction as a borough under the Redistribution Act, 1885, and in the Parliament of 1885 was Member for South Tyrone, defeating Captain the Hon. Somerset Maxwell, Con- servative, by a majority of 55. At the general election of 1886 he was defeated by Mr. T. W. Russell, Unionist Liberal, who gained the seat by a majority of 99, but he was returned for North-East Cork unopposed. In 1892 he was returned for Cork City, and was also elected for North- East Cork. Mr. O'Brien is one of the fore- most members of the Nationalist party, and was the founder and editor of United Ireland until the Parnellite disruption of 1890. He was a "suspect" under Mr. Forster's Coercion Act, and has been a leader in the councils of the National League. He was a delegate of this body to the Chicago Convention, in August 1886. In Parliament he was a bitter and incisive speaker, and has once been "sus- pended" for a breach of the rules of the House. He has been four times im- prisoned under the Coercion Act, for what he regards as protests against the curtail- ment of public liberty, and claims to have effected the abandonment of the prison rules in so far as they sought to confound political offenders with criminal prisoners. He is the author of "When we were Boys," written in prison, and of the historical romance, "A Queen of Men," 1898. Mr. O'BrieD, in company with Mr. Dillon, M.P., having been liberated on bail, pending a political trial, in November 1890, forfeited the bail, and escaped to the United States, to raise funds for the Irish evicted tenants. On his return, he was arrested in Ireland and again sent to prison. He and Mr. Dillon met Mr. Parnell, M.P., in Paris in January 1891, for a friendly consultation about his retirement from the leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party. Mr. O'Brien subsequently stood for Parliament on the platform of the majority of the Irish Party, and was elected for Cork City and for the North-East Division of Cork. In 1895 he retired from Parliament in consequence of internal dissensions in the Irish Party, and has since lived at Mallow Cottage, Westport, co. Mayo, but still takes an active part in the Nationalist movement. He married, in 1890, Sophie, daughter of Harmann Raffalovich, of Paris. Address : Mallow Cottage, Westport, co. Mayo. O'BRIEN, The Right Hon. Wil- liam, is the son of John O'Brien, of Bloomfield, co. Cork, and was born in 1832. He was educated at Midleton School, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1855. He was appointed a Q.C. in 1872, and in 1883 he became a Judge of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice in Ireland. Address : 79 Mer- rion Square, Dublin. O'CONNOR, Arthur, M.P., was born on Oct. 1, 1844, and is the eldest son of William O'Connor, M.D., of Kerry and London. He was educated at Ushaw. Elected Nationalist member for Queen's County in 1880, he represented that con- stituency until 1885. He was returned for East Donegal in 1885, and continues to represent it. He was at one time a clerk in the War Office, was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1883, and went on the South-Eastern Circuit. Un- like most Irish Nationalist members, he has frequently held responsible positions in the House of Commons. He is a Public Works Loan Commissioner (since 1890), O'CONNOR — O'CONOR DON 813 one of the Deputy Chairmen of Commit- tees of the House, and one of the panel of Chairmen of Standing Committees. In 1895, 1896, 1897, and 1898 he was Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. He has also served on the Royal Commissions on Trade Depression, that on Civil Service Establishments, and that on the Incidence of Local Taxation, and others. Addresses : Rowan Road, Hammersmith ; and 5 Essex Court, Temple, E.C. O'CONNOR, Thomas Power, M.P., born at Athlone, co. Roscommon, on Oct. 5, 1848, is the eldest son of Thomas O'Connor and Theresa Power. He was educated first at the College of the Im- maculate Conception, Athlone, and after- wards at the Queen's College, where he graduated in the degrees of B.A. and M.A. He adopted journalism as a profes- sion, and after three years' connection with the Dublin press, came to London in 1870. He first obtained an engagement on the Daily Telegraph, and was after- wards employed on several other London journals. He published in 1876 the first volume of a biography of the late Lord Beaconsfield, under the title of " Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield," but after- wards, changing the method, brought out a complete Life of the then Premier, in a single volume, entitled ' ' Lord Beacons- field, a Biography." The work received general praise for its literary merits and research, but, as it took a very unfavour- able view of the Conservative leader, its conclusions met with a widely different reception from Liberal and Conservative critics. Mr. O'Connor was elected member for the town of Galway at the general election of 1880, and soon became one of the most active and prominent members of the party led by Mr. Parnell. He was one of the Executive of the Land League, both in England and Ireland. In October 1881 he set out for the United States, and lectured on the Irish cause to large gather- ings in nearly all the great cities, during a tour which extended over seven months, and raised a large sum of money. In 1883 he was elected President of the "Irish National League of Great Britain," and has been re-elected to the position every year for several years in succession In 1885 he stood for the Scotland division of Liverpool and defeated Mr. Woodward, the Liberal candidate, by a majority of 1350. He was returned at the same time for Galway, but elected to take the seat at Liverpool. In 1886 he defeated Mr. Earle, a Unionist Liberal, by 1480, and has since represented the division in Par- liament. He has edited a " Cabinet of Irish Literature," and has written a large number of tales, essays, and magazine articles. In 1885 he published what is, till now, his principal work, " The Parnell Movement." Other works from his pen are: "Gladstone's House of Commons," " Some Old Love Stories," and " Napoleon." In 1887 he started the Star newspaper, but resigned his interest in it in July 1890. He has since founded the Sun and the Weekly Sun, of both of which journals he is editor. His full-page article on a " Book of the Week " in the Weekly Sun is one of the features of modern English journalism. His latest journalistic venture, a gossip- ing biographical record of the sayings and doings of contemporaries, is called M.A.P. ("Mainly about People," the title of the personal column originally edited by him in the Star). Address : Oakley Lodge, Chelsea, S.W. O'CONOR, The Right Hon. Sir Nicholas Roderick, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., Ambassador to Constantinople, was born in Ireland, July 3, 1843, and is the son of P. H. O'Conor, of Dundermott, and Jane, daughter of C. French, of Frenchlawn. He was educated at Stony- hurst, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1866. After serving in the junior brandies at Berlin, Washington, Mad- rid, and Paris, he was appointed Secre- tary of Legation at Pekin in 1883. On the death of Sir Harry Parkes, he was for nearly eighteen months Chargd-d'Affaires, during which period he settled the frontier questions of Upper Burma and Thibet. In 1886 he became Diplomatic Agent at Sofia, until 1892, when he returned to Pekin as Minister. For three years he exercised great control at the Chinese Court, but could not induce it to institute those reforms which would have rendered the Japanese war less humiliating. As a re- ward for his unremitting perseverance in furthering the legitimate development of British trade and enterprise, he was trans- ferred to St. Petersburg in 1895, and created K.C.B. He was present at the marriage of the Czar in 1896, in which year he became a G.C.M.G. In 189$ he was transferred to his present post. O'CONOR DON, The Right Hon. Charles Owen O'Conor, LL.D., known .as "The O'Conor Don," in virtue of his being an "Ancient Knight," was born on May 7, 1838, and is the eldest son of Denis O'Conor Don and Mary, daughter of Major Blake, of Towerhill. He was educated at St. Gregory's College, Down- side, and has a London University degree. In 1860 he was elected to represent co. Roscommon in the House of Commons in the Liberal interest, and represented that constituency for twenty years, during which he was mainly instrumental in 814 ODGERS — O'DONOVAN passing the Irish Industrial Schools Act in 1868, and the Irish Sunday Closing Act in 1879. He has been a member of many important commissions, including the Factories and Workshops Commission in 1875, and the Land Law (Bessborough) Commission in 1880. In 1896 he was ap- pointed Chairman of the Financial Rela- tions Commission. He is Lord-Lieutenant of co. Roscommon, of which he was High Sheriff in 1884. He was sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1881. He has published works on the O'Conors of Con- naught, and on Irish questions. In 1879 he married (2) Ellen, daughter of John More O'Ferrall, of Lisard. Addresses : Clonalis, Castlerea, co. Roscommon, &c. ; and Athenaeum. ODGERS, "William Blake, M.A., LL.D., Q.C., was born at Plymouth on May 15, 1849, and is the third son of the late Rev. William James Odgers. He received his education at King Edward's School, Bath, at University College, London, and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which latter College he was successively Exhibitioner, Scholar, and Law Student. He graduated at Cambridge in 1871, having obtained a place among the Wranglers, and also in Classical Honours. In the same year he won the Member's Prize. He became a B.A. of London in 1871. In 1873 he was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple, and joined the Western Circuit. He be- came LL.D. of Cambridge in 1879, and be- tween the years 1881 and 1883 was Exam- iner for the Law Tripos of that University. From 1892 to 1897 he was Examiner in Common Law at the University of London. He now examines for the Inns of Court in the Bar examination. He was made a Queen's Counsel, July 14, 1893.- He was appointed Recorder of Winchester, July 6, 1897. He is author of two standard works, "A Digest of the Law of Libel and Slander," and "The Principles of Plead- ing," both of which are in their third editions. In 1885 Dr. Blake Odgers un- successfully contested Brixton at the general election. He married, in 1877, Frances, youngest daughter of the late Mr. Charles Hudson, formerly Coroner of Stockport, and has five children. Ad- dresses : 4 Elm Court, Temple, E.C. ; and the Garth, Woodside Park, North Finch- ley, N.W. ODLING, Professor William, M.B., F.R.S., born Sept. 5, 1829, in Southwark, was educated at private schools, and for the medical profession at Guy's Hospital. He graduated M.B. of the University of London in 1851 ; was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, in 1859 ; and President of the Chemical Society in 1873. He was appointed Demonstrator of Chem- istry at Guy's Hospital in 1850 ; Lecturer on Chemistry at St. Bartholomew's Hospi- tal in 1863 ; Fullerian Professor of Chem- istry at the Royal Institution in 1868 ; Waynflete Professor of Chemistry in the University of Oxford, June 17, 1872 ; and elected a Fellow of Worcester College on the following day. Dr. Odling, who is highly distinguished as a scientific chemist, is the author of a " Manual of Chemistry," 1861 ; " Lectures on Animal Chemistry," 1866; "Course of Practical Chemistry," 1876 ; " Chemistry," a Science Primer, 1882 ; " Laurent's Chemical Method ; " and of various scientific memoirs, especially on chemical theory. The University of Leyden conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Mathematics and Physics in February 1875. He was British Judge of Awards for Chemical Manufac- tures of the Philadelphia International Exhibition of 1876, and is one of the analysts employed to test the water sup- plied to London. Addresses : The New Museum ; and 15 Norham Gardens, Ox- ford. O'DONOVAN, Denis, C.M.G., F.R.S.L., &c, was born at Kinsale, Ire- land, Aug. 23, 1846, and was educated in Ireland and France. He arrived in Queens- land in 1874, and was appointed Parlia- mentary Librarian. Mr. O'Donovan had previously filled the positions of Professor of Modern Languages in the College des Hautes Etudes, afterwards the Catholic University of Paris, and of Lecturer in one of the colleges of the University of France. At this time he acquired considerable dis- tinction as a Hellenist. He was one of the editors of the Ami de la Religion, and is the author of "Memories of Rome," and some minor works. He is well known in Melbourne as a writer on literary and artistic subjects. Some of his lectures on art and architecture, delivered at the Public Library in that city, were pub- lished by the Technological Commission of Victoria. He was a warm advocate of the establishment of schools of design in that colony, giving them considerable sup- port in the press and on the platform. His latest work is his Analytical Catalogue of the Queensland Parliamentary Library. It is the fruit of many years' labour in the colony, and of a deep study of biblio- graphy, to which he devoted himself dur- ing his long residence in the principal countries of Europe, where he became intimately acquainted with the manage- ment of all the great libraries of the Old World. He has received from the Parlia- ment of Queensland special and substan- tial grants in recognition of the thought OGILVY — OHRWALDER 815 and labour bestowed on the compilation of the Catalogue of the Parliamentary Library. Mr. O'Donovan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, of the Royal Society of Literature, of the Incorporated Society of Authors, a member of the Society of Arts, and of the Library Association of the United Kingdom, Cor- responding Member honoris causd of the Socie'te' de Geographic Commerciale of Paris and Havre, and honorary member of the Socie'te d'Anthropologie of Paris. He was one of the Vice-Presidents of the In- ternational Library Conference held in London in 1897. He has also been created a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (1893), an Officier de l'ln- struction Publique (1896), and a Knight of the Legion of Honour (1897). OGILVY, Gavin. See Baekib, J. M. OGLE, William, M.A. andM.D. Oxon., F.R.C.P. London, was born in 1827 at Oxford, his father being the Regius Pro- fessor of Medicine in that University. He was educated at Rugby and at Corpus Christi College, of which latter he after- wards became a Fellow. He graduated in classical honours, and took the degree of M.A. and M.D. at Oxford. His medical education was received at St. George's Hospital, where he became Lecturer on Physiology and Assistant-Physician. After practising for a few years in London, he accepted the office of Medical Officer of Health for East Hertfordshire ; and held this post until, on the retirement of Dr. Farr, he was appointed Superintendent of Statistics in the General Register Office, from which post he has now retired. Among other offices which he has held are those of Examiner in Physical Science and in Public Health in the University of Oxford. He was one of the Royal Com- missioners who inquired in 1892 into the London water supply. He is the author of numerous papers on physiological and medical subjects in the Transactions of the Royal Medico-Chiruryical Society, and on statistical subjects in the Journal of the Statistical Society, and in the official re- ports issued by the General Register Office. He is also the author of a translation, with notes and essays, of the treatises of Aristotle on the Parts of Animals, on Life and Death, and on Respiration, and of Kerner's "Flowers and their Unbidden Guests," and has published various articles on the " Fertilisation of Flowers." Ad- dresses : 10 Gordon Street, Gordon Square, W.C. ; and Athenaeum. OHNET, Georges, French novelist and dramatist, was born in Paris on April 3, 1848. His father, an architect, intended him to become a barrister, but after the war of 1870, Georges Ohnet took to politi- cal journalism, and was successively on the staff of the Pays and the Constitution- nel, where the vivacity of his style gained him a measure of celebrity. In 1875 his first play, written in conjunction with M. Denayrouze, was produced at the Theatre Historique under the title of "Regina Sarpi." It had a brilliant success, and was followed in 1877 by "Marthe " at the Gymnase. At about this time M. Ohnet began publishing, under the general title of " Battles of Life," that highly idealistic series of romances with which his name is connected. In 1881 appeared "Serge Panine," a work crowned by the French Academy ; in 1882 the famous " Le Maitre de Forges," dramatised by the author, and acted at the Gymnase in December 1883, which was one of the most successful novels of the time, being translated into almost every European language ; in 1883, "La Comtesse Sarah"; in 1884, " Lise Fleuron ; " in 1885, " La Grande Man- iere," which suggests strongly the man- ner of Georges Sand, M. Ohnet's model ; in 1886, "Les Dames de Croix- Mort" ; in 1888, "Volonte," an attack on pessimism ; in 1889, " Le Docteur Rameau " and " Der- nier Amour " ; in 1891, " Dette de Haine " ; in 1893, "Nimrod et Cie." ; and in 1895, "La Femme en Gris." M. Ohnet has dramatised with great success some half- dozen of his principal novels. He was decorated with the Legion of Honour in July 1885. The enormous circulation of his works rivals those of Miss Corelli and Mr. Caine. His Paris address is : 14 Avenue Trudaine. OHRWALDER, Father, late priest of the Austrian Mission Station at Delen, in Kordofan, was born about 1855, and in early life became a missionary. He left Cairo, Dec. 28, 1880, as he says, "as full of bright hopes for a happy future as any young man could wish to be." The missionary party whom he accompanied reached Khartoum early in February 1881, and ultimately founded a mission station at Delen in Kordofan, in the Nubar country. The course of the settlement was a smooth one until April of the following year (1882), when the first signs of a great uprising of the Soudanese became apparent. On Sept. 15, 1882, Mek Omar, a lieutenant of the Mahdi's, sacked their little church, and captured the members of the Mission. After a time, they received a command by special messenger to move on to the Mahdi's camp, " as it was his gracious intention to permit us to look upon his face." On the way, the party were attacked by robbers, and stripped of their clothes, 816 0. K. — O'KELLY and Ohrwalder was compelled to appear before the Mahdi in a shirt and drawers. Ohrwalder has given us a dramatic account of his famous meeting with the Mahdi, who sought to persuade them to embrace the Moslem faith, but all to no avail. Accordingly, on Sept. 28, 1882, the prisoners were led out to execution, but owing to the appearance of a comet on the preced- ing night, the Dervish leaders, a supersti- tious race, postponed the event. All efforts to compel the acceptance of the new faith proving useless, the Mahdi, averse, as he said, to killing priests, promised to release them conditionally upon the surrender of El Obeid. This took place on Jan. 19, 1883, and most horrible tortures ensued. Then followed the reign of bloodshed and cruelty, which is without parallel in his- tory. The Mahdi died on June 22, 1885, of fatty degeneration of the heart. The effect of his death stunned the Dervishes for a time, but they soon gathered under the flag of Abdullah, who, not long after, was beheaded suddenly by the enraged Dervishes in the presence of Ohrwalder. The Father was again captured and forced to march with the victorious Dervishes, who came to Omdurman on April 26, 1886. Ohrwalder passed through a terrible time on the accession of the Khalifa Abdullah, and daily witnessed scenes of the utmost cruelty, himself suffering all manner of indignities and privations. During these unhappy days, naturally that which lay nearest the heart of Ohrwalder was the hope of escape. One brother of the Mission succeeded in gaining freedom, and the news coming to the ears of the Khalifa, he ordered the rest to be brought before him, and after haranguing them for upwards of half-an-hour, he threatened either to throw them into the river or to cut off their hands. Abdullah accordingly exerted a still keener surveillance over the little band of Europeans, and Ohrwalder, giving up for the time being all idea of escape, settled down to earning a precarious living by soap-making. His partner in this plan dying a few months after, he decided to learn how to make ribbon, a form of finery much in vogue amongst the women, and acquired a small and simple loom. With wonderful industry, the good Father, on the ribbon-makers, fearful of competition, declining to teach him the trade except on impossible terms, un- ravelled a piece of ribbon and thus studied the mode of manufacture with the closest attention. The work at first was very trying and almost unremunerative, but at the end of a month he succeeded in turning out sixteen yards a day. On the night of Oct. 28, 1891, Ahmed Hassan, the last messenger of Archbishop Sogaro, who had for years been endeavouring to bring about the deliverance of his im- prisoned mission, suddenly appeared, and Orndurman was quitted on Nov. 29, 1891, in the dead of night. A terrible ride was undergone across the great Nubian desert, and in seven days' time, Murat, the most advanced Egyptian outpost, was sighted, this being at a distance of 500 miles from Omdurman. After resting at the station for two days the journey was resumed, and Cairo regained on Dec. 21, 1891. The thrilling story of the return of Father Ohrwalder and two nuns has been told by the Father himself in his book, " Ten Years' Captivity in the Mahdi's Camp." Ohrwalder's manuscript, written in German, was roughly translated into English by Yusef Effendi Cudzi, a Syrian. It was afterwards entirely re-written in narrative form by Sir Fred. Wingate, E.A., then Director of Military Intelligence, Egyptian Army, and Author of " Mahdism and the Egyptian Soudan." During 1898, a popular edition (price 6d.) was published of Father Ohrwalder's account of his terrible imprisonment. " O. K." See Novikoff, Mmb. Olga. O'KELLY, James, M.P., son of the late John O'Kelly, of Roscommon, was born in Dublin in 1845. He was educated at Dublin University and at the Sorbonne, Paris, and served, for some time as an officer in the French army during the Franco-German war. He left France after the fall of Paris and went to New York, where he worked for some time as a journalist for the New York Herald. As a correspondent for the same paper he went to Cuba at the time of the insur- rection, but joining the rebels, was taken prisoner, and confined for some time in a dungeon, whence at last he contrived to escape. After various adventures in America, Algiers, and elsewhere, he went to the Soudan for the purpose of joining the Mahdi's troops ; he was lost for some months in the desert, and at last appeared on the Nile, not far from Khartoum. After writing a series of lively letters to the Daily News he returned to England, and once more represented the consti- tuency of Roscommon in the House of Commons. At the general election of 1885 he and Mr. Mullany were returned by an immense Parnellite majority for the new division of North Roscommon, and in 1886 he was returned unopposed. In 1892 he stood as a Parnellite for the old constituency, but was beaten by a small majority by Mr. Bodkin, an Anti- Parnellite. Mr. O'Kelly was a " suspect," and was imprisoned at Kilmainham in 1881-82. In the House of Commons he was at one time frequently "suspended." In OKUMA — OLDENBURG 817 1895 he was returned as Nationalist M.P. for Roscommon. He is London corre- spondent of the Irish. Daily Independent. OKUMA, Count, son of the com- mander of the garrison at Nagasaki, a poor Samurai, or knight, was about fifteen years old when Commodore Perry insisted on opening Japan to foreign trade. He studied foreign books, and was there- fore chosen for office after the Imperial Restoration of 1868. He opposed the feudal system, and supported the Anglicis- ing of education and the introduction of railways and telegraphs. In 1873 he was appointed Minister of Finance, a post which he held with conspicuous ability until 1881, when he resigned owing to a disagreement with the Premier, Marquis Ito. The chief power in the state was at that time wielded by men of the Satsuma and Choshin class, who had brought about the revolution. Okuma saw the need of a Diet to check the power of these classes, but meeting with opposition, resigned. Until the Diet was formed in 1890, he organised a party to oppose the privileged classes. This Progressive party is known as the Kaishinto. In 1888 Count Okuma became Minister for Foreign Affairs, but his tenure of office was shortlived. He was compelled to resign owing to the unpopu- larity entailed upon him by his efforts to promote the revision of treaties with foreign powers. A bomb was thrown at Count Okuma in 1890 by a fanatical adherent of the old regime. The steadily increasing power of the Kaishinto carried the Count into power in 1896, when he was appointed Foreign Minister, but he was compelled to resign in 1897. In 1898 Party Government was established in Japan. The two parties, the Liberals and Progressives, united to form what they call the Constitutional Party, and Marquis Ito, seeing that the time had come to try the experiment, resigned, and Count Okuma became Prime Minister. The gene- ral election gave him a large majority, but dissensions in the Cabinet caused his resignation later in the year. OLCOTT, Colonel Henry Steel, theosophist, and President of the Theo- sophical Society, had made his mark as an American reformer and man of affairs be- fore the outbreak of the War of North and South. By 1 856 he had founded the first scientific agricultural school on the Swiss model in the United States, and had writ- ten three works on agriculture, one of which went into seven editions. He had by invitation addressed three State Legis- latures on the subject of a new sugar- plant, which is now generally cultivated, and had been offered by his own Govern- ment a botanical mission to Caffraria, and later the Chief Commissionership of Agri- culture, and, by the Greek Government, the Professorship of Agriculture at the University of Athens. He was at one time agricultural editor of Horace Gree- ley's paper the New York Tribune, and also American correspondent for the Mark Lane Express, and his services to the cause of American agricultural reform were such that the National Agricultural Society voted him two medals of honour, while the American Institute presented him with a silver goblet. When the Civil War broke out he threw up the profession of the law, in which he had been chiefly engaged hitherto, and joined the North- erners. He saw service in four battles, and was present at the capture of Fort Macon, but was subsequently invalided on account of dysentery contracted in the field. On his recovery the authorities determined to keep so useful a man from returning to the front, and therefore appointed him to the highly responsible position of Special Commissioner of the War Department. As such his chief duty was to punish dishonest Government con- tractors. For two years he is said to have been in constant danger of assassination owing to his unsparing severity towards the rings of wealthy swindlers who made their fortunes at the expense of the Executive. A sum amounting to $200,000 is reported to have been collected by the fraudulent contractors, who hoped there- with to bribe him into silence, but none of them ventured to approach him with the money. At the end of two years, at the request of the Secretary of the Navy, he was also ordered on special naval duty, instituted drastic reforms in the dock- yards, and introduced a new system of accounts at Boston and Philadelphia. The war being over, Colonel Olcott retired into private life, and during the last fifteen years has been prominent as a student and teacher of Theosophy and neo-Buddhism. OLDCASTLE, John. WlLFBID. See Meynbll, OLDENBURG, Grand - Duke of, Nicholas Frederick Peter, son of the Grand-Duke Paul Frederick Augustus and the Princess Ida of Anbalt-Bernberg, born July 8, 1827, succeeded his father, Feb. 27, 1853. The population of the Duchy over which he reigns is about 300,000. He pro- mulgated a liberal constitution in February 1849, modified it in 1852, and during the war between Russia, Turkey, and the Allied Powers, he adhered to the policy of 3p 818 OLLIVIER Prussia. After the conquest of Schles- wig-Holstein by Prussia and Austria, the Grand-Duke claimed a portion of these duchies, which claim he endeavoured to support by some " Memoirs" addressed to the diplomatists of Europe. He married, Feb. 10, 1852, Elizabeth, daughter of Prince Joseph of Saxe-Altenburg, by whom he has two sons. OLLIVIER, Olivier E^mile, a French statesman, born at Marseilles, July 2, 1825 ; became a member of the Paris Bar in 1847 ; and in 1848 was Commissary- General of the Republic at Marseilles ; was Prefet at Chaumont, and returned to the Bar in 1849. Elected as Opposition candidate for the third circonscription of the Seine in 1857, he took part in several important discussions ; amongst which may be mentioned those relating to the laws respecting public safety, the expedi- tion to Italy, and the regulation of the Press. During the session of 1860 he was one of the most distinguished members of a small group of Opposition Deputies, known by the name of "The Five." In the meantime he undertook the defence of M. Vacherot, indicted for his work entitled "La De"mocratie, " and in conse- sequence of the style he adopted in plead- ing, was suspended for three months, an appeal against this judgment failing. In 1863 he was re-elected for Paris. During the session of 1865 he was elected a mem- ber of the Council-General of the Var. In July of the same year he received the appointment of Judicial Counsel and Commissary-General of the Viceroy of Egypt in Paris, and retired from the Paris Bar. M. Emile Ollivier was chosen by the Emperor as arbitrator of the difficulties which arose relative to the Isthmus of Suez, and it was upon his report that the final decision was founded. The session of 1866-67 witnessed the complete separa- tion of M. Ollivier from his former politi- cal associates of the Left. At the General Elections of 1869 he was returned by an enormous majority for the first circon- scription of the Var. On December 27 M. Ollivier, who had been for some time the centre of the movements for uniting the fractions of the late majority with the new Liberal Tiers Parti, received from the Emperor a letter inviting him to form a Ministry which should enjoy the con- fidence of the Legislative body, and which could carry out the Senatus-Consultum in letter and spirit. This onerous task he undertook, and the names of the new ministers were published in the Journal Officid on Jan. 3, 1870. M. Ollivier him- self took the portfolio of Justice. Among the first-fruits of the new administration was the granting of an amnesty in favour of M. Ledru-Rollin, the convocation of the High Court of Justice at Tours to try Prince Pierre Bonaparte, the maintenance of order without shedding of blood during the popular excitement caused by the assassination of Victor Moir, the prosecu- tion of Henry Rochefort, and the dismissal of M. Haussmann. Several administrative reforms also were introduced, and it was thought by many that an era of constitu- tional liberty had begun for France. These hopes were soon rudely dispelled. The declaration of war against Germany, and its disastrous results, led to the overthrow of the Ollivier Government on Aug. 9, 1870. M. Ollivier, who, it should be men- tioned, had been elected a member of the French Academy in April 1870, deemed it prudent after the fall of the Empire to retire to Biella, in Piedmont, where he resided for a considerable time with his wife and child, devoting his time to literary pursuits. He returned to his house at Passy at the close of the year 1872, and his reception at the French Academy took place Feb. 25, 1874. In 1876 he twice stood for the Chamber of Deputies, but was unsuccessful. In 1880 M. Ollivier again became a figure in politics on the occasion of Prince Napoleon's letter touching the decrees about religious con- gregations. In the columns of the Esta- fette he called upon enlightened priests to conform to the decrees, but his appeal led to a violent and prolonged press quarrel with M. Paul de Cassagnac. Since 1880 he has scarcely mixed in contemporary politics except as a correspondent to news- papers. He accepts the Republic, but in 1885, when again standing unsuccessfully for the Chamber, declared that, it should be resolutely anti-Radical. M. Emile Olli- vier has published numerous juridical works, which have appeared in the Revue de Droit Pratique, which he founded in 1856, in conjunction with MM. Mourlon, Demangeat, and Ballot. He is the author, with M. Mourlon, of " Commentaire sur les Saisies Immobilieres et Ordres," 1859 ; and of " Commissaire de la Loi du 25 Mars 1864, sur les Coalitions," 1864 ; " Une Visite a la Chapelle des Me'dicis : Dialogue entre Michel Ange et Raphael," 1872; "Principes et Conduit," 1875; " l'Eglise et l'Etat an Concile du Vatican," 2 vols., 1879 ; " M. Thiers a l'Academie et dans i'Histoire," 1880; "Le Concordat, est il respects? "1883; "Droit Eccl&i- astique Fran^ais," 1885 ; and " 1789 et 1889," 1890. In 1894 he published a defence of his policy in seven volumes, entitled " L'Empire Liberal." M. Ollivier's first wife, who died at Saint Tropez, in 1862, was a daughter of Liszt, the famous pianist, and composer ; he married, secondly, in September 1869, Mdlle. OLMSTED — OMMANNEY 819 Gravier, the daughter of a merchant of Marseilles. His Paris address is 17 Rue Desburdes-Valmore. OLMSTED, Frederick Law, land- scape gardener, was born at Hartford, Connecticut, April 25, 1822. He studied at Yale College, devoting special attention to engineering and the sciences connected with agriculture. In 1848 he purchased a farm on Staten Island, and while manag- ing it, studied landscape gardening. In 1850 he made a pedestrian tour through England and portions of the Continent, an account of which was given in his " Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England," 1852. In 1852-53, as cor- respondent of the New York Times, he travelled through the South for the pur- pose of studying the economical effects of slavery. The results of this and of a sub- sequent journey were afterwards published in separate works : " A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States," 1856; "A Jour- ney through Texas," 1857; "A Journey in the Black Country," 1860; and "The Cotton Kingdom," 1861. In the mean- while, in 1855, he made a tour through France, Italy, and Germany, for the pur- pose of observing parks and rural grounds. In 1857, in connection with Calvert Vaux, he secured the prize for the best plan of laying out the New York Central Park, and was appointed architect-in -chief of the work. He continued in charge of the Park until the outbreak of the Civil War (1861), when he was appointed Secretary and Executive Officer of the Sanitary Commission. From 1863 to 1865 he spent in California, when he was made one of the Commissioners of the Yosemite Reser- vation. He returned to New York in 1865, and had charge of the laying-out of the Brooklyn Prospect Park. He has since designed parks and other public works at Washington, Chicago, Rochester, Louisville, Milwaukee, Buffalo, Montreal, and other cities. He resides at Brook- line, Massachusetts. OLNEY, Hon. Richard, Attorney- General of the United States, was born at Oxford, Mass., Sept. 15, 1835, and was graduated from Brown University, Pro- vidence, R.I., in 1856. He attended the Harvard Law School from 1856 to 1859, when he was admitted to the Bar and began the practice of his profession at Boston, where he has since resided. He served as a Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1874, but held no other public office until his appoint- ment by President Cleveland in March 1893, as Attorney-General of the United States. In May 1895 he was appointed Secretary of State of the United States by President Cleveland, and served until the close of that Administration in 1897. O'MALLET, Sir Edward Lough- lin, J.P., son of the late Peter Frederick O'Malley, Q.C., was born in 1842, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; B.A. 1864, M.A. 1868. He was called to the Bar, Middle Temple, in 1866, and went on the Norfolk and South-Eastern Circuits. He was made Attorney-General for Jamaica in 1876 ; Attorney-General for Hong Kong in 1879 ; and Chief-Justice of the Straits Settlements in 1889. In 1892 he was ap- pointed Attorney-General of Jamaica and Hong Kong, in 1895 Chief -Justice of British Guiana, and in 1898 Judge of H.B.M.'s Supreme Consular Court, Constantinople. He received the honour of knighthood in 1891. He married, in 1869, Winifred, daughter of J. A. Hardcastle, M.P. Ad- dresses : Denton House, Cuddesdon, Ox- ford ; and Athenaeum. OMMANNEY, Admiral Sir Eras- mus, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S..F.R.A.S., Knight Grand Commander of the Royal Order of the Saviour (Greece), is the seventh son of the late Sir Francis Molyneux Omnianney, the well-known navy agent, and sometime M.P. for Barnstaple, and nephew of the late Admiral Sir John A. Ommanney, K.C.B. He was born in London in 1814, and entered the navy in 1826. As mid- shipman, he assisted at the landing of the British army at Lisbon in 1827, and was at the battle of Navarino on board the Albion, which was in the thick of the fight, and for three hours was hotly en- gaged, firing on both sides at once. He acted as A.D.C. to the captain throughout the action. He served in H.M. ships Revenge and Undaunted, and saw much service in the Mediterranean, at the Cape of Good Hope, on the West Coast of Africa, and the East Indian stations. He served as mate in the royal yacht Royal George, in the summer of 1834, and was employed in conveying her Majesty Queen Adelaide from Woolwich to Holland and back again, and was afterwards usefully employed in the Packet Service on board a ten-gun brig, the Pantaloon, carrying the mails between Falmouth and Lisbon. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1835, and im- mediately volunteered to serve with Capt. James Ross in an expedition to relieve the whaling vessels beset in the ice of Baffin's Bay ; this expedition was carried out in mid-winter under extreme hardships and difficulties, and for his services Lieut. Ommanney received the commendation of the Admiralty. After this he served in H.M.S. Pique, and was then appointed Flag-Lieutenant to Sir John Ommanney in the Tagus, which caused his promotion 820 OMMANNEY — ONSLOW to the rank of Commander in October 1840. At Glasgow he studied the prin- ciples and construction of marine engines, in order to fit himself to command steam- vessels, which were then being introduced into the navy. With the Vesuvius he was actively employed in all parts of the Mediterranean for three years, being present at the bombardment of Tangier by the French. He then returned to England, and, unable to get active em- ployment, studied at the Portsmouth Naval College. After being promoted Captain in 1846, he was employed by the Government to help in carrying out the relief measures during the Irish Famine, and in February 1850 was selected to be second in command of the Arctic Expedi- tion, under Captain Austin, to search after the Franklin Expedition, and was the first to discover traces of the missing ships. After travelling over 500 miles on the ice in sledges, Capt. Ommanney returned to the ship, and though no further traces of Franklin were found, a great deal of new land was discovered. On his return to England he was appointed Deputy Controller- General of the Coast- guard, which he left on the outbreak of the war against Russia in 1854, when he was appointed to command the White Sea Expedition, with his pennant in H.M.S. Eurydice. Every part of the White Sea was searched, government stores were destroyed, and various towns bombarded. Upon his return to England, Captain Om- manney was appointed to H.M.S. Hawke for service in the Baltic Fleet, where he was selected to be the Senior Officer in the Gulf of Kiga, with four ships under his orders. In November 1857 he pro- ceeded to the West Indies and took com- mand of H.M.S. Brunswick, and was kept as Senior Officer on the Coast of Central America, where he co-operated with the United States Commodore in preventing a filibustering invasion of Nicaragua. He was afterwards recalled to England, and served in the Channel Fleet, and after wintering at Berehaven the Brunswick was despatched to the Mediterranean. Captain Ommanney was lastly employed as Senior Officer in charge of the Naval establishments at the Rock of Gibraltar for nearly three years, a post he was obliged to leave on being promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral in November 1864. He was afterwards knighted in recognition of his Arctic services, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for his scientific observations and for bis geographical discoveries made in the Arctic regions. Since being retired by compulsion, he has served on the Thames Conservancy, nominated by the Admiralty, and devoted himself to the interests of learned societies. He has been a frequent attendant at the meetings of the British Association, and served on the Council. He accompanied the Society to the meet- ing in Canada in 1884 in the capacity of its treasurer, on which occasion the honor- ary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of Montreal. He read a paper at the Aberdeen meeting in 1885 on the desirability of renewing the explora- tion and research into the unknown Ant- arctic regions. In company with a well- known Berlin Professor and a Russian Astronomer, he proceeded to Luxor, in Upper Egypt, and assisted in observing the transit of Venus. He also accom- panied the Expedition which went to Oran, in Algeria, for observing the total eclipse of the sun, but the observers, unfortunately, were unsuccessful owing to the obscurity of the weather. He is one of the oldest Fellows of the Royal Geo- graphical Society, and has taken a constant interest in their proceedings, having served on the Council and been their, delegate to congresses on the Continent at Antwerp, Berne, and Nantes. He is a Vice-President of the Royal United Service Institution, and attended the Council for twenty-seven years. During a residence of ten years in the Isle of Wight he discharged all the duties of a Justice of the Peace, and undertook the work of an independent visitor under the Home Office of the Con- vict Prison, for which the thanks of the Home Secretary were accorded him. As a survivor of the eventful and sanguinary battle at Navarino, and for other services in Greek waters, King George of Greece has been pleased to confer upon him the Cross of a Grand Commander of the Royal Order of the Saviour. Admiral Sir Eras- mus Ommanney married, in 1862, Mary, daughter of Thomas A. Stone, Esq., of Curzon Street, London. Address : 29 Connaught Square, W. OMMANNEY, Sir Montagu Frede- rick, K.C.M.G., Crown Agent for the Colonies, was born in 1846, and was educated at Cheltenham, whence he passed into Woolwich. In 1864 he en- tered the Royal Engineers, and retired with the rank of Captain in 1878, when he was appointed to his present position. From 1874 to 1877 he was Private Secre- tary to the Secretary for the Colonies. He was created a K.C.M.G. in 1890. Address : Manaton, East Sheen. ONSLOW, Earl of, "William Hil- lier, Bart., G.C.M.G., was born on March 7, 1853, and is the only son of the late George Augustus Cranley Onslow, and Mary, daughter of Lieut. -General William Fraser Bentinck Loftus. He OPPERT — ORCHARDSON 821 was educated at Eton, and Exeter Col- lege, Oxford ; and succeeded his grand- uncle as 4th Earl in 1870. He was Under- Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1887- 88 ; and Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade from February to Novem- ber 1888, when he became Governor of New Zealand in succession to Sir W. D. Jervois. He was appointed Under-Secre- tary for India in 1895. The Earl was Lord-in-Waiting to her Majesty in 1880 and in 1886-87, is High Steward of Guild- ford, and from 1895 to 1898 was Alderman of the London County Council. During these years (1895-98), he was also leader of the Moderate Party in the London County Council. At the election in March 1898 he retired from the leadership owing to the multiplicity of his engagements, and a hearty vote of thanks was passed to him at a meeting of the Moderate Party for his great services to the party during his three years' tenure of the position. In 1875 he married Florence, daughter of the 3rd Lord Gardner. Addresses : 7 Richmond Terrace, S.W. ; and Clandor Park, Guildford. OPPERT, Julius, a French Oriental- ist, was born in Hamburg, of Jewish parents, July 9, 1825. He studied law at Heidelberg, and Sanskrit and Arabic at Bonn. He next studied the Zend and the ancient Persian, and published a treatise at Berlin on the vocal system of the latter language. As his religion prevented him from holding a professorship in a German University, he went to France in 1847, obtained the professorship of German at the Lyc^es of Laval and Rheims, and was appointed on the scientific expedition sent by the Government to Mesopotamia. After his return in 1854, he submitted to the Institute a new system of interpreting inscriptions. For nearly thirty years he has devoted himself chiefly to the deci- phering of cuneiform inscriptions. In 1857 he was appointed Professor of Sans- krit in the School of Languages attached to the Imperial Library. Among his works are " Les Inscriptions des Arch£- menides," 1852 ; " Etudes Assyriennes ; L'Expddition scientifique de France en Mesopotamie," 1854-64 ; " Grammaire Sanscrite," 1859 ; " Grande Inscription du Palais de Khorsabad," 1864 ; "Histoire des Empires de Chaldee et d'Assyrie, d'apres les monuments," 1866; "L'lmmor- talite' de l'ame chez les Chaldeens, suivie d'nne traduction de la descente aux enf ers deladeesselstarAstartey 1875; "L'Ambre jaune chez les Assyriens," 1880 ; "Frag- ments Mythologiques relatifs a la Mytho- logie Assyrienne," 1882 ; " Deux Textes tresanciensdelaChaldeV' 1883 ; Chrono- logie de la Genese," 1877 ; " Documents juridiques de la Chald<5e et de l'Assyrie," 1878; " Le Peuple et la Langue des Medes," 1879. He has written many papers on the Laws of Assyria and Babylon, such as "Etat des Esclaves a Babylone," &c. His Paris address is : 2 Rue de Sfax. ORCHARDSON, William Quiller, R.A., D.C.L. Oxford, born in Edinburgh in 1835, entered at the age of fifteen the Trustees' Academy of his native city. The first pictures he submitted to public in- spection were shown in the exhibitions of the Royal Scottish Academy. Encour- aged by their reception, Mr. Orchardson came to London in 1863, and the same year exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first time. His contributions were entitled "An Old English Song," and "Portraits," the latter a life-size full- length portrait composition of three young ladies. In the following year he exhibited at the British Institution a figure of "Peggy" from Allan Ramsay's "Gentle Shepherd," and at the Royal Academy another Scottish subject entitled " Flowers o' the Forest." The following year there appeared at the Royal Academy "Hamlet and Ophelia," and in the winter exhibition at the French Gallery, Pall Mall, "The Challenge," which won a prize of £100 given by Mr. Wallace. In 1866 came " The Story of a Life " at the Academy — an aged nun relating her life experience to a group of novices ; and " Christopher Sly," in Mr. Wallis's winter exhibition at the Suffolk Street Galleries. In 1867 the Academy pictures were "Talbot and the Countess of Auvergne," and "Miss Pettie"; and another was shown at the French Gallery winter exhibition, entitled "Choosing a Weapon." In January 1868 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, only four years after he had come to London. He exhibited that year at the Academy, besides a portrait of Mrs. Birket Foster, a subject from Shakespeare — "Prince Henry, Poins, and Falstaff." In 1870 three pictures by him were exhibited at the Royal Academy, viz., "Day Dreams," "The Market-Girl from the Lido," and "Toilers of the Sea." Mr. Orchardson achieved a great success at the Paris Uni- versal Exhibition, where his " Challenge " and " Christopher Sly " were greatly admired by French critics, and won for the painter one of the very few medals awarded to English artists. His more re- cent pictures are : " A Hundred Years Ago," "On the Grand Canal, Venice," and "In St. Mark's, Venice," exhibited at the Academy, 1871 ; "Casus Belli," and "The Forest Pet," 1872; "The Protector," " Oscar and Brin," and " Cinderella," 1873 ; "Hamlet and the King," "Ophelia," "A Venetian Fruitseller," and "Escaped," 822 ORD — ORLEANS 1374 ; " Too Good to be True," and "Moonlight on the Lagoons," 1875; "Flotsam and Jetsam," "The Bill of Sale," and " The Old Soldier," 1876 ; " The Queen of the Swords," and "Jessica" (Merchant of Venice), 1877 ; " Condi- tional Neutrality," "A Social Eddy left by the Tide," and "Autumn," 1878; "Hard Hit," a scene at the gaming table, 1879 ; " Napoleon I, on board H.M.S. Bellero- pkon," 1880, purchased by the Council of the Royal Academy under the terms of the Chantrey bequest ; "Housekeeping in the Honeymoon," 1882. These were followed by "Voltaire," 1883; " Un Marriage de Convenance," 1884 ; "The Salon of Mme. Recamier," 1885 ; " Un Mariage de Con- venance— After," 1886 ; "The Rift within the Lute," 1887; and "The Young Duke," 1889. Besides portraits of Lord Rook- wood, Prof. Dewar, David Stewart, Lord Provost of Aberdeen, the Bishop of St. Asaph's, the Provost of Oriel, Viscount Peel, and several ladies, he has of late years exhibited at the Royal Academy "A Flower," 1895; "Reflections," 1896; "Rivalry," 1897; "Trouble," 1898; and portraits of Lord Kelvin, of Peter Russell, Esq., of the Earl of Crawford (presenta- tion portrait), and of Edmund Davis, Esq., 1899. Mr. Orchardson was elected a Royal Academician, Dec. 13, 1877 ; and a D.C.L. of Oxford in 1890. Address : 13 Portland Place, W. ORD, William Miller, M.D., F.R.C.P., received his medical education at St. Thomas's Hospital, where he was succes- sively House Surgeon, Surgical Registrar, Demonstrator of Anatomy, Lecturer on Physiology and on Comparative Anatomy, and where he is now Physician and Lec- turer on Medicine. He obtained his M. D. of London in 1877, having become a Fellow of the R.C.P., London, two years pre- viously. He is Treasurer of the Clinical Society, Fellow of the Royal Medico-Chir- urgical Society, and Fellow or Member of other leading Medical Societies. In 1879 he published "Influence of Colloids upon Crystalline Forms," and has contri- buted many papers on Uric Acid, &c, to the St. Thomas's Hospital Reports, the Med. Chir. Trans., &c. In 1881 he edited the works of Francis Gibson, and in 1885 delivered the Presidential Address at the Medical Society of London on Hyper- pyrexia. Address : 37 Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. Q'RELL, Max. See Blouet, Paul. ORLEANS, Prince Henri d', was born at Ham, near Richmond, Oct. 16, 1867, and is the eldest son of the Due de Chartres. When he was about to enter St. Cyr in 1887, the law was passed for- bidding princes of Royal blood from serv- ing their country in any capacity. He therefore started on a voyage round the world, which lasted twelve months, six of which he spent in India shooting with his cousin, the Due d'Orleans. On his re- turn he published "Six Mois aux Indes, chasses au tigre," 1889. In the same year he started with the explorer, Gabriel Bonvalot, on an exploration of Tibet. Starting from Russia, they crossed Siberia and traversed Tibet, coming out in Ton- quin after a terribly arduous journey. On his return he was awarded, with his two companions Bonvalot and Dedecken, the gold medal of the Geographical Society of France, and was elected a member of those of London, Rome, Vienna, and Berne. In collaboration with M. Bonvalot he pub- lished " De Paris au Tonkin a travers le Tibet inconnu," 1891. He then started for Central Africa ; disembarking in the Gulf of Aden he went inland as far as Harrar and Mill-Mill, and laid down the first map of the country, 1892. In 1894 he spent some months in Madagascar before the French occupation, and then returned to Tonkin and discovered the sources of the Irrawaddy on his way from China to India. Since then he has headed a mission to the Negus of Abyssinia. ORLEANS, Due d', Prince Louis Philippe Robert, eldest son of the late Comte de Paris, was born Feb. 6, 1869. On attaining his majority, Feb. 6, 1890, he entered Paris, and proceeding to the Mairie, expressed his desire as a French- man to perform his military service ; whereupon he was arrested in conformity with the Expulsion Bill of 1886, which forbids the soil of France to the direct heirs of the families which have reigned there. He was liberated by President Carnot after a few months' nominal im- prisonment, and conducted to the Swiss frontier. This escapade won him the title of the "Premier Conscrit." During the last illness of his father in August and September 1894, he was constantly at the bedside of the illustrious patient, with whom he is reported to have had many private conversations on his duties as the future representative of the family tradi- tion. After the Comte de Paris's funeral, he received his adherents, and is now chiefly in Brussels, which will in future be his head- quarters, Stowe House being, in his opinion, too distant from Orleanist circles in France, especially from those older members of the party who cannot undertake a sea voyage. In 1896 he married Marie Dorothea, Arch- duchess of Austria. His periodical pro- clamations have little effect in France now. ORMEROD — ORMONDE 823 He has recently (1898) fitted up York House, Twickenham, as a residence. OEMEEOD, Miss Eleanor A., F.R. Met. S., F.E.S., &c, was born at Redbury Park, near Chepstow, and is the youngest daughter of Geo. Ormerod, D.C.L., F.R.S., of Sedbury Park, Glou- cestershire, and of Tyldesley, Lancashire, who was well known as the " Historian of Cheshire." From her earliest childhood Miss Ormerod was excessively fond of observing plant and animal life. To a judicious early training under her mother Miss Ormerod attributes the success which has attended her studies as a specialist. In early life successive illness occasioned periods of enforced leisure, which Miss Ormerod occupied in natural history studies out of doors, together with the correlated subjects of Botany, Horticul- ture, and Agricultural Chemistry. She has acquired a knowledge of Latin, French, Italian, and several other of the less commonly studied Continental languages, which greatly helped her in later work, and she began early to sketch from nature in pencil and water colours. About the year 1853 she took up the scientific study of entomology. The real work of her life began in 1868, when the formation of the collection of Economic Entomology was set on foot " by the Royal Horticultural Society and the South Kensington Depart- ment. At this time, Mr. Andrew Murray, the curator of the Museum, was in con- stant communication with Miss Ormerod, suggesting special investigations and re- ports ; and, in response, she contributed specimens, drawings, and models illus- trative of insect depredations, in recogni- tion of which many services the " Silver Floral Medal" of the Royal Horticultural Society was awarded to her. In the year 1872 Miss Ormerod was chosen to repre- sent British natural history modelling from life at the International Polytechnic Ex- hibition held in Moscow, and sent over a large collection of plaster-of-Paris models, taken by her in exact facsimile by a process of her own invention and coloured by herself. These specimens represented a large number of garden plants and hot- house fruits. She also sent groups of electro-types from nature, representing leaves and reptiles. For these she received the Silver Medal, the Great Silver Medal, and also the Gold Medal of Honour from the University of Moscow. In 1878 Miss Ormerod was elected a Fellow of the Meteorological Society, being the first lady ever admitted to Fellowship. She arranged and edited for the Society a large mass of observations relating to coincident condi- tions of weather and plant life. This was published in a royal 8vo vol. under the name of the " Cobham Journals." In 1881 she published her "Manual of Injurious Insects, with Methods of Prevention and Remedy for their Attacks on Food-Crops, &c.," and in 1884 her " Guide to Insect Life," being a series of ten lectures on the same class of subjects delivered by her in the Lecture Theatre at South Kensington Museum. Both works have been repub- lished in much enlarged form, and were followed, in 1889, by a small vol. on some of the injurious insects of South Africa. But Miss Ormerod's chief publication has been her " Annual Reports of Observations on Injurious Farm Insects," which were begun in 1877, and continued yearly up to the present date, thus forming a con- tinuous record of the presence and habits of insects injurious to field and orchard crops, and the means found really service- able for checking their ravages, over a period of twenty-one years. In 1881 she accepted the post of Special Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the Royal Agri- cultural College, but after a few years she resigned this office. She was unanimously elected Consulting Entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England by the Council, on May 2, 1882. To the duties of this post she devoted her best attention for about ten years. But in the course of 1892, she retired from the office. Miss Ormerod is a member of many scientific societies. She is Hon. Member of the Farmers' Club, a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, and of the Entomological Society of London, and of Stockholm, also a Member of the Entomological Society of Washington, and a Corresponding Member of the Interna- tional Association of Official Entomologists of Washington. Miss Ormerod is also an additional examiner in Agricultural En- tomology in the University of Edinburgh. Her membership with societies in Can- ada, Australia, and South Africa affords the opportunities of giving and receiving communications aiding in her special work, which continues to increase in scope and importance. Besides the heavy home correspondence which she conducts, especi- ally in reply to inquiries from British agriculturists, Miss Ormerod receives numerous applications from foreign countries and the colonies, and is like- wise a frequent contributor to the agri- cultural journals, regarding prevention of farm and fruit insect attacks. Address : Torrington House, St. Albans. ORMONDE, Marquis of, James Edward William Theobald Butler, K.P., Hereditary Chief Butler of Ire- land and Vice - Admiral of Leinster, was born at Kilkenny Castle on Oct. 5, 1844, and succeeded his father, the 824 OSCAR — OSMAN ALI 2nd Marquis, in 1854. He was edu- cated at Harrow, and entered the 1st Life Guards, retiring with the rank of Captain in 1873. He is Hon. Colonel of 5th Batt. of the Royal Irish Regiment, and for some ten years commanded the Royal East Kent Yeomanry. In 1888 he was made a Knight of St. Patrick. He has been Lord Lieutenant of Kilkenny since 1878. He married, in 1876, Lady Elizabeth Harriet Grosvenor, daughter of the 1st Duke of Westminster. Addresses : 32 Upper Brook Street, W. ; Kilkenny Castle, &c. OSCAR II., King of Sweden and Norway, is the great-grandson of Napo- leon's famous general Bernadotte, and was born Jan. 21, 1829. Before he ascended the throne he held the rank of Lieutenant- General in the army. On the death of the King's brother, Charles XV., Sept. 18, 1872, he succeeded to the throne. In 1878 the Frankfort Academy of Sciences elected the King of Sweden a correspond- ing member in recognition of his poetical translation of Goethe's "Faust" into Swedish. His Majesty is also the author of "A Memoir of Charles XII." (translated into English in 1879) ; and of "Poems and Leaflets from my Journal," 1880, under the nam de plume of "Oscar Frederik." He married, in June 1857, the Princess Sophia of Nassau, daughter of the late Duke Wilhelm of Nassau, who was born in July 1836. From this union there are four sons — namely, Gustaf, Duke of Wermland, born in June 1858, now heir- apparent to the throne ; Oscar, Duke of Gotland, born in November 1859, and who married Miss Ebba Munck, daughter of Col. Munck ; Carl, Duke of Westergot- land, born in February 1861 ; and Eugene, Duke of Nerike, born in August 1865. The . coronation of King Oscar and Queen Sophia took place July 18, 1873, at the Cathedral of Drontheim in Norway. In 1892 and 1893 King Oscar opposed him- self resolutely to the desire of the Norwegian Parliament for a foreign and consular service which should be inde- pendent of Sweden. On Sept. 18, 1897, he celebrated the 25th anniversary of his accession amidst the great rejoicings of his people. In the same year his son, Prince Carl, was married to the Princess Ingeborg of Denmark. OSCAR FREDERICK. See Oscar II. OSLER, William, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. Lond., Professor of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University, was born at Bend Head, Canada, on July 12, 1849, and_ is the sixth son of the late Rev. F. L. Osier. He was educated at Toronto University, M'Gill University, University College, London, Berlin and Vienna, &c. He was Professor of the Institutes of Medicine at M'Gill University from 1874 to 1884, Professor of Clinical Medicine at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania from 1884 to 1889, when he was appointed to his present post, and Gulstonian Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, London, in 1885. In 1898 he was elected F.R.S. His most important standard work is "The Prin- ciples and Practice of Medicine," 3rd edit., 1898. Address : Baltimore. OSMAN ALI (called Osman Digna, or "the bearded one," from dikn, the beard) was born at Suakim about 1836. He is not of pure Arab descent ; his grand- father was a Turkish slave-dealer who married a woman of the Hadendowa tribe ; and Osman, like his father and grand- father before him, was a dealer in slaves, and had connections in Khartoum and Berber ; and during later years, before he appeared as the ambassador of the Mahdi, he stayed more frequently at Berber than at Suakim. There he entered into com- munication with the Mahdi, Mohammed Ahmed, and matured his plans for in- ducing the tribes round Suakim to rebel against the oppression of their Egyptian rulers. Osman Digna was not, however, the first and original leader of the rebel- lion. Sheik Tahher, of Suakim, who en- joyed the repute of especial holiness amongst the superstitious nomads of those parts, was the real messenger of the Mahdi, and the channel of communica- tion in the negotiations with the rebellious tribes, while Osman Digna was more the military commander, and had to base his operations upon the spiritual authority of Sheik Tahher, a relation which existed till within recent years. It is well known with what skill Osman Digna filled his position, extended his influence over the rebellious tribes, and rose in the estima- tion of the authorities at Khartoum. The rebellion of the False Prophet on the White Nile broke out in December 1881 ; and in August 3, 1883, Osman Digna appeared before Suakim, on which day the first encounter took place at Sinkat with Tewfik Bey, Osman being beaten and wounded, and losing three members of his family. In September 1885 an Abyssinian expedition under Ras Alula, which had been sent to the relief of Kassala by King Johannes, encountered Osman Digna at Kafeil, and utterly defeated him. He again threatened Suakim in 1888, whence he was repulsed by General Grenfell on December 21 of that year. He has been ^reported as slain more frequently than any other warrior. However, his natural astuteness did not desert him after the OSMAN DIGNA — OWEN 825 fatal battle of Omdurman, for he was one of the few Emirs who escaped the terrible slaughter. Late in 1898 he was reported to be a fugitive in the less accessible por- tions of the Soudan. OSMAN DIGNA. See Osman All OSSORY, Ferns, and Leighlin. See Crozibe, The Right Rev. John Baptist. OTTO, King of Bavaria, was born April 27, 1848 ; succeeded to the throne June 13, 1866 ; but owing to his being mentally afflicted the government passed into the hands of the Regent, Prince Luit- pold, on June 10, 1886. OTWAY, The Right Hon. Sir Arthur John, Bart., D.L., J.P., was born in Edinburgh on Aug. 8, 1822, and suc- ceeded his brother, the 2nd Baronet, in 1881. He was educated at Sandhurst and in Germany, and entered the 51st Regiment in 1839, retiring in 1846. He went to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1850, and subsequently entered upon a long Parliamentary career, being returned as Liberal member for Stafford in 1852, and representing that constituency until 1857, after which he sat for Chatham and then for Rochester. While representing Chatham he was Under - Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 1868-71. He was Chairman of Ways and Means, and Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons from 1883 to 1885. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1885. He married, in 1851, Henrietta, daughter of Sir James Lang- ham, 10th Baronet. Addresses : 34 Eaton Square, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. OTJTDA. See La RamiSe, Louise de. OXJIiESS, "Walter William, R.A., was born at St. Heliers, Jersey, Sept. 21, 1848, and educated at Victoria College in that island. He came to London in 1864, and was admitted a student of the Royal Academy in the following year. While there he took a silver medal in the Antique School, and was an unsuccessful competi- tor for the Historical Gold Medal. Mr. Ouless has been a constant exhibitor at Burlington House since 1869, and his first works were subject pictures, the principal being "Home Again," and "An Incident in the French Revolution." In 1872, act- ing on the advice of Mr. Millais, he took to portrait-painting, and has since devoted himself almost exclusively to that branch of the profession. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, Jan. 24, 1877, and a Royal Academician, May 5, 1881. He obtained the medal of the second class at the Paris International Exhibition of 1878. Among the portraits painted and exhibited by Mr. Ouless may be mentioned those of Lord Selborne ; Mr. Charles Darwin, F.R.S. ; the late Bishop of London ; Admiral Sir Alexander Milne, G.C.B.; Miss Ruth Bouverie, 1877; the late Mr. Russell Gurney, M.P., Recorder of London, 1877 ; Lieut-Colonel Loyd Lindsay, 1878 ; Mr. John Bright, M.P. ; Sir Thomas Gladstone ; the Rev. Dr. Ridding, head-master of Winchester College ; and Mr. Edmund Yates, 1879 ; His Eminence Cardinal Newman ; Mr. Justice Manisty, 1880 ; Mrs. Butterworth, 1881 ; General Sir F. Roberts, 1882 ; the late Bishop of Llandaff, and the Bishop of Norwich, 1883 ; Mr. G. Scharf, 1886 ; His Eminence Cardinal Manning, 1888 ; Sir William Bowman, F.R.S. ; Lady Manisty; T. Sidney Cooper, R.A., 1889; the Bishop of St. Albans and the Bishop of Chichester, 1890 ;' Sir Charles Tennant, Bart., 1893 ; Major-General Sir F. Gren- fell ; Sir William Savory, Bart. ; Sir John Gladstone, Bart., 1894; His Honour Judge Sir Horatio Lloyd ; H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge, 1895 ; Frederic J. Harrison ; Dr. Dobie, of Chester; the Dean of Llan- daff, 1896; the Hon. W. F. D. Smith, M.P. ; Lord Lister (presentation portrait) ; Sir Charles Seely, Bart, (presentation por- trait) ; Justice Lindley ; Sir Spencer Ponsonby Fane, K.C.B., 1897; John Maundsell Richardson, D.L. (presentation portrait), and Edward Wood (presentation portrait), 1898; the Hon. Lucius O'Brien, Lord Leigh, and the Bishops of Truro and Lincoln, 1899. Mr. Ouless was one of the two English recipients of the grand Gold Medal for Art at the Berlin International Exhibition, 1886 ; and was made a Cheva- lier de la Legion d'Honneur after the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1889. Mr. Ouless is Hon. Secretary of the Artists' General Benevolent Institution. He married Lucy, daughter of the late E. K. Chambers, M.D., in 1868. Addresses : 12 Bryanston Square, W. ; and Athenasum. OWEN, Edmund, M.B., F.R.C.S., received his medical education at St. Mary's Hospital, London, and in Paris. He was at one time Lecturer on Anatomy, and is now Lecturer on Clinical Surgery at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School. He is Senior Surgeon at St. Mary's, and at the Hospital for Children in Great Ormond Street, besides being Consulting Surgeon to a number of other hospitals. He is a member of Council and of the Court of Examiners at the Royal College of Sur- geons, is ex-President of the Harveian Society, Orator and Trustee of the Medical Society of London, Fellow of the Royal Medical Chirurgical Society, Hon. Asso- 826 OWEN — PADEREWSKI ciate of the Order of St. John of Jeru- salem, &c. He has been Examiner in Surgery at the University of Durham. His works include "Surgical Diseases of Children," 3rd edit., 1897; Harveian and Lettsomian Lectures, both on the Surgery of Childhood, articles in Heath's " Dic- tionary of Surgery," and contributions to the medical journals and to various learned Transactions. Address : 64 Great Cum- berland Place, W. OWEN, Sir Hugh, G.C.B., late Per- manent Under-Secretary of the Local Government Board, was born in 1835, and is the eldest son of Sir Hugh Owen, Kt., the Welsh educationist. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple, was Assistant Secretary of the Local Govern- ment Board from 1876 to 1882, and became Permanent Under-Secretary in 1882. He received the honour of the Knighthood of the Bath in 1887, and was created G.C.B. at New Year 1899. In December 1898 his retirement was announced. The Times stated at that date that " during his tenure of this office many important measures affecting local government have been passed, and successive Presidents of the Board have acknowledged the valuable assistance they have received from Sir Hugh in the preparation and carrying of their several measures. In 1897 a depart- mental committee on Local Government Board organisation stated in their report that they could not 'pass by without com- ment the able and devoted manner in which Sir Hugh Owen has administered the trying and ever-increasing work of his department for a period of fifteen years,' and declared that ' few men could have borne the incessant strain as he has done.' By his retirement the State loses a valuable public servant. His ability and unfailing courtesy will cause the announce- ment that he has ceased to hold office to be received with much regret by all who are interested in local government." He has published various legal works on municipal and local authorities and matters, including " The Education Acts Manual," and "The Municipal Corporation Act," 1882. He married, in 1865, Charlotte Elizabeth, nie Burt. Address : Belmont, Crouch End Hill, N. OWEN, The Bight Rev. John, D.D., Bishop of St. Davids, late Dean of St. Asaph, was born at Llanengan, Carnar- vonshire, on Aug. 24, 1854, and is the son of Mr. Griffith Owen, Yoguborwen, Den. He was educated at Bottwnog Grammar School and Jesus College, Oxford, where he gained a scholarship at entrance in 1872. He obtained a second class Honour in Classical Moderations, 1873 ; and a second class in Mathematical Moderations, 1874 ; and graduated with second class Honour in Mathematical Finals, 1876 ; proceeding to the M.A. degree in 1879. He was ordained Deacon in 1879, and Priest in 1880, by the Bishop of St. Davids. He was elected Professor and Lecturer in Classics and Theology at St. David's Col- lege, Lampeter, 1879-85 ; Head-Master and Warden of Llandovery College, 1885- 89 ; and was appointed Dean of St. Asaph in 1889. He retired from the Deanery in 1892. In the same year he was appointed a Canon of St. Asaph, and Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter. He was con- secrated Lord Bishop of St. Davids in St. Paul's Cathedral on May 1, 1897. He speaks Welsh fluently, and was active in the movement for the defence of the Established Church in Wales. He mar- ried Amelia, daughter of J. Longstaff, of Appleby. Addresses : Abergwili Palace, Carmarthen ; and Athenaeum. OXFORD, Bishop of. See Stubbs, The Eight Eev. William. PACHMANN, Vladimir de, Russian pianist, was born at Odessa about 1848. He was educated at Vienna rmder Dachs, and gained the gold medal. In 1869 he returned to Eussia, and not being favour- ably received at first, he studied for two more years. He then met with much success in Germany, at Vienna, and Paris. His first appearance in London was in 1882 at one of Wilhelm Ganz's concerts ; and since then rarely has a musical season passed without his giving a series of con- certs, generally at St. James's Hall. Liszt called him "the Poet of the Piano," and he is famous for his interpretations of Chopin. He married, in 1884, Miss Oakey, the pianist. . PADEREWSKI, Ignace Jan, was born in 1860, in Podolia, Poland. In spite of unsympathetic surroundings his natural genius for music showed itself when he was still quite young. Before he was twenty he had decided to devote himself to composition, and on reaching that age he proceeded to Berlin in order to study harmony, &c. A few years later he resolved to become a pianist, and accordingly studied during three years under the tuition of Leschetitsky, husband of the well-known performer, Madame Essipoff. He advanced rapidly in his art, and his de'but was a complete success. He is now one of the first of living pianists, as well as a brilliant composer. PAGE — PAGET 827 He owes much of his success to intense and incessant practice, which has given him his marvellous ease of execution. Early in 1893 M. Paderewski made an American tour and gained thereby some £32,000. A new fantasia by him was produced at the Norwich Festival in 1893. In January 1895 an unusual incident occurred at Torquay, Paderewski, it was said, refusing to play before people who paid only five shillings to hear him. His manager afterwards corrected this state- ment, affirming that the reason of Pader- ewski's conduct was that he resented the lowering of prices — from ten shillings on his previous visit to five shillings — without his consent. However, in the following month, the artist displayed again his well- known kindliness of heart in giving a recital at Hanley in behalf of the Audley Distress Fund. As a result of this per- formance, the substantial sum of £160 was handed over to the Mayor of Hanley as a contribution to the Fund. In April 1897, a "Paderewski Orchestral Concert" was given at the Queen's Hall, London, when M. Paderewski, accompanied by Mr. Henry Wood's orchestra, gave a special performance of two concertos, Schumann's in A minor and Liszt's in E flat. It was widely remarked at the time that the pianist, spite of his unrivalled eminence, showed a considerable increase in dignity, repose, and true virtuosity, and the whole exquisite rendering added largely to M. Paderewski's reputation. In the following June (1897) the artist repeated his orches- tral combination, and was declared to have never been heard to greater advantage. Since that time, M. Paderewski has been touring abroad, making one or two fugitive appearances in England, notably at the Crystal Palace at the Saturday Afternoon Concerts. PAGE, Herbert William, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., was educated at the Universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge, at the London Hospital, and in Vienna. He is Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery at St. Mary's Hospital, has been Examiner in' Surgery at the University of Cambridge, and is Member of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Surgeons, Eng. In 1870-71 he was Assistant-Surgeon to the Hessian Division of the German Army, and at present holds various appointments as Surgeon to the Railway Passengers Assurance Co., &c. He has published "Injuries to the Back in their Surgical and Medico-Legal Aspects," being the Boylston Prize Essay, Harvard, 1881 ; "Injuries of the Spine and Spinal Cord, and Nervous Shock," 2nd edit., 1885; "Railway Injuries," 1891, translated into German ; ' ' Clinical Papers on Surgical Subjects," 1897, besides articles on the Spine, &c, in Heath's "Dictionary of Surgery," and Treves's "Manual and System of Surgery," and the Royal Med. Chir. and Clin. Society Transactions, &c. Address : 146 Harley Street, W. PAGE, Thomas Nelson, D.L., Ameri- can writer, was born at Oakland, Hanover Co., Virginia, April 23, 1853. He was edu- cated at Washington and Lee University, and received the degree of LL.B. from the University of Virginia in 1874. He has since practised his profession at Richmond. The degree of D.L. was con- ferred upon him by Washington and Lee University in 1887. Mr. Page's first pub- lication was a rhyme entitled "Uncle Gabe's White Folks," which appeared in Scribner's Monthly (now the Century) in 1877. In 1884 was issued, in the Century, "Marse Chan," a negro dialect story of the Civil War, and this made the writer's reputation. Others in the same vein followed, and in 1887 they were collected and published together in a book under the title of " In Ole Virginia." This was followed by "Befo' de War: Echoes in Negro Dialect," 1888; "Two Little Con- federates," 1888; "Elsket and Other Stories," 1890; "On Newfound River," 1891; "Among the Camps," 1891; "The Old South Essays," 1892 ; " The Burial of the Guns," 1894; "Pastime Stories," 1894 ; "Polly," 1894; "The Old Gentleman of the Black Stock," 1897 ; and "Social Life in Old Virginia before the War," 1897. Address : Washington. PAGET, The Right Hon. Lord Clarence Edward, K.C.B., son of the 1st Marquis of Anglesey, KG., by his second marriage, born Jane 17, 1811, entered the navy at an early age. and saw some active service in the Baltic during the Crimean War. He was for some time secretary to his father when Master-General of the Ordnance, was appointed Secretary to the Admiralty in Lord Palmerston's second Administration in 1859, and retired in May 1866, in order to take the command of the Mediterranean squadron. He attained flag rank in 1858, and was made Vice-Admiral, April 24, 1865. He was returned as one of the members in the Liberal interest for Sandwich in August 1847, did not present himself for re-election in July 1852, was re-elected for that borough' in March 1857, and resigned his seat on taking the command of the Mediterranean squadron in May 1866. He retired from the command of the Mediterranean fleet in May 1869. PAGET, The Very Eev. Francis, D.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, was 828 PAGET born in London on March 20, 1851, and is the second son of Sir James Paget, Bart., D.C.L. He was educated at Shrewsbury School, and at Christ Church, of which he ■was Junior Student from 1869 to 1873, and Senior Student 1873-83. In 1871 he gained the Chancellor's Prize for Latin verse, became Hertford Scholar, and took a first class in Classical Moderations. In 1873 he was in the first class in Lit. Hum. (B.A. 1873 ; M.A. 1876; D.D. by decree, 1885). From 1883 to 1885 he was Vicar of Bromsgrove, having previously been tutor of his college from 1875 to 1882. He was Oxford Preacher at Whitehall from 1881 to 1883. From 1885 to 1892 he was Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology and Canon of Christ Church, and in the latter year became Chaplain to the Bishop of Oxford, having previously been Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Ely. In January 1892 he was appointed Dean of Christ Church in succession to the late Dean Liddell, who had then retired. His works include: "Concern- ing Spiritual Gifts," " The Redemption of Work," and " The Hallowing of Work," " Faculties and Difficulties for Belief and Disbelief," the essay on "Sacraments" in "Lux Mundi," "The Spirit of Dis- cipline," and "Studies in the Christian Character." He married, in 1883, Helen Beatrice, eldest daughter of the late Dean Church. Address : Christ Church, Oxford. PAGET, Sir George Ernest, Bart., D.L., only son of George Byng Paget, was born in Nov. 1841, and was educated at Harrow. Joining the 7th Hussars in 1860, he was transferred to the Royal Horse Guards in 1861, and retired as Lieutenant in 1867. He is Lieutenant-Colonel (retired) of the Leicestershire Yeomanry, and since 1890 has been Chairman of the Midland Railway. He was created a Baronet in 1897. He married, in 1864, Sophia, n(e Holden. Address : Sutton, Bonnington, Loughborough. PAGET, Sir James, Bart., F.R.S., LL.D. Cantab., D.C.L. Oxon., F.R.C.S., &c, ex-President of the Royal College of Sur- geons of England, M.D. Dublin, Bonn, and Wiirzburg, Hon. F.RC.S. Dublin and Edinburgh, son of Samuel Paget, Esq., merchant, was born at Great Yarmouth, Jan. 11, 1814, became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1836, and an Honorary Fellow in 1843. He is Ser- geant-Surgeon to the Queen, Surgeon to the Prince of Wales, and Consulting Surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Sir James Paget, who was Vice-Chancellor of the University of London from 1884 to 1895, and a Corresponding Member of the Institute of France (Academy of Sciences), is the author of the " Pathological Cata- logue of the Museum of the College of Surgeons," "Report on the Results of the Use of the Microscope," published in 1842; and " Lectures on Surgical Pathology," in 1853, 1863, and 1868 ; and has been an extensive contributor to the Transactions of the Royal and other learned societies. He was created a baronet in August 1871. He was a Member of the Royal Commis- sion appointed in 1881 to inquire into the condition of the London Hospitals for smallpox and fever cases, and into the means of preventing the spread of infec- tion. Sir James Paget was one of the scientific celebrities who received an hono- rary degree at the Jubilee (1882) in com- memoration of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the University of Wiirz- burg. He married, in 1844, Lydia, daugh- ter of the late Rev. Henry North, Domestic Chaplain to H.R.H. the late Duke of Kent. Address : 5 Park Square West, N.W. PAGET, The Rig-ht Hon. Sir Richard Horner, Bart., was born in Somerset on March 14, 1832, and is the second son of the late John Moore Paget, of Cranmore Hall, Somerset. He was educated at the R.M.A., Sandhurst, and served abroad in the 66th Berkshire Regi- ment from 1848 to 1863. He sat as Con- servative M.P. for East Somerset from 1865 to 1868, for Mid-Somerset from 1868 to 1885, and for the Wells Division of Somerset from 1885 to 1895. He is Chair- man of Quarter Sessions and of the County Council, Somerset, Hon. Lieut. -Col. of the 3rd Batt. Somerset Light Infantry, and has been Captain of the North Somer- set Yeomanry. He was created a baronet in 1886, and was sworn of the Privy Coun- cil in 1895. He married, in 1866, Caroline, second daughter of H. E. Surtees, M.P. Addresses : 58 Queen Anne Street, W. ; and Cranmore Hall, Shepton Mallet. PAGET, Stephen, F.R.C.S., fourth son of Sir James Paget, Bart., was born in 1855, and was educated at Shrewsbury, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he took the degree of M.A. He pursued his medi- cal studies at Oxford, and at St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital, is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, and holds the ap- pointments of Surgeon to the West London Hospital, and Surgeon to the throat and ear department at the Middlesex Hospital. He was formerly Surgeon to the Metro- politan Hospital. Mr. Paget belongs to various medical societies, and is the author of : " The Surgery of the Chest," 1896 ; "John Hunter" (1st vol. of the Masters of Medicine Series), 1897 ; " Ambroise Pare and his Times," 1897 ; and of nume- rous lectures and papers on surgical sub- PAGET — PALGKAVE 829 jects. In 1885 he married Eleanor Mary, second daughter of Edward Burd, M.D., of Shrewsbury. Address : 70 Harley Street, W. PAGET, Violet, who, under the name of Vernon Lee, contributes philosophical and sesthetic criticism to the principal English reviews, was born in 1856, and has lived in Italy for many years. In 1880 she published " Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy." In 1882 appeared " Belcaro," being essays on sundry aes- thetical questions ; " The Prince of a Hundred Soups" (a fairy tale), 1883; " Ottilie, an Eighteenth-Century Idyl " ; " Euphorion," a collection of Essays ; " The Countess of Albany," a biography ; "Miss Brown," a novel," 1884; "Haunt- ings," 1890 ; " Vanitas," 1893, collections of stories; "Baldwin," 1886; " Althea," 1894 ; " Renaissance Fancies and Studies," 1895 ; " Limbo," 1897. She is interested in the preservation of parts of old Flo- rence, now threatened by the Munici- pality, and by an exhaustive letter to the Times in 1898, in which she dealt with the proposed demolitions, she succeeded in arousing considerable public interest in the matter among artists and others in this country. Address : II Palmerino, Maiano, Florence. PAIN, Barry, author and editor, began to write when an undergraduate at Cambridge, contributing to the Granta the sketches and stories which were after- wards published under the title of "In a Canadian Canoe," a work which originated the " New Humour." He became an army tutor at Guildford, and it was during this period of his career that the late Mr. James Payn published his story of " The Hundred Gates" in Cornhill, in 1889. Early in the following year he was offered work on Punch and the Speaker, and he thereupon came to London. Since that date he has been on the staff of Punch, and has contributed " In the Smoking-Koom " weekly to Black and White. Since 1897 he has been editor of To-Day, in succession to Mr. Jerome K. Jerome. He has pub- lished : "In a Canadian Canoe," 1891; " Playthings and Parodies," and " Stories and Interludes," 1892 ; " Graeme and Cyril," a boy's book, 1893 ; " Kindness of the Celestial," 1894 ; " The Octave of Claudius," 1897; " Wilmay, and other Stories of Women," 1898, &c. He married a daughter of Mr. Rudolf Lehmann, the famous portrait-painter. Address : Cuckoo Hill, Pinner, N.W. PAKENHAM, The Hon. Sir Francis John, K.C.M.G., Minister Plenipotentiary to Sweden and Norway, was born in 1832, and is the seventh son of the 2nd Earl of Longford. He entered the Diplomatic Service in 1852, and much of his life has been spent in the South American Republics. In 1871 he was at Washington ; in 1874 at Copen- hagen ; and in 1878 he was promoted to be Minister to Chili, serving as Commis- sioner under the Convention for settling the claims arising out of the Chili-Peruvian War. In 1885 he became Minister to the Argentine Republic in Paraguay, which he left for his present post in 1896. In 1879 he married Caroline, daughter of Rev. the Hon. H. Ward. Address : British Legation, Stockholm. PALGRAVE, Sir Reginald F. D., K. C.B., fourth son of the late Sir Francis Palgrave, by his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Dawson Turner, of Great Yarmouth, banker, was born in London, June 28, 1829. He was placed, through the intervention of Sir R. H. Inglis, by Sir D. Le Marchant, Clerk of the House of Commons, in the Committee Office, 1853 ; upon the recom- mendation of Sir T. Erskine May, he was appointed by the Speaker, Mr. Evelyn Denison, Examiner of Petitions for Private Bills to both Houses of Parliament, 1866, and Second Clerk Assistant and Clerk Assistant to the House of Commons, 1868 and 1886. In 1886, on the death of Sir Thomas Erskine May, he was appointed Clerk to the House of Commons. He pub- lished (1869) "The House of Commons; Illustrations of its History and Practice," 1877 ; " The Chairman's Handbook," 1890 ; "Oliver Cromwell, the Protector, an Ap- preciation " ; editing also Books I. and II. of Sir T. E. May's "Treatise on the Law, &c, of Parliament," 1893. He has con- tributed to the Quarterly Review articles on " Pym and Shaftesbury, Two Popish Plots" (vol. 147), "The Fall of the Mon- archy of Charles I." (vol. 154), and " Crom- well," April 1886. He married, in 1857, Grace, daughter of Richard Battley, of Reigate, Esq., and was created C.B. 1887 ; K.C.B. 1892. Address: Speaker's Court, Westminster, S.W. PALGRAVE, Robert Harry Inglis, F.R.S., F.S.S., third son of the late Sir Francis Palgrave, Knight of Hanover, Deputy Keeper of the Rolls, was born in Westminster on June 11, 1827 ; was edu- cated at the Charterhouse, and entered early the banking-house of Gurneys & Co., of Yarmouth (now Barclay & Co., Ltd.), of which his grandfather, Mr. Dawson Turner, F.R.S., and Mr. John Brightwen, were partners. He married, in 1859, S. Maria Brightwen, the niece of the last-named ; she died April 11, 1898. Mr. Palgrave has occupied himself largely and with much success in the study of economic, statisti- 830 PALISA — PALMEE cal, and banking questions. In 1870 he wrote a Prize Essay, printed in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, upon the "Local Taxation of Great Britain and Ireland." Since that date he has con- tributed many papers on banking and currency questions to the 'Transactions of the above society, to those of the Bankers' Institute, and also to the reports of the British Association, to the Bankers' Maga- zine, the Bankers' Almanac, &c, and for six years, dating from 1877, he edited, in part at first, afterwards solely, the Econo- mist newspaper. He is the editor of the " Dictionary of Political Economy," the first vol. of which was published in 1893, the second in 1896. In 1882 he was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society ; in 1885 he was appointed one of the Royal Com- missioners on the depression of Trade and Industry. Mr. Palgrave has also taken a leading part, as president, or otherwise, in the meetings of the section of Economic Science and Statistics of the British Association, and in the very important inquiries into the gold and paper currency questions, which have been undertaken, based partly on his in- vestigations, and with the advantage of his combined practical and scientific knowledge, by the Bankers' Institute, and the Committee of the Association of English Country Bankers. In common with his brothers, Mr. R. H. Inglis Pal- grave owes much to the training he re- ceived from his parents, his mother, Elizabeth, the daughter of Mr. Dawson Turner, mentioned above, being a lady of great accomplishments and much ability. His only daughter, Elizabeth, is married to the Rev. Rowland V. Barker. Addresses : Belton, near Great Yarmouth ; and Athe- PAIiISA, Dr. J., was born on Dec. 6, 1848, at Troppau, in Silesia, and was educated first in his native town, and afterwards at Vienna University, where he devoted his attention to Mathematics and Physics, and was, in 1870, appointed As- sistant-Observer at the Vienna Observa- tory ; thence in 1871 he went to the Observatory at Geneva, and in 1872 he was appointed Director of the Observatory at Pola, where he had a six-inch meridian circle by Troughton & Simms, and a six- inch refractor with which he discovered no fewer than twenty-eight minor planets. In 1880 he left the Pola Observatory, and was appointed the First Assistant at the Imperial Observatory at Vienna, where he has discovered fifty-four more minor planets, making the very large total of eighty-two. Dr. Palisa, in 1873, married Friiulein Florentine Wlaka, of Troppau. PALLES, The Right Hon. Chris- topher, LL.D., J.P., a member of an old Roman Catholic family, which has been settled in Ireland since the fifteenth cen- tury, is the second son of Mr. Andrew Christopher Palles, of Mount Palles, co. Cavan, by Eleanor, eldest daughter of Mr. Matthew James Plunkett, of St. Margaret's, co. Dublin, and was born in 1831. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took his Bachelor's degree in 1852, and was called to the Irish Bar in the follow- ing year. He took the degree of LL.D. at Dublin in 1865, and was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland under Mr. Gladstone's Administration on the promo- tion of Mr. Dowse to the Attorney-General- ship for Ireland. On Mr. Dowse being elevated to the judicial bench in Nov. 1872, Dr. Palles succeeded to the latter office, which he held until the defeat of the Liberal party at the general election of 1874. Just before Mr. Gladstone's resig- nation, Dr. Palles was appointed Lord Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer in Ireland, Feb. 16, 1874. He was a Joint Commissioner of the Great Seal from Sep- tember to December 1883, and was sworn of the English Privy Council in 1892, having been made an Irish Privy Councillor in 1872. He is a J.P. for County Meath, Senator of the Royal University of Ireland, Vice-Chairman of the Board of Inter- mediate Education, Ireland, and a Com- missioner of National Education, Ireland. Addresses : 28 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin, &c. ; and Athenseum. PALMA, Tomas Estrada, Cuban Ambassador to the United States, was born at Bayamo, Cuba, in 1835. He was educated at Havana and Seville. In 1868 he was nominated a member of the Con- gress of the inchoate Republic, and in 1875 President of the Provisional Govern- ment. He is the director of a school for the sons of wealthy Cubans at Centre Valley, N.Y. PALMER, Major-General Sir Arthur Power, K.C.B., Commander of the Punjab Frontier Force, was born in 1840, and was educated at Cheltenham. He entered the Indian army in 1857, and served through the Indian Mutiny, raising a regiment of Sikhs for service in Oudh. He joined Hodson's Horse in June 1858, and served with it until the conclusion of the Oudh Campaign. In 1863 he was en- gaged on theN.W. Frontier, being present at the battle of Shubkudder. He served with the 10th Bengal Lancers in the Abyssinian war, and was especially men- tioned by Lord Napier ; he was Aide-de- Camp to General Stafford in- the Duffla Expedition of 1874. He went through the PALMER 831 Afghan war, 1878-80, for which he became a brevet Lieut. -Colonel, and also through the Soudan campaign of 1885, in command of the 9th Bengal Cavalry, for which he received a C.B. He commanded the Chin Hills Expedition in 1892-93, and was created a K.C.B. He married, in 1867, Helen, daughter of Aylmer Harris, Esq. PALMER, The Rev. Charles Ferrers (Raymond), second son of Shirley Palmer, M.D. (well known as a medical writer), was born at Tamworth, Staffordshire, in 1819, and educated at the Free Grammar School of that town, and at the Queen's College of Medicine, Birming- ham. He practised as a surgeon in his native town for some years, and in 1853, joining the Dominican order, took orders in 1859 in the Roman Catholic Church, which he had entered in 1842. Father Raymund Palmer is employed in anti- quarian researches, chiefly relating to the history of his order in England, now being published in antiquarian journals. He has published " The History of the Town and Castle of Tamworth, in the Counties of Stafford and Warwick," in 1845 ; " Life of Beato Angelico da Fiesole, of the Order of Friar Preachers," a translation from the French of E. Cartier, with notes, in 1865 ; "The Dominican Tertiary's Guide," to which Fr. R. Rodolph Suffield also attached his name, 1866 (2nd edit. 1868); "The Life of Philip Thomas Howard, O.P., Car- dinal of Norfolk, Grand Almoner to Catherine of Braganza, Queen-Consort of King Charles II., &c, with a Sketch of the Rise, Mission, and Influence of the Dominican Order, and of its Early History in England," in 1867; "The History and Antiquities of the Collegiate Church of Tamworth, in the County of Stafford," in 1871; "The History of the Baronial Family of Marmion," in 1875; "Obituary Notices of Dominicans from 1650," 1884 ; "The Catholic Registers of Woburn Lodge and Weybridge, and of Upton Court," pri- vately printed in 1888 and 1889 ; and con- tributions to various periodicals, chiefly on antiquarian and historical subjects, several of which have been separately re- printed. His manuscript collection of documents concerning Tamworth, in 4 vols., is now in the British Museum ; where also are reported the results of his Roman researches in 1881-82 in the archives of the Master-General of the Dominican Order as far as England is concerned. PALMER, Sir Charles Mark, Bart., M.P., D.L., J. P., coal-owner and ship- builder, born at South Shields, on Nov. 3, 1822, is the son of Mr. George Palmer, a shipowner and merchant of Newcastle, and was educated in the school of Dr. Bruce, the historian of the " Roman Wall." After preparing for a commercial career in France, he became a partner, first with his father, and shortly afterwards, in 1845, with Mr. John Bowes, M.P., Mr. (after- wards Sir William) Hutt, M.P., and Mr. Nicholas Wood (all since deceased), in coal - mining and coke-making, and extended their colliery operations from a small beginning up to a production of 2J million tons per annum. In the year 1851 Mr. Palmer conceived the idea of cheapening the transit of coal to London and other ports by the employ- ment of steam collier vessels, which have since completely superseded the old sailing brigs of the north of England. He estab- lished the shipbuilding yard at Jarrow on the Tyne, where the first screw collier, the John Bowes, was launched in 1852. He has since developed the Jarrow works into the gigantic concern, now Palmer's Shipbuilding and Iron Company, Ltd., which constructs an ocean steamer from the iron ore of its own Yorkshire mines, through all its processes into a complete ship. From these works the populous modern town of Jarrow originated. It obtained a charter of incorporation in 1875, Mr. Palmer being its first mayor. The Jarrow works have produced armour-plated and other vessels for H. M. navy, and Mr. Palmer was the first to introduce rolled armour-plates for men-of-war. Sir C. Palmer is a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieu- tenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire, and of the county of Durham, is an Alder- man and Magistrate of the borough of Jarrow, Hon. Colonel of the 1st Newcastle and Durham Engineer Volunteers, and was until lately President of the Newcastle Chamber of Commerce. At the general election of 1874 he was returned M.P. in the Liberal interest for the Northern divi- sion of the county of Durham, which he continued to represent till the Reform Act of 1885, when on the redistribution of seats he was elected for the Jarrow divi- sion of the same county. After the dis- solution of 1886 he was re-elected without opposition, and was again returned in 1892 and 1895. He was created a baronet in 1886. He married (3), in 1877, Gertrude, daughter of James Montgomery, D.L., J.P., of Cranford. Address : 37 Curzon Street, W., &c. PALMER, K.C.M.G., K.C.B, the second son was educated at and appointed cial Department to Egypt from appointment of Sir Elwin Mitford, , born March 3, 1852, is of Edward Palmer, and Lancing College, Sussex, to the Indian Finan- in 1871. He proceeded India to take up the Director-General of Ac- 832 PARIS — PAEKER counts in 1885 ; and was appointed Finan- cial Adviser to H.H. the Khedive in 1889. Since 1898 he has been Governor of the National Bank of Egypt. He was created C.M.G. in 1887, K.C.M.G. in 1892, K.C.B. in 1897. He has also the Grand Cordons of the Osmanieh and Medjidieh. Address : Cairo. PARIS, Gaston, French philologist, the son of Paulin Paris, was born at Avenay, Marne, Aug. 9, 1839. He was educated at Rollin College, and at the Universities of Bonn and Gottingen, and studied the Romance languages with Pro- fessor Diez. ,0n his return to France he entered the Ecole des Chartes, pursuing at the same time the study of law, and took the degree of Docteur-es-lettres in 1865. On May 12, 1876, he was elected a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in the place of Guigniaut. Among other interesting and curious works he has published "Etude sur le role de 1'Accent latin dans la Langue frangaise," 1862 ; "De pseudo-Turpino," 1865; "Histoire poe"tique de Charlemagne," 1866 ; "Le Petit Poucet et la Grande Ourse," 1875 ; "La Poesie du moyen age, lecons et lectures," 1888 (2nd edit., 1889); "La Literature frangaise du moyen age," xi.-xiv., 1888 (2nd edit., 1890. He has given editions of several old French works : " La Vie de Saint Alexis," 1872 and 1889 ; " Les Miracles de notre Dame par personnages," 1877 ; "Deux redactions du Roman des sept Sages de Rome," 1879 ; "La Vie de Saint Gilles," 1881; ".Merlin," 1886; " Trois redactions de l'Evangile de Nicodeme," 1889. He has founded, together with Paul Meyer, the Revue Critique, 1866, the Romania, 1872, and the Revue Historique. He was elected a member of the academies of Munich, Rome, Vienna, Turin, Berlin, &c. He was promoted officer of the Legion of Honour in 1886. His chief work has been the study of the romances con- nected with the name of Charlemagne, in which he has combined accurate learning with the power of making dry bones live again. In 1896 he was elected to the French Academy, and was offered a medal, as a memorial of his election, by pro- fessors and students of Old French all over the world — a school that he has practically founded single-handed. He is the Administrator of the College de France and the Director of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes. His Paris address is College de France. PARK, Edwards Amasa, D.D., LL.D., was born at Providence, Rhode Island, Dec. 29, 1808. He graduated at Brown University in 1826, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1831, and was pastor of a Congregational church at Braintree, Massachusetts, 1831-34, when he became Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and of Hebrew Literature at Amherst College. In 1836 he became Professor of Sacred Rhetoric at the An- dover Theological Seminary. In 1847 he exchanged this chair for that of Christian Theology, and in 1881 was retired as Emeritus Professor. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Harvard in 1844, and by Brown University in 1846. Dr. Park has for many years been regarded as a representative of what is styled " New England Theology." He has been one of the editors of Bibliotheea Sacra from its establishment in 1844. Besides numerous review articles, pamphlets, memoirs, and contributions to biblical and theological lexicons and cyclopedias, he has published: " Selections from German Literature," 1839; "Writings of Rev. William B. Homer," 1842; "The Theology of the Intellect and of the Feelings," 1850; "The Rise of the Edwardean Theory of the Atonement," 1859; "Life of Leonard Woods," 1880 ; and " Discourses on some Theological Doctrines as related to the Religious Character," 1885 ; and in con- junction with others, " The Sabbath Hymn- Book," 1858 ; " Hymns and Choirs," 1861. His most elaborate contribution to the press has been his explanation of the Andover Theological Creed. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Har- vard University in 1886. PARKER, Gilbert, novelist and play- wright, was born in Canada on Nov. 23, 1862, and is the second son of Captain Joseph Parker, R.A. He was educated at Trinity College, Toronto, of which he is M.A. For some time he was a Pro- fessor in the Deaf and Dumb Institute, Belleville, Canada. He was ordained a deacon in the Church of England, and became a lecturer in English Literature in Trinity College, Toronto. In 1886 he went to Australia in search of health, withdrew from the ministry, and became one of the editors of the Sydney Morning Herald. At Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney, he pro- duced an adaptation of Goethe's " Faust" in April 1888. Afterwards he produced " The Vendetta " and " No Defence," the plays proving successful. He has travelled extensively in Canada and in the South Sea Islands, and now resides in London, where he is one of the literary corre- spondents of the Sydney Morning Herald. In 1892 he published "Round the Com- pass in Australia," and in the same year sprang into fame with his volume of French-Canadian stories, "Pierre and his People." His other works include : " Mrs. Falchion" and "The Trespasser," 1893; PARKEE — PARE 833 "The Translation of a Savage," 1894; "When Valmond came to Pontiac," 1895 ; "The Seats of the Mighty," 1896 ; "The Pomp of the Lavillettes," 1897; "The Battle of the Strong," 1898. He has dramatised "The Seats of the Mighty," which was produced in America, and chosen by Mr. Tree as the opening play at Her Majesty's Theatre. Address : 7 Park Place, St. James's, S.W. PARKER,, Joseph., D.D., a popular Congregational preacher and minister of the City Temple, born April 9, 1830, at Hexham-on-Tyne, was educated at private seminaries and University College, London. He was pastor at Banbury, 1853-58 ; at Manchester, 1858-69 ; and settled in Lon- don in 1869. He built the City Temple at a cost of £70,000. He has been Chairman of the Lancashire Congregational Union ; Chairman of the Manchester Congrega- tional Board ; twice Chairman of the London Congregational Board; and Chair- man of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. Dr. Parker is the author of "The People's Bible" (25 vols.) ; " The Paraclete " ; " Ecce Deus " ; "Ad Clerum"; "Weaver Stephen"; "Spring- dale Abbey " ; " Studies in Texts " ; and many other works. In November 1894 he wrote to the Times to point out that the custom of. reporting and publishing ser- mons is a form of literary piracy against which preachers should protect themselves. The Honorary Degree of D.D. was con- ferred on him by the University of Chicago. In 1898 he celebrated his jubilee as a preacher. Mrs. Parker, a lady of many accomplishments, and for many years his devoted helper, died on Jan. 26, 1898. Address : 14 Lyndhurst Gardens, South Hampstead, N.W. PARKER, Louis N., Fellow of the Boyal Academy of Music, was born in Calvados, France, on Oct. 21, 1852, and is the only son of Charles Albert Parker. He was educated at Freiburg in Germany. He became a pupil of Sir Sterndale Ben- nett, &c, at the Boyal Academy of Music, of which institution he was elected As- sociate in 1874, and Fellow in 1898. He was Director of the Music in Sherborne School from 1872 to 1892, during which period the following musical compositions were published : " Silvia," " The 23rd Psalm," "The Wreck of the Hesperus," "Young Tamlane," "Ball Margaret," all cantatas for solo, chorus, and orchestra, besides songs, part-songs, and instrumental music. In 1892 his increasing interest in the drama brought him to London, where he has produced the following plays, either alone or in collaboration: "A Buried Talent," "Taunton Vale," "Chris," "The Sequel," "The Love-knot," "The Ordeal," "Love in a Mist," "The Bohemians," "David," "Gudgeons," "The Blue Boar," "Rosemary," "Change Alley," "There's no Jesting with Some " (the last six in collaboration with Mr. Murray Carson), "Once Upon a Time" (Fulda), "Rosmers- holm" (Ibsen), "Love in Idleness" (Good- win), "Magda" (Sudernumn), "The May Flower," "The Man in the Street," "The Vagabond King," " The Happy Life," "Bagged Robin" (liichepin), "The Trea- sure-Hunters," "The Swashbuckler," and "Lancelot of the Lake." In 1878 he married Georgiana, eldest daughter of Charles Calder, of Sherborne. Permanent address : 75 Gunterstone Road, West Ken- sington, W. PARKINSON, Joseph Charles, born in London in 1833, obtained an appoint- ment in Somerset House (Inland Revenue Department) in 1855, after the Civil Service Commission had been established by Order in Council. He published in 1859 "Under Government," the first complete guide to the various departments of the Civil Service. This work, which ran through many editions, was followed in 1860 by a handbook of " Government Exa- minations." In 1864 Mr. Parkinson's abilities as a journalist were recognised by the Daily News, and for the next ten years he was one of the steadiest and most esteemed contributors to that journal, mainly on the abolition of public execu- tions, poor-law reform, and the preserva- tion of commons. In conjunction with the Duke of Westminster, the late Arch- bishop of York, the late Dr. Anstie, and others, Mr. Parkinson worked by pen and speech to promote that reform in work- house infirmaries which culminated in Mr. Gathorne Hardy's measure. In 1869 he visited Egypt as the guest of the Viceroy, and described for the Daily News the opening of the Suez Canal. He next visited India on a special mission for the telegraphic authorities, and published an account of his visit, " The Ocean Telegraph to India." Mr. Parkinson has of late years retired from journalism, and occupies him- self in the direction of several well-known industrial and scientific enterprises. PARR, Mrs. Louisa, only child of Matthew Taylor, R.M., was born in London, but spent the years of her early life in Devonshire. Her first venture into print was made in 1868, when a short story appeared under her name in Good Words, entitled, " How it all Happened." It was a slight story, but most gracefully told, and it at once attracted so much atten- tion, that versions of it were published in several foreign languages, and it was re- 3g 834 PAERY — PARSONS produced in the Journal des Ddbats, not- withstanding the editor's general rule against the acceptance of translations. Upon her marriage with a gentleman in the medical profession, which took place in 1869, Mrs. Parr came to live in London, and the scene of her principal literary labours has been the house in Kensington, where she has ever since resided. "Doro- thy Fox," Mrs. Parr's first three-volume novel, was published in 1870. This book dealt withQuaker life, and at once delighted the public. In the United States it was as well received as in England, in proof of which it may be mentioned that an American publisher paid £300 for the ad- vance sheets of her next story, "The Prescotts." A first collection of short stories was published in 1871, bearing the title of her first sketch, "How it all Happened " ; this was followed in 1874 by another series in two volumes called "The Gosau Smithy." "Adam and Eve," which came out at first as a serial, and was published in book form in 1880, marked an important advance on all pre- vious efforts. A comparison between this work and "Dorothy Fox," its predecessor by ten years, shows at once how greatly Mrs. Parr's skill had ripened and matured in the interval. In " Adam and Eve " all trace of amateurishness had disappeared, and Mrs. Parr had become thoroughly mistress of her art. " Robin " appeared in 1882, and "Loyalty George," her master- piece, in 1888. In 1892 she published "The Squire," and in 1893, "Can this be Love ? " " The Follies of Fashion," which since 1893 have been such an attractive feature of the Pall Mall Magazine, are by Mrs. Parr. The illustrations are taken from Dr. Parr's valuable collection of old prints. Address : 18 Upper Phillimore Place, Kensington, W. PAEEJ, Sir Charles Hubert Hast- ings, Hon. D.C.L. Durham, M.A., Mus. Doc. Oxford, Honorary Mus. Doc. Cam- bridge and Dublin, Director of the Royal College of Music (1895), Choragus of Ox- ford University (1884), Hon. Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, is the son of T. Gambier Parry, of Highnam Court, in Gloucestershire, and was born at Bourne- mouth, Feb. 27, 1848. He went to Eton in 1861, working at harmony, &c, with Sir George Elvey, organist at Windsor, and made sufficient progress to pass the examination for the musical bachelor's degree at Oxford before leaving the school. He proceeded to Oxford in 1866, and in 1870 took a second class in Law and History. At intervals he worked at music, with Sir William Sterndale Bennett first, then with Sir G. A. Macfarren, and Mr. E. Dannreuther, and began to contribute to Sir George Grove's " Dictionary of Music." In 1873 he gave up business in the City and devoted himself entirely to music. Amongst Mr. Parry's compositions are: " Duo," in E minor, for two pianofortes ; Fantasia-Sonata for pianoforte and violin ; Sonata in A for pianoforte and violoncello ; Trios for pianoforte and strings ; Quartet for same ; String Quartet in G, and String Quintet in E flat ; Pianoforte Concerto ; Variations on an original theme for piano- forte; Overtures, "Guillem de Cabestanb," and "An Unwritten Tragedy"; Four Symphonies, and a Symphonic Suite ; " Scenes from Shelley's Prometheus Un- bound," Gloucester Festival, 1880 ; "Music to the 'Birds' of Aristophanes," Cam- bridge, 1884; "Music to the 'Frogs' of Aristophanes," Oxford, 1893 ; Music to Hypatia ; Ode for chorus and orchestra, " The Glories of our Blood and State " ; an opera, " Lancelot and Guinevere " ; Ode for eight-part chorus and orchestra, " Blest Pair of Sirens " ; Oratorio, "Judith," Bir- mingham Festival, 1888 ; " Ode for St. Cecilia's Day," Leeds Festival, 1889 ; "L'Allegro ed II Penseroso," a cantata, Norwich Festival, 1890; a fine setting of " De Profundis," Hereford Festival, 1891. Since then he has produced his greatest oratorio, "Job." At the Birmingham Festival in 1894 he produced "King Saul," another oratorio. To these may be added "The Invocation to Music," Leeds, 1895; "Magnificat," Hereford, 1897; "Symphonic Variations," Philharmonic, 1897 ; also " Studies of Great Composers " ; a " Summary of the History of Music " (Novello); "The Evolution of the Art of Music" (Kegan Paul). The honour of knighthood was conferred upon him in June 1898. In 1872 he married Lady Maude Herbert, with whose family he had been intimate since boyhood. Addresses : Highnam Court, Gloucester; 17 Kensington Square, W., &c. PARSONS, Alfred "William, A.R.A., R.I., landscape painter, son of Joshua Parsons, M.R.C.S., was born at Becking- ton, in Somersetshire, Dec. 2, 1847, and educated at private schools. In 1865 he became a clerk in the Savings Bank De- partment of the General Post Office, drawing in the evening at Heatherley's and the South Kensington Art Schools. In 1867 he left the Civil Service, and re- turned to Somersetshire and studied painting, working from nature, without masters. He was elected a member of the committee of the General Exhibition of Water-Colour Drawings in 1879. On the dissolution of that Society, he, with the other members of the committee, joined the Royal Institute of Painters in Water- Colours. His first picture exhibited in PAKTEIDGE — PATERSON 835 the Royal Academy was in 1871 ; his principal exhibited works since then have been "Fallen," Royal Academy, 1878; " The Ending of Summer," Royal Academy, 1879; "The Gathering Swallows," Gros- venor Gallerv, 1880; "The Road to the Farm," Royai Academy, 1881 ; "The First Frost," Royal Academy, 1883, which afterwards obtained a mention honorable in the Paris Salon ; " The Gladness of the May," Grosvenor Gallery, 1883; "After Work," Royal Academy, 1884 ; " Meadows by the Avon," Grosvenor Gallery, 1884 ; " In a Cider Country," Grosvenor Gallery, 1886 (engraved in mezzotint by F. Short), and a series of water-colour drawings illustrating the scenery of the Warwick- shire Avon, which were exhibited by the Fine Art Society in the spring of 1885 ; "When Nature painted all Things Gay," exhibited in the Royal Academy, 1887, and purchased by the Council under the terms of the Chantrey bequest. In recent Royal Academies he has exhibited " The Thorn," 1895 ; "A Mid May Morning," and "The Rain is over and gone," 1896 ; " The Star that bids the Shepherd fold," a " Japanese Iris, and Daffodils," 1897; "Near the Keepers," "The Mooters, Bishops wood, Herefordshire," and " Megeve, Savoy," 1898 ; " The Village by the Links," and two water-colours, 1899. Mr. Par- sons received a Gold Medal for Water- Colour, and Silver Medal for Oil Paint- ing, awarded to pictures exhibited at the Universal Exhibition, Paris, 1889, two medals for Oil and Water-Colour Painting at the International Exhibition at Chicago, 1893, and a Gold Medal (second class) at the International Exhibition of pictures at Munich in the same year. In 1892 he went to Japan, and the results of his stay of nine months in that country were exhibited at the galleries of the American Art Association in New York, at the St. Botolph Club in Boston, U.S.A., and at the Fine Art Society in London. Mr. Parsons has also worked in black and white. His principal illustrations have been done for "Old Songs" and "The Quiet Life" (in conjunction with Mr. E. A. Abbey), and for "The Warwickshire Avon," "Wordsworth's Sonnets," and "The Danube, from the Black Forest to the Black Sea," a journey made with Mr. F. D. Millet in 1891. Address : 54 Bed- ford Gardens, Kensington, W. PARTRIDGE, Bernard, R.I., born in London, October 11, 1861, is the youngest son of the late Richard Partridge, President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, F.R.S., M.R.C.S., &c., Pro- fessor of Anatomy to the Royal Academy. Educated at Stonyhurst College, Lanca- shire, he then worked at stained-glass designing with Messrs. Lewes, Barrand, and Westlake, and afterwards at stained-glass and church decoration with the late Mr. Philip Westlake, from 1879 to 1883. He next took up drawing for the press, worked chiefly on Judy, Lady's Pictorial, and Illustrated London News, and joined the staff of Punch in 1891. He has illus- trated several books, including "Stage- land," by J. K. Jerome, and "The Travelling Companions," "Voces Populi," "Pocket Ibsen," "Man from Blankley's," and "Under the Rose," by F. Anstey. His water-colours and black-and-white drawings have been exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1896, 1897, 1898; also at the Royal Institute of Painters in Water- Colours, and the New English Art Club, of the two latter of which he is a member. Mr. Partridge has adopted the stage name of Bernard Gould, and has played in various London productions since 1886, including "The Hobbyhorse," "The Pointsman," "Sweet Lavender," "Wood- barrow Farm," "New Lamps for Old," "Arms and the Man," "Under the Red Robe," "Hamlet," &c. He married Lydia F. Harvey in 1897. Address : Garrick Club, W.C. PATERSON, William Romaine, "Benjamin Swift," was born in Glasgow, July 29, 1871, in the house which is now occupied by the Art Club. His father, the late Robert Paterson, M.D., who was a successful and widely known physician and a man of acute intellect, died while the author was only two years old. His upbringing, which was extremely religious, was thus left in the hands of his mother, who comes of a race of Scotch bankers. At the age of seven the author was put to school in Glasgow at the Albany Academy. At the age of sixteen he was sent to a boarding school in Lausanne (La Villa, Onchy) for the purpose of learning French. He remained a year, and on his return entered Glasgow University. Owing to ill health his course was irregular and retarded, but in the department of Philo- sophy and Literature he was awarded a high place. He won the prize of the Lord Rector (Mr. A. J. Balfour) for an Essay on Progress which was open to the University. In 1894-95 he graduated M.A. with first- class Honours in Philosophy, and was awarded a Fellowship. Thereafter he travelled extensively in Europe, especially in Austria, France, and Italy, for the pur- pose of studying German, French, and Italian. He learned Italian in the monas- tery of Monte Oliveto near Siena. On his return from Italy in the summer of 1896 he published his first work "Nancy Noon " (London : T. Fisher Unwin). A second edition was called for shortly 836 PATON — PATTI after. In October 1897 appeared " The Tormentor" (London: T. Fisher Unwin) ; in April 1898 "The Destroyer" (London : T. Fisher Unwin), 2nd edit., May 1898. Cosmopolis for December 1897 contains an article on the " Functions of Art," by " Ben- jamin Swift." In the Glasgow Herald, January 1898, he wrote an article on " Legal Infanticide in Italy." Address : 5 Cornwall Mansions, Cornwall Gardens, S.W. PATON, Sir Joseph Noel, E.S.A., LL.D., D.L., the Queen's Limner for Scot- land, born at Dunfermline, Fifeshire, in 1821, was admitted a student of the Royal Academy of London in 1843, and first be- came known to the public by his outline etchings illustrative of Shakespeare and Shelley. His cartoon of the " Spirit of Religion " gained one of the three pre- miums awarded at the Westminster Hall competition of 1845, and his oil pictures of "Christ Bearing the Cross" and "Re- conciliation of Oberon and Titania " — the former of colossal size, the latter small — jointly gained a prize, in the second class, of £300, in 1847. The latter picture, prior to its exhibition in London, was bought by the Royal Scottish Academy for the Scottish National Gallery, and "The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania," painted in 1849, and purchased for £700, also for the Scottish National Gallery, by the Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland, was exhibited in the Paris Exhibition of 1855, where it received honourable mention. Amongst his numerous pictures and sketches from the works of the poets may be mentioned " Dante Meditating the Episode of Fran- cesca," 1852 ; and "The Dead Lady," 1854 (engraved). Other pictures are : Large allegory, since engraved, "The Pursuit of Pleasure," 1855 ; " Home," which has been engraved, and of which a replica was executed by command of her Ma- jesty, which was at the Royal Aca- demy Exhibition in 1856; "Hesperus," 1857 (engraved) ; "In Memoriam," which has been engraved, and of which a photo- graph was executed for the Queen, 1858 ; and " Dawn : Luther at Erfurt," considered by many his finest work, 1861; "Fact and Fancy," 1864 (engraved); "Nicker the Soulless," 1869. Mr. Noel Paton exe- cuted, in the spring of 1860, a series of six pictures illustrative of the old Border ballad, "The Dowie Dens of Yarrow," painted for the Association for the Promo- tion of the Fine Arts in Scotland. It was engraved by that body for their sub- scribers. In 1863 he executed illustrations of "The Ancient Mariner" for the Art Union of London ; and in 1866 painted "Mors Janua Vitas" (engraved). He was appointed the Queen's Limner for Scot- land in 1865, and received the honour of knighthood, April 12, 1867. In the latter year appeared "A Fairy Raid," and in 1868 "Caliban Listening to the Music." Of his subsequent pictures the more im- portant are, "Faith and Reason," 1871 (engraved) ; " Christ and Mary at the Sepulchre," and "Oskold and the Elle- Maids," 1873 ; " Satan Watching the Sleep of Christ," 1874 (engraved) ; " The Man of Sorrows," 1875 (engraved); "The Spirit of Twilight " and " Christ the Great Shep- herd," 1876 (engraved); and "The Man with the Muck Rake," 1877 (engraved). Subsequently to 1877 he painted "Thy Will be Done," 1878 (engraved); "A Dream of Latmos," "Sir Galahad and the Vision of the Sangreal," and "Lux in Tenebris," 1879 (engraved); "In Die Malo" (engraved), and designs for large stained - glass window in Dunfermline Abbey Church, 1882 ; " Vigilate et Orate," painted for the Queen, 1885 (engraved) ; "The Choice," 1886 (engraved); "St. Margaret Reading the Gospels to Malcolm Caenmore," 1887 ; " Vade, Satana! " 1888 (engraved); "Beati Mundo Corde," 1890 (engraved); "Ezekiel's Vision of Dry Bones," 1891; "De Profundis," 1892 (en- graved) ; "The Prayer on Hermon," 1895. His sculptures include : Group of Lion and Typhon, designed for the Wallace Monument on the Abbey Craig, Stirling, 1859; and "The Parting of the Ways," alto-relievo in bronze for the Coats Free Library, Paisley, 1881. He is the author of two volumes of poems, and in 1876 received from the University of Edin- burgh the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1858 he married Margaret, daughter of Alexander Ferrier of Bloomhill. His per- manent address is: 33 George Square, Edinburgh. PATTERSON, The Eight Rev. James Laird, D.D., Bishop of Emmaus, born in London, Nov. 16, 1822, was edu- cated in Germany and at Trinity College, Oxford (M.A. 1846). From 1845 to 1849 he was Curate of St. Thomas's, Oxford, but in 1850 he entered the Catholic Church, and for eleven years was attached to St. Mary's, Moorfields. In 1865 he was ap- pointed Honorary Chamberlain to the Pope, and Domestic Prelate in 1872. In 1880 he was consecrated Titular Bishop of Emmaus, and was given the rectorship of St. Mary's, Chelsea, in 1881. Mgr. Patter- son is the author of a " Tour in Palestine," published in 1852, &c. Address : St. Mary's, Cadogan Street, S.W. PATTI, Adelina, nie Adelina Maria Clorinda Patti, Baroness Cederstrom, prima donna, daughter of Salvatori Patti, is of Italian extraction, PATTON 837 and was born in Madrid, Feb. 19, 1843. After a course of professional training under her brother-in-law, Maurice Stra- kosch, she appeared at New York, Not. 21, 1859, and reports of her fame reached these shores, where a much more brilliant success awaited her. She made her first appearance in London at the Italian Opera House, Covent Garden, in the part of Amina, in " La Somnambula," May 14, 1861, and so favourable was the impression created that she became at once the prime favourite of the day. To Amina succeeded her equally successful performance of Lucia, in Donizetti's opera, but she gave still greater reason for approbation by her representation of Violetta in " La Traviata," to which she imparted a purity with which the part had never before been invested. Her Zerlina was also much admired, while in Martha she displayed so original a vein of arch comedy as to give an unwonted interest to the performance. Mdlle. Patti, with laudable ambition, attempted, in the summer of 1863, the difficult part of Ninetta, in " La Gazza Ladra," and her spirited rendering of the character fully sustained her high reputation, both as Norina, in "Don Pasquale," and as Adina, in "L'Elisire d'Amore." Undaunted by the success of rival celebrities who had preceded her, she in 1864 took the part of Margherita, in Gounod's "Faust," and her performance was pronounced by some critics to be superior to that of every other representative of the character. She achieved a fresh success in the part of Juliet, in Gounod's " Romeo and Juliet," which proved the great attraction of the operatic season of 1867. Mdlle. Patti has been equally successful on the Continent of Europe. In the early part of 1870 she visited Russia, where she met with an enthusiastic welcome, receiving from the Emperor Alexander the Order of Merit, and the appointment of First Singer at the Imperial Court. Early in 1888 Ma- dame Patti accepted an engagement to sing in the Argentine Republic. Her tour through that State was the most successful she had ever made. She was paid £1200 a night, and gave thirty-three perform- ances. She returned there the following year, when she had even a greater success. In May 1868 she was married, at the Roman Catholic Church, Clapham, to M. Louis S^bastien Henri de Roger de Ca- huzac, Marquis de Caux, from whom she was afterwards divorced. In 1886 she was married, in Wales, to Signor Nicolini, the tenor singer, who died in January 1898, and her marriage to Baron Ceder- strom took place in January 1899. The wedding was an exceptional social event, and on the wedding day the popular com- plimentary demonstrations along the line of route from the great diva's Welsh home to London marked the extreme hold she has taken on the hearts of her innu- merable admirers. Baron Olof Rudolph Cederstrom became a naturalised British subject in February 1899. She now re- sides chiefly at Craig-y-nos, her Welsh country seat, where in 1891 she opened a private theatre. In October 1893 she started for her farewell tour in the United States. Madame Patti still sings at Albert Hall concerts in London, which are known as "Patti Concerts." Address: Craig-y- nos Castle, Wales. PATTON, Francis Landey, D.D., LL.D., was born at Warwick, Bermuda, Jan. 22, 1843. His family removed to Canada while he was a boy, and he was educated at University College, Toronto ; studying theology later at Knox College, Toronto, and at the Princeton (New York) Theological Seminary, from the latter of which he graduated in 1865. From 1865 to 1867 he was pastor of the Eighty-fourth Street Church in New York ; 1867-71, of the Presbyterian Church in Nyack, New York ; 1871-72, of the South Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn, New York ; and 1874-81, of the Jefferson Park Presby- terian Church in Chicago. He edited the Interior, a denominational Chicago paper, from 1873 to 1876, and was Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology in the Presbvterian Theological Seminary of the North-west, Chicago, 1871-1881. While at Chicago his successful prosecution of Professor David Swing for heterodoxy brought him into general prominence as a theological writer and speaker, and pro- cured him the appointment in 1881 to the Stuart Professorship of the Relation of Philosophy and Science to the Christian Religion, a chair especially founded for him at the Princeton Seminary. In ad- dition to filling the duties of that depart- ment, he also lectured on ethics before the College of New Jersey (to which the Seminary is attached), and in 1885 was made a Professor of the College on that subject. On the resignation of the Presi- dency of the College by Dr. McCosh, Dr. Patton was chosen to succeed him, and he assumed the office in June 1888. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Hanover College, Indiana, in 1872, and that of LL.D. by Wooster University, Ohio, in 1878, and by Harvard University in 1889. Besides his work on the Interior, he was for a number of years associate editor of both the Presbyterian Review and the New Princeton Review, and he has been a voluminous contributor to magazines and papers. His published works in- clude " The Inspiration of the Scriptures," 1865 ; "A Summary of Christian Doctrine," 838 PAUNCEFOTE — PAYNE 1874; and "The Doctrine of a Future Retribution." PAUNCEFOTE, The Right Hon. Sir Julian, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., third son of the late Robert Pauncefote, Esq., of Preston Court, Gloucestershire, was born at Munich, Sept. 13, 1828, and educated in Paris, Geneva, and at Marlborough Col- lege. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1852, and joined the Oxford Circuit. He was appointed Attor- ney-General of Hong-Kong in May 1865, and acted as Chief -Justice of the Supreme Court in 1869, and again in 1872. He received the thanks of the Executive and Legislative Councils of Hong-Kong for his services to the colony, and in 1874 was knighted by patent. He was appointed Chief-Justice of the Leeward Islands in 1873, and in 1874 Legal Assistant Under- Secretary of State for the Colonies. In 1876 he was appointed Assistant (Legal) Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Af- fairs. He was created a C.B. and a K.C.M.G. in 1880, and in 1882 he suc- ceeded the late Lord Tenterden as Per- manent Under - Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. In 1885 he received the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. In 1888 Sir Julian suc- ceeded Lord Sackville as British Minister at Washington. In 1892 he received the Grand Cross of the Bath for his diplomatic services, and in 1893 he was raised to the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United States. On Nov. 21, 1894, during a visit home, Sir Julian Pauncefote was sworn of the Privy Council. His action at Washington has done much to bring together the two branches of the Anglo-Saxon race, and he possesses the confidence of the leading men of both nations, especially of his old chief, the Marquis of Salisbury. He was one of the delegates from Great Britain at the Peace Conference held at the Hague in 1899. PAVY, Frederick "WiUiam, LL.D. Glasgow, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., was for- merly Lecturer on the Principles and Practice of Medicine, on Physiology, and on Comparative Anatomy at Guy's Hospi- tal. He is now Consulting Physician to Guy's. He became Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1860, and was twice Censor, viz. in 1883-84 and 1891-92. He delivered the Harveian Oration in 1886, and has been Lettsomian, Gulstonian, and Croonian Lecturer. He is President of the Pathological Society, and Fellow or member of many learned societies. In 1863 he became F.R.S. Dr. Pavy has written several volumes on food, dietetics, &c, and has communicated many papers on the physiology of sugar, &c, to the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society. His Lettsomian lectures (1860) were upon the subject of Diabetes. Ad- dress : 35 Grosvenor Street, W. PAYNE, Edward John, born July 22, 1844, is the son of Edward William Payne, of High Wycombe, Bucks, and was educated at High Wycombe Grammar School, and at University College, Oxford, where he graduated M.A., and was elected Fellow of his College in 1872. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1874, and was appointed Recorder of Chipping Wycombe in 1883. He is the author of : " Select Works of Edmund Burke," with notes, 3 vols., 1874, &c. ; "History of European Colonies," 1877; "Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America," 1880 ; " History of the New World called America," 1892, in which work Mr. Payne has critically investigated the origins of history in the New World, its rudimentary civilisation, sociology, languages, and arts, and the causes and circumstances of its discovery by Europeans. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and a Member of Council of the Hakluyt Society. Address : 2 Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, London. PAYNE, George, F.L.S., F.S.A., was born at Sittingbourne, in Kent, in 1848, and was educated at Elm House Academy near that town. He formed between 1865 and 1883 an extensive local collection of geological and British, Roman, and Anglo- Saxon remains. These he offered to his native town as a gift in 1883, on condition that a suitable building be provided for their reception. The offer was declined, and the British Museum subsequently ac- quired the greater portion of the collec- tion, while the remainder went to the Maidstone Museum. Since 1870 he has been accustomed to give lectures annually in various parts of Kent on archaeological matters, with a view to encourage the study and preservation of antiquities. He is author of a " Catalogue of his Museum of Local Antiquities," 1883, printed for private circulation ; a " Catalogue of the Museum of Local Antiquities collected by Mr. Henry Durden at Blandford, Dorset," 1892, printed for private circulation ; a " Catalogue of the Kent Archaeological Society's Collections," 1892, printed by the Society; "An Archaeological Survey of the County of Kent," 1889, printed by the Society of Antiquaries, and adopted by that body as a model for the archaeological survey of Great Britain ; " Collectanea Cantiana," 1893, being an account of the author's archaeological researches in the neighbourhood of Sittingbourne and other PAYNE — PEACOCK 839 parts of Kent ; and numerous papers in " Archasologia Cantiana," Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Journal of the British Archaiological Association, the Anti- quary, and various periodicals, &o. He was appointed Local Secretary for Kent of the Society of Antiquaries, London, 1877; elected a Fellow of that Society, 1880 ; and subsequently elected twice on the Council; elected a Fellow of the Lin- nean Society, 1878 ; became a member of the Kent Archaeological Society in 1870, was for several years a member of the Council, and was elected Hon. Secretary and Chief Curator of the Society in 1889 ; appointed one of the delegates on behalf of the Society of Antiquaries on the Ethno- graphical Survey of the United Kingdom, 1892 ; is member of the Standing Com- mittee of the Ethnographical Survey, the Archseological Survey of Great Britain, and the Congress of Archaeological Socie- ties. He is honorary correspondent of the British Archaeological Association, and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. During the last ten years he has resided at Bochester, where he has been instrumental in bringing about the reparation of the famous castle there, and has assisted the Corporation by superin- tending the work. He has also taken active measures towards founding the museum in that city, in which undertaking he has been loyally supported by the Corporation and the citizens. The most important dis- coveries he has made outside his re- searches at Sittingbourne are the identi- fication of the Roman walls of Rochester ; laying bare the extensive remains of a Roman establishment at Darenth, near Dartford ; and discovering a large portion of the Norman Church at Boxley Abbey, near Maidstone. Throughout his life he has taken an active interest in the various literary and scientific societies in the county of Kent, having rendered them valuable assistance both in the field and at their winter meetings. Address : The Precincts, Rochester. PAYNE, Joseph Frank, F.R.C.P., was born Jan. 10, 1840, at Camberwell, Surrey, and is the son of Joseph Payne, the first Professor of Education at the College of Preceptors. He was educated at University College, London, and pro- ceeded as Demy to Magdalen' College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. First class, Natural Science, 1862; M.B. 1867; M.D. 1880. He obtained a Fellowship at Magdalen, theBurdett-Coutts Scholarship in Geology, and the Radcliffe Travelling Fellowship in Medicine. He studied medi- cine at St. George's Hospital, London, and also, as Radcliffe Fellow, at Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. He became member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1868, Fellow in 1873, was Censor from 1896 to 1898, and delivered the Harveian Oration in 1896. He is now Senior Physician to St. Thomas's Hospital, and President of the Pathological Society of London and of the Dermatological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and was formerly President of the Epidemiological Society of London. He has been Examiner in the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, London, Edin- burgh, and in the Victoria University. In 1879 he was appointed, with the late Surgeon-Major Colville, British Medical Commissioner, to investigate the outbreak of Plague in the Russian province of Astra- chan. In 1890 he was a member of the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis, pre- sided over successively by Lord Basing and Sir George Buchanan. He is the author of a "Manual of General Patho- logy," 1888; "Observations on Rare Dis- eases of the Skin," 1889 ; Introduction to a reproduction (Cambridge, 1881) of Lin- acre's Translation of Galen's "De Tem- peramentis," first printed at Cambridge, 1521 ; the Harveian Oration for 1896 on "Harvey and Galen." He has written articles on " History of Medicine " and "Plague" in the "Encyclopaedia Britan- nica," and biographies of physicians in the " Dictionary of National Biography," with numerous papers and lectures in "St. Thomas's Hospital Reports," Transactions of Medical Societies, &c. He is the editor of " The Works of Joseph Payne," 2 vols., 1880-1892; and of the "Nomenclature of Diseases," published by the College of Physicians in 1896. Besides the subjects of general medicine and pathology, he has paid special attention to the history of medicine and of epidemic diseases, and has published several ancient documents bearing on these subjects, the value of which has been widely recognised in Con- tinental as well as in English publications. Address : 78 Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W. PEACOCK, Edward, F.S.A., of Bot- tesford Manor, near Brigg, and of Dunstan House, Kirton-in-Lindsey, Lincolnshire, born at Hemsworth, in Yorkshire, Dec. 22, 1831, was educated by private tutors. He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1857, and appointed a Jus- tice of Peace for the Parts of Lindsey, in the county of Lincoln, in 1869. Mr. Pea- cock is the author of "Ralph Skirlaugh," 3 vols., 1870; "Mabel Heron," 3 vols., 1872 ; "John Markenfield," 3 vols., 1874 ; " Narcissa Brendon," 2 vols., 1891 ; editor of "Army List of Roundheads and Cava- liers," 1863 (second edition, enlarged, 1874) ; " English Church Furniture at the Period of the Reformation : a list of goods 840 PEACOCKE — PEARSON destroyed in Lincolnshire Churches," 1866 " Instructions for Parish Priests, by John Myrc" (Early English Text Soc), 1868 "A List of the Eoman Catholics in the County of York in 1604," 1872 ; " France the Empire and Civilisation," 1873, pub lished without the author's name ; " A Glossary of Words used in the Wapen takes of Manley and Corringham, Lin colnshire" (English Dialect Soc), 1877 (2nd edit., much enlarged, 2 vols., 1889) "Index to English - Speaking Students who have Graduated at Leyden Univer- sity" (Index Soc), 1883 ; " The Monckton Papers" (Philobiblion Soc), 1885; and many papers in the A rehwologia, the Journal of the Royal Archaeological Insti- tute, and the Dublin Review. PEACOCKE, The Most Rev. Joseph Ferguson, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland, was born in Queen's County on Nov. 5, 1835, and is the youngest son of the late George Pea- cocke, M.D., of Longford. He was edu- cated at Trinity College, Dublin, where his career was distinguished. He was first Senior Moderator in History and English Literature, and first Divinity Prizeman in 1858, &c In 1858 he was ordained, and was successively Rector of St. George's, Dublin, and of Monkstone. In 1893 he was appointed Professor of Pastoral Theo- logy in Dublin University. Appointed Bishop of Meath in 1894, he was conse- crated Archbishop in 1897. Address : The Palace, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin. PEARD, Frances Mary, daughter of Commander George Shuldham Peard, R.N., born at Exminster, Devon, writer of novels and stories, of which the following is a brief list: "One Year," 1868; "Un- awares," 1870; "The Rose Garden"; "Cartouche"; "Mother Molly"; "Con- tradictions " ; " Near Neighbours " ; "The Crooked Desk," illustrated, 1890; "Made- moiselle," 1890 (new edit., 1892); "Ab- bots' Bridge," 1891; "The Baroness: a Dutch Story," 1892; "Paul's Sister"; "The Swing of the Pendulum," 1893; " The Country Cousin " ; " Madame's Granddaughter" ; " Catherine," and " The Interloper," 1894 ; " Jacob and the Raven : stories," 1896; and "The Career of Claudia," 1897. PEARS, Edwin, was born in 1835, at York. He graduated in the University of London, being first in honours, Roman Law, and Jurisprudence, and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1870. He was General Secretary of the Social Science Association from 1868 to 1873, and Secretary to the International Prison Congress of 1872. In the Transactions of the former Society he published " Prisons and Reformatories at Home and Abroad." Mr. Pears is now the most prominent practitioner at the English Bar in Con- stantinople, whence, as correspondent of the Daily News, he sent the letters which first called the attention of Europe to the Moslem atrocities committed in Bulgaria in May 1876. The first two of these letters, having attracted attention in Parliament, and their statements being disputed by Mr. Disraeli, were published in the first important Blue-book on the Eastern Ques- tion. Mr. Pears is the first newspaper cor- respondent who took up the ground that the interest of England in the Ottoman Empire will be best forwarded by helping the Christian races as representing the progressive element of the empire, rather than the Turks, whom he. regards as doomed, from natural causes, to disappear as a ruling race, and as being able to contribute nothing of value towards Euro- pean civilisation. PEARSE, The Rev. Mark Guy, Wesleyan minister and author, was born at Camborne in 1842, and is the only son of Mark Guy Pearse, of Sandown, Isle of ' Wight. His early life was spent in Corn- wall. In 1861 he became a student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, but subsequently entered the Wesleyan ministry, and was stationed at Leeds, Brixton, Ipswich, Bed- ford, Highbury, Westminster, and is now, jointly with the Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, conducting the London Wesleyan Mission at St. James's Hall. As a preacher and lecturer he has few equals ; and for quiet humour, deep insight into character, and a certain homely sympathy with the religious poor, his little book, " Dan'l Quorm and his Religious Notions," has never been surpassed. It was published in 1874, and has passed through many editions. Among his many other religious publica- tions should be mentioned "The Gentle- ness of Jesus," 1898. Address: 11 Bed- ford Place, Russell Square, W.C. PEARSON, The Right Hon. Sir Charles John. See Pearson, Loed. PEARSON, Lord, The Right Hon. Charles John Pearson, M.A., LL.D., D.L., a judge of the Supreme Court of Scotland, is the second son of Charles Pearson, C.A., of Edinburgh, by Margaret, daughter of John Dalziel, of Earlston, N.B., and was born in Midlothian on Nov. 6, 1843. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy, St. Andrews University, and Corpus College, Oxon., and took his B.A. (first-class) in 1865, and his M.A. degree in 1868. At the University he gained, in 1862, the Gais- ford Prize for Greek Prose, and in 1863, PEARSON— PEARY 841 the Gaisford Prize for Greek Verse. He is a Member of the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh ; was called to the Bar (Inner Temple) in 1870 ; was Sheriff of Chancery in Scotland in 1885-88; Procurator for the Church of Scotland, 1886-90 ; Sheriff of Renfrew and Bute, 1888; Sheriff of Perthshire in 1889 ; Solicitor-General for Scotland ; M.P. for the Universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews, 1890-96 ; sworn Privy Councillor, 1891; Lord Advo- cate of Scotland, 1891, and again in 1895-96 ; Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, 1892-95 ; and was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland in 1896. He received the honour of knighthood in 1887 ; and married, in 1873, Elizabeth, daughter of M. G. Hewat, Esq., of Nor- wood. Permanent address : 7 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh. PEARSON, Professor Karl, M.A., LL.B.,F. R. S. , Professor of Mathematics and Mechanics in University College, London, was elected F.R.S. in 1896, and has pub- lished " Socialism in Theory and Practice," 1885 ; "The Ethic of Freethought," 1888 ; "Grammar and Science," and "New Uni- versity for London," 1892. He has long written as a philosopher and a relentless logician. One of his most interesting investigations is into the so-called "Doc- trine of Chances." Address : 7 Well Road, Hampstead, N. PEARY, Lieutenant Robert Ed- ward, Arctic explorer, man of science, and civil engineer of the United States Navy, was born at Cresson, Pa., May 6, 1856, and was educated at Bowdoin College, Maine, graduating in 1877. He entered the U.S. Navy as civil engineer with the rank of Lieutenant in 1881, and in 1884 was appointed Assistant-Engineer of the Survey for the Nicaragua Ship Canal. Lieutenant Peary began his im- portant work on the ice-cap of Northern Greenland in 1886. The only assistance in these investigations which he received from the American Government was a formal leave of absence from his duties as a civil engineer in the Navy. He had to depend entirely on the help of his friends, the proceeds of his own lectures, and his wife's publications, which have been o material value. All his expeditions have been small, but nevertheless his work has been invaluable to the cause of Arctic exploration. His first expedition, that of 1886, when his ship was the Eagle, brought him nearly 100 miles over the inland ice and much further north than the route of Nansen (q.v. ). Peary, as a result, laid a great scheme for crossing the ice from one coast to the other, and completing, if possible, the exploration of the North Greenland coast, and then making for the pole itself. In 1891 he resumed his work, and accompanied by his young wife and a carefully selected crew, ultimately landed on the shores of M'Cormick Inlet, to the north of Inglefleld Gulf (77° 40' N.). Peary unfortunately broke both his ankles just after the start, but preparations were at once made for sledge-parties over the ice. Scientific observation and research occupied the staff through the winter, and in the following spring (1892) began the famous " White march " over the inland ice to the northern shores of Greenland. The whole party moved forward on the first stage of the journey, but the greater part of the course mapped out (500 miles) was accom- plished by Peary and a companion, Eivind Astrup, since dead. After a series of exciting adventures, the two explorers made their way out to the Northern Arctic Coast in 81° 40' N. and 34° 5' W., reaching a point east further than any predecessor. The information concerning Greenland and the ice-locked north, which Peary was able to bring back, is scientifically of the utmost importance, and generally most fascinating. The return journey was even more trying than the outward, and was rendered considerably more difficult, owing to the necessity of making large detours in consequence of the inaccuracies of the existing maps. In the spring and summer of 1895 Peary again traversed his old routes and corrected his observations on the regions crossed. He subsequently paid two more visits to North-East Green- land with a view to removing the great meteorite of ninety tons, which has been known since Ross's time. Peary succeeded in bringing this vast mass to America, thus making another valuable contribution to scientific knowledge. He published, in 1898, the records of all his expeditions in a volume entitled "Northward over the ' Great Ice ' : A Narrative of Life and Work along the Shores and upon the In- terior Ice-Cap of Northern Greenland in the years 1886 and 1897." His wife, as before mentioned, wrote some years ago a small volume containing a brief account of one of his earlier expe ".itions. The work so far accomplished by Lieu- tenant Peary and dealt with in these volumes comprises : — (1) A summer voyage and reconnaissance of the Greenland ice, 1886 ; (2) a thirteen months' sojourn in Northern Greenland, including a 1200 mile sledge journey across the ice-cap, and the determination of the insularity of Green- land, 1891-92 ; (3) a twenty-five months' stay in North Greenland, including a second 1200 mile sledge journey across the ice-cap, the completion of the study of the Whale Sound natives, a detailed survey of that region, and the discovery of 842 PEASE — PEEL the Great Cape York meteorites, 1893-95 ; (4) summer voyages in 1896 and 1897, in- cluding the securing of the last and the largest of the great Cape York meteorites, a 90-ton mass. Although the foregoing is a considerable record of achievement, Peary is said to regard his accomplished work as only part of a great scheme which still remains uncompleted. He is hoping to receive large assistance from his country, and having in view the distinction which Peary has brought to her rolls, the expecta- tion deserves a worthy fulfilment. Lieu- tenant Peary is a man of untiring energy, and shows in his work, and no less in his two volumes of travels, an intensity which he has often visibly to restrain. In January 1897 Lieutenant Peary received the Cuflum Gold Medal from the American Geographical Society. After a preliminary voyage in the summer of 1897 he started in 1898 on another expedition to the Arctic, with the hope of being able to reach the Pole. PEASE, Sir Joseph Whitwell, Bart., M.P., J.P., D.L., son of the late Joseph Pease, a well-known coal and ironstone mine-owner of Darlington, by Emma, daughter of the late Joseph Gurney of Norwich, was born in 1828, and privately educated. In 1865 he was elected in the Liberal interest for South Durham, which constituency he represented until 1885, when he was elected for the Barnard Castle Division of the county. In 1886 he was re-elected without a contest, and in 1892 and in 1895 he was again returned at the head of the poll. He is a D.L. and J. P. for the County of Durham, and D.L. and J. P. for the North Riding of Yorkshire ; Chairman of the North-Eastern Railway, and the owner of coal and iron- stone mines in Durham and Yorkshire. He was created a baronet in 1882. Sir Joseph is a member of the Society of Friends, and President of the Peace and Anti-Opium Societies. In Parliament he has rendered valuable services in all questions connected with trade and com- merce, and especially with the coal and iron industries of the North of England. Though a follower of Mr. Gladstone, he spoke against the Berber-Suakin Railway scheme ; and in a very short time facts gave a melancholy justification of his common-sense prophecies. In 1854 he married Mary, daughter of the late Alfred Fox, Esq., of Falmouth, who died in 1892. His eldest son, Mr. Alfred E. Pease, was Liberal member for the city of York from 1885 to 1892, and was elected for the Cleveland Division of Yorkshire in 1897. Addresses : 44 Grosvenor Gar- dens, S.W. ; Hatton Hall, Guisborough, Yorks., &c. PEDLER, Alexander, I.R.S., F.C.S., F.I.C., Principal of the Presidency Col- lege, Calcutta, was born about 1850, and was educated at the City of London School and the Royal College of Science. He made chemistry his special study, and wrote several monographs in the journals of the Chemical and other societies. Ad- dress : Presidency College, Calcutta. PEEL, Viscount, The Right Hon. Arthur Wellesley Peel, D.C.L., D.L., J. P., late Speaker of the House of Com- mons, is the youngest son of the late Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel, and Julia, daughter of Lieut-General Sir John Floyd, and was born on Aug. 3, 1829. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Ox- ford, and in 1865 first entered Parliament for Warwick, which he has continued to represent till 1885, when he was elected for Warwick and Leamington. He was Parlia- mentary Secretary to the Poor-Law Board from December 1868 to January 1871 ; Sec- retary to the Board of Trade from 1871 to 1873 ; Patronage Secretary to the Treasury, 1873-74 ; and Under-Secretary to the Home Department for nine months in 1880. On the retirement of Sir Henry Brand in 1884 Mr. Peel was elected Speaker, and continued to hold the post amid general expressions of good-will from all parties. After the dissolution of 1886 he was proposed as Speaker by Lord R. Churchill, and seconded by Mr. Glad- stone, and in 1892 was again elected to that post. He was made D.C.L. of Oxford on June 22, 1887. The moment of his re- tirement from the Speakership in April 1895 was one of the memorable occasions of Parliamentary history. In compliance with an address from the House, the thanks of the Commons were unanimously voted him for his eminent services as their representative. He was raised to the Peerage as Viscount Peel, and was granted a pension of £4000 per annum. In July the Freedom of the City was presented to him. In 1896 he was appointed Chairman of the Liquor Licensing Laws Commission. He was appointed Trustee of the British Museum in the room of the Right Hon. Spencer Walpole in 1898. In 1862 he married Adelaide, daughter of William Stratford Dugdale, of Merevale and Blyth Halls, Warwickshire. Address : The Lodge, Sandy, Beds. ; and Athenaeum. PEEL, The Right Hon. Sir Frede- rick, K.C.M.G., D.L., second son of the late Sir Robert Peel, born in London, Oct. 26, 1823, and educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was a first class in Classics, was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1849, and returned as one of the members in the PEILE — PELLOUX 843 Liberal interest for Leominster in February 1849 ; was elected for Bnry in July 1852, and having been defeated at the General Election in March 1857, was again returned by this constituency at the General Elec- tion in April 1859, but was defeated at the General Election in July 1865. He was Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from November 1851 till March 1852, in Lord Eussell's first Administra- tion ; held the same post in the coalition Administration under Lord Aberdeen ; was Under-Secretary for War in Lord Palmer- ston's first Administration in 1855, and resigned in 1857 ; and was Secretary to the Treasury from 1860 till 1865. He is a Deputy-Lieutenant for Warwickshire ; was sworn a Privy Councillor in 1857 ; and nominated a Knight-Commander of the Order of SS. Michael and George in 1869. He was appointed President of the Rail- way Commission in 1873. Addresses : The Manor, Hampton-in-Arden, Warwickshire ; and 32 Chesham Place, S.W. PEILE, John, Litt.D., Hon. Litt.D. Dublin, was born April 24, 1838, at White- haven, in Cumberland, and is the son of Williamson Peile, F.G.S. He was edu- cated at Repton and at St. Bees Grammar School. He entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in October 1856, and was elected a Scholar in 1857. He obtained the Craven University Scholarship in 1859 ; was bracketed Senior Classic in 1860, and also Chancellor's Medallist. In the same year he was elected to a Fellowship and to a College Lectureship ; in the following year he became Assistant- Tutor. He was appointed Teacher in Sanskrit in the University in 1865 ; this office was abolished in 1867 on the estab- lishment of a Professorship, for which Mr. Peile was not a candidate. In 1866 he vacated his Fellowship by marriage, but was re-elected in 1867 under a special statute for the election of viri insignes, although disqualified by marriage to hold an ordinary Fellowship. In 1870 he was appointed Tutor, which office he held till 1884, when he was appointed Reader in Comparative Philology. In 1887 he suc- ceeded Dr. Swainson in the Mastership of Christ's College. He was B.A. in 1860 ; M.A. 1863, Litt.D. 1864 ; and received the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1892. In 1869 he published an " Introduction to Greek and Latin Etymology," which went through three editions, and had a large sale in England and America ; it has long been out of print. In 1875 he brought out a " Primer of Philology," which has also been much used ; and in 1881, " Notes to the Story of Nala " (Sanskrit). He has also contributed to different periodicals. He has taken a large share in University- business. He was elected to the Council of the Senate in 1874, and, except during two years (1878-80), he has served on it ever since ; in this capacity he took part in the alteration of the University statutes of 1882. He was appointed Vice-Chancellor in 1891, and was re-appointed in 1892. In this capacity he endeavoured to bring about a better relation between the Uni- versity and the town of Cambridge, by seeking some modification of exceptional powers possessed by the University. He has been a member of numerous syndi- cates ; among these may be mentioned that which remodelled the Classical Tripos in 1872 ; and also that which again recon- structed it in 1881 ; also two which dealt with the course for the ordinary B.A. degree. He has also served on the General Board of Studies, the Financial Board, the Board for Classics, the Board for Modern Medical Studies, the Local Examinations and Lectures Syndicate, and several others. He was for two years President of the Philological Society of London. He was one of the earliest pro- moters of Women's Education at Cambridge, and is President of the Council of Newnham College. He is a Governor of Repton School. He married in 1866 Annette, daughter of W. Cripps Kitchener. Address : The Lodge, Christ's College, Cambridge. PELHAM, Henry Francis, M.A., President of Trinity College, Oxford, born at Berg Apton, Norfolk, on Sept. 19, 1846, is the eldest son of the Hon. and Right Rev. John Thomas Pelham, Bishop of Norwich. He was educated at Har- row, and at Trinity College, Oxford ; and obtained a first class in Lit. Hum., and a Fellowship at Exeter College, in the year 1869, and the Chancellor's Prize for an English Essay in 1870. He was elected Proctor in 1879, Reader in Ancient His- tory in 1877, Camden Professor of Ancient History in 1889, and President of Trinity College in 1897. He is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, a Member of the Council of the Hellenic Society, and one of the Governors of Harrow School. He is the author of numerous articles in the "Encyclopedia Britannica," Smith's "Dic- tionary of Antiquities," the Journal of Philology and the Classical Review. In 1890 he published " The Imperial Domains and the Colonate " ; in 1893, "Outlines of Roman History"; in 1895, "The Roman Frontier System." He married Laura, daughter of Sir E. U. Buxton, Bart., M.P., in 1873. Addresses : Trinity College, Ox- ford ; and Athenaeum. PELLOUX, General Luigi, Prime Minister of Italy, is the descendant of an 844 PENLEY — PENNYCUICK old French family, and was born at Roche- sur-Furon, now in the French Department of Haute-Savoie, in 1830. At the time of the annexation of this province to France, some of his family co-opted for France, while he and others remained Italian citizens. He entered the Italian army in 1848 as a sub-lieutenant of cavalry ; in the campaigns of 1859 and 1860 he was promoted to be Major and was mentioned in despatches. In 1866, at Custozza, he was granted the Order of Savoy on the field of battle for a daring piece of work. He became a Major-General in 1877, with the command of a brigade, and a Lieuten- ant-General six years later. In 1888 he commanded the expeditionary force sent to Massowa, and on his return to Italy, he was placed at the head of an army corps. The Marquis di Rudini {q.v.) appointed him Minister of War in 1891, which post he filled in the second Rudini Cabinet of 1897. On the fall of this ministry, he undertook the formation of its successor, and his chief duty has been to calm the disquieting symptoms of discontent shown at Milan and elsewhere, and to deal vigor- ously with the latent spirit of anarchy. PENLEY, William Sydney, theat- rical manager and actor, was born at St. Peter's, Margate, and was educated at a private school kept by his father, in Charles Street, Westminster. His most famous impersonation has been as Char- ley's Aunt, in the play of that name, which enjoyed an unprecedentedly long run in London. Address : The Vines, St. John's, Woking. PENNELL, Henry Cholmondeley, eldest son of Sir Charles Henry Pennell, and of a granddaughter of Sir Philip Francis, was born in London in 1837. He entered the public service about 1853, and after serving in various departments of the Admiralty, Whitehall, was appointed one of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Fisheries in 1866. In January 1875 he was selected by the English Government, at the request of the Khedive of Egypt, to initiate and assist in carrying out various important commercial reforms, and was afterwards nominated Director-General of Commerce for the Interior. Mr. Pennell made his first mark in literature in " Puck on Pega- sus," 1861 — a book which attracted con- siderable notice, and has since gone through many editions. His other poeti- cal works are " Crescent," 1866 ; " Modern Babylon," 1873 ; " The Muses of Mayfair," 1874; "Pegasus Re-Saddled," 1877 (the two last named subsequently formed two of the volumes of " The Mayfair Library "); and " From Grave to Gay," 1885. During 1864-65 he edited the Fisherman's Magazine and Review, and afterwards the angling department of the Sporting Gazette, whilst contributing to the literature of angling and ichthyology a number of very success- ful works, of which the most important are : " The Angler-Naturalist," 1864 (2 editions) ; " The Book of the Pike," 1866 (4 editions) ; the "Modern Practical An- gler," 1873 (5 editions) ; " The Badminton Library of Sport," 1885 ; " Salmon and Trout" (6 editions); "Pike and other Coarse Fish " (5 editions) ; "The Sporting Fish of Great Britain," 1886; "Modern Improvements in Fishing Tackle and Fish- hooks," 1887. Of this author's less known contributions to angling and ichthyology, may be instanced : " How to Spin for Pike," 1862 ; " Fishing Gossip," 1867 ; " Oyster Legislation," 1868 ; " The Oyster and Mussel Fisheries of France," 1868; "Oyster Fisheries and Legislation, a re- print of Letters to the Times," 1875 ; also, in 1875, a series of angling manuals in a popular form, viz. : " Fly-fishing and Worm-fishing for Salmon, Trout, and Grayling," "Float Fishing," "Trolling for Pike, Salmon, and Trout." These have since passed through numerous editions. Mr. Pennell has contributed to Punch, the Athenceum, the Field, Fishing Gazette, &c, and more recently to Temple Bar, Long- man's Magazine, and other periodicals. Address : Palace Mansions, Kensington, W. PENNELL, Joseph, etcher, was born in Philadelphia, U.S.A., on July 4, 1860. He has published the following works: "A Canterbury Pilgrimage," 1886; "Two Pilgrims' Progress," 1887; "Our Sentimental Journey through France and Italy," 1888 ; " Pen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen," and " Our Journey to the Hebrides," 1889; "The Stream of Plea- sure," 1891 ; " The Jew at Home," and "Play in Provence," 1892; "To Gipsy- land," 1893 ; " Modern Illustration," 1895 ; " The Illustration of Books," 1896 ; "The Alhambra," 1896; "The Work of Charles Keene," 1897. Recently he and Mrs. Pennell (nei Elizabeth Robins) have toured through Switzerland on their bi- cycles, a feat afterwards described by them in illustrations and print ("Over the Alps on a Bicycle," 1898). He is well known for the beauty of his occa- sional illustrations in newspapers such as the Daily Chronicle. The latest joint pro- duction of Mr. and Mrs. Pennell is an important illustrated work on "Litho- graphy and Lithographers," 1898. Ad- dress : c/o J. S. Morgan & Co., bankers, 22 Old Broad Street, London, E.C. PENNYCUICK, Colonel John, R.E., OS. I., son of the late Brigadier-General PENROSE — PENZANCE 845 Pennycuick, C.B., K.H., killed at Chilian- wala, January 1849, was bom on the 15th January 1841, and educated at Cheltenham College and the H.E.I.C. Military College, Addiscombe. He was appointed Lieuten- ant in the Royal Engineers in December 1858, Captain in November 1870, Major in December 1876, Lieut.-Colonel in Decem- ber 1883, Colonel in December 1887. He retired in January 1896. He served in the Abyssinian Campaign, 1867-68, and was mentioned in despatches and awarded medal. He was in the Public Works De- partment in Madras, with short intervals from April 1862 to January 1896, and has designed and carried out various import- ant engineering works in Southern India, including the great Pesig or dam, com- pleted in 1896. This is the highest dam, and forms the largest artificial lake in the world. He was sometime Chief Engineer and Secretary to the Government of Mad- ras in the Public Works and Marine Depart- ments (1890-96) ; President of the Sanitary Board (1894-96) ; Member of the Legisla- tive Council of Madras (1890-96) ; was ap- pointed Fellow of the Madras University (1890); and was President of the Faculty of Engineering in the same (1893-96). He was appointed President of the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill, in September 1896 ; created C.S.I, in 1895 ; and received the Telford Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1897. He married, in December 1879, Grace, daughter of Lieut. -General S. Chamien, C.B., R.A. Address : Cooper's Hill, Engle- field Green, Surrey. PENROSE, Emily, born in London, Sept. 8, 1858, is the eldest daughter of F. C. Penrose, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.I.B.A., architect, and late Surveyor of St. Paul's Cathedral. She was educated at Wim- bledon, Versailles, Dresden, and Somer- ville College, Oxford. After taking a first class in Lit. Hum. at Oxford in 1892, she gained a Travelling Fellowship, and pur- sued her studies, mainly in archreology, at Paris, Berlin, Dresden, and also in Italy and Greece. She was appointed Principal of Bedford College, London, and Professor of Ancient History in 1893, and about that time she lectured at the British Museum, and at the South Kensington Museum. In 1898 Miss Penrose became Principal of the Royal Holloway College at Egham. Address : Royal Holloway College, Egham, Surrey. PENROSE, Francis Cranmer, M.A., Litt.D. Cantab., D.C.L. Oxon., F.R.S., F.R.I.B.A., F.R.A.S., was born at Bracebridge Vicarage, near Lincoln, in October 1817. His father was the Rev. John Penrose, formerly of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and his mother was a daughter of the Rev. Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S. After four years at Bedford Grammar School, he entered the founda- tion at Winchester College. On leaving Winchester, he became a pupil of Edward Blore, architect ; and afterwards entered Magdalene College, Cambridge. During his residence there he rowed three times in the University crew against Oxford. He graduated in 1842. For three years he held the appointment of Travelling Bachelor to the University of Cambridge. In 1851 he brought out, for the Society of Dilettanti, a work entitled " The Principles of Athenian Architecture," of which a second edition has been published. In the following year he was appointed Surveyor of the Fabric to St. Paul's Cathedral, a post which he held till mid- summer, 1897. Mr. Penrose published in 1869 a work named " A Method of Pre- dicting Occultations of Stars and Solar Eclipses by Graphical Construction." The Royal Gold Medal of the Institute of British Architects was presented to him in 1883. In 1885 he was elected an Honor- ary Fellow of Magdalene College, Cam- bridge, and in 1886 was appointed Director of the British Archaeological School at Athens. During 1893 he contributed to the Transactions of the Royal Society a paper on certain astronomical facts con- nected with the orientation of Greek temples, which was followed by a supple- ment on the same subject in 1897. He was elected Honorary Antiquary to the Royal Academy, as successor to Sir A. W. Franks, in the year 1898. In 1856 he married Harriette, daughter of the late Francis Gibbes, surgeon, of Harewood, in Yorkshire. Addresses : Coleby Field, Wimbledon ; and Athenaeum. PENZANCE, Lord, The Right Hon. James Plaisted "Wilde, Dean of Arches and Chancellor of York, born in London, July 12, 1816, is the fourth son of the late Edward Archer Wilde, Esq., and nephew of the late Lord Truro. He received his education at Winchester Col- lege, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1838, and M.A. in 1842. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1839, and devoted his attention to mercantile and marine law, and went the Northern Circuit. He was appointed Junior Counsel to the Excise and Customs in 1840, Queen's Counsel in 1855, Counsel to the Duchy of Lancaster in 1859, and a Baron of the Exchequer in April 1860, when he received the honour of knighthood. In 1863 he succeeded Sir Cresswell Cresswell as Judge of the Court of Probate, and Judge Ordinary of the Divorce Court, appointments which he 846 PEPPERCORN — PERKIN retained until 1872, when he resigned owing to ill-health. He was sworn a Privy Councillor in July 1864, and created a peer of the United Kingdom, April 6, 1869, since which time he has sat as a member of the Final Court of Appeal in the House of Lords. In June 1875 he was appointed Judge under the Public Worship Regula- tion Act (Dean of Arches), and Judge of the Provincial Courts of Canterbury and York. He unsuccessfully contested Lei- cester in the Liberal interest in 1852, and Peterborough in 1857. He was a member of the Commission appointed to consider the feasibility of forming a digest of the Common Law, which he had shortly be- fore advocated in an address delivered at the meeting of the Social Science Congress at York. He was a member of the Com- mission of the Marriage Laws ; a Member of the Judicature Commission ; and took a leading part in opposing the changes which aimed at a fusion of law and equity, and which were afterwards carried out in the destruction of the old Common Law Courts. He was also a Member of the Ecclesiastical Courts Commission. Upon the abolition of Purchase in the Army, he was a Member of the Commission appointed to consider the claims of certain of the Purchase Officers, and shortly afterwards he was appointed Chairman of the Com- mission on Retirement and Promotion in the Army, and prepared the report which was afterwards in part carried out by Royal Warrant. He was Chairman of the Commission appointed to report on the condition of Wellington College. He was also Chairman and drew up the Report of theCommission which sat to inquire into the practices of the Stock Exchange. When Mr. Peel was elected Speaker of the House of Commons he took his place as Chairman of a Departmental Committee appointed by the War Office to consider the position of Engineer Officers in India. He took a leading part, in conjunction with the late Lord Redesdale, in opposing the abolition of the judicial functions of the House of Lords, an opposition which resulted in Lord Cairns withdrawing the Bill brought into the House of Lords for that purpose. He married Mary, daughter of the Earl of Radnor, in 1860. Address : Eashing Park, Godalming. PEPPERCORN, A. D., landscapist, was born in London, and received his artistic training in Gerome's Studio and at the Beaux Arts, Paris. His art is singularly suggestive of that of the Bar- bizon school, and he has been likened to Corot. He lives on the edge of those exquisite beech woods which extend from Horsley to Shere in Surrey, and are perhaps the only extensive and romantic wood- lands east of the New Forest. He has held two oil and one water-colour exhibi- tion at Goupils' Gallery, is prominent in all the principal annual exhibitions in London, having latterly exhibited at the small and choice exhibitions at the Dudley Gallery, and was an honoured member of the late Grosvenor Gallery Pastel Society. In the esteem of those who really under- stand art he holds a very high place. Ad- dresses : 32 Shaftesbury Avenue, W. ; and West Horsley, Leatherhead. PERCIVAL, The Right Rev. John, D.D., Hon.LL.D., Bishop of Hereford, born Sept. 27, 1834, was educated at Oxford, where he was Scholar of Queen's College from 1854 to 1858, and Fellow of the same College from 1858 to 1862. From 1860 to 1862 he was a Master at Rugby School, and was then appointed first Head-master of Clifton College, a post which he most successfully filled until 1878, when he was elected President of Trinity College, Ox- ford. A few years later he was made a Canon of Bristol. He has published "Some Helps for School Life," sermons preached in Clifton College Chapel, and "The Connection of the Universities with the Great Towns." He was one of the originators of the University College, Bristol ; and is known throughout the country, and especially in the west, for his exertions for the spread of university education among the middle classes. In 1887 Dr. Percival was appointed Head- master of Rugby School, in succession to Dr. Jex-Blake, and resigned the Presi- dency of Trinity College, Oxford, and also the ' Canonry at Bristol. He was nominated Bishop of Hereford in February 1895. Dr. Percival married, in 1862, Louisa, daughter of James Holland. She died in June 1896. In January 1899 he married (2) Miss Mary Georgina Symonds, second daughter of the late Frederick Symonds, of Oxford. Addresses : The Palace, Hereford ; and Athenseum. PERKIN, William Henry, LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. , was born in London on March 12, 1838. As a chemist and in- ventor he has long been noted in scientific circles ; but to the world at large his title to enduring fame is based on his greatest and earliest achievement, the discovery of the first aniline colour. He was educated at the City of London School, the only school in England at that date where scientific subjects were taught. He studied chemistry systematically under Dr. A. W. Hofmann, at the Royal College of Chemistry. This was in 1853, when he was only fifteen years of age. Two years afterwards he acted as Assistant to Dr. Hofmann in his research laboratory, and PERKIN 847 in the following March he read an account of his first research before the Chemical Society. Daring the Easter vacation of that year, 1856, whilst conducting an in- vestigation at home, which had for its object the artificial formation of quinine, he obtained results which led him to the discovery of the "aniline purple," or "mauve," a discovery which laid the foundation of the industry of the coal-tar colours, which has now assumed such remarkable dimensions. After experi- menting with this colouring matter in Messrs. Pullar's dye works at Perth, and being encouraged by them to follow up its manufacture, Perkin left the College of Chemistry in order to devote himself to the development of his new discovery, which was patented in 1856, he being then not more than eighteen years of age. The manufacture of mauve being an entirely new industry, naturally presented many difficulties, as most of the substances required for its production were at that date known in only a few scientific labora- tories, and none of the plant in ordinary use in chemical works was suitable for their production. But owing to Perkin's scientific knowledge and practical turn of mind these difficulties were overcome. In this undertaking he was associated with his father and brother, and the firm was known as Perkin & Sons. The works were erected on the Grand Junction Canal at Greenford Green, Middlesex. The new dye was successfully made in the course of the year 1857, and supplied first to the silk dyers in London, and then at Maccles- field, and some time afterwards to calico printers in Scotland and elsewhere. In 1859 the Sociefe Industrielle of Mulhouse awarded Perkin a silver medal, and some time afterwards a gold medal for his dis- covery of the mauve. Besides the mauve, he discovered also several other coal-tar colouring matters ; and after Graebe and Liehermann had made their celebrated discovery of the formation of alizarine from anthracene in 1868, he found two new processes by which this was rendered of practical value ; and alizarine was first manufactured commercially at Greenford Green in 1869. Perkin also discovered that with artificial alizarine another colour- ing matter was associated, viz., anthra- purpurine, which has proved to be of great value, as it produces colours of a more scarlet shade than pure alizarine, and when mixed with the latter renders its shades more brilliant. At the end of the year 1873, Perkin retired from technical work. During the entire period in which he was occupied in carrying on the manufacture of coal-tar colours he was actively engaged in scientific research, not only in reference to this industry, but also in pure chemistry. Out of his very numerous papers the fol- lowing, relating to pure chemistry, may be referred to, viz., those on the halogen derivatives of acetic and succinic acids, which resulted, among other things, in the artificial formation of glycocine, a deriva- tive of gelatine (1859), and tartaric acid (1861). These were carried out in conjunc- tion with the late Mr. B. F. Duppa, and were of special interest at that date, when but few bodies of animal or vegetable origin had been produced artificially. In 1867 he published his first papers on sali- cylic aldehyde, showing that this substance is not only an aldehyde but also a phenol. This was the commencement of a series of researches, which resulted in the artifi- cial formation of coumarin (the odorous principle of the Tonka bean, sweet-scented vernal grass, &c), and the discovery of several new bodies of this class, showing the existence of a whole series of these odoriferous substances. The further pro- secution of this line of research led to the discovery of a new reaction, by which cinnamic acid could be easily obtained from benzaldhyde, by heating it with acetic anhydride and a 'salt of a fatty acid, and moreover, by substituting other aromatic aldehydes, and also varying the anhydride, a large number of new acids of this class were obtained. By modify- ing this reaction, which is now known as "Perkin's Reaction," Dr. Caro succeeded in producing cinnamic acid technically (at the Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik), for the artificial production of indigo by the method discovered by Bayer. Perkin's later work has been on the remarkable property of substances to rotate the plane of polarisation when placed in the field of a magnet (discovered by Faraday), and he has shown that this rotation varies with bodies of the homologous series in a de- finite manner for each addition of CH 2 , and moreover it exhibits distinct differ- ences between normal and isomeric com- pounds, and is therefore likely to be of value in determining the constitution of bodies. By this property it appears also to be possible to distinguish between bodies which, when hydrated, form definite chemical products and those which only form molecular compounds. Dr. Perkin was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1856, and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1866, at the age of twenty- eight. In 1869 he became one of the honorary secretaries of the Chemical Society, a post which he held until elected President of that Society in 1883 ; he was also President of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1884^85. In 1882 he received the honorary degree of Ph.D. of the Uni- versity of Wiirzburg, and in 1884 he was made an Honorary Member of the German 848 PEEKIN — PEEOWNE Chemical Society. In 1879 the Royal medal, and in 1889 the Davy medal, were awarded to hira by the Royal Society ; and in 1888 he received the Longstaff medal of the Chemical Society, the latter two being given in recognition of his researches on the magnetic rotation of bodies ; and in 1890 the Albert medal from the Society of Arts was awarded him for his discoveries in colouring matters. In 1891 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of St. Andrews, and in 1892 was awarded the Birmingham medal of the Gas Institute, on account of the influ- ence of his discoveries on the Coal- Gas Industry. Address : The Chesnuts, Sud- bury, Harrow. PEBKIN, William Henry, junior, Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of Organic Chemistry at Owens College, Manchester, was born at Sudbury on June 17, 1860, and is the eldest son of W. H. Perkin, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. He was educated at the City of London School, at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and at the Universities of Wiirzburg and Munich. He was a Privat Docent at Munich for three years, in 1887 was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, and in 1892 proceeded to his present post. He has published well-known text-books of Chemistry in conjunction with Drs. Kip- ping and Lean, and has contributed many papers on Chemistry to the scientific journals. Address : Fairview, Fallow- field, Manchester. PEBOSI, Father Lorenzo, Italian composer, was born at Tortona in 1872. His love for music showed itself from his earliest years, and having sprung from a musical family he received his first lessons from his father, himself an organist of some renown. Young Perosi's talent was so pronounced that he was sent to the St. Cecilia Institute of Rome, and afterwards to Ratisbon. His first appointment was at the Conservatoire of Parma, but his ideas always having been of an ecclesi- astical nature, he took up the clerical profession at Venice. In this he composed a great number of masses and other church compositions ; these were followed by oratorios, which quickly gained for him a larger circle of admirers. In 1897 he conceived the idea of a series of twelve oratorios to illustrate the life of Christ. The first of these was "La Passione di Cristo " ; then " La Transfigurazione di Cristo " ; and "La Risurrezione di Laz- zaro." The last of the series is "La Risurrezione di Cristo," which was given in 1899 at the ancient church of St. Augus- tine, in Milan. PEBOWNE, The Bev. Edward Henry, D.D., Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, was born circa 1827, and was educated at Corpus Christi Col- lege, Cambridge, of which he was Fellow and Tutor from 1858 to 1879. His aca- demic career was brilliant ; he won the Porson Prize in 1848, and was Senior Classic in 1850. Ordained in 1850, he was appointed Hon. Canon of Worcester in 1894. He was Lady Margaret Preacher at the University in 1877, Vice-Chancellor from 1879 to 1881, and was appointed Master of Corpus in 1879. He has written a commentary on Galatians, several works of a devotional order, and in 1866 de- livered the Hulsean Lectures on "The Godhead of Jesus." Address : Master's Lodge, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. PEBOWNE, The Bight Bev. John James Stewart, D.D., Bishop of Wor- cester, was born March 13, 1824, at Burd- wan, Bengal, of a family of French (Huguenot) extraction, that came over to this country at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. He was educated at Norwich Grammar School, and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ; was ap- pointed Bell's University Scholar in 1842, Crosse (Theological) Scholar in 1845, Tyrr- whitt's (Hebrew) Scholar in 1848, and Member's Prizeman (Latin Essay) in 1844, 1846, and 1847. Dr. Perowne took his B.A. degree in 1845, and that of M.A. in 1848, and was elected a Fellow of his College in 1849. He was Examiner for the Classical Tripos in 1850 and 1851. He was Select Preacher at the University Church in 1853, 1861, and 1872, and fre- quently since ; Hulsean Lecturer in 1868, and Lady Margaret's Preacher in 1874. For several years he held a Lectureship and Professorship in King's College, Lon- don, and was Assistant-Preacher at Lin- coln's Inn, and Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich. From 1862 to 1872 he was Vice-Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter, and whilst there suc- ceeded in obtaining for the College a Charter empowering it to confer the degree of B.A. He was in 1872 appointed Pr£elector in Theology, and in 1873 elected a Fellow of Trinity College ; from 1874 to 1876 he was Cambridge Preacher at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall. He was Canon Residentiary of Llandaff from 1869 to 1878, and Hulsean Professor of Divinity at Cambridge, having been elected to this office, June 17, 1875 ; he was also Exami- ner in the Text of Scripture, &c, in the University of London. He was appointed an honorary chaplain to the Queen, May 13, 1875. In August 1878 he was nomi- nated by the Crown, on the recommenda- tion of Lord Beaconsfield, to the Deanery PERRIN— PERRY 849 of Peterborough, vacated by the death of Dr. Saunders ; and in 1890 was nominated Bishop of Worcester, in succession to Dr. Philpott, who resigned. Dr. Perownewas succeeded in the Deanery of Peterborough by Canon Marsham Argles. Dr. Perowne was made an hon. D.D. of the University of Edinburgh at the Tercentenary of the University in 1884, and was Select Preacher at Oxford in 1888-89. In 1888 he was made a Justice of the Peace for the Borough and Liberty of Peterborough, and in the same year was elected the First Hon. Fellow of his old College, Corpus Christi, Cambridge. Dr. Perowne is the author of " The Book of Psalms, a new Translation, with Notes, Critical and Exegetical," 2 vols., 7th edit. ; Hulsean Lectures on " Immortality" ; a volume of sermons ; occasional sermons ; " The Athanasian Creed " ; " Confession in the Church of England" ; "The Church, the Ministry, the Sacraments"; "Disestab- lishment and Disendowment " ; " The Interest of the People of England in the Maintenance of the National Church " ; articles in Dr. Smith's " Dictionary of the Bible," Contemporary Review, Expositor, Sunday Magazine, Good Words, and an essay on Welsh Cathedrals. He is also the editor of Al Adjrumiieh, an Arabic Grammar, and of " Rogers on the Thirty- Nine Articles," of Bishop Thirlwall's Charges and Literary Remains, and of "The Cambridge Bible for Schools," and "The Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools." Dr. Perowne was a member of the company engaged on the revision of the Old Testament, and also of the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Courts. He married, in 1862, Anna Maria, third daugh- ter of the late Humphry William Woolrych, Esq., Serjeant-at-Law, of Croxley, Hert- fordshire. Addresses : Hartlebury Castle, Kidderminster ; and Athenasum. PERRIN, The Rt. Rev. William Willcox, D.D. , second son of the late Thomas Perrin, Esq., of Westbury-on- Trym, Gloucestershire, was born Aug. 11, 1848. He was educated at King's College, London, of which he is an Associate, and Trinity College, Oxford. Graduated B.A. 1870; M. A. 1873; D.D. 1893. Ordained 1871 (Deacon) ; 1872 (Priest) ; Curate of St. Mary's, Southampton, 1871-81 ; Vicar of St. Luke's, Southampton, 1881-93 ; Surrogate for Diocese of Winchester. Consecrated Bishop of British Columbia, in Westminster Abbey, March 25, 1893. Address : Bishop's Close, Victoria, British Columbia. PERRY, Professor John, M.E., D.Sc, F.R.S., Assoc. M.I.C.E., Vice-Presi- dent of the Physical Society and Vice- President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, was born at Garvagh, in Ulster, on Feb. 14, 1850. His father was Samuel Perry, of that town. Dr. Perry attended the Model School, Belfast, and won a silver medal in Natural Science. He graduated in 1870 as Bachelor of Engineering, in the Queen's University of Ireland, with first honours, Gold Medal and Peel Prize ; and gained a Whitworth Scholarship in that year. The honorary degree 'of Master in Engineering was conferred on him by the University Senate in 1882. He was Lec- turer in Physics at Clifton College, 1870- 74 ; and there started the earliest School Physical Laboratory and Workshop, still thriving institutions. He published " A Treatise on Steam" (Macmillan), in 1873 ; was a secretary of the A Section, British Association, 1874 ; and in that year became Thomson Scholar, and hon. assistant to Sir William Thomson in Glasgow. He wrote the mathematical and physical articles in Blackie's " Cyclopedia." His first scien- tific paper was read before the Royal Society of London, early in 1875, on "The Electric Conductivity of Glass as Depend- ent on Temperature." In partnership with Sir William Thomson, he read a paper on " Capillary Surfaces of Revolution," before the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Of the papers published by him with Prof. Ayr- ton, since 1876, the following are some of the most important: "The Specific In- ductive Capacity of Gases," " On Elec- trolytic Polarisation," "Resistance of Galvometer Coils," " Ice as an Electrolyte," "Heat Conduction in Stone," "Contact Theory of Voltaic Action," "Ratio of Electric Units," "On Electromotors, and their Government," " On Electrical Measuring Instruments," "On the Gas Engine," and "Magnifying Spring." In 1875 he went to Japan as Joint-Professor (with the Principal) of Engineering in the Imperial College of Engineering, and returned to England in11879. He gained the Silver Medal of the Society of Arts in 1881 for his lecture on "The Future Development of Electrical Appliances," since translated into German by Prof. Weinhold. He delivered a course of Can- tor lectures on hydraulic machinery in 1882 ; and became Professor of Mechanical Engineering and applied Mathematics at the Finsbury Technical College. He is secretary of the Physical Society. Pro- fessors Ayrton and Perry were appointed joint-engineers to the Faure Accumulator Company, and remained in that capacity until the English patents were disposed of. Their more important inventions are : A dynamo machine, in the description of which in 1882 the well-known system of multipolar winding is first described ; per- manent magnet and spring ammeters and 3h 850 PERSIA — PERUGINI voltmeters, with and without commuta- tors ; solenoid and shielded ammeters and voltmeters ; spring balances ; resistances for use with strong currents varied by foot and hand ; ergmeters ; power - meter ; ohmmeter ; non-sparking key ; electro- motors ; switches for use with accumu- lators, and arrangements for lighting rail- way trains ; photometers ; secohmeters ; dynamometer couplings and transmission and absorption dynamometers ; an electric arc lamp ; the governing of motors and dynamos ; an electric tricycle ; an electric railway system with friction gearing, con- tact boxes and locomotives, forming part of the general system belonging to the Telpherage Company (Limited). Of their inventions which are not commercially valuable may be mentioned their ar- rangement for " Seeing by Electricity " ; their multireflex arrangement exhibited in Paris ; their ballistic galvanometer, and their many forms of apparatus employed in the teaching of electricity, &c. On the death of Prof. Fleeming Jenkin, Prof. Perry became engineer to the Telpherage Company, and from July to October 1885, superintended the erection and settling to work of the Telpher line at Glynde in Sussex. In June 1885 Prof. Perry was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Society. The Eoyal University of Ireland has bestowed on him its highest scientific degree, that of Doctor of Science. He delivered the "operatives" lecture of the British Association meeting of 1890 on " Spinning Tops." He is now utilising part of the immense water-power of Gal- way (in partnership with his brother, who is County Surveyor there) in Electric Lighting and Transmission of Power. The Ayrton and Perry partnership was dis- solved in 1889. Since that time Prof. Perry has published many scientific papers and developed several instruments, of which his Electric Supply Meter for the use of consumers of electric energy is the one most valuable commercially. In 1896 he was appointed to the Chair of Mathe- matics and Mechanics at the Royal College of Science, London. He is a member of the Kew Committee of the Royal Society. He advocates many reforms in the teach- ing of Mathematics and Mechanics, which are explained in his recent publications, " The Calculus for Engineers" and "Ap- plied Mechanics." He is married to Miss Alice Jowitt, of Sheffield. Address : Royal College of Science, S. Kensington. PERSIA, Shah of. See Muzafpeb- ed-Din, Shah of Persia. PERTTGINI, Charles Edward, was born in Naples of Italian parentage, on Sept. 1, 1839. He was educated in Eng- land, and first began his art studies in Paris, at the Pension Colart. Acting upon the advice of Horace Vernet, who was much interested in the boy's talent, his parents sent him to Naples, where he studied painting under Signor Bonplis. He then went to Rome, and worked in the studio of Signor Mancinelli, eventually finishing his art education in Paris under the personal supervision of Ary Scheffer. C. E. Perugini first exhibited at the French Gallery, and at the Royal British Artists in Pall Mall ; and since 1860 has been represented each successive year at the Royal Academy. He is also a con- stant exhibitor at the New Gallery. Among his principal works are: "The Cup of Tea," 1874 ; "A Labour of Love," by which he was represented at the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878 ; " The Rivals," 1876; "Finishing Touches," 1877; "Fresh Lavender," 1879; "A Siesta," 1880; "Dolce Far Niente," 1882; "Idle Moments," 1884; "Cup and Ball," 1885 ; "A Summer Shower," 1888; "Leda," 1893; "The High-Born Lady," 1895; "Weary Waiting," 1898; "A Fair Italian," 1899 ; and many others, most of which have been reproduced, either in line engraving, wood, mezzotint, or photogravure. He has also painted many portraits, but has exhibited only a few of them ; two of the best known being "Countess Granville and her daughters," and the portrait of his wife, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1875. Mr. C. E. Perugini was naturalised in 1859, and joined the Artists' Corps, then the 38th Middlesex Royal Volunteers (now the 20th), and was elected to a commis- sion, which he held until 1872. Mr. Peru- gini was awarded the Gold Medal at the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880, and received other medals and diplomas from Philadelphia, Sydney, and Adelaide. In 1874 he married Kate, daughter of Charles Dickens. Address : 38a Victoria Road, Kensington. PERUGINI, Kate, wife of C. E. Perugini, is the eldest daughter of Charles Dickens, the novelist. She was born in London, and first began drawing at Bed- ford College, Bedford Square. She after- wards studied art in London and Paris, among her teachers being the late C. A. Col- lins and the late Frederick Walker, AR. A Mrs. Kate Perugini is a painter of children's portraits, and of children's subject pic- tures. The best known of these are : "An Impartial Audience," "A Little Woman," "Tomboy," " A Little Coquette, " "Brother and Sister," "Happy and Careless," "The Rabbit Hutch," "A Doll's Dressmaker," "Little Nell," "A Story Book," "Sym- pathy," "A Flower Merchant," "The PETERBOKOUGH — PETRE 851 Flowers that Bloom in the Spring," and "Butterflies," a photogravure of which was made by the Berlin Photographic Com- pany. These pictures, and a great number of her portraits of children, have been exhibited at the Royal Academy and the New Gallery. Her Academy picture in 1899 was " The Sister of the Bride." Mrs. Kate Perugini is a member of the Society of Women Artists. PETERBOROUGH, Bishop of. See Glyn, The Hon. and Right Rev. Ed- ward Cakr. PETHERICK, Edward Augustus, eldest son of Peter John Petherick, and grandson of Edward Jarman Petherick, R.N. , of Bridgwater, was born March 6, 1847, at Burnham, Somerset, where his father was bookseller and librarian. His parents emigrating to Australia in 1852, he received early official training in the municipal offices, Collingwood, Victoria. From 1862 to 1888 he was connected with the bookselling and publishing house of Robertson, of Melbourne, representing that firm in London from 1870 to 1888. In connection with a Colonial Booksellers' Agency (1887 to 1892) he edited the Torek and Colonial Booh Circular, a guide to new books, English and American, including all publications relating to or issued in the British Colonies. Among much other bibliographical work which Mr. Petherick has done may be mentioned a "Biblio- graphy of Australasia and Polynesia," now in course of publication, and a " Catalogue of the York Gate Library" (S. W. Silver), 1882, extended and re-issued in 1886 as " An Index to the Literature of Geography and Travel in all Ages and Countries." He contributed to the Melbourne Review (1883 to 1885) a series of papers treating of Discovery in the Southern Hemisphere, and is preparing a work in elucidation of Spanish and Portuguese voyages in the 16th century. He has also written upon Australian politics and finances, his latest publication being "Australia in 1897." Mr. Petherick has travelled round the world three times, and has visited the United States and most of the British Colonies. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, of the Royal Colonial Institute, and of the Linnean Society ; hon. member of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (Victorian Branch), Member of the Library Association of the United Kingdom, and of kindred societies. He married, in 1892, Mary Agatha, daughter of Rev. Samuel Annear, Wesleyan missionary, and widow of Charles Skeats, Esq., of Melbourne and Bourne- mouth. Address : 85 Hopton Road, Streat- ham, London, S.W. PETIT, Hon. Sir Dinshaw Manock- jee, Bart., a philanthropic Parsee, was born June 30, 1823, and is the chief re- presentative of one of the oldest Parsee families, which obtained its surname from the French sobriquet of Petit, owing to their short stature. Sir Dinshaw acquired his English education at a school kept by a pensioned sergeant named Sykes. At seventeen he entered an English firm as clerk, at the same time trading on his own account with the rest of India and with China. Some time after he had inherited about twelve lakhs on the death of his father in 1859, he took full advantage of the American Civil War to invest all his capital in the extension of the cotton industry, and such were his energy and prudence that he not only increased his fortune, but succeeded in preserving it intact during the worst crisis of the share mania. He deserves all the credit for having acted as the pioneer of that milling industry which has turned Bombay into an Asiatic Lancashire. He is now the chief owner of seven of the largest mills in his Presidency, and is considered to be one of the wealthiest men in India. In 1887 he received the honour of knighthood on the occasion of the Queen's Jubilee, and in the following year he was appointed member of the Viceroy's Judicial Council — a post which he afterwards resigned owing to the pressure of his other engage- ments. .During the last thirty years Sir Dinshaw has dispensed large sums in public and private charity, principally the latter, and the amount of these bene- factions is stated on trustworthy authority to exceed £200,000. One of the most notable of his latest gifts was to present the freehold of the land on which the Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute has been erected. He has given a lakh (100,000) of rupees towards the founding of a leper hospital in Bombay. These and other benefactions have made the Parsee community of Western India famous throughout the world. He was Sheriff of Bombay in 1887, and is a member of the Chief Parsee Council. In 1890 he was created a baronet, and his heir is his grandson, who was born in 1873. Ad- dress : Petit Hill, Bombay. PETIT BOB. See Martel de Jan- VILLE, COMTESSE DE. PETRE, Sir George Glynn, C.B., K.C.M.G., was born on Sept. 4, 1822, and is the second son of Henry Petre, of Dunkenhaigh, Clayton-le-Moors, Lanes. ; he entered the diplomatic service in 1846, and was attached to the Legation at Frankfort. He was transferred to the Embassy in Paris, March 1853, and in 852 PETRIE — PETTIGKEW 1856 he went to Naples, and acted as Charge d' Affaires from July to October, when, in conjunction with the French Minister, he broke oft diplomatic relations with the King of the Two Sicilies, and was subsequently re-appointed to the Embassy of Paris. He was appointed Secretary of Legation at Hanover, June 6, 1859 ; Charge' d'Affaires at Copenhagen, December 1864 ; and assisted at the in- vestiture of his Majesty Christian IX. with the Order of the Garter, as a bearer of a portion of the insignia. He was transferred to Brussels in 1866, and pro- moted to be Secretary of Embassy in Berlin, June 26, 1868. Mr. Petre was accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic, April 1, 1881 ; Minister Pleni- potentiary to the Republic of Paraguay, March 2, 1882 ; and Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the King of Portugal, Jan. 16, 1884. In 1886 he was made a Companion of the Bath, and in 1890 a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. In January 1893 he retired on a pension. He married, in 1858, Emma Katherine, daughter of the late Major Sneyd. Ad- dress : Hatchwoods, Winchfield, Hants. PETRIE, Professor William Matthew Flinders, D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., Egyptologist, was born at Charl- ton, on June 3, 1853, and is the grandson through his mother of Captain Flinders, discoverer and explorer in Australia. He was privately educated. From 1875 to 1880 he was occupied in surveying British earthworks, &c. ; his plans are in the British Museum. In 1877 he wrote "Inductive Metrology, or the Recovery of Ancient Measures from the Monuments " ; 1880, " Stonehenge : Plans, Description, and Theories." In 1881-82 he surveyed at the pyramids, and the results appeared in "Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh," assisted by a grant from the Royal Society. In 1884-86 he excavated for the Egypt Exploration Fund at Tanis (Zoan), Naukratis, Am, and Daphnae, the last three being new dis- coveries. The results appeared in " Tanis I.," "Naukratis," "Tanis II.," and "Two Hieroglyphic Papyri." He also wrote the articles "Pyramid" and "Weights and Measures," in the " Encyclopaedia Britan- nica," 9th edit. In 1887 his work was on rock inscriptions and casts of sculpture, appearing in "A Season in Egypt " and " Racial Portraits.". In 1888 and onwards he has excavated with the assistance of private friends, working from 1888 to 1890 in the Fayum, and discovering the colossi of Biahmu, Roman portraits at Hawara, early towns at Kahun and Gurob, and the interior of the pyramids of Hawara and Illahun. The results appeared in " Ha- wara," " Kahun," and "Illahun." A work on " Historical Scarabs " was published in 1888. In 1890 he discovered and ex- cavated on the site of Lachish for the Palestine Exploration Fund, the account appearing as " Tell el Hesy." In 1891 he excavated at Medum, finding the earliest known temple, and published it in "Medum." A popular summary of his Egyptian work was then issued, in " Ten Years' Diggings in Egypt." In 1892 he excavated the palace of Akhenaten, pub- lished in "Tell el Amarna." He received the honorary degree of D.C.L. at Oxford in 1893, and was appointed to the newly founded Edwards Professorship of Egypt- ology at University College, London, where he organised a library and collection. In 1894 he discovered prehistoric sculptures in the Temple of Koptos, published in "Koptos." In 1895 he discovered the ' ' New Race " at Nagada, since proved to be prehistoric Egyptians, published in "Nagada and Ballas. " In the same year he received the honorary degree of LL.D. at Edinburgh. In 1896 he explored the Temples of Thebes, finding the Israel in- scription, published in "Six Temples at Thebes." In 1897 he excavated an early cemetery, published in "Deshasheh." In 1898 he explored the early cemetery of Denderah. In May 1899 Prof. Flinders Petrie lectured at University College on the discoveries of the winter of 1898-99. The entirely new discovery of the, : year was the traces of a foreign people who entered Egypt about the twelfth Dynasty. This people was probably Libyan. The most valuable discovery was the magni- ficent bronze dagger of King Suazenra, of the fourteenth Dynasty. He has also published a "History of Egypt," "Egyp- tian Tales," "Egyptian Decorative Art," "Religion and Conscience," "Syria and Egypt," &c. The purpose of these re- searches has been the scientific study of Egyptian civilisation, recorded by full publication of drawings and descriptions. Permanent address : University College, London. PETTIGREW, James Bell, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., Laureate of the Institute of France, Professor of Medicine and Anatomy, and Dean of the Medical Faculty in the University of St. Andrews, was born in 1834, and is a native of Monk- land, Lanarkshire, Scotland. He is related on his father's side to the late well-known Dr. Thomas J. Pettigrew, F.R.C.S., author of "Bibliotheca Sussexiana," "Encyclo- paedia Egyptiaca," "Medical Portrait Gallery," &c. ; and on his mother's side (Mary Bell) to the famous Henry Bell, the PETTIGEEW 853 designer and builder of the original Comet steamship, and the founder of steam navigation in Europe. He was educated at the Free West Academy of Airdrie, and at the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow. He studied Arts at Glasgow University from 1850 to 1855, and Medi- cine at Edinburgh University from 1856 to 1861. He graduated in Medicine at Edinburgh University with first - class honours in 1861. In 1858-59 he was awarded Professor John Goodsir's Senior Anatomy Gold Medal for the best treatise "On the Arrangement of the Muscular Fibres in the Ventricles of the Vertebrate Heart," Phil. Trans. 1864. This treatise procured for him the appointment of Croonian Lecturer to the Royal Society of London for 1860. He carried off in this same year (1860) the annual Gold Medal in the class of Medical Jurisprudence for an essay " On the Presumption of Survi- vorship," Brit, and For. Med. Ohirurg. Revieio, January 1865. In 1860 also he was elected President of the Eoyal Medical Society, an honour greatly prized by all Edinburgh alumni. On graduating in medicine in 1861, he selected as the sub- ject of his inaugural dissertation, "The Ganglia and Nerves of the Heart, and their connection with the Cerebro -spinal and Sympathetic Systems in Mammalia," a very involved and intricate investigation. For this he received a graduation Gold Medal — the highest honour the University of Edinburgh confers, Proe. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1865. In 1861 he became house surgeon to the famous Professor Syme at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. In 1862 he ob- tained the post of Assistant in the Hnn- terian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Here he remained for five years (1862-67). During the period in question he added about 600 finished dissections, injections, and casts to this celebrated collection. In addition to museum work he wrote several important memoirs, each memoir being profusely illustrated by dissections and drawings. The following may be mentioned : " The Valves of the Vascular Systems in Verte- brata," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1864 ; " The Muscular Arrangements of the Bladder and Prostate," Phil. Trans. 1867; "The Me- chanical Appliances by which Flight is Attained in the Animal Kingdom," Trans, linn. Soc. 1867. In 1867 he retired from the Hunterian Museum, and spent two years in the south of Ireland, where be occupied himself in extending his know- ledge of the flight of insects, birds, and bats. He also experimented largely at this period on the subject of artificial flight. In 1869 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and in the autumn of that- year he returned to Edin- burgh, having been appointed Curator of the Museum of the Royal College of Sur- geons of Edinburgh, and Pathologist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. There he continued his anatomical, physical, and physiological researches, particularly those of flight, and in 1870 he produced a memoir, " On the Physiology of Wings, being an analysis of the movements by which Flight is produced in the Insect, Bird, and Bat," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi. pp. 321-446. At that period he added numerous specimens to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in Edin- burgh ; these, with the other specimens deposited in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and the Anatomical Museum of the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, amounted to con- siderably over 1000. He also gave daily demonstrations in morbid anatomy at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh to large classes of students. In 1872 he delivered a course of lectures to the President and Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, "On the Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, in the Lower Ani- mals, and in Man." These appeared in the Edinburgh Medical Journal, Lancet, &c, as delivered, and were republished by Mac- millan in 1874. In 1872 he was made a Fel- low of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and a member of the Harveian, Botanical, Medico-Chirurgical, and other learned societies. In 1873 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and appointed Examiner in Physiology to the College. He also (1873) became Lecturer in Physiology to the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. On assuming the duties of teacher of Physiology, he chose as the subject of his opening address, " The Relation of Plants and Animals to Inorganic Matter, and the Interaction of the Vital and Physical Forces," La,ncet, November 1873 ; reprinted shortly afterwards by Maclachlan and Stewart, of Edinburgh. In that year (1873) he published his work on "Animal Locomotion ; or Walking, Swimming, and Flying," the most popular and best known of all his writings, Anglo-American Science Series, vol. vii. This volume was trans- lated, shortly after its appearance, into French, German, and other languages, and has passed through several large editions. In 1874 he was awarded the Godard prize of the French Academy of Sciences for his Anatomico-physiological Researches, and made a Laureate of the Institute of France. In 1875 he was appointed Chandos Pro- fessor of Medicine and Anatomy and Dean of the Medical Faculty in the University of St. Andrews, positions which he still holds. On being inducted to his Chair, he gave as his introductory lecture " Man in 854 PEYTEAL — PHEAE, his Anatomical, Physical, and Physiologi- cal Aspects," Lancet, November 1875. In 1875-76-77 he delivered special courses of physiological lectures in Dundee, and did much to foster the higher learning in that important commercial centre. To his efforts, and those of his colleagues, Uni- versity College, Dundee, largely owes its origin. In 1877 he was elected by the Universities of Glasgow and St. Andrews as their representative at the General Council of Medical Education and Regis- tration of the United Kingdom (the so- called Medical Parliament), and these Universities he represented for nine years, viz., till 1886, when a new Medical Bill was passed which enabled each of the .Scottish Universities to return its own member. Since that date (1886) he has represented his own University — St. Andrews. In 1883 he was appointed Examiner in Anatomy to the University of Glasgow, and in 1886 he had the honorary degree of LL.D. of that University con- ferred upon him. In 1889 he was made President of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh, and gave as his Harveian Oration, " The Pioneers in Medicine prior to and including Harvey," Edin. Med. Jour. 1889. He has been the leading spirit in extending the medical and science teaching at St. Andrews, and mainly through his efforts, backed up by the un- stinted liberality of the Lord Rector — the scholarly Marquis of Bute — a new medical school, on the most approved modern lines, has been erected at this ancient seat of learning. It was chiefly through Professor Pettigrew's action that St. Andrews Uni- versity obtained the princely gift of £100,000 from the late Mr. David Berry of Coolangatta, New South Wales. He was also the means of securing from his friend, Dr. John Hay, a charming official residence for the Principal of the University. Pro- fessor Pettigrew is an advanced thinker and takes a keen interest in University extension and reform. He is strongly of opinion that the scope of the Master of Arts degree of the Scottish Universities should be widened to embrace more of Science, Modern Languages, &c. He is an original investigator in Anatomy, Physiology, and Physics, and is justly celebrated in these departments of study at home, on the Continent, and in America. He was the first to untie the Gordian knot of Anatomy by unravelling the marvel- lously complicated, interlacing fibres of the vertebrate heart. He is also the dis- coverer of the figure of eight movements made by the wings of insects, birds, and bats in flying — by the fins, flippers, tails, bodies, &c, of animals in swimming, and by the extremities of bipeds and quad- rupeds in walking. In addition to the works already referred to, he is the author of articles " On Flight, Natural and Arti- ficial" ("Encyclopsedia Britannica," 9th edit., vol. ix., 1879, and Fraser's Magazine for February 1881); " The Phonograph or Speech Recorder in its Relation to the Human Voice and Ear" (Modern Thought for February 1882); " Creation— Man's place in Creation — his Development and Education from a science point of view " [British Medical Journal for November 1882, and Educational Times for December 1882); "Civilisation a Result of Intel- lectual Progress " ; " The Brain and the Nervous System in their relation to Mind, or the Correlation of the Physical and Psychical Forces," &c. In 1890 he mar- ried Elsie, the second daughter of Sir William Gray, of Greatham, Durham. Address : The Swallowgate, St. Andrews. PEYTEAL, Paul Louis, French statesman, was born at Marseilles, Jan. 20, 1842, and first entered political life in 1881, when he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a Radical. In 1885 he was the only member of his district to vote the credits for Tonkin and Madagascar, and in the next year he became Under- Secretary to the Minister of Finance, M. Carnot, afterwards President. This post he retained for some time in the succeeding Goblet Cabinet. From 1888 to 1889 he was Minister of Finance in the Radical Cabinet of M. Floquet, and introduced a whole series of Radical reforms, chief among which was a proposal for the income-tax. In the Brisson Cabinet of 1898, he filled the same post. He is Senator for the Bouches du Rhone, and is a free-trader in principles. In October 1898 he retained his portfolio of Finance in the Dupuy Cabinet, and has again roused French ire by endeavouring to pass his Income-Tax Bill. PHEAR, Trie Rev. Samuel George, M.A., D.D., late Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, third son of the late Rev. John and Catherine Phear, was born March 30, 1829, at Earl Stonham Rectory, Suffolk ; entered Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge, in 1848, and graduated B.A. as Fourth Wrangler, January 1852. He be- came Fellow and afterwards Tutor of his College, and was elected Master, Oct. 2, 1871, retaining office until 1895. He filled the office of Vice-Chancellor of the Uni- versity for the successive years 1875-76. Dr. Phear for many years took an active part in every endeavour to extend the teaching and influence of the University; but for the last two or three years he has been invalided, and living apart from University affairs. Address : Cambridge. PHELPS — PHILLIMORE 855 PHELPS, Elizabeth Stuart. See Ward, Mbs. Herbert D. PHILBKJCK, His Honour Judge Frederick Adolphus, Q. C. , is the eldest son of Frederick B. Philbrick, of Col- chester, and was born in 1836. He was educated at the London University, and was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1860. He became a Q.C. in 1874, and has been Recorder of Colchester since 1870. He was appointed in 1895 a County Court Judge. Addresses : Barwick House, Yeovil ; and Lamb Building, Temple, E.C. PHILIP, John "W., American naval officer, was born at Kinderhook, New York, in 1840, of sturdy Dutch ancestry. He entered the Naval Academy in 1856, and graduated in 1860 ; he served in the navy throughout the war between the States, and afterwards was attached to the Asiatic and to the European squadrons. Later, on leave of absence, he commanded the Woodruff Scientific Expedition round the world. In 1898, on the outbreak of the war with Spain, he was in command of the battleship Texas, and with her he acted a prominent part in the destruction of the Spanish squadron off Santiago, Cuba, July 3, 1898. After that battle he was promoted to be Commodore. PHILIPS, Francis Charles, novelist and dramatist, comes of a military family, and is the fourth son of the Rev. G. W. Philips, of Ruxley Park, Surrey, and Wendy Vicarage, Cambridgeshire, who lived to a great age and was godson of George Washington. He was born at Brighton in 1849 ; was educated at Brighton College, where he gained a prize for poetry, and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, whence he entered the 2nd Queen's Royal Regiment. Leaving the army, he was called to the Bar in January 1884, took to literature, and leased the Globe Theatre from 1874 to 1880. His principal novels have been " As in a Looking-Glass," 1885 ; " A Lucky Young Woman," 1886 ; " Social Vicissitudes, " a collection of short stories, 1880; "Jack and Three Jills," 1887 ; "The Dean and His Daughter," 1887; "The Strange Adventures of Lucy Smith," 1888 ; "Little Mrs. Murray," 1889; "Young Mr. Annesley's Courtship," 1890 ; " One Never Knows," 1892; "Mrs. Bouverie," 1894, fourth edition 1898; "A Devil in Nun's Veiling," "A Question of Colour," and "Worst Woman in London," 1895; "An Undeserving Woman," "The Luckiest of Three," "My Face is My Fortune" (with P. Fendall), "A Full Confession," "Poor Little Bella," "The Dean and His Daughter" (fifth edition), "The Knight's Tale," and "Men, and Women, and Things," 1898. Besides these there are "The Fatal Phryne," "The Scuda- mores," "A Maiden Fair to See," and "Sybil Ross's Marriage," written in col- laboration with Mr. C. J. Wills ; and " A Daughter's Sacrifice " and " Margaret Byng," written in collaboration with Mr. Percy Fendall. Among the plays that he has produced in London are "The Dean's Daughter," founded on his novel, "The Dean and his Daughter," written in collaboration with Mr. Sydney Grundy, and produced at the St. James's Theatre ; " Husband and Wife," a farcical comedy, written with Mr. Percy Fendall, and pro- duced at the Comedy Theatre ; "Godpapa," a farcical comedy, written in collabora- tion with Mr. Charles Brookfield, and pro- duced with great success at the Comedy Theatre; and "The Burglar and the Judge," written with Charles Brookfield, and produced at the Haymarket, Prince of Wales's, and Court Theatres. The novel "As in a Looking-Glass" has been published in every capital in Europe, ran as a serial in Madame Adam's Nouvelle Revue, and was afterwards published by her under the title of "Comme dans un Miroir." After Mrs. Bernard Beere's success at the Op£ra Comique in the play it was produced at the Varietes Theatre under the name of "Lena." Mme. Sarah Bernhardt created the part, playing it in Paris and London. Mr. Philips served for a considerable time in the army, and as a member of the South Wales Circuit and a practising London barrister has been engaged in some important cases, having appeared in Mrs. Weldon v. Gounod, and Publisher of Life v. Bird. PHILISTINE, The. J. Alfred. See Spender, PHILLIMORE, Sir Walter George Frank, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., J.P., Judge of the Queen's Bench Division, is the only son of the late Sir Robert Phillimore, 1st Bart., a Judge of the old Court of Admiralty. Born on Nov. 21, 1845, he succeeded to the baronetcy in 1885. He was educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Ox- ford, where his career was full of distinc- tion. He obtained first classes in Classical Moderations in 1865, in Lit. Hum. in 1866, and in Law and History in 1867. In 1868 he was elected a Fellow of All Souls', and became Vinerian Law Scholar, being called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in Nov- ember. He is a Bencher of his Inn, had a patent of precedence conferred upon him in 1883, and holds the offices of Chancel- lor of the Diocese of Lincoln and Official of the Archdeanery of Colchester. He has also been Commissioner of Assize on the North-Eastern Circuit, on his return from 856 PHILLIPS which he was raised to the Bench in Nov- ember 1897. He is a learned lawyer, and a well-known authority on Admiralty and Ecclesiastical Law. He has published the "Book of Church Law"; " Phillimore's Ecclesiastical Law," 2nd edit. ; " Philli- more's International Law," vol. iv., 3rd edit. As a Liberal he unsuccessfully con- tested St. George's, Hanover Square, in 1885, and as a Home Ruler failed to secure a seat in South Oxordshire in 1886 and 1892. He has strong ecclesiastical sym- pathies, and is Vice-President of the Eng- lish Church Union. In June 1898 he was presented with a silver model of a three- masted antique galleon by past and present members of the Admiralty Bar in recogni- tion of his long service in the Admiralty Court. He married, in 1870, Agnes, eldest daughter of the late Mr. C. M. Lushington, M.P. Addresses : 86 Eaton Place, S.W. ; The Coppice, Henley-on-Thames, &c. ; and Athenasum. PHILLIPS, Lawrence Barnett, F.S.A., F.R.A.S., A.E.E., eldest son of the late Barnett Phillips, Esq., of Bloomsbury Square, was born Jan. 29, 1842, and edu- cated at Dr. Pinches' school, which he left at the age of fourteen, to study mechanics and watchmaking, his general education being continued by private tutors at his father's residence. In 1861 he commenced business as a wholesale chronometer and watch manufacturer, having already in- vented the rocking-bar mechanism for winding watches, which did much towards their general introduction, and which form of keyless work has now been universally adopted by the English manufacturers. He has designed and constructed some of the most complicated and highly-finished specimens of horological art, and by the invention of various forms of mechanism succeeded in the simplification of chrono- graphs and the improvement of calculating machines. In 1866 he published the "Autographic Album," which was fol- lowed in 1871 by "Horological Bating Tables," and in 1873 by " The Dictionary of Biographical Reference," an original work, giving the names of 100,000 celebri- ties of all countries, and references in each instance to sources of further information. In November 1865 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and in March 1885 a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Since 1882, when he retired from business, he has occupied himself as a painter and etcher, and has been a con- stant exhibitor at the Royal Academy and most of the leading London and provincial exhibitions, and is an Associate of the Royal Society of Painter - Etchers. In 1890 he constructed and patented an im- proved sketching-box and palette, which is now much used by artists for out-door work. Address : Chesham House, 134 Sutherland Avenue, W. PHILLIPS, Stephen, poet, was born at Somertown, near Oxford, his father being the Rev. Stephen Phillips, at one time Reader of Gray's Inn, and now Canon of Peterborough Cathedral. His mother was a Miss Dockray, related to the Lloyd and Wordsworth families, so that he has strong affinities by blood with the "Lake " group of poets. He went to school for a time at Stony Stratford, and afterwards to the College School at Stratford-on-Avon, under Dr. Collis ; afterwards to the Peter- borough Grammar School. He went up to Cambridge, but almost immediately joined the dramatic company of his cousin Mr. Frank Benson. With this company he travelled for six years in all parts of the country, and also played at the Globe Theatre in London under the same man- agement. Among parts played by him at different times were Iago, the Ghost in "Hamlet," Prospero in "The Tempest," Brutus in "Julius Ca?sar," Sir Andrew Aguecheek in "Twelfth-Night," and Flute in the " Midsummer Night's Dream." In the part of the Ghost he made a consider- able success in London, being called before the curtain, a fact he believes unprece- dented. Some little while before this he contributed his first poems to the little volume " Primavera. " The other contribu- tors were Laurence Binyon (q.v.), Man- mohan Ghose, and Arthur Cripps. Leav- ing the stage, he became a Lecturer on English History in Messrs. Wolffham and Needham's classes for army candidates, and remained with them for six years. During this time he published a long poem, "Eremus," which, owing greatly to the manner of publication, fell somewhat flat, though securing high praise from John Addington Symonds, Professor Jowett, and Mr. Stopford Brooke. When Mr. Elkin Mathews' Shilling Garland series appeared, he contributed the poem " Christ in Hades," with some lyrics, which imme- diately attracted attention, and is now in a seventh edition. Turning his attention now to modern life as a vehicle for poetry, he contributed "The Woman with the Dead Soul" to the Spectator, though part of it had appeared in the Sun. In the closing days of the year 1897 he published, through Mr. John Lane, the volume of "Poems," which was crowned by the Academy as the best book of the year, with the first prize of 100 guineas, Mr. Henley's "Burns" securing the second. This book immediately ran through four editions, and has had a very large sale in America. Shortly afterwards he was com- missioned by Mr. George Alexander to PHILLPOTTS — PICKAKD-CAMBREDGE 857 write a verse tragedy for the St. James' Theatre, and he chose the subject of Paolo and Francesca. In this play it is his object to try and bring English tragedy back rather to the severer and simpler model of the Greeks, than to the luxuriance of the Elizabethan drama. His next book will contain a somewhat long poem dealing with the question of the after-life, a sub- ject now agitating so many minds. Mr. Phillips, in the earlier part of 1898, gave a series of public readings from the older and modern poets and from his own works. Address : Woodthorpe Road, Ashford, Middlesex. PHILLPOTTS, James Surtees.Head- master of Bedford Grammar School, is the third son of the Rev. William John Phill- potts, of Hallow, Worcester, and was born in 1840. He was educated at Winchester and at New College, Oxford, where he ob- tained a first class in Classical Modera- tions and Lit. Hum. , and won the Stanhope Prize Essay in 1859 (B.C.L., M.A.). He was Fellow of his College from 1858 to 1869. He was an Assistant - Master at Rugby from 1862 to 1874, and was ap- pointed to his present post in 1875. He has published "King and Commonwealth," has edited selections from Xenophon, and, with Mr. Edward E. Morris and Mr. C. Colbeck, has edited the well - known Epochs of Modern History series for the Longmans. Address : School House, Bed- ford, &c. PHIPPS, Edmund/I Constantino Henry, C. B. , Minister Plenipotentiary in Brazil, was born March 15, 1840, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1858, having been educated at Harrow. After having filled several minor appointments, he became Consul-General at Budapest in 1881 ; Secretary at Vienna, 1895, and Paris, 1892; and in 1893 was a British Delegate on the West African Commis- sion. In the next year he was appointed to his present post. He married Maria, daughter of H. M. Mundy, of Shipley, Derbyshire. Address : British Legation, Rio de Janeiro. PIATTI, Alfredo, violoncellist, was born at Bergamo in 1822, and studied at the Milan Conservatoire under his uncle Zanetti, and Merighi. He made his first appearance in London in 1844, when he played before the Philharmonic Society. Since 1846 he has settled in London, and has chiefly played at the Saturday and Monday Popular Concerts. He is likewise a composer, and has written a violoncello obbligato to several songs, besides a concertino and two or three concertos. PICK, Thomas Pickering, F.R.C.S., received his medical education at St. George's Hospital, where he is now Senior Surgeon. He has been Vice-President and member of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and in July 1898 was again re-elected Vice- President. He has been Hunterian Pro- fessor of the Royal College of Surgeons, and delivered the Bradshaw Lecture in December 1898, his subject being "The Healing of Wounds." He is a Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. and Inspector of Anatomy for England and Wales. He is editor of " Gray's Anatomy " and of Holmes's " Surgery," and has contributed to the St. George's Hospital Reports, and to the leading medical journals. Address : 18 Portman Street, Portman Square, W. PICKARD, Benjamin, M.P., is the eldest son of a miner, and was born at Kippox, near Leeds, on Feb. 28, 1842. He received a short schooling at the local Grammar School, and began to work in the pit at the tender age of twelve. At an early period of his career he became known as a labour agitator, has been successively Assistant-Secretary and Secre- tary of the West Yorkshire Miners' Associa- tion, a post which he still holds, and is now President of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain. Since 1885 he has been Liberal member for the Normanton Divi- sion of Yorkshire, and in Parliament has been an active promoter of the Eight Hours Movement as applied to Mines, and the Employers' Liability, Truck, and Mines Acts. He was a member of the Trades Congress Parliamentary Committee during a year, has attended nearly twenty congresses of trades-unions, and has organ- ised six international congresses of miners. He is also a worker in the cause of the Peace Society and the Lord's Rest-Day Association. Among other works he has written the " Miners' Annual Report " during sixteen years. Address : 2 Hud- dersfield Road, Barnsley. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, The Rev. Octavius, M.A., F.R.S., was born at Bloxworth Rectory, Dorsetshire, on Nov. 3, 1828, and is the fifth son of the late Rev. George Pickard, Rector of Warmwell, and of Bloxworth (who, with his children, assumed, in 1847, the additional surname of Cambridge under the will of his first- cousin, Charles Owen Cambridge, Esq., of Whitminster, co. Gloucester), and Frances Amelia, his wife, daughter of the late Martin Whish, Esq., Commissioner of Excise. He Was educated as private pupil of the late Rev. William Barnes, B.D. (the Dorset Poet), Dorchester, 1844-45 ; was Student in the Middle Temple, London, 858 PICKERING 1849-52 ; was at University College, Dur- ham, 1855-58 ; Licentiate in Theology, 1857; B.A. 1858, M.A. 1859; ordained Deacon, 1858, and Priest, 1859. He was Curate of Scarisbrick. Lancashire, 1858- 60 ; Curate of Bloxworth and Winter- bourne Tomson, Dorsetshire, 1860-68 ; Eector of Bloxworth and Winterbourne Tomson, 1868 ; Diocesan Inspector of Schools, in Religious Knowledge, for the second portion of the Rural Deanery of Whitchurch, 1879-82 ; elected Clerical Member of the Diocesan Synod of Salis- bury, 1870-89; Chaplain to the High Sheriff of Dorset, 1889 ; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1887 ; is Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of Lon- don ; formerly Member of the Entomologi- cal Society of London ; is Honorary Member of the New Zealand Institute ; Honorary Member of the Trinity Historical Society, Dallas, Texas ; Vice-President and Trea- surer of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club ; Honorary Mem- ber of the Hampshire Field Club ; and Honorary Member of the Arts Society. He is the author of numerous papers on Natural History in the proceedings of various learned societies, and of the follow- ing works : " Spiders of Dorset," 2 vols., 1879-81 ; " Araneidea," in " Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission," published by order of the Government of India, 1885; " Arachnida of Kerguelen Island," published in Report of the Tran- sit of Venus Expedition — Zoology, 1877 ; article "Arachnida" in " Encyclopaedia Britannica," ninth ed., 1875, p. 271 ; and " Arachnida, Araneidea " in " Biologia Centrali- Americana," edited by F. D. Godman and Osbert Salvin (still in course of publication). He married, in 1866, Rose, daughter of the Rev. James Lloyd Wallace, of Sevenoaks, Kent. Address : Bloxworth, Wareham, Dorset. PICKERING, Professor Edward Charles, American astronomer, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, July 19, 1846. He graduated in Civil Engineering at the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, in 1865, and in 1866 was appointed Assist- ant-Instructor of Physics at the Mas- sachusetts Institute of Technology, of which he held the full Professorship from 1868 to 1877. During that period he made many researches in physics, particularly investigating the polarisation of light and the laws of its reflection and dispersion. He also described a new form of spectrum telescope, and invented (1870) a telephone receiver. In 1870. he had charge of the polariscope in the United States Coast Survey Expedition sent to Spain to ob- serve the total eclipse of the sun, he having previously been a member of the party sent to Iowa by the United States Nautical Almanac Office to witness that of 1869. Since 1876 he has been Professor of Astronomy and Geodesy, and Director of the Observatory at Harvard University, which, under his management, has become one of the foremost observatories in America. He has been principally en- gaged there in determining the relative brightness of stars by means of a Meridian Photometer, and he has prepared cata- logues giving the relative brightness of 4000, 20,000, 8000, and 6000 stars respec- tively. He has also made photometric measurements of Jupiter's Satellites while they were undergoing eclipse, and of the Satellites of Mars, and of other very faint objects. Later his work has related largely to the photography of the stars and of their spectra, the northern stars being photographed at Cambridge, and the southern stars at an auxiliary station in Peru. Professor Pickering is an Asso- ciate of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, and was awarded its Gold Medal in 1886 for photometric researches. In 1873 he became a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1887 received its Henry Draper Medal for his work on Astronomical Physics. He was elected, in 1876, a Vice-President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in addition belongs to a number of other scientific societies in Europe and the United States. More than twenty volumes of the Annals of the Observatory have been issued under his direction. Besides his many papers, which number above a hundred, and his annual reports, he has edited, with notes, " The Theory of Colour in its relation to Art and Art Industry," by Dr. Wm. von Bezold, 1876 ; and is the author of " Ele- ments of Physical Manipulation," 2 parts, 1873-76. PICKERING, Percival Spencer Umfreville, M.A., F.R.S., born March 6, 1858, at 6 Upper Grosvenor Street, London, W., is the son of Percival Andre'e Pickering, Q.C. (Bencher of the Inner Temple, Judge of the Passage Court at Liverpool, and at one time Attorney-General for the County Palatine), and of (formerly) Miss Spencer Stanhope, grand-daughter of Coke of Nor- folk, first Earl of Leicester. He was edu- cated at Eton, from which he obtained, in 1875, an Exhibition in Science at Balliol College, Oxford, converted, in 1876, into a Brackenbury Scholarship, the first Science Scholarship ever obtained from Eton. In 1880 he took first-class Honours in Natural Science at Oxford. From January 1881 to July 1883 he was Modern Master at Highgate School, and from October 1881 to April 1889 Lecturer in PICKEESGILL — PICQUAET 859 Chemistry at Bedford College. His prin- cipal works have been published in the Journal of the Chemical Society, the Philo- sophical Magazine, the Chemical News, and the Zeit. fiir Physical. Chemie. The follow- ing are the titles of some of his works : " Action of Sulphuric Acid on Copper," 1888 ; " Action of Hydrochloric Acid on Manganese Dioxide," 1879; "The Constitution of Molecular Compounds," 1883 ; " The Molecular Weights of Solids and Liquids," 1885 ; " Modifications of Double Sulphates," " On Delicate Calori- metric Thermometers," " Water of Crys- tallisation," " The Nature of Solution," 1886 ; "The Influence of Temperature on the Heat of Dissolution of Salts," " Delicate Thermometers," " The Thermal Phenomena of Neutralisation, and their Bearing on the Nature of Solution, and on the Theory of Residual Affinity," 1887 ; " Thermochemical Constants," " The Heat of Dissolution of Substances in Different Liquids, and its Bearing on the Explanation of the Heat of Neutral- isation and on the Theory of Residual Affinity," " The Principles of Thermo- chemistry," 1888; "The Neutralisation of Sulphuric Acid," 1889 ; " A New Form of Mixing Calorimeter," " The Nature of Solutions as Elucidated by a Study of the Densities, Electric Conductivities, Heat of Dissolution and Expansion by Heat of Sulphuric Acid Solutions," "The Nature of Solutions as Elucidated by the Freezing-Points of Sulphuric Acid Solu- tions," " Law of the Freezing-Points of Solutions," " The Supposed Hydrates of Ethyl Alcohol," " The Expansion of Water and other Liquids," "Determinations of the Heat Capacity and Heat of Fusion of some Substances," 1890; "The Cryo- scopic Behaviour of Cane-Sugar Solutions," " The Theory of Residual Chemical Affinity as an Explanation of the Physical Nature of Solutions," 1891 ; " The Recognition of Changes of Curvature by means of a Flexible Lath," " The Cryoscopic Be- haviour of Weak Solutions," " The Heat of Dissolution of Gases in Liquids," 1892 ; " Some Experiments of the Diffusion of Substances in Solution," "Some Com- pounds of the Alkylamines and Ammonia with Water," "The Hydrates of Hydro- chloric Acid," " Isolation of two predicted Hydrates of Nitric Acid," "The Hydrates of Sodium, Potassium, and Lithium Hydroxides," " The Hydrates of Hydro- bromic Acid," " Study of some Properties of Strong Solutions," " Note on the Stereo- chemistry of Nitrogen Compounds," " The Hydrates of Hydriodic Acid," 1893 ; "The Densities of Solutions of Soda and Potash," " Examination of the Properties of Cal- cium Chloride Solutions," 1894. Mr. Pickering was elected to the Chemical Society in 1878, the Physical Society in 1886, the Institute of Chemistry in 1888, and the Royal Society in 1890. Investiga- tions on the thermal changes accompany- ing the hydrolysis of starch, the invention of cane-sugar, and other allied reactions have subsequently been published by Mr. Pickering and Mr. Horace Brown, F.R.S. In 1894 Mr. Pickering initiated, in con- junction with the Duke of Bedford, an experimental horticultural station at Ridg- mont, Beds., known as the Woburn Experi- mental Fruit Farm, and of this station Mr. Pickering acts as director. The first re- port on the results obtained there was published in 1897. Address : The Woburn Fruit Farm, Ridgmont, Beds. PICKEBSGILL, Edward Hare, M.P., Gladstonian Liberal, was born in 1850, is the son of the late Mr. Thomas Pickersgill, architect, of York, and was educated at York Grammar School, and graduated B.A. at London University in 1872. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 18S4, and was from 1868 to 1885 a Civil Servant in the G.P.O. Savings Bank Department. Since 1885 he has sat in Parliament for Bethnal Green, South-West. Address : 238 Am- herst Road, Hackney. PICKEBSGILL, Frederick Bichard, Hon. R.A., nephew of the late Henry William Pickersgill, R.A., born in London in 1820, studied at the Royal Academy. His first production, "The Combat between Hercules and Achelous," an oil painting, exhibited in 1840, was followed by a prize cartoon of " The Death of King Lear," exhibited in West- minster Hall in 1843; and "The Burial of Harold," a picture for which he re- ceived a first-class prize in 1847, and which was immediately purchased for the new Houses of Parliament. Mr. Pickers- gill was for many years a regular exhibitor. In 1847 he was elected A.R.A., and in 1857 was promoted to the rank of Aca- demician. He was Keeper of the Royal Academy from 1873 to 1887, and retired a few years ago. Permanent address : The Towers, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. PICaXJAET, Colonel Georges, was born at Strasbourg in 1854, and is a descendant of an old Lorraine family long settled in Alsace. From 1872 to 1874 he studied at St. Cyr, and in the latter year entered the Staff College, leaving it in 1876 with a brilliant record. He served for a short time in Algeria with the Zouaves, and afterwards joined the in- fantry, being gazetted Captain in 1880. In 1883 he was appointed to the War Office Staff, and in 1885 served in Tong- 860 PIEROLA king, where he gained the Me'daille militaire. He returned to France in 1888, and was promoted to be major. In 1890 he obtained the post of Professor at the Military School, filling the position with much distinction. He rejoined the War Office in 1893, and two years later (1895) succeeded the late Colonel Sandherr as head of the Intelligence Department. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel in 1896, having previously, from 1890 to 1895, served on General de Galli- fet's staff. At the beginning of May 1896 the fragments of a telegram-card ("petit bleu ") fell into his hands, as head of the military police, which proved that Com- mandant Esterhazy was on suspicious terms of intimacy with the writer. This led Colonel Picquart to inquire into Ester- hazy's life, and his suspicions deepened, and he was forced to the conclusion that the famous bordereau or memorandum had been in reality written by Esterhazy, and not by Dreyfus. At first these dis- coveries were favoured by his chiefs, Generals de Boisdeffre and Gonse, but when they saw that a revision of the Dreyfus court-martial would expose the illegal manner in which the condemnation of the prisoner had been secured, he was relieved of his duties as head of the In- telligence Department of the War Office, and sent on a mission all over France on Nov. 16, 1896 ; and in January 1897 he was sent to Tunis. He was sent with- out an escort to a dangerous part of the Tripolitan frontier, where the Marquis de Mores had been killed by the natives some time previously. In May 1897 the War Office officials decided to accuse him of having forged the "petit bleu." At that time he was attached to an Algerian cavalry regiment as colonel, and in June he came to Paris and con- sulted Maitre Leblois, an old friend of his family, as to the accusations of the War Office. The lawyer told Picquart's tale to M. Scheurer-Kestner, Vice-Presi- dent of the Senate, who commenced the agitation for a revision of the Dreyfus trial, which is still dividing France into two opposite camps. In November 1897 he was recalled suddenly from Algeria, and was examined by General de Pellieux, who endeavoured to prove that the Colonel had forged the "petit bleu " incriminating Esterhazy. He was questioned in camerd at the Esterhazy bogus court-martial in January 1898, when the Count was ac- quitted of high treason, and on the day of his acquittal Colonel Picquart was arrested by the military authorities, on the frivolous charge of having communi- cated to Maitre Leblois, his counsel, docu- ments concerning the national defence. The Minister of War did not fix his penalty until after the Zola trial of Feb- ruary 1898, at which Colonel Picquart was the chief witness against the War Office. In consequence of his outspoken- ness, he was expelled from the French army. After M. Cavaignac's speech of July 7, 1898, Picquart wrote an open letter to the Premier, M. Brisson, offer- ing to prove that two of the incriminating letters in the so-called secret dossier could not refer to Dreyfus, and that the one that named him was a forgery. On July 13 he was re-arrested on the old charge of communicating documents, for which he had already been expelled from the army. However, on August 30, Colonel Henry confessed to the forgery of the third letter, and Picquart's words were justified. On September 20 he was brought up for trial by the civil authorities, but General Zurlinden, the Military Governor of Paris, claimed him as a military prisoner for having forged the " petit bleu," and the civil trial was postponed sine die. It was on this occasion that, after an impassioned appeal for justice from his counsel, Maitre Labori (q.v.), who had replaced the dis- graced Leblois, he made the famous remark that if he were found dead with the razor of Henry or the rope of Le- mercier-Picard by his side, the world might know it was a case of murder and not of suicide, as he had no intention of taking his life. He was transferred from the civil prison of La Sante to the military prison of Cherche-Midi, and for some months was kept au secret, and allowed to see no one. But when the Dreyfus revision was undertaken by the Court of Cassation he was allowed to consult Labori. He was brought to the Palais de Justice, and allowed to have some slight refreshment during his lengthy evidence, which led to the dramatic resignation of M. Quesnay de Beaurepaire {q. v. ). He was for long immured in Cherche- Midi, there being a deadlock between the military and civil authorities as to who should release him, until liberated in June 1899, when it had been decided to bring Dreyfus back for a second trial. PIEROLA, General Nicholas de, President of Peru, was born at Cumana, Peru, Jan. 5, 1859. He was educated at the College of Santo Torobio, in Lima, was admitted to the Bar in 1860, and founded a review, El Progreso Catdlico. In 1864 he became editor of El Tiempo, and subse- quently, at the success of Prado's revolu- tion, he travelled in Europe, but in 1869 was appointed Minister of Finance by President Balta. At the end of his ad- ministration he was impeached for mis- appropriation of public funds, owing to the ruinous loans contracted to perform PIGOU — PILLSBUEY 861 great public works, and although acquitted went into exile in the United States. In 1874 and 1877 he organised expeditions against the Peruvian Government, but was unsuccessful. The second time he sur- rendered, and was banished to Chili. At the outbreak of the Chilian war he proffered his services to General Prado, then President of Peru, but they were not accepted. In 1879, however, he was allowed to return to Lima. After General Prado went away General Pierola assumed the charge of affairs, and continued the fighting. In January 1881 he abandoned Lima, and in the following November resigned the Provisional Presidency (to which he had been elected in July of that year), as Chili refused to treat with him. In 1882 he visited Europe and the United States, and has since resided in Peru. He was a candidate for President in 1890, but failed to secure the election. For attempting to excite a riot in Lima in connection with that election he was, in April 1890, imprisoned by the Peru- vian Government. In 1895 he was re- elected President, which office he still holds. He married a granddaughter of the Emperor Iturbide.'; PIGOU, The Very Rev. Francis, D.D. , Dean of Bristol, was born at Baden- Baden, in Germany, in the year 1831. His father was an officer in the Queen's Bays, and his mother was the daughter of the Rev. G. Smith, for many years rector of Marston, in Yorkshire. His earliest edu- cation was received at Neuwied, on the Rhine ; afterwards he was at the Grammar School at Ripon, and at Cheltenham Col- lege. On leaving Cheltenham he was placed at the Edinburgh Academy, where he was under the late Archdeacon Williams, and the Rev. Dr. Hannah. From Edinburgh his next step was to Trinity College, Dublin, where he passed through the Divinity course,, and took his degree in 1853. In the year 1855 he was ordained Deacon by the late Bishop Wilberforce, at Cuddesdon, and became Curate of Stoke Talmage, in Oxfordshire. Shortly after he had taken Priest's orders in 1856, he was offered and accepted the Chaplaincy of the Marboeuf Chapel in Paris, and he ministered there for three years. He subsequently accepted the Curacy of Vere Street Chapel, London. Very shortly afterwards he accepted a Curacy at Kensington Parish Church, under Archdeacon Sinclair. Two years later, on the death of Canon Repton in 1860, he was presented by Mr. Kempe, Rector of St. James's, Piccadilly, to the Incumbency of St. Philip's, Regent Street. There he continued for the period of eleven years ; and then, upon Dr. Vaughan accepting the Mastership of the Temple in 1869, he was presented to the important Vicarage of Doncaster, by the late Archbishop of York, who, when in town, had been one of his congregation. The charactor of his labours, as Vicar and Rural Dean of Doncaster, was so apparent, that, when the still more impor- tant Vicarage of Halifax became vacant by the death of Archdeacon Musgrave in 1875, he was selected by the Crown to fill the post. The income of the Vicarage of Halifax is £2000 a year, and there are no fewer than thirty-two livings in the gift of the Vicar, whose position is thus semi- episcopal. He is also the Rural Dean of Halifax. During the last four years of his ministry there, the Vicar's rate question was settled, £13,000 having been raised by the churchmen of the parish to redeem it, thus securing to the Church what was at one time seriously threatened. When this was accomplished Dr. Pigou next set to work to get the parish church restored. He found it in a dilapidated condition, and, seconded by Sir Henry Edwards, Bart., he raised £20,000 ; so that now the Halifax parish church is one of the finest in the kingdom. In 1888 Dr, Pigou was appointed to the Deanery of Chichester, where he remained till 1891, when he became Dean of Bristol. At Bristol he has recently been intent on the restora- tion of the Cathedral, after plans by the late Mr. Pearse, and at a cost of about £15,000. In the year 1871 Dr. Pigou was appointed Honorary Chaplain to the Queen ; and in 1874 Chaplain-in-Ordinary. In 1878 his University conferred on him the two degrees of B.D. and D.D., a rare distinction. He has published a small volume of "Addresses at Holy Com- munion," "A Manual of Confirmation," "Faith and Practice" (a volume of ser- mons), "Two Sermons Preached before the Queen, on Unostentatious Piety and Private Prayer," and various addresses. Address : The Deanery, Bristol. PILLSBTJRY, H. W\, American chess-player, was born at Somerville, near Boston, Mass., in December 1872. His first knowledge of the game with which his name has become associated was obtained in 1891 in Boston, and such was the rapidity with which he mastered its intricacies that within two years from his first move he was rated a first-class player at the Boston Chess Club, where he con- stantly attended. In the winter of 1892- 93 he met Mr. Nalbrodt, and won from him in brilliant style. His first attempt at tournament play was at the Columbian Chess Congress held in New York in 1893, and although he was not among the prize- winners he established a reputation for 862 PINERO — PIRBRIGHT rare originality. In the meantime he had removed to Brooklyn, N.Y., which has since been his home. In 1895 he won first place in the tournament at Hastings (England), where he met all the great chess - masters of the world. In the tourney at Vienna, in 1898, he tied the score with Tarrasch, but in the deciding game he lost, and so took second place. PINERO, Arthur Wing-, born in London on May 24, 1855, is the son of John Daniel Pinero, a solicitor, and was educated with the view of following his father's profession. Having no particular liking for the law, however, he ultimately prepared for the stage, and made his debut at Edinburgh in June 1874. The following year he joined the Lyceum company, and played Claudius to Mr. Irving during his first " Hamlet " tour at all the principal theatres in the United Kingdom. Subsequently Mr. Pinero played Lord Stanley in the Lyceum re- vival of " Richard III.," the Marquis of Huntly in " Charles I.," and Alderman Jorgens in " Vanderdecken." He is the author of several very successful plays, among which are "£200 a Year," 1877; "The Money-Spinner, " 1880; and "The Squire," 1881; "Lords and Commons" and " The Rocket," 1883 ; " Low Water," 1884 ; " The Magistrate," 1885 ; " The Schoolmistress," "The Hobby - Horse," 1886; "Sweet Lavender," 1888 ;" The Profligate," 1889; "In Chancery," "Lady Bountiful," "The Times," and "The Second Mrs. Tanqueray." The last play, which in the opinion of many is his best, was produced at the St. James's in May 1893. "The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith " came next, being produced at the Garrick on March 13, 1895. This was followed by "The Benefit of the Doubt," at the Comedy, in October 1895, and "The Prin- cess and the Butterfly," at the St. James's, in March 1897. His latest play, " Tre- lawny of the ' Wells,' " was acted for the first time at the Court on Jan. 20, 1898. Address : 63 Hamilton Terrace, N.W. PINTO, Alexandre Alberto da Rocha Serpa, was born April 30, 1846, at the Tendaes in the province of Douro, Portugal, and educated at the Royal Military College, Lisbon. He entered the 7th Infantry Regiment, Aug. 13, 1863; became Ensign, July 14, 1864 ; Lieutenant in the 12th Rifles, Nov. 20, 1868 ; Captain, Oct. 10, 1874; Major, April 17, 1877 ; and Aide-de-Camp of the King of Portugal, March 10, 1880. In 1869 he was in the Zambesi war, and in the battle of Nov. 23 at Massangano he succeeded in saving the regiment of India. He was then in command of the African native troops. During 1877-79 he crossed Africa from Benguela to Durban, and he has ad- mirably described the journey in a work entitled " How I Crossed Africa " (Lond. 1881). These geographical tasks obtained for him the Gold Medals (first class) of the Geographical Societies of London, Paris, Antwerp, Rome, and Marseilles. He was also elected a Fellow of all the most important geographical societies in the world, and of many scientific associations. Major Serpa Pinto is a Knight Commander of the Order of St. James of Portugal, a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and of Leopold of Belgium, and has received many other foreign Orders. PIRBRIGHT, Lord, Trie Right Hon. Baron Henry de Worms, late M.P. for East Toxteth Division of Liverpool, F.R.S., J.P. for Surrey, and J.P. and D.L. for Middlesex County of London and West- minster, Commissioner for the Patriotic Fund, third son of the late Baron de Worms, Hereditary Baron of the Austrian Empire, of Park Crescent, W., and Henri- etta, daughter of Samuel Moses Samuel, was born in London, Oct. 20, 1840, and educated in Paris and at King's College, London, of which he is a Fellow. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in June 1863, and practised as a barrister for about three years. In 1880 he became Member for Greenwich, and from that time he took an active part in the debates in the House, especially those relating to foreign affairs. He directed attention to the then imperfect administration of the Royal Patriotic Fund, and made certain recommendations which were afterwards embodied in an Act of Parliament. Mr. Gladstone, in acknowledgment of the services thus rendered, made the Baron a Royal Commissioner of the Patriotic Fund. At the general election of 1885, consequent upon alterations caused by the Redistribution Bill, he withdrew from Greenwich, and successfully contested East Toxteth, for which constituency he was returned unopposed in 1886, and was again elected in 1892. In two of Lord Salisbury's Governments he has held the office of Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade. He was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in January 1888 (to 1892) ; President of the International Conference on Sugar Bounties in 1887-88 ; and British Pleni- potentiary, in which capacity he signed the Treaty on behalf of Great Britain for the abolition of the Bounties. In January 1889 he became a Member of the Privy Council, and in the same year was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He is the author of " The Earth and its Mechanism," PITMAN — PITT-RIVERS 863 " England's Policy in the East," and " The Austro - Hungarian Empire," the latter being an exposition of Count Beust's policy, and edited the " Memoirs of Count Beust," to which he wrote the preface. He married (2), in 1887, Sarah, daughter of Sir Benjamin Samuel Phillips. He was created a Peer under the title of Lord Pirbright in 1895. Addresses : 42 Gros- venor Place, S.W. ; and Henley Park, Guildford. PITMAN, Mrs. E. B., writer of works of fiction, biography, and missionary in- formation, was born, in 1841, at Milborne Port, Somersetshire. While in her teens she gained several prizes for essays on various subjects, and became a contributor to the Sunday at Home, Old Jonathan, and other periodicals. When about seventeen years of age she planned and wrote her first book, entitled "The Power of Little Things." For several years after this she was known as a contributor to religious, temperance, and Sunday-school journals ; but during recent years her works have been mainly issued in volumes. Of these, her principal productions are "Vestina's Martyrdom ; a Story of the Catacombs," 1869 ; "Earnest Christianity," 1872 ; "Mar- garet Mervyn's Cross," 1878 ; "Profit and Loss," 1879 ; " Heroines of the Mission Field," 1880; "Mission Life in Greece and Palestine," 1881 ; "Garnered Sheaves," "Florence Godfrey's Faith," "Life's Daily Ministry," and " My Governess Life," 1882 ; "Central Africa, Japan, and Fiji," 1883; " Elizabeth Fry " (Eminent Women Series), 1884 ; " George Muller and Andrew Reed " (World's Workers Series), 1885 ; " Lady Missionaries in Foreign Lands," 1889 ; " Lady Hymn Writers," 1891 ; " Oliver Chauncey's Trust," 1892 ; and "Missionary Heroines in Foreign Lands," 1895. In 1866 she was married to Mr. Edwin Pitman, and of the four children born of the mar- riage three are in H.M.'s Civil Service. PITT-LEWIS, George, Q.C., Re- corder of Poole, is the son of the late Rev. George T. Lewis, formerly Head -Master of Honiton Grammar School, and was born on Dec. 13, 1845. He was educated privately, and entered as a student at the Middle Temple in 1868, where he obtained a certificate of honour, first class, in 1869, an "Inns of Court " studentship in the same year, and was called to the Bar in the following year. He is on the Western Circuit, and was appointed Recorder of Poole, and a Q.C., in 1885. He sat in the House of Commons as Liberal Member for N.W. Devonshire from 1885 to 1886, and as Member for the same constituency in the Liberal-Unionist interest from 1886 to 1892. Mr. Pitt-Lewis is the author of "A Com- plete County Court Practice"; is the editor of "Taylor on Evidence" (9th edit.), 1895; and has published also " The Insane and the Law," 1897; "The Yearly County Court Practice," 1896; "The Coal Mines Regulation Acts," 1877-96. Address : 4 Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. PITT -RIVERS, Lieut. -Gen. Au- gustus Henry Lane-Fox, E\R.S., J.P., D.C.L., F.S.A., was born in 1820, and is the sole surviving son of W. A. Lane-Fox, of Hope Hall, and a daughter of the 18th Earl of Morton. He was educated at the R.M.A., Sandhurst, and became an officer in the Grenadier Guards, and was after- wards on the staff. He served in the Crimea, and was at Alma and Sebastopol, being mentioned in despatches, London Gazette of Oct. 10, 1854, and obtaining a medal with two clasps, the Turkish medal, and brevet of major. Since 1893 he has been Colonel of the South Lancashire Regi- ment. He is Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries, and President of the An- thropological Institute, and it is as an anthropologist that he will be remembered by posterity. The magnificent Pitt-Rivers collection, illustrative of savage life and embryo civilisation, has been presented to the New Museum at Oxford, and is to it very much what the original Hunterian collections are to the Museum of the Roy. Coll. of Surgeons, Eng. The manner of its formation was described by Lieut. - General Pitt-Rivers, then Col. Lane-Fox, as long ago as 1874-75, at a time when it was being exhibited in the Bethnal Green Museum. Since the year 1852 he had been in the habit of selecting from among the commoner class of objects relating to savage life which reached England, those which appeared to show connection of form. Connection of form is therefore the guiding principle of the collection, which serves to illustrate the development of specific ideas and their transmission from one people to another. In 1880 the subject of our memoir inherited the Rivers estates, in accordance with the will of his great-uncle, the second Lord Rivers. The will was excessively binding, and provided inter alia that he should assume the name and arms of Pitt-Rivers within a year of his inheriting the property. The Rivers estates are, indeed, unique, having been forest-land, swarmed over by an immense herd of fallow-deer, until the present century. They lie in that part of Wilt- shire, near Dorsetshire, where the Romano- British bordered for some time on the territories of the conquering West Saxons, and having been protected by the deer from the inroads of cultivation for many centuries, afford a field of operations for 864 PLANgON — PLOWDEN the excavator hardly to be equalled in any other part of Western Europe. Lieut. - General Pitt-Rivers has conducted exten- sive excavations in the burrows, &c, on his estates round Rushmore, and has published the results in four sumptu- ously printed and illustrated volumes, of which the last appeared in December 1898. They are cited by the general title of "Rushmore Excavations." He has pub- lished much in the British Association Re- ports, and in the Journal of the Anthropo- logical Institute, on the affinities of weapons, on excavations, &c. He married, in 1853, Alice, daughter of the 2nd Lord Stanley of Alderley, and in 1880 assumed the name of Pitt-Rivers, under the will of his great-uncle, the 2nd Baron Rivers. Ad- dresses : 4 Grosvenor Gardens, S.W. ; Rush- more, Salisbury ; and Athenaeum. PLANCON, Pol, bas'so singer of grand opera, was born in the Ardennes in 1855. His parents were fond of music, but only as a recreation, and it was decided that he should follow a commercial career, and he was sent to Paris in 1871. He chanced to meet Theodore Ritter, who induced him to devote his time to music, and intro- duced him to the famous tenor Dupre", under whose guidance he worked for two years. He started his musical career at Lyons, in the role of Count St. Bris in " The Huguenots." There he remained for two years, when he returned to Paris, and sang for Samoureux. In 1S83 he was en- gaged at a grand opera to sing Mephisto- pheles, in which he scored an immediate success, and he has been constantly heard in that part since. In 1893 he went to America, and on returning was engaged by Sir Augustus Harris to sing at Covent Garden, where he has been a regular per- former ever since. His chief parts are : Francis 1. in Saint-Saens' " Ascanio," Don Gormaz in Massenet's "Cid," Pittacus in Gounod's "Sappho," the Landgrave in "Tannhauser," Pogner in "Die Meister- singer," Brother Lawrence in "Romeo and Juliet," Jupiter in " Philemon and Baucis," and the General in " La Navar- raise." Paris address : 16 Rue de Marignan. PLANQUETTE, Robert, a musician, was born in Paris, July 21, 1850, and edu- cated at the Conservatoire there, where he was a pupil of Duprato. He is the com- poser of the popular operetta ' ' Les Cloches de Corneville," which was played at the Folies Dramatiques in 1877, and had im- mense success in France and in England. In 1882 he produced " Rip Van Winkle" ; in 1887, "The Old Guard" ; and in 1889, "Paul Jones." One of his last produc- tions in France was "Le Talisman," which was produced at the Gaite in January 1893. He has also published a volume of military songs under the title of "Refrains du Regiment." In 1897 his "Mamzelle- Quat-Sous " was produced at the Gaite". Paris address : 11 Rue de Calais. PLAYFAIE, "William Smoult, M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S.E., is a younger son of the late George Playfair, Esq., Inspector-General of Hospitals, Ben- gal, and a brother of Lord Playfair, G.C.B., and of Sir Lambert Playfair, K.C.M.G. Dr. Playfair was born in 1836, and was educated at St. Andrews and Edinburgh, and took the degree of M.D. at the latter University in 1856. He then entered the Bengal Medical Service, and served in Oude during the Mutiny, and also offici- ated as Professor of Surgery in the Medi- cal College at Calcutta. Having to leave India on account of ill-health, he com- menced practice in London as an obstetric physician in 1863, and was attached to King's College Hospital. For twenty-five years he was Professor of Obstetric Medi- cine in King's College, from which office he retired early in 1898, and is now Emeritus Professor and Consulting Phy- sician to King's College Hospital. He is also Consulting Physician to the General Lying-in Hospital, andto the EvelinaHospi- tal for Children. Dr. Playfair is the author of many works and papers on subjects con- nected with gynaecology and obstetrics, chiefly a " Treatise on the Science and Practice of Midwifery," which has passed through nine editions, and has been trans- lated into many foreign languages ; a book on "Nerve Prostration and Hysteria"; and a "System of Gynaecology, by many Authors," edited conjointly with Professor Clifford Allbutt. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London, and of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and an honorary LL.D. of St. Andrews. He has also been President of the Obstetrical Society of London, and Examiner in Midwifery to the Universities of Cambridge and London. Dr. Playfair is Physician -Accoucheur to the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Duchess of Edin- burgh), the Duchess of Connaught, and the Crown-Princess of Roumania. From the King of Roumania he has received the insignia of a Grand Officer of the Crown of Roumania, He married, in 1864, Emily, daughter of James Kitson, Esq., Elmet Hall, Leeds, by whom he has one son and three daughters. Addresses : 38 Grosvenor Street ; Hook House, Winchfield, Hants ; and Athenaeum. PLOWDEN, Alfred Chicb.ele, eldest son of Trevor Chichele Plowden, B.C.S., was born at Meerut, India, on Oct. 21, 1844. He was educated at Westminster, PLO WDEN — PLUNKETT 865 and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1865. After serving as Private Secretary to Sir John Peter Grant, K.C.B., Governor of Jamaica from 1866 to 1868, he was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in January 1870, and went the Oxford Circuit. He was appointed Recorder of Wenlock in 1878 ; Revising Barrister for Oxfordshire in 1883 ; and a Metropolitan Police Magistrate in June 1888. In 1883 he married Evelyn, youngest daughter of General Sir Charles Foster, KC.B. Addresses : Marylebone Police Court ; and 31 Brunswick Square, Brighton. PLOWDEN, Trevor John Chichele, OS. I., Resident at Haiderabad, was born in 1849, and entered the Bengal Civil Ser- vice in 1868. He has held offices as Under - Secretary of Bengal, Inspector- General of Police, and in 1877 was Sec- retary to the Prisons Conference. In 1879 he was Political Agent in Turkish Arabia, and Consul-General at Baghdad in 1880. He became Commissioner of Ajmir in 1885, and was promoted to his present post in 1893. Address : The Residency, Haidera- bad. PLUMMEB, William E., Hon. M.A. Oxford, youngest son of John Plummer, was born at Deptford, in Kent, March 26, 1849, and was privately educated there. Having early developed a taste for astro- nomy, he entered the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and there acquired a certain aptitude for the practical details of that science. In 1870 he became attached to Mr. Bishop's observatory at Twickenham, then under the direction of Mr. Hind, the late superintendent of the "Nautical Almanac" office. That observatory was then engaged in the formation of charts of the stars situated near the Ecliptic, to facilitate the discovery of minor planets. In preparation of the charts for hours eight and twenty-three Mr. Plummer took a part, as well as in the observation of comets, and the subsequent determination of their orbits. The establishment of the Oxford University Observatory in 1874 led to Mr. Plummer's appointment as senior assistant to that institution, in which capacity he has taken a considerable share in the photometric and extra-meri- dional observations carried on in that observatory. Later, when the Oxford Ob- servatory took part in the formation of the astro - photographic chart of the heavens, Mr. Plummer gave much atten- tion to the preliminary arrangements, but took little part in the actual observations, owing to his withdrawal from Oxford. In 1892 he was appointed Astronomer to the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, and Director of the Liverpool Observatory. Here he has introduced a method for the systematic observation of earth tremors, carried out under the auspices of the British Association. He has also been appointed Examiner in Astronomy to the University of Edinburgh. Mr. Plummer in 1879 entered the Royal Astronomical Society ; in 1888 was elected to a seat on the Council, and in the following year re- ceived the honorary degree of M.A. from the University of Oxford. He is a fre- quent contributor to periodical scientific literature, and has written on " The Motion of the Solar System in Space," " The Side- real System," and on cometary astronomy generally, besides issuing Annual Reports from his Observatory. Address : Liver- pool Observatory, Bidston, Birkenhead. FLTJNKET, Right Hon. D. R. See Rathmoke, Lord. PLTJNKETT, Hon. Sir Francis Richard, G.C.M.G., H.M. Minister at Brussels, was born at Corbalton Hall, co. Meath, in 1835, and is the youngest son of the 9th Earl of Fingal. He accompanied his parents abroad at a very early age. They first lived at Brussels in 1841, and then at Rome, where they met Pope Gregory XVI. and Cardinal Mezzofanti, who spoke to them in ancient Irish. In 1850 he went to Oscott College, and five years later entered the Foreign Office. He commenced his diplomatic career at Naples, and in 1859 became Second Secre- tary at St. Petersburg. In 1863 he was transferred to Copenhagen, and later to Vienna. In 1870 he married May, daughter of C. W. Morgan, of Philadelphia, at Florence, and in 1873 he became First Secretary at Yeddo, and three years later at Washington. In 1883 he was pro- moted to be Minister to Japan ; in 1888 to Sweden ; and in 1893 to his present post. Address : British Legation, Brussels. PLUNKETT, The Right Hon. Horace Curzon, M.P., D.L., third son of Edward, 16th Baron Dunsany and Anne, daughter of the 2nd Baron Sherborne, born at Sherborne House, Gloucestershire, on Oct. 24, 1854, was educated at Eton and Oxford, and took a B.A. Degree in 1877, obtaining Second Class Honours in the School of Modern History. In 1879 he became a ranchman in Wyoming and Montana, U.S.A., and still retains a busi- ness connection with the Western States of America, where he spends a few weeks of every year looking after his affairs. Since 1889 he has spent most of his time in Ireland, where he has been constantly engaged promoting various schemes for 3 I 866 POBYEDONOSTSEFF — POLNCABE the agricultural and industrial develop- ment of the country. In 1891 he was • appointed a Commissioner of the newly constituted Congested Districts Board, of which he has since been an active member. Mr. Plunkett was the originator of agri- cultural co-operation in Ireland. In con- junction with a few friends he first organised several farmers' societies, mostly for the erection of co-operative creameries, in the years 1889 to 1894. In the latter year he founded the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society, of which he has since been president, to take over the work of promoting a movement then becoming too widespread to be controlled by himself and his friends. The programme of this Society, which embraces every branch of farming, and which is the adaptation of analogous movements in other European countries, is rapidly being adopted by the farming classes throughout Ireland. At the General Election of 1892 Mr. Plunkett successfully contested South County Dublin, then represented by Sir Thomas Esmonde. He stood as a Con- servative, declaring that his main object in seeking Parliamentary honours was to advocate any measures calculated to advance the economic and social condition of the people, believing as he did that the political question would then be easily solved. He was returned again in 1895 with a greatly increased majority. When the General Election of 1895 had tem- porarily, at any rate, placed the Home Bule question in a subordinate position, Mr. Plunkett invited representative Irish- men of all parties, more especially those who were most prominent in industrial and commercial undertakings, to form a committee to discuss and report upon the material condition of the country, and measures needed for its improvement. The Recess Committee, thus formed was thoroughly representative of all the indus- trial and commercial interests of the country, and of all political parties, the main objection to the project and refusal to support it coming from the Nationalist Members of Parliament. The Report of the Recess Committee, which appeared in the summer of 1896, met with general approval, and its main recommendation, the establishment of a Department of Agriculture and Industries for Ireland, was substantially adopted by the Govern- ment in 1897, and only postponed to make way for the Local Government policy of 1898. Mr. Plunkett is a Member of the Royal Commission for the Paris Exhibition, 1900. He is a Justice of the Peace for County Meath, Ireland, and a Deputy- Lieutenant for Radnorshire. Mr. Plunkett was sworn a Privy Councillor (Ireland) in 1897. Address : 104 B. Mount Street, W. POBYEDONOSTSEFF, Oonstan- tine, Procurator of the Holy Synod of Russia, was born at Moscow in 1827, and in 1841 entered the Higher Law School of Russia, and in 1846 became an official of the Senate. From 1859 to 1865 he was Professor of Civil Law at Moscow, and was tutor to the Czar Alexander III. In 1868 he was created a Senator, and in 1872 a member of the Imperial Council ; while in 1881 he was appointed to his present post. After the accession of Alexander III., his influence naturally increased, and with the late M. Katkoff he became the most intimate adviser of his Imperial master. Opposed to all Liberal reforms, he endeavoured to strengthen the influence of Greek Orthodoxy in the Russian policy. In 1868 he published " Cours de Droit Civil," and "Manuel de la Procedure Civile." He has also translated " The Imitation of Christ," from the Latin of Thomas a Kempis. In the autumn of 1898 a volume of essays from bis pen was translated into German, French, and English, and published in England under the title of "Reflections of a Russian Statesman." This literary excursion at once showed its author to have lost none of his old intolerance and fanaticism. The general thesis of the work was that since men want to be governed, autocracy is the only real poli tical form. In the writer's opinion, the great mistake of the age has been the practical supersession of the old mediaeval ideas. Faith in the unseen being the one thing which preserves morality and keeps men's minds sound and healthy, therefore the Church should be omnipotent, inter- fering and advising in every concern of life. He declared that " among the falsest of political principles is the principle of the sovereignty of the people, the principle that all power issues from the people. . . , Thence proceeds the theory of parlia- mentarism, which has up to the present day deluded much of the so-called intel- ligence, and unhappily infatuated certain foolish Russians. . . . Parliamentarism is the triumph of egoism, its highest ex- pression." POEL, William. See Pole, William (JUNIOE). POINCAE.E, Jules Henri, Foreign F.R.S. (elected 1894), the son of M. Leon Poincare', a Professor of the Faculty of Medicine at Nancy, was born at that place on April 29, 1854. He was edu- cated at the Lyce'e in his native town, entered the Polytechnic School in 1873, and the School of Mines in 1875, becoming a Mining Engineer at Vesoul in 1879. Taking the degree of Doctor of Science in POIRE — POLAND 867 1879, he held the position of Assistant- Professor in the Faculty of Science at Caen from 1880 to 1881, becoming a lec- turer in the Faculty of Science at Paris in 1881, Assistant-Professor of Mechanical Physics in the same faculty in 1885, and Professor of Mathematical Physics in 1886. He has acted as an Examiner at the Poly- technic School from 1883 to 1897. M. Poincare' was elected a member of the Academy of Science on Jan. 31, 1887, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of England on May 1 1, 1894. He is the author of the following papers and works : " Les Fonctions Fuchsiennes," Acta Mathematica, tome 1, Stockholm; "Les Equations de laDynamique et le Probleme des 3 Corps," Acta Mathemat., 13; "Electricity et Op- tique," Paris, 1889-91; "Les M(5thodes Nouvelles de la Me'canique Celeste," Paris, 1890, 1893, 1898. Address: Ecole Poly- technique, Paris. POIRE, Emanuel, whose nom de plume, or rather, nom de crayon, of " Caran dAche " (Russian for lead-pencil) is known wherever art and humour are appreciated, was born at Moscow, and educated at his native town. His grandfather was one of Napoleon's officers, who, during the campaign of Russia, was wounded and taken prisoner. He married and settled in Russia, but his grandson determined to return to France. He became connected with the Cabaret du Chat Noir in the Rue Victor Masse, for which he did a splendid series of Napoleonic " Ombres Chinoises." His "Carnet de Cheques" issued during the Panama Scandal, has become a classic of caricature. Most of his best work has been done for the Figaro, and his cartoons are as eagerly looked for as those of Sir John Tenniel in England. His Paris address is 41 Rue de la Faisanderie. POLAND, Sir Harry Bodkin, Q.C., J. P., D.L., is the fifth son of the late Peter Poland, of London, and was born on July 9, 1829, in London. He was educated at St. Paul's School, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1851, becoming a Bencher of his Inn in 1879. He has practised on the South-Eastern Circuit, was for many years Counsel to the Treasury and Home Office, and was in 1874 appointed Re- corder of Dover. He is the author of "Law of Trade-marks," and has written various articles on the reform of the law. He became a Q.C. in 1888, and received the honour of knighthood in 1895. Sir Harry Poland is an Alderman of the London County Council, and a Deputy- Lieutenant, and a Justice of the Peace. Address : 5 Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. POLE, William, Senior, F.R.S., civil engineer, was born in Birmingham in 1814. After serving an apprenticeship to an engineer in the Midland Counties, he fol- lowed the profession in London for some years, and in 1844 he was appointed by the East India Company Professor of Civil Engineering in Elphinstone College, Bombay. In 1847 he returned to Lon- don, devoting his chief attention to the mechanical branch of engineering. From 1871 to 1883 he was Consulting Engineer for the Imperial Railways of Japan, and on his retirement the Mikado honoured him with the decoration of the Third Degree (Knight Commander) of the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. Between 1859 and 1867 he was Professor of Civil Engineering at the University College, London, and Lecturer at the Royal Engineer Establishment, Chatham. He has done much work for Government at various times and in various ways. From 1861 to 1864 he served as a member of the Committee on Iron Armour, and from 1863 to 1865 as a member of the Committee on the comparative merits of the Whitworth and Armstrong systems of artillery. In 1870 he was employed by the Home Office to investigate the ques- tion of the introduction into the Metro- polis of the Constant Service System of Water Supply, and he took an important part in the subsequent proceedings for carrying it into effect. In 1871 he was commissioned by the War Office to report on the Martini-Henry breech-loading rifles. In 1870 he was appointed by the Board of Trade as one of the Metropolitan Gas Referees, which office he still holds. He has acted as Secretary (in two instances under a special appointment by the Queen) to four Government Commissions of In- quiry, namely, from 1865 to 1867 to the Royal Commission on Railways ; from 1867 to 1869 to the Royal Commission on Water Supply ; from 1882 to 1884 to the Royal Commission for inquiring into the Pollution of the Thames ; and in 1885 to a Committee on the Science Museums at South Kensington. He has also done much private work, chiefly connected with mechanical matters, the steam - engine, railway bridges, plant, stock, and iron- work, as well as in subjects connected with water supply. He is one of the oldest Members of the Institution of Civil Engineers, having been elected in 1840. He served on the Council from 1871 to 1885, and was Honorary Secretary from 1885 to 1896, in which year he was made an Honorary Member. He has also some distinction in science. In June 1861 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London ; he has served six years on the council, and was Vice-President in 1876 and 1889. He was elected into the 868 POLE — POLLARD Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1877, and into the Athenaeum Club without ballot (as a scientific distinction) in 1864. He has done much literary work ; he pub- lished in 1844 a quarto Treatise on the Steam-Engine ; in 1848 a translation of a German work on the same subject ; in 1851 elaborate calculations on the con- struction of Iron Bridges ; in 1864 and 1870 Scientific Chapters in the Lives of Robert Stephenson and I. K. Brunei ; in 1872 a Treatise on "Iron; in 1877 "The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart. " ; and in 1888 " The Life of Sir William Siemens." He is also the author of a well-known scientific work on the game of Whist ; has written a great number of papers for scientific journals and periodicals ; and is a contributor to the Quarterly Review. He has likewise studied music : he took in 1860 the Oxford degree of Bachelor, and in 1867 that of Doctor of Music, and re- mains a member of St. John's College in that University. He was the Chief Ad- viser of the University of London in their establishment of musical degrees in 1877, and afterwards held for twelve years the office there of Musical Examiner. He has been an organ-player, and was elected in 1889 an Honorary Fellow of the Koyal College of Organists. He is the author of a "Treatise on the Musical Instruments in the Exhibition of 1851"; of "The Story of Mozart's Requiem," 1879 ; and "The Philosophy of Music," 1879. He is the composer of a well-known eight-part motet on "The Hundredth Psalm." Per- manent address : 9 Stanhope Place, Hyde Park, W. ; and Athenaeum. POLE, "William (known under his stage name of William Poel), son of the above, was born in July 1852, and in 1876 adopted the profession of an actor, and made his first appearance on the stage in the stock company at the Royal, Bristol. During a seven years' apprenticeship on the stage, Mr. William Poel devoted much study to the subject of Shakespearian texts and representations, and came to the conclusion that Shakespeare deserves the same classic and historic reverence on our own stage as Moliere enjoys in France. In 1880 the first quarto of " Hamlet " was reproduced in photolitho- graphy, and the great value of this earliest version, as showing Shakespeare's original drift and intention, caused Mr. Poel, with the assistance of Dr. Furnivall, to repro- duce it at St. George's Hall, where, in the spring of 1881, the play was acted in Elizabethan costume and without scenery. In 1887 the London Shakespeare Reading Society requested Mr. Poel to become their instructor, and under his assiduous and careful training they have given recitals of many of Shakespeare's plays. In the autumn of 1893 Mr. Poel, with the assistance of Mr. Arthur Dillon, who had previously assisted him in the reproduc- tion of Webster's " Duchess of Malfy," carried out his long-cherished scheme of building a stage after the Elizabethan model, and accordingly converted the stage of the Royalty into a close imitation of the old " Fortune " play-house. The play, produced by the Shakespeare Read- ing Society, was "Measure for Measure," and during the performance the audience on the stage and in balconies behind it appeared clad as Elizabethan gallants or ladies. In the success of this perform- ance originated the Elizabethan Stage Society, formed in 1895 for reviving plays after the manner of the 16th century, with Mr. Poel as director. The Society's re- vivals have been " The Comedy of Errors," given in the dining-hall of Gray's Inn, where the play was last acted in 1594 ; Marlowe's "Doctor Faustus," for which Mr. Swinburne wrote a prologue ; " The Two Gentlemen of Verona," given at the Merchant Taylors' Hall, and re- peated afterwards at the Charterhouse in February 1897; "Twelfth Night" in the Middle Temple Hall, where it was last revived in 1602; "Arden of Feversham"; part of "Edward III."; " The Tempest," given at the Mansion House ; Beaumont and Fletcher's comedy, " The Coxcomb," in the Hall of the Inner Temple, of which Inn Beaumont had been a member; "The Spanish Gipsy," for which Mr. Swinburne wrote a prologue ; " The Broken Heart," acted before the members of the London University Ex- tension Society ; and Ben Jonson's frag- ment, "The Sad Shepherd," July 1898. In 1899 his society acted, amongst other pieces, Fitzgerald's version of Calderon's " Life's a Dream," Swinburne's tragedy of "Locrine," and a version of Kalidasa's " Sakoontala," or "The Magic Ring," an ancient Sanscrit play. Besides this Shake- spearian work, Mr. Poel has dramatised Mr. Baring-Gould's " Mehalah " and Mr. Howells's "Foregone Conclusion," which forms part, under the title of " Priest and Painter," of Mr. F. R. Benson's re- pertory. Address : Heatherwood, Putney Heath, S.W. POLLARD, Arthur Tempest, M.A., Head-Master City of London School, is the son of Tempest Pollard, M.R.C.S., and was born at Rastrick, Yorkshire, in 1854. He was educated at the Rastrick Grammar School, at Victoria College, Jersey, and for six years at St. Peter's School, York. He obtained the First Classical Scholar- ship at Wadham College, Oxford, in 1872. He is an M.A. of the University of Oxford, POLLEN — POLLOCK 869 and was placed iu the first class in the School of Literse Humaniores in 1876. He was a temporary Master at the Man- chester Grammar School in 1877 ; an Assistant-Master at Brighton College in 1878 ; Composition and Assistant-Master at Dulwich College from 1878 to 1881, and during the year 1888-89. He was Head- Master of the Oxford High School, of which he was the first Head-Master, from 1881 to 1888, and Second Master of the Manchester Grammar School in 1889. In 1889 he was elected to the Head-Master- ship of the City of London School in suc- cession to Dr. Edwin A. Abbott. For a time he took work at his College at Ox- ford as an Assistant-Lecturer. He was President for the year 1898 of the Modern Language Association, and is a member of several Boards and Committees dealing with education. He contributed an article to " Thirteen Essays on Education," edited by the Hon. and Rev. Canon E. Lyttelton, and an article to ' ' Teaching and Organisa- tion," edited by Mr. P. A. Barnett. Ad- dress : 24 Harley Street, W. POLLEN, John Hungerford, M.A., son of Bichard Pollen of Rodbourne, Wilts, born 1820, was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and elected to a Fellowship at Merton, where he painted the College Chapel. He studied painting in Rome, was appointed Professor of Fine Arts by Cardinal Newman, in the Catholic University of Dublin ; built and painted the Church in St. Stephen's Green, was appointed Official Editor of the Museum at South Kensington, and was inter alia Editor of the Universal Catalogue of Books on Art. He acts as Examiner for the De- partment, and is a member of the Com- mittee of Selection in reference to pur- chases. He is the author of " Ancient and Modern Furniture and Woodwork," "An- cient and Modern Gold and Silver Smith's Work," " The Trajan Column," and other publications ; and has contributed to the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," Art Journal, Magazine of Art, and several periodicals on subjects connected with the fine arts, and was Cantor Lecturer of the Society of Arts in 1885. He was appointed Private Secretary to the Marquis of Ripon in 1876. He has executed several paintings — designs for glass, mosaic, carving, &c. — in the Oratory, London ; at Lyndhurst, Hants ; Alton Towers (wars of the famous John Talbot), Blickling Hall, Kilkenny Castle, Wilton House, Heythrop House, Ingestre Hall, the new portions of Reigate Priory, golf clubhouse, and other houses in Reigate, and many other places, both in this country and in India. Mr. Pollen is Corresponding Member of the Royal Aca- demy of Madrid, the Archaeological Society of Belgium, and other learned bodies. Address : 11 Pembridge Crescent, W. POLLOCK, The Rev. Bertram, was born on Dec. 6, 1863. He is the youngest son of G. F. Pollock, Esq., Senior Master of the Supreme Court of Judicature and Queen's Remembrancer, and is the grand- son of the late Right Hon. Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart., Lord Chief Baron. He was educated at Charterhouse (Scholar and Gold Medallist), and at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was a Scholar. He was in the first class in the Classical Tripos (B.A. 1886, M.A. 1890). From 1886 to 1893 he was Assistant-Master at Marl- borough College, was ordained in 1890, and appointed Master of Wellington Col- lege in 1893. Address : The Lodge, Wel- lington College, Berks. POLLOCK, Professor Sir Frederick, Bart., eldest son of Sir William Frederick Pollock, Bart., and grandson of the late Sir F. Pollock, Chief Baron of the Ex- chequer, was born Dec. 10, 1845, and edu- cated at Eton and Trinity College, Cam- bridge, of which he became a Fellow in 1868. He was called to the Bar at Lin- coln's Inn in 1871, and was examiner in law at Cambridge, 1879-81. In 1882-83 he was Professor of Jurisprudence at Uni- versity College, London ; in 1883 was ap- pointed Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford (which office he still holds by re-election), and was Professor of Common Law in the Inns of Court, 1884-90. He is also editor of the Law Quarterly Review, and was for some time Hon. Librarian of the Alpine Club. He has published "Principles of Contract," 1876; "Digest of the Law of Partnership," 1877 ; " The Law of Torts," 1887 ; " The Land Laws " (in English Citizen Series), 1883 (all the foregoing have been revised in later edi- tions); "Spinoza, his Life and Philosophy," 1880, 2nd edit., 1899 ; " Essays in Juris- prudence and Ethics," 1882 ; "History of English Law before Edward I." (with Prof. Maitland), 1895 ; " A First Book of Juris- prudence," 1896 ; and other works, besides articles in various periodicals. In the summer of 1892 he went to Trinidad as a member of the Judicial Inquiry Com- mission held in that colony, and in the winter of 1893-94 he delivered the Tagore Law Lectures in Calcutta. He became editor of the " Law Reports " in January 1895. In 1873 he married Georgina, daughter of John Defell, of Calcutta. Addresses : 48 Great Cumberland Place, W.; 13 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn ; and Athenaeum. POLLOCK, James Edward, F.R.C.P., Physician Extraordinary to the Queen, 870 POLLOCK — POOEE received his medical education at King's College, Aberdeen, where he graduated M.D. in 1850. He was elected F.R.C.P. in 1864, and was Pro-President and Senior Censor of the College in 1893. He is Consulting Physician to the Brompton Hospital for Consumption, Vice-President of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. and of the Pathological Society, in 1880-81 was Presi- dent and Lecturer of the Harveian Society, is Socio dell' Accademia dei Quiriti, Rome, and Member of Council and Examiner in Medicine at the Royal College of Physi- cians, London. In 1883 he was Croonian Lecturer, and in 1893 Harveian Orator. He was appointed Physician Extraordi- nary to the Queen, in room of the late Sir Richard Quain, in January 1899. His works include : " Medical Handbook of Life Assurance," 1889; "Elements of Prognosis in Consumption," 1865 ; besides contributions on Phthisis, the Climate of Italy, &c, to the medical journals. Ad- dress : 52 Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. POLLOCK, Walter Herries, younger son of Sir W. F. Pollock, was born in London in 1850, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated (Classical Tripos) in 1871, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1874. Mr. Pollock has delivered lec- tures at the Royal Institution on historical and literary subjects, such as Richelieu, Colbert, Victor Hugo, Sir Francis Drake, The'ophile Gautier, the Drama, &c, and is the author of "Lectures on French Poets"; "The Paradox of Acting," a commented translation of Diderot's "Para- doxe sur le Come'dien " ; " The Picture's Secret," a novel ; " Songs and Rhymes, English and French"; "Verse of Two Tongues " ; " The Poet and the Muse," translated with introduction in original verse, from Alfred de Musset's " Nuits " ; "Old and New," a collection of verse; "A Nine Men's Morrice " ; "King Zub," two volumes of fantastic stories ; and " Me~moires Inedits du Marquis de — " (in French). In collaboration with Sir Walter Besant he wrote " TheBallad-Monger," an adaptation of Banville's " Gringoire," pro- duced at the Haymarket Theatre by Mr. Tree ; and also in collaboration with Sir Walter Besant he wrote "The Charm, and other Drawing-Room Plays." He revised for Sir Henry Irving "The Dead Heart," by the late Watts Phillips. In 1884 Mr. Pollock became editor of the Saturday Review, of which he had long acted as assistant-editor. His editorial connection with this journal was severed in 1894. Mr. Pollock is also author, in collaboration with the late A. J. Duffield, of "Marston," a novel in two volumes ; in collaboration with Miss Lilian Moubrey, of " King and Artist," a ro- mantic play in five acts ; and of the " Were -Wolf," a romantic play in one act. He edited and was part author of " Fencing " in the Badminton Series. He married, in 1876, Emma Jane, daugh- ter of Colonel Pipon, of Jersey. Ad- dresses : Chawton Lodge, Alton, Hants ; and AthenEeum. POLTIMORE, Lord, The Eight Hon. Augustus Frederick G-eorge Warwick Bamfylde, D.L., J.P., Bart., was born in London on April 12, 1837, and is the son of the first Baron and his second wife, a daughter of Gen. F. W. Buller. He succeeded his father in 1858, and was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford. He was Treasurer to the Household from 1872 to 1874, and in 1895 became Chancellor of the Primrose League. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1872, and has been co. Alderman for Devon, and a Major of the Devon Yeo- manry. He married, in 1858, Florence S. W., daughter of Richard Brinsley Sheri- dan, M.P. Address: Poltimore Park, Exeter, &c. PONSONBY-FANE, The Hon. Sir Spencer Cecil Brabazon, G.C.B., was born in Cavendish Square, London, on March 14, 1824, and is the sixth son of the fourth Earl of Bessborough, and Maria Fane, daughter of the 10th Earl of West- moreland. He was educated at home, and entered the Foreign Office in 1840. He was Attache' to the British Embassy at Washington for a short time, and then became Private Secretary successively to three Foreign Secretaries, viz., Lords Palmerston, Clarendon, and Granville. He is Gentleman Usher Daily Waiter to the Queen, and was appointed to his present position of Comptroller of Accounts to the Lord Chamberlain's Department in 1857. He assumed his mother's name in addition to his own in 1875 for himself and his wife only. He was created G.C.B. in 1897. He married a daughter of the 13th Viscount Dillon in 1847. Official address : Lord Chamberlain's Office, Stable Yard, St. James's Palace. POORE, George Vivian, P.R.C.P., M.D., received his medical education at University College, London, of which he was Atkinson-Morley Surgical Scholar, and is now Fellow. During his M.D., London, course, he won the University Scholarship in Medicine in 1868. He is Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Clinical Medi- cine at University College, and Physician at University College Hospital, as well as POPE — PORTAL 871 Consulting Physician to the Royal Hospital for Children and Women, &o. He was medical attendant to the late Prince Leo- pold, and is Knight Commander of the Dannebrog, Fell, of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, &c. He is also member or hon. member of a number of foreign health societies. He reports the Vivisection Re- turns annually for Government. Among his works may be mentioned " The Physical Diagnosis of Diseases of the Throat, Mouth, and Nose," 1881; "The Dwelling-House," 1897 ; a translation and edition of Duchenne's Works for the New Sydenham Society ; " Nervous Affections of the Hand," 1897; &c. He has delivered the Bradshawe and the Cantor Lectures, and has contributed various papers to the leading medical journals, &c. Address : 32 Wimpole Street, W. POPE, His Holiness the. See Leo the Thirteenth. POPE, Samuel, Q.C., D.L., J.P., was born on Dec. 11, 1826, at Manchester, and is the son of Samuel Pope, merchant, of London, and Phebe, daughter of William Rushton, merchant, of Liverpool. He was educated privately, and at the University of London. Occupied at first in business at Manchester, he subsequently studied law, and was called to the Bar in 1858. He practised for some years in Manchester, and came to London in 18C5. He was appointed a Q.C. in 1869, Recorder of Bol- ton in 1869, a J.P. for Merionethshire in 1877, a D.L. in 1879, and a Bencher of the Middle Temple in 1870. Mr. Pope now holds the position of senior practising member of the Bar. He married, in 1848, Hannah, daughter of Thomas Bury, Tim- perley, Cheshire (she died in 1880). Ad- dress : 74 Ashley Gardens, Victoria Street, S.W., &c. POREIi, Madame. Madame. See Rejane, POETAL, V/yndham Spencer, D.L., J.P., late chairman of the London and South- Western Railway Company, was born on July 22, 1822. He is the third son of the late John Portal, Esq., of Free- folk Priors and Laverstoke Park, Hants. The Portal family has for several genera- tions made Hampshire its home, and ranks among the best known of its worthies. The founder was Henri Portal, a descend- ant of some French Huguenots who were naturalised in 1711 at Winchester. Forced by circumstances to adopt a means of livelihood, he built a mill for the manu- facture of paper on the river Test at Laverstoke. So excellent was the produc- tion of the mill that the Bank of England granted him the privilege of making their bank-note paper, which has ever since been continued in the family. Mr W. S. Portal was educated at Harrow and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He joined the North Hampshire Yeomanry Cavalry as Cornet in 1842, and was promoted Cap- tain in 1853, retiring from the service in 1865. He succeeded his father in the business of the manufacture of the bank- note paper in 1848. Mr. Portal has always taken a great interest in the poorer classes, especially with a view to their improvement socially and intellectually. His first efforts in that direction were begun in 1843, when he rented land and let it out in allotments to labourers and others. He took up poor law, and was elected Chairman of Whitchurch Union, Hants, in 1847, and some years later was chosen Chairman of the Basingstoke Union. While thus engaged he became much impressed by the evils of public- house benefit clubs. This led him to devote his energies to the development of the Hampshire Friendly Society, of which he is President. Mr. Portal is one of the original founders of the Hampshire Re- formatory School, and of the Southern Counties' Adult Education Society. He contested the city of Winchester for a seat in Parliament in the Liberal interest in 1857 ; also the borough of Portsmouth in 1874. For several years he was one of the Visiting Justices of the Winchester Prison, and became convinced that drink is the principal source of crime. This led him to espouse the temperance cause, and he never loses an opportunity of spreading temperance principles among railway men and labourers. Mr. Portal takes an active interest in international exhibitions, and received a medal " for services rendered" from the Commis- sioners of the Exhibition of 1851. He was also much engaged in the subsequent International Exhibitions of Paris of 1855 and 1867, and was appointed a member of the Royal Commission in connection with the Chicago Exhibition of 1893. He has been deputed to act in a similar capacity at the Paris Exhibition of 1900. Mr. Portal was presented with the honorary freedom of Southampton in 1895, and is the owner of Malsbanger, a fine country seat at Basingstoke. From 1892 until his retirement recently he was chairman of the London and South-Western Rail- way Company, and in March 1899 he was presented by the Queen with a framed likeness of herself, accompanied by a letter referring to the many occasions on which he had travelled with the Royal train. He married in 1849 the elder daughter of Colonel W. Hicks-Beach, 872 PORTER — POTTEE M.P., of Oakley Hall, Hants. Address: Malshanger, Basingstoke. PORTER, The Right Hon. Andrew Marshall, Master of the Rolls, Ireland, was born in 1837, and is the son of the Rev. John Scott Porter, of Belfast. He was educated at Queen's College, Belfast, and called to the Bar at the King's Inns in 1860, becoming Q.C. in 1872. He re- presented co. Londonderry in the House of Commons in 1881-83, was Solicitor- General for Ireland in 1881-82, and Attor- ney-General in 1882-83, in the Gladstone Administration of that time. He was appointed Master of the Rolls in 1883. He married a daughter of the late Colonel Horsburgh, of Peeblesshire. Address : 8 Merrion Square East, Dublin. PORTER, General Horace, American soldier, speaker, and writer, was born at Huntington, Pennsylvania, in 1837, his father soon afterwards becoming Gover- nor of the State of Pennsylvania. He received his education at Harrisburg and at the Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated in 1860. After a brief time as Instructor in Artillery at West Point he was assigned to duty in the army, and soon became a First Lieutenant. In 1863 he was breveted Captain for gal- lant services ; in 1864 he was breveted Major, and in 1865 was breveted Lieut. - Colonel and Brigadier-General. While on the staff of General Thomas at Chatta- nooga, Tenn., he became acquainted with General Grant, and was afterwards an Aide on his staff, and was with him in the field during most of the remainder of the war between the States. After the close of the war he entered on a business career, and has been connected with many impor- tant railroad, banking, and other enter- prises. He is widely known as an after- dinner speaker and as a writer, having contributed to the magazines, and in 1897 having published " Campaigning with Grant." He has for several years been President of the Union League Club, and a member of the Authors' Club, Grand Army of the Republic, American Geo- graphical Society, and many other organi- sations. He was appointed Ambassador to France in March 1897. PORTER, The Rev. James, D.D., Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, the oldest collegiate foundation at Cambridge, was ordained Deacon in 1853, and priest in 1856. He was Vicar of Cherry-Hinton from 1880 to 1882, has been Fellow and Tutor of his College, was appointed Master in 1876, and was Vice-Chancellor from 1881 to 1884. Address : St. Peter's College, Cambridge. PORTLAND, Duke of, The Most Hon. William John Arthur Charles James Cavendish-Bentinck, D.L., J.P., P.C., Master of the Horse, was born on Dec. 28, 1857, and is the son of the late Lieut. - General Arthur Cavendish - Ben- tinck, a great-grandson of the 3rd Duke, the Prime Minister, and of Elizabeth, daughter of Sir St. Vincent Whitshed, Bart. He succeeded his cousin in 1879. He was formerly in the Coldstream Guards, and was at one time Lieut. - Colonel in the Hon. Artillery Company. He was Master of the Horse from 1886 to 1892, and was reappointed in 1895. Since 1889 he has been Lord-Lieutenant of Caithness, and in 1898 was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Notts in succession to the late Duke of St. Albans. He is a very extensive landowner. In 1889 he married Miss Dallas-Yorke. Addresses : 3 Gros- venor Square, S.W. ; Welbeck Abbey, &c. PORTUGAL, King of. See Caelos I., Dom, King op Poktugal. POTT, The Ven. Alfred, B.D., son of Charles Pott, of Freelands, Kent, and Anna, daughter of S. C. Cox, Master in Chancery, born at Norwood, Surrey, Sept. 30, 1822, was educated at Eton, and at Balliol and Magdalen Colleges, Oxford. He was appointed Vicar of Cuddesdon in 1852 ; first Principal of the Theological College there in 1853 ; Rector of East Hendred, Berks, in 1858 ; Vicar of Abing- don and Honorary Canon of Christ Church in 1868 ; Archdeacon of Berkshire, and Chaplain to the Bishop of Oxford in 1873 ; Vicar of Clifton Hampden, Oxfordshire, in 1874 ; and Vicar of Sonning, Berks, in 1882. Archdeacon Pott is the author of " Confirmation Lectures," 1850; "Village Sermons," 1867 ; and several "Charges," sermons, and tracts. He married Emily Harriet, daughter of the Rev. Joseph Gibbs, Vicar of Clifton, Hampden, Oxon. Address : Sonning Vicarage, Berks. POTTER, The Right Rev. Henry Oodman, D.D., LL.D., son of the late Bishop of Pennsylvania, and nephew of the late Bishop of New York, was born at Schenectady, New York, May 25, 1835. He graduated from Union College, Sche- nectady, and from the Theological Semi- nary of Alexandria, Virginia, 1857. His first Rectorship was in Greensburgh in Pennsylvania, from which he went to St. John's Church, Troy, New York, and after- wards to Trinity Church, Boston. In 1868 he became Rector of Grace Church, New York, where he remained until 1883, when he was consecrated Assistant-Bishop of New York, with the right of succession. He became Bishop of New York on POUBELLE — POULTON 873 the death of his uncle, in January 1887, He has published " Sisterhoods and Deacon esses," 1872; "The Gates of the East,' 1876; "Sermons of the City," 1880, " Waymarks," 1891, besides a number of sermons and discourses, and " The Scholar and the State," and other orations and ad- dresses, 1897. In 1888 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Cambridge, Eng. ; in 1892 the degree of D.D. by the University of Oxford, Eng. ; and in 1890 the same degree by Harvard University. • POUBELLE, Eugene Bene, French Ambassador to the Vatican, was born at Caen, April 15, 1831, of an ancient Norman family. He was educated at the College of his native town, and having passed through the Law School, became an Assistant-Pro- fessor there. He afterwards held posts at Grenoble and Toulouse. At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war, he enlisted as an artilleryman, and gained the military medal for his gallantry at the sorties from Paris. He was appointed Preset of the Charente by M. Thiers, in April 1871, and afterwards went in the same capacity to Corsica. On the fall of M. Thiers in 1873 he resigned, and again became Professor of Law at Toulouse. However, in 1878 M. GreVy appointed him Preset of the Doubs, and in 1879 he was promoted to the Bouches du Rhone. Four years later he was called to the most important post of Pre"fet of the Seine, which he held with conspicuous success for thirteen years. In the midst of a municipal council, more and more eager to become a political body, he struggled against pretensions which would have placed them in opposition to the executive. Amidst tumultuous scenes and personal attacks he preserved an impas- sible coolness and patience, that tired out the unruly members and prevented civil dis- turbances. Thanks to him these struggles have not prevented the carrying out of great municipal works. His ssdileship was celebrated by the construction of sewers, of new broad arteries for traffic, the creation of new districts, the building of the Gene- ral Post Office, the Bourse du Commerce, and the new Sorbonne, and the improve- ment of public education and out-door relief. In 1889 he was sent by the Presi- dent of the Republic to Magdeburg, to be present at the exhumation of the remains of Lazare Carnot, and to bring them back to France. In 1896 he was appointed to his present post, and was succeeded by M. de Selves (q.v.). He is a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, and of several other foreign Orders. POTJLTON, Edward BagnaU, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., Hon. LL.D. Prince- ton, of Wykeham House, Oxford, Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, was born at Reading, Jan. 27, 1856, and is the only son of William Ford Poulton, architect. He was educated at the private school of the late W. Watson, B.A., London, at Reading, and in 1873 he worked in the Biological Laboratory at the University Museum, Oxford, and obtained an open scholarship in Natural Science at Jesus College. In 1876 he obtained a first class in the Final Honour School of Natural Science. From 1877 to 1879 he was De- monstrator of Biology under the late Prof. G. Rolleston. In 1878 he obtained the Burdett-Coutts University Scholarship in Geology ; and from 1877 to 1878 he was Librarian of the Oxford Union Society, and in 1879 (Lent Term) its President. From 1880 to 1889 he was Lecturer in Natural Science, and then Tutor of Keble College, Oxford; 1881 to 1889, Lec- turer in Natural Science, Jesus College, Oxford; 1886 to 1887, Lecturer in Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington. In 1889 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ; and in June 1893 was elected Hope Professor of Zoology at Oxford in succession to the late Prof. Westwood. He has published the following works: "On Mammalian Remains and Tree Trunks in Quartern Sands at Reading," Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, May 1880 ; " Account of Working of Dow- kerbottom Cave, Yorkshire," Geol. and Polytechnic Soc, W. Siding of Yorks., 1881, p. 351 ; "On the Minute Structure of the Tongues of Marsupialia and Monotremata," Quart. Journ. Micro. Soc. , January and July 1883; Proc. Zool. Soc, December 1883; " Ovary of Marsupialia and Monotremata," Quart. Journ. Micro. Soc, January 1884 ; "The True Teeth of Ornithorhynchus," Proc. Roy. Soc, 1888, and Quart. Journ. Micro. Soc, July 1888 ; " On the Colours and Markings of Lepidopterous Larva? and Pupae, &c," published in the Trans. Ent. Soc, 1884-88, and in 1893, and in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878 and 1891 ; " On the Rela- tion between the Colours of Lepidopterous Larvae and Pupa? and those of their sur- roundings," Proc. Roy. Soc, 1885-87, and 1893, and Phil. Trans., 1887, and Trans. Ent. Soc, 1892; "On the External Mor- phology of the Lepidopterous Pupae, &c," Trans. Linn. Soc, 1890 and 1891. He is also one of the editors of the translation of Prof. Weismann's "Essays on Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems," Claren- don Press, 1889, vol. ii. 1892; and is the author of "The Colours of Animals, their Meaning and Use, especially considered in the case of Insects," 1890, International Scientific Series. In 1896 he published "Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection," and in 1899 presented to the 874 POWELL University of Oxford a statue of Charles Darwin, which was unveiled by Sir Joseph Hooker in June of that year. At the 1890 meeting of the British Association held at Leeds, Prof. Poulton delivered one of the evening addresses, choosing for his subject "Mimicry in the Animal King- dom." In January and February 1894 he delivered one of the courses of Lowell Lectures in Boston, Mass., upon "The Meaning and Use of the Colours of Animals." In 1881 he married Emily, eldest daughter of G-eorge Palmer, ex- M.P., of Beading. POWELL, Professor P. York, M.A., Begius Professor of Modern History, Uni- versity of Oxford, is the only son of the late F. Powell and Mary York. He was educated at Bugby, and entered Oxford as a non-Collegiate Student, as many other distinguished men have done before and since. He joined Christ Church, of which he became a student, and graduated with a first class in Law and Modern History. In 1870 he was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple. He has been Tutor and Law Lecturer at Christ Church, and His- tory Lecturer at Trinity College, and was appointed Begius Professor of Modern History, in succession to the late Prof. Freeman, in 1894. He is editor of "Eng- lish History from Contemporary Writers," author of " Early England up to the Nor- man Conquest," in Epochs of English History, "Old Stories from British His- tory," "History of England to 1509," &o. With the late Georg Vigfusson he has edited the " Corpus Poeticum Boreale," and with him is co-author of the " Grimm Centenary Papers," &c. He has besides contributed many important papers on his- torical and literary subjects to the English Historical Review, the National Observer, &c. Addresses : Christ Church, Oxford ; and Bedford Park, W. POWELL, Major John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., American geologist, was born at Mount Morris, New York, March 24, 1834. His early life was passed at various places in Ohio, Illinois, and Wis- consin, and he studied at Illinois College and at Wheaton College, finally taking a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching in the public schools at intervals in the meanwhile. At the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the Union army as a pri- vate, and by its close had gained the rank of Lieut. -Colonel, having lost his right arm during its progress. He had, prior to the war, attained prominence as a scien- tist, and in 1865 was made Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum in the Illinois Wesleyan University, but he soon resigned this position to accept a similar one in the Illinois Normal Uni- versity. In 1868 he organised and con- ducted an expedition to explore the canon of the Colorado, which was so successful that Congress established, in 1870, a Topo- graphical and Geological Survey of the Colorado Biver of the West, and placed it in his charge. The results of the thorough exploration made by him of the physical features of this region (covering about 100,000 square miles), and of other surveys instituted by the United States Govern- ment in the Bocky Mountain country proved so important* that Congress, in 1879, consolidated them under the per- manent and independent organisation of the United States Geological Survey, of which Major Powell, in 1881, succeeded Clarence King as the Director. In the mean- time Major Powell had devoted consider- able attention to ethnology, and had issued through the Smithsonian Institution three. vols, of " Contributions to North American Ethnology." To ensure the continuance of this work a special Bureau of Ethnology was established by Congress and he was placed at its head, a position he continued to hold, in addition to the direction of the Survey, until 1894, when he was compelled to resign them both on account of ill- health. Major Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Heidel- berg in 1886, and in the same year that of LLD. from Harvard. In 1880 he became a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, and from 1879 to 1888 was Presi- dent of the Anthropological Society of Washington. He became a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1875, its Vice-President in 1879, and President in 1887. In addition to these he is a member of a number of other learned and scientific societies. His publications embrace many scientific papers and addresses and numerous Government volumes, including reports of various surveys of the Bureau of Ethno- logy and of the U.S. Geological Survey. The special volumes which bear his own name are: "Explorations of the Colorado Biver of the West and its Tributaries," 1875 ; " Beport on the Geology of the Eastern Portion of the Uinta Mountains," 1876 ; "Beport on the Lands of the Arid Eegion of the United States," 1879 ; and " Introduction to the Study of Indian Languages," 1880. In 1890 he published a series of papers on irrigation in The Century POWELL, Sir Richard Douglas, Bart., M.D., F.B.C.P., Physician in Ordi- nary to theQueen, is the second and sole sur- viving son of the late Captain Scott Powell. He was educated at University College, London, and graduated M.D. with honours POWER — POWERSCOURT 875 at the University of London in 1866. He became F.R.C.P. in 1873, having been ad- mitted in 1867. He is Physician to the Middlesex Hospital and Consulting Pby- Mcian to the Ventnor and Brompton Hos- pitals for Consumption, Fellow of the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society, &c, and was at one time President of the Medical Society. In May 1898 he was created a Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. In January 1899, having previously been Physician Extra- ordinary to the Queen, he was. appointed Physician in Ordinary in succession to the late Sir William Jenner. He was created a baron in 1897. His works in- clude: "Diseases of the Lungs and Pleura," 3rd edit., 1893; "On the Principles of Treatment of Diseases and Disorders of the Heart," being the Lumleian Lectures for 1898; and contributions, mostly on the lungs, to Quain's "Dictionary of Medicine," 1882 and 1894; Reynolds's " System " ; and to various medical trans- actions and journals. He married, in 1873, Juliet, second daughter of Sir John Bennett. Address : 62 Wimpole Street, W. POWER, D'Arcy, born Nov. 11, 1855, at 3 Grosvenor Terrace (now 56 Belgrave Eoad), London, S.W., eldest son of Henry Power, F.R.C.S., surgeon (q.v.), and Ann his wife, was educated at Merchant Tay- lors' School, which he entered in 1870, after a preliminary training at the St. Marylebone and All Souls' Grammar School. At Oxford he matriculated in October 1874 as a Commoner of New College, but he migrated to Exeter College, when he obtained an open Exhibition in October 1876. He graduated B.A. in June 1878 after he had been placed in the first class of the Honour School of Natural Science. He took the degree of M.A. in 1881, and was admitted M.B. in June 1882. During the session 1878-79 he acted as Demon- strator of Comparative Anatomy at Uni- versity College, London, and in October 1878 he began his professional education as a medical student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Here he was appointed a De- monstrator of Physiology in 1878, and be has held in succession the posts of House Surgeon, Curator of the Museum, Teacher of Surgery and Assistant-Surgeon. At the Royal College of Surgeons of England he was admitted a Fellow in 1883, and has acted as Examiner, and has filled the office of Hunterian Professor of Surgery and Pathology. For five years he was a Member of the Conjoint Examining Board of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of London and of Surgeons of England, and he has been an Examiner at the Univer- sity of Durham. He is Surgeon to the Victoria Hospital for Children, Chelsea ; Visiting Surgeon to the Metropolitan Dis- pensary, and an Assistant Professor at the Royal Veterinary College. He has served many offices in the British Medical Association, is Senior Secretary of the Pathological Society of London, and a Vice-President of the Harveian Society. In 1897 he was admitted a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. His published work divides itself into General, Scientific, and Professional. His general work con- sists of "Memorials of the Craft of Sur- gery," 1886 ; a " Life of William Harvey," 1897 ; various works upon antiquarian medical subjects, and the lives of eminent surgeons in the " Dictionary of National Biography." The scientific writings are chiefly connected with an attempt to dis- cover the cause of cancer, 1893-95, and of certain forms of intestinal obstruc- tion, 1897-1898. The purely professional work comprises a book on the " Surgical Diseases of Children" (1895), and numer- ous papers upon points of surgical interest published in the various medical periodi- cals, 1878-98. In the spring of 1898 he was appointed Assistant-Surgeon at St. Bartholomew's. Address : 10a Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. POWER, Henry, M.B., F.R.C.S., re- ceived his medical education at St. Bar- tholomew's Hospital, and, in studying for his London degree, obtained the Exhibi- tion in Anatomy and Physiology of the University of London in 1852. He is Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon of St. Bartholomew's Hospital and of the West- minster Ophthalmic Hospital, as well as to the Artists' Benevolent Society. He is Professor of Physiology at the Royal Veterinary College, and has been Professor of Surgery and Arris and Gale Lecturer at the Royal College of Surgeons, England. He is author of " Elements of Human Physiology," "Illustrations of the Princi- pal Diseases of the Eye," 1869 ; has trans- lated Strieker's "Manual of Human and Comparative Histology " for the New Sydenham Society in 1870, and Erb "On the Diseases of the Nervous System " for Ziemssen's " Cyclopaedia, " and, with Dr. Sedgwick, is editor of Mayne's "Exposi- tory Lexicon." Addresses : 37A Great Cumberland Place, W. ; and Bagdale Hall, Whitby. POWERSCOURT, Viscount, The Right Hon. Mervyn Edward Wing- field, K.P., M.R.I.A., J.P., D.L., was born at Powerscourt on Oct. 13, 1836, and is the eldest son of the 6th Viscount, and succeeded his father in 1844. He was educated at Eton, and joined the 1st Life Guards, of which he was a Lieu- tenant. He is an Irish representative 876 POYNTER — POYNTING peer, sitting as Baron Powerscourt, Past President of the Royal Dublin Society, was made K.P. in 1871, and sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1897. He married, in 1864, Lady Julia Coke, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Leicester, K. G. Addresses : 51 Portland Place, W. ; and Powerscourt, co. Wicklow. POYNTER, Sir Edward John, P.R.A., was born in Paris, March 20, 1836, being the son of Mr. Ambrose Poynter, architect. He was educated at West- minster School and at Ipswich Grammar School ; afterwards he studied art in English schools from 1854 to 1856, and under Gleyre in Paris from 1856 to 1859. He was made an Associate of the Royal Academy in January 1869, a member of the Belgian Water-Colour Society in 1871, and was appointed Slade Professor of Art at University College, Gower Street, Lon- don, in May 1871, the appointment being renewed in 1873 for four years. He was elected a Royal Academican, June 29, 1876, and in November 1896 was raised to the Presidency of the Royal Academy. He received the honour of knighthood at the same time. He has exhibited at the Royal Academy, "Israel in Egypt," 1867; "The Catapult," 1868; "Perseus and Andro- meda," 1872; "More of More Hall and the Dragon," 1873; "Rhodope," 1874; "The Festival" and "The Golden Age," 1875; "Atalanta's Race," 1876; "The Fortune-Teller," his diploma picture, 1877; "Zenobia Captive," 1878; and " Diadu- mene," 1885. This picture was one of those offering a test to the memorable discussion upon the morality of the nude in art which enlivened the season of 1885. Mr. Poynter also painted cartoons for the mosaic of St. George in the Westminster Palace, 1869 ; designed the architectural and tile decorations for the grill-room at South Kensington, 1868-70 ; painted a fresco at St. Stephen's Church, Dulwich, 1872-73 ; and has exhibited many other smaller works in the Academy and Dudley Water-Colour Exhibitions, and at the Royal Water-Colour Society, of which he is a member. At the Royal Academy in 1889 he exhibited "On the Terrace" and "A Corner in the Villa"; in 1890 "Pea Blossom," " On the Temple Steps " ; in 1891, "The Meeting of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba " ; a small finished study for the large picture of the same subject, containing more than sixty figures, ex- hibited at Mr. M'Lean's Gallery in 1890, and since sold to the National Gallery at Sydney in New South Wales; in 1892, " When the World was Young," and two portraits; in 1893, " Chloe," and the design for the border of the Queen's letter to the Nation after the death of the Duke of Clar- ence ; in 1894, "Horse Serena?," "Idle Fears," and two sets of designs for the new coinage. In 1895 he exhibited at the Royal Academy's Exhibition " The Ionian Dance " ; in 1896, "Neobule" and "An Oread" ; in 1897, "Phyllis," "The Message," and a portrait of Mr. Sidney Colvin, painted for the Society of Dilettanti ; and in 1898, a portrait of the Duchess of Somerset in a dress as Lady Jane Seymour, " The Skirt Dance" (a large painting), "Duart Castle," and the frontispiece of the Royal Academy's Address to the Queen on the occasion of the completion of the sixtieth year of her reign. In 1899 he exhibited a portrait of the Hon. Violet Monck- ton. Other pictures and water-colour drawings have been exhibited from time to time at the Grosvenor and New Galleries. In April 1894 he was appointed Director of the National Gallery in succession to Sir F. Burton. For several years he was Director for Art and Principal of the National Art Training School at South Kensington, but he resigned that office in July 1881, though he consented to con- tinue his connection with the Department as Visitor of the Training School. He is the author of " Ten Lectures on Art," 1879. He married, in 1866, Agnes, daugh- ter of the Rev. J. B. Macdonald. Ad- dresses : 28 Albert Gate, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. POYNTING, Professor John Henry, D.Sc, F.R.S., was born on Sept. 9, 1852, at Monton, near Manchester, and is the son of the late Rev. T. Elford Poynting, Unitarian Minister of Monton. He was educated first at a private school conducted by the Rev. T. E. Poynting, afterwards at Owens College, Manchester, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, gradu- ating in Mathematical Tripos in 1876 ; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; D.Sc, Cambridge; B.Sc, London and Victoria; F.R.S. ; Demonstrator in the Physical Laboratory, Owens College, Man- chester, under the late Professor Balfour Stewart, 1876-79 ; and Professor of Physics at Mason College, Birmingham, 1880. He has written the following papers : " On a Method of Employing the Balance with great delicacy, and on its Employment to determine the Mean Density of the Earth," Prqc. Soy. Soe., 1878 ; "On the Transfer of Energy in the Electromagnetic Field," Phil. Trans., 1884 ; " On the Connection between the Electric Current and the Electric and Magnetic Induction in the Surrounding Field," Phil. Trans., 1885; " On the Fluctuations in the Price of Wheat," Proc. of the Stat. Soe., 1884 ; " On a Determination of the Mean Density of the Earth and the Gravitation Constant by means of the Common Balance," Phil. PRAED — PRAGA 877 Trans., 1891 ; and other physical papers. The Adams Prize in the University of Cam- bridge was awarded to him in 1893 for an essay on the Mean Density of the Earth, since published. In 1880 he married Maria Adney, daughter of the Rev. J. Cropper, late of Stand, near Manchester. Address : Mason University College, Bir- mingham. PEAED, Mrs. Campbell Mack- worth, nei Rosa Caroline Murray-Prior, was born March 27, 1852, in Queensland, Australia. On her father's side she is of Irish descent. Her grandfather, Colonel Murray-Prior, fought in the 18th Hussars at Waterloo. Her father, a squatter in Australia, took an active part in Australian political life, and held office as Postmaster- General in several Queensland Ministries. Mrs. Praed grew up between bush life and the life of the rising capital of the colony, Brisbane. In 1872 she married Mr. Camp- bell Mackworth Praed, nephew of the poet Praed. The first years of her married life were passed on an island off the Queens- land coast, bought by her husband as a cattle station. In 1876 she came, for the first time, with him to England. "An Australian Heroine," her first novel, was published in 1880; "Policy and Passion," 1881; " Nadine," 1882 ; "Moloch," 1883; "Zero," 1884; "Affinities," "Sketches of Australian Life," and " The Head Station," 1885 ; "The Brother of the Shadow," and "Miss Jacobsen's Chance," 1886; "The Bond of Wedlock," 1887, also dramatised by Mrs. Praed, and produced by Mrs. Bernard-Beere, under the title of " Ariane," in the same year; "The Romance of a Station," published in 1890. She has also written, in collaboration with Mr. Justin McCarthy, "The Right Honour- able," published in 1886; "The Rival Princesses," first published anonymously as " The Rebel Rose," 1888 ; "The Ladies' Gallery" and "The Grey River," in col- laboration with Mr. Justin McCarthy and Mr. Mortimer Menpes, by whom the work was illustrated, 1889 ; " Soul of Countess Adrian," 1891; "Romance of a Chalet," 1892; "Outlaw and Lawmaker," 1893; and " Christina Chard," 1894. Since 1894 Mrs. Praed has travelled to a large extent, and has revisited Australia. Her most recent publications are three books : " Mrs. Tregaskiss " and " Nulina," both novels of Australian life ; and in 1898, " The Scourge- stick." Permanent address : 75 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. PRAGA, Alfred, was born at Liver- pool in 1861. He studied art firstly at a local art school in connection with the Science and Art Department of South Kensington, where he obtained a National award for drawing from the antique, and other prizes, and afterwards principally at Heatherley's Art School in Newman Street, and at different periods also at Antwerp and Paris. He exhibited first, about 1885, at the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, subsequently at the Royal Academy, Royal Society of British Artists, the Dudley and New Galleries, and at Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, &c. He is occupied chiefly with portraiture, but has also exhibited several subject pictures both in oil and water- colours, notably : " Father, I have Sinned," 1893, and "The Heiress," exhibited in 1895 at the Walker Art Gallery, Liver- pool ; "A Favourite of the Sultan," Royal Academy, 1894 ; " Sorrow and Sin," Royal Institute of Painters in Oil, 1894 ; a por- trait of " Mdme. Sarah Grand " shown at the Society of Portrait-Painters' Exhibi- tion at the Grafton Gallery in 1896, and another of J. Lumsden Propert, Esq. , the well-known authority and writer on minia- ture art, at the same Society's exhibition in 1897. He painted during 1898 a life- size presentation portrait of Li Hung Chang, a commission from a merchant in China as a gift to the venerable statesman. Turning his attention latterly to the some- what neglected art of miniature painting, he founded in 1895 the Society of Minia- turists, of which he has been the Vice- President, Lord Ronald Gower being the first President, and in 1899 became Pre- sident. The Society grew rapidly, and held an important and highly successful inaugural exhibition at the Grafton Gallery in the autumn of 1896, which was com- posed not only of the works of members, but included what was perhaps the most important and representative collection of the works of the old masters in miniature art ever before brought together. This exhibition has since been followed by others of equal interest at the same Gallery. Amongst miniatures by Mr. Praga that have been shown both at the Society's exhibitions and at the Royal Academy were portraits of the late Lady Glenesk, Princess Henry of Pless, the Earl and Countess of Egmont, Sir Henry Irving, the late General Alec Fraser, C.B., and the infant son of the Hon. E. Johnstone. A miniature also of Dr. Lumsden Propert, in Georgian court dress, was shown at a recent exhibition at the New Gallery, and this was referred to in the course of a review in Literature as being " fine enough to have belonged to an earlier age. " Mr. Praga contributed an article entitled " The Renaissance of Miniature Painting" to the Magazine of Art for December 1896, which was illustrated by a miniature of the author's, entitled "Isabel." This was sub- sequently exhibited at the Royal Academy. PREECE — PRENDERGAST The article dealt chiefly with the revival and the technique of miniature art, and illustrated three different stages of a miniature painted from life. Mr. Praga is married to a lady well known in jour- nalistic circles as a member of the Daily Telegraph staff. Address : The Grey House, Kensington. PREECE, Sir William Henry, K.C.B., F.E.S., V.P.I.C.E., &c, Consulting Engineer to the General Post Office, was born in Carnarvon on Feb. 15, 1834, and is the eldest son of E. M. Preece, Bryn Helen, Carnarvon. He was educated at King's College, London, passing through the School and College. He first entered the engineering office of Mr. Edwin Clark in 1852, passing the next year into the Electric and International Telegraph Com- pany, and became, three years later, super- intendent of their southern district. In 185S he was appointed engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company, and in 1860 superintendent of telegraphs to the London and South-Western Company. On the transfer of the telegraphs to the State, he became a Divisional Engineer, in 1877 was promoted to the post of Chief Electrician, and in 1892 to that of Engineer in Chief, which he held until his retire- ment, on his sixty-fifth birthday, in Feb. 1899. His researches for the advancement of electricity, his practical inventions, and his repute as a speaker and lecturer have made his name familiar to many outside the scientific world. He is a prominent member of many of the learned societies, including the Eoyal Society, the Institu- tion of Civil Engineers, the Electrical Engineers (of which he is a past Pre- sident), the Physical Society, the Eoyal Institution, the British Association, and the Society of Arts. He is Consulting Engineer to the Colonies. He was made Officier do la Legion d'Honneurin 1889, and in 1894 was created a Companion of the Order of the Bath, and a K.C.B. at the Birthday, 1899. Sir William Preece has patented many inventions, though of late years his work is lost in that of his de- partment at the General Post Office. These include a new method of duplex telegraphy, 1855; a new mode of "termi- nating " wires, 1858 ; working miniature signals by electricity to assimilate electric signals with outdoor signals on railways, 1862 ; the application of electricity to domestic telegraph purposes, 1864 ; the application of electricity for signalling between different parts of a train in motion, 1861 ; locking signals on railways by means of electricity, 1865 ; a new tele- phone, 1878, &c. He introduced both the telephone and the phonograph into Eng- land. Sir William has written, in conjunc- tion with Mr. Sivewright, a " Text-book of Telegraphy," which is in general use ; with Dr. Julius Maier, " The Telephone " ; and with Mr. Stubbs, a "Manual of Tele- phony." He has edited several works, and read, at various scientific meetings, nume- rous papers on telegraphy, lightning con- ductors, the telephone, the phonograph, electric lighting, and various aspects of electricity, too numerous to mention. Ad- dress : Gothic Lodge, Wimbledon, &o. PEENDEKGAST, General Sir Harry North Dalrymple, E.E., t.ffi., K.C.B., born Oct. 15, 1834, in India, is the son of Thomas Prendergast, Madras Civil Service, late of Meldon Lodge, Chelten- ham, and was educated at Cheam School, Brighton College, and Addiscombe. He served with the sappers and miners in Persia in 1857, and was present at the bombardment of Mohumrah, and served with the Malwa Field Force. He gained the Victoria Cross for conspicuous bravery on Sept. 23, 1857, at Mundisore, where he was severely wounded ; he served through- out the Central India Campaign under Sir Hugh Eose, and was severely wounded at Jhansi. In the Abyssinian war he com- manded the detachment of three com- panies of Madras Sappers and Miners. He was Field Engineer during the ad- vance, and was present at the action before Magdala. During Lord Eipon's Viceroyalty he was appointed an honorary Aide-de-Camp, and has since held many military commands in Madras. When the ultimatum was despatched to King Theebaw, and it was seen that war with Upper Burma was inevitable, he was appointed to the command of the ex- peditionary force, and lost no time in despatching his troops to the frontier. On the king's refusal of the terms pro- posed, General Prendergast issued a pro- clamation declaring that as no improve- ment could be hoped for in the "condition of affairs in Upper Burma, the Govern- ment of India had decided that his Majesty should cease to reign." The expedition proceeded up the river Irrawady, and the troops were engaged at Nyaungben Maw, Guegyaun Kamyo, Minhla, Nyaungoo, Pakoko, and Myingyan. He reached Mandalay on Nov. 28, 1885, and with his troops surrounded the city and palace. The next day the king surrendered, and thus in less than a fortnight the General conquered the kingdom of Burma, and overthrew the dynasty of Alompra. Burma, of which the area was nearly equal to that of Spain, was annexed to the British Empire, and 1860 pieces of ordnance were taken. General Prendergast was created a C.B. in May 1875, and K.C.B. in December 1885. Sir Harry Prendergast PEESSENSE — PEIESTLEY 879 afterwards commanded all the forces in Burma, and was employed as President at Travancore and at Mysore, and as Governor-General's Agent in Baluchistan and at Baroda, between 1887 and 1892. Permanent address : 2 Heron Court, Richmond, Surrey. PRESSENSE\ Francois Dehault de, is the son of Edmond Dehault de Pressense', a famous French Protestant preacher and writer, and was born in Paris in 1853. Having obtained the degree of Licentiate of Letters, he entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1879, and in 1880 became Secretary of the Embassy at Constantinople. Subsequently he deserted diplomacy for journalism, and became one of the staff of the Temps, of which he is now the foreign editor. His utterances in this post are studied through- out Europe, being distinguished for a breadth of view and moderation rarely found among his countrymen. In England he is chiefly known as the author of an exhaustive review of the relations between England and Ireland from the Act of Union in 1800 until 1888. In 1897, during the troublous times of the Dreyfus and Zola trials, he honourably distinguished himself by resigning his decoration of the Legion of Honour, as a protest against the intrigues of the ultra-Catholic party. He has also published, in 1896, a sketch of Cardinal Manning. His Paris address is : 85 Boulevard de Port-Royal. PREVOST, Marcel, French novelist, was born at Paris, May 1, 1862, and after a brilliant college career with the Jesuits at Bordeaux and Paris, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1882, and on the completion of his term became a civil engineer, serving in the tobacco manu- factories of Gros Caillou, at Paris, and of those of several provincial towns ; but he renounced a brilliant career for literature, to which he had been attracted from his earliest years. His first short story, " Conscrard Chanbergeot," was published in the Clairon in 1881 under the nom de plume of Schlem, and was followed by several others. His first novel, " Le Scorpion," was published serially by Le Matin, and appeared in volume form in 1887. His work is especially noteworthy for the delicacy and subtlety of its psycho- logical analysis, and by the sober elegance of its style. His knowledge of the inner workings of the female mind is extensive and remarkable, no doubt a result of his priestly upbringing. His masterpiece is undoubtedly " Les Demi-Vierges," 1894, a scathing picture of the demoralising effect of modern Parisian life on young girls and unmarried women. Other works of his are : " Chonchette," 1888 ; " La Confes- sion d'un Amant," 1891 ; " Lettres de Femmes, " 1892; " L'Automne d'une Femme," 1893. He has written a play for the Theatre Libre, " L'Abbe' Pierre," and in 1895 he dramatised "Les Demi- Vierges " for the Gymnase. He is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and his Paris address is 49 Rue Vineuse. PRIESTLEY, Sir William Overend, M.P., M.D., F.R.C.P., LL.D., born near Leeds, Yorkshire, June 24, 1829, is the son of Joseph Priestley, Esq., of Morley Hall, near Leeds, grand-nephew of the celebrated chemist, Joseph Priestley, LL.D. He was educated in London, Paris, and at the University of Edinburgh, and took the degree of M.D. in 1853. The hon. degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1884. Besides other academic distinctions, he was Senate Gold Medal- list at his graduation, this being the highest honour of the University, and awarded only for original researches. Settling in London as a physician in 1856, he became one of the lecturers at the Grosvenor Place School of Medicine. Somewhat later he was appointed Lec- turer on Midwifery at the Middlesex Hos- pital, and in 1862 Professor of Obstetric Medicine in King's College, London, and Physician to King's College Hospital. He is now Consulting Physician to King's College Hospital. Sir William Priestley is a member of the Royal CollegeofSurgeonsof England; a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians both in London and in Edinburgh, a Fel- low of the Linnean Society, a Fellow of King's College, a member of the Council of King's College, and member of various learned societies. He has held the office of Examiner for the prescribed term of years in the University of London, the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons, the University of Cambridge and the Victoria University. In 1875 and 1876 he was President of the Obstetrical Society of London. Sir William Priestley is the author of works "On the Development of the Gravid Uterus," "On the Pathology of Intra- uterine Death," and joint-editor of Sir J. Y. Simpson's " Obstetric Works " ; and has written various papers on natural history and medicine. He was one of the Physicians-Accoucheurs of H.R.H. the late Princess Louis of Hesse (Alice of Great Britain), having been commissioned by the Queen to attend her daughter at Darm- stadt. He is also one of the Physicians- Accoucheurs of H.R. H. the Princess Christian of Schleswig - Holstein. He was knighted by the Queen in 1893 in recognition of his professional eminence. He was elected M.P. without contest 880 PRINSEP — PROBYN for the Universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews, May 12, 1896, in succession to Sir Charles Pearson, promoted to the Judicial Bench in Scotland. In 1856 he married Eliza, daughter of Robert Cham- bers, LL.D., of Edinburgh. Addresses : 17 Hertford Street, Mayfair; and Athenaeum. PRINSEP, Valentine Cameron, R.A. (1894), known generally as Val Prin- sep, is the son of the late Thoby Prinsep, member of the Council of India, and was born on Valentine's Day, Feb. 14, 1838, in Calcutta. He was educated at home in England, having left India at an early age, and only returning thither to paint his celebrated "Declaration of the Queen as Empress" in 1876, at Lord Lytton's great Durbar at Delhi. This picture was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1880. He was at first intended for the Civil Service, and studied at Haileybury, but early showed an inclination for the artistic career. His masters were Mr. Watts and Gleyre, at whose studio he had for fellow-pupils Mr. Whistler and Mr. Poynter. His first Royal Academy picture, " Bianca Capella," was exhibited in 1862. He has since been a constant exhibitor. His more recent pictures are: "The Fisherman and the Jin," and "A Family Portrait," 1895; " La Revolution," diploma work, 1896 ; " At the First Touch of Winter, Summer Fades away," 1897; "Waiting for the Sands," "A Dutch Girl," and " A Student of Necromancy," 1898 ; and a portrnit of Signor Carlo Albanesi and " Cin- derella," 1899. Mr. Val Prinsep is also an author, and has published : "Imperial India: an Artist's Journal," 1879; " Virginie," a novel, &c, and two plays, one of which, "Cousin Dick," was produced by Mr. Hare at the Court. Mrs. Val Prinsep is a daughter of the famous picture collector, Mr. Leyland. Addresses : 1 Holland Park Road, Kensington ; and Athenaeum. PRIOR, Melton, war correspondent and special war artist to the Illustrated London News, was born in London, and is the son of William Henry Prior, an artist in black and white and landscapist. He was educated in Boulogne and London, and since the first Ashantee War, when he marched with Wolseley'smen to Coomassie, has represented his famous weekly in more than twenty campaigns. After the Ash- antee war, he was in Spain during the Carlist insurrection of 1874, then in the Herzegovina rising, when he accompanied the patriot chief Peco Paolovitch, and was present at the battle of Morartovitza. He was in the Servian and Russo-Turkish wars, and from 1876 to 1881 was with the British in the Zulu and Boer campaigns. After a short leave of absence in England, he was present when the English army entered Cairo. The year 1883 was the only period for many years that he saw no active service, but at the beginning of 1884 he was an eye-witness of the de- struction of Baker Pasha's army at El Teb, and was soon after with Sir Gerald Graham's army at El Teb and Tamai. He accompanied Wolseley's relief expe- dition up the Nile and over the Bayada desert, and since then has been through the Burmese war, for which he started im- mediately after the Soudan operations ; the disturbance in South Africa in 1896 ; the Greek and Turkish war ; and the Tuchim rising, 1897. Mr. Melton Prior has been twice round the world, and in nearly every part of America ; accom- panied the Prince of Wales's suite to Athens in 1875 ; formed one of the King of Denmark's expedition through Iceland ; accompanied the Marquis and Marchioness of Lome on their first visit to Canada ; and was at the Berlin Conference, and, when possible, at every other important State ceremony. In 1873 he married Miss Greeves, the daughter of a surgeon. Ad- dress : Millington, Newstead Road, Lee. PROBYN, Sir Dighton Mac- naghten, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., K.C.S.I., W.C, Private Secretary to the Prince of Wales, was born in 1833, and is the son of the late Captain G. Probyn and Alicia, daughter of the late Sir F. Workman- Macnaghten, 1st Bart. He entered the army in 1849, and has seen very distin- guished military service. Serving on the Trans-Indus frontier from 1852 to 1857, he was present at the operations in the Bozdar Hills in March 1857, and received medal with clasp. In the Indian Mutiny cam- paign he was present at the whole of the siege of Delhi, with its concomitant en- gagements, and commanded the 2nd Pun- jab Cavalry at the assault and capture of the town. For this service he was men- tioned in despatches. In the same com- mand he served with the Flying Column under Colonel Greathead, was present at the actions of Bolundshur, Allyghur, and Agra, was four times mentioned in de- spatches, and was decorated with the ©.<£. for his bravery in hand-to-hand fights with sepoys and for capturing a standard in the last battle. " These are only a few of the gallant deeds of this brave young officer," said Major-General Sir James Hope Grant, K.C.B., referring to the above-mentioned exploits in the despatches of Jan. 10, 1858. He also took part in the action of Kanouje, the relief of Lucknow by Lord Clyde (when he was twice mentioned in despatches, and thanked by the Governor-General), the PROCTOR — PULLEINE 881 battle of Cawnpore, and the defeat of the Gwalior contingent, the action of the Kale Nuddee, and the storm and capture of Lucknow. For his unexampled prowess he was rewarded with the C.B., the brevet of Major, medal with three clasps, and a year's service. During his leave he was permitted to retain command of the 1st Sikh Irregular Cavalry, this being regarded as a special reward for his services. He commanded this regiment during the China campaign of 1860, was mentioned in despatches, and obtained brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel, together with medal with two clasps. In 1863 he commanded the cavalry in the Umbeyla campaign on the North-West Frontier. In 1877 he became Comptroller and Treasurer of the Prince of Wales's household. He rose to be General in 1888, and was created K.C.B. in 1887. He married, in 1872, Letitia Maria, ne'e Thellusson. Addresses : Park House, Sandringham ; and 1 Buck- ingham Gate, S.W. PR OCT OK, Redfield, American soldier and statesman, was born at Proc- torsville, Vermont, June 1, 1831, was edu- cated at Dartmouth College, and later studied law. He entered the army during the war between the States as a Lieuten- ant, and was promoted, until he became Colonel of the 15th Vermont Regiment. He was a member of the Lower House of the Vermont Legislature in 1867, 1868, and 1888 ; was in the State Senate in 1874^75 ; was Lieut. -Governor of the State from 1876 to 1878, and Governor from 1878 to 1880 ; was appointed Secretary of War by President Harrison in March 1889, but resigned from the Cabinet in 1891 to enter the United States Senate, where he is at present (1899). Previous to the outbreak of the war with Spain he visited Cuba, and, on his return, a speech by him in Congress gave in cool, dispassionate words such a report of what had fallen under his observation there, that both his colleagues and the people of the country gave their unhesitating support to the policy of in- tervention by the United States. PROTHERO, George Walter, Litt.D., editor of the Quarterly Review, was born in Wiltshire on Oct. 14, 1848, and is the eldest son of the late Canon Prothero, of Whippingbam, Isle of Wight, and Emma, daughter of the Rev. William Money-Kyrle. He was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge, of which he was a Scholar, and at the University of Bonn. He obtained the Bell Scholarship at Cam- bridge in 1869, and was in the first class in the Classical Tripos in 1872. He was elected Fellow of King's College, Cam- bridge, and became Lecturer in History and Tutor of his College, Cambridge Uni- versity Extension Lecturer, and Assistant- Master at Eton. He was appointed Pro- fessor of History at the University of Edinburgh in 1894, and succeeded his brother, Rowland Edmund Prothero, as editor of the Quarterly Review in 1898. His publications are chiefly historical. In 1889 he published a "Memoir of Henry Bradley," the famous Cambridge Uni- versity librarian. He is editor of the Camb. Historical Series. He was elected to the Athenseum under Rule 2 in April 1899. He married Mary Frances Butler, daughter of the late Bishop of Meath, in 1882. Address: 2 Eton Terrace, Edin- burgh ; and Athenseum. PROTHERO, Rowland Edmund, was born at Clifton-on-Teme on Sept. 6, 1852, and is the third son of the late Canon Prothero, well known as Rector of Whip- pingham in the days when the Queen fre- quently visited that parish. He was edu- cated at Marlborough and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was placed in the second class in Classical Moderations (1873), and in the first class in Modern History in 1875. He was Fellow of All Souls from 1875 to 1891, was Proctor in 1883-84, and in 1897 was awarded the Jubilee Medal. For many years (to 1898) he was editor of the Quarterly Jicview. His works, which, like his brother's, are numerous, include "Life and Correspond- ence of Dean Stanley," 1893; "Letters and Verses of Dean Stanley," 1895 ; " Letters of Edward Gibbon," 1896 ; a privately circulated memoir of the late Prince Henry of Battenberg; and "Let- ters and Journals of Lord Byron," vols. i. and ii., 1898. He married, in 1891, Mary Beatrice, daughter of John Bailward, of Horsington Manor, Somerset. Addresses : 3 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, S.W. ; and Athenseum. PUCCINI, Giacomo, Italian composer, was born at Lucca in 1858, and comes of a family of musicians, his grandfather being celebrated for his church music. He was educated under Ponchielli at Milan, where Mascagni was a fellow- student. In 1884 he composed a short opera, "Le Villi," and in 1889 his "Ed- gar" was produced at La Scala. He acquired fame by his " Manon Lescaut," which was produced at the Regio at Turin in February 1893, and was heard at Covent Garden in the next year. This he followed up in 1896 with " La Boheme," which was founded on Henri Murger's novel. PULLEINE, The Right Rev. John James, D.D., Bishop Suffragan of Rich- mond, son of the Rev. Robert Pulleine, 3k 882 PURDIE — PYNE Rector of Kirkby Wiske, Yorks., was born Sept. 10, 1841, at Spennithorne in Wensleydale. He was educated at Marl- borough, and afterwards became Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, and B.A. (2nd class Classical Tripos) 1865. He was Assistant-Master to Dr. Bradley- at Marl- borough, 1865 to 1867 ; served as Curate of St. Giles in the Fields, 1868 ; and dur- ing his tenure of the Rectory of Kirkby Wiske, 1868 to 1888, was chaplain succes- sively to Bishops Bickersteth and Car- penter. In 1888 he was appointed Suffragan to the Bishop of Ripon, and Rector of Stanhope in Weardale. The title of Bishop of Penrith, which he received at his consecration, was afterwards changed by Royal Warrant to Bishop of Richmond under the Bishops-Suffragan Nomination Act, 1889. He married (1), in 1869, Eliza- beth, eldest daughter of T. C. Hinks, of Breakenbrough, Yorks.; and (2) Louisa, daughter of Canon Worsley of Ripon. Ad- dress : Stanhope Rectory, R. S.O., Durham. P UK, DIE, Thomas, B.Sc. Lond., Ph.D. Wurzburg, LL.D. Aberdeen, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry at the United College, University of St. Andrews, was born at Biggar, Lanarkshire, on Jan. 27, 1843, and received his education at the Grammar School, Lanark, at Edinburgh Academy, and at the Royal School of Mines, London, afterwards studying at the Universities of St. Andrews and Wurzburg. He is an Associate of the Royal School of Mines, and in 1875 was appointed its De- monstrator in Chemistry. In 1881 he was appointed Science Master at the High School, Newcastle, Staffs., and in 1884 to his present post. He is author of a series of papers on researches in Organic Chemistry, published in the Journal of the Chemical Society between 1881 and 1898. Address : 14 South Street, St. Andrews. PUREYCUST, The Very Rev. Arthur Percival, D.D., F.SA., J.P., Dean of York, is the only surviving son of the late Hon. William Oust, by Sophia, daughter of the late Mr. Thomas Newn- ham, of Southborough, Kent, and grandson of the first Lord Brownlow. He was born in February 1828, and was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he took his bachelor's degree in Easter Term, 1850, and was afterwards Fellow of All Souls, where he graduated M.A. in 1854. He was ordained Deacon by tfee Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Wilberforce) in 1851, and was admitted into Priest's orders by the Bishop of Rochester (Dr. Murray) in the follow- ing year. He was successively Curate of Northchurch, Hertfordshire, and Rector of Cheddington, Buckinghamshire, from 1853 to 1862, when he was appointed Vicar of St. Mary's, Reading. He was subsequently appointed Rural Dean of Reading, and succeeded the Ven. Edward Bickersteth in the vicarage of Aylesbury in 1875, but resigned that living in the following year, on being made Archdeacon of Buckingham, He was also appointed an Honorary Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1874. In February 1880 he was nominated by the Crown, on the recommendation of Lord Beaconsfield, to the Deanery of York, vacant by the death of the Hon. Augustus Duncombe. He has published, besides numerous magazine articles, &c, "The Heraldry of York Minster," 1st series, 1890, 2nd series, 1896; "Picturesque Old York," and "York Minster," 1897. He married, in 1854, Lady Emma Bess Bligh, younger daughter of the late, and sister of the present, Earl of Darnley. Address : The Deanery, York. PYE-SMITH, Philip Henry, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., son of Ebenezer Pye- Smith, and grandson of John Pye-Smith, D.D., F.R.S., was educated at Mill Hill School, Guy's Hospital, and Continental schools, and graduated B.A. (Honours) and M.D. (Gold Medal) of London University, He was formerly Lecturer on Physiology at Guy's, and is now Physician and Lec- turer on Medicine at that Hospital. He became F.R.S. in 1886, served on the Council of the Royal Society in 1891-92, is member of the Senate of the University of London, Fellow of the Royal Med. Chir. Soc, Ex-President of the Dermatological Society, &c. He has published the "De- scriptive Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy at Guy's Hospital," 1874 ; " Medical.Education and University Degrees," 1880 ; a reprint of his Address to the Department of Anatomy and Phy- siology of the British Association, 1879; a reprint of his Address to the Section of Medicine of the British Medical Associa- tion, 1891 ; " Harvey" in 9th edit, of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica"; reprints of the Lumleian Lectures on iEtiology and the Harveian Oration, 1895, and numerous contributions to the medical transactions and journals. He was joint-author of the well-known text-book, Fagge's " Medi- cine," 4th edit., 1898. Addresses : 48 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square ; and Athenaeum. PYNE, James Kendrick, authority on organs and organ music, is the eldest son of Mr. Pyne, who was for 53 years organist of Bath Abbey, and the grandson of a celebrated tenor singer. He showed signs of musical talent at an early age, and when only eleven years old was organist at All Saints' Church, Bath. At the age of twelve he was articled as pupil to Dr. S. S. Wesley, whom he followed to PYNE — QUINCKE 883 Winchester and Gloucester Cathedrals, where he acted as assistant organist and master of the boys. At Gloucester he was also successively organist of Christ Church, St. Mark's, St. Mary-le-Crypt, and St. James's, Cheltenham. In addition to this he was Chorus Master of the Festival Society, and conductor to the Oratorio Society. After serving his apprenticeship, he was made organist of Aylesbury Parish Church, at the suggestion of Sir F. Gore Ouseley, and organising conductor to the Buckingham Diocesan Choral Association. He was then for a short time at Christ Church, Clifton. In 1874 he was appointed organist of Chichester Cathedral, and in 1875 became organist of St. Mark's, Phila- delphia, U.S.A., where he arranged a service on English cathedral lines. In 1876 he returned to England and succeeded Dr. Bridge as organist of Manchester Cathedral. Here he has won celebrity as a trainer of choristers and as an authority on church music and antique instruments. He has strong sympathies with French music, and as organist to the Corporation of Manchester, to which post he was ap- pointed in 1877, performs on a magnificent French instrument by Cavaille'-Coll, which he values for its "absolute refinement" and "character of tone." During the winter he gives organ recitals in Man- chester Town Hall. He was appointed Professor of the Organ, and member of the Board of Professors in the Royal Man- chester College of Music, when it was founded in 1893. He is the author of some cathedral, organ, piano, and vocal music. Mr. Pyne is an Hon. Fellow of the College of Organists, Hon. Licentiate of Trinity College, and a Vice-President of the Guild of Organists. Address : Cray- ford, Victoria Park, Manchester. PYNE, Mrs. Louisa. See Bodda- PrNB, Louisa. Q Q.E.D. See Campbell, Lady Colin. QTJESNAY DE BEAtTREPAIRE, Jules, French magistrate, was born at Saumur, July 2, 1838, and entered the legal profession under the Empire. In 1862 he was a substitute at La Fleche, and in 1867 Procureur at Mamers. On the fall of the Empire he became a volunteer in the war, took part in the defence of Paris, and, on the declaration of peace, became editor of L'Avenir de la Sarthe. In 1877 he at- tempted to enter Parliament, but was defeated by the Due de la Eochefoucauld, and subsequently re-entered the law. In 1879 he became substitute at the Tribunal of the Seine, Procureur-General at Rennes in 1881, and Avocat-General at Paris in 1883. In this last-named post he had to prosecute Louise Michel for urging the people to loot the bakehouses. M. de Beaurepaire first came prominently into public notice during the Boulangist agita- tion of 1889. In that year M. Bouchez, the Procureur-General, refused to prose- cute the General, and resigned his post. M. de Beaurepaire was nominated to it on the 1st of April in that year, and under- took the prosecution of the General and of M. Rochefort before the Senate in August, when they were condemned to imprisonment for life. He became the object of the most outrageous attacks from the Boulangist press, such as La Cocarde and L' Intransige'ant, against which he brought suits for damages, which were dismissed on appeal. In 1890 he prose- cuted Eyraud and Gabrielle Bompard for the murder of Gouffe, and in 1892 the anarchist Ravachol. In December of that year he was promoted to the Presidency of the Cour de Cassation, which he re- signed in January 1899 somewhat melo- dramatically, giving as his reasons the partiality of the judges of the Court in their investigation of the Dreyfus im- broglio. His "Revelations" in the Echo de Paris fell somewhat fiat. M. de Beaure- paire is also known as an author of moral novels, which he has written under the pseudonym of Jules de Glouvet. Of these the chief are: "Le Forestier," 1880; " Le Berger," 1882; "I/Ideal," 1883; "La Famille Bourgeoise," 1883; " Le Pere," 1886; "Marie Fougere," 1889; and ex- tracts from his uncle's papers, which he called " Histoire du Vieux Temps," 1865 ; 3rd edit., 1888. He was created a Com- mander of the Legion of Honour in 1890, and his Paris address is 4 Place Possoz. QUILTER, Sir W. Cuthbert, Bart., M.P., is the eldest son of the late W. Quilter, of Norfolk Street, Park Lane, W., and was born in 1841. He was educated privately. He is head of the firm of Quilter, Balfour & Co., and Director and one of the founders of the National Tele- phone Company, Alderman of the West Suffolk County Council, a leading East Anglian agriculturist, D.L. and J.P. for his county, &c. He was created a Baronet in 1897, and has sat in the House of Commons for the Sudbury Division since 1885. He married Mary, daughter of the late John Wheeley Revington, in 1867. Addresses : 74 South Audley Street, W., and Bawdsey Manor, Suffolk. QUINCKE, Professor Georg, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.RS.E., was born at Frankfurt- 884 EADNOB — EAGONA an-der-Oder, Prussia, on Nov. 19, 1834, and studied in Berlin, Koenigsberg, and Heidelberg ; obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Berlin in 1858, and has since been Professor of Physics in Berlin, Wurzburg, and Heidelberg. He has pub- lished numerous papers on electricity, capillarity and molecular forces, acoustics, and optics, in Poggendorff's Annalen, Pfiu- ger's Archiv, &c. Professor Quincke is a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and of Edinburgh. R RADNOR, Earl of, The Right Hon. William Pleydell - Bouverie, Bart., D.L., J.P., was born on June 19, 1841, and is the son of the 4th Earl, whom he succeeded in 1889, and Mary, daughter of the 1st Earl of Verulam. He was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cam- bridge. He represented South Wilts in the House of Commons from 1874 to 1885, and the Enfield Division from 1885 to 1889. He was Treasurer of the Household in 1885-86 and 1886-89, and is Prov. Grand Master of Mark Masons for Wiltshire. He married, in 1866, Helen, daughter of the late Rev. Henry Chaplin, son of the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin. Addresses : 12 Upper Brook Street, W. ; and Longford Castle, Salisbury, &c. EAGONA, Professor Domenico, Director of the Royal Observatory in Modena, was born in Palermo on Jan. 20, 1820, and studied in that Royal University. He derived very great advantage from the private instruction of his maternal uncle Domenico Scina, a celebrated Sicilian scientist. Whilst still very young, after the death of Scina, he competed for and obtained the post of demonstrator and Assistant -Professor of Physics at the University of Palermo. Afterwards he was appointed assistant at the Royal Observatory of Palermo. In 1851, after having carried out long and arduous astronomical and geodesical observations with regard to the triangulation of the province of Palermo, he was sent, at the expense of the government, to Germany for some years, in order to perfect him- self in the science of astronomy. He had excellent theoretical and practical instruc- tion in Berlin from Professor Encke, and in Bonn from Argelander. In Berlin he had the honour of enjoying the friendship of Baron A. von Humboldt, through whose powerful influence Ragona obtained a Merz's refractor of great dimensions, and one of Pistor and Martin's meridian-circles, instruments which now adorn the Obser- vatory of Palermo. On his return after his long travels, and after having visited the principal observatories of Europe, he was appointed director of the Observatory of Palermo and Professor of Astronomy. He held that post up to 1860, and then was transferred to the Observatory of Modena, where he is still. As regards the astronomical works of Professor Ragona, it is sufficient to mention the observa- tions carried on in Berlin, and published in the Transactions of that observatory ; the numerous determinations of fixed stars, and principally of 30 fundamental or principal stars ; the observations of a great number of planets and comets, pub- lished in the Bulletin International of Le Verrier and in the Astro-Meteorological Journal of Palermo; the invention of two new "micrometers ; the measurements of the diameters of various planets, pub- lished in the Memoirs of the Society of Natural Sciences of Cherbourg, &c. ; the Ephemerides of Vesta for 1855, published in the Berlin Annals ; the calculations of the orbits of planets and comets, printed separately, and in the above-mentioned Astro-Meteorological Journal; the treatise on the theory of the equatorial ; and the new formulae for the calculations of the parahax. Among his works with regard to Physics may be mentioned the notes on the phenomena of deflection causing the longitudinal lines or bands of the spectrum, published in Poggendorff's Annalen, and reproduced in the Philosophical Magazine ; and the observations on some new sub- jective coloration discovered by Ragona, which observations were printed in many scientific journals of Europe, and men- tioned by Helmholz in his classical work, " Physiological Optics." Professor Ragona has published numerous papers on meteor- ology. They contain many new and funda- mental laws in meteorology, especially his annual and diurnal periods of meteoro- logical elements ; on the daily oscillations in the declination of the magnetic needle ; on the velocity of the wind ; on nebulosity, &c, as also on the relation of meteor- ology to terrestrial magnetism. Professor Ragona has not only published many dissertations on various subjects relating to meteorology and magnetism, but what is much more, has also enriched these branches with many new instruments. Ragona founded the Italian Meteorological Society, and presided over it for the first three years, when he was succeeded by Father Denza. Professor Ragona also translated from German into Italian the classical treatise on meteorology by Pro- fessor Mohn. Professor Ragona founded, in 1870, a network of meteorological field-stations in the province of Modena, the first in Italy provided with that useful RAILTON — EAMS AY 885 arrangement. Professor Giintker, in his account of the present state of practical meteorology, and Professor Kuhn, in his report to the Eoyal Academy of Sciences of Bavaria on some works of Eagona, count him among the most illustrious meteorologists of our time. RAILTON, Herbert, etcher, was born at Pleasington, Lanes., on Nov. 21, 1857, and educated at Mechlin, and at Ample- forth College, Yorkshire. He is well known as a black-and-white artist, and has, besides contributing numberless draw- ings of architectural and other subjects to the Ulustrated press, been the illustrator of a work on Westminster Abbey, of a jubilee edition of Pickwick (1887), and of "Coaching Days and Coaching Ways," in 1888, a work in which he collaborated with Mr. Hugh Thomson. Address : 27 Chan- cery Lane, E.C. RAIMOND, Mrs. C. E. See Robins, Elizabeth. EAMBAUD, Alfred, ex-Minister of Public Instruction, was born at Besanjon, July 2, 1842. He was educated at the Ecole Normale, and became Doctor of Let- ters in 1870. He was Professor of History at Caen in 1871, and at Nancy, 1875. In 1879, Jules Perry made him his secretary at the Ministry of Public Instruction, when he delivered a most brilliant address on the life and writings of Victor Hugo, at the commemoration of his birth at Besancon in 1880. After the fall of the Ferry Cabinet, he became Professor of History in Paris, and in 1895 he was elected Senator for the Doubs. He is an Officer of the Legion of Honour, and a member of the Academy of Moral Sciences. In 1896 he became Minister of Public Instruction in the Meline Cabinet, until its fall in 1898. His chief works are "La Russie Epique," 1876; "Histoire de la Russie," 1878 ; "La France Coloniale," 1886; "Histoire de la Civilisation Fran- eaise," 1887 ; and with M. Lavisse he edits a general history of France from the fourth century up to the present day. His Paris address is 76 Rue d'Assas.j RAMPOLLA, Cardinal Mariano, Marquis del Tindaro, Papal Foreign Secretary of State, was born at Polizzi, in Sicily, Aug. 17, 1843, and was educated at Rome, firstly at the College Campranica, then at the Jesuit Roman College, and lastly at the Ecclesiastical Academy. In 1869 he entered the Papal service, and until 1875 he served his apprenticeship at Rome. In that year he was appointed Counsellor of the Papal Embassy at Madrid. When he returned to Rome he became Secretary of the Congregation of the Propaganda, being especially charged with the affairs of the Greek Church. From 1880 to 1882 he was Secretary of Ecclesiastical Affairs, and in the latter year became Papal Nuncio at Madrid. When the dispute as to the Caroline Islands, between Spain and Germany, broke out in 1885, Monsignor Rampolla suggested the choice of the Pope as arbitrator. He was created a Cardinal Priest in 1887, and in May of the same year became Under-Secretary of State. In this post it has been his duty to conduct the delicate negotiations between the Quirinal and the Vatican, especially with regard to the Penal Laws directed against the clergy by the Crispi Cabinet. He is now the chief adviser of the venerable Pontiff, and as the introducer of foreigners, has earned a very favourable fame. Among the Papabili, or probable successors to the present Pope, he is regarded as the most eligible candidate, his supporters being the prelates of the Latin races as opposed to the Austrian and German dignitaries, who do not favour him owing to his opposition to the Triple Alliance. RAMSAY, Professor "William, LL.D., D.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S., was born at Glasgow, Oct. 2, 1852 ; his father, of the same name, was a civil engineer, and sub- sequently Secretary to the Scottish Union and National Insurance Office ; he was brother to Sir Andrew Ramsay, the geo- logist ; his mother, Catherine Robertson, was the daughter of Archibald Robert- son, M.D., who practised in Edinburgh. William Ramsay was educated at the Glas- gow Academy up till his fifteenth year, and subsequently at Glasgow University. At the age of nineteen he went to Tubingen to study chemistry under Professor Fittig, now at Strasburg, and graduated Ph.D. in 1872. From 1872 to 1874 he acted as Chief Assistant to the "Young" Chair of Technical Chemistry in Anderson's College, Glasgow ; and from 1874 to 1880 as " Tutorial " Assistant to the Chemical Professor in Glasgow University. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry in University College, Bristol, in 1880 ; Principal of that College in 1881 ; was President of the Bristol Naturalists' Society from 1884 to 1887 ; was appointed to the Chemical Chair at University College, London, in 1887, which appoint- ment he now holds. He was elected a Fellow of the German Chemical Society in 1872 ; of the Chemical Society of London in 1874 ; and is one of the original mem- bers of the Institute of Chemistry, and of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Physical Society in 1886, and of the Royal Society 886 BAMS AY — EANDALL of London in 1888 ; and has served on the Councils of all these societies. He is an Hon. LL.D. of Glasgow, and Hon. D.Sc. of Dublin (1897); Officer of the Legion of Honour, and Corresponding Member of the Institute of France (1895), and Honorary Member of the Academies of Berlin, Holland, Bohemia, Turin, Stock- holm, and Geneva; and of the Royal Irish Academy. He is the author of many papers in the Transactions of the Chemical Society, the Philosophical Magazine, the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society, and in many foreign journals; these papers treat of organic chemistry (orthototnic acids, picoline and its deriva- tives) ; physical chemistry (molecular volumes, thermal behaviour of gases and liquids, surface energy of liquids). In 1894, in conjunction with Lord Rayleigh, Professor Ramsay announced the discovery of a new element in the atmosphere, which they named "Argon." This discovery was followed up, in 1895, by the discovery of Helium, an elementary gas emitting a brilliant spectrum, under the influence of the electric discharges. One of the char- acteristic lines of this spectrum was first observed during the eclipse of 1868, in the solar chromosphere by Janssen, and at- tributed to the presence of an unknown element in the sun. Professor Ramsay found that certain rare minerals contain this gas in a state of combination, and was successful in isolating it. For their researches on Argon Lord Rayleigh and Prof. Ramsay were awarded the Hodg- kins Prize, the Lecompte Prize, and the Barnard Medal ; and for his work on Helium Prof. Ramsay was awarded the Davy Medal, the Longstaff Medal, and the Le Blanc Medal. In June 1898 Prof. Ramsay announced, through Prof. Berthe- lot, at the Academy of Sciences of Paris, that he had discovered a new gas which he proposed to call "Crypton." The presence of Crypton was first detected by the existence in the spectrum of a green line. It belongs, not to the Crypton, but to the Helium family, and its density is somewhat more than that of oxygen. To all appearances it is a simple monatomic body. Prof. Ramsay is also the author of several text-books of chemistry, the most important of which are his " System of Inorganic Chemistry," and his "Gases of the Atmosphere." Address : University College, Gower Street, W.C. RAMSAY, William Mitchell, D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. St. Andrews, born at Glasgow on March 15, 1851, was the son of Thomas Ramsay, of Alloa, and Jane Mitchell, and was educated at the Gymnasium, Old Aberdeen, and at the Universities of Aberdeen, Gottingen, and Oxford. He received the Hon. D.C.L. of Oxford in 1894; the Hon. LL.D. of St. Andrews in 1895 ; became Fellow of Exeter in 1882, and of Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1885. He was appointed Professor of Classical Archaeology at Oxford in 1885 ; and Pro- fessor of Humanity at Aberdeen in 1886. Dr. Ramsay has travelled widely in Asiatic Turkey, and in 1895 was made an Hon. Member of the Athenian Archaeological Society. His principal works are : "His- torical Geography of Asia Minor," 1890; " The Church in the Roman Empire before A.D. 170," 1893; " St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen," 1895; "The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia," vol. i., 1895 ; vol. ii., 1897 ; "Impressions of Tur- key during Twelve Tears' Wanderings," 1897, and numerous articles in German, French, American, and English literary and archaeological magazines. He mar- ried, in 1878, Agnes, granddaughter of Rev. Dr. Andrew Marshall, of Kirkintilloch, authoress of " Every-day Life in Turkey," 1897. Addresses: 11 College Bounds, Old Aberdeen ; and Athenaeum. KANAVALO MANJAEA III.,late Queen of Madagascar, was born in 1861, and succeeded Ranavalona II. in 1883. The power was, however, really in the hands of the Prime Minister, Rainilaiarivony, who, in accordance with Madagascar custom, had married her. In 1895 he was deposed, and he died in 1896. . The Queen was a woman of mean and secluded habits, although during the latter years of her reign she made more than one effort to assert her power as against her Ministerial consort. The country had hitherto been a French Pro- tectorate, but in 1895-96, owing to differ- ences between the Government and the French authorities, France sent an expedi- tion to the island, seized the kingdom and capital, and converted the country into a French colony. In January 1897, as a consequence of sundry insurrections, it was deemed necessary to exile the Queen to Reunion, her name being used, so the French Governor asserted, to foment popular risings. RANDALL, Right Rev. James Leslie, Suffragan Bishop of Reading, received his education at New College, Oxford, where he graduated as. B.A. in 1852 (M.A. 1855, Hon. D.D. 1889). He was for some time a Fellow of his College, and from 1852 to 1857 was curate of Warfield, Berks. From 1857 to 1878 he was Rector of Newbury, and Rural Dean of the same from 1867 to 1878. From 1878 to 1880, when he became Hon. Canon of Christ Church, he was Rector of Sand- hurst, and from 1882 to 1885 Rector of RANDALL — RANSOME 887 Mixbury, Oxon. He was appointed Arch- deacon of Buckingham in 1880, and con- tinued in that position until 1895. On Nov. 1, 1889, he was consecrated Bishop Suffragan of Reading in Westminster Abbey. Since 1895 he has been Arch- deacon of Oxford and Canon of Christ Church. Mrs. Randall, ne'e Bruxner, died in April 1899. Address : Christ Church, Oxford. RANDALL, The Very Rev. Richard William, D.D., Dean of Chichester, was born in London on April 13, 1824, and is the eldest son of the late Archdeacon Randall. He was educated at Winchester and Christ Church, Oxford. He was ordained in 1847, and was Rector of Lav- ington, Sussex, and as such succeeded Archdeacon, afterwards Cardinal, Manning from 1851 to 1868, when he was appointed Vicar of All Saints, Clifton. In 1892 he became Dean of Chichester. He was Select Preacher to the University of Ox- ford in 1891-92. He has published several volumes of sermons, " Life in the Catholic Church," " Retreat Meditations and Ad- dresses," &c. Address : The Deanery, Chichester. RANDEGGER, Cavaliere Alberto, composer, conductor, and singing-master, was born at Trieste, April 13, 1832. He began the study of music at the age of thirteen, under Lafont for the pianoforte and L. Ricci for composition ; and soon began to write, and, by the year 1852, was known as the composer of several masses and smaller pieces of church music, and two ballets, " La Fidanzata di Castella- mare," and " La Sposa d'Appenzello/'both produced at the Teatro Grande of his native town. In the latter year he joined three other of Ricci's pupils in the com- position of a buffo opera to a libretto by Gaetano Rossi, entitled "II Lazzarone," which had much success, first at the Teatro Mauroner at Trieste, and then elsewhere. The next two years were occupied as musical director of theatres at Fiume, Zara, Sinigaglia, Brescia, and Venice. In the winter of 1854 he brought out a tragic opera in four acts, called "Bianca Capello," at the chief theatre at Brescia. At that time Signor Randegger was induced to come to London. He gradually took a high position there, and has become widely known as a teacher of singing, con- ductor, and composer, and an enthusiastic lover of good music, of whatever school or country. In 1864 he produced at the Theatre Royal, Leeds, " The Rival Beauties," a comic opera in two acts. In 1868 he became Professor of Singing at the Royal Academy of Music, and has since been a Director of that Institution, and a Member of the Committee of Man- agement. In the autumn of 1857 he con- ducted a series of Italian operas at St. James's Theatre ; and in 1879-80 the Carl Rosa Company at Her Majesty's Theatre. He has since been appointed Conductor of the Norwich Festival, vice Sir Julius Bene- dict, resigned. For the last ten years he has conducted Italian opera at Covent Garden, and he is Conductor of the Queen's Hall Sunday Orchestral Concerts and the Queen's Hall Choral Society. In 1892 Signor Randegger was made a Knight of the Crown of Italy. Signor Ran- degger's published works are numerous and important. Address : Royal Academy of Music, Hanover Square, W. RANDOLPH, The Rev. Francis Charles Hingeston. See Hingeston- Randolph, The Rev. F. C. RANFXIRLY, Earl of, Uchter John Mark Knox, K.C.M.G., D.L., J.P., Gover- nor of New Zealand, was born Aug. 14, 1856, and is the younger son of the 3rd Earl, and Mary, daughter of James Rimington, Esq. He was educated at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge, serving for some time in the Royal Navy. On the death of his elder brother in 1875 he succeeded to the title. In 1880 he married the Hon. Con- stance Elizabeth Caulfield, daughter of the 7th Viscount Charlemont, and has one son, Viscount Northland, born in 1882. On Lord Salisbury taking office in 1895, he was appointed a Lord-in-Waiting to the Queen, a position which he held until he accepted his present post, Mar. 27, 1897. He is a Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Address : Government House, Wellington, N.Z. RANJITSINGHI, Prince Kumar Shri, Indian cricketer, was born at Saro- dar on Sept. 10, 1872. He first played his favourite pastime at the Rajkumar Col- lege, Rajkoti, and directly on his arrival at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1889, began a scientific study of the game. In 1893 he played for the University, and in 1895 he qualified for Sussex, when he finished the season as third in the list of averages. In 1896 he became champion batsman of all England, with an average of nearly sixty. During the winter of 1897 he was with Stoddart's eleven in Australia, and stopped in India on his way back to regain some of his paternal estates. He has published the "Jubilee Book of Cricket," 1897, and is a great favourite with the London cricket world, who style him "Ranji." RANSOME, Arthur, M.A. Cantab., M.D., M.R.C.P., F.R.S., the son of the late EANSOME Joseph A. Eansome, twenty years' surgeon to the Manchester Boyal Infirmary, and of Eliza, third daughter of Joseph Brook- house, of Derby, was born at Manchester on Feb. 11, 1834, and was educated at Manchester, Dublin, Cambridge, London, and Paris. He took diploma as licentiate in midwifery, Dublin, 1853; M.B.C.S. 1855; L.S.A. 1856; M.B. Cambridge, 1858 ; M.D. Cambridge, 1869 ; and was elected F.E.S. in 1885; and Hon. Fellow of Caius College in 1892. When at Cam- bridge, at Gonville and Caius College, he was Caian Scholar in Anatomy and Physiology, and Mecklenburg Scholar in Chemistry. He obtained honours in Mathematics in the second class (Senior Optimes) in 1856 ; and first class in the Natural Science Tripos. He was Hono- rary Secretary and Lecturer in Physio- logy to the Working-Men's College, Man- chester, from 1857 to 1860. He joined the Committee of the Manchester and Sal- ford Sanitary Association in 1857 ; was Honorary Secretary in 1861 and 1862 ; Deputy-Chairman from 1874-80 ; and was Chairman from 1880 to 1894. During that period he has taken an active part in assisting the Association in the formation of the following institutions : The Nurse Training, the North - Western Associa- tion for Medical Officers of Health, Noxious Vapours Prevention Associa- tion, the Day Nursery Association, and the Children's Country Holiday Fund. He was instrumental in promoting weekly returns of sickness, which were for twenty years published by the Association. The success of the undertaking and Dr. Bansome's efforts, first as Honorary Secre- tary, and afterwards as Chairman of the Begistration of Disease Committee, have materially forwarded the notification of infectious sickness throughout the country. In connection with this subject he wrote pamphlets on "Numerical Tests of the Health of Towns," " Epidemics Studied by Means of Statistics of Disease," "Disease in St. Marylebone and Manchester," "Ten Tears of Disease, between 1861 and 1870, in Manchester and Salford." To the Man- chester Literary and Philosophical Society he has contributed papers on the " Influ- ence of Atmospheric Changes on Disease," "Atmospheric Pressure and its Eelations to Disease, especially Haemorrhages," " The Germination and Early Growth of Seeds," "On the Organic Matter of the Breath," " On Epidemic Cycles," and " On the Graphical Bepresentation of Chest Move- ments." In the Proceedings of the Royal Society he has published papers on the "Movements of the Chest," and on the "Discovery of the Tubercle Bacillus in the Aqueous Vapour of the Breath." To the Epidemiological Society he has commu- nicated papers published in their Transac- tions, "On the Form of the Epidemic Wave," and " On Tubercular Infective Areas " ; to the Medico-Chirurgical Society " On Bespiratory Movements of Man," and "Observations on the Value of Stetho- metry in the Prognosis of Chest Diseases "; to the British Medical Association, and published in their journal, " On the Need of Combined Medical Observation," "On the Physiological Eelations of Colloid Substances," and numerous other papers, also papers in the Lancet and Medical Chronicle. To the Health Journal he has contributed papers " On the Distribution of Death and Disease," and the "Causes of Consumption." He has published five larger works on " Stethometry," on "Prog- nosis in Lung Disease," "On the Cause and Prevention of Phthisis," " On the Treat- ment of Phthisis," and the Weber-Parkes Prize Essay for 1897, "Eesearches on Tuberculosis" (Smith, Elder & Co.). As President of the Health Section of the British Medical Association and in other capacities, he has delivered several ad- dresses relating to " State Medicine," and before the Sanitary Institute he has lec- tured on the " Success of Sanitary Effort," and " On the Prevention of Phthisis." He was instrumental in organising the Collec- tive Investigation of Disease by the British Medical Association ; and in 1875 his suggestions for an examination in Sanitary Science were adopted by the University of Cambridge ; the result of which has ultimately been the issue of Diplomas in Public Health by all the universities of the kingdom. He holds an appointment as Honorary Consulting Physician to the Manchester Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Throat ; and in connection with this work has published papers " On the Influence of Iodoform upon the Body- weight in Phthisis," "On the Value of the Bacillus Search," "On the Use of Ozone in Phthisis," "On Intrapulmonary Injections." He was for two years Exa- miner for the second M.B. to the Univer- sity of Cambridge, and for seven years for the Diploma in Public Health of the same University. He was until 1895 Examiner in Hygiene and Public Health to the Vic- toria University, and Professor on these subjects to the Owens College. He was again appointed Examiner in Public Health at Cambridge in 1893, and was ap- pointed Milroy Lecturer to the College of Physicians for the year 1890, his subject for four lectures being " The Etiology and Prevention of Phthisis," afterwards published in book form by Smith, Elder and Co. He has contributed an article on Vital Statistics to a " Treatise on Hygiene and Public Health," published by Messrs. Churchill & Co. He is also the RASCH — EASSAM 889 author of an article " On the General Pathology of Respiratory Diseases," in Dr. Clifford AUbutt's " System of Medicine." In 1862 he married Lucy Elizabeth Fullar- ton. Address : Sunnyhurst, Bournemouth. RASCH, Major Frederic Carne, M.P., J.P., D.L., was born in 1847, and is the son of A. F. C. Rasch, of Woodhill, Danbury, Essex. He was educated at Eton, and at Cambridge (B.A.), served from 1867 to 1877 in the 6th Dragoon Guards, and subsequently entered the Essex Regiment. He is Major of the 4th Battalion of the same. He has sat as Con- servative Member for S.E. Essex from 1886 onwards. He is J.P. and D.L. for Essex. Address : Woodhill, Danbury, Essex. RASSAM, Hormuzd, was born in 1826, at Mossul, in Northern Mesopotamia, on the bank of the Tigris, opposite the site of ancient Nineveh. In 1845 he joined Mr. Layard to assist him in his Assyrian researches, and lived with him as his friend and guest for more than two years. When Mr. Layard returned to England in 1847 Mr. Rassam came with him to complete his studies at Oxford, but at the end of 1849 he was sent out by the Trus- tees of the British Museum to assist Mr. Layard in his second undertaking. The history of this mission was published by Mr. Layard in his "Nineveh and Babylon." The Trustees having determined to carry on further researches, they commissioned Mr. Rassam to succeed him. During this expedition Mr. Rassam discovered in Nineveh the palace of Assur-Bani-Pal, who is commonly known by the name of Sar- danapalus, in which there were found the beautiful sculptures representing the lion hunt, now in the British Museum, and the legends of the Creation and Deluge, with many other remarkable antiquities relating to the history of the Assyrian monarchy. The funds available for the researches having come to an end, Mr. Rassam re- turned to England in 1854. After this he held a political appointment at Aden. When the quarrel took place in 1861 be- tween the Imam of Muscat and his brother, the Saltan of Zanzibar, Mr. Rassam was chosen by Lord Elphinstone, the Governor of Bombay, to represent the British Government at Muscat while the Governor- General of India was trying to act as a mediator between the brothers. He also received the special thanks of the Supreme Government of India, with a substantial present, for the services he rendered to the State during the Indian Mutiny. When the news reached the Foreign Office in 1864 that Consul Cameron and other European gentlemen had been imprisoned and ill-treated by Theodore, King of Abyssinia, Mr. Rassam was chosen by the Home Government to proceed to the court of that monarch with a letter from the Queen asking for the release of the cap- tives. He accordingly went to Massowah, the port of Abyssinia, whence he wrote to Theodore for a safe-conduct ; and after having waited there more than a year, he was invited by the king to proceed to his court. Mr. Rassam was accompanied by Lieutenant Prideaux and Dr. Blanc, of the Bombay army, and they were received with every mark of distinction and honour. It seemed at one time that Mr. Rassam's mission would be crowned with success, but through Theodore's eccentricity, coupled with intrigue from other quarters, it was doomed to disappointment. Hope- ful as Mr. Rassam was at first of procuring the liberation of Consul Cameron and the other captives, he was himself arrested with his suite, and the three were sent as prisoners with the old captives to Magdala, where they were kept in chains for nearly two years. After the old captives, Consul Cameron and his fellow - prisoners, had undergone about four years' rigorous con- finement, and Mr. Rassam and his com- panions had shared their fate for nearly two years and a half, they were ultimately set free by Theodore on the Easter Eve of 1868, after his defeat the day before by the British force under the command of Sir Robert Napier, at Arogay, below Mag- dala. Mr. Rassam published a narrative of the " British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia, with Notices of the Country traversed from Massowah through the Soudan, the Amhara, and back to Annesly Bay from Magdala," 2 vols., London, 1869. In 1876 he was selected by the Trustees of the British Museum to conduct the Assyrian Explorations under a favourable firman granted to him by the Ottoman Govern- ment, through the influence of Sir Henry Layard, who was then acting as her Majesty's Ambassador at Constantinople. From that time until July 1882, he con- ducted the British National Archaeological researches in Assyria, Armenia, and Baby- lonia ; during which time he succeeded in securing for the British Museum im- portant relics connected with the history of those three great ancient kingdoms, amongst which he discovered, in a small mound called "Baiawat," in the vicinity of Nineveh, a magnificent bronze gate, twenty feet high, forming a memorial of the wars of Shalmenesar III., B.C. 850. The rich embossed bronzes are now in the British Museum. He also discovered, amongst other sites, the great Biblical cities of Sippara, or Sepharvaim, and Cuthah, situated in Southern Mesopotamia. During his different expeditions to Assyria and Babylonia he acquired for the National 890 EATHMOEE — EAWLINSON Institution about ten thousand whole, and more than one hundred thousand pieces of terra-cotta and clay inscribed tablets, with a large number of different-shaped terra-cotta cylinders and marble tablets recording the religious and general history of those two kingdoms. During the Turko- Russian war of 1877 he was sent by the British Foreign Office on a special mission to Asia Minor, Armenia, and Kurdistan, to inquire into the condition of the different Christian communities, who were said to be maltreated by their Moslem fellow- countrymen. Among other works by Mr. Rassam mention should be made of " Asshur and the Land of Nimrod," " The Garden 'of Eden and Biblical Sages," and " Biblical Lands." Address : 7 Powis Square, Brighton. KATHMOEK, Lord, The Right Hon. David Robert Plunket, Q.C., LL.D., is the fourth son of the third Lord Plunket, and of Charlotte, daughter of the Right Hon. Lord Chief-Justice Bushe, and grand- son of the first Lord Plunket, the famous orator and lawyer, who held the Great Seal in Ireland from 1830 to 1834, and for the second time from 1835 to 1841. Lord Rathmore, who was born Dec. 3, 1838, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in Honours in 1859. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1862. Having held for some time the Professor- ship of Constitutional Law at the King's Inns, Dublin, he obtained the rank of Q.C. in 1868, and in the same year was appointed Law Adviser to the Government in Ireland. Mr. Plunket unsuccessfully contested Dublin City at the General Elec- tion in 1868, but was elected M.P. for the University of Dublin in 1870, a seat which he held continuously until November 1895, when he was raised to the Peerage, as Baron Rathmore of Shanganagh, Co. Dub- lin. Whilst in the House of Commons he filled, under successive Conservative Administrations, the offices of Solicitor- General for Ireland, 1875-77, Pay- master-General, 1880 (when he was made a Privy Councillor), and Her Majesty's First Commissioner of Works, 1885-86, and 1886-92. Throughout the twenty - six years during which, as Mr. David Plunket, he sat in the House of Commons, Lord Rathmore was the foremost champion of the Irish Conservative party. When in office, he was not — apart from his official utterances — a frequent Parliamentary speaker ; but when in opposition, both in the House and on the platform, he was by far the most eloquent champion of the Irish minority in their resistance to Radi- cal policy, on the questions of Irish Uni- versity Reform, Irish Franchise, Land Legislation for Ireland, and Home Rule. The series of brilliant speeches which he delivered on these questions, not only placed him in the foremost rank of the orators of the day, but also had no little effect on the electorate as well as upon public opinion. Addresses : The Oaks, Wimbledon ; and Athenseum. RAVENSTEIN, Ernest George, geographer and statistician, was born at Frankfort-on-Main, Dec. 30, 1834 ; and held an appointment in the Topographical and Statistical Department of the War Ofiice, 1855-74. He has published "The Russians on the Amur," London, 1861 ; " Geographie und Statistik des britischen Reiches," Leipzig, 1862 ; " London," one of Meyer's Handbooks for Travellers, first edition, 1870; "London and the British Isles, an Itinerary Guide," London, 1877 "The Laws of Migration," London, 1878 "Englischer Sprachfuhrer," Leipzig, 1884 " A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama " (Hakluyt Society) ; and various papers in the Journals of the Royal Geographical and Statistical Socie- ties, &c. He is likewise the compiler of numerous maps, including one of Eastern Equatorial Africa, in twenty-five sheets, published by the Royal Geographical So- ciety ; another of British East Africa, issued by authority of the Imperial British East Africa Company ; a " Systematic Atlas," London, 1894 ; a handy Volume Atlas, 1895, &c. Mr. Ravenstein was one of the founders of the German Gymnastic Society, 1861, was its President during the first ten years of its existence, and pub- lished a "Handbook of Gymnastics and Athletics," London, 1864. He is Hono- rary Fellow of the Geographical Societies of Amsterdam,Berlin, Lisbon, &c. Address : 2 York Mansions, Battersea Park, S.W. RAVOGLI, Giulia, was born in Rome in 1866, and studied with her distinguished elder sister Sophia, under Signor Albadia, in Rome. Both sisters made their d^but in Malta, in "Norma," afterwards touring in the principal Italian cities, and in Bar- celona and Seville. In 1889 they appeared on the Roman operatic stage in Gliick's "Orfeo." As Orfeo, Giulia Ravogli has made her great mark, singing to her sister's Eurydice. Her beautifully pic- turesque appearance in the part has added not a little to her success. In England the two sisters have been admired for their impersonations in " II Trovatore," "A'ida," and "Orfeo." RAWLINS ON, Canon George, M.A., F.R.G.S., third son of A. T. Raw- linson, Esq. , of Chadlington, Oxon., brother of Sir H. Rawlinson, Bart., M.P., born Nov. 23, 1812, was educated at Swansea RAWSON 891 Grammar School, and at Ealing School ; entered Trinity College, Oxford, in 1834 ; took a first class in Classics in 1838 ; and was elected a Fellow of Exeter College in 1840. He obtained the Denyer prize for a Theological Essay in 1842, and again in 1843 ; and having held for some years a Tutorship in his College, was appointed Moderator in 1852 ; became Public Exa- miner in 1854, and again in 1856, 1868, and 1874 ; and preached the Bampton Lecture in 1859. He was elected without a contest to the Camden Professorship of Ancient History in the University in 1861, and took an active part in the agitation which preceded the passing of the Oxford University Act, in favour of the changes then effected. In September 1872 he was appointed a Canon of Canterbury by the Crown ; and in 1888 was presented by the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury to the Rectory of All Hallows, Lombard Street, London. He has written (in conjunction with his brother, Sir Henry Rawlinson, and Sir G. Wilkinson) "The History of Herodotus," a new English version, with copious notes, 1858-60 ; and also, inde- pendently, "The Historical Evidences of the Truth of the Scripture Records, in Eight Lectures delivered in the Oxford University Pulpit, at the Bampton Lecture for 1859," published in 1860 ; " The Con- trasts of Christianity with Heathen and Jewish Systems, in Nine Sermons preached before the University of Oxford on various occasions," 1861; "The Five Great Mon- archies of the Ancient Eastern World," 4 vols., 1862-67; "A Manual of Ancient History," 1869 ; "The Sixth Great Orien- tal Monarchy ; or, the Geography, History, and Antiquities of Parthia," 1873; "The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy ; or, the Geography, History, and Antiquities of the Sassanian or New Persian Empire, collected and illustrated from Ancient and Modern Sources," in 1876 ; a " His- tory of Ancient Egypt," 2 vols., in 1881; a "History of Phoenicia," in 1889; and other smaller works. Professor Rawlinson contributed an essay, the subject being "The Genuineness and Authenticity of the Pentateuch," to "Aids to Faith," edited by Dr. Thomson, in reply to " Essays and Reviews " ; and was a large contribu- tor to Dr. Smith's " Dictionary of the Bible." He wrote the article on "Hero- dotus" in the ninth edition of the "En- cyclopaedia Britannica." He supplied the comments on Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, and the two Books of Maccabees, to " The Speaker's Com- mentary " ; that on Exodus to the Bishop of Gloucester's "Commentary on the Old Testament " ; and those on Exodus, II. Kings, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, and Isaiah to the " Homiletic Commentary " of Dean Spence and Mr. Exell. During recent years he has written in "Men of the Bible " on the lives and times of Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Ezra, and Nehemiah. In 1893 he published "Parthia" in "The Story of the Nations," and in 1898 he published a memoir of his brother. Sir Henry Rawlin- son, Bart. He held the office of Classical Examiner under the Council of Military Education from 1859 to 1870. He has been Proctor in Convocation for the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury since 1873. He was elected a member of the Athe- naeum Club, as the representative of lite- rature, in 1870, and is a Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy at Turin. In 1846 he married Louisa W., second daughter of Sir R. A. Chermside, M.D., Physician to the British Embassy, Paris. Addresses : All Hallows Church, Lombard Street, E.C ; The Precincts, Canterbury ; and Athenaeum. KAWSON, Vice-Admiral Sir Harry Holdswortb., K.C.B., Commander - in - Chief of the Channel Squadron, son of Christopher Rawson, Esq., of Petersfield, Surrey, was born on Nov. 5, 1843. He was educated at Marlborough College, and entered the Navy in 1857. He went almost immediately to ChinainH.M.S. Calcutta, and was present at the capture ofthePeihoForts and of Pekin. He acted as aide-de-camp to Captain Dew of H.M.S. Encounter dur- ing the whole of the operations with the army in 1860, taking part in all the en- gagements, and on one occasion was severely wounded. He was twice men- tioned in despatches for meritorious ser- vices, and for three months had command of 1300 Chinese troops which were mobi- lised for the defence of Ningpo against the rebels. He received the Chinese medal with two clasps. During 1861, while employed in the Shangae River, he jumped overboard at night to save the life of a marine, and received the thanks of his captain on the quarter-deck. He was promoted Lieutenant in 1863, and in that rank served in H.M.S. BeU.eroph.on and in the royal yacht. As Commander he had charge of H.M.S. Hercules in the Channel Squadron from 1871 to 1874. In the fol- lowing year Admiral Rawson was ap- pointed to the flagship of the Mediterra- nean fleet, and in 1878 issued a report on the capabilities of defence, &c, of the Suez Canal, for which he received the thanks of the Admiralty. It fell to him to hoist the English flag at Nicosia, capital of Cyprus, where he was for one month the military commandant. As Captain he was employed as principal transit officer during the Egyptian war, and received a C.B. and the Osmanieh of the third class. He has also served as a member of the 892 EAWSON International Code of Signals Committee. He had the honour of being an aide-de- camp to the Queen from August 1890 to January 1892, when he was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral. As Com- mander-in-Chief he went to the Cape and West Coast of Africa station in 1895, and in August of the same year he landed a naval brigade, assisted by sixty Soudanese and fifty Zanzibar Askaris troops, and attacked and captured M'weli, the strong- hold of a rebellious Arab chief. In 1896 he bombarded the palace of the Sultan of Zanzibar, which had been seized by a pre- tender. The Sultan conferred upon him the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar of the first class. In February 1897 Admiral Rawson organised and commanded a punitive naval expedition, and with seamen and marines landed from his squadron, men sent from England, together with a force of Housas, he proceeded to the capture of Benin City, to avenge the massacre of a political expedition which had been sent thither. The operations were perfectly successful, and he received the well- merited personal recognition of the Queen and the approval of the Admiralty. He was promoted to a K.C.B. in May 1897. In May 1899 he entertained the King and Queen of Italy on board his flagship H.M.S. Majestic, when the Channel Squadron was visiting Sardinia in the Mediterranean. Admiral Sir Harry Eawson married, in 1871, Florence Alice, daughter of John Shaw, Esq., of Arrowe Park, Cheshire. Ad- dress : United Service Club, Pall Mall, S.W. BAWSON, Sir Eawson William, K.C.M.G., C.B., eldest son of the cele- brated oculist, Sir William Adams, who assumed the name of Rawson (that of his wife) in 1825, was born in London, Sept. 8, 1812 ; was educated at Sunbury, Rotting- dean, and Eton, 1825-28 ; and was ap- pointed to the Board of Trade in January 1829, at the age of sixteen. In 1830 he became Private Secretary to the Vice- President, Mr. Poulett Thomson ; and in 1834 to the President, Mr. Alex. Baring. Upon the creation of the Statistical De- partment in the Board of Trade, he was appointed first assistant to its chief, Mr. G. R. Porter, which office he continued to hold until 1842. In 1835 he became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society of London, one of its Honorary Secretaries, and first editor of its journal ; in 1838 he became a Fellow of the Royal Geographi- cal Society, and in 1841 was elected a member of its Council ; in 1838 he became a member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and in the three following years acted as one of the Secretaries of Section F (Statistical Science). In 1841, upon the Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone's appointment as Vice-Presi- dent of the Board of Trade, he selected Mr. Rawson to be his Private Secretary ; but in July 1842 Mr. Rawson was called away to Canada, having been selected by the late Lord Derby, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, for the office of Chief, or Civil, Secretary in that colony. The Colonial Legislature took umbrage at this appointment, which they considered inconsistent with the principle of Respon- sible Government lately accorded to the colony, and they presented addresses to the Queen, praying that the office might be abolished. The Secretary of State for the Colonies having recommended a com- pliance with this request, transferred Mr. Rawson to the Treasurership of Mauritius, to which island he proceeded in January 1844. There he took a prominent part in the business of the Council, as President of the Finance Committee. He conducted inquiries concerning, and submitted two important reports upon, the expediency of continuing the Immigration of Indian Coolies into the island, and upon the value of the Silver Rupee. He also conducted the Census of the island in 1851. In 1854 he was promoted to the Colonial Secretary- ship of the Cape of Good Hope. For his services in the first session of the newly constituted representative Parliament, in the double capacity of Colonial Secretary and Financial Minister, having a seat in both Houses, he was created a C.B. in 1858. Here, too, he directed the Census of the Colony in 1861, and he also pub- lished, with Dr. Pappe, a " Synopsis of the Ferns of South Africa." In 1864, during the Civil War in the United States, the Duke of Newcastle, having induced the Legislature of the Bahamas to in- crease the salary of their Governor for six years, offered the post to Mr. Rawson, which he accepted, together with the dormant commission of Acting Governor of Jamaica. While in the Bahamas, Mr. Rawson, in his first annual Blue-Book report, made the first correct and com- plete description of the physical and economical condition of the islands. This the Secretary of State for the Colonies considered of sufficient value and usefulness to have reprinted in a convenient form for distribution in the schools throughout the islands. Mr. Raw- son also gave a minute description of the Hurricane which caused so great a de- struction of shipping and property through- out the Archipelago in 1866, which was printed separately with a chart of the track of the storm. In 1869 Mr. Rawson was promoted to the post of Governor-in- Chief of the Windward Islands, of which Barbados was the seat of Government, and served there till May 1875, when he EAYLEIGH — EEAD 893 returned to England, and retired from the public service after nearly 47 years of continuous employment. In Barbados he reported on the Census in 1871, and upon the rainfall in that island for a long series of years. He paid a visit to the Governor of the neighbouring French Colony of Martinique, and received his return visit — the first interchange of such courtesy that had ever occurred between the two islands, although they are so closely situ- ated. On his retirement Mr. Rawson was created a K.C.M.G., and resumed his con- nection with the several scientific societies of which he is a Fellow. He was elected a Member of the Councils of the Royal Geographical and Statistical Societies, and in 1884-85 he was chosen President of the latter. He joined the Colonial Institute and Imperial Federation League, and was a member of the Council and Executive Committee of the latter until its dissolution. In 1885, on the creation of the International Statistical Institute, he was elected its first President, and has been continuously re-elected to that office, which he now holds. He presided at the first three Congresses of the Institute in Rome, Paris, and Vienna in 1887, 1889, and 1891 ; also at Bern in 1895. In connec- tion with the Royal Geographical Society, Mr. Rawson had the rare experience of having audited the accounts of the Society in 1842, with Charles Darwin, then in his early reputation, and with his son, Major Leonard Darwin, in 1894 — an interval of more than half a century. His principal publications, since his retirement, have been his two addresses to the Royal Statistical Society on " British and Foreign Colonies," and " International Vital Statis- tics," 1884-85 ; a " Synopsis of the Tariffs and Trade of the British Empire," in 2 vols., 1888-89 ; two contributions to the Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society on the " Territorial Partition of the Coast of Africa," 1884; and "European Terri- torial Claims on the Coasts of the Red Sea," in 1885 ; and a letter to the Chan- cellor of the Exchequer on the relative value of Gold, Silver, and Commodities, 1854-88. He is also the author of " Our Commercial Barometer," in the journal of the Imperial Federation League; and of " Ocean Highways, or Approaches to the United Kingdom," 1894. Sir Rawson is a member of the American Philosophical Society, of the Statistical Society of Paris, of the Central Statistical Commission of Belgium, of the Geographical and Geo- logical Societies of Vienna, and of the Imperial Society, " Lihe economieque," of Russia. He married, in 1849, Marianne Sophia, third daughter of the Hon. the Rev. Henry Ward. Address : 68 Cornwall Gardens, S. W. BAYLEIGH, Lord, John William Strutt, D.C.L. Hon. Oxon., LL.D., F.R.S., Sc.D. Cambridge and Dublin, Hon. C.E., Corresponding Member of thePVench Institute, Lord Lieutenant of Essex, J.P., 3rd Baron, was born Nov. 12, 1842, and succeeded to the title on the death of his father, of whom he was the only son, in 1873. His mother, created Baroness Ray- leigh, was a daughter of the 1st Duke of Leinster. He „was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., Senior Wrangler, and first Smith's Prizeman, 1865 ; Fellow of his College, 1866 ; M.A., 1868 ; Honorary D.C.L. Oxford, 1883; Honorary LL.D. McGill University, Montreal, 1884, and Dublin University, 1885) ; has been since 1892 Lord Lieutenant of Essex, and is J. P. of the same county ; and a Cambridge Commissioner under the Oxford and Cam- bridge Universities Act, 1877. He was Professor of Experimental Physics in the University of Cambridge from 1879 to 1884 ; and was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institu- tion, 1887. Since 1896 he has been Scien- tific Adviser to the Trinity House, and from 1887 to 1896 was Secretary of the Royal Society. In December 1898, on the occasion of the Jubilee of the St. Petersburg Academy of Medicine, he was appointed an honorary member of the Academy. He is the author of two volumes on " The Theory of Sound," 1877-78 (2nd edit. 1894) ; and of many memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and other scientific publications. He has also edited Clerk Maxwell's " Heat " (1891 and 1894). Pro- fessor Ramsay divides with Lord Rayleigh the distinction of discovering a new ele- ment — "Argon" — in the atmosphere, the existence of which was announced at the meeting of the British Association at Ox- ford in August 1894. Lord Rayleigh mar- ried, in 1871, Evelyn Georgina Mary, daughter of the late James Maitland Bal- four, Esq. , of Whittinghame, Prestonkirk, and has three sons. Addresses : Terling Place, Witharo, Essex ; and Athenaeum. BEAD, Clare Sewell, J.P., a distin- guished agriculturist, born at Kettering- ham in 1826, is the eldest son of George Read, Esq., of Barton Bendish Hall, Nor- folk. He entered Parliament in 1865 in the Conservative interest as a member for East Norfolk, and was one of the most pro- minent advocates of the reduction of the Malt Tax. After the dissolution in 1868 he was returned for the southern section of the county, and continued to represent that constituency until 1880, and West Norfolk until 1885. In 1874 he was ap- pointed Parliamentary Secretary of the Local Government Board, a position he re- 894 READING — RECLUS taiued until January 1876, when he resigned on account of a difference of opinion upon the question of Inspection and Restric- tions in Ireland, for the prevention of the spread of pleuro-pneumonia and foot-and- mouth disease among cattle. He advo- cated uniformity of treatment in both countries, and as an acknowledgment of his services the farmers of England pre- sented him with a service of plate and a cheque for £5500. He is a member of the Council of the Central Chambers of Agri- culture, of the Smithfield Club, and of the Farmers' Club, and also of all the local agricultural societies in the county of Norfolk. He married Sarah Maria, only daughter of J. Watson, in 1859. Ad- dresses : 91 Kensington Gardens Square, W. ; Barton Bendish, Stoke Ferry. READING, Bishop Suffragan of. See Randall, The Right Rev. Jambs Leslie. REANEY, Mrs. Isabel, philanthro- pist, is a daughter of the late Mr. Robert Edis, of Huntingdon, and a sister of Colonel Edis. She is well known for her labours in the cause of temperance, and is constantly requested to address meetings on that subject. She has also opened "homes" for various forms of distress, notably a Convalescent and Holiday Home at Blackpool. She is well known as a writer of religious stories and other works, of which we may mention " Our Brothers and Sons," " Our Daughters," and "Just in Time." Her husband, the Rev. G. Sale Reaney, is a well-known Broad Church clergyman at East Greenwich, who earlier in life made his mark as a preacher among the Congregationalists. Address : Christ Church Vicarage, Greenwich, S.E. REAY, Lord, Donald James Mac- kay, Bart., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., LL.D. Edin- burgh, D.L., J.P., was born in Holland in December 1839, and is the son of the late Baron Mackay, of Ophemart, Minister of State, by the daughter of Baron Fagel, Privy Councillor of the Netherlands. His ancestors were distinguished Scottish Jacobites. Lord Reay was educated at the University of Leyden, where he gradu- ated as D.C.L, in 1861. He joined the Diplomatic Service, and in 187i was elected Member of the Second Chamber of the States General, and vacated his seat in 1877 on becoming a British subject. He succeeded to his father's title in 1876. In 1881 he was created a Peer of the United Kingdom ; in 1884 elected Rector of St. Andrews University; in 1885 ap- pointed Governor of Bombay ; in 1894 Under-Secretary of State for India. He is Chairman of the London School Board (since 1897), President of the Royal Asiatic Society, and of the Council of University College (London), member of the Institute of International Law, Lord Lieutenant of Roxburghshire, and LL.D. of the Universi- ties of Edinburgh and St. Andrews. He married, in 1877, Fanny, daughter of the late Richard Hasler, of Aldingbourne, Sussex. Addresses : 6 Great Stanhope Street, W. ; Carolside, Earlston, Berwick- shire ; Ophemert, Netherlands ; and Athe- naeum. RECLUS, Jean Jacques Elisee, a French geographical writer, the son of a Protestant minister, was born at Sainte- Foy-la-Grande, Gironde, March 15, 1830, and from 1841 to 1844 educated in Rhenish Prussia. He studied at the Protestant College at Montauban, and then at the University of Berlin, where he was a pupil of K. Ritter's. Holding extreme demo- cratic opinions, he left France after the coup d'itat of Dec. 2, 1851, and travelled from 1852 to 1857 in England, Ireland, the United States, Central America, and New Grenada, where he stayed several years. On his return to Paris he communicated to the Revue des Deux M mission as second lieutenant in the Bengal Artillery in 1851, and after passing through the various other grades, was promoted to Lieutenant-General in 1883. He served with distinction throughout the Indian Mutiny campaign, and received the Vic- toria Cross for personal bravery in the field in 1858. " Lieutenant Roberts's gallantry has on every occasion been most marked. On following up the retreating enemy on Jan. 2, 1858, at Khodagunge, he saw in the distance two sepoys going away with a standard . Lieutenant Roberts put spurs to his horse, and overtook them just as they were about to enter a village. They immediately turned round and pre- sented their muskets at him, and one of the men pulled the trigger, but fortunately the cap snapped, and the standard-bearer EOBERTS 919 was cut down by the gallant young officer, and the standard taken possession of by him. He also, on the same day, cut down another Sepoy who was standing at bay, with musket and bayonet, keeping off a sowar. Lieutenant Roberts rode to the assistance of the horseman, and rushing at the sepoy, with one blow of his sword cut him across the face, killing him on the spot." Throughout the Abyssinian campaign of 1868 he held the office of Assistant • Quartermaster - General ; he superintended the re-embarkation of the whole army, and was selected by Sir Robert Napier as the bearer of his final despatches. He also acted as Assistant- Quartermaster-General with the Cachar column in the Looshai Expeditionary Force (1871-72 \ At the beginning of the Afghan campaign he was appointed Com- mander of the Kuram Field Force, and subsequently he had the chief command of the army in Afghanistan, where he achieved the most brilliant triumphs. After the massacre of our embassy, Sir Frederick Roberts re-occupied Cabul at the close of 1879. Towards the end of July 1880 a terrible defeat was inflicted by the troops of Ayoob Khan, at Maiwand, on General Burrows, the remnant of whose force with difficulty joined General Prim- rose's garrison at Candahar. An attack on that city seemed imminent, but Ayoob hesitated, and lost his opportunity. Mean- while, a bold resolution was taken at Cabul. Sir Frederick Roberts, gathering a force of over 9000 picked men, marched to the relief of Candahar, allowing Ab- durrahman Khan to occupy Cabul, and leaving to General Stewart the duty of leading back the rest of the British troops by the Khyberto the Punjab. Sir Frede- rick Roberts, cut off from direct communi- cation with his countrymen, disappeared, as it were, from human ken for three weeks, during which time the national anxiety was extreme. At last he emerged victoriousfrom the trackless region between Cabul and Candahar. Immediately he grappled with Ayoob Khan, and inflicted on that pretender a crushing defeat. On the return of Sir Frederick Roberts to England he was loaded with honours ; he was presented with the freedom of the City of London, received the thanks of Parliament, and was created a baronet. In February 1881 he was appointed to succeed Sir George Colley in the command of the troops in Natal and the Transvaal, but peace was concluded with the Boers before his arrival in the colony. He was afterwards appointed a member of the Council of Madras, and commanded the troops in that Presidency from 1881 to 1885, and since then has been Commander- in-Chief in India, in succession to Sir Donald Stewart. On the death of Sir H. Macpherson (October 1886), Sir F. Roberts assumed the command of the Burmese expedition. He had been twenty-three times mentioned in despatches before the Afghan war, during which campaign he was eight times thanked by the Viceroy and Commander-in-Chief in India. To the Nineteenth Century for November 1882 he contributed an article on the " Present State of the Army," thus supplying the sequel to an interesting speech which he had delivered at the Mansion House about two years before. He was created a peer in January 1892, under the title of Lord Roberts of Kandahar and Waterford. In April 1893, on resigning his command, he left India for England, and was given a brilliant farewell, and received an equally brilliant reception at home. Upon his arrival, a G.C.S.I. was conferred upon him. During 1895 his Lordship was promoted to the rank of Field-Marshal, and suc- ceeded Viscount Wolseley as Commander- in-Chief of the Forces in Ireland. He was shortly afterwards admitted to the Privy Council in Ireland, and also received the Order of St. Patrick. Lord Roberts is an ardent advocate of what is known as the " Forward Policy " in Indian affairs, and in March of 1898 he delivered before the House of Lords a very able speech in support of his views with regard to the pacification of the various frontier tribes, and also the prevention of encroachments by Russia in Afghanistan and adjacent territories. His lordship pointed out that the " Forward Policy " was an en- deavour to extend British influence over, and establish law and order on, that part of the Indian border where anarchy, murder, and robbery reigned supreme. Moreover, it was necessary to secure the allegiance of the turbulent tribes, owing to the proximity of Russia, who would inevitably invade India, if Afghanistan ever passed into her possession. It was of paramount importance to obtain com- plete control of the Khyber and other passes, so as to be in a position to check any advance over the great Hindu Kush barrier. "That barrier," said his lord- ship, "Russia must never be allowed to cross." The speech was greatly appre- ciated, as it was felt that nobody could speak with higher authority upon the matter than Lord Roberts. He published in 1895 " The Rise of Wellington," which was followed in 1897 by " Forty-one Years in India." The latter work ob- tained a phenomenal success, and passed through many editions in a few months. He is an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D. of Cambridge and Dublin. Lord Roberts married, in 1859, Nora Henrietta, a daughter of Captain Bews, and his son 920 ROBERTS and heir, the Hon. Frederick H. S. Roberts, is a Lieutenant of the King's Royal Rifle Corps. Addresses : Royal Hospital, Dub- lin ; and Athenaeum. ROBERTS, Frederick Thomas, M.D., F.R.C.P., obtained his medical edu- cation at University College, London, where he is now Professor of Medicine, as well as being Professor of Clinical Medi- cine and Physician at University College Hospital. He obtained the Gold Medal for Anatomy and Physiology at the first M.B. Examination, London, in 1860. He was formerly Physician at Liverpool Northern Hospital, and Lecturer at Liver- pool School of Medicine, and now, in addi- tion to the posts above mentioned, is Consulting Physician to the Brompton Hospital, &c, Fellow of the Royal Medical Chirurgical Society and Medical Society of London, and Member of other Medical Societies. He was Assistant-Editor of Quain's "Dictionary of Medicine," and has contributed largely to that work, to Reynolds's " System," and to the medical journals. His best-known work is "A Handbook of the Theory and Practice of Medicine," 9th edit. Address : 102 Harley Street, W. ROBERTS, Isaac, D.Sc, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., was born in Denbigh- shire, North Wales, in the year 1829. A large part of his life has been devoted to practical investigations in Geology, Micro- scopy, Spectrum Analysis, Astronomy, and other kindred branches of science. He is the author of several papers on geological and astronomical subjects, amongst which are investigations of the physical condi- tions affecting the circulation of the underground water and the filtering and hygroscopic properties of triassic sand- stone. He has for several years (by the aid of self-recording mechanical contriv- ances designed by himself for tracing continuous diagrammatic curves) studied the movements in the underground water which are caused by capillarity, by rain- fall, by variations in atmospheric pressure, and by solar and lunar attraction. He has made exhaustive experiments by means of specially designed weighing machines, to determine the vertical and lateral pressures of wheat, barley, oats, Indian corn, linseed, sand, gravel, and gun shot, when stored in cells up to eighty feet in height. Some of the results of these investigations are pub- lished in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. For several years he has been pursuing stellar photography with powerful instruments specially constructed for the purpose, and has succeeded in adding con- siderably to the knowledge of the stars, clusters, and nebulae. In 1885 he com- menced to chart by photography the stars in the northern hemisphere of the sky, but ere he had been a year engaged upon this work, the French astronomers arranged that the charting of the stars should be done internationally on a uniform scale by instruments of a similar construction. Mr. Roberts thereupon turned his atten- tion to special researches on star clusters and nebulas, with long exposures of the photographic plates. These photographs have been regarded with the highest in- terest and admiration wherever they have been exhibited. He has devised a method and a machine by which the stars that have been photographed can with accuracy be engraved directly with the negatives on copper plates for the purpose of print- ing ; the machine is also adapted for measuring the positions and magnitudes of the stars. In 1870 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society, and of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1882. In 1890 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1892 the degree of Doctor of Sciences was conferred upon him by the University of Dublin. In 1893 he published a volume of his " Selection of Photographs of Stars, Star Clusters, and Nebulse," which is a reliable record, for all time, of the objects as they actually ap- peared in the sky on the day and hour when the respective photographs were taken. In 1895 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, and has served on the Council of the Society for several years. Address : Star- field, Crowborough, Sussex. ROBERTS, Morley, novelist, was born in London on Dec. 29, 1857, and is the son of W. H. Roberts, late superin- tending inspector of income-tax. He was educated at Bedford Grammar School and Owens College, Manchester. He has seen much of the savage side of Anglo-Saxon existence before the mast in various mer- chant ships, in the Australian bush, the Western States of America, the South Sea Islands, &c. The results of these varying experiences, which always involved more or less manual labour and often extreme hardship, he has embodied in his vigorous and virile novels, which include his well- known "Western Avernus," 1887; "In Low Relief," 1890 ; " Land-travel and Sea-faring," 1891 ; " King Billy of Ballarat," 1891; "The Mate of the Vancouver," 1892 ; " The Reputation of George Saxon," 1892 ; " The Purification of Dolores Silva," 1894; "Red Earth," 1894; "A Question of Instinct," and "The Adventures of a Ship's Doctor," 1895 ; that very interesting book on Eastern life, " The Circassian," in collaboration with Max Montesole, 1896 ; " Maurice Quain," 1897 ; " King Billy of ROBERTS — ROBERTSON 921 Ballarat, and other Stories," 1898; "A Son of Empire," 1899, &c. His poems are entitled "Songs of Energy," 1891. Address : Authors' Club. ROBERTS, Samuel, F.R.S., mathe- matician, the son of the Rev. Griffith Roberts, for many years minister of the English Presbyterian Chapel at Kirkstead, near Horncastle, Lincolnshire, was born at Hackney in 1827. He received his school education at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Horncastle, and subse- quently went to Manchester New College, then located in Manchester. In 1849 he took the Master of Arts degree of London University in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and received the Gold Medal. He entered the legal profession, and was admitted as Solicitor in 1853. After an interval of some years, Mr. Roberts resumed his mathematical studies ; and, having removed to London, became in 1865 a member of the London Mathematical Society, established in the same year. He was for several years Treasurer, and has also filled the offices of Vice-President and President, 1880-82, of that Society. In 1878 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. Except a few early articles of an ephemeral kind, his writings have related to mathematical subjects. They are con- tained in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, and various other English and foreign mathematical journals. In recognition of services to mathematical science, the Council of the London Mathe- matical Society awarded to Mr. Roberts the De Morgan Medal in 1896. Address : 55 Parliament Hill, Hampstead, N.W. ROBERTS-AUSTEN, Professor Sir William Chandler, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., the Queen's Assay-Master, was born in 1843, and is the son of George and Maria Louisa Roberts. His father's ancestry were Welsh, and his mother belonged to the old Kentish family of Chandler, which intermarried with the Hulses and Austens, and included among their more distin- guished members the learned scholar, Isaac Casaubon, Canon of Canterbury. In 1885, at the request of his uncle, the late Major Austen, J.P., of Haffenden and Camborne in Kent, Mr. Roberts obtained royal license to take the name of Austen. Mr. Roberts-Austen (then Mr. Roberts), entered the Royal School of Mines in 1861, with a view to becoming a Mining En- gineer ; but on obtaining the Associate- ship of the School, the late Prof. Graham, then Master of the Mint, secured his ser- vices. With him he conducted a remark- able series of researches, and on Prof. Graham's death in 1869, he succeeded to one of the appointments which Prof. Graham had held — that of Assayer to the Mint — being subsequently, in 1882, entrusted with all the duties of the Queen's Assay-Master. In 1880, on the retirement of the late Dr. Percy, F.R.S., at the request of the then Lord President of the Council, Mr. Roberts- Austen was appointed to the Chair of Metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines, a post which he still holds in addition to his office at the Mint. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875, and is the author of several papers, mostly relating to metals, published in the Philosophical Transactions and elsewhere. He was one of the founders of the Physical Society of Lon- don, of which he was for some time Secre- tary, and afterwards a Vice-President. He is one of the two Honorary General Secretaries of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and a Vice- President of the Iron and Steel Institute. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales appointed him a Member of the Executive Council of the Inventions Exhibition, 1885 ; and he served on the British Exe- cutive Council of the 1889 Paris Exhibition. He was chosen Vice-President of the International Mining and Metallurgical Congress in Paris ; and received from the President of the French Republic the Cross of Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He was made a C.B. in 1888, and the University of Durham conferred upon him its honorary degree of D.C. L. in 1897. He received from her Majesty the Queen, in the same year, the Jubilee medal. He was created K. C.B. at the New Year, 1899. Addresses : Royal Mint, Tower Hill, E. ; Blatchfeld, Chilworth, Guildford ; and Athenaeum. ROBERTSON, Rev. Archibald, D.D., Principal of King's College, London, was born at Sywell Rectory, Northampton, on June 29, 1853, and is the eldest son of the late George S. Robertson, M.A., grand- son of Dr. Archibald Robertson, F.R.S., of Northampton. He was educated at Brad- field College, Berks, and Trinity College, Oxford (first class Lit. Hum. and B.A. 1876; M.A. 1879; D.D. 1898); Fellow of Trinity College, 1876-86 (Dean, 1879-83) ; Principal of Bishop Hatfield's Hall, Dur- ham, 1883-97 ; Hon. D.D., Durham, 1893. In 1897, on the retirement of Dr. Wace, he was appointed Principal of King's College, London. He has published an edition of Athanasius's "De Incarnatione" (2nd edit., 1893) ; a translation of the same (2nd edit., 1891); "Prolegomena," &c, to Athanasius with revised translation of principal works, 1892 ; and is a contributor to the Classical Review, &c, to Smith's ' ' Dictionary of the Bible," 2nd edit., 1893 ; 922 ROBERTSON Clark's "Dictionary of the Bible," 1898; and editor of Methuen's series of Hand- books of Theology. He is Examining Chap- lain to the Lord Bishop of Bristol, and Vice-Chairman of King's College Hospital. In 1885 he married Eleanor, daughter of the Rev. Charles Noel Mann, late Rector of Mawgan-in-Meneage, &c, Cornwall. ROBERTSON, Lieutenant-Colonel Donald, C.S.I., President of Mysore and Chief Commissioner of Coorg, was born in Ireland on June 24, 1847, and arrived in India as Ensign in the Scots Fusiliers in 1865. In 1869 he was appointed an Assistant- Commissioner in the Central Provinces, being transferred to Rajputana in 1872. He was Cantonment Magistrate at Nasira- bad in May 1877, and after holding similar appointments at Ajmir, Jhalawar, and Indore, he became Political Agent at Bhopawar in 1885, and later in the same year he was transferred to Bundelkhand. In the following year he was Secretary to the Commissioner of Coorg, and Political Agent in Baghelkhand in 1888. He was appointed Resident in Gwalior in 1894, and transferred to his present post in 189G. He was created C.S.I, at the New Year, 1899. ROBERTSON, Edmund, M.P., LL.D., Q.C., D.L., was born on Oct. 28, 1845, and is the eldest son of Edmund Robertson, of Kinnaird, Perthshire. He was educated at St. Andrews, and at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first class in Classical Moderations (1868), and a first class in Lit. Hum. (1870). He was elected aFellowof Corpus afterbecoming in 1871 Vinerian Scholar. He was Examiner in Jurisprudence in 1877, 1878, and 1879. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1871, and went the Northern Circuit. Since 1885 he has represented Dundee as a Liberal, in the House of Commons. From August 1892 to 1895 he was a Civil Lord of the Admiralty. He was at one time Professor of Roman Law at Uni- versity College, London, and is LL.D. of St. Andrews. He has contributed many articles on legal and constitutional subjects to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," 9th edit., and has published a work on "American Home Rule." Address: 4 Essex Court, Temple, E.C. ROBERTSON, Sir George Scott, K.C.S.I., M.R.C.S.E., British Agent at Gilgit, Kashmir, was born in London on Oct. 22, 1852, and is the second son of T« J. Robertson, and comes of an Orkney family. He was educated at the West- minster Hospital Medical School, and has the Edinburgh qualification. He entered the Indian Medical Service in 1878, and served through the Afghan Campaign of 1879-80. He was promoted to Surgeon- Major in 1890. His connection with the Gilgit frontier of Kashmir dates from June 1880. He has been continually employed there, and is now British Agent at Gilgit. He has been employed on various important political missions among the barbarous tribesmen of the Northern Frontier, was Chief Political Officer during the later part of the Hunza-Nagar Expedi- tion ; was at the head of a political mission to Chitral in 1893, and was besieged in Chitral, and seriously wounded in the spring of 1895, in the September of which year he installed Shuja-al-Mulk as Mehtar of Chitral. His work, " The Kafirs of the Hindu-Kush," published in 1896, describes his visit to Kafiristan in 1890-91. The Hindu-Kush is a little known and most difficult hill-country between Afghanistan proper and Chitral. Previous to Sir George Scott Robertson's visit in 1890, the country had never to his knowledge been entered by any European except for a very short time. He made the acquaintance of the Kam and various other tribes, not then converted to Mohammedanism, and there- fore "Kafirs," and he travelled with no escort. His guide was for some time a young Kafir, whom he had first of all to adopt as his son. He ran many risks, had several hair-breadth escapes, and was at one time in danger of being held to ransom for three years by his hosts, who intended to force the Government of India to pay for his release. During the last part of his journey he was accompanied by Mr. E. F. Knight, author of "Where Three Empires Meet." In 1898 Sir G. Scott Robertson published " Chitral, the Story of a Minor Siege." He has been granted three war medals for his important services, and rose to be K. C.S.I, in 1895. He married (2) Mary, daughter of Samuel Lawrence, the painter. Addresses : British Agency, Gilgit; and Athenaeum. ROBERTSON, Lord, The Right Hon. James Patrick - Bannerman Robertson, M.A., ex-M.P., Q.C., LL.D., D.L., late Lord Advocate for Scotland, Lord Justice - General of Scotland, was born at Forteviot, Perthshire, in 1845, and is the son of the late Rev. R. Robertson, of Forteviot, by Helen, daugh- ter of the Rev. J. Bannerman, of Car- gill, Perthshire. He was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, of which he was Dux, and at the University of Edinburgh. He took the degree of M.A. in 1864 ; and had the honorary degree of LL.D. Edin. conferred on him April 10, 1890. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1867 ; made Q.C. in 1885, and Solicitor-General for Scotland in the ROBINS — ROBINSON 923 same year ; re-appointed to the latter post in August 1886, and appointed Lord Advocate for Scotland, October 1888, on the elevation of Lord Advocate Macdonald to the post of Lord Justice-Clerk, and sworn in as a Privy Councillor the same year. He was elected M.P. for Buteshire in 1885. He is a distinguished counsel and statesman, and was successful, as the responsible Minister of the Crown, in passing the Local Government Act for Scotland, and the Universities (Scotland) Act, in the session of 1889. On the death of Lord Glencorse he was appointed Lord Justice-General of Scotland, and President of the Court of Session (September 1891). He has been Lord Rector of Edinburgh University, and is Deputy- Lieutenant of the County of the City of Edinburgh and for Kincardineshire. He married, in 1872, Philadelphia, daughter of W. N. Fraser, of Tornaveen, Aberdeenshire. Addresses : 19 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh ; Muchalls Castle, Kincardineshire ; and Athenaeum. ROBINS, Edward Cookworthy, F.S.A., was born in London in September 1830, and was educated at Esher, Derby, and London schools. He early applied himself to geometrical drawing, to which his taste led him, and was eventually placed with the late Emile de Buck, a Belgian civil engineer, who was also an artist. In 1853 he was elected an Asso- ciate, and in 1860 a Fellow, of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He now occupies a seat on the Council of that body. In 1878 Mr. Robins was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1880 he was elected on the Council of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. He is one of the original members of the Institution of Surveyors, and in 1882 was elected to the Council of the Sanitary Institute, whose transactions he has edited for several years past. In 1887 he was chosen on the Council of the Society of Arts. Mr. Robins has been the architect of many churches, as St. John's, Wandsworth ; St. jude's, Brixton ; St. Saviour's. Brixton ; Emmanuel Church, Dulwich ; St. Saviour's, Battersea Park ; Wesley Church, Estex; besides many Con- gregational churches, as at Wandsworth, Clapham, Streatbam Hill, Holloway, East London, &c. He gained the first premium for Mr. Spurgeon's tabernacle in 1859, and only lost the competition for the London Orphan Asylum, at Watford, by the casting vote of the chairman. He has long been architect to the London Missionary Society, and enlarged their premises in Bloomfield Street. He de- signed the four memorial churches for Madagascar, the Theological College at Antananarivo, and at Kuruman in South Africa. ROBINS, Elizabeth (Mrs. C. E. Raimond), actress, is an American by birth, and has made her name as an interpreter of Ibsen's characters. After making her early appearances on the stage in the United States, she reached London in the spring of 1889. Here she played the part of Mrs. Errol in "Little Lord Fauntleroy" (Opera Co- mique, March), and in July appeared at the same theatre as Martha Bernick in " The Pillars of Society," by Ibsen. Sub- sequently she played Louisa Brown in "Dr. Bill" (Avenue, 1890), and in January 1891 returned to the Ibsen drama, and appeared at Terry's as Mrs. Linden in " A Doll's House." She now courageously ad- ventured upon a series of Ibsen perform- ances in conjunction with Miss Lea at the Vaudeville. Here she won great applause as Mrs. Hedda Tesman in " Hedda Gabler.' After playing Constance in "The Trumpet Call" at the Adelphi, she again charmed the literary, as well as the merely Ibsenite public as Hilda in "The Master Builder," produced at the Trafalgar Square Theatre, and several times repeated (1893). Subse- quently she appeared as Rebecca West in " Rosmersholm " at the Opera Comique (May), and played as Agnes in "Brand" at the same theatre in June. These were her great Ibsen years, and she has since only appeared in Norse drama in London to impersonate Astra in "Little Eyolf " in 1896. Other parts taken by her during recent years have been in "A Woman's Revenge" (Adelphi, 1893), the Countess Zicka in the revival of "Diplo- macy " (Garrick, 1893), and Mrs. Lessing- ham in the play of that name (Garrick, 1894). In the autumn of 1894 she took her Ibsen plays on tour. In 1898 appeared her novel, "The Open Question," which was published anonymously, and created a stir. ROBINSON, Miss A. Mary F. See Daemestetee, Mme. ROBINSON, Sir John Charles, born at Nottingham on Dec. 16, 1824, eldest son of Alfred Robinson, of Nottingham, formerly Art Superintendent of the South Kensington Museum, at present holds office in her Majesty's household as Crown Sur- veyor of Pictures, is an F.S.A., honorary member of the Academy of St. Luke in Rome, Florence, Bologna, Madrid, Lisbon, &c, and a Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella la Catolica and of San- tiago of Spain and Portugal. After several years' study as an architect, Mr. Robinson proceeded to Paris and became a pupil of 924 KOBHSTSON the eminent historical painter, Drolling. On his return he received an appointment in the Government School of Design as Master of the School of Art at Hanley, Staffordshire Potteries (1847). In 1852 he was called to London to assist in the de- velopment of the newly-created Science and Art Department, founded under the auspices .of the Prince Consort, and in 1853 the organisation of the Art Museum at Marlborough House, afterwards trans- ferred to South Kensington, was entrusted to him. In this post he remained till 1869, and the country owes to him the acquisition of an immense mass of varied art treasures gleaned from every part of Europe, where, especially in Italy and in the Spanish peninsula, a great portion of every successive year was spent in long expeditions, during which the remotest corners of these countries were minutely explored. The system of circulating ob- jects of art from the central museum to provincial institutions was, moreover, first suggested and carried into effect by Mr. Robinson in the early years of his tenure of office. In 1862 he suggested and car- ried out the special loan exhibition of art treasures in connection with the General Industrial Exhibition of that year ; an example which has since been repeatedly followed, but perhaps never surpassed in interest or importance, in France, Ger- many, and other Continental countries. In association with the Marquis d'Azeglio, Italian Minister in London, and the late Baron Marochetti, he founded, and for many years directed as honorary secretary, the well - known Fine Arts Club, now the Burlington Fine Arts Club. In 1869 he resigned his appointment at South Kensington on a retiring pension, but he has not ceased to render from year to year disinterested services to that institution, in the promotion of notable acquisitions and the formation of special loan collec- tions, &c. In 1881, on the resignation of Mr. Redgrave, R.A., the Queen confided the post of Crown Surveyor of Pictures to Mr. Robinson, the office being that of art adviser in the Lord Chamberlain's Depart- ment, and comprising the supervision and control not only of the pictures, but of nearly all the art treasures of the Crown, in the various royal palaces, including the Hampton Court Gallery. Among the great number of his published works in divers branches of art may be specified the catalogue of the Soulages Collection, that of the Art Treasures Exhibition in 1862, and of the Italian Sculpture collec- tions of the South Kensington Museum, all preceded by original introductory essays. In 1870, at the request of the Oxford Uni- versity authorities, he wrote "A Critical Account of the Drawings of Michel Angelo and Raffaelle in the University Galleries," an elaborate work, which has obtained general recognition, more especially on the Continent. An essay on the Early Portuguese School of Painting, under- taken on the head of extensive original researches in the country by desire of his Majesty the King Regent Don Fernando, was translated into Portuguese, and re- issued by the Lisbon Academy, and it remains one of the most important con- tributions made to the history of art in Portugal. Very numerous contributions in the shape of letters and essays on vari- ous branches of art have also for a long series of years been contributed by Sir Charles Robinson to the columns of the Times, the Nineteenth Century, the publica- tions of the Society of Antiquaries, and other journals. He was knighted on the occasion of her Majesty's Jubilee in 1887. He married, in 1852, Marian Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edmund Newton, of Norwich. Addresses : 107 Harley Street, W. ; Newton Manor, Swanage, &c. ROBINSON, Sir John Richard, manager of the Daily News, born at Witham, Essex, Nov. 2, 1828, is the son of the Rev. R. Robinson, and became con- nected at an early age with provincial journalism. On coming to London in 1848 he joined the paper which has been known as Douglas JerroloVs Newspaper, and soon afterwards undertook the editor- ship of the Evening Express. This was the property of the Daily News, and Mr. Robinson soon took an active part in the conduct of the morning paper. On the change of proprietorship in 1868, when the Daily Neios joined the ranks of the penny papers, he was appointed sole manager. On the outbreak of the Franco- German war in 1870 he developed an effective system of special correspondence, and in his selection of writers, as well as in his method of organisation, was very successful. His management during the campaign of Ashanti, the Zulu war, and the Russo : Turkish war, was distin- guished by equal initiative faculty and fertility of resource. During the Franco- German war Mr. Robinson suggested that a fund should be raised for the relief of the French peasants in the occupied dis- tricts of the north-west, and upwards of £20,000 was subscribed under his auspices, the whole of which was distributed with- out one shilling being taken from the fund for expenses. For many years Mr. Robinson was a copious contributor to the columns of the American press, including the Boston Advertiser and the Chicago Tribune. He has also edited a work on shorthand. In June 1887 Mr. Robinson became editor of the Daily News, continu- KOBLNSON — KOBSON 925 ing to fill at the same time the post of manager of the paper. In 1893 Mr. Kobinson received the honour of knight- hood from the Queen. In 1896 he relin- quished the editorial part of the duties to devote himself entirely to the manage- ment. He married, in 1859, Jane, daugh- ter of W. Granger, of Wickham Bishops. She died in 1876. Address : 4 Addison Crescent, Kensington, W. ROBINSON, Philip Stewart (known as Phil Robinson), son of Eev. Julian Robinson, was born at Chunar in India, Oct. 13, 1849 ; educated at Marlborough College, joined the Pioneer as sub-editor to his father in 1869 ; contributing to that journal (1870-71) the papers afterwards republished as " In my Indian Garden." He was appointed (1872) editor of the Eevenue archives of the Benares Province by the Government of the N.W. P., which published his compilations (1876) in two vols., " Records of the Benares Collector- ate." Meanwhile he was gazetted Pro- fessor of Literature (1873), and exchanged (1875) to the Chair of Logic and Meta- physics, and held simultaneously the ap- pointment to the Supreme Government of Censor of the Vernacular Press. He re- tired from the service, 1877 ; joined the Daily Telegraph in the same year, and served as one of the war-correspondents of that journal in Afghanistan, 1878-79 ; Zululand, 1879 ; Egypt, 1882 ; Soudan, 1885. He travelled over the United States as Special Commissioner of the New York World, 1881-82, and published his experi- ences, " Sinners and Saints," 1883. His other works are, " Under the Punkah," 1881 ; "Noah's Ark, or Mornings in the Zoo, an Essay in Un-Natural History," 1882, and "The Poets and Nature," 3 vols., 1884-86 ; " Chasing a Fortune," " Tigers at Large," and " The Poets' Beasts," 1885 ; " The Valley of Testation Trees," 1886; "Some Country Sights and Sounds," 1893 ; and "Birds of the Wave and Woodland," 1894. The first "authorised" edition of his works in America appeared in 1882, as " Under the Sun." He is a regular contributor to the Contemporary Review, Gentleman's Maga- zine, and Harper's Monthly. ROBINSON, W., landscape-gardener and editor of the Garden and of other journals devoted to rural life, was by his own wish trained to horticulture at an early age. When in the gardens of the Royal Botanic Society in the Regent's Park he visited, on behalf of the Society, all the botanical gardens in the United Kingdom, and commenced as a writer by giving a description of this tour in the Gardeners' Chronicle. He went to Paris at the time of the Exhibition of 1867, and studied the horticulture of the neighbour- hood of Paris, in public, private, and com- mercial gardens, writing in the Times an account of the more important things ob- served. He travelled in Europe and America, always in the interest of the same subject, and collected plants in California and the Rocky Mountains. He has founded the Garden, vol. Hi., 1897 ; Gardening Illustrated, vol. xix., 1898 ; Farm and Home, vol. xvi., 1898 ; Woods and Forests, vol. ii., 1885; Cottage Gardening, vol. xi., 1898. He is author of the " English Flower Garden," 6th edit., 1898; the "Wild Garden," 4th edit., 1894 ; " Parks and Gardens of Paris," 2nd edit., 1883; "Hardy Flowers," 5th edit., 1892 ; the " Sub-Tropical Garden," 2nd edit. ; " Garden Design and Architects' Gardens," 1892 ; and " God's Acre Beauti- ful." In most of the above the aim has been to develop more artistic work, both in the design and planting of gardens, and to advocate the greatly increased culture of many plants from countries like our own in climate. Mr. Robinson is garden and woodland editor of the Field. Ad- dress : 63 Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C. ROBINSON, Sir William, G.C.M.G., Governor of Hong-Kong, was born in 1836, and is the son of the late Rev. J. B. Robin- son. In 1854 he became a clerk in the Colonial Office, and having been private secretary to Lord Blackford and Mr. Card- well, he was appointed to represent the Colonial Office on the East African Slave- Trade Commission, 1869, and the Vienna Exhibition, 1873. He was Governor of the Bahama Isles, 1874-80 ; of the Wind- ward Isles, 1881-84 ; of Barbados, 1884 ; of Trinidad, 1885 ; and of Hong-Kong, 1891-97. In 1887 he received the thanks of the Government for the satisfactory settlement of the Venezuelan difficulty arising out of the Henrietta and Josephina cases. ROBSON, Professor A. W. Mayo, F.R.C.S., Professor of Surgery at the Yorkshire College, Victoria University, was born at Filey, on April 17, 1853, and is the eldest son of the late T. Binnington Robson of Filey. He was educated at a private school, and at the Wesley College, and Yorkshire College. He studied medi- cine at Leeds, where he is now Senior Surgeon at the General Infirmary, and Lecturer on Practical Surgery and Patho- logy at the Leeds School of Medicine. He holds a number of important posts in his own district, and in London is Member of Council, and has been Hunterian Pro- fessor of Surgery and Pathology at the Royal Coll. Surgeons, Eng. He is also 926 ROBSON — ROCHEFORT-LUQAY a Fellow of the Royal Med. Chir. Society, and other leading societies, and is Presi- dent of the British Gynaecological Society, and of various Yorkshire societies. He has been Hon. President of the Inter- national Congress of Gynaecology. His publications include "On Gall-Stones and their Treatment," a subject on which, amongst others, he has written largely in Clifford Allbutt's "System of Medi- cine," and in the leading reviews and transactions, &c. Address : 7 Park Square, Leeds. ROBSON, William Snowdon, Q.C., M.P., is the third surviving son of the late Eobert Robson, J.P. of Newcastle, and was born in 1852. He was educated at Dr. Bruce's School, Newcastle, and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (B. A. ), graduating in the Moral Science Tripos, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1S80. He joined the North- Eastern Circuit, and took silk in 1892. In 1895 he was appointed Recorder of New- castle-upon-Tyne. From 1885 to 1886 he sat for the Bow and Bromley Division of the Tower Hamlets, and was elected for South Shields in 1895, a constituency which he represents in the Liberal interest. Ad- dresses : 60 Chester Square, S.W. ; New- castle-upon-Tyne, &c. ROBY, Henry John, M.P., J.P., LL.D. Edin. and Camb., is a native of Tarn worth where his father was a solicitor, and where he was boiu, Aug. 12, 1830. When he was twelve years of age his family removed to Bridgnorth, and for seven years he was a day-scholar at the grammar school there. In 1849 he went up to St. John's College, Cambridge, and was elected scholar and exhibitioner of the College, graduating B.A. in 1853, being first in the first class of the Classical Tripos. As senior classic he was elected the following year to a Fellowship at St. John's, and subsequently was appointed a classical lecturer. He remained at Cambridge until 1861, filling, among other offices, that of Secretary to the Committee of the Cambridge Local University examinations, and that of one of the examiners for the Law Tripos, the Classical Tripos, and the Moral Science Tripos. Mr. Roby took an active part in promoting reform in his college, and in the university, under the Cambridge Uni- versity Act, and published a pamphlet on the subject, " Remarks on College Re- form," 1858. Upon leaving Cambridge, he became an under-master at Dulwich College, and while there (1861-65) he pub- lished his Elementary Latin Grammar. From 1864 to 1868, under the appoint- ment of the Crown, he was successively Secretary to the Schools Inquiry Commis- sion, and in 1869 Secretary to the Endowed Schools Commission, and subsequently, 1872, Commissioner. This Commission expired Dec. 31, 1874. During this period he was for two years Professor of Juris- prudence at University College, London, where he lectured on Roman Law. Mr. Roby assisted the Schools Inquiry Com- missioners in preparing their Report (issued March 1868) and in compiling and editing the twenty volumes appended thereto. In 1877 he was appointed a life governor and a member of the Council of Owens College, and the same year a governor of Manchester Grammar School, and subsequently one of the governors of Hulme's Charity. Between 1871 and 1874 he had published the two volumes of his larger Latin Grammar, " Grammar of the Latin Language, from Plautus to Sue- tonius ; " in 1880 a school edition of the work ; and in 1884 his " Introduction to Justinian's Digest and Commentary," in recognition of the importance of which work the University of Edinburgh con- ferred upon him in 1887 the honorary degree of LL.D. He has been Chairman of the Manchester Liberal Executive, and filled other similar offices. He was M.P. for Eccles, a seat which he wrested from the Conservatives at the bye-election in Oct. 1890, and was re-elected for the same constituency in 1892, but failed in 1895 ; and then, ceasing to reside in Manchester, retired from political work. He was, in 1892, appointed by the Speaker one of the Deputy-Chairmen of Committees of the House of Commons. In 1892 he received from Cambridge University their hon. LL.D. degree. In 1861 Mr. Roby married Matilda, elder daughter of Peter A. Ermen, Esq., of Dawlish, who died 1889. Address : Members' Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. ROCHEFORT-LTJCAY, Victor Henri, Marquis de, commonly known as Henri Rochefort, a French journalist and politician, was born in Paris on Jan. 30, 1830, and is the son of the Marquis Claude, who, under the name of Edmond Rochefort, was a well-known playwright. The early years of his life, as he says, were spent in the most middle-class fashion. Although a descendant of the old French aristocracy, his family were very poor ; indeed, it has been wittily said that he inherited from his sires nothing but a stock of anecdotes. His school-days num- bered many episodes prophetic of his future career, and at the age of eighteen he started to earn a living. He tried tutorship, but that soon disgusted him. Then he essayed play-writing, but with more enthusiasm than success. Finally, he obtained a post as auxiliary clerk in the Hotel de Ville, and thus really com- ROCHESTER — EOD 927 menced life as so many other French litterateurs have done. His office duties being light, he employed a good deal of his spare time in doing odd jobs for the newspapers. Slowly he crept into notice, with the considerable assistance of an occasional duel, and became somewhat notorious as a bold writer, even daring to attack the Emperor himself. He was afterwards one of the writers of the Cltarivari, and his articles in this journal led to his appointment as sub-inspector of Fine Arts in Paris, a post he resigned in 1861 to devote himself wholly to journal- ism. After contributing to various papers, he joined the staff of the Figaro at an annual salary of 30,000 francs ; but in 1865 he retired to save the journal from prose- cution, and established the Lanterne, whose first nine weekly issues reached a circula- tion of over 1,150,000. The paper was, however, soon suppressed on account of its violent attacks upon the Imperial family, and its author was condemned to a year's imprisonment, and to pay a fine of 10,000 francs. M. Eochefort fled to Brussels and continued to publish the Lanterne till August 1869, when on his election to the Legislative body he was permitted to return to Paris. In the same year he founded the Marseillaise, in which Victor Noir was a collaborator. The attacks in this journal on Prince Pierre Bonaparte led to the assassination of Victor Noir by the Prince ; the paper was seized, and M. Rochefort committed to the prison of Sainte Pelagie. On the proclamation of the Republic in Septem- ber 1870 he was released by the mob, and was for a short time connected with the Government of National Defence. He was President of the Commission of Barricades during the siege of Paris, and in Feb. 8, 1871, he was elected one of the representa- tives of Paris in the National Assembly. During that time he was the editor of the Mot d'Ordre, in the columns of which he justified the Commune, and vehemently assailed the Government of Versailles, and M. Thiers personally. On May 19, 1871, while endeavouring to escape from Paris, he was taken, tried by court-martial, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. In September 1872 he was temporarily re- leased to enable him to legitimise his children by marrying their mother, who was dying. Subsequently M. Rochefort was transported to New Caledonia, but effected his escape in 1874. He returned to Europe and attempted to revive the Lanterne in London and Geneva, but without success. The general amnesty of July 11, 1880, permitted M. Rochefort to return to Paris, where he at once assumed the direction of a new Radical paper, L' Intransigent, and renewed his attacks upon all the Governments in turn. He has since been elected for Paris, but Parliament was irksome to him, and he resigned. In 1886 he proposed to take part in the workmen's riots in Belgium, but the Belgian authorities would not permit him to cross the frontier. He was a staunch partisan of General Boulanger, and came to England with him in 1889, having escaped through Belgium from France. Until the beginning of 1895 he resided in London, when he returned to Paris under an amnesty. His reception in his native city was one of royal character. He was welcomed by thousands, and re- ceived most flattering ovations. During the course of litigation between Rochefort, as editor, and M. Vaughan, manager of the V Intransigent, in which the latter gained the day, it became known in De- cember 1896 that for the last seven years Rochefort had received no less than 700,000 francs as editor and 1,700,000 francs in dividends on his shares, or alto- gether 342,000 francs a year. Comment- ing on this, the Dibats observed: "The war against capital is a good business, but it does not enrich all who take part in it. It is not stated that M. Rochefort has ever had the idea of admitting his compositors and messengers to a share in his ample profits." Always eager for notoriety, he violently assailed Dreyfus and those who supported him in his desire for justice ; by the praises he lavished on the army, one would never think he had written against it just as heartily. He joined the anti- Jewish party, of which he is a prominent supporter. M. Rochefort is a great con- noisseur of all the arts, and was one of the first to appreciate Goya. ROCHESTER, Bishop of. See Tal- bot, The Right Rev. Edward Stuart. ROCHESTER, Dean of. See Hole, The Veet Rev. Samuel Reynolds. ROCHESTER, Mark. See Kent, William Charles Mark. ROD, Edouard, Swiss novelist and critic, was born at Nyon in 1857, and was educated at Berne and Berlin. Early in life he came to Paris, and first took up literary criticism, becoming chief editor of La Revue Contcmporaine in 1884. In 1887 he was named Professor of Com- parative Literature at the University of Geneva. His miscellaneous works include "Apropos de l'Assommoir," 1879; " Les Allemands a Paris," 1880 ; and " Giacomo Leopardi," 1888. But he is chiefly known as a novelist, and he has written quite a series of psychological analyses imbued with the pessimism of Schopenhauer, the 928 ROD AYS — RODIN realism of Zola, and the musical theories of Wagner. Among these may be named : " Palrnyre Veulard," 1881 ; "La Chute de Miss Topsy," 1882; "Tatiana Leiloff, " 1886; " Ne'vrosee," 1888; " Nouvelles Romandes," 1891 ; and studies on Dante and Stendhal, 1891. In "Le Sens de la Vie," which is a sort of psychological autobiography, he depicts the worries and griefs of domestic life, and argues that the reason of these is the sacrifice of the indi- vidual to the family. In March 1898 M. Rod came to London, and delivered a lecture on contemporary French fiction, stating that the novel was the most com- plete and strongest literary expression of French genius. He is a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and his Paris address is 27 Rue Erlanger. RODAYS, Pierre Fernand de, editor of the Paris Figaro, was born at Mur-en- Sologne, Oct. 19, 1845, and coming to Paris to study law, took to journalism in- stead. He started by some articles in the Vie Parisienne, and edited a short-lived paper called Paris - Caprice, under the pseudonym of Pierre Jaff. Subsequently he edited the Courier de SaOne et Loire, and during the last days of the Empire he aided in the direction of Le Peuple Fran- eais. Under the Ollivier Ministry he was sent to Brest, where he founded Le Peuple Breton, and during the Franco-Prussian war a second paper called La Guerre. After the war he returned to Paris and became one of the staff of the Figaro, where he reviewed books and edited the law reports. In the next year, under the pseudonym of Louis de Coulanges, he wrote a series of biographical articles satirising the officials of the new Republic, which were united in a volume, under the title of " Les Prefets de la Republique." M. de Villemessant, the founder of the paper, had great confidence in him, and at his death he became one of the three administrators of the paper, with MM. Magnard and P^rivier. On the death of the former he became editor-in-chief, Nov. 22, 1894. During 1898 he left the paper for a while, owing to its volte-face on the Dreyfus affair. Paris address : 103 Rue St. Lazare. RODD, Sir James Rennell, K.C.M.G., C.B., principal secretary to the British Agency in Egypt, was born in London, Nov. 9, 1858. He is the son of the late Major J. R. Rodd, and was educated at Haileybury College, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he gained the Newdigate Prize for English Verse in 1880, the subject being "Raleigh." He obtained his B.A. degree in the following year. In 1883 he joined the Diplomatic Service, and soon after be- came attache' at Berlin. In 1888 he was transferred to Athens, and in 1891 was appointed second Secretary to the Hon. Sir Edmund Monson at Rome. In the fol- lowing year he went to Paris, and in 1893 was chosen to succeed Sir Gerald Portal as British Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar, where he performed his duties in a most successful manner under very difficult conditions. During his year of office the Sultan, Seyyid Ali, died, and Mr. Rodd at once proclaimed Hamed ben Thwain, a great-nephew of Seyyid Ali, Sultan of Zanzibar. An attempt was made by Kalid Barghash to obtain possession of the throne, and skirmishes took place at Pumwain and Jongein, at both of which Mr. Rodd was present. In 1894 he was transferred to Egypt as second Secretary at the British Legation, and during the temporary absence of Lord Cromer he discharged the functions of Acting Agent and Consul-General. During 1897 it was decided to despatch a British Mission to Abyssinia, and Mr. Rodd was selected as special Envoy. He was accompanied by a number of English officers, the average height of whom was over six feet. Count Gleichen, who formed one of the party, afterwards published a very interesting account of the Mission. Mr. Rodd was received with much ceremony, and after the signing of a treaty he invested King Menelik with the insignia of a G.C.M.G. The main object of Mr. Rodd's mission was the establishment of friendly and commercial relations, and among the more important items of the treaty may be men- tioned the recognition of the Somaliland frontiers ; the keeping open of certain caravan routes ; and the prevention of the transit through Abyssinia of arms to the Mahdists, whom Menelik declared to be the enemies of his country. The success- ful issue of the mission gave great satis- faction, and Mr. Rodd received a C.B. In October 1898 he was appointed Secretary to Her Majesty's Agency at Cairo, and received the K.C.M.G. for his diplomatic services at the Birthday, 1899. Sir Rennell Rodd is the author of the following works in prose and verse: "Frederick, Crown Prince and Emperor," 1889 ; " Customs and Lore of Modern Greece," 1891 ; "Songs in the South," "Poems in Many Lands " (which is a second edition of the former work) ; " The Unknown Madonna," "Feda and other Poems," "The Violet Crown and Songs of England," and " Bal- lads of the Fleet," 1897. Permanent ad- dress : 17 Stratford Place, W. ; and Athenaium. RODIN, August, French sculptor, was born in Paris in 1840, and when quite young became a pupil of Barye, and then, KOGERS — ROLLIT 929 from 1864 to 1870, of Carrier-Belleuse. For the next seven years he aided Van Rasbourg in decorating the interior of the Bourse at Brussels. He made his first ap- pearance at the Salon in 1875 with a terra- cotta bust of Gamier. In 1877 his "Age d'Airain " created a deal of discussion, and he was awarded a medal of the third class. His "St. John the Baptist" was exhibited in 1880, and was acquired by the Luxembourg, where his "Danaide " stands also. His other works include : "La Creation de l'Homrne," 1880 ; busts of J. P. Laurens, Victor Hugo, Antonin Proust, 1885 ; and Puvis de Chavannes, 1891. M. Rodin was commissioned by the State to execute in marble a group at the door of the Palais des Arts Decoratifs, represent- ing Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Mala- testa. In 1889 he produced " Les Bourgeois de Calais," which was erected in that town ; a statue of Bastien Lepage, for the town of Danvilliers ; another of Claude Lorraine, for the town of Nancy ; and the huge monument of Victor Hugo, for the Pan- theon. In 1898 this artist created quite a revolution by his statue of Balzac, which he had been commissioned to execute for the Societe des Gens de Lettres. It was exhibited in the Salon, and the Society re- fused to accept it, declaring it to be with- out form, and void. This roused the ire of true art lovers, who saw in it the ex- pression of Balzac's thought, and one of them purchased it for the price of the com- mission. Several characteristic examples of this master's art were to be seen in London in 1898 at the International Art Exhibition. He was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1888. ROGERS, The Rev. James Guin- ness, D.D. , Congregational minister and writer, was born at Enniskillen on Dec. 29, 1822, and is the son of the Rev. Thomas Rogers. He was educated at Silcoates School, Wakefield, at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in 1843, and afterwards prepared for his ministerial duties by study at Lancashire Independent College. He has been successively Con- gregational minister at Newcastle-on- Tyne, Ashton-under-Lyne, and Clapham, where he has officiated since 1865. He was elected Chairman of the Congre- gational Union of England and Wales in 1875 ; and has contributed to the Oorujre- gationalist, Contemporary, British Quarterly, and the Congregational Review, of which he is editor. Among many other religious works he has published " Present- Day Re- ligion and Theology," 1887; "Christ for the World," 1895; "The Gospel in the Epistles," and " The Christian Ideal," 1898. Address : 81 Clapham Common, S.W. ROHLFS, Mrs. Charles, nde Anna Katharine Green, novelist, daughter of James Wilson Green, a lawyer, who has held public positions in New York and elsewhere, was born at Brooklyn, New York, and educated at Ripley College, Poultney, Vermont. She has published "The Leavenworth Case," 1878; "A Strange Disappearance," 1879 ; " The Swords of Damocles," 1881; "The De- fence of the Bride, and other Poems," 1882; "XY Z," and "Hand and Ring," 1883; "The Mill Mystery," and "7 to 12," 1886 ; " Risifi's Daughter," a drama, 1887; "Behind Closed Doors," 18S8 ; "The Forsaken Inn," 1890; "A Matter of Millions," 1890 ; " The Old Stone House," 1891 ; " Cynthia Wakeham's Money," 1892 ; "Marked Personal," 1S93 ; " That Affair next Door," 1897 ; and "Lost Man's Lane," 1898. The author has dramatised her first novel, " The Leavenworth Case," and it was pre- sented to the public during the seasons of 1891, 1892, 1893. Her novels are published in the native languages of Germany, Italy, and France, and have been widely circu- lated in England and the British posses- sions. On Nov. 24, 1884, Miss A. K. Green was married to Mr. Charles Rohlfs, and now resides at Buffalo, New York. ROLLINAT, Maurice, French poet, was born at Chateauroux in 1853, and is the son of Francois Rollinat, one of the representatives in the National Assembly of 1848. His family were intimate friends of George Sand, and under her auspices he took to a literary career. His first pub- lished work was a collection of poems en- titled " Dans les Brandes," which aroused but little stir. But his second work, pub- lished in 1883, "Les Nevroses," was a most realistic collection of luxurious and eccentric poems, and made him one of the chiefs of that school of young poets who unite plain speaking with sonorous words. It was declared to be a work surpassing those of Poe and Baudelaire, and was followed by two other volumes, " L'Abime," 1886, and " La Nature," 1892, which, owing to their saner thoughts, made less noise. He also published, in 1893, a book of poetry for children, entitled " Le Livre de la Nature." ROLLIT, Sir Albert Kaye, M.P., LL.D., D.C.L., D.L., was born in 1842, and is the son of the late John Rollit, of Hull. He was educated at King's College, Lon- don, of which he is a Fellow and Governor, and was Gold Medallist of the University of London, of which he is B.A., LL.D., Fellow, and Member of Senate. He became a solicitor in 1863, and was Prizeman of the Incorporated Law. Society. He is 3 N 930 ROME — RONNER senior partner in Rollit & Sons, of Lon- don and Hull, and in Bailey & Leetham, steamship owners, of Hull, London, New- castle, and Manchester ; Director of the National Telephone Co. ; Alderman for Hull, of which he was Mayor, 1883-85 ; J.P. for London ; D.L. for the West Riding, the city of York, and the Tower of London ; Commissioner of Lieutenancy for the City ; President of the Association of Municipal Corporations ; President of the Associated Chambers of Commerce, and, till lately, of the London Chamber of Commerce ; President of the British Commission of the Brussels International Exhibition in 1897 ; Hon. Lieutenant- Colonel in the Engineer Militia ; Elder Brother of the Trinity House since 1891 ; Hon. Freeman of Hull since 1890, of Huddersfield since 1894, of the Carpenters' Company, London ; and Board of Trade Representative on the Humber Conser- vancy. On the occasion of his retirement from the presidency of the London Chamber of Commerce, after five years' tenure of office, he was presented in Decem- ber 1898 with a silver casket containing a letter of thanks. Among other foreign orders he has the Knight Commandership of the Iron Crown of Italy, of Leopold of Belgium, and of the Double Dragon of China. He has sat for Islington South since 1886. He married (2), in November 1896, Mary, Duchess of Sutherland. Ad- dresses : 30 Lowdnes Square, S.W. ; and Crogan House, Hull, &c. ROME, Pope of. See Leo XIII. HOMER, The Hon. Sir Robert, Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal, born in London, Dec. 23, 1840, is the second son of the late Francis Romer, the composer, and was educated at Trinity Hall, Cam- bride ; Senior Wrangler and Smith's Prize- man, 1863 ; Fellow of Trinity Hall, 1867. From 1865 to 1866 he was Professor of Mathematics at Queen's College, Cork. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1867 ; was Examiner in Civil Law at Cambridge, 1869-70 ; was made Queen's Counsel in 1881 ■; Bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1884, and was appointed one of the Justices of the High Court (Chancery Division) Nov. 17, 1890, in the place of Sir Edward Ebenezer Kay, created a Lord Justice of Appeal. In the Chancery Court he was noted for rapid work and a pro- found knowledge of the Patent Laws. In February 1899 he was created a Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal in the room of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph William Chitty deceased. He married Betty, the daughter of the late Mark Lemon, editor of Punek. Addresses : 27 Harrington Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. ROMERO, Matias, Mexican states- man , was born in Oaxaca, Mexico, Feb. 24, 1837, and educated at the Institute of Arts and Sciences in his native town, where he studied philosophy and then law, and was admitted to the bar in the city of Mexico in 1857. In the revolution of that year he sided with the Government, and in De- cember 1859 he was appointed Secretary of the Mexican Legation in Washington, and was subsequently Charged d'Affaires until April 1863. He returned to Mexico in 1863, and resigning his diplomatic post was appointed Colonel in the army, and became Chief-of-Staff to his college friend, General Porfirio Diaz. He was employed on several military missions of a diplo- matic nature, and in September returned to Washington as Minister to the United States, and negotiated several important treaties with that country after the down- fall of the Emperor in Mexico. In 1868 he accepted the Treasury portfolio in Juarez's Cabinet, and for five years ad- ministered the finances of the country with skill. In 1876 he was a member of the Mexican Senate, and on the election of General Diaz as President he returned to the Treasury, which he retained till April 1, 1879. He was appointed Post- master-General in February 1880, but soon retired. In 1881 the boundary question between Mexico and the United States, and also that between Mexico and Guate- mala, were adjusted by him, and he has since retained the post of Minister to the United States. He has published " Coffee Culture on the Southern Coast of Chiapas," 1875 ; " Historical Sketch of the Annexa- tion of Chiapas and Soconusco to Mexico," 1877; "The State of Oaxaca," 1886; besides many other volumes, chiefly official reports. RONNER, Mdme. Henriette, whose charming pictures of cats were, in 1890, on view at the Fine Art Gallery in New Bond Street, was born in Amsterdam in 1821, and was educated with great strictness for the profession of an artist. Her first tutor was her father, Herr Knip, who kept her at work for many hours daily, adopting the unusual plan of shutting her up in darkness for two hours in the mid- day, in order to rest her eyes, a proceeding much more likely to be injurious than beneficial. Forty years ago she married Fieco Ronner, since which time she has lived in Brussels, and devoted her atten- tion almost solely to animal portraiture. On the Continent she is regarded as an animal-painter of the highest merit, and receives from the Brussels National Gal- lery, the Luxembourg, and very many town and corporation museums, commissions to paint portraits of favourite dogs and cats. EONTGEN — KOPES 931 The great characteristic of her work is her absolute truthfulness. Brussels address : 57 Chaussee de Vieurgat. RONTGEN, Conrad "Wilhelm, Pro- fessor of Physics at the University of Wiirzburg, Bavaria, was born at Lennep, in Rhenish Prussia, in 1844. He was edu- cated at Zurich, where he became a Doctor of Science in 1869. For long he had been a distinguished investigator of physical problems, and his great discovery of the X or Rontgen Rays was made on Nov. 8, 1895, but not communicated to the public till the beginning of January 1896. The essential part of this experiment is a small glass tube, into each end of which is fitted a wire from some electric generating ap- paratus ; then, the tube being exhausted by an air-pump, the electric circuit is broken by the vacuum space in the tube between the two ends of the wires. If, when an electric current is made to pass along the wires, a living human hand be interposed between the tube and a pho- tographic plate, a photograph can be obtained showing all the outlines of the bones. During 1897 a Rontgen Society was formed in England, of which the first President was Professor Sylvan us Thomp- son. ROOKWOOD, Lord, The Right Hon. Henry John Selwin-Ibbetson, Bart., D.L., only son of the late Sir John Thomas Ibbetson-Selwin, the 6th baronet, by Isabella, daughter of the late General John Leveson-Gower, was born Sept. 26, 1826, and received his academical education at St. John's College, Cambridge ^(M.A.). He twice contested Ipswich, in the Conservative interest, before being returned for South Essex in July 1865 ; and after the county was further divided by the second Reform Act, he was elected in 1868 for the western division of it, which, under the new name Epping Divi- sion, he represented in the House of Commons till 1892, when he was made a peer under the title of Lord Rookwood. He brought in, and passed, the Bills deal- ing with the Licenses for the Sale of Beer and Wine in 1869 and 1870. Sir H. Selwin-Ibbetson was appointed Under- Secretary of State for the Home Depart- ment on Mr. Disraeli taking office in the spring of 1874. He was chairman of the departmental commission appointed in 1877 to inquire into the detective branch of the Metropolitan Police. In April 1878 he was appointed Secretary to the Trea- sury, and he held that office until the resig- nation of the Conservative Government in April 1880. He was appointed Church Estate Commissioner in 1885. He assumed the name of Ibbetson (which his father had formerly borne) in addition to that of Selwin in 1867. He married (1) Sarah, daughter of the 1st Lord Lyndhurst, and (2) in 1867, the widow of Sir Charles Henry Ibbetson, 5th Baronet. Addresses : 62 Prince's Gate, S.W. ; and Down Hall, Essex. ROOSEVELT, Hon. Theodore, American statesman and writer, was born in New York City, Oct. 27, 1858, and graduated from Harvard University in 1880. He was a Member of the New York State Legislature, 1882-84, and an unsuc- cessful candidate for Mayor of New York City in 1886. In 1889 he was appointed on the Civil Service Commission by Pre- sident Harrison. In 1895 he was ap- pointed a Police Commissioner by the Mayor of New York, and in 1897 he became Assistant-Secretary of the United States Navy. He resigned this position soon after the outbreak of the war with Spain in 1898 to become lieut.-colonel of a regi- ment of picked men known as the " Rough Riders," recruited largely from the cattle- men of the western plains. With this regiment he distinguished himself greatly by his bravery in the actions preceding the capture of Santiago in Cuba, and was soon made colonel, returning with his men to the United States in August 1898. He has published " The Naval War of 1812," 1882; "Hunting Trips of a Ranchman," 1885 ; " Life of Thomas H. Benton," 1887 ; " Life of Gouverneur Morris, "1888; "Essays on Practical Politics." 1888; "Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail," 1888 ; " The Winning of the West," 1889 ; "History of New York City," 1891 ; "The Wilderness Hunter," 1892; "The Winning of the West," vol. iii., 1894; vol. iv., 1896; "American Ideals and other Essays," 1897. On Nov. 8, 1898, he was elected Governor of New York State. ROPES, Arthur Reed, "Adrian Ross," was born at Lewisham on Dec. 23, 1859, and is the youngest son of the late William Hooper Ropes, a Russia merchant. He was educated at Priory House School, Clapham, at Mill Hill, and City of London Schools, and at King's College, Cambridge, of which he was a scholar. He gained the Chancellor's Medal for English verse, and the Member's Prize for English Essay in 1881, was eleventh Wrangler, Senior in Historical Tripos, Lightfoot and Whewell Scholar, Fellow of King's College, 1884-90, Lecturer in History. Mr. Ropes is an interesting example of an academic poet turning into a successful modern librettist. He was known in his college days as a poet of literary subjects and singular literary charm, since which time he has either written or collaborated in the libretti 932 KOKKE — ROSCOE of such musical comic operas and bur- lesques as "Joan of Arc," "In Town," "Morocco Bound," "Don Juan," "Go Bang," "My Girl," "Ballet Girl," &c., all of which have been popular in London, as well as "The Greek Slave," 1898 (Daly's). He has published "Poems," 1884, and has edited various French books for the Pitt Press, &c. He has been a member of the Sketch staff from the beginning, and was under Mr. Zangwill on Ariel. Address: 32 Woolstone Boad, Forest Hill, S.E. RORKE, Miss Kate (Mrs James Gardner), made her first appearance on the stage in 1878, when she was one of the school-girls in " Olivia" at the Court Theatre. In 1880 she appeared at the Haymarket with the Bancrofts in "School." She then joined the Criterion company, with whom she played for several years, appearing in " Foggerty's Fairy," "Four- teen Days," "Little Miss Muffit," and "The Candidate." In 1885 she appeared in the " Silver Shield " at the Strand, and then went to the Comedy. At the Vaude- ville in 1886 she appeared in a succession of pieces, and will be remembered for her charming acting in "Joseph's Sweetheart," Mr. Buchanan's spirited adaptation of Fielding's "Joseph Andrews." In 1889 she appeared at the Garrick in Mr. Hare's important plays, "The Profligate," "A Pair of Spectacles," "Lady Bountiful," "School," "A Fool's Paradise," "Diplo- macy," "Caste," "Money," &c, &c. After this she toured in the provinces, and in 1896 played with Mr. Beerbohm Tree in "The Seats of the Mighty." Miss Kate Eorke is now one of the leading romantic actresses of the day. Address : Park- hurst, St. John's Wood Park, N.W. ROSCOE, Professor Sir Henry En- field, V.P.R.S., Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Vice-Chancellor of the University of Lon- don, born Jan. 7, 1833, in London, is a grandson of William Roscoe, Esq., of Liverpool, and son of Henry Roscoe, Esq., barrister-at-law, and of Maria, daughter of Thomas Fletcher, merchant, of Liver- pool. He was educated at Liverpool High School, University College, London, and Heidelberg (B.A. London, 1852); was appointed Professor of Chemistry at Owens College, Victoria University, Man- chester, from 1858 to 1885 ; elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1863 ; and received the Royal Medal of that Society in 1873, "for his chemical re- searches, more especially for his investiga- tions of the chemical action of light, and of the combinations of Vanadium." Pro- fessor Roscoe has published several series of investigations on the Measurement of the Chemical Action of Light in conjunc- tion with Professor Bunsen of Heidelberg, and is author of many papers in the Philo- sophical Transactions and scientific journals on other subjects ; also of " Lessons in Elementary Chemistry," since translated into German, Russian, Hungarian, Italian, Urdoo, and Japanese, and republished in America ; " Lectures on Spectrum Ana- lysis," 1869 (4th edit,, 1885); and, con- jointly with Professor Schorlemmer, F.R.S., of a "Treatise on Chemistry," 8 vols., 1877-98, in which the facts and principles of the science are exhaustively expounded. The University of Dublin conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1878, that of Cambridge in 1883, and that of Montreal in 1884, and he received the D.C.L. of Oxford in 1887. He is hono- rary member of the German Chemical Society, and of many foreign academies. He was joint editor with the late Pro- fessors Huxley and Balfour Stewart of Macmillan's Science Primer Series, and author of the "Chemistry Primer." Other works of his are "John Dalton " (editor of the Science Century Series), and, in con- junction with Dr. Harden, "A New View of the Genesis of the Atomic Theory of Chemistry." He acted for many years as Examiner in Chemistry to the University of London and to the Science and Art De- partment. In 1880 he was President of the Chemical Society of London ; in 1881 President of the Society of Chemical In- dustry, of which he is one of the founders ; and in 1882 President of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, and a member of the Royal Commission on Technical Instruction, 1882-84 ; in the latter year he received the honour of knighthood for his services on that com- mission. He has also acted on the Royal Commissions on Scottish Universities and Secondary Education. In 1887 he was elected President of the British Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science for the Manchester meeting ; in 1888 he was appointed consulting chemist to the Metro- politan Board of Works ; in 1889 he re- ceived the decoration of Officer of the Legion of Honour from the French Govern- ment in recognition of his services as a sectional Vice-President at the Paris Ex- position of that year, and was elected a corresponding member of the French In- stitute, Academy of Sciences ; in the same year he was appointed President of the- Midland Institute, Birmingham, and de- livered an address on Pasteur's discoveries. He has served on the commission appointed to inquire into the Pasteur method for the treatment of hydrophobia. He was ap- pointed to the vacancy in the Senate of London University in January 1894. At the general election, November 1885, he won the seat for South Manchester for the ROSE — ROSEBERY 933 Liberal party, of which he is a staunch supporter. In 1886 and 1892 he was elected again, but was defeated in 1895 by the Marquis of Lome. Since 1896 he has been Vice-Chancellor of the University of London. In 1863 he married Lucy, daughter of Edmund Potter, F.K.S. Ad- dresses : 10 Bramhana Gardens, S.W. ; Woodcote Lodge, West Horsley, Surrey ; and Athenaeum. HOSE, Edward, dramatist, was born at Swaffham, in Norfolk, on Aug. 7, 1849, is the son of Caleb Rose, M.R.C.P., and comes of a long line of clergymen and doctors. He was chiefly educated at Ipswich Grammar School, where Mr. Rider Haggard was his school-fellow. He was intended for the law, but, after passing the intermediate examination, came to London and devoted himself to literature. He had from a very early age been in- terested in the drama, and in 1873 pub- lished "Columbus," a five-act historical play. His first acted piece of any im- portance was "Our Farm," produced in 1871 at the Queen's Theatre, Long Acre. This ran 107 nights in London alone. Altogether he has had some three dozen pieces acted in London or the provinces, and these have ranged from romantic drama to pantomime. His most ambitious original work has been "Agatha Tylden, Merchant and Shipowner," which was brought out at the Haymarket by Mrs. I.angtry in the autumn of 1893, and the most frequently acted of his plays has been an adaptation of Mr. Anstey's "Vice Versa," in which he himself has constantly appeared as a delightful Dick Bultitude. His comedietta, "The Marble Arch," has been acted more than a thousand times. It was as Dick Bultitude that Mr. Rose made his debut as a professional actor in London, having previously belonged to an amateur company, nearly all the members of which, including Mr. Tree, are now well known on the stage. In 1881 he had gone on tour with Mr. George Rignold, and had acted many parts in "Henry V." In 1882 he acted on tour the comedy part, the Hon. Jim Gosling, in Herman Meri- vale's "Cynic." Since that time he has played in London, except for occasional weeks in the country, when he has toured with plays of his own. As a journalist he has done much good work, and has been associated for nearly twenty years with the Illustrated London News, in which his chief work has been the series of English Homes, illustrated by M. Mont- bard. "V. R.," a story in Arrowsmith's Bristol Library, is from his pen. He was dramatic critic to the Sunday Times in 1894-96. He is elaborating a new system of teaching children to read. His most recent adaptations for the stage are " Under the Red Robe " and " The Prisoner of Zenda" ; and " In Days of Old," parti- ally adapted from the French, and played at the St. James's in 1899. Address: 36 Upper Addison Gardens, W. ROSEBERY, Earl of, The Right Hon. Archibald Philip Primrose, K.G., K.T., LL.D., F.R.S., son of the late Archibald, Lord Dalmeny, by Lady Cathe- rine Lucy Wilhelmina, only daughter of the 4th Earl Stanhope, was born in Lon- don in 1847, and received his education at Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford. He succeeded to the title on the death of his grandfather, the 4th Earl of Rose- bery, in 1868. The first time he ever spoke in public was in 1871, when, at the opening of Parliament, he was selected by the Prime Minister, Mr Gladstone, to second the address in reply to the speech from the throne. He soon took a decided position on the question of national edu- cation, and when the Government Educa- tion Bill for Scotland was before the House of Peers, he moved an amendment to it by which he aimed at the exclusion of catechisms from public schools. He also spoke in the same session on Lord Russell's motion regarding the Alabama Treaty ; and he was appointed Commis- sioner to inquire into Endowments in Scotland. In the session of 1873 Lord Rosebery was much engaged in an en- deavour to obtain a Committee of Inquiry on the supply of horses in this country. He moved for, and obtained the Commit- tee, and was made the chairman of the same. It may be said that to the labours of that Committee the remission of the taxes on horses is fairly due. During the session of 1874 Lord Rosebery moved for, and was made the chairman of, a Com- mittee on the Scotch and Irish representa- tive peerages. He was President of the Social Science Congress which met at Glasgow Oct. 1, 1874. On Nov. 16, 1878, he was elected Lord Rector of the Uni- versity of Aberdeen in succession to Mr. W. E. Forster. In November 1880 he was elected Lord Rector of the University of Edinburgh, but he did not deliver his inaugural address until Nov. 4, 1882. He was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in August 1881, in succession to Mr. Leonard Courtney, who was transferred to the Colonial Office. His lordship resigned the Under-Secretary - ship in June 1883, and in November 1884 became First Commissioner of Works in succession to Mr. Shaw-Lefevre, who succeeded Mr. Fawcett as Postmaster- General. In Mr. Gladstone's next Govern- ment (18S6) Lord Rosebery was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ; 934 EOSEBERY and won general approval, at home and abroad, for the firmness with which he conducted the difficult questions arising out of the Servo-Bulgarian War and the Greek desire for territorial indemnity. When Mr. Gladstone brought forward his first Home Rule for Ireland Bill, he en- tirely approved of it, and became one of its staunchest supporters in the Upper House. In 1888 Lord Rosebery received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge. On Jan. 17 he was elected, in company with Sir John Lubbock, member for the City Division of the London County Council; and on Feb. 12 was appointed chairman, but resigned in June 1890, owing to the pressure of his many public duties, and was succeeded by Sir John Lubbock. He married, March 20, 1878, Hannah, only child of Baron Meyer de Rothschild. She died Nov. 19, 1890. Owing to her death, Lord Rosebery ab- stained from most of his political and social labours during 1891 ; but in Novem- ber of that year he published his well- known monograph on William Pitt the younger. In January 1892 he was again elected chairman of the London County Council, and held the position for some months. On Mr. Gladstone's accession to power, Lord Rosebery was appointed Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and in October was made a Knight of the Garter. As a Foreign Minister he has always in- clined to maintaining firmly the interests of Great Britain abroad, and as such has carried on Conservative traditions. He is a strong advocate of Imperial Federation, and it is therefore not surprising that when Mr. Gladstone retired in March 1894 and the Premiership was offered to Lord Rosebery by the Queen, a group of " Little-Englanders " and others, headed by Mr. Labouchere, should for a time have violently resented his accession to power, especially whilst such a tried Liberal leader as Sir William Harcourt was ap- parently passed by. Lord Rosebery, on his acceptance of the Premiership, made some necessary changes in the Cabinet. His Premiership was marked by no start- ling political events, but he had to carry on the work of Government with a majority too small and heterogeneous to allow of a very dashing policy on the part of those in power. After March 189f he made several great speeches containing some notable remarks on the relations of the House of Commons and House of Lords, and on the question of Welsh Disestablishment. In the summer of 1894 Lord Rosebery's horse " Ladas " won the Derby, and prolonged attacks on his owner's encouragement of so-called " gambling " were the result. During 1895 Lord Rosebery's Premiership came to an end, mainly owing to the hostility shown to his leadership by a section of the Radicals. On January 14 the Government was beaten on the estimate for the Houses of Parliament building ; on the 20th they were in a majority of 7 only on an amendment to the Welsh Church Bill ; on the 21st they were defeated on the ammunition question in committee on the Array Estimates, and the following day Lord Rosebery placed his resignation in the hands of the Queen, by whom it was accepted. He then urged upon his sup- porters that the general election should be fought upon the question of the pre- dominance of the House of Lords. In October 1896, in the midst of the agitation arising out of the Armenian atrocities, Lord Rosebery wrote to the chief Liberal Whip resigning his position as Leader of the Liberal party, as he found himself in apparent difference with a considerable mass of the party, and in almost direct opposition to Mr. Gladstone on the Eastern Question. Soon after, during a speech at Edinburgh, he declared his strong dis- approval of any policy which would in- volve Great Britain's isolated intervention in regard to the Armenian Question, since he held that this would precipitate a European war. Upon the death of Mr. Gladstone, in May 1898, he paid a noble and eloquent tribute to the life and public services of the illustrious Liberal leader, in a speech delivered in the House of Lords. During the Fashoda crisis Lord Rosebery uniformly supported the policy of Lord Salisbury. This conduct was consistent with the attitude he took up in 1896 against the encroachments of the French in Siam, when by his firm policy he obtained a treaty limiting the French boundary to the Mekong River. His lord- ship has the character of being a man of many sympathies. Besides being one of the first of English Foreign Ministers, he has for many years taken a deep interest in the welfare of the masses. He has presented a fine swimming-bath to the People's Palace, and his chairmanship of the London County Council will be re- membered for the keen sympathy he displayed during his tenure of it in all movements tending to the bettering of the condition of the London working classes. His interest in literature is very great, and, mutatis mutandis, he may be said to carry on the Whig tradition of culture in high places. He is an authority on Robert Burns, and has frequently delivered interesting addresses to his own country- men and to Englishmen on the life and works of the Scottish national poet. His fame as a speaker stands high, and his public utterances are always eagerly awaited by his admirers in all political parties. Selections from his speeches ROSE-I^NES — ROSSETTI 935 and addresses were published in June 1899. Lord Rosebery has issue, two sons and two daughters ; the heir to the titles and estates, Lord Dalmeny, was born in 1882. His youngest daughter, Lady " Peggy " Primrose, was married in April 1899 to the Earl of Crewe, who was Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland, 1892-95. The ser- vice was held in Westminster Abbey in the presence of the Prince of Wales and a distinguished company. Lord Rosebery is Lord-Lieutenant of Linlithgow and Midlothian, a Trustee of the Imperial In- stitute, and hon. colonel of the 8th Batt. Royal Scots. Addresses : 38 Berkeley Square ; the Durdans, Epsom, &c. ; and Athenaeum. ROSE-INNES, Hon. J., Q.C., is the son of J. Rose-Innes, late Under-Secretary of State for Native Affairs, and is nephew of Sir Gordon Sprigg, Premier of Cape Colony. He was educated at Gill College, Somerset East, and at the Cape University. He was called to the Bar, and was in 1884 returned to the Cape Parliament as Member for Victoria East. He became Member for the Cape division in 1888. Mr. Rose-Innes was Attorney-General from 1890 to 1893, during the ministry of Mr. Cecil Rhodes, but he resigned the office in the last-mentioDed year. On the oocasion of the trial of the Reform prisoners in the Transvaal, he was selected by the High Commissioner to watch matters on behalf of the British Government. He has been, until recently, the leader of the Opposition in the Cape House of Assembly. Address: Cape Town. ROSENTHAL, Btoritz, pianist, was born at Lemberg, Dec. 18, 1862, and having studied under Mikuli, gave concerts at Vienna, and was appointed pianist to the Roumanian Court. He went to Weimar, and was introduced to Liszt ; and in 1878 he visited Paris and St. Petersburg, where he was most favourably received. His re- appearance at Vienna in 1882 was greeted with enthusiasm, and henceforth his pro- gress in popular favour was most marked. He came to London during 1895, and has paid it several subsequent visits. BOSS, Adrian. See Ropes, Arthur Reed. ROSS, Hon. John, is the eldest son of the late Rev. Robert Ross, D.D., of Lon- donderry, and was born there on Dec. 11, 1854. He was educated at Foyle College, Derry, and Trinity College, Dublin, where he was First Classical Scholar in 1876, President of the University Philosophical Society in the same year, and Auditor of the College Historical Society in 1877. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1879, became a Q.C., and a Bencher of the King's Inns in 1891, and was appointed in 1896 a Judge of the High Court of Justice (Chan- cery division), in Ireland. Mr. Ross sat in the House of Commons as Conservative member for Londonderry city from 1892 to 1895. He is married to Katharine, daughter of Col. Deane Mann, of Dun- moyle, co. Tyrone. Address : 66 Fitz- william Square, Dublin. ROSSE, Earl of, Laurence Parsons, Bart., K.P., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., a Re- presentative Peer for Ireland, son of the 3rd Earl, who was President of the Royal Society, and built the famous telescope at Birr, and of Mary, daughter of John Wilmer Field of Heaton Hall, Yorks., was born at Birr Castle, Parsonstown, King's County, Nov. 17, 1840 ; succeeded to the title on the death of his father in 1867 ; was educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; LL.D. 1879 ; and Hon. D.C.L. Oxford, 1870 ; is Chancellor of Dublin University ; Lord-Lieutenant since 1892 ; Custos Ro- tulorum, and J.P. for King's County ; High Sheriff, 1867 ; a J.P. for co. Tipperary, and one of the Senate of the Royal Uni- versity of Ireland. He is the author of various scientific papers in the Philoso- phical Transactions, and in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, London ; the Royal Dublin Society, of which he was elected President in March, 1887 ; the Reports of the British Association (Montreal meet- ing) ; and in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Since 1896 he has been President of the Royal Irish Academy. Lord Rosse married, in 1870, Frances Cassandra, only daughter of the fourth Baron Hawke, and has two sons and one daughter. Addresses : Birr Castle, Parsonstown, King's County ; Womersley Park, Pontefract ; and Athenfeum. ROSSETTI, William Michael, brother of the late Dante Gabriel and Christina Rossetti, was born in London, Sept. 25, 1829, and educated at King's College School, London, where his father, Gabriele, was Professor of Itali?r 1 j < He was appointed in February 1845 io;™e a extra Clerkship in the Excise Office,- London (now the Inland Revenue Office), and be- came in July 1869 Assistant-Secretary in the same office. Under the rule as to limit of age, he retired in September 1894, but continues to act for the office as expert in Paintings, for the purposes of Estate-duty. Mr. Rossetti has been a critic of fine art and literature since 1850. He has acted in that capacity (principally as regards Fine Art) for the Critic, Spectator, Reader, Saturday Review, London Review, Chronicle (weekly), Fraser's Magazine, Academy, 936 ROSTAND — ROTHSCHILD A thenceum, and ' ' Encyclopaedia Britannica." He was much concerned (along with his brother, Millais, Holman Hunt, Woolner, and two others) in the " Pre-Eaphaelite " movement in fine art, from its commence- ment in 1848 ; and he edited and wrote in the Germ, the magazine got up by the Pre-Raphaelites in 1850. He has pub- lished " Dante's Comedy, the Hell," trans- lated into blank verse, 1865; "Fine Art, chiefly Contemporary," 1867, a volume of republished criticisms ; an edition of Shelley, 1870, with a memoir, and a large body of notes ; this was in 2 vols., and was re-issued in 3 vols., revised, in 1878 ; "Lives of Famous Poets," 1878, being brief biographies of 23 British poets from Chaucer to Longfellow, some of them re- produced from the series named Moxon's Popular Poets, with others added ; an edition, with preface and notes, 1887, of the " Collected Works of Dante Gabriel Rossetti " ; a " Life of Keats," 1887, in the series named Great Writers ; a volume, 1889, entitled " Dante Gabriel Rossetti as Designer and Writer," and an ample Memoir of D. G. Rossetti, 1895, accom- panying the Family Letters of the latter. In 1896 he edited the ' ' New Poems " of his lately deceased sister, Christina. The series above named, Moxon's Popular Poets, was edited by Mr. Rossetti from 1870 to 1S75, including 2 vols, of American poems and humorous poems, selected. He also edited, with a full memoir, Wm. Blake's Poems, in the Aldine Series ; and the annotated edition of Shelley's "Adonais" for the Clarendon Press ; and issued a selection, in 1868, of the Poems of Walt Whitman ; likewise works of different kinds, published by the Early- English Text Society, and the Chaucer Society. He was Permanent Chairman of the Committee of the Shelley Society, 1886-95, and he read to this body papers on Shelley's " Prometheus Unbound," and on several other matters. Among his other works are a poem of modern life in blank verse, entitled, " Mrs. Holmes Grey," published in the Broadway about 1869 ; and a " Criticism of Swinburne's Poems and Baljfjfjs." 1866. Mr. Rossetti delivered in 1875;,- i? at Birmingham, Oxford Uni- versity, and elsewhere, lectures on Shelley's Life and Poems, on "The Wives of Poets," and on Leopardi. In March 1874 he mar- ried Lucy, the elder daughter of the late Ford Madox Brown, the painter. She was an artist and authoress, and exhibited at the Royal Academy and elsewhere. She died on April 12, 1894, leaving four children. Address : 3 St. Edmund's Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. ROSTAND, Edmond, French drama- tist, is the son of Joseph Eugene Hubert Rostand, known as a poet of Marseille. His first play, "Les Romanesques," was produced at the Comedie Francaise in 1894, and although it created no stir, yet many saw great promise in that comedy of playful humour. His next work, " La PrincesseLointaine," was written forMdme. Bernhardt, who played it at the Renais- sance, as was also his third, " La Samari- taine," a poetical paraphrase of the story of Christ and the Woman of Samaria. But he first came into universal notice as the author of "Cyrano de Bergerac," a play that brought romantic drama into fashion again, after the problem plays of previous years. It was represented at the Porte Saint Martin Theatre in Paris for the first time on Dec. 28, 1897, when the title role was played by the elder Coquelin {g.v.). The happy combination of author and actor brought about an immediate and lasting success. It was played in Paris until the July following, when M. Coquelin brought it to London (Lyceum, July 4, 1898), and to other European towns. Re- turning to Paris in October 189S, he re- assumed the part. The book of the play ran into a hundred thousand within a year, and quite a flock of plays of the Dumas school were produced in Paris and London soon after. His definition of a "baiser" was quoted in almost every paper. He is also the author of two volumes of poetry, " Les Musardises " and "Pour la Grece." His Paris address is: 29 Rue Alphonse de Neuville. ROTHSCHILD, Alfred Charles de, second son of the late Baron Lionel de Rothschild, was born July 20, 1842, and educated at King's College School, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He is a member of the firm of N. M. Rothschild and Sons, and Consul-General for the Austro- Hungarian Empire. Like almost all the members of his family, he is a passionate collector of works of art ; especially of Dutch, French, and old English pictures, Sevres china, Louis XVI. furniture and bronzes, and Renaissance enamels and metal work. A sumptuous catalogue of this collection was privately printed in two folio volumes, 1885. Among Mr. De Rothschild's most famous pictures may be named Greuze's " Le Baiser envoye " ; Teniers' " The Marriage of Teniers " ; Gainsborough's " Mr. and Mrs. Villebois "; and Romney's "Mrs. Tickell." Addresses : 1 Seamore Place, Mayfair ; and Halton House, Tring, Herts. ROTHSCHILD, Lord Nathan Mayer de, Bart., 1st Lord Rothschild, eldest son of Baron Lionel Nathan de Roths- child, was born in London, Nov. 8, 1840, and educated at King's College School, ROUMANIA — ROUTH 937 London, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was elected as Liberal member for Aylesbury, 1865, and retained the seat until 1885, when he was created a Peer. He is the head of the London banking- firm of N. M. Eothschild & Sons. At Tring Park, and in his fine house in Piccadilly, Lord Eothschild has assembled a multi- tude of treasures of art ; among which it is enough to mention two masterpieces of Gainsborough, "Mrs. Sheridan," "Squire Hilyard and his Wife," and two of Sir Joshua Reynolds, " Garrick between Tra- gedy and Comedy," and "Mrs. Lloyd." He married Emma, daughter of Baron Charles de Rothschild, of Frankfort. Ad- dresses : 148 Piccadilly, W. ; Tring Park, Herts, &c. ROUMANIA, King of. See Chakles, King of Roumania. ROUMANIA, Queen of. See Eliza- beth, Queen of Roumania. ROUTH, Edward John, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., was born at Quebec, Canada, on Jan. 20, 1831, being a son of Sir Ran- dolph Routh, K.C.B., Commissary-General to the Forces. He is also a nephew of Cardinal Taschereau, late Archbishop of Quebec. At the age of 11 he was brought to England, and subsequently was sent to University College School, where he stayed only a year before entering University College. Here, under Professor De Mor- gan, he made rapid progress in mathemati- cal studies. He passed through the higher classes, gaining the mathematical prizes at the yearly examinations. He matri- culated in the University of London in 1847, and passed the B.A. examina- tion in 1849, gaining the Mathematical Scholarship at each. He received also the Gold Medal at his M.A. examination in 1853. In October 1851 he entered Peter- house, Cambridge. He studied for a year under Mr. Todhunter, of St. John's College, and for the remaining two years and a quarter under Mr. Hopkins, of Peterhouse. In 1854 he graduated as Senior Wrangler, and at the Smith's Prize examination he was bracketed equal with Mr. Clerk Max- well, afterwards Professor of Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge. He was then elected a Fellow of Peterhouse, and adopted the profession of teaching as his career in life. From 1861 to 1885 (with the single exception of 1883), the Senior Wrangler has every year been his pupil, besides twice before that date, and once since ; in all twenty-seven times. He has also had amongst his pupils, forty-one Smith's Prizemen. This success is without precedent. In 1855 Mr. Routh wrote a book in conjunction with Lord Brougham. In 1859 he was appointed Examiner in Mathe- matics in the University of London, and after the necessary interval of a year, he held the office for a second quinquennial period (1865-70). Soon after his graduation he was elected a member of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, of the Geological Society, and of the Royal Geographical Society ; subsequently he became a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and a Fellow of the Royal Society. He is also an original member of the London Mathe- matical Society, having been one of those who helped to establish it. In 1860 he was a Moderator, and in 1861 Examiner for the Mathematical Tripos at Cambridge. In 1877 he gained the Adams Prize for his essay on the Stability of Motion. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1879 by the University of Glasgow. In 1883 he was one of the first to take the degree of Doctor of Science, then established in the University of Cam- bridge for those who had " given proof of distinction by some original contribution to the advancement of science." He was elected Honorary Fellow of Peterhouse in the same year. In 1884 Dr. Routh was appointed by the Crown a Fellow of the University of London, and is therefore now a member of the governing body of that University. In 1886 Dr. Routh ceased taking any new pupils, and during the next two years he merely conducted through the remainder of their mathema- tical course those who had already begun to read with him. In the thirty-one years from 1857 to 1888 he thus " coached " nearly seven hundred pupils through the Mathematical Tripos, five hundred of them becoming wranglers. In 1888 his old pupils presented Mrs. Routh with a por- trait of her husband painted by Herkomer as a memorial of their attachment to him. The presentation took place in Peterhouse, the ceremony being described at some length in the Times of Monday, Nov. 5, 1888. In this year he was elected a mem- ber of the Council of the University of Cambridge, and a member of the Council of the Royal Society. At the celebration of the Tercentenary of Trinity College, Dublin, in June 1892, he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science in that University. In 1S88 he was an exa- miner for the second part of the Cam- bridge Tripos, and in 1893 he was again Moderator. He is also on the governing bodies of Cavendish College, Dulwich College, and till lately of the schools at Ipswich. Dr. Routh has written a book on "Rigid Dynamics," in two volumes, six editions of which have been published. A translation into German was made under the auspices of Prof. Klein of Gottingen. He has written for the Syn- 938 EOU VIEK — RO WBOTHAM dies of the University Press a treatise on "Statics," also in two volumes. He has also written for them a treatise on the " Dynamics of a Particle," which appeared in the summer of 1898. Besides these he has contributed numerous papers on mathematical subjects to the Mathematical Messenger, the Quarterly Journal of Mathe- matics, the Transactions and Proceedings of the. Royal Society, and the volumes of the London Mathematical Society. In 1864 he married the eldest daughter of Sir G. B. Airy, K.C.B., the late Astronomer- Royal. Address : Peterhouse, Cambridge. ROTJVIEB, Maurice, French politi- cian, was born at Aix, April 17, 1842, and having entered the legal profession, was a well-known opponent of the Empire. He entered Parliament in July 1871 for Marseille, and sat with the Extreme Left. In 1877 be was one of the 363 members who refused a vote of confidence to the Broglie Cabinet, and it was then that he began to come to the front as an authority on financial matters. Especially did he defend the interest of the town of Mar- seille, and in Gambetta's great ministry of 1881 he received the Portfolio of Com- merce. He resigned with his colleagues in January 1882, but received the same Portfolio in the Ferry Cabinet of 1884. In 1886 he was sent to Rorue to treat with the Italian Government as to a new Com- mercial Treaty, and on the 30th of May of the next year he was asked to form a Government in succession to that of M. Goblet. In this he took the Ministry of Finances, a post he held for many years in successive Cabinets. On entering upon power, he had the courage to deprive General Boulanger of his post as Minister for War, by which act he brought much abuse upon his head. Having held power in the Tirard, Freycinet, and Loubet Cabinets, he had to resign in 1892 on account of his connection with the Baron de Reinach and the Panama scandals. He was accused of having received huge bribes from the Panama directors, but he declared that the money had been spent in preserving the country from Boulang- ism. However this may be, it has been up to now the drawback to M. Rouvier's official career, and although he is always prominent in financial debates, he has not again taken office. His Paris address is : 8 Rue de Windsor. ROUX, Dr. Pierre Paul ISmile, Di- rector of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, was born in 1853 at Confolens, pursued his classical studies at the College of Con- folens d'Aurillac, and afterwards at the Lycee of Puy, and from 1872 to 1874 was a student at the Medical School of Cler- mont Ferrand. At Clermont Ferrand M. Roux became intimate with the newly- appointed Professor of Chemistry, Dr. Duclaux, and it was doubtless under his influence that he wrote his first work on the variations of "The Quantity of Urine Excreted with a Normal Alimentation in Drinking Coffee or Tea" (Oomptes Rendus, Acad, des Sciences, August 1873). M. Roux subsequently entered Val-de-Graee, but found the military life interfere with research work. He therefore left it, and from 1874 to 1878 was attached to the Hotel-Dieu as Clinical Assistant to the Faculty of Medicine. M. Duclaux now came to Paris, and brought Roux under the notice of his great master, Pasteur, who at once associated M. Roux with him- self and MM. Jouliet and Chamberland in the studies he was about to undertake on wool-sorters' disease. M. Roux accord- ingly became priparateur in Pasteur's laboratory. In 1883 he took his doctorial degree with the thesis, "Nouvelles Acqui- sitions sur la Rage." The thesis deals with the anti-rabic inoculations performed in the Pasteur laboratory in 1881-83. In 1888 he became head of the famous Institut Pasteur, and in 1896 succeeded his illus- trious master as its sole Director. The memorable researches on charbon, wool- sorters' disease, attenuation of virus, vac- cination against hydrophobia, cholera, tuberculosis, &c, which have rendered the French Pasteur Institute famous, were largely shared in by Dr. Roux. His col- leagues under Pasteur were MM. Cham- berland and Thuillier. He has published notes on their joint researches, and in April 1898, with M. Barree, contributed a paper on cerebral tetanus and immunity from tetanus to the Congress at Madrid. M. Roux is a professor of great talent, and his eloquent expositions of Pasteurism, delivered in his courses of biological lectures to French and foreign medical men, are well known. His great activity in microbiological research has won him frequent rewards, such astheBreant prize (1884), and the Alberto Levi prize (1896), of the Institut Pasteur, and the Mombrue prize (1884), and St. Paul prize of the Academy of Medicine. In February 1899 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. ROWEOTHAM, John Frederick, is the only son of the late Rev. Frederick Rowbotham, Incumbent of St. James's, Edinburgh. He was born in 1854, and was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and at Rossall School, of which he was Captain. From Rossall he proceeded to Balliol Col- lege, Oxford, where he gained the Balliol Scholarship at the age of eighteen. He was the favourite pupil of Professor ROWLAND — ROWTON 939 Jowett. Among other distinctions at Ox- ford, he took a first class in Lit. Hum. and the Taylorian University Scholarship for Italian. After leaving college he travelled for some years on the Continent, in order to collect materials for his "History of Music." He studied at the libraries of Madrid, Paris, Rome, Florence, Venice, and Vienna ; and even visited monasteries to peruse their manuscripts. The " History of Music" was published in 1885, and was at once acknowledged by the entire press, if not by musicians at large, to be the standard work on the subject. After com- pleting the " History of Music," Mr. Row- botham devoted himself to epic poetry. His first epic poem, " The Death of Roland," was published in 1886. " The Human Epic " appeared in 1890. In 1892 appeared "Private Life of the Great Com- posers " ; in 1893, a new edition of the "History of Music"; and in 1894, "A History of Rossall School." Among those who have taken a deep interest in Mr. Rowbotham's writings is the Queen of Roumania. ROWLAND, Rev. Alfred, LL.B., B.A., was born on Jan. 17, 1840, at the Manse, Henley-on-Thames. His father, the Rev. James Rowland, was a well- known preacher and pastor, exercising his ministry for thirty-seven years in the above town. His second son, Alfred, was educated at Cranford College, Maiden- head. After four years spent in the busi- ness house of J. & R. Morley, he entered New College, London, in September 1859. Here Mr. Rowland took his degrees at the London University in Arts and Laws. In 1865 he entered on his first pastorate at Zion Chapel, Frome, where his work was successful. In 1875 he received a call to Park Chapel, Crouch End. This church was at the time smaller than the one he was asked to leave, but under his pastorate it has grown considerably. The membership, which then numbered 262, now numbers 1037. The church has been enlarged three times, and now accommodates nearly 1500 per- sons, every seat being occupied at the Sunday services. During Mr. Rowland's pastorate fine mission premises have been erected, and the Carbin Memorial Hall, so called after the first pastor. Mr. Rowland has published : " Half-Hours with Teachers," "Paul's First Letter to Timothy," and "The Burdens of Life," in the new series of sermons issued by Horace Marshall & Co., besides numerous sermons and addresses in the "Homiletic Com- mentary," and elsewhere. He has held office as one of the " Antient Merchants Lecturers " since 1889 ; was Chairman of the London Congregational Union in 1892 ; is President of the local Free Church Council, Chairman of the New College Council, and for the year 1898 was Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. Mr. Rowland mar- ried the daughter of the late William Trewent, Esq., J. P., of Pembroke, and has a large family, his second son, Maynard, being well known as the cyclist who carried despatches through the Boer army from Johannesburg to Dr. Jameson. Address : Selwood, Crescent Road, Crouch End, N. ROWLANDS, William Bowen.Q.C, J. P., D.L., Leader of the South Wales and Chester Circuit, and Recorder of Swansea, was born in South Wales in 1838, and is the eldest son of the late Thomas Row- lands, J.P., of Glenover, Pembrokeshire, and Anne, daughter of John Bowen, of Dygoed, in the same county. He com- pleted his education at Jesus College, Oxford, of which University he is M.A. In 1870 he gained a first-class certificate of honour at the General Examination for the Bar, and was called at Gray's Inn in 1871. In 1882 he was appointed a Queen's Counsel, and became a Bencher of Gray's Inn in the same year. In 1889 he was Treasurer of his Inn. He is a member of the Council of Legal Education and of the Board of Studies, of the Bar Library Com- mittee, of the Committee of the Four Inns of Court on the Discipline of the Bar, leader of the South Wales and Chester Circuits, D.L. for Cardiganshire, and J.P. for Pembrokeshire, Cardiganshire, and Haverfordwest. In 1886, and again in 1892, Mr. Bowen Rowlands was elected Member of Parliament for Cardiganshire. In June 1893 he was appointed Recorder of Swansea, when he vacated his seat, and was re-elected without opposition. He did not seek re-election in his old con- stituency in 1895. He married, in 1864, Adeline Wogan, only daughter of J. D. Brown, of Kensington House, Haverford- west. Address : 3 King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. ROWTON, Lord, Montagu William Lowry-Corry, C.B., D.L., J.P., second son of the Right Hon. Henry Corry, son of the 2nd Earl of Belmore, and of Lady Harriet, daughter of the 6th Earl of Shaftesbury, was born in London, Oct. 8, 1838. He was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge, taking his degree in 1860. Called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1863, he practised for three years on the Oxford Circuit, and in 1866 was officially appointed Private Secretary to Mr. Disraeli, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. After Mr. Disraeli's defeat in 1868 he declined offers of public appointments which were made to him, 940 ROYSTON — EUCKER and rendered voluntary service to that statesman till his return to power in 1874, subsequently continuing to act as Lord Beaconsfield's private secretary till his death in 1881. He accompanied Lord Beaconsfield to the Congress of Berlin, being then appointed one of the joint- secretaries to the Special Embassy of Great Britain, and, at its close, received the Companionship of the Bath. At the termination of Lord Beaconsfield's Govern- ment in 1880, he was raised to the peerage, taking his title from his estate at Rowton Castle in Shropshire. Lord Beaconsfield bequeathed to Lord Rowton the whole of his letters, papers, documents, and manu- scripts, leaving it to his absolute discre- tion to destroy, preserve, or publish any of them, at such time as, in his uncontrolled judgment, might seem fit. It was at first inferred from the terms of the bequest that Lord Beaconsfield had left behind him some sort of diary or memoirs for publication. This, unfortunately, proved not to be the case, and it became evident that the only manuscript, the publication of which was distinctly contemplated by the testator, was that of "Endymion." This work was almost completed at the date of the signing of the will, and was afterwards published during the lifetime of the writer. Lord Rowton is chairman of the Rowton Houses Company, formed for the purpose of providing large and cheap hotels for poor single men of all classes in London, and he is also chairman of the Guinness Trust. Addresses : 17 Berkeley Square, W. ; and Rowton Castle, Shrewsbury. ROYSTON, The Right Rev. Peter Sorenson, D.D., is the son of John P. Roy- ston, of the Bank of England, was born in London on June 6, 1830, and was educated at St. Paul's School, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Ordained in 1853, he was Resident Tutor at the Church Missionary College, London, for the two following years. Prom 1855 to 1862, and from 1866 to 1871, he was incumbent of the Church Missionary Society's chapel at Madras, and also acted as Corresponding Secretary of the Society for South India. He was a Fellow of the Madras University from 1858 to 1872, and in the latter year was ap- pointed to the Bishopric of Mauritius, which he was, however, compelled to resign, through ill-health, in 1890. On his return to England, he was, in the fol- lowing year, appointed Assistant-Bishop to the Bishop of Liverpool, and he has held also the Vicarage of Childwall since 1896. He was editor of the Madras Church Missionary Record from 1856 to 1871. He was married, in 1861, to Mary, daughter of Thomas Clarke, Madras Civil Service. Addresses: Childwall Vicarage, Liverpool; and Athenasum. ROZE, Madame Marie, French soprano, was born in Paris in 1848, and entered the Conservatoire at the age of 16, studying under Auber and Molker. In 1865 she took a first prize for singing, and the gold medal in the next year. She made her debut at the Opera Comique, where her chief parts were in "Marie," " La Dame Blanche," " Fra Diavolo," and Auber's "LAmbassadrice." She remained in Paris during the siege of 1870, and was presented with a gold medal by M. Thiers for her gallant conduct. Her first appear- ance in England was in 1872, when she made a great success in "Faust." She remained in this country until 1877, when she went to New York, and stayed two years in America. Since 1883 she has been a member of the Carl Rosa Opera Com- pany. R ij C K E R, Professor Arthur William, M.A. Oxon., D.Sc. Vict., Sec.R.S., M.I.E.E., eldest son of the late D. H. Riicker, of Errington, Clapham Park, was born Oct. 23, 1848. He was educated at the Clapham Grammar School, and at Brasenose College, Oxford. After a dis- tinguished University career, he was elected Fellow and Lecturer of his Col- lege, and Demonstrator in the Clarendon Laboratory of the University. In 1874 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Physics in the newly founded York- shire College, Leeds. In the General Election of 1885 Professor Riicker con- tested the Northern Division of Leeds in the Liberal interest ; and in 1886 he stood as a Unionist Liberal for the Pudsey Divi- sion of the West Riding. In the latter year he was appointed Professor of Physics in the Royal College of Science, South Kensington. Professor Riicker is the author or joint-author of many papers on scientific subjects. Together with Prof. Reinold, F.R.S., he has published in the Transactions of the Royal Society, 1881, 1883, 1886, and 1893, a series of memoirs on the properties of liquid films ; and, in conjunction with Prof. Thorpe, F.R.S., he has carried out the magnetic survey of the United Kingdom which formed the subject of the Bakerian Lecture delivered before the Royal Society in 1889. The final results of this investigation were pub- lished in the Philosophical Transactions in 1896. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1884, was awarded a Royal Medal in 1891, and was appointed to the office of Secretary to the Society in 1896 ; he has served as Treasurer and President of the Physical Society of Lon- don, and as Treasurer of the British RUDINI — RUDLER 941 Association ; he is an Honorary Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford, and a Fellow of the University of London. He married (1), in 1876, Marian, daughter of J. D. Heaton, F.R.C.P., of Leeds, and (2) Thereza, daughter of N. Story-Maskeleyne, F.E.S. Addresses : 19 Gledhow Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenseum. RTJ-DINT, Marquis di, Italian states- man, was born in 1840, and when hardly twenty, became Syndic of Palermo. In 1869 lie was for a short time Minister of the Interior, but did not attain promi- nence until 1891, when he succeeded Crispi as Premier, with a programme of retrenchment. He resigned in 1892, be- cause he could not have a free hand ; and was succeeded by Signor Giolitti (q.v.). After the fall of the second Crispi Cabinet in 1896, owing to the disasters in Erythrea, the Marquis di Kudini again became Premier. Replying to an interpolation by Signor Imbriani in May 1896, the Marquis di Rudini strongly supported the Triple Alliance, warmly eulogised the German Emperor, and referred in cordial terms to the friendship between Italy and Great Britain as completing the system of Italian alliances. In the following month the Government carried a vote closing the debate on the Budget by only three votes, but a semi-official note was published denying absolutely current reports to the effect that the Marquis di Rudini had tendered his resignation to the King. Early in March 1897 the Premier issued his election manifesto, which set forth the programme of the Cabinet. The elections held at the end of the same month resulted in a large majority for the Government, and, speaking soon after, di Rudini expressed confidence in his ability to retain office for a considerable time. However, it soon became apparent that it was a complete mistake to suppose that the elections signified public approval of the Government. Elections in Italy are only the result, it is said, of personal pre- ferences at best, and of official pressure at the worst. Notwithstanding the re-elec- tion of di Rudini, the country evinced a deep discontent with the Government as a whole, particularly with the monarchy. The disasters in Africa were popularly sup- posed to have been directly caused by un- constitutional agencies beyond the reach of public opinion. Although the King in his speech from the Throne promised to intro- duce a Bill for promoting the welfare of workmen, the lower classes began to cla- mour for reform. The reception of the King by the populace of Rome on his way to open Parliament was "frigid beyond prece- dent," and occasional cries of "Viva la Republica " were even raised. It might be noted by the way that a press telegram to England referring to the general disfavour was stopped by the authorities as being untrue. Popular feeling was excited by the alleged injustice and inequality of the revised assessments, and the Chamber of Commerce of Rome organised a tremendous and widely-adopted protest, afterwards by deputation interviewing the Premier, who gave unsatisfactory replies to the spokes- men of the demonstrators. The crowd outside, becoming irritated by the delay of di Rudini's answer, began stoning the military guard, who subsequently fired on the people, and after a hand-to-hand fight succeeded in clearing the streets. The city soon assumed its usual aspect, but the authorities were blamed for the disturbances. However, the Government granted the desired revision of assess- ments, and matters were smoothed over for a time. In December 1897 the Government were defeated on a military bill, and the Minister of War, General Pelloux (q.v.), persisting in his resigna- tion, the Premier also gave up office. The Marquis di Rudini, having overcome the redoubtable Zanardelli, remodelled his ministry, but its life was uncertain from its birth. The pressing need of the hour was social reform, which di Rudini was too conservative to undertake. Hence his failure to allay popular discontent. RXTDIiEB., Frederick William, was born in London, July 8, 1840, and appointed an assistant in the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, in 1861. He was Assistant-Secretary of the Ethnologi- cal Society in 1870 ; and for some time edited its Quarterly Journal, and that of the Anthropological Institute. In 1876 he was appointed Professor of Natural Science in the University College of Wales, but resigned that position in 1879, to take the Curatorship of the Museum of Practical Geology. He also held the office of Registrar of the Royal School of Mines until its amalgamation with the Normal School of Science. For many years he was Honorary Secretary of the Anthropological Institute, and in 1880 presided over the Anthropological Department of the British Association. In 1887 and 1888 he was President of the Geologists' Association, and in 1898 Presi- dent of the Anthropological Institute. In conjunction with the late Mr. Robert Hunt he edited the seventh edition of Ure's " Dictionary of Arts," and, jointly with others, was author of the volume on Europe in Stanford's "Compendium of Geography." Mr. Rudler was a contributor to the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," and to Longmans' two Dic- tionaries of Chemistry. He is a copious S42 RUMBOLD — RUSDEN writer of articles and reviews, mostly anonymous, in various scientific journals, and is a lecturer in connection with the London Society for the Extension of Uni- versity Teaching. Address : Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, S.W. RUMBOLD, The Right Hon. Sir Horace, Bart., G.C.M.G., G.C.B., Ambas- sador to the Emperor of Austria, is the fifth son of Sir William Eumbold, by Henrietta Elizabeth, second daughter of the 1st Lord Radcliffe. He was born on July 22, 1829, .and succeeded his brother in 1877. He entered the diplomatic ser- vice, and was successively Attache" at Washington in 1849, and from 1852 on- wards at Florence, Paris, and Frankfurt. On Sept. 19, 1854, he was appointed paid Attache" at Stuttgart, and, in November 1856, second paid Attache at Vienna. In December 1858 he was selected to be Secretary of Legation in China, and pro- ceeded thither with Mr., afterwards Sir Frederick Bruce, in March 1859. When Mr. Bruce's mission was prevented from proceeding to Peking, and the Taku forts were attacked, June 25, 1859, he was sent home with despatches, and to supply the Government with full par- ticulars of events at the Peiho. In September 1862 he became Secretary of Legation at Athens, and in July 1863 was sent, in company with the French and Russian First Secretaries, his colleagues, to conclude an armistice between the two military factions at that time waging civil war in Athens. Transferred to Bern on May 18, 1864, he nevertheless remained in charge of the mission at Athens until June 30, during which time he accom- panied the King on a visit to the Ionian Islands, then newly annexed. On March 7, 1868, he was promoted to be Secretary of Embassy at St. Petersburg, and was transferred in March 1871 to Constan- tinople. In October 1872 he became Minister-Resident and Consul-General in Chili, and at the beginning of 1878 was appointed Minister-Resident at Bern. On Aug. 15, 1879, he was made Envoy Extra- ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic, and was trans- ferred in that capacity to the King of Norway and Sweden on April 1, 1881, to the King of the Hellenes on Lee. 17, 1884, and to the King of the Netherlands, and also to his Majesty in his capacity of Grand-Duke of Luxembourg, on Feb. 1, 1888. His present appointment dates from August 1896, when he succeeded Sir Edmund Monson. He was created a K.C.M.G. in August 1886, and a G.C.M.G. in May 1892, and was sworn of the Privy Council in November 1896. He married i(l), in 1867, Caroline Barney, daughter of Mr. George Harrington, of Washington ; and (2), in 1881, Louisa Ann, only daughter of Mr. Thomas Russell Crampton, and widow of Captain St. George F. R. Caul- field, of the 1st Life Guards. London address : 127 Sloane Street, S.W. EUNDLE, Major - General Sir Henry Maoleod Leslie, K.C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., was born in January 1856, and educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He entered the army as Lieutenant of Royal Artillery in August 1876, and was promoted Captain in March 1885, Major in June of the same year, and Colonel in January 1894. He first saw active service in the Zulu War of 1879 with Sir Evelyn Wood's Flying Column, and was present with the Gatling battery in the engagement at Ulundi. Dur- ing the Boer War of 1882 he served with the Field Artillery, and took part in the defence of Potchefstroom. During 1882 he went to Egypt, and was present at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. General Bundle became attached to the Egyptian army in 1883, since which time he has been actively employed in practically all the various operations that have taken place in Egypt. During the Nile Expedition he was employed on special service with the Bedouin tribes, when he won the brevet of Major and the Medjidieh of the third class. In 1885 he was attached to the Frontier Field Force, and took part in the action at Sarras, being in command of the Mounted Corps. He obtained the D.S.O. and the Osmanieh of the third class. He was present at the capture of Fort Tokar, and at the action at Toski he commanded the artillery. In 1896 Col. Rundle served with the Dongola Expedi- tionary Force under Lord Kitchener as Chief of the Staff, and, beside the engage- ment at Firket, he took part in the operations at Hafir. He was afterwards specially promoted to Major-General for distinguished service in the field. He held high command in the Soudan Ex- pedition of 1898, and was present at the battle of Atbara and the taking of Khar- toum. Upon returning to England he Was knighted, and appointed to the command of the South-Eastern District. Major- General Rundle is a Pacha and has been Adjutant-General of the Egyptian army. Address : Dover. RTJSDEN, George "William, was in 1849 appointed agent for the establishment of national schools in the Port Phillip Dis- trict, now "Victoria, and afterwards agent and inspector of schools in New South Wales. When Victoria was separated from New South Wales in 1851 he was made Under-Secretary, or Chief Clerk in the RUSKIN 943 Colonial Secretary's Office ; Clerk of the Executive Council in 1852 ; and in 1856 was attached to the establishment of a new constitution with the Houses of Legisla- ture, as Clerk of the Legislative Council, and Clerk of the Parliaments. From 1853 till his retirement from the Civil Service in 1882 he served as a Magistrate, and was for some time a Member of the National Educational Board in Victoria. He was a Member of the Council of the University of Melbourne from its foundation, until absence in Europe caused him to resign, and through his advocacy a Shakespeare scholarship was founded in the University. He is the author of "Moyarra: an Aus- tralian Legend " ; " National Education " ; "Discovery, Survey, and Settlement of Port Phillip"; "Curiosities of Colonisa- tion"; "History of New Zealand"; a " History of Australia," published in Lon- don in 1883; and of " Aureretanga : The Great Refusal," by Vindex, 1890. Mr. Rusden is a Fellow of the Royal Geogra- phical Society, the Royal Historical Society, the Royal Asiatic Society, and a Member of the Corporation of the Royal Literary Fund in England. BUSKIN, John, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., son of a London merchant, was born in Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London, on Feb. 8, 1819, and was educated pri- vately, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained the Newdigate Prize in 1839. He then devoted himself to painting, and worked under Copley Fielding and J. D. Harding. An unpublished paper in defence of Turner written in 1836 was his first effort in the cause of modern art, and it was enlarged into a standard work, entitled "Modern Painters," the first volume of which appeared in 1843. The author's success as a writer on art was decided by the warm reception accorded to this volume, of which many editions have since been published. Mr. Ruskin's views, however, were combated with bitter asperity by some of the art critics of the day, who resented with an affectation of contempt his free expression of dissent from the trammels of their school. In his second volume of " Modern Painters," written after a residence in Italy, and published in 1846, he took a much wider survey of the subject originally entered upon, including the works of the great Italian painters, and discussed at length the merits of their respective schools. This, his chief work, has been completed by the publication of three additional volumes containing illustrations by him- self, the last of which was published in 1860. Mr. Ruskin as an undergraduate had written " The Poetry of Architecture " in a series of papers for a magazine ; ten years later he wrote " The Seven Lamps of Architecture," published in 1849, fol- lowed by the first volume of "The Stones of Venice " in 1851, the second and third volumes of which appeared in 1853. The illustrations in the last-named produc- tions, which excited some of the same professional hostility that his first publica- tion evoked, displayed to much advantage his artistic powers. Mr. Ruskin has ex- pounded his views both in lectures and in newspapers and reviews, having contri- buted articles to the Quarterly on Lord Lindsay's " Christian Art," in 1847, and on Eastlake's "History of Oil Painting" in 1848. In 1851 he advocated Pre- Raphaelitism in letters to the Times ; and in 1853 he lectured in Edinburgh on Gothic Architecture, published as "Lec- tures on Architecture and Painting," 1854. In addition to the above-mentioned works, Mr. Ruskin has written "Notes on the Construction of Sheepfolds," "The King of the Golden River," a story for children, illustrated by Doyle, in 1851 ; "Notes to Pictures in the Royal Academy, Nos. 1 to 5," in 1854-59 ; "Giotto and his works in Padua," written for the Arundel Society, of which he was a member; "Notes on the Turner Collection," in 1857; "The Elements of Drawing," and " Political Economy of Art," in 1857 ; " Elements of Perspective," and "The Two Paths," in 1859; "Unto this Last: Four Essays," republished from the Comhill Magazine, in 1862; "Ethics of the Dust," in 1866; " Sesame and Lilies," in 1865 ; " Crown of Wild Olive," in 1866 ; "Time and Tide," in 1867 ; and " The Queen of the Air, being a Study of the Greek Myths of Cloud and Storm." To the Art Journal he contributed "The Cestus of Aglaia," and he has written for various periodicals. Mr. Ruskin was appointed Rede Lecturer at Cambridge in April 1867, and the Senate conferred the degree of LL.D. upon him, May 15. He was also elected Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford, and in 1870 published " Lectures on Art " ; in 1872, " Aratra Pentelici : Six Lectures on the Elements of Sculpture, given before the University of Oxford in Michaelmas Term, 1870," followed by "The Eagle's Nest," and other courses of lectures. In 1871 he proposed to devote £5000 for the purpose of an endowment to pay a master of drawing in the Taylor Galleries, Oxford, and this handsome offer was, with some modifications, accepted by the University in January 1872. He was re-elected to the Slade Professorship of Fine Art, 1876. From 1871 to 1884 he published the 96 "Letters to the Workmen and Labourers of England" under the title of "Fors Clavigera." In 1883 he was again elected Slade Professor, and at his inaugural 944 KUSSELL lecture was received with unprecedented enthusiasm. So great was the crowd that thronged to hear his lectures that it was impossible to accommodate the audience, and Professor Ruskin undertook to deliver each lecture twice. He was obliged to resign the post in 1884 on account of failing health. Other works of his later period are "Love's Meinie : Lectures on Birds" ; "Proserpina," on Botany ; "Deucalion," on Geology ; " St. Mark's Rest," on the Art and Architecture of Venice; "The Laws of Fesole," on drawing ; "The Bible of Amiens," a historical study ; and "Prsaterita," an autobiography; beside many minor lectures and articles. He has also edited various works on Art and Social questions, and, amongst other books, has published for Miss Francesca Alexander, an American lady, "The Story of Ida," "Christ's Folk in the Apennine," and "The Roadside Songs of Tuscany," the illustrations to which he eulogised and exhibited during his last series of Slade lectures. For several years Mr. Ruskin has lived in tranquil retirement at Brant- wood, Coniston. On Feb. 8, 1899, Mr. Ruskin celebrated his eightieth birthday, and was presented with a national address from the St. George's Guild and the Ruskin societies, which ran as follows : "Dear Master and Friend, — The eightieth anniversary of your birthday gives us the opportunity of offering our united loving greetings. As the representative members of the St. George's Guild and the Ruskin societies of the country, owing so much of the good and joy of life to your words and work, we feel that the world is richer and happier for that which you have been able to accomplish year by year in ever- widening extent. There is an increasing desire to realise the noble ideals you have set before mankind in words which we feel have brought nearer to our hearts the kingdom of God upon earth. It is our hope and prayer that the joy and peace you have brought to others may return in fall measure to your own heart, filling it with the peace which comes from the love of God and the knowledge of the love of your fellow-men. We have the further happiness of appending to this address of congratulation the names of friends who are associated with our national and other institutions, all of whom have intimated their wishes to be included in this general expression of deepest respect and sincerest affection." The signatories included the Prince of Wales, the trustees of the British Museum, and representatives of the National Gallery, the Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours, Oxford Uni- versity, Whitelands College (with all the "May Queens"), Ancoats Museum, Man- chester, the Art for Schools Association, the Royal Academy, St. George's Guild, and the Glasgow, Liverpool, and Birming- ham Ruskin societies. Among other signa- tures were those of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Marquis of Lansdowne, Sir John Lubbock, and Sir H. W. Acland. Addresses : Brantwood, Coniston ; and Athenseum. RUSSELL, General Sir Baker Creed, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., was born in 1837, and when the Indian Mutiny broke out at Meerut, he was present with the Carabineers, and afterwards with Seaton's Movable Column, at the battle of Gungaree, where he was left in command of his regiment. In 1857 he commanded the cavalry in the action of the Puttialla, and was especially mentioned by Sir Thomas Seaton in his despatches. He was present at the relief of Bareilly, and through all the operations in Oude, serving as well under Brigadier Showers in Central India in pursuit of Tantia Topee. In 1873 he accompanied Sir Garnet Wolseley to the Gold Coast, and organised a native regi- ment, which he commanded throughout the Ashanti war, forming the advance guard of the army. For his successful management he was appointed Lieut. - Colonel and C.B. He was again with Sir Garnet Wolseley in South Africa, where he commanded the forces in the operations against Sekukuni, for which he was made a K.C.M.G., and an Aide-de-Camp to the Queen. He commanded a brigade of cavalry in the Egyptian war of 1882, and was present at Kassassin, Tel-el-Kebir, and the capture of Cairo, for which he received a K.C.B. and the second class of the Medjidieh. In 1886 he was Inspecting Officer of Auxiliary Cavalry ; from 1886 to 1889 Commander at Shorncliffe ; and from 1890 to 1895 he commanded the cavalry brigade at Aldershot. From 1895 to 1898 he was in command of the North-West Dis- trict, and in 1898 was appointed to the com- mand of the Southern District. Address : Government House, Broughton, Chester. RUSSELL, Lord, of Killowen, The Right Hon. Charles, Lord Chief-Justice of England, G.C.M.G., Q.C., LL.D. of the Universities of Dublin, Edinburgh, and Cambridge, and D.L. for Surrey, was born at Newry on Nov. 10, 1832, and is the son of Mr. Arthur Russell, of Newry, and Seafield House, Rosstrevor. He was educated at Trinity College, Duhlin, and began his professional career by practising as a solicitor in Belfast ; but, coming to England, he was called to the Bar at Lin- coln's Inn in 1859, and became Q.C., and was elected Bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1872. He entered Parliament in the Liberal interest as member for Dundalk,. RUSSELL 945 which he represented from 1880 till 1885 ; and South Hackney, 1885-86, when he be- came Attorney-General in the Gladstone Administration, and was knighted. His powerful and eloquent speech before the Parnell Commission was one of the most masterly orations of modern times. He was again appointed Attorney-General in 1892. On taking office he gave up the old and well-used privilege of retaining his pri- vate practice, which had been a very large one, and had latterly brought him in an income of upwards of twenty-five thousand a year. In 1893 he was given the G.C.M.G. for his distinguished services as English counsel in connection with the United States Fisheries Arbitration in Paris. Both during this arbitration and on the third reading of the Home Rule Bill in the House of Commons he delivered very eloquent and powerful speeches ; but he was not, on the whole, so successful as a Parliamentary speaker as at the Bar, though he was in constant request as an electioneering orator. On the death of Lord Bowen in 1894 he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, and a life- peerage was conferred on him. In July 1894 he was appointed Lord Chief-Justice of England in succession to the late Lord Coleridge. As a barrister Lord Russell was long without a rival in the English Law Courts. He was a sound lawyer, a masterly and often terrible cross-examiner, and a persuasive and weighty pleader be- fore juries, especially in uphill or appar- ently hopeless cases. The list of celebrated causes in which he has been engaged is a very long one He represented Mr. Cle- ment Scott in his action against the late Mr. Sampson of the Referee. In the Cham- berlain v, Barnwell case he secured enor- mous damages for the plaintiff. He appeared for the plaintiff also in Wilber- force v. Philips, in the famous Belt case, and in the once famous Convent case, Saurin v. Starr. In the Chetwynd and Durham Arbitration case he was one of the leading counsel, and he defended Mrs. Maybrick in the Maybrick murder case of August 1889. In 1889 he made his greatest forensic triumph during the Parnell Com- mission. Lord Russell is well known on the turf, and is himself an accomplished horseman. He is a Member of the Jockey Club. He married, in 1858, Ellen, daughter of Mr. Joseph Mulholland, M.P., of Belfast. Addresses : 12 Cromwell Houses, S.W. ; Tadworth Court, Tadworth, Surrey ; and Athenaeum. RUSSELL, Clark. William Clark. See Russell, RUSSELL, George William Erskine, son of Lord Charles James Fox Russell, and grandson of John, 6th Duke of Bedford, was born Feb. 3, 1853, at 16 Mansfield Street, W., and educated at Harrow and University College, Oxford, where he was Scholar and Prizeman. He graduated in honours, B.A. 1876, M.A. 1880. He entered the Inner Temple, 1875, and was elected Liberal Member of Par- liament for Aylesbury, 1880, and for North Beds., 1892. He was Parliamentary Secre- tary to the Local Government Board, 1883-85. He was elected an Alderman of the county of London for six years in 1889 ; and was Under-Secretary of State for India 1892-94, and Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department 1894-95. He is the author of a "Life of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone," in the series of the Queen's Prime Ministers, editor of the "Letters of Matthew Arnold," and many essays and lectures. He has been known in recent years as a leader of a section in the House of Commons styling themselves Liberal Forwards. Address : 18 Wilton Street, S.W. RUSSELL, Henry Chamberlaine, C.M.G., B.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.R. Met. Soc, Government Astronomer of New South Wales, Vice-President of the Board of Technical Education, New South Wales, Fellow of the Senate of the University of Sydney, was born in 1836. He has done much for the promotion and study of science in New South Wales. He has been in charge of the Government Observa- tory since 1862, and Government Astro- nomer sincel863. He organised and led the N.S.W. Expedition to Cape Sidmouth in 1871 ; organised and sent out four parties to observe the Transit of Venus in 1874, and six parties in 1882, also three parties for the Transit of Mercury in 1881 ; and he originated and presided over the first Australasian Meteorological Conference, 1879. In 1890 he was made a C.M.G. He is the author of seventy-five Reports and Original Papers upon Astronomical, Me- teorological, and Physical matters, pub- lished by the New South Wales Govern- ment in the Memoirs and Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, London, and in the Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales. He is the designer of several improved forms of self-recording Baro- graphs, Thermographs, Pluviometers, Ane- mometers, Tide-gauges, Actinometers, &c. , for use in his observatory. Amongst the above seventy-five papers are " Measures of Double Stars, and a list of 351 New Double Stars " ; " Nebula surrounding Eta Argus"; "Measures of Coloured Clusters about Kappa Crucis " ; " Measures of Alpha Centauri " ; "The Great Southern Cross," 1880; " Meteorology and Climate of New South Wales " ; " Tropical Rains " ; 3 O 946 EUSSELL "Rain Maps"; "Atmospheric Lines be- tween D lines at Sydney," &c. In 1891 he published "Notes on the Rate of Growth of some Australian Trees." He married a Sydney lady, a daughter of Ambrose Foss, in 1861. Address : The Observatory, Sydney. RUSSELL, Earl, John Francis Stanley, J.P., L.C.C., was born on Aug. 12, 1865, and is the son of the late Viscount Amberley, and Katherine, daughter of the 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley. He succeeded his grandfather, the illustrious Lord John Russell, in 1878. He was educated at Winchester and Balliol College, Oxford, under Dr. Jowett. He is especially interested in social questions, and is a Progressive Alderman of the London County Council. He mar- ried, in 1890, Mabel, daughter of Sir Claude Scott, Bart. Address : Amberley Cottage, Maidenhead. RUSSELL, Thomas Wallace, M.P. for South Tyrone, was born at Cupar-Fife, N.B., Feb. 28, 1841, is the son of David Russell, and was educated at the Madras Academy, Cupar-Fife. He unsuccessfully contested Preston as a Liberal in 1885, but was elected for South Tyrone in 1886, 1892, and 1895 as a Liberal Unionist. His energies were strongly directed, both in the House and in the country, against the Home Rule movement. He was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in 1895, and he was largely instrumental in forming the Land Acts Committee of 1894, from which there followed the Land Act of 1896. Mr. Russell has contributed numerous articles to magazines on the Irish Question and other matters. He is a J. P. for the county of Dublin. He married (2) Martha, daughter of the late Lieut.-Colonel Keown, of the 15th Hussars. Address : 99 Asthey Gardens, 8.W. ; and 102 and 103 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin. RUSSELL, William Clark, known under his author's name of Clark Russell, was born at the Carlton House Hotel, Broadway, in the city of New York, on Feb. 24, 1844. His father was Mr. Henry Russell, the composer of "Cheer, Boys, Cheer," "There's a Good Time Coming, Boys," and many other compositions of a like kind. Mr. Clark Russell's mother was, prior to her marriage, Miss Lloyd, a con- nection of the poet Wordsworth, and the associate in her youth of Coleridge, Southey, Lamb, and others of that group. She died in 1887. Mr. Clark Russell was educated at Winchester and in France, and went to sea as a midshipman in the Merchant Service at the age of thirteen and a half. He made several voyages to India, Australia, and China, but abandoned the sea after seven or eight years. He wrote a few novels under a nom-de-plume, and contributed to a few London periodicals. His first nautical novel, "John Holds- worth, Chief Mate," was published in 1874. The success of this book was great and immediate. It was followed by "The Wreck of the Grosvenor," which appears to have proved the most popular of his stories. In the " Grosvenor " he antici- pated the efforts which have been made by Mr. Samuel Plimsoll to improve the dietary of the British merchant-seaman. "The Little Loo" followed the "Gros- venor," and then came in rapid succession "A Sailor's Sweetheart," " An Ocean Free- Lance," "A Sea Queen," and "The Lady Maud." At this time Mr. Clark Russeil was associated with the Newcastle Daily Clironicle, the property of Mr. Joseph Cowen, then the senior member for that city ; but being asked by the proprietors of the London Daily Telegraph to join the staff of that journal, he bade his friend Mr. Joseph Cowen farewell and settled in London. There he wrote " Jack's Court- ship" and "A Strange Voyage," at the same time contributing stories and lead- ing articles to the Daily Telegraph. His health failed him, and he was obliged to take up his residence by the seaside. While at Ramsgate, in Kent, he continued to write for the Daily Telegraph, but with growing dislike of the work, as the exac- tions upon his time and imagination grew heavier and heavier in proportion as his publishers asked for fresh novels. At Ramsgate he wrote "The Golden Hope," "The Death Ship," "A Frozen Pirate," and "Marooned." In 1887 his connection with the Daily Telegraph ceased, but the greater bulk of his contributions to that paper have been published in volumes such as " Round the Galley Fire," " My Watch Below," " In the Middle Watch," "On the Fok'sle Head," &c. These works cover a very extensive range of seafaring in- terests. Since 1890 he has lived at Bath, where he has written "An Ocean Tragedy," "My Shipmate Louise," "Betwixt the Forelands," " The Romance of Jenny Har- lowe," and other works. Among later novels are : " The Emigrant Ship," 1894 ; "List, ye Landsmen," "The Convict Ship," and " What Cheer ? " both in 1895 ; "A Noble Haul," "The Last Entry." "The Two Captains," and "Nelson," 1897; "The Romance of a Midshipman," 1898, &c. Address : 9 Sydney Place, Bath. RUSSELL, Sir William Howard, LL.D., D.L., was born March 28, 1821, at Lilyvale, co. Dublin, and is the son of John RUSSIA, - RUTHERFORD 947 Russell, of Lilyvale, and Mary, daughter of Captain John Kelly, of Castle Kelly, co. Dublin. He was educated principally at the Rev. Dr. Geoghegan's school in Hume Street, Dublin, and entered Trinity College in 1838. During the Repeal agita- tion he was engaged to describe the monster meetings for the Times, and shortly after- wards accepted an engagement on the staff of that paper. In 1846 he entered the Middle Temple, and was called to the Bar as a member of the Inn in 1850. In 1850 he visited Schleswig-Holstein during the war, aud was present at the battle of Idsted. In February 1854 he was despatched as Special Correspondent of the Times with the advance guard of the British ex- pedition to the East, on the declaration of war with Russia, and from Malta he pro- ceeded with the Light Division to Gallipoli, thence to Scutari, and so on to Bulgaria, drifting finally to the Crimea, where he remained from the landing at Old Fort on Nov. 14, 1854, till the final armistice and the evacuation of the Chersonese by the Allied Armies in 1856. He was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman ; witnessed the bombardment of Sebastopol and the two assaults on the Redan ; accompanied the expeditions to Kertch and to Kinburn ; and saw the final attack on Sept. 8, 1855, and the fall of Sebastopol. The privations and sufferings of the army during the terrible winter, to which the troops were exposed in open trenches, were made known by his letters to the Times, and excited such indignation against the Ministry that they were turned out of office, and were succeeded by a Government pledged to reform our military organisation. In 1856 he went to Moscow to attend the coronation of the Czar, and revisited the Crimea, and, in the year following, on the outbreak of the mutiny in India, he set out for Sir Colin Camp- bell's head-quarters at Cawnpore ; was present at the taking of Lucknow, and in the campaigns in Oudh, Rohilkund, &c., for which he received the Indian War Medal with the Lucknow Clasp. In 1858 he returned to England and established the Army and Navy Gazette, of which he is now editor and chief proprietor, having previously remained for a short time with the French army in Italy. When civil war appeared imminent in the United States in 1861 he proceeded to Washing- ton, made a tour in the South, and joined M'Dowell's army on the day of the first battle of Bull Run, which ended in the rout of the Federals. In 1862 he returned to England, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to reach the lines at Doppel in 1864, he remained at home till the out- break of the war between Prussia and Austria in 1866, when he repaired to the headquarters of Von Benedek, and wit- nessed the disastrous battle of Koniggratz. A few years of peaceful life and of travel on the Continent and in the East followed ; but in 1870, when war was declared by Napoleon III. against the King of Prussia and his allies, Mr. Russell was attached to the head-quarters of the Crown Prince, which he joined at Worth. He was pre- sent at the battle of Sedan, and he accom- panied the German army on their march through France, remaining with the head- quarters during the siege till the capitula- tion of Paris, when he entered the city with the Crown Prince's staff. In 1875 he was named Honorary Private Secretary to the frince of Wales on his expedition to India, and he previously accompanied his Royal Highness during his visits to Egypt, Turkey, the Crimea, &c. When the Zulu troubles were at their height, and Lord Wolseley was sent out to save the situa- tion, Sir William (then Mr.) Russell accom- panied him, and was at the taking of Sekukuni's stronghold ; and he subse- quently was in Egypt during the opera- tions under the same general, which led to the overthrow of Arabi, to the re-estab- lishment of the Khedive in Cairo, and to the British occupation of Egypt. He has published "Letters from the Crimea," 1855-56; "The British Expedition to the Crimea," "Diary in India," " The Sepoy Mutiny," "My Diary North and South, during the Civil War in America," "Canada: its Defences," "Rifle Clubs and Volunteer Corps," "The Adventures of Dr. Brady," "My Diary in the East with the Prince of Wales," " Hesperothen : or Notes from the West," 1882, &c. He unsuccessfully contested Chelsea in the Conservative interest in 1869. He is a Knight of the Iron Cross, a Commander of the Legion of Honour, has the Turkish War Medal of 1854-56, the Indian War Medal, 1857-58, the South African War Medal, 1879; and the Medjidieh (third and fourth class), the Osmanieh (third and fourth class), the St. Sauveur of Greece, Chevalier of Franz Josef, the Redeemer of Greece, Portugal, &c. The honour of knighthood was conferred upon him in 1895. He married (1), in 1846, Mary, daughter of Peter Burrowes, Esq., of Warren House, co. Dublin ; and (2), in 1884, the Countess A. Malvezzi. Address : 37 Queen's Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. RUSSIA, Emperor of. See Nicholas II., Czar of all the Rtjssias. RUTHERFORD, The Rev. William Gunion, LL.D., Head-Master of West- minster School, born on July 17, 1853, is the second son of the Rev. Robert Ruther- ford, Newlands, Peeblesshire, and was 948 RUTLAND educated at St. Andrews University, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he gradu- ated M.A. in 1876. He also received the degree of LL.D. from St. Andrews in 1884. He was ordained Deacon by the Arch- bishop of Canterbury in 1883, and Priest by the Bishop of London in 1885. He held a Classical Mastership at St. Paul's School from 1876 to 1883, when he was appointed, without examination, Fellow and Praslector of University College, Oxford. In the same year he became Head-Master of Westminster School. In 1881 he published " The New Phrynichus, a revised Text of the Ecloga of the Grammarian Phrynichus, with Introductions, and a Commentary" ; in 1883 an edition of " The Fables of Babrius, with Introductory Dissertations, Critical Notes, Commentary, and Lexicon " ; and in 1889 "The Fourth Book of Thucy- dides, a revision of the Text illustrating the Principal Causes of Corruption in the manuscripts of this author " ; " Scholia Aristophanica," in 3 vols., vols. i. and ii. pub- lished in 1896. The introductory chapters of "The New Phrynichus "have been trans- lated into German by Dr. A. Funck, at the instance of the late Prof. Georg Curtius of Leipzig, under the title of "Zwei Abhand- lungen zur Geschichte des Atticism us," Leipzig, 1883, and into French by Prof. Kehlhoff with the title " Contribution a 1' etude du dialecte attique." Besides these larger works, Mr. Rutherford has published several smaller books, of which the most important are "A First Greek Grammar," which has gone through many editions ; " Lex Rex, or Short Digest on the Prin- cipal Relations between Latin, Greek, and Anglo-Saxon Sounds " ; " Herondas, a first Recension," published in 1892. In the same year he was elected a member of the Athenaeum by the committee in virtue of Rule 2. He married Constance, youngest daughter of J. T. Renton, of Bradstone Brook, Shalford, in 1884. Address: 19 Dean's Yard, S.W. ; Little Hallands, Bishopstone, Lewes ; and Athenssum. RUTLAND, Duke of, The Most Noble John James Robert Manners, KG., G.C.B., P.O., LL.D., D.C.L., second son of the late John Henry, 5th Duke of Rutland, by the Lady Elizabeth Howard, fifth daughter of Frederick, 5th Earl of Carlisle, born at Belvoir Castle, Leices- tershire, Dec. 13, 1818, was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1839. In June 1841 he was, with Mr. Gladstone, returned member in the Conservative interest for the borough of Newark, but he did not present himself again to that constitu- ency at the general election in August 1847. He was defeated in a contest for Liverpool in the latter year, and in another contest for the City of London with Baron Rothschild in June 1849 ; but he was re- turned for Colchester in February 1850, and continued to represent that borough till March 1857, when he was elected for North Leicestershire. He made his maiden speech in February 1842, when he opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws, advocating, subsequently, the cultivation of diplomatic relations with the See of Rome, and of a better understanding with the Irish priest- hood, a relaxation of the law of mortmain, and the passing of the Ten Hours Factories Act, and in many other matters showing that he held too broad opinions to act always with his party, though he opposed Sir R. Peel's free-import measures in 1845-46, and from that time identified himself completely with the Tory party. He was appointed First Commissioner of the Office of Works with a seat in the Cabinet, and sworn a Privy Councillor in Lord Derby's first administration in 1852, held the same post in Lord Derby's second administration in 1858-59, and was re-ap- pointed in Lord Derby's third administra- tion, 1866-67. On the return of the Conservatives to office in February 1874, he was appointed Postmaster-General, and he held that post until the Conservatives went out of office in April 1880, when he was created a G.C.B. In 1885 he was re- turned for the new Melton Division of Leicestershire, and was Postmaster-Gen eral in Lord Salisbury's Government. The honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him by the University of Oxford in 1876. Previously, in 1862, the degree of LL.D. of Cambridge University was con- ferred on him. His Grace is a staunch defender of the rights of the Church, a supporter of the agricultural interest, and acted for many years as Chairman of the Tithe Redemption Trust. His first literary performance was "England's Trust; and other Poems," 1841. Appended to this volume are some minor pieces, headed "Memorials of other Lands," commemora- tive of his Grace's excursion, in company with his elder brother, then Marquis of Gran by (the late Duke of Rutland), through France, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy. His other works are : " A Plea for National Holy-Days," 1843 ; ".Notes of an Irish Tour," 1849 ; "Notes of a Cruise in Scotch Waters on board the Duke of Rutland's Yacht, Resolution, in 1848," Lond., 1850, a handsome folio volume embellished with sketches by John Christian Schetky, Esq. ; " English Ballads and other Poems," 1850 ; "The Factories Bill, a Speech," 1850; " The Church of England in the Colonies," a Lecture, 1851 ; " Speech on the Abolition of Church Rates," 1856. In 1886 he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- RYAN — RYLE 949 • caster in Lord Salisbury's second adminis- tration. He succeeded to the dukedom on the death of his brother, Mar. 2, 1888. His Grace married first, in 1851, Catharine Louisa Georgiana, daughter of the late Colonel Marlay, C.B. (she died April 7, 1854) ; and secondly, in 1862, Janetta, eldest daughter of Thomas Hughan, Esq. of Airds, Galloway. Addresses : Belvoir Castle ; 3 Cambridge Gate, Regent's Park, N.W., &c. BY AN, "W. P., was born in the co. Tipperary, Oct. 27, 1867 ; trained for the teaching profession, but left it for jour- nalism as a step towards literature, and came to London in 1886. He was on the London staff of the National Press; was subsequently sub-editor of the Catholic Times ; was one of the founders of the Irish Literary Society ; and assisted Sir Charles Gavan Duffy in his Irish literary schemes. He joined the Sun staff under Mr. T. P. O'Connor in 1894, became its literary editor in 1896, and still holds the position. He was also on the literary staff of the Weekly Sun under Mr. O'Connor. He has published " The Heart of Tippe- rary: a Romance of the Land League," 1893 ; " The Irish Literary Revival," 1894 ; " Starlight through the Thatch," a novel over the pseudonym of " Kevin Kennedy," 1895; "Literary London: its Lights and Comedies," 1898. A passage in the last- mentioned work led to an action for libel being brought against him by Miss Marie Corelli, which was only averted on Mr. Ryan's apologising for his critical remarks. He has also written various poems. Ad- dresses : Sun Buildings, Tudor Street, London ; and Irish Literary Society, 8 Adelphi Terrace, Strand, London. RYLE, Rev. Professor Herbert Edward, D.D., was born in Onslow Square, London, May 25, 1856, and is the second son of the Right Rev. John Charles Ryle, Lord Bishop of Liverpool. He was edu- cated under the Rev. R. Wace (Wadhurst, Sussex), 1866-68, and at Eton (1868-75), being elected on to the Foundation of Eton College in 1869, and obtaining the Newcastle Scholarship in 1875, his tutor being E. C. Austen Leigh, Esq. In the same year he was elected to a Classical Scholarship at King's College, Cambridge ; B.A. in 1879 (obliged to take an cegrotat degree in consequence of an accident at football) ; First Class in the Theological Tripos, 1881. University distinctions : Carus Prizeman (Undergraduates), 1875 ; (Bachelor), 1879 ; Winchester Reading Prize, 1878 ; Crosse Scholar, 1880 ; Hebrew Evans and Scholefield Prizes, 1881. He was elected Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, in 1881 ; took his M.A. degree in 1882, and the B.D. in 1892. He was ordained Deacon in 1882 ; Priest in 1883. He was Divinity Lecturer at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1881-84, and at King's College, 1882-86. In 1886 he was made Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter, South Wales, where he remained till 1888, having been elected to the Hulsean Pro- fessorship of Divinity in the University of Cambridge, in November 1887, which he holds at the present time. He was elected a Professorial Fellow of Kings College, Cambridge, in 1888. He was Examining Chaplain to the late Bishop of St. Asaph, 1887-89, and is now to the Lord Bishop of Ripon. He was Examiner for the Cambridge Theological Tripos in 1884, 1886, 1887, 1889, 1892, and was Select Preacher before the University of Cam- bridge in 1889 and 1892. In 1896 he became President of Queen's College, Cambridge. He is an Hon. Chaplain to the Queen. He has published the follow- ing works: "The Psalms of Solomon," edited in conjunction with M. R. James, Cambridge University Press, 1891; "The Canon of the Old Testament," an essay on the gradual growth and formation of the Hebrew Canon of Scripture, 1892; "The Early Narratives of Genesis." 1892 ; and a "Commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah," Cambridge Bible for Schools Series, 1893. He is also a contributor to Smith's " Dic- tionary of the Bible," 2nd edit., and to the "Cambridge Companion to the Bible," 1893. Professor Ryle was married, in 1883, to Nea Hewisb, only daughter of Major- Gen. G. Hewish-Adams (late Royal Irish Rifles), and has issue living Edward Hewish and Roger John. Address : The Lodge. Queen's College, Cambridge. KYLE, The Right Rev. John Charles, D.D., Bishop of Liverpool, eldest son of the late John Ryle, Esq., M.P., born near Macclesfield on May 16, 1816, edu- cated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1836, was Craven University Scholar, and took a first class in classical honours. Having been admitted into orders in 1841, he was curate at Exbury, in the New Forest ; was appointed Rector of St. Thomas's, Win- chester, in 1843; Rector of Helmingham, Suffolk, in 1844; Vicar of Stradbroke, Suffolk, in 1861 ; Rural Dean of Hoxne in 1869 ; and an honorary Canon of Norwich in 1871. He was nominated to the Deanery of Salisbury by Lord Beaconsfield in March 1880, and soon afterwards the same states- man appointed him Bishop of Liverpool. He was consecrated in York Minster, June 11, 1880. He is the author of "Expository Thoughts on the Gospels," in 7 vols., published in 1856-59 ; of "Plain Speaking, First and Second Series," of 050 SACHS — SADLER "Hymns for the Church on Earth," and " Spiritual Songs, First and Second Series," in 1861 ; of "Christian Leaders a Hundred Years Ago," ''Coming Events and Present Duties," "Bishops and Clergy of other Days," in 1869; of "Church Reform Papers." in 1870; "Principles for Church- men," &c. , and of above two hundred tracts on religious subjects, many of which have been reprinted in French, German, Dutch, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Hindu- stani, Chinese, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish. Dr. Ryle is one of the leaders of the Evangelical School. He married (1) a daughter of J. P. Plumptre, M.P. ; (2) a daughter of J. Walker, of Crawford- ton, Dumfriesshire; and (3) a daughter of Colonel Clowes, of Broiighton Hall, Manchester. Addresses : The Palace, Liverpool ; and Athenaeum. s SACHS, Dr. Julius von, Privy Coun- cillor, and Austrian Professor in Ordinary of Botany, was born at Breslau, Silesia, on Oct. 2, 1832, where he attended the Elisabetbanum Gymnasium. In 1851 he went to Prague, Bohemia, as private assistant to the Physiologist Purknyi ; in 1857 he was private lecturer on the Physiology of Plants at Prague ; in 1859 at the Agricultural Academy at Tharandt, near Dresden : from 1861 to 1867 he was Professor of Botany at the Academy of Poppelsdorf, near Bonn, on the Rhine ; from 1867 to 1868, Professor of Botany at Freiburg, Baden ; from 1868 to 1890, Professor of Botany at Winzburg, Bavaria. He is Knight of the Royal Order of Merit of the Bavarian Crown and of St. Michael ; as well as of the Royal Bavarian Order of Maximilian for Science and Art ; Member of the Royal Academies of Sciences in Munich, Turin, and Amsterdam ; of the Royal Society of London ; and of the Royal Irish Academy at Dublin ; of the Silesian Society for Home-culture ; of the Senkenberg Society ; Honorary Member of the Philosophical Society of Cambridge ; of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh ; of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; of the Literary and Philoso- phical Society of Manchester ; of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ; of the Society of Natural Philosophy of Odessa ; Foreign Member of the Linnean Society of London ; of the Royal Botanical Society of Brussels ; holder of the Som- mering Medal ; Honorary Doctor of the Medical Faculty of Bonn, and of the Faculty of Physical Science at Bologna. He is the author of the following scien- tific works: "Experimental Physiology of Plants," translated into Russian and French, in 1865; "Compendium of Botany," 4 editions, translated into Russian, French, and English, in 1868-74; "History of Botany," 1875, translated into English in 1890, by H. E. F. Garnsey ; " Lectures on the Physiology of Plants," 1882 and 1887, translated into English ; and "Gesammelte Abhandlungen iiber Pflanzen-Physiologie," with illustrations. SACKVILLE, Lord, Lionel Sack- ville Sackville-West, G.C.M.G., J.P., born July 19, 1827, at Bourn Hall, Cam- bridgeshire, is the fourth son of George John, 5th Earl De La Warr, by his mar- riage with Elizabeth Sackville, daughter of John Frederick, 3rd Duke of Dorset. He was educated at home, was assistant precis writer to the Earl of Aberdeen, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1845 ; entered the diplomatic service in 1 847 ; served as Attache to her Majesty's Legations in Lisbon, Naples, Stuttgart, and Berlin, till 1858; as Secretary of Legation in Turin, Madrid, and Berlin ; and Secretary of Embassy in Paris till 1872 ; was appointed Envoy Extraordi- nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Republic, 1873 ; transferred to Madrid, 1878 ; and to the United States, 1881. He negotiated, in conjunction with Sir James Hudson, the commercial treaty with Sardinia, 1863 ; represented H.M.'s Government and that of Denmark at the Conferences of Madrid on the affairs of Morocco, 1880 ; was Minister Plenipoten- tiary at the Conference in Washington on the affairs of Samoa, 1887 ; and nego- tiated, in conjunction with Mr. Joseph Chamberlain and Sir Charles Tupper, the Fisheries Treaty of Washington, 1888. Id the same year he succeeded his brother in his present title. He received his pass- ports from the United States Government in 1889, and returned to England. He now resides at the historic Knole House, which he has again opened to the public on certain days, and where he entertained the Prince of Wales in the summer of 1898. Address : Knole, Sevenoaks, Kent. SADLER, Michael Ernest, Director of Special Inquiries and Reports in the Education Department, was born at Barns- ley on July 3, 1861, and is the eldest son of M. T. Sadler, M.D. He was educated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Oxford, of which he was sometime Senior Scholar. He took a first class in Classical Modera- tions in 1862, and a first class in Lit. Hum. in 1884, and was a well-known President of the Oxford Union Society in 1882. Becoming interested in the. then nascent University Extension Movement, he was appointed Secretary to the Oxford SADLER — SAG AST A 951 University Extension in 1885, and held that post, with conspicuous administrative ability, for ten years. From 188G to 1895 he was Steward of Christ Church, a post at one time held by the Eight Hon. Arthur Acland ; and from 1890 to 1895 he was Student of Christ Church. In 1893 he was appointed a Member of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education. A few years ago Government instituted a new office, the Directorship of Special Inquiries and Reports in the Education Department, and Mr. Sadler was appointed thereto. He has issued three volumes of Special Reports, written by himself and his assistants, which together will pro- bably go far to revolutionise the ideas of intelligent Englishmen upon education. The first volume, issued in 1897, dealt, among other matters, with the elementary educational systems of Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, and Prussia ; and also with the Higher Primary Schools of France, and the Realschulen of Berlin. He is a Mem- ber of the Education sub-committee of the Royal Commission for the Paris Ex- hibition of 1900. Jointly with an old Oxford friend, Mr. Mackinder, of Christ Church, he has written on "University Extension" in all its bearings. He married, in 1885, a daughter of Charles Harvey. Addresses : Eastwood, Weybridge ; and Athenaeum. SADLER, "Walter Dendy, was born at Dorking, on May 12, 1854, and is the fifth son of John Dendy Sadler, solicitor, of Horsham. He was educated at Hors- ham, and studied at Heatherley's, in London, for six months in 1871, and at Diisseldorf, under J. M. Burfield and Wil- liam Simmler. He returned to London in 1877, and has exhibited at the Royal Academy since 1873. His subjects are those thoroughly English types — the post- boys, squires, farmers, and ruddy-cheeked country tradesmen of the beginning of the century — of whom quaint survivals must have been familiar to him in the Surrey towns and villages during the seventies. Among his principal works we may mention " Friday," " It's always the Largest Fish that is Lost," " The Old Squire and the Young Squire," "Old and Crusted," " Uninvited Guests," "Dummy Whist ; " and of late years, at the Royal Academy, " Toddy at the ' Cheshire Cheese,'" and "An Offer of Marriage," 1895; "The End of the Skein," "Time and the Flowers," and " Married," 1896 ; " Nearly Done," and " For Weal or Woe," 1897; "TheYoungand the Old," and " A Little Mortgage," 1898; "The Christen- ing," and "The Plaintiff and the De- fendant," 1899. Address : Hemingford Grey, St. Ives, Hants. SAGASTA, Praxedes Mateo, a Spanish statesman, was born at Torrecilla de Cameras, July 21, 1827. He studied in the School of Engineers in Madrid, practised his profession at Valladolid and Zamora, and was elected by the latter town to the Constituent Cortes of 1854. He took part in the insurrection of 1856, and was obliged to seek refuge in France. On the amnesty being proclaimed he re- turned to Spain, and became a Professor in the School of Engineers in Madrid. He was also the editor of La Iberia, the principal organ of the Progressist party. After the unsuccessful insurrection of June 1856, he was again under the neces- sity of seeking an asylum in France, and he did not return to Spain until after the fall of Queen Isabella II. Appointed Minister of the Interior in the first Cabinet formed by General Prim, he gradually adopted more and more the views of that statesman and of the Conservative party, and completely broke off his relations with his old friend Zorilla. He was conse- quently exposed to bitter attacks from the Republican minority in the Cortes. Ap- pointed Minister of State in January 1870, he ordered several towns, including Barce- lona, to be placed in a state of siege, de- clared himself in favour of the monarchy, and proposed, on Dec. 17, 1870, the disso- lution of the Chamber, after the king had taken the oath. He continued to be Minister of State and Minister of the In- terior in the first Cabinet of King Ama- dens, and during that monarch's brief reign he took part in several ministerial combinations, either as a Member or as President of the Council. Under the Presidency of Marshal Serrano, in 1874, he was Minister for Foreign Affairs (Jan. 4), Minister of the Interior (May 13), and President of the Council (Aug. 4). After the coup aVttat re-establishing the mon- archy, he withdrew for a time from public life. In June 1875 he gave in his adher- ence to the cause of Alfonso XII., and endeavoured to form a Liberal Constitu- tional party. Subsequently he joined the Opposition, and attacked the administra- tions formed by Martinez Campos and Canovas, 1877-79. When a new Liberal party was formed in 1880 Sefior Sagasta gave in his adhesion to it. The Conserva- tive Cabinet of Sefior Canovas del Castillo was overthrown early in the year 1881, and a coalition between Sefior Sagasta and General Martinez Campos came into power. Sagasta's ministry remained in office till Oct. 1883, when it was super- seded by a Cabinet formed from the Dynastic Left. This, however, was short- lived, and was followed by a return of the Conservatives to power. On the death of Alfonso XII., Nov. 23, 1885, Sefior Sagasta, 952 ST. ALBANS at the request of the Queen Kegent, again became the head of the Government ; but, in consequence of a crisis, he re-formed the Cabinet in 1888, and gave to his policy a more markedly democratic character. Among the acts of his ministry maj be mentioned the passing of the Anglo- Spanish commercial treaty. After fresh ministerial crises, Senor Sagastawas again commissioned to form a new ministry in January 1890, but in the July following, after violent scenes in the Chamber, he was obliged to retire, and was replaced by Canovas del Castillo, whose Cabinet re- mained in power till the elections of March 1893, when Sagasta returned to office as President of the Council and Foreign Minister. He relinquished the latter post, however, on the assembling of the Cortes, in order to devote himself entirely to a general supervision of affairs, 5th April 1893. A Cabinet crisis oc- curred on March 8, 1894, the ministry resigned, and Senor Sagasta was again requested to form a Cabinet, which came into power, met with constant opposition, and resigned office on October 31. A new ministry was formed a few days after- wards, and Senor Sagasta again became Premier, five of his former ministers resuming office under him. In March 1895 occurred an extraordinary incident, which resulted in the resignation of Sa- gasta's ministry. A number of army officers, irritated at their conduct being criticised in certain of the Madrid papers, attacked and wrecked the offices of the Resumen and Globo. The editors naturally claimed the protection of the Government, which was granted, and the officers in question were strongly guarded by the police. When the subject was discussed in the Chamber on the following day (March 15, 1895), the reply of the War Minister, General Lopez Dominguez, was regarded as practically backing up the officers in their illegal conduct. The Press representatives left the House in a body, and the ministry subsequently resigned on the War Minister insisting that the charge of libel against the two newspapers which had attacked the officers should be tried before a court-martial. Previous to the resignation of the Cabinet, a deputation of officers waited upon Senor Sagasta to require the suppression of the Resumen, Sagasta met this insolent demand with a flat refusal, and confined to barracks all the officers concerned, while some were court-martialled. The succeeding Premier, the ill-fated Senor Canovas del Castillo, on assuming office, stated that the new Government had effected no compromise with the military, but were counting on the loyal support of Sagasta and his fol- lowers, in order to legalise the strained situation. In July 1897 Sagasta issued a manifesto to the natioD, severely criticising the policy of the Government in regard to Cuba, and stated that the Liberal policy was to send out to Cuba a capable general, whose mission should be limited to sup- pressing the insurrection, while a civilian should be appointed to conciliate the conflicting elements in the island. In alluding to the Philippines, the manifesto insisted upon the necessity of breaking the influence of the monks and mission- aries, and preventing their interference outside the sphere of their religious duties. In the previous month, owing to a Parlia- mentary dead-lock, the Government had tendered their resignations, which the Queen-Regent {q.v.), after some delay, refused to accept. However, the ministry came to a sudden end on the cruel assassi- nation of Senor Canovas by an anarchist, on the first Sunday in August 1897. The Premier pro tempore, General Azcarraga, resigned in the following month, stunned by the receipt of the famous Woodford note, and Sagasta was sent for by tele- graph. He resumed office at once, and at the first meeting of the Cabinet indicated, in plain terms, his dissatisfaction at the course of events in Cuba, and affirmed the importance of a report on the financial position, and details of the campaign which General Weyler was conducting. The Premier also said that he supposed Weyler would tender his resignation, "but, if he did not, he would be recalled." This step was taken, and General Weyler was superseded by Marshal Blanco. Sa- gasta attempted to redeem his promise of granting autonomy to the Cubans, but their leaders, emboldened doubtless by the critical internal state of Spain, demanded complete independence. It is impossible to enter here upon the long history of the failure of Sagasta's policy of moderation, and the consequent imbroglio with the United States. Sagasta came to his country's aid at a time when her fortunes touched their lowest point, and his states- manship saved a nation. He averted crisis after crisis, soothed internal dis- sensions, allayed public anxiety, skilfully circumvented a hopeless war, organised an almost bankrupt treasury, and restored, in a measure, the national confidence. He is still engaged on these great tasks. ST. ALBANS, Duke of, Charles Victor Albert Aubrey de Vere Beauclerk, Hereditary Grand Falconer of England, and Hereditary Regis- trar of the Court of Chancery, was born on March 26, 1870, and is the eldest son of the 10th Duke, whom he succeeded in 1898, and Sybil Mary, daughter of Lieut. - General the Hon. Charles Grey, and grand- ST. ALBANS — ST. LEON 953 daughter of the 2nd Earl Grey. He was at one time in the Lothian Militia, and, on succeeding to his dukedom, was a Lieu- tenant in the Notts Yeomanry. Addresses ; 13 Grosvenor Crescent, S.W. ; and Best- wood Lodge, Notts. ST. ALBANS, Bishop of. See Fest- ing, The Right Eev. John Wogan. ST. ANDREWS, Bishop of. ISee Wilkinson, The Eight Rev. George Howard. ST. ASAPH, Bishop of. See Edwards, The Right Rev. Alfred George. ST. DAVID'S, Bishop of. See Owen, The Right Rev. John. ST. GATJDENS, Augustus, American sculptor, was born in Dublin, March 1, 1848. At the age of six months he was taken to New York City, which has since been his home. He began to draw at Cooper Union in 1861, and in 18G5-66 was a student at the National Academy of Design. From 1867 to 1870 he attended the Ecole des Beaux - Arts at Paris. Thence he went to Rome, where in 1871 he produced his first figure, "Hiawatha." He returned to New York in 1872, and opened a studio. His most important works are: "The Puritan"; "Adoration of the Cross by Angels," a bas-relief in St. Thomas's Church, New York ; statues of Admiral Farragut (1880) in New York ; Robert R. Randall (1884) at Sailors' Snug Harbour, Staten Island, New York ; Abra- ham Lincoln (1887) in Chicago ; and the Shaw Memorial, unveiled in Boston in 1897 ; and portrait busts of W. M. Evarts (1872-73), T. D. Woolsey (1876), the late General Sherman (1888) ; and many other busts and statues. Early in 1898 he removed his studio to Paris. ST. JOHN, Frederick Robert, British Minister at Bern, is the fourth son of the late Hon. Ferdinand St. John, and entered the diplomatic service in 1855 as Private Secretary to the Marquis of Normanby at Florence. He was an Attache at Pekin (1861), the Hague (1865), Constantinople (1866), and Vienna (1868). He was pro- moted to be Secretary of Legation at Buenos Ayres (1872), transferred to Rio de Janeiro (1877), and Constantinople in 1879. In 1881 he became Minister to the Republics of Central America, in 1884 be was transferred to Colombia, and later in the same year to Venezuela, which he left in March 1887, diplomatic relations having been broken off, owing to the dis- pute with British Guiana as to the boundary. In 1888 he was promoted to be Minister to Servia, and whs transferred to his present post in 1893. ST. JOHN, Sir Spenser, G.C.M.G., third son of the late Mr. James Augustus St. John, was born in London, Dec. 22, 1825. After receiving a careful education, he began to turn his attention towards the East, and having applied himself diligently to the study of the Malay language, was in 1848 appointed secretary to Sir James Brooke. He resided in Borneo several years as H.M. Consul-Genera], and re- ceived in 1861 the appointment of Charge d' Affaires to the Republic of Hayti. On returning to this country in 1862, he pub- lished an account of his Eastern residence and travels, entitled " Life in the Forests of the Far East." Early in 1863 he left England for the West Indies, and some years later was promoted to the post of Minister Resident and Consul-General in Hayti. About the same time he was accredited also as Charge d' Affaires to the Dominican Republic. In 1874 he was ap- pointed Minister Resident and Consul- General at Lima, Peru, and in 1875 he proceeded on a special mission to Bolivia. He was created a K.C.M.G. in 1881 for services rendered during the war be- tween Peru and Chili, and a G.C.M.G. in 1894. In May 1883 he was sent on a special mission to Mexico, to nego- tiate for the resumption of diplomatic relations with that country ; and was ap- pointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Mexico, Nov. 28, 1884, and was transferred to Stockholm, July 1, 1893. Sir Spenser St. John, who is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, published in 1879 " The Life of Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak," and in 1885, " The Black Republic," an account of Hayti. Address : Athenfeum. ST. JOHN - BRENON, Edward, F.S.A., F.R.G.S., journalist, the eldest son of the Rev. William Brenon, M. A., was born in Dublin, Feb. 21, 1847, and edu- cated at the High School and Trinity College in that city. In 1866 he published his first volume of poems, entitled " Bianca, the Flower-girl of Bologna." In 1869 fol- lowed " Ambrosia Amoris," and a few years afterwards, in rapid succession, " Two Gallian Laments," "The Witch of Nemi," and "The Tribune Reflects." Mr. St. John-Brenon has on several occasions essayed unsuccessfully to enter Parlia- ment. ST. LEON, Madame, n(e Cerito, Francesca, called Fanny, a celebrated dancer, born in Naples, March 11, 1821, is the daughter of an old soldier of the 954 SAINT-SAENS — SAINTSBTJRY Empire. While quite a child she was distinguished for great natural grace and vivacity. She made her first appearance in 1835 at the San Carlo Theatre, in a bailer, called "The Horoscope," and created great enthusiasm, and afterwards danced at the principal theatres of Italy. She was in Vienna for two years, and was a favourite every season from 1S40 to 1845, in London, where she danced the famous pas dc rjuatre with Taglioni, Car- lotta Grisi, and Lucille Grahn. About this time she was married to a distinguished dancer and violinist, M. A. St. Leon, from whom she was separated in 1850. Mdme. Cerito, who was called the "Fourth Grace," composed, jointly with M. Theophile Gau- tier, the "Gipsy," "Gemma,'' and other ballets. She is now residing in Paris. SAINT-SAENS, Charles Camille, musical composer, was born in Paris, Oct. 9, 1835. Having lost his father, he was brought up by his mother and a great- aunt, who taught him the elements of music. At seven he began to study the piano with Stamaty, and afterwards had lessons in harmony from Maleden. In 1847 he entered Benoist's class at the Conservatoire, obtained the second organ prize in 1849, and the first in 1851. At the age of seventeen he composed his first symphony, which was performed with success by the Socie'te' de Sainte Cecile. In 1853 he became organist of the church of St. Merri. In 1858 he was appointed organist at the Madeleine, and distin- guished himself as much by his talent for improvisation as by his execution. Shortly afterwards he occupied the post of Piano- forte Professor at Niedermeyer's Ecole de Musique Religieuse. For his cantata, " Les Noces de Promdthee," he gained the prize awarded by the International Exhibition of 1867. "LaPrincesse Jaune" was produced at the Opera Comique, June 12, 1872, and " Le Timbale d 'Argent," at the Theatre Lyrique, Feb. 23, 1877. Neither of these operas met with much success, and M. Saint-Saens produced his next work, " Samson et Delilah," a sacred drama, at Weimar, in December 1877, and " Etienne Marcel," an opera, at Lyons, Feb. 8, 1879. The printed catalogue of his works includes sixty-four numbered, besides many unnumbered, pieces. He visited England in 1871, and played at the Musical Union. In 1874 and 1S79 he took part in the Philharmonic Concerts, and on Dec. 6, 1879, he conducted his "Rouet d'Omphide" at the Crystal Palace. He produced at the great DpeVa of Paris " Henry VIII." in 1883, and " Ascanio " in 1890. "Samson et Delilah " was produced at the great Ope>a of Paris, Nov. 23, 1892, and " Phryne " at the Opera Comique, May 1893. M. Saint-Saens was elected an LL.D. of Cambridge University, June 1893. " Chceurs d'Antigone " was pro- duced at the Comddie Francaise, Nov- ember 1893. In 1886 he conducted his last great symphony in C minor in the Philharmonic Concerts (first performance). In addition to his other claims to distinc- tion, M. Saint-Saens is an able musical critic, and has contributed articles to La Kinnissance, L'Estafelte, Le Voltaire, La France, La Nouvelle Revue, and L'A rtiste. He was elected a member of the Institute, Feb. 19, 1881. Saint- Saens is one of the greatest living exe- cutants on the piano and organ. His instrumental works, which are very nume- rous, show consummate mastery, if not genius. His faults are chiefly those of inequality and occasional eccentricity. He lives in Paris during the summer, but all the winter he goes on prolonged travels, no one knows where ; and he has several times been thought to be dead. His Paris address is : 4 Place de la Madeleine. SAINTSBTJRY, George Edward Bateman, Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in Edinburgh Uni- versity, was born at Southampton on Oct. 23, 1845, and educated at King's College School, London. In 1863 he was elected to a Post-Mastership at Merton College, Oxford, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1S68, and that of M.A. in 1873. After holding for a few months a Master- ship in the Manchester Grammar School, he became Senior Classical Master in Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and held that post from 1868 to 1874. In the latter year he was appointed to the Head- Mastership of the Elgin Educational In- stitute, which he resigned in 1876. For the following period of ten years Mr. Saintsbury was a frequent contributor to the London periodical press on literary and political subjects. In 1895 he was appointed Professor of Rhetoric and Eng- lish Literature in Edinburgh University. He has also published " A Primer of J'rench Literature," 1880 ; " Dryden," in the series of English Men of Letters, 1881; "French Lyrics," and "A Short History of French Literature," 1882 ; " Specimens of French Literature," 1883 ; " Specimens of English Prose Style," and " Marlborough," in the series of English Worthies, 1885 ; besides contributing to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," superin- tending a revised edition of Scott's " Dry- den," editing several volumes of " Selec- tions from French Authors" for the Clarendon Press, and furnishing prefaces to some reprints of English Classics. He has edited Herrick for the Aldine Poets (1893), and Fielding. He is editor of the SALAMAN — SALISBURY 055 works of Balzac, and has published a version of that writer's " Chouans. " Other works of his are : " Essays on English Literature, 1780-1860," 1890 ; " Essays on French Novelists," "Political Verse," and " Seventeenth Century Lyrics," 1891 ; an edition of Florio's "Montaigne," 1892 ; a translation of the " Heptameron," 1894. He is also editor of the " Pocket Library of English Literature." Among his most recent publications are : "Corrected Im- pressions, and Essays in English Litera- ture," second series, 1895 ; " Nineteenth Century Literature," 1896 ; "The Flourish- ing of Romance and the Rise of Allegory," and "Sir Walter Scott," 1897; and "A Short History of English Literature," 1898. He is married to Emily, daughter of H. W. King. Address : Murrayfield House, Edinburgh. SALAMAN, Charles Kensington, composer and professor of music, born in London, March 3, 1814, was educated by private tuition. He began the study of music at a very early age, and in 1824 was elected by competitive examination a student of the newly-founded Royal Aca- demy of Music, but, instead of studying there, he became a pupil of Charles Neate and Dr. Crotch ; made his first appearance as a composer and pianist in 1828, and entered the musical profession in 1831. In 1830 he composed the Jubilee Ode for i he great Shakespearian Jubilee of that year, this choral and orchestral work being performed first at Stratford-on-Avon, and subsequently at the Old King's Theatre on May 29, 1830. Mr. Salaman began an annual series of grand orchestral concerts in 1833, in which were engaged all the famous artists of the day. In 1835 he, in conjunction with a few other musicians, introduced the chamber concert under the title Concerti da Camera. He was elected member of the Royal Society of Musicians in 1837. He is nowthe "Father" of the Society. Mr. Salaman has acquired considerable reputation as a pianist in England, Germany, and Italy, and was elected an honorary member of the Aca- demy of St. Cecilia in Rome in 1846, and also of the Philharmonic Society of Rome. His first series of songs, in which is in- cluded Shelley's celebrated serenade, "I arise from Dreams of Thee," was composed in 1836, and published in 1838. He has since contributed largely to the repertory of English, Italian, French, and German vocal music, and to chamber pianoforte music. Besides about 100 musical settings of poems by the most eminent lyric poets of this country, Mr. Salaman has been the first composer to wed music to the odes of Horace, Catullus, and Anacreon in the original texts. He has also composed part-songs, and anthems for the English Church service, and nearly 100 numbers of sacred part music in the Hebrew lan- guage, for the service of the Synagogue. His orchestral compositions have been few, the most recent being the " Grand Funeral March in memory of Victor Hugo," first performed at the Albert Hall. He has also won reputation as a writer and lecturer on musical subjects, being the first to trace the history of the pianoforte and its precursors. Mr. Salaman, who founded the first amateur choral society in London in 1849, was one of the founders of the Musical Society of London in 1858, and was for nearly ten years its honorary Secretary. He was also one of the founders in 1874 of the Musical Association for the " investigation and discussion of subjects connected with the art and science of music," and he performed the duties of honorary secretary until the end of 1877, when he retired as a Vice-President of the Association. In 1882 he published an important volume entitled "Jews as they are," which deals with the modern Jews from a social, political, and religious point of view, and seeks to vindicate the Jewish character from reproach and prejudice. Mr. Salaman has now retired from profes- sional life, but, in his 85th year, he still continues to compose music, and to cele- brate each birthday by the publication of new songs, his latest dating exactly seventy years after his earliest. Address : 24 Sutherland Avenue, W. SALISBURY, Marquis of, The Most Hon. Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoigne-Cecil, P.O., K.G., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., D.L., J.P., Prime Minister and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, is the eldest surviv- ing son of the 2nd Marquis of Salis- bury, by his first wife, the daughter and heir of Bamber Gascoigne, Esq., born at Hatfield in 1830, was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls' College (1853). In 1853 he was elected M.P. for Stamford, and he repre- sented that borough in the Conservative interest until his succession to the mar- quisate on the death of his father, April 12, 1868. While in the Lower House he was known as Lord Robert Cecil, until the decease of his elder brother on June 14, 1865, when he assumed the courtesy title of Viscount Cranborne. His lordship took an active part in all public measures which affected the interests of the Estab- lished Church, and in the chief political questions of the day, and he was a fre- quent contributor to the Quarterly Review and to other periodicals. In Lord Derby's third administration he was, in July 1866, 956 .SALISBURY appointed Secretary of State for India, which post he resigned on account of a difference in opinion respecting the Reform Bill, March 2, 1867, when two other Cabi- net ministers, viz., General Peel, War Secretary, and Lord Carnarvon, Colonial Secretary, also gave in their resignations. On Nov. 12, 1869, he was elected Chancel- lor of the University of Oxford, in succes- sion to the late Earl of Derby. In 1871-72 he and Lord Cairns, as arbitrators, con- ducted a long investigation into the com- plicated affairs of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway Company. His lord- ship was again appointed Secretary of State for India when Mr. Disraeli returned to office in February 1874. When, at the close of the war between Turkey and Servia, differences arose between the former Power and Russia, the Marquis of Salisbury was sent as Special Ambas- sador to the Sublime Porte, and he and Sir Henry Elliot acted as joint Minister Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain at the Conference of Constantinople. His lord- ship left England Nov. 20, 1876, and, en route, visited Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and Rome. The progress towards agreement made at the preliminary meetings held at the Russian Embassy in Constantinople were so satisfactory that the formal Con- ference, at which the joint proposals of the Powers were pressed upon the Porte, was opened on December 23. At the same time the new Constitution of the Ottoman Empire was formally promul- gated by its author, Midhat Pasha. The Marquis of Salisbury really took the place of leader at the Conference, which held altogether seven plenary meetings. On Sunday, Jan. 14, 1877, he had an audience of the Sultan, at which Sir Arnold Kem- ball acted as interpreter, and pressed upon his Majesty the two points on which the two Powers intended to insist, informing him that if they were not accepted the Ambassadors would immediately leave Constantinople. These two proposals were, that there should be a mixed Turkish and International Commission of Supervision, and that the first appoint- ment of the Governors should be ratified by the Powers. On Jan. 18 a special meet- ing of the Ottoman Grand Council was held, and about 140 Mussulmans and about sixty leading Christians were pre- sent. The proceedings lasted two hours, and were opened by Midhat Pasha. With one dissentient voice the Council were unanimous in insisting on the rejection of the proposals of the Powers. The Con- ference held its last sitting on January 20, and immediately afterwards Lord Salisbury left for England. On April 2, 1878, he was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in the room of the Earl of Derby, resigned, and he at once wrote a memorable despatch, in which he clearly enunciated the policy of the Government with regard to the Eastern Question. He and the Earl of Beaconsfield soon afterwards were the representatives of Great Britain at the Congress of Berlin, and on their return to London they met with the most enthusiastic reception at Charing Cross, July 16, 1878. The Queen invested the Marquis of Salisbury with the Order of the Garter, July 30. On August 3 he and the Earl of Beaconsfield received the freedom of the City of London, and were afterwards entertained at a grand banquet at the Mansion House. He went out of office with his party after the defeat they sustained at the general election of April 1880. At a meeting of Conservative Peers held on May 9, 1881, after the death of Lord Beaconsfield, the Marquis of Salis- bury was elected to lead the party in the House of Lords. Since then his career has been identified with that of the Con- servative party. He opposed, but finally accepted, the Irish Land Act of 1881 ; he vigorously criticised Mr. Gladstone's Egyp- tian policy ; he carried the rejection of the County Franchise Bill in 1884 ; he represented the Conservatives at the memorable conference between the op- posing leaders, which led to the framing of the Redistribution Bill of 1885. On June 9 of that year Mr. Gladstone was beaten on a Budget vote, and resigned, and Lord Salisbury took office as Premier. The principal events of his short tenure of power were the annexation of Burma, and the re-opening of the Eastern Question by the revolution in Eastern Roumelia and the Servo-Bulgarian war ; England supporting Prince Alexander by her " friendly " neutrality. After the general election of November 1885, Lord Salisbury was turned out on the address at the end of January. He vigorously opposed Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule policy, and after the second general election in 1886 he became once more Prime Minister. When the late Lord R. Churchill's resignation led to the reconstruction of the Cabinet, Lord Salisbury took the Foreign Office, in the place of Lord Iddesleigh, resigned. In May 1888 Lord Salisbury introduced a Bill into the House of Lords for the reform of that assembly, and the creation of life peers. The city of Glasgow presented him with its freedom on May 20, 1891, and in July the German Emperor and the Prince of Naples visited him, and were entertained at Hatfield. The general election of 1892 caused Lord Salisbury to go out of office, though his government did not actually resign till they had suffered defeat in the Commons. In February 1893 Lord Salisbury opened the SALISBUEY 957 overhead electrical railway at Liverpool, and in the course of a speech delivered on the occasion, dwelt on the marvellous future of electricity. He is himself an electrician, and has applied it to practical purposes at Hatfield House and on his estates. He is also much interested in chemistry and the whole range of experi- mental physics, and spends much of his time in his private laboratory. On March 2, 1893, he presided at Oxford, as Chan- cellor of the University, over a meeting in aid of the building fund of the Radcliffe Infirmary, and spoke on that occasion on the necessity of giving increased attention to the study of medicine. In April, illness prevented him from visiting Belfast to attend great Unionist demonstrations, but he received a number of Ulster delegates at Hatfield, and himself travelled in Ulster in May. In August 1894 he presided over the meeting of the British Association at Oxford, and delivered a notable inaugural address, in which he dwelt on the neces- sary limitations to scientific speculation. In October 1895 the Liberal Government was defeated on the ammunition question in Committee on Army Estimates, and Lord Rosebery immediately resigned. Lord Salisbury was sent for, and duly formed an administration. His Cabinet, as ultimately constituted, consisted of nineteen members, of whom four were Liberal Unionists. The general election resulted in giving the Unionist Coalition a majority of 150, the strongest Govern- ment of modern times. During 1896 Lord Salisbury was much occupied by the conduct of our relations with America in regard to the Venezuelan Boundary dispute, and his conciliatory attitude has since been much appreciated at Washing- ton. Indeed, the present cordial under- standing between the two branches of the Anglo-Saxon race is, in great measure, due to Lord Salisbury's endeavours. The Ar- menian atrocities added very much to the burden of office. The action of Mr. Gladstone and others, who on every oc- casion vehemently denounced the Sultan, severely handicapped the Government in their efforts to obtain a peaceful solution of the problem. Isolated action on the part of England was strongly advocated, especially by a section of the press, but Lord Salisbury resolutely pursued a policy which enabled him to act in concert with the European Powers, since he held that a European war would follow the isolated intervention of Great Britain. During the Cretan crisis a similar attitude was fol- lowed, and Lord Salisbury's policy was very severely criticised. But the chaotic state of the island itself, and the conflict- ing interests of the Great Powers, rendered forcible action by any single Power very dillicult. Upon the outbreak of a conflict at Candia, in which British soldiers were killed and Christian inhabitants massacred, Admiral Noel, in command of the British squadron, bombarded the town, and after- wards sent an ultimatum to the Turkish Governor demanding the ringleaders. His request was speedily complied with, and several of them were executed. Later, a collective note signed by Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy, demanding the withdrawal of the Turkish troops from the island, was presented to the Sultan, who surrendered unconditionally. The evacuation was completed in November, when Lord Salisbury urged upon the Russian Minister at Constantinople to formally propose Prince George of Greece as High Commissioner and Governor of Crete. The proposal met with universal approbation, and was ultimately accepted by the Sultan. Affairs in the Far East reached an acute stage during 1897-98. Li Hung Chang, the most influential per- sonage in China, had been sent in 189G to Europe as an Envoy Extraordinary, and after visiting the various capitals, came to London and received a hearty welcome. During his visit to this country, he went to Hatfield as the guest of Lord Salisbury, and endeavoured, in vain, to get his lord- ship to assent to an increase of the import duties levied upon British goods entering China. The refusal to accede to the wishes of Li Hung Chang was probably the cause of his hostility to England throughout the Chinese crisis, which was precipitated by the act of Germany in November 1897, when a force of German marines landed at Kiao Chau in order to exact reparation for the murder of two missionaries. They made their position secure, and shortly afterwards demanded, and obtained, the port and the territory around it on a lease of 99 years. Russia almost immediately after occupied Port Arthur and Talienwan in a similar man- ner, and Lord Salisbury had to face a considerable alteration in the balance of power in the Far East. As a set-off against the Russian aggression, Great Britain put forward a demand, which was granted, for the cession of the islands and waters of Wei-hai-wei for the same number of years and on the same terms as Port Arthur had been ceded to Russia. Through- out the Chinese crisis Lord Salisbury was subjected to a good deal of criticism from both sides of the House, and also in the press, for not pursuing- a more active policy. But the lack of vigorous action was more apparent than real, as among the various concessions secured by his lordship were the opening of all inland waters to navigation to the vessels of all- nations ; the opening of various treaty 358 SALISBURY — SALMON ports ; the assurance that no portion of the province adjoining the Yangtse-Kiang Valley should be alienated to any other power. The Chinese Government also undertook that so long as British trade continued to exceed that of any other nation the Inspector-General of Maritime Customs should be a British subject. A convention was also signed by which the mainland opposite Hong Kong, and the island of Lan-tao and Mirs Bay, were secured to Great Britain, the area thus acquired covering about 200 square miles. The consecutive victories in the Soudan, and the capture of Khartoum by Lord Kitchener in 1898 brought into promi- nence our relations with France and her interests in Egypt, and when a French force was discovered posted at Fashoda a serious situation was created. In Sep- tember Lord Salisbury pointed out to the French Foreign Office that all the terri- tories which had been subject to the Kha- lifa had passed by right of conquest to the British and Egyptian Governments, and that H.M. Government did not consider this right open to discussion. Lord Salis- bury also insisted upon the withdrawal of the French force as a condition precedent to negotiation on the matter. His lord- ship had the unanimous support of the country on the question of the evacuation of Fashoda by the French, and ultimately a satisfactory solution of the difficulty was arrived at by which the French Govern- ment relinquished all claims to the Nile Valley in consideration of concessions made to them in the Niger Hinterland. During 1898 Lord Salisbury was obliged for some weeks to give up his duties and go abroad on account of his health, which •for some time had given his friends much anxiety. The duties of the Foreign Office devolved upon Mr. A. J. Balfour during his absence. The Marquis of Salisbury is a member of the Council of King's College, London ; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Constable of Dover Castle ; High Steward of Great Yarmouth ; Elder Brother of Trinity House, and Hon. Colonel of the 4th Batt. of the Bedford- shire Regiment and of the Herts Militia. For many years he was Chairman of the Middlesex Sessions. Lord Salisbury's tenure of office during the Jubilee year of the Queen's reign will be memorable in his lordship's family for the honour which her Majesty paid him by going in person to visit him at Hatfield. In 1857 he married Georgiana Caroline, daughter of Sir Edward Hall Alderson, Baron of the Exchequer, and niece of the celebrated Mrs. Opie. His eldest son is Viscount Cranborne (born 1861), M.P. for the Dar- wen Division of Lancashire from 1885 to 1892, and in 1893 returned for Rochester. SALISBURY, Bishop of. See Wordsworth, The Right Rev. John. SALMON, The Kev. George, D.D. Dublin, and Hon. Edin., D.C.L. Oxon. , LL.D. Cantab., F.R.S., born in Dublin in 1819, was educated at Cork, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he gradu- ated as Senior Moderator in Mathematics in 1839. He was successively Scholar and Fellow of his College, and was elected Regius Professor of Divinity in the Uni- versity of Dublin in 1866, which office he held until his appointment as Provost of the College in 1888. Besides various con- tributions to theological and mathematical periodicals, and in particular to Smith's "Dictionary of Christian Biography," he is the author of treatises on " Conic Sec- tions," on "The Higher Plane Curves," on " The Geometry of Three Dimensions," and on "The Modern Higher Algebra," which have been translated into the principal European languages, and which have been honoured by the Royal and Copley Medals of the Royal Society, and the Conyngham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy. He has published four volumes of sermons, besides many single sermons. He has also published two series of lectures delivered in the, JGjivinity School of the University, one foffuing an Introduction to the New Testament, and the other treating of the Infallibility of the Church. His most recent publication is "Thoughts on Tex- tual Criticism of the New Testament," 1897. He is a member of the Royal Irish Academy, a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and a corre- sponding member of the Institute of France, and of the Royal Academies of Sciences at Gbttingen, Berlin, and Copen- hagen, and a Fellow of the Academy dei Lincei, Rome. He was President of the Mathematical and Physical Science Sec- tion of the British Association at the meeting held in Dublin in August 1878. Address : Provost's House, Dublin. SALMON, Admiral Sir Nowell, G.C.B., IT.fi., was born in February 1835, and educated at Marlborough College. He is the son of the Rev. H. Salmon, Rector of Swarraton, by Emily, a daughter of Admiral Nowell. He entered the navy in May 1847, and was promoted lieutenant in January 1856. While holding that rank he served in H.M.S. James Watt, took part in the Russian war, and was awarded the Baltic medal. In the Indian Mutiny he gained his V.C. while attached to Captain Peel's " Shannon Brigade." At the second relief of Lucknow, during the assault of a strongly occupied fort, the sailors making the attack suffered severely from the extraordinary marksmanship of a sepoy, SALMONE — SALOMONS 959 who had posted himself on tlie wall well under cover. There appeared to be no means of checking this deadly fire except by climbing a big tree, which meant almost certain death to the climber. However, Lieutenant Salmon volunteered the at- tempt, and although his binocular glass (which he took in order that he might make sure of the right man) was shattered in his hand, he took aim and shot the sepoy dead. For his gallant services during the Indian Mutiny Sir Nowell was specially promoted to the rank of com- mander, and received the medal with the Lucknow clasp. He was promoted Captain in 1863, and created C.B. in 1375, being shortly afterwards appointed aide-de-camp to the Queen. Admiral Salmon was suc- cessively Commander-in-Chief at the Cape and China stations, and also at Portsmouth. He hoisted his flag in H.M.S. Renown as senior officer at the naval review held in June 1897. On that occasion the First Lord of the Admiralty, in expressing his appreciation of the arrangements made for the assembling of so vast a fleet, said, "The perfect moorings of that 25 miles of ships reflected the greatest credit upon Sir Nowell Salmon and his staff." He was created K.C.B. in 1887 and G.C.B. in 1897, and is the senior admiral on the active list. Address: Curdridge Grange, Botten, Hants. SALMON^, Professor H. Anthony, who holds the Chair of Arabic at King's College, London, was born in Beyrout, Syria, on Sept. 1, 1860. He is of Cretan parentage, and derives his family name from Mount Salmon^ in Crete, which is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. Our subject was brought to England when one year old, and later was sent to the Patriarchal College, Beyrout, in which city he afterwards entered St. Joseph's Uni- versity, where he completed his education, and then returned to England. He early devoted his whole energy to philological and literary studies. His father, who died in 1894, was himself an accomplished linguist, and was able to read, write, and converse fluently in about a dozen lan- guages. He soon found a number of friends amongst the most distinguished Orientalists and scholars in this country, and in 1883 was elected a member of the Royal Asiatic Society. During the same year, and under the presidency of the late Sir Bartle Frere, he delivered an address before a well-attended meeting of the society, "On the importance to Great Britain of the study of Arabic." In 1884 Professor Salmone' was appointed lecturer on Arabic at University College, London, when he began to devote himself to the compilation of an Arabic-English and English-Arabic lexicon, which was dedi- cated by special permission to the Queen. It was compiled on a new and unique system, comprising about 120,000 Arabic words in vol. i. and about 50,000 in vol. ii. ; this important work, published by Triibner in 1890, was well received by the press and by Oriental scholars at home and abroad. In the same year he was appointed Pro- fessor of Arabic at King's College, London. In 1891 he went on an extended tour in the East, visiting among other places some parts of India, Persia, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egypt, Syria, and various other places in Turkey. His reputation as an Arabic scholar secured for him a welcome reception by the leading native scholars in Syria, Egypt, and Constantinople. In 1892 Professor Salmone' received a gratify- ing acknowledgment of his work, the Sultan of Turkey sending him the Order of the Medjidieh of the third class, in recognition of the services he had rendered to Oriental literature by the publication of his Arabic-English lexicon. Soon after starting on his Eastern travels in 1891 he was offered the post of special correspond- ent to the Times in Egypt, which, how- ever, he was unable to accept. After his return from the East Professor Salmone edited and conducted for nearly a year and a half the Eastern and Western Review, a monthly periodical intended to arouse public interest in Imperial affairs and Oriental subjects generally. After the dis- continuance of this periodical he con- tributed various miscellaneous and political articles to the reviews and to newspapers, including the Nineteenth Century, Black- wood, the Times, and other journals. One of his most interesting works is "The Fall and Resurrection of Turkey " (published in 1896 by Messrs. Methuen), which gives a full and graphic account of the condition of the Turkish Empire, and indicates the reforms which ;ire needed. He has also devised and edited an interesting work entitled "The Imperial Souvenir" (D. Nutt, 1897), dedicated by special permis- sion to theQueen. It gives a metrical trans- lation of the third verse of the National Anthem in fifty languages spoken in the British Empire. Professor Salmone' was employed at the War Office during 1885 and 1886 in the translation of important documents, also undertaking similar duties for the Admiralty. He has always been an active agitator for the encouragement of Oriental studies in England, and recently delivered an address "On the importance to Great Britain of establishing an Oriental School in London " at the Royal Asiatic Society. Address : 39 Colville Gardens, W. SALOMONS, Sir David Lionel, Bart., J.P., D.L., A.I.C.E., M.S.T.E., is the 960 SAMAROW — SAMBOURNE son of the late Mr. Philip Salomons, and was born on June 28, 1851, at Brighton. Having lost both his parents when he was very young, the responsibility of his guardianship was undertaken by his uncle, the late Sir David Salomons. He was educated by private tutors and at Uni- versity College, London, afterwards pro- ceeding to Caius College, Cambridge, graduating in the Natural Science Tripos, his tastes tending rather to physical science than to pure mathematics. The pursuit of scientific attainments has been almost the exclusive occupation of his life. Not content with mere theoretical know- ledge, he was in the habit of frequenting workshops, working with the men, and thus gaining an insight into the practical work ; his uncle, moreover, provided him with a laboratory where he could devote his attention to the subjects which in- terested him so deeply. When, however, he succeeded to his uncle's position he was not neglectful of its duties and re- sponsibilities. He worked assiduously as a county magistrate, being a Justice of the Peace for Kent, Sussex, Middlesex, "West- minster, and London, and he is also a Deputy-Lieutenant for Kent. In 1874 Sir David Salomons stood in the Liberal in- terest for Mid-Kent, but he was defeated ; and at the general election of 1880, through holding the offices of sheriff and returning officer, he was precluded from seeking election. Since that period he had re- linquished things political, until 1885, when he consented to contest the new borough of St. George's-in-the-East. Sir David Salomons is a member of several clubs, including the Savage Club ; a County Councillor for Kent, representing one of the Tunbridge Divisions ; and belongs to many societies, being an Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers, a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, of the Physical Society, of the Chemical Society, of the Geological Society, of the Eoyal Meteorological Society, and a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society. He is a Past Vice-President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and a Past Manager of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Sir David has also studied drawing and painting, the better to appreciate art and its difficulties. He has served on the Scientific Committees appointed by the Institute of Electrical Engineers for settling symbols, fire risks, &c, and has brought out several new and successful inventions. He is also the author of several scientific papers read before many scientific societies : " Electric Light Installations and Manage- ment of Accumulators," 7th edit., in 3 vols, (the 8th edition will shortly appear), and of "Photographic Notes and Formulae," &c. Regarding the "Woman's Rights" question, Sir David Salomons has adopted a distinct attitude by his "Address to the Ladies of England," which opened up several new fields for the employment of women. He is Chairman of the City of London Electric Lighting Company, and a Director of the South-Eastern Railway Company. At present he takes no active part in politics. He has recently been engaged on " High Frequency" work, and experiments connected with vacuum tubes. He was Master of the Coopers' Company, 1893-94. He takes a great interest in all educational matters. He was Mayor of Tunbridge Wells in 1895, and alderman of that town for two years afterwards, when he retired. He took a ready part in the promotion of the Bill and in obtaining the Locomotive on Highways (1896) Act. Under his auspices an exhibition of motor- carriages was held at Tunbridge Wells in the autumn of 1895. He is President of the Self - Propelled Traffic Association, Member of Committees of the Automobile Club de France and Automobile Club Beige. In 1895 he enlarged his laboratories and built a. lecture theatre. These labora- tories, with the various rooms adjoining, form one of the best laboratories in England for scientific work. He married, in 1882, the daughter of Baron de Stern, of Hyde Park Gate, London, by whom he has had issue four daughters and a son and heir. Addresses : Broomhill, Tunbridge Wells ; and 49 Grosvenor Street, W. SAMAROW, Gregor. 'See Mbding, J. V. M. 0. SAMBOURNE, Edward Ianley, is the sole surviving child of Edward Mott Saru bourne, city merchant ; was born Jan. 4, 1845, and was educated at the City of London School, and the College, Chester. He was intended for the engineering pro- fession, and was placed at John Penn and Son's Works, Greenwich, 1861-67, but in 1867 he was introduced to Mark Lemon, and published his first drawing in Punch, April 27, 1867. Since then he has devoted himself to the art of illustration. His principal works are the illustrations to " New History of Sandford and Merton," by F. C. Burnand, 1872 ; " Military Men I have Met," by Captain Dyne Finton, 1872; " Our Autumn Holiday on French Rivers," by L. J. Molloy, 1874 ; " Our Holiday in the Scottish Highlands," by Arthur a Bec- kett, 1876 ; " Modern Venice," 1877 ; "The Water Babies," by Charles Kingsley, 1885 ; " Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales," 1887. He designed the Diploma for the Great International Fisheries Exhibition, 1883, which was exhibited at the Royal Aca- demy, 1885 ; and more recently the cover of the Sketch. It is, however, by his innumer- SAMPSON — SAMUEL-MONTAGU 961 able drawings for Punch that he is best known. It is singular that although Mr. Sambourne is the doyen of English carica- turists, and as such maintains the ancient and highly honourable traditions of a typically English art, he has never re- ceived recognition from any Academy. He was elected to the Athenaeum under Rule 2 in April 1896. He is married to Marion, eldest daughter of the late Spen- cer Herapath, E.RS. Addresses: 18 Stafford Terrace, Kensington, W. ; and Athenaeum. SAMPSON, "William Thomas, American naval officer, was born at Pal- myra, N.Y., Feb. 9, 1840, and graduated at the Naval Academy in 1861. He be- came a Master the same year, and a Lieu- tenant in July 1862 ; was stationed at the Naval Academy in 1864, and then served in the monitor Patapsco, and was in that vessel when she was destroyed by a tor- pedo in Charleston Harbour in January 1865. He was in the European squadron in 1865-67, when he became a Lieut.-Com- mander, and in August 1874 was made a Commander. He was on the Asiatic station in command of the Sioatara, 1879- 82 ; was Assistant-Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, 1882-83, and Superintendent of the Naval Academy, 1886-90, becoming a Captain in 1889. From January 1892 till 1897 he was Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, and from June 1897 to the spring of 1898 was in command of the battleship Iowa. Just before the war with Spain broke out in April 1898 he was placed in command of the American fleet at Key West, with rank of Acting Rear-Admiral, and had the direction of operations in West Indian waters, which culminated in the destruc- tion of the Spanish squadron near Santiago de Cuba, July 3, 1898. He was appointed in August one of the Commissioners to concert measures with the Spanish authori- ties for the evacuation of Cuba by Spain, having previously been advanced to the full grade of Rear-Admiral for his ser- vices. SAMUEL, The Right Hon. Sir Saul, Bart., K.C.M.G., C.B., J.P., born Nov. 2, 1820, is the son of the late Samp- son Samuel, Esq., of London. He sailed for New South Wales in 1832 ; and, after completing his education at the Sydney College, he became extensively engaged in squatting, commercial, mining, and manufacturing pursuits, and is recog- nised as the pioneer of several industries which have since developed into import- ance. His public career commenced in 1854, two years before responsible govern- ment was inaugurated in New South Wales ; he was then elected a member of the Legislative Council. Soon after the promulgation of the new Constitution in 1856 he was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly ; and, in 1859, first accepted office in the Forster Administra- tion as Colonial Treasurer. He held the same portfolio in the Cowper Government of 1865, the Robertson Ministry in 1868, and the Cowper Administration of 1869. He has also acted as Postmaster-General in several Governments, and successfully conducted negotiations with the United States Government for a Postal Convention with New South Wales, which resulted in the establishment of the San Francisco Mail Service with Australia. After hold- ing high office under every Governor of the Colony (except Lord Carrington) since the inauguration of responsible govern- ment, he, in 1880, resigned the Postmaster- Generalship in the Parkes Administration, and was appointed Agent-General for the Colony in London, a position which he continues to fill. In that capacity he has conducted diplomatic and financial busi- ness of the highest importance with uni- form success, and to the great satisfac- tion of successive Governments. He was created C.M.G. in 1874 ; K.C.M.G. in 1882 ; and C.B. (Civil) in 1886. He was created a Baronet in January 1898. He retired in October 1898, after a year's leave, and was thanked by Mr. Chamberlain for the man- ner in which he had discharged the duties of his post. He has been twice married (1), in 1857, to Henrietta Matilda, daughter of Benjamin Goldsmid Levien, Esq., of Geelong, Victoria ; and (2) in 1877, to Sara Louise, daughter of E. Isaac, Esq., of Auckland, New Zealand. Ad- dress : 34 Nevern Square, S.W. SAMUEL-MONTAGTJ, Sir Mon- tagu, Bart, (usually called Sir Samuel Montagu), M.P., J.P., D.L., head of the banking firm of Samuel Montagu & Co., London, was born at Liverpool on Dec. 21, 1832, and is the son of the late Louis Samuel, of Liverpool, and afterwards of Bloomsbury, a watchmaker. He assumed the name of Montagu by royal license in 1894. He was educated at Liverpool In- stitute and privately, and established the banking-house, of which he is now head, in 1853. He was a member of the Gold and Silver Commission from 1887 to 1890. He has represented the Tower Hamlets, Whitechapel Division, since 1885, and is a Liberal in politics. He is an authority on currency and a leading member of the Hebrew community in London, a member of the Jewish Board of Deputies, President of the Jewish Working-Men's Club, J.P. for London, D.L. for Tower Hamlets. He married Ellen, youngest daughter of the 3p 962 SAMUELSON late Louis Cohen, of the London Stock Exchange, in 1862. Addresses: 12 Palace Gardens, Kensington, W. ; and South Stoneham House, Hants. SAMUELSON, The Right Hon. Sir Bernhard, Bart., F.R.S., M. Inst. C.E., was born on Nov. 22, 1820, and is the son of S. H. Samuelson, a Liverpool merchant. He was educated privately, and was for some time in a general merchant's office in Liverpool, until in 1842 he was placed in charge of the Continental affairs of Sharp, Stewart & Co., engineers, of Manchester. Leaving their service in 1845, he estab- lished railway works at Tours between 1846-48. In 1849 he purchased the agri- cultural implement works at Banbury, and in 1854 erected blast furnaces at Middles- borough, where he bought collieries and ironstone mines between the years 1872- 80. He is Chairman of Samuelson & Co., of Banbury and Orleans. He represented Banbury in Parliament in 1859, and sat as Liberal member for North Oxfordshire from 1885 to 1895. He was Chairman of several Royal Commissions, notably that on Technical Education, and was made a Baronet for his services in 1884. He was member of the Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction, was for three or four years Chairman of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom, has been President of the Iron and Steel Institute, is J.P. for Oxfordshire, Knight of the Legion of Honour, &c. He was made F.R.S.ln 1881, and P.C. in 1895. His publications take the form of Reports to the House of Commons on Technical Education, Patent Laws, Railway Rates, and Thames Conservancy, &c. He mar- ried, in 1889, Mrs. Denny, a daughter of Chevalier Leon Serena, and widow of William Denny, of Dumbarton. Addresses : 56 Prince's Gate, S.W. ; and Bodicote Grange, Oxfordshire. SAMUELSON, James, is the eighth son of the late Samuel H. Samuelson, merchant, of Liverpool and Hull. He was born in the latter place in 1829, was edu- cated in Liverpool by the Rev. John Brun- ner (father of Sir John Brunner, M.P.), and studied zoology under Dr. Zaddach at Konigsberg University. In 1867 he passed the General Examination of the Inns of Court, and was called to the Bar of the Middle Temple in 1870, but never prac- tised. Mr. Samuelson has all his life been connected with manufacturing industries, and he is now the chief proprietor in a limited company at Birkenhead, managed by his two sons, for crushing palm kernels and cocoa-nuts. His leisure has been em- ployed in literary and social work, the latter including the foundation of the Liverpool Science and Art Classes, of which he was President, and which are now under municipal management. He has frequently acted as an intermediary in the settlement of trade disputes, and not- ably in conjunction with the late Earl of Derby, and the late Mr. R. Lowndes, as arbitrator in the great Dock Strike of 1879. Mr. Samuelson's earlier works were chiefly of a popular scientific character. In 1860 he published two works called " Humble Creatures," dealing with the microscopic anatomy of certain insects. In 1862 he founded, and for a short time edited, the Popular Science Review, and in 1864 the Quarterly Journal of Science. This review he edited for eight years, with the assistance of Mr. W. Crookes, F.R.S., Sir W. Fairbairn, Bart., F.R.S., and other leading scientists. Amongst his works on Social Science are " The German Working- Man," 1869 ; and the "History of Drink," 1879. He has travelled over a great part of the civilised world, east and west ; and has published monographs of some of the countries visited, as " Roumania, Past and Present," 1882 ; the only work of the kind in the English language, for which he received from the King the Roumanian Cross, and was made Officer of the Crown of Roumania; "Bulgaria, Past and Pre- sent," 1887; "India, Past and Present," 1889. He projected, and for some time edited for Messrs. Routledge, a quarterly review called Subjects of the Day, the dis- tinctive feature of which was that each number treated exhaustively of one cur- rent topic of interest, and was composed so as to form a text-book of permanent value, to which a bibliography and index were attached. The magazine, which was discontinued for financial reasons only, reckoned among its contributors many leading experts and officials connected with the subjects to be treated. In 1893 he visited Greece, and on his return pub- lished a treatise on the financial and in- dustrial condition of that country. In the same year he founded the Liverpool Board of Conciliation, and was mainly instru- mental in establishing a Labour Registry in that city, whilst his publications on these questions stimulated the formation of similar institutions in other towns. In 1896 he edited and contributed largely to "The Civilisation of our Day," an illus- trated composite work dealing with the progress of the present century. In this he had the co-operation of many leading writers, notably Dr. Garnett, C.B., on " Free Libraries " ; Mr. F. E. Baines, C.B., on " Post Telegraphs and Telephones " ; Sir Hugh Gilzean-Reid, " The Press " ; E. W. Maunder, " Our Knowledge of the Universe " ; Right Hon. Prof. F. Max-Mul- ler, " The Dawn of Reason in Religion " (a SAN BAKTOLOMEO — SANDEKSON 963 review of the present state of religious belief), and of many other experts in their respective departments. Mr. Samuelson has always been an advanced Liberal, and has helped to foster liberty at home and abroad. He filled the chair on two com- mittees, the Liverpool Cretan and the Liverpool Greek Committee, both of which sent considerable sums to the suffering Greeks. He has three times unsuccess- fully contested constituencies ; belongs to the Liverpool Reform Club, and is an original member of the National Liberal Club. Address : 42 Grosvenor Road, Bir- kenhead. SAN BARTOLOMEO, Francesco de Renzis, Baron de, Italian Ambassador to the Court of St. James, was born in 1836, and was educated at the military school of La Nunzcatella, at Naples, which he left in 1854 with the grade of Sub- Lieutenant of Engineers. In 1860 he left the service of King Francis II. of Naples, and entered that of Victor Emmanuel. He was at the siege of Gaeta, and his bravery there gained for him the Military Order of Savoy. He was given a high post in the Ordnance Corps, and fought against the Austrians in 1866. He is, however, best known as a writer, and in 1867 founded La Fanfulla at Florence, which became one of the most popular newspapers in Italy. He sold his share on entering Parliament in 1874. His best- known work is "Ananke," published in 1878. He was appointed to his present post in August 1898. SAND AY, The Rev. William, D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, was born at Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham, Aug. 1, 1843, and is the eldest son of William Sanday, of Holme Pierrepont, and of his wife, Elizabeth Mann, of Scawsby, Don- caster. He was educated at Repton School, and at Balliol and Corpus Christi Colleges, Oxford, being elected scholar of the latter in 1863. He obtained a first class in 1865, and was ordained Deacon in 1867, Priest in 1869, taking his M.A. de- gree in 1868. He held a fellowship at Trinity from 1866 to 1873. Dr. Sanday has been successively Lecturer of St. Nicholas, Abingdon, 1871 ; Vicar of Great Waltham, 1872 ; Rector of Barton-on-the-Heath, Warwick, 1873 ; and Principal of Bishop Hatfield's Hall, Durham, 1876. In 1882 he was appointed Professor of Exegesis at Oxford, in succession to the late Canon Liddon, who resigned the post ; and in 1895 he was elected to the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity attached to a Canonry at Christ Church, which he now holds. He was Whitehall Preacher in 1889-90, and Select Preacher in Cambridge University between 1880 and 1892. Dr. Sanday has published " Authorship and Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel," 1873 ; " The Gospels in the Second Cen- tury," 1876; "Commentaries on Romans and Galatians for English Readers," 1878 ; and is joint editor of "Variorum Bible," and " Studia Biblica," and of a larger " Commentary on Romans," 1895, which is now in a third edition. In 1893 Dr. Sanday delivered the Bampton Lectures, his subject being "Inspiration." They were published later in the year. He mar- ried, in 1877, Marion, daughter of W. H. Woodman Hastings, J. P. , of the family of Warren Hastings. Address : Christ Church, Oxford. SANDEMAN, Albert George, late Governor of the Bank of England, was born on Oct. 21, 1832, and is the son of George Glas Sandeman, Portuguese mer- chant. He is senior partner in George G. Sandeman, Sons & Co., of London. He was High Sheriff of Surrey in 1872, stood for Reading as a Conservative in 1880, was Chairman of the London Dock Company when the working agreement with the East and West India Dock Company was effected, is one of the Commissioners of Lieutenancy and Commissioner of Income Tax for the City of London, was Governor of the Bank of England, 1895-97, and in July 1898 was elected President of the London Chamber of Commerce. He is Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lady of the Conception of Villa Vicosa. He married a daughter of the Portuguese Ambassador to England, Vis- count Moncorvo, in 1856. Address : Pres- dales, Ware, Herts. SANDERSON, Professor Sir John Scott Buidon, Bart., M.A., M.D., D.Sc. Trinity College, Dublin, D.C.L. Durham, LL.D. Edinburgh, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Regius Professor of Medi- cine, University of Oxford, was born at Newcastle - on - Tyne, in December 1828, and educated at the University of Edinburgh. He was Medical Officer of Health for Paddington, 1856-67 ; has been Physician to the Middlesex Hospital and the Hospital for Consumption, Brompton. He held the office of Jodrell Professor of Physiology in University College from 1874 to 1882. On Nov. 29, 1882, he was elected Waynflete Professor of Physiology at Ox- ford. He was Professor Superintendent of the Brown Institution from 1871 to 1878. Dr. Sanderson was employed by the Royal Commissioners to make investigations re- specting the Cattle Plague, 1865-66 ; was sent by her Majesty's Government to North Germany in 1865 to inquire into an Epi- 964 SANDFORD — SANDYS demio of Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis ; and was occupied in an inquiry for a Royal Commission as to the influence of extreme heat on the health of workers in the Corn- wall mines in 1869. In 1883 he sat on the Royal Commission on Hospitals for Infec- tious Diseases, and has since served on two other Royal Commissions, viz., that on the consumption of tuberculous meat and milk, 1891, and that on the University of London, 1892. He is the author of numerous Reports on infectious diseases and other subjects connected with Public Health in the Reports of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council in 1860 and for several succeeding years ; and of papers on physiological and pathological subjects read before the Royal Society, particularly an elaborate series of re- searches on the Electrical Properties of the Dionaaa Muscipula, as well as on the electrical organs of the skate and other electrical fishes. He was President of the Biological Section of the British Associa- tion at the meeting at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1889, and was elected President of the Association at Nottingham in 1893. He has three times filled the office of Croonian Lecturer, viz., in 1867 and 1877 at the Royal Society, and at the College of Phy- sicians in 1891. For his physiological and pathological researches he received a Royal Medal in 1883, and the Baly Medal of the Royal College of Physicians in 1880. In 1895 he was appointed Regius Professor of Medicine in the University of Oxford. In recognition of his services to science he was created a Baronet at the Birthday, 1899. Address : Oxford. SANDFORD, The Bight Rev. Charles Waldegrave, D.D., Bishop of Gibraltar, son of the late Archdeacon Sandford, born in 1828, received his academical education at Oxford, where he was a student of Christ Church, and ob- tained a first class in Lit. Hum., was for several years Tutor and Senior Censor of Christ Church, 1855-1870, became Com- missary of the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1869, and Rector of Bishopsbourne, Kent, in 1870. On the resignation of Bishop Harris he was nominated by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to the See of Gibraltar, and was consecrated at Oxford, Feb. 1, 1874. He is married to Alice, daughter of Sir George Baker, Bart. Addresses : 4 Hyde Park Square, W. ; Cannes, France ; and Athenaeum, SANDFORD, The Right Rev. Daniel Fox, D.D. Hon. Durham, LL.D. Glasgow, late Bishop of Tasmania, third son of the late Sir Samuel Keyte Sandford, D.C.L., sometime M.P. for Paisley, and Professor of Greek at Glasgow, was born in 1831. After taking orders he became Incumbent of St. John's and Canon of St, Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh ; and, having been elected to the Bishopric of Tasmania, he was consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Benson), in St. Paul's Cathedral, April 25, 1883. He resigned his bishopric and was appointed Rector of Boldon, and Assistant - Bishop in the diocese of Durham, 1889. Address : Boldon Rectory, Durham. SANDHURST, Lord, William Mansfield, G.C.I. E., J.P., the eldest son of General Lord Sandhurst, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., the victor of the Indian Mutiny, was born Aug. 21, 1855. He became a Lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards in 1873, and three years later succeeded to the title on the death of his father. In 1879 he re- tired from the army, and in the next year became a Lord-in-Waiting to the Queen. In 1886 he was Under-Secretary for War in Mr. Gladstone's short-lived administra- tion, and he held the same post from 1892 to 1894. As a junior member of the Government he had few opportunities of showing his talents of organisation and method, and he accepted his present post of Governor of Bombay in 1895. In May 1898 he was created Knight of Justice in the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. His mother was elected a member of the first London County Council in 1888, but was disqualified from sitting by the Queen's Bench. She died in 1892. His great- grandfather was the famous Chief-Justice Mansfield. He married, in 1881, Lady Victoria Alexandrina, daughter of the 4th Earl Spencer. Addresses : Government House, Bombay ; and 10 Cadogan Gardens, S.W. SANDYS, John Edwin, Litt. D. Camb., Hon. Litt. D. Dublin, son of the late Rev. T. Sandys, was born May 19, 1844. He was educated at Repton School, and entered St. John's College, Cambridge, as a minor scholar, in 1863. He was elected first Bell's Scholar in 1864, ob- tained the Gold Medal for a Greek Ode on the "Art of Phidias" in 1865, the Porson Prize for Greek Trochaics in 1865, and for Greek Iambics in 1866, and was twice awarded the Members' Prize for Latin Prose Composition. In 1867 he graduated as Senior Classic, and was elected Fellow and Lecturer of St. John's College ; and, on taking his M.A. degree in 1870, was appointed Tutor of his College, an office which he still holds. He was an Examiner for the Classical Tripos on five occasions between 1871 and 1876, and was principal Classical Lecturer of Jesus College from 1867 to 1877. He resigned his last ap- pointment after his election, Oct. 19, 1876, SANT — SANTLEY 965 to the office of Public Orator of the Uni- versity of Cambridge. In 1868 he edited the Ad Dcmonicum and Panegyricus of Isocrates ; in 1874, the second part of the " Select Private Orations " of Demosthenes (3rd edit., 1896) ; in 1880, the Bacchm of Euripides, with illustrations from works of ancient art (3rd edit., 1892) ; in 1885, the Orator of Cicero ; in 1890, the " Speech of Demosthenes against the Law of Lep- tines"; in 1893, Aristotle's "Constitution of Athens " ; in 1896, a " First Greek Reader and Writer " ; and in 1897, the "First Philippic and Olynthiacs" of Demosthenes. He has contributed to the Classical Review since its foundation in 1887, and has written articles on the His- tory of Scholarship for " Social England" in 1896-97. He has also edited the late Mr. Cope's Commentary on the Rhetoric of Aristotle, 1877 ; and (in conjunction with the late Professor Nettleship) has re- vised and enlarged an English translation of SeyfEert's " Dictionary of Classical My- thology, Religion, Literature, Art, and Antiquities," 1891. In 1887 he published " An Easter Vacation in Greece." He is one of the Managing Committee of the British School at Athens, a Vice-President of the Hellenic Society, and Examiner in Greek in the Victoria University. He has been President of the Cambridge Philo- logical Society, and Chairman of the Board of Classical Studies. In 1885 he was ad- mitted to the degree of Doctor of Letters by his own University, in 1892 he received an honorary degree from the University of Dublin, and in 1891 he was specially elected a member of the Athenteum Club. Address : Merton House, Cambridge. SANT, James, R.A., was born at Croydon, April 23, 1820, and received his first instructions in art from John Varley, one of the fathers of the British School of painting in water-colours. Later on, Sir Augustus Calcott, R.A., gave him some valuable hints and instruction in oil paint- ing. It was not, however, till 1842 that he devoted himself to painting as a pro- fession by becoming a student of the Royal Academy, where he studied for four years. Shortly after leaving, he began to exhibit those "subject pictures," or "fancy sub- jects," of single figures generally, and these frequently children, by which pic- tures he is probably most widely known, many of them having been engraved. Of these we may select as typical examples the "Infant Samuel," the "Infant Timo- thy," " Little Red Riding-Hood," and "Dick Whittington." Among Mr. Sant's numerous other works of this description are "The Light of the Cross," "Mother's Hope," " Morning" and "Evening," " She Never Told her Love," "Harmony," "Young Minstrel," "Retrospection," "Saxon Women," "The Boy Shakespeare," "The Walk to Emmaus," "The Miller's Daughter," and "Young Steele." After some years, however, Mr. Sant began to paint portraits, and his pretty pictures of ladies and children became, and for some time continued to be, the fashion. Since 1895 he has continued to exhibit largely at the Royal Academy's Exhibitions, his sub- jects being chiefly portraits. In 1896 he exhibited a portrait of Miss Dorothea Baird as "Trilby," and in 1899 as many as five portraits. The largest collection of Mr. Sant's works was at Strawberry Hill. For Countess Waldegrave the artist painted no fewer than 22 members of her distinguished circle, including the Duchess of Sutherland, the Marchioness of West- minster when Lady Constance Grosvenor, the Countess of Shaftesbury, the Duke and Duchess d'Aumale, the Duchess of Wel- lington when Marchioness of Douro, the Earl and Countess of Clarendon, Lord Lyndhurst, the Marchioness of Clanricarde, M. Van de Weyer, the Belgian Minister, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, Countess Morley, Earl Grey, Bishop Wilberforce, and Countess Waldegrave herself. This Straw- berry Hill gallery of pictures was exhibited at the French Gallery, Pall Mall, in 1861. He was elected A.R.A. in 1861 ; R.A. in 1870 ; and in January 1871 was appointed Principal Painter in Ordinary to the Queen in succession to the late Sir George Hayter, and was commissioned to paint a large picture of her Majesty and her Royal grand-children, the eldest three children of the Prince of Wales, and a State por- trait of the Queen for the Turkish Em- bassy. In June 1877 Mr. Sant was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Accademia Raffaello in Urbino. Mr. Sant married a daughter of R. M. M. Thomson, staff-surgeon, Bengal Presidency. Ad- dress : 43 Lancaster Gate, Hyde Park, W. SANTLEY, Charles, baritone singer, was born at Liverpool in 1834, and after receiving a good musical and general education in his own country, proceeded to Italy to complete his professional train- ing. He made his first appearance as an operatic singer in this country at Covent Garden, during the Pyne-Harrison man- agement, and achieved his first great successes in the part of Hoel in the opera of "Dinorah" in 1859, and in that of Rhineberg, in Vincent Wallace's opera of "Lurline," in March 1860. He created so favourable an impression in this latter character that he took rank as one of the most effective baritones of the day. His career, especially since he attached himself exclusively to the Italian operatic stage, where he has distinguished himself in 966 SARASATE — SARDOU most of the great capitals of Europe, has been very successful. His voice is as re- markable for its quality as for the extent of its register, in the upper part of which it partakes of a pure tenore robusto, while in the lower portion it displays the qualities of the basso profondo. In Gounod's opera of " Faust," Mr. Santley performed in the same season the parts of Valentine and Mephistopheles. He sang in Australia in 1889-90 and at the Cape in 1893. He has published a work entitled "Student and Singer" (1892). Mr. Santley married, in 1859, Gertrude Kemble, a grand-daughter of Charles Kemble ; she had appeared in public as a soprano singer, but gave up her professional career after her marriage. Address : 67 Carlton Hill, N.W. SARASATE, Pablo Martin Meliton, Spanish violinist, was born at Pampeluna, March 10, 1841. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in January 1856, became the favourite pupil of Alard, and gained the first prizes for solfeggio and violin. He then entered Rebur's harmony class and secured a premier accessit in 1859, but afterwards relinquished the study of com- position for the career of a concert player. His performances were highly successful. He has played in nearly all the great towns between Naples and Norway, and Portugal and Moscow, and has visited America, North and South. His first appearance in London was at the Philharmonic Concert on May 18, 1874. He again appeared at the Musical Union of June 9 of the same year. In 1877 he played at the Crystal Palace on October 13 ; on March 28, 1878, at the Philharmonic ; in 1885 he gave several violin recitals in London, with very remarkable success, and in 1886 a series of equally successful concerts. Since then the "Sarasate Concerts" have become an annual feature of the St. James's Hall musical season. His works, which amount to over thirty, have as their favourite num- bers, "Souvenir de Domont," " Spanische Tanze," and " Serenade Andalose." He is unmarried, a fact that is said to be due to advice given him by his master, Auber. SARAWAK, Rajah of. See Brooke, Sir Charles. SARBOTJ, Victorien, French dra- matist, is the son of M. Leandre Sardou, a professor in Paris, and the compiler of several publications. He was born in Paris, Sept. 7, 1831. At first he studied medicine, but he was obliged, in conse- quence of the embarrassments of his family, to give private lessons in history, philosophy, and mathematics. He also made attempts in literature, writing articles for several reviews, for the minor journals, and for the " Dictionnaire de la Conversation." His first comedy, " La Taverne des Etudiants," was brought out at the Odeon, April 1, 1854, and proved a complete failure. In the year 1857 M. Sardou was in a state of abject poverty and extreme distress. He was living in a garret, and was prostrated by an attack of typhoid fever ; but a neighbour, Mdlle. de Brecourt, nursed him with tender care during his illness, from which he slowly recovered. He married this friend in the following year, and by her he was intro- duced to Mdlle. Dejazet, who had just established the theatre which was named after her. M. Sardou, undeterred by his former failure, now turned his attention again to dramatic composition, and quickly built up for himself a brilliant reputation. Nine years later he was in possession of a handsome fortune and a European renown, when a gloom was temporarily cast over his career by the death of his devoted wife (1867). M. Sardou's earlier pieces were performed at the Theatre Dejazet, viz. : " Les Premieres Armes de Figaro," Sept. 27, 1859; "Monsieur Garat," April 30, 1860; and "Les Pre's-Saint-Gervais," April 24, 1862. "Monsieur Garat" was one of the most prolonged successes of the little theatre, and "Les Pres-Saint- Gervais," transformed into an opera-bouffe, was afterwards brought out at the Theatre des Varietes, and also, in an English version, at the Criterion Theatre, London. Subjoined is a list of his other works, with the dates of their first representation : " Les Gens Nerveux," Palais Royal, Nov. 4, 1859 ; " Les Pattes de Mouche," Gymnase, May 15, I860; "Les Femmes Fortes," Vaudeville, Dec. 31, 1860; " L'Ecureuil," under the pseudonym of Carle, Vaudeville, Feb. 9, 1861 ; "Piccolino," Gymnase, July 18, 1861 ; " Nos Intimes," one of his most brilliant successes, Vaudeville, Nov. 16, 1861; " La Papillonne," Theatre Franijais, April 11, 1862, a piece which was un- favourably received ; " La Perle Noire," Gymnase, April 12, 1862 ; " Les Ganaches," same theatre, Oct, 29, 1862; "Batailles d'Amour," a comic opera in three acts, written in conjunction with M. Daclin, Opera Comique, April 13, 1863; "Les Diables Noirs," Vaudeville, 1863, a drama in four acts, which after being interdicted by the censorship, was severely criticised by the press; "Le Degel," Dejazet, April 12 ; "Don Quichotte," 1864 ; a fairy piece in three acts, Gymnase, June 25, 1864 ; "Les Pommes du Voisin," Palais Royal, Oct. 25, 1864 ; " Capitaine Henriot," Opera Comique, Dec. 26, 1864; "Les Vieux Garcons," Gymnase, Jan. 21, 1865 ; " La Famille Benoiton," Vaudeville, Nov. 4, 1855; "Nos bons Villageois," Gymnase, Oct. 3, 1866; "Maison Neuve," Vaude- SARGENT 967 ville, Dec. 4, 1866 ; " Seraphine," originally entitled " La Devote," Gymnase, Dec. 21, 1868 ; " Patrie," Porte-Saint-Martin, March 18, 1869 ; " Fernande," Gymnase, March 8, 1870; "Le Koi Carotte," Gaite, Jan. 15, 1872; "Eabagas," Vaudeville, January 1872, a piece which was supposed to have reference to M. Gambetta ; " Les Merveil- leuses," Thdatre des Varie'te's, 1873; " Andrea," Gymnase, March 17, 1873 ; " L'Oncle Sam," a satire on American society, Vaudeville, Nov. 1873; "La Haine," a tragedy which was not success- ful, Gaite, December, 1874 ; " Ferreol," Gymnase, November, 1875; "Dora," a comedy in five acts, which is known in England under the title of "Diplomacy," and is a good sample of M. Sardou's clever- ness in play construction, Vaudeville, January 1877 ; and " Les Bourgeois de Pontarcy," Vaudeville, 1878; "Daniel Kochat," a five-act comedy, Theatre Fran- cis, Feb. 16, 1880 ; " Odette," a play in four acts, Vaudeville, November 1881 ; "Divorcons,"a comedy in three acts, 1881 ; " Fe'dora," 1883 ; and " Theodora," 1884 ; the last two being written for Madame Sarah Bernhardt. Since then his best- known plays have been " La Tosca," also written for Sarah Bernhardt, and brought out by her at the Porte-Saint-Martin Theatre in 1887; a comedy, "Marquise," produced at the Vaudeville, 1889 ; " Ther- midor," produced in January 1891, and prohibited by the French government owing to the political demonstrations it excited ; and " Gismonda," produced by Madame Bernhardt at the Renaissance Theatre, Paris, on Oct. 31, 1894, and " Spiritisme," produced by her in 1897. In the same year appeared one of his most successful plays "Madame Sans-Gene," written expressly for Madame Rejane {q.v.), in which she portrayed the outspoken good-hearted wife of Marshal Lefevre. It was translated into English, and Sir Henry Irving and Miss Terry were seen in it at the Lyceum. In ] 899 he wrote a play on the subject of Robespierre for Sir Henry Irving. M. Sardou has realised a princely fortune by his writings, and has built a splendid chateau at Marly-le-Roy. He married, secondly, on June 17, 1872, Mdlle. Soulier, daughter of the Conservateur of the Museum of Versailles. He was deco- rated with the Legion of Honour in 1863, and was elected a Member of the French Academy in June 1877, in succession to M. Joseph Autran. His reception into the French Academy took place, May 23, 1878. An English monograph was written on M. Sardou in 1892 by Roosevelt. His Paris address is 28 Rue de Madrid. SARGENT, John Singer, R.A., is an American by parentage, and, like some other masters of style in art, is the son of a scientific father and an artistic mother. He was born in Florence, Italy, in 1856, his father, who had come to live there, being Dr. Fitz Hugh Sargent, a Boston physician, and his mother, a Miss New- bold, of the Philadelphia Newbolds, a clever water-colourist. He received his education partly in Italy, partly in Ger- many, and entered the Academy Schools, where he had completed some years of diligent study before he was eighteen. On a visit to the Tyrol with his mother, he met the late Lord Leighton, who praised his work. This encouraged him to study, under M. Carolus-Duran. In 1879 he ex- hibited at the Salon and was honourably mentioned, and in 1881 obtained a medal of the second class. He has won his Euro- pean reputation as a peculiarly masterly portrait-painter andpainter of genre. Some of the most celebrated portraits in the United States are from his brush, and he is represented at the Luxembourg by his " Carmencita," which was produced in New York, and first exhibited at the Society of American Artists. In 1894 he painted for Sir Henry Irving a portrait of Ellen Terry, and during the last twenty years has exhibited the following principal works : " Fishing for Oysters at Cancale," and " En Route pour la Peche," 1878 ; "Neapolitan Children Bathing," 1879; and "El Jaleso," 1882, and, among por- traits, those of Carolus-Duran and of Pozzi, the gynaecologist, as well as the "Portrait of a Young Lady" (Salon, 1881); group of four young girls, " Hall of the Four Children," 1882 ; " Madame G." (Salon, 1884); "Mrs. Marquand " and "Mrs. Boit" (Royal Academy, 1888). At the latter's exhibition in 1895 he exhibited portraits of Mrs. Ernest Hills, Coventry Patmore, W. Graham Robertson, and Mrs. Russell Cooke ; in 1896, of the Right. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., Mrs. Ian Hamilton, Sir George Lewis, and Mrs. Colin Hunter, &c. ; in 1897, of Mrs. Carl Meyer and her children, a group which made a profound sensation among con- noisseurs ; and the Hon. Laura Lister ; in 1898, of Francis Cranmer Penrose (Pre- sident, R.I.B.A., 1894-96), Mrs. Harold Wilson, Johannes Wolff, Asher Wertheimer (a portrait like that of Mrs. Carl Meyer), Sir Thomas Sutherland, G.C.M.G., M.P., the Right Hon. Lord Watson (painted for members of the legal profession in Scot- land), and Mrs. Wertheimer ; in 1899, of Mrs. Charles Hunter, Miss Octavia Hill, Miss Jane Evans, and Lady Faudel- Phillips, the last three presentation por- traits. Mr. Sargent became an A.R.A. in 1894, R.A. in 1897, and, with Mr. E. A. Abbey, another American, is one of the most famous of English Academicians. 968 SAELE — SATJNDEESON He was elected a member of the Athenaeum under Rule 2 in 1898. Address : 33 Tite Street, Chelsea, S.W. SARLE, Sir Allen. Lanyon, J.P., Di- rector of the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway, was born at Rousay, Ork- ney, on Nov. 14, 1828, and is the second son of the late Charles Sarle, at one time Stipendiary Magistrate at Dominica. He was educated at Selkirk Grammar School, and at the High School, Edinburgh, and entered into the service of the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway in 1849. He was General Manager and Sec- retary of this line from 1886 to 1897. He is a Lieut. -Colonel of Railway Volunteers, and was knighted in 1896. He married, in 1859, Elizabeth Ann, nie, Horn. Ad- dress : Greenhayes, Banstead, Surrey. SARRIEN, Jean Marie Ferdinand, French politician, was born at Bourbon- Lancy, Sa6ne et Loire, Oct. 13, 1840. He was brought up as a lawyer, and having become Mayor of his native town, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876, where he sat among the Republican Left. In 1884 he replaced M. Rouvier (q.v.), as President of the Budget Com- mission, and in 1885 became Minister of Posts and Telegraphs in the Brisson Cabinet. When this fell, in the same year, he exchanged the portfolio of Posts for that of the Interior in the De Freycinet Cabinet, which was formed in January 1886. In the Goblet Ministry, which fol- lowed, he held the Portfolio of Justice. In the second Brisson Cabinet of 1898 he again held that position, and distinguished himself with the Premier as an advocate of the revision of the Dreyfus trial. His Paris address is : 22 Avenue de la Obser- vatoire. SASSOON, Sir Edward Albert, Bart., D.L., was born on June 20, 1856, and is the eldest surviving son of the 1st baronet, Sir Albert A. Sassoon, of Bombay. He succeeded his father in 1896, and has been a Major in the Middlesex Yeomanry (Duke of Cambridge's Hussars). He married, in 1887, Aline Caroline, daughter of Baron Gustave de Rothschild. Addresses : 25 Park Lane, W. ; 1 Eastern Terrace, Brighton ; Sans Souci, Bombay. SATOW, Sir Ernest Mason, K.C.M.G., was born in 1843, and having been educated at London University, be- came a student interpreter in 1861. He accompanied Colonel Neale, the Charge' d'Affaires, to Japan, and was present at the battle of Kagosima, in September 1863, and at the bombardment of Shimo- nosak. In 1864 he was interpreter to Admiral Kuper. In 1865 he was appointed an interpreter in Japanese, and promoted to be Japanese Secretary in 1868, and second Secretary of Legation in 1876. In 1883 he was made a C.M.G., and promoted to be Agent at Bangkok, 1884. He was transferred to Monte Video in 1883, and promoted to be Minister to Morocco in 1893. Two years later he returned to Japan as Minister Plenipotentiary. Sir E. M. Satow is one of the finest of Japanese scholars, and has written much on the affairs of the country, being one of the authors of Murray's Guide. SAUNDERS, Sir Edwin, Knight, F.R.C.S., F.G.S., son of Mr. Saunders, publisher and author, of the firm of Saunders & Ottley, was born in London, March 12, 1814, and has become distin- guished as a dental surgeon. From 1837 to 1854 he was Surgeon-Dentist and Lec- turer on the Anatomy and Diseases of the Teeth at St. Thomas's Hospital, and has been Surgeon-Dentist to the Queen since 1848. He is also Dentist to the Prince and Princess of Wales. He is a Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, has been twice President of the Odonto- logical Society, was President of the Met. B. of the British Medical Association, and President of Section XII. of the Inter- national Medical Congress of 1881, and is the author of " Advice on the Care of the Teeth," and " Teeth the Test of Age, con- sidered with reference to the Factory Act." Sir Edwin Saunders received the honour of knighthood in 1883. He was for many years a Member of Council of the Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London, and is President of the National Chrysanthemum Society. He married, in 1848, Marian, daughter of G. Burgess. Address : Fairlawn, Wimbledon Common, Surrey. SAUNDEKSON, Colonel, The Bight Hon. Edward James, M.P., J.P., D.L., was born in 1837, and is the son of the late Colonel A. Saunderson, M.P., of Castle Saunderson, and Sarah, daughter of the 6th Lord Farnham. He served for some time in the Royal Irish Fusiliers, and retired with the rank of Major. In 1886 he was promoted to be Hon. Lieut. - Colonel of the 4th Battalion (Militia) of the same regiment. He sat in the House of Commons as Liberal member for County Cavan from 1865 to 1874. Since 1885 he has represented Co. Armagh (North), and as a Unionist has been the doughty and constant opponent of the Home Rulers. He is J.P. and D. L. for Cavan, and in 1859 was High Sheriff for the county. He was appointed a member of the Privy Council, January 1879. He married, in SAUSSIER — SAVAGE 969 1865, a daughter of the 3rd Lord Ventry. Addresses : 5 Deanery Street, Park Lane, W. ; and Castle Saunderson, Belturbet, Cavan. SATTSSIER, Felix Gustave, French General, was born at Troyes, Jan. 16, 1S28, and left the military school of St. Cyr as Second Lieutenant of Infantry, Oct. 1, 1850. He became a Lieutenant in 1854, a Captain in 1855, a Major in 1863, and a Lieut.-Colonel in 1867. He took part in the wars of the Crimea, Italy, and Mexico, and was promoted Colonel in 1869. During the siege of Metz he com- manded the 41st Regiment of Infantry, and when Marshal Bazaine surrendered the fortress, he protested, with forty-two other officers, against his treachery. He was taken to Germany as a prisoner, but succeeded in making his escape, crossed Austria and Italy, and rejoined the army of the Loire. In January 1871 he was promoted General of Brigade, and com- manded at Algiers. In 1873 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for his native Department of the Aube, and being relieved of his command, joined the Left Centre, and took a prominent part in the discussions on army re-organisation. He refused to be elected to the Senate, in order to devote himself exclusively to his military duties, and in May 1876 he was appointed to the command of the 58th Brigade of Infantry at Marseilles. In July 1878 he became a General of Division, and commanded Army Corps at Nancy, Algiers, and Chalons. When the occupa- tion of Tunis was in progress, he returned to Algiers, and the French success there was greatly aided by his energy. In 1884 he succeeded General Lecointe as Governor of Paris, and during his long tenure of that difficult post, he succeeded in inspir- ing all parties with confidence in his abili- ties. During 1886, when General Boulanger was Minister of War, he protested in the press against the attacks of that Minister on the Paris garrison. On being repri- manded for this, he sent in his resignation, which created such a stir in high military quarters that he was persuaded to with- draw it. When M. Gre'vy retired from the Presidency in 1887, he took measures to repress vigorously any disturbances that might arise if M. Jules Ferry were elected in his place. During the great manoeuvres of 1891 he held the supreme command, and four corps d'armfe obeyed his orders. In 1893 he reached the limit of age, but was granted a special dispensation, under which he remained at his post until recent years, when he was succeeded by Gene- ral Zurlinden. He became a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1881, and was awarded the military medal in 1882. Addresses : Place Vend6me, Paris ; and Chateau de Thimecourt, Seine et Oise. SAVAGE, George Henry, M.D., F.R.C.P., was born at Brighton, Nov. 12, 1843, and is the second son of William Dawson Savage, J.P., of Brighton. He was educated at private schools at Brighton, then attended classes at Brighton College, and was pupil at the Sussex County Hos- pital, under Drs. Ormerod, Moon, Blaker, Lowdell, and others. He entered at Guy's after matriculating at the London Univer- sity, and took his degree at that University, obtaining a Gold Medal for organic che- mistry and materia medioa, being brack- eted with scholar in medicine at the final M.B., obtaining honours in obstetric medi- cine. He received the treasurer's Gold Medal at Guy's for clinical medicine, and held all the appointments open to students at Guy's Hospital, including the House Surgeonship. He then was appointed medical officer of the London Lead Com- pany's mines in Nent-Head, Cumberland, where for over four years he had charge of a very extensive district. He left the North on his appointment to the assistant medical officership to Bethlehem in 1872, in succession to Dr. Kayner, who was ap- pointed to Hanwell. He succeeded Dr. Rhys Williams as senior physician and superintendent in 1878, which post he held till 1888. He is now Lecturer on Mental Diseases at Guy's Hospital. He has been co-editor of the Journal of Mental Science, the organ of the Medico-Psycho- logical Association, for over ten years, and has written a manual on insanity, besides many papers in the Guy's Hospital Gazette and other medical papers. He has been President of the Medico-Psychological Association, and also President of the Psychological Branch of the British Medical Association. He is ex-President of the Neurological Society, Vice-Presi- dent of the Alpine Club, and sub-editor of the section "Mental Diseases " in Clifford Allbutt's " System of Medicine." He was secretary of the psychological section of the International Medical Congress held in London. He married (1) Margaret, daugh- ter of Jacob Walton, Esq., of Greenends, Alston Moor, who died at the birth of her first child. He married (2), the daugh- ter of Dr. Sutton, physician to the Lon- don Hospital, by whom he has one son. Address : 3 Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square, W. SAVAGE, Bichard Henry, author, soldier, diplomat, traveller, &c. , was born in 1846 at Utica, New York, and educated at the United States Military Academy, West Point. He is descended from the 970 SAVAGE-AEMSTEONG Savages of Worcester and the Ewarts of Stirling. His boyhood was spent in Cali- fornia from 1851 to 1864 among the wild scenes of western American life. Pro- moted as an honour graduate to be an officer of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, he served upon the western frontiers until 1871. Transferred to the diplomatic service, he filled various high positions in Europe and America under General Grant's administration. Selected by General Sherman, he served as Major and Chief of Staff to Stone Pasha in Egypt. For some years he was identified with rail- road construction and practical engineer- ing, but since 1884 has devoted himself to travel and literature. He served with distinction in quelling the Kearny riots in San Francisco as Colonel of the National Guard, and afterwards qualified himself for the Bar, being admitted to practise in the Supreme Court of the United States. He is a member of many scientific and literary societies, and has travelled the whole world over, making special explora- tions in Siberia, Corea, Central America, Africa, and Russia. He is well known as a public speaker and lecturer upon graver matters, but has latterly gained distinction as a poet and writer of romantic fiction. In 1890 Colonel Savage selected New York City as a residence, and definitely devoted himself to literary pursuits. In eight years he has produced twenty-four volumes, novels, poems, and stories. His first novel, "My Official Wife," scored a wonderful success, and has been translated into seventeen languages, as well as extensively dramatised. "Prince Schamyl's Wooing," "In the Old Chateau," and "Delilah of Harlem " have been also notable hits. The works of this writer are published in the United States, England, and Germany, and have been translated into nearly all the Continental languages. Colonel Savage enjoys an enormous cosmopolitan ac- quaintance, the result of twenty-five years of travel and a life of the most stirring adventure. He spends a large portion of his time in Russia, his only daughter being married to a Russian noble of high rank. SAVAGE-ARMSTRONG, George Francis, M.A., D.Lit., poet, born in the county of Dublin, May 5, 1845, is the third and only surviving son of the late E. J. Armstrong, Esq., and Jane, daughter and eventual co-heiress of the late Rev. Henry Savage, of Glastry, J. P., Incumbent of Arrlkeen, co. Down, and representative of the Glastry branch of the ancient Anglo- Norman family of Savage of the Ards. He received his early education partly in Dublin and partly in Jersey. In 1862 he made a long pedestrian tour in France with his elder brother, the poet, Edmund Armstrong. In the same year he obtained a civil appointment in Dublin, and matri- culated in Dublin University, where his career was most brilliant. In 1869 he pub- lished a volume of "Poems, Lyrical and Dramatic." In 1870 appeared "Ugone; a Tragedy," written for the most part during his residence in Italy. In 1871 he was appointed by the Crown Professor of History and English Literature in Queen's College, Cork, and a Professor of the Queen's University in Ireland ; and the next year he was presented with the degree of M.A. by the Board of Trinity College, Dublin, in recognition of his "high literary character and attainments." In 1872 he published "King Saul" (the first part of the "Tragedy of Israel"), and new editions of "Poems, Lyrical and Dramatic," and "Ugone." In 1874 these were followed by "King David" (the second part of the "Tragedy of Israel"), and in 1876 by "King Solomon," which completed the Trilogy. In 1877 he pub- lished the "Life and Letters" of his late brother Edmund, together with a volume of his "Essays," and a new and enlarged edition of his " Poeti- cal Works " (1st edit., 1865). In 1882 he was presented with the degree of Doctor of Literature, honoris causd, by the Queen's University, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal University of Ireland ; and in the spring of the same year he published a volume of poems under the title of "A Garland from Greece," sug- gested by travels in Greece and Turkey a year or two before. In 1866 he published a new volume of poems entitled " Stories of Wicklow"; in 1887, "Victoria Regina et Imperatrix: a Jubilee-song from Ire- land"; and in 1888, " Mephistopheles in Broadcloth : a Satire in Verse." In 1892 he published "One in the Infinite," a philosophical poem in three parts, and a new and enlarged edition of "Poems, Lyrical and Dramatic," and in the same year he was entrusted by the Board of Trinity College, Dublin, with the honour- able duty of writing the Ode for the Ter- centenary Festival of Dublin University, which was set to music by the late Pro- fessor Sir Robert Stewart, Mus. Doc, and performed with great (dot on the opening night of the Festival. In 1897, on the occasion of her Majesty's Diamond Ju- bilee, Mr. Savage-Armstrong published an ode in celebration of the event, entitled, " Queen-Empress and Empire," written in the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative measure, for which he was honoured by a gracious expression of her Majesty's thanks. Mr. Savage-Armstrong has delivered many public lectures on literary subjects to crowded audiences. He is a Vice-Presi- SAVORY — SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA 971 dent of the National Literary Society of Ireland, a Vice-President of the Dublin University Amateur Dramatic Club (of which Sir Henry Irving is President), President of the Cork Shakespearian So- ciety, and a member of various other learned societies. In Ireland he is known as the " Poet of Wicklow." In 1879 Mr. Savage-Armstrong married Marie Eliza- beth, younger daughter of the late Rev. John Wrixon, M.A., Vicar of Malone, co. Antrim. In 1891, consequent upon the death of a maternal uncle, he assumed the additional surname of Savage, prefixed to Armstrong, as representative of his grand- father, the late Rev. Henry Savage, of Glastry. Address : Beech Hurst, Bray, co. Wicklow. SAVORY, Sir Joseph, Bart., M.P., D.L., J.P., was born on July 23, 1843, and is the son of Joseph Savory. He was edu- cated at Harrow. He is an Alderman of the City of London, was Sheriff in 1882-83, and Lord Mayor in 1890-91. The German Emperor's visit to the city occurring during his Lord Mayoralty, he was created a baronet. He is Chairman of Princess Helena College, and Governor of the Royal Holloway College, Queen Anne's Bounty, and St. Bartholomew's and St. Thomas's Hospitals. He has sat as Conservative member of Parliament for the Appleby Division of Westmoreland since 1892. He is J.P. and D.L. for Westmoreland and Berks, and Lord of the Manors of Wharton and Nateby, Westmoreland. He married, in 1888, Helen Pemberton, daughter of Lieut. -Col. Sir George A. Leach, K.C.B. Addresses : 33 Upper Brook Street, W. ; and Buckhurst Park, Sunninghill, Berks. SAWYER, Sir James, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.E., J.P., son of James Sawyer, of Carlisle, was born at Carlisle in 1844, and educated at Queen's College, Birmingham. He became M.B. of University of London in 1867, taking this degree with first-class honours in Medicine ; M.D. Lond. 1873 ; M.R.C.P. 1874. He was chosen a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1883, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1891. He is in practice as a consulting physician. He was appointed Resident Physician at the Queen's Hospital, Birmingham, in 1867, Honorary Physician in 1871, Consulting Physician in 1889. He was appointed Professor of Pathology at the Queen's Col- lege, Birmingham, in 1875 ; Professor of Materia Medica in 1878, Co-Professor of Medicine in 1885. He has also been Honorary Physician to the Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Sick Children, President of the Birmingham Clinical Board (of the General and Queen's Hos- pitals), President of the Midland Medical Society, President of the Birmingham and Midland Counties Branch of the British Medical Association, Vice-President of the New Sydenham Society (London), Presi- dent of the Birmingham Blue-Coat School, editor of the Birmingham Medica 1 , Re- view. He was knighted in 1885, in re- cognition of his eminence as a physician and his long and valuable services to the Queen's Hospital, is a magistrate for Birmingham, and author of " Physical Diagnosis of Diseases of the Lungs and Heart, &c," London, 1870, pp. 251 ; " Con- tributions to Practical Medicine," 1886, 2nd edition, pp. 201, 1891 ; " Notes on Medical Education," pp. 113, 1889 ; and has published essays upon ' ' Floating Kid- ney," " Clinical Thermometry," " Phthi- sical Laryngitis," "Treatment of Eczema," "Treatment of Gastralgia," "Application of Sphygmograph," &c. He was Presi- dent of the Birmingham Conservative Association, 1886-89 ; Chairman of the Midland Union of Conservative Associa- tions (ten counties), 1886-90. He married Adelaide Marv, daughter of the Rev. J. Hill, B.A., F.S.A., Rector of Cranoe, Leicestershire, and has issue two sons and two daughters. Addresses : 31 Temple Row, Birmingham ; and Haseley Hall, Warwick ; &c. SAXE-COBURG and GOTHA, Duke of, H.R.H. Prince Alfred Alex- ander William Ernest Albert, first Duke of Edinburgh, K.G., K.T., K.P., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., the second son of her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen and his Royal Highness the late Prince Albert, was born at Windsor Castle, Aug. 6, 1844. His early education was entrusted to the Rev. H. M. Birch ; from 1852 to F. W. Gibbs, Esq., C.B. ; and in 1856 the Prince was placed under the special care of Major Cowell, R.E., and spent the winter of 1856-57 at Geneva, studying modern languages. Having decided upon join- ing the naval service, Prince Alfred was placed under the Rev. W. R. Jolly, at Alverbank, near Gosport, where he pur- sued the preparatory studies for his pro- fession during the summer of 1858. He entered the service, after a strict and searching examination, Aug. 31, 1858, was appointed a Naval Cadet, and joined her Majesty's screw steam - frigate Euryalus, fifty-one guns, Captain John Walter Tarleton, C.B. After a leave of absence for a few weeks, Prince Alfred joined his ship for active sea-service, Oct. 27, 1858, and served in the St. George on various foreign stations, visited many of the countries on the shores of the Medi- terranean, and extended his travels to America and the West Indies. In Dec. 972 SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA — S AXE-WEIMAR 1862 Prince Alfred declined the offer made to him of the throne of Greece. In Feb. 1866 Parliament granted him £15,000 a year, payable from the day on which he attained his majority, with an additional £10,000 on his marriage. He was created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Kent, and Earl of Ulster, in the peerage of the United Kingdom, May 24, 1866, and took bis seat in the House of Lords, June 8. His Royal Highness was sworn in Master of the Trinity House, March 21, 1866, and received the freedom of the City of Lon- don, June 8. Early in 1867 the Duke was appointed to the command of the frigate Galatea, which sailed from Plymouth Sound, Feb. 26. Since then he has visited nearly every country in the world, pro- ceeding first to Australia, where he met with an enthusiastic reception on the part of the inhabitants ; and great indignation was felt at the dastardly attempt of an Irishman, named O'Farrell, to assassinate the Prince at a picnic held at Clontarf , near Port Jackson, New South Wales, on March 12, 1868. The Prince, however, was only slightly wounded in the back by a pistol- shot. O'Farrell was tried on March 31, found guilty, and executed on April 21. His Royal Highness subsequently visited Japan (where he was received both publicly and privately by the Mikado), China, and India. In 1873 he went to Italy, and on April 20 had an audience with the Pope in Rome. On Jan. 23, 1874, his marriage with the Grand-Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, only daughter of Alexander II., Emperor of Russia, was celebrated with great pomp at St. Peters- burg ; and on March 12 the Duke and Duchess, accompanied by her Majesty the Queen, made a public entry into London amid much popular enthusiasm. He and the Duchess celebrated their silver wed- ding at Coburg on Jan. 23, 1899. His Royal Highness is Duke of Saxony and Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. In Nov. 1882 he was promoted to the rank of Vice- Admiral in her Majesty's fleet ; and since that time he has held various important commands. In 1888 his Royal Highness, in command of the Mediterranean Squa- dron, visited some of the chief conti- nental capitals, and on the occasion of his visit to Madrid he was invested with, the Order of the Golden Fleece by the Queen- Regent of Spain. He gave up his com- mand in 1889. On the death of H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, on Aug. 22, 1893, the Duke of Edinburgh succeeded him in the Duchy, and took the oath of loyalty to the constitution in the German Emperor's presence, afterwards paying him a state visit at Potsdam. He had previously (June 1888) been promoted to the rank (honorary) of an Infantry General in the German Army. The Prince of Saxe-Coburg resides a portion of every year in England, and keeps up an estab- lishment at Clarence House. He thus retains the annuity of £10,000 given him in 1873, but has voluntarily relinquished the annuity of £15,000 conferred on him in 1866. As a foreign sovereign he has ceased to be a Privy Councillor. He was created G.C.V.O., at the Birthday in 1899. SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA, Duchess of, Her Royal Highness Marie Alexandrovna, Grand-Duchess of Russia, only daughter of the late Em- peror of Russia, and sister of the present Emperor, was born at St. Petersburg, Oct. 17, 1853, and was married at St. Peters- burg to his Royal Highness Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. On Oct. 15, 1874, the Duchess gave birth at Buckingham Palace to a son, who, on the 23rd of the following month, was baptized by the names of Alfred Alexander William Ernest Albert, the sponsors being Queen Victoria, the Emperor of Russia, the Emperor of Germany, the Prince of Wales, the Crown Princess of Germany, and the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Prince Alfred died on Feb. 6, 1899. The Duchess of Edin- burgh's other children are the Princess Marie Alexandra Victoria, born Oct. 29, 1875 ; the Princess Victoria Melita, born at Malta, Nov. 25, 1876 ; the Princess Alexandra Louise Olga Victoria, born at Coburg, Sept. 1, 1878 ; and the Princess Beatrice Leopoldine Victoria, born April 20, 1884. Her eldest daughter, the Princess Marie, was married at Sigma- ringen, on Jan. 10, 1893, to the Crown Prince of Roumania, and has issue, Prince Carol, born Oct. 15, 1893, and a daughter, Princess Elizabeth ; and her second daugh- ter, Princess Victoria Melita, was married at Coburg to the Grand-Duke of Hesse in April 1894, and has issue, a girl. Her third daughter, Alexandra, was married in 1896 to Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and has issue, Prince Godefroi. SAXE -WEIMAR, H.H. Field- Marshal Prince "William Augustus Edward of, K.P., G.C.B., P.O., Colonel of the 1st Life Guards, was born at Bushey Park in 1823, and is the eldest son of the late Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Princess Ida, daughter of George, Duke of Saxe-Meinin- gen. He entered the Grenadier Guards in 1841, and served through the Crimean campaign, being present at the battles of Alma, Balaclava, Inkerman, and Sebas- topol. From 1870 to 1876 he commanded the Home District, and from 1878 to 1883 the Southern District, while from 1885 to SAXONY — SCH AFER 973 1890 he was in command of the Forces in Ireland. His Highness was sworn of the Privy Council (Ireland) in 1885, and was created K.P. in 1890, G.O.B. (Military) in 1887, and raised to the rank of Field- Marshal in 1897. He married, in 1851, Lady Augusta Catherine Gordon-Lennox daughter of the 5th Duke of Richmond she being subsequently granted the title of Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar in England, and of Countess of Dornburg, in Germany. Address: 16 Portland Place, W. SAXONY, King of. See Albert, King of Saxony. SAYCE, The Rev. Archibald Henry, M.A., LL.D., D.D., Professor of Assyriology at Oxford, born at Shirehampton, near Bristol, Sept. 25, 1846, is the eldest son of the Rev. H. S. Sayce, Rector of Caldicot, and was educated partly at home, and partly at Grosvenor College, Bath. He became Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford, in 1865, was first class in Modera- tions in 1866, first class in the Final Classical Schools in 1868, and was elected a Fellow of his College in 1869, Tutor in 1870. He was ordained Deacon in 1870, and Priest in 1871. He became Deputy- Professor of Comparative Philology in 1876 ; was appointed Professor of Assyri- ology at Oxford University in 1891, and is a Foreign Member of the Royal Academy of Madrid, Honorary Centenary Member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Honorary Member of the American Anthropological Society, the Peking Oriental Society, &c. He is President of the Society of Biblical Archseology. He received an honorary LL.D. degree in Dublin in 1881, and an honorary D.D. degree in Edinburgh in 1889. He has published: "Outlines of Accadian Grammar," in the Journal of Philology, 1870; "An Assyrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes," 1872 ; " The Principles of Comparative Philology," 1874 (2nd edit., 1875); "The Astronomy and Astrology of the Babylonians," 1874 ; "An Elementary Assyrian Grammar and Reading Book," 1875 (2nd edit., 1877); " Lectures on the Assyrian Syllabary and Grammar," 1877; "Babylonian Litera- ture," 1877; "Critical Examination of Isaiah xxxvi.-xxxix., the Chaldean Account of the Deluge, and the Date of the Ethno- logical Table of Genesis," in the Theological Review, 1873-74 ; " The Jelly-Fish Theory of Language," in the Contemporary Review, April 1876 ; " The Karian Inscriptions," in the Transactions of the Society of Biblical Arch., ix. 1; "Accadian Phonology" in Transactions of the Philological Society, 1877 ; " The Tenses of the Assyrian Verb " in the Transactions of the R.S.A., 1877 ; " Introduction to the Science of Language," 2 vols., 1880; "The Monuments of the Hittites," 1881; "The Vannic Inscrip- tions Deciphered and Translated," 1882 ; "Herodotus, i.-iii." 1883; " The Ancient Empires of the East," and "Fresh Light .from the Ancient Monuments," 1884; ."Introduction to Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther," and "Assyria," and decipherment of "The Inscriptions of Mai- Amir," 1885; "Presidential Address to the Anthropo- logical Section of the British Association," 1887; "Life and Times of Isaiah," and "The Hittites," 1889. Mr. Sayce has edited the late George Smith's "History of Babylonia," 1877, and " Sennacherib," 1878 ; and " Chaldfean Genesis," 1879, and the second series of " Records of the Past," 1888-90. In 1891 he wrote largely on Greek papyri. In 1893 appeared his edi- tion of Vaux's "Ancient History from the Monuments," and in 1894 "The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments" (C.K.S.). In the same year he contributed chapters to Flinders Petrie's "Tell El Amarna." His most recent publications are : " Patriarchal Palestine," " The Egypt of the Hebrews and Herodotus," 1895; "Murray's Hand- book to Egypt," 1896 ; " The Early History of the Hebrews," 1898. He has also edited the English translations of Maspero's " Dawn of Civilisation," and " Struggle of the Nations." In May 1898 he had in the press (1) "Early Israel and the Sur- rounding Nations," and (2) "The Life and Customs of the Babylonians and Assyrians." In 1887 he delivered the Hibbert Lectures on " The Religion of the Ancient Babylonians," and presided over the Anthropological Section of the British Association. Professor Sayce left Oxford in November 1890, to spend the winter in Egypt, and since that time has spent more than half the year on the Nile in his tahabia, Jstar, engaged in exploration and literary work. Addresses : 23 Chep- stow Villas, W. ; Queen's College, Oxford ; Cairo ; and Athenseum. SCHAEEK, Professor Edward Albert, LL.D. Aberdeen, M.R.C.S., F.R.S., was born in Hornsey in June 1850, and is the third son of the late J. W. H. Schafer, of Highgate. He was educated at Clewer House School, Windsor, and in the Medical School of University College, London, gaining at the University of London the scholarships in Zoology and in Anatomy and Physiology. He was for some time assistant to Dr. Burdon Sanderson, and is famous as a physiological investigator, and from 1883 to 1899 was Jodrell Professor of Physiology at University College, Lon- don, having been appointed first Sharpey Scholar in 1873, and Assistant-Professor of Physiology in 1874. Since 1895 he has 974 SCHAELIEB — SCHLEY been General Secretary of the British Association. In 1878 he was elected F.R.S., and was a member of Council of the Royal Society, 1890-92. In succession to the late Professor Rutherford he was elected Professor of Physiology in the University of Edinburgh in 1899. He is well known for his "Course of Practical Histology," "Essentials of Histology," and as editor of the "Advanced Text-Book of Physi- ology." " Histology " and " Embryology " inthe8th,9th, and 10th editions of Quain's "Anatomy" are from his pen; he has edited ten numbers of the "Collected Papers of the Physiological Laboratory of University College," and has contributed many papers to the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society, and other leading scientific periodicals. Addresses : Croxley Green, Rickmansworth ; and Athenseum. SCHARLIEB, Mary Ann Dacomb, M.D. Lond., 1888; M.S. 1896, &c. &c, is the wife of Dr. Herbert Johann Scharlieb, and received her medical training at the London School of Medicine for Women, and at the Madras Medical College and the University of Vienna. She obtained the M.B. and B.Sc. at the London Uni- versity in 1882, being Scholar and Gold Medallist and gaining other ^honours in medical subjects. In December 1889 she passed the M.D., London, and is the first lady to attain to that distinction. Mrs. Scharlieb is Senior Surgeon at the New Hospital for Women, Lecturer on the Diseases of Women at the London School of Medicine for Women, Queen's Lecturer on Gynecology to the National Associa- tion of Nurses, and was formerly Superin- tendent at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Madras, Lecturer at the Madras Medical College, and Examiner at Madras Univer- sity. In 1897 she published a " Review of Surgery at the New Hospital for Women " in the British Medical Journal. Address : 149 Harley Street, W. SCHIAPARELLI, Giovanni Vir- ginio, F.R.S., was born March 14, 1835, in Savigliano, Piedmont. He took the degree of Doctor of Mathematics in the Royal University, Turin, in 1854, and in 1859 became First Assistant in the Brera Observatory, Milan. In 1862 he was ap- pointed Director of the same institution. He has published some memoirs on shoot- ing stars, on double stars, on Mars, Mer- cury, and Venus, and on several other astronomical subjects. Address : Royal Observatory, Milan, Italy. SCHILLER, Madame (formerly Mdlle. Yvette Guilbert), French singer, first attracted notice at the Cafe's Concerts of Paris by her extremely artistic rendering of songs dealing with exclusively Paris subjects. She is a serious artist, and be- lieves that the music-hall singer has a high dramatic calling. She has often visited London professionally, as well as America. In 1897 she married M. Schiller. Paris address : 79 Avenue de Villers. SCHILLING, Johann, a German sculptor, was born at Mittweida, in Saxony, June 23, 1828. After studying with Rietschel and Hanel he made his d^but as a sculptor in 1851 with a beauti- ful group, "Amor and Psyche." Working then in Berlin with Drake, the artist of the Victory Column, he produced a pair of relief medallions — " Jupiter and Venus," which procured him a travelling scholar- ship ; and the result of' the two years' residence in Italy which he was thus enabled to spend were his "Wounded Achilles " and his " Centaur and Venus. " Returning to steady industry in Dresden he turned out in rapid succession a variety of high productions ; and on the death of Rietschel undertook the execution of the city of Spires figure for the Luther monument at Worms. Equal admiration was bestowed on his " Four Seasons " on the Briihl Terrace in Dresden, his Schiller statue in Vienna, his Maximilian statue in Trieste, and his War Memorial at Hamburg, not to mention other creations, which were all surpassed and crowned by the Grand National Monument, on the edge of the Niederwald, overlooking the Rhine. This was unveiled by the Emperor William, Sept. 28, 1883. On June 18, 1889, his statue of King Johann was un- veiled at Dresden. SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, H.S.H. Prince Christian Victor Albert Louis Ernest Anton of, G.C.B., G.C.V.O., was born on April 14, 1867, and is the eldest son of their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Christian. He was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, joined the King's Royal Rifle Corps, and has risen to be Major. He served in the Ashanti cam- paign of 1895-96, and at the battles of the Atbara and Khartoum, 1898. In December 1898 he was created G.C.V.O. SCHLEY, Rear-Admiral "Winfield Scott, American naval officer, was born near Frederick, Maryland, Oct. 9, 1839. Graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1860, he served in the U.S. frigate Niagara in Chinese and Japanese waters, after carrying the Japanese Embassy back to their own country in 1860 and 1861. He was promoted to Master in 1861, and ordered to the U.S. frigate Potomac, and while serving on her was present at the SCHNADHORST — SCHOFIELD 975 occupation of Mexico by the combined forces of England, France, and Spain, early in 1862. He was commissioned Lieutenant in July 1862, and participated in the operations which led to the capture of Port Hudson, in Louisiana, in 1863. From 1864 to 1866 he was attached to the steam gunboat Wateree in the Pacific squadron, and suppressed an insurrection among the Chinese coolies on the Chincha Islands in 1864. He became Lieut.-Com- mander in 1866, and in 1871 participated in the attack on the forts on the Salee Kiver in Corea. After his return to the U.S. he was ordered to the Naval Aca- demy as head of the department of modern languages in 1872. He became Commander in 1874, and commanded the Essex in 1876. He commanded the Greely Relief Expedition in 1884, and on June 22 rescued Lieutenant Greely and six sur- vivors at Cape Sabine. In 1889 he com- manded the Baltimore as Captain, and was in her during the trouble with Chili in 1891. He became Commodore in 1898, and on the breaking out of war with Spain he was put in command of a squadron and went to the West Indies, where he was the ranking officer actually present at the destruction of the Spanish squadron off the coast of Cuba, July 3, 1898. After that battle he was made a Rear- Admiral and received the thanks of Congress. SCHN ADHORST, Francis, was born at Birmingham, 1840, and educated at King Edward VI. 's Grammar School of that town. In 1873 he was invited by the lead- ing Liberals of Birmingham to reorganise the party in the city. He became secre- tary of the Liberal Association, and speedily made for it a considerable reputation through the country. His services were recognised by the presentation of a purse of a thousand guineas and an address in the Birmingham Town Hall on April 9, 1877, the presentation being made by Mr. J. Chamberlain, M.P. Under Mr. Schnad- horst's organisation, Liberal associations upon the lines of the Birmingham organi- sation were established in most of the English constituencies ; and in 1887 these associations were banded together in the National Liberal Federation, of which body Mr. Schnadhorst became Secretary. The inaugural meetings of the new national organisation were attended by Mr. Gladstone. In 1884 Mr. Schnadhorst resigned the secretaryship of the Birming- ham Association, and was made its Chair- man of Committee. In the following year he was appointed President, but resigned that post on leaving Birmingham to take up his residence in London, to which place the headquarters of the National Liberal Federation were removed after the split in the Liberal party upon the Irish ques- tion. On March 9, 1887, Mr. Schnadhorst was entertained at a banquet at the Hotel Me"tropole, and was there presented with a national testimonial of ten thousand guineas and an illuminated address. Lord Burton presided at the banquet, and Sir Wm. Harcourt was the chief speaker. A letter was read from Mr. Gladstone ex- pressing his sense of the services which Mr. Schnadhorst had rendered to the party. On coming to London Mr. Schnad- horst accepted the post of honorary secre- tary to the Liberal Central Association, which office he still retains. Ill-health has compelled Mr. Schnadhorst during recent years to pay lengthened visits to Australia, Egypt, and to South Africa. On his return from Africa in 1890, Mr. Schnadhorst addressed himself again to the organisation of the Liberal party, and was rewarded by its triumph at the General Election in 1892. In 1893 Mr. Schnadhorst resigned the secretaryship of the Federation, and was elected Chairman of its Committee, which post he held until his retirement in the autumn of 1894, owing to ill-health. Mr. Schnadhorst has been frequently invited to enter Parlia- ment, but has hitherto declined all re- quests. Address : Woodford Green. SCHNEIDER, Hortense Catherine, a French actress, born at Bordeaux about 1835, displayed while very young an apti- tude for the stage, and at the age of fifteen played with applause in " Michel et Chris- tine " at the Athe'nee of her native city. An old teacher named Schalfner gave her lessons in singing, and she subsequently spent three years at Agen, playing second- ary parts. Going to Paris, she obtained an engagement in the company of the BoufEes-Parisiens, and on Sept. 19, 1853, made her d^but in " Le Chien de Garde " at the Theatre des Varices. Here she met with considerable success, which was increased by her performances at the Theatre du Palais Eoyal, where she made her first appearance, Aug. 5, 1858. In Dec. 1864 Mdlle. Schneider returned to the Varie'te's, and elicited great applause by her acting in " La Belle H&ene." She achieved a success even more signal in "La Grande - Duchesse de Ge'rolstein" during the Universal Exposition of 1867, and appeared in the same part in London in July 1868. In the following year she returned to the BoufEes-Parisiens. On her marriage, in 1881, she retired from the stage. SCHOFIELD, Alfred Taylor, born June 4, 1846, is the eldest son of Robert Schofield, Esq., of Heybrook, Lancashire, and Mary, eldest daughter of James 976 SCHOFIELD — SCHEEINEE Taylor, Esq., of Ravenswood, Croydon. He was educated by private tutors in Devon- shire, &c, and at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, passing the Senior Cambridge Local Examination. He entered the Lon- don Hospital in 1879, whence he passed out in 1883 First Prizeman in Medicine and Obstetrics, and second in Surgery. While there he held the post of House Physician to Dr. Langdon Down. He took the diplomas of both Colleges, M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.R.C.P. Lond., and in 1884 passed the examination for M.D. in all sub- jects in honours at the University of Brus- sels. The same year he commenced general practice, but soon turned his attention to the treatment of nervous diseases, in which he has now for some years been almost exclusively engaged. Struck with the un- conscious mental origin of most of these diseases, he studied psychology, and be- came a member of the Philosophic Insti- tute. He is the author of a book on " The Unconscious Mind," dealing in extenso with the unconscious psychic forces within, and of works on " The Formation of Habit in Man," "Some Relations of Mind and Body," "The Natural and the Artificial," " Nerves in Order and Disorder," " Faith Healing," and " The Fourth Dimension," as well as of various papers in the Lancet, &c. He helped to found the Friedenheim Hospital for the Dying, of which he is a Trustee and Hon. Physician. He holds the latter post also in the Homes for Working-Girls, the Factory Girls' Union, the Morley Homes for Working-Men, the Church Army, &c. Dr. Schofleld is also Member of the British Medical Associa- tion and Sanitary Institute, Member of Council Central Hospital Committee, Lebanon Hospital for Insane, District Nurses' Association, Royal British Nurses' Association, Chairman Parents' National Educational Union, Member of Council and Examiner to the National Health Society and the British College of Physi- cal Education, Consulting Physician to Bishopstoke Asylum, Bedford. Soon after commencing practice Dr. Schofield's atten- tion was drawn to the deplorable general ignorance of personal and domestic hygiene, and for many years most of his leisure time has been absorbed by seeking to make this an integral part of the educa- tion of every woman. In this cause he enlisted the sympathy and active co- operation of hygienic reformers, and eventually succeeded in 1895 in getting hygiene added to the subjects for the Ox- ford and Cambridge Local Examination. He has continued actively working in the cause, and has written and spoken much on the subject. Among his works are two manuals of physiology, "Personal and Domestic Hygiene," "How to Keep Healthy," "Health at Home Tracts," as well as numerous articles in the periodicals and reviews. He is also an active religious worker, and has written many religious books. Address : 141 West- bourne Terrace, Hyde Park, W. SCHOFIELD, General John M'Allister, was born in Chautauqua County, New York, Sept. 29, 1831. He graduated at the Military Academy at West Point in 1853, and served two years in Florida as Lieutenant of the 1st Artil- lery. From 1855 to 1860 he served at West Point as Assistant - Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy, and from 1860 to 1861 was Professor of Physics at Washington University, St. Louis. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War he was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and in November 1862 Major-General of Volunteers, commanding in Missouri and Kansas, with head-quarters at St. Louis. In February 1864 he took command of the Army of the Ohio, and joining the com- bined armies under General Sherman bore a prominent part in all their operations to the close of the war. He was appointed Brigadier-General in the regular army in 1864 and Major-General in 1869. In 1867 he was placed in command of the First Military District,' consisting of the State of Virginia. In 1868 he was appointed Secretary of War, but resigned in 1869, and was given the command of the De- partment of the Missouri, and in 1870 of the Division of the Pacific. From 1876 to 1881 he was Superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point. In 1882 he was again given the command of the Division of the Pacific ; from which in 1883 he was transferred to the command of the Divi- sion of the Missouri, with head-quarters at Chicago ; and in 1886 to the Division of the Atlantic, with head-quarters at Gover- nor's Island, New York City. After the death of General Sheridan, in August 1888, he was in command of the army with head-quarters at Washington, until re- tired because of the age limit, Sept. 29, 1895. In February preceding his retire- ment he had received promotion to be Lieut. -General of the army. In 1897 he published "Forty-six Years in the Army." SCHREINER, Olive (Mrs. Cron- wright), a South African authoress, is the second daughter of a Lutheran clergy- man in Cape Town, and was born in the early sixties. At the age of twenty she came to England with the manuscript of her best-known work, " The Story of an African Farm." She was anxious to de- vote herself to physiological study, but the publication of her book, after it had been submitted to Mr. George Meredith, SCHREINER — SCHUNCK 977 who saw in it great promise, led her to devote herself to literature. " The Story of an African Farm," by "Ralph Iron," achieved immense 'popularity, and in 1893 had run through many editions. A later work by Olive Schreiner is entitled " Dreams," 5th edit., 1893, a collection of occasional parables. In May 1893 she again visited England, and in October she published a little African story, '■Dream Life and Real Life," in the Pseudonym Library. Her most not- able book of recent years has been the controversial tale "Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland," 1897. Her latest work (July 1899) is "An English South African's View of the Situation," being a critique on the Transvaal imbroglio from a philo-Boer point of view. In February 1894 Miss Schreiner married a young colonist, Mr. Cronwright. She is the sister of the Hon. W. P. Schreiner, Q.C., C.M.G. SCHREINER, The Hon. "William Philip, Q.C., C.M.G., Cape Premier, is the son of a German missionary to South Africa and an English lady, Miss Tindell, who still lives in a convent at Grahams- town. He was born in 1859. He was educated at the Cape University, where he carried everything before him. He then came to England, entered Downing College, Cambridge, and was Senior in the Law Tripos in 1881, obtaining the Vice-Chancellor's medal. He gained an Inns of Court studentship, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1882. Then he returned to the Cape, and soon secured a good practice before the Su- preme Court, and was appointed Counsel to the High Commissioner of South Africa. When Mr. Rhodes became Prime Minister in 1893, Mr. Schreiner was appointed Attorney-General, and on President Kriiger closing the Drifts to all colonial traffic in 1895, he advised the Government that the action of the South African Republic was entirely opposed to the terms of the London Convention. This opinion being supported by the Imperial Government, the pressure brought to bear on the Trans- vaal nearly resulted in war. In 1897, however, when he was a witness before the British South Africa Committee of the House of Commons, his evidence was that arbitration would have been a better solution of the difficulty, although he still maintained that the London Convention had been violated. Mr. Schreiner was a leading witness before the South Africa Committee, and his description of his in- terview with Mr. Cecil Rhodes on the day on which news of the Jameson Raid reached Cape Town, and of Mr. Rhodes's reiterated exclamation, "Jameson has upset my apple-cart," formed one of the sensational incidents of the inquiry. Mr. Justice Bigham, as a member of the Com- mittee, had taken a view strongly in favour of the Uitlanders, and he subjected Mr. Schreiner to a very searching interro- gatory. The struggle was an intellectual one, and has been regarded as one of the most notable displays of mental power ever witnessed in a parliamentary com- mittee room. The Government of Sir Gordon Sprigg (q.v.) was defeated in July 1898, on a motion of want of confidence moved by Mr. Schreiner, by a majority of 41 against 36. Thereupon, the Govern- ment appealed to the country, and the General Election of September 1898 left them in a minority of one, which the election of the Speaker, Dr. Berry (q.v.), increased to two. Mr. Schreiner then brought forward another vote of want of confidence, by which the Government were defeated by 39 to 37. He accord- ingly was called upon to form a Ministry, and, although he professes steadfast loyalty to the Imperial crown, it is felt that Mr. Hofmeyr of the Africander Bond really directs the policy of the new com- bination. Holding office with such a small majority, he had to consent in the early days of his administration to a con- ference with the opposition led by Mr. Rhodes, on the subject of a Redistribution Bill, which, if carried, will be the knell of his party. Mr. Schreiner is the brother of Miss Olive Schreiner ("Ralph Iron "). He is married to a daughter of Mr. Retz, for many years the President of the Orange Free State. Address : Sweet Repose, Cape Town. SCHUNCK, (Henry) Edward, Ph.D., F.R.S., was born in Manchester on Aug. 16, 1820, and is the youngest son of the late Martin Schunck, foreign merchant. On the completion of his school education, he was sent to Germany to study chemistry, as it was intended that he should take the direction of his father's large print and calico works in Manchester. At Berlin, under Rose and Magnus, he made first- rate progress, and under Liebig, at Giessen, he took the degree of Ph.D. On returning to England, Dr. Schunck engaged for some years in practical work, but finding this repugnant to his tastes and inclina- tion, he gave it up, and devoted himself to pure science. It is in consequence, however, of his early connection with print and dye work, that his attention was directed more especially to the che- mistry of colouring matters, a knowledge of which is most essential to the proper understanding of dyeing processes. The research which Dr. Schunck conducted in Germany was " On the Action of Nitric Acid on Aloes." The chief result 3Q 978 SCHIOTCK of this investigation was the discovery of a new and remarkable nitro-acid with curious optical properties, called "chry- sammic acid." The acid crystallises in golden-yellow laminae, sparingly soluble in water, and it reacts like a strong bibasic acid. The product of the action of am- monia on the acid belongs to the class of which oxamic acid is the type, but it was discovered and described before the latter. By the action of reducing agents on "chrysammic acid" a remarkable sub- stance, resembling indigo-blue, is pro- duced, "hydrochrysammide," which crys- tallises in blue needles with a coppery lustre. This body has formed the subject for many subsequent investigations. The next subject which occupied the atten- tion of Dr. Schunck was the class of sub- stances contained in various species of lichens. Several memoirs resulted from this investigation, notably one read to the Chemical Society, in 1842, " On some of the Substances contained in the Lichens employed for the preparation of Archil and Cudbear." Among all the colouring matters there are none the study of whose properties and reactions is calculated to throw more light on the whole class than those which are prepared by an artificial process from certain kinds of lichens. Dr. Schunck, in common with many other philosophers, was surprised that lichens, a class of plants themselves colourless, should yield colouring matters by the combined action of ammonia and oxygen. Another paper on this subject appeared in 1846. being a special research "On the Substances contained in the Roccclla tinc- toria," which derives its interest from the fact of its being that species of lichen from which the finest kind of archil dye is prepared. From 1846 to 1855 Dr. Schunck was at work on the subject of the colouring matters of madder, then one of the most important dye-stuffs used in calico-printing, but which has since been replaced by artificial alizarin. Dr. Schunck investigated the properties of "rubian" at great length, and read several memoirs on the subject to the Royal Society. In 1854 Dr. Schunck produced, among other papers, one " On the Action of the Fer- ment of Madder on Sugar," being one of a series of papers on various ferments. Dr. Schunck discovered a very interesting fact, unique in the history of fermenta- tion, viz., the production of succinic acid. That important subject, the formation of indigo-blue, next occupied Dr. Schunck ; and in 1855 he read to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester a long investigation "On the Formation of Indigo-blue." An investigation by Dr. Schunck, "On the Occurrence of Indigo- blue in Urine," appeared in the Philoso- phical Magazine in 1857, and in the follow- ing year one "On a yellow Colouring Matter obtained from the leaves of the Polygonum fagopyrum, or Common Buck- wheat," was read to the Manchester So- ciety. On the discovery of the artificial formation of alizarin in 1867 — a discovery by which the names of Grsebe, Lieber- mann, and Perkin have been immortalised — Dr. Schunck undertook an investigation of the products formed at the same time, and discovered, partly in conjunction with Dr. Rcemer, three new bodies isomeric with alizarin, viz., anthraflavic acid, iso- anthraflavic acid, anthrarufin, which, sin- gular to say, have no dyeing properties whatever. From 1868 to 1873 he was engaged on investigations of anthraflavic acid, a yellow colouring matter accom- panying artificial alizarin. In 1874 a paper " On Methyl- Alizarin and Ethyl- Alizarin " appeared. During the last few years he has been engaged in the study of chlorophyll, the green colouring matter of plants, and has arrived at interesting re- sults as regards the chemical nature of that substance, one of the most important of all known compounds, its presence being essential in connection with the growth of most plants. An investigation undertaken by him in connection with Mr. George Brebner has led to the conclusion — important from a physiological point of view — that the green cells of leaves and other vegetable organs contain some form of active oxygen. One of his most pleas- ing and interesting researches was com- menced in 1879, and the first communi- cation on the subject was read to the Chemical Society of London, in September of that year, entitled, " On the Purple of the Ancients." This colour, which in ancient times was extracted from various kinds of sea shellfish and applied to the dyeing of linen and woollen fabrics, has at all times excited the interest of the curious, and has been made the subject of numerous learned treatises. Of the in- vestigations undertaken by Dr. Schunck, one may be mentioned of technical rather than of purely scientific interest, "On Some Constituents of Cotton Fibre," in which it is shown that cotton fibre con- tains, in addition to cellulose, a number of other substances, some of which may possibly play a part in the process of dye- ing cotton fabrics. Dr. Schunck has been a Fellow of the Royal Society since 1850, and has taken much interest in the affairs of the Manchester Literary and Philoso- phical Society, in which he has held the post of Secretary, Vice-President, and President ; and was President of the Che- mical Section of the British Association at its meeting in Manchester in 1887. . In 1896-97 he held the office of President of SCHURMAN — SCHUSTER 979 the Society of Chemical Industry, and at the annual general meeting of the Society at Manchester in 1897 delivered an ad- dress, which was published in extenso in their Journal. In March 1898 he received from the Manchester Literary and Philoso- phical Society the Society's Dalton Medal (bronze) for his researches, particularly those on colouring matters. In 1851 he married Judith, daughter of John Brooke, of Stockport. Address : Kersal, Man- chester. SCHURMAN, Jacob Gould, Ameri- can educator, was born at Freetown, P.E.I., May 22, 1854. In 1870 he won a Scholar- ship at Prince of Wales College, Charlotte- town, and in 1875 he won the Canadian Gilchrist Scholarship in connection with the University of London, and two years later graduated there with the University Scholarship in Philosophy. In 1877-78 he was a student in Paris and Edinburgh, and in June 1878 he won the Hibbert Travel- ling Fellowship, spending the ensuing two years as Hibbert Fellow at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Gbttingen, as well as in Italy. He became a Professor at Acadia College, N.S., in 1880, and in 1882-86 was Professor of Metaphysics and English Literature in Dalhousie College, Halifax. From that date he was head of the Philosophical De- partment at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. ; and in 1892 became President of the University, a position which he still (1898)0 holds. He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1895. He has published "Kantian Ethics," 1881; " Ethical Im- port of Darwinism," 1887 ; " Belief in God," 1890; and "Agnosticism and Religion," 1896. SCHURZ, Carl, was born at Liblar, near Cologne, Germany, March 2, 1829. He was educated at the Gymnasium of that city, and at the University of Bonn. In 1848 he became associated with Gott- fried Kinkel, in editing a revolutionary journal, and subsequently he participated in the insurrectionary movement in South Germany. At the surrender of the fortress of Eastadt, he escaped into Switzerland, whence in May 1850 he returned secretly to Germany and rescued Kinkel, who had been sentenced to twenty years' imprison- ment in the fortress of Spandau. The two escaped to Leith, Scotland. Schurz then went to Paris as a newspaper correspond- ent, but a year later returned to London as a teacher. In 1852 he went to the United States, remained in Philadelphia for two years, and then settled in Wiscon- sin, and became prominent as a political orator in the German, as well as the English language. The following year he was nominated by the Republicans for Lieut. - Governor of the State, but was defeated. In 1861 he was appointed Minister to Spain, where he remained till December 1861. Returning to the United States, he resigned his office, and entered the army, and in the May following was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He took part in the second battle of Bull Run, was promoted to the rank of Major-General, and commanded a division in the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. In the autumn of 1863 he went to Tennessee, and took part in several battles, but re- signed after the close of the war in 1865. In the summer of 1865 he was sent by President Johnson on a confidential mission into the Southern States, and his elaborate report on their condition was published by Congress. In 1866 he removed to Detroit, Michigan, where he founded and edited for some time the Detroit Post. In 1868 he removed to St. Louis, and in 1869 was elected U.S. Senator from Missouri. He opposed President Grant's San Domingo policy, and in several speeches advocated the return to specie payments. In the Presidential canvass of 1872 he united with that portion of the Republican party known as Liberals, who nominated Mr. Greeley for President, in opposition to General Grant ; but on the defeat of Mr. Greeley he, with most of the Liberals, re- turned to the regular Republican party ; and in 1876 took an active part in the canvass for Mr. Hayes, by whom he was in 1877 appointed Secretary of the In- terior. During his occupancy of that position he seconded Mr. Hayes's efforts at a reform of the civil service by instituting competitive examinations for appointments to clerkships in his department. At the expiration of his term, 1881, he removed to New York, and was the editor of the Evening Post until August 1883. Since then he has been engaged in literary pur- suits. In 1884 he took a leading part in the Independent movement in the Presi- dential campaign, opposing the election of James G. Blaine and advocating that of Grover Cleveland. He published a " Life of Henry Clay," in 2 vols., in 1887, and a biographical sketch of Abraham Lincoln in 1891. In 1888 he visited Germany, and was received with distinction by Prince Bismarck, the present Emperor (then Crown Prince), and many of the prominent public men of the Empire. In the same year he wrote a public letter in favour of the re-election of President Cleveland. In 1893 he was elected President of the Na- tional Civil Service Reform League, suc- ceeding George William Curtis, deceased. SCHUSTER, Professor Arthur, Ph.D., F.R.S., son of Francis Joseph 980 SCHWANN — SCLATER Schuster, of London, was born in Frank- fort-on-Main, on Sept. 12, 1851, and edu- cated in the Gymnasium of that city, until he went to Geneva in his eighteenth year, where he attended the lectures given at the academy. His parents having settled in Manchester in 1869, he joined them there in the following year and entered business in his father's firm. In October 1871, however, all intentions of a commercial career were relinquished, and he pursued his studies first at the Owens College, and then at the University of Heidelberg, where Kirchhoff held the Cbairof Physics. He took his degree of Ph.D. while at Heidelberg. During the session 1873-74, he held the post of Honorary Demon- strator in the Physical Laboratory of the Owens College. After having spent a few months in Helmholtz's Laboratory in Berlin, he was appointed, early in the year 1875, by the Council of the Royal Society, chief of the Eclipse expedition which was then about to leave England for Siam. In 1881 a Professorship of Applied Mathe- matics was founded at the Owens College, and he was appointed to the chair, which he held till 1888, when he succeeded Bal- four Stewart as Professor of Physics. He took part on four different occasions in observations of total solar eclipses : — the Siamese eclipse, which has already been mentioned ; the eclipse in Colorado, which took place in 1878 ; the 1882 eclipse in Egypt, in which he photographed for the first time, on plates prepared by Captain Abney, the spectrum of the solar corona ; and finally the eclipse of 1886, in the West Indies. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1S79. In 1892 he was President of Section A of the British Association, which met at Edinburgh during that year. He was appointed by the Council of the Royal Society to give the Bakerian Lecture in 1884 and 1890, on the discharge of electricity through gases. He is the author of several papers pub- lished in the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society, and the Reports of the British Association ; amongst others a paper, published by the Royal Society in 1884, in which the experimental proof was first given that the apparent repulsion observed in Crookes's radiometer is due to the residual gas left in the vacuum. The Philosophical Transactions of the year 1889 contain a full discussion of the diurnal variation of terrestrial magnetism, in which it is proved that the cause of varia- tion is to be found in the earth's atmos- phere. A number of his papers " On the present state of Spectrum Analysis," are published in the Reports of the British Asso- ciation. During the last few years Prof. Schuster's time has principally been given up to the investigation of the dis- charge of electricity through gases. At the annual meeting of the Royal Society in 1893, he received one of the Royal Medals for his spectroscopic researches, and for his investigations concerning the electric discharge in gases and in terres- trial magnetism. He is married to the eldest daughter of George Loveday, of Wardington, Oxfordshire. Addresses : 4 Anson Road, Victoria Park, near Man- chester ; and Athenaeum. SCHWANN, Charles Ernest, M.P., was born on Jan. 25, 1844, and is the fifth son of F. Schwann, of London. He was educated at Owens College, Manchester, and at University College, London. He is a prominent Manchester merchant, and has been secretary, treasurer, and presi- dent of the Manchester Liberal Associa- tion. He was at one time President of the Manchester Reform Club, and for nine years of the National Reform Union. He has been a Director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce. Elected to Par- liament as Liberal member for North Manchester in 1886, he is at present the only Liberal M.P. for that ancient school of his party. As a member of the House of Commons he has interested himself in Indian affairs, and was instrumental in abolishing the Paddy Tax in Ceylon. The Armenian Question has also commanded his earnest attention. He carried the bill for granting the franchise to policemen in municipal and School Board elections. Address : 4 Prince's Gardens, S.W. SCLATER, Philip Lutley, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., of Odiham Priory, Winchfield, Hants, second son of the late W. L. Sclater, Esq., of Hoddington House, Hants, and younger brother of the Right Hon. George, Lord Basing, born in 1829, was educated at Winchester School, and at the age of six- teen was elected Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1849, taking a first class in mathematics. He was subsequently a Fellow of the same College until 1862, and in 1897 was re- elected an honorary Fellow. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1855, and went the Western Circuit for several years ; became secretary to the Zoological Society of London in 1859, was elected F.R.S. in 1861, and was made Doctor Philosophise by the University of Bonn {honoris causa) in 1860. He was elected to the AthenEeum under Rule II. in 1896. He is editor of the Ibis, a journal of orni- thology, and is author of a "Monograph of the Tanagrine Genus Calliste," " Mono- graph of the Jacamars and Puff-Birds," "Zoological Sketches," "Catalogue of Ame- rican Birds," ' ' Guide to the Gardens of the SCOBLE — SCOTT 981 Zoological Society of London," of three volumes of the " Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum," and of upwards of 800 papers and memoirs on ornithology and other branches of natural history in the Transactions and Proceedings of the Zoolo- gical Society, the Journal of the Linnean Society, the "Annals of Natural History," and in the Ibis, the Natural History Review, and the Journal of Science. Of his nume- rous scientific papers a catalogue has been prepared, and was published at Washing- ton, U.S.A., by the Smithsonian Institution in 1896, under the title, "Bibliography of the Published Writings of P. L. Sclater." In 1875 Mr. Sclater was appointed Private Secretary to his brother, then the Eight Hon. G. Sclater-Booth, President of the Local Government Board (afterwards Lord Basing), but resigned that office in 1877. In the same year he became one of the general secretaries to the British Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, and continued to act in that capacity until 1882. He is also a member of the Council of the Royal Geographical Society. Mr. Sclater married, in 1862, Jane Anne Eliza, youngest daughter of the late Sir David Hunter-Blair, Bart., of Blairquhan, Ayr- shire, and has issue. His son, Captain Sclater, R.E., died at Zanzibar in July 1897. Addresses : 3 Hanover Square, W., &c. ; and Athenasum. SCOBLE, Sir Andrew Richard, Q.C., K.C.S.I., M.P., was born in London on Sept. 25, 1831, and is the second son of John Scoble, of Kingsbridge, Devon, at one time a member in the Parliaments of the Dominion of Canada. He was educated at the City of London School, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1856. From 1872 to 1877 he was Advocate - General and member of the Legislative Council, Bombay, and from 1886 to 1891 Legal Member of Council of Governor-General of India. In 1899 he became treasurer of Lincoln's Inn. In 1892 he was returned to the House of Commons as Conservative member for Central Hackney, which he now repre- sents. He took silk in 1876, became a Bencher in 1879, a C.S.I, in 1889, and K. C.S.I, in 1890. He has translated his- torical works by Guizot and Mignet. Ad- dresses : Chivelston, Wimbledon Common ; and Athenaeum. SCOTT, Charles Prestwich, M.P., J.P., was born at Bath, Oct. 26, 1846, and is the youngest son of Mr. Russell Scott and his wife, Isabella Prestwich, sister of the late Prof. Sir Joseph Prestwich, F.R.S. He was educated privately, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he gradu- ated M.A. ; first class honours Final Classi- cal School, 1869. In 1872 he became editor of the Manchester Guardian, and in 1874 a member of the firm of Taylor, Garnett & Co., proprietors of that paper. He unsuccessfully contested North-East Manchester in 1886, 1891, and 1892 against Sir James Fergusson. He was selected for the Leigh Division of Lancashire in 1895. He has taken an active part in political and other public works in Manchester, is President of the Manchester Liberal Union, and a member of the governing bodies of the Victoria University, the Owens College, the Manchester Grammar School, and Hulme's Trust. In 1874 he married Rachel, youngest daughter of the late Rev. John Cook, D.D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History in St. Andrews Uni- versity. Address : The Firs, Fallowfield, Manchester. SCOTT, Eight. Hon. Sir Charles Stewart, G.C.M.G., G.C.B., Ambassa- dor at St. Petersburg, was born in Ireland, March 17, 1838, and is the fourth son of the late Major Thomas Scott, of Willsborough, co. London- derry. He was educated at Cheltenham and Trinity College, Dublin, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1858. After seeing service at many capitals, he was appointed Charge d'Affaires at Coburg in 1879, and in 1886 Secretary of Embassy at Berlin, being created C.B. in the same year. In 1888 he went to Switzerland as Minister, and in 1889 he was Plenipoten- tiary to the Samoan and Labour Confer- ences at Berlin. He was transferred to Copenhagen in 1893, and to his present post in June 1898, in succession to Sir Nicholas O'Conor (q.v.). He was created G.C.M.G. at New Year, 1899, and G.C.B. at the Birthday in the same year. Ad- dress : British Embassy, St. Petersburg. Clubs : St. James's, and Travellers'. SCOTT, Clement William, son of the Rev. William Scott, Vicar of St. Olave, Old Jewry, London, was born Oct. 6, 1841, at Christ Church Parsonage, Hoxton, London, and educated at Marl- borough College, Wiltshire, under the late Dr. G. E. Cotton, Bishop of Calcutta, and Dr. Bradley, the present Dean of West- minster. He was appointed to a clerkship in the War Office in 1860, and retired on a pension in May 1879. He then joined the editorial staff of the Daily Telegraph, to which paper he had contributed dramatic criticisms and special articles since 1871. Previous to that time, Mr. Scott was suc- cessively dramatic critic to the Sunday Times (1863), the Weekly Dispatch, and the Observer. He is the author of " Lays of a Londoner," 1882 ; " Poems for Recita- tions," 1884 ; and "Lays and Lyrics," all SCOTT books of lyrical and dramatic poems, principally contributed to Punch after Mr. Burnand became editor. He has also written "Round about the Islands," "Poppy Land Papers," 1886; and "Blos- som Land (2nd edit.), 1891, being collec- tions of holiday articles contributed to the Daily 'Telegraph and other papers, and was for many years the dramatic critic on the staff of the Illustrated London News. In 1891 he edited the life and reminiscences of E. L. Blanchard, and in 1892 was part author of "The Fate of Fenella." Re- cently he has been round the world, and the result in print was "Pictures of the World," 2nd edit., 1894. Among many other popular books written by Clement Scott from time to time may be mentioned " The Wheel of Life," a volume of literary, journalistic, and dramatic recollections ; "From 'The Bells' to ' King Arthur,'" a collection of criticisms on various plays produced by Sir Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre ; and " Among the Apple Orchards " and " Sisters by the Sea," col- lections of holiday articles and essays. Among the successful plays of which Mr. Clement Scott has been author, or part author, are "Diplomacy," "Peril," "The Vicarage," "Off the Line," and "The Cape Mail." Mr. Scott has written about plays and players for a period now extend- ing to nearly forty years, and is the doyen of the dramatic critics of England. Mr. Clement Scott married (1) Isabel Busson du Maurier, sister of the late George du Maurier ; and (2) Constance Margaret, daughter of Horatio Brandon, a London solicitor. Addresses : 15 Woburn Square, W.C. ; and AthenEeum. SCOTT, Dukinfield Henry, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., youngest son of Sir George Gilbert Scott, R.A., archi- tect, and great - grandson of the Rev. Thomas Scott, author of a "Commentary on the Bible," was born in 1854, and edu- cated privately, and at Christ Church, Oxford. After taking his degree in 1876 he studied botany under Professor Sachs at Wiirzburg, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. in 1881. He was Assistant-Pro- fessor of Botany at University College, London, from 1882 to 1885, and Assistant- Professor, with sole charge of botanical teaching, at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, from 1885 to 1892. He resigned the latter post in order to carry on botanical investigations at Kew, where he is now Honorary Keeper of the Jodrell Laboratory at the Royal Gardens. He is joint-translator, with Professor F. 0. Bower, F.R.S., of DeBary's "Comparative Anatomy of the Phanerogams and Ferns " (1884), joint-editor with Professor Howes of Huxley and Martin's " Elementary Bio- logy " (1888) ; author of an "Introduction to Structural Botany," and one of the editors of the "Annals of Botany." Nume- rous papers, principally referring to ana- tomical botany, have been published by him in the scientific journals, and he is the author of several memoirs on the structure of fossil plants (partly in con- junction with the late Professor W. C. Williamson, F.R.S.), published in the Phil. Trans, of the Royal Society. He was Pre- sident of the Botanical Section of the British Association, Liverpool Meeting, 1896, and is a Vice-President of the Linnean Society. Addresses : The Old Palace, Richmond, Surrey ; and Jodrell Laboratory, Kew Gardens. SCOTT, Major-General Sir Francis Cunningham, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., J.P., was born in 1834. He entered the Black Watch in 1852, and in 1881 attained the rank of colonel. He served through the Crimean war, the Mutiny, and the Ashanti war of 1874. In 1891 he was appointed Inspector-General of the Gold Coast Con- stabulary, and in 1895 was placed in com- mand of the second Ashanti expedition. It will be remembered that in that year considerable disagreement arose between the British authorities and the King of Kumasi, who in 1894 had declared him- self King of Ashanti, a state which lies inland at the back of the central portion of the Gold Coast Colony. An ultimatum was finally despatched to the king requir- ing his assent to the establishment of a Bri- tish protectorate over Ashanti, and to the placing of a British commissioner at Kumasi. He was also required to aban- don the slave-trade, foreign conquest, and the system of human sacrifices, which, forming part of the ritual of his particular kind of negro fetish-worship, had made him horribly conspicuous in the annals of savagery. The king took no notice of the ultimatum, and an expedition was de- spatched against him under the command of Sir Francis Scott, which easily reduced him to submission. His country was placed under British protection, and a Resident was appointed at Kumasi. The English losses in this expedition resulted chiefly from fever, and the most melancholy was that of the late Prince Henry of Batten- berg. Sir Francis Scott was created K.C.M.G. in 1892, and, for his services in the Ashanti campaign of 1895, K.C.B. (military) in 1896. He is one of the Queen's Gentlemen-at-Arms. He married, in 1859, Mary Olivia, daughter of the Rev. E. J. Ward. Address : Accra, Gold Coast. SCOTT, Hugh S., novelist, writing in the name of "Henrv Seton Merriman," SCOTT — SCUDDER 983 has published the following books : " The Phantom Future," 1889; "Suspense," 1890; "Prisoners and Captives," 1891; "From one Generation to Another," and "The Slave of the Lamp," 1892; "With Edged Tools," 1894; "The Grev Lady," 1895 ; "Flotsam," "Dross," "The Money- Spinner," and "From Wisdom Court "(the latter in collaboration with S. G. Tallen- tyre), 1896. His best-known book, " The Sowers," appeared in the same year, and he has since published "In Kedar's Tents," 1897 ; and " Roden's Corner," 1898. SCOTT, The Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., was born at Wigan in 1841, and is the son of Edward Scott, solicitor, of that town. He was educated at Bruce Castle School, Tottenham, and at Pembroke College, Oxford (M.A. 1868). He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1865, joined the Northern Circuit, was Judge, and after- wards Vice-President of the International Court of Appeal in Egypt from 1874 till 1882, and from the latter year to 1890 was Judge of the High Court of Bombay. He was Judicial Adviser to the Khedive of Egypt from 1890 to 1898, and in October 1898 became Deputy - Judge - Advocate - General. Oxford University conferred upon him the Hon. D.C.L. in June 1898. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1894. He married, in 1867, Leonora, daughter of Frederick Hill, one of the Secretaries of the General Post Office. Addresses : Cairo, Egypt ; Malabar House, St. Albans. SCOTT, Sir John Murray, Bart., J. P., was born at Boulogne, on Feb. 23, 1847, and is the eldest son of the late John Scott, M.D. He was educated at Marlborough College, at the University of Paris, and in Germany. He was called to the Bar in 1869, and was private sec- retary to the late Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., M.P., from 1871 to 1890. He is a Trustee of the National Gallery, having been appointed to a newly-created trus- teeship in 1897, and a J.P. for co. Antrim. He was created a Baronet at New Year, 1899. Addresses : Hertford House, Man- chester Square ; and Castle House, Lisburn, co. Antrim. SCOTT, Robert Henry, M.A., D.Sc, F.E.S., youngest son of James Smyth Scott, Q.C., and Louisa, daughter of the Hon. Charles Brodrick, D.D., Archbishop of Cashel, Secretary of the Meteorological Council, born in Dublin, at 3 Merrion Square South, on Jan. 28, 1833, was educated at Eugby, and Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated as First Senior Moderator in Experimental Physics in 1855. He was appointed Lecturer in Mineralogy to the Royal Dublin Society in 1862, and Director of the Meteorological Office in 1867, a title changed to Secretary of the Meteorological Council in 1877. Since 1874 he has been Secretary of the International Meteoro- logical Committee, which organises occa- sional meetings and conferences in the various capitals of Europe. Mr. Scott is author of a "Manual of "Volumetric An- alysis," 1862; " Weather Charts and Storm Warnings," 1876; "Elementary Meteor- ology," 1883; and of various papers on geology and meteorology in the Transac- tions of scientific societies. Mr. Scott is responsible for the daily weather forecasts which are one of the features of the modern newspapers. He married, in 1865, Louisa, daughter of the Hon. W. Stewart, Island Secretary, Jamaica. Addresses : 6 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenajum. SCOTTER, Sir Charles, late General Manager of the London and South-Western Railway, was born in 1835. Originally connected with the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, he was knighted in 1895 for his long services to the public in connection with the now greatly pros- pering L. and S. W. R, He is now Director of that line, and Chairman of the Great Northern and City Railway. In February 1899 he was elected Deputy-Chairman for the ensuing year of the London and South Western Railway, the new Chairman being the Hon. H. W. Campbell. He was pre- sented with his portrait, by H. J. Wells, R.A., on his retirement from the General Managership of the L. and S. W. R. The presentation took place in March 1899, and represented some 13,000 subscribers. He is a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Engineer and Railway Volunteers. Address : Sur- biton Hill Park, Surrey. SCRUTATOR. See Maccoll, Canon Malcolm. SCUDDER, Horace Elisha, Ameri- can writer, was born at Boston, Massa- chusetts, Oct. 16, 1838. He graduated at Williams College in 1858, and soon after went to New York, where he taught for three years. In 1862 his first book " Seven Little People and their Friends," appeared, and for a time his principal attention was given to writing for the young. Returning to Boston he edited the Riverside Maga- zine from 1867 to 1870, and then became associated with the publishing house which now bears the name of Houghton, Mifflin and Co., first as partner and afterwards as editorial adviser and manager. In 1890, upon the resignation of Mr. Aldrich, he added to his duties the editorship of the Atlantic Monthly. In addition to editorial work and voluminous periodical contributions, Mr. Scudder has published 984 SEALE-HAYNE — SEDDON " Dream Children," 1863 ; " Life and Letters of David Coit Scudder " (his brother), 1864 ; " Stories from my Attic," 1869; "The Bodley Books," 8 vols. 1875- 87 ; " The Dwellers in Five Sisters' Court," 1876; "Stories and Romances," 1880; " The Children's Book," and " Boston Town," 1881; "Noah Webster," 1882; " History of the United States," 1884 ; "George Washington," 1886 ; " The Book of Folk Stories," and "Men and Letters," 1887 ; and " Childhood in Literature and Art," 1894. He was also joint-author with Mrs. Taylor of the " Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor," 1884; was one of the writers of Bryant and Gay's " History of the United States," and of Justice Win- sor's " Memorial History of Boston," 1880-81 ; and edited the series of "Ameri- can Commonwealth," and also "American Poems," 1879; and "American Prose," 1880. SEALE-HAYNE, The Right Hon. Charles, J.P., M.P., born in 1833, was educated at Eton, and is the son of Charles H. Seale-Hayne, of Fuge, Dartmouth. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1857. He has sat as Liberal member for the Ashburton Division of Devonshire since 1885. He was Paymaster-General of the Forces from August 1892 to the dissolution of the Gladstone Government in 1895. He is J.P. for Devon and Middle- sex, was appointed Hon. Colonel of the 3rd Battalion of the Devonshire Regiment in 1895, and was first Chairman of the Dartmouth Harbour Commission. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1892. In February 1899 he was appointed Treasurer of the Cobden Club. Addresses : 6 Upper Belgrave Street, S.W. ; and Kingswear Castle, Dartmouth. SEAMAN, Owen, member of the staff of Punch, son of the late William Mantle Seaman, was born on Sept. 18, 1861. He was educated at Shrewsbury School, of which he was captain in 1880, and at Clare College, Cambridge. He was a foundation scholar of Clare from 1881 to 1884, and in 1882 winner of the Porson University Prize for Greek Verse. In 1883 he was in the first class in the Classi- cal Tripos, and from 1884 to 1885 Master at Rossall School. In 1888 he became Lecturer on Literature at the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and in 1890 Professor in the newly appointed Chair of Literature in that College. In 1888 he became Extension Lecturer of the Syndicate of Cambridge University, and in '93 Lecturer to the London Society for the Extension of University Teaching. He published at Cambridge "Paulopostprandials," in 1883; in 1888, "With Double Life," and "(Edi- pus the Wreck." In 1894 he began to write in the National Observer, also for Punch and the World (" Nauticus"). He published in 1895 "Horace at Cambridge," and " Tillers of the Sand : a Fitful Record of the Rosebery Administration from the Triumph of Ladas to the Decline and Fall Off," also wrote " Rossall, an Ode," which has been set to music. In 1896 he pub- lished "The Battle of the Bays," which has gone through several editions. In 1897 he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, and in the same year was appointed a member of the staff of Punch. Present address : The Tower House, Put- ney. SEARLE, Rev. Charles Edward, D.D., Master of Pembroke College, Cam- bridge, was educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and stood 10th Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos (M.A. 1854). He was ordained Deacon in 1854, and Priest in 1855. He was Fellow of his College from 1851 to 1880, when he was appointed Master. He was Tutor of Pem- broke College for twenty years (1870-90), was Lady Margaret Preacher in 1871, and Vice-Chancellor in 1888-89. He has pub- lished several religious works, among which we may mention " The Clerical Fellow's Stewardship," 1878. Address : Master's Lodge, Pembroke College, Cambridge. SEBAG-MONTEFIORE, Sir Joseph, J.P., is the son of Solomon Sebag, and was born in 1822. On succeeding in 1885 to the estate of his maternal grand- father, Sir Moses Monteflore, he assumed the additional surname. He is a Lieu- tenant of the City of London, and was knighted in 1896. Addresses : 4 Hyde Park Gardens, W. ; and East Cliff Lodge, Ramsgate. SEDBON, John Pollard, son of Thomas Seddon, was born Sept. 19, 1827, at London House, Aldersgate Street, E.C., and educated at Bedford Grammar School. He was articled 1848-51 to Professor Donaldson, architect, and from 1852 to 1862 was in partnership with John Prich- ard, diocesan architect, at Llandaff. In 1862 he settled in London, where he has since practised. His principal works are the restoration of Llandaff Cathedral in connection with Mr. Prichard, and nume- rous churches, parsonages, and schools in Llandaff Diocese ; Lambeth Place Chapel; St. Nicholas and St. James', Great Yar- mouth ; St. Barnabas', near Swindon ; St. James', Redruth ; St. Peter's Orphanage and Sanitarium, Thanet ; University Col- lege and Llanbadern Church, Aberystwith; Hoarwithy Church, Herefordshire ; man- . SEDDON — SEELEY 985 sions at Aberroaide, Merionethshire : Ros- dohan, County Kerry ; Oxted, Surrey ; Roughwood, Bucks, &c. ; North and South Wales Bank, Birkenhead. He has pub- lished " Progress in Art and Architecture," 1852 ; in 1859 " Memoir and Letters of the late Thomas Seddon, Artist," and in 1868 " Rambles in the Rhine Provinces." SEDDON, Right Hon. Richard John, L.L.D., Premier of New Zealand, son of Thos. Seddon and Jane Lindsay, was born at Eccleston, in Lancashire, in 1841, and emigrating to Victoria at the height of the gold fever in 1863, as a mechanical en- gineer, he soon grasped the possibilities of colonial life. In 1867 he married Miss L. J. Spotswood at Williamstown, and soon after removed to New Zealand. His first public office was as Chairman of the Westland Provincial Council, and he was the first Mayor of Kumara, In 1879 he was returned to the House of Representa- tives as member for Hokitika, and after- wards for Kumara (1881), and Westland (1890). In January 1891 he accepted office in the Ballance Ministry as Minister of Mines ; afterwards he was Minister of Public Works, and in 1895 he became Premier. He came to England in 1897 for the Jubilee, when he was made a Privy Councillor. SEDGWICK, Adam, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and Reader of Animal Morphology in the University, was born in Norwich on Sept. 28, 1854, and is the eldest son of Richard Sedgwick, Vicar of Dent, Yorks. He was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was ap- pointed F.R.S. in 1886, and served on the Council of the Royal Society in 1892-94. He has contributed many papers, some- times written in collaboration with the late Maitland Balfour, to the learned Transac- tions, &c, the subject in very many cases being the anatomy of the embryo chick. He married a daughter of Captain Robin- son, of Armagh, in 1892. Address: White- field, Great Shelford, Cambridge. SEELEY, Professor Harry Govier, F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c, born in London, Feb. 18, 1839, is the second son of Richard Hovill Seeley, and is of Huguenot descent on his mother's side through the Goviers of the Vale of Taun- ton. He was educated privately ; attended lectures at the Royal School of Mines by- Sir A. Ramsay, Edward Forbes, and Sir R. Owen ; and afterwards at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. In 1859 the late Rev. Adam Sedgwick, F.R.S. , invited him to arrange the fossils in the Woodwardian Museum, and this work continued till 1871, with teaching of Field Geology and Palaeontology and occasional lectures for the Professor. In 1876 he was appointed Professor of Geography and Lecturer on Geology in King's College and Queen's College, London ; of Queen's College he became the Dean in 1881. He originated in 1885, and has since conducted, the London Geological Field class, having published in 1891 a handbook for its use. He became a member of the British Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science in 1861, and subsequently Fellow of the Geo- logical, Linnean, Zoological, and Royal Geographical Societies. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1879. His original writings, about 120 in number, relate to Palaeontology and other depart- ments of geology, and to Comparative Anatomy. He has published a " Cata- logue of Fossil Reptiles in the Wood- wardian Museum," 1869; the " Ornitho- sauria," 1870 ; " Physical Geology and Palaeontology," 1885, issued as vol. i. of Phillips's Geology ; " The Freshwater Fishes of Europe," 1886 ; and " Factors in Life," 1887; "Fossil Reptilia," 1887 ; and "Story of the Earth in Past Ages, " 1895. He has studied the Fossil Reptilia in the public museums of France, Belgium, Holland, North and South Germany, Aus- tria, Russia, and Cape Colony, from which country he has collected several new types of reptiles. His scientific memoirs are contained in the publications of the Geo- logical, Linnean, and Royal Societies, the Geological Magazine, and Annals of Na- tural History. Among the results of his researches was the discovery (1865) that the Fossil Reptiles named Pterodactyles, are more nearly related to birds than are living reptiles ; this was made out by evidence from the breathing organs and brain. He regarded (1865) the succession of geological deposits of different mineral character as evidence of changed geogra- phical outlines of ancient lands ; and ex- plained the changes in fossil life of succes- sive deposits as results of migration of faunas consequent on geographical changes. He enunciated the mechanical law in 1S66, that growth is in proportion to work done ; and regarded it as explaining the different proportions of organs and of animals. In 1869 he founded the genus Ornithopsis on a vertebra in the British Museum which had previously been regarded as part of the skull of Iguanodon, indicated it as a new ordinal group of reptiles, which have since been found in the Isle of Wight and the United States. He discovered that Ichthyosaurus was viviparous, 1880, and that some Plesiosaurs were viviparous, 1887. In a Croonian lecture of the Royal Society, 1887, the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa were found to be a link between 986 SEFTON — SELOUS the existing Amphibia and Mammalia. Professor H. G. Seeley received from the Geological Society the Murchison Fund, 1876, and the Lyell Medal, 1885. He was made a Foreign Correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia in 1878 ; Corresponding Member Kk. Geo- logische Eeichsanstalt, Vienna, in 1879 ; and member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow in 1889. Address : 25 Palace Gardens Terrace, Kensington, W. SEETON, Earl of, Charles "William Hylton Molyneux, Bart., K.G., Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword, was born on June 25, 1867, and succeeded his father, the 4th Earl, in 1897. He is a Lieutenant in the Lanes. Hussars, Yeomanry Cavalry. Addresses : 37 Belgrave Square, S.W. ; and Croxteth Hall, Liverpool, &c. SELBOBNE, Earl of, William Waldegrave Palmer, J.P., Under-Secre- tary for the Colonies, was born on Oct. 17, 1859, and is the son of the 1st Earl, the eminent Lord Chancellor Selborne, and Laura, daughter of the 8th Earl Waldegrave. He succeeded his father in 1895. He was educated at Winchester College, and University College, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in the Modern History School. He was Assis- tant Private Secretary to the Eight Hon. H. C. E. Childers, Chancellor of the Exchequer, from 1882 to 1885. As Vis- count Wolmer he was Member of Parlia- ment for East Hampshire, first as a Liberal and afterwards as a Liberal Unionist from 1885 to 1892, when he was returned for West Edinburgh. He represented that constituency until 1895, when he entered the Upper House, and was appointed Under-Secretary for the Colonies. He is a Major in the Hants Militia, and co. Alderman. He married, in 1883, Lady Beatrix Maud Cecil, daughter of the Marquis of Salisbury. Addresses : 49 Mount Street, W. ; and Blackmoor, Peters- field, Hants. SELLA, Vittorio, was born at Biella, in N. Italy, in August 1859, and is dis- tinguished as a mountaineer, geographer, and photographer. Between 1881 and 1890 he received many medals and dip- lomas for photography in London, Turin, Vienna, and Florence ; and in the last year he received the Murchison award in recognition of his recent journey in the Caucasus, and his series of panoramic photographs of the chain. He has written many memoirs, the last being " Nel Cau- caso Centrale : Excursioni colla camera oscura," and he is well known as having obtained the largest, and probably the best, views of the Alps ; also as having made, in 1882, the first winter ascent of the Matterhorn, and in 1884 of Monte Rosa. SELOTJS, Frederick Courtenay, ex- plorer, naturalist, and sportsman, was born in London on Dec. 31, 1851. His father was of Huguenot extraction, and on his mother's side he is descended from the Bruces of Clackmannan. He was edu- cated at Bruce Castle and at Eugby, where he was famous for his high spirits, his love of violent mischief, and his personal cour- age. His schoolfellows showed their ap- preciation of his character by converting his name of Selous into " Zealous," which became his nickname. When sixteen years of age he left Rugby and spent a couple of years in Switzerland and Ger- many, where he learnt French and German, the former, as he thinks, with inherited facility. Whilst in the latter country he attracted some notice in the local papers by jumping into the Ehine during winter after a wild duck which he had shot. He had on a greatcoat and top-boots which filled with water, and though a splendid swimmer he found great difficulty in getting to shore with the game. Whilst still quite a youth he had determined to cast his lot in South Africa. At nineteen he sailed from England, and in 1871 first set foot upon the shores of Algoa Bay. In 1881 he published his first work, "A Hunter's Wanderings in Africa." This won instant recognition, but its author received more credit from the critics and the general public for his wonderful prowess as a hunter than for what he had done as a naturalist and an explorer. From the Eoyal Geographical Society, however, he received successively the Cuthbert Peake grant, the Back premium, and finally, in 1893, the Founders' Gold Medal, the highest honour which it is in their power to bestow. Such honours are not gained by hunting, and the map of Africa, to which he has so largely contri- buted, will show how. Mr. Selous won them. His services to natural history have also received recognition from the Zoological Society, who have made him one of their corresponding members. In 1893 Mr. Selous published his second and now well- known work, "Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa." Amongst other matter of varied and often of thrilling interest, it contains an account of the historic pioneer expedition which its author so successfully led. During the first Matabele campaign Mr. Selous fought with great gallantry on the side of the colonists, and was wounded whilst bravely protecting some waggons which had been surprised by the enemy. On his return to SELVES — SEMON 987 England after the campaign, he character- istically defended his fellows-in-arms from charges of bloodthirstiness and cruelty brought against them by Mr. Labouchere. The controversy ran for some months in the columns of the Times during 1894. Mr. Selous returned to Matabeleland in 1895, raised a troop when the native re- bellion broke out in March 1896, and served throughout the campaign until the dis- handment of the Buluwayo Field Force. Afterwards he wrote an account of the outbreak of the rebellion in a book entitled "Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia." He came home to England, and will probably not return to Africa except on short visits. He has been again involved in controversy, in the columns of the Times, this time with Mr. White, on charges similar to those previously brought against his friends in South Africa. He married recently Marie Katherine Gladys, daughter of Canon Maddy, Down Hatherley, Gloucestershire. English address : Alpine Lodge, Worples- don, Surrey. SELVES, M. de, Preset of the Seine, was born at Toulouse, July 19, 1848. During the war of 1870, he was a Captain of Mobiles, and became Batonnier, or Head of the Bar, at Montauban. Before occu- pying his present post, he governed the Departments of the Oise, and the Meurthe et Moselle, and had been the Director of the General Post Office. He replaced M. Poubelle in 1896. Address: Hotel de Ville, Paris. SELWYN, The Rev. Edward Cams, head-master of Uppingham School, was born Nov. 25, 1853, at Lee, Kent. His father was the Rev. E. J. Selwyn, then head -master of Blackheath Proprietary School, and latterly (till 1893) the Rector of Pluckley, Kent. The family includes many names of scholars and divines, not- ably the late Bishop Selwyn of New Zea- land and Lichfield, and his brothers, Pro- fessor Selwyn of Cambridge, and Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn. Mr. Selwyn was educated at Blackheath Proprietary School and at Eton ; whence, after obtaining the Newcastle scholarship, he proceeded, in 1872, to King's College, Cambridge, of which college he was elected a scholar. As an undergraduate, he obtained the Carus Greek Testament Prize in 1872 ; was Bell's Scholar in 1873 ; and Browne's Medallist 1874 and 1875. In 1876 he graduated B.A. as 7th Classic; was very shortly afterwards elected to a Fellowship ; and from 1876 to 1878 was Assistant Classical Lecturer at King's College. He was ordained in 1879, and held, for some months, a curacy at St. Paul's, Jarrow-on- Tyne, of which the Rev. Canon Edward Liddell was rector. He returned to Cam- bridge in 1880, as Divinity Lecturer of Emmanuel College, and Dean and Divinity Lecturer of King's College. On the retire- ment of the late Canon Butler in 1882, Mr. Selwyn was offered and accepted the Principalship of Liverpool College. In 1887 he succeeded Mr. Turing as Head- Master of Uppingham School, the position he now holds. He married (1) a daughter of Thomas Arnold, Esq., Professor in the Royal Irish University, second son of Dr. Arnold of Rugby ; and (2) Maud Stuart Dunn, first cousin of his first wife. Ad- dress : Uppingham School. SEMBRICH, Marcella, a distin- guished vocalist, was born at Lemberg, Galicia, Feb. 15, 1858, and for some years studied the piano and violin, firstly under her father, and before she was six she appeared on the concert platform. While receiving piano lessons from Liszt in Vienna, it was discovered that she had a splendid voice, and she was at once sent to Milan to study singing under Lamperti. She made her dcSbut as an opera singer in Athens in " I Puritani," 1877, and then returned to Vienna for further study ; she subsequently appeared in Dresden, and remained at the Royal Opera House till 1880. She soon became a great favourite in the characters of " Zerlina," " Susanna," "Constance," "Martha," "Lucia," &c. In 1880 she made her first appearance in London. Mdlle. Sembrich has sung in all the principal cities of Europe, and has been everywhere received with the greatest enthusiasm. In 1883-84 she was a member of Mr. Abbey's Italian Opera Company at New York, where she created a great sensation by the compass of her voice and the brilliance of her execution. SEMON, Sir Felix, M.D., F.R.C.P., was born at Danzig, in Eastern Prussia, on Dec. 8, 1849. His father was the late Mr. S. J. Semon, stockbroker, of Danzig, later of Berlin ; his mother the eldest daughter of the late Alderman S. Aschenheim, of Elbing. He received his education at one of the Berlin High Schools, between 1856 and 1868, and from 1868 to 1874 studied medicine at Heidelberg and Berlin. His studies were interrupted by the Franco- German war, through which he served as a volunteer in the 2nd Uhlans of the Guard (medal and five clasps). In 1873 he passed the examination for the M.D. of Berlin ; in 1874 the German States exa- mination. After the completion of his official course of studies he went to Vienna, Paris, and London, with a view of seeing practice abroad. Having been appointed Clinical Assistant at the Throat Hospital, Golden Square, in 1875, he SEND ALL — SERGEANT determined to settle in London and to practise as a specialist for diseases of the throat and nose. In 1876 he passed his examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, and was elected a Fellow in 1885. In 1877 he be- came Physician to the Throat Hospital, Golden Square, in 1 882 Assistant-Physician, and some years later, Physician in charge of the Throat Department of St. Thomas' Hospital, and in 1888 Laryngologist to the National Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis in Queen's Square, Bloomsbury ; the last position he still holds. In 1888 his Majesty the German Emperor con- ferred upon him the Order of the Red Eagle (third class), and in 1894 the title of a Royal Prussian Professor. In 1897 her Majesty the Queen, on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee, conferred upon him the honour of knighthood. Sir Felix Semon is a Fellow or Member of many learned societies of London, an Honorary Member of the Laryngological Societies of Vienna and Italy, and a Corresponding Member of the Imperial and Royal Society of Physicians of Vienna, and of the Ameri- can Laryngological Association, He has been twice President of the Section of Laryngology at the meetings of the British Medical Association (Glasgow 1888, Lon- don 1895), President of the Larnygological Society of London, which he, together with some other throat specialists, founded in 1893, and Honorary President of the Laryngological Sections of several of the recent International and Medical Con- gresses (Copenhagen 1884, Berlin 1890, Rome 1893). His contributions to medical literature have been very numerous. He is the founder (1884) and editor of the " Internationales Centralblatt fur Laryn- gologie and Rhinologie," an analytical record of the literature of his specialty. He has contributed articles on diseases of the throat, nose, and thyroid gland to Mr. Christopher Heath's ' ' Dictionary of Practi- cal Surgery," 1886, and to Prof. Clifford Allbutt's "System of Medicine," 1897. Lectures, introductory addresses, essays, and papers on subjects connected with his special branch of practice have been pub- lished by him in the Transactions of various London Medical Societies, the Philosophical Transactions and the Proceed- ings of the Royal Society, the Proceedings of the Royal Institution, and in various British and foreign Medical Journals. His most important original work has been in con- nection with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the larynx, and with the functions and diseases (particularly para- lysis) of the motor nerves of the larynx. Addresses : 39 Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W. ; and " Little Dawley," Hayes, Middlesex. SENDALL, Sir "Walter Joseph, G.C.M.G., Governor of British Guiana, was born in 1832. He is the son of the late Rev. S. Sendall, Vicar of Rillington, York- shire, and was educated at Bury St. Ed- munds and Christ's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1858, First Class Classics; Junior Dpt., Mathematics). While at the Uni- versity he was the friend of the poet C. S. Calverley, whose "Literary Remains" he edited with an introductory biography in 1885. He was a Member of the Colonial Civil Service, Ceylon, 1860-73 ; Inspector of Schools, 1860-70; Director of Public Instruction, 1870-73 ; Assistant-Inspector Local Government Board, 1873-76; General Inspector, 1876-78 ; Assistant- Secretary, 1878-85. He was Governor and Commander - in - Chief of the Windward Islands, 1885-89 ; was appointed Gover- nor and Commander-in-Chief of Barbados in November 1889 ; and High Commis- sioner of Cyprus in 1892. He was created C.M.G., 1887; K.C.M.G., 1889 ; G.C.M.G., 1899. He left Cyprus in 1898 to take up his present appointment. SENIOR, William, journalist and author ("Redspinner "), is the angling editor of the Field. In 1873 he published " Notable Shipwrecks," which has passed through several editions. This was fol- lowed in 1875 by " Waterside Sketches " ; in 1877 by " Stream and Sea" ; in 1878 by "Anderton's Angling," a novelette; in 1880 by " Travel and Trout in the Anti- podes"; in 1883 by "Angling in Great Britain," being one of the handbooks issued in connection with the Great Inter- national Fisheries Exhibition ; in 1888 by " Near and Far," a book of sport in Australasia and at home ; in 1891 by " The Thames from Oxford to the Tower," illus- trated by F. S. Walker ; and in 1895 by "A Mixed Bag." Mr. Senior is a regular contributor to periodical literature. In 1875 he accepted a Government appoint- ment as editor of the Queensland " Han- sard," and proceeded to that colony to start an official daily report of the Parlia- mentary debates. This publication, the first of the kind ever issued in the Colonies, having been most successfully established, he returned to England, after five years' residence in Queensland, and rejoined the special correspondent staff of the Daily News. Address ; Field Office, Bream's Buildings, E.C. SERGEANT, Emily Frances Ade- line, daughter of the Rev. Richard Ser- geant (whose wife, ne'e Jane Hall, was well known in religious circles as a writer of verse and short stories under the name of "Adeline"), was born at Ashbourne, Derbyshire, July 4, 1851. Her early edu- SEEVEE PACHA — SETH 989 cation was partly conducted by her mother, and partly in private schools. Frequent changes of residence, necessi- tated by her father's profession, took her to a succession of places, ending with Rochester, where her father's death broke up the household. She had, for some years before this event, been a pupil at Miss Pipe's school at Clapham and Queen's College, Harley Street, where she held a scholarship. Her mother's death followed quickly on that of her father, and for some years afterwards Miss Sergeant occupied herself in teaching. But she had written prose and verse since she was eight years old, and after a time resolved to devote herself more fully to literature. It was not, however, until the winter of 1881-82, that a novel from her pen found accept- ance. A prize of £100, offered by Messrs. John Leng & Co., proprietors of the People's Friend in Dundee, was gained by Miss Sergeant for a story called "Jacobi's Wife" ; and this piece of suc- cess was followed up by the publication by Messrs. Richard Bentley & Son of a novel, "Beyond Recall," dealing with the events of the Egyptian outbreak and the bombardment of Alexandria, where the author had spent the winter. Other novels followed, and in 1885 Miss Ser- geant accepted a post on the staff of Sir John Leng's papers in Dundee, where she remained for more than two years. Since then she has lived chiefly in London, with occasional winters abroad, and has de- voted herself to writing. " The Story of a Penitent Soul " is generally accounted her best book ; it appeared (anonymously at first) in the summer of 1892. Other of her works are: "No Saint," "Esther Denison," "Caspar Brooke's Daughter," " Sir Anthony," "The Surrender of Mar- garet Bellarmine," "The Idol -Maker," 1896 ; " In Vallombrosa," 1897 ; Miss Betty's Mistake," and "A Valuable Life," 1898, &c. At present Miss Sergeant has written more than thirty novels and stories of various kinds. She is deeply interested in philanthropic matters, and especially concerns herself with the lives and welfare of working-girls. London address : 14 Chenies Street Chambers, W.C. SERVER PACHA, a Turkish states- man, commenced his official career in the Imperial Divan, and after filling the post of chief of the correspondence department in the Ministry of War, was appointed First Secretary of the Ottoman Embassy in Vienna ; then in the same capacity in Paris ; and when the Sultan sent Mehemet Kubrisli Pacha to St. Petersburg as Ambassador upon the coronation of the Emperor Alexander, Server Effendi was chosen as principal secretary. After the return of the Ambassador to Constanti- nople, Server Effendi remained in Russia as Charge d'Affaires, and by his ability and tact succeeded in establishing the most friendly relations between the Cabi- net of St. Petersburg and the Sublime Porte. On his return to Constantinople he was appointed Secretary-General of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. In 1859 he was Imperial Ottoman Delegate on the Commission for settling the frontier of Montenegro. After this he was succes- sively appointed Under-Secretary of State of the Ministry of Commerce ; then Presi- dent of the Municipality ; Imperial Com- missioner in Egypt in reference to the Suez Canal ; and Civil Commissioner in Crete during the insurrection of 1867. The improvements carried out by him during his tenure of office as Mayor of Constan- tinople, 1868-70, caused him to be styled the "Haussmann of Stamboul." On Aug. 31, 1870, he was appointed Musteschar of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and dur- ing the three months' illness of A'ali Pacha was Minister ad interim. On the death of A'ali Pacha, Sept. 6, 1871, Server Effendi was created a Muchir by the Sultan, and definitely appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs. Server Pacha possessed in an eminent degree all the qualifications neces- sary for this high post — experience in its special duties, a very conciliatory manner, a European education, and great popu- larity with the diplomatic body. Server Pacha subsequently became, in succession, Minister of Public Works, Commissary- General for carrying out the reforms in Bosnia, Governor-General of Herzegovina, and President of the First Ottoman Senate. He was recalled to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the place of Aarifi Pacha, July 31, 1877. He resigned in Feb. 1878, in consequence of the publication of state- ments which had been made by him to the correspondent of the Daily News, and which had been declared by Mr. Layard, our Ambassador at the Porte, to be in- jurious to Great Britain. On Aug. 4, in the same year, Server Pacha succeeded Mahmoud Pacha as Minister of Justice. SERVIA, King- of. See Alexander I. SERVIA, ex-King of. See Milan (Obeenovitch) I. SERVIA, Queen of. See Natalie. SETH, Professor James, M.A., is a brother of the present occupant of the Chair of Logic and Metaphysics in Edin- burgh University, and was born in 1860. He matriculated in Arts in Edinburgh in 1876, and devoted himself chiefly to the study of philosophy, gaining, besides other 990 SEWELL— SEYMOUE distinctions, the Bruce of Grangehill and Falkland Prize in the advanced class of Metaphysics. He graduated as Master of Arts with first-class honours in Philosophy in 1881, and was afterwards awarded the John EdwardBaxter Philosophical Scholar- ship and the Ferguson Scholarship in Mental Philosophy — the latter open to graduates of all the Scottish Universities, He continued his study of Philosophy at Leipzig, Jena, and Berlin, with a view to a more thorough mastery of modern German thought. From 1883 to 1885 he acted as assistant to Professor Campbell Fraser in the class of Logic and Metaphysics, and in this capacity lectured both to junior and senior students ; and in the summer of 1885 he organised and conducted inde- pendent classes in Logic and Psychology and in the History of Philosophy. In 1886 he was appointed to the Professorship of Philosophy in Dalhousie College and Uni- versity, Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1892 he was called to the Chair of Philosophy in Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, and four years later he was ap- pointed to the Sage Professorship of Moral Philosophy in Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. In 1897 he succeeded the late Professor Calderwood in the Chair of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh Univer- sity. He has been a frequent contributor to magazines on philosophical subjects, and he assisted the late Professor Calder- wood in the revision and re-writing of Fleming's " "Vocabulary of Philosophy." In 1891 he published an essay, entitled " Freedom of the Ethical Postulate," and in 1894 completed and published a larger work, entitled " A Study of Ethical Prin- ciples." While at Cornell University he acted as co-editor of the Philosophical Re- view. Address : Edinburgh University. SEWELL, Elizabeth Missing', sister of the Rev. William Sewell, was born in the Isle of Wight in 1815. She became known as a writer of High Church fiction by her " Amy Herbert," 1844 This was followed by " Gertrude," " Sketches," and ^'Laneton Parsonage," 1847; "Margaret Percival," "Child's History of Rome," 1849 ; " The Earl's Daughter," 1850 ; " Readings for Lent, from Bishop Taylor," 1851 ; "Experience of Life," " First His- tory of Greece," and " Journal of a Summer Tour on the Continent," 1852 ; "Readings for a Month, Preparatory to ■Confirmation," 1853 ; " Katherine Ashton, a Tale," 1854 ; " Ivors," 1856 ; "Thoughts for the Holy Week for Young Persons," 1857; "Ursula, a Tale of Country Life," " Cleve Hall," " Self-Examination before Confirmation," and " History of the Early Church," 1859 ; " Contes Faciles from Modern French Authors," 1861 ; " Ancient History," 1862; "A Glimpse of the World," 1863; "Dictation Exercises," "Impressions of Rome, Florence, and Turin," and "After Life," 1868; "Passing Thoughts," and " Thoughts for the Age," 1870 ; " Grammar made Easy," 1872 ; and " Catechism of Grecian History," 1874 ; " Some Questions of the Day," 1875 ; "Popular History of France, from the Earliest Period to the Death of Louis XIV.," 1876 ; " Private Devotions for Young Persons," 1881 ; " Letters on Daily Life," 1885 ; Home and After Life," 2nd edit., 1891; and various other works. Ad- dress : Ashcliff, Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. 'SEWELL, Rev. James Edwards, D.D., Warden of New College, Oxford, was born on Dec. 25, 1810, and is the sixth son of Thomas Sewell, a solicitor of Newport, Isle of Wight. He was educated at Win- chester College, of which he was a Scholar, and at New College, where he matriculated as long ago as December 1826, when he was only sixteen. He was Winchester Scholar from 1827 to 1829, Fellow of New College from 1829 to 1860, Tutor from 1835 to 1850 (M.A. 1835, D.D. 1860), and from 1874 to 1878 he was Vice-Chancellor of the University. In 1860 he became Warden of New College, and is the doyen of Heads of Colleges at Oxford. Address : New College, Oxford. SEYMOUR, Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hobart, K.C.B., son of the Rev. Richard Seymour, and grandson of Ad- miral Sir Michael Seymour, 1st Bart., was born in April 1840. He was educated at Radley, and entered the Navy in 1852. He served as a midshipman in H.M.S. Terrible throughout the Russian war in the Black Sea, and was present at the bombardment of Odessa and of Sebasto- pol, besides minor engagements, including the capture of Kertch and Kinburn. He received the Crimean and Turkish medals. In 1857 he went to China in H.M.S. Cal- cutta, and was midshipman of a launch which was sunk at the destruction of the Chinese flotilla in Fatshaw Creek. He was also engaged at the capture of Canton in 1857 and the Peiho Forts in 1858. He received the China Medal with- three clasps. He was promoted Lieutenant in 1860, and served in H.M.S. Chesapeake during the China war of that year. In 1862 he commanded a small-arm party of H.M.S. Impirieuse at the relief of Sing-poo and the capture of Kah-ding. As Com- mander of H.M.S. Crowler Sir Edward rescued an English vessel from pirates in the Congo River in January 1870, being severely wounded on that occasion, but he received the special approval of the Ad- miralty for his services. He was promoted SEYMOUR — SHANNON 991 Captain in 1873, and commanded H.M.S. Iris during the Egyptian war, taking part in the bombardment of Alexandria. He was awarded the Medal, Khedive's Bronze Star, and the Osmanieh of the third class. From 1887 to 1889 Sir Edward was a Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, and in July of the latter year was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral. He hoisted his flag as Second-in-Command of the Channel Squadron in September 1892, and was ap- pointed Admiral Superintendent of Naval Reserves in 1894, and, by virtue of this appointment, took part in the Naval Manoeuvres for five years in succession. He was promoted K.C.B. in June 1897, and in December of the same year was selected as Commander-in-Chief on the China Station. This appointment he now holds, and the fleet under his command is, excepting the Mediterranean, the largest and most powerful ever commissioned for a foreign station in time of peace. Admiral Sir Edward Seymour has a very high reputation as a tactician and strategist, and is considered one of the most capable officers in the Navy. Address : 9 Oving- ton Square, S.W. SEYMOUR, Sir Michael. See Culme- Seymour, Admiral Sir Michael. SHAETER, "William R., American soldier, was born in 1835 at Galesburg, Michigan, and received a common-school education in his native place. He entered the Army in 1861 as Lieutenant in the Seventh Regiment of Michigan Volunteers, and distinguished himself in the campaigns under M'Clellan in Virginia, receiving pro- motions to be Major, and later Lieut. - Colonel. In 1864 he organised a regiment of coloured troops and fought them brilli- antly. When the war between the States closed he was breveted Brigadier-General for distinguished gallantry in action, and after the Volunteer Army was disbanded he entered the Regular Army as Lieut. - Colonel of the 41st U.S. Infantry. He was made Colonel in 1879, Brigadier-General in 1897, and on the outbreak of the war with Spain he was made Major-General of Volunteers and put in command of the expedition which landed in Cuba in June 1898. Having captured Santiago together with all the eastern end of the island and over 20,000 prisoners, on July 17th of the same year, he greatly influenced Spain to sue for peace, the proposal for which was signed Aug. 12, 1898. SHAH OF PERSIA. See Muzaffer- ed-Din. SHAND, Lord, The Right Hon. Alexander Burns Shand, D.C.L. Hon. Oxford, LL.D. Glasgow, D.L., was born Dec. 13, 1828, and is the son of Alex- ander Shand of Aberdeen, and Louisa, daughter of John Whyte, M.D., of Banff. He was educated at the Universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Heidelberg, was called to the Bar, at Edinburgh, in 1853, and was Advocate-Depute from 1860 to 1862. He has been Sheriff of Kincardine- shire, Haddingtonshire, and Berwickshire. In 1872 he was appointed a Judge of the Court of Session, and retired in 1890, when he was appointed a Member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. In 1882 he was appointed a Commissioner under the Educational Endowments Act. In 1892 he was made Hon. Bencher of Gray's Inn, and raised to the Peerage as Baron Shand. He was Chairman of the Coal Owners' and Miners' Conciliation Board in 1894. He married Emily Mere- Una, daughter of John Clarke Meymott, in 1857. Addresses: 32 Bryanston Square, W., and Athenaeum. SHANNON, James Jebusa, A.R.A., is an Irish Canadian, and was born at Auburn, in New York State, in 1862. He came to England at the age of sixteen, and was for three years a student at South Kensington, where he gained the gold medal for the figure. He first became known as an admirable portrait- painter by his likeness of the Hon. Horatia Stopford, one of the Queen's maids of honour, ex- hibited at the Royal Academy in 1881, and painted for her Majesty. In 1887 ap- peared his full-length portrait of Henry Vique, Esq., a picture for which he has been awarded , first - class medals at the Paris, Berlin, and Vienna Exhibitions. At the Chicago Exhibition he gained a medal for his full-length portrait of Mrs. Charlesworth. His noted Academy por- traits and pictures during recent years have been — " The Marquis of Granby, M.P.," "Winifred, daughter of G. H. Pember, Esq.," and "The Lady Boston," 1895 ; "Mrs. Baird," 1896 ; " Clare Sewell Read, Esq., M.P. for Norfolk, 1865-85 " (presentation portrait), " Mrs. George Peck," "Jill, the daughter of G. W. Rhodes," and "The Right Hon. Sir John T. Hibbert, K.C.B.," 1897; " The White Mouse," " Kathleen, daughter of Hon. Mr. Justice Mathew," "Mrs. Herbert Cohen," " Sir James Smith " (presentation portrait), and "Sir Thomas Roe" (pre- sentation portrait), 1898 ; " Babes in the Wood," and portraits of Lady Mathew, the Lady Ulrica Duncombe, and Lord Cran- worth, 1899. Mr. Shannon was for some years a Member of the New English Art Club, of which he was an original member. With Mr. E. A. Abbey and Mr. Sargent he shares the distinction of being one of 992 SHARP — SHAW the few Americans who, since the time of West, have won a high place in the annals of English art. In 1897 he was made A.R.A. Address : 3 Holland Park Road, Kensington, W. SHARP, William, was born at Pais- ley on Sept. 12, 1856, and was educated at Glasgow University. He spent his boyhood in the West Highlands, and there probably acquired his appreciation of things Celtic. He has travelled in Aus- tralia, and among the South Sea Islands ; also extensively in Europe, Canada, &c. In 1879 he came to London, and was introduced by Philip Bourke Marston to Rossetti, of whom he saw much, and whose biography he wrote. He is well known as a critic and magazine-writer, and as general editor of the " Canter- bury Poets," in which series he published "Sonnets of this Century," which has gone into nearly twenty editions, and as editor of "Lyra Celtica," published in collaboration with Mrs. Sharp, a High- land relative of his, who is herself an author, and ardent student of literature. "Lyra Celtica " is an anthology of English poems, written by authors with Celtic blood in their veins. The above are only a few among the works published by Mr. and Mrs. William Sharp, which include many volumes of verse, novels, anthologies, monographs on Philip Bourke, Marston, Brown, &c. Address : 30 Greencroft Gar- dens, Hampstead, N.W, SHARPE, Richard Bowdler, LL.D., was born Nov. 22, 1847, at 1 Skinner Street, Snow Hill, London, where his father was publisher and editor of Sharpe's London Magazine, a famous literary journal of the time. He was a King's Scholar at Peter- borough and Loughborough Grammar Schools, of both of which successively his cousin, the Rev. James Wallace, was head- master. At the age of eighteen he was appointed the first Librarian of the Zoolo- gical Society of London, a post which he held from November 1866 to February 1872. In September of the latter year he received the appointment of Senior Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum, in charge of the collection of birds, which post he still holds. In 1875 he received the Honorary Fellowship of the Zoological Society, " for distinguished services to science." He is also an Honorary Member of the New Zealand Institute, a Foreign Member of the Aca- demy of Sciences of Lisbon, of the Zoological Society of Amsterdam, of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow, and many other foreign societies. He is also LL.D. of the University of Aberdeen, and holds the Gold Medal for Science from H.I.M. the Emperor of Austria, bestowed upon him after the second Orni- thological Congress at Budapest in 1891, when he was President of the Section of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, and delivered an address on the "Classification of Birds." Dr. Bowdler Sharpe's princi- pal works are : "A Monograph of the Akedinidas, or Family of Kingfishers," " A Monograph of the Hirundinidse, or Family of Swallows," a 2nd edition of Layard's "Birds of South Africa," and many popular books on Ornithology. His greatest work, however, is the " Catalogue of Birds " in the British Museum, a mono- graphic record of all the birds of the world. Of the twenty-three volumes of this work as yet published he has written no less than eleven himself. Dr. Sharpe also completed several of the folio works of the late John Gould, after the death of the latter, such as " The Birds of Asia," "The Birds of New Guinea," and others. The donations of the great private col- lections of birds, notably those of Mr. Allan Hume, C.B., Mr. F. Du Cane God- man, Mr. Osbert Salvin, Major Wardlaw Ramsay, and Mr. Henry Seebohm, during Dr. Sharpe's curatorship of the ornitho- logical collections of the British Museum, have increased the series of specimens to an enormous extent, so that at present the series amounts to about 300,000 speci- mens — more than four times the number possessed by |any other museum in the world. Address : Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, S.W. SHAW, Byam, painter, was born in Madras on November 13, 1872, and is the son of John Shaw of Ayr, solicitor and Registrar of the High Court, Madras. He was educated at home, and studied art at St. John's Wood Art School in 1888, and at the Royal Academy Schools, 1890-95. In November 1S98 he was elected a Mem- ber of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water - Colours, and in January 1899 a Member of the Society of Oil Painters. He is a brilliant colourist, and a most in- teresting and talented disciple of the now fast-vanishing Pre - Raphaelites. He has exhibited notable pictures at the Royal Academy since 1893, among which we may mention a scene illustrative of D. G. Rossetti's " Blessed Damozel," and a por- trait, 1895 ; " Whitner," "Jezebel," and a portrait, 1896 ; " Love's Baubles," and " The Comforter," two very daring, ori- ginal, and notable paintings, 1897 ; "Truth," and "The Queen of Spades," 1898; and "Love the Conqueror," 1899. There is a great future before Mr. Byam Shaw, who in time should be the accepted successor to Sir Edward Burne- Jones, Rossetti, Madox-Brown, and Mr. SHAW 993 Holman Hunt. Home address : 12 Ken- sington Crescent, W. SHAW, Sir EyreMassey, K.C.B., D.L., late chief of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade, is the son of the late Bernard Robert Shaw, Esq., of Monkstown, co. Cork, and was born in 1830, and educated at Dr. Cogh- lan's School, Queenstown, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took his B.A. and M.A. degrees. He entered the army, but retired in 1860, and became Superin- tendent of the Borough Forces of Belfast, including Police and Fire Brigade. On the death of Mr. Braidwood, in 1861, he was appointed Chief Officer of the Metro- politan Fire Brigade, which, from being originally supported by the Insurance Companies, was taken in charge by the Metropolitan Board of Works, and under Captain Shaw's able guidance became the most efficient brigade in the world. In 1891 he retired on a pension from the captaincy of the Fire Brigade. He re- ceived the honour of knighthood at the same time as a mark of her Majesty's appreciation of his long and valuable ser- vices. He has published various books connected with Fires and Fire Protection, besides Annual Reports on the work of the Brigade. Among these may be mentioned the " Complete Manual of the Organisa- tion, Machinery, and General Working of the Fire Brigade of London." He has been twice severely wounded at fires. Ad- dress : 48 Rutland Gate, S.W. SHAW, Flora L., who is at the head of the Colonial Department of the Times, has been sent to South Africa and Aus- tralia by her paper. Her activity at the time of the Jameson Raid brought her prominently before the public. In Aus- tralia she investigated the question of forced labour by South Sea Islanders on the Queensland sugar-plantations. More recently she has been in Canada, her series of letters to the Times on the Dominion arousing much interest in 1898. She visited Klondike in that year, and re- counted her experiences in a lecture at the beginning of 1899. Her account of her voyage to the diggings bore eloquent witness to the kindness, not to say chivalry, of her fellow-travellers, who were all men. At Klondike itself she was chiefly im- pressed by the honesty which reigns among the miners. Gold lies about openly in the shanties of the diggers, who never apparently think of locking it up. She is a firm believer in the great auri- ferous possibilities of British Columbia, and is of opinion that the Klondike lodes will not be exhausted for some fifty years. SHAW, George Bernard, critic, was born in Dublin on July 26, 1866. His father, George Carr Shaw, was an ex-Civil servant, who capitalised his pension and embarked on flour-milling, failing entirely in this new business. His mother was Lucinda Elizabeth Gurfy, who had much talent as an amateur singer and teacher. The only education George Bernard re- ceived was at the Wesleyan Connexional School in Dublin, although his family were not Methodists, and this ended when he was fourteen. He came to London in 1876, but for several years could obtain no literary recognition. Meantime, he flung himself into Socialism, and was one of the founders of the Fabian Society. For four years, from 1886 to 1890, he was art critic to the World, and for one year (1891) to Truth. He gained his reputation as a musical critic by his articles in the Star, signed " Corno di Bassetto " (1888-91). He then for four years was musical critic of the World (1890-94), until the death of Edmund Yates. From 1895 to 1898 he was dramatic critic of the Saturday Review, under the editorship of Frank Harris, and wrote such pertinent accounts of new plays that he reminded old readers of the palmy days of the "Saturday Reviler. " In 1892 his play, "Widowers' Houses," was produced by the Independent Theatre Society, creating as much discussion as did bis " Arms and the Man " at the Avenue Theatre in 1894. Other plays of his which have been performed in 1897 are : " Can- dida," "The Man of Destiny," and "The Devil's Disciple." His literary output began with four novels : "The Irrational Knot," "Love among the Artists," " Cashel Byron's Profession," and " An Unsocial Socialist," which were published between 1880 and 1883. In 1889 he edited a volume of Fabian Essays, to which he contributed two himself ; and he has written other Socialist pamphlets, such as : " The Im- possibilities of Anarchism," and "The Fabian Society, what has it done ? " He has written an analysis of the plays of Henrik Ibsen, whom he regards as the greatest living dramatist. In 1898 ap- peared his " Plays Pleasant and Un- pleasant," in two volumes, which pro- voked as much discussion as Mr. Shaw's works are accustomed to do ; and in the same year he wrote a commentary on Wagner's "Der Ring der Nibelungen " for the use of spectators at the perform- ances at Covent Garden in that year, en- titled "Wagner's Ring, what it means." In this year he was nursed through a serious illness by Miss Payne Townshend, a wealthy supporter of Socialism, who had done much good work in connection with the Fabian Society and the London School of Economics. Mr. Shaw married this 3 R 994 SHAW — SHAW-LEFEVRE lady on June 1, 1898. Address : 29 Fitzroy Square, W.C. SHAW, Richard Norman, R.A., architect, was born at Edinburgh on May 7, 1831. He was educated at Edinburgh, studied art at the Academy Schools and won the Gold Medal for architecture at the biennial competition. With the Gold Medal goes the travelling studentship, which bore fruit in a book of architectural drawings. This aroused considerable in- terest among architectural students of that time. The work of Mr. Norman Shaw in- cludes, besides the new Scotland Yard on the Thames Embankment in London, and a number of churches and private houses at Bedford Park and elsewhere : Flete, Ivybridge, Devon ; Dawpool, near Birkenhead ; Craigside, for Lord Arm- strong ; Lowther Lodge, Kensington, and the houses of several artists at Hamp- stead. Mr. Norman Shaw was elected a Royal Academician in 1877. In March 1898 the First Commissioner of Works and Sir William Harcourt, in the course of a Parliamentary debate on some proposed new Government buildings, referred dis- paragingly to Mr. Norman Shaw's New Scotland Yard. This criticism was there- upon met by a letter to the Times, signed by thirty leading artists and architects, who took that opportunity to place on record their admiration of Mr. Shaw's building, and their opinion that it is the one public building, erected during the century by Government in London, "of which London may be most justly proud." Mr. Norman Shaw published in 1858 " Sketches from the Continent," and in 1891 edited, jointly with Mr. T. G. Jack- son, A.K.A., "Architecture, a Profession or an Art." Addresses : Hampstead, N. W. ; and Athenaeum. SHAW, Thomas, LL.B., Q.C., M.P., D.L., was born at Dunfermline on May 23, 1850, and is the son of A. Shaw and Isa- bella Wishart, both of Dunfermline. He was educated at the High School of his native town and at Edinburgh Univer- sity (M.A. 1874; LL.B. 1875). He was Hamilton Fellow in Mental Philosophy, and Lord Rector's Historical Prizeman at the University. In 1875 he became an Advocate ; in 1886, Advocate-Depute for the Western Circuit, and was Solicitor- General for Scotland from 1894 to 1895. In 1892 he was returned as Liberal mem- ber for the Hawick Burghs, which he now represents in the House of Commons. He has contributed to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." Addresses: 17 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh ; and Queen Anne's Mansions, S.W. SHAW, William Napier, M.A., F.R.S., was born on March 4, 1854, in Birmingham, and is the third son of Charles Thomas Shaw, a manufacturer. He was educated at King Edward's School in that town, 1862-72, and in 1870 was first in the first class of the Oxford Senior Local Examination. In 1872 he was elected to an open scholarship in mathe- matics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1876 he was bracketed 16th wrangler, and placed in Class I. of the Natural Sciences Tripos (with distinction in Physics). He studied at the University of Berlin during the year 1879. He was elected Fellow of Emmanuel College in 1877, and two years later was appointed Lecturer in Natural Science at that Col- lege. From 1880 to 1887 he was Demon- strator in Experimental Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory, and in the latter year was appointed Lecturer in Physics in the University of Cambridge. Since 1890 Mr. Shaw has been Senior Tutor at Em- manuel College. He was elected F.R.S. in 1891, and was appointed a member of the Kew Observatory Committee of the Royal Society in 1894, and of the Meteorological Council in 1897. He is author of a " Text Book of Practical Physics " (jointly with R. T. Glazebrook, M.A., F.R.S.), and re- ports to the Meteorological Office upon Evaporimeters, upon Hygrometric Methods (1888). The article on " Ventilation and Warming," in Messrs. Stevenson and Murphy's "Treatise on Hygiene" (1892) is from his pen. In 1890 he reported to the British Association on " The Present State of our Knowledge in Electrolysis and Electro-Chemistry, and in 1897 he was appointed by the Local Government Board to report on the Ventilation and Warming of Metropolitan Poor - Law Schools. He has written the articles "Electrolysis" and "Pyrometer" in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" (9th edit.), besides various papers on physical subjects in the scientific journals. In July 1885 he married Sarah Jane Dugdale, youngest daughter of the late Dr. Harland, of Sal- ford. Permanent address : Emmanuel College, Cambridge. SHAW - LEFEVBE, The Bight Hon. George John, L.C.C., son of Sir John George Shaw-Lefevre, K.C.B. , by Rachel Emily, daughter of Mr. Ichabod Wright, of Mapperley Hall, Nottingham, was born on June 12, 1832, and received his education at Eton and at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1856. In 1863 he was first elected M.P. for Reading, in the Liberal interest, and he continued to be one of the representatives of that borough down to 1885, when he was de- SHEA 995 feated by Mr. Murdoch. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from May to July 1866 ; Secretary to the Board of Trade from December 1868 to January 1871 ; Secre- tary to the Admiralty from the last date to February 1874, and again from April 1880 to the following November, when he was appointed First Commissioner of Works and Buildings in succession to Mr. Adam, who had resigned that office on being appointed Governor of Madras. As First Commissioner Mr. Shaw - Lefevre introduced great improvements into the streets of London, notably at Westminster Hall, the Tower of London, and at Hyde Park Corner. On the death of Mr. Faw- cett he was appointed Postmaster-General (November 1884), and his tenure of this office was marked by the introduction of sixpenny telegrams. Mr. Shaw - Lefevre was elected a Bencher of the Inner Temple in November 1882. He is the author of an important article on " Public Works in London," in the Nineteenth Century (Novem- ber 1882). After his defeat at Beading in November 1885, he was without a seat until, at a bye election, April 1886, he successfully stood for Bradford, vacant by the death of the Right Hon. W. E. Forster. During 1893 appeared his import- ant work on Agrarian Tenure. At the gene- ral elections of 1886 and 1892 he was again elected as a Gladstonian Liberal. In August 1892 he was appointed First Commissioner of Works, in which office he was succeeded by Mr. Herbert Gladstone in March 1894. He succeeded Mr. H. H. Fowler at the latter date as President of the Local Government Board. At the general election of 1895 he was defeated in the contest for Central Bradford. In 1898, after a severe contest, he was re- turned for the Haggerston Division of Shoreditch as member of the London County Council. Mr. Shaw- Lefevre took the leading part in establishing the Com- mon Preservation Society in 1866, and has acted as Chairman of the Society, with some brief intervals, ever since. At his instance, mainly, a number of suits were instituted against Lords of Manors who had begun to enclose the commons round London. These suits were in all cases successful, and were the means of saving the London commons. In 1895 he pub- lished a work on " English Commons and Forests," which gave a history of the movement for the Preservation of Com- mons. Among other works which he has published is "Peel and O'Connell," a com- parative criticism of the Irish policies of these statesmen. His sister, Miss Made- leine Shaw-Lefevre, was formerly Princi- pal of Somerville Hall, Oxford. In 1873 he married Lady Constance Emily More- ton, daughter of the Earl of Ducie. Ad- dresses : 18 Bryanston Square, W. ; Oldbury Place, Ightham, &c. ; and Athenaaum. SHEA, Sir Ambrose, K.C.M.G., was born in Newfoundland in 1820, received his education there, and for over thirty years occupied a foremost place in the public affairs of that Colony. For six years he was Speaker of the Assembly, and subsequently for five years was an unofficial Member of the Council of Government. He was one of the two delegates from the Colony at the cele- brated Quebec Conference at which the Constitution of the Canadian Dominion was framed. In 1888 Sir Ambrose was delegated to London to urge the right of the Colony to enforce restrictions on French fishing operations on the New- foundland coasts, but owing to some Imperial Cabinet difficulties at the moment nothing could be done. The Legislature of the Island, however, renewed their efforts, and he was again sent, in conjunction with the Premier, Sir Robert Thorburn, to press the question, and this time with success. Soon afterwards Lord Knutsford offered Sir Ambrose the Governorship of the Bahamas, on the acceptance of which he retired from commercial pursuits. This post he assumed at the end of 1887, and it would be difficult to parallel the record he has made in that Colony during a short period of years. On his arrival the place was in a state of impending bankruptcy. The precarious resources, fruit, and sponge- fishing, were declining, and those having means were unwilling to invest a shilling in any untried adventure. The popula- tion was thinning by emigration to the Southern States, and no one thought of the future without misgiving. The prospect for a new Governor was cheerless in the ex- treme ; but Sir Ambrose is sanguine, and he betook himself at once to an examina- tion of the situation. He had not been a month in his position before he felt that he had lighted on a solution of the diffi- culties. His attention was attracted to a bold-looking plant of the aloe order, and he found on inspecting it that it held a fibre similar to manilla ; and his experience enabled him to see that this had a stable commercial value, though he was not en- couraged when he explained what he thought of the capabilities of this plant. He was told that attempts had before been made in the direction he proposed, but without any success, and that the plant was now universally regarded as a noxious weed, which defied all efforts to eradicate it. This was the prevailing feeling ; but Sir Ambrose had formed a strong opinion, and gradually he gained assent to his views. The growth seems to set all ordinary adverse or disappointing influ- 996 SHEEPSHANKS — SHERRINGTON ences at defiance ; and the product is all but, if not quite, equal to the celebrated manilla-hemp. The exports of the Colony have hitherto averaged about £125,000 a year, but no one on the spot, who knows on what grounds the calculations rest, has a doubt that within a very few years the value of the exports will be quadrupled, and an output of a million is within range of the most reasonable contemplation. Land has gone up to four times its former value, and already the revenue responds to the industrial activity that prevails. These results are by common consent due solely to the ability and unflagging energy of the Governor. Sir Ambrose is the first Colonist who ever held the post of Imperial Governor, and his splendid success will be hailed with great satisfaction by Colonists everywhere, for there are few to whom his name as a prominent Colonist has not been long familiar. Sir Ambrose returned to England in January 1895, on the ex- piration of his term of office. SHEEPSHANKS, The Big-lit Rev. John, D.D., was born in 1834, and edu- cated at Christ's College, Cambridge, of which he was a scholar. He was ordained, and was appointed Rector of New West- minster and Chaplain to the Bishop of Columbia in 1859. Returning to England in 1867, he became Vicar of Bilton, Yorks., in 1868, and in 1873 Vicar of St. Margaret Anfield, Walton-on-the-Hill, Liverpool. In 1893 he was consecrated Bishop of Nor- wich. Address : The Palace, Norwich. SHEKAED, Robert Harborough, man of letters, born in London, December 3, 1861, is the second son of the Rev. BeD- net Sherard-Kennedy, of Stapleford Hall, Melton-Mowbray. His mother is a grand- daughter of William Wordsworth, the poet. He was educated at Queen Elizabeth's College, Guernsey, at Oxford, and at the Universities of Bonn and Paris. In 1882 he dropped the affix of Kennedy. Since 1883 he has acted as special correspondent to leading English and American papers and magazines in various parts of the world. He has written poems, biographies, socio- logical works and novels, inter alia, " Emile Zola," 1893; "Alphonse Daudet," 1894; "A Bartered Honour," 1884; "Rogues," 1889 ; "By Right, not Law," 1891 ; "Jacob Niemand," 1895 ; " The Iron Cross," 1897 ; translated and edited "Meneval's Me- moirs," collaborated with the late Alphonse Daudet on a tale called "Premier Voyage, Premier Mensonge," 1898. He has written a series of articles on certain iniquities in English industries, entitled "The White Slaves of England." These ap- peared in serial form in Pearson's Maga- zine, and were republished in book form (Bowden, London, 1st edit., 1897 ; 2nd edit., 1898). They attracted great atten- tion and had a large sale. Mr. Sherard's novels formed the subject of an important critical study in La Revue de Paris ("TJn Romancier Anglais," May 1896). Address ; Author's Club, 3 Whitehall Court, S.W. SHERMAN, The Hon. John, brother of the late Gen. W. T. Sherman, was born at Lancaster, Ohio, May 10, 1823. He received an academic education, studied law, and began its practice in 1844. He was a delegate to the National Whig Conventions of 1848 and 1852 ; and a Member of Congress from 1855 to 1861. He entered the Republican party soon after its formation, and has since acted with it. In 1861 he was elected to the U.S. Senate and re-elected in 1866 and 1872. On the accession to the presidency of Mr. Hayes, in 1877, Senator Sherman was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, a position retained by him until the close of President Hayes's administration in 1881, when he re-entered the Senate, and remained there until appointed Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President M'Kinley, March 4, 1897. In April 1898 he resigned from the Cabinet and retired to private life. It was due to his manage- ment while at the head of the Treasury that the resumption of specie payments (in 1879) was effected without disturbance to the financial or commercial interests of the country. Senator Sherman was a prominent candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination in 1880 and 1888, and was the presiding officer of the Senate, 1885-87. He published in 1879 a volume of his " Selected Speeches and Reports on Finance and Taxation," 1859-78. Ad- dress : Washington. SHERRINGTON, Professor Charles Scott, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., was born in London on Nov. 29, 1859, and is the son of J. U. Sherrington, Esq., of Great Yarmouth, and Anne B. Thurtell, of Norwich. He was educated at Queen Elizabeth's School, Ipswich ; Caius College, Cambridge ; and St. Thomas's Hospital (M.A. and M.D. Cantab.). In 1884 he was appointed George Henry Lewes Student in Physiological Research, and in 1887 Lecturer in Physiology at St. Thomas's Hospital. From 1889 to 1895 he was Hon. Sec. of the Physiological Society, from 1891 to 1895 Professor Superinten- dent of the Brown Institution, University of London, and in 1895 was appointed to the Holt Professorship of Physiology, Uni- versity College, Victoria University, Liver- pool. In 1892, 1895, and 1898 he was British Secretary for the Triennial Inter- national Congresses of Physiology. He SHERWOOD — SHOEE 997 became F.R.S. in 1893. He is well known in the world of science for the importance of his research work, and has published various papers in the Royal Society's Trans- actions and Proceedings, the Journals of Physiology and Pathology, Brain, &c. He is also the author of a "Report on the Epidemic of Asiatic Cholera in. Spain, 1885," and of a " Report of Investigations into the Pathology of Asiatic Cholera in Italy in 1886." Address : 16 Grove Park, Liverpool. SHERWOOD, The Rev. William Edward, Head-Master of Magdalen Col- lege School, Oxford, is the eldest son of Thomas Sherwood, of Workington, Cum- berland, and was born in April 1851. He was educated at Magdalen College School, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was Junior Student from 1870 to 1875, and obtained a first class in Mathematical Moderations and a third class in the Final Honours School of Mathematics. In 1875 he was appointed a Mathematical Master at Magdalen College School, and in 1878 Vice-Principal of Sidney College, Bath, which was merged in Bath College during his tenure of office. He was appointed to his present post in 1888. Address : Mag- dalen College School, Oxford. SHIELDS, Frederic, A.R.W.S., was born at Hartlepool, and educated at St. Clement's Danes National School, Stan- hope Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. He was the intimate friend of Dante Rossetti, and, as a painter, has been one of the most distinguished of the Pre-Raphael- ites. He has painted many domestic and other subjects in water-colours, and has illustrated " The Pilgrim's Progress," Defoe's "Plague of London," and "The Rochdale Felly." He has decorated the Duke of Westminster's Chapel at Eaton Hall with stained glass and mosaic, and the " Chapel of the Ascension," Marble Arch, London. Address : Morayfield, Merton, Surrey. SHIPLEY, Orby, M.A., youngest son of Rev. Charles Shipley, of Twyford House, in the county of Hants, and Charlotte, daughter of R. Orby Sloper, Esq., of East Woodhay, Berks, was born July 1, 1832. He was educated at a private school, and took his degree at Jesus College, Cam- bridge. For twenty-three years he worked as a clergyman of the Church of England, latterly at All Saints', Margaret Street, Cavendish Square (under Mr. Upton Richards), and at St. Alban's, Holborn, London (under Mr. Mackonochie) ; and on Oct. 26, 1878, being unable to find any sufficient or recognisable authority for faith or discipline in the Anglican Com- munion, was received into the Roman Catholic Church by Cardinal Manning. Prior to 1878 he was the author of several works, sermons, liturgical books, essays and pamphlets in support of Anglicanism ; issued from the press many ascetic and devotional books translated from Catholic sources ; and edited three volumes of religious poetry from many sources, "Lyra Eucharistica," "Messianica," and "Mystica," 1863-65, as well as several volumes of Essays by various authors, "The Church and the World," three series, 1866-7-8; "Tracts for the Day," "Ecclesiastical Reform," and "Studies in Modern Problems." Subsequently to his submission to the Catholic Church he has published "Truthfulness and Ritualism," two parts, in answer to Dr. Littledale's strictures on the Church ; has edited "Annus Sanctus : Hymns of the Church for the Ecclesiastical Year," and old English ascetical books ; and for some years has been engaged in compiling an Anthology of Sacred Verse in honour of or in relation to the Blessed Virgin Mary, "Carmina Mariana," of which the second edition has lately been published, and a second series, "Poemata Mariana," is in preparation. The range of poetical sources for these Anthologies includes English, Irish, and American poems from Chaucer to Tennyson, augmented by verse trans- lated from the Greek, Armenian, Syriac, and Latin, the German, the Italian, the Spanish, and French, together with Early English and old Irish poems, MS. poems of old Catholic origin from the British Museum, the Bodleian, Oxford, and other public and private libraries, and others from Catholic periodicals, together with a few original contributions. He has been and is an occasional contributor to periodi- cal literature, amongst other papers and reviews to the Nineteenth Century, Con- temporary, and Fortnightly; the Month, Catholic World (U.S.A.), the American Ecclesiastical Review (U.S.A.), and Dublin Review; the older Saturday Review and Guardian; and the Weekly Register and Tablet. His last Anglican book, which passed through the press at the time of his reception, is called "Principles of the Faith in Relation to Sin." It contains a brief apology for his conversion, reprinted from a letter in the Times newspaper, 1878, and a complete list of his literary work in the Church of England. Addresses : 39 Thurloe Square, S.W. ; and Colway, Lyme Regis, Dorset. SHORE, The Rev. Thomas Teign- mouth, M.A., Canon of Worcester, eldest son of the Rev. T. R. Shore, B.D., born in Dublin, Dec. 28, 1841, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he gra- 998 SHOETEK — SHUTTLEWOETH duated in 1861, having obtained distin- guished honours in English composition and in divinity. He afterwards pro- ceeded to the degree of M.A. (comitatis causd) at Oxford. He was ordained in 1865 by the Bishop of London (Dr. Tait), and having held successively the curacies of Chelsea and of Kensington, and of St. Peter's, Vere Street, under Frederick Maurice, and been for two years incumbent of St. Mildred's, Lee, he was appointed in 1873 to the incumbency of Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair. He has published two volumes, entitled "Some Difficulties of Belief," and "The Life of the World to Come," and "St. George for England," a volume of sermons to children which has been translated into French, German, and Italian. He was one of the contributors selected by the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol for his lordship's New Testament Commentary. He has also edited a series of volumes, entitled "Helps to Belief," and has written the one on " Prayer " in that series. Mr. Teignmouth Shore was appointed one of her Majesty's chaplains in July 1878, in succession to Dr. Maclagan, now Archbishop of York. He prepared the daughters of the Prince and Princess of Wales for their confirmation, and officiated at the marriage of the Princess Louise of Wales with the Duke of Fife in 1889 ; and was made Chaplain of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in 1889, and Canon of Worcester in December 1890. Canon Teignmouth Shore has the Jubilee Medal with a clasp, which was conferred on him by the Queen, and the Order of Princess Alice of Hesse, which was given him by the Grand-Duke of Hesse, as well as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. He is married to Eleanor, daughter of J. F. Waller, J. P. Addresses: College, Worcester ; and Athenaeum. SHORTER, Clement King, editor of the Illustrated London News, the Sketch, and, for short periods, of the English Illustrated Magazine and Pick-Me-Up, is de- scended from Huntingdonshire ancestry, and was born in London, July 19, 1858, and educated at Downham Market, Nor- folk. In 1877 he entered the Exchequer and Audit Department at Somerset House, and twenty years later retired from the Civil Service in order to become editor of the Illustrated London News. Subsequently he took over the editorship of the Sketch and English Illustrated. Mr. Clement Shorter is also well known as an author, and has published in volume form : "Char- lotte Bronte and her Circle," 1896, and a comprehensive work on Victorian Lite- rature, 1897. He has edited (1898) the Temple Edition of the Waverley Novels. He has also edited a selection of the poems of Wordsworth. He married, in 1896, Dora, daughter of George Sigerson, M.D. {sec Shorter, Mrs. Clement). Ad- dress : 16 Marlborough Place, St. John's Wood, N.W. SHORTER, Mrs. Clement, ne'e Dora Sigerson, under which name she is well known as a poetess, is the daughter of George Sigerson, M.D., Professor of Bio- logy in the Eoyal University, Dublin. In July 1896 she was married to Mr. Clement Shorter. She is one of the most brilliant of Irish poetesses, and has published "Verses " in 1894, and " The Fairy Change- ling and other Poems" in 1897, " My Lady's Slipper and other Poems," 1898, besides contributing poems to the Century Magazine, the Chap-Book, &c. One of her most re- markable long poems appeared recently in the Daily Chronicle. It was entitled " The Woman who went to Hell," and is repub- lished in a volume of collected poems, 1899. Address : 16 Marlborough Place, St. John's Wood, N.W. SHORTHOTJSE, Joseph Henry, eldest son of Joseph Shorthouse. chemical manufacturer, of Birmingham, and Mary Anne, daughter of John Hawker, manu- facturer, of the same town, was born on Sept. 9, 1834, in Great Charles Street, Bir- mingham, and educated at private schools. He is famous as the author of the romance "John Inglesant," which took him some twenty years to think out and write. It was first privately printed and afterwards published in 1881, and excited a great amount of interest. He subsequently pub- lished "The Platonism of Wordsworth," 1881 ; the Preface to George Herbert's "Temple," 1882; a preface to "The Spiritual Guide " of Miguel Molinos, 1883 ; " The Little Schoolmaster Mark, a Spiritual Komance," 1885; "Sir Percival," 1886; "A Teacher of the Violin, and other Tales," "The Countess Eve," 1888; and "Blanche, Lady Falaise," 1891 ; and articles on George Herbert, Wordsworth, and F. D. Maurice, &c. He married, in 1857, Sarah, daughter of John Scott, of Birmingham. Address : Lansdowne, Edgbaston. SHREWSBURY, Bishop of. See Stamer, The Right Rev. Sir Love-- lace T. SHTJTTLEWORTH, Rev. Henry Cary, Rector of St. Nicholas Cole- Abbey, City of London, 1884 ; Professor of Pastoral and Liturgical Theology, King's College, London, 1890 ; Lecturer in English Literature, King's College (Ladies' Depart- ment), Chaplain, 1st Tower Hamlets R.V., was born at Eglos-hayle, Cornwall, 1850, and is the eldest son of the late Rev. SICKERT — SIENKIEWICZ 999 Canon Shuttleworth, and Letitia, second daughter of the late Captain Cary, R.N. He was educated at Forest School, Wal- thamstow, under the late Dr. Guy, and at St. Mary's Hall and Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained various scholarships (such as the Duke) and prizes, and was placed in the second class of Final Theological School in 1873 (B. A. 1873, M.A. 1875). Ordained in 1873 to the curacy of St. Barnabas', Oxford, and Chaplain of Christ Church, 1874, he was Minor Canon of St. Paul's, 1876-84, and became Lecturer at King's College, London, in 1883. He founded, in 1889, the Shuttleworth Club (formerly St. Nicholas Club) for men and women employed in the City. He is well known as a preacher, lecturer, writer, and contributor to the Saturday Review, the Outlook, and occa- sionally to the Times. His publications are : " The Place of Music in Public Wor- ship" (Elliot Stock), 1892 ; "Some Aspects of Disestablishment" (A. D. Innes), 1894; "Hymns for Private Use" (Gay and Bird), 1896 ; " St. Nicholas Manual and Hymnal Appendix " (E. Stock), 1897 ; Addresses to Lads " (S.P.C.K., 3rd edit.), 1897 ; and various sermons, lectures, articles. He is well known as an authority on Church Music, and as a leader of the same, and is prominently identified with Christian Socialism and other advanced movements. He married, in 1878, Mary, eldest daughter of Thomas Fuller, M.D., Brighton. Address: St. Nicholas Rectory, Lambeth Hill, E.C. SICKEB.T, "Walter, painter, was born on May 31, 1860, at Munich, and is the son of Oswald Adalbert Sickert, and grand- son of Johannes Sickert, both painters. He was educated at King's College School, and at first thought of embracing an actor's career. He studied art at the Slade School, and has exhibited at the Royal Academy, the Royal Institutes of Painters in Oil-Colours and Water-Colours, at the Royal Societies of British Artists and Painter Etchers, and at the New Eng- lish Art Club. He has contributed many papers on art to journals and magazines, writing himself down "a pupil of Whistler," of whose impressionism or method he is an exponent. Address : 13 Robert Street, Cumberland Market. SIDGWICK, Eleanor Mildred, was born in 1845, being the eldest daughter of James Maitland Balfour, Esq., of Whit- tinghame, Prestonkirk, father of the Right Hon. Arthur James Balfour. She was educated at home, and married in 1876 to Mr. Henry Sidgwick, now Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy in the Uni- versity of Cambridge. For two years, from 1880 to 1882, she held the position of Vice-Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge, and succeeded Miss A. J. Clough as Principal in 1892. Mrs. Sidg- wick has published ' ' Health Statistics of Women Students of Cambridge and Ox- ford " (1890), and various papers on educa- tional and other subjects. She was a member of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education of 1894. Permanent address : Newnham College, Cambridge. SIDGWICK, Professor Henry, M.A., Litt.D., born at Skipton, Yorkshire, May 31, 1838, was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was Fellow of Trinity College from 1859 to 1869, and Lecturer of Trinity College from 1859 to 1875, when he was appointed Pralector of Moral and Political Philosophy. He was elected an honorary Fellow of Trinity College, April 16, 1881 ; and was appointed Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philo- sophy in 1883. Professor Sidgwick is the author of " The Methods of Ethics," 1874 ; "Outlines of the History of Ethics," the "Principles of Political Economy," 1883 ; the " Elements of Politics," 1891 ; " Practi- cal Ethics," 1898 ; and of several articles on philosophical and literary subjects. He took a prominent part in the promo- tion of the higher education of women at Cambridge, especially in the foundation and management of Newnham College. Professor Sidgwick is LL.D. of Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St. Andrews, and was made a D.C.L. of Oxford in 1890. He married Eleanor Mildred, daughter of the late James Maitland Balfour, in 1876. Ad- dress : Newnham College, Cambridge. SIENKIEWICZ, Henryk, Polish novelist, was born at Okreya, in Podlasia, on an estate belonging to his mother. His family was originally Lithuanian, and removed to Poland in consequence of the Russian war ; his grandfather served under Napoleon, and his father took part in the revolutions of 1830 and 1863. Hav- ing been educated at the Warsaw Gym- nasium and the University, he emigrated in 1876 to California, to the colony that Madame Modjeska (q.v.) intended to found there. But the colony was a failure, and he returned to his own country, where his first literary work, the recital of his travels, was published in the Warsaw reviews. In 1891 he travelled to Central Africa with Count Tyshkevich. His great work is an early Christian story, "Quo Vadis," which he finished at Nice in 1896. It has been translated into almost every European language, and has given him a world-wide reputation. His other works include : " Szkice Weglem " (Sketches in Charcoal), 1874; "Ogniem I Mieczem" (Fire and Sword), 1885; "Potop" (The Hood), 1886. Most of his works have been translated 1000 SIEVEKING — SIMMONS by Mr. Jeremiah Curtin, the latest being " Hania," a collection of short stories, published in the spring of 1898. His next book is to be " The Knights of the Cross." SIEVEKING, Sir Edward Henry, M.D., F.R.C.P., LL.D., F.S.A., Physician in Ordinary to H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, was born in London, within the sound of Bow Bells, on Aug. 24, 1816. He is descended from an old North German family, still nourishing in Hamburg, and was educated partly in England and partly in Germany. He commenced the study of medicine at the universities of Berlin and Bonn, and continued it at University College, Lon- don, and the University of Edinburgh, where he took his degree of M.D. in 1841. He travelled abroad, studying in Paris, Vienna, and Berlin. He practised among the English colony at Hamburg for four years, and while there contributed to Oppcnheim's Medical Journal; wrote a treatise on Ventilation, a previously un- considered subject in Germany, and built a children's hospital. In 1847 he returned to London, became a Member of the Royal College of Physicians, and four years later Fellow. After serving as Physician to the Northern Dispensary he was appointed in 1851 to St. Mary's Hospital, with which he remained actively associated for thirty- five years, and is now Consulting Physician. He has been President of the Harveian, and President of the Royal Medical Chir- urgical Society. His first publication in England was in 1849, and was a pamphlet on nursing, in which the provision of nurses for the poor, as part of a perfect system of state sanitation, was strongly urged. A paper on the same subject by Dr. Sieveking was subsequently read before the Epidemiological Society, and this led to the formation of a committee, which, for a series of years, sought to carry out the views advocated by him. Lord Shaftes- bury on two different occasions introduced the committee to the Poor-Law Board, which gave its official support ; but nothing came of it. The present appreciation of nursing, as an aid to curative medicine, may, in a great measure, be attributed to the work done by the committee. Dr. Sieveking was a co-translator of Rokitan- sky's great work on Pathology for the Sydenham Society, and subsequently trans- lated from the German for the same society Romberg's work on nervous diseases. In 1854, with his colleague at St. Mary's, Dr. Handfield Jones, he pub- lished a work on Pathological Anatomy, of which a second edition has since been edited by Dr. Payne. From 1855 to 1860 Dr. Sieveking was editor of the British and Foreign Medical and Ohirurgical Review, founded, and long carried on, by his friend Sir John Forbes. In 1863, on the recom- mendation of Sir J. Clark, the position of Physician in Ordinary to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales was offered to, and accepted by, Dr. Sieveking. In 1873 he was made Physician Extraordinary, and in 1888 Phy- sician in Ordinary, to H.M. the Queen. He was knighted in 1886 ; made Honorary LL.D. Edinburgh, at the Tercentenary of Edinburgh University ; wrote a work on Epilepsy, two editions ; a work on Medical Advice in Life Assurance ; and has de- livered frequent addresses of various kinds. He was Croonian Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians ; and delivered the Harveian oration there in 1877, in con- sequence of which the Colleges of Physi- cians and Surgeons materially aided Sir E. H. Sieveking in producing an autotype publication of the MS. of W. Harvey's original Physiological Lectures, delivered in 1616 et seq. Sir E. H. Sieveking has filled many offices at the Royal College of Physicians. He was the Founder of the Edinburgh University Club, and is a member of the Athenaeum. He married, in 1849, Miss Jane Ray, youngest daughter of John Ray, of Finchley, J.P., and has five sons and three daughters. Addresses : 17 Manchester Square, W. ; and Atbenasum. SIGERSON, Bora. See Shorter, Mrs. Clement. SIMEON, Sir John Stephen Bar- rington, Bart., M.P., J.P., D.L., was born at Swainston, Isle of Wight, on Aug. 31, 1850, and is the eldest son of the 3rd baronet, whom he succeeded in 1870, and Jane, daughter of Sir Frederick Baker, Bart. He served as a Lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade from 1868 to 1871, and was Private Secretary to the Right Hon. John Bright, M.P., from 1880 to 1883. In 1895 he was returned to the House of Commons as Liberal Unionist member for Southamp- ton. He is a Director of the London and South-Western Railway, a J.P. for Hants, and D.L. and County Alderman for the Isle of Wight. He married the only daughter of the Hon. R. H. Dulton in 1872. Ad- dresses : 19 Wilton Crescent, S.W. ; and Swainston, Newport, Isle of Wight. SIMMONS, Field-Marshal Sir John Lintorn Arahin, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., son of Captain Thomas Frederick Simmons, R.A., was born at Langford, Somerset, on Feb. 12, 1821, and educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and at the Royal Mili- tary Academy, Woolwich. He entered the Royal Engineers in 1837, and after serving for several years in North America, was appointed Inspector of Railways, December 1846, and in 1850 Secretary to SIMON 1001 the Railway Commissioners. Upon the dissolution of that Commission he was transferred to the Board of Trade as Secretary to the Eailway Department. In 1853, being in Turkey, he was specially employed by the late Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe on several important missions, and became her Majesty's Commissioner with the Turkish Army under the command of Omar Pacha, in which position he served on the Danube, and during the occupation of Wallachia. In November 1854 he went to the Crimea to concert with the allied Commanders-in-Chief as to the employ- ment of the Turkish army, when it was decided that it was to occupy Eupatoria. He took part in the battle of Eupatoria, in the siege of Sebastopol, and subse- quently in the Caucasus, and was present at the forced passage of the Ingur, where he commanded the division which crossed the river and turned the enemy's position, capturing his works and guns. He was the British Commissioner for the regula- tion of the Turco-Russian Boundary in Asia in 1857 ; Consul-General at Warsaw from 1858 to 1860 ; commanding Royal Engineers at Aldershot, 1860-65 ; Director of the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, 1865-67 ; appointed Lieutenant- Governor of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, March 18, 1869, and Governor the succeeding year, which appointment he held till June 1875. He then became Inspector-General of Fortifications, which post he held until 1880. He served on Royal Commissions on Accidents on Rail- ways, and on the Defence of British Pos- sessions and Commerce abroad. He was attached to the special Embassy during the Congress in Berlin, and was appointed to assist Lord Ampthill at the Conference in Berlin on the Greek Frontier Question. He has received the Crimean Medal and clasp, the Turkish Gold Medal for the Danubian Campaign, a Sword of Honour from the Turkish Government, the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Medjidieh, and the fourth class of the Legion of Honour. He was made C.B. in 1855 ; K.C.B. in 1869 ; G.C.B. in 1878 ; G.C.M.G. in 1887. He was Governor and Com- mander-in-Chief of Malta from June 1884 to Sept. 1888, and has since been Envoy Ex- traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Pope Leo XIII. In 1890 he became Field- Marshal. He married (1) Ellen, daughter of John Lintorn Simmons, of Keynoham, in 1846 ; and (2) Blanche, daughter of the late Samuel Charles Weston, in 1856. She died in February 1898. Addresses : Hawley House, Blackwater, Hants ; and Athenaeum. SIMON, Sir John, K.C.B., F.R.C.S., F.R.S., Hon. M.D. Dublin, Hon. D.C.L. Oxford, Hon. LL.D. Edinburgh and Cam- bridge, Consulting Surgeon St. Thomas's, was born on October 10, 1816, and is the son of Louis Michael Simon, for thirty-one years an influential member of the Com- mittee of the Stock Exchange, and of his wife, nee Nonnet. By both grandfathers he was of French origin, each grand- father having come to England (where he soon married an English wife) at about the beginning of the last quarter of last century. John Simon was educated chiefly at the Rev. Dr. Burney's school at Green- wich, spent a year in the family of a German Pfarrer, and in 1833 began the study of medicine at King's College, then of new establishment in the Strand, and St. Thomas's, under the famous Joseph Henry Green, who was Professor of Sur- gery at the latter institution. During the winter of 1837-38 he acted as Prosector to Dr. Todd during his course on phy- siology. On Aug. 24, 1838, he was allowed by Mr. Green to go up for examination at the College of Surgeons, although his hospital apprenticeship had not yet ex- pired, in order to be ready for an appoint- ment as Joint-Demonstrator of Anatomy at King's College, London. He held this Demonstratorship for nine years, his col- league being Dr. (afterwards Bishop) Macdougal. In 1840, on the foundation of King's College Hospital, the subject of our memoir was at once appointed Senior Assistant-Surgeon, under Partridge and Fergusson, his colleague being Mr. (after- wards Sir William) Bowman, who had become second to him in the Demonstra- torship. The dissecting-room at King's College was not in those days one of the finest in London, and the future sanitary reformer's health suffered from constant confinement there. He was accordingly rescued from an increasingly difficult situation, when, in 1847, he received the very high honour of appointment as Lec- turer in Pathology, and virtually as Sur- geon, at his more familiar home, St. Thomas's, of which he is still an officer. At King's College his career had been practically a period of waiting ; he had enjoyed considerable leisure there, and, in accordance with the honourable tradi- tion of the medical profession in old days, had devoted much time to cultivated pur- suits, such as the study of art, metaphy- sical literature, Oriental languages, which he studied in the Marsden Library at King's, and kindred subjects. These interests, which have been lifelong, and have left their impress upon his polished literary style, led him at different times into the society of a very varied and brilliant circle, including such names as William Wordsworth (to whom he was introduced by Green), Tennyson, Ruskin, 1002 SIMON Thackeray, Jowett, George Henry Lewes, Thomas Woolner, Buckle, Renan, Claude Bernard, many of the Saint-Simonians, Norton the American author, Ludwig, Tieck, Retzch, Schelling, Sir Edward Burne- Jones, Canon Kingsley, and a host of others too numerous to mention. At St. Thomas's, however, he became con- vinced of the necessity of concentration, and found the work of his post a keen stimulus to industry. In December 1847 he delivered a lecture at St. Thomas's on the "Aims and Philosophic Method of Pathological Research," and followed this up with courses of lectures on Diagnosis and Therapeutics, published in the Lancet in 1850-52. It was in this early period, also, that he began that work of sanitary reform for which his name will ever be honoured and famous. In 1848 the City of London Officership of Health was in- stituted, and he was appointed thereto, remaining in it until he entered the service of the Government as Medical Officer to the Local Government Board seven years later. He continued in the service of Government until 1876. The lay mind can scarcely estimate the stupendous im- portance to civilisation and humanity of Simon's pioneer work. The wide-reaching sanitary legislation of 1848 might have remained a dead-letter but for the practi- cal shape into which he of all others put it. It may be briefly stated that he drained the City, and rendered it healthy, abolish- ing the pernicious, and till then existent, system of central cesspools under houses, abolishing intra-mural slaughter-houses and other malodorous trade establish- ments, and actively crusading against smoke, intra-mural graveyards, Thames pollution, impure water, overcrowded dwellings, and a number of other similar nuisances. The reports written by him at this time to the City Commissioners of Sewers bear abundant testimony to his activity. Cholera threatening London at the time of his appointment, his conduct of this novel post was naturally the object of public scrutiny. The disease visited Eng- land in 1848-49, and in his report for that year he stated the facts and lessons of the visitation. Again in 1853 he foretold a return of the epidemic, and in 1854 re- corded his experience of its severity. In the report of 1853 he laid particular stress on the fact that London was still left with- out comprehensive sanitary legislation. In the long run these reports led to much valuable legislation, and to a healthy revolution of public opinion, hitherto in- different to hygienic considerations, espe- cially as they affected the poor masses of the community. The Central Medical Officership, created in 1855, was held by the subject of our memoir for twenty- one years. From 1855 to 1858 the office was attached to the General Board of Health, which was superseded by the epoch-making Public Health Act of 1858. From 1858 to 1871 the office was under the Privy Council, and from 1871 to 1876 it was in great part detached from the Privy Council and under the Local Gov- ernment Board created in 1871. During this latter long tenure of office, Sir John Simon's work was of the most important and wide-reaching nature. His " Reports to the Privy Council " are its best monu- ment and record. They, of course, deal with a variety of subjects, more especially with vaccination. The report of 1857 treats comprehensively of this subject, and is a defence of Jenner's discovery, drawn from vast stores of material. It may be called the standard defence of vaccination, and formed part of the counter-evidence successfully employed in Mr. Forster's Select Committee of 1871, to silence the anti-vaccinationists, who, in an age less swayed by semi-educated people, hysterical persons, and fanatics than the present, had nevertheless begun to make their voices heard. To enumer- ate the full details of Sir John Simon's official career would be to write a history of hygienic reform during the last fifty years. Some idea, however, of the esteem in which a grateful nation and admiring circle of co-workers and contemporaries have held him may be gained from a per- usal of his list of honours. In 1844 he was made an Hon. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Eng., his name occurring in the second batch of Fellows, appointed by the Council in accordance with their then novel powers. He is therefore, with Sir James Paget, Mr. Image and others, one of the eight surviving Fellows of the 1843 and 1844 appointments. From 1868 to 1880 he was a member of Council, was Vice-President in 1876-78, and President in 1878-79. Early in 1845 he was elected F.R.S., and in 1879-80 was one of the Vice- Presidents of the Royal Society. He has been Vice-President of the Medico-Chirur- gical and Clinical Societies, and President of the Medical Teachers' Association and of the Pathological Society. He is Hon. Member of the Pathological and Clinical Societies. In 1868 Oxford University con- ferred upon him the Hon. D.C.L. ; in 1872 he was made an Hon. Med. Chir. Doctor of the University of Munich ; in 1880 an Hon. LL.D. of the University of Cam- bridge ; in 1882 an Hon. LL.D. of the University of Edinburgh, and in 1887 an Hon. M.D. of the University of Dublin. He was created K.C.B. in 1887, at the time of the first Jubilee. He has sat on many Royal Commissions, and has attended many congresses at home and abroad. In SIMPSON 1003 1853-54 lie was a member of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Causes of Cholera in Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gateshead, and Tynemouth ; in 1854-55 a member of Sir Benjamin Hall's Medical Council ; and in 1881 a member of the Royal Commission to inquire into the constitution of the medical profession. Sir John Simon's works include " Reports on the Sanitary State and Requirements of the City of London," 1848-55, and on those of the "People of England," 1855-77 ; "Obser- vations on Medical Education," being a letter addressed to the President of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1842 ; " Com- parative Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland," Phil. Trans., 1844; "Physiological Essay on the Thymus Gland," 1845 ; " Sub-acute Inflammation of the Kidney," Med. Chir. Trans., 1847 ; " The Aims and Philosophi- cal Method of Pathological Research," 1847 ; " General Pathology," 1850 ; " In- troduction to Reprint of City Sanitary Reports," 1854; "English Sanitary In- stitutions," 2nd edit., 1897. He has also edited (1865) the "Spiritual Philosophy" of his old master, Joseph Henry Green. He has contributed to Holmes's " System of Surgery "the article on " Inflammation," and to Quain's " Dictionary of Medicine " that on "Contagion." In the "Life of Lord Sherbrooke," 1893, the " In Memo- riam " is from his pen, as also is an article on "Early Self-Government " in the Nine- teenth Century, 1894. In July 1848 be married Jane, daughter of Matthew Dela- val O'Meara, who had served with distinc- tion as Commissary-General in the Penin- sular war, and his wife, a daughter of the Rev. John Beamish, Rector of Ross-Car- berry, and Castletown-Berehaven, co. Cork. Addresses : 40 Kensington Square, W. ; and Athenaeum. SIMPSON, Maxwell, M.D., LL.D., Hon. D.Sc, F.R.S., born in 1815, in the city of Armagh, Ireland, is the youngest and ninth child of the late Thomas Simp- son, Esq., of Beechhill, co. Armagh, and was educated at Newry School, and Trinity College, Dublin, and is A.B. and M.B. of Dublin University. The degree of M.D. {honoris causd) was conferred on him by the Dublin University in 1864 ; and that of LL.D. (honoris causd) in 1878 ; and the degree of Hon. D.Sc. by the Queen's Uni- versity in 1880. He was appointed Exa- miner in Materia Medica in the Queen's University in 1869, and Professor of Chem- istry in Queen's College, Cork, in 1872. He is the author of papers on several chemical researches, which appeared in the Comptes Rendus, the Annalen dcr Chimie, and the Proceedings and Transac- tions of the Royal Society, and were after- wards copied into most of the scientific journals in Europe. The following is a list of some of the most important of the papers: "On Two New Methods for the Determination of Nitrogen in Organic and Inorganic Compounds," " Sur une Base nouvelle obtenue par Taction de l'Am- moniaque sur le Tribromure d'Allyle," "On the Action of Acids on Glycol," "On the Synthesis of Succinic and Pyrotartaric Acids," "On the Action of Chloride of Iodine on Iodide of Ethylene and Propy- lene Gas," " On the Synthesis of Tribasic Acids." Dr. Maxwell Simpson became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1862 ; is Honorary Fellow of the King and Queen's College of Physicians ; a Fellow of the Chemical Society, and of the Institute of Chemistry. He was a member of the Senate of the Queen's University ; and, on its extinction, became a Fellow of the Royal University of Ireland. At the meeting of the British Association in Dublin, Dr. Simpson acted as President of the Chemical Section. In the year 1845 he married Mary, second daugh- ter of Samuel Martin, Esq., of Long- borne, co. Down, and sister of the late John Martin, member for co. Meath. Ad- dress : 9 Barton Street, West Kensing- ton, W. SIMPSON, William, R.I., artist, was born at Glasgow, Oct. 28, 1823. He began life as an architect, and turned from that to art. He went through the war in the Crimea as an artist, and published sketches in two volumes, entitled "Campaign in the East," 1854-55. Mr. Simpson travelled in India, including the Himalayas and Tibet, from 1859 to 1862. The result was published in a work entitled " India, Ancient and Modern," 1867. Since 1866 he has travelled in Russia, Palestine, Abyssinia, China, Japan, America, India, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, the last being with the Afghan Boundary Com- mission, and other places as special artist of the Illustrated London Netos, which he has represented as special artist since 1860. In addition to the works already mentioned, he has published: "Meeting the Sun ; a Journey all Round the World," 1873; "Shikare and Tamasha," 1876; "Photographs from Drawings of the Prince of Wales's Visit to India," " Pic- turesque People," 1876; "The Buddhist Praying - Wheel," 1896 ; and numerous archaeological papers at various times. Mr. Simpson is a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours ; an Hon. Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects ; a member of the Royal Asiatic Society ; and a Fellow of the Royal Geographical and other societies. Address : 19 Church Road, Willesden, N.W. 1004 SIMS — SINCLAIE SIMS, George Robert, was born in London, Sept. 2, 1847, and educated at Hanwell College, and afterwards at Bonn. He first joined the staff of Fun on the death of Tom Hood the younger in 1874 ; and the Weekly Dispatch the same year. Since 1877 he has been a contributor to the Referee under the pseudonym of "Dagonet." In that newspaper his " Dagonet Ballads " first appeared. To the Dispatch Mr. Sims contributed " Social Kaleidoscope," " Three Brass Balls," and "Theatre of Life." These have been translated into German, French, and Danish. He edited One and All in 1879. He produced his first play, "Crutch and Toothpick," at the Royalty Theatre in April 1879 ; " Mother - in - Law," and " Member for Slocum," 1881. These were followed by "The Gay City," and "Half- Way House," " The Lights o' London," Princess's, Sept. 10, 1881, which ran nearly 260 nights. It was followed by "The Eomany Rye," and "The Merry Duchess," a comic opera. " In the Ranks " (of which Mr. Sims was part author) was produced at the Adelphi in 1883, and ran 457 consecutive nights. His other plays are : " The Golden Ring," 1883 ; and "Jack in the Box " and " The Harbour Lights," written in collaboration, in 1885, ran for 513 consecutive nights. Mr. Sims has since written in collabora- tion the following plays : " The Golden Ladder," produced at the Globe Theatre in 1887 ; " The Silver Falls " and " London Day by Day," at the Adelphi; "Master and Man," at the Princess's ; and "Faust Up to Date," a burlesque, at the Gaiety. In 1893 he brought out, in conjunction with Mr. Cecil Raleigh, " Little Christo- pher Columbus," a burlesque opera, which has had a long run. The novels he has published include "Rogues and Vaga- bonds," " The Ring o' Bells," " Memoirs of Mary Jane," "Mary Jane Married," " Tales of To-day," " Dramas of Life," and "The Case of George Candlemas" ; and his revelations of the condition of the poor in "How the Poor Live," and "Horrible London," a series of letters to the Daily News, helped to focus public attention on the housing of the working-classes, and to bring about the Royal Commission. Among Mr. Sims's later literary works may be men- tioned : " Dramas of Life," 1890; "Dago- net Ditties," and "Tinkletop's Crime, and other Tales," 1891 ; "In the Harbour" (a poem), 1892 ; " My Two Wives, and other Stories," "Memoirs of a Landlady," 1894 ; "Scenes from the Show," 1895; "The Ten Commandments " ( Weekly Dispatch), 1896 ; " As it was in the Beginning " ( Weekly Dispatch), 1897. His recent drama- tic works include " The English Rose," "The Trumpet Call," "The Lights of Home," and "The White Rose," in colla- boration with Robert Buchanan, and pro- duced at the Adelphi ; " The Star of India," and "The Two Little Vagabonds," at the Princess's Theatre in 1895 and 1896-97 respectively; and "When the Lamps are Lighted," 1897. His comedies include : "The Grey Mare," " The Guards- man," Court Theatre, 1892; and "My Innocent Boy," Royalty Theatre, May 1898. His musical pieces include "Car- men Up to Data," Gaiety, 1890; "Blue- Eyed Susan," Prince of Wales Theatre, 1892; "Dandy Dick Whittington," 1895; and "The Dandy Fifth," Prince of Wales Theatre, Birmingham, April 11, 1898; "The Gipsy Earl," Adelphi, 1898, &c. Address : Clarence Terrace, Regent's Park. SINCLAIR, The Venerable "William Macdonald, D.D., Archdeacon of London and Canon of St. Paul's, eldest surviving son of the Rev. William Sinclair, Pre- bendary of Chichester and Rector of Pul- borough (fifth son of the Right Hon. Sir John Sinclair, Bart., of Thurso Castle, Caithness), was born June 3, 1850, at Bellevue House, Leeds. He was educated at Repton School, obtained a scholarship at Balliol in 1868, and proceeded to the degrees of B.A. in 1872, M.A. in 1873, B.D. in 1888, and D.D. in 1892. In 1872 he was also President of the Oxford Union Society. He was ordained deacon and priest by the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, and was chaplain and secretary to Bishop Jackson of London from 1877 to 1880 ; Vicar of St. Stephen's, Westminster, from 1880 to 1890 ; member of the London School Board from 1885 to 1888 ; Examin- ing Chaplain to Bishop Jackson, Bishop Temple, and Bishop Creighton of London ; Hon. Chaplain to the Queen in 1889, Chaplain-in-Ordinary in 1895, Archdeacon of London and Canon of St. Paul's in 1889. The Archdeaconry of London com- prises the City and the districts of East and North London, with a population of 1,442,779, and 251 parishes. Among his theological works are the following : " The Psalms in the Original Rhythm " (Hatch- ards) ; ' ' Commentary on the Epistles of St. John" (Cassells) ; "Lessons on the Gospel of St. John " (Sunday School Insti- tute) ; " The Servant of Christ " (Elliot Stock); "The Christian's Influence" (Nisbet) ; " Words to the Laity " (Nisbet) ; " Christ and our Times " (Isbister) ; " Sim- plicity in Christ" (Constable) ; "The New Law" (Nisbet); and "Chapters in the Christian Life." He has also published several Charges : " The Condition of the People," " The Church, Invisible, Visible, Catholic, National," "The English Church and the Canon Law," "Higher Reli- SKEAT 1005 gious Education," "The Ancient British Churches," and "The Churches of the East." He declines to identify himself with any party in the Church, while believ- ing the settlement of the Reformation to be as near as circumstances would admit to the standard of the Holy Scriptures and the Primitive Church of the first three centuries both in doctrine and practice. He has always pursued a policy of concilia- tion both within and without the Church of England. He has shown that he thinks that the meeting of the two great parties in Church congresses, diocesan confer- ences, and clerical meetings, is likely to make each understand the other better, and do more justice to the other's motives. He has also shown that he thinks it pos- sible for even the strictest Churchman to meet on friendly and courteous terms with Nonconformists without the smallest sac- rifice of principle. In educational matters he has always desired that the children in Board Schools should have as much re- ligious instruction and training as the law will admit ; but this, he thinks, is more likely to be secured by coming to an under- standing with the vast body of Noncon- formists than by triennial contests on the subject. He thinks that if the clergy would throw themselves heartily and sym- pathetically into School Board manage- ment, they would find the Nonconformists ready to co-operate with them. He is at the same time a warm and steady sup- porter of the voluntary schools, as affording the best system of management, and main- taining the highest standard and security in religious teaching. With regard to parliamentary and municipal politics, he is understood to maintain that the clergy act most wisely in keeping out of all party combinations and associations, giving, like the Bishops in the House of Lords, a general support, where possible, to the Queen's Government. He has always shown great interest in institutions for young men, and in the various associations of Scotsmen in London, being President of the London Caithness Association, Chaplain of the Royal Scottish Corporation, of the Royal Caledonian Asylum, of the Highland Society of London, and of the Gaelic Society. He also believes that Free- masonry is thoroughly in accordance with the principles of Christianity, and does much to soften party and class dis- tinctions, and he is a Past Grand Chaplain of England. He has carried out the tradi- tions of his family in joining constantly in philanthropic and social work, and has desired to prove his sympathy with the working-classes by joining the Foresters, the Oddfellows, and other friendly so- cieties. Addresses : The Chapter House, St. Paul's Cathedral, E. C. ; and Athenajum. SKEAT, Professor the Rev. Walter William, Litt. D., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D., born in London, Nov. 21, 1835, was edu- cated at King's College School ; at Sir R. Cholmeley's School, Highgate ; and at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1858, being fourteenth Wrangler. He was elected Fellow of his College in July 1860 ; became Curate of East Dereham, Norfolk, in December 1860 ; Curate of Godalming, Surrey, in December 1862 ; and Mathematical Lecturer at Christ's College in October 1864. He was elected to the recently founded Erlington and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo- Saxon at Cambridge, May 15, 1878 ; and re-elected to a Fellowship at Christ's Col- lege in January 1883. Dr. Skeat, who has chiefly devoted his attention to early English literature and English etymology, has published " The Songs and Ballads of Uhland, translated from the German," 1864 ; ' : A Tale of Ludlow Castle : a Poem," 1866 ; and " A Mceso-Gothic Glossary," printed by the Philological Society, 1868. For the Early EDglish Text Society he has edited " Lancelot of the Laik : a Scotch Metrical Romance," 1865; "Parallel Extracts from twenty- nine MSS. of Piers the Plowman," 1866 ; " The Romans of Partenay or Lusignen ; otherwise known as the Tales of Melusine," 1866 ; " The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman," five parts, 1867-84 ; " Piers the Plowman's Crede," 1867 ; " The Romance of William of Palerne ; or William and the Werwolf," 1868; "The Lay of Havelok the Dane," 1868; "The Bruce ; by Master John Barbour," four parts, 1870-89 ; " Joseph of Arimathea ; or the Romance of the Saint Graal, or Holy Grail ; with other Lives of Joseph of Arimathea," 1871; "Chaucer's Treatise on the Astrolabe " ; " The Wars of Alex- ander," 1886 ; "iElfric's Lives of Saints," four parts, 1882-98 ; &c. In a new edi- tion of Chatterton's Poems, he has finally settled the question of the authenticity of the so-called Rowley Poems, by showing the precise sources whence Chatterton obtained the old words which abound in them. Dr. Skeat was chosen by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press to continue and complete the work of the well-known Anglo-Saxon scholar, the late J. M. Kemble, who died before his edition of the Anglo-Saxon Gospels was finished. In 1873, with the help of others, Dr. Skeat started the English Dialect Society, for the record and preservation of provincial English words, of which Society he was the Director for four years, and afterwards President. In the course of 1873 and 1874 six works were published for this Society, five of which were edited by him. The Society lasted for twenty-four years- 1006 SKRINE — SLADEN (1873-96), during which time it issued eighty publications, upon which the English Dialect Dictionary is mainly founded. For the Oxford Press he has edited several of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, a portion of " Piers the Plowman," and two volumes of Specimens of English Literature, one of them in conjunction with Dr. Morris ; also, for the same press, the "Gospel of St. Mark in Gothic," an "Etymological English Dictionary" (his ■chief work), and an abridgment of the same, entitled a "Concise Etymological Dictionary " ; besides two vols, on the Principles of English Etymology. In 1886 he completed a two-volume edition of "Piers the Plowman," showing all three texts, with notes, &c. ; and, in 1897, a new edition of Chaucer's Works in seven volumes. A Scottish Text Society having been founded in 1883, Dr. Skeat edited the Society's first volume, viz., an edition ■of the King's Quair, by King James the First of Scotland ; and, subsequently, a reprint of his edition of Barbour's Bruce. In 1895 he edited " The Student's Chaucer," in one volume ; and in 1896 reprinted numerous short articles in a work entitled "A Student's Pastime." His various works have greatly contributed to the increased interest which is now taken in the intelli- gent study of our older literature. Ad- dress : 2 Salisbury Villas, Cambridge. SKRINE, Rev. John Huntley, M.A., Canon of St. Ninian's, Perth, War- den of Trinity College, Glenalmond, was born April 3, 1 848, and is the third son of H. D. Skrine of Warleigh Manor, Somerset. He was educated at Uppingham and at Ox- ford, where he became a Scholar of C.C.C. in 1867 ; took a first class in Classical Mods, andin "Greats," and won the Newdi- gate Prize Poem, " Margaret of Anjou," in 1870. He was elected Fellow of Merton in 1871, and graduated M.A. in 1874. He was ordained Deacon in 1874 and Priest in 1876 (Oxon.). In 1873 he became Assistant- Master at Uppingham under his old Head- master, Edward Thring, with whom he shared the migration of the school to Borth, N. Wales, in 1876-77. of which he -wrote the story " Uppingham-by-the-Sea." He left Uppingham at the end of 1887, on the death of Edward Thring, and became Warden of Trinity College, Glenalmond, Perthshire. The school has extended during his tenure, rising in numbers from 60 to 150, and acquiring further buildings and land. On Oct. 1, 1891, he celebrated the jubilee of the foundation, at which were present, by an interesting conjunc- ture, the survivor of the founders, William Ewart Gladstone ; the first Warden, Dr. Wordsworth, Bishop of St. Andrews ; and the first boy who had entered the school, the Marquis of Lothian. In 1897 he was appointed Canon of St. Columba in St. Ninian's, Perth, by the Bishop of St. Andrews. His published works are : " A Memory of Edward Thring," 1889 " Columba," a dramatic poem, 1893 " Joan the Maid,'' a dramatic poem, 1895 "Songs of the Maid and other Lyrics,' 1896 ; "A Goodly Heritage " (sermons at Glenalmond), 1897, with some smaller volumes. In 1878 he married Mary, daughter of the Rev. G. M. Tooke. Ad- dress : Trinity College, Glenalmond, Perth. SLADE, "Wyndham, J. P., is the sixth son of General Sir John Slade, Bart., of Montys Court, Somerset, and was born on Aug. 27, 1826. He was educated at Eton, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1848. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in. 1850, was Counsel for the Post Office at the Central Criminal Court, and acted as a revising barrister from 1865 to 1877. Appointed Recorder of Penzance in 1876, he became, in the following year, Police Magistrate at the Greenwich Court, and was transferred to the Police Court at Southwark in 1879. Mr. Slade was married in 1863 to Cicely, daughter of Sir Richard Digby Neave, Bart. Address : 88 Chester Square, S.W. SLADEN, Douglas (Brooke Wheel- ton), B.A., LL.B., editor of "Who's Who," born at 29 Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, W., Feb. 5, 1856, is elder son of Douglas Brooke Sladen of Phillimore Lodge, Ken- sington, W. , and Mary, daughter of John Wheelton, of 59 Gloucester Terrace, W., and Meopham Bank, Kent, who was first Chairman of the London and County Bank, and Sheriff of London, 1840. Mr. Wheelton was imprisoned by the House of Commons for levying dis- tress in the famous Stockdale v. Han- sard Case. He is a nephew of the late Sir Charles Sladen, K.C.M.G., for many years Leader of of the Conservative party in Victoria. Mr. Sladen was educated at Temple Grove, East Sheen ; at Cheltenham College and Trinity College, Oxford, where he took open classical Scholarships, and the University of Melbourne, Australia ; is B.A. Oxford, and B.A., LL.D. Mel- bourne ; took a first class in Modern History at Oxford, and was the first holder of the Chair of History in the University of Sydney, N.S.W. He is editor of " Who's Who " ; principal critic of the Queen ; Hon. Secretary of the Authors' Club ; Joint Hon. Secretary of the New Vagabond Club. He is author of "Frithjof and Ingebjorg," 1882; "Aus- tralian Lyrics," 1882 ; " A Poetry of Exiles," 1883; "A Summer Christmas," SLATIN PACHA — SMILES 1007 1884 ; " In Cornwall and Across the Sea," 1885 ; " Edward the Black Prince," 1886 ; " The Spanish Armada," 1888 ; "Lester the Loyalist," 1890; "The Japs at Home," 1892 ; " On the Cars and off," 1895 ; " A Japanese Marriage," 1895 ; " Brittany for Britons," 1896 ; " Trin- colox," and "The Admiral," 1898, the last-mentioned a work in defence of Nelson and Lady Hamilton. He has edited " Australian Ballads and Rhymes," 1888 ; " A Century of Australian Song," 1888 ; "Australian Poets," 1888 ; "Younger American Poets," 1891; "Who's Who," 1897-98-99. He won the Spencer Cup at Wimbledon in 1874. He has spent much time in Italy, Sicily, Greece, and Japan, and lived four years in Australia and two in Canada and the United States. Ad- dress : 32 and 34 Addison Mansions, Kensington, W. SLATIN PACHA, Sir Rudolf C, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.V.O., was born in Vienna in 1860, and having entered the Austrian army, visited the Soudan in 1876. He returned to take part in the war against Turkey, but at the end of 1878 General Gordon offered him a position at Khartoum. Soon after he was appointed Governor of Darfur, and tried to stem the tide of Mahdism which had arisen in Kordofan. He fought twenty-seven battles, and lost the greater part of his troops and ammuni- tion. Being cut off from all communica- tion with Khartoum and El Obeid, and his men being disaffected, he was forced to surrender. The Mahdi placed him in chains, and he was subjected to the greatest privations until, after the fall of Khartoum and the death of the Mahdi in June 1885, he was released by the Khalifa, who made him one of his body-guard. Being always under his eye, escape was exceedingly difficult, and he failed in nine attempts. But in 1895, through the efforts of Sir Francis Wingate, of the Egyptian Intelligence Department, he succeeded in eluding his janitors, after having been eleven years in close captivity. After his escape to Egypt he returned to Europe, but soon went back as one of the chief officers in the Egyptian Intelligence De- partment. As a Colonel in the Egyptian army he accompanied the British force through the successive campaigns of Don- gola, the Atbara, and Omdurman, and his knowledge of the Dervish dispositions was invaluable. He has written a vivid de- scription of his experiences, entitled " Fire and Sword in the Soudan," which was published in 1896. He was created C.B. in 1895, and K.C.M.G., 1898. He is also M.V.O. (1896). The Emperor Francis Joseph conferred upon him the title of Hitter (1899). SMEATON, Oliphant. Sec Smeaton, William Henby Oliphant. SMEATON, William Henry Oli- phant, "Oliphant Smeaton," joint-editor of the Famous Scots Series, was born at Aberdeen, on Oct. 24, 1856, and is the youngest son of the late Rev. Prof. Smeaton, D.D. , and great-grandnephew of the builder of the Eddystone. He was educated at the Royal High School, Edin- burgh, and at Edinburgh University. He studied for the Church, but did not enter it. In 1878 he went out to New Zealand, and was for some years Principal of Whangarei High School. In 1883 he be- came leader-writer and dramatic critic on the Daily Telegraph, Melbourne, and from 1888 to 1893 was editor of the Daily Northern Argus, Queensland. In 1893 he returned to England, where he has been editor of the Liberal, and has written con- stantly in home, colonial, and American journals. His works include : " By Adverse Winds," 1895; "Allan Ramsay," 1896; "Smollett," 1897; "William Dunbar and His Times," and "Memorable Edinburgh Houses," 1898; "A Mystery of the Paci- fic," " English Satires and Satirists" (War- wick Library), 1899, &c. Address: 37 Mansion-House Road, Edinburgh. SMILES, Samuel, LL.D., was born at Haddington, Scotland, on Dec. 23, 1812. His father died of cholera in 1830, and his mother was left to educate eleven chil- dren. He was educated for the medical profession, and practised for some time as a surgeon at Haddington ; but abandoning medicine, be succeeded the late Mr. Robert Nicoll as editor of the Leeds Times. He became, in 1845, secretary of the Leeds and Thirsk Railway, and after ten years (on the amalgamation of the railway with the North-Eastern) he transferred his ser- vices, at the end of 1854, to the South- Eastern Railway, from which he retired in 1866. The University of Edinburgh con- ferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1878. He has written, " Physical Education ; or, Nurture and Management of Children," 1838 ; " History of Ireland," published while he was at Leeds ; "Rail- way Property, its Conditions and Pros- pects," 1849; "Life of George Stephen- son," 1857, of which the fifth edition appeared in 1858 ; " Self-Help ; with Illus- trations of Character and Conduct," 1859 ; " Workmen's Earnings, Strikes, and Wages," and " Lives of Engineers, with an account of their works," 1861 ; " Industrial Biography," 1863 ; " Lives of Boulton and Watt," 1865; "The Huguenots: their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland," 1868, 3rd edit., 1008 SMITH 1869 ; " Character," a companion volume to "Self-Help," 1871; "The Huguenots in France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes : with a Visit to the Country of the Vaudois," 1874 ; "Life of a Scotch Naturalist," 1876; "George Moore, Merchant and Philanthropist," 1878 ; "Life of Robert Dick (Baker of Thurso), Geolo- gist and Botanist," 1878 ; " Duty, with illustrations of Courage, Patience, and En- durance," 1880; "Men of Invention and Industry," 1884; "Life and Labour; or Characteristics of Men of Industry, Cul- ture, and Genius"; "Jasmin: Barber, Poet, Philanthropist," 1891; "Life of Josiah Wedgwood"; "Life of George Moore." He also edited the Autobiography of Mr. James Nasmyth, 1883, and has been a constant contributor to the Quarterly Re- view and other periodicals. In 1897 the King of Servia presented him with the Knight Commander's Cross of the Royal Order of St. Sava in appreciation of his literary work. Address : 8 Pembroke Gar- dens, Kensington, W. SMITH, The Bight Hon. Sir Archi- bald Levin, Lord Justice of Appeal, was born in 1836, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1860. He was Junior Counsel of the Treasury from 1863 to 1868, and from 1879 to 1883, when he was elevated to the Bench as a Judge of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. In 1888 he was one of the three Judges appointed on the Parnell Commission. In 1893 he was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal. In 1867 he married Isabel, a daughter of J. C. Fletcher. Address : Salt Hill, Chichester ; and 66 Cadogan Square, S.W. SMITH, Benjamin Leigh, was born March 12, 1828, and educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated as a Wrangler in 1852. He was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1856. Mr. Smith has made five voyages to the Arctic regions. He visited them first in 1871, in the Samson, when he sailed to the north-east of Spitsbergen ; reached latitude 81° 24', and added greatly to the knowledge of land in that direction ; secondly, in 1872, in the Samson, to the north of Spitsbergen ; thirdly, in 1873, with the Diana steamer and Samson, again to Spitzbergen, when he relieved the Swedish Expedition, for which he received the Order of the North Star from the King of Sweden. In these three voyages he took deep-sea tempera- tures, which added much to the know- ledge of the Gulf Stream, and established the fact of warm under-currents flowing beneath surface-water of a much lower temperature. In 1880 he built the steamer Eira, and again went north. After at- tempting to reach the east coast of Green- land, and to pass to the north-east of Spitzbergen, he returned to the south of Spitzbergen ; and steaming east, and then north, through much ice, reached Franz- Josef Land, on August 14 ; then, going to the west, he discovered many islands, and over 200 miles of new coast-line. In 1881 he again started in the Eira for Franz- Josef Land, which he reached on July 24, but unfortunately the Eira was crushed in the ice on August 21, and sank before many stores were saved. The crew built a hut of turf and stones, where they win- tered, living mostly on bears and walrus. On June 21, 1882, they left in four boats, and reached Nova Zembla on August 2. The next day they fell in with the WUlem Barents and the Hope, which had been sent to their relief, and they arrived at Aber- deen on board the Hope on August 20. Mr. Smith received a Gold Medal of the Paris Geographical Society in 1880 ; and a Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1881. SMITH, Sir Cecil Clementi, G.C.M.G., was born in London, Dec. 23, 1840, and is the son of the Rev. John Smith, M.A., and of Cecilia, daughter of the celebrated, composer, Muzio Clementi. He was edu- cated at St. Paul's School, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; B.A. 1862, M.A. 1868. He entered the Colonial Civil Service on appointment, after competitive examination, as a Student Interpreter,. Hong Kong, in 1862 ; filled the office of Police Magistrate, Registrar - General,. Treasurer, and Acting Colonial Secretary in that Colony. In 1878 he was appointed Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settle- ments. From 1884 to 1885 he acted as Governor, and was appointed Lieutenant- Governor and Colonial Secretary, Ceylon, 1885. He was promoted to be Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements in 1881. He was also Governor of Christmas Island, and Governor of the Cocos-Keeling Islands, and was appointed H.M. High Commissioner and Consul- General for Borneo, 1890. He was created C.M.G. 1880, K.C.M.G. 1886, and G.C.M.G. in 1892. He went in 1878 on a special mission to the Government of the Philip- pine Islands to settle certain British marine claims, and received the thanks of H.M. Government. He also received the thanks of H.M. Government for the settle- ment of the " Nisero " case, 1884. He retired on a pension in 1893. He married, in 1868, Teresa, daughter of A. Newcomen, Kirkleatham Hall, Redcar. Address : The-- Garden House, Wheathampstead, Herts. SMITH 1009 SMITH, Charles, M.A., Master of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, was born at Huntingdon on May 11, 1844. He was educated at Sidney Sussex College, and in 1868 stood third Wrangler, and was elected a Fellow of his College, of which he has also been Tutor. He was appointed Master in 1890, and was Vice-Chancellor of the University in 1895-96 and 1896-97. He is a Governor of Eton College. His publications include the popular text-books " Elementary Algebra," 1886, and "Trea- tise on Algebra," 1887, which are to the present generation of schoolboys what " Todhunter" was to their predecessors in the seventies and eighties. He has also published text-books on Conies, Solid Geometry, Geometrical Conies, &c. He married Annie, only daughter of Lieut. E. B. Hopkins, R.N., in 1882. Address: The Lodge, Sidney Sussex College, Cam- bridge. SMITH, Sir Charles Bean Euan. See Euan-Smith, Sik Charles Bean. SMITH, Charles Emory, American political leader, was born at Mansfield, Connecticut, Feb. 18, 1842, and received an academic education at Albany, N.Y., where his parents had removed early in his life. He was graduated from Union College in 1861, and the same year was appointed on the staff of General Roth- bone, where he spent two years in organis- ing volunteers for the army. In 1865 he became editor of the Albany Express, which position he held for five years, acting for a time also as Private Secretary of the Governor of the State of New York. In 1870 he was associate editor of the Albany Journal, and in 1876 its editor-in-chief. In 1880 he was selected as editor-in-chief of the Philadelphia Press. He was chosen Trustee of Union College in 1871, and the Legislature of New York in 1879 elected him a Regent of the University of the State of New York. He was appointed Minister to Russia by President Harrison, and be- came Postmaster-General of the United States, April 21, 1898, under President M'Kinley. SMITH, The Rev. Frederick John. See Jeevis-Smith, The Rev. Fkedebick John. SMITH, George Barnett, was born at Ovenden, near Halifax, Yorkshire, May 17, 1841, and educated at the British Lan- castrian School, Halifax. In March 1864 he came to London for the purpose of pur- suing a journalistic and literary career. He was first engaged on the staff of the Globe newspaper, and afterwards for eight years on that of the Echo. He contributed to the Edinburgh Review articles on " The Works of Thackeray," " Recent Editions of Moli5re," "English Fugitive Poetry," and other subjects. Mr. Smith has con- tributed a great number of literary, critical, and biographical articles to the Cornhill Magazine, and has likewise contributed to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," the Fort- nightly and British Quarterly Reviews, and Eraser's and Macmittan's Magazines. He is also a contributor to the Times and the Saturday Review, and has written many biographical and other articles for the " Dictionary of National Biography, " and the new edition of "Chambers's Encyclo- pedia." His first published work was a vol- ume of poems, 1869 ; followed by " Poets and Novelists," a series of literary studies, 1875; and "Shelley: a Critical Bio- graphy," 1877. In 1879 was published his "Life of Mr. Gladstone." Two years afterwards appeared the companion work, "The Life of Mr. Bright." Mr. Barnett Smith has edited, with introductions and notes, a work entitled " Illustrated British Ballads," in two volumes. He is also the author of " The Prime Ministers of Queen Victoria," and of "The Life of Queen Victoria" ; likewise "Victor Hugo; His Life and Work" ; this appeared in 1885 ; and his " William I. and the German Em- pire " in 1887. Mr. Barnett Smith is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical, Royal Historical, and other societies. In 1892 his most important work was published in two large octavo volumes, " History of the English Parliament, together with an Account of the Parliaments of Scotland and Ireland." This standard work occu- pied five years in preparation. Among the writer's most recent volumes are : " Emi- nent Christian Workers," a Biography of Ferdinand de Lesseps, and a volume of Nineteenth - Century Studies, entitled "Women of Renown." In 1896-97 he wrote two volumes on "The United States," and one volume on "Canada," for a series of works on "The Romance of Colonisation," and in 1898, "The Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone." Mr. Barnett Smith is known as an artist, and has published a number of etchings. Owing to prolonged ill-health he now re- sides permanently at Argyle Lodge, Surrey Road, Bournemouth. SMITH, George Vance, B.A., Philos. and Theol. Doct., was educated for the Nonconformist ministry at Manchester College, York, and was afterwards Pro- fessor of Theology in the same College, established of late years at Oxford. Sub- sequently he was minister of St. Saviour- gate Chapel, York, and later, for twelve years, terminating in 1888, Principal of 3 S 1010 SMITH the Presbyterian College, Carmarthen. He is the author of various works, including "The Prophecies relating to Nineveh and the Assyrians," from the Hebrew, with notes, &c, 1857 ; " The Prophets and their Interpreters," 1878; "Texts and Margins of the Eevised New Testament affecting Theological Doctrines," 1881 ; "Eternal Punishment," in reply to Dr. Pusey, 6th edit., 1894; "The Bible, and its Theo- logy," enlarged, 1892; "The Spirit and the Word of Christ," 2nd edit., 1874 ; "Chapters on Job for Young. Readers," 1887; is also joint-author of "The Holy Scriptures of the Old Covenant, in a Re- vised Translation," 3 vols., 8vo, 1864, and is the writer of various articles in the Nineteenth Century and other periodicals. He was a member of the company for the revision of the New Testament from the formation of the company in May 1870, till the conclusion of the work. Address : Bath. SMITH, Colonel Sir Gerard, K.C.M.G., Governor of West Australia, son of M. T. Smith, Esq., M.P., was born in 1839, in London, and at the age of eighteen entered the army as ensign of the Scotch Fusiliers. He served in Canada with the expedition sent out in conse- quence of the seizure of Mason and Slidell by the Americans. He retired from the army with the rank of Lieut.-Colonel in 1874, and joined his father's business, of Smith and Wilberforce, bankers, of Hull. In 1879 he suggested the idea of the Hull and Barnsley Railway in order to break down the North-Eastern monopoly, and became its first Chairman. He entered political life in 1883 as Liberal member for High Wycombe, but with the introduction of the Home Rule Bill he became a Unionist. He was appointed to his present post in 1895. He married Chatelaine, daughter of Canon Hamilton, in 1871. Ad- dresses : Tranby Lodge, Hull ; Govern- ment House, Perth, W. Australia. SMITH, Professor Gold-win, D.C.L., LL.D. , eldest son of Richard Smith, M.D., was born at Reading, Berkshire, Aug. 13, 1823, and educated at Eton and Oxford. He gained in 1842 the Hertford Scholar- ship, and in 1845 that founded by Dean Ireland. In the latter year he graduated B.A. as first class in Classics, and subse- quently he proceeded to the degree of M.A. He gained the Chancellor's prizes for Latin Verse, 1845 ; for the Latin Essay, 1846; and for the English Essay, 1847. In 1847 he was elected a Fellow of Uni- versity College ; and in the same year he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, but he has never practised law. He is also an Honorary Fellow of Oriel College. In 1850 he was appointed by the Govern- ment Assistant- Secretary of the Royal Commission on the State of the University of Oxford. He was also Secretary to the second Oxford Commission, and was a member of the Popular Education Com- mission appointed in 1858. The same year he was appointed to the Regius Professor- ship of Modern History at Oxford, and he held that chair till 1866. Prof. Goldwin Smith was a prominent champion of the North during the Civil War, when he wrote "Does the Bible sanction American Slavery ? " 1863 ; " On the Morality of the Emancipation Proclamation," 1863 ; and other pamphlets on the same subject. In 1864 he visited the United States on a lecturing tour. He met with an enthu- siastic reception, and the Brown University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. On his return he published "England and America," 1865, and "The Civil War in America," 1866. In Novem- ber 1868, having resigned his chair at Ox- ford, he settled in the United States as Professor of English and Constitutional History in the Cornell University at Ithaca, New York. This post he occupied till 1871, when he removed to Canada, where he was for a time a member of the Senate of the University of Toronto. He was editor of the Canadian Monthly, 1872-74, and he subsequently founded the Week and the Bystander ; the publication of the latter was discontinued in 1890. In addition to the works mentioned above, he is the author of " Canada and the Canadian Question," 1891 ; " History of the United States," 1894; "Irish History and Irish Character," "Three English Statesmen," "The Empire," "Lectures on the Study of History," "The Reorganisation of the University of Orford," " A Plea for the Abolition of Tests," "Rational Religion, and Rationalistic Objections," "Essays on Questions of the Day," "A Trip to Eng- land," " Oxford and her Colleges," "Wil- liam Lloyd Garrison," and a number of other works indicating an immense range of culture, and various lectures and letters in the Daily News, and letters in the Times, some of the most recent of which deal at length with Cobdenism (December 1898) and Party Government. The degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him by Oxford in 1882. He married Harriett S. M. Boulton, whose maiden name was Dixon. Address : The Grange, Toronto. SMITH, Lieut.-Colonel Sir Henry, K.C.B., is the son of the Rev. George Smith, D.D., of Edinburgh, and was born in 1835. He filled the office of Chief Superintendent of Police in the City of London from 1885 to 1890, and in the latter year he was appointed Commissioner SMITH 1011 of Police in the City. He was created a K.C.B. in 1897. Addresses : 26 Old Jewry, E.C. ; and 42 Seymour Street, W. SMITH, Horace, is the son of the late Kobert Smith, of London, and was born in London on Nov. 18, 1836. He was educated privately, at Highgate Grammar School, King's College, London, and Tri- nity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. with Mathematical Honours. Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1862, he became Counsel to the Mint, was a revising barrister on the Midland Circuit, and acted as Secretary to the Oxford Bribery Commission. In 1881 he was ap- pointed Recorder of Lincoln, and in 1888 became a Metropolitan Police Magistrate at the Clerkenwell Court. Mr. Horace Smith is the author of "A Treatise on Landlord and Tenant, and Negligence " ; he has edited "Addison on Contracts," "Addison on Torts," " Roscoe's Criminal Evidence," "Russell on Crimes," and he has published: A volume of "Poems," 1860; "Poems," 1890; "Interludes," 1892; "Interludes" (2nd series), 1894; and "Poems," 1897. Address: Ivy Bank, Beckenham. SMITH, Hugh Colin, Governor of the Bank of England, was born in 1836, and is the third son of John Abel Smith, M.P., of Dale Park, Sussex. He became Governor of the Bank of England in 1897. He married, in 1865, a daughter of Henry J. Acheane, M.P. Address : 71 Prince's Gate, S.W. &c. SMITH, The Rev. Isaac Gregory, M.A., Hon. LL.D., Rector of Great Shef- ford, Berks, was born Nov. 21, 1826, at Manchester, being the fourth son of the Rev. Jeremiah Smith, D.D., High Master of the Free Grammar School, and Rector of St. Anne's, Manchester. He was edu- cated at Rugby and Trinity College, Ox- ford ; was elected Hertford University Scholar in 1846, Ireland University Scho- lar in 1847, Fellow of Brasenose College in 1848. He was appointed Rector of Tedstone, Delamere, Herefordshire, in 1854 ; Prebendary of Hereford Cathedral in 1870; Vicar of Great Malvern in 1872 ; Bampton Lecturer at Oxford in 1872 ; Ex- amining Chaplain to the Bishop of St. David's, and Rural Dean of Powyke, 1882. In 1886 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh University, and was made Honorary Canon of Worcester Cathedral. He became Rector of Great Shefford, Berks, in 1896. He is the author of " Faith and Philosophy " and "Epitome of the Life of Our Saviour," 1867; "The Silver Bells," 1869; "FraAn- gelico and other Poems," 1871 ; "Prayer for Every Hour," 1879; "Thoughts on Education," "Diocesan History of Wor- cester," " Aristotelianism," and "History of Christian Monasticism," "What is the Bible?" "Life of Boniface." Address: Great Shefford Rectory, near Lambourn, Berks. SMITH, The Hon. Sir John Smal- man, M.A., was born at the Chauntry, Shropshire, on Aug. 23, 1847, and is the eldest son of the late S. Pouutney Smith, J.P. He was educated at Shrewsbury School and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took his MA. degree. He was called to the Bar, November 1872 ; went the Oxford Circuit ; was appointed Puisne Judge in the Gold Coast Colony, 1883 ; sole Judge of the Supreme Court of the Colony of Lagos, 1886 ; Chief-Justice of the Colony of Lagos, 1889-95. He re ceived the honour of knighthood in 1896. His Honour has published three editions of " How we are Governed," " The Modern County Court," "County Government," and various works on legal subjects, e.g., "The Law of Support in relation to Land, Mines, and Buildings," "The Law of Fixtures and Dilapidations," &c. Ad- dresses : Courtfield, Chiswick, W. ; and 8 King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. SMITH, His Honour Judge Lum- ley, Q.C., J.P., was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he was a Fellow of his College. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1860, and became a Q.C. in 1880. He was Recorder of Sand- wich from 1883 to 1S94, Judge of the Shoreditch and Bow County Courts from 1892 to 1893, and, in the latter year, was appointed Judge of the Westminster County Court. He was married, in 1874, to Jessie, daughter of Sir Thomas Gabriel, Bart. She died in 1879. Address: 25 Cadogan Square, W. SMITH, Sir Thomas, Bart., F.R.C.S., was born in 1833, and is the son of Ben- jamin Smith, of Great Lodge, Kent. He was educated at Tonbridge School and at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, of which he is Surgeon. In 1895 he was appointed Surgeon-Extraordinary to her Majesty the Queen, and was created a Baronet in Jubilee year, 1897. He has been Vice- President of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, is Examiner in Surgery at the Royal College of Physicians, London, and Hon. Secretary of the Royal Medical Chirurgical Society. He is Consulting Surgeon to the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street. He has contributed largely to Holmes's "System of Surgery," 1012 SMITH to the Royal Medical Chirurgical Trans- actions, and the reports of his own hos- pital. Address: 5 Stratford Place, Ox- ford Street, W. SMITH, Thomas Roger, F.R.I.B.A., Professor of Architecture at University College, London, was born in 1830, and is the son of the Rev. Thomas Smith, of Sheffield, a well-known scholar and elo- quent preacher. His mother was of Huguenot family, and was a grand-daugh- ter of Roubiliac the sculptor. He was articled to the late Samuel Beazley as an architect, and, on his death, to Mr. P. C. Hardwick, having as fellow-pupils Mr. (now Sir Arthur) Blomfield, Mr. Eastlake, and the late Mr. F. P. Cockerell. He travelled as an architectural student for about a year, and spent some time under Sir James Pennethorne before starting in practice in 1855. Since that time he has practised his profession continuously, and has designed and erected many public and private buildings of importance in London and the provinces. A design by him for the European Hospital, Bombay, was selected by the Government for execu- tion. This led to his visiting India in 1865, and subsequently preparing, in co- operation with the architect to the Bombay Government, the plans from which several public buildings in that Presidency were erected. Among these were the Elphin- stone College, the enlargement of the Cathedral, and (with modifications made on the spot) the Post Office, Bombay, the Government House at Gunnish Khind, and the Engineering College, Poonah. Pro- fessor Roger Smith is an Examiner in Architecture for the Science and Art De- partment, an Examiner under the Metro- politan Building Act of Candidates for the Office of District Surveyor, and in 1879 he was appointed Professor of Architecture in University College, London, in succes- sion to Professor T. Hayter Lewis (re- signed). He is the author of two or three manuals on subjects connected with his profession, and of many papers or special lectures delivered before the various societies which deal with his subjects in London, and he has been engaged, both as an editor and a writer, on the profes- sional press. Professor Roger Smith is a Fellow of the Institute of Architects, and has been a Member of the Council. He is a Past President of the Architectural Association, and belongs to other societies. He holds one or two professional appoint- ments, including that of Architect to the Carpenters' Company of the City of Lon- don, in which capacity he has been able to assist the Court of that Company in organising its classes, its technical library and free public lectures, its examination for skilled artisans in carpentry and joinery, and, more recently, its Exhibi- tions and School of Wood-Carving. Ad- dress : University College, Gower Street, W.C. SMITH, The Hon. "William Frede- 'rick Danvers, M.P., D.L., J.P., partner, since 1890, in W. H. Smith & Son, book- sellers, librarians, newsagents, &c., is the only son of the late Right Hon. William Henry Smith, M.P., and the first Viscountess Hambleden. He was edu- cated at Eton and New College, Oxford. He has sat as Conservative member for the Strand Division since 1891. He is Treasurer and Member of Council of King's College, London, to which body, in pur- suance of his late father's wishes, he has been a munificent benefactor. In 1896 he was appointed Chairman of the Metro- politan Unionist Members in succession to Lord Glenesk. He married, in 1894, Lady Esther C. G. Gore, daughter of the 5th Earl of Arran. Addresses : 3 Gros- venor Place, S.W. ; Greenlands, Henley- on-Thames, &c., &c. SMITH, Professor William Robert, M.D.Aberdeen; D.Sc. Edinburgh; D.P.H. Cantab. ; F.R.S. Edin. ; Barrister-at-Law, was born May 28, 1850, at Plumstead, Kent, and is the eldest son of Captain R. T. Smith, Plumstead. He is Professor of Forensic Medicine and Director of the Laboratories of State Medicine in King's College, London ; Medical Officer of the School Board for London ; and Medical Officer of Health and Public Analyst for Woolwich. For many years he has taken a prominent and important part in all matters concerning the public health, and to his exertions it is mainly due that statutory provision exists necessitating that Medical Officers of Health should possess a qualification in Public Health, and that before obtaining such, candidates for the diploma should be required to undergo a thorough and prolonged special training. He was the founder of the British Institute of Public Health, an Association mainly composed of Medical Officers of Health, or those qualified to be such, and of the Medical Officers of the Royal Navy and of the Royal Army Medi- cal Corps. For the past five years he has been its President, and as such presided over the largest National Health Congress ever held in London, at the close of which he was the recipient, at the Mansion House, at the hands of the Lord Mayor, of an address and an international pre- sentation of plate. Her Majesty the Queen, in 1897, to mark her approval of the great influence for good exerted by the Institute, commanded that it should be called the SMITH — SMYTH 1013 Royal Institute of Public Health, and became its patron. He organised the Dublin meeting of the Institute in August 1898. He has also done much for the public health interests of London as one of the elected Managers of the Metro- politan Asylums Board, has taken the most prominent part in putting all ques- tions of school hygiene on a proper foot- ing, and has rendered noteworthy service in connection with the Special Schools for Feeble-Minded Children, being one of the Departmental Committee of the Educa- tion Department who reported on this subject in 1898. He has taken a great interest in the Volunteer movement, and holds the rank of Brigade Surgeon-Lieu- tenant-Colouel, East London Volunteer Brigade and to the London Rifle Brigade (1st London), and was one of the Depart- mental Committee of the War Office in 1887, which drew up the scheme of Volun- teer Medical Organisation. He is the author of "The Laboratory Text-Book of Public Health," and editor of the 7th edition of "Guy and Eerrier's Eorensic Medicine," and has contributed extensively to the medical and scientific press. His classes at King's College have been largely attended, and many of those occupying important Public Health positions in all parts of the world have received their instruction under his superintendence. In January 1899 the Council of the Royal Institution of Public Health appointed him Harben Lecturer for 1899. He chose diphtheria as his subject. Addresses : 74 Great Russell Street. Bloomsbury Square, W.C. ; and Plumstead, Kent. SMITH, The Most Rev. William Saumarez, D. D., Lord Bishop of Sydney, Metropolitan of New South Wales, and Primate of Australia, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where his career was brilliant. He was a scholar of his College, was in the first class of the Classical Tripos, and in the first class of the Theological Tripos, and graduated in 1858. He won several University prizes, and in 1859 was elected Crosse Theo- logical Scholar, and in 1860 Tyrwhitt's Hebrew Scholar. He twice won the Seatonian English Verse prize, and pro- ceeded M.A. 1862; B.D. 1871 ; D.D. 1889. In 1859 he took Holy Orders, and was successively Curateof St. Paul's, Cambridge, 1859-61 ; Eellow of Trinity College, Cam- bridge, 1860-70; Chaplain to the Bishop of Madras, 1861-65); Curateof Holy Trinity, Cambridge, 1866 ; Vicar of Trumpington, 1867-69 ; Principal of St. Aidan's College and Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich, 1869-90. From 1880 to 1890 he was Hon. Canon of Chester, and on June 24, 1890 was consecrated, in St. Paul's Cathedral, Lord Bishop of Sydney, Metro- politan of New South Wales, and Primate of Australia. He is author of "Obstacles to Missionary Success " (Maitland Prize Essay), 1868; "Christian Faith," 1869; "Lessons on the Book of Genesis," 1879 ; "The Blood of the New Covenant," 1889 ; and articles in the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica " on Corin- thians and Colossians. Address : Bishops- court, Randwick, New South Wales. SMITH -WILLIAMS, Mrs., nie McKenzie, Marian, A.R.A.M., con- tralto singer, is the elder daughter of Captain Joseph McKenzie, shipowner, of Plymouth, where she was born. She studied singing under ]V{r. Samuel Weeks of that town, and, coming to London to complete her education, gained the Parepa-Rosa Scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music, also the Westmoreland Scholarship, and the bronze, silver, and gold medals of the Academy, the latter for declamatory singing. She was a pupil of Signor Randegger, and for elocution, of Mr. Walter Lacy. She has also studied oratorio singing with Miss Anna Williams, and has an extensive repertoire in works of the classical composers from Bach and Handel down to those of the present day. Among the latter we notice repeated successes in Sir Arthur Sullivan's "Golden Legend," Dr. Mackenzie's "Rose of Sha- ron," Dvorak's " Stabat Mater," and Dr. Hubert Parry's "Judith." Besides having an established reputation as a festival singer, especially as principal contralto at the Handel and Bach festivals, &c, Miss McKenzie has achieved distinction in classic and ballad concerts. She has also sung at State Concerts and at Welsh Eis- tedfodds. With a voice remarkable for richness and sympathy, she is perhaps un- rivalled for sweetness and distinctness in the use of the mother tongue. She is an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music, and of the Philharmonic Society. Miss Marian McKenzie married Mr. Smith- Williams, the brother of Miss Anna Williams, the soprano. Address : Prince's House, Victoria Street, S.W. SMYTH, Charles Piazzi, LL.D. Edin., F.R.A.S., F.R.S.E., for a time F.R.S., and for forty-three years Astrono- mer-Royal for Scotland, was born in 1819 at Naples, and is the second of three sons of the late Admiral Smyth, but was edu- cated in England. He commenced his astronomical service at the Royal Observa- tory, Cape of Good Hope, under Sir T. Maclear, in 1835, and subsequently as- sisted in the re-measurement of La Caille's South African Arc of the Meridian. He was appointed, in 1845, to succeed Thomas 1014 SMYTHE — SNELUS Henderson, First Astronomer-Royal for Scotland, in the Royal Observatory, Edin- burgh. He applied himself, on arrival, to clearing off five years' arrears of computa- tion and printing, and next to continuing Meridian star observations, besides estab- lishing a daily time-ball, and afterwards an electrically-fired daily time-gun for the service of the city. In 1858 he was ap- pointed to prepare for Government all the meteorological deductions furnished by 55 observing stations. In 1856, soon after his marriage with Jessie Duncan, he spent several months in testing, with her, the qualities of the Peak of Teneriffe for star observation above the level of the clouds. In 1859 he visited and published on the Eussian Observatories. In 1864-65 he visited (accompanied again by his wife), investigated, and published on, the great pyramid in Egypt, and described the results in various works, one of which has just reached its 5th edition. In 1871 he began to compose a comprehensive star-catalogue and ephemeris of all the Edinburgh and best contemporary observations of the same stars, of which new kind of cata- logue the first four hours were published in 1877 in the 14th volume of the Edin- burgh Observatory's publications, and the last twenty hours were published in 1886, as the 15th volume. Then, with failing instruments and insufficient means for rectifying them, he applied for retire- ment, and obtained it in August 1888, and was awarded a small pension. He and Mrs. Piazzi Smyth have since resided near Ripon, where he has devoted himself to solar photographic spectroscopy, and to watching and photographically recording cloud-forms. Address : Clova, Ripon. SMYTHE, Lionel Percy, painter in oil and water-colours, was born in London in 1840, of English parents, and was edu- cated at King's College School. He was elected a Member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours in 1880,but re- tired in 1889. Being elected an Associate of the Old Society of Painters in Water- Colours in 1893, he became a full member in the following year, and was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1898. Addresses : Chateau d'Honvault, par Wimilla, Pas de Calais ; and 36 Glou- cester Crescent, Regent's Park, London, N.W. SNELUS, George James, F.R.S., F.C.S., Bessemer Medallist, Vice-Presi- dent of the Iron and Steel Institute, &c, an iron-master, was born June 25, 1837, at Camden Town, London, and is the son of James Snelus, a builder, who died when George James Snelus was seven and a half years of age, and the family was left im- poverished by a long and heavy lawsuit. Thanks, however, to his mother, George James Snelus was provided with a good education. He was originally trained as a teacher at St. John's Cpllege, Battersea ; and for some years he acted in that capa- city with great success, particularly in the conduct of Science Classes under the Science and Art Department. During that time he also attended Owens College, Manchester, as a student under Professor Roscoe, and the Physical Classes under Professor Clifton. In the May examina- tions of 1864 he obtained the first of the Royal Albert Scholarships in competition with the whole of the United Kingdom, securing the Gold Medal for Physical Geography, Bronze Medal for Chemistry, &c, and a free education for three years at the Royal School of Mines. His career there was eminently successful, as he ob- tained the first scholarship in the first year, second scholarship in the second year, and the first place and the De La Beche medal for Mining in the third year, passing out as an Associate of the School in mining and metallurgy. He was then nominated by Dr. Percy for the appoint- ment of chief chemist to the Dowlais Works, which appointment he filled for four and a half years, to the great satis- faction of the late William Menelaus, who, in 1871, recommended him for the post of scientific adviser to the commission then being sent out by the Iron and Steel Insti- tute to the United States to investigate and report on the Danks Rotatory Pud- dling Process. Mr. Snelus had carefully studied the theory of all the processes of making steel and iron when at Dowlais, and he had at this time formed a very clear idea of the action of phosphorus, &c, upon iron, and the investigation of the Danks process enabled him to point out to Dr. Percy, on his return to England in the spring of 1872, that contrary to the ideas entertained up to that date by all metal- lurgists, and in opposition to the teachings of the Doctor himself (who held that the phosphorus was eliminated in the puddling process by liquation of a third phosphide of iron from the pasty puddled ball), the phosphorus was most largely eliminated in the early stage of the pro- cess, and while the iron was perfectly fluid and contained a large quantity of carbon, and that therefore it should be possible to eliminate the phosphorus dur- ing the Bessemer process ; and further, that he believed he had discovered the secret of overcoming the difficulty hitherto considered insurmountable. The Doctor at the time remarked that if this was so, he had made a very great discovery. For his discovery the Iron and Steel Institute in 1883 awarded Mr. Snelus the Bessemer SODOE AND MAN — SOLLAS 1015 Gold Medal for being " the first to make pure steel from impure iron in a Bessemer converter lined with basic materials." Over ten million tons of steel have since been made from phosphoric iron, pre- viously useless for steel-making. This invention has to a large extent revolu- tionised steel-making, and no country has benefited by the invention so much as Germany, while owing to the stringency of the Patent Laws of that country in 1872 Mr. Snelus was unable to obtain a patent for his invention, and so has never reaped the slightest reward or recognition from Germany, although his work has brought large fortunes to those who have availed themselves of the process. At the Inventions Exhibition in London Mr. Snelus exhibited some illustrations of these improvements, together with the first piece of dephosphorous steel made by the basic process, and was awarded a Gold Medal for discoveries and inventions. At the Paris Exhibition of 1878 Mr. Snelus exhibited an elaborate set of analysed samples illustrating the manufacture of iron and steel in various countries, for which he was awarded a Gold Medal. The collection was subsequently purchased as an educational collection for the Poly- technic School at Aix-la-Chapelle. Mr. Snelus is an original member of the Iron and Steel Institute, has been a member of the Council since 1881, and in 1897 was elected one of the Vice-Presidents. The following is a list of his most important contributions to the "Iron and Steel Pro- ceedings" : " On the Condition of Carbon and Silicon in Iron and Steel," 1870 ; " Composition of Gases evolved from the Bessemer Converters during the Blow," 1871 ; "Sherman Process," 1871 ; "Scien- tific Features of the Danks Puddling Furnace," 1872; "Manufacture and Use of Spiegeleisen," 1874 ; " Fireclay and other Refractory Materials," 1875 ; " Use of Molten Iron direct from the Blast Fur- nace for Steel-making," 1876 ; " Eemoval of Phosphorus and Sulphur during the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin Processes of Steel Manufacture," 1879; "Distribu- tion of Elements in Steel Ingots," 1881 ; " Chemical Composition and Testing Steel Rails," 1882. He has also contributed to the literature of Iron and Steel on many other occasions ; his principal works in this direction are two able articles on " Iron and Steel in Chemistry, as applied to the Arts and Manufactures." For his work generally, and his discovery of the Basic Process in particular, the Royal Society elected him a Fellow in 1887. He was married in 1867 to Lavinia Wood- ward, daughter of a silk manufacturer of Macclesfield, and has now a family of three sons and three daughters. Mrs. Snelus died in 1892. Address : Ennerdale Hall, Frizington, Cumberland. SODOB, AND MAN, Bishop of. See Steaton, The Rt. Rev.. Nobman Dumenil John. SOLLAS, Professor 'William John- son, M.A., D.Sc. Cambridge, LL.D. Dub- lin, F.R.S.. M.R.I.A., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Officier d'Acad^mie, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Oxford ; born May 30, 1849, at Birmingham, eldest son of Wil- liam Henry Sollas, was educated in the City of London School, afterwards in the Royal School of Mines, and next at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he was elected a Fellow in 1882. He took his B.A. degree in 1873, subsequently D.Sc, and was made an honorary LL.D. (Dublin) in 1886. In 1893 he received the Bigsby Medal of the Geological Society. He was appointed Lecturer on the Cam- bridge University Extension in 1873, and for it delivered courses of lectures on geology in most of the large towns of England and Wales ; in 1880 he was ap- pointed Professor of Geology and Zoology in the University College, Bristol ; in 1883 he was elected Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Dublin ; and in 1897 Professor of Geology and Paleontology in the University of Oxford. From 1895 to 1898 he was also Petrologist to the Geological Survey of Ireland. He has been continuously writing memoirs on scientific subjects since 1872. Most of these have appeared in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Geological Magazine, and in the publications of the Royal Irish Academy and the Royal Dublin Society. These have for subjects, amongst others, the relations of fossil to recent sponges, the replacement of silica (opal) by carbonate of lime, the origin of flint, of fresh-water faunas, the estuary of the Severn, the characters of plesiosaurus, glacial phenomena, particularly the nature of the movement of glacier ice and the origin of eskers, the structure and history of granite and other igneous rocks, and the anatomy of living sponges. He is the author of the article " Sponges " in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," and of the twenty-fourth volume of the Reports of the Challenger Expedition, treating of the Tetractinellida, 1888. He has paid special attention to theories of coral reefs, and in 1896 conducted an expedition sent by the Royal Society to investigate the coral island of Funafuti. He has travelled over many parts of Europe, North America, and Australia, and has visited several islands in the Pacific. He married Helen, daughter of W. J. Coryn, Weston-super- 1016 SOLOMON" — SOMEESET Mare. Address : 1(59 Woodstock Road Oxford. SOLOMON, Solomon Joseph, A.R. A., artist, was born in Southwark, Sept. 16, 1860. His father is a leather manu- facturer, and his mother a native of Prague (Bohemia). He was educated at the school of Mr. Thomas Whitford, M.A., and privately by the Rev. Mr. Singer. His artistic training was begun in 1876, at Heatherly's School of Art in Newman Street, and the next year he entered the Schools of the Royal Academy. In 1879, through the kindness of H.I.H. Prince Lucien Bonaparte, he got an introduction to Cabanel, who received him into his studio in the Beaux Arts in Paris. The following year found him in Munich : but he thought little of the German training, and, after a tour round Italy and Holland, he returned to England, and exhibited his first picture at the Royal Academy (a por- trait of a gentleman). With his friend Mr. Hacker, Mr. Solomon journeyed through Spain, resting a while at the Shrine of Velasquez in Madrid, and passed the winter working in Morocco, where it was difficult at that time to induce the Moors to become their models. He again sought his master, Cabanel, and remained with him for about nine more months, having a studio of his own in Paris, and exhibiting at the Salon a portrait of Dr. Stevens, and, at the Royal Academy, a small highly - finished work, " Waiting." His next exhibit was "Ruth and Naomi," done in his garden in Tangier, on his second visit to Morocco ; and since then, every year, he has shown a composition anu a portrait at the Academy. The picture which first brought him any reputation was "Cassandra," now in Ballarat ; then "Samson," "Niobe" following, and an allegorical work, " Sacred and Profane Love," with a portrait of the late Sir John Simon. Mr. Solomon was elected a Member of the Institute in 1887. At the Salon of 1889 he received a Medal for "Niobe," and in 1890, at the Academy, he exhibited "Hippolyte," and a portrait of " Mrs. George Mosenthal," full length. In 1893 he exhibited, at the Academy, two portraits and " Your Health I " and in 1894 "Mrs. Patrick Campbell as Paula Tanqueray," and a likeness of Mr. I. Zangwill. In 1895 he exhibited a portrait of Mr. Arthur Hacker, A.R.A., another of Miss Ingram, and "Echo and Narcissus" ; in 1896 a portrait of Mrs. Albert H. Jessel and " The Birth of Love " ; in 1897 portraits of George Frampton, A.R.A., Raphael Tuck, and Mrs. Adolph Tuck ; and in 1898 portraits of Mrs. Kenneth Foster, of his wife, of Sir George Faudel Phillips, Bart., and a Jubilee picture, " On the Threshold of the City, June 22, 1897." In 1899 he exhibited " Laus Deo!" and two portraits, at the same Exhibition. He has also recently painted a decoration for the Royal Exchange. Mr. Solomon Solomon was elected A.R.A. in February 1896. In 1897 he married a daughter of Hyman Montague, F.S.A. Address : 2 St. John's Wood Studios, N.W. SOMERSET, Duke of, Algernon St. Maur, Bart., J.P., was born on July 22, 1846, and is the son of the 14th Duke, whom he succeeded in 1894, and Horatia, daughter of John Philip Morier, Minister at Dresden. He was formerly a Lieutenant in the 60th Rifles, and served in the Red River Expedition of 1870, and is now Lieut. -Colonel of the 1st Wilts Rifles. In 1877 he married Susan Margaret Richards, daughter of Charles Mackinnon. Address : Maiden Bradley, Bath, &c. SOMERSET, Lady Henry, was born in London, Aug. 3, 1851. She was Isabel, the eldest daughter of Earl and Countess Somers, and in 1872 married Lord Henry Somerset, M.P., second son of the Duke of Beaufort. She has one son, Henry Somers Somerset, who in 1896 married Lady Katherine Beauclerk, daughter of the Duke of St. Albans. In 1890 Lady Henry Somerset was elected President of the British Women's Temperance Association, which is now the largest Women's Temper- ance Association in England. In 1892 she was elected Vice-President of the World's Women's Christian Temperance Union. By the death of Miss Frances Willard in 1898, she took her place as President of the International Associa- tion, which numbers over half a million women. For two years she edited the Women's Signal, a newspaper for women, dealing with questions of the times.3 She has written magazine articles, and a book of short stories entitled " Sketches in Black and White." In 1895 she founded the Industrial Farm Colony at Duxhurst, and this scheme has now grown to con- siderable dimensions. In 1884, on the death of her father, she succeeded to his estates in Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Surrey, and London. She has done a great deal of platform work, and has been in the habit of addressing very large meet- ings in all parts of this country and on the continent of America, in the interest of Temperance, and for the advancement and education of women. Addresses : Eastnor Castle, Ledbury ; and the Priory, Reigate. SOMERSET, Lord, The Right Hon. Henry Richard Charles, J.P., D.L., was born on Dec. 7, 1849, and is the second son of the 8th Duke of Beaufort. He SOEBY — SPENCE 1017 was Conservative M.P. for Monmouth- shire, 1871-80, and from 1874 to 1879 Comptroller of the Household. He has composed many songs, some of which are of great beauty. He married, in 1872, Isabel Caroline, daughter and co-heiress of the last Earl Somers {see Lady Henry Somerset). Address: IViaGuido Monaco, Florence. SOEBY, Henry Clifton, LL.D., F.R.S., J. P., was born at Woodbourne, near Sheffield, May 10, 1826, and educated at the Sheffield Collegiate School, and by private tutors. He is an honorary LL.D. of Cambridge (1879), and he has been President of the Geological Society. On April 25, 1882, he was elected President of Firth College, Sheffield, and has been for years active in developing literature, art, and science in the West Riding. He is the author of many separate papers on the microscopical structure of rocks, on the construction and use of the micro- spectroscope in studying animal and vegetable colouring matter, on a new method of studying the optical characters of minerals, on the physical geography of former geological periods, and on various other subjects connected with geology and the use of the microscope. His latest publications have been on the microscopi- cal structure of iron and steel, and on the temperature of the water in estuaries. He has in recent years been much occupied with certain special archaeological studies, and in making preparations of inverte- brate animals, as lantern slides, and for museum specimens. He spends almost half the year on board his yacht, the Glimpse. Address : 6 Beech Hill Road, BroomSeld, Sheffield. SOUTAR, Mrs. R. Ellen (Nellie Fareen). See Farren, SOTTTHWARK, Bishop Suffragan of. See Yeatman-Biggs, The Right Rev. Huyshe Walcott. SOUTHWELL, Bishop of. See Ridding, The Right Rev. George. SPAIN, King of. See Alfonzo XIII. SPAIN, Queen Regent of. See Maria Christina. "SPECTATOR." See Walkley, Arthur Bingham. SPENCE, Catherine Helen, Member of the State Children's Council of South Australia, daughter of David Spence, first Town-Clerk of the City of Adelaide, was born in Melrose, Scotland, in 1825, and emigrated with her parents to Australia in 1839. She has written several novels of Australian life: "Clara Morison : a Tale of the Gold Fever," 1854; "Tender and True," 1856; "Mr. Hogarth's Will," 1865, and "The Author's Daughter," 1868. Her little book on "The Laws we Live Under," with some chapters on political economy and the duties of citizens, was published under the direction of the Minister of Education in 1880, and is taught in the schools of South Australia, She has taken an active part in the work of dispersing the Children of the State in natural foster homes, which was initiated first in that province under the leadership of Miss Emily Clark. This was so great a success both socially and financially that it was adopted all over Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. She has contributed to the C'omhill, Fraser's, and Harper's Magazine and the Arena, as well as to Australian newspapers and to Australian magazines, literary, critical, and social articles, and has generally identified herself with all public movements, political and educa- tional. The main object, however, of her life since the year 1860 has been electoral reform on the lines of> equitable repre- sentation of minorities, and her " Plea for Pure Democracy," published in 1861, is an argument from the popular side for Hare's system of voting. In 1892 she thought that democratic developments in the colonies made the reform urgently necessary, and changed her position as a writer for that of a lecturer. On this mission she travelled all over her own province with ballot papers to give practical proof of this nr.^chod of "Effective Voting." Having been appointed Delegate to the Chicago Congresses in 1893, and having received a Government commission to inquire into and report on matters of public interest in America and elsewhere, Miss Spence travelled through the United States, and paid a visit to Toronto, in order to explain and advocate this method of voting, as the only means of moralising politics and edu- cating representatives and citizens. She visited England in 1865-66, and again in 1894, when she lectured before the Royal Colonial Institute and other audiences, on Social and Intellectual Aspects of Life in the Colonies. She resides at Eildon, East Adelaide, South Australia. SPENCE, The Very Rev. Henry Donald Maurice, M.A., D.D., Dean of Gloucester, son of George Spence, Esq., Q.C., M.P., born in Pall Mall, London, on Jan. 14, 1836, was educated at Westminster School and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (B.A. 1864 ; M.A. 1866 ; D.D. 1887). While at the University he obtained a first class in the voluntary theological 1018 SPENCEK tripos (1864), the Carus Undergraduate University Prize (1864), and the Carus and Scholefield University Prizes (1865 and 1866). He was Select Preacher at Cam- bridge in 1883 and 1887, and at Oxford in 1893. He was appointed Professor of Modern Literature in David's College, Lampeter, in 1865 ; Rector of St. Mary de Crypt, Gloucester, 1870 ; Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol (Dr. Ellicott), in 1870; Principal of the Theological College of Gloucester, and Honorary Canon of Gloucester, in 1875. In 1877, on the appointment of Dr. Thorold to the Bishopric of Rochester, the vicarage of St. Pancras, London, was presented to him by the Queen. Dr. Spence was in the same year appointed Rural Dean of St. Pancras. In 1886 he was appointed by the Crown to the Deanery of Gloucester. He has contributed many papers to the Quarterly, Contemporary, " Bible Educator," Good Words, and other magazines ; is joint author with Dean Howson of a commen- tary on the Acts of the Apostles (Anglo- American Commentary) ; and is one of the Commentators of the New Testament and also of the Old Testament, edited by the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. Dean Spence is likewise editor and one of the writers of the "Pulpit Commentary on the Old and New Testaments," 47 volumes, and of several works on the Talmud. He is the author of a translation of the " Teaching of the Twelve Apostles," with excursus and notes (1885). Amongst other works he has written are "Dream- land and History," the story of the Norman dukes, and " Cloister Life in the Days of Cceur de Lion," "The Church of England, a History of the People," in 4 vols., 1898. He married Louise, daughter of David Jones, Esq., of Pantglas, M.P. for Car- marthenshire. Addresses : The Deanery, Gloucester ; and Athenasum. SPENCER, The Bight Hon. Charles Robert, M.A., heir to his half-brother, Earl Spencer, was born on Oct. 30, 1857, and is the son of the 4th Earl. He was educated at Harrow and at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge (M.A.). He represented North Northamptonshire in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1885, and the Mid-Division of the same county from 1885 to 1895. He was Parliamentary Groom-in- Waiting in Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration, a post to which no appoint- ments have been made of late years. From 1892 to 1895 he was Vice-Chamberlain. He married, in 1887, Margaret, daughter of the 1st Baron Revelstoke. Address : Dallington House, Northampton. SPENCER, Herbert, was born at Derby, on April 27, 1820. He was educated by his father, a schoolmaster and private teacher in Derby, and his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Spencer, a clergyman of the Estab- lished Church, who was active in various philanthropic movements. At the age of seventeen he became a civil engineer, but after about eight years abandoned the profession, having during that period contributed various papers to the Civil Engineers' and Architects' Journal. His first productions in general literature were a series of letters on "The Proper Sphere of Government," published in the Noncon- formist in 1842, which were reprinted in pamphlet form. From 1848 to 1853 he was engaged as sub-editor of the Economist, and during that time published his first considerable work, " Social Statics : or, the Conditions essential to Human Happi- ness specified, and the first of them de- veloped," 1851. Various articles, chiefly for the Westminster and other quarterly reviews, were written during the next four years. In 1855 appeared his "Principles of Psychology," which interpreted the phenomena of mind on the general prin- ciple of evolution (this was four years before the " Origin of Species " appeared). A break-down in health followed, which prevented work for eighteen months : 1857, 1858, and 1859 were occupied in writing various essays for the quarterly reviews, &c. In 1860 Mr. Spencer issued the programme of his "System of Synthetic Philosophy," which proposed to carry out in its appli- cation to all orders of phenomena the general law of evolution set forth in two essays published in 1857. To the execu- tion of this project his subsequent life has been mainly devoted. The works com- posing the System are now all published. They are : "First Principles," 1862 (10th edit., 1897); " The Principles of Biology," 2 vols., 1864 (5th edit., 1894) ; "The Prin- ciples of Psychology," 2 vols., 1872 (5th edit., 1890) ; " The Principles of Sociology," vol. i., 1876 (4th edit., 1893) ; vol. ii., 1890 (3rd edit., 1893), comprising "Ceremonial Institutions," first issued 1879, and " Poli- tical Institutions," 1882; vol. iii., 1896 (2nd edit., 1897), including "Ecclesiastical Institutions," first issued 1885 ; " Prin- ciples of Ethics," vol. i„ 1892 (2nd edit., 1898), including "The Data of Ethics," first issued 1879 ; vol. ii., 1893, including "Justice," 1891. Mr. Spencer's other works are: "Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical," 1861 (38th edit., 1898) ; " Essays : Scientific, Political, and Speculative," 2 vols., 1858-63 (5th edit., 3 vols., 1891) ; " The Classification of the Sciences ; to which are added, Reasons for Dissenting from the Philosophy of M. Comte," 1864 (3rd edit., 1871) ; " The Study of Sociology," 1873 (21st edit., 1894); "The Man versus the State," 1884 (14th SPENCEK 1019 thousand, 1897); "Various Fragments," 1897. Beyond his own proper work Mr. Spencer has published eight parts of the "Descriptive Sociology," classified and arranged by himself, and compiled by Professor Duncan, Dr. Scheppig, and Mr. Collier. This work was originally under- taken simply for the purpose of providing himself with materials for the " Principles of Sociology," but was eventually pub- lished for the use of others. Part VIII., published in 1881, contained the announce- ment that having during the preceding 14 years sunk between £3000 and £4000 in the undertaking, he could no longer continue it. Mr. Spencer paid a visit to the United States in 1882. On May 12, 1883, he was elected a correspondent of the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences for the section of Philosophy, in the room of Emerson, but he declined that in common with all academic honours, and other distinctions. Mr. Spencer's works have been extensively translated. All are rendered into French, nearly all into German and Russian, many into Italian and Spanish ; and the work on Education has appeared also in Hungarian, Bohemian, Polish, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Greek, Japanese, and Chinese. Since 1886 Mr. Spencer has been an invalid. From that date up to 1891 he published nothing ; but he has since completed the "Synthetic Philosophy," besides an abridged and revised edition of " Social Statics," 1892, and a revised and enlarged edition of his " Essays " in three volumes, 1891. Mr. Spencer has recently gone to reside at Brighton, and is devoting himself to a revision of " The Principles of Biology." Permanent address : 5 Percival Terrace, Brighton. SPENCER, Earl, The Eight Hon. John Poyntz Spencer, K.G., D.C.L., LL.D., only son of the 4th Earl Spencer, born at Spencer House, Oct. 27, 1835, re- ceived his education at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1857. He represented the Southern Division of the county of North- ampton in the House of Commons from April to December 1857, when he suc- ceeded to the title on his father's death. He was Groom of the Stole to the late Prince Consort, 1859-61 ; and Groom of the Stole to the Prince of Wales, 1862-67. In December 1868 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and he made his public entry into Dublin, Jan. 16, 1869. He retained that office till the resignation of the Gladstone Ministry in February 1874. On the return of the Liberals to office in May 1880, he was appointed Lord President of the Council. He was nomi- nated Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, on the resignation of Earl Cowper, May 4, 1882, retaining his seat in the Cabinet. He arrived in Dublin Castle on May 6, on the evening of which day Lord Frederick Cavendish, the newly - appointed Chief Secretary, and Mr. Thomas A. Burke, the Under-Secretary, were stabbed to death by assassins in the Phoenix Park, close to the Viceregal Lodge. After this it fell to Lord Spencer to administer the provisions of the Crimes Act. In March 1883 Earl Spencer resigned the office of Lord President of the Council, but still remained a member of the Cabinet, until the close of Mr. Gladstone's Administra- tion in June 1885. On the return of Mr. Gladstone to office in February of the fol- lowing year, Lord Spencer became for the second time Lord President of the Council. By that time he had adopted Home Rule opinions, and his support was of great value to the Government. In August 1892 he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, and held office until 1895. The University of Dublin conferred on Lord Spencer the honorary degree of LL.D., June 30, 1883. His lordship is Lord-Lieutenant, and was Chairman of the County Council of Northamptonshire. Since 1890 he has been Master of the Pytchley. In 1892 he became Chancellor of the Victoria University, Manchester. His lordship married Charlotte, daughter of Frederick Charles William Seymour, grandson of the 1st Marquis of Hertford. Addresses : 27 St. James's Place, S.W. ; and Althorp Park, Northampton. SPENCER, JosephWilliam, Canadian geologist, was born at Dundas, Ontario, Mar. 26, 1850. He was educated at M'Gill University and at Gottingen University, graduating at the latter institution in 1877. In the same year he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of Lon- don (England), and he is also a Fellow of the Geological Society of America and of other learned bodies. He was Science Master in Hamilton College Institute, 1877-79 ; Professor of Chemistry in King's College, N.S., 1880-82; Professor of Geo- logy in the University of Missouri, 1882- 87 ; State Geologist of Georgia in 1888-93 ; and is now (1898) conducting geological investigations in the West Indies. His observations on the interesting geological phenomena of his native valley near Dun- das gave rise to enthusiasm in scientific work at an early age, and from his college days until the present time he has been engaged in original geological work. Many papers from his pen have been pub- lished since 1881 up to the present time in the American Journal of Science, the Bulle- tins of the Geological Society of America, the Journals of the Geological Society of Lon- 1020 SPENDER — SPIELMANN don, the Royal Society of Canada, the American Philosophical Society, &c. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Got- tingen in 1877. His work has been mainly in questions relating to surface and glacial phenomena, both in America and in Europe, and he was one of the pioneers in America in Lacustrine geology. SPENDER, John Alfred,born at Bath, 1862, is the eldest son of Dr. J. K. Spender and of Mrs. Spender (author of many novels). He was educated at Bath Col- lege and Balliol College, Oxford (M.A. 1887). He was editor of the Eastern Morn- ing Neios, Hull, 1886-90, assistant-editor of the Pall Mall Gazette till it changed ownership in 1892, then joined the staff of the Westminster Gazette, of which he be- came editor in 1896. He is author of the " State and Pensions in Old Age" (Social Science Series), and " The New Fiction and other Papers " (by the "Philistine"), which appeared originally in the West- minster Gazette. The humour of this work depended on the "Philistine's" apparently assumed ignorance of the names and reputations of the best-known younger men in the world of art and letters. He is Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. His brother, Mr. E. Harold Spender, is a journalist and author. Address : 29 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. SPICER, Albert, M.P., J.P., is the second son of James Spicer, J.P., D.L., of Woodford, Essex, and was born in 1847. He was educated at Mill Hill School, and privately at Heidelberg. He is a whole- sale stationer and manufacturer, and a member of the firm of James Spicer and Sons, which has seven branches in prin- cipal towns in London, &c, and the Colonies. He has been Liberal M.P. for the Monmouth District since 1892, is Treasurer of the London Missionary Society and of Mansfield College, Oxford, and was Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales in 1893, and Joint Chairman of the London Congrega- tional Union in 1897. He is the author of several pamphlets on social questions, and was member of special deputations on behalf of the London Missionary Society to India in 1881-82, and to the Samoan Islands in 1887-88. He also accompanied the late Dr. Dale to Australasia on behalf of the Congregational Union. He mar- ried a daughter of the late D. Stewart Dykes, Grove Hill, Surrey. Address : 10 Lancaster Gate, W. SPIELHAGEN, Friedrich, a German novelist, was born at Magdeburg, Feb. 24, 1829, being the son of a Government official. At an early age he accompanied his father to Stralsund, and on that jour- ney the sea made a lasting impression on the susceptible mind of the future novelist, who has in most of his works described life and incidents at sea with remarkable force and vividness. In 1847 he entered the University of Berlin, and then removed to Bonn, where he applied himself to the study of the law for about six months, and then turned his attention to philological and literary studies, which he pursued with great zeal in Berlin and at Greifs- wald. In 1854 he settled at Leipzig, where he taught in the Gymnasium, but the sudden death of his father changed his circumstances and prospects, and led to his adopting literature as a profession. Since the year 1854 he has brought out, with ever-increasing success, a series of novels, which have gained for him a fore- most place among German writers of fic- tion. His larger works are : " Problemati- cal Natures," 1861 (9th edit. 1880), and its sequel, "Through Night to Light," 1862; " Hammer and Anvil," 1869 (8th edit., 1881) ; " Ever Forward ! " 1872 ; " What the Swallow Sang," 1873; and " Storm- Floods," 1878. He has also written : "The Hohensteins," 1864; "Rank and File," 1866 ; " Low Land," 1879 ; and " Quisi- sana," 1880. Among his smaller pieces are: "Clara Vere," 1857; "On the Downs," 1858; "At the Twelfth Hour," 1863; "The Rose of the Court," 1864; "Hans and Margaret," a village story, 1868; "The Village Coquette," 1869; "German Pioneers," 1870; "Ultimo," 1873 ; " The Skeleton in the House," 1879 ; and " Angela," 1881 ; two comedies, " Love for Love," 1875, and " Uhlenhanns," 2 vols., 1884, a family romance, with political background representing the period 1830-40 ; " Die schonen Ameri- canerinnen," 1885; "Noblesse Oblige," 1888; "A New Pharaoh," 1889. His poems appeared in 1891. He has made translations into German of works by Emerson, Michaiet, and others. In 1897 he published " Faustulus." He has re- lated his life in his "Recollections," pub- lished in 1889. SPIELMANN, Marion H., born in London (7 Mecklenburg Square) on May 22, 1858, son of Adam Spielmann, banker, of Lombard Street, and, later, of Here- ford House, West Brompton, was educated chiefly at University College School, partly in a public school in France, and finally at University College, London, which he quitted early in order to enter upon the profession of engineering. This he re- linquished in 1883 in order to devote him- self to the study of literature and art, and in that year began his connection with the Pall Mall Gazette, which he maintained SPIEBS — SPKENGEL 1021 until 1890. In 1887 he was appointed editor of the Magazine of Art, and on the foundation of the Daily Graphic was in- vited to become art critic to that paper, contributing at the same time to the weekly Graphic. In 1890 he accepted the post of art editor of Black and White, of which he was part organiser, but from which he withdrew in 1891, on account of stress of work. On the foundation of the Westminster Gazette he became a regular contributor, ultimately discontinuing at a time when he turned attention rather to books, reviews, and magazines than to regular journalism, in respect to which, however, he remains an occasional con- tributor to the Daily News, Speaker, Literature, as well as to the Graphic and Daily Graphic. In respect of the art and the art politics of the day, he is a con- tributor to the Nineteenth Century, Con- temporary Review, National Review, Revue de V Art Ancien et Moderjie, Scribner's Maga- zine, &c, and an occasional correspondent of the Times. He is a prolific contributor to the Magazine of Art, which he still edits. Several of his writings on art and literature have been translated into French and German. In 1886 he published, as a Pall Mall "extra," "The Works of Mr. G. F. Watts, R.A.," an artist on whose ex- tended artistic biography he is at present engaged. In 1891 he published " Hen- riette Ronner," of which a second edition was issued in the following year; "The History of Punch," Cassell & Co., 1st and 2nd edit., 1895 ; " Millais and His Works," Blackwood & Co., 1896, reprinted with special reference to the Millais Exhibition at the Royal Academy, 1898 ; and is joint- author of " The Modern Poster," Scrihner, 1895 ; and editor of the eighth edition of Professor Unger's "Belvedere Gallery." He is a Fellow and Member of Council of the Royal Society of Literature, an origi- nal Fellow of the Institute of Journalists, Member of the Society of Authors, Mem- ber of the Royal Literary Fund, Honorary Member of Artistic Societies, was Working Member of the Committee of the Fine Art Section of the Brussels International Ex- hibition, and assisted in inducing Parlia- mentary inquiry into the condition and administration of the South Kensington Museum. In 1880 he married Mabel, daughter of the senior partner in the firm of Samuel, Montague, & Co. Address : 21 Cadogan Gardens, S.W. SPIERS, Victor Julian Taylor, B.es.L., M.A., Professor of French lan- guage and literature at King's College, London, is the fourth son of the late Dr. Spiers, the author of the famous dic- tionary, and was born in 1860. He was educated at the Lyce'e St. Louis, Paris, and at University College, Oxford. In 1881 he obtained the Taylorian Exhibition for French, and two years afterwards took his degree, with honours, in the School of Modern History. From 1883 to 1885 he was an Assistant-Master at the Merchant Taylors' School, and since then he has been Senior French Lecturer at "Wren's." His works include : " History and Literature of France in Synoptic Tables and Essays "(Riv- ingtons) ; " Rapid Exercises on French Gram- mar" (Rivingtons); "Graduated Course of French Prose " (Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.); " Drill on French Accidence and the Essentials of Syntax" ; " French Vocabu- laries for Repetition " (Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.); "Practical French Primer" (Simpkin, Marshall, & Co.) ; " Historical French Grammar and Etymological Lexi- con for Schools " (Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.); and several editions of Modern French Classics. He has been Examiner in French to the University of London since 1893, to the University of Wales since its foundation, to the Victoria University (1894-97), to the London Chamber of Commerce since 1893, to the Oxford and Cambridge School Examinations Board, &c. Since the foundation of the Modern Language Association he has been an active member of its committee, and is on the committee of the Socie'te Nationale du Professeurs de Francais ; he is also a member of the Entente Cordiale, and in the summer of 1899 received the guests at an At Home given by this Society, at which Mme. Bernhardt and many other distinguished visitors were present. In 1895 he was decorated an Officier de l'lnstruction Publique. In 1891 he mar- ried Florence, daughter of the late George Mathews, of Streatham. Address : 75 Lancaster Road, North Kensington, W. SPEENGEL, Hermann Johann Philipp, Dr.phil. (Heidelberg, 1858); F.R.S. (London, 1878) ; Royal Prussian Pro- fessor, 1893 ; was born on Aug. 29, 1834, at Schillerslage, near Hanover, in Germany, where his father owned a property, and received his education first at the family home, by a private tutor, later at school in the town of Hanover, whence he re- moved to the Universities of GSttingen and Heidelberg, where he studied natural sciences (chemistry and physics in par- ticular), and took his degree Aug. 2, 1858 ( " Examine rigoroso summa cum laude superato "). Coming to England early in 1859, he engaged in research work with the Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford till the middle of 1862 ; after which he settled in London, engaged in research work at the laboratories of the Royal College of Chemistry, Guy's and St. Bartholomew's Hospitals, till the 1022 SPKENGEL autumn of 1864 ; and since then in work more or less connected with his inventions and discoveries. These, with some omis- sions, are : " Tiber einen neuen Lothrohr- apparat," Pogg. Ann., B. cxii., 1861 ; "On the Detection of Nitric Acid," Jour. C'hem. Soc, 1863 ; " Researches on the Vacuum," ibid., 1865 ; " On Determining the Weight of Heterogeneous Liquids," ibid., 1866; " Improvements in Explosive Compounds," Engl, Pat., No. 921 and No. 2642, 1871 ; "The Water Air-pump," Phil. Mag., 1873 ; " An Air-bath of Constant Temperature between 100° and 200° C," Jour. Chen. Soc, 1873 : " A Method of Determining the Specific Gravity of Liquids with Ease and great Exactness," ibid., 1873; "A New Class of Explosives, which are Non-ex- plosive during their Manufacture, Storage, and Transport," ibid., 1873 ; "Use of the Atomiser or Spray-Producer in the Manu- facture of Sulphuric Acid," Engl. Pat., No. 3189, 1873, and Chem. News, 1875 ; " Spren- gel's Vacuum Pump, commonly called Bunsen's Pump" (London, E.& F. N. Spon), 1881; "Notes on so-called Panclastite," Chem. News, 1886; "The Hell Gate Ex- plosion near New York and so-called 'Kackarock,' " Chem. News, 1885 ; " Use of Exhaust Steam in the Production of Sul- phuric Acid," Engl. Pat., No. 10,798, 1886, and Chem. News, 1887. The aiQre import- ant among these refer to the two exl*eia«s- in the gaseous state of matter — to vacua and detonating agents. As to vacua he discovered a new method of producing them, viz., by the fall of water or mercury in tubes, a method distinguished by its convenience and effectiveness. Thus we see, Chemical News, vol. xxix., p. 125, that in 1870 his mercury air-pump produced vacua so nearly perfect that the trace of air remaining in the exhausted vessel amounted to only Trrnrwinnr P aJ "t oi its ori- ginal volume, leaving for further cultiva- tion that field which lies between Tnr7F 5 Trinn j and 0. The eyes of the scientific world turned towards this instrument in 1866, after the late Prof. Graham, Master of the Mint, had bestowed upon it (anent his then newly-discovered occluded gases) the fol- lowing encomium: "The pneumatic in- strument of Dr. Sprengel is peculiarly ap- plicable to researches of the present kind. Indeed, without the use of his invention some parts of the inquiry would have been practically impossible " (Philosophi- cal Transactions, vol. clvi., p. 408). Since then this instrument has become a most useful servant both in science and industry, and has been singularly productive of further important results, which to enume- rate fully we have no space. Suffice it to point to a few, e.g., to Bunsen's filtering process, to Crookes's radiometer-work, and to Edison and Swan's incandescent vacuum-lamp industry. Prof. Sprengel's researches on explosives can likewise be only briefly referred to here. He was the first to shake our old belief in water as an infallible means of rendering explosives non-combustible, by virtue of his patents of 1871, which announced the explosibility of certain nitro-compound solutions, when fired by a detonating fuse. These solu- tions contain water up to 15 per cent. He was the first also who described the method (Jour. Chem. Soc., 1873, pp. 806 and 807) now called "cumulative detonation" ( Witt's Prometheus, Berlin, R. Muckenberger, 1892, p. 230), by means of which all semi- sensitive explosives, if explodable by con- cussion (such as wet gun-cotton, i.e., a nitro-compound with 15 per cent, of water), may readily be exploded, and by means of which every charge of wet gun-cotton has since been exploded up to the present. As wet gun-cotton is now employed on an extensive scale for military and naval purposes, Sprengel's cumulative detonation and first use of a, hydrated explosive have attained a high degree of practical import- ance. He was the first to draw attention (in 1873) to Picric Acid (Melinite, Lyddite) as "a powerful explosive when fired by a detonator" ("The Inventor of Melinite," Standard, April 10, 1899). At the present time this material is largely used as a de- _£onating charge for shells, which, by virtueSf — fciretr prodigious force, have greatly raised the influence of artillery in modern warfare. Witness "the absolute havoc which was made of the Mahdi's tomb at great ranges" bv Lyddite shells (Times, Sept. 11, 1890, and Sept. 9, 1898). He was the first who described and patented in England a number of sub- stances called Safety-explosives, consisting either of two liquids or of a liquid and a solid, which are non-explosive by them- selves, but become explosive when mixed, and are known as Hellhoffite, Oxonite, Panclastite, Rackarock, &c. The latter one in particular, consisting of 79 parts of potassium chlorate and 21 parts of nitro- benzol, has recently become famous in America, for it was chosen by Gen. John Newton, Chief of Engineers, U.S. army, to rack a rock called Flood Rock, which, covering an area of nine acres, obstructed Hell Gate, an entry to the harbour of New York. The mine excavated underneath this rock was charged with 107 tons of " rackarock," primed by 22 tons of dyna- mite, and the whole enormous charge (costing £22,190), was successfully fired Oct. 10, 1885. The explosion which ensued produced an earth-tremor of one minute's duration, felt at a distance of 185 miles, and will be remembered as the greatest of its kind as yet recorded. Address ; Savile Club, 107 Piccadilly, London, W. SPKIGG — STAIR 1023 SPRIGrG, The Bight Hon. Sir John Gordon, K.C.M.G., D.C.L. Oxon., Com- mander of the Legion of Honour, was born at Ipswich, Suffolk, in 1830, and is the son of a Baptist minister. He went to the Cape Colony in 1858, owing to ill- health, and worked there as a journalist for eleven years. He was first returned to the House of Assembly in 1869. He was Colonial Secretary and Prime Minister, 1878-81 ; Treasurer, 1884-86, when he became Premier for the second time. In 1888 he presided over a Free-Trade Con- ference of delegates from Cape Colony, Natal, and the Orange Free State, at which the project of a South African Federation was discussed. In 1890 he was succeeded as Premier by Mr. Cecil Ehodes, under whom he became Finance Minister in 1892. On Mr. Ehodes's retire- ment in January 1896, Sir Gordon Sprigg became Premier for a third term. He was defeated at the polls in 1898, when Mr. Schreiner (q.v. ) took office by a majority of one. He is a staunch Imperialist, and was made a Privy Councillor in 1887. Address : The Gardens, Cape Town. STACK, The Right Rev. Charles Maurice, M.A., D.D., Bishop of Clogher, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1848, M.A. in 1858, and D.D. in 1875. He was ordained in 1848, and became Curate of Lack, co. Fermanagh. He held the Rectory of Tydavnel, co. Monaghan, from 1871 to 1873, became Rector of Monaghan, and Archdeacon of Clogher in 1873, and was in 1866 elected Bishop of Clogher, being consecrated in Armagh Cathedral in the same year. Address : Knockballymore, Clones, Ireland. STACPOOLE, Frederick, A.R.A., is almost the last representative of the old school of engravers. He has engraved, among many other important pictures, Briton Riviere's "Circe." His latest pic- tures at the Royal Academy have been " In the Doldrums," 1896; "An Anxious Mo- ment," 1897; "A Glimpse of the Sea," 1898; " Baby's First Voyage," 1899. Ad- dress : 249 King Street West, Hammer- smith. STAINER, Sir John, M.A., Mus. Doc, D.C.L., was born in 1840, and is the son of a schoolmaster in South- wark ; he was a chorister at St. Paul's between 1847 and 1856. At the age of sixteen he became organist to St. Michael's College, Tenbury, then recently founded by the late Sir F. G. Ouseley ; and three years afterwards he was at the early age of nineteen made organist of Magdalen College, Oxford. He seized the opportunity of graduating in arts as well as in music, proceeding to Mus. Bac. in 1859, B.A. 1863, Mus. Doc. 1865, M.A. 1866. In 1860 Dr. Stainer had been appointed or- ganist of the University Church by the then Vice-Chancellor, the Rev. Dr. Jeune, late Bishop of Peterborough, and he held this appointment, together with the or- ganistship of Magdalen, until 1872, when he was appointed to succeed Sir John Goss as organist of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, which post he resigned early in 1888. He has composed a large number of anthems and Church services, as well as songs of a secular character, a Treatise on Harmony, educational Primers on Harmony, Com- position, and the Organ. Jointly with W. A. Barrett he has published a "Dictionary of Musical Terms," is joint-editor of " Carols New and Old," with the Rev. H. R. Bramley, and with the Rev. W. Russell, of the " Cathedral Prayer-Book." He has achieved a high reputation as a scientific musician. A cantata by Dr. Stainer, " The Daughter of Jairus," was composed for, and produced at, the Worcester Festival, 1878. In the same year he was nominated by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales one of the jurors of the Exhibition in Paris, and when it was closed he was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. In 1883 his can- tata, " St. Mary Magdalen," was produced at the Gloucester Festival. In the same year Dr. Stainer was appointed Inspector of Music to the Education Department in the place of the late Dr. Hullah, and also had the honour of being nominated a member of the Council of the Royal Col- lege of Music by H.RH. the Prince of Wales. In 1885 Dr. Stainer received the degree of Mus. Doc, and in 1895 that of D. C.L., honoris causd, fromtheUniversity of Durham. In 1888 he received the honour of knighthood, and in 1889 was appointed Professor of Music in the University of Oxford, as successor to Sir F. G. Ouseley, deceased. He is an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music, one of the Vice-Presidents of "he Royal College of Organists, and President of the Musical Association. In 1893 he received the dis- tinction of being elected an Honorary Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxon. In July 1899, he was entertained at dinner by the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, to commemorate the completion of the fiftieth year of his association with the Cathedral. Addresses : 10 South Parks Road, Oxford ; and Athenseum. STAIR, Earl of, John Hamilton Dalrymple, Bart., K.T., D.L., LL.D., was born on April 1, 1819, and is the son of the 9th Earl, whom he succeeded in 1864, and Margaret, daughter of James Penny, of Arrad, Lanes. He was educated 1024 STALBEIDGE — STANFORD at Harrow, and as John H. Dalrymple and afterwards as Viscount Dalrymple, represented Wigtownshire in the House of Commons from 1841 to 1856, was Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from 1869 to 1871, was at one time Captain in the Scots Guards, was Lord-Lieutenant of Ayrshire from 1870 to 1897, has been Lord-Lieutenant of Wigtownshire since 1851, Chancellor of Glasgow University since 1884, and is Chairman of the Bank of Scotland and Major-General of the Royal Scottish Archers. He was created a Knight of the Thistle in 1865. He mar- ried, in 1846, the late Louisa Jane Hen- rietta Emily de Franquelot, daughter of the Due de Coigny, and grand-daughter of Sir Hew Dalrymple Hamilton, Bart. She died in 1896. Addresses : Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire ; Oxenfoord Castle, Midlothian. STALBRIDGE, Lord, The Right Hon. Richard de Aquila Grosvenor, Chairman of the London and North- western Railway, was born at Motcombe House on Jan. 28, 1837, and is the second son of the 2nd Marquis of Westminster, and Elizabeth, second daughter of the 1st Duke of Sutherland. He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, was Liberal M.P. for Flintshire from 1861 to 1886 ; Chief Liberal Whip, 1880-86 ; Vice-Chamberlain of the Queen's Household, 1872-74; Patronage Secretary to the Treasury, 1880-85. He was created Lord Stalbridge in 1886, and sworn of the Privy Council in 1872. Since 1891 he has been Chairman of the L. andN. W. R. He married (2), in 1897, Eleanor Frances B. H., daughter of the late Robert H. Stubber, of Moyne, Queen's Co. Addresses : Mot- combe House, Shaftesbury ; and 32 Queens- borough Terrace, W. STALKER, James, M.A. Edinburgh, D.D. Glasgow and Yale, was born at Crieff, Perthshire, on* Feb. 21, 1848, and educated there, and at Edinburgh, Berlin, and Halle. He was appointed minister of St. Brycedale Church, Kirkcaldy, 1874 ; of Free St. Matthew's, Glasgow, 1897 ; and delivered the Lyman Beecher Lectures on Preaching at Yale University, U.S.A., in 1891. He has been appointed Cunning- ham Lecturer for 1899 in Edinburgh. His published works include : " The Life of Jesus Christ," 1879 ; " The Life of St. Paul," 1884; "Imago Christi," 1889; " The Preacher and his Models," 1891 ; "The Trial and Death of Jesus," 1894; " The Two St. Johns," 1895 ; which books have been translated into many languages. He is married to Charlotte Melville, daugh- ter of Francis Brown-Douglas, of Edin- burgh. Address : 6 Claremont Gardens, Glasgow. STAMER, The Right Rev. Sir Lovelace Tomlinson, Bart., Bishop of Shrewsbury, Suffragan to the Bishop of Lichfield, was born in York on Oct. 18, 1829, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1853, after being placed in the second class of the Classical Tripos ; M.A. in 1856, and D.D. in 1888. He was curate of Clay Cross, Derbyshire, in 1853 ; of Turvey, Beds., in 1854 ; and of Long Melford, Suffolk, in 1856-58. From that year to 1892 he was Rector of Stoke-upon-Trent, and from 1858 to 1888 he was Rural Dean, and from 1877 to 1888 Archdeacon of Stoke-upon-Trent. In 1875 he became a Prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral, and was consecrated Bishop of Shrewsbury in 1888, and Suffragan to the Bishop of Lichfield. In 1892 he was presented to the Vicarage of St. Chad, Shrewsbury, and was thence transferred to the Rectory of Edgmond, Salop, in 1896. He married Ellen, daughter of Joseph Dent, Ribston Hall, Yorks., in 1857. Address : Edgmond Rectory, Newport, Salop. STANFORD, Professor Charles Villiers, M.A., Mus.D., D.C.L., is the son of the late John Stanford, Esq., Examiner to the Irish Court of Chancery, and Mary, third daughter of William Henn, Esq., Master in Chancery. He was born in Dublin, Sept. 30, 1852, and received his first musical instruction from Mr. A. O'Leary and Sir E. P. Stewart. In 1870 he matriculated at Queen's College, Cam- bridge, but shortly afterwards migrated to Trinity, where, on the death of Dr. J. L. Hopkins in 1873, he was elected or- ganist of the College, a post he has re- tained ever since. In the same year he was appointed conductor of the University Musical Society. In 1874 Dr. Stanford graduated in classical honours, and shortly afterwards studied music at Leipzig under Reinecke, and in Berlin under Kiel. His principal compositions up to 1876 are a setting of Klopstock's Hymn " Die Aufer- stehung " (op. 5), incidental music to Tennyson's "Queen Mary" (op. 6), and a setting of the 46th Psalm (op. 8), first performed by the Cambridge University Musical Society in 1876. In 1877 Dr. Stanford took the degree of M.A. In the same year an Overture by him was pro- duced at the Gloucester Festival, and a Symphony at the Crystal Palace. The next few years were devoted to the writing of various chamber compositions, two church services, one of which was written for the Festival of the Sons of the Clergy in 1880, and a grand opera, "The STANFORD 1025 Veiled Prophet of Khorassan " (libretto by W. Barclay Squire), which was produced at Hanover, Feb. 6, 1881. In 1882 an Elegiac Symphony was performed at Cam- bridge, a Choral Hymn (op. 16) to words by Klopstock at St. Paul's Cathedral, and an Orchestral Serenade (op. 17) at the Birmingham Festival. Shortly afterwards he published a collection of old Irish songs. At the opening of the Royal College of Music Dr. Stanford was appointed Profes- sor of Composition and Orchestral playing, and in 1883 the honorary degree of Mus. Doc. was conferred upon him by the Uni- versity of Oxford. In 1884 he produced two new operas, " Savonarola " at Ham- burg, and (within a fortnight) " The Canterbury Pilgrims " at Drury Lane ; the librettos of both works were by G. A. A'Beckett. The same year witnessed the production at the Norwich Festival of a setting of Walt Whitman's Elegiac Ode for Abraham Lincoln (op. 21), three Cavalier songs (words by Robert Browning) (op. 18), and a pianoforte sonata (op. 20), played at the Monday Popular Concerts. In 1885 Dr. Stanford was elected Conductor of the Bach Choir. His oratorio " The Three Holy Children " (op. 22) was pro- duced at the Birmingham Festival, and his music to the " Eumenides " (op. 23) of iEschylus at the performance of the play at Cambridge. His choral setting of Tennyson's ballad, " The Revenge " (op. 24), was performed at the Leeds Festival of 1886, and a pianoforte quintet (op. 25), at the Monday Popular Concerts. In 1887 he set to music the " Carmen Sfeculare " of Lord Tennyson, which was performed at a State Concert with Madame Albani as solo soprano. The same artist sang the principal part in a setting of the 150th Psalm, written expressly for the opening of the Manchester Exhibition of the same year. Dr. Richter conducted the first performance of his " Irish " Symphony (op. 28), and the following autumn his music to the " (Edipus Rex" (op. 29) of Sophocles was given at Cambridge. Shortly afterwards he was elected Professor of Music in the University of Cambridge, in succession to Sir George Macfarren. In January 1888 Professor Stanford conducted at Berlin his fourth Symphony in F (op. 31), on which occasion also Dr. Joachim played a Violin Suite with orchestral ac- companiment (op. 32). His setting of Tennyson's "Voyage of Maeldune" was produced at the Leeds Festival of the same year. An oratorio, "Eden," of which the poem was written by Mr. Robert Bridges, was produced at the Birmingham Festival of 1891. In the same year he was elected a corresponding member of the French Soci^te" de Com- positeurs de Musique, and received the diploma of honorary membership of the Beethoven-Haus at Bonn. A ballad for chorus and orchestra, " The Battle of the Baltic" (op. 41), was given at the Here- ford Festival of the same year. The year 1892 saw the production of two string quartets (op. 44 and 45), and a sonata for violoncello and piano (op. 39), and two sets of part songs. In 1893 he wrote in con- junction with Mr. Swinburne an ode, "East to West," for the Chicago Exhibi- tion, which was first given in the Albert Hall ; and a Mass in G major (op. 46). He was requested by Mr. Henry Irving to write the incidental music for the produc- tion of Lord Tennyson's tragedy, "Becket," for the Lyceum. He also published a further set of thirty Irish Songs and Ballads. His first opera, "The Veiled Prophet," was given for the first time in England at Covent Garden Theatre in July 1893. On the occasion of the Jubilee of the Cambridge University Musical So- ciety in June 1893, when Saint Saens, Bruch, Tschaikowsky, and Boito conducted their own compositions and received hono- rary degrees from the University, Profes- sor Stanford resigned the conductorship and took up his residence in London. His six Irish Fantasies for Violin were pro- duced in London in 1894. In the same year the University of Durham conferred upon him, in conjunction with Lord Leigh- ton and Sir Hubert (then Dr. Hubert) Parry, the honorary degree of D.C.L. A setting of Gray's ode, " The Bard " (op. 50), was first given at the Cardiff Festival of 1895, and in the same year his fifth symphony, " L'Allegro ed il Penseroso," was pro- duced by the Philharmonic Society, and a Pianoforte Concerto (op. 59) was played by Mr. Borwick at the Richter concerts. Both these works formed part of a concert of English music conducted by Mr. Stan- ford at Berlin in December of that year. His Irish opera " Shamus O'Brien " was produced at the Opera Comique in the spring of 1896, and after a long run both in London and the provinces, was given in New York and other American cities. At the Norwich Festival of the same year his choral ballad " Phaudrig Coshone" (op. 59) was first given. His most recent works have been a Requiem (op. 63), com- posed in memory of Lord Leighton, first performed at the Birmingham Festival of 1897, repeated by the Royal Academy of Music and the Bach Choir in London, and the Apollo Club at Chicago ; a String Quartet, No. 3 (op. 64), composed for the Joachim quartet, and given by them both in Berlin and London ; a Cycle of Songs from Tennyson's " Princess," for vocal quartet ; and a Te Deum in honour of her Majesty's Diamond Jubilee (Leeds Festival of 1898). In 1897 Mr. Stanford was ap- 3t 1026 STANLEY pointed Conductor of the Leeds Philhar- monic Society, and besides other concerts directed the Festival given to the foreign guests of the Society of Naval Architects. In the winter of the same year he con- ducted two of his symphonies at Amster- dam, and directed one of the series of international concerts, devoted to music of the British school, given by the Concerts Ysiiye at Brussels. He married Jennie, fourth daughter of the late Champion Welton, Joldwynds, Surrey. He was elected a member of the Athenaeum under Rule 2. Addresses : 50 Holland Street, Kensington, W. ; and Athenaeum. STANLEY, Lord, Edward George Villiers, M.P., J. P., D.L., Junior Lord of the Treasury, was born on April 4, 1865, and is the eldest son and heir of the 16th Earl of Derby and Lady Constance Villiers, eldest daughter of the late Earl of Clarendon. He was educated at Wel- lington College, entered the 2nd Battalion Grenadier Guards, and retired with the rank of Lieutenant in 1896, and was A.D.C. to his father, then Governor-General of Canada, from 1889 to 1891. In 1892 he was returned to Parliament as Conservative member for the West Houghton Division of Lanes., and in 1895 was appointed a Lord of the Treasury. He is a J. P. and D.L. for Lancashire. In 1889 he married Lady Alice Maude Olivia Montagu, daughter of the 7th Duke of Manches- ter. Addresses : 36 Great Cumberland Place, Hyde Park, W. ; and Coworth Park, Sunningdale, Berks. STANLEY, The Hon. Edward Lyulph, was born in London on May 16, 1839, and is the son of the 2nd Lord Stanley of Alderley, and heir to his brother, the 3rd Baron. He was educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a second class in Classical Moderations, and a first class in Lit. Hum., 1861. In 1862 he was elected a Fellow of his College. In 1865 he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and in 1872 was appointed Assistant- Commis- sioner on the Friendly Societies Commis- sion. In 1880 he was returned to the House of Commons as Liberal M.P. for Oldham, and represented that constituency until 1885. He was a member of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Poor, 1884 ; on Elementary Education, 1887 ; and was a Commissioner to investi- gate the Royal Liver Friendly Society and Cardiff Savings Bank. In 1895 he was appointed a member of the Departmental Committee on London Poor-Law Schools. He has long been keenly interested in primary education, has sat on the London School Board almost continuously since 1876, and still represents the Marylebone Division. He may be said, we are in- formed on the authority of one of his most influential colleagues, to have latterly devoted all his life to the work of the London School Board, where his mastery of the detail of 440 schools is, owing to his marvellous memory and energy, com- plete. He married, in 1873, Mary, daughter of Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, Bart. Address : 18 Mansfield Street, W. STANLEY, Sir Henry Morton, G.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., African explorer, was born near Denbigh, in Wales, on Jan. 28, 1841. When three years of age he was placed in the poor-house of St. Asaph, where he remained ten years, and received an education which enabled him to teach in a school. At the age of fifteen he sailed as cabin- boy in a vessel bound for New Orleans. Here he was adopted by a merchant named Stanley, whose name he took in place of his original one, which was John Rowlands. His patron died without leaving a will, and young Stanley was left to his own resources. He enlisted in the Confederate army, was made a prisoner, and subsequently joined the Federal navy, serving as acting ensign on the Ticonderoga. After the close of the war he went to Turkey as a newspaper correspondent, and in 1867 was sent by the New York Herald as its correspondent with the British army in Abyssinia, and subsequently travelled in Spain and elsewhere for the same paper. He was finally sent by the conductor of the Herald to find Dr. Livingstone, of whom nothing had been heard for more than two years. Stanley sailed from Bom- bay in October 1870, and reached Zanzi- bar, on the east coast of Africa, early in January 1871, and on Nov. 10 found Livingstone at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika, where he had just arrived from the south- west. Stanley furnished him with sup- plies, explored the northern part of Lake Tanganyika with him, and remained until February 1872, when Livingstone started on the journey from which he never re- turned, and Stanley made his way back to Europe, reaching England in July 1872. Here he was received with great en- thusiasm, was publicly entertained, and presented by her Majesty with a gold snuff-box set with diamonds, and by the Royal Geographical Society (1873) with the patron's Gold Medal. The iclat of his first expedition induced the conductors of the New York Herald and of the London Daily Telegraph to send him, at their own expense, on another African Expedition. He reached Zanzibar in the autumn of 1874, and learning that Livingstone was dead, resolved to go north-westward and STANMOEE 1027 explore the region of Lake Victoria N'yanza. This, after many encounters with the natives and the loss by death or desertion of 104 men out of 300, he reached in February 1875, and found it to be the largest body of fresh water on the globe, having an area of 40,000 square miles. He then pushed westward towards Lake Albert N'yanza, and was able to satisfy himself that it was not, as had been generally supposed, connected with Lake Tanganyika. Forced by the hos- tility of the natives to return to Ujiji, he determined to descend the great river discovered by Livingstone, and believed by him to be the Nile, but which others thought was the Congo (and Stanley by this journey ascertained it was). It had been named by Livingstone the Luillaba, but by Stanley it was named the Living- stone. The descent, chiefly by canoes, occupied him eight months, coit him the lives of thirty-live men, and was accom- plished under the greatest difficulties and privations. On reaching a settlement on the coast, a Portuguese national vessel took him to St. Paul de Loanda, whence an English vessel conveyed the party to the Cape of Good Hope, and thence to Zanzibar. Here his men were left at their home ; and Stanley reached England in February 1878. He has published an account of his first expedition, under the title of " How I Found Livingstone," 1872. Of his second expedition an account is given in " Through the Dark Continent," 1878 (abridged edition, 1885). The Presi- dent of the French Geographical Society presented the Cross of Chevalier of the Legion of Honour to Mr. Stanley at the Sorbonne, Paris, June 28, 1878. In 1879- 82 he visited Africa again, sent there by the Brussels African International Associa- tion with a view to developing the great basin of the river Congo. The King of the Belgians devoted from his private purse £50,000 per annum towards this costly enterprise. Stanley completed the work in 1884, having established trading stations along the Congo River from its mouth to Stanley Pool, 1400 miles by river. A description of his labours in this field was published by him in 1885 under title " The Congo and the Founding of its Free State." On Jan. 13, 1887, he was presented with the honorary freedom of the City of London, just on the eve of his departure for a fourth time to Africa. This expedition was made for the purpose of relieving Emin Pacha, Governor of Equatorial Africa, whose condition was known in Europe to have become precari- ous. Stanley fulfilled his mission, suc- coured Emin and brought him and his followers safely back to Egypt, but only after the most severe hardships endured in any of his explorations, and with a loss of over 400 out of the 650 men he had taken with him. Nearly three years were occupied in the journey. Among the important geographical results of the ex- pedition were the discovery of the Semliki River, of Mount Ruvenzori (thought to be 17,000 feet high), of Lake Albert Edward, and of the south-western extension of Lake Victoria. Lake Albert Edward proved to be the primary source of the White Nile, and it was shown that its waters connect through the Semliki with the Albert N'yanza. Stanley reached Cairo near the close of 1889, and remained there until the following spring in order to write a record of the journey. This was published simultaneously in England, France, Germany, and the United States in June 1890, under the title of "In Darkest Africa" (2 vols.). His return to England was an unending ovation. The Universities of Oxford and Durham be- stowed upon him the degree of D.C.L. ; that of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Cambridge, and every institution and individual sought to do him honour. On July 12, 1890, in Westminster Abbey, he was married to Miss Dorothy Tennant, an artist of considerable talent, and a lady well known in society. She is the daughter of Sir C. Tennant. A controversy subsequently arose relative to certain incidents mentioned in a " Life of Major Barttelot," which amounted to charges against Mr. Stanley. He defended himself from these charges before under- taking a lecturing tour to America. On his return with Mrs. Stanley in 1891, he lectured in many parts of the United Kingdom, and in 1892 paid a visit to Australia. On his return he settled in London and took out a certificate of naturalisation. At the general election in July he stood as a Unionist for North Lambeth, but was not returned. During the controversy about Uganda he was strongly in favour of retaining that country. In November 1893 appeared his book on " My Dark Companions and their Strange Stories." In 1898 appeared his " Through South Africa," being an account of his recent visit to the Cape. He was created G.C.B. at the Birthday, 1899. Ad- dresses : 2 Richmond Terrace, S.W. ; and Cadoxton Lodge, Neath, Glamorganshire. STANMOEE, Lord, The Rig-lit Hon. Arthur Hamilton Gordon, G.C.M.G., Hon. D.C.L. Oxon., D.L., J.P., Ex- Governor of Ceylon, is the youngest son of the 4th Earl of Aberdeen, and was born in 1829, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (MA. 1851 ; Hon. D.C.L. Oxon. 1879). He satin Parliament as Liberal Member for Beverley from 1854 1028 STANNARD — STANTON to 1857 ; was Secretary to the special mission to the Ionian Islands in 1858 ; appointed Governor of New Brunswick in 1861 ; Governor of Trinidad in 1866 ; Governor of Mauritius in 1871 ; the first Governor of the Fiji Islands in 1875 ; High Commissioner for the Western Pacific in 1877 ; Governor of New Zealand in 1880 ; and Governor of Ceylon from 1883 to 1890. In 1878 he was made G.C.M.G. In 1879 he received the honour of the Hon. D.C.L. of Oxford University. He was raised to the peerage in 1893. As an author he has published "Wilderness Journeys in New Brunswick," 1864 ; " Story of a Little War," 1879; "Life of Lord Aberdeen," 1893 ; together with pamphlets and articles. His wife, who died in 1889, was the eldest daughter of Sir John Shaw Lefevre. Addresses : The Bed House, Ascot ; and Athenaeum. STANNARD, Mrs. Arthur, "John Strange Winter," F.E.S.L., the popular author of " Booties' Baby " and many other well-known novels, was born at York on Jan. 13, 1856. She was the only daughter of the late Rev. H. V. Palmer, Rector of St. Margaret's, York, who, before taking Holy Orders, was in the Royal Artillery, and was one of the officers selected to attend the coronation of Queen Victoria. One of her ancestors was the celebrated actress, Hannah Pritchard. Mrs. Stannard began her public literary career in 1874. Her first publication in volume form was a collection of military sketches entitled "Cavalry Life," issued in 1881, for which her publishers induced her to adopt the masculine nom cle guerre by which she has since become so well known. In 1885 two stories from her pen, entitled "Booties' Baby," and "Houp-la," appeared in the Graphic, and attracted immediate attention from the author's evident familiarity with army matters and child life. Up to this time it was uni- versally assumed that the author was a cavalry officer, but when the success of " Booties' Baby " had established her re- putation as a writer on army life, she disclosed her identity. In 1892 Mrs. Stannard became the first President of the "Writers' Club," which is the first women's Press Club ever established. In 1893 she was unanimously elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, an honour which had only once before been conferred on a woman. She was married in 1884 to Mr. Arthur Stannard, a civil engineer, and has four children. Since 1896 Mr. and Mrs. StaDnard have lived at Dieppe, and have prominently identified themselves with the interests of that town as a resort for English visitors. It is to their efforts that English tourists owe the Golf Club, of which Mr. Stannard is secretary, and the Committee of Publicity and Information. To this com- mittee Mrs. Stannard has presented the letterpress for a handsome album, setting forth the attractions of Dieppe. Mrs. Stannard has published upwards of sixty novels, including : " Cavalry Life," "Regimental Legends," "Booties' Baby," "Houp-la," "Pluck," "In Quarters," "On March," "Army Society," "Garrison Gossip," "Mignon's Secret," "That Imp," "Mignon's Husband," "A Siege Baby," "Confessions of a Publisher," "Booties' Children," "Beautiful Jim," "My Poor Dick," "Harvest," "A Little Fool," "Buttons," "Mrs. Bob," "Dinna Forget," "Ferrers Court," " He went for a Soldier," "The Other Man's Wife," "Good-Bye," "Lumley the Painter," "Mere Luck," " Only Human," " My Geoff," "A Soldier's Children," "Three Girls," "'That Mrs. Smithl" "Aunt Johnnie," "A Man's Man," "The Soul of the Bishop," "A Blameless Woman," " The Truth-Tellers," "Grip," "Into an Unknown World," "The Peacemakers," "Heart and Sword," &c. Mrs. Stannard presented the entire copy- right of "A Soldier's Children" to the Victoria Hospital for Children. Address : Villa des Hosiers, Dieppe. STANTON, Rev. Arthur Henry, M.A., is the son of Charles Stanton, of Stroud, Gloucester, and was born on June 21, 1839. He was educated at Rugby, and Trinity College, Oxford, where he gradu- ated B.A. in 1862, and M.A. in 1865. He was ordained in 1863, and has been since that date Curate of St. Alban's, Holborn. He is well known as an eloquent preacher, and as an indefatigable worker amongst the poorer classes, who form the major portion of the thickly populated parish of St. Alban's. He is unmarried, and resides in the clergy house which is attached to the church. STANTON, Rev. Vincent Henry, D.D., son of Rev. V. J. Stanton, late Rector of Halesworth, Suffolk, and formerly Colo- nial Chaplain of Victoria, Hong Kong, is descended, on the mother's side, from Robert Barclay, of Ury, and was born at Victoria, Hong Kong, June 1, 1846. He was educated at Kensington Grammar School, and by private tuition ; was Minor Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1866 ; Major Scholar, 1868 ; B.A. 1870 (20th Wrangler and 2nd class in Classical Tripos); M.A. 1873; B.D. 1890; D.D. 1891 ; and Fellow of Trinity College, 1872. He was ordained deacon 1872, and priest 1874 ; appointed one of the first University Extension Lecturers on the commencement of the scheme in 1873 ; was Junior Dean STEAD — STEBBING 1029 of Trinity College, 1874-76 ; Senior Dean, 1876-84 ; Tutor, 1884-89 ; Divinity Lecturer at Trinity, 1882-89; Ely Processor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge, and Canon of Ely, 1889; Select Preacher before the University in 1874, 1878, &c. ; Hulsean Lecturer, 1879 ; Cambridge White- hall Preacher, 1880-81 ; Select Preacher before the University of Oxford, 1897-98 ; Examining Chaplain from 1875 to two successive Bishops of Ely. He has for some years taken an active part in College and University business, and is the author of "The Jewish and the Christian Messiah, a Study in the Earliest History of Chris- tianity"; "The Place of Authority in Matters of Religious Belief," 1891 ; and of various sermons and pamphlets. Ad- dresses : Trinity College, Cambridge ; and the College, Ely. STEAD, William Thomas, was born at Embleton, Northumberland, on July 5, 1849, and is the son of a Congregational minister who, a few months later, settled in Howdon-on-Tyne. Mr. Stead was edu- cated at home and at Wakefield. He left school when fourteen ; became office boy in a mercantile office, thon Russian Vice- Consulate at Newcastle-on-Tyne ; was appointed editor of the Northern Echo, a halfpenny daily paper published at Dar- lington, July 1871 ; assistant editor to Mr. J. Morley on the Pall Mall Gazette, Sep- tember 1880 ; succeeded to the control of the paper in the spring of 1883 ; resigned the editorship, Dec. 31, 1889 ; and is now editing and publishing the Review of Reviews, a sixpenny monthly, founded by him in January 1890. As editor of the Pall Mall Gazette he was said by Mr. Matthew Arnold to have invented the " New Journalism, " naturalised the inter- view in the English press, introduced illustrations into the daily newspaper, and established the Pall Mall Extras. It was his interview with General Gordon at Southampton which led to the mission to Khartoum. His " Truth about the Navy and its Coaling Stations" marked the be- ginning of the revival of our Naval Supremacy. In July 1885 Mr. Stead pub- lished "The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon," an exposure of crimes against women and children, for which the law provided no remedy. The immediate re- sult was the passing of the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885. Mr. Stead visited Ireland in 1886, and published "No Reduction, No Rent, a Plea for the Plan of Campaign." In 1888 he visited Russia, of which country he has been the foremost advocate in the English press, and published on his return "Truth about Russia," in one volume. In 1889 he went to the Vatican to report on the attitude of the Pope to the new era, and published a work on that subject in January 1890. On Jan. 15, 1890, having terminated his editorship of the Pall Mall Gazette, he brought out the first number of the mid- monthly Review of Reviews, and a few months afterwards became its sole pro- prietor, as well as editor. On July 15, 1893, he brought out the first number of Borderland, a quarterly devoted to the study of psychical phenomena. He has also carried on a vigorous propaganda in many cities and towns with a view to the establishment of what he has styled " The Civic Church," an organisation or federa- tion of religious, philanthropical, indus- trial, and other bodies in a given town in furtherance of its civic welfare, a volun- tary ethical advisory counterpart of the Town Council. In the same year he visited the World's Fair at Chicago, and published a book, "If Christ came to Chicago," on the latter city, which has run through several editions. Among his other publications should be mentioned "The Story that Transformed the World," 1890; "The Labour War in the United States," 1894; and "Her Majesty the Queen," and "Satan's Invisible World : a Study of Despairing Democracy," 1897 ; " Blastus, the King's Chamberlain: a Political Romance," "Gladstone, 1809-98: a Character Sketch," " The Centenary of 1798," 1898. He is also issuing a series of "Books for the Bairns," and has taken great interest in the Peace Conference, which he visited (1899). He married, in 1873, Emma L. Wilson. Address : Cam- bridge House, Wimbledon Park. STEBBING-, The Rev. Thomas Roscoe Rede, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., was born in Euston Square, London, Feb. 6, 1835, and is the fourth son of the late Rev. Henry Stebbing, D.D., F.R.S. He was educated at King's College School and King's College, London, and at Worcester College, Oxford. He obtained the Clas- sical Scholarship and a divinity prize at the B.A. examination, University of Lon- don ; at Oxford took a First Class in Moderations, Second Class in Literaa Hu- maniores, First Class in Law and Modern History, was Scholar of Lincoln College, and successively Scholar, Fellow, and Tutor of Worcester College ; was ordained Deacon in 1858, Priest in 1859, by Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford ; was en- gaged in tuition from 1857 to 1884 ; devoted several arduous years to prepar- ing the Report on the Challenger Amphi- podae, contained in three quarto volumes, and is now engaged on a "Monograph of the Amphipoda " in general for " Das Tierreich " ; was elected President of the Torquay Natural History Society for the 1030 STEDMAN-- STEEL years 1873, 1874 ; of the Devonshire Asso- ciation for the advancement of Science, Literature, and Art, 1884 ; of the Tun- bridge Wells Natural History Society, 1889 to 1898 ; of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, 1896, 1897 5 of the Tunbridge Wells Literary Society, 1898 ; from 1872 to the present time has con- tributed numerous papers and articles to scientific and literary serials, including the Annals and Magazine of Natural His- tory, Geological Magazine, Nature, Natural Science, the Zoologist, Knowledge, Popular Science Review, Eraser's Magazine, the West- minster Review, Good Words, the Nineteenth Century, Blackwood, the Edinburgh Review, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, the Linnean Society of London, and the Society Natura Artis Magistra of Amsterdam ; has also published separately, "Eventide, a Book of Prayer for the Schoolroom" (Bell & Daldy), 1864 ; trans- lation of Longinus on the Sublime (Shrimp- tons, Oxford), 1867; "Essays on Dar- winism" (Longmans), 1871; "Keport on the Amphipoda collected by H.M.S. Chal- lenger, 2 vols, text, 1 vol. plates (H.M. Stationery Office), 1888 ; " The Naturalist of Cumbrae " (Kegan Paul & Co.), 1891 ; "A History of Crustacea," International Scientific Series (Kegan Paul & Co.), 1893. He married, in 1867, Mary Anne, third daughter of the late W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., P.R.S. Address : Ephraim Lodge, the Common, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. STEDMAN, Edmund Clarence, was born at Hartford, Connecticut, Oct. 8, 1833. He is a graduate of Yale College, 1853 ; A.M. of Yale and of Dartmouth ; and L.H.D. of Columbia. After some experience on the Connecticut press, he obtained a position, in 1859, in the New York Tribune office. During the Civil War he was a war correspondent of the New York World. In 1865 he left jour- nalism and went into business in Wall Street, in order to obtain the means and time for purely literary work. Besides his contributions to the Atlantic, Century, and other periodicals, be has published "Poems," 1860, 1873; "Alice of Mon- mouth," 1864; "The Blameless Prince," 1869 ; a volume of essays on Victorian Poets, 1875 ; " Octavius Brooks Frothing- ham and the New Faith," 1876; "Haw- thorne and other Poems," 1877 ; "Lyrics and Idyls " (London), 1879 ; " Edgar Allan Poe," 1888 ; and a collection of his "Poetical Works," 1884. In 1885 his "Poets of America" appeared, and in 1887 the thirteenth edition of "Victorian Poets," extended to the fiftieth year of her Majesty's reign. From 1883 he was engaged, with Ellen M. Hutchinson, in the compilation of "A Library of Ameri- can Literature," an inclusive work, of which the eleventh and final volume ap- peared in 1890. He initiated the newly- founded Turnbull Lectureship on Poetry at Johns Hopkins University, with the opening course of lectures, early in 1891. These lectures were repeated at the Uni- versity of Columbia, New York, in 1892, and gained him his doctorate from that corporation. In the same year they were published in book form, and entitled " The Nature and Elements of Poetry. " In 1896 he published "A Victorian Anthology." Upon the death of Professor Lowell, 1891, he succeeded to the Presidency of the American Copyright League, a station which he still holds. Address : 16 Broad Street, New York, &c. STEEL, Flora Annie, novelist, was born at Harrow on April 2, 1847, and is the second daughter of the late George Webster, Sheriff-Clerk of Forfarshire. She was educated at home, and lived in India till 1889, her husband, whom she married in 1867, being a civil servant in Bengal. She was for some time Provincial Inspec- tress of Government and Aided Schools in the Punjab, and Member of the Educa- tional Committee. In India she gained that knowledge and experience which places her second only to Mr. Kipling among novelists of Hindu or Mohammedan life and character. Her more recent works are : " From the Five Rivers," 1893 ; "The Potter's Thumb" and "Tales from the Punjab," 1894; "Red Rowans," 1895 ; " On the Face of the Waters " and " In the Tideway," 1896 ; " In the Permanent Way," 1897. Address: Dunlugas, Turriff, Scotland. STEEL, Miss Kate, the first lady Professor of Singing at the Royal Aca- demy of Music since 1867, was educated at Liverpool. As a child she was remark- able for her extraordinary vocal powers, having then a high soprano of great natural flexibility. She studied music and composition under Mr. Toms, of the Royal Academy, and achieved early a great proficiency on the pianoforte under Mr. Walter MacfarreD. At sixteen she came up to London, and her rare musical sensibility and great natural facility seemed to point her out as destined to become a pianiste of the first order, but after a successful d^but at St. James's Hall, her wrists gave signs of weakness, which made the needful practising im- possible. Meanwhile she bad prosecuted her vocal studies with such success that a brilliant career in the concert-room or on the stage seemed open to her. But here, too, she was doomed to disappointment, for no sooner had she appeared once or twice in public, and won golden opinions, STEEEE — STEPHEN 1031 than her throat also proved unequal to the excessive strain now put upon profes- sional singing, and she had to abandon this second career also. But so exceptionally gifted a musician could not be allowed to leave the Koyal Academy, so her services were retained unofficially by Signor Ran- degger, and for some years she was chiefly engaged in preparing his pupils. Subse- quently it was decided to offer Miss Steel the post of Lady Professor of Singing at the Academy, which she accepted, and is at present the only lady Professor at the Royal Academy of Music. Miss Steel has done a good deal to place her own art on a more scientific, and, above all, on a more philosophic basis than has hitherto been done ; and after spending many years in studying some obscure points of psycho- physiology (notably the influence of the nervous system on respiration and circu- lation), she has established a complete system of physical and mental training. This, though intended primarily for exe- cutive art, has attracted the attention of the medical faculty through its thera- peutic effects, and is being recommended for all forms of nervous exhaustion and kindred ailments. The Organ School of Music is the first public institution which has organised classes on these important subjects, and has recently appointed Miss Steel to lecture and to hold classes on "Physical Culture: Nerve and Muscle Training," "Memory and Ear Training," and "Medical Gymnastics," in addition to her work on the vocal staff. Address : 7 Porteus Road, Maida Hill, W. STEERE, The Hon. Sir James George Lee, third son of Lee Steere, Esq., of Jayes, Surrey, was born in 1830, and was educated at the Clapham Gram- mar School. He emigrated to Western Australia in 1860 ; became Justice of the Peace, 1861 ; has been Member of the Legislative Council since 1868 ; Member of the Executive Council since 1884 ; Member of the Federal Council of Aus- tralasia since 1885 ; and Speaker of the Legislative Council since 1886. He re- ceived the honour of knighthood, 1888. Sir J. G. Steere married, in 1859, Kate, the only daughter of the late Luke Leake, Esq., of Perth, Western Australia. Ad- dress : Perth, West Australia. STEEVENS, George Warrington, was born Dec. 10, 1869, and educated at the City of London School and Balliol College, Oxford (B.A. Oxford and London). He became a Fellow of Pembroke College in 1892. He was on the staff of the Pall Mall Gazette during the editorship of Mr. Henry Oust, 1893 to 1896, and contributed to the National Observer during the editor- ship of Mr. W. E. Henley. He is author of ' ' Monologues of the Dead " and " Naval Policy," 1896. The latter work brought him prominently before the public. He has been on the staff of the Daily Mail from 1896, for which paper he visited on journalistic missions the United States, Germany, Egypt, and served as corre- spondent during the Turco-Grecian war and Soudan Expedition of 1898. He has embodied his experiences successively in "The Land of the Dollar," "With the Conquering Turk," 1897 ; " Egypt in 1898," and "With Kitchener to Khartoum," 1898. Address : Russell Mansions, Southampton Row, W.C. ; and Merton Abbey, Surrey. STEINITZ, William, was born May 14, 1836, at Prague, Bohemia, where he was also educated, finishing his studies, however, at the Polytechnic Institute, Vienna. He early attained distinction as a chess-player, and by his defeat of the late Professor Anderssen in 1866 won the match championship of the world, a posi- tion which he held against all contestants for a long time. He won every single- handed match or series for thirty years after 1862, and gained either first or second place (or tied for first or second) in every tournament he entered for many years after 1867. His average score in tournaments was the highest, and in any single one his score was the best. Among the tournaments in which he has taken part have been those held in Dublin, 1865 ; Paris, 1867 ; Dundee, 1867 ; Baden, 1870 ; London, 1872-1883 ; Vienna, 1873 and 1882 ; and among the well-known players he has been matched against are Anderssen, Blackburne, Bird, Gunsberg, Zukertort, Martinez, Mackenzie, Tschigorin, Golmayo, and Vasquez. In 1883 he settled in the United States, where, since 1885, hehasbeen the editor of the International Chess Maga- zine. In 1889 he published the first part of a work entitled the " Modern Chess In- structor." In 1894 he suffered defeat at the hands of Lasker, who won ten games to his five (four drawn). STEPHEN, Sir Alexander Condie, K.C.M.G., C.B., Minister at Dresden, was born in 1850, and is the younger son of Oscar Stephen, a former partner in All- sopps'. He was educated at Rugby, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1876. Having served at St. Petersburg and Con- stantinople, he was appointed Consul- General in Eastern Roumelia in 1880, and C.M.G. in 1881. In the next year he was employed on special service to inquire into the condition of Khorassan. In 1884 he was Assistant-Commissioner for the de- markation of the N.W. Boundary of Afghanistan. He became Consul-General 1032 STEPHEN — STEPHENSON in Bulgaria in 1886, Secretary at Vienna in 1887, and in Paris in 1888. In 1893 he became Charge' d'Affaires at Coburg, and in 1897 was appointed, in addition, to his present post, Minister Resident at Dresden and Coburg. He is a good Eussian and Persian scholar, and has published trans- lations of tales in these languages. Ad- dresses : British Legation, Dresden ; 84 Cadogan Square, S.W. STEPHEN, Leslie, M.A., Litt.D., son of the late Right Hon. Sir James Stephen, the author of "Essays on Ecclesiastical Biography," and brother of the Hon. Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, was born at Kensington, Nov. 28, 1832, and educated at Eton College and at King's College, London, whence he proceeded to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1854 and M.A. in 1857. For several years he was Fellow and Tutor of Trinity Hall. In 1864 Mr. Stephen left Cambridge, and since then he has been actively en- gaged in literary pursuits in London. He was editor of the Cornhill Magazine from 1871 till 1882, when he resigned that post in order to undertake the responsible task of editing the important " Dictionary of National Biography," which is in course of publication in a series of quarterly volumes. He was succeeded in the editor- ship in 1891 by Mr. Sidney Lee. In May 1883 he was elected to the Lectureship of English Literature at Cambridge, founded in honour of the late W.G. Clark, of Trinity College, but he held the office for only a year. His separate publications are : " The "Playground of Europe," 1871 ; " Hours in a Library," 1st series, 1874, 2nd series, 1876, 3rd series, 1879; "Essays on Free- thinking and Plain Speaking," 1873; "His- tory of English Thought in the 18th Century," 1876 ; "The Science of Ethics," 1882; and "Johnson," "Pope," and "Swift," in "English Men of Letters." He edited Fielding's works, " with a bio- graphical essay," 10 vols. , 1882. His other publications include : " The Life of Henry Fawcett," 1885 ; "An Agnostic's Apology," 1893; the standard "Life of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen," 1895 ; " Social Rights and Duties," 1896; and "Studies of a Biographer," 1898. Mr. Leslie Stephen has also contributed numerous articles to the Saturday Review and the Pall Mall Gazette. Mr. Stephen married Harriet Marion, younger daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray. This lady died in 1875. He married, secondly, in 1878, Julia Prinsep Duckworth. She died in 1895. Address : 22 Hyde Park Gate, S.W. STEPHENS, The Very Rev. William Richard Wood, B.D., F.S.A., the Dean of Winchester, was born in Gloucestershire on Oct. 5, 1839, and is the youngest son of Charles Stephens, banker. He was educated at Balliol College, Ox- ford, taking his degree with a first class in the Final Classical Schools in 1862. Two years later he was ordained by the Bishop of London to the curacy of Staines, and since 1870 his work has lain in the diocese of Chichester. For three years Mr. Stephens was Vicar of Mid-Lavant, and in 1876 was presented to the Rectory of Woolbeding. His association with Chichester dates from 1872, when he be- came a Lecturer at the Theological Col- lege, and three years later was appointed to a non-residentiary stall in the Cathe- dral. He was appointed to the Deanery of Winchester in 1894. He is the author, amongst other works, of " Memorials of the See and Cathedral of Chichester," "Cathedral Chapters considered at Dio- cesan Councils," "History of the Diocese of Chichester," and a Biography of Dr. Hook, the Vicar of Leeds, and afterwards Dean of Chichester, who was his father- in-law, and a Life of Lord Hatherley. In 1872 he published " St. John Chrysostom ; his Life and Times," and afterwards trans- lated the "Treatises and Letters of Chrysostom." His last important work is the "Life and Letters of E. A. Freeman, D.C.L.," 1895. The Dean, who repre- sented the diocese in the Lower House of Convocation from 1880 to 1886, is a High Churchman. He married, in 1869, Charlotte, the youngest daughter of Dean Hook. Address : The Deanery, Win- chester. STEPHENSON, Sir Augustus Frederick William Keppel, K.C.B., was born in London, Oct. 18, 1827, and is the son of the late Henry Frederick Stephen- son, Barrister-at-Law, formerly M.P. for Westbury, and a Commissioner of Inland Revenue, and the Lady Mary Keppel, daughter of William Charles, 4th Earl of Albemarle. He was educated privately and at Caius College, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree in 1849, and was called to the Bar as Barrister-at-Law of Lincoln's Inn, 1852 ; for two years he was Marshal and Associate in the Court of Queen's Bench to the Lord Chief-Justice Campbell ; went the Norfolk Circuit ; was a Revising Barrister and Recorder of Bed- ford ; appointed Assistant - Solicitor of the Treasury by Earl Russell in 1865 ; ad interim Registrar of Friendly Societies by Mr. Lowe, when Chancellor of the Exchequer ; appointed Solicitor to the Treasury in 1876 ; and her Majesty's Procurator-General, 1877, by Mr. Dis- raeli, when First Lord of the Treasury ; Director of Public Prosecutions by Statute 47 & 48 Vic. cap. 58, 1884. He STEPHENSON 1033 was created a C.B. on the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone, when First Lord of the Treasury, in 1883, and a K.O.B. on the same recommendation in 1886. Sir Augustus Stephenson was made Queen's Counsel in 1889, on the recommendation of Lord Chancellor Halsbury, and retired from his official position as Public Prosecutor in 1894. He married, in 1864, Eglantine, second daughter of the late Right Hon. Edward Pleydell-Bouverie. Addresses : 46 Ennismore Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenasum. STEPHENSON, General Sir Frede- rick Charles Arthur, G.C.B., Constable of the Tower of London, Keeper of the Crown Jewels, was born in 1821, and joined the Scots Guards in 1837, retiring in 1888 with the rank of General, to which he rose in 1885. His military career was distinguished. He served during the Crimean war, and was present at Alma, Inkerman, Balaclava, and the siege of Sebastopol. In the China war as Assist- ant-Adjutant-General he was present at the capture of the Taku Forts, 1857-61. From 1876 to 1879 he commanded the Home District. The army of occupation in Egypt and the Soudan was under his command from 1883 to 1888, and for ser- vices then rendered he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament and the Grand Cross of the Medjidieh. He was created K.C.B. in 1884, G.C.B. (Mil.) in 1886, Keeper of the Crown Jewels in 1884, and Constable of the Tower in 1898. Ad- dress : 83 St. George's Square, W. STEPHENSON, Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Frederick, K.C.B., was born on June 7, 1842, and entered the navy in February 1855. He served as midshipman in H.M.S. St. Jean a" Acre in the Black Sea during the Crimean war, and was present at the capture of Kertch and the siege and fall of Sebastopol. In 1857 he went to China as midshipman in H.M.S. Raleigh, which was afterwards wrecked, and served in the operations in Fatshan Creek and in the Canton River. During the Indian Mutiny he landed with the Pearl's Naval Brigade, and took part in every en- gagement against the mutineers, being several times mentioned in despatches for meritorious services. The Naval Brigade afterwards received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1861, and had command of H.M.S. Heron on the lakes of Canada during the Fenian disturbances in 1866. He was also commander of H.M.S. Rattler when she was wrecked in the Japanese Sea in 1868. Sir Henry was promoted to captain in 1875, and in the same year was appointed to H.M.S. Discovery, which formed part of an Arctic expedition. Upon returning to England he received the Arctic Medal and a C.B. (Civil Division). He was appointed equerry to the Prince of Wales in 1878, an honour that he retained till 1893. As Captain of H.M.S. C'arysfort he served in the Egyptian war, being em- ployed in the Suez Canal, and he also ac- companied the Headquarters Staff in the night march from Kassassin. He was pre- sent at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. For these services he received the. Egyptian Medal with clasp, Khedive's Star, and the Os- manieh of the 3rd class. In the Mediter- ranean, from 1885 to 1888, with the Duke of York as one of his lieutenants, he com- manded H.M.SS. Thunderer and Dread- nought. Sir Henry was appointed aide-de- camp to the Queen in 1888, and was promoted Rear-Admiral in 1890, and Vice- Admiral in 1896. He became successively Commander-in-Chief in the Pacific, and Senior Officer in Command of the Channel Squadron, and was promoted to a K.C.B. in June 1897. He is also a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Dannebrog. Ad- dress : 56 Rutland Gate, S.W. STEPHENSON, Rev. Thomas Bowman, B.A. Lond., D.D., LL.D. (Hon.), minister of the Wesleyan - Methodist Church, was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1839. His father, the Rev. John Stephenson, was a minister of the same Church. Dr. Stephenson was educated at Wesley College, Sheffield, and graduated at the University of London in 1860. His first clerical appointment was to Norwich, where he took part in the then novel experiment of theatre preaching. Remov- ing to Manchester in 1862 he threw him- self into the various labours rendered necessary by the cotton famine ; and then, and subsequently at Bolton, his atten- tion was turned to those social and phil- anthropic problems which have specially engrossed his subsequent years. He held two charges in London, and in the year 1869 commenced the great group of in- stitutions known as the Children's Home, by opening for waif lads a small cottage in Lambeth. He was a member of the second School Board for London, is an ardent " Temperance Reformer," and con- nected with several of the leading philan- thropic societies. He has travelled ex- tensively in many parts of the British Empire and in the United States, and has promoted, for many years, emigration, especially that of children, to Canada. He was elected in July 1891 to succeed Dr. Moulton as President of the Wesleyan- Methodist Conference, and visited the United States as President when the second Oecumenical Conference of the Methodist Churches was held in Washing- 1034 STEPNEY — STEVENSON ton. He is one of two representatives of Nonconformity on the Council of the Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund, and has been prominently identified with the St. John's Ambulance Association. Address : The Children's Home, Alverstoke, near Gosport. STEPNEY, Bishop of. See Winning- TON-lNGBAM, THE RIGHT REV. A. F. W. STERLING, Antoinette. See Mac- Kinlay, Mrs. John. STERNBERG, George Miller, Sur- geon-General of the U.S. Army, was born in Hartwick Seminary, Otsego Co., N.T., June 8, 1838. He graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City in 1860, and was appointed Assistant- Surgeon in the U.S. Army in 1861. In 1875 he was made a Surgeon, with the rank of Major; in 1891 Deputy-Surgeon-General, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel ; and in 1893 Surgeon-General, with the rank of Brigadier-General. The National Board of Health appointed him, in 1879, Secretary of the Havana Yellow Fever Commission ; the Secretary of State sent him, in 1885, as a delegate from the United States to the International Sanitary Conference at Rome ; and in 1885-87 he was detailed by the American President to make investiga- tions in Brazil, Mexico, and Cuba relating to the aetiology and prevention of yellow fever. By authority of the War Depart- ment he was, at the special request of the New York Chamber of Commerce, made consulting bacteriologist to the Health Officer of the Port of New York in 1892. He is an honorary member of the Acade- mies of Medicine of Rome, Rio Janeiro, and Havana, the American Academy of Medicine, and of the Epidemiological Society of London, and Associate Member of the French Society of Hygiene, a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society of London and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, ex-Pre- sident of the American Public Health Association, and is a member of many other scientific bodies. The Lomb prize of 500 dollars was awarded him in 1885 for his essay on " Disinfectants " by the American Public Health Association, and he has invented automatic heat-regulating apparatus. Besides numerous contribu- tions to scientific journals he has published "Photo-Micrographs," 1883; "Bacteria," 1884; "Malaria and Malarial Diseases," 1884 ; " A Manual of Bacteriology," 1892 ; "Immunity: Protective Inoculations in Infectious Diseases, and Serumtherapy," 1895 ; and "A Text-Book of Bacteriology," 1896. STEVENSON, Hon. Adlai E., Vice- President of the United States, was born in Christian County, Kentucky, Oct. 23, 1835, but removed in 1852 to Bloomington, 111. He was educated at Centre College, Kentucky, and at the Illinois Wesleyan University ; studied law, and began its practice at Metamora, Illinois, in 1858. From 1861 to 1865 he was Master in Chancery of Woodford County, from 1865 to 1869 States Attorney, from 1875 to 1879 Member of Congress, from 1885 to 1889 First Assistant Postmaster-General, and from 1893 to 1897 Vice-President. STEVENSON, David "Watson, R.S.A., was born in 1842 at Ratho, a few miles to the west of Edinburgh, and began his artistic life under the late William Brodie, R.S.A., in November 1857, devoting himself from the first alike to his work in the studio during the day and to his studies in the evening and during every leisure hour. Under Mr. Brodie he remained eight years, receiving every encouragement, and although not a pupil, he had opportunities of acquiring varied experience in all the departments of sculpture. During the first half of that period he attended the School of Art under the Board of Manu- factures for Scotland ; a copy of " The Venus of Melos," made in his last session at the school, was published by the Board, and largely subscribed for by the members. Admission to the life school of the Royal Scottish Academy having been gained, he continued his studies there for about four years, at the same time studying anatomy. In the exhibition of the Royal Scottish Academy for 1859 a juvenile work by Mr. Stevenson had, by a stretch of indulgence, been accepted ; it was followed, however, next year by better work, and Mr. Steven- son has continued a regular contributor to the annual exhibitions of the Academy, of which body he was elected an Associate in 1877, and an Academician in 1886. In 1886, without friends and with a small sum which he had saved, augmented by £20 lent by his mother, he began work on his own account, his first sitters being Mr. J. H. A. Macdonald, afterwards Lord Advocate, now Lord Justice - Clerk, and Mrs. Millar, wife of Lord Craighill. The figure of a youth modelled at this time attracted the attention of Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Steel, R.S.A.,her Majesty's Sculp- tor for Scotland, who, on the death of George Maccallum in October 1868, com- missioned him to execute the life-size group representing "Labour" at one of the angles of the Prince Consort Memorial, Edinburgh, primarily entrusted to that sculptor, but by him only carried the length of the first sketch, and which was then begun de novo. The execution of this STEVENSON" — STEWART 1035 group proving satisfactory to the com- mittee, it was immediately followed by the commission to carry out the companion group representing "Learning," and on the unveiling of the memorial by the Queen in August 1876 he had the honour, along with the other artists who had been engaged upon the work, of being pre- sented to her Majesty. In the spring of 1876 he paid a long-desired visit to Rome, modelling while there a life-size statue of Eve, a design for which he had carried with him. He modelled a statue to Tannahill, the poet, which was erected at Paisley, and a colossal statue of Wallace for the national monument to the hero and patriot on the Abbey Craig, Stirling, where are also, in the interior of the tower, a series of busts in marble, also by Mr. Stevenson, of eminent Scotsmen, beginning with that of King Robert the Bruce, not altogether ideal, being based on the cast taken from the bones of the head found in the grave of the king in Dunfermline Abbey. The series includes busts of Knox, Buchanan, Adam Smith, Burns, Scott, Watt, Tannahill, Thomas Chalmers, and Hugh Miller. A statue of Knox also was executed for Haddington. In the intervals between these larger works various ideal figures were executed, including a "Nymph at the Stream," a seated figure, now in the Art Gallery at Oldham. He executed also a statue in marble of "Lady Godiva," one of "Echo," in movement, and one of "Galatea." A group of a " Pompeian Mother," attracted the attention of the Prince of Wales at the International Ex- hibition of 1886 at Edinburgh. In 1881 Mr. Stevenson was one of the successful competitors in the first competition for four groups of statuary for Blackfriars Bridge, London ; his design, " India visits Britain," being awarded the third premium by the assessors, among whom were Sir Frederick Leighton, P.R.A., Mr. W. Calder Marshall, the veteran sculptor, and other members of the Royal Academy. Mr. Stevenson has executed numerous portrait busts of eminent men, among the more recent being Sir John Fowler, Bart., the well-known engineer, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1889, and Mr. (now Sir William) Arrol, the constructor of the Forth Bridge. A life-size statue of R. L. Stevenson and a bronze statue of Burns for Leith are among his most recent achieve- ments. Address : The Dean Studio, Edin- burgh. STEVENSON, Francis Seymour, M.P., J.P., was born on Nov. 24, 1862, and is son of the late Sir William Stevenson, K.C.B., Governor of Mauritius. He was educated at Lausanne, Harrow, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in Lit. Hum. in 1884. He has been Liberal Member of Parliament for the Eye Division of Suffolk since 1885, was Parlia- mentary Charity Commissioner from April 1894 to August 1895, and has been of late years much before the public as an advo- cate of the Armenians, and as President, since 1892, of the Anglo-Armenian Associa- tion. In 1893 he published a work on "Historic Personality," and is author of numerous pamphlets and articles in Eng- lish and French. Addresses : 5 Ennis- more Gardens, S.W. ; and Playford Mount, Woodbridge. STEVENSON, Thomas, M.D., F.R.C.P., received his medical education at Guy's Hospital, graduated M.D. Lond. (Univ. Scholar in Forensic Med. and Mid- wifery) in 1864, and became F.R.C.P. in 1871. He is Scientific Analyst to the Home Office, and Lecturer on Chemistry and Medical Jurisprudence at Guy's Hos- pital. He is also Examiner in Sanitary Science at the University of Cambridge, in Public Health at the Conjoint Board, and in Forensic Medicine at the University of London and Victoria University. He is editor of Taylor's " Medical Jurispru- dence," and "Manual of Medical Juris- prudence," and is author of a " Treatise on Alcohol," and various papers in the Chemical News, Guy's Hospital Reports, Proceedings of the Royal Society, &c. Ad- dress : 45 Gresham Road, Brixton, S.W. STEWART, Professor Charles, F.R.S., F.L.S., M.R.C.S., was formerly Curator of the Museum at St. Thomas's Hospital, Lecturer on Comparative Ana- tomy, and Joint-Lecturer (with Prof. Harley) on Physiology at the same in- stitution. He was subsequently Professor of Biology and Physiology at Bedford College, and he now holds the position of Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, where he is also Hunterian Professor of Human and Comparative Anatomy, and has frequently delivered courses of lec- tures, illustrative chiefly of the specimens added to the Museum under his charge. He is a Past President of the Linnean Society. Address : Royal College of Sur- geons of England, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C. STEWART, Field -Marshal Sir Donald Martin, Bart., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., CLE., Hon. D.C.L. Oxford, LL.D., was born on March 21, 1824. He received his education at the University of Aberdeen, and entered the Bengal Staff Corps in 1840. He served against the Hill Tribes in the Peshawur district in 1854 and 1855, when he was honourably mentioned in the 1036 STEWAET despatches. In May and June 1857, at the outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny, he commanded the volunteers serving in the Allyghur district. When all communica- tion with the Upper Provinces was cut off, Captain Stewart volunteered to carry despatches from the Government of the North- West Provinces to the officer com- manding at Delhi. This he performed with success, and on his arrival at the camp before Delhi he was appointed Deputy Assistant - Adjutant- General, in which capacity he served with the field force throughout the siege of Delhi. He was again mentioned in despatches with signal approval, and was promoted to the brevet rank of Major. He afterwards served in the siege of Lucknow as As- sistant-Adjutant-General, and throughout the campaign in Rohilcund. His services on this occasion were further recognised, and he obtained a brevet of Lieutenant- Colonel, with the medal and two clasps. In the Abyssinian Expedition of 1867-63 Colonel Stewart commanded the Bengal Brigade, and commanded for some time at Zulla and Senate'. He was then re- warded with the C.B. He attained the rank of Lieutenant-General in 1877. He was in command of the Candahar column of operations in the Afghan campaign from November 1878 to April 1880, and for his services received the thanks of Parliament and was made K.C.B. He commanded the field force which marched from Candahar to Cabul in April 1880, fought and defeated the Afghans at Ahmed Kheyl, and again at Oorzoo. General Stewart subsequently held supreme command of the army in Northern Afghanistan, and after despatch- ing Sir Frederick Roberts to the relief of Candahar, he carried out the withdrawal of the British army from Cabul and North- ern Afghanistan. For these services he received the thanks of Parliament, and was made G.C.B. and baronet. In Sep- tember 1880 he was appointed Member of the Council of the Governor-General, and in April 1881 succeeded Sir F. Haines as Commander-in-Chief in India. Sir D. Stewart is Governor of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, and, since 1885, a member of the Indian Council. He was made a Field- Marshal in November 1894. He married, in 1847, Marina, daughter of Commander Dabine, R.N. Addresses : East Court, Royal Hospital, Chelsea, S.W. ; and Athe- najum. STEWART, Sir Thomas Grainger, M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.E., &c, son of Alexander Stewart of Edinburgh, and Agnes, daughter of Hugh Grainger, born in Edinburgh, Sept. 23, 1837, was educated at the High School and University of Edinburgh, and after graduating, studied in the Universities and Hospitals of Berlin, Prague, and Vienna, especially under Vir- chow, Rokitansky, and Oppolzer. On his return to Edinburgh he became Resident Physician in the Royal Infirmary, and there made observations upon the diag- nosis of certain forms of kidney disease, which attracted considerable attention. As a result of this work he was, in 1862, appointed Pathologist to the Royal In- firmary, and Lecturer on Pathology at Surgeons' Hall. During the succeeding seven years he published numerous papers on pathological and clinical subjects, and in 1869 unsuccessfully contested the chair of General Pathology in the University of Edinburgh. He then resigned the Patholo- gistship and the Physicianship to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, and was elected Ordinary Physician to the Royal Infirmary and Lecturer on Clinical Medi- cine. In 1876 he was appointed Professor of the Practice of Physic in the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of a book on " Bright's Diseases of the Kidneys," which has passed through two editions in this country, and two in America. The views embodied in this work have been to a large extent accepted on the Continent as well as in this country. He has also published a volume of Lectures on the Nervous System, and works on Giddiness, and on Albuminuria, being the first and second of a series of Clinical Studies on Important Symptoms, as well as many papers, particularly on the nervous system, the lungs, and the liver. He is a Deputy- Lieutenant, and a member of many learned societies at home and abroad, an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, and of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, and M.D. (honoris causd) of the Royal University, and received the like honour from the University of Dublin, on the occasion of the Tercentenary of Trinity College. He also received from the University of Aberdeen the degree of Doctor of Laws. He has been Presi- dent of the Royal College of Physicians, and of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, and of the Medicine section of the British Medical Association, and was one of the Honorary Presidents of the Berlin International Congress. He pre- sided over the meeting of the British Medical Association in August 1898. He has for many years taken a special interest in the Medical Students' Christian Associa- tion, and in the Medical Missionary Society. In 1882 he was appointed Physician in Ordinary to her Majesty the Queen in Scotland. He received the honour of knighthood in 1894. He was represen- tative of England at the International Congress on Tuberculosis which began its sittings at Berlin, May 24, 1899. His ad- STEYN — STERLING 1037 dress to the Congress was much admired. He married (1) Josephine Dubois, daughter of Charles Anderson of Jamaica ; and (2), in 1866, Jessy, daughter of the Rev. R. Macdonald, D.D. Address : 19 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. STEYN, M. T., President of the Orange Free State, was born at Winbury, Orange Free State, on Oct. 2, 1857, and is the third son of Martinus Steyn, of Bloemfon- tein. He was educated at Grey College, Bloemfontein, and in Holland, and has been called to the English Bar (Inner Temple). He practised as an advocate at Bloemfon- tein during the eighties, was appointed State Attorney in 1889, and was raised to the Bench as Second Puisne Judge in that year. In 1893 he was appointed First Puisne Judge. He was elected to the Presidency in 1896 by Universal Suffrage, and has drawn tighter the bonds connect- ing the Orange Free State with the Trans- vaal. In 1897 a Joint-Federal Council was appointed, of five members from each State, to consider questions of mutual interest ; the franchise was granted to Burghers of either State indiscriminately, and the two Republics agreed to stand by each other in case either were attacked. In September 1898 President Steyn visited his brother President at Pretoria. He assisted at the Conference between Sir Alfred Milner and President Kruger, which was held in the summer of 1899 at Bloem- fontein. He has married the daughter of the Rev. Colin J. Fraser. Address : Bloem- fontein. STIGAND, "William, son of the late William Stigand, Esq., of Devonport, born in 1827, was educated at Shrewsbury and St. John's College, Cambridge. After studying the Equity branch of the profes- sion of the law, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in June 1852. He has written " A Vision of Barbarossa, and other Poems," 1860; "Athenais; or the First Crusade," 1866; and "Life, Work, and Opinions of Heinrich Heine," 2 vols., 1875. Mr. Stigand has contributed largely to the Quarterly aDd Edinburgh Reviews, the Times, and other periodicals ; he entered the British Consular Service as Vice-Consul of Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1873, and has been successively Consul at Ra- gusa, Konigsberg, and Palermo. STIRLING, Edward Charles, C.M.G., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.S., Lec- turer on Physiology at the Adelaide Univer- sity, and Director of the South Australian Museum, was born in South Australia in 1848, and is the eldest son of the late Hon. E. Stirling. He was educated at St. Peter's College, South Australia, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and St. George's Hospital, London, where he held the posts of House Surgeon, Assistant- Surgeon, and Lecturer on Physiology. He is M.D, of Cambridge University. In 1881 he became Lecturer on Physi- ology at Adelaide University, of which he is now also a Member of Council. He is also Senior Surgeon to the Adelaide Hospital, and Director of the South Aus- tralian Museum. From 1883 to 1886 he was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly, and in 1893 was made C.M.G. and F.R.S. He is an Hon. Fellow of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, and has contributed numerous important papers to the medical journals, the Transactions of the Roy. Soc. of South Australia, the Roy. Zool. Soc, &c. Ad- dresses : The University, Adelaide ; and Athenfeum. STIRLING, The Hon. Sir James, LL.D., a Judge in the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice, was born at Aberdeen, May 3, 1836, and is the eldest son of the Rev. James Stirling, George Street U.P. Church, Aberdeen, and Sarah Irvine. He was educated at the Grammar School and University of Aberdeen, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was Senior Wrangler and first Smith's Prize- man in 1860. He was called to the Bar in 1862 ; was reporter at the Rolls Court on the Staff of the Law Reports, 1865-76 ; junior Counsel to the Treasury in 1881 ; Member of the Bar Committee in 1883 ; and was raised to the Bench in 1886. He received the honour of the hon. LL.D. of Aberdeen University in 1887. He mar- ried Aby, eldest daughter of John Thomson Ren ton, Bradstone Brook, Shalford, Surrey. Addresses : Finchcocks, Goudhurst, Kent ; 3 Hans Crescent, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. STIRLING, James Hutchison, F.R.C.S. and LL.D. Edin., born at Glasgow, June 22, 1820, youngest son of William Stirling, of James Hutchison & Co. , Glas- gow, was educated at Glasgow University for nine consecutive winter sessions in arts and medicine, and spent six years afterwards in France and Germany. He became LL.D. of Edinburgh, 1867 ; and a Foreign Member of the Philosophical Society of Berlin, 1871. In earlier days be held appointments as surgeon to the Hirwain and other iron and coal works, South Wales, but be relinquished pro- fessional practice in 1851, and went to the Continent to pursue there those literary and philosophical studies for which, as a student at college, he had shown a taste, and in which he had gained distinction. Returning to England in 1857, he de- voted himself to the study of philosophy 1038 STOCKHAUSEN— STOCKTON and literary pursuits generally. Leaving earlier contributions out of yiew, he pub- lished in 1865 "The Secret of Hegel," from the appearance of which work there dates in Great Britain, academically and generally, a new movement towards the study of philosophy, more particularly German and ancient. A new edition of this work appeared in 1898. The following are the titles of his other works : " Sir William Hamilton, or the Philosophy of Perception," 1865; "Schwegler's History of Philosophy, translated and annotated," 1867 ( 1 It b edit., 1891) ; " Jerrold, Tennyson, and Macaulay, with other Critical Essays," 1868; "Address on Materialism," 1868; " As Regards Protoplasm," 1869 (2nd edit., 1872); "Lectures on the Philosophy of Law," &c, 1873; "Burns in Drama, to- gether with Saved Leaves," 1878; "Text- Book to Kant," 1881; "Of Philosophy in the Poets," " The Community of Property," 1885 ; "Thomas Carlyle's Counsels," 1886. In 1888 he was the first appointed Gifford Lecturer ; and, as such, he delivered, in the two subsequent sessions, courses of lectures on Natural Theology to the University of Edinburgh. These lectures, under the title of "Philosophy and Theo- logy," were published in 1890. In 1894 he published his " Darwinianism : Work- men and Work." He has also contri- buted to periodicals. He married Jane Hunter, youngest daughter of William Mair, Irvine, Ayrshire. Address : Laverock Bank, Trinity, Edinburgh. STOCKHATJSEN, Julius, was born in Paris, July 22, 1825. His father was a harpist, and his mother a well-known singer. Intended at first for the priestly calling, he received his early education at the school of Gebwiller in Alsace, and subsequently attended the College in Strasburg. His mother's success at a farewell concert given in Basle, however, changed the course of his life, and in 1845 he went with his father to Paris, and there became the pupil of Halle' and Stamaty for piano, and of the famous Garcia for singing. In 1848 he sang the part of Elijah in Basel, and with such success that from that time he gave himself up entirely to singing. In 1849 he came to England, where he continued his studies with Garcia, and in 1851 sang in the 9th Symphony in London. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged at the Opera Comique in Paris, where he specially distinguished himself in the part of the Sen&hal in Boieldieu's "Jean de Paris." There he formed a close friendship with Ary Scheffer, the painter, in whose house, together with Berlioz, Duprez, Pauline Viardot, and Saint-Saens, German music was diligently cultivated. Concert tours followed in 1859-62. At Leipzig and Cologne he sang Schumann's " Faust " for the first time. In 1869 he entered on the second period of his musical activity as leader of the Hamburg Philharmonic Society ; and in 1874, as director of the famous Stern Choral Society in Berlin. Great as his success as a leader and teacher has been, Stockhausen's musical importance culminates in his achieve- ments as a singer. His technique was perfect, and he had such mastery over his instrument that the purity of tone and the intellectual expression never had to be sacrificed the one to the other. The astonishing distinction of his pronuncia- tion, as well as its beauty and intellectual significance, was due to a complete under- standing of the nature of the elements of speech. Nowhere was the slightest trace to be detected of a mere seeking after effect, or a display of the voice. As Joachim plays the violin, and Clara Schumann the piano, so does Stockhausen sing and interpret the thoughts of the great masters. Seldom, if ever, in sing- ing has the reproductive art been dis- tinguished for such purity, elevation, and dignity. In 1878 began the third period of his artistic career, that of a teacher, first at the newly founded Hoch Conser- vatoire in Frankfort-on-Main, which, how- ever, he quitted in the following year. Since then he has been at the head of a singing school of his own, and has re- peatedly, up to the most recent date, himself sung in concerts and oratorios. His "Method of Singing," a very im- portant work, was published in 1884 in Leipzig, and translated into English in 1888. STOCKTON, Francis Richard, American writer, was born at Philadelphia, April 5, 1834. He graduated from the Philadelphia Central High School in 1852, and began life as an engraver, but aban- doned engraving to devote himself to journalism. His earliest writings were a number of fantastic tales for children contributed to the Riverside Magazine and other periodicals. He subsequently became connected with a daily paper in Philadelphia, and afterwards with Hearth and Borne, New York. Later he joined the editorial staff of Scribner's Monthly (now the Century), and on the establish- ment of St. Nicholas became its assistant editor. His "Rudder Grange" papers, which appeared in Scribner's, were the first to attract general public attention, which he had successfully held by the novel character of the short stories for which he is chiefly celebrated. Among the best known of these are: "The Lady or the Tiger," "The Transferred Ghost," "The STODDARD — STOKES 1039 Spectral Mortgage," "The Discourager of Hesitancy," "Negative Gravity," &c. He has also published novels entitled : "The Late Mrs. Null," "The Hundredth Man," " Ardis Claverden," and "The House of Martha," besides "The Casting away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine," "The Dusantes, "The Merry Chanter," " The Great War Syndicate," " The Stories of the Three Burglars," and " The Squirrel Inn," which are novelettes ; also "Pomona's Travels," 1894 ; " The Adventures of Cap- tain Horn," 1895 ; "Captain Chap," 1896 ; "Mrs. Cliff's Yacht," 1896; "Stories of New Jersey," 1896 ; "The Great Stone of Sardis," 1897; "A Story-Teller's Pack," 1897 ; and " The Associate Hermits," 1898, &c. Address : The Holt, Convent Station, New Jersey, U.S.A. STODDARD, Richard Henry, was born at Hingham, Mass., July 2, 1825. His family removed, in 1835, to New York, where he learned the trade of an iron- moulder. In 1848 he began to write for periodicals both in prose and verse. In 1853 he received an appointment in the New York Custom-House, which he held until 1870, at the same time continuing his literary labours. He has published : "Footprints," 1849; "Poems," 1852; "Adventures in Fairy-Land," 1853; "Songs of Summer," and "Town and Country," 1857 ; " Life of Alexander von Humboldt," 1859; "Loves and Heroines of the Poets," 1860; "The King's Bell," 1863; "The Story of Little Red Riding- Hood," 1864 ; " Under Green Leaves," and ' Late English Poets," 1865 ; "Melodies and Madrigals, mostly from the Old English Poets," 1865 ; ""The Children in the Wood," 1866; "Putnam, the Brave," 1869 ; "The Book of the East, and other Poems," 1871; new and enlarged editions of " Griswold's Poets of America," 1873 ; "Female Poets of America," 1874 ; "Poets and Poetry of England in the Nineteenth Century," 1875 ; " Memoir of Edgar Allan Poe," 1875; "Poems," 1880; "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow," 1882 ; " The Lion's Cub, and other Verses," 1892 ; and "Under the Evening Lamp," 1893. He also edited a series of dainty works, entitled Bric-a-Brac Series, 1874-75 ; and Sans Souci Series, and more recently a number of volumes relating to English literary history and memorabilia. In con- junction with others he published in 1877 a volume, entitled "Poets' Homes." He was, for a short time after leaving the Custom-House, City Librarian, and is also the literary editor of the New York Mail and Express. — His wife, Elizabeth D. (Baestow) Stoddaed, born at Matta- poiset, Massachusetts, in 1823, is also a con- tributor to periodicals, and has published three novels: "The Morgesons," 1862; "Two Men," 1865; and " Temple House," 1867. These novels have recently been reprinted, "Two Men "and "Temple House" in 1888, and "The Morgesons" in 1889, and have met with great critical success. STODDART, Andrew Ernest, cricketer, member of the Middlesex Eleven, was born in South Shields on March 11, 1863. He was privately edu- cated, and did not enjoy the cricket training which is to be obtained at public schools and at the universities. Indeed, though he played, he was not remarkable at the game. As a young man, too, he devoted his best energies to football, and gained celebrity as a three-quarter before he was ever heard of as a cricketer. He first came into notice as a batsman at Hampstead, where he made some big scores for the Hampstead Club, and thus earned for himself a place in the Middle- sex Eleven in the latter part of 1885. From that time, when he was playing foot- ball in Australia, to the present day, he has been one of the finest bats in England, a bat second only to Dr. W. G. Grace. His most brilliant English season was in 1893, when both he and William Gunn scored over'' 2000 runs each in first-class matches, 'a feat only previously equalled by Dr. W. G. Grace. In a match against Notts at Lord's that summer he scored 195, not out, and 124. This was his highest score in a first-class match up to that date, though when playing for Hampstead Club against the Stoics, in 1886, he made his record score, amounting to 485 in one innings. This was said to be the highest individual innings ever played. In 1894 Mr. Stoddart took an English eleven over to Australia, and captained them throughout with brilliant success. In a match against All Australia, played at Melbourne on New- Year's Day, 1895, he made 173. In the series of five matches between the English team and All Australia played on this tour, victory rested with the English team. During recent years he has again headed English teams in Australia. Address : 30 Lithos Road, N.W. STOKES, Sir George Gabriel, Bart., M. A., F.R. S. , D. C. L., LL.D. , Sc.D., ex-M.P. , born Aug. 13, 1819, at Skreen, co. Sligo, is the youngest son of the Rev. Gabriel Stokes, Rector of Skreen, and Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. John Haughton, Rector of Kilrea. He was educated at Dr. Wall's school, in Dublin, at the Bristol College, and at Pembroke College, Cam- bridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1841, as Senior Wrangler, and was elected to a Fellowship. In 1849 he was appointed 1040 STOKES to tbe Lucasian Professorship of Mathe- matics, and in 1852 was awarded the Rumford Medal by the Koyal Society (of which he had been chosen a member a few months before), in recognition of his services to the cause of science by his discovery of the change in the refrangi- bility of light. An account of this dis- covery will be found in the Philosophical Transactions for 1852. Mr. Stokes was chosen one of the Secretaries to the Royal Society in 1854, and President in 1885, on the retirement of Prof. Huxley, and was President of the British Association at the meeting at Exeter in 1869, and again at the meeting at Bristol in 1898. He lias contributed to the Transactions of several learned societies, and has delivered pro- fessorial lectures at Cambridge, and at the Museum of Practical Geology in London. He is an honorary Fellow of several foreign academies, and has received the Prussian order Pour le Merite. He has also re- ceived the honorary degree of D.C.L. or LL.D. from the Universities of Oxford, Edinburgh, Dublin, and Aberdeen. On the death of Mr. Beresford-Hope, in 1887, he was returned as one of the representatives in Parliament of Cambridge University, and sat till 1892. In 1889 he was created a Baronet of the United Kingdom ; and in 1892 retired from the Presidency of tbe Royal Society, and was succeeded by Sir "William Thomson, now Lord Kelvin. He has also retired from the Committee of Solar Physios. In 1891 he published " Natural Theology," being the Gifford Lectures for the year, and has at various times contributed short articles on reli- gious topics to periodical literature. He has published many papers on mathe- matics and physics in scientific journals, especially in the Phil. Transactions of Cambridge and of the Royal Society. In 1887 he delivered the Burnett Lectures on Light, and published them. His jubilee as a Cambridge Professor was celebrated in 1899. In 1857 he married Mary, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Robinson, D.D., Director of Armagh Observatory. Addresses: Lensfield Cottage, Cambridge; and Athenseum. STOKES, Lieut. -General Sir John, K.C.B., second son of the Rev. John Stokes, vicar of Cobham, Kent, was born there on June 17, 1825, and received his education at the Proprietary School, Rochester, and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He entered the Royal Engineers as Second Lieutenant in 1843, and saw active service in the Kaffir War of 1846-47, and received the thanks of the Commander-in-Chief on two occa- sions, and again in 1850-51. In 1851 he was appointed to act as Deputy Assistant- Quarterrnaster-General of the Field Force in Kaffraria, and assisted in organising 4000 levies among the Hottentots, and was engaged in all the principal opera- tions, frequently receiving the thanks of General Sir Harry Smith, G.C.B., and his marked approbation in General Orders. He received the Cape Medal for these services. In 1855 he was appointed Chief Engineer to the Turkish Contingent, and raised and organised the Engineer Corps and Train of that force. In the winter of 1855-56 he was employed in fortifying Kertch, for which he obtained a brevet majority, the Turkish Medal, and the order of the Medjidieh, fourth class. At the close of the war he was appointed by the Secretary of State for War (Lord Pan- mure), his Commissioner for regulating all matters connected with the breaking-up of the Turkish Contingent — disposing of the horses, stores, .&c. All his decisions were approved. In July 1856 he was ap- pointed her Majesty's Commissioner for the Danube, under the Treaty of Paris. In 1861 he was nominated Vice-Consul in the Delta of the Danube, and in 1866 he signed the convention for regulating the navigation of the mouths of that river. In 1868, with full powers under the great seal, he signed tbe Danube Loan Conven- tion with the plenipotentiaries of France, Austria, Hungary, Prussia, Italy, and Turkey. He did not quit the Danube until the great works for deepening the Sulina entrance had been completed, in December 1871. He was in command of the Royal Engineers in South Wales from May 1872 to Aug. 1873 ; British Commis- sioner on the International Tonnage Com- mission (Suez Canal Question) from Aug. to Dec. 1873 ; was employed on Suez Canal Affairs in London and in Egypt in 1874 and 1875 ; was in command of the Royal Engineers at Chatham from Jan. to Nov. 1875 ; was Commandant of the School of Military Engineering at Chatham from Nov. 1875 to March 1881 ; was attached to Mr. Cave's special mission to Egypt in Dec. 1875, when he received the special thanks of H.M. Government for the con- vention concluded with M. de Lesseps, under which the many vexatious questions then pending were amicably settled. In 1876 he was appointed, and has since remained, representative of Great Britain on the Board of the Suez Canal Company. In 1879-80 he was sent on a special in- ternational mission to Egypt to solve a difficulty about the Harbour dues at Alex- andria. In 1880-81 he served on the Royal Commission on Tonnage measure- ment. From March 1881 to July 1886 he was Deputy Adjutant-General, Royal En- gineers. He was promoted to a Lieut. - Colonelcy in 1867, and became a full STOKES — STONE 1041 Colonel in 1873, and Major-General in 1885. In 1871 he was nominated a Com- panion of the Bath, and in 1877 a Knight Companion of the same order (Civil Divi- sion). He retired with the rank of Lieut.- General in 1887. In that year he was appointed one of the Vice-Presidents of the Suez Canal. In December 1893 he was charged, as Vice-President, with the mission of delivering to his Highness the Khedive Abbas Helmi, on his first visit to the Canal, a friendly greeting from her Majesty the Queen. He married, in 1849, Henrietta Georgina de Villiers, second daughter of Charles Maynard of Grahams- town. Address : Spring House, Ewell, Surrey. STOKES, Whitley, C.S.I., C.I.E., Hon. D.C.L. Oxon., Hon. LL.D. Dublin, Hon. LL.D. Edinburgh, Hon. Fellow Jesus College, Oxford, Hon. Member of the Deutsche, Morgenliindische Gesellschaft, Associe' Etranger de l'lnstitut de Trance (Academic des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres), of the Inner Temple, Barrister- at-Law, was born in Dublin in 1830, and is the eldest son of the late Wm. Stokes, M.D., Eegius Professor of Medicine in the Dublin University. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, practised at the Chancery Bar, went to India in 1862, was reporter to the High Court and acting administrator-general, Madras, from 1863 to 1864 ; served subsequently as Secretary to the Government of India in the Legis- lative Department, and law member of the Council of the Governor-General, May 1877 to May 1882 ; President of the Indian Law Commission, 1879 ; draughts- man of the present codes of criminal and civil procedure, and of the Acts dealing respectively with the transfer of property, trusts, easements, specific relief, and limitation. In 1868 he framed the scheme for collecting and cataloguing the Sanskrit MSS. preserved in India. Mr. Stokes is the author or editor of the following legal works : " A Treatise on the Liens of Legal Practitioners," London, 1860 ; " On Powers of Attorney " (Bythe- wood and Jarman's Conveyancing, 1st edit., vol. viii., part 1), London, 1861 ; "Hindu Law Books," Madras, 1865; "The Indian Succession Act, with a Commen- tary," Calcutta, 1865 ; "The Indian Com- panies Act," 1866, with notes ; " The Older Statutes in Force in India," with notes, 1874; "The Unrepealed General Acts of the Governor-General of India," with Chronological Tables, &c., 3 vols., Calcutta, 1875 and 1876; "The Anglo- Indian Codes," vol. i., 1887, and vol. ii. , 1888, Clarendon Press, Oxford, with two supplements, 1889, 1891. In 1892 he edited for Mr. Murray a selection of the Indian speeches and minutes of the late Sir Henry Maine. He is also the author of the following philological works : "Irish Glosses," Dublin, 1860; "Three Irish Glossaries," London, 1862; "The Play of the Sacrament," a Middle-English Drama, with a Glossary, Berlin, 1862 ; "The Passion," a Middle-Cornish Poem, with a translation and notes, Berlin, 1862 ; " The Creation of the World," a Cornish Mystery, with a translation and notes, Berlin, 1863 ; " Three Middle-Irish Homilies," Calcutta, 1871 ; " Goidelica, Irish Glosses, Prose and Verse," Lonrlon, 1872; "The Life of S. Meriasek," a Cornish Drama, with a translation and notes, London, 1872 ; " Middle-Breton Hours," Calcutta, 1876 ; " The Calendar of Oengus," Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 1880; " Togail Troi," Calcutta, 1881; " Saltair na Rann," Ox- ford, 1883; "The Tripartite Life of Patrick," with other documents relating to that Saint (in the Poll Series of Chronicles and Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland), London, 1887 ; " The Old Irish Glosses at Wiirzburg and Carlsruhe," London, 1887 ; "Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore," Oxford, 1889; "Ur- keltischer Sprachschatz " (the second volume of Professor Fick's " Compara- tive Dictionary of the Indo - Germanic Languages"), Gottingen, 1894; "The Martyrology of Gorman," 1895; "The Anna"ls of Tigernach," 1897; and "The Gaelic versions of Marco Polo and Maun- devill'e and Fierabras," 1897-98. He married (1) Mary, daughter of Colonel Bazeley ; and (2) Elizabeth, daughter of William Temple. Address : 15 Grenville Place, S.W., &c. STONE, Marcus, R.A., painter of his- torical and genre subjects, son of the late Frank Stone, A.R.A. , a distinguished artist (who died in 1859), was born in London, July 4, 1840. He received his education at home, and was never a student in any art school. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, Jan. 24, 1877, and was made' full R.A. on Jan. 7, 1887. Mr. Stone received one of the medals awarded to the English school at the Vienna, Phila- delphia, Paris, Berlin, Chicago, and Mel- bourne International Exhibitions. As a very young man he illustrated the works of Dickens, and later, those of Anthony Trollope, and various numbers of the Cornhill Magazine. Mr. Stone has been much in Paris, and has visited Italy several times. He exhibited first in 1858, and achieved his earliest marked success in 1863 with " From Waterloo to Paris," a picture of Napoleon in a peasant's cottage. His principal pictures since then are : "Stealing the Keys," 1866; "Nell 3u 1042 STONEY — STOREY Gywnne," 18ti7 ; " The Princess Elizabeth forced to attend Mass," 1869 ; Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn," 1870; "The Royal Nursery," 1871 ; " Edward II. and Piers Gaveston," 1872 ; " Le Roi est Mort —Vive le Roi," 1873; "My Lady is a Widow and Childless," 1874 ; " Sain et Sauf," 1875; "An Appeal for Mercy," 1876; "A Sacrifice," 1877; "The Post Bag," and "The Time of Roses," 1878; "In the Shade," 1879; "Amour ouPatrie," 1880; "Married for Love," 1881; "Bad News," and " II y en a toujours un autre," 1882 (purchased under the terms of the Chantrey Bequest by the Royal Academy) ; "An Offer of Marriage," and "Asleep," 1883; "A Gambler's Wife," 1885; "A Peacemaker," 1886; "In Love," 1888; "The First Love-letter," 1889 ; "A Pass- ing Cloud," 1891 ; "Two's Company, Three's None," 1892; "A Honeymoon," 1893; "A Sailor's Sweetheart," 1895; portrait of Miss Messel, 1896 ; " Thoughts," 1897 ; " A Welcome Footstep," and "The Question," 1898; and "Reverie," 1899. Several of these have been engraved. Mr. Stone has painted some landscapes, and some water-colour pictures. He is a Member of Council of the Royal Academy. Address : 8 Melbury Road, Kensington Road, W. STONEY, Bindon Blood, C.E., LL.D., F.R.S., engineer of the Dublin Port and Docks Board, was born in Ireland on June 13, 1828, and is the second son of the late George Stoney, and Anne, second daughter of Bindon Blood, D.L. He was educated at home and at Trinity College, Dublin, was, like his brother, astronomical assist- ant to Lord Rosse, from 1850 to 1852, and then for a few years an engineer on Spanish railways and on the Boyne Viaduct. He became assistant-engineer at the Port of Dublin in 1856, and rose to his present position in 1862. In 1871 he was President of the Inst. C.E. of Ireland, and was awarded the Telford Medal and Telford Premium of the Inst. C.E. in 1884. He was made F.R.S. in 1881. He is well known as the author of a work on the "Theory of Stresses in Girders, &c," 1886, and has contributed several com- munications on engineering subjects to the scientific journals. He married a daughter of J. F. Walker, Q.C. Address : 14 Elgin Road, Dublin. STONEY, George Johnstone, D.Sc, F.R.S., was born in Ireland on Feb. 15, 1826, and is the eldest son of the late George Stoney, of Oakley Park, King's County, and Anne, seconddaughter of Bindon Blood,D.L. He was educated at home, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where, in 1847, he was Second Senior Moderator in Mathematics and Physics. In 1852 he obtained the Madden Prize (M.A. Dublin, Hon. D.Sc. Queen's University). In 1848 he was ap- pointed astronomical assistant to the late Earl of Rosse, and in 1852 Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Queen's Uni- versity, Ireland, to which body he was also secretary from 1857 to 1882, in which year the University ceased to exist. He became F.R.S. in 1861. He has contributed many papers, chiefly on physical and chemical subjects, to the Philosophical Magazine, the British Association Reports, &c. He mar- ried a daughter of R. J. Stoney, of Par- sonstown. Address : 8 Upper Hornsey Rise, N. STOREY, George Adolphus, A.R.A., second son of James Payne Storey and his wife Emily Fitch, born in London, Jan. 7, 1834, was educated in Paris by M. Joseph Morand, Professor in the Ath^n£ Royale, his painting master being M. J. L. Dulong. He returned to London in 1850, and attended Mr. J. M. Leigh's School in New- man Street. He first exhibited in the Royal Academy in 1852, and became a student there in the following year. In 1858 he painted the "Widowed Bride," which was followed by "The Bride's Burial," "The Annunciation," "The Closed House," and others in the Pre- Raphaelite manner. In 1863 he was in Spain, painting portraits at Madrid. In the following year he first attracted the special notice of the public by his picture of "The Meeting of William Seymour with the Lady Arabella Stuart at the Court of James I., 1609." It was followed by "A Royal Challenge," 1865; "After You," 1867; "The Shy Pupil," 1868; " The Old Soldier," 1869 ; " The Duet," and "Only a Rabbit," 1870; "Rosy Cheeks," and " Lessons," 1871 ; " Little Buttercups," 1872 ; " Scandal " (considered his best picture), "Love in a Maze," and "Mistress Dorothy," 1873; "Grand- mamma's Christmas Visitors," "The Blue Girls of Canterbury," and "Little Swans- down," 1874; "Caught," 1875; "A Dancing Lesson," 1876 ; " The Old Pump- room, Bath," and "The Judgment of Paris," 1877; "Sweet Margery," 1878; " Lilies, Oleanders, and the Pink," 1879 ; "Follow my Leader," 1880; "The Ivory Door," 1881 ; " The Connoisseur," 1883 ; ' ' As Good as Gold," 1885 ; " The Violinist," and "On Guard," 1886; " A Young Prodi- gal," and "Salome," 1887; "The Padre," "ASpanishTnterior,"and''PanandSyrinx," 1888; "Godiva," 1889; "The Hungry Messenger," and " Paris and GSnone," 1890; "The Milliner's Bill," and "Mrs. and Miss Storev," 1891 ; " Miss Meta Reid,"1892; "Waiting for Her Partner," and "Miss Jenny," 1893 ; " First Practice," STOKMONTH-DAKLING — STOEY 1043 and "Double Dummy," 1894; "Reflection," " Coming Events," " The Rival Minstrels," and "A Summer Song," 1895; "A Love Stratagem," and "The Town Gossip," 1896; "Summer Days," "A Fair Musi- cian," "Mischief," and "A Daughter of the Regiment," 1897 ; " In Evening Shade," and "Two Girls Bathing," 1898; and "Lessons of Love," 1899. Mr. Storey was elected an A.R.A. in April 1876. Address : 39 Broadhurst Gardens, South Hampstead, N.W. STORMONTH- DARLING, Lord, Moir Tod Stormonth-Darling, M.A. Edinburgh, Q.C., LL.D., D.L., Senator of the College of Justice, and one of the Lords of Session in Scotland, was born in Edinburgh, Nov. 3, 1844, and is the youngest son of the late James Stormonth- Darling, of Lednathie, Writer to the Signet, and Elizabeth Moir, daughter of James Tod of Deanstoun. He was edu- cated at Kelso Grammar School under the late Dr. Fergusson, and at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated 1864, and he was called to the Scottish Bar 1867, and made a Q.C., 1888. He unsuccessfully contested the county of Banff at the general election of 1885. He was appointed Lord Rector's Assessor in the University of Edinburgh, 1887, and Solicitor-General for Scotland, November 1888, whereupon he was elected without opposition Member of Parliament for the Universities of Edin- burgh and St. Andrews. This position he resigned on being, in October 1890, raised to the dignity of Senator of the College of Justice, into which office he was installed with the usual ceremonies. He took the title of Lord Stormonth-Darling, and was succeeded by Sir Charles Pearson as Solicitor-General for Scotland. He is LL.D. Edinburgh, and a D.L. He married, in 1892, Ethel Hay, younger daughter of the late Major W. Baird Young, R.A., of Ascreavie, Forfarshire. Residences : 10 Great Stuart Street, Edinburgh ; and Bal- varran, Pitlochry. STORR, Francis, B. A., chief master of the modern side of Merchant Taylors' School, and editor of the Journal of Educa- tion, was born in Suffolk, Feb. 28, 1839, and is the eldest son of the late Rev. Francis Storr. He was educated at Harrow, and became a Scholar of Trinity College, Cam- bridge, where he took the Bell University Scholarship, and was sixth in the Classical Tripos of 1861. From 1864 to 1875 he was an Assistant-Master at Marlborough Col- lege, when he went to Merchant Taylors' School on their removal from Suffolk Lane to the Charterhouse, to preside over the Modern Side, then first formed. Mr. Storr is the mainstay of more educational societies than any other teacher in Lon- don, among them being the College of Preceptors, the Teachers' Guild, the Mo- dern Language Association, the Assistant- Masters' Association, and the Froebel Society. He is also on the Council of the Authors' Society. His works include edi- tions of many English and foreign classics, such as Cowper's Task and Bacon's Essays. He is a well-known master of the art of translation. Many of his renderings are included in the three volumes of Prize Translations, reprinted from the Journal of Education. He has edited the "Reise- bilder," Livy V., Richter's " Schulmeister- lein Wuz," and Lermontoff's "Demon." He has been a constant contributor to the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," such articles as those on Academies, Georges Sand, and other foreign litUrateurs showing his broad sympathies and fine critical sense. Ad- dresses : 40 Mecklenburgh Square, W.C. ; and Athenaeum, STORRS, Richard Salter, D.D., was born at Braintree, Massachusetts, Aug. 21, 1821. He graduated at Amherst Col- lege in 1839. He studied law, and after- wards theology at the Andover Seminary, where he graduated in 1845. He was pastor of a church at Brookline, Massa- chusetts, for one year, and then took charge of the Congregational Church of the Pilgrims at Brooklyn, New York, where he has since remained. Dr. Storrs is noted as an eloquent preacher and as a student of history. For many years he has been President of the Long Island His- torical Society, and since 1887 President of the American Board for Foreign Mis- sions. From 1848 to 1861 he was one of the editors of the Independent, a religious weekly. In addition to a number of orations and discourses he has published a " Report on the Revised Edition of the English Version of the Bible undertaken by the American Bible Society," "The Graham Lectures on the Wisdom, Power, and Goodness of God, as Manifested in the Constitution of the Human Soul," 1856 ; " Conditions of Success in Preaching without Notes," 1875 ; " The Early Ameri- can Spirit and the Genesis of It," 1875 ; "The Declaration of Independence and the Effects of It," 1876; "The Divine Origin of Christianity indicated by its Historical Effects," 1884; "The Puritan Spirit," 1890 ; and a volume of Eight Lectures on "Bernard of Clairvaux," 1892. STORY, Mrs. Julian (Emma Eames), was born at Shanghai, on Aug. 13, 1867, and is the daughter of a distinguished American lawyer, employed at the time of her birth in the International Courts at Shanghai. She spent the first five years of 1044 STORY — STORY-MASKELEYNE her life at Bath, Maine. Her early musical studies were directed by her mother, her- self a musician of talent. From 1883 to 1886 she developed her voice under Miss Munger, of Boston, and in the latter year entered the School of Mme. Marchesi, in Paris, under whose tuition and that of M. Pluque of the Opera, she studied dili- gently for two years. Her first engage- ment was at the Op&a Comique in 1888, and in 1889 she made her debut at the Grand Ope'ra in Gounod's "Romeo and Juliette," as remplarante to Mme Patti. She sang with the brothers De Reszke, and her success was immediate and overwhelm- ing. She shortly afterwards still further added to her reputation by her impersona- tion of Marguerite. The late Sir Augustus Harris engaged her for the Covent Garden season of 1891. She made her first great English success in the part of Marguerite at Covent Garden on April 7, 1891, and at the close of the year won fresh laurels in America, in Mr. Grau's "ideal cast," which included the De Reszkes. She has won her chief successes as Marguerite and Juliette, but has also sung in most well- known operatic parts, is one of the glories of Covent Garden, and one of the world's most admired prime donne. She was decorated at Osborne in 1897 with the Jubilee Medal. In 1891 she married, in England, Mr. Julian Story, son of the well-known sculptor of that name, long a leader of the artistic English colony in Italy. Address : 7 Place des Etats Unis, Paris. STORY, The Very Rev. Robert Herbert, D.D., LL.D., Principal of Glas- gow University, Queen's Chaplain, was born at Roseneath Manse, Scotland, Jan. 28, 1835, being the son of the Rev. Robert Story, minister of that parish. He was educated in Edinburgh, Heidelberg, and St. Andrews ; was appointed assistant-minister of St. Andrew's Church, Montreal, in Feb- ruary 1859 ; ordained there Sept. 20, 1859 ; presented by the Duke of Argyll in the same year to the parish of Roseneath on the death of his father ; and received the degree of D.D. Iwnoris causd from the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, April 22, 1874. Be- sides contributions to current literature of a minor character, including many pam- phlets and articles on the ecclesiastical affairs of Scotland, he has published "Life of the Rev. Robert Story, including Pas- sages of Scottish Ecclesiastical History during the Second Quarter of the Present Century," 1862 ; " Christ the Consoler, being a Manual of Scriptures, Hymns, and Prayers," 1864; "Memoir and Remains of Robert Lee, D.D.," 2 vols., 1870 ; " William Carstares ; a Character and Career of the Revolutionary Epoch, 1649-1715," 1874; "Creed and Conduct: Sermons preached in Roseneath Church," 1878; "Health. Haunts of the Riviera," 1880; "Nugas Ecclesiasticje," 1884. As one of the founders of the Scottish "Church Service Society," and convener of its "editorial committee," he has had charge of its pub- lication of " Euchologion : a Book of Common Order," now in the 7th edition ; and has assisted in the promotion of the Liturgical restoration in the Church of Scotland. He became editor of the Scot- tish Church, a monthly magazine, which was instituted in 1885 in the interest of the Church of Scotland ; and which was merged in 1887 in the Scots Magazine, also for some time edited by Dr. Story. He was appointed in 1886 one of her Majesty's chaplains ; was elected by the General Assembly to the office of Depute Clerk in succession to Dr. Milligan, and subse- quently to that of Principal Clerk, an office he now holds. In the autumn of the same year he was appointed Professor of Eccle- siastical History in the University of Glasgow. He was appointed Principal of Glasgow University in July 1898 in succession to Principal Caird, and is succeeded in his chair by the Rev. James Cooper, D.D., of Glasgow. Dr. Story is editor of a work in 5 vols, on "The Church of Scotland, Past and Present," issued in 1890-91 ; and has published " The Apostolic Ministry in the Scottish Church," being the Baird Lecture for 1897. He is a member of the "Moderate" or Broad Church party. He was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scot- land in 1894. He married, in 1863, Janet Leith, daughter of Captain Philip Man- ghan, the novelist. Address : 13 The Col- lege, Glasgow. STORY-MASKELEYNE, Mervyn Herbert Nevil, M.A., F.R.S., J. P., late Waynflete Professor of Mineralogy at Oxford University, and from 1857 to 1880 Keeper of Minerals at the British Museum, was born in 1823, and is the son of A. M. Story-Maskeleyne, F.R.S.,and grandson of Dr. Maskeleyne, Astronomer-Royal. He graduated at Wadham College, Oxford, of which he is an Hon. Fellow, taking a second class in Mathematics in 1845. He was Examiner in Natural Science from 1855 to 1856. In 1856 he was appointed Waynflete Professor of Mineralogy at Oxford, and held that post until 1895. He represented Cricklade in Parliament from 1880 to 1885, and North Wilts from 1885 to 1892, being latterly a Liberal Unionist. He has written "The Morpho- logy of Crystals," "A Guide to the Collection of Minerals in the British Museum"; in 1881 the "Catalogue of Minerals in the British Museum," and a STOUT — STEACHEY 1045 privately printed catalogue of the intaglios and cameos known as the " Marlborough Gems." He married a daughter of J. Dillwyn-Llewellyn, F.R.S., in 1858. Ad- dresses : Basset Down House, Swindon ; and Athenaaum. STOUT, Hon. Sir Robert, K.C.M.G., late Premier of New Zealand, is the eldest son of Thomas Stout of Lerwick, in the Shetland Isles, merchant, was born at Ler- wick in 1844, educated at Lerwick Parish School, and was trained for the profession of teacher, serving his pupil-teachership in the same school. Towards the end of 1863 he went to Otago, New Zealand, and shortly after his arrival he obtained an appointment in the Grammar School. He was engaged in the exercise of his pro- fession as teacher until 18G7, either in the Government Schools or in private grammar schools, when he commenced the study of law. He was admitted to the New Zea- land Bar in 1871, and before long became one of its leading members, not only of Dunedin, but of the colony. In 1872 Mr. Stout obtained a seat in the Provincial Council of Otago. In 1875 he was elected to the House of Representatives, as member for Caversham. In 1876 he was elected as one of the members for Dunedin, and retained his seat until his retirement in June 1879. He was offered, and accepted, the office of Attorney- General and Minister of Lands in Sir George Grey's Ministry in 1878. From 1879 to 1884 Mr. Stout was not engaged in politics, but during that period, as before, he took part in the administration of various local bodies, e.g., the Otago Land Board and others. In 1884 Mr. Stout was elected Member of the House of Repre- sentatives for Dunedin East, and on the downfall of the Atkinson Ministry, took office as Premier, Attorney-General, and Minister of Education, with Sir Julius Vogel as Colonial Treasurer. In 1886 Mr. Stout received the Order of K.C.M.G. At the general election in 1887 Sir R. Stout again stood for Dunedin East, but was defeated, chiefly, it was said, as a protest against the unpopular financial policy of the Ministry. He was offered seats in several parts of the Colony, but preferred to retire into private life, and has not since taken any active part in politics. He has been an industrious contributor to numerous journals and magazines, and the writer of a number of pamphlets. He has also delivered, and still delivers, lectures and addresses on political, social, and religious subjects. He is a Fellow of the New Zealand Uni- versity, and also a member of the Council of the Otago University, and has always taken an active interest in education. At the general election of 1890 he was again requested to enter active political life by several constituencies, but declined. When the late Mr. Balance was on his death-bed, he requested Sir Robert Stout to again enter political life. A vacancy occuring at Inangahua in the Nelson Dis- trict at this time, Sir Robert Stout became a candidate, and was returned in June 1893 by a very large majority, about two to one over his opponent. At the general election in November 1893 he was a can- didate for the City of Wellington, which returned three candidates, and he was returned at the top of the poll, obtaining no less than 6200 votes. He held this seat until 1898. He married, in 1876, Anna, daughter of J. Logan, Esq. Address : Watson Street, Wellington, N.Z. STRACHEY, John St. Loe, joint- editor and part-proprietor of the Spectator, was born in 1860, and is the second son of Sir Edward Strachey, Bart., and Mary Isabella, second daughter of the late J. A. Symonds. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and obtained a first class in Modern History in 1882. He was after- wards called to the Bar, and entered upon the career of journalism. In 1896-97 he edited the Cornhill. He is author of "From Grave to Gay." Addresses: 14 Cornwall Gardens, S.W., &c. ; and Athenaeum. STRACHEY, Lieut.-General Sir Richard, R.E., G.C.S.I., F.R.S., LL.D., third son of Edward Strachey, B.C.S., and Julia, daughter of Major-General Kirk- patrick, Indian Army, was born July 24, 1817, at Sutton Court, Somersetshire. He was educated at a private school and at Addiscombe, and in 1836 entered the corps of Bombay Engineers, from which he was shortly transferred to the Bengal Engineers. He was employed on irrigation works in the N.W.P. from 1840, and ap- pointed executive engineer on the Ganges Canal in 1843. He served in the Sutlej campaign with Sir Harry Smith's division ; was in the battles of Aliwal and Sobraon, was mentioned in despatches and received a brevet majority. In 1857 he became Under Secretary to the Government in the Public Works Department ; and in the same year was appointed Secretary to the Government of the Central Provinces, which, during the mutiny, were placed under Sir John Peter Grant as Lieut. - Governor. He became consulting engineer in the Railway Department in 1858 ; Secretary to the Government of India in the Public Works Department in 1862 ; and Inspector-General of Irrigation in 1866. He was appointed additional Member of the Governor-General's Council 1046 STEA1GHT — STEASBUEGEE in 1869. He took an active part in the organisation of the Public Works Depart- ment, and improvement of the System of Accounts, as well as in the formation of the Meteorological and Forest Depart- ments, and originated the scheme for the decentralisation of the finances of India. He also originated the measures taken by the Government for carrying out railway and irrigation works on a large scale by means of borrowed capital. On leaving India, in 1871, he was appointed Inspector- General of railway materials and stores at the India Office. In 1875 he retired from the army on full pay as a Lieut.-General ; and in the same year was appointed a Member of the Council of India ; which post he vacated in 1877, in order to pro- ceed to India on special duty, viz., to arrange for the purchase by the Govern- ment of the East Indian Railway. He is Chairman of this railway and of the Assam Bengal Railway Company. He became Officiating Financial Member of the Council of the Governor- General in 1878, and Officiating Military Member thereof in 1879 ; he also presided over the Famine Commission which was then formed. On his return to England, in 1879, he was reappointed to the Council of India, from which post he retired in 1889, and became Chairman of the East Indian Railway Company. He was appointed Grand Com- mander of the Star of India in 1897, and is in receipt of a good-service pension. In 1892 he was sent as a representative of the Indian Government to the Monetary Conference at Brussels, and became a Member of the Committee under Lord Herschel to report on the Currency of India. Lieut.-General Strachey was em- ployed on a scientific survey of the Hima- layan province of Kumaon in 1848 and 1849, and made valuable geological and botanical researches and collections. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1854, and received one of the Royal Medals in 1897. He is Chairman of the Meteorological Council. He was President of the Royal Geographical Society from 1887 to 1889, and is an Honorary Member of the Geographical Societies of Berlin and Italy. He was appointed one of the Dele- gates of Great Britain at the International Prime Meridian Conference which was held at Washington in 1884. In 1892 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. at Cambridge. He has contributed papers to various scientific societies, and is the author of "Lectures on Geography," and, jointly with Sir John Strachey, of "The Finances and Public Works of India." He married, in 1859, Jane, daughter of Sir John Peter Grant, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., of Rotbiemurchus, Scotland. Address : 69 Lancaster Gate, W. ; and Athenasum. STRAIGHT, Sir Douglas, LL.D., born in London on Oct. 22, 1844, is the son of Robert Marshall Straight, barrister and Clerk of the Central Criminal Court, by Janet, daughter of James Douglas, of Great Yarmouth. He was educated at Semple Grove, East Sheen, and Harrow, which latter school he had to leave owing to his father's sudden death. From 1863 to 1865 he wrote frequently for newspapers and magazines, and was well known as a writer for children under the pseudonym of "Sidney Daryl." He was called to the Bar in 1865, and soon obtained a consider- able and varied practice at the Central Criminal Court, Surrey Sessions, and before many other courts in London and the county. He was a candidate for Shrews- bury in 1868, but withdrew before the poll ; was elected for that place at a bye- election in 1870, and had to fight an elec- tion petition, but, after a four days' trial, was maintained in his seat by Mr. Baron Channel!. He was Junior Counsel for the Treasury and Bankers' Association at the Central Criminal Court, in the former of which appointments he was, on his ap- pointment as a Judge of the High Court at Allahabad in 1879, succeeded by his great friend, Mr. Montagu Williams. He sat on the Bench in India for thirteen years, retiring on pension in 1892, when he was knighted, and in the same year contested Stafford at the general election, but was defeated. While at Allahabad he took much interest in the formation of the University there, and was a Member of the Senate and Syndicate and President of the Law Faculty. In recognition of his services the Senate, on his departure from India, conferred on him the degree of LL.D. In 1893 he became sole editor of the Pall Mall Magazine, and in March 1895 succeeded Mr. H. Cokayne Cust as editor of the Pall Mall Gazette, which position he has since held. He married, in 1867, Jane Alice, daughter of William Bridgman, D.C.L., who died in June 1894, by whom he has one son, Douglas Mar- shall, in the North-West Provinces and Oudh Police Force. Address : 16A New Cavendish Street, Portland Place. ; STRANG, William, painter and etcher, was born at Dumbarton on Feb. 13, 1859, and was educated at Dumbarton Academy, afterwards studying art at the Slade School. Since 1875 his work has been done in London. In 1897 he gained the first-class Gold Medal for Painting at the Dresden International Exhibition. Addrt ss : 17 St. George's Square, Regent's Park, N.W. STRASBTJRGER, Edward, For. F.R.S., Polish botanist, was born at War- STRATON — STRINDBERG 1047 saw, Feb. 1, 1844, and studied Natural Sciences at the Universities of Bonn and Jena, 1864-67, when he became a Pro- fessor of Botany at Warsaw, but two years later the introduction of the Russian lan- guage into Poland made him resign his chair for one at Jena, and in 1880 he was transferred to Bonn. He has chiefly concerned himself with studies on the formation of cells. His chief works are : "Zellbildung undZellteilung," Jena, 1876; " Befruchtung und Zellteilung," Jena, 1878 ; " Ueber Bau und Wachsthum, der Zellhiiute," Jena, 1882; "Ueber Befruch- tungsvorgang bei den Phanerogamen," Jena, 1882 ; " Das Botanische Praktikum," Jena, 1884 ; and " Strifzuge an der Riviera." In 1891 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ; in 1887 the University of Gbttingen made him an Honorary Doctor of Medicine, and in 1894 the University of Oxford conferred upon him the honorary degree of D.C.L. Ad- dress : Bonn. STRATON, The Rig-lit Rev. Nor- man Dumenil John, Bishop of Sodor and Man, is the eldest surviving son of the late Rev. George W. Straton, Rector of Aylestone, was born in 1840, and edu- cated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; B.A. 1862 ; M.A. 1869 ; Hon. D.D. 1892. From 1865 to 1866 he was Curate of Market Drayton ; from 1866 to 1875, Vicar of Kirkby-Wharfe, Yorkshire ; from 1875 to 1892, Vicar of Wakefield, and Rural Dean. He has also been Proctor for the Arch- deaconry of Craven, Hon. Canon of Ripon, Hon. Canon of Wakefield, and from 1888 to 1892 Archdeacon of Huddersfield. He was consecrated Bishop of Sodor and Man in York Minster on March 25, 1892. At Wakefield the Bishop was one of the secretaries of the Wakefield Bishopric Fund together with Archdeacon Brooke, and was largely instrumental in bringing that movement to a successful issue after eleven years of hard work, at a cost of nearly £100,000. In the Isle of Man his Lordship has been instrumental in found- ing a Dean and Chapter of Man, and in inaugurating a successful movement for assisting the poorer clergy of the Diocese. In 1873 he married Emily, daughter of J. R. Pease, of Hull. Addresses : 1 White- hall Gardens, S.W. ; and Bishopscourt, Isle of Man. STRAUSS, Edward, Austrian musi- cian, is the third son of Johann Strauss, the inventor of the waltz (1804-49), and the younger brother of the late Johann Strauss, who died in June 1899. He was born in 1835, and educated at The'rese College, being intended for the Diplomatic Service, but heredity was too strong for him, and he took to music. He has his own 'orchestra in Vienna, and conducts the Imperial Orchestra at the great Court functions. He visited England during the Inventions Exhibition of 1885, and the Imperial Institute in 1897. But his man- nerisms were somewhat too pronounced to suit the taste of the British public. He has composed a great deal of dance music, but nothing to compare with his brother's famous works. STREET, George Slythe, author, was born at Wimbledom on July 18, 1867, and is the son of the late Samuel Street. He was educated at Temple Grove, East Sheen, at Charterhouse, and at Exeter College, Oxford, where he was in the first class in Mods., 1838, and second class in Lit. Hum. in 1890. He is author of '•Miniatures and Moods," 1893; "The Autobiography of a Boy," perhaps his best- known book, 1894; "Episodes," and an edition of Congreve's Comedies, 1895 ; "Quales Ego," 1896; "The Wise and the Wayward," 1897; "Some Notes of a Struggling Genius," 1898, and has besides contributed stories and critical articles to the Pall Mall Gazette, the New lleview, Cosmopolis, &c. Address : 3 St. James's Place, St. James's, S.W. STRINDBERG, Auguste, Swedish novelist and dramatist, was born at Stock- holm in 1849, and having been educated at the public school of his native town he was about to enter the University, when poverty compelled him to earn a livelihood instead, and he was by turns private tutor, theatrical super, telegraphist, and librarian, and even endeavoured to try painting and photography. Finally he resolved to de- vote himself wholly to literature, and be- came a successful exponent of poetry, journalism, social satire, romance, and drama. In all of these, however, the bit- terness of his early struggles and miseries exhibit themselves in the form of pessi- mism. This is especially seen in his hatred of women, which has been caused by domestic disappointment. After his first success he left Stockholm, and travelled through Denmark, Germany (where he met and became a disciple of Nietzsche), France, Switzerland, and Italy ; everywhere preparing or writing works in- spired by the scenes he was observing. He returned to his native country in 1885 to answer an attack upon the supposed atheism displayed in his novel " Maries," but such was his popularity that the accusation became, for him, a triumph. Among the better-known works of Strind- berg are : " Nuits d'un Somnambule," 1885, a set of poems; "La Chambre Rouge," 1879, a novel satirising Swedish 1048 STRONG — STUART Society, so called from the " red room " of a cafe, which forms the framework of the story; " Le Nouveau Regne,"1882; " Le Fils de la Servante," 1886, with the sub- title of " A Madman's Ancestors " ; and "An Bord de la Mer," 1892, which is re- garded as his masterpiece of description and analysis. It is, however, to his dramatic works that Strindberg owes his European reputation, the keynote to them being the notion that the love between the sexes is a fight. The first, "Mademoiselle Julie," a tragedy in prose, was introduced by a preface enunciating his principles, which has been compared to Hugo's pre- face to " Cromwell," 1888. His other plays are: "Camarades," 1888 ; " Pere," 1888 ; and " Creanciers," 1889. Some of his plays have been seen in Paris at the Theatre Libre and in London under the auspices of the Independent Theatre Society. STRONG, The Eight Hon. Sir Samuel Henry, Chief -Justice of Canada, was born at Poole, England, Aug. 13, 1825. He accompanied his father to Canada in 1836, and was educated at the High School, Quebec, and under private tutors. He studied law, and was called to the Bar in 1849, entering on the practice of his profession in Toronto. In 1856 he was appointed on the Commission for the Con- solidation of the Statutes of Canada and Upper Canada, and in 1863 he was created a Q.C. On Dec. 27, 1869, he was ap- pointed one of the Vice-Chancellors of the Court of Chancery. In 1874 he was called to the Court of Error and Appeal of Ontario, and the following year was chosen by Lord Dufferin to become a Puisne Judge in the newly constituted Supreme Court of Canada. He became Chief-Jus- tice on the death of Sir W. J. Ritchie, Dec. 13, 1892, and received the honour of knighthood, June 1893. He was ap- pointed a Member of the Judicial Com- mittee of H.M.'s Most Honourable Privy Council in January 1897, and proceeding to England was sworn as a Privy Coun- cillor before the Queen at a Council held at Windsor Castle, July 14, 1897. Address : Ottawa. STEOSSMAYER, The Eight Eev. Joseph George, D.D., a distinguished prelate of the Roman Church, born at Essak, in Slavonia, Feb. 4, 1815, received his education in the Universities of Vienna and Padua, and on May 20, 1850, was consecrated Bishop of Bosnia and Sirmio. During the sittings of the (Ecu- menical Council of the Vatican in 1869-70, he was constantly represented as an opponent of the dogma of the infallibility of the Pope. However when certain journals reproduced the text of a speech alleged to have been delivered at the Council by Mgr. Strossmayer, the Bishop addressed to the FranqaU a letter, in which he absolutely denied having made any such discourse. In September 1888 he congratulated the Slav Committee of Kiev on the conversion of the Russians to Christianity, was remonstrated with by the Emperor, and finally retired from his See in 1891, in order to put an end to the difficulties of the situation. He has pub- lished some important Slavonic works, notably "Monumenta Slavorum Meri- dionalium historiam illustrantia," Rome, 1863. STTJAET, The Eight Eev. Edward Craig, D.D., was born in 1827, and is the son of Alexander Stuart, of Edinburgh. He was educated at Trinity College, Dub- lin, where he obtained honours in Theo- logy, and was ordained in 1850. He has held three important positions : firstly, as a missionary in India, from 1851 to 1872 ; secondly, as Bishop of Waiapu, New Zealand, from 1877 to 1893 ; and thirdly, as missionary in Persia since 1894. Ad- dress : Julfa, Ispahan, Persia. STUAET, Professor James, M.A., LL.D., and M.P., born at Balgonie Works, Markinch, Fifeshire (of which works his father, Joseph Gordon Stuart, was owner), Jan. 2, 1843, was educated at home, after- wards at St. Andrews University, and then at Trinity College, Cambridge. He became Fellow of Trinity College in 1867, Assistant- Tutor of that College in 1868, first Professor of Mechanism and Applied Mechanics in the Universitv of Cambridge, Nov. 17, 1875. This post he resigned in 1890. He graduated as third Wrangler in 1866 ; M.A. of the University of Cambridge in 1869 ; LL.D. of the University of St, An- drews in 1876. Professor Stuart has taken a leading part in popular education. He inaugurated the system of courses of educational lectures of a University stan- dard in connection with Cambridge and Oxford, in Nottingham, Sheffield, and many other towns, on the system indicated by his experiments, and recommended by him to the universities. He has been instrumental in the foundation and estab- lishment of several local colleges ; has taken special interest in women's educa- tion, having originated the Ladies' Lectures in 1867, and the Cambridge Higher Exa- mination for Women in 1868. He has been a consistent friend of all movements for the amelioration of the condition of women, and honorary Secretary of "La Federation Britannique Continentale et Generale pour le relevement de la Mora- lite publique." He has taken an active STUART-WORTLEY — STUBBS 1049 part in the organisation of University education, and especially in its adaptation to the wants of the engineering profession, having founded extensive workshops and drawing-offices in the University of Cam- bridge. He is an Associate Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and has been representative of the University and the governing bodies of the Colleges at Bristol, Nottingham, Liverpool, Sheffield, and Aberystwith. He is the author of " Six Lectures to the Workmen of Crewe," "A Chapter of Science," "Science and Religion, a Lecture," " The New Aboli- tionists," "A Letter on University Exten- sion, addressed to the University of Cam- bridge," and a number of articles, speeches, and pamphlets on educational, scientific, and social questions. Professor Stuart contested Cambridge University in 1882 unsuccessfully. On the death of Professor Fawcett in November 1884, he was unani- mously chosen by the Liberal party of Hackney as his successor, and was re- turned to Parliament by a majority of 6000. At the general election of 1885, Hackney being divided into seven dis- tricts, Professor Stuart stood for the Hoxton Division of Shoreditch, and was elected by a majority of 1037. He was again returned (as a Gladstone Liberal) in 1886, and in 1892 and 1895 was re- elected. Professor Stuart has been editor of the Morning Leader, and was one of the founders of the Star. In the recent County Council election, March 1898, he was returned second on the poll for Central Hackney with 3125 votes to Mr. M'Kinnon Wood's 3162. In the same year he was elected Lord Rector of St. Andrews University. He married in 1890 Laura Elizabeth, daughter of J. J. Colman, M.P., Norwich. Address : 24 Grosvenor Road, S.W. STUAET-WORTLEY, The Right Hon. Charles B., Q.C., M.P., is the son of the Right Hon. James Stuart-Wortley, Q.C., and grandson of the 1st Baron Wharncliffe, and was born on Sept. 15, 1851, at Eserick Park, York. He was educated at Rugby, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his M.A. in 1879, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1876. He practised on the North-Eastern Circuit from 1876 to 1885, and was appointed a Q.C. in 1892. Mr. Stuart-Wortley was elected as Conservative member for the Hallam Division of Sheffield in 1885, and still represents that consti- tuency. He was Parliamentary Under- Secretary for the Home Department in 1885, and again from 1886 to 1892. He was appointed one of the Deputy Chairmen of Committees of the House, and was added to the Chairman's Panel for Stand- ing Committees in 1895, and in the same year he acted as a Church Estates Com- missioner. In 1890 he went as principal delegate of the British Government to the Madrid International Conference on the Protection of Industrial Property, and the Repression of False Trade Descriptions ; and again, in 1898, he attended, in the same capacity, the Brussels Conference on the Industrial Property Convention. He is a Director of the Great Central Rail- way. Mr. Stuart-Wortley has been twice married, viz. (1) to Beatrice, daughter of Thomas Adolphus Trollope, in 1880 (she died in 1881) ; and (2) to Alice, daughter of the late Sir John E. Millais, Bart., P.R.A., in 1886. Address : 7 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, S.W. STUBBS, The Very Rev. Charles "William, D.D., Dean of Ely, was born in Liverpool, Sept. 3, 1845, and is de- scended from the same Yorkshire stock as Bishop Stubbs, of Oxford. He received his earlier education at a Quaker school at Southport, and was afterwards sent to the school of the Liverpool Royal Institution, when he was contemporary with the pre- sent Bishop of Ripon. In 1864 he proceeded to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (Divinity Prizeman and Scholar of his College). He graduated in 1868, having obtained honours in the mathematical tripos. He subsequently won the Le Bas University Prize for an essay on "Inter- national Morality," which was published by Messrs. Macmillan. Ordained in 1868, he held the curacy of St. Mary's, Sheffield, from that year till 1871, during which period he became intimately acquainted with the labour question among the Shef- field grinders. In 1871 he became Vicar of Granborough, Bucks, on the presenta- tion of the late Sir Harry Verney, and took a prominent part in North Bucks in the agricultural labourers' agitation (1872), of which Joseph Arch was the leader. Whilst at Granborough, his church, on Sunday evenings, became a rallying-ground for the labourers who crowded to hear him ; and he published a volume of ser- mons and addresses on "Village Politics." He held the appointment of Commissioner of Education to the Government of Siam (1878-81), and published a report on the training of Siamese students. In 1881 he was preferred to the Vicarage of Stoken- ham, Devon, by Mr. Gladstone. In the same year be was Select Preacher before the University of Cambridge, and in 1883 he occupied the pulpit of St. Mary's at Oxford. These University sermons are published under the title of " Christ and Democracy." In 1888 Canon Warr pre- ferred him to the Rectory of Wavertree. At St. Bridget's, the parish church of 1050 STUBBS — SUDELET Wavertree, he has carried on an active Liberal and Broad Church propaganda, throwing open his pulpit to many leading Liberal preachers. In May 1894 Dr. Stubbs was appointed Dean of Ely, and the honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Cambridge University. He was appointed Lady Margaret Preacher at Cambridge, 1896-97, and is Select Preacher at Oxford for 1898-99. Dr. Stubbs is author of "Christ and Democracy" (his University sermons for 1883), "The Con- science, and other Poems," " The Land and the Labourers," " The Church in the Villages," "God's Englishmen " (sermons on the Prophets and Kings of England), " For Christ and City," " God and the People, selections from Mazzini," "Christ and Economics," "St. Nicholas at the Port, a Vision of the City," " Historical Memorials of Ely Cathedral," " Christ and Socialism," " A Creed for Christian Social- ists, with Expositions," 1896 ; "Historical Memorials of Ely Cathedral," 1897, and Handbook to the same, and "Charles Kingsley and the Christian Social Move- ment," 1898. Dr. Stubbs has also taken great interest in secondary education in Liverpool, and was one of the founders of the Greenbank School in Sefton Park, and President of the Royal Institution, Liver- pool. He is married to Harriett, third daughter of William Turner, of Liverpool. Address : The Deanery, Ely. STTTBBS, The Eight Rev. William, D.D., and Hon. D.C.L. of Oxford, Bishop of Oxford, eldest son of William Morley Stubbs, solicitor, of Knaresborough, and Mary Ann, daughter of William Henlock of the same town, born at Knaresborough, June 21, 1825, was educated at the Grammar School, Ripon, and at Christ Cburch, Ox- ford, where he took a first class in Lit. Hum. and a third in mathematics, in Easter Term, 1848, and was immediately elected to a Fellowship at Trinity College. He was ordained in 1848, became vicar of Navestock, Essex, in 1850, and Librarian to Archbishop Longley, at Lambeth, in 1862. He was a Diocesan Inspector of Schools in the Diocese of Rochester from 1860 till 1866, when he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford. In 1867 he was elected Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, of which he became an honorary Fellow in 1888 ; in 1876 an honorary Fellow of Balliol ; and in 1878 an honorary student of Christ Church. On Nov. 20, 1868, he was elected a Curator of the Bodleian Library ; the same year, became a delegate of the Clar- endon Press ; and in 1872 was chosen a member of the Hebdomadal Council. In 1875 he was presented to the Rectory of Cholderton, Wilts. In 1879 he was ap- pointed Canon Residentiary of St. Paul's ■ and in consequence resigned the rectory of Cholderton. In 1884 he was consecrated on St. Mark's Day to the See of Chester, from which See he was translated to Oxford, being confirmed Jan. 15, 1889. He published in 1850 " Hymnale secundum usum Sarnm " ; in 1858, " Registrum Sac- rum Anglicum"; in 1860, "Tractatus de Sancta Cruce de Waltham"; edited in 1863, "Mosheim's Institutes of Church History"; in 1864 and 1865, "Chronicles and Memorials of Richard I.," published by the Master of the Rolls ; in 1867, the " Chronicle " ascribed to Benedict of Peterborough, in the same series ; in 1868-71, the "Chronicle of Roger Hove- den " ; in 1872-73, the " Memorial of Wal- ter of Coventry " ; in 1874, " Memorials of St. Dunstan" ; and in 1876, the "Works of Ralph de Diceto " ; and several other books issued by the Master of the Rolls ; in 1870, "Select Charters and other Illus- trations of English Constitutional History, from the Earliest Period to the Reign of Edward I." ; and published in 1874, 1875, and 1878, "The Constitutional History of England, in its Origin and Development," 3 vols. Dr. Stubbs is honorary LL.D. of Cambridge, Edinburgh, and Dublin, and doctor in utroque jure of Heidelberg ; Chancellor of the Order of the Garter ; a Knight of the Royal Prussian Order "pour le Merite"; he is !the President of the Surtees Society, and the Pipe Roll Society ; a member of the Historical MSS. Commission ; a member of the Court of the Victoria University, and a Vice-Pre- sident of the Yorkshire Archaeological Society ; an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy and of the Historical Society of Massachusetts, a foreign mem- ber of the Bavarian Academy, a corre- sponding member of the Prussian Academy, of the Royal Danish Academy, of the American Academy of Arts, of the Aca- demy of Moral and Political Sciences of the Institute of France, of the Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingen, and of the Imperial University of Vladimir at Kieff. In 1859 he married Catherine, daughter of John Dellar, of Navestock. Addresses : Cuddesdon Palace, Wheatley, Oxford ; and Athenaeum. STTDELEY, Lord, The Right Hon. Charles Douglas Richard Hanbury- Tracy, F.R.S., D.L., J.P., was born at Brighton on July 3, 1840, and is the second son of the 2nd Baron, and Emma, daughter of George H. D. Pennant, of Penrhyn Castle. He succeeded his brother, the 3rd Baron, in 1877. He entered the navy in 1854, was promoted to Lieutenant's rank in 1860, served in the Baltic and China, and was gunnery Lieutenant in the SUDERMANN — SU LLIVAN 1051 Mediterranean in 1862. He retired from the navy in 1863, and was elected for the Montgomery District, which he repre- sented until 1877. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1866, was Lord-in-Waiting from 1880 to 1885, and was Captain of the Hon. Corps of Gentle- men-at-Arms in 1886 (February to July). He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1886, and was made F.R.S. in March 1888. He married, in 1868, Ada Maria Katherine, daughter of the Hon. Fredk. J. Tollemache, and niece of the 8th Earl of Dysart. Ad- dress : Ormeley Lodge, Ham Common, Surrey. SUDERMANN, Hermann, German poet and novelist, was born at Matzicken, East Prussia, Sept. 30, 1857. He studied at Konigsberg and Berlin, and in 1881 became the editor of the Deutsches Meichsblatt, but subsequently gave him- self up purely to literary work. He was made famous by his realistic drama, " Ehre," 1888. His chief novels are : "Im Zwielicht," 1885; " Frau Sorge," 1886, which has been translated into English with the title of " Dame Care " ; " Geschwister," 1887; and "Der Katzen- steg," 1889. This last has been translated into English in 1898, under the title of " Eegina, or the Sins of the Fathers." It is evidently generated by a desire to revolt against the petty parochialism of his native East Prussia, and it is a Teutonic compound of Rousseau and Maupassant. His tragedy, " Sodoms Ende," 1890, was forbidden to be repre- sented by the censor, but "Heimat," 1892, better known as " Magda," has been translated into most European languages, and its heroine has been played by Mdme. Bernhardt, and Mrs. Patrick Campbell. A comedy called " Die Schmetterlings- schlacht " was composed in 1896 ; ' ' Das Gliick im Winkel " and "Morituri" and other dramas appeared in the same year. He is the representative master of realism in Germany. Address : 13 Tauenzien- strasse, Berlin. STJESS, Edward, Foreign F.R.S., Austrian geologist, was born in London, Aug. 20, 1831. He was educated at the Universities of Prague and Vienna, and in 1852 was appointed to a post in the Imperial Mineralogical Museum. In 1857 he was appointed Professor of Geology at the University of Vienna, and ten years later a Member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1869 he was elected a member of the Diet of Lower Austria, and occupied himself especially with educa- tional questions, and published many pamphlets on Elementary Instruction. In 1889 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. His chief works have to do with the Geology of Italy, and the classification of Mol- luscous Brachiopods. Other works by him are "Der Boden der Stadt Wien," 1862 ; " Die Entstehung der Alpen," 1875 ; "Die Zukuni't des Goldes," 1877; and " Das Antlizt der Erde," 1885. Address : Geologisches Museum, Vienna. STJFFIELD, Lord, The Eight Hon. Charles Harbord, Bart., K.C.B., was born at Gunton Park, on Jan. 2, 1830, and is the son of the 3rd Baron. He succeeded his half-brother, the 4th Baron, in 1853. He was educated at home by tutors, and in 1847 joined the 7th (Queen's Own) Hussars. He retired in 1853, and is now Hon. Colonel of the 3rd Bat- talion of the Norfolk Regiment, having commanded the Norfolk Militia Artillery from 1866 to 1892, when he resigned. He was Lord-in-Waiting to the Queen from 1868 to 1872, was Chief of the Staff of the Prince of Wales during H.R.H.'s visit to India in 1875-76, was appointed Master of the Buckhounds in 1886, and is Militia A.D.C. to the Queen. In 1876 he was created K.C.B. (Civil). Since 1872 he has been Lord of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales, and is his Superintendent of Stables. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1886. He is a keen sportsman, and has for many years been Master of the Norfolk Foxhounds and Staghounds. In 1854 he married Cecilia Annetta, daughter of the late Henry Baring, and niece of the 1st Lord Ashburton. Addresses : 4 Man- chester Square, W. ; and Gunton Park, Norwich. SULLIVAN, Sir Arthur Seymour, Mus.D., was born in London, May 13, 1842. His father, Thomas Sullivan, was principal Professor of Kneller Hall, the training school for British military bands. He received his first systematic instruction in music at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, under the Rev. Thomas Helmore, and he was still a chorister when, at the age of fourteen, he gained, the first time it was competed for, the Mendelssohn Scholar- ship. After two years' study under Mr. (afterwards Sir Sterndale) Bennett, and Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Goss, he studied at Leipzig for three years at the Conserva- torium. Upon his return to England in 1861 he brought with him his music to Shakespeare's " Tempest," which was per- formed for the first time at the Crystal Palace. His next work was the cantata " Kenilworth," produced at the Birming- ham Festival in 1864. This was followed by the Symphony in E (Crystal Palace), 1865 ; overture " In Memoriam " (Nor- wich), 1866 ; overture "Marmion " (Phil- 1052 SULLY — SULLY-PKUDHOMME harmonic), 1867 ; oratorio, " The Prodigal Son " (Hereford), 1868 ; overture " Di Ballo " (Birmingham), 1869 ; " On Shore and Sea " (International Exhibition), 1871; Festival " Te Deum," to com- memorate the recovery of the Prince of Wales (Crystal Palace), 1872; oratorio, "The Light of the World" (Birming- ham), 1873 ; and the sacred musical drama, " The Martyr of Antioch " (Leeds), 1880 ; and " The Golden Legend," a dramatic cantata (Leeds), 1886. Sir Arthur Sullivan has produced also the following popular and successful operas and operettas: "Cox and Box," 1866; " Contrabandista," 1867; " Thespis," 1872; "Trial by Jury," 1875; "The Sorcerer," 1877; "H.M.S. Pinafore," 1878; "The Pirates of Penzance," 1879; "Patience," 1881; "Iolanthe," 1882; "Princess Ida," 1884 ; "The Mikado," 1885 ; " Buddigore," 1887 ; "The Yeomen of the Guard," 1888 ; " The Gondoliers," 1889 ; " Haddon Hall," 1892; " Utopia," 1893 ; " The Chieftain," December 1894 ; and "The Grand Duke," 1896. He was also musical editor of " Church Hymns," for which he composed several of the best-known tunes. He has written also the incidental music to the following of Shakespeare's plays: "The Tempest," " The Merry Wives of Windsor," "The Merchant of Venice," and "Mac- beth." The honorary degree of Doctor of Music was conferred upon him by the University of Cambridge in 1876, and a like honour by the University of Oxford in 1879. Sir Arthur Sullivan was Principal of the National Training School (now the Royal College) of Music from its founda- tion in 1876 to 1881. Sir Arthur con- ducted the Leeds Triennial Musical Festi- val in 1880, 1883, 1886, 1889, 1892, and 1895, and in 1885 and 1886 he conducted the Philharmonic Concerts in London. In 1888 he was President of the Birmingham and Midland Institution, and is a member of a large number of foreign learned and musical societies. He was British Com- missioner for music at the Paris Ex- hibition in 1878, when he was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He is also a Knight of the Order of the House of Coburg, and received from H.M. the Sultan of Turkey the Order of the Medjidieh, 1888. He was knighted by the Queen at Windsor, May 24, 1883. On the occasion of the Queen's Jubilee he was honoured by the Royal Victorian Order. Addresses : 1 Queen's Mansions, S.W. ; River House, Walton ; and Athenseum. STJIjIiY, James, M.A., LL.D. , born at Bridgewater, Somersetshire, on March 3, 1842, eldest son of J. W- Sully, merchant and colliery proprietor, was educated in the Independent College, Taunton, the Regent's Park College (one of the affiliated colleges of the University of London), and the University of Gottingen. He is M.A. and Gold Medallist of the University of London, where he graduated in 1866 and 1868. He is also Hon. LL.D. of the Uni- versity of St. Andrews. He took to a literary career in 1871, beginning as a con- tributor to the Saturday, Fortnightly, and Westminster Reviews. He is the author of " Sensation and Intuition : Studies in Psychology and ^Esthetics," 1874; "Pes- simism : a History and a Criticism," 1877 ' 'Illusions," International Scientific Series. 1883; "The Outlines of Psychology,' 1884; "The Teachers' Handbook of Psy chology," 1886; "The Human Mind,' 1892 ; "Studies of Childhood," 1895; and " Children's Ways," 1897. He is also the writer of articles on " ./Esthetics," "Dreams," and " Evolution," in the ninth edition of the ' ' Encyclopedia Britannica." These writings, as their titles suggest, are mainly occupied with the modern science of Psychology, as developed more espe- cially in Germany, in connection with the physiology of the brain and nervous system. At the same time they have a distinctly practical bearing, discussing such questions of the day as the Aims of Art, the Value of Human Life and of Social Progress, and the Principles of Education. Mr. Sully has served as Examiner in Philo- sophy (Mental and Moral Science) to his own University, and has held a similar office in the University of Cambridge and the Victoria University. He has also held for several years the post of Lecturer on the Theory of Education at the College of Preceptors, Bloom sbury Square. In 1892 he was appointed to the Grote Chair of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at Uni- versity College, London. Permanent ad- dress : 10 Park Hill, Ealing, W. STJLLY-PRTJDHOMME, Bene Francoise Armand, French poet, was born in Paris, March 16, 1839, and edu- cated at the Lycee Bonaparte. He after- wards became a lawyer's assistant, and published his first volume, " Stances et Poemes," in 1865. It attracted consider- able attention, and the poem " Le Vase Fele' " was pronounced a masterpiece of its kind. M. Sully-Prudhomme has since pub- lished several volumes of poems^mostly of a philosophical tendency : "LesEpreuves," 1866; "Les Solitudes," 1869; " Les Des- tins," 1872 ; " Les Vaines Tendresses," 1875; "La Justice," 1878. He has also published (1869) a very remarkable trans- lation of the "De Natura Rerum" of Lucretius. One of his latest works is "Reflexions sur l'Art des Vers," 1892. A general edition of his works, in 3 vols., appeared in 1883-84. In 1881 he was SUMNER — SUTHERLAND 1053 elected a member of the Acad^mie Fran- 9aise in succession to Duvergier de Hauranne. Other works of his are " Le Bonheur," 1888, and " Etude sur Pascal." He is a frequent contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes, and his finest work is noted for its subtlety and serene melan- choly. Address : 82 Faubourg St. Honore. SUMNER, The Bight Rev. George Henry, D.D., Bishop Suffragan of Guild- ford, youngest son of the Eight Rev. Charles Richard Sumner, Bishop of Win- chester, 1827-68, and nephew of Arch- bishop Sumner, was born at Windsor, July 3, 1824, and was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, whence he gradu- ated in 1845, taking his M.A. in 1848. In 1847 he was ordained Deacon, and in 1848 Priest. His title for Orders was that of Crawley, near Winchester, and in 1850 he was preferred to the Rectory of Old Aires- ford, which he held until 1885, for the last twenty-seven years of the time acting as Rural Dean, and as Chaplain to the Arch- bishop of Canterbury and Bishop of Win- chester, during their lifetime. In the year 1866 he was elected Proctor in the Lower House of the Convocation of Canterbury for the Archdeanery of Winchester, which office he held until his appointment as Archdeacon of Winchester, in 1S84, gave him an official seat in Convocation. A year after he was elected Prolocutor of the Lower House, in succession to Lord Alwyne Compton, appointed to the Bishopric of Ely, on which occasion he had the degree of D.D. conferred upon him by decree of Convocation of the University of Oxford. The Bishop of Winchester also conferred upon him a Canonry of Winchester. He resigned the Rectory of Old Alresford, and entered upon the canonical residence at Winchester. In the year 1888 he was ap- pointed by the Crown Bishop Suffragan of Guildford, which office he now holds. In the year 1869 the Bishop edited a volume of essays, published under the title of "Principles at Stake," which passed through two editions ; and in 1881 he edited " Our Holiday in the East," by Mr. George Sumner, which also passed through two editions. In 1876 the Bishop pub- lished a " Life of Charles Richard Sumner, D.D., Bishop of Winchester" ; and in 1890 a "Churchwarden's Manual," showing their rights, privileges, and duties, which is now in its third edition. In 1848 he was married to Mary Elizabeth, younger daughter of Thomas Heywood, Esq., of Hope End, Ledbury. Address : The Close, Winchester ; and Athenaeum. SUTHERLAND, Duke of, Cro- martie Sutherland -Leveson-Gower, J.P., was born on July 20, 1851, and is the son of the 3rd Duke, whom he succeeded in 1892, and Anne, only child of John Hay-Mackenzie, who was created Countess of Cromartie. He entered the 2nd Life Guards in 1870, and retired as a Lieu- tenant in 1875. From 1882 to 1891 he was Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sutherland Rifles. From 1874 to 1886 he was Liberal M.P. for Sutherlandshire, is Alderman of Longton, and was Mayor in 1895-96, and Lord-Lieutenant of Sutherlandshire from 1892 to 1898 ; since 1892 has been Hon. Colonel of the Queen's Own Staffordshire Yeomanry, &c. He is a very extensive landowner. In 1884 he married Milli- cent, daughter of the 4th Earl of Rosslyn. Addresses : Stafford House, St. James's, S.W. ; Dunrobin Castle, Sutherlandshire, &c. SUTHERLAND, Sir Thomas, G.C.M.G., LL.D., M.P., son of Robert Sutherland and Christian, daughter of Thomas Webster, was born in Aberdeen, Aug. 16, 1834, and was educated at the Grammar School and University of his native city. At a very early age he entered the service of the Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company, and before complet- ing his twentieth year he was sent by the Company to Bombay, and subsequently to Hong Kong, where he may be said to have begun his real career. Inafewyears he rose to be the head of the Company in China and Japan, the various stations in these countries being under a central manage- ment in Hong Kong. While in this posi- tion Mr. Sutherland not only succeeded in administering the affairs of the P. and O. Company with much sucoess, so far as it lay in his power, but he came gradually to take a leading part in connection with local affairs in China, such as in founding the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, at present the greatest finan- cial institution in the East, and the Hong Kong and Whampoa Docks Company, a corporation which owns the finest system of dry docks out of Europe. In a very large measure Sir Thomas Sutherland may be said to have originated both those im- portant undertakings. In 1864 he was called upon by Sir Hercules Robinson, in highly flattering terms, to fill a vacancy in the Legislative Council of the colony, and serving there he took an active part in pro- moting the welfare of the colony, but in 1866 he returned to England to become associated with the management of the P. and O. Company in London. He did not, however, settle down in this capacity until nearly two years afterwards, subse- quently to having made a complete tour of the whole of the Company's Eastern stations. Scarcely had he commenced his duties in London, when the Suez Canal 1054 SUTTON was opened, with results which were utterly subversive of the conditions under which the Company's business had been carried on in connection with the overland route. At one time it seemed almost as if the P. and 0. Company could hardly hold its position in the new era which the Suez Canal and the compound engine together had almost simultaneously inaugurated ; but through the energetic efforts made by the Company the situation was again changed for the better, and from 1875 or thereabouts, when the Company was enabled, by the creation of a new fleet, to adopt the Suez Canal route, it may be fairly considered to have been a flourishing concern. Its fleet has been nearly quad- rupled in tonnage since 1870, and now ag- gregates about 300, 000 tons. Sir T. Suther- land became Chairman of the Company in 1881, and holds that position still. In 1884 he was largely instrumental in bringing about an agreement between the English shipowners and the Suez Canal Company, after the Childers Gladstone agreement was withdrawn. By this agreement the Suez Canal was doubled in width and in- creased in depth without the aid of English money ; the tariff was reduced and remains subject to further reduction, according to the increase of traffic ; while a certain number of Englishmen were admitted members of the Board in addition to those representing the shares held by the Govern- ment. Sir T. Sutherland was among the first chosen of these new directors, and has also held the position of Chairman of the London Board of the Canal Company ever since. He has been elected five times as M.P. for Greenock, and since 1886 his political position has been that of a Unionist Liberal. He has served on many public committees and Royal Commissions. In 1891 Mr. Sutherland had conferred on him a Knight Commandership of St. Michael and St. George, and in 1897 he was advanced to the rank of Grand Cross of that order. He has also received the order of St. John of Jerusalem, and the Legion of Honour. Some years ago the University of Aberdeen conferred on him its honorary degree of LL.D. He is married to Alice, a daughter of the Kev. John Magnaught, Vicar of St. Chrysostom's, Liverpool. Ad- dresses : 4 Buckingham Gate, S.W. ; and Coldharbour Wood, Liss, Hants. SUTTON, John Bland, F.R.C.S., consulting and operating surgeon, was born April 21, 1855, at Enfield Highway. In 1878 he entered as a student at the Middlesex Hospital, and Mr. Thomas Cook's School of Anatomy. In 1879 he was appointed a Demonstrator of Anatomy at the Hospital, subsequently Senior Demonstrator, and finally a Lecturer on this subject, which post he resigned in 1896, having taught anatomy in this School for seventeen years. He became a Mem- ber of the Royal College of Surgeons 1882, and Fellow 1884, a week previously gain- ing the Murchison Scholarship in Medi- cine at the Royal College of Physicians. From 1880 to 1884 he spent the summer sessions in the Paris and Vienna hospitals, gaining 'a knowledge of Continental patho- logy and surgery. In 1881 he was ap- pointed by the Pathological Society to examine the animals dying at the Gar- dens of the Zoological Society with a view to obtaining a better knowledge of their diseases. As a result of this work he was elected Erasmus Wilson Lecturer, and afterwards Hunterian Professor of Ana- tomy at the Royal College of Surgeons. In these capacities, between 1886 and 1891, he delivered the lectures "Evolu- tion and Pathology," which brought him prominently before the scientific world. During this period he also published his original investigations on the " Nature of Ligaments." In 1886 he was elected to the Surgical staff of the Middlesex Hospi- tal. This led him to undertake a critical investigation of morbid growths on em- bryological and morphological lines. The results of eight years' study were embodied in the work entitled " Tumours Innocent and Malignant," 1893, which immediately attracted great attention on account of its original classification and the large amount of new light it threw on Dermoids and cysts. This work also contains his ob- servations on teeth tumours (odontomes) for which he was elected an Honorary Member of the Odontological Society. Having devoted especial attention to tumours of the uterus and ovaries, he pub- lished in 1891 the work " Disease of the Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes," and for his essay on this subject he was awarded the Jacksonian Prize the same year. In this book first appeared his well-known work on tubal pregnancy, which was chiefly distinguished by the discovery of the tubal mole, August 1889. He was ap- pointed an Examiner for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons, and an Examiner in Surgery at the University of Durham in 1895. He has also published the following works: "Ligaments, their Nature and Morphology," 1887; "Evolu- tion and Disease," 1890; "Diseases of Women" (with Dr. Giles), 1897; "The Treatment of Uterine Myomata," 1898 ; and he has made a large number of origi- nal communications in anatomy, patho- logy, and surgery to the various scientific and medical societies and journals. Of late years his name has been more especi- ally associated with the surgical treatment of tumours, particularly those which affect SVERDRUP — SWAN 1055 the uterus and its adnexa, and as a con- sequence he was appointed in 1895 to the surgical staff of the Chelsea Hospital for Women. Address : 48 Queen Anne St., W. SVERDRUP, Otto, Norwegian Arctic explorer, first attracted notice as the assist- ant of Dr. Nansen (q.v.). He accompanied him in his famous expedition across Green- land, and still more famous voyage in the Fram, on which occasion he remained in command of the ship when Nansen and Johansen left for their dash to the Pole. He brought the ship safely back to Nor- way, and was feted with his brother explorers. On June 24, 1898, he left Christiania on another expedition to ex- plore the North and North-West Coast of Greenland, in Dr. Nansen's old ship the Fram. This is the same day on which he left in 1893, and the boat is in every way better fitted out than she was before, hav- ing been partly rebuilt by her constructor, Mr. Colin Archer. SWALLOW, The Rev. Robert, M.D„ is the eldest son of the late Mr. James Swallow, of Sunderland, and was born on the 6th of November 1846, at Sheepwash, in Northumberland. He became a local preacher at eighteen, and after a short time at this work determined to enter the ministry of the United Methodist Free Churches. After going through the usual course of study he was ordained, and sub- sequently laboured in the Hartlepool and Grimsby Circuits. He then offered him- self for foreign work, and was accepted as a missionary to China. In that country he has laboured for upwards of twenty-four years in connection with the church at Ningpo, which is in a very flourishing con- dition. Feeling the great need of medical knowledge in his work, he entered upon a hospital course in London, and then went through the usual medical course at the Hahnemann Medical College, San Fran- cisco, where he graduated as M.D. in 1892. Upon his return to China he opened a Hospital and Medical School in connection with the church at Ningpo. He returned to England, on furlough, for the second time in 1897, and in that year was elected the President of the United Methodist Free Churches at the annual Assembly which was held at Nottingham. Address : Ningpo, China. SWAN", John Macallan, A.K.A., K.W.S., was born at Old Brentford in 1847, and studied at Worcester School of Art, at Lambeth Art School, and in Paris under Ge'rdme, Bastien-Lepage, and Dag- nan-Bouveret, who taught him painting, and under Frdimiet, who was his master in sculpture. He began exhibiting at the Royal Academy in 1878, painting animals and the figure. He has also been an exhibitor at the Old Grosvenor and the New Gallery. He draws his inspiration from the Zoological Gardens, which he constantly visits. His principal works in- clude : " Orpheus," "The Prodigal Son," 1888 (Academy), purchased under the terms of the Chantrey Bequest ; " Lioness De- fending her Cubs " (Salon picture), " Polar Bears Swimming," " A Dead Hero," &c. In the Royal Academy of 1895 he exhibited "The Goatherd," " Tigers at Dawn," and " Orpheus," a silver statuette; in 1896, "The Lion- Hunter," "Study of East African Leo- pards," "The Sirens"; in 1897, "Tigress and Cubs at a Torrent," and a "Young Indian Leopard and Tortoise," in silver ; in 1898, "Fortune and the Boy," and "A Broken Solitude"; in 1899, "Leopard Running," and " Leopard Eating," bronzes. He was elected A.R.A. in 1894, obtained honourable mention at the Salon in 1885, a silver medal in 1889 at the Paris Exhibi- tion, and the first and second gold medals at the Munich Exhibition. He held a special exhibition of his studies at the Fine Art Society in 1897. In April 1899 he was elected a full member of the Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours. Address : 3 Acacia Road, N.W. SWAN, Joseph Wilson, M.A., F.R.S., the second surviving son of John Swan and Isabella Cameron, was born at Sunderland, on Oct. 31, 1828. He was educated at Hendon Lodge and Hylton Castle,- near Sunderland. Mr. Swan is chiefly known as the inventor of the in- candescent electric lamp. After many years of tentative experiment he suc- ceeded in producing a lamp of the type now so well known. In 1879 a degree of success was reached that gave complete assurance of the feasibility of electric lighting on the incandescent principle. Early in that year Mr. Swan publicly exhibited lamps having all the essential features of the lamps which are now manufactured so widely, and which have brought electric lighting into general use, incidentally giving a great impulse to the use of electricity for many other purposes. Among other electrical inventions of Mr. Swan are : The miners' electric safety- lamp, improvements in the electric ac- cumulator, and also in electric meters. Mr. Swan's name is equally well known in connection with photographic inventions. Amongst these are the "carbon process," better known as "Autotype," and the modern " dry plate," which has revolu- tionised the art of photography. He was also co-inventor, with the late Mr. Wood- bury, of " Woodbury type," and an early 1056 SWANSEA— SWETE inventor and patentee of methods of photo- engraving for typographic and copper- plate printing, Mr. Swan is President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, a Fellow of the Royal Society, "Vice-Presi- dent of the Royal Photographic Society, and a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry, and of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He is also a Member of the Council of University College, London ; M. A. of Durham University (honoris causa) ; and a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He has published the more important of his inventions through the Patent Office, and through communications to the learned societies and public lectures. Ad- dress : 58 Holland Park, London, W. SWANSEA, Bishop Suffragan of. See Lloyd, The Right Rev. John. SWANWIOK, Anna, is the youngest daughter of the late John Swanwick, Esq., of Liverpool, a descendant of Philip Henry, the celebrated Nonconformist divine. She was born June 22, 1813 ; left school at the age of thirteen, and after some years of private study, repaired to Berlin, where she studied, not only German, but Greek and Hebrew. On her return to England she joined her family, which then resided in London, and while continuing her philological pursuits she studied the Higher Mathematics under Professor New- man. In 1843 she published a volume of translations, entitled "Selections from the Dramas of Goethe and Schiller." Her translation of Schiller's "Maid of Orleans " was published in 1847 ; and in 1850 the volume containing her translation of the first part of "Faust," with other master- works of Goethe, "Tasso," " Iphigenia," and "Egmont." In 1878 appeared her translation of the two parts of "Faust," 4to, with Retchs's illustrations, which was followed by a smaller edition in 1879. She was strongly urged by the late Baron Bunsen to undertake the translation of the Great Dramas. Acting upon his sug- gestion she translated the iEsehylean Trilogy, published in 1865, which was followed, in 1873, by her translation of the complete dramas of iEschylus, with Flax- man's illustrations. A fourth and revised edition has since been published. In 1888 she published a little book entitled " A Utopian Dream," which was followed in 1892 by a longer work, "Poets, the Inter- preters of their Age." Having been re- quested to republish an article contributed by her to the Contemporary Review, it ap- peared in an expanded form in 1894 under the title of "Evolution, and the Religion of the Future." Impressed with the low standard of female education which pre- vailed in England during her younger days, Miss Anna Swanwick has taken an active part in the establishment of Ladies' Colleges and other educational centres. She sympathised also most deeply with those "who were labouring to raise the people to a higher level, moral and intel- lectual, and for many years she superin- tended classes of young working men and women, whom she instructed in various departments of knowledge. Permanent address : 23 Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. SWEATMAN, The Right Rev. Arthur, M.A., D.D., D.C.L., Bishop of Toronto, was born in London, Nov. 19, 1834. He was educated at London Uni- versity College, and is an honour graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge. In 1862 he was appointed to the curacy of St. Stephen's, Canonbury, and to the Master- ship of the Modern Department of the Islington Proprietary School. On the in- vitation of Bishop Hellmuth, he accepted, in 1865, the Head-Mastership of Hellmuth Boys' College, London, Ontario, and at a later date became Clerical Secretary to the Synod of the Diocese of Huron, and Secretary to the House of Bishops. Re- signing his educational charge, he became Assistant-Rector of St. Paul's, Woodstock, and Archdeacon of Brant ; and, during the Bishop of Huron's absence in England, acted as his commissary. In March 1879 he succeeded Bishop Bethune in the see of Toronto, and in the same year received the degree of D.D. from Cambridge ; and in 1882 that of D.C.L. from Trinity University, Toronto. Address : Toronto, Canada. SWEDEN and NORWAY, King of. See Oscar II. SWETE, Professor the Rev. Henry- Barclay, D.D., Hon. Lit.D. Dublin, Fellow of Caius College, was born at Bristol, March 14, 1835, and is the son of the Rev. John Swete, D.D. He entered at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in 1854, and received the Carus Greek Testa- ment Prize in 1855, and the Members' Prize in 1857, and graduated B.A. in the Classical Tripos in 1858. He was Pro- fessor of Pastoral Theology at King's Col- lege, London, 1882-1890, and is now Regius Professor of Divinity at Cam- bridge. He has published the following works: "Early History of the Doctrine of the Holy Spirit," 1873; "Theodoras Lascaris, Junior : De Processione Spiritus Sancti oratio apologetica," 1875; "His- tory of Doctrine of the Procession of the Holy Spirit," 1876; "Commentary of Theodore of Mopsuestia on the minor Epistles of St. Paul," 1880-82 (2 vols.); S WETTENHAM — S YMONS 1057 articles in the "Dictionary of Christian Biography," 1877-86; "The Old Testa- ment in Greek, according to the Sep- tuagint" (3 vols.), 1887-94 ; "The Akhmim Fragment of the Apocryphal Gospel of St. Peter," 1893 ; " The Apostles' Creed in relation to Primitive Christianity," 1894 ; "Faith in relation to Creed, Thought, and Life," 1895; "Church Services and Ser- vice-Books," 1896 ; "The Gospel according to St. Mark, with introduction, notes, and indices," 1898. Address : Cambridge. SWETTENHAM, Sir Frank Athel- stane, K.C.M.G., Resident-General of the Federated Malay States, was educated at Dollar Academy, Scotland, and St. Peter's School, York. He entered the Civil Ser- vice of the Straits Settlements in 1870, was Assistant British Resident at Selangor from 1874 to 1875, was Deputy Commis- sioner with the Perak Expedition in 1876-77, being mentioned in despatches and obtaining a medal and clasp, held various other important posts in the Malay States, and in 1896 was appointed to his present position. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1897 ; C.M.G., 1892. Like Mr. Conrad and others, he has been attracted by the literary possibilities and tradition of his environment, and has re- cently published a most interesting work, "Unaddressed Letters" (John Lane), which reflects the feelings of Englishmen exiled in distant and barbarous lands. His works include "Malay-English Voca- bulary," 1880; "About Perak," 1893; "Malay Sketches," 1895, &c. Address: Carcosa, Selangor, Malay Peninsula. SWIFT, Benjamin. See Patebson, William Romainb. SWINBURNE, Algernon Charles, poet and essayist, son of the late Admiral Charles Henry Swinburne, by Lady Jane Henrietta, daughter of George, 3rd Earl of Ashburnham, and grandson of Sir John Edward Swinburne, Bart., of Capheaton, Northumberland, was born in Chester Street, Grosvenor Place, London, April 5, 1837. He entered as a commoner at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1857, but left the University without taking a degree. Afterwards he visited Florence, and became acquainted with Walter Savage Landor. His first production, "The Queen Mother," and "Rosamond," two plays published in 1861, attracted little atten- tion. "Atalantain Caly don, a Tragedy," Hollowed in 1864 ; "Chastelard, a Tragedy," in 1865; and "Poems and Ballads," in 1866. The latter work was very severely, and not very discerningly, censured, and was withdrawn from cir- culation by Messrs. Moxon. Mr. W. M. Rossetti then published "Poems and Ballads : a Criticism," and Mr. Swinburne himself "Notes on Poems and Reviews." Among his other works are : " A Song of Italy," and "William Blake: a Critical Essay," 1867 (2nd edit., 1868); "Siena: a Poem," 1868; the second part of "Notes on the Royal Academy Exhibition," 1868, the first part of which was written by Mr. W. M. Rossetti; "Ode on the Proclama- tion of the French Republic," Sept. 4, 1870; "Songs before Sunrise," 1871; "Bothwell: A Tragedy," 1874; "Essays and Studies," 1875 ; "Erechtheus," 1876 ; "A Note on Charlotte Bronte," 1877; "Poems and Ballads: Second Series," 1878; "A Study of Shakespeare," 1879; "Studies in Song," 1881; "Tristram of Lyonesse," 1882; "A Century of Roundels," 1883 ; another volume of " Prose Miscel- lanies," and "The Life of Victor Hugo," 1886 ; " The Armada," 1888 ; " A Study of Ben Jonson," 1890 ; " Astrophel, and other Poems," and "Studies in Prose and Poetry," in 1894. Mr. Swinburne is the greatest living English poet. He has not travelled very much, but with his family he stayed at Florence and on the Riviera, and with Sir Richard Burton he visited Vichy. Subsequently he spent some time with Mr. Watts-Dunton in the Channel Islands, and in Paris, where the two friends went to witness the memorable jubilee revival of Victor Hugo's "Le Roi s'Amuse " at the Theatre Franjais. There Mr. Swin- burne met Victor Hugo for the first time. For twenty years Mr. Swinburne has lived with Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton at the Pines, Putney. He is a good pedestrian, and his physical vigour is exceptional for a man of his years. SYLVA, Carmen. See Elizabeth, Queen of Rodmania. SYMONS, Arthur, was born in Wales, Feb. 28, 1865, of Cornish parentage. He was educated at various private schools, and has lived in many parts of England, in France, and in Italy. His earliest literary work was in connection with Shakespeare ; he edited four of Quaritch's Shakespeare Quarto Facsimiles, in 1884-86, and afterwards seven plays in the Henry Irving Shakespeare, 1888-89. He has done literary criticism, chiefly of poetry, in the Athenmum from 1891, and in the Saturday Review from 1894. He edited the Savoy during the year of its existence, from January to December 1896. His play in one act, "The Minister's Call," was performed at the Royalty by the Inde- pendent Theatre, March 24, 1892. He has published, in verse : "Days and Nights," 1889; "Silhouettes," 1892; "London Nights," 1895; "Amoris Victima," 1897; - 3x 1058 SYMONS in prose : "An Introduction to the Study of Browning," 1886 ; " Studies in Two Literatures," 1897. Address : Fountain Court, The Temple. SYMONS, George James, F.R.S., was born on August 6, 1838, and is the only child of Joseph and Georgiana Symons. He was educated privately. Before he was twenty-one he had been elected member of the Meteorological Society, had given several lectures upon the subject, had commenced a series of observations with standard instruments, the records of which were supplied to Mr. Glaisher, F.R.S., for insertion in the "Quarterly Reports " of the Registrar- General ; and had started in 1857 an organisation for the observation of thun- derstorms and the record of injuries by lightning. In 1859 he was elected a mem- ber of the General Committee of the British Association, and is now a member of the Council. In 1860 he became a member of the Scottish Meteorological Society, issued its first separate publica- tion, "Notes on the Solar Eclipse of July 18, 1860," and accepted the invitation of Admiral Fitzroy, F.R.S., to become one of his assistants at the Meteorological Office, where he continued until nearly the time of his chief's death, being occupied prin- cipally with preparing for publication the records of the Anemometers at Bermuda and Halifax. During these years he de- voted all his non-official time to collecting details of the fall of rain, and commenced the organisation known as the British Rainfall system, which now includes more than 3000 observers. The results have been published in 36 successive volumes of British Rainfall, and in 32 volumes of the Meteorological Magazine, which have been compiled and edited under his direc- tion. With the above exception, Mr. Symons has written few books, but his papers and reports communicated to scientific societies in this and other countries, and his letters to the Times on meteorological subjects, are to be numbered by hundreds. In 1872 he was elected Membre de la Soc. Met. de France, and has served three times on the Council. In 1873 Mr. Symons was elected Hon. Secretary of the (now) Royal Meteorologi- cal Society, which office he has held ever since, excepting during 1880 and 1881, when he was President. In 1S75 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Colonial Institute, and during that and the subse- quent year drew up a complete summary of the statistics and bibliography of the meteorology of our Colonial Empire. The results of that inquiry were embodied in a paper which he read before the Royal Colonial Institute in 1877. In the autumn of 1875 serious floods occurred, and he submitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers a paper ' ' On the Floods in England and Wales, and on Water Economy," for which he was awarded a Telford Premium. In 1878, on the initia- tive of the Meteorological Society, a con- ference of delegates from various scientific societies was formed, to consider " the desirability, or otherwise, of issuing a code of rules for the erection of lightning conductors." The work of the conference extended over four years, Mr. Symons acting throughout as Hon. Secretary, and editing the " Report of the Lightning-Rod Conference." In 1878 Mr. Symons was President Etranger of the Congres Inter- nationale de Mfjteorologie held in Paris, and in 1889 Vice-President of a similar meeting. In 1879 he was elected Fellow, and from 1880 to 1896 was Registrar of the Sanitary Institute. He was a Juror of the Health Exhibition, Section for Water Supply, 1884, in which year he was elected Membre Corresp. Etranger de la Soc. Roy. de Me'dicine Publique de Belgique, and in 1886 he was elected Korrespondirendes Mitglied der Deutschen Met. Gesellschaft. In the autumn of 1886 the first Session of the Congres International d'Hydrologie was held at Biarritz ; and Mr. Symons was appointed Vice-Pr&ident Etranger, and subsequently Juror of the Exhibition. He afterwards visited the thermal stations of the Pyrenees, and this drew his attention to the question of the constancy or other- wise of the temperatures of these waters. After full inquiry, and with the co-opera- tion of the Royal Society, he designed special thermometers, and revisited all the principal stations in the autumn of 1887, determining the temperatures with all possible precision. Mr. Symons was elected F.R.S. in 1878 ; and when, in 1884, a Committee of the Royal Society was appointed to report upon the eruption of Krakatoa, he was chosen as its Chair- man, and subsequently as editor of the report. In 1891 Mr. Symons received from the President of the French Republic the Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honour, and in 1898 from H.R.H. the Prince of Wales the Albert Medal for the year 1897, "for the services he has rendered to the United Kingdom by affording to engineers engaged in the water supply and the sew- age of towns a trustworthy basis for their work, by establishing and carrying on during nearly forty years systematic ob- servations (now at over 3000 stations) of the rainfall of the British Isles, and. by recording, tabulating, and graphically in- dicating the results of these observations in the annual volumes published by him- self." Address : 62 Camden Square,, N.W. SZELL — TAIT 1059 SZI5LL, Coloman. Hungarian Premier, was born on July 8, 1845, at Gosztony, in Hungary. He graduated at the National University of Budapest, and in 1868 was returned to Parliament, his political career being begun under the auspices of Francis Deik. He is well known as a financier, having founded one of the great Hungarian banks. Selected President of the Finan- cial Commission of Parliament, he became Minister of Finances in 1875, but left this position after the occupation of Bosnia. He rose to the Premiership early in 1899. His wife is a daughter of the poet Vorosmarty. TACCHINI, Pierre, Foreign F.E.S., Italian astronomer, was born at Modena, March 21, 1838, and studied mathematics at the university of his native town, where he took his degree of Doctor in 1857. Two years later he was appointed astrono- mer at the Observatory of Modena, and was transferred to Palermo in 1863. In 1879 he was made Director of the Obser- vatory of the Roman College at Rome, and of the Chief Meteorological Office. Here he organised a complete seismological ser- vice throughout all Italy. He is a member of the Royal Academy of Rome, of the Academies of Sciences of Turin, Modena, Venice, Bologna, and Palermo, and of the Royal Society, and the Royal Astronomical Society of London. In 1888 the Royal Society awarded him the Rumford Medal, and in 1892 the French Academy granted him the Tauper Medal. He has taken part in several astronomical expeditions to Africa, America, and India. He has founded Italian Societies of Spectroscopy and Seismology, in the journals of which are to be found most of his published works. He has received several Italian and foreign decorations. Address : UrBcio Meteorologico Centrale, Rome. TAIT, Patrick Maenaghten, F.S.S., F.R.G.S., son of the late William Tait, Esq., was born in Edinburgh, and educated in his native city, having for some time been under the late Principal Tulloch. He first entered the Scottish Union Insurance Office, Edinburgh, of which Sir Walter Scott was a Director, and in 1851 pro- ceeded to India ; was in India during 1857, 1858, and 1859, the years of the Mutiny, when he raised the Rifle Company of the Calcutta Volunteer Guards, in which corps he held a command. Sub- sequently he travelled in India, Ceylon, China, Japan, Canada, and the United States of America. He has contributed largely to the Edinburgh Review and Cal- cutta Quarterly Review, also to the Exa- miner, Life, and other London weekly papers. He is the author of numerous papers read before different societies, in- cluding the British Association, the Insti- tute of Actuaries, and the Royal Statistical Society; amongstwhich maybe mentioned: " Observations on Existing Tables of Mor- tality of Europeans in India," 1855 ; " Mor- tality of East Indians," published in the Calcutta Review for December 1858 ; " Mor- tality of Christian Females in India," published in the Calcutta Review for March 1859; "The Mortality of Eurasians," 1864; "The Population and Mortality of Calcutta," 1867; "The Population and Mortality of Bombay," 1869; "Anglo- Indian Vital Statistics," 1874 ; "The Theory and Practice of Accident Insur- ance on Sea and Land," "Original D and N Tables for Joint Lives in India," "Vital and other Statistics Applicable to Musicians," 1880; "Vital and other Sta- tistics of Eastbourne," 1885 ; " On the Value of European and Native Life in India," 1888. Address : 6 Rossetti Man- sions, Cheyne Walk, S.W. TAIT, Professor Peter Guthrie, M.A., D.Sc, whose father was private secretary to the late Duke of Buccleuch, was born at Dalkeith, April 28, 1831, and educated at the Academy and University of Edinburgh, and at Peterhouse, Cam- bridge, where he was Senior Wrangler and First Smith's Prizeman. In 1852 he was elected Fellow of Peterhouse, and in 1854 was appointed Professor of Mathematics at Queen's College, Belfast, where he re- mained until 1860, when he was elected Professor of Natural Philosophy in Edin- burgh, a post since held by him. He is Secretary of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh. Professor Tait has published a number of scientific and other works, amongst which are : " Dynamics of a Particle," 1856; "Quaternions," 1867 (translated into French by the late Dr. GustavPlarr, 1882); "Thermo-Dynamics," 1868; "Recent Advances in Physical Science," 1876; "Heat," and "Light," 1884; "Properties of Matter," 1885; "Dynamics," 1895; besides a large num- ber of papers contributed to different periodicals, among which may be men- tioned those on " Knots," on the " Kinetic Theory of Gases," and on "Thermo-elec- tricity." In conjunction with Lord Kelvin (then Sir William Thomson) he published in 1867 a "Treatise on Natural Philosophy." He was also, with the late Prof. Balfour Stewart, joint-author of the essay called "The Unseen Universe." To the Chal- lenger Reports Prof. Tait has contri- buted an experimental discussion of the 1060 TALBOT — TALMAGE "Pressure Errors of the Challenger Ther- mometers," and of the "Physical Pro- perties of Water." Another experimental work which he carried out in conjunction with the late Dr. Andrews, deals with the " Volumetric Relations of Ozone." His collected "Scientific" papers were pub- lished (1898). His latest papers, " On Impact," and " On the Path of a Rotating Spherical Projectile," have very obvious bearings on the game of golf. Professor Tait's son, affectionately known to fol- lowers of the game as "Freddy," is champion amateur golfer of Scotland. Address : 38 George Square, Edinburgh. TALBOT, The Right Rev. Edward Stuart, M.A., D.D., Bishop of Rochester, born in London on February 19, 1844, is the second son of the Hon. J. C. Talbot, Q.C., one of the leaders of the Parlia- mentary Bar, and of Caroline, daughter of the first Lord Wharncliffe. He was educated at Charterhouse, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he obtained a first class Lit. Hum., 1865 ; and first class Law and Modern History, 1866. He was ordained in 1867 and took priest's orders in 1870. He was elected senior student of Christ Church in 1866, and obtained the Ellerton Prize Essay in 1869, on the " Influence of Christianity on Slavery." In 1870 he was appointed first Warden of Keble College, Oxford, and was Select Preacher in 1873 and in 1883. He was Examiner in the Final Classical Honour Schools in 1874-76, and was ap- pointed examining Chaplain to the Arch- bishop of Canterbury in 1883. In 1889 he retired from the wardenship of Keble College, and was appointed to the Vicarage of Leeds. In 1890 he was appointed Hon. Chaplain to the Queen, and in 1895 be- came Bishop of Rochester. He is author of " The Preparation in History for Christ," in " Lux Mundi," 1889 ; " Some Titles and Aspects of the Eucharist " ; Leeds Parish Church Sermons. Dr. Talbot married, in 1890, Lavinia, third daughter of the 4th Baron Lyttleton. Addresses : Bishop's House, Kennington, S.E. ; and Athenaeum. TALBOT, Major and Brevet Lieut. - Col. the Hon. Milo George Talbot, successor to Sir Francis Wingate, as Director of Military Intelligence in the Egyptian Army, is a younger brother of Lord Talbot de Malahide, was born in 1854, and was educated at Wellington. He entered the Royal Engineers at the age of 19, in 1873, and served with dis- tinction in the Afghan war of 1879-80, when he was present at the capture of AH Musjid, the action of Charasiah, the opera- tions round Kabul, the march from Kabul to the relief of Candahar, and the battle of September 1. He was mentioned in despatches (London Gazette, Dec. 3, 1880), and received a medal with four clasps, and the Bronze Star. He also gained a medal with clasp in the Jowaki Expedition of 1877-78, and in 1881 took part in the Mashood Wuzeeree Expedition. More re- cently he served in the advance upon Khartoum. He has gained considerable distinction as a surveyor and explorer, chiefly in Beluchistan, and with the Afghan Boundary Commission, of which he was a member. He acquired his thorough knowledge of Egypt when sur- veying for the Egyptian Government on the Nile, before being specifically attached to the Egyptian army. He was for some time a D.A.A.G. at head-quarters. In January 1899 he was appointed to succeed Sir Francis Wingate in his present post. TALMAGE, Thomas deWitt, D.D., was born at Bound Brook, New Jersey, January 7, 1832. He studied at the Uni- versity of the City of New York, and graduated at the New Brunswick (N.J.) Theological Seminary in 1856. On ordina- tion he was chosen pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church at Belleville, N.J. ; from 1859 to 1862 he had charge of a church in Syracuse, N.Y. ; and from 1862 to 1869 of one in Philadelphia. During the Civil War he was chaplain of a Pennsylvania Regiment, and he is now chaplain of the 13th New York Regiment. Since 1869 he has been pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church at Brooklyn, N.Y. Thrice during this period his church edifice has been destroyed by fire, once in 1872, once in 1890, and again in 1894. In 1884 he re- ceived the degree of D.D. from the Uni- versity of Tennessee. Dr. Talmage is a popular lecturer and preacher, and his sermons are weekly reported in a large number of newspapers. He visited Eng- land in November 1889, and afterwards made a Continental tour, and visited Palestine. He was in 1894 again making an extended tour in foreign lands. From 1873 to 1876 he edited the (N.Y.) Christian at Work ; in 1877-78 the (Chicago) Ad- vance ; and later Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine, and the Christian Herald. He has published " The Almond-Tree in Blos- som " ; and " Crumbs Swept Up," 1870 ; "Abominations of Modern Society," 1872; "One Thousand Gems," 1873 ; "Old Wells Dug Out," and "Around the Tea-Table," 1874; "Sports that Kill," and "Every. Day Religion," 1875 ; " Night-Sides of City Life," 1878 ; " Masque Torn Off," 1879 ; " The Brooklyn Tabernacle," 1884 ; " The Battle for Bread," and " The Marriage Ring," 1886, besides several volumes of collected sermons and a number of lec- tures, addresses, and magazine articles. TANCOCK — TAYLOR 1061 TAN COCK, The Rev. Charles Coverdale, M.A., Head-Master of Ton- bridge School, is the third son of the Kev. Osborne John Tancock of Truro, and was born in 1852. He was educated at Sher- borne School, and Exeter College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar from 1870 to 1875. He took a first class in Classical Moderations in 1872, and a first in Lit. Hum. in 1874 ; B.A. 1874 ; M.A. 1877. He was for eleven years an assistant-master at Charterhouse, and in 1886 was elected Head-Master of Rossall School, where he remained for ten years until ill health compelled him to resign and to accept the living of Leek, near Manchester. In De- cember 1898 he was appointed Head- Master of Tonbridge School, in succession to the Eev. Dr. Wood, then Head-Master elect of Harrow. Address : The School- house, Tonbridge. TANKERVILLE, Earl of, The Bight Hon. Charles Bennet, P.O., D.L., J.P., was born on January 10, 1810, and is the son of the 5th Earl, whom he suc- ceeded in 1859, and a daughter of the Due de Gramont. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A.). He represented North Northumberland in the Conserva- tive interest in the House of Commons from 1832 to 1859, when he was summoned to the Upper House as Viscount Ossulston, succeeding his father as Earl a month later. In 1866-67 he was Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, and in 1867- 68 Lord Steward of the Household. He is Hon. Colonel of the Northumberland Fusileer Volunteers. He married, in 1850, Lady Olivia Montagu, daughter of the 6th Duke of Manchester. Addresses : Chillingham Castle, Belford, Northumber- land ; and Coombe End, Kingston-on- Thames. TANNER, Charles Kerns Dease, MP., M.D., was born in 1850, and is the son of the late William K. Tanner, M.D. He was educated in Paris, at Winchester, and Queen's College, Cork, and at the Universities of Leipzig and Berlin, and entered the medical profession. He was Lecturer on Anatomy at Queen's College, Cork, and is now surgeon to the South Cork Infirmary and County Hospital. Since 1885 he has been prominently before the House of Commons as Nationalist member for Mid Cork. He is Town Com- missioner of Cork. Addresses : 2 Colherne Mansions, Bolton Gardens, S.W. ; and Cork, TATE, Sir Henry, Bart., J.P., was born at Chorley, Lancashire, in 1819, and is a son of the Eev. W. Tate. He was for many years head of the firm of Henry Tate & Sons, sugar refiners, of Liverpool and London. He has long been engaged in philanthropic enterprises, and has given Lambeth a Free Library, which is equipped on a handsome scale. His libraries are alone sufficient to perpetuate his name, but these have of late years been put in the background by his grand donation to England of the Tate Gallery. Some years ago Sir Henry Tate learnt, to quote his own words, that "a great want was felt of some place where works of modern art could be seen at any time of the year." He decided that if he could succeed in obtaining from the Govern- ment a suitable plot of land he would build a gallery for a permanent exhibi- tion of British art. Sir William Harcourt warmly interested himself in his proposal, and, chiefly through that statesman's repre- sentations, the Government placed the site of Millbank Prison at his disposal. Here Sir Henry, then Mr. Tate, built what are known as the "Tate Galleries," the architect being Mr. Sidney Smith, and the contractors Messrs. Higgs and Hill. The new galleries contain an overflow of pic- tures from the National Gallery, the Chantrey Bequest pictures from the South Kensington Museum, a number of his masterpieces presented by Mr. Watts to the nation, and sixty-five modern pictures, chiefly illustrative of the pre-Raphaelite movement, from Sir Henry Tate's own collection. The trustees of the National Gallery have become trustees of the new institution, which Sir Henry Tate has made over to the nation and intends enlarging. The galleries were opened by the Prince of Wales, the Princess of Wales, and other members of the Koyal Family, on July 21, 1897, on which notable occasion the bene- ficent donor stated the objects and history of the gift, and was eloquently thanked, in the name of the British people, by the Prince of Wales, the Right Hon. A. Balfour, and the Right Hon. Sir William Harcourt. Sir Henry Tate received the honour of a baronetcy in 1898. He is one of the newly- created Trustees of the National Gallery. Lady Tate is a daughter of the late Charles Hislop. Address : Park Hill, Streatham Common, S.E. TAYLOR, The Rev. Charles, M.A., D.D., Hon. LL.D. Harvard, Master of St. John's College, Cambridge, and late Vice-Chancellor of the University, was born in Middlesex, May 27, 1840, and was educated at King's College School, London, and St. John's College, Cambridge. He proceeded to the degree of B.A. in 1862, and in the same year became an editor of the Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin Messenger of Mathematics. In 1863 he published his first work on " Geometrical Conies." He 1062 TAYLOR was elected Fellow of St. John's College in 1864, and Master of the same, 1881, and shortly afterwards received the degree of D.D., jure dignitatis. He is the author of numerous articles on Hebrew, geometrical and other subjects ; of the Kaye Essay for 1867, on the citations from the Old Testament in the New, published under the name, "The Gospel in the Law," 1869 ; and of the following works : "The Dirge of Coheleth," 1874, a monograph giving a new and literal interpretation of the 12th chapter of Ecclesiastes ; "Sayings of the Jewish Fathers," in Hebrew and English, edited for the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, 1877; an "Introduction to the Ancient and Modern Geometry of Conies, with Historical Notes and Prole- gomena," 1881. In the Prolegomena he proves that the modern period properly begins with Kepler, who distinctly for- mulated the principles of infinity and con- tiuuity, which differentiate the modern from the ancient geometry. He has given a course of lectures at the Royal Institu- tion on the " History of Geometry," 1886 ; also on the then lately discovered AiSaxv rwv dwS^Ka a.Troo'T&Kui', 1885 ; these were published in April 1886, under the title "The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, with illustrations from the Talmud : two Lectures on an Ancient Church Manual discovered at Constantinople." More recently he has published "An Essay on the Theology of the Didache," 1889 ; and "The Witness of Hermas to the Four Gospels," 1892. He was joint-editor of the Messenger of Mathematics from 1862 to 1887. Dr. Taylor received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard (Cambridge, Mass.), 1886 ; and was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, 1887 to 1888. He was Select Preacher at Cambridge in 1887 and 1893, and delivered the Macbride Sermon at Oxford in 1897 ; was an Alder- man of Cambridge Borough from 1889 to 1895, and Acting President of the Statu- tory International Congress of Oriental Scholars held in the Temple in 1891. Addresses : St. John's Lodge, Cambridge ; and Athenaeum. TAYLOR,, The Rev. Isaac, M.A., Litt.D., LL.D., Canon of York, born May 2, 1829, at Stanford Rivers, is the eldest son of the late Isaac Taylor, author of the " Natural History of Enthusiasm." Edu- cated at Trinity College, Cambridge, he obtained the Silver Oration Cup, and graduated as a Wrangler in 1853. In 1854 he edited a translation of Becker's "Charicles." He was ordained in 1857 to a country curacy, and published in 1860 "The Liturgy and the Dissenters." Re- moving to London, where he successively held two West-End curacies, he published | in 1864 a work on the Etymology of Local Names, entitled "Words and Places, or Etymological Illustrations of History, Ethnology, and Geography," which has passed through numerous editions. In 1865 he undertook the charge of one of the poorest parishes in Bethnal Green. His plans and labours for the benefit of his destitute parishioners were described in a little book entitled "The Burden of the Poor." In 1867 he published "The Family Pen ; Memorials, Biographical and Literary, of the Taylor Family of Ongar." In 1869 he accepted the incumbency of a church at Twickenham. In 1873 he read a paper before the Philological Society on "The Etruscan Numerals," and in 1874 brought out a volume entitled "Etruscan Researches," which was followed by a condensed abridgment, entitled "The Etruscan Language." Presented in 1875, by Earl Brownlow, to the Rectory of Settrington, in Yorkshire, he undertook systematic researches into the origin and history of the alphabet. The first-fruit of these studies appeared in 1879, in a book called " Greeks and Goths, a Study on the Runes," in which the origin of the mysterious runes received a novel explana- tion, now generally accepted by European scholars. Shortly afterwards he published at Berlin a paper "Ueber den Ursprung des glagolitischen Alphabets," in which he discussed the origin of the earliest Slavonic alphabet. In 1879 he received from the University of Edinburgh the degree of LL.D., honoris causd, in recognition of his discoveries and philological attainments. In 1883 Dr. Taylor published, in two large volumes, his most important work, entitled " The Alphabet, an Account of the Origin and Development of Letters." In con- sideration of its merits the Board of Classical Studies at Cambridge unani- mously recommended its author for the degree of Doctor in Letters. In the same year (1885) he was collated to a Canonry and Prebendal Stall in York Minster, and two years later was appointed Rural Dean. In 1887 he read a paper at the Manchester meeting of the British Association on " The Origin and Primitive Seat of the Aryans," which was afterwards enlarged into a volume, published in the Contem- porary Science Series in 1889, which has received the honour of being translated into French by Dr. H. de Varigny. The winter of 1887-88 he spent in Egypt, whence he wrote to the St. James's Gazette a series of letters recording conversations with Egyptians on social life, politics, and religion. These letters, which involved him in considerable controversy, were re- published, with additional chapters on the tenets of Islam, in the autumn of 1888, in a volume entitled " Leaves from an TAYLOE 1063 Egyptian Note-book," with the object of dispelling prejudices as to the beliefs and practices of our Mohammedan fellow-sub- jects in India and elsewhere. In 1886 he took a prominent part in the Domesday celebration, and afterwards, in 1888, he published, in the memorial volume called "Domesday Studies," essays on "Domes- day Survivals," "The Ploughland and the Plough," and "Wapentakes and Hun- dreds." In 1896 he followed up his popular work of 1864 by a more complete and scientific treatise on the same subject, entitled "Names and their Histories; a Hand-book of Historfcal Geography and Topographical Nomenclature." Canon Taylor, who was one of the founders of the Alpine Club, is a frequent contributor to learned periodicals, especially on subjects connected with Aryan and Ural-Altaic Philology, Onomatology, Ethnology, Pal- aeography, Epigraphy, and Comparative Mythology. He has also written numerous articles, chiefly on the subjects dealt with in his books, for "Chambers's Ency- clopaedia," and similar publications. He has been elected a member of various learned societies in England and America. In 1865 he married a daughter of the Hon. H. Cookayne-Cust, Canon of Windsor. Address : Settrington Rectory, Malton, Yorks. TAYLOR, General Sir Richard Chambre Hayes, K.C.B., born in Dublin, March 19, 1819, second son of the Hon. and Rev. Edward Taylor, younger son of the 1st Earl of Bective, by Marianne, daughter of Colonel the Hon. Richard St. Leger, was educated at Hazelwood School and at the Royal Military College, Sand- hurst, and entered the army as Ensign of the 79th Highlanders in 1835. He served in various colonies and in the Crimean war, including the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, siege and fall of Sebastopol (in command of his regiment), also in the Indian Mutiny, including the siege and capture of Lucknow, operations in Oude and Rohilcund, Trans-Gogra campaign, actions of Rooyah-Allygunge, Bareilly, Shahjehanpore, Punniar, Mahomdee, Bampoorkussia, passage of the Gogra (commanded column), and was frequently mentioned in despatches. He was Assist- ant-Adjutant-General, Shorncliffe and Dover Division, from July 1860 to July 1865 ; Inspecting Field Officer and Assist- ant-Adjutant-General, Home District, from May 1867 to April 1871 ; Inspector- General of Recruiting from August 1873 to December 1876; Deputy-Adjutant- General of the Forces from December 1876 to October 1878; Adjutant-General of the Army from August 1882 to Novem- ber 1882 ; Governor of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from January 1883 to August 1886. He was promoted Colonel, May 1858 ; Major-General, March 1868 ; Lieutenant-Genera], October 1877 ; Gen- eral, April 1883; and nominated C.B. 1857, and K.C.B. 1882 ; retired list, August 1886. He married, in 1863, the Lady Jane Hay, daughter of the 8th Marquis of Tweeddale, and has issue one son and four daughters. Permanent ad- dresses : 16 Eaton Place, S.W. ; and Dowestown, Naven, co. Meath. TAYLOR, William Mackergo, D.D., LL. D., was born at Kilmarnock, Scotland, Oct. 23, 1829. He graduated at the Uni- versity of Glasgow in 1849, and at the Divinity School of the United Presbyterian Church at Edinburgh in 1852. For two yearsthe was pastor of a small church at Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, and in 1855 went to Liverpool to take charge of a newly organised Presbyterian Church, which under his care became a large and influen- tial church society. Visiting the United States in 1871, his preaching while there was received with so much favour that he was called to succeed the late Dr. Joseph P. Thompson in the pulpit of the Broad- way Tabernacle (New York City), one of the most prominent Congregational Churches in America, and of this church he has been, since 1872, the pastor. In 1876 and 1886 he was lecturer at the Yale Seminary, and in 1880 at Princeton Semi- nary. From 1876 to 1880 he was editor of The Christian at Work. He has published "Life Truths" (sermons), 1862; "The Miracles," 1865; "The Lost Found and the Wanderer Welcomed," 1870; "Me- moirs of the Rev. Matthew Dickie," 1872 ; "Prayer and Business," 1873; "David, King of Israel," 1875; "Elijah the Pro- phet," and "The Ministry of the Word" (Yale lectures), 1876; "Songs in the Night," 1877; "Peter the Apostle," and " Daniel the Beloved," 1877 ; " Moses the Lawgiver," 1S79; "The Gospel Miracles in Relation to Christ and Christianity " (Princeton lectures); and "The Limita- tions of Life " (sermons), 1880 ; " Paul the Missionary," 1882; "Contrary Winds" (sermons), 1883; "Jesus at the Well," 1884; "John Knox, a Biography," 1885; "Joseph the Prime Minister," and "The Parables of Our Saviour," 1886; "The Scottish Pulpit," 1S87; "Ruth the Gleaner," and "Esther the Queen," 1890 ; " The Miracles of Our Saviour Expounded," 1890; and "The Boy Jesus and other Sermons," 1893. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by both Yale and Amherst Colleges in 1872, and that of LL.D. by Princeton College in 1883. In the spring of 1892 he had a stroke of paralysis, in consequence of which he 1064 TCHIGORIN— TECK resigned his pastoral charge in the follow- ing fall, but was made Pastor Emeritus, an honorary position which he holds for life. TCHIGOEIN, T., Russian chess- player, was born at St. Petersburg, Oct. 14, 1850, and entered the Russian Civil Service, which he left to devote himself entirely to chess. His first appearance as an European master was at Berlin in 1881, when he divided the third prize, Black- burn and Zukertort being first and second. He was fourth in the London Tournament of 1883. In 1889 he met Steinitz at Havana, and was beaten by four games out of twenty ; but in 1891 he beat him in two games played by cable. In the next year he was defeated by the same player for the championship of the world.* His style is always to attack. TEALE, Thomas Pridgin, M.A., M.B. Oxon., F.R.S., F.R.C.S., was born at Leeds, June 28, 1831, and is the son of Thomas Pridgin Teale, F.R.S., sometime surgeon to the General Infirmary at Leeds, and one of the first members of the General Medical Council nominated by the Queen. He was educated at the Leeds Grammar School, Winchester, Brasenose College, Oxford, and King's College, London. He has been a "Crown nominee" on the General Medical Council since the year 1876, and is now serving his fifth period of five years. He was Lecturer on Anatomy and Surgery in the Leeds School of Medicine, 1856 to 1876; Surgeon to the General Infirmary at Leeds, 1864 to 1884 ; and subsequently Consulting Surgeon. He was President of the Health Section of the Social Science Con- gress at Huddersfield, 1883 ; President of the Public Health Section of the British Medical Association at Liverpool, 1883 ; President of the Association of Sanitary Inspectors of Yorkshire from 1888 to 1898 ; and President of the Leeds Philosophical Society from 1889 to 1891. He is the author of " Dangers to Health, a Pictorial Guide to Domestic Sanitary Defects," first published in 1879, now in the 4th edition. This work has been trans- lated into French, Spanish, and Italian, and into German by H.R.H. the Princess Christian, and is now in its 2nd edition. " Hurry, Worry, and Money, the Bane of Modern Education," being the Presidential address in the Health Section of the Social Science Congress at Huddersfield, 1883 ; " Economy of Coal in House Fires," 1886 ; ' ' The Principles of Domestic Fireplace Construction," a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, 1886 ; " Dust and Fresh Air : How to keep out the one and let in the other," a lecture delivered at the Society of Arts, 1892 ; and many contribu- tions to medical literature. In reference to Mr. Pridgin Teale's work on the economy of coal, it is noticeable that the revolution in fireplace construction which has re- cently taken place in the United Kingdom is the direct result of the principles which the author has been teaching the public for the past twenty years. This revolu- tion, he contends, has led to increase of warmth, a reduction in the consumption of coal, and a marked decrease in the pro- duction of soot. He married, in 1862, Alice, daughter of the Rev. W. H. Teale, M.A., Rector of Devizes. She died in 1891. Addresses : 38 Cookridge Street, Leeds ; and North Grange, Headingley, Leeds. TECK, H.S.H. Prince Adolphus Charles Alexander Albert Edward. George Philip Louis Ladislaus of, K.C.V.O. , was born at Kensington Palace on Aug. 13, 1868, and is the eldest son of H.H. the Duke of Teck and H.R.H. Prin- cess Mary Adelaide. He was educated at Wellington College, and, after passing through the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, was gazetted Second Lieu- tenant in the 17th Lancers in April 1888, and rose to Lieutenant's rank in January 1893. In June 1895 he was promoted to be Captain in the 1st Life Guards. He married, in December 1894, Lady Margaret Evelyn, third surviving daughter of the Duke of Westminster, K.G. Address : 4 Devonshire Place, W. TECK, H.S.H. Prince Alexander Augustus Frederick "William Alfred George of, K.C.V.O., was born at Kensing- ton Palace on April 14, 1874, and is the third son of H.H. the Duke of Teck and H.R.H. the late Princess Mary Adelaide. He was educated at Eton, passed through Sand- hurst, and was gazetted in the 7th (Queen's Own) Hussars in October 1894. He served in the operations in South Africa as Acting Staff Officer under Sir Frederick Carrington in 1896, and was mentioned in despatches and awarded a medal. In December 1898 he was created K.C.V.O. TECK, Captain H.S.H. Prince Francis of, K.C.V.O., D.S.O., is the second son of the Duke of Teck and H.R.H. the late Princess Mary Adelaide. He was born at Kensington Palace on Jan. 9, 1870, and received his education at Wellington and the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. He was gazetted Second Lieutenant in the 1st Royal Dragoons in January 1889, and rose to be Lieutenant in August 1891, and Captain in July 1894. He has been A.D.C. to the General Officer commanding at Quetta, TECK — TEMPLE 1065 and is a Knight of Justice of St. John of Jerusalem. He fought with distinction in the battles of Atbara and Khartoum (1898), and received the Distinguished Service Order. In December 1898 he was created K.C.V.O. TECK, Duke of, His Highness Francis Paul Charles Louis Alex- ander, G.C.B. , only son of Duke Alex- ander of Wiirtemberg and the Countess Claudine, nie De Rhedey, to whom he was morganatically married, was born on Aug. 27, 1837. His Highness served in the Austrian army, was Major in the Austro-Italian Campaign, 1859, and was mentioned in despatches, but resigned after the campaign in 1866. He served on the staff of Lord Wolseley in Egypt in 1882, and received the Egyptian medal and the Khedive's Star, was mentioned in the despatches, and was made colonel unattached, and is now a general in the British army. His High- ness is general A la suite of the Wiirtem- berg dragoon regiment, " Queen Olga " ; Honorary Colonel, 1867, of the First City of London Artillery Volunteers ; Honorary Colonel, 1874, of the 24th Middlesex Rifle Volunteers, "Post Office "; and President of the Royal Botanic Society of London. His Highness married, on June 12, 1866, H.R.H. the Princess Mary Adelaide, daughter of H.R.H. Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, the seventh son of his Majesty King George III. This lady, who was most popular in society, and widely known for her charities and the unassuming cordiality of her manners, died, after a painful illness, at the White Lodge, greatly lamented by her family and the nation, on Oct. 27, 1897. He has issue, their Serene Highnesses (all born at Kensington Palace) the Princess Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes (q.v.), born May 26, 1867,* married July 6, 1893, to H.R.H. the Duke of York, K. G. ; the Prince Adolphus Charles Alexander Albert Edward George Philip Louis Ladislaus, K.C.V.O., born Aug. 13, 1868 ; the Prince Francis Joseph Leopold Frederick, born Jan. 9, 1870 ; and the Prince Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George, born April 14, 1874. Address : White Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey. TEGETMEIER, William B., F.Z.S., of German extraction, eldest son of G. C. Tegetmeier, Surgeon in the Royal Navy, was born at Colnbrook, Bucks, in 1816, and educated for the medical profession at University College, London. He was Medallist at London University and the Society of Apothecaries, was Lecturer at Government Training College, and Davis Lecturer at the Zoological Society. To- gether with Mr. A. Halliday he was first Secretary of the Savage Club. Mr. Teget- meier is well known as a writer on natu- ral history. He is the author of " The Poultry Book," "Pigeons," " The Natural History of the Pheasants," " Monographs of the Cranes," " Pallas's Sand Grouse," "Poultry for the Table and Market," " The Cottager's Manual of Poultry-keep- ing," &c, and as having republished many rare ornithological treatises, as " Boddaert's Planches Enlumine'es " and "Moore's Columbarium." In conjunction with Mr. C. L. Sutherland, of the Indiana Service, he has published an important work on the utilisation of mules for mili- tary and agricultural purposes, entitled " Horses, Asses, Mules, and Mule Breed- ing," 1895. He has devoted much attention to the variation of species, and greatly assisted Darwin in the preparation of his volumes on " The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," and other works. Mr. Tegetmeier has con- tributed articles to the " Encyclopaedia Britannica " and the organ of the British Ornithologists' Union, of which he is one of the old members ; and is the author of two text-books on " Domestic Economy," written at the request of the School Board of London, and for the Government Train- ing Colleges. He has been for more than forty years on the staff of the Field news- paper, and actively continues his ornitho- logical work. Address : Field Office, Bream's Buildings, E. C. TEMPLE, The Most Rev. Frederick, D.D., LL.D., Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England, son of an officer in the army, Major Octavius Temple, late Governor of Sierra Leone, was born Nov. 30, 1821, in Santa Maura, Ionian Islands. He was educated at the Grammar School at Tiverton, and proceeding to Oxford, became Scholar of Balliol College, and took his degree of B. A. in 1842 as a double first class. He was elected Fellow and Mathematical Tutor of his college, and, having been ordained in 1846, was appointed Principal of the Training College at Kneller Hall, near Twickenham, in 1848. This post he resigned in 1855 ; and having held an In- spectorship of Schools during the interval, was appointed, on the resignation of Dr. Goulburn, in 1858, Head-master of Rugby School. Dr. Temple, who was a Chaplain to the Queen, gained some notoriety in 1860 as the author of the first of the seven "Essays and Reviews," which caused so much controversy soon after their appear- ance. The Essay was entitled " Education of the World," and was held, by the timid and partially educated opinion of those 1066 TEMPLE days, to savour of German rationalistic tendencies. At the general election of 1868 Dr. Temple took an active part in support of Mr. Gladstone's measure for the disestablishment of the Irish Church ; and the Premier nominated him to the Bishopric of Exeter, in succession to the late Dr. Philpotts— an appointment which caused considerable commotion in clerical circles. The confirmation of Dr. Temple's election took place Dec. 8, 1869, at the church of St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheap- side, when Bishop Trower, as the repre- sentative of a portion of the clergy who were opposed to Dr. Temple, because he was the author of one of the " Essays and Eeviews," instructed counsel to oppose the election. Counsel were accordingly heard on both sides, and Dr. Temple's election was confirmed by the Vicar-General. Dr. Temple received episcopal consecration at Westminster, Dec. 21, 1869, together with the Bishops-elect of Bath and Wells, and of the Falkland Islands. Dr. Temple pub- lished "Sermons preached in Eugby Chapel in 1858-60," in 1861. In April 1883 he was elected Bampton Lecturer at Oxford for the ensuing year. His Bamp- ton Lectures, which might have been delivered by a highly critical man of science, were entitled " The Relation be- tween Science and Religion." They were afterwards published. On the death of Dr. Jackson in January 1885 Dr. Temple was appointed Bishop of London, and was succeeded at Exeter by Dr. Bickersteth. He was appointed Archbishop of Canter- bury in December 1896, as successor to Archbishop Benson. As Bishop of London his Grace was known, to the surprise of many, as a conservative and disciplinarian, especially in matters affecting the stan- dard of clerical education and admission to Holy Orders, and since becoming Arch- bishop he has been a champion of Ortho- doxy. Jointly with the Archbishop of York, he issued, in February 1897, a lengthy and learned reply, in English and Latin, to the Pope's Bull on Anglican Orders. The reply, addressed to the whole body of Bishops of the Catholic Church, bears the significant motto, " Give peace in our time, Lord," and follows throughout the ancient and rational tradi- tion, in matters of doctrine and usage, of such authorities as Hooker. The Arch- bishop's attitude towards matters ecclesi- astical was further emphasised in his Charge, nominally addressed to his diocese, but in reality to the whole Church of England, and delivered by him in Maid- stone Parish Church early in October 1898. The gist of the Charge is contained in the sentence, " The ceremonial is the order of the Church ; the teaching must be, to a large extent, the voice of the individual." Besides the works above mentioned, his Grace is the author of many tracts and pamphlets. In October 1898 he was appointed Commissioner under the London University Act to make statutes and regulations for the new University. He married, in 1876, Beatrice, daughter of the late Right Hon. W. S. Lascelles. To- gether with Mrs. Temple the Archbishop is widely known for the interest he takes in all movements which make for the social welfare of the working -classes, especially of working - women. Club : Athenaeum. TEMPLE, The Bight Hon. Sir Richard, Bart., G.C.S.I., CLE., F.R.S., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. Cantab, and Mon- treal, son of Richard Temple and Louisa, daughter of James Rivett Carnac, was born in 1826, and entered the third class of the Bengal Civil Service in 1846. Was Secretary to Sir John Lawrence in the Punjab, and First Assistant to the Finan- ciers, James Wilson and Samuel Laing ; and eventually was appointed Chief Com- missioner of the Central Provinces, and the Political Resident at Hyderabad. He was Foreign Secretary to the Governor- General, and Finance Minister of India from 1868 to 1874. In January 1874 he was appointed to superintend the relief operations in the famine-stricken dis- tricts of Bengal. He became Lieutenant- Governor of Bengal in 1875 ; was created a Baronet in August 1876 ; and was ap- pointed Governor of the Presidency of Bombay in January 1877, which office he held till March 1880. He was appointed K.C.S.I. in 1867, G.C.S.I. in 1877. He re- turned home in 1880 in order to accept the candidature offered to him by the Con- servative party for East Worcestershire, but was defeated. He sat for the Southern or Evesham division of Worcestershire from 1885 to 1892, after which he sat for the Kingston division of Surrey till 1895, when he retired from Parliament. He was appointed Privy Councillor in 1896. He has been Vice-Chairman of the London School Board ; and has been President of the Social Science Congress. He was also the Financial Member of the London School Board from 1885 to 1894. He is the author of "India in 1880"; "Men and Events of my Time in India," 1882; " Oriental Experience," 1883 ; " Cosmo- politan Essays," 1886 ; " Palestine Illus- trated," 1888 ; the memoir of "John Law- rence," in the series of English Men of Action, and that of James Thomason for the Clarendon Press series of Rulers of India; "The Story of My Life," 1896 " Sixty Years of the Queen's Reign," 1897 "A Bird's-eye View of Picturesque India,' 1 1898. He was elected a Member of the TEMPLE — TENNANT 1067 Royal Society in 1896. He is a J.P. for Worcestershire. He married (1), in 1849, Charlotte, daughter of B. Martindale (who died in 1855), and (2), in 1871, Mary, daughter of Charles Lindsay. Addresses : The Nash, Kempsey, near Worcester ; Heath Brow, Hampstead ; and Athenaaum. TEMPLE, Lieut. -Colonel Richard Carnac, CLE., the eldest son of Sir Richard Temple, Bart., was born in 1850, and received his first commission in the Indian Staff Corps in 1871. In 1879 he served in the Punjab as Assistant Canton- ment Magistrate, and was promoted to be Cantonment Magistrate to Burma in 1887, and Deputy Commissioner in the next year. In 1890 he was Superintendent of the Census Returns, and President of the Rangoon Municipality in 1891. In 1895 he was promoted to the Chief Commis- sionership of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which post he still holds. He has published " Notes on the Translitera- tion of the Burmese Alphabet," "Wide- awake Stories" (Indian Polk Tales), and has founded Indian Notes and Queries. He married, in 1880, Agnes, daughter of Major- General G. A. Searle. Address : Port Blair, Andaman Isles. TENNANT, Sir Charles, Bart., J.P., D.L., was born on Nov. 4, 1823, and is the son of John Tennant, of St. Rollox, Lanark. He is head of the firm of Charles Tennant, Sons, & Co., Chairman of the Union Bank of Scotland, and director of some twenty companies. His own firm has a large chemical manufacturing business in Glas- gow, and employs a very large amount of labour. His other engagements include the chairmanships of most of the "John Taylor " group of Indian gold mines, such as the Champion Reef, the Coromandel, and the Mysore. He is a director of the Nine Reefs, the Road Block, the Balaghat, the Oriental, and the Gold-fields of Mysore in the same interest. He is chairman of the Glasgow Board of the North British arid Mercantile Insurance Company, hono- rary president of the United Alkali Com- pany and of the Steel Company of Scotland, chairman of the Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company, and director of the Assam Railways and Trading Company, the Linlithgow Oil Company, the New Cycle Company, and the Porth Bridge Railway. He was Liberal M.P. for Glas- gow in 1879-80, for Peebles and Selkirk from 1880 to 1886, and as a Gladstonian Liberal contested the Partick Division of Lanarkshire in 1890. He is a trustee of the National Gallery, and was created a baronet in 1885. He married Emma, daughter of Richard Winsloe, of Mount Nebo, Taunton, in 1849. She died in 1895. Addresses : 40 Grosvenor Square, W. ; and Innerleithen, Peebles. TENNANT, Harold John, M.P., was born at The Glen, Innerleithen, Nov. 18, 1865, and is the third and youngest son of Sir Charles Tennant. He was edu- cated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cambridge (B. A. ). He served as Secretary to the Departmental Committee on "the Various Lead Industries," appointed in 1893, and was appointed Chairman of the Departmental Committee on miscellaneous dangerous trades 1895-98. He was Private Secretary to the Home Secretary, the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, fron 1892 to 1895. Since March 1894 he has been Liberal Member of Parliament for Berwick- shire. He married (1) Helen, daughter of Major Gordon Duff, of Drnmmuir (she died in 1892); and (2) Margaret Edith, daughter of G. Whitley Abraham, of Rath- gar, co. Dublin, formerly Superintending Inspector of Pactories (q.v.). Address: 33 Bruton Street, W., &c. TENNANT, Lieut. -General James Francis, R.E., CLE., F.R.S., was born in 1829, and as an officer in the Royal Engineers served through the Indian Mutiny. He was present at the siege and capture of Delhi and Lucknow, was men- tioned in despatches (May 1858), and ob- tained a medal with two clasps and the brevet of major. He was for many years Assistant in the Survey of India, and was Master of the Mint at Calcutta from 1871 to 1874. He was made F.R.S. in 1869. He has contributed some important papers on astronomical subjects to the Astronomi- cal Society's Monthly Notices, chiefly on the Transit of Venus of 1874. He reported in the Astron. Society's Memoirs "Observations of the Total Eclipse of the Sun on Decem- ber 11-12, 1871, made by order of the Government of India, at Dodabetta, near Ootacamund." He is Vice-President of the Royal Astronomical Society. He has also written articles on Indian coinage in the Bengal Asiatic Society's Journal. Ad- dress : 11 Clifton Gardens, Maida Hill, W. TENNANT, Mrs. (May), daughter of the late George Whitley Abraham, Esq., was born in 1870, at Blackrock, co. Dublin, and married, in July 1896, Mr. H. J. Ten- nant, M.P., Private Secretary to the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, Secretary of State. Miss Abraham was appointed in 1892 an Assistant-Commissioner of the Royal Com- mission on Labour, for the purpose of investigating the conditions of the em- ployment of women in England, and presented a valuable report. She was appointed in 1893 one of her Majesty's Inspectors of Factories, and in April 1896 1068 TENNLEL — TERBY was promoted to be the Superintending Inspector. She resigned that office in June 1897, having fulfilled its duties to the satisfaction of the Government and the advantage of the public, as the Secre- tary of State acknowledged in handsome terms. In June 1895 she had been ap- pointed a member of a Home Office Com- mittee on Dangerous Trades. In January 1896 she published a work on " The Law relating to Factories and Workshops," which reached a second edition in January 1897, and is acknowledged to be of autho- rity. Mrs. Tennant has been called to the chair of the Industrial Law Committee for the enforcement of the law and the promotion of future reform, a body which has for its objects the supplying informa- tion as to the legal protection of the industrial classes with regard to the con- ditions of their trade, the watching over breaches of the law and securing its more effective administration, and its amend- ment where it is defective. In this and in other ways it is hoped that Mrs. Ten- nant, though she has retired from official life, may long continue her distinguished services. Address : 33 Bruton Street, W. TENNIEL, Sir John, artist, born in London in 1820, was educated at Ken- sington. At a very early age he showed a taste for art, and whilst a boy his first picture was exhibited, and sold at the Gallery of British Artists in Suffolk Street. He studied art in his own way, and may be said to have been entirely self-taught. He was a successful candidate in one of the cartoon competitions in Westminster Hall in 1845, painted a fresco in the Palace at Westminster, and has produced many pictures since, chiefly for private collec- tions. In 1851 he became a member of Punch's staff, and from that time has contributed to the illustration of that periodical. For many years he has, with- out the break of a single week, produced the political cartoon, and may thus claim a place not only as an artist but as a historian of the time. It is impossible to specify any of these illustrations, their number being already enormous, but men- tion should at least be made of the " Old Pilot Cartoon," representing the late Prince Bismarck and his Imperial master, habited respectively as a pilot and a skipper, the latter of whom watches the former as he casts off from the ship of state in his pilot- boat. Nor should the long and famous series of Gladstone and Beaconsfield car- toons be forgotten. Sir John Tenniel has illustrated, wholly or in part, many Christ- mas books and other works, amongst which may be mentioned " iEsop's Fables," " Lalla Rookh," " The Ingoldsby Legends," and Once a Week. He is also the illustra- tor of "Alice's Adventures in Wonder- land," and its sequel, " Through the Looking-Glass," but has long since entirely discontinued making drawings for " book illustration " ; he has been for many years a member of the Boyal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, and received the honour of knighthood in 1893. A selection of his best-known Punch cartoons were exhibited at the rooms of the Fine Art Society in 1895. Address : 10 Ports- down Eoad, Maida Hill, N.W. TENNYSON, Lord, Hallam Tenny- son, K.C.M.G.,'J.P., Governor and Comman- der-in-Chief of South Australia, was born on Aug. 11, 1852, and is the eldest son of the late Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate and 1st Baron Tennyson of Aldworth, Black- down, Sussex, and of Freshwater, Isle of Wight, whom he succeeded in 1892. He was educated at Marlborough and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and on leav- ing the University was his illustrious father's close companion and private secretary to the end of the poet's life. To him we owe the authoritative biography of Lord Tennyson published in 1897, under the title of "Alfred Lord Tennyson: a Memoir," in two vols. His appointment as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of South Australia in succession to Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, G.C.M.G., was popular, although it came as a surprise to many. He was made K.C.M.G. on his appointment in February 1899, and shortly afterwards proceeded to his colony accom- panied by Lady Tennyson. He is a Mem- ber of the Inner Temple, a J.P. for Hants, and a Member of the Executive Councils of Marlborough College and the Gordon Boys' Home. Besides the book above mentioned, he has edited "Poems by Two Brothers," Charles Turner's " Collected Sonnets," &c, and has contributed both in verse and prose to the magazines. In 1884 he married Audrey, daughter of Charles Boyle, and granddaughter of Admiral the Hon. Courtenay Boyle. He owns the houses of Blackdown and Fresh- water, so long associated with his father's name, and his London address is 134 Sloane Street. He is a member of the Athenaeum. TERBY, Francois Joseph Charles, was born on Aug. 9, 1846, at Louvain, Belgium, in which city he was educated ; and in 1869 he obtained the degree of Docteur-es-Sciences. As early as 1862 he had begun making astronomical and occasional meteorological observations ; and these he has never abandoned, though for some years he was Lecturer on Physics at the University of Louvain. He has now in his private observatory an eight- TERRY 1069 inch equatorial by Grubb, which he de- votes chiefly to planetary and lunar work. His papers have mostly been inserted in the publications of the Royal Academy of Belgium. Dr. Terby is a Member of the Commission d'Inspection de l'Observatoire Royal de Belgique ; Correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of Belgium ; and Foreign Member of the Royal Astro- nomical Society of London. TERRY, Edward O'Connor, actor and proprietor of Terry's Theatre, London, was born in London, March 10, 1844, and is the son of John Terry, actor. He was educated privately, made his first histrionic attempt as an amateur with the Thespian Dramatic Club, and showing promise as an actor, entered the profession in 1863. He played at Woolwich, Rochester, Sheffield, and Belfast. On leaving Belfast he be- came a member of Mr. Charles Calvert's company at the Prince's Theatre, Man- chester. In 1867 he made his debut in London, at the Surrey Theatre. In 1868 he appeared at the Lyceum Theatre, under the management of the late Mr. E. T. Smith. After remaining the season, he accepted an engagement from Mr. Swan- borough for the Strand Theatre, where he played Paul Pry for ninety-five consecu- tive nights, the longest run of the play on record. He next became a member of the Gaiety Company in 1876, where he has played in "Little Don Caesar de Bazan," "Bohemian Gyurl," " Little Doctor Faust," "Robbing Roy," "Forty Thieves," and " Bluebeard." Latterly he has given up burlesque, appearing in comedy parts, as WalMnshaw in "The Rocket " ; Montague Joliffe in "In Chancery," &c. In May 1885 he fulfilled his last engagement at the Gaiety, and travelled in the provinces, where he has produced a new farcical comedy entitled "The Churchwarden," adapted from the German by himself, and presented for the first time (in London) at the Olympic Theatre, Thursday, Dec. 16, 1886. Mr. Terry is now proprietor of a theatre called by his name, which was erected in the Strand during 1887 ; in which house he produced and played Dick Phenyl, the kind-hearted eccentric bar- rister, in "Sweet Lavender," which was performed 670 consecutive times, and has been revived 1898-99. Mr. Terry was invited to speak at the Church Con- gress at Cardiff, and read to an audi- ence of over 2000 a paper on "Theatres as an Amusement for the People," and was compelled to repeat it (the same night) at an overflow meeting. Of late years Mr. Terry has been on tour. During part of 1897-98 he acted, at his own theatre, the principal part in the "White Knight," a comedy dealing with the doings of a Quixote among company directors. Mr. Terry is well known as a Freemason and public man. He is Past Grand Treasurer of English Masons, Treasurer of the Royal General Theatrical Fund, President of the Theatrical Fire Fund, a Trustee of the Dramatic Sick Fund, member of the Strand District Board of Works, and Vice- President of three large London hospitals. He has travelled much in all parts of the world. Address : Priory Lodge, Barnes, Surrey. TERRY, Miss EUen (Alice), actress (Mrs. E. A. Wardell), was born at Coven- try, Feb. 27, 1848, and made her first appearance on the stage at the Princess's Theatre under the management of Mrs. Charles Kean, playing the parts of Mamil- lius in " Winter's Tale," and Prince Arthur in "King John," and remained with the Keans until they gave up management in London. Miss Terry next appeared at the Royalty Theatre, and afterwards at the Haymarket, learning her first steps in legitimate comedy in this the London Comedy Theatre. Then followed a short engagement at the Queen's Theatre, with Mr. and Mrs. Wigan at the head of affairs, where she played in the " Taming of the Shrew," and acted for the first time with Mr. Henry Irving. Leaving the stage for seven years she returned to the Queen's Theatre, making her reappearance as Philippa Chester in Charles Reade's " Wandering Heir." In 1875 Miss Terry was engaged by Mr. Bancroft to play at the Prince of Wales's Theatre. In 1876 Lord Lytton's play, the "House of Darn- ley," was produced by Mr. John Hare, at the Court Theatre, and in this play Miss Terry took the principal character. She remained at the Court Theatre until Mr. Hare gave up its direction. On Mr. Irving taking the management of the Lyceum Theatre, he was enabled to secure the services of Miss Ellen Terry, who made her first appearance at that theatre on Dec. 30, 1878, playing Ophelia to the Hamlet of Mr. Irving. "Hamlet" was followed by the "Lady of Lyons," in which she played Pauline. Her subse- quent parts have been Portia, Viola, Beatrice, Juliet, Henrietta Maria in Mr. W. G. Wills's "Charles I.," Camma in Tennyson's " Cup," and Ruth Meadows in "Eugene Aram." She went on American tours with Mr. Irving in 1883, 1884, 1887, 1893, and 1894, and won great applause. During 1889 she visited Germany, and after her return had the honour of appear- ing before the Queen at Sandringham. Her later appearances have been as Mar- guerite in the late W. G. Wills's " Faust," which was revived in 1894, as Lucy Ash- ton in "Ravens wood," as the heroine in 1070 TERRY — THEEBAW " A Dead Heart," as Queen Catherine in "Henry VIII.," as Lady Macbeth, and Cordelia, as Rosamonde in " Becket," 1893, as Guinevere in " King Arthur," 1895, as Imogen in " Cymbeline," 1896, as Madame Sans-Gene in the English version of the play of that name in 1897, and as the ci-devant Marquise in " Robes- pierre," 1899. Miss Terry's son plays under the name of "Gordon Craig," and made a spirited appearance in " A Dead Heart," &c. Address : Lyceum Theatre, Strand. TERRY, Fred, was born in London in 1865, and is the youngest of the Terry family. He was educated in France and at Geneva, and made his first appearance on the stage in 1880, when at the age of fifteen he appeared at the Haymarket, at the beginning of the Bancrofts' tenancy of that theatre. He is well known as an actor of romantic parts, both here and in America, and is married to Miss Julia Neilson (q.v. ), to whom, as leading lady, he has played in " Hypatia," " As You Like It," &c. Address : 27 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. TERRY, Mrs. Fred. Julia. Neilson, TERRY, Kate (Mrs. Arthur Lewis), was first seen as Arthur in Kean's per- formance of " King John," on which occasion Lord Macaulay, who was present when the play was represented before the Queen at Windsor, wrote to the effect that " The little girl who acted Arthur did wonders. It is almost-worth while to be past middle life to see Miss Kate Terry play this." This was the first of many Shakespearian triumphs. She played as Cordelia to Charles Kean's King Lear, at the Princess's ; as Ophelia to Fechter's Hamlet, at the Lyceum ; as Ariel, and as the Boy in " Henry V.," at the Prin- cess's ; and as Juliet to Henry Neville's Romeo, at the Adelphi. She doubled the parts of Viola and Sebastian in "Twelfth Night." For some time she appeared in romantic drama at the Olympic, and achieved one of her chief successes at the St. James's, when, as understudy to Miss Herbert, she played in Horace Wigan's "Friends and Foes," a version of "Nos Intimes." Other famous impersonations were as Monee in " Up at the Hills," an Anglo-Indian drama ; as Lena in " Bel Demonio," where she played to Fechter, as the original Blanche de Nevers, in that great actor's production of "The Duke's Motto " ; and as the original Mary Leigh in Boucicault's " Hunted Down," a play in which Irving took the part of Rawdon Scudamore. She made the part of Alice in Tom Taylor and Dubourz's play of "A Sister's Penance," produced at the Adelphi, and won laurels as Dora in Charles Reade's play founded on Tenny- son's poem. She returned to the stage in the spring of 1898 in " The Master," pro- duced by Mr. John Hare at the Globe. TESLA, Nikola, electrician and in- ventor, was born at Smiljau, near the border of Austro-Hungary, in Servia, in 1857. He was educated in the public schools, and then went to a Real Schule at Karlstadt, where he graduated in 1873 ; he devoted himself to experi- ments in electricity and magnetism, much against the wishes of his father (himself a priest of the Greek Church), who had intended him for a priest ; but his genius was so strong in the direction of mechanics that he was allowed to continue his studies at the Polytechnic School at Gratz, and later studied languages at Prague and Budapest to qualify himself thoroughly for the engineering profession. He served a short time in the Government telegraph engineering department as an assistant, and later he went to Paris and was employed by one of the large electric lighting companies in 1881. About a year later he went to America, and has since made his home in the United States. He found employment at once in the estab- lishment of Thos. A. Edison, for whom he has always had the greatest admira- tion ; but later he worked independently in a different part of the field of electrical investigation. He was the first to devise a method of utilising effectively the un- dulating current, and has made many startling innovations and inventions in using currents of high tension. He has lectured before the highest scientific authorities in London, Paris, and New York. THACKERAY, Miss Anne Isa- bella. See Ritchie, Anne Isabella. THEEBAW, ex-King of Ava (Burma), whose Burmese titles are Theebaw Mill, His Most Glorious and Excellent Majesty, &c, is the eleventh king of the Alompra Dynasty, founded in 1853 by the first Burmese king of that name. He was born in 1858, and suc- ceeded his father, Mindong Min, in October 1878. He was placed on the throne by the intrigues of the favourite Queen of the late King, who assumed the position of Dowager-Queen, and caused Theebaw to be proclaimed, at the same time forming an alliance between Theebaw and her p-econd daughter, Soo Pyah Lat, whom he married shortly after his accession. His ieign was unfortunately remarkable for palace orgies, and for the murder of his THEODOEUS — THIS ELTON-DYER 1071 relatives, followers, and servitors. An- archy and misrule reigned throughout his kingdom. Theebaw sought to injure British trade and influence by placing the control of the whole commerce of his country and the taxation of the frontier in the hands of French agents, and took away the teak forests from British con- cessionnaires to give to French monopolists. For some time he endeavoured to establish relations with foreign agents, and to con- tract agreements or alliances, with the object of creating a situation full of em- barrassment for the English Government. In November 1885 an ultimatum was despatched to King Theebaw, but the proposals for an amicable settlement were refused. General Prendergast then sailed up the Irrawaddy to his capital, and pro- claimed his deposition and the annexation of Upper Burma to England. Theebaw surrendered on November 29, and shortly afterwards was sent first to Rangoon, thence to British India, where he still remains. " THEODORTJS.' James Bass. See Mullingbb, THETFORD, Bishop of. See Lloyd, The Right Rev. Arthur Thomas. THIBATJDIN, Jean, a French general, was born at Moulins-Engilbert (Nievre), Nov. 13, 1822, and received his military education at Saint-Cyr. He first saw active service in Africa, and after- wards went through the Italian campaign. On the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war he was sent as Lieut. -Colonel to serve under General Frossard, took part in the battles of Forbach and Rezonville, and was taken prisoner after Bazaine's capitulation at Metz. He succeeded, however, in escap- ing, and made his way back to the French army, where, under an assumed name, he commanded a regiment. After the con- clusion of peace he was promoted Colonel, and in 1882 became General. In 1883 he succeeded General Billot as Minister of War, and at once appeared as a prominent Radical, hostile to the Orleans Princes. By his order the Duo d'Aumale and the Due de Chartres were placed on the retired list. On the visit of the late Alfonso XII., king of Spain, to Paris, in September 1883, General Thibaudin was thought to be com- promised in the hostile demonstrations that took place, and he was dismissed from the Ministry, Oct. 5, 1883. In 1885 he re- sumed his duties as a Member of the Com- mittee of Infantry. In December 1886 he was appointed Commandant of Paris. In 1885 and 1889 he presented himself first as a Radical, then as a Radical-Boulangist, for election to the Chamber of Deputies, but on both occasions he was defeated. THICKNESSE, The Eight Eev. Francis Henry, D.D., Suffragan Bishop in the Diocese of Peterborough, Arch- deacon of Northampton, Canon of Peter- borough, was born on May 14, 1829, and is the second son of the Rev. H. E. Cold- well, Prebendary of Lichfield. He was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar (M.A. 1856 ; B. and D.D. 1879), was successively Vicar of Deane, Lanes., and Brackley, Northants ; was Hon. Canon of Manchester from 1863 to 1875, when he was appointed Canon of Peterborough. He was appointed Suf- fragan Bishop of Peterborough in 1888, and became Rector of Oxendon, North- amptonshire, in 1892. He assumed the name and arms of Thicknesse by Royal license in 1859. He married (2) a daughter of Dean Argles, of Peterborough. Ad- dress : Oxendon Rectory, Northampton- shire. THISELTON-DYER, Sir William Turner, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., M.A., LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., son of the late W. G. Thiselton-Dyer, M.D., was born in the parish of St. James, Westminster, July 28, 1843, and educated at King's College School, where he was first class Mathe- matical Scholar, at King's College, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he became Junior Student in 1863. He obtained a second class in Mathematics, a first class in Natural Science in the Final Schools, 1867, the B.Sc. London, 1870, and the M.A. Oxford in 1873. He is also Hon. Fellow of King's College, London. He has held successively the following ap- pointments : Professor of Natural History at the Agricultural College, Cirencester, 1868 ; Professor of Botany at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, 1870 ; Pro- fessor of Botany, Royal Horticultural Society, 1872 ; Assistant-Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, 1875 ; and Director, 1885. At the International Phylloxera Congress, Bordeaux, 1881, he was the re- presentative of New South Wales, South Australia, and Victoria, He has been a Royal Commissioner for the Melbourne Centennial International Exhibition of 1888, and is the same for the Paris Exhi- bition of 1900. In 1873 and several suc- ceeding years Mr. Thiselton-Dyer delivered in the Schools of the Science and Art De- partment, South Kensington, courses of instruction in Botany to teachers in train- ing. In these a new treatment of the sub- ject was developed ; the leading types of vegetable organisms were described and practically demonstrated, and for the first time the same methods of class exposition 1072 THOMAS were applied to the vegetable kingdom as were more or less in general use for the animal kingdom. Mr. Thiselton-Dyer was Examiner in Botany in the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, in 1873-85. He examined in Botany and Vegetable Physiology in the University of London during the years 1878-83, and was a Member of the Senate in 1887-90. At Kew he has been specially occupied with the development of botanical work and the organisation of botanical departments in the Colonies and India. In 1885 he organised a system of botanic stations for the West Indies, which has since been ex- tended to our African possessions. In recognition of these services he received in 1891 the Clarke Medal from the Royal Society of New South Wales. He was a member for India of the Governing Body of the Imperial Institute, 1891-93 ; and was made Ph.D. of the Acad. Leop. Car. 1891 ; Honorary LL.D. Glasgow, 1896 ; V.P.R.S., 1896-97. He was created K.C.M.G. at New Tear, 1899. He has published "Flora of Middlesex," 1869 (with Dr. Trimen) ; an English edition of "How Crops Grow," 1 869 (with Professor Church) ; and an English edition of " Sachs's Text- Book of Botany," 1875 (with Mr. A. W. Bennett). He is now engaged in editing the "Flora of Tropical Africa" for the British Government, and the " Flora Capensis " for the Governments of Cape Colony and Natal. He also edits the "Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informa- tion," commenced in 1887 at the instance of the House of Commons for the purpose of assisting colonial and commercial in- terests in vegetable products. Sir Thisel- ton-Dyer married, in 1877, a daughter of Sir J. D. Hooker, G.C.S.I., late Director of Kew Gardens. Addresses : Kew Gardens, Surrey ; and Athenaeum. THOMAS, Annie. See Cudlip, Mes. Pender. THOMAS, Brandon, was born at Hull in 1865, and was educated by a pri- vate tutor and at a private school, but his family suffering great pecuniary losses, he was at an early age apprenticed to a Liver- pool shipwright. Subsequently he became a clerk to a firm of timber merchants at Hull, and while in this employ he made his mark as a reciter and gave promise of his powers as a dramatist. In 1879 he was induced to try his fate as an actor in London, and his first part was given him by Mr. John Hare, when he appeared as Sandy M'Pibroch in the "Queen's Shil- ling." For a long period subsequent to this first appearance, he was only able to obtain small parts and matinee engage- ments, and was at last glad to proceed to America in Miss Bosina Vokes's Company. He played leading light-comedy parts, and his talents were at once recognised by the Transatlantic public. Mr. Thomas is the author of the following plays, in the lead- ing roles of several of which he has ap- peared : "Comrades," 3 acts (appeared December 1882, at the Old Court Theatre) ; " The Colour-Sergeant," 1 act (February 1885); "The Lodgers," 3-act farce (Janu- ary 1887); "A Highland Legacy," 1 act (November 1888); "The Gold Craze," 4 acts (November 1889); "A Lancashire Sailor," 1 act (June 1891); "Charley's Aunt," 3 acts (February 1892), which is said to have brought him a fortune ; "Marriage," 3 acts (May 1892). "Com- rades" and "Marriage" were written in collaboration; and "A Lancashire Sailor" and "A Highland Legacy" formed, with the " Pantomime Rehearsal," a programme of three short plays which, under the title of the " Triple Bill," was for some time substituted for the customary three-act play constituting an evening's entertain- ment. His most notable recent appear- ance was in " Sowing the Wind," at the Comedy. He is understood to be now entirely devoted to play-writing. THOMAS, Theodore, Mus. Doc, was born at Esens, Hanover, Germany, Oct. 11, 1835. He first played in public at the age of six. In 1845 his family removed to the United States, and for two years he played violin solos at concerts in New York. He then travelled for a time in the South, and returning to New York in 1851, he played at concerts and at the opera ; at first as one of the principal violinists, and afterwards as orchestral leader, until 1861. In connection with others he began a series of Chamber Concerts in 1855, which were continued until 1869. His first symphony concerts were given in 1864-65, and ex- tended (excepting from 1869 to 1872) until he left New York in 1878, to take the direction of the College of Music at Cin- cinnati. He remained in Cincinnati until 1880, when he resigned this position and returned to New York. With brief inter- vals he was conductor of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Society from 1862 to 1891, and of the New York Philharmonic Society from 1878 to 1891. From 1866 to 1878 he gave a series of summer concerts nightly in various cities ; and in 1869 he made his first concert tour in the Eastern and Western States, which he has repeated from time to time since. He has conducted eight musical festivals in Cincinnati (1873, 1875, 1878, 1880, 1882, 1884, 1886, and 1889), two in Chicago (1882 and 1884), and one in New York (1882). In the winter of 1885-86 he organised a series of popular concerts in New York, and during the same THOMAS — THOMPSON 1073 season was conductor of the "American Opera Company. In 1891, Mr. Thomas left New York to take the Conductorship of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Directorship of the Music of the World's Columbian Exposition, and has since then resided in Chicago. Mr. Thomas has un- questionably done more than any one else to raise the musical standard in America during the past thirty years. THOMAS, William Luson, manag- ing director of the Graphic and Daily Graphic, was born on Dec. 4, 1830, and was educated privately. He is the younger brother of the late George H. Thomas, the well-known artist, and the youngest son of William Thomas, shipbroker, of London. At the age of sixteen he went to Paris ; then to New York ; afterwards to Rome, where he studied drawing with his brother. In 1848 he returned to London, and was articled pupil to James W. Linton, the wood engraver ; and two years afterwards commenced business on his own account, with great success. He employed his spare time in painting, and was elected an Associate of the Institute of Painters in Water-Colours, and a few years after- wards full member ; since which time he has been a constant exhibitor. The Insti- tute deciding to alter their laws and admit all artists' works at their exhibition, it was proposed to build a new gallery for the advancement of Water-Colour Art in Piccadilly, and invite the senior society and the Royal Water-Colour to amalga- mate. Mr. W. L. Thomas was very active in this attempt, viz., to have only one large Water-Colour Exhibition, but, un- fortunately for the advancement of Water- Colour art, was not successful ; he, how- ever, succeeded in obtaining the principal portion of the large capital required, and was elected Chairman of the Piccadilly Art Galleries Co. The building embraces the picture galleries of the Institute and Prince's Concert Hall. In 1869 he estab- lished the Graphic, and was decorated by the French Goyernment " Officier de ^Instruction Publique." In 1890 he at- tempted the even more formidable task of starting a daily illustrated paper — the Daily Graphic, which has long been firmly established. He married, in 1854, Miss Annie Carmichael. Addresses : Weir Cot- tage, Chertsey ; and 31 Brixton Hill, S.W. THOMAS, WUliam Moy, was born in Hackney, London, in 1828, and is the youngest son of Moy Thomas, solicitor. He was educated by private tutors, and became one of Charles Dickens's " young men " in 1851, when he joined the staff of Household Words, for which celebrated journal he wrote for some seven years. Subsequently he joined the staff of the Athenosum, and has since then been a con- tributor to many important journals and reviews. He was the first editor of Cassells' Magazine, in which his novel, " A Fight for Life," appeared in 1866-67. He joined the staff of the Daily Neios in 1868, and has for many years been promi- nently before the public as its dramatic critic. From 1875 to 1879 he was also dramatic critic to the Academy. He is Honorary Secretary of the Copyright Association, Fellow of the Institute of Journalists, and member of Committee of the Society of Authors. He has published an edition of William Collins in the Aldine .Poets, and of the works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, with life ; also "When the Snow Falls," 1859 ; and "Pictures in a Mirror," 1861. Address : 18 Overstrand Mansions, Chelsea Reach, S.W. THOMPSON, Edmund Symes, M.D., F.R.C.P., is the third son of the late Theophilus Thompson, M.D., F.R.S., Phy- sician to the Hospital for Consumption, Brompton ; author of "Annals of Influ- enza"; Clinical Lectures on "Pulmonary Consumption," &c. Dr. Symes Thompson was born in London on Nov. 16, 1837, and was educated at St. Paul's School and at King's College Hospital. At the M.B. examination of the University of London he obtained the Scholarship and Gold Medal in Medicine. He took the M.D. Lond. in 1860, and was appointed in the same year Assistant-Physician to King's College Hospital. In 1864 he was elected Assistant-Physician to the Hospital for Consumption at Brompton, Physician in 1871, and Consulting Physician in 1SS9. In 1867 he became Professor of Physic in Gresham College (founded A.D. 1574) ; Fellow and (for four years) Secretary of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; Fellow and (for three years) Secretary and Vice-President of the Medical Society of London; and F.R.C.P. in 1868. He is also Physician to the Equity and Law Assurance Society, and to the Artists' An- nuity and Benevolent Funds, and is Chair- man of the Society for Training Teachers of the Deaf, at Ealing. In 1894 he was Provost of the Guild of St. Luke. He is editor of the 2nd edition (with additional chapters) of " Lectures on Pulmonary Consumption," and author of "Influenza, an Historical Survey," " Gout in Relation to Life Assurance," "Essays on the Influ- ence of Cod-liver Oil," on "Sciatica," on "Mediastinal Growths," on "Indigestion in Early Phthisis," on "The Elevated Health Resorts of the Southern Hemi- sphere," "Gresham Lectures," on "Coughs and Colds," on "South Africa as a Health Resort," on "Winter Alpine Health Re- 3 Y 1074 THOMPSON sorts," on " Sea Voyages," articles on Devonshire and the Channel Islands, and on the " Climates and Baths of England," issued by the Royal Medical and Chirur- gical Society. In 1872 he married Eliza- beth, daughter of the Rev. H. G. Watkins. Address : 33 Cavendish Square, W. THOMPSON, Sir Edward Maunde, K.C.B., F.S.A., Hon. LL.D. of St. Andrews, Hon. D.C.L. of Oxford and of Durham, Hon. Fellow of University College, Oxford, Correspondent of the Institute of France and of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, is the eldest son of the late Edward Thompson, Custos of Clarendon, Jamaica. He was born May 4, 1840, in, - Jamaica, and was educated at Rugby and Oxford. He was appointed an Assistant in the British Museum in May 1861, became Assistant-Keeper of the MSS. in 1871, and was appointed Keeper of the MSS. in 1878, and Principal Libra- rian and Secretary in 1888. Sir E. M. Thompson, who is a barrister of the Middle Temple, has edited " Chronicon Anglia;, 1328-1388" (in the Rolls Series), 1874; "Letters of Humphrey Prideaux" (for the Camden Society), 1875 ; "Chroni- con Ada; de Usk, 1377-1404" (for the Royal Society of Literature), 1876 ; " Cor- respondence of the Family of Hatton " (for the Camden Society), 1878; "Diary of Richard Cocks, in Japan, 1615-1622" (for the Hakluyt Society), 1883 ; jointly with Prof essor Jebb, the facsimile of the " Laurentian Sophocles" (for the Hel- lenic Society), 1885; "Chronicon Gal- fridi le Baker de Swynebroke, 1303-1356," 1889; and "Ada? Murimuth Continuatio Chronicorum, 1303-1347," with " Robertus de Avesbury de gestis mirabilibus Regis Edwardi Tertii " (in the Rolls Series), 1889. He was joint editor of the publica- tions of the Pateograpbical Society from 1873 to 1893, and in 1893 published a " Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeo- graphy " in the International Scientific Series. In the summer of 1898 the Trustees of the British Museum changed the official title of Sir Edward Maunde Thompson from " Principal Librarian and Secretary " of the British Museum to " Director and Principal Librarian." This change was effected in order to remove misapprehension as to his actual position at the head of the national collection. He is married to Georgina, only child of George Mackenzie, of Frankfield, Jamaica. Addresses : The British Museum ; The Hollies, Brasted, Kent ; and Athenaeum. THOMPSON, Francis, the son of a medical man in Lancashire, and the nephew of the Rev. Edward Healy Thomp- son, one of the Oxford seceders to the Roman Catholic Church, was educated at Ushaw College, near Durham. Subse- quently, while studying medicine at Owens College, Manchester, he decided to devote himself to literature. Coming to London, he endured a time of suspense which was ended by the acceptance of his first con- tributions to Merry England. Mr. Thomp- son's poems soon won the admiration of Mr. Browning, Mr. Coventry Patmore, and others ; and his first volume, when it ap- peared at the end of 1893, ran instantly through edition after edition, and attracted an admiration not often expressed towards a poet by his contemporaries. His later volumes are "Sister Songs," 1895; and "New Poems," 1897. Address : 47 Palace Court, W. THOMPSON, Sir Henry, Bart, F.R.C.S., M.B. Lond., born at Framlingham, Suffolk, Aug. 6, 1820, is the only son of Henry Thompson, of Framlingham, and Susannah, daughter of Samuel Medley. He was educated at University College, London, was appointed Assistant-Surgeon of Uni- versity College Hospital, London, in 1853, Surgeon in 1863, Professor of Clinical Surgery in 1866, and Consulting Surgeon in 1874. In 1884 he held the post of Pro- fessor of Surgery and Pathology to the Royal College of Surgeons, London. He gained the Jacksonian Prize of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1852, with an essay on " The Pathology and Treatment of Stricture of the Urethra" ; and the same prize in 1860, with an essay on "The Healthy and Morbid Anatomy of the Prostate Gland," both which, together with his " Clinical Lectures " and his work on " Practical Lithotomy and Lithotrity," have run through numerous editions here, and have been translated into all the chief European languages. After performing a difficult but successful operation upon the late King of the Belgians, in 1863 he was appointed Surgeon Extraordinary to his Majesty, and to the present King in 1866. He is an honorary member of the Society of Surgery in Paris, of the French Society of Hygiene, and of that of Italy ; also an honorary member of l'Accademia de' Quiriti at Rome, and of the Royal Society of Fine Arts of Antwerp, besides numerous other foreign societies ; he became an officer of the Order of Leopold in 1864, and a Commander of the same Order in 1876. He was knighted in 1867. Two articles written by him in the Contemporary Review, in 1874, drew public attention to the subject of cremation. Sir Henry has since written other articles on the same subject ; and in the Contemporary Review in 1872, a paper on "The Prayer for the Sick : hints towards a serious attempt to estimate its value." At various times THOMPSON 1075 since 1879 he has written on matters re- lating to Food and Diet, in the Nineteenth Century ; also a work entitled "Food and Feeding," the 9th edit, of which, much en- larged, has been issued in 1898. Sir Henry Thompson studied painting under Mr. Elmore and Mr. Alma Tadema, and he has frequently exhibited pictures at the Royal Academy, in the Salon of Paris, and else- where. He is also known as the author of two novels under the pseudonym of "Pen Oliver"; the former entitled "Charley Kingston's Aunt"; the second •' All But," which met with considerable success. More recently he has written a small work entitled "Diet in relation to Age and Activity," followed by "Modern Cremation, its History and Practice," of which several editions have appeared. He has been President of the "Cremation Society of England " since 1874, when it was founded, and has taken an active part in advocating the practice here and abroad. For many years he has devoted himself at several times (first in 1874) to the object of exposing the inefficient method of certifying the cause of death in all cases adopted throughout Great Britain, and the total neglect of it in many. He was at length mainly instru- mental, by letters to the Times on the well-known case of Matilda Clover, whose death had been caused by criminal poison- ing in 1892, in securing public attention to the subject, and by means of a deputa- tion to the Home Secretary bringing it under the notice of the Government, who ordered a select committee of inquiry on "Death Certification." The result was a report completely justifying the allegations made, adopting the remedies which had been suggested by him on the part of the Cremation Society, and recommending " that in the interest of public safety such regulations should be enforced by law" (p. xxii.). It forms a blue-book issued under the above title in 1893. He was created a Baronet at the New Year, 1899. In 1851 he married Kate Fanny, daughter of George Loder, of Bath. Addresses : 35 Wimpole Street, W. ; and Athenasum. THOMPSON, The Rev. John, A.M., was born in the city of Carlisle more than sixty-four years ago. He is to a large extent a self-made man. Losing his father at the age of four, his early training was conducted by his mother. During leisure hours he studied Latin and Greek. He entered Glasgow College in 1843, and left it in 1848, after taking the degree of M.A. In Greek classics he obtained two prizes, and in Moral Philosophy one, awarded by the votes of his fellow-students. During his theological course at the United Pres- byterian Divinity Hall, in Edinburgh, he obtained four scholarships, varying in value from £15 to £31, 10s. He was ordained to the ministry in West Calder United Presbyterian Church in 1852. There he laboured more than six years ; was then translated to St. Paul's, Birken- head ; and thence, after fourteen years, was removed in 1872 to Westmoreland Road Presbyterian Church, Newcastle-on- Tyne. Mr. Thompson gave his chief strength to ministerial work, and was favoured with much success. At his ordination in West Calder the membership of his church was 250 ; at his removal it was 375. At his induction in St. Paul's Church, Birkenhead, the members were 33 ; at his leaving they were 153. In 1872 the members of Westmoreland Road Church were about 130 ; at the end of 1889 they were over 600. He was unani- mously chosen Moderator of the Presby- terian Church of England by the Synod of 1890. There he delivered an inaugural address on "The Spiritual Success of Christianity." He has been on the New- castle-on-Tyne School Board. For many years he has been Chairman of the Works Committee ; and throughout his career he has done everything in his power to secure for England the benefits of a liberal edu- cation. He published "Life-Work of Peter the Apostle," in 1870; and "Life and Writings of John the Apostle," in 1882. THOMPSON, Joseph, F.R.G.S., Afri- can explorer, was born at Penpont in 1858, and at the age of twenty, visited Central Africa in company with the late Keith Johnston, and assumed the command of the expedition on the death of his chief. In 1884 he began his famous journey to Masai Land, and was successful in reach- ing the north-eastern corner of Lake Victoria Nyanza. He published a descrip- tion of his journey under the title of "Through Masai Land." In 1888 he started on an expedition to Morocco, during which he crossed the Atlas chain of mountains in six different places. In 1889 he published " Travels in the Atlas and South Morocco." He has received the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society, and is also Gold Medallist in geology and zoology at the University of Edinburgh. THOMPSON, The Eight Hon. Sir Ralph "Wood, K.C.B., was born in 1830, and in 1853 became a clerk in the War Office, of which he was appointed Registrar in 1854. In 1871 he rose to be Chief Clerk, aud in 1877 was appointed Under- Secretary of State for War. From 1878 to 1895 he was Permanent Under-Secretary for the War Department. He was created K.C.B. in 1882, and was sworn of the Privy 1076 THOMPSON — THOMSON Council in 1895. Addresses: 16 Somerset Street, Portman Square, W. ; and Little Woolpits, Ewhurst, Surrey. THOMPSON, Professor Silvanus Phillips, F.R.S., D.Sc, M.D. Konigsb., was born in York, June 19, 1851, and is the son of Silvanus Thompson, of York. He was educated chiefly at Bootham School, York, the Founders Institute, Pontefract, and the Eoyal School of Mines. He took the degree of B.A. Lond., 1869 ; B.Sc. Lond. (bracketed first in Honours), 1876; and D.Sc. Lond., 1878. He was appointed Science Master, Bootham School, York, 1874 ; Lecturer in Experimental Physics, University College, Bristol, 1876 ; Professor of Experimental Physics in the same college, 1879 ; and Principal of, and Professor of Physics in, the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, 1885. He is the author of " Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism," 1881 (43rd thousand in 1889) ; "Dynamo-electric Machinery," 1885 (5th edition in 1895) ; and of several other technical works, as well as of a volume of Royal Institution Lectures on Light, and of "Michael Faraday: His Life and Work," in the Century Science Series, 1898. Professor Thompson has made numerous scientific researches in electricity, mag- netism, acoustics, and optics. He has also taken an active part in the movement for the reorganisation of the University of London. He is Vice-President of the In- stitution of Electrical Engineers, President of the Rbntgen Society, Vice-President of the Physical Society of London, Membre de la Socie'te' de Physique (Paris), Hon. Member of the Physical Society of Frank- furt-am-Main, Member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Fellow of the Royal Society, and a Member of the Sette of Odd Volumes. In 1881 he married Jane, eldest daughter of the late James Hender- son, of Pollokshields. Address : City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury. THOMSON, David. Croal, was born in Edinburgh on May 24, 1855, and was educated there. He studied drawing and painting at leisure times, and attended the School of Art classes for several years, contributing pictures occasionally to public exhibitions. He spent some time in Paris in 1880, painting, writing, and studying art. He has published a number of papers in the Scotsman, and for several years wrote the annual articles on the Paris Salon therein. From 1881 to 1885 he assisted Mr. M. B. Huish in com- piling" The Year's Art." In February 1881 he was appointed sub - editor of the Art Journal, in which publication some time previously his first published article had appeared. In 1882 he published a large quarto illustrated volume on " The Life and Works of Thomas Bewick" ; in 1884, "The Life and Work of H. K. Browne ('Phiz')," also quarto, and heavily illus- trated with the original plates and from unpublished drawings ; in 1890, " The Barbizon School of Painters," in the same large size, with many etchings, drawings, and reproductions. These three volumes are now out of print. In 1895 he wrote a monograph on Luke Fildes, R.A., with etchings and reproductions ; in 1897, the "Tate Gallery Catalogue," illustrated. He has been editor of the Art Journal since 1892, and has also written for the Magazine of Art, &c. He represented Messrs. Goupil & Co., of Paris, in London from 1885 to 1897, and in that capacity selected and superintended the illustra- tions to Skelton's " Mary Stuart," 1893 ; the Bishop of London's " Queen Eliza- beth," in 1896 ; Mr. R. R. Holmes's " Queen Victoria," 1897; and " Charles I.," by Sir John Skelton, 1898. He has visited the private art collections and galleries of France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, and Ber- lin, also the United States and Canada. He is connected with Messrs. Thomas Agnew & Sons, the Old Bond Street Gal- leries ; is a member of the Society of Arts, the Franco-Scottish Society, and the Cale- donian Society. Addresses : Dartmouth Tower, Highgate, N.W. ; 294 City Road.E.C. THOMSON, John Millar, LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in King's College, London, was born in the College of Glasgow in 1849, and is the son of Allen Thomson, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., formerly Professor of Anatomy in the University of that city. Professor Thomson's family have had a long and intimate connection with education in Scotland, six of its members having held Chairs in the Uni- versities at various times, among whom were his grandfather Dr. John Thomson, Professor of Surgery and Pathology in the University of Edinburgh, and his great- grandfather, John Millar, Professor of Law in the University of Glasgow. Pro- fessor Thomson was educated at the High School and at the University of Glasgow, when, after passing through the usual curriculum in arts, he began the study of medicine. After a short period in the Medical Faculty, on the advice of Dr. Thomas Anderson, then Professor of Chemistry in the University, he turned his attention to the special study of Chemistry with the view of becoming a teacher in that subject, and in 1869 he received an appointment as one of the assistants in the Chemical Laboratory of the Univer- sity. In 1871 he was appointed Junior Demonstrator of Chemistry in King's Col- THOMSON — THORLEY 1077 lege, London, became Senior Demonstrator and Lecturer on Photography in 1879, and on the death of Professor C. L. Bloxam in 1887 was appointed to the chair which he now holds. He also held the Professorship of Chemistry in Queen's College, London, from 1880 till 1887. Professor Thomson was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1872 ; he served on the Council of that Society from 1880 till 1883, when he was appointed one of the Honorary Secretaries, which office he held till 1897, when he retired, becoming a Vice-Presi- dent. He became a Fellow of the Insti- tute of Chemistry in 1878, held the office of Examiner to the Institute from 1887 till 1891, and is at present Honorary Registrar of that body. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1879, and of the Royal Society of London in 1897. He is an Honorary LL.D. of the University of Glasgow and Honorary Fellow of Queen's College and King's College, London. Professor Thomson has been mainly occupied during his scientific life as a teacher, taking at the same time an active part in the business of the in- stitutions with which he has been con- nected. Among his writings and lectures may be mentioned his papers " On the Constitution and Optical Properties of Double Salts of Nickel and Cobalt," in the Reports of the British Association ; " On the Nature and Action of Nuclei in Determin- ing the Crystallisation of Supersaturated Solutions," in the Transactions of the Chemical Society ; " On the Chemistry of Pig- ments"; "On the Chemistry of Substances taking part in Putrefaction and Anti- sepsis" ; and " On the Chemistry of Build- ing Materials" (Cantor Lectures delivered before the Society of Arts). He is also the author of the article "Photography" in Professor Thorpe's " Dictionary of Chemis- try applied to Arts and Manufactures," and is the editor of the 7th and 8th editions of Bloxam's "Chemistry." Ad- dress : 85 Addison Road, W. THOMSON, Professor Joseph John, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics, Cambridge, was born on Dec. 18, 1856, at Manchester, and is the eldest son of the late Mr. J. J. Thomson, of Manchester. He was edu- cated at the Owens College, Manchester, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was 2nd Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos, 1880. He was elected Professor of Experimental Physics in the University of Cambridge in 1884. In 1894 he was President of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and in 1896 he presided over Section A of the British Association. He is the author of a treatise " On the Motion of Vortex Rings," 1883 ; " The Applica- tion of Dynamics to Physics and Chem- istry," 1888; "Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism," 1892 ; " Ele- ments of the Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism," 1895, 2nd edit., 1898 ; and of various papers in the Transactions of scientific societies. He is Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Fellow of the Royal Society. Address : 6 Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. THOMSON, Leslie, R.I., landscape painter, was born at Aberdeen in 1851, and partly educated at the Grammar School there. He has exhibited at all the leading exhibitions since 1873. His most recent Royal Academy pictures have been "A Stack-Barge, Essex," 1895; "Gold- hanger, Essex," and " A Bit of Dorset," 1896; "Dordrecht" and "A Spring," 1897 ; and "A New Forest Stream," 1898. Address : 98 James Street, Buckingham Gate, S.W. THORBURN, Hon. Sir Robert, K.C.M.G., was born March 28, 1836, at Juniper Bank, in the county of Peebles, Scotland, and is the son of the late Robert Thorburn, Esq., of Juniper Bank, and Alison, daughter of the late Robert Grieve, Esq., of Kailatar, Perthshire, Scotland. He was educated in Edinburgh ; went to Newfoundland in 1852 ; settled at St. John's, the capital of the island, where he has followed mercantile pursuits, and is now engaged in business. He was appointed Member of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland, Feb. 14, 1870, but resigned his seat in that body in 1885, when he entered the House of Assembly, and became Premier, which office he held till the close of 1889. Sir Robert Thorburn represented the Colony of Newfoundland at the Colonial Conference in London in 1886, when he received the honour of knighthood, and, being senior member of the Conference, had the honour of reading and presenting the address of the Conference to her Majesty the Queen. He is now a Member of the Legislative Council of Newfound- land. He is by Royal permission an Honourable for life. He married, in 1865, Susanna Janetta, daughter of the late Andrew Milroy, of Hamilton, Canada. Address : St. John's, Newfoundland. THORLEY, The Rev. George Earlam, M.A., Warden of Wadham Col- lege, Oxford, was born at Knutsford, in Cheshire, on Aug. 25, 1830, and is the eldest son of Robert Thorley, Commander R.N. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School, and at Wadham College, of which he was scholar, 1849-54. He obtained a first class in Classical Modera- 1078 THORNE — THORNYCROFT tions in 1852, and a first in Lit. Hum. in 1853 ; he also took honours in Law and History in that year (B.A. 1853, M.A. 1856). From 1854 to 1881 he was Fellow of his College, and ' was also appointed Tutor in 1856, and Sub-Warden in 1868. He was Proctor in 1866, Examiner in Classics in 1868-69, 1870, 1874-75, was Member of the Hebdomadal Council, 1881- 1884, History Lecturer at Oriel and Lincoln Colleges, and was appointed Warden of his College in 1881. He was Curator of the Taylorian Museum, 1890-93, and has held other University offices. Address : Wad- ham College, Oxford. THORNE, Sir Richard Thome, K.C.B., M.B., F.E.S., D.Sc. hon. and LL.D. hon., was born Oct. 13, 1842, at Leamington, Warwickshire, and is the eldest living son of the late Mr. T. H. Thorne, J.P., banker, Leamington. He is Bachelor of Medicine (double first class), University of London ; Fellow of the Eoyal Society ; Fellow of the Eoyal Col- lege of Physicians, London ; was appointed a Medical Inspector to H.M. Privy Council Office in 1871 ; and Principal Medical Officer to the Local Government Board in 1892. He is Lecturer on Public Health to St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School ; and Stewart Prizeman of the British Medical Association, 1893. He was appointed delegate to represent the British Government at the International Sanitary (Cholera and Plague) Conferences of Rome, 1885 ; of Venice (Paris sitting), 1892 ; of Dresden, 1893 ; of Paris, 1894 ; and Venice, 1897 ; appointed H.M. Plenipotentiary to sign the Conventions of Dresden, 1893; Paris, 1894 ; and Venice, 1897 ; was Presi- dent of the Epidemiological Society of London, 1887-89 ; and Milroy Lecturer to the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1891 ; is Hon. Memb. Royal Academy of Medicine of Rome ; and Corresponding- Member of the Royal Italian Society of Italy. He was elected a member of the Athenaeum under Rule 2 in April 1899. He is the author of a paper "On the Origin of Infection," published in the Transactions of the Epidemiological Societt/, 1878; "The Progress of Preventive Medicine during the Victorian Era, 1837-87" ; "Diphtheria: its Natural History and Prevention," 1891 ; " Report on the Use and Influence, of Hospitals for Infectious Diseases," pub- lished in the Tenth Annual Report of the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board ; and of a large num- ber of official reports on the causation of epidemic diseases, and on the health of towns, published in the Reports of the Privy Council Office and of the Local Government Board. He married, in 1866, Martha, daughter of the late Joseph Rylands, of Sutton Grange, Hull. Resi- dences : 45 Inverness Terrace, W., and Goldsworth, Woking, Surrey ; and Athe- THORNTON, The Right Hon. Sir Edward, G.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., is the only surviving son of the late Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, G.C.B., who was for some time Envoy Extraordinary and Mini- ster Plenipotentiary in Portugal, and upon whom the title of Count de Cassilhas, in that kingdom, had been conferred by King John VI. of Portugal. Sir Edward Thorn- ton, who succeeded to the title of Count de Cassilhas (in the kingdom of Portugal) on the death of his father in 1852, was born on July 13, 1817, and was educated at King's College, London, and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he was a Senior Optime (M.A. , LL.D. ). He entered the diplomatic service in 1842, when he was attached to the mission at Turin. He was appointed paid attache' in Mexico in 1845, and Secretary of Legation to the Republic of Mexico in 1851. From April 1852 till October 1853 he acted as Secre- tary to the late Sir Charles Hotham's special mission to the River Plate. He was appointed Charge" d'Affaires and Consul-General to the Republic of New Granada in May 1854, but was transferred to the Republic of Uruguay in September of the same year. He was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Confederation in 1859 ; in July 1865 he was sent on a special mission to the Emperor of Brazil, and in the following month he was appointed Envoy Extraordi- nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Emperor of Brazil. He retained this post until September 1867, when he was trans- ferred in the same capacity to the court of the King of Portugal. He, however, did not proceed thither, but was appointed in the following December to the post of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary at Washington. In recogni- tion of his diplomatic services he was made a Companion of the Bath (civil divi- sion) in February 1863 ; and a Knight Commander of the same Order, Aug. 9, 1870. He was sworn of the Privy Council, Aug. 19, 1871. Sir Edward Thornton was appointed Ambassador at St. Petersburg in May 1881, and to the Sultan of Turkey, Dec. 1, 1884. This post he held from February till October 1886, and he retired on a pension at the end of the same year. He was created a G.C.B. in August 1883. Addresses : 90 Eaton Square, London, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. THORNYCROFT, Hamo, R.A., scnlptor, son of Thomas and Mary Thorny- croft, was born in London, March 9, 1850. THORNYCROFT 1079 He was brought up in a remote part of Cheshire, and educated at Macclesfield Grammar School, and at University College School, London. At the age of seventeen he began to work in his father's studio, and in 1869 was admitted a student at the schools of the Royal Academy. In 1871 he first exhibited at the Royal Academy, and in the same year proceeded to Italy, where the nature of his art received con- siderable modification from study of the works of the Renaissance. In 1875 Mr. Thornycroft gained the biennial Gold Medal of the Royal Academy for a group of "A Warrior bearing a Wounded Youth from the Field of Battle." In 1880 he made his first great success, with a statue of "Artemis," which he executed in marble for the Duke of Westminster, and which is now at Eaton Hall. In January 1881 Mr. Thornycroft was elected A.R.A., and for the exhibition of the same year produced his statue of "Teucer," which was purchased from the Chantrey Fund, and is now, in bronze, in the National Gal- lery of British Art. Since then his most important works have been : the statue of "The Mower," 1884; "The Memorial to the Poet Gray," at Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1885 ; and the statue of " The Sower," 1886. Also in 1885 he executed a bust of Samuel Taylor Coleridge for Westminster Abbey ; also a memorial to Sir John Gosse for the crypt of St. Paul's, and was commissioned by the Govern- ment to execute the National Memorial to General Gordon which now adorns Trafalgar Square. A replica of this statue, but with different sculptural treatment of pedestal, he executed for Melbourne also. In 1888 he exhibited his statue of "Medea" and was elected a Royal Academician, and in 1890 an Hon. Member of the Royal Academy of Munich. He executed, in 1890, a public statue of John Bright, for Rochdale. In the same year Mr. Thornycroft exhibited at the Academy his diploma work, a marble relief, entitled "The Mirror," and some small bronzes. Among his more recent works may be men- tioned his statue of "Summer," 1893; a marble statue of Sir Steuart Bayley erected at Calcutta ; Lord Granville, in the House of Lords ; Her Majesty the Queen, in the Royal Exchange ; Archbishop Thomson, in York Minster ; Bishop Goodwin, in Carlisle Cathedral ; " The Joy of Life," 1896. In 1897 he completed a monument to William Owen Stanley at Holyhead, the most important intra-mural work Mr. Thornycroft has yet executed. In 1898 he exhibited a bronze statue entitled "The Bather," and a portrait bust of Sir George Stokes, F.R.S., destined for Cambridge. Mr. Thornycroft exhibited at the Royal Academy (1899) a colossal statue in bronze of Cromwell for Westminster, and also a memorial statue to Dean Colet, the founder of St. Paul's School. In 1884 Mr. Thorny- croft was married to Agatha, daughter of the late Homersham Cox, Esq., lately County Court Judge of Tonbridge. Ad- dresses: 2A Melbury Road, Kensington, W. ; and Athenaeum. THORNYCROFT, John Isaac, F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E., and naval architect, eldest son of Thomas and Mary Thorny- croft, the sculptors, was born on Feb. 1, 1843, in the Via Felice, Rome, where his parents were then studying classic art. His mechanical training was commenced at an early age by his father, who made a locomotive, on which his children rode round his studio. The cylinders of this locomotive were afterwards adapted by his eldest son to form the engines of a very successful model steamer, which contained several of the most important elements to which the success of the modern torpedo boat is due, the closed stokehole and fan, by means of which air could be forced through the fire, and the relatively large size and low position of the propeller. Rather later, when eighteen years of age, he constructed a small steam-launch, the Nautilus, which was the first steam-launch on the Thames that attained sufficient speed to keep up with racing crews. In 1863 he designed the Ariel, which was built at Chiswick, where he started almost as an amateur boat-builder. The Ariel was an example of a very fast steam- boat, which was surpassed in speed by only the Miranda. The exact perform- ance of the Miranda was measured by Sir Frederick Bramwell in 1872, and made a considerable sensation when published at a meeting of the Naval Architects. This boat may be considered as the progenitor of the torpedo boats of the present day. The closed stokeholes, however, were per- fected by Mr. Thornycroft only in 1876, in the Ofitana, a yacht on the Lake of Geneva, which has never yet been beaten by a boat of similar size. After building the Ariel Mr. Thornycroft went for nine months as a draughtsman to Palmer's Shipbuilding Co., on the Tyne ; he then went to Glasgow to go through the engi- neering course at that University, and obtained the certificate of proficiency in less than the usual time. On leaving the University he spent nine months at Mr. John Elder's, of Govan, in studying the method of shipbuilding on the Clyde. He then returned to Chiswick, and became a builder of torpedo boats. In this profes- sion he rapidly took the first place ; and he has constructed a very large number of such boats for the British and foreign Governments. Among some of the more 1080 THOEPE — THUILLIEK recent inventions of Mr. Thornycroft we may mention a speed indicator which he has perfected during the last few years, and a water-tube boiler, which combines great economy of fuel with lightness of structure, and has been fitted in many torpedo boats with marked success. The turbine propeller, also designed by Mr. Thornycroft for shallow draught vessels, gives results which cannot be obtained by the use of the paddle-wheel. Mr. Thorny- croft was elected F.R.S. in 1893, and is Vice-President of the Inst. Naval Archi- tects. Addresses : Eyot Villa, Chiswick, Middlesex ; and Steyne, Bembridge, Isle of Wight. THORPE, Professor Thomas Ed- ward, F.E.S., Ph.D., D.Sc., LL.D., was born at Harpurhey, near Manchester, Dec. 8, 1 845, being the son of a Manchester mer- chant. He was educated at private schools, at Owens College, Manchester, and at the Universities of Heidelberg and Bonn. He was appointed Demonstrator of Chemistry at Owens College in 1869 ; Professor of Chemistry in Anderson's College, Glasgow, in 1870 ; Professor of Chemistry in the Yorkshire College at Leeds in 1874 ; and Professor of Chemistry at the Boyal College of Science, South Kensington, in 1885. He at present holds the position of Prin- cipal of the Government Laboratories, to which he was appointed in 1894. He is a F.R.S., was a Member of Council, 1890 and 1894, and Vice-President. He is Trea- surer of the Chemical Society of London, a Member of the Council of the Society of Chemical Industry, of which he was President in 1894, a Fellow of the German Chemical Society, and of the Physical Society of London, Ph.D. of Heidelberg, and B.Sc. of the Victoria University, Man- chester, D.Sc. (Hon.) of Trinity College, Dublin, LL.D. (Hon.) of Glasgow, formerly Examiner in Chemistry at, and now Fellow of, the University of London, and Examiner to the Victoria University, and the Science and Art Department, South Kensington. He is a Longstaff Medallist of the Chemical Society of London, a Royal Medallist of the Royal Society (1889), and one of the Bakerian lecturers, and is honorary member of the Philosophical Societies of Glasgow, Leeds, and Manchester. Professor Thorpe is the author of upwards of 100 memoirs on Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, published in the Philosophical Transactions, the Proceedings of the Royal Society, the Journal of the Chemical Society, and the British Association Reports. He is also the author of a "Dictionary of Applied Che- mistry," 3 vols. ; " Inorganic Chemistry," 2 vols.; "Qualitative Analysis," "Quanti- tative Analysis," "Chemical Problems," " Essays in Historical Chemistry," " Hum- phrey Davy, Poet and Philosopher," and editor of " Coal : its History and Uses." He has likewise written various articles in Watts's " Dictionary of Chemistry," and is a frequent contributor to Nature and other scientific periodicals. Professor Thorpe was a member of the Solar Eclipse Expe- ditions of 1870 (Sicily), 1878 (Central America), 1886 (West Indies), and 1893, when he had charge of the party sent to the West Coast of Africa. He has acted as one of the Secretaries of the Chemical Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, was a Vice- President of the Section at the Jubilee meeting at York in 1880, a Member of the Council, and President of the Chemical Section at the Leeds meeting in 1890. Addresses : The Government Laboratories, London ; and Athenasum. THRING, Lord, Henry Thring, K.C.B., born at Alford, Somerset, on Nov. 3, 1818, is the second son of the Rev. J. G. D. Thring, and Sarah, daughter of the Rev. J. Jenkyns, of Evercreech, Somerset. He was educated at Shrews- bury, and Magdalen College, Cambridge ; was third in the first class of Classical Tripos, and fourteenth Junior Optime, 1841; B.A. 1841; M.A. 1844; called to the Bar in 1845, Inner Temple ; was ap- pointed Counsel to the Home Office in 1860, and Parliamentary Counsel in 1868. He was made K.C.B. in 1873, and a Peer in 1886, on his retirement from office. He has published works on the Succession Duty Act ; " The Law of Joint-Stock Com- panies, " "Practical Legislation," essays in the "Manual of Military Law," on "Insurrection" and the "Customs of War," and various articles in reviews. He married, in 1856, Elizabeth, daughter of the late John Cardwell, Esq., of Liver- pool, and has one child, Katharine Annie. Lady Thring died in 1897. Addresses : 5 Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W. ; Alderhurst, Englefield Green, Surrey ; and Athenasum. THTTILLIER, General Sir Henry- Edward Landor, C.S.I., F.R.S., was born at Bath, and is the youngest son of John Pierre Thuillier, Baron de Malapert. He was educated at the East India Company's College, Addiscombe, and in 1832 entered the Royal Artillery, from which he retired with the rank of General. Appointed to the Survey of India, he was employed on the Revenue Survey on the Eastern Frontier, and afterwards in Orissa, Patna, and Sylhet. From 1847 to 1878 he was Superintendent of the Revenue and Topographical Surveys of India, and from 1861 to 1878 was Surveyor-General of India. He became F.R.S. in 1869. He is part-author of a "Manual of Survey for India." He r THUN — THUESTON 1081 married, in 1847, a daughter of Dr. Mac- pherson of the Bengal Army. Address : Tudor House, Eichmond, Surrey. THTJN, Count Franz Hohenstein, Prime Minister of Austria, is a member of one of the oldest families of Bohemia, and was born in 1847. He was educated for the army, which he left, however, in 1877. Two years later he entered the Eeichsrath as a member of Dr. Rieger's party, and distinguished himself for his violent anti-Gerojan policy, claiming for Bohemia complete independence. In 1888 he even advised his compatriots openly to gain their independence by force of arms. But Count Taafe, then Premier, appointed him to be Governor of Bohemia, and his good points at once became apparent ; he was strong, and honest, and held the balance even between the Germans and Czechs. In August 1893, owing to the formation of secret societies in Prague, he proclaimed a state of siege, and ruled despotically, but well. He put down all political agitation, and made all under- stand that the law had to be obeyed. In March 1898 he succeeded Baron Gautsch as Prime Minister of Austria, with a com- posite Cabinet, in order to appease the disorderly sections of the Reichsrath. In this he has been partially successful. THURLOW, Lord, The Right Hon. Thomas John Hovell-Thurlow- Cumming-Bruce, F.R.S., D.L., J.P., 6th Baron Thurlow, of Thurlow, county Suffolk, was born in London on Dec. 5, 1838. He is a son of the 3rd Baron, by Sarah, only daughter of Peter Hodgson, Esq., and succeeded his elder brother as the 5th Baron on April 22, 1874. Lord Thurlow is a descendant of a Norfolk family, which dates back several centuries. Amongst his ancestors was William Thur- low, of Burnham-Ulp, in Norfolk, who died in the year 1590. The Barony of Thurlow was created in 1792, and the first Baron was Edward Thurlow, who was born in 1732, and died in 1806. It was in recog- nition of his high legal merits that the first Lord Thurlow was created a peer, and occupied the woolsack, as Lord Chancellor, for close on twenty years. The present Lord Thurlow entered the Diplomatic Service in the year 1858, and in the year following became attached to the Embassy at Paris. During 1860-61 Lord Thurlow was attached to the Earl of Elgin's special mission to China. He was present at the capture of the Taku forts and of Pekin, and was one of the recipi- ents of the China Medal. In 1862 he was appointed Private Secretary to the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, and in 1864 was attached to H.M. Embassy at Vienna. During the years 1865-66 he was Private Secretary to Sir Frederic Bruce, H.M. Minister at Washington. Subse- quently he was appointed Second Secre- tary in the Diplomatic Service, proceeding to the Hague in December 1866. He re- signed that appointment in July 1870, and retired from the Diplomatic Service. He is a Justice of Peace and Deputy-Lieute- nant for the counties of Elgin, Nairn, Stir- ling, and Suffolk, and was a Lord-in-Wait- ing upon the Queen from September 1880 to June 1885, and from February to May 1886. From the April to the August of 1886 he occupied the position of Paymaster- General ; and was also, in that year, ap- pointed to represent her Majesty as Lord High Commissioner to the General As- sembly of the Church of Scotland, which holds its annual meetings in Edinburgh. He was then also sworn a Privy Coun- cillor. He is Chairman of the Salt Union. He has published, among other works, " The Company and the Crown " and " Trades Unions Abroad." In 1864 he married Lady Elma, the only surviving child of the 8th Earl of Elgin by his first wife, Elizabeth Mary, who was the only daughter of Charles Lennox Cumming- Bruce, Esq., M.P., of Roseisle, Dunphail and Kinnaird, N.B. Lord Thurlow assumed in the right of his wife, and by Royal license, in July 1S74, the additional names of Cumming-Bruce. Lord Thurlow has six children, and his heir, the Honourable James Bruce, was born in 1867. Address : Dunphail, Scotland. THURSTON, Professor Robert H., LL.D., formerly of the United States Naval Engineer Corps, late Professor of Engineering, was born in Providence, R.I., Oct. 25, 1839. He is the son of Robert L. Thurston, who built his first engine in 1821, and founded the Providence Steam- Engine Company in 1837. R. H. Thurston was educated at Brown University, and received, during youth, a useful practical education in his father's workshops. When he left college, in 1859, he was familiar with the work of the draughtsman, de- signer, pattern-maker, moulder, the forge, and machine-shop. Mr. Thurston applied for appointment in the engineer corps of the navy, passed examination in the summer of 1861, and was ordered to duty on board the (Jnadilla. He was six years continuously on duty at the Naval Academy. In July 1871 Mr. Thurston accepted an appointment at the school of mechanical engineering at Hoboken, and for fourteen years filled the chair of engineering in the Stevens Institute of Technology, resigning his commission in the navy in 1872. He organised, about 1873 or earlier, what was probably the 1082 THYNNE — TICHBORNE first mechanical laboratory for research in engineering that was ever founded. He was (1875-78) a member of the U.S. Board appointed to test iron, steel, and other metals, directed the greater part of the work completed by that Board, and, as its secretary, edited its reports. His investi- gation of the laws of friction, and of pro- perties of the alloys of copper, tin, and zinc, which resulted in the determination, by a new and ingenious method, of the relative values of all combinations of those ele- ments, were perhaps the most strikingly original and famous of these researches. In July 1885 Professor Thurston took charge of Sibley College, reorganised it, and saw immediate results in the rapid growth of the College. Dr. Thurston was the first President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, has been for many years a member of the American, French, Scotch, German, and Austrian Societies of Civil Engineers, of the British Institution of Mining Engineers, of which he is also past Vice-President, the Ameri- can and British Associations for Advance- ment of Science, three times Vice-Presi- dent of the former, and once of the latter (Montreal, 1884), and of other scientific and technical associations at home and abroad. He is a member of the " Loyal Legion," and is Ofricier de l'lnstruction Publique de France, and was given the degree of LL.D. by his alma mater, Brown University, on the thirteenth anniversary of his graduation. He has been an exten- sive writer, on professional subjects mainly, his papers numbering something like 250, and he writes some articles of a speculative character. He is the author of many books, including a " History of the Steam-Engine," a three-volume treatise on "The Materials of Engineering," a treatise on " Friction and Lost Work," &c. Address : Cornell University, U.S.A. THYNNE, The Bight Hon. Lord Henry Frederick, J.P., D.L., was born in 1832, and is the second son of the 3rd Marquis of Bath, and uncle of the present Marquis. He represented South Wilts as Conservative in the House of Commons from 1859 to 1885, when he con- tested West Wilts. From 1875 to 1880 he was Treasurer of the Household. He is Hon. Major in the Wilts Yeomanry, and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1876. He married, in 1858, the Lady Ulrica Frederica Jane St. Maur, daughter of the 12th Duke of Somerset. Addresses : 30 Grosvenor Gardens, S.W. ; and Muntham Court, Worthing. TIBBITS, Charles John, editor of the Weekly Dispatch, was born at Chester on Jan. 31, 1861, and is the youngest son of George Tibbits, solicitor, of Chester. He was educated privately, and at Oxford (Non. Coll.) (B.A. 1886). Intended origin- ally for the Church, he became a journa- list, and was successively reporter, sub- editor, and editor of provincial newspapers. Coming up to London in due course, he became and for some years remained assistant-editor to Mr. Alfred Harms- worth. He has contributed stories and articles to almost every London news- paper. His present appointment dates from 1895. Mrs. Tibbits, nie Annie Olive Brazier, is well known as a writer of stories. Address : 7 Ilchester Mansions, Abingdon Koad, Kensington, W. TICHBORNE, Professor Charles Robert, LL.D., Ph.D., Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry and the Chemical Society, Member of the Council of the Royal Irish Academy, and Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Dip. in Public Health, was educated at Birmingham, and is the son of William S. Tichborne, a descendant in the direct line from Sir Robert Tichborne, whose name appears on the death warrant of Charles the First. Charles Tichborne studied chemistry under Professor Hoff- mann, and shortly afterwards went to superintend the Laboratories of the Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland, with which body he has been associated for many years. He was Governor of that body, and is now their representative on the General Medical Committee. He was ap- pointed, in 1872, Lecturer on Chemistry to the Carmichael College of Medicine, and in 1874-75 he was Extern Examiner in Chemistry to the University of Dublin. He is at the present time an Examiner under the conjoint board of the College of Surgeons and Apothecaries' Hall. On the retirement of Sir Dominic Corrigan, Pro- fessor Tichborne was elected President of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland, and was afterwards made Professor to that Society's School of Chemistry. He is at present a gas examiner for the Board of Trade, and one of the County Analysts. Professor Tichborne began very early in life to write scientific papers, some of the most important of which are the follow- ing : " Official Reports upon the Chemical Section of the International Exhibition, Dublin, 1864 " ; " Detection of Cantharides in Medico-legal Investigation," described in Taylor's "Principles of Medical Juris- prudence." He contributed to the pages of the Cornhill Magazine a description of the naturally-formed mummies found in St Michan's Church, Dublin. This was transferred to the pages of the Pall Mall Gazette, Sept. 6, 1866. In 1868 appeared an analysis of the well-known Schwalheim TILDEN — TILLETT 1083 Waters, in which the author discovered lithium ; these waters had previously been examined by Liebig, and, in 1869, Tich- borne described, in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, a new body, which he called colophonic hydrate. As far back as 1871 the Royal Irish Academy voted £50 to aid him in "his researches upon Molecular Dissociation. In 1870-71 he published many papers on dust as a ferment, and particularly street dust. These researches are briefly described in De Chaumont and Parkes' "Manual of Hygiene." His papers on subjects con- nected with Pharmacy are too numerous to mention, but many of the processes in the British Pharmacopoeia are based upon his investigations. He is now a member of the Pharmacopoeia Committee of the Medical Council of Education, and took an active part in the construction of the "New Pharmacopoeia" of 1898. He was elected from time to time either Honorary or Corresponding Member of the following societies : Socie'te Eoyale de Pharmacie de Bruxelles, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and the Chargo College. He has also published, in connection with Dr. Prosser James, a work entitled " The Mineral Waters of Europe." Professor Tichborne invented an instrument for scientifically determining the relative hardness of stones, which was most favourably received by the Institute of Civil Engineers, and about 1888 he patented, in association with a syndicate, the collection, liquefaction, and utilisa- tion of the carbonic acid gas given off during fermentation. This Tichborne pro- cess is being successfully carried into operation in one of the largest breweries in the world, Messrs. Guinness's, of Dublin, and in some of the large breweries and distilleries in London, Paris, Melbourne, and Sydney. Professor Tichborne's latest researches have been in connection with purification of coal-gas, and are to be found in the Journal of Gas- Lighting, 1893. Also in the Proceedings of the Academy of Medicine in Ireland for the year 1899 ap- pears a lecture on Dissemination of Micro- organisms by Sewer Gas. Professor Tich- borne is well known amongst art circles as an amateur musician. He married, in 1861, Sarah, the daughter of Surgeon Wilkinson, of Black Rock, co. Dublin, and has one son and three daughters. Ad- dress : Pharmaceutical Society, Dublin. TILDEN, Professor "William Augustus, D.Sc, F.R.S., eldest son of Augustus Tilden, formerly of the Bank of England, was born in London on the 15th August 1842. Having passed through many schools, public and private, he was sent to a business house in London, to be trained as a pharmaceutical chemist. Here he attended the lectures on Physics, Chemistry, and Botany, at the Pharma- ceutical Society's School in Bloomsbury Square, and in 1860 followed Hoffmann's lectures at the Royal College of Chemistry. About this time he won the first Bell Scholarship awarded by the Pharmaceuti- cal Society, and after attending courses of lectures on Physics by Tyndall, and Geo- logy by Ramsay, at the School of Mines, he entered, in 1862, the research laboratory of the late Dr. Stenhouse, in the capacity of junior assistant. A year later he was appointed Demonstrator of Chemistry in the laboratory of the Pharmaceutical So- ciety, where he remained seven years. In 1871 he obtained the D.Sc. degree Lond., and in 1872 was appointed Senior Science Master at Clifton, and there remained till 1880, when he was appointed the firtt Professor of Chemistry at Mason College. Dr. Tilden was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1880. In 1892 he re- ceived the honorary degree of Doctor of Sciences from the University of Dublin on the occasion of the celebration of its 300th anniversary. He has completed three years' service as President of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland ; he is also a Vice-President of the Chemical Society of London, and has served for two years on the Council of the Royal Society. In 1893 he was elected an Honorary Member of the Pharmaceuti- cal Society of Great Britain, Corresponding Member of the College of Pharmacy of Philadelphia, Honorary Member of the Society of Public Analysts, and in April 1894 was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the Royal College of Science, London. During his residence in Birmingham he held office as President of the Birming- ham Teachers' Association, 1884, and of the Philosophical Society, 1886 ; as Vice- President of the British Association, 1886 ; and President of the Chemical Section of the British Association at its meeting in Bath, 1888. Dr. Tilden was for three years Chairman of the Academic Board in the early days of the Mason College. He is the author of some sixty papers in the Transactions of the Chemical Society, the Phil. Trans, of the Royal Society, the " Berichtc " of the German Chemical So- ciety, and other journals. He has also published several text-books, including recently "A Manual of Chemistry," 1896. Addresses : Royal College of Science, S. Kensington, S.W. ; and 9 Ladbroke Gar- dens, Notting Hill, W. TILLETT, Benjamin, Labour leader was born in Bristol in 1859, and went to work in a brickyard before he was eight years old. At twelve he was for six 1084 TINWORTH — TISSOT months " boy" on board a fishing-smack. After being apprenticed to a bootmaker, he ran away to sea, joined the navy, and after a short period of service was discharged invalided. Subsequently he shipped in merchant vessels, and went several voyages. He then settled in the midst of the London Docks, and began to form the Dockers' Union among the dock-labourers, who were then the most wretched and ill-paid of unskilled work- men. During the great Dock Strike he worked energetically and successfully as an organiser of his Union, which is now large and prosperous. "Ben " Tillett is a ready speaker of the demagogue type. At the general elections of 1892 and 1895 he stood for West Bradford, but was, on both occasions, beaten by a Liberal and a Conservative, though he polled a large number of votes. He was tried at Bristol in the earlier part of 1893 on the charge of inciting to riot, but acquitted. He has given important evidence before the Par- liamentary Commission on Pauper Immi- gration, and before the Lords' Committee on Sweating. During the close of 1894 and beginning of 1895, he defended him- self in the Times against the severe stric- tures of Mr. W. H. Mallock, who accused him in effect of complete ignorance of Economics. He is an Alderman of the London County Council. During recent years, in attempts to organise foreign strikes, he was imprisoned by the authori- ties at Hamburg and at Antwerp, and ejected from both towns. Address : Dockers' Union, Mile End Road, E. TINWORTH, George, was born near Camberwell Gate, on Nov. 5, 1843. His father was a wheelwright, but the boy at an early age showed a talent for drawing, and afterwards developed powers as a wood-carver, and it was accordingly de- cided that he should be brought up as an art-worker. At the age of eighteen he entered the Lambeth School of Art, and studied modelling under Mr. Bale. In the year 1864 he entered the Academy Schools, and gained the Second Silver Medal in the Antique, and the First Silver Medal in the Life School. On the death of his father he entered the Lambeth Pottery. He was then twenty-three years old, and soon be- gan to make his mark as a modeller of terra- cotta panels and a worker in stoneware. Of panels Mr. Tinworth has modelled over a hundred. Among his best-known work may be mentioned the " Preparing for the Crucifixion," the " Release of Barabbas," twenty-eight panels in the Guards' Chapel, executed for Mr. Street, R.A., and the altar-panel in York Minster, which last was executed in 1876. More recently he has executed a memorial to the late Mr. Spurgeon, 16 feet long, with statue in centre, and a statue of Bradlaugh for the town of Northampton. A statue in Vaux- hall Park is also by him ; it was presented by the late Sir Henry Doulton, Mr. Tin- worth's employer. Mr. Tinworth has re- cently modelled a large panel for Shelton Church, Staffordshire, and is now model- ling a series of Scripture subjects from Genesis to Revelation, on 8-inch tiles, for schools. Mr. Tinworth has gained many honours at various Exhibitions, viz., the bronze medal at Vienna in 1873, an Ameri- can medal in 1876, a silver medal and decoration in Paris in 1878, a gold medal at Nice in 1884, a gold medal in Tasmania, and a medal in America in 1894. Address: 8 Maze Villas, Kew. TIRARD, Nestor Isidore Charles, M.D., F.R.C.P., received his medical edu- cation at King's College Hospital, and obtained, amongst other honours, the Scholarship and Gold Medal in Forensic and Obstetric Medicine, and Honours in Medicine at London University. He was Senior Scholar, House Physician, &c, at King's College (Medical Department), and is now Fellow and Professor of Materia Medicaand Therapeutics at King's College, and Physician at King's College Hospital. He is a Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, Senior Physician to the Evelina Hospital for Children, &c, and has been Examiner in Materia Medica at the Roy. Coll. of Physicians, London, the University of London, the Examining Board for Eng- land, the Victoria University, &c. He is author of "Diphtheria and Antitoxin," 1896 ; "Albuminuria and Bright's Disease"; is editor of the " King's College Hospital Reports," and has contributed largely to these and to the leading medical papers. Address : 74 Harley Street, W. TISSOT, James Joseph Jacques, French painter, was born at Nantes, Oct. 15, 1836, and was educated at the F-cole des Beaux Arts under Flandrin and La- mothe. He made his first appearance in the Salon in 1859, and has sent etchings, water - colours, and oil pictures to its various annual exhibitions. Those by which he is best known are : "Rencontre de Faust et de Marguerite," 1861, now in the Luxembourg Museum ; "Retour de l'Enfant Prodigue," 1863 ; " Confidence," 1867; "Un Veuve," 1869; " Partie Carree," 1870; "Le Veau Gras," 1883 ; " La Fri- leuse " and " Sur la Tamise," 1889. After having been a painter of distinctly modern type, he showed, in 1893, a series of 365 water-colours, illustrating the Life of Christ. For these a French firm had given the huge sum of 1,100, 000 francs (£43,650), after an English publishing house had TISZA — TODD 1085 offered £60,000. He had spent three years in Palestine, painting each picture on the spot traditionally associated with its sub- ject. After being shown in Paris, these pic- tures were exhibited in London in 1898. TISZA, von Borosjeno Koloman, late Prime Minister of Hungary, was born at Geszt, Dec. 16, 1830, and educated for the Civil Service, but his career was blocked at the outset by the Revolution of 1848. For some years he devoted himself to travel, and in 1859 first became known as an opponent of the Government policy of religious intolerance. In 1860 his party gained some independence ; he then obtained a seat in the Hungarian Parlia- ment, and succeeded Count Teleki as a leader of the Moderate Radicals. In 1875, carrying over this branch to the united Liberals under Deak, he became Minister of the Interior, and subsequently Prime Minister of the Hungarian Cabinet. In the critical period of 1876-78, he opposed Russia and Panslavism, being less vacil- lating than Count Andrassy, who kept hesitating between the views of Russia and Germany on the Eastern Question. He resigned with his co-ministers when Austrian finances were insufficient to meet the expenses of the Bosnian occupation, but eventually returned to his former position. In March 1890 he resigned the Premiership, and was succeeded by Count Szapary. On March 11, 1895, the ex- Premier delivered an important speech in the Diet in Budapest, in the course of which he severely criticised the attitude taken up by the Liberal opposition in antagonism to the existing constitutional relations between Hungary and Austria, and gave his whole support to the Govern- ment. In March of the following year M. Tisza, speaking on the Austro-Hungarian compromise, declared his strong personal adherence to Free Trade, and asserted that if the unreasonable claims of Austria in that regard were maintained, no alter- native would remain but that of establish- ing a separate customs system for each kingdom. Tisza, on Dec. 20, 1898, de- livered himself of a remarkable confession for a constitutional statesman in a speech at Grosswardein. After dwelling on the injury suffered by the vital interests of the country in consequence of the policy of obstruction, he referred to the course which England had taken in the treat- ment of obstructive tactics in the House of Commons. "All my life," he said, "I have been against the closure ; but should I have to choose between the Constitution of Parliament and the closure, I would certainly declare for the latter. I am firmly of opinion that we cannot give way to obstruction, which would mean the abdication of the majority and the aboli- tion of the cardinal principle of Parlia- mentarism that the majority must rule. We may learn what true Parliamentarism is from the English." Notwithstanding the compliment to this country in the last sentence, it was ably pointed out at the time that had Hungary copied the example of England, and devoted time and thought to the revision of Rules of Parliament, the constitutional difficulty in Austria- Hungary would never have arisen, and the necessity for government by decrees would have been averted. It has been said that Tisza has neithe* the glowing tempera- ment of Gladstone nor the wise modera- tion of Deak. He knows not the art of winning the crowd, and while a truly remarkable man, he is not a great one. Still, the "General," as Tisza was popu- larly called by the people, has been a keen debater in his time, never at a loss for a reply, surveying his domain with sure gaze, detecting in cool blood the weak- nesses of his adversary, and utilising them with patience and self-possession. TITHERINGTON, The Rev. Ar- thur Fluitt, youngest son of W. Tither- ington, of Dee Hills, Chester, was born Nov. 14, 1865, and was educated at Arnold House, Chester, Charterhouse, and Mag- dalen College School, Oxford. He was elected Scholar (Classical) of Queen's College, Oxford, in 1884, took a second class in Moderations in 1886, a second class in Lit. Hum. 1888, and a second class in Mod. Hist, in 1889. After reading with pupils in Oxford, 1888-89, he was ap- pointed to an Assistant- Mastership at Radley in 1889, and was ordained in 1890. In 1895 he was appointed Head-Master of Brighton College. Whilst at Oxford Mr. Titherington stroked the winning trial eight in 1886, and also stroked the Uni- versity eight in 1887. He married Gert- rude, the youngest daughter of W. J. Kent, Heatherley, Grassendale, near Liverpool, in 1891. Address : The College, Brighton. "TOBY, M.P." See Ltjcy, Henry W. TODD, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., M.A. Cantab., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &c, Post- master-General, Superintendent of Tele- graphs, and Government Astronomer, Adelaide, South Australia, was born at Islington, July 7, 1826, and entered the Government Service at the Royal Obser- vatory, Greenwich, in 1841. In 1848 he was appointed Assistant-Astronomer at Cambridge, under the late Rev. Professor Challis. In 1854 he was appointed Assist- ant-Astronomer at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and in the following year he was offered, by the Secretary of State for 1086 TODHUNTER — TOLSTOI the Colonies, Lord John Russell, and ac- cepted, the appointment of Government Astronomer and Superintendent of Tele- graphs in South Australia, and left for that colony in July 1855, where he intro- duced the electric telegraph system. In January 1870 the Colonial Government, having decided upon amalgamating the postal and telegraph services, appointed Mr. Todd Postmaster-General in addi- tion to his duties as Superintendent of Telegraphs and Government Astronomer. Under his direction the telegraph was rapidly extended throughout the colony, his greatest work being the construction of a line from Adelaide through Central Australia, then a terra incognita, to Port Darwin, on the north coast, 2000 miles long, to meet the cable of the Eastern Extension Telegraph Co. This work was carried out, in the face of great natural difficulties, in the space of about twenty months, being completed towards the end of 1872, in which year Mr. Todd rode across the Continent and thoroughly or- ganised the service ; and, on his return to Adelaide, received from her Majesty the honour of the Companionship of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Shortly after this, the South Australian section, 1000 miles long, of the telegraph line from Adelaide to Perth was constructed under Mr. Todd's immediate direction. As Government Astronomer, Mr. Todd has carried out an extensive series of Astrono- mical and Meteorological Observations, the latter affording much valuable infor- mation on the climate of Australia, in- cluding the dry interior, and the north coast. He determined the position of the eastern boundary line of the colony, or 141st meridian; and, in conjunction with Messrs. Ellery and Russell, the Govern- ment Astronomers of Victoria and of New South Wales, he made a careful tele- graphic determination of the difference of longitude between Singapore, Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney. In 1886 Cam- bridge University conferred upon him the degree of M.A., honoris causa; and in 1889 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He is a Member of the Council of the Adelaide University ; one of the Governors of the South Aus- tralian Public Library ; has been President of the Royal Society of South Australia ; and is a Member of the Council of the Adelaide School of Mines, &c. He was made a K.C.M.G. in 1893. He married Alice, daughter of E. Bell, Esq., in 1855. Address : Adelaide, South Australia. TODHUNTER, John, M.D., eldest son of the late Thomas Hervey Todhunter, merchant, was born in Dublin on Dec. 30, 1839, and educated in Quaker schools. At the age of sixteen he entered on a mer- cantile career in his father's offices at Dublin and Limerick. Afterwards, in 1861, he became a student of Trinity College, Dublin, and studied medicine, taking the degree of B.A. in 1865, M.B. and M.Ch. in 1866, M.D. in 1871. He completed his studies in Paris and Vienna, and then returned to Dublin to practise. From 1870 to 1874 he was Assistant-Physician to the Cork Street Fever Hospital, and at the same time held the Chair of English Litera- ture in Alexandra College, Dublin. Re- signing these appointments in 1874 he came to London, where he has since de- voted himself to literature. His published works comprise : "The Theory of the Beautiful, a Saturday Lecture," 1872; " Laurella, and other Poems," 1876 ; "Alcestis," 1879; "A Study of Shelley," 1880; "The True Tragedy of Rienzi," 1881; "Forest Songs and other Poems," 1881 ; " Helena in Troas," a play in Greek form, produced at Hengler's Circus in May and June 1886, and afterwards performed at Exeter ; " The Banshee and other Poems," 1888; "A Sicilian Idyll," pro- duced at Bedford Park, St. George's Hall, the Vaudeville Theatre, and Aubrey House, Campden Hill, between 1890 and 1893; and "The Poison Flower," acted with the " Sicilian Idyll " at the A r audeville in 1891. Dr. Todhunter has also produced a modern drama in prose, " The Black Cat," played by the Independent Theatre Society at the Opera Comique in December 1893 ; and " A Comedy of Sighs," acted, under Miss Florence Farr's management, at the Avenue Theatre in March 1894. His last published work is " Three Irish Bardic Tales," 1896. He married (1), in 1870, Katharine, daughter of the late Robert Ball, LL.D., of Dublin ; and (2), in 1879, Dora Louisa, daughter of the late William A. Digby, of Dublin. Address : Orchard- croft, Bedford Park, W. TOLSTOI, Count Lyof Nikolai- vitch, usually called Count Leo Tolstoi, the most eminent living Russian novelist and social reformer, is a descendant of Count Peter Tolstoi, the friend and com- rade of Peter the Great, and was born on Aug. 28, 1828, at Yasnaia Poliana, in the Government of Toula, but was left an orphan at an early age. He received the usual education of a Russian noble, first privately and afterwards at the University of Kazan. He spent the subsequent years in study till 1851, when, at the age of twenty-three, he entered the army and accompanied his brother to the Caucasus. On the outbreak of the Crimean war (1853) he was called to Sebastopol and saw active service there, taking the command of a mountain battery, and assisting in the TOLSTOI 1087 defence of the citadel. Resigning his commission at the close of the war (1856), he devoted himself to literature. His "War and Peace" (1860), a tale of the invasion of Russia by Napoleon in 1812, is regarded by Russians as his masterpiece ; but "Anna Karenina," which appeared in 1876, is better appreciated abroad. Matthew Arnold spoke most enthusi- astically in its praise a few months before his death, and George Meredith says that Anna, the beautiful but unfaithful wife, who ends her guilty passion by suicide, is the most perfectly depicted female char- acter in all fiction. Since the publication of this last work, Tolstoi has given him- self up to the earnest working out of the problems of life, the attainment of a higher religious and moral philosophy. He makes " Return not Evil " the keystone of the Christian faith, and insists that the literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount is the only rule of Christian life. His religious views are set forth in ' ' Christ's Christianity" and "My Religion." His " Kreutzer Sonata," with its strange theory of morals, was published in 1890. In October 1892 Count Tolstoi deposited his memoirs and diaries with the Curator of the Rumyanzoff Museum, on condition that they should not be published till ten years after his death. In November he legally made over his whole fortune to his wife and children. In 1893 he published " The Kingdom of God within Us," a work on the social question, and in 1894 "Patriot- ism and Christianity," a criticism of the Franco-Russian Alliance, in a series of articles which appeared in the Daily Chronicle. Since the foregoing was written (1894) Tolstoi's influence has steadily in- creased, and [his personality and work have been the subject of much writing and speaking. Essays, appreciations, depre- ciations, and innumerable paragraphs, have kept him prominently before Europe, and the adoption of his views by various ad- vanced societies — more particularly the Brotherhood Church at Croydon — marks the regard in which he is held by large numbers of men. In February 1895 the current issue of the North American Review contained a curious effusion exalting Tolstoi as "the greatest living moralist," and com- paring his work with that of certain of his contemporaries — unquestionably to their disadvantage. Three months later (May 1895) the great Russian broke down com- pletely in health, and was ordered a radi- cal change, upon which he abandoned a tour then in preparation, and withdrew for some time to his estate in Poland. In October 1895 Tolstoi wrote a most power- ful vindication of the Dukhobortsy sect, who, during the year, had suffered great persecution for their religion, and on the Russian Censor refusing to allow its pub- lication, Tolstoi sought the hospitality of the Times, which devoted full space to his somewhat lengthy article. Evidently con- vinced that speech was denied him in his native land, Tolstoi continued to address his literary pieces to the English press, notably to the Daily Chronicle and the SS'cte Aije, the former publishing on March 17, 1896, a long letter of Tolstoi's to a correspondent in England on the Venezuela imbroglio which had recently occurred between this country and America. This letter exhibited that habitual " other- worldliness" of the novelist which distin- guishes all his writings, but was without doubt a strong indictment of war, and consequently of patriotism, inasmuch as he argued that the former cannot exist without the latter. Rumours became cur- rent during September 1897 that the great novelist was suffering from an illness which necessitated a serious operation, but on a member of the staff of the Odessa Listok visiting the Count at Yasny Polyana he found him quite well. He was then work- ing hard at a preface for a forthcoming book on contemporary science, and was giving the finishing touches to his long- promised and eagerly-expected work on art, which was to be published in London in the Russian original as well as in an English translation. In the following month (October 1897) a complete vindica- tion of Tolstoi's robustness, both physical and mental, was afforded by the appear- ance in the Peterburqhskiya Viedoniosti, the organ of Prince Ukhtomsky, who was rigorously condemning the Government religious persecutions, of a daring letter on the fanatical intolerance which incited these outrages. The writer's wrath was fully aroused owing to several cases of children being actually removed from the custody of their parents on so-called religious grounds. It was truly noted at the time by a prominent English journal that the publication of such an epistle from Count Tolstoi in a St. Petersburg newspaper was a significant sign and an unusual event. A few months later was published the before-mentioned work of Tolstoi's on art. This book, "What is Art?" attracted wide-spread attention,and much interesting and suggestive writing was the result. Mr. George Bernard Shaw (q,v.) contributed a striking review to the Daily Chronicle, but the fundamental prin- ciples of Tolstoi's essay did not receive any general acceptance. Mention should be made of the issue in the autumn of 1898 of an excellent little monograph on Tolstoi by Mr. G. H. Perris, who had previously written some articles in the Ethical World on "Ethics and Revolution in Russia." 1088 TOMES — TOOLE TOMES, Charles Sissmore, M:A., F.R.C.S., F.R.S., was born in London in 1840, and is the son of the late Sir John Tomes. He was educated at Rad- ley College, at Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a first class in natural science in 18G6, and at the Middle- sex Hospital. He practised as a dental surgeon in London from 18G9 to 1897, when he retired into consulting practice. He was for many years Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology at the Dental Hospital, London ; is Crown Nominee on the General Medical Council, was their Inspector of Dental Examinations in the United Kingdom in 1895-96, besides being Examiner in Dental Surgery at the Roy. Coll. of Surgeons, Eng., for a period of fourteen years. He is Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, Hon. Member of the American Dental Association, &c. He was made F.R.S. in 1878. His princi- pal works are his two editions of his father's well-known "Dental Surgery" (edits. 2 and 3), and his " Manual of Dental Anatomy." He has besides con- tributed many papers to the Philosophical Transactions on the teeth of reptiles, fishes, &c. Addresses : 37 Cavendish Square, W. ; and 9 Park Crescent, W. TOMLINSON", Herbert, B.A., F.R.S., was born at York, on Nov. 18, 1845, and was educated at St. Peter's School, York, and at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1868 he graduated B.A., both in the Mathematical and Natural Science Honour Schools ; in 1870 he was Whitworth Exhibitioner, and in the same year was appointed Demon- strator of Natural Philosophy at King's College, London. In 1889 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in considera- tion of his original researches in physics, and in 1894 was chosen as the first Prin- cipal of the South-Western Polytechnic, Chelsea. As a writer on natural science, Mr. Tomlinson is well known through his numerous contributions to the Proceedings of the Royal Society, the Philosophical Maga- zine, Sob. ; the most important of which re- late to the influence of stress and strain on the Physical Properties of Matter. The following papers may be enumerated : " Effect of Magnetisation on the Electrical Conductivity of Iron" (Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1875); " Increase in Resist- ance to the Passage of an Electrical Cur- rent produced in Certain Wires by Stretch- ing" (ibid., 1877) ; " Alteration of Thermal Conductivity of Iron and Steel caused by Magnetism" (ibid., 1878); "Moduli of Elas- ticity" (Philosophical Transactions, 1883); "Electrical Conductivity " (ibid.) ; "Rela- tions btitween Moduli of Elasticity, Ther- mal Capacity, and other Physical Con- stants " (Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1885) ; "Alteration of the Electrical Con- ductivity of Cobalt, &c, by Longitudinal Traction" (ibid., 1885) ; "Internal Friction of Metals " (Philosophical Transactions, 1886); "Co-efficient of Viscosity of Air" (ibid.) ; " On Certain Sources of Error in Connection with Experiments on Torsional Vibrations" (Philosophical Magazine, 1885) j "Temporary and Permanent Effects on some of the Physical Properties of Iron produced by raising the Temperature to One Hundred Degrees C." (ibid., 1886); "Effect of Change of Temperature on the Internal Friction and Torsional Elasticity of Metals" (abstract in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1886) ; and " Effects of Mag- netisation on the Elasticity and the In- ternal Friction of Metals" (Philosophical Transactions, vol. exxix., p. 1). Mr. Tom- linson married Edith, daughter of F. W. Saunders. Address : 65 Oakley Street, Chelsea, S.W. TOMS, Frederick, editor of the Field, began life as a printer's apprentice at Hertford. In 1855, having come up to London, he became managing printer of • the Field, and in 1857 sub-editor. He was for very many years under J. H. Walsh, well known as "Stonehenge," and suc- ceeded him as editor in 1888. He was joint-editor with Mr. J. H. Walsh of the "Modern Sportsman's Gun and Rifle." He has written much on sporting topics, on which he is one of the first living authorities. Address : Field Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, W. C. TOOLE, John Laurence, comedian, son of Mr. Toole, the civic toast-master, born in London, March 12, 1830, was educated at the City of London School, and became a clerk to a wine-merchant, but soon quitted this occupation ; having been smitten with the "bias dramatic," he was induced to join the City Histrionic Club, where his qualifications for the dra- matic profession were soon recognised, and he found a favourable opportunity for appearing before a public audience at a benefit to Mr. F. Webster, at the Hay- market Theatre, July 22, 1852. Having successfully passed this ordeal, he resolved to become an actor, and began his profes- sional career under Mr. Charles Dillon, at the Queen's Theatre, Dublin, where he achieved a great success. After further testing his powers at Belfast, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, he accepted, in 1854, an engagement at the St. James's Theatre, London, under the management of Mrs. Seymour, and sustained a variety of characters in low comedy with considerable success. This was followed by an engage- ment with his old manager, Mr. C. Dillon, who had the Lyceum for a short term, and TOUEGEE — TRACY 1089 on the opening of the New Adelphi Theatre by Mr. Webster, Mr. Toole became the leading comedian. He has for more than thirty years been a popular favourite, whether it be in the broad region of farce, or in those more important parts in which tears and laughter equally pre- dominate ; such as Caleb Plummer, in the version of Dickens's " Cricket on the Hearth," or the honest fireman, Joe Bright, in the drama "Through Fire and Water." For several years Mr. Toole has been in the habit of making a professional tour in the provinces, where he is as great a favourite as in the metropolis. In July 1874 he went on a " starring " tour to the United States, and made his American debut at Wallack's Theatre, New York, August 17. He re-appeared at the Gaiety Theatre, London, Nov. 8, 1875. On Nov. 17, 1880, he undertook the management of the Folly Theatre, which he recon- structed in accordance with all the requirements of the authorities, and re- named, calling it after his own name — Toole's Theatre. In 1888 he published his "Reminiscences." In March 1890 he started for a tour in Australia, which proved most successful. His most recent success was as Walker, in Mr. Barrie's play "Walker, London." Address: Maida Vale, W. TOTJRGEE, Albion Winegar, Ph.D., LL.D., American author and jurist, was born at Williamsfield, Ohio, May 2, 1838. He studied at Rochester University, 1859- 61 ; entered the Union army and served throughout the Civil War. At its close he settled at Greensboro, N.C., where he re- sided until 1880. He was a member of the N.C. Constitutional Conventions in 1868 and in the year 1875, and was one of the Commissioners to codify and revise the State laws. He was elected Judge of the Superior Court of the State in 1868, and held that position until 1874. He edited the Continent, a weekly magazine, New York, 1882-84. He has been a Professor of the Buffalo Law School since 1889, and wrote " A Bystander's Notes," which ap- peared in the Chicago Inter-Ocean, from 1888 to 1893. He is the author of several professional works: "The Code with Notes" (N.C), 1877; "A Digest of Cited Cases" (N.C), 1879 ; " Statutory Decisions of the North Carolina Reports," 1879. He is the author of the following novels : " Toinette " (now entitled " A Royal Gen- tleman"), 1874; "A Fool's Errand," 1879; "Figs and Thistles," 1879; "Bricks without Straw," 1880 ; "John Eax," 1882 ; "Hot Ploughshares," 1883 ; " Black Ice," 1886 ; " Button's Inn," 1887 ; " With Gauge and Swallow," 1889 ; " Pactolus Prime," 1890; "Murvale Eastman," 1891; "A Son of Old Harry," 1892 ; "Out of the Sunset Sea," 1893 ; "An Outing with the Queen of Hearts," 1894 ; "The Mortgage on the Hip-roofed House," 1896 ; and "The Man who Outlived Himself: a Story," 1898. Miscellaneous Works : "An Appeal to Cassar," 1884; "The Veteran and his Pipe," 1887; "Letters to a King," 1888. Since 1888 he has been a frequent contributor to the North American Review, Forum, and other magazines. His resi- dence has been at Mayville, a village at the head of Lake Chautauqua, Chautauqua County, N.Y., since leaving the South. TOWNSEND, Meredith, joint-editor and part proprietor of the Spectator, was born in 1831, and is the son of William Townsend, of Bures, Suffolk. In early life he went out to India, and during twelve years was successively sub-editor and editor and proprietor of the Friend of India. Returning to England, he became proprietor of the Spectator in 1861, and for many years edited the political depart- ment of that important journal, while the late Mr. Hutton was its distinguished literary chief. He now edits that journal jointly with Mr. J. St. Loe Strachey. Ad- dress of Spectator : 1 Wellington Street, Strand. TOZER, The Bight Rev. William George, M.A., D.D., was born in 1830, and is the third son of John Chapell Tozer, of Teignmonth. He was educated at St. John's College, Oxford (M.A. 1854; D.D. 1863). He was ordained Priest in 1855, and was Vicar of Burgh-le-Marsh with Winthorpe, Lines., from 1857 to 1863, when he was ordained Missionary Bishop to Central Africa or Zanzibar. Remaining in this cure for ten years, he became Bishop of Jamaica in 1879, and was Bishop of Honduras from 1880 to 1881. In 1888- 1889 he was Rector of S. Ferriby, Lincoln- shire. Club : Oriental, 18 Hanover Square, W. TRACY, The Hon. Benjamin Franklin, American statesman, was born at Oswego, N.Y., April 26, 1830. He re- ceived an academic education, studied law and began its practice as soon as he was of age. In 1853 and 1856 he was elected District Attorney of Tioga, his native county, and in 1862 was a member of the New York legislature. He was appointed, in 1862, by Governor Morgan, on a com- mittee to organise recruiting for the United States army, and later commanded a regi- ment in the field, taking part in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania ; and subsequently being in charge of the ren- dezvous and prison camp at Elmira, N.Y. When mustered out at the close of the war 3z 1090 TEAILL — TRAQUAIR he was breveted a Brigadier- General of Volunteers. He settled at Brooklyn, N.Y., and resumed his law practice. From 1866 to 1873 he was U.S. District Attorney for the district in which he lived ; and from December 1881 to January 1883 he sat in the Court of Appeals (the highest judicial body in New York), to fill a vacancy. In 1882 he was nominated by his (the Re- publican) party as a Judge of the Supreme Court, but was not elected. From March 1889 to 1893 he was a member of President Harrison's Cabinet, holding the portfolio of Secretary of the Navy, and at the end of Mr. Harrison's term as President, he returned to New York and resumed the practice of his profession. TRAILL, Henry Duff, D.C.L., sixth and youngest son of the late James Traill, a stipendiary magistrate of the Metropoli- tan District, and Caroline, daughter of William Whateley, Handsworth, Staffs., was born at Blackheath, Aug. 14, 1842, and educated at Merchant Taylors' School, whence he proceeded as Probationary Fel- low to St. John's College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1864. He was called to the Bar by the Society of the Inner Temple in 1868, and joined the Home (now South-Eastern) Circuit. He adopted the journalistic and literary profession in 1871, and has been an extensive con- tributor to the Pall Mall Gazette (under the original management), the St. James's Gazette, the Daily Telegraph, the Satur- day Review, &c. He published, in 1881, "Central Government" (the English Citi- zen series) ; in 1882, "Sterne" (the Eng- lish Men of Letters series), and "Recap- tured Rhymes," a re-issue of (principally) light political verse contributions to various newspapers and periodicals ; in 1884, " The New Lucian," a series of Dialogues of the Dead; and "Coleridge" (English Men of Letters); in 1886, " Shaftesbury (the first Earl)," a monograph contributed to the series called English Worthies ; in 1888, "William III." (Twelve English States- men); in 1889, "Strafford" (English Men of Action) ; in 1890, "Saturday Songs," a reprint of political verse contributions to the Saturday Review ; in 1891, a life of the Marquis of Salisbury in ' ' Reid's Prime Ministers of Queen Victoria." In 1892 he published "Number Twenty," a contribu- tion to the Whitefriars Library of Wit and Humour ; in 1896, " The Life of Sir John Franklin," and a volume of Egyptian sketches, " From Cairo to the Soudan Frontier"; in 1897, "Lord Cromer," a biography, and " The New Fiction, and other Essays on Literary Subjects." From 1893 to 1897 he was engaged in editing " Social England : a Record of the Pro- gress of the People," a work which was completed in six volumes in 1898. Mr. Traill has, since its commencement in October 1897, been editor of the weekly critical journal Literature, published from the Times office. Addresses : 47 Gordon Square, W.C. ; and Athenasum. TRAILL, Professor James William Helenus, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., was born at Birsay, in the mainland of Orkney, on March 4, 1851. His father, the Rev. Samuel Traill, D.D., LL.D., was at that time minister of the parishes of Birsay and Harray, in Orkney, being subse- quently appointed Professor of Systematic Theology in the University of Aberdeen, and in 1874 Moderator of the Church of Scotland. He was educated at home in Orkney, in the Grammar School of Old Aberdeen, and in the University of Aber- deen, taking the degrees of M.A. in 1870, and M.D. in 1879. In the years 1873 and 1875 he was the Naturalist of an expedi- tion sent to survey several of the tribu- taries of the Amazon River in North Brazil, and made considerable collections of plants and animals, most of which were presented to the National Herbaria and Museums, and to the University. In 1877 he was appointed Regius Professor of Botany in the parent University. He has published numerous papers on the fauna and flora of Scotland, on new palms from the Amazon, on galls, &c. ; and he has taken an active part in educational pro- gress in the north of Scotland. Address : University, Aberdeen. TRAQUAIR, Ramsay Heatley, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Keeper of the Natural History Collections in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, is the son of the late Rev. James Traquair, parish minister of Rhynd, Perthshire, and Elizabeth Mary Bayley, his wife, and was born at the Manse of Rhynd, July 30, 1840. Dr. Traquair received his school education in Edinburgh, and in 1857 entered the University of Edin- burgh as a student of medicine. After a course of five years' study he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in August 1862, and on that occasion a Gold Medal was awarded to him for his thesis on a biological subject, viz., the " Asymmetry of the Pleuronectida?." From 1863 to 1866 Dr. Traquair acted as Demon- strator of Anatomy in the University of Edinburgh, under the late eminent Pro- fessor Goodsir, and from 1866 to 1867 as Professor of Natural History in the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. In the autumn of 1867 he was appointed by the Lords of the Committee of Council on Education to the Professorship of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin, TRAYNER — TREDEGAR 1091 from which post he was transferred, in 1873, to the Keepership of the Natural -History Collections in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh. He has also held the Swiney Lectureship in Geology at the British Museum for two periods of five years (1883-88) and one of three (1896-98). Dr. Traquair's attention was early drawn to the study of the structure of fishes, and among the extinct forms of the palaeozoic rocks he soon found a rich and extensive field for original investiga- tion. He has published over one hundred papers on Fossil Ichthyology, of which the most important are : " On the Structure and Affinities of Tristichopterus alatus," Trans. Roy. Soc, Edin., 1875; "On the Agassizian Genera Paheoniscus, Amblyp- terus, Pygopterus, and Gyrolepis," Qu. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1877; "The Structure and Affinities of the Platysomidae," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1879 ; " Report on Fossil Fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in Eskdale and Liddesdale," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1881. He is also engaged in monographing the Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Rocks of Great Britain for the Palseonto- graphical Society. Of Dr. Traquair's contributions to the structure of recent fishes the two most important are his graduation thesis, " On the Asymmetry of the Pleuronectidaa," published in Trans. Linn. Soc. for 1865, and his " Cranial Osteology of Polypterus," Jour. Anat. and Phys., 1870. Mention should also be made of his " Extinct Vertebrata of the Moray Firth Area," in Harvie-Brown and Buck- ley's "Vertebrate Fauna of the Moray Basin," Edinburgh, 1896. Dr. Traquair received the Neill Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1876 ; in 1881, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London ; and in 1893 the University of Edinburgh conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. in recognition of his services to science. Dr. Traquair married, in 1873, Phoebe Anna, daughter of the late Dr. William Moss, physician, Dublin, and has two sons and a daughter. Address: 8 Dean Park Crescent, Edinburgh. TRAYNER, Lord, John Trayner, LL.D., Judge of the Court of Session and Lord Commissioner of Justiciary, Scot- land, was born in Edinburgh on April 19, 1834, and is the son of Hugh Trayner, of Glasgow. He was educated at the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, was called to the Scottish Bar in 1858, appointed Sheriff of Forfarshire in 1881, became a Judge of the Court of Session in 1885, with the official title of Lord Tray- ner, and since 1887 has been Lord Com- missioner of Justiciary. He is also an ex-officio Member of the Scottish Railway and Canal Commission. He is author of a well-known work on " Latin Maxims and Phrases." In 1863 he married a daughter of R. S. Wyld, LL.D., of Gilston. Ad- dress : 27 Moray Place, Edinburgh, &c. TREDEGAR, Lord, Godfrey Charles Morgan, Bart., D.L. , J. P., was born at Ruperra Castle, Cardiff, on April 28, 1830, and is the son of the 1st Baron, whom he succeeded in 1875, and Rosamund, only daughter of General Godfrey Basil Mundy. He was educated at Eton, and entered the army, joining the 17th Lancers, and as Captain Godfrey Morgan took part in the famous Balaclava Charge in 1854. In an interview with a representative of the Western Mail he recently gave a graphic account of his experiences. Describing the advance just after Nolan's death, and when the battery of the Russian Horse Artillery opened fire, he said : " I do not recollect hearing a word from anybody as we gradually broke from a trot to a canter, though the noise of the striking of men and horses by grape and round shot was deafening, whilst the dust and gravel struck up by the round shot that fell short was almost blinding, and irritated my horse so that I could scarcely hold him at all. But as we came nearer I could see plainly enough, especially when I was about a hundred yards from the guns. I appeared to be riding straight on to the muzzle of one of the guns, and I distinctly saw the gunner apply his fuse. I shut my eyes then, for I thought that settled the question as far as I was concerned. But the shot just missed me and struck the man on my right full in the chest. In another minute I was on the gun, and the leading Russian's grey horse, shot, I sup- pose, with a pistol by somebody on my right, fell across my horse, dragging it over with him, and pinning me in between the gun and himself. A Russian gunner on foot at once covered me with his car- bine. He was just within reach of my sword, and I struck him across his neck. The blow did not do him much harm, but it disconcerted his aim. At the same time a mounted gunner struck my horse on the forehead with his sabre. Spurring ' Sir Briggs,' he half jumped, half blundered, over the fallen horses, and then for a short time bolted with me. I only remember finding myself alone amongst the Russians trying to get out as best I could. This, by some chance, I did, in spite of the at- tempts of the Russians to cut me down. When clear again of the guns I saw two or three of my men making their way back, and as the fire from both flanks was still heavy, it was a matter of running the gauntlet again. I have not sufficient recollection of minor incidents to describe 1092 TEEE — TEEVELY AN them, as probably no two men who were in that charge would describe it in the same way. When I was back pretty nearly where we started from I found that I was the senior officer of those not wounded, and, consequently, in command, there being only two others, both juniors to me, in the same position — Lieutenant Womb- well and Cornet Cleveland (afterwards killed atlnkerman). We remained formed up until the evening, when, as the enemy made no further attempt to advance, we returned to our tents, not very far off." From 1858 to 1875 Captain Morgan, who retired from the army in 1855, represented Brecknockshire in the Conservative interest in the House of Commons. Since 1885 he has been Hon. Colonel of the Royal Mon- mouth Engineer Militia. Addresses : 39 Portman Square, W. ; Ruperra Castle, Glamorgan, &c. TBEE, Herbert Beerbohm, actor and manager, son of the late Mr. Julius Beerbohm, a grain merchant, was born in London on Dec. 17, 1853, and educated partly in England and partly in Germany. In 1870 he entered his father's office, but shortly afterwards became devoted to amateur acting, gradually drifting into the profession, and made his de"but on the regular stage (Globe Theatre, London), in 1878, in the character of "Grimaldi." After touring for some time in the pro- vinces, he appeared in London in "The Two Orphans" and "The Congress at Paris." In March 1884 he made a hit in the part of the Rev. Robert Spalding in "The Private Secretary," at the Prince of Wales's, and shortly afterwards played the part of the spy Macari in "Called Back." His great versatility and subtlety as an actor made him so famous that he determined to try managership on his own account, and in 1887 he took the Comedy Theatre, where he produced " The Red Lamp," and played the part of an old Russian spy to perfection. Among his most successful productions at the Hay- market, which he took in the autumn of 1887, are : "A Man's Shadow," "Captain Swift," "The Village Priest," "Beau Austin," "The Ballad -Monger," "The Merry Wives of Windsor," "The Pompa- dour," "The Dancing-Girl," 1891 ; "Ham- let," and " Hypatia," 1892; "A Woman of No Importance," and " The Tempter," 1893; "The Charlatan," "A Bunch of Violets," and " John-a-Dreams," 1894. In all these pieces Mr. Tree has taken princi- pal parts, and has been supported by Mrs. Beerbohm Tree (ne'e Maud Holt), an accomplished actress, whom he married when she was a governess at Queen's College, Harley Street. Mr. Tree fre- quently makes known his views on the actor's art. In December 1891 he read a paper to the members of the Playgoers' Club on "Some Interesting Fallacies of the Modern Stage," and in May 1893 he lectured at the Royal Institution on "The Imaginative Faculty." He also defended the art of "John-a-Dreams," in the columns of the Times, during November and December 1894, against various puri- tanical attacks. Before leaving England for a successful American tour in 1895, he was entertained at a banquet by many of his most important admirers. In 1896 he ceased to be manager of the Haymarket Theatre. The year 1897 was rendered notable in the annals of the stage by the opening of Her Majesty's Theatre, built by Mr. Tree on the site of the old Opera House. This is one of the largest and at the same time most scientifically arranged of London theatres. In his managerial capacity Mr. Tree has here revived some of his most noteworthy successes. He opened on April 28, 1897, with Mr. Gilbert Parker's " Seats of the Mighty," and sub- sequently produced "Old Clo' " (May), "The Red Lamp," and "The Ballad- Monger" (June), "The Silver Key" (July), " Katherine and Petruchio " (Nov.), and " A Man's Shadow " (Nov.). The grand revival of 1898 was "Julius Caesar," in which Mr. Tree sustained in a masterly manner the difficult part of Antony, while Mr. Waller and Mrs. Tree won laurels during the long run of the piece as Marcus Brutus and the slave Lucius respectively. Mr. Tree was (January 1899) playing D'Artagnan in an adaptation of the " Three Mousauetaires" of Dumas. Address : 77 Sloane Street, S.W. TREFTJSIS, The Right Rev. Robert Edward, Bishop of Crediton, Suffragan to the Bishop of Exeter, was born at Wear Gifford on Jan. 24, 1843, and is the second son of Captain the Hon. George Walpole Rolle Trefusis, R.N. He was educated at Cheltenham and Exeter College, Oxford (M.A. 1868). From 1866 to 1867 he was Curate of Buckingham, from 1867 to 1889 Vicar of Chittlehamp- ton, in 1888 became Prebendary of Exeter, in 1889 Canon of Exeter, and in 1897 Bishop of Crediton. He married, in 1874, Emma, daughter of the late Owen Wethered, of Remnantz, Bucks. Ad- dress : The Chantry, Exeter. TREVELYAN, The Right Hon. Sir George Otto, Bart., LL.D., D.C.L., D.L., born on July 20, 1838, at Rothey Temple, Leicestershire, is the only son of the late Sir Charles Edward Tre- velyan, Bart., K.C.B., and Hannah More Macaulay, sister of Lord Macaulay. _ He was educated at Harrow School and Trinity TREVES — TRIMEN 1093 College, Cambridge, where he was second in the first class in classics. He was elected member for Tynemouth, in the Liberal interest, in 1865, and for the Border Burghs in 1868. Mr. Trevelyan was appointed Civil Lord of Admiralty, in Mr. Gladstone's Government, in De- cember 1868, but resigned office in July 1870, on a point of conscience connected with *he Government Education Bill. He advocated a sweeping reform of the army, including the abolition of the purchase of commissions, both in and out of Parlia- ment, and was for many years the fore- most supporter of the extension of the County Franchise. Mr. Trevelyan suc- ceeded Mr. Shaw-Lefevre as Parliamen- tary Secretary to the Admiralty in Novem- ber 1880, and held that office until his appointment, after the murder of Lord Frederick Cavendish, as Chief Secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (May 9, 1882). This arduous post he held through two most trying years, and in October 1884 he joined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. On the formation of Mr. Gladstone's third Government in 1885, he was appointed to the new post of Secretary for Scotland, but resigned on March 27, 1886, in conse- quence of disagreement with the Prime Minister's proposed scheme for Ireland. He failed to secure re-election after the dissolution of 1886, but in 1887 he was returned as member for the Bridgeton Division of Glasgow. In August 1892 he again became Secretary for Scotland in Mr. Gladstone's Administration. He re- tiredfromParliamentin February 1897. He is the author of " Letters of a Competition Wallah," republished from MCacmillan's Magazine in 1864 ; "Cawnpore," in 1865 ; " The Ladies in Parliament," " Horace at the University of Athens," and other pieces, collected and published in 1868 ; " The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulav," 2 vols. 1876 (2nd edit., 1877); and "The Early History of Charles James Fox," 1880. He is married to Caroline, daugh- ter of R N. Philips, at one time M.P. for Bury, Lanes. Addresses: 8 Grosvenor Cres- cent ; Wallington, Cambo, Northumber- land ; Welcombe, Stratford-on-Avon ; and Athenaeum. TREVES, Frederick, F.R.C.S., was born at Dorchester on Feb. 15, 1843, and received his medical education at the Lon- don Hospital, where he was afterwards Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery. He became F.R.C.S. in 1878, is a Member of Council and Member of the Court of Exa- miners of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, Surgeon-in-Ordinary to H.R.H. the Duke of York, Examiner in Surgery at the University of Cambridge, and in Anatomy at the Universities of Aberdeen and Durham. He won the Jacksonian Prize Essay at the Royal College of Sur- geons, England, in 1884 ; and as Hunterian Professor of Anatomy lectured in 1885-86, the subject in all cases being the Intestinal Canal. He is author of the following standard works : " Scrofula and its Gland Diseases," 1882; "A Manual of Surgical Applied Anatomy," 1883 ; " German-Eng- lish Dictionary of Medical Terms," 1889 ; "A Manual of Operative Surgery," 1891; " The Surgical Treatment of Typhlitis," 1888 and 1891; "The Student's Hand- book of Surgical Operations," 1892. He is editor of " A System of Surgery," 1895 ; and " A Manual of Surgery in Treatises by various Authors." He has also contri- buted largely to Heath's "Dictionary of Surgery," Morris's "Anatomy," Allbutt's "System," and other standard works of the same nature. Mr. Treves was ap- pointed an Emeritus Professor of Surgery at the London Hospital in March 1899. Address : 6 Wimpole Street, W. TREVOR-BATTYE, Aubyn Ber- nard Rochfort, explorer and zoologist, was born at Hever, in Kent, and is the second son of the Rector of Hever, the late William Wilberforce Battye, of Tingrith Manor, Beds., and Harriet, only daughter of Edmund Wakefield Meade-Waldo, of Stonewall Park and Hever Castle, whose ancestress, Ruth Hampden, daughter of the patriot John Hampden, married Sir John Trevor. He was educated at St. Edward's School and Christ Church Col- lege, Oxford (B.A.). He studied biology in his college days, under the then Lin acre Professor, H. N. Moseley, of Challenger fame. On leaving the University he took to literary and scientific journalism, and wrote for the Saturday ; but he is now best known as a zoologist who has tra- velled widely in little-known countries. He was the first white man to enter the farther parts of North - West Canada after the Riel Rebellion. He has also travelled on the Pacific sea-board of North America, in the north of Africa, Russia, Spitzbergen, Scandinavia, &c. In 1893 he investigated the Dwina Delta, after cross- ing to the White Sea, and explored the almost unknown Arctic Island of Kolquev, embodying these last experiences in his well-known book, "Ice-Bound in Kol- quev," 1895. He has contributed largely to the scientific press, and has published : "Pictures in Prose," 1893 ; and "A Northern Highway of the Tsar," 1897. He is mem- ber of several learned societies. Address : 2 Whitehall Gardens, S.W. TRIMEN, Roland, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.Ent.S., Zoologist, third son of 1094 TRISTEAM — TKOUTON Richard and Mary Ann Trimen, was born in London, Oct. 29, 1840, and was edu- cated at a private school near Brighton, and at King's College School in London. He voyaged to the Cape (on medical ad- vice) 1858-59 ; and was appointed to the Cape Civil Service, July 1860. He served in the Audit, the Colonial Secretary's, the Governor's, and the Crown Land's Offices, until 1876, when he was appointed Curator of the South-African Museum, Cape Town, a post from which he retired in January 1896. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, June 1883, and in 1897 was elected President of the Entomological Society of London ; and is the author of " Rhopalora Africa? Australis ; a Descrip- tive Catalogue of South-African Butter- flies " (London and Cape Town), 2 vols., 1862-66), and "South-African Butterflies; a Monograph of the Extra-Tropical Spe- cies" (London, 3 vols., 1887-89); also of various memoirs on Entomology, Orni- thology, and Botany in the Transactions or Proceedings of the Entomological, Lin- nean, and Zoological Societies of London, the Quarterly Journal of Science, and other publications. He was President of the South African Philosophical Society from 1883 to 1885 ; and Commissioner of the Botanic Gardens, Cape Town, from 1876 to 1890. He was Chairman of the Phyl- loxera Commission, Cape Town, 1886 ; and represented the Cape at the Bordeaux Phylloxera Congress of 1881, and at the Congress of Zoologists held in Paris in August 1889. Address : 11 Chandos Street, W. TRISTRAM, The Rev. Henry Baker, D.D., LL.D. Edin. and St. Andrews, F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., son of the late Rev. Henry Baker Tristram, Vicar of Eglingham, Northumberland, a grandson of Viscount Barrington, was born May 11, 1822, and educated at the Grammar School of Durham, and at Lincoln College, Oxford (B.A. 1844, second class Lit. Hum.; M.A. 1846). In 1845 he was ordained to the Curacy of Morchard-Bishop, Devonshire, which he was obliged to resign in less than two years in consequence of ill- health. At that juncture Admiral Sir Charles Elliot was about to proceed to Bermuda as Governor, and Mr. Tristram accompanied him as Chaplain and Secre- tary. He resided at Bermuda three years, and then accepted, in 1849, the small rectory of Castle Eden, co. Durham. In 1855 the state of his health again induced him to seek a milder climate. He spent that winter in the city and neighbourhood of Algiers, making excursions into the Northern Sahara. A second year was occupied in researches beyond the range of the Atlas Mountains, guarded as far as the southern frontier by an escort granted by Field-Marshal Randon, Governor- General of Algeria, and a third year spent on board a yacht in the Mediterranean afforded him the first opportunity of visit- ing Palestine. In 1860 he was collated by Bishop Longley to the Mastership of Greatham Hospital and Vicarage of Greatham, which he held till 1875, when he was appointed to a residential Canonry in Durham Cathedral by Bishop Baring. In 1863-4 he spent a year in the Holy Land, making scientific observations and identifying Scripture localities. In 1873 he made a similar tour to Moab, and in 1881 made an extensive tour through Palestine and the Lebanon, into Mesopo- tamia and Armenia. In 1879 he declined the offer made to him by the Earl of Beaconsfield of the Anglican Bishopric in Jerusalem. In 1891, during a tour round the world, he spent some months in ex- ploring the little-visited interior districts of Japan, in which country he has a daughter engaged in high educational missionary work. He is a Member of the Convocation of the Province of York, and Provincial Grand-Master of "Mark Masons" for the two northern counties, and D. Prov.-G. Master Mason of the Province of Durham. He was President of the Biological Section of the British Association at Nottingham, 1893. Dr. Tristram is the author of " The Great Sahara," 1860; "The Land of Israel, a Journal of Travels with Reference to its Physical History," 1865 (4th edit., revised, 1884); " The Natural History of the Bible," 7th edit., 1883; "The Ornithology of Palestine," 1867; "A Winter Ride in Palestine," published in "Vacation Tour- ists," 1864; "Scenes in the East," 1870; "The Daughters of Syria," 3rd edit., 1874 ; "The Seven Golden Candlesticks," new edit., 1881 ; " Bible Places, or the Topo- graphy of the Holy Land," 1871 (13th thousand, 1896); "The Land of Moab," 2nd edit., 1874 ; " Pathways of Palestine," 1st series, 1881, 2nd series, 1883; "In- cidents in Bible History chiselled on Ancient Monuments," 1875; "Genesis and the Brick Kiln," 1878; "Fauna and Flora of Palestine," 1884, for the Palestine Exploration Fund ; "Eastern Customs in Bible Lands," 1894 ; "Rambles in Japan," 1895 ; contributions to the Contemporary Reviav, Smith's " Dictionary of the Bible," and many scientific periodicals. He mar- ried, in 1850, Eleanor Mary, daughter of P. Bowlby, an officer who fought in the Peninsula and at Waterloo. Addresses : The College, Durham ; and Athenaeum. TROTJTON, Frederick Thomas, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., was born in Dublin on Nov, 24, 1863, and is the youngest son of TRUFFIEK — TUPPER 1095 the late Thomas Trouton of that city. He was educated at Dungannon Royal School and Trinity College, Dublin, taking a first Moderatorship in Experimental Science at his degree. With the intention, after- wards abandoned, of adopting an en- gineering career, he passed through the Engineering School connected with Trinity College. He received stip. con. the degrees of M.A. and D.Sc. from his University, and was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1897. On taking his degree in 1884 he was offered and accepted the appointment of Assistant to the Professor of Experimental Physics, which post he still holds. From time to time he has published in various scientific journals accounts of experimental researches car- ried out in the Physical Laboratory of Trinity College, among which of most general interest are some giving an ac- count of the repetition and extension of Hertz's classical experiments on Electri- cal Radiation, then new to the scientific world, the most important extension being an experimental determination of the direction of vibration of electric and mag- netic force in plane polarised light ; " Re- petition of Hertz's Experiment, and De- termination of the Direction of the Vibration of Light," Nature, 1889 ; " Ex- periments on Electro-Magnetic Radiation, including some on the Phase of Secondary Waves," Nature, 1889; "Secondary Electro-Magnetic Waves," Phil. Mag., 1890; "The Influence the Size of the Reflector exerts in Hertz's Experiment," Phil. Mag., 1891. Among his other pub- lished papers may be mentioned that on "Molecular Latent Heat," Phil. Mag., 1884; "On the Motion under Gravity of Fluid Bubbles through Vertical Columns of Liquid of a different Density," Proc. Soy. Soc, vol. 54; "An Experimental In- vestigation of the Laws of Attrition," Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. 59 ; " On Temporary Thermo-CurrentsinIron,"iJy3(. Brit. Assoc, 1889; "Arrangement of the Crystals of Certain Substances on Solidification," Proc. Soy. Dublin Soc, vol. viii. 1898. Ad- dress : Caerleon, Killiney, co. Dublin. TRUEFIER, Charles Jules, French actor, was born at Paris in 1856, and en- tered the Conservatoire, where he obtained a certificate for comedy. He was immedi- ately engaged at the Odeon, where he made his first appearance in " Cendrillon," by Barriere. In 1875 he was admitted to the Come'die Francais, where he acts low comedy parts, such as M. Purgon in the "Malade Imaginaire," Jean de Car- iliac in " Francillon " ; Raymond in " Le Monde ou Ton s'Ennui," &c. M. Truffier is also known as a poet, having published "Sons les Frises," 1879, and "La Statue," 1885. His comic opera, "Saute Marquis," was produced in 1883, and he has written a comedy, entitled " Le Papillon." He married Mdlle. Zoe Caroline Marie Mold, one of the chief singers at the Opera Comique. He is an officer of Public In- struction, and lives at 178 Rue de Rivoli. TRURO, Bishop of. See Gott, the Right Rev. John. TTJKE, Henry Scott, was born at York on June 12, 1858, and is the son of the late Dr. D. Hack Tuke. He studied art at the Slade School, in Italy, and for two years under Laurens in Paris. His earliest Royal Academy picture was ex- hibited in 1879, since which he has been a fairly constant exhibitor there, and at the New, Grosvenor, and some foreign galleries. He is well known for his sea-pieces, &c. His " All Hands to the Pumps" and "August Blue," exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1889 and 1894 respectively, have been purchased under the terms of the Chantrey Bequest, and, in the latter year, his " Sailors Playing Cards " obtained the first gold medal at Munich, and was bought by the Bavarian Government. His more recent Royal Academy pictures have been a portrait of Mrs. George Talbot, and "The Swimmers' Pool," 1895; "Beside Green Waters," 1897 ; a portrait of Miss Muriel Lubbock, and "An Idyll of the Sea," 1898; and " The Diver," 1899. Address : Lyndon Lodge, Hanwell, W. TUNIS, Bey of, Sidi Ali, was born in 1817, and succeeded his brother Bey Mohammed-es-Sadok in 1882. The very year of his accession the French estab- lished a Protectorate over Tunis, and reorganised the internal government of the country, under the direction of the Resident-General, M. Paul Cambon, the present French Ambassador in London (q.v.). TUPPER, The Hon. Sir Charles, Bart., G.C.M.G., C.B., M.D., L.R.C.S. Edin., was born at Amherst, N.S., July 2, 1821. He is LL.D. of Cambridge and Edin., and M.A. and D.C.L. of Acadia College, Nova Scotia. He is Governor of Dalhousie College, Halifax (appointed by Act of Parliament in 1862) ; was President of the Canadian Medical Association from its formation, 1867, until 1870, when he declined re-election. He was a Member of the Executive Council and Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia from 1857 to 1860, and from 1863 to June 30, 1867; and Prime Minister of that Province from 1864 until he retired from office with his Government, on the Union Act coming 1096 TUPPER — TURNER into force on July 1, 1867 ; he was a dele- gate on public business from the Nova Scotia Government, 1858 and 1865, and from the Dominion Government, March 1868 ; leader of the delegation from Nova Scotia to the Union Conference at Char- lottetown, 1864; to that in Quebec in the same year ; and to the final Colonial Con- ference in London to complete terms of Union in 1866-67 ; he holds patent of rank and precedence from her Majesty as an Executive Councillor of Nova Scotia ; was sworn as a Privy Councillor of Canada, June 1870, and was President of that body from that date until July 1, 1872, when he was appointed Minister of Inland Revenue, which office he held until Feb. 22, 1873, when appointed Minister of Customs. He resigned office with Sir John Macdonald in November 1873, and on the return of Sir John to power, was appointed Minister of Public Works in October 1878, and Mini- ster of Railways and Canals in 1879. He represented the county of Cumberland, Nova Scotia, in Parliament for thirty-two years, in the Nova Scotia Assembly from 1855 until the Confederation in 1867, and thence in the Commons of Canada to 1884, when he resigned his seat in Parlia- ment, and was appointed High Commis- sioner for Canada in London. He was appointed by the Dominion Government Executive Commissioner for Canada of the Antwerp Exhibition, 1885, and of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886, of which he was also appointed Royal Com- missioner by the Queen. He received, in 1886, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (Cambridge), and the same day had conferred on him the honorary freedom of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers of London. Just previous to the Federal elections of February 1887, he re-entered the Cabinet as Finance Minister, which position he retained until May 24, 1888, when he was re-appointed High Commis- sioner for the Dominion of Canada in London. Sir Charles was appointed one of her Majesty's Plenipotentiaries to the Fisheries Conference in Washington in 1887, the result of which Conference was the signature of a treaty on Feb. 15, 1888, subject to ratification, for the settlement of the matters in dispute between Canada and the United States in connection with the Atlantic Fisheries. Sir Charles car- ried a Bill through the Canadian Parlia- ment for the ratification of a Treaty, where it was passed in both Houses with- out division. He was created a Baronet under patent dated Sept. 13, 1888. In January 1896 he entered the Bowell Ad- ministration as Secretary of State and Leader of the House of Commons, and later in the year succeeded him as Prime Mini- ster of Canada. At the defeat of his party at the polls, June 23, 1896, he resigned office, and was elected leader of the Oppo- sition in the new Parliament in August. Address : Ottawa, Ontario, &c. TTJPPER, Hon. Sir Charles Hib- bert, K.C.M.G., LL.B., Q.C., M.P. (Cana- dian), Canadian jurist and statesman, was born at Amherst, N.S., Aug. 3, 1855, and was educated at Windsor Academy and at M'Gill University, where he won the Governor-General's Scholarship. He gradu- ated LL.B. at Harvard University in 1876 ; was called to the Bar of Nova Scotia in 1878, and to the Ontario Bar in 1895. In 1882 he was elected to the House of Com- mons for Pictou, and was re-elected in 1887 and in 1891. He entered Sir John Macdonald's Government, May 31, 1888, as Minister of Marine and Fisheries, and held that office under succeeding Governments until December 1894, and then became Minister of Justice and Attorney-General under Sir Mackenzie Bowell. In 1890 he was made a Q.C. , and was selected to assist the British Ambassador at Washing- ton in the discussion of regulations re- specting fur seals, and in June 1892 he was chosen to be her Majesty's Agent for Great Britain in the Behring Sea Arbitra- tion, which met at Paris, February 1893. His zeal and ability in the preparation of the case led to his appointment as K.C.M.G. In October 1897 he removed to British Columbia. TURKEY, Sultan of. Hamid II. See Abd-ul- TURNEE, The Right Rev. Charles Henry, D.D., Bishop of Islington, Suf- fragan Bishop in the diocese of Lon- don, and Rector of St. Andrew Under- shaft, is the eldest son of the late Thomas Turner, treasurer of Guy's Hospi- tal, and was born on Jan. 14, 1842. He was educated at Cholmeley's School, High- gate, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was a Scholar. In 1864 he was tenth Wrangler, and in 1868 was or- dained by the Bishop of Ely to the curacy of Godmanchester, Huntingdonshire. He was Resident Chaplain to the Bishop of London from 1873 to 1877, when he re- sumed parochial work as Vicar of St. Saviour's, Fitzroy Square. After five years in St. Pancras he succeeded the Rev. Harry Jones as Rector of St. George's-in- the-East, a position which he held for fifteen years and only recently resigned. He became a Prebendary of St. Paul's in 1895. In the same year he was appointed an honorary Chaplain to her Majesty, and was promoted to be a Chaplain-in-Ordinary in April 1898. He has taken an active part in connection with many religious TURNER — TURK 1097 and social organisations in London, and for the last fourteen years has served as Examining Chaplain under three Bishops of London. He was appointed Bishop of Islington, and Suffragan to the Bishop of London in April 1898. He is married to a daughter of the late Dr. M'Dougall, Bishop of Labuan, and subsequently Canon of Winchester and Archdeacon of the Isle of Wight. Addresses : Westfield, West Hill, Hampstead, N. ; and Athenaeum. TURNER, The Right Hon. Sir George, K.C.M.G., Premier and Treasurer of Victoria, was born at Melbourne, Aug. 8, 1851, and educated at the Central School. He practised as a Solicitor and Barrister, and was elected a member of the Victorian Parliament for St. Kilda in 1889. In 1891 he took office as Commis- sioner of Customs, and continued to hold this post while Mr. Shiels was reconstruct- ing the Munro ministry. He has been successively Solicitor - General, Commis- sioner of Trade and Customs, and Minister of Health. In 1894 he became the Leader of the Opposition, and the Patterson Government was overthrown on his motion. His party returned to power at the general election, and he became Premier on Sep- tember 27. He is well known as an organiser. He came to England with the other colonial Premiers for the Diamond Jubilee of 1897, when he was made a Privy Councillor, and an Honorary LL.D. of Cambridge University. He is a Member of the Australian National Federation Convention, and the successful issue of its labours early in 1899 has been greatly due to his enthusiastic advocacy of Federation. Address : Bovey-Carlisle Street, St. Kilda, Victoria. TURNER, Professor Sir William, M.B., LL.D., D.Sc, D.C.L., F.R.S. London and Edinburgh, F.E.C.S. London and Edinburgh, was born in Lancaster in 1832, and is the son of William and Margaret Turner. He received his medical educa- tion at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, where he obtained a Scholarship, and in 1853 he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. As a student he gained an Exhibition and Gold Medal at the University of London, and took his degree in Medicine in 1857. In 1854 he was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University of Edinburgh ; and in 1867, on the death of Professor John Goodsir, he became Professor of Anatomy. In addition, he is Honorary Professor of Anatomy to the Royal Scottish Academy. He has at various times held the following appointments : Examiner in Anatomy in the Universities of London, Oxford, and Durham ; Lecturer on Anatomy and Phy- siology in the Royal College of Surgeons of England ; Dean of the Faculty of Medi- cine in the University of Edinburgh, and President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. For many years he has represented the University of Edinburgh on the General Council of Medical Educa- tion, and is now the President, having been elected in the spring of 1898. In 1889 he was elected by the Senate of the University as one of their representatives on the University Court. He was made, in 1881, a Member of the Royal Commis- sion to inquire into the working of the Acts affecting the Medical Profession. He has written numerous articles on anatomy, both human and comparative, in the Trans- actions of various learned societies, in the Reports of H.M.S. Challenger, and in dif- ferent journals, more especially in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, of which he is one of the founders and editors. Some years ago he was awarded by the Royal Society of Edinburgh the Neill Medal for his contributions to Scot- tish Natural History. He is a member of many scientific societies, and has received the Honorary Membership of the Royal Irish Academy, the Anthropological Socie- ties of Berlin, Rome, and Paris, and the Royal Medico - Cbirurgical Society of London, the Royal Academy of Science of Berlin, the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, the Obstetrical Societies of London and Edinburgh. The Universities of Oxford, Glasgow, Dublin, Montreal, Trinity University, Toronto, and Durham have conferred on him honorary degrees, and he has been elected a member of the Athenaeum under the rule which admits those who have attained eminence in Science, Literature, the Arts, or Public Service. In 1886 he received the honour of Knighthood, and is D.L. of the City and County of Edinburgh. He joined the Volunteer force at its institution in 1859, and held for thirty years a commission in the Queen's Rifle Volunteer Brigade, Royal Scots, when he retired with the honorary rank of Lieut. -Colonel. In December 1898, on the occasion of the Jubilee of the St. Petersburg Academy of Medicine, he was appointed an Honorary Member of the Academy. He is married to Agnes, eldest daughter of Abraham Logan, of Burn- houses, Berwickshire. Addresses : 6 Eton Terrace, Edinburgh ; and Athenseum. TURR, Gen. Stephen, born at Baja, in Hungary, in 1825, became a lieutenant in the Austrian army in 1848. His regi- ment was stationed in Italy, and his rooted dislike of the House of Hapsburg inspired him with a strong sympathy for the Italian cause. The Revolutionary Government of Hungary having called 1098 TUSON upon all Hungarians serving under the Austrian flag in Italy to desert to the Piedmontese, he went over to the latter from Buffalora in January 1849, and was appointed Colonel of the Hungarian Legion in the Sardinian service. After the dis- aster of Novara, the greater part of the Hungarian Legion followed their Colonel into Baden, where a revolutionary move- ment had taken place, and throughout the struggle Colonel Tiirr commanded not only the remnant of his legion, but also three Baden battalions. After the insurrection had been put down, the Hungarians took refuge in Switzerland, and the Federal Government aided many of them to start for the United States ; but Colonel Tiirr, being too ill to go, lived for four years on a small pension granted to him by the Sardinian Government. On the outbreak of the Eussian war he vainly endeavoured to serve under Omar Pasha, but succeeded in taking part as a volunteer in several of the battles in the Crimea, especially in that of the Tchernaya, and received a commission from Colonel M'Murdo, the officer in command of the British trans- port service. While engaged in the per- formance of his duty, and in connection with this employment in the autumn of 1865, he was arrested at Bucharest by the Austrians as a deserter, and sent under escort to Cronstadt to be tried there. His illegal arrest caused great excitement throughout Europe, and was protested against by the British and French Govern- ments. After a long incarceration he was tried by court-martial, and sentenced to death ; which sentence was, however (owing to the urgent remonstrance of the British Government), commuted to per- petual banishment. In the Italian war in 1859 he was appointed a member of Gari- baldi's staff, with the rank of Colonel, and was always at the General's side during this campaign, until he was seriously wounded in the left arm at Brescia. In the spring of 1860, when Garibaldi planned his Sicilian expedition, Colonel Tun- again served under him in the capacity of aide- de-camp, and before Palermo was pro- moted to the rank of General of Division. The brilliant part be played in the War of Liberation was acknowledged by the Government of Victor Emmanuel, who promoted him to the rank of General of Division in the army of Italy in 1861, and confided to him the military command of the town and province of Naples. He is the author of " Arrestation, Proces, et Condamnation du General Tiirr," 1853 ; and also of "The House of Austria and Hungary," 1865. He married the Princess Adeline Wyse Bonaparte, a cousin of Napoleon III., Sept. 10, 1861, and took up his residence at Pallanza. Since his marriage he has made two journeys to Rou mania, with a view of creating diffi- culties for Austria in the East of Europe. These political journeys were, however, thought to be compromising to the Italian Government, and, accordingly, Colonel Tiirr resigned his commission in 1864. He returned to Hungary after the war of 1866. In 1870 he busied himself in trying to effect an alliance between France, Italy, and Austria. During the Russo-Turkish War he was violently hostile to Russia. In June 1886 he obtained, under the patron- age of the late Ferdinand de Lesseps, the concession for piercing a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth. The work was at first retarded by financial difficulties, but was finally accomplished in 1893. TTTSON, General Sir Henry Bras- nell, K.C.B., Deputy Adjutant-General, Royal Marines, son of the late Lieutenant James Tuson, R.N., was born in April 1836. He joined the Royal Marine Artillery as a Lieutenant in 1854, and was promoted Captain in November 1865, Major in Octo- ber 1877, and Colonel in November 1882. He served in China in 1858-60, and commanded a detachment on an ex- pedition against pirates, and was present at the capture and destruction of over one hundred junks ; he was also pre- sent at the attack on and capture of the Peiho Forts, and was mentioned in despatches. As a Major he had charge of the Royal Marine Artillery employed on special service in the Zulu War. He also commanded the battalion of the Royal Marine Artillery which did such good ser- vice throughout the campaign against Arabi Pasha. Colonel Tuson and his men were present at every action fought, rendering special service at the advance-guard affair at Tel-el-Mahuta, where they greatly helped the Horse Artillery against the Egyptian guns, and at the two fights at Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir. He was pro- moted Colonel for his services, and ap- pointed extra Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, and also received a C.B. and the Medjidieh of the 3rd class. Colonel Tuson com- manded the Royal Marine forces during the naval and military operations in the Eastern Soudan, and at the battles of El- Teb and Tamai. He took part in the advance on and relief of Tokar and the advance on Tamaniet. His services on these occasions were officially acknow- ledged by the Admiralty, and publicly notified at the headquarters of the four divisions of the Royal Marines. He was promoted Major-General in 1888. The Duke of Edinburgh, upon his accession to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, con- ferred upon General Tuson, with the per- mission of the Queen, the Saxe Ernestine TUTTIETT — TWEEDY 1099 Order of the first class. He also received a K.C.B. on the 24th May 1895. Lieut. - General Sir Henry Tuson married, in 1864, Ann Frances, a daughter of the late Major J. Bates. Address : 43 Neverin Square, S.W. TUTTIETT, M. G. ("Maxwell Gray"), was born at Newport, Isle of Wight, being the only daughter of FraDk Bampfylde Tuttiett, M.R.C.S., and Eliza, daughter of Thomas Gleed. She is the authoress of "The Silence of Dean Maitland," 1886; "The Reproach of Annesly," 1888 ; "In the Heart of the Storm," 1891 ; "West- minster Chimes, and other Poems," 1889 ; "An Innocent Impostor, and other Stories," 1892 ; " A Costly Freak," 1893 ; " The Last Sentence," 1892; "Lays of the Dragon-Slayer," 1894, a poem ; " Sweet- hearts and Friends," 1897 ; "Ribstone Pippins," and " The House of Hidden Treasure," 1898. She has also published essays in reviews and magazines, also poems and short stories in magazines, &c. Address : 2 Mount Ararat Road, Richmond, Surrey. TWAIN, Mark. Samuel Langhokne. See Clemens, TWEED DALE, Marquis of, William Montagu Hay, K.T., D.L., was born on Jan. 27, 1826, and is the third son of the 8th Marquis, whom he succeeded in 1878, and Susan, daughter of the 5th Duke of Manchester. He was educated at Haileybury, and entered the Bengal Civil Service, being appointed to be Deputy Commissioner of Simla and Superintend- ent of Hill States in Northern India. Returning home in 1862, he was subse- quently elected an M.P., and as Lord William Hay represented Taunton in the Liberal interest from 1865 to 1868, and the Haddington Burghs in 1878, when he succeeded to the title. He has been Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (1889- 1892 and 1896-97), and when Chairman of the North British Railway Company was one of the most successful and hard-worked of directors. He married, in 1878, Candida, daughter of Signor Vincenzo Bartolucci, of Cantiano, Rome. Addresses : 6 Hill Street, W. ; and Yester House, Hadding- tonshire. TWEEDIE, Mrs. Alec, author, is a daughter of the late Dr. George Harley, F.R.S., and widow of Alec Tweedie, grand- son of Dr. Tweedie, F.R.S. She was edu- cated at Queen's College, Harley Street, London, and in Germany. Her writings include : "A Girl's Ride in Iceland," 1890 (3rd edit. 1895); "The Oberammergau Passion Play," 1890 ; " A Winter Jaunt to Norway," 1894 (2nd edit. 1895); "Wil- ton, Q.C.," a story, and "Danish versus English Butter-Making," 1895 ; "Through Finland in Carts," 1897 ; and " The First College for Women," being an account of Queen's College, Harley Street, London, 1898, and a memoir of her father, 1899. Mrs. Alec Tweedie's name is well known to readers of magazines and the daily journals. Address : 30 York Ter- race, N.W. TWEEDMOTJTH, Lord, The Bight Hon. Edward Marjoribanks, D.L., J.P., born in London, July 8, 1849, is the eldest son of the late Lord Tweed- mouth. He was educated at Harrow, and at Christ Church, Oxford, which he left without taking a degree. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1874. In 1880 he was elected member for Berwick- shire in the Liberal interest, and in 1883 moved the Address in answer to the speech from the Throne. In February 1886 he was appointed Comptroller of her Majesty's Household, second whip to the Liberal party, and sworn a Privy Councillor. In 1883-84 he served as Chairman of the Select Committee on Harbour Accommoda- tion, and was a member of the Royal Commission on Trawling. He was again returned for Berwickshire in 1886 and in 1892. In August of the latter year he was appointed Patronage Secretary and Chief Liberal Whip. In March 1894, shortly after the retirement of Mr. Gladstone from office, he succeeded to his father, the first Lord Tweedmouth, who died at that time. In March 1894 he was appointed Lord Privy Seal, and in May Chancellor of the Duchy. He is regarded as one of the mainstays of his party, has always been a staunch supporter of the Eighty Club, and was supposed to be peculiarly in the confidence both of Mr. Gladstone (whose intimate friend he was) and of Lord Rosebery. He was elected an Alder- man (Progressive) of the London County Council in March 1898. He married, in 1873, Fanny Spencer Churchill, third daughter of the 7th Duke of Marlborough. Addresses : Brook House, Park Lane, W. ; and Halton Hall, Berwick-on-Tweed, &c. TWEEDY, John, F.R.C.S., received his medical education at University College, London, where he was at one time Assistant Medical Officer of the Skin Department, and is now Professor of Ophthalmic Medi- cine, Surgeon, and Ophthalmic Surgeon. He is Surgeon to the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital, Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, and Medical Soc. of London, besides being Member of Council of the Roy. Coll. of Surgeons, Eng., and one 1100 TWINING — TYNAN of the Vice-Presidents for 1899-1900. He has written largely on the Eye in Heath's " Dictionary of Practical Surgery," Quain's " Dictionary of Medicine," the Transactions of the Ophthalmic Society, &c. Address : 100 Harley Street, W. TWINING, Louisa, was born in London, Nov. 10, 1820, and is the daughter of Richard Twining. She was educated at home, and by attending Lectures at the Royal Institution, Queen's College, Harley Street, and elsewhere. She acted as Guardian of the Poor at Kensington from 1884 to 1890, and of the Tonbridge Union from 1893 to 1896. Miss Louisa Twining has been engaged in Poor-Law Administration during more than forty years. In 1858 she founded the Work- house Visiting Society, for the purpose of looking after the poor, especially the incurably sick, in workhouses. The Society consisted of ladies, and these aimed, as their prospectus set forth, at the moral and spiritual benefit of inmates, but their labours naturally led to the whole question of pauperism coming before the notice of Parliament and of the nation. In 1858 she wrote an important letter to the Times, which has throughout seconded her in her labours, on workhouse nurses, their habits of intemperance, &c. In 1861, whenj a Select Committee on Poor - Law Relief had been appointed, she gave important evidence about the work of her society before the Committee. Four years after- wards, in 1865, the Lancet, in obedience, as it stated, to the best traditions of the medical profession, who had played their part for years in establishing kindlier relations between rich and poor, started its Sanitary Commission for Investigating the State of the Infirmaries of Work- houses. The work of this Commission is well known, and was doubtless originally suggested by the labours of Miss Twining. Among books published by the subject of our memoir may be mentioned : " Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art," illustrated, 1st edit., 1852 ; 2nd edit., 1884; "Types and Figures of the Bible," illustrated, 1855 ; and many writings on the subject of workhouses, including "A Paper on the Condition of Workhouses," read before the Social Science Congress at Birmingham, 1857 ; " Letter to the President of the Poor-Law Board," "Morning and Evening Prayers for Workhouses," "Readings for Visitors to Workhouses and Hospitals," "Metro- politan Workhouses and their Inmates," " Workhouses and Women's Work," " Re- collections of Workhouse Visiting and Management during twenty-five years," 1880; "Poor-Law Relief in Foreign Countries and Outdoor Relief in Eng- land," 1884 ; " Workhouses and Pauper- ism," 1898. Address ; Rochester. TYLOR, Professor Edward Bur- nett, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., J.P., was born at Camberwell, Oct. 2, 1832, and educated at the School of the Society of Friends, Grove House, Tottenham. His work has been specially devoted to the study of the races of mankind, their his- tory, languages, and civilisation. At a time when anthropology was far from having attained to the consideration it now receives, and was not held to be a subject for instruction, he had the good fortune of accompanying his friend, Mr. Henry Christy, on a journey in Mexico in 1856, the archaeological objects collected during which now form part of the Christy Collection in the Ethnological Department of the British Museum. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1871, received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of St. Andrews in 1873, and of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford in 1875. In 1883 he was appointed Keeper of, the Oxford University Museum and Reader in Anthropology, of which subject he became in 1896 the first Pro- fessor. In 1888 he was elected the first Gifford Lecturer by the University of Aber- deen, delivering a two-years' course on "Natural Religion," the results embodied in which still await completion and pub- lication. Dr. Tylor has been President of the Anthropological Institute in 1879- 80 and 1891-92. He is the author of " Anahuac, or Mexico and the Mexicans," 1861; "Researches into the History of Mankind," 1865 ; and " Primitive Culture : Researches into the Development of Myth- ology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Cus- tom," 2 vols., 1871 (3rd edit, 1891). A more recent work is an educational hand- book of the Science of Man, "Anthropo- logy : an introduction to the Study of Man and Civilisation," 1881. He married, in 1858, Anna, daughter of the late Sylvanus Fox, of Wellington, Somerset. Addresses : Museum House, Oxford ; and Athenaeum. TYNAN, Katharine (Mrs. Kath- arine Tynan Hinkson), was born in Dublin in the earlier sixties, but lived nearly all her life till her marriage at Whitehall, Clasdalkin, co. Dublin, where her father, Mr. Andrew C. Tynan, farms his own land. She went to school to the Dominican Convent of St. Catherine of Sienna, Drogheda, but left at an early age, and educated herself by miscellaneous reading, and a free country life in the shadow of the mountains. Her father was her first critic. She began writing to please him, published verse in Young TZE-HSI — UDNY 1101 Ireland, a Dublin paper, the Graphic, and the Irish Monthly under the editorship of Father Maithew Russell, brother of the Lord Chief-Justice of England. To the discrimination of Father Russell she owes her successful entry on literature. She published her first volume of verse, "Louise de La Valliere," with Kegan Paul & Co. in 1885 ; " Shamrocks," two years later; "Ballads and Lyrics," in 1892. In 1887 she began to write prose for the Providence Sunday Journal, and soon after for the Speaker and National Observer. In 1893 she married Mr. H. A. Hinkson, of Dublin University, and came to live in London. The succeeding spring Mr. Lane published her "Cuckoo Songs," and Messrs. Lawrence & Bullen her "Cluster of Nuts," a volume of Irish stories. Since that time she has contributed to most of the magazines, reviews, and newspapers of a literary kind. To the Pall Mall Gazette she contributes much prose and verse in these latter days. In 1895 she published "Miracle Plays," with Mr. Lane; "An Isle in the Water," with Messrs. Black ; and "The Way of a Maid," with Messrs. Lawrence & Bullen. In 1896, " Oh, what a Plague is Love ! " with Messrs. A. & C. Black, and "A Lover's Breast-Knot," with Mr. Elkin Mathews. Her two most recent volumes are " The Handsome Brandons " and "The Wind in the Trees" (poems), 1898. She reviews much and writes many miscellaneous articles. Address: 107 Blen- heim Crescent, Notting Hill, W. TZE-HSI ("Tze," or "Tsze," signify- ing paternal love, or the love of a superior for an inferior), Dowager- Empress of China, the maternal aunt of Kwang-Hsu (q.v.), was a child of poor parents, who lived in the suburbs of Canton. At an early age, following a common practice in China, she was sold as a slave by her parents on account of their poverty. She became the property of a famous general, who, enchanted with her great beauty, adopted her, and offered her as a present to the reigning Emperor, Hsien-Eeng. She so charmed the " Son of Heaven" by her looks and intelligence, that he made her his secondary wife, and on her bearing him a son, the future Emperor Tung Chih, raised her to the first rank. On his death she became the Regent of the Empire, administering the national affairs for fifteen years, with more vigour than any of her predecessors. According to rumour she has been the cause of the death of the present Emperor's mother, her own sister, the Marquis Tseng, and Prince Chun, and many others who have stood in her way. But this has been denied by Dr. Dudgeon. During the minority of Kwang Hsu she reigned until 1889. In September 1898 she virtually deposed Kwang Hsu because of his desires for reform ; she reinstated her ancient ally and adviser, Li Hung Chang (q.v.), and reintroduced the time-honoured celestial re'gime. She has lately received the ladies of the diplomatic body in Pekin in an affable manner, an act probably without precedent in the imperial annals, and is now (1899) again permitting the Emperor to issue rescripts. u UDNY, Sir Richard, K.C.S.I., late Commissioner of the Peshawar Division, Punjab, was born in 1847, and is the eldest son of the late George Udny, H.E.I.C.S., Sub-Treasurer of the Bank of Bengal, and pursuer in the famous real property case of Udny v. Udny, and Anne Lydia, second daughter of the late Samuel Tomkins, banker, of Lombard Street. He was edu- cated at schools at St. Andrews, and at Aberdeen University, where he took the M.A. degree in 1866, after obtaining first class honours in Mathematics and a second class in Classics. In 1867 he obtained the Fullerton Mathematical Scholarship at Aberdeen, and subsequently spent a term or two at Cambridge. He entered the Bengal Civil Service in 1869, and has served as political officer with the Jawaki Expedition, 1877-78 ; the Mahsud Wazir Expedition, 1881 ; the Samana (Miranzai), 1891, and Isazai or Black Mountain Ex- pedition in 1892, for which he obtained a medal and two clasps. He was appointed on a special mission to the Kurram Valley in 1888, and was Commissioner for the delimitation of sections of the Indo- Afghan Boundary in 1894-95 and 1896-97. From 1891 to 1898 he was Commissioner of the Peshawar Division. His position here has been most responsible. He has been thrown into constant in- tercourse with wild tribes, members of which have not infrequently shot at him as he has ridden among their mountains. His tact, and his extreme versatility as a linguist, however, have endeared him to the frontier tribesmen, and their revolt in the recent war cannot be laid at Sir Richard's door. He has been repeatedly and violently assailed by a section of the Indian press for allowing weapons to fall into the hands of the enemy, and for refusing help, as he had advisedly refused it before, at a moment when the Khyber was threatened by the tribesmen. But from the vexatious charges of party journalists he was triumphantly cleared by Lord Lansdowne, in his great speech on the Indian Frontier Question, delivered in Parliament at the close of the 1102 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA — VAMBERY campaign. Sir Richard Udny was with General Lockhart during the greater part of the war, and was the spokesman of the English Government at a durbar where the rebel chiefs assembled to hear the conditions of peace propounded to them in Pushtu. He was honoured by his old University with the degree of LL. D. in August 1898. He retired in 1898. He is married to Alicia, daughter of the late Samuel Tomkins, jun., banker, of Lombard Street. Address: East Indian United Ser- vice Club, 16 St. James's Square, S.W. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, President of. SeeM'KiNLEY, The Hon. William. UNWIN, Professor William Caw- thorne, B.Sc, F.R.S., M.I.C.E., Hon. M.I.M.E., was born at Coggeshall, in Essex, in 1838, and is the son of William Jordan Unwin, LL.D., for many years Principal of Homerton College. He was educated at the City of London School, and was apprenticed in the works of Sir William Fairbairn at Manchester, 1855 to 1862. Professor Unwin was Instructor at the Royal School of Naval Architecture, South Kensington, 1868-72 ; Professor of Mechanical and Hydraulic Engineering, Royal Indian EngineeringCollege, Cooper's Hill, 1872-84 ; and since that time has been Professor of Engineering, Central Institu- tion of the City and Guilds Institute at South Kensington. He is the author of "Wrought-Iron Bridges and Roofs," 1869 ; " The Elements of Machine Design," 1877 (11th edit., 1890-91); "The Testing of Materials of Construction," 1888 ; and of various papers in the Proceedings of Societies. In 1893 he delivered the Howard lectures on the " Development and Transmission of Power from Central Stations." In 1895 he delivered the Forrest lecture on " The Experimental Study of Steam-Engines," and in 1896 the Watt Lecture on the life of Hirn. He was Secre- tary of the International Commission on the Utilisation of Niagara. Address : 7 Palace Gate Mansions, Kensington. UZES, Duchesse d', Marie Adrierme Anne Clementine de Rochechouart- Mortemart, was born in Paris in 1848, and in 1867 married the Due d'Uzes, who died in 1878. Her husband was a great supporter of Legitimist principles, and his widow continued his policy, putting her immense fortune at the service of the monarchical party. She came greatly into notice during the Boulangist agitation, 1888-90, by spending vast sums of money in the electoral campaigns. She was re- ported to have given three millions of francs to aid a coup d'itat, which was to be brought about by General Boulanger in favour of the Comte de Paris. The Duchesse is also known as a successful sculptor, having several times exhibited at the Salon. Her huge monument to Emile Augier, for the town of Valence, could not be got into the Palais de l'ln- dustrie, and was exhibited outside, in 1895. Her eldest son died while exploring the Congo in 1893, and she published, in 1894, " Le Voyage de mon Fils au Congo." Her Paris address is : 76 Avenue des Champs Elyse"es. VAMBERY, Professor Arminius, born at Duna-Szerdahely, Hungary, in 1832, of very poor parents, was at an early age obliged to leave the shelter of the paternal roof and seek his own livelihood. He studied in the Latin school of Press- burg, and devoted his leisure hours to the study of foreign languages. In order to complete his knowledge of Oriental lan- guages he went to the East ; and, taking up his residence in Constantinople, visited many parts of the East, and travelled in the disguise of a dervish, by routes un- known to Europeans, through the deserts of the Oxus to Khiva, and thence by Bokhara to Samarcand, in 1861-64. His " Travels and Adventures in Central Asia " appeared in London in 1864. He has been appointed Professor of Oriental Languages at the University of Pesth. From that town he has for many years written fre- quent letters to the Times and other English papers, warning England against the designs of Russia. He has more than once visited England on a lecturing tour ; the last occasion being in 1885, when he was in London at the same time as M. Lessar, whose diplomacy he endeavoured to counteract. His more recent works are " Djagatai Language," and an account of his " Wanderings and Adventures in Persia," 1867 : " Sketches of Central Asia," 1868 ; " Uigur Linguistical Monu- ment," 1870 ; " History of Bokhara, from the Earliest Period down to the Present," 1873 ; " Central Asia and the Anglo- Russian Frontier Question," 1874 ; " Ma- hommedanism in the Nineteenth Century," 1875 ; " Sketches of Manners and Cos- tumes in Oriental Countries," 1876 ; " Etymological Dictionary of the Turco- Tartar Languages," 1878 ; " Primitive Civilisation of the Turco-Tartar Peoples," 1879; " Sheibaniname," and " The Coming Struggle for India," 1885. An interesting account of his "Life and Adventures," written by himself, with a dedication to VANBKUGH— VAN DYKE 1103 the boys of England, was published in English in 1889. Since that date he has published " The Story of Hungary," 1877, besides many essays in English, German, and Hungarian, and has written an intro- duction to the " Voyages and Adventures of Ferdinand Mendez Pinto," in the Ad- venture Series, 1891. Address : The Uni- versity, Pesth. VANBRUGH, Irene, was born at Heavitree, in Devon, and is the youngest daughter of the Rev. Preb. R. H. Barnes. She was educated first at the High School in Exeter, and then at a finishing school in Paris. After a season with Miss Sarah Thorne, she joined Mr. Toole's company in September 1889, and played the leads in his repertory in London, in the pro- vinces, and in Australia. After the com- pany returned to town, Miss Irene Van- brugh played both in Mr. J. M. Barrie's skit, entitled "Ibsen's Ghost," and in his " Walker, London," which ran for eighteen months. In September 1893 she went to the Haymarket for "The Tempter," "Six Persons," &c. ; and leaving Mr. Tree in February 1894, went to the St. James's for "The Masqueraders." This was fol- lowed by "The Importance of Being Earnest," by "Guy Domville," and by re- vivals. When her brother-in-law, Mr. Arthur Bourchier, in September 1895, undertook the management of the Royalty Theatre, Miss Irene Vanbrugh joined his company to its great advantage, for it was there she played in "Kitty Clive" and "The Liars," as well as in "The Chili Widow." After touring with Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Bourchier in America, she went to the Criterion to create the part of Lady Rosamond in "The Liars." Jan. 6, 1898, saw the first night of Miss Irene Vanbrugh's appearance in the title-role of "Trelawney of the Wells" at the Court Theatre. Permanent address : 190 Earl's Court Road, S.W. VANBRUGH, Violet (Mrs. Arthur Bourchier), was born at St. Mary Church, Torquay, Devon, and is the eldest daugh- ter of the Rev. Preb. Reginald H. Barnes. After a season with Miss Sarah Thorne, she joined Mr. Toole's London •company, and as Lady Anne Babbicombe in "The Butler" made an instant success. When Mr. and Mrs. Kendal opened at the Court, Miss Vanbrugh went to them for "The Weaker Sex," and stayed with them both for their London work and for two of their American tours, playing through- out secondary parts to Mrs. Kendal. In 1892 "Henry VIII." was produced at the Lyceum. Miss Vanbrugh added greatly to its success by the charming fashion in which she represented Anne Boleyn. After much good work at Daly's she was married to Mr. Arthur Bourchier on Dec. 9, 1895, and a few months later the young couple started in management on their own account at the Royalty Theatre, where they produced " The Chili Widow " and " The Queen's Proctor." These two plays they took to America in November 1896, and upon their return they played a short season at the Strand. In May 1898 Miss Vanbrugh created the title-role in George Bancroft's play " Teresa," and subsequently played in Mrs. Craigie's "Ambassador" at the St. James's. Permanent address : 190 Earl's Court Road, S.W. VANDAM, Albert Dresden, the "Englishman in Paris," author and jour- nalist, was born in London on March 1843, and is the eldest son of Mark Vandam, District Commissioner for the Dutch State Lotteries. He received a private educa- tion in Paris, and in 1866, during the war between Prussia and Austria, began his career as a publicist. During the war of 1870 he was correspondent to American papers. After the war he settled in London, and during ten years published "Amours of Great Men," "An Every- day Heroine," an adaptation, &c. In 1882 he became the Globe correspondent in Paris, which he left in 1887, finally settling in London, and only leaving it on special journalistic missions to France, Germany, &c. The book with which he achieved fame was his "Englishman in Paris," published in 1892, and followed in 1894 by "My Paris Note-Book." Both these works display a penetrating know- ledge of French affairs under the Second Empire and in the early days of the Re- public. Among his other works we, may mention : " The Story of the Coup d'Etat," 1884; "Behind the Scenes of the Co- me"die Fran^aise," 1889 (both translations) ; "Undercurrents of the Second Empire," 1896, ter at the City of London School from 1864 to 1872, when he was appointed to his present post. He was ordained Priest in 1867, was Curate of St. Andrew Undershaft from 1868 to 1872, and was appointed Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Worcester in 1896. Ad- dresses : King Edward's School, Birming- ham ; and Athenaeum. VASILI, Count Paul. See Adam, Mmb. Edmond. VAUGHAN, His Eminence Her- bert, Cardinal, D.D., late Roman Catholic Bishop of Salford, and now Eoman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, eldest son of the late Lieut.-Colonel Vaughan of Court- field, Herefordshire, and his wife Eliza Rous, born at Gloucester, April 15, 1832, received his education at Stonyhurst Col- lege, Lancashire, on the Continent, and in Rome, where he entered the Accademia dei nobili Ecclesiastici. He was ordained a priest at Lucca, Oct. 28, 1854, and, re- turning to England, joined the Oblates of St. Charles, a congregation of secular priests founded at Bayswater by the late Cardinal Manning. From the Oblates he was sent to St. Edmund's College, near Ware, of which he was Vice-President until 1862. He went in 1863 to America in order to gather funds for founding a Missionary College. In 1869 he founded, and is still President-General of, St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary College, Mill Hill, Middlesex, and towards the close of the year 1871 accompanied to Maryland the first detachment of priests who were sent from that institution on a special mission to the coloured population of the United States. On the death of Bishop Turner he was elected Bishop of Salford, and consecrated in his cathedral by the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, Oct. 28, 1872. At Salford he published a series of pastoral letters, and has since identified himself prominently with the crusade against intemperance, with rescue work among children, and the cause of com- mercial education, in the interests of which he built St. Bede's College. On March 29, 1892, he was elected by the Pope, and on the recommendation of the Propaganda, to the See of Westminster, left vacant by the death of Cardinal Manning. On May 12 he took possession of his See and received the pallium on August 16. He was summoned to Rome in January 1893 to be created a Cardinal, and was received with great distinction during his stay. Cardinal Vaughan, who has acquired a considerable reputation as a preacher, has published many letters and pamphlets, and is the proprietor of the Tablet newspaper and of the Dublin Review. A speech of his, in which he dwelt upon the validity of Anglican Orders, led to a long controversy in the Times and other papers during the autumn of 1894. In September 1897, on the occasion of the Roman Catholic celebra- tion of the 13th centenary of the landing of St. Augustine and his monks at Ebbs- fleet, Cardinal Vaughan delivered an im- portant address at the Granville Hall, Ramsgate, which may be regarded as a Roman reply to the Lambeth Conference of that year. In this address the Cardinal reviewed the growth of Christianity in England and the present position of Anglicans and Romans in this country. He adverted especially to the proposition agreed to by the then recent Lambeth Conference, emphasizing "the Divine pur- pose of visible unity amongst Christians as a fact of revelation." Prior Vaughan, the Cardinal's brother, died in Septem- ber 1896. Address: Archbishop's House, Westminster. VAUGHAN, Sir James, B.A., is the son of the late Richard Vaughan, of Cardiff, and was born on March 14, 1814. He was edu- cated privately, and at Worcester College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1839, acted as chief of the Commission of Inquiry into Corrupt Practices at Glou- cester in 1857, and at Berwick-on-Tweed in 1859. He was appointed Police Magis- trate at Bow Street Court in 1864, and served with distinction until his retirement in July 1899. During his long tenure of office he has presided over many causes cilebres, among them being the De Tour- ville extradition case, the Trafalgar Square riots, and the Liberator case. He married, in 1854, Joanna, daughter of the late R. Smethurst, of Chorley. Address : 124 Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, W. VELEY, Victor Herbert, M.A. Oxon., F.R.S., was born at Chelmsford on Feb. 10, 1856, and is the son of Frederick Thomas and Louisa Veley, descended from the family of Develay of Yverdon, Switzer- land. He was educated at Rugby School, where he was Natural Science Exhibitioner 4A 1106 VENN — VERDI in 1875, and at University College, Oxford. Here he. obtained a first class in the Honour School of Natural Science (1878), and was Public Examiner in the same school in 1887-90. He was appointed Demonstrator and Lecturer at the Uni- versity Museum, Oxford, in 1887, Lecturer of Queen's College in 1891, and Tutor to the Delegacy of the Non-Collegiate Students in 1890. He has published numerous memoirs on theoretical, physical, and applied chemistry in the Philosophical Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society, the Journals of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Philosophical Magazine. The most important are the following : " The Rate of Decomposition of Ammonium Nitrate," Jour. Chem. Soc, 1883; "Some Sulphur Compounds of Calcium," Jour. Chem. Soc, 1885; "The Lime Process for Purifica- tion of Coal Gas," Jour. Soc. Chem.. Indust, 1885; "The Conditions of Evolution of Gases from Homogeneous Liquids," Phil. Trans., 1888 ; "The Conditions of Chemical Change between Nitric Acid and Metals," Phil. Trans., 1891 ; " The Variations of Electromotive Force of Cells consisting of certain Metals and Nitric Acid" (with G. J. Burch), Phil. Trans., 1891; "The Inertness of Quicklime," Jour. Chem. Soc, 1893-94; and "The Phases and Conditions of Chemical Change," Phil. Mag., 1894. He is joint-translator of the "Handbook of the Polariscope." Address: 22 Norham Road, Oxford. VENN, John, Sc.D., F.R.S., is the eldest son of the late Rev. Henry Venn, Prebendary of St. Paul's, who was for many years Hon. Sec. of the Church Mis- sionary Society. He was born at Hull, Aug. 4, 1834, and was educated at the Grammar School, Highgate, the Islington Proprietary School, and afterwards at Caius College, Cambridge, where he gra- duated in 1857, and obtained a Fellow- ship in the same year. He took orders in 1858, and for some years held curacies at Cheshunt, Herts, and Mortlake, Surrey ; but later (in 1883) he abandoned the clerical calling. Since 1862 he has resided mostly at Cambridge, being Lecturer in Moral Sciences at Caius College, and fre- quently an Examiner in the same subjects in the university. In 1869 he held the office of Hulsean Lecturer. In 1883 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He is the author of "Logic of Chance," 1866, 1876,1888; "Symbolic Logic," 1880 (2nd edit., 1894) ; " Empirical Logic," 1889 ; and various papers in scientific and other periodicals. In 1891 he edited for the Cam- bridge Antiquarian Society the Register of Baptisms, &c., in St. Michael's Parish Church, Cambridge, between the years 1588-1837. He married, June 21, 1867, Susanna Carnegie, eldest daughter of the Rev. C. W. Edmonstone, M.A. Address : 3 St. Peter's Terrace, Cambridge. VENOSTA, Marquis Visconti, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, was born in January 1829, and having adopted a diplomatic career early in life, he was Minister for Foreign Affairs when the Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, and Italian unity was completed. In 1876 he fell, and during the premierships of Depretis, Cairoli, and Crispi he was entirely forgotten. However, in 1894 Signor Giolitti (q.v.) appointed him Italian arbitrator in the Behring Sea question. In 1896, after Caetani Sermoneta had resigned in consequence of the indiscre- tions in the Green Book on Abyssinia, Venosta returned to the Foreign Office, exactly twenty years after he had left it. He resigned in May 1898 owing to dif- ferences of opinion with Signor Zanardelli. On the new Cabinet of General de Pelloux being formed in May 1899 he returned to his old post, succeeding Admiral Canevaro. His long experience of foreign affairs and his great moderation combine to give him greater prestige than that possessed by any other Foreign Minister in Italy. VERBEEK, Reinier Dirk M., mining engineer, was born at Maarsen, Holland, Sept. 5, 1841, studied at the University of Liege, Belgium, and at the Mining Academies of Clausthal, Hanover, and Freiberg, Saxony, whence he received his degree of Mining Engineer in 1864. He is the author of several papers on the mining laws of the Netherlands, and on the mineral wealth of the Indian Archipelago, and was the first to draw public attention to the occurrence of gold in workable quantities in the Isles of Sumatra and Borneo. For many years he has resided in the Dutch East Indies, and in 1875 became Superintendent of the Geological Survey of Sumatra, and as such has pub- lished important maps and memoirs. When the Krakatao eruption occurred he was naturally selected by the Government as head of the commission appointed to examine and report upon the geological and other phenomena of that great con- vulsion ; the report, and splendid atlases of maps, sections, and drawings which he subsequently issued, are permanent proofs of his energy and ability. M. Verbeek is Ingenieur-en-chef des Mines, and Chevalier du Lion Neerlandais. VERDI, Giuseppe, composer, springs from very humble parentage, his father being a peasant, in the little hamlet of Roncole, near Busseto, where Giuseppe VERESTCHAGIN 1107 was born, Oct. 9, 1814. He early showed a passionate love for music, and his first musical education was obtained from one Baistrocchi, organist of the little church at Roncole, a position to which Verdi him- self succeeded when only ten years old. An enthusiastic musical amateur, M. Barezzi, recognising the boy's'genius, gave Verdi an appointment in his business house, and offered him every opportunity of following his natural bent. Verdi studied in Busseto under Ferdinando Pro- vesi, the cathedral organist, until he was sixteen, when he gained a Scholarship at Milan, where he studied for some time, returning to Busseto in 1833, on the death of Provesi. Verdi was unsuccessful in his candidature for the post of cathedral organist rendered vacant by the decease of Provesi, but he stayed at Busseto for five years, and there published his first opera, " Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio," which was produced by the impresario, Merelli, in 1810, at La Scala Theatre, Milan. This was followed by the comic opera, "Un Giorno di Regno," '-'Nabucco," and "I Lombardi," the last of which gained a wonderful popularity . and laid the first foundation of his fame. It is curious to note that Verdi, while at Milan, was refused admittance to the Conservatoire by an old professor (Basily) on the ground that " you have no aptitude for music." His best- known operas are "Nabucodonosor," "Ernani" (founded on Victor Hugo's tragedy, and produced in 1884 at the Fenice Theatre, Venice); the "Due Foscari," "Attila," "Macbeth," the "Masnadieri" (founded on the "Bobbers" of Schiller), "Louisa Miller," "Rigoletto," the "Trova- tore," "La Traviata," " Un Ballo in Mas- chera" (performed in London in 1861), and "Don Carlos" (performed at the Royal Italian Opera, Covent Garden, in 1867). The "Masnadieri," written for her Majesty's Theatre, and produced in 1847, with Jenny Lind as heroine, proved a failure in London, though it has since been successful in Italy. The " Trovatore " and "La Traviata " have had great success, not only in Italy, but in Germany, France, and England. Signor Verdi's more recent operas are "Giovanno d'Arco," in 1868; "La Forza del Destino," in 1869; and "A'ida," performed at the Scala, Milan, in 1872. His celebrated "Requiem Mass," composed in honour of his great country- man Manzoni, was first performed in the church of San Marco at Milan, May 23, 1874. He was elected a member of the Italian Parliament in 1861, and in 1871 he went to Florence in order to assume the post offered him by the Italian Minister of Public Instruction, for the improvement and reorganisation of the Italian Musical Institute. M. Verdi, who is a member of the Legion of Honour, was elected corre- sponding member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts, Dec. 10, 1859 ; was made Grand Cross of the Russian Order of St. Stanislaus in 1862 ; Foreign Associate of the Academic des Beaux-Arts, June 15, 1864 ; and Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy in 1872, in which year the Viceroy of Egypt conferred on him the Order of Osmanieh. King Victor Em- manuel, by decree dated Nov. 22, 1874, created Signor Verdi an Italian Senator. In May 1875 he was nominated a Com- mander of the Legion of Honour, and the Italian Minister at Paris was charged to present him with the insignia of the order, accompanied by a flattering letter from the Due Decazes. In the same year he was decorated with the Cross of Commander and Star of the Austrian Order of Franz- Joseph. Signor Verdi completed, in 1878, a new opera in five acts, entitled "Monte- zuma," which was given for the first time at La Scala, Milan. This was followed in 1886 by "Otello," which was reproduced at the Lyceum in London, in 1889. In 1893, "Falstaff," a new opera, was pro- duced at Milan, and received with great enthusiasm. At its reproduction in Paris in 1894 Verdi himself was present. On his return from Paris to his native country, in April 18S0, he received the Order of the Crown of Italy. Verdi is carrying to com- pletion a great scheme of his own for provid- ing a Home of Rest for old Italian artists of all classes. The building, which is situ- ated outside the Gate Magenta, at Milan, was designed by Signor Camille Boilo, a brother of Arigo, the librettist of "Otello" and "Falstaff," and is estimated to cost £16,000. The Home will provide shelter for 100 inmates — 60 men and 40 women — but the present arrangement is that the Casa di Riposo, as it is to be named, will not be opened until Verdi's death, although the Home will be ready for occupation shortly. The civilised world hopes that the master will long be spared to it, and his recovery from a most serious illness in 1897 gives renewed hope. In May 1898 Maestro Verdi received from the Philharmonic Choral Society of Berlin a magnificent palette of flowers, decorated with ribbons of the German and Italian colours. The affectionate inscription ran : " To the ever- young and incomparably great master, in sign of admiration and homage — The Philharmonic Choral Society of Berlin, May 1898." Address : Genoa. VERESTCHAGIN, Vassili, Russian painter, was born at Tcherepovets, in Nov- gorod, Oct. 26, 1842. He entered the navy in 1859, but soon gave it up to enter the Academy of Fine Arts at St. Petersburg. In 1831 he obtained a silver medal with 1108 VERNE — VERTUE bis "Lovers of Penelope slain by Ulysses," which he afterwards destroyed as being too classical. He then went to Paris and studied under Gerome, and in 1866 exhi- bited " Douchobortski siDging the Psalms" at the Salon. He took part in General Kauffmann's Central Asian Expedition in 1867, went to India in 1874, and fought and sketched throughout the Eusso-Turkish war of 1878. His pictures of the Turkistan campaign were acquired by the Moscow Museum, and in 1880 he exhibited a large number of his war pictures in Paris, and seven years later in London. In 1885 his exceedingly realistic pictures from the New Testament were removed from the Kunst- lerhaus in Vienna by order of the Arch- bishop. He published his " Autobio- graphical Sketches" in 1887. His great aim in his work is to paint war as he actually sees it. He revisited London in 1898, when he was exhibiting a series of pictures on Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812. VERNE, Jules, a popular French writer, born at Nantes, Feb. 8, 1828, was educated in his native town, and after- wards studied law in Paris. Turning his attention to dramatic literature, he wrote a comedy in verse entitled " Les Pailles Bompues," which was performed at the Gymnase in 1850. This was followed by "Onze Jours de Siege," a three-act comedy, brought out at the Vaudeville, and ' ' L'Oncle d' Amenque, " and by several comic operas. But his fame rests chiefly on his scientific romances, the first of which appeared in 1863, under the title of " Cinq Semaines en Ballon." Its suc- cess led the author to produce many similar works, now numbering nearly sixty, of which the following have been translated into English and other lan- guages, even into Japanese and Arabic : " Five Weeks in a Balloon : a Voyage of Exploration and Discovery in Central Africa," 1870 (2nd edit., 1874); "A Journey to the Centre of the Earth," 1872; "Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea," 1873 ; "Meridiano : the Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa," 1873; "From the Earth to the Moon Direct in Ninety -Seven Hours Twenty Minutes ; and a Trip Round It," 1873 ; " The Fur Country ; or, Seventy Degrees North Latitude," 1874 ; " Around the World in Eighty Days," 1874; "A Floating City, and the Blockade Runners," "The English at the North Pole," "Dr. Ox's Experiment," 1874; "Adventures of Captain Hatteras," "The Mysterious Island," "The Survivors of the Chancel- lor," 1875 ; "Michael Strogoff, the Courier of the Czar," 1876; "The Child of the Cavern," " Hector Servadac ; or, the Career of a Comet," 1877 ; " Dick Sands, the Boy Captain," 1878; "Le Rayon Vert," 1882; " Keraban-le-tetu," 1883; "L'Etoile du Sud," "Le Pays de Dia- mants, " 1884; "L'Archipel en Feu," "Le Billet de Loterie," " Robur le Conquerant," "Le Chemin de France," "DeuxAnsde Vacances," 1888; "Famille sans Nom," 1889; "Mathias Sandorf," " Nord contre Sud," " Cesar Cascabel," "The Purchase of the North Pole," 1890; "Claudius Bombarnac," and " Le Chateau des Car- pathas," 1892; "Adventures of Master Antifer," 1894; "For the Flag," 1898. He lives at Amiens. VERNON-HARCOURT, Augustus George, F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D., Lee's Reader in Chemistry at Christ Church, Oxford, was born in London on Dec. 24, 1834, and is the eldest son of Admiral Frederick E. Vernon-Harcourt and Marcia, sister of the 1st Lord Tollemache, and daughter of Admiral Tollemache. His youngest brother is Professor of Civil Engineering at University College, Gower Street. He was educated at Harrow, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a first class in Natural Science in 1858, and a Senior Studentship at Christ Church in 1859. He was Science Tutor at Christ Church from 1871 to 1882, was appointed Lee's Reader in Chemistry in 1869, is Vice-President of the Chemical Society, and Gas Referee for the Metropolis. He has published, in conjunction with H. G. Madan, of Queen's, " Exercises in Prac- tical Chemistry." Addresses : Cowley Grange, Oxford, &c. ; and Athenaoum. VERTUE, The Right Rev. John, D.D., F.S.A., Roman Catholic Bishop of Portsmouth, was born in London, April 28, 1826. He was ordained Priest in Rome by Cardinal Patrizi in 1851, having pre- viously studied at St. Edmund's College, Hertfordshire, and the English College, Rome. Poplar was the scene of his first mis- sionary labours, and in 1853 he went with the Apostolic Nuncio (afterwards Cardinal) Bedini, as his Secretary, to the United States and Canada. On his return, in acknowledgment of his services, he was made Chamberlain of Honour to Pope Pius IX., April 18, 1854. MonsignorVertuewent to Aldershot Camp on temporary duty in 1855 ; but he was appointed Chaplain to the Forces, June 24, 1855, a post which he held for twenty -seven years. He was men- tioned in General Order in 1864 for " dis- tinguished and meritorious conduct during the epidemic of yellow fever in Bermuda," and was promoted from the fourth to the third class of army chaplains, Feb. 2, 1865, for the services he had rendered. Monsignor Vertue was six years stationed VEZIN — VIAUD 1109 at Malta. He was re-appointed Chamber- lain of Honour to Pope Leo XIII., April 5, 1878, was appointed the first Bishop of Portsmouth by Apostolic brief of June 13, 1882, and was consecrated by Cardinal Manning, July 25. He has edited a "Prayer Book for the Army," 1859 ; and a revised edition of Bishop Challoner's "Medita- tions," 1880; and has contributed various articles to the Dublin Review and the Month. He represented the English hier- archy at the Centennial celebration at Baltimore, United States, in 1889. He is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, a member of the Archaeological Institute and of other learned societies. Address : Portsmouth. VEZIN, Hermann, actor, was born on March 2, 1829, in Philadelphia, U.S., of German parents, his father being Charles Henri Vezin, a distinguished mer- chant of that city. He was intended for the legal profession, and took the degrees of B.A. and M.A. at the University of Pennsylvania. Having a passion for the stage, he came to England, and obtained, through the kindness of Mr. Charles Kean, an engagement in the Theatre Royal, York. He made his London debut at the Princess's Theatre under Mr. Charles Kean's management. Having visited America professionally in 1857, he re- turned to England a year later, and after a few provincial engagements, appeared at the Surrey Theatre, London (1859), as Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, Shylock, King John, and Louis XI. During Mr. Phelps's management of Sadler's Wells (1860) Mr. Vezin appeared as Orlando, Mark Antony, Romeo, and Cassio. In 1864 they pro- duced Westland Marston's comedy of " Donna Diana," at the Princess's Theatre, London. In 1870 he alternated Othello and Iago with Mr. Phelps. Later he pro- duced Mr. W. G-. Wills's romantic drama "Hinko," at the Queen's Theatre. In 1873 Mr. Vezin played with Phelps, Toole, and Mathews, at the Gaiety Theatre. At Drury Lane, 1876, he played Macbeth for the benefit of the Philadelphia Centennial. On the production at the Crystal Palace, 1876, of Sophocles's "QEdipus at Colonus," the title part was assigned to Mr. Vezin. On Sept. 11, 1876, he made his first appear- ance at the Haymarket, in Mr. W. S. Gilbert's drama of "Dan'l Druce." After acting Dan'l Druce 106 times, he created the character of De Talde' in an English adaptation of " The Danicheffs," produced at the St. James's Theatre, 1877. In 1878 he first played, at the Court Theatre, Dr. Primrose, in Mr. W. G. Wills's drama of ■ ' Olivia," founded on " The Vicar of Wake- field." Since that time Mr. Vezin has constantly acted both in London and the provinces. Address : 10 Lancaster Place, Strand, W.C. VIARDOT - GARCIA, Madame Michelle Pauline, vocalist, daughter of the great tenor, Emmanuel Garcia, and sister of the lamented Madame Malibran, born in Paris, July 18, 1821, at four years of age spoke four languages, and at seven was able to play the pianoforte accom- paniments for the pupils to whom her father gave lessons. After sharing the family migrations, first to England, and afterwards to the United States, she re- turned to Europe in 1828, and her educa- tion was continued at Brussels. In conse- quence of her manual facility on the piano, she became one of Liszt's most accomplished pupils. Her father died in 1832 before her voice was formed, and her sister being constantly absent on profes- sional tours, her studies, which included various branches of the arts, drawing and painting, as well as music and singing, were directed by her own tastes and the counsels of her mother. She made her first appearance in London at the Opera- House in 1839, in the character of Desde- mona. Her voice, like that of her sister, combined the twofold register of soprano and contralto, embracing a compass of three octaves. At the close of the season she joined the Italian operatic company, then acting at the Odeon, in Paris, and was equally successful. In 1841 she re- appeared in England, singing with Mario in Cimarosa's opera " Gli Orazi e Curiazi." Her next engagement was at Vienna ; and Rubini, on forming an operatic corps for St. Petersburg, selected her for his prima donna. She afterwards appeared at Ber- lin, and when Jenny Lind quitted the German Opera, Madame Viardot-Garcia proved herself an able successor in the repertoire, which she greatly extended. Her name is associated with the first per- formances of " Les Huguenots," in which she took the part of Valentine, and of " Le Prophete," in which she performed the part of Fides, an exquisite impersona- tion. Madame Viardot is also celebrated for her singing of Spanish songs. She retired from the stage in 1862, and devotes herself to composition. In April 1840 she was married to M. Louis Viardot, Director of the Paris Italian Opera (he died in May 1883). VIAUD, !Louis Marie Julien, known as "Pierre Loti, " French naval officer and man of letters, was born at Rochefort on Jan. 14, 1850, and is descended from an old noble Huguenot family lorig settled in that district. He went to school in his na ive town, entered the navy in 1867, and went several voyages in the Pacific. 1110 VICARS ^VICTORIA ALEXANDRINA He was promoted to the rank of midship- man in June 1873, and to that of lieutenant in February 1881. In 1899 he was raised to the rank of Captain. Me served through the Tonkin campaign with distinction, but was retired from active service in October 1883, owing to the publication of a series of letters descriptive of the cruelties prac- tised by the French soldiers at Hue', which he was so imprudent as to send to the Figaro. After this he served on board the A talanta, and in the early day s of February 1884 was allowed to resume his duties. He was decorated with the Legion of Honour in July 1887, and, under his pseudonym of " Pierre Loti," was presen ted for election as a memberof the French Academy in opposition to Emile Zola. At the time of the election he was serving on board the Formidable off Algiers, and was thus freed from the necessity of paying the many official visits which usually fall to the lot of candidates for election to the French Academy. He was elected by 18 votes out of 35 on May 21, 1891, and suc- ceeded the celebrated romancist, Octave Feuillet. His speech on election con- tained an attack upon the realism of Zola. As an author he is indeed the very anti- thesis of that writer, and his books, with their dreamy and melancholy beauty of style and subject, mark a revival of the spirit of romanticism and mysticism in French literature. His works, which have run through many editions, are: "Azi- yadfS" (Stamboul, 1876-77), 1879; " Ra- rahu," a Polynesian idyll, 1880, reprinted under the title of " Manage de Loti," in 1889 ; " Le Eoman d'un Spahi," 1881 ; " Fleurs d'Ennui," a volume containing some of his finest work, such as " Pasquala Ivanovitch," "Mon Frere Yves," of which there is an English translation, 1883 ; " Les Trois Dames de la Kasbah," 1884 ; "Pecheur d'Islande," also translated into English, and into German by the author's friend, Carmen Sylva, and awarded the Prix Vitet by the Academy, 1886 ; "Madame Chrysantheme," 1887; "Pro- pos d'Exil," 1887; "Japonneries d'Au- tomne," 1889; " Au Maroc," 1890; " Le Eoman d'un Enfant," an autobiography, 1890; "Le Livre de la Pitic* et de la Mort," 1891; "Fant6me d'Orient," a sequel to "AziyadeV' 1892; "Matelot," 1893; "Le Desert," 1894; " La Galilee," 1895 ; and "Ramuntcho," a Basque story, 1897. His works are mostly in the form of diaries, and are undoubtedly descriptive of many personal experiences. Address : Rue St. Pierre, Rochefort. VICARS, Sir Arthur Edward, was born at Leamington in 1864, and is the youngest son of Colonel William Henry Vicars, of the 61st Regiment, by Jane, third daughter of R. Gun-Cuninghame, Esq., D.L., of Mount Kennedy, co. Wick- low (widow of P. K. Mahony, Esq., of Kilmorna, co. Kerry). He was appointed Ulster King of Arms and Principal Herald of all Ireland in 1893, in succession to the late Sir Bernard Burke. In 1896 he received the honour of knighthood. He is Registrar and Knight Attendant of the Order of St. Patrick ; a Government Trustee of the National Library of Ire- land ; Fellow of the Society of Antiqua- ries of London ; President since 1896 of the Ex Libris Society of London ; Hon. Secretary of the Kildare Archaeo- logical Society. He has published : " The Antiseptic Vaults of S. Michan's," Dublin, 8vo, 1888 ; " Index to the Pre- rogative Wills of Ireland," 8vo, 1897 ; " Index to Births, Deaths, and Marriages in Anthologia Hibernica," supplement to Farrar's " Index to Marriages " in the Hibernian Magazine, 4to, 1898. He has contributed papers to several archaeological and other serials. Addresses: The Castle, Dublin ; 44 Wellington Road, Dublin ; and Kildare Street Club, Dublin. VICTORIA ALEXANDRINA, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress of India, only child of the late Duke of Kent and of the Princess Louisa-Victoria of Saxe-Coburg (relict of the Hereditary Prince of Leiningen, and sister of Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Coburg, afterwards King of the Belgians), was born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819 ; her parents, who had been for some time residing abroad, having hastened to England in order that their child might "be born a Briton." The Duke of Kent died Jan. 23, 1820, and the general educa- tion of the young Princess was directed, under her mother's care, by the Duchess of Northumberland, wife of the 3rd Duke. Until within a few weeks of her elevation to the throne her life was spent in comparative retirement, varied by tours through differ- ent parts of the United Kingdom. Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle, William IV., June 20, 1837, as Victoria I., and her coronation was celebrated in Westminster Abbey, June 28, 1838. Her Majesty was married Feb. 10, 1840, to his late Royal Highness Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha, by whom her Majesty had issue : 1, H.R.H. Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Princess Royal, born Nov. 21, 1840, married, Jan. 25, 1858, to H.R.H. the Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia (he died June 15, 1888) ; 2, H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, born Nov. 9, 1841, married, March 10, 1863, the Princess Alexandra of Denmark ; 3, H.R.H. Princess Alice Maud Mary, born April 15, 1843, married, July 1, 1862, to Prince Louis VICTOEIA ALEXANDRIA 1111 of Hesse- Darmstadt (H.E.H. died Dec. 14, 1878); 4, H.K.H. Prince Alfred Ernest Albert, born Aug. 6, 1844, created Duke of Edinburgh, May 24, 1866, married, Jan. 23, 1874, the Grand-Duchess Marie Alex- androvna, sister of the late Emperor of Russia ; 5, H.R.H. Princess Helena Augusta Victoria, born May 26, 1846, married. July 5, 1866, to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein ; 6, H.R.H. Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, born March 14, 1848, married to the Marquis of Lome, March 21, 1871 ; 7, H.RH. Prince Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of Con- naught, born May 1, 1850, married, March 17, 1879, the Princess Louise Margaret Alexandra Victoria Agnes, third daughter of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia ; 8, H.R.H. Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany, born April 7, 1853, married, April 2, 1882, the Princess Helen Frederica Augusta, daughter of the Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (H.R.H. died March 28, 1884); and 9, H.R.H. Princess Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, born April 14, 1857, married July 23, 1885, to Prince Henry Maurice of Battenberg. The first domestic grief which her Majesty suffered was the loss of her mother, the Duchess of Kent, after a short illness, March 16, 1861, followed by the sudden death of the Prince Consort, to the great grief of the entire kingdom, Dec. 14 in the same year. Her Majesty's intense sorrow for her irreparable loss, although it has in a great degree disqualified her from appear- ing in public and at court ceremonials, and has imposed on her the habits of a life of comparative seclusion, has, however, never been allowed by her to interfere with the performance of her important duties as a sovereign. Neither has it checked the exercise of that anxious interest which her Majesty has ever since her accession to the crown steadfastly manifested for the social welfare of her people. It is a source of great pride to her subjects, and must doubtless tend in no small degree to assuage her Majesty's abiding grief, that not only in her own vast dominions, but throughout the civilised world, her Ma- jesty's name is never mentioned save in terms of sympathy, affection, and respect as a Christian woman and as a queen. It would occupy much more space than our limits admit to give even a brief outline of the political events of her Majesty's reign, and we can therefore merely glance at its more prominent features. On succeed- ing to the throne, her Majesty found the Whig and Conservative parties nearly evenly balanced in the House of Commons. Lord Melbourne and his colleagues con- tinued to hold office until September 1841, when, owing to their increasing unpopu- larity, arising mainly from a want of financial ability, or at least of financial success, they were obliged to give place to the late Sir Robert Peel. Although he was pledged to maintain the Corn Laws, he found himself compelled, in 1845, to acquiesce in their repeal, which was carried into effect at his instance in 1846. The effect of this change in Sir Robert Peel's policy caused a disruption in the Conservative party, and led to the acces- sion to power of Lord John Russell, who was succeeded in January 1852 by the Earl of Derby. In the following Decem- ber the Conservative party, beaten on their own budget, resigned, and gave place to Lord Aberdeen and the Coalition Cabinet, which, in February 1855, was dismissed for haviDg mismanaged the Russian war. It was succeeded by Lord Palmerston's first administration, which was defeated on the Conspiracy to Murder Bill, in March 1858, and Lord Derby held power for the second time, until June 1859, when Lord Palmerston formed his second Cabinet. On his death, October 1865, the Ministry was remodelled, Earl Russell assuming the post of Premier. His Ministry having decided upon introducing a Reform Bill, the duty of conducting it through the House of Commons devolved upon Mr. Gladstone. Having been defeated on an important clause in June 1866, Ministers resigned. Lord Derby formed bis third administration, and during the session of 1867 carried a Reform Bill, thereby settling a question which had long been a stum- bling-block impeding the progress of legis- lation. The Conservatives being placed in a minority at the general election of 1868, Mr. Disraeli resigned office, and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Mr. Glad- stone. The chief events of Mr. Gladstone's administration were the disestablishment of the Irish Church, the passing of the Irish Land Act and the Elementary Edu- cation Act, the abolition of purchase in the army, the negotiation of the Treaty of Washington respecting the Alabama Claims, and the passing of the Ballot Act. At the general election of February 1874 the Conservatives again came into power, and a new administration was formed by Mr. Disraeli, afterwards Lord Beacons- field. By virtue of the power conferred by an Act of Parliament passed in the previous session, her Majesty was, on Jan. 1, 1877, proclaimed Empress of India, by the Governor-General, at the durbar at Delhi, before an imperial assemblage of all the governors, lieutenant-governors, heads of Government, princes, chiefs, and nobles of India. On the defeat of the Conserva- tives at the general election of 1880 Mr. Gladstone formed another Liberal ad- ministration, which continued in office until June 1885, when it was succeeded 1112 VICTORIA ALEXANDKINA by a Conservative Government under Lord Salisbury. After the general election of November 1885 the Liberals again came into power, and the spring of 1886 was devoted by Mr. Gladstone to the considera- tion of the Irish question. His Home Rule Bill, however, met with so much opposition that the Government decided to appeal to the country, and the result of the general election of July 1886 was an immense Conservative majority. Lord Salisbury's second Government came into power on Aug. 3, 18S6. In April 1882 an attempt on the Queen's life was made at Windsor by one Roderick Maclean, who after trial was ordered to be confined during her Majesty's plea- sure. " The Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort," compiled under the direction of her Majesty, by Lieut. -General the Hon. C. Grey, was pub- lished in July 1867, and was followed, in 1869, by " Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands " ; and in 1874 by the first volume of Mr. (now Sir) Theo- dore Martin's " Life of H.R.H. the Prince Consort," of which the fifth and conclud- ing volume appeared in 1880. In 1885 her Majesty published a second volume, en- titled "More Leaves from the Journal of our life in the Highlands." In 1887 her Majesty celebrated the Jubilee of her accession to the throne. A Thanksgiving Service was held in Westminster Abbey, and was attended by her Majesty and all the Royal Family, the Indian Princes, the King of Denmark, the King and Queen of the Belgians, the King of Saxony, the King of the Hellenes, the Crown Prince of Austria, the Crown Prince of Portugal, the Infante Don Antonio of Spain, Prince Ludwig of Baden, the Crown Prince of Greece, the Grand-Duke of Saxe-Weimar, the Queen of Hawaii, with her attendants in cloth of gold, and representatives from every nation upon earth. The service in the Abbey was conducted by his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury in the presence of 10,000 spectators. Since the Jubilee of 1887 her Majesty has travelled abroad more than formerly, and has generously patronised music and the drama, on many occasions summoning eminent singers and actors to perform before her at Windsor and even at Balmoral. She has paid several visits to Florence or to such places in the south of France as Cimiez, and has made prolonged stays there. In 1892 the Queen addressed a letter to the nation thanking her subjects for the sympathy they had shown her at the time of the Duke of Clarence's death. Lord Salisbury's Government went out of office in 1892, and the Queen summoned Mr. Gladstone to form a Cabinet. In March 1894, on Mr. Gladstone's retire- ment from office, Lord Rosebery became Premier, and some changes took place in the Ministry. On her return from Florence in 1894 she was present, at Coburg, on April 19, at the marriage of the Grand-Duke of Hesse and Princess Victoria Melita of Coburg, her grand-daughter. She spent some time at Coburg, and did not again reach Windsor till April 28. Later her Majesty met with a most en- thusiastic reception in Manchester, where, on May 21, she opened the Ship Canal in person. The Rosebery Administration was of very short duration, and on June 21, 1895, the Government was defeated upon a question of the supply of ammuni- tion to the army. The following day Lord Rosebery placed his resignation in the hands of the Queen, by whom it was accepted. Lord Salisbury was sent for, and duly formed an Administration, his Cabinet, as ultimately constituted, con- sisting of no less than nineteen members, of whom fifteen were Conservatives, and four Unionists. Mr. Goschen became First Lord of the Admiralty, and Mr. Chamberlain Secretary for the Colonies. One notable event of the dissolution of 1895 was the disappearance of the illustrious Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone from Parliamentary life. During 1895 her Majesty was visited by the King of Portu- gal, and also by the Shahzada Nasrulla Khan, son of the Ameer of Afghanistan. In January 1896 Prince Henry of Batten- berg died, having contracted a fever in Ashanti, where he went as a volunteer with the punitive expedition despatched against King Prempeh. The Queen, who was much attached to the Prince, felt his death very keenly. In April a new Order of Knighthood was instituted. It had long been considered desirable to create some special mark of distinction in order to reward British subjects who had ren- dered important or personal services to the Sovereign, and the Queen instituted the Royal Victorian Order for that purpose. Its peculiar feature is its division into five classes, the first two alone conferring knighthood upon the recipient. In July the Queen invited to Windsor the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company of Boston. She held a review of the Com- pany in the Park, and they were permitted to march past fully armed and flying their colours. The gracious manner in which the Queen received them, and the hearty welcome which London accorded them, gave great satisfaction in America. About this time much indignation was aroused in England by the cruel massacre of Armenians which was going on in Asia Minor, with the alleged sanction of the Sultan of Turkey. Many influential people advocated independent action on the part VICTORIA ALEXANDRINA 1113 of this country to put a stop to these horrors, and in the hope of ameliorating the condition of the sufferers, the Queen sent an autograph letter to the Sultan requesting a special effort in respect of the Armenian difficulty. In September 1896 the Czar and Czarina of Russia paid a visit to the Queen at Balmoral, staying a fortnight. Lord Salisbury was summoned and honoured by an audience with the Czar, and many political questions, relat- ing more particularly to Eastern affairs, were discussed. In May 1S97 the Queen passed through Sheffield on her way to Balmoral, and after opening the new Town Hall, honoured Messrs. Armstrong's works with a visit, and viewed the rolling of a steel plate intended as armour for a battleship. On June 20 her Majesty completed the sixtieth year of her occupation of the Eng- lish throne, thus establishing the longest reign of any monarch in the history of England or of modern Europe. It may be said that the whole world participated in the Diamond Jubilee celebrations which were held in honour of the event. The official programme was begun on Satur- day, June 20, with a military tattoo at Windsor Castle by the troops of the garri- son, and on the same day a route march through London was made by Imperial and Colonial troops. The force was com- posed of representatives from all the Colonies, and numbered 2500 officers and men. The anniversary of the Queen's accession falling upon a Sunday, the day was recognised throughout the Empire by public thanksgiving services. Her Ma- jesty was at Windsor and attended divine service at St. George's Chapel, the con- gregation being limited to the Court and those members of the Royal Family stay- ing at Windsor. At St. Paul's Cathedral there was an immense gathering, includ- ing the Prince of Wales and every Royal personage in London, foreign Ambassadors, Colonial Premiers, fifty peers, two hundred Queen's Counsel and members of the Bar, and representatives from all the learned and scientific bodies. Services of a special character were held in all the principal places of worship of every denomination in England. On Monday afternoon the Queen held a reception, which was fol- lowed by a State banquet. In the House of Lords a congratulatory address was moved by the Marquis of Salisbury and the Earl of Kimberley, and in the House of Commons a similar address was moved by Mr. Balfour and Sir William Harcourt. Amongst the honours announced on that day were eight peerages and fifteen ap- pointments to the Privy Council, including the eleven Colonial Premiers. Many creations and promotions in the various orders of knighthood were made. On Tuesday, Diamond Jubilee Day, the prin- cipal event of the celebration took place. An immense procession was organised, comprising representatives of all the naval and military forces of the Empire. It started from Buckingham Palace, followed by the Queen at 10 A.M. The morning was fine, and dense crowds of spectators lined the whole route, and thanks to the admirable arrangements of the police, the day passed off without any serious acci- dent. The novelty and variety of the uniforms, many of which had never been seen before in London, gave a picturesque charm to the procession. The vociferous cheering all along the line left no doubt as to the loyal sentiments of the people, the greeting of the royal carriages being especially enthusiastic. Her Majesty's carriage was preceded by one containing the royal grandchildren, and this was fol- lowed by a conclave of forty Princes on horseback, mostly representatives of foreign Kings and Governors. Just before leaving the Palace the Queen telegraphed to all parts of her dominions the message, "From my heart I thank my beloved people. May God bless them." Upon the arrival of the Royal Procession at Temple Bar, the Lord Mayor, Sir F. Faudel- Phillips, and his deputation, on foot and bareheaded, met the Queen and presented to her the historic sword. Her Majesty touched the hilt, and commanded the Lord Mayor to lead the way into the City. He thereupon mounted his horse and pre- ceded the Queen, bareheaded and holding the sword aloft. The great episode of the procession was the Thanksgiving Service outside St. Paul's Cathedral. An immense concourse was assembled there, including dignitaries of the Church in their robes, and City officials. A short service was held, and the benediction pronounced by the Archbishop of Canterbury ; then the whole assembly joined in singing the Old Hundredth. On Wednesday the Queen received the addresses, and afterwards the Members of both Houses of Parliament at Buckingham Palace. It was remarked at the time that the restrained simplicity of the Parliamentary procession, headed by the Speaker in his ancient coach, did honour to the best traditions of English Parliamentarism. Thurday was marked at Windsor by the reception of the Lords of the Admiralty and of the Admirals of the foreign warships lying at Spithead. In the evening a carnival procession was held, and the Castle illuminated. In Lon- don interest chiefly centred in the Jubilee dinners given in fifty-six different districts to over 300,000 people. The scheme had been promoted at the suggestion of the Princess of Wales. Among the sub- scribers were Sir Thomas Lipton, who 1114 VILERS gave £25,000, and the Australian Colonies, which sent 20,000 carcasses of mutton. Friday was a day of social royal gather- ings. The naval review, which took place on Saturday, June 26, as an historical event was the most striking and impor- tant of the national celebrations in con- nection with the Diamond Jubilee. Be- tween Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight was moored the most magnificent and efficient fleet that has ever been got to- gether. The fleet was moored in five lines, each line extending nearly five miles, and with regard to the ships assembled it is important to point out that no single vessel had been recalled from a foreign station to swell the numbers at Spithead. The Prince of Wales, represent- ing the Queen, at 2 p.m. began a proces- sion between the lines, and following him in various vessels were Indian Princes, Colonial Premiers, foreign Ambassadors, and Members of both Houses of Parlia- ment. As the Prince passed each ship a royal salute was fired, the whole fleet cheering lustily when the royal yacht anchored. The illumination of the fleet at night was a perfectly unique sight. At a given signal the whole fleet instan- taneously burst into light, every ship being illuminated with lines of incandescent lamps, tracing out the hulls, barbettes, bridges, funnels, and masts. Just before midnight the Prince again passed down the lines, and again received a royal salute. The firing of the guns, combined with the illumination, made an exceedingly grand spectacle. The Queen afterwards ex- pressed to Admiral Sir No well Salmon, V.€., the Commander-in-Chief, her entire satisfaction with the management of the review. The number of vessels of all kinds was 150, manned by nearly 40,000 officers and men, and representing in money value a sum of £38,000,000 ster- ling. Not only our own countrymen, but foreigners of all nations were present, and expressed their admiration in no measured terms, and, taken as an exhibition of British naval power, the review made a deep impression upon the mind of Europe. In conclusion it may be mentioned that her Majesty has outlived all those mem- bers of the House of Lords who sat there at her accession, and all the members of her first House of Commons. She has seen six Archbishops of Canterbury, the same number at York, five Bishops of London, and every Episcopal See vacated at least twice. Eleven Lord Chancellors have received the Great Seal at her hands. Ten Prime Ministers and six Speakers of the House of Commons have taken office dur- ing her reign, and she has survived every member of her first Privy Council. To find in the closing years of her long reign her people stronger, her Empire wider, and her own person more beloved than ever, is a happier fate than has befallen any of her predecessors. VILERS, Charles Marie Le Myre de, was born in 1833 of a good Norman family. He began his career in the navy at the age of sixteen, and when but twenty -six received the Cross of the Legion of Honour. He subsequently entered the Civil Service, acting as Sous- Pre'fet at Joigny and Bergerac, and was promoted in 1877 to the office of Directeur des Affaires Civiles et Financieres in Algeria. For his gallantry in the siege of Paris, on the special recommendation of Admiral Sassiet, he obtained the rosette of the Legion of Honour, In the early part of 1879, the Cabinet of M. Wadding- ton determined to appoint a Civil Gover- nor to Cochin-China, and the choice fall- ing on M. de Vilers, he left for Saigon in June of that year, being entrusted as Plenipotentiary to the Court of Annam. He made himself extremely popular there, and introduced many most useful reforms, repressing a serious insurrection and caus- ing to be constructed the first railway in the colony. In 1882 he became embroiled with the chief of the Naval Department with respect to the appointment of an officer, and was recalled to France, where he lived quietly until 1885, when M. de Freycinet was desirous of bringing the' war with Madagascar to an end, and con- cluded a treaty with that country which was duly ratified by the French Parlia- ment, but would need most careful and delicate handling to carry out its clauses. In the spring of 1888 M. de Vilers set out for Antananarivo as Minister Plenipo- tentiary, being fully aware of the arduous nature of his task. The Malagasy Prime Minister, a clever and astute diplomatist, soon found he had a stubborn and expert antagonist to deal with, and, as the terms of the treaty had been left somewhat vague, the Kesident-General had to assert the rights of his country. The Queen's consort requiring funds to meet the indemnity due to France, had resolved on establishing a National Bank, and entered into communication with an English syndicate for a loan of 30,000,000 francs. The French Envoy disputed the right, and insisted on his applying to the French for the loan. After much dis- cussion the Prime Minister accepted the offer made by the Comptoir d'Escompte at Paris, which advanced 15,000,000 francs at 6 per cent., to be repaid within 25 years by levies on the customs of certain selected seaports. The next question that arose between M. de Vilers and the Malagasy Government was on VILLAEI — VILLIERS 1115 account of a mission to Europe entrusted by it to an Englishman in the service of the Hovas. This was General Willoughby, whom M. de Vilers desired to see banished from the island, and he had at last the satisfaction of seeing him embarked for Zanzibar. M. de Vilers openly displayed his ill-feeling towards the English element in Antananarivo, especially against the missionaries, who are very influential there. From the first he kept entirely aloof from the British colony, and en- deavoured to prevent British enterprise from getting a footing in the island. The Resident-General refused to recognise the right of the Hova Government to grant the exequatur to representatives of foreign powers, alleging that the French Envoy alone had the right to do so. In 1887 Mr. Haggard, the British Consul, took no notice of this requirement of M. de Vilers, and applied for it to the Hovas' Minister. Many interviews took place, and at last the French Envoy broke off all negotiations, hauled down the tricolour, despatched his escort of marines to Tama- tave, and prepared to leave the capital with all his staff. The Prime Minister, fearing the consequences of his leaving, immediately sent for the French Plenipo- tentiary, and complied with all his de- mands ; but it is nevertheless a question which will always be mooted, and has more than once nearly caused a rupture between the two countries. In 1888 M. de Vilers returned to France, and was pro- moted to be Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. He went back to Madagascar, and a few months later resigned his ap- pointment there, and was elected Deputy for Cochin-China in September 1889. In 1893 he was sent to negotiate the conven- tion with Siam, and successfully achieved it. In September 1894 he was once more sent as Envoy to settle affairs in Madagas- car, and reached Antananarivo in Octo- ber. With his accustomed promptitude he bad at once started thither on his arrival at Tamatave. On Tuesday, Octo- ber 9, he, M. Rauchot, and the Vicomte d'Anthouard, had an audience of the Queen and the Prime Minister, and opened negotiations and put forward demands which, if acceded to, would have the effect of constituting Madagascar a French dependency. VILLARI, Pasquale, Italian writer, was born at Naples in 1827, and having studied for the law, in 1847 became in- volved in revolutionary politics, for which he was imprisoned. He then retired, and engaged in historical research. In 1859 he was appointed Professor of History at the University of Pisa, and in 1862 came to London as the Italian delegate to the Universal Exhibition. On his return he was promoted to be Professor of History at Florence. In 1884 he became Minister of Public Instruction in the Rudini Cabinet, and has distinguished himself by his reforms in education. His best-known works are : " Vita di Savonarola," Flor- ence, 1859, "Antiche Legende e Tradi- zioni che illustrano la Divina Commedia," 1865 ; "Insegnamento della Storia," 1869 ; " Nicolo Machiaveli e suoi Tempi," 1877. Most of these have been translated into English by his wife, nte Linda White. His last book has been " The First Two Centuries of Florentine History," pub- lished in 1895. VILLIERS, Frederic, was born in London on April 23, 1852. He is the son of Henry Villiers, by Caroline, daughter of Thomas Bradley, and was educated in the north of France at Guines. Afterwards he studied in the Schools of Art at South Kensington, and became a student of the Royal Academy in 1870. In 1876, as special artist and correspondent to the Graphic, he went through the Servian campaign with Mr. Archibald Forbes. He was with the armies of the Timok, Drina, Eber, and with Tchernaieff on the Morava; was decorated with the Order of the Takova, and received a war medal for this campaign, being recalled in November to Constantinople. He then travelled in Roumelia and Bulgaria, examined the Turkish army, re-crossed the Servian lines, and returned with the Turkish troops to Constantinople. Having been ordered to go into Russia, he, in January, started for Kisheniff, and saw the mobilisation of the Russian troops in Bessarabia. Mr. Villiers returned to England in February 1887. The day on which war was declared between Turkey and Russia, he started for Bucharest, where he joined Mr. Forbes and was present at all the chief engage- ments. When the armistice was declared, he was the only English correspondent who accompanied the Russian army to enter Constantinople, and was present at San Stefano when peace was signed and announced to the Russian Guard by the Grand-Duke Nicholas on Sunday, March 3, 1878. Mr. Villiers received the Cross for the passage of the Danube, and the war medal. In June of that year he went to Malta, and was present at the review of the Indian Contingent by the Duke of Cambridge. In November he left Eng- land for Afghanistan. He went through the first part of that campaign till the signing of the Treaty of Gandamuk ; then left for Australia ; was at the opening of the Sydney Exhibition ; travelled through New Zealand ; and returned to England vid San Francisco and New York, thus 1116 VILLIERS — VINCEN T making a journey round the world. Mr. Villiers left England for Egypt imme- diately on receipt of the news of the massacres at Alexandria, of June 11, 1882; was on H.M.S. Condor during the bom- bardment of that city ; and landed with the marines. Afterwards he followed the army to Ismailia ; was at the first fight at Tel-el-Mahouta, and was with the High- land Brigade during the night march and subsequent attack on Tel-el-Kebir. Mr. Villiers remained in Cairo till the trial and banishment of Arabi and his con- federates. He received for this campaign the order and rosette of theMedjidieh, and the Egyptian war medal from the hands of the Khedive. In May 1883 he was one of the English correspondents invited to attend the coronation of the Czar at Moscow ; received silver medal and badge. In February 1884 Mr. Villiers left for Suakim to join General Graham, who had gone to avenge the defeat of General Baker at the first battle of Teb. Mr. Villiers was present at the Arab defeat at the second battle of Teb. On March 13 he was at the battle of Tamai, and subse- quently, as special correspondent of the Daily News, accompanied Admiral Sir W. Hewett on his mission to the court of King John of Abyssinia. In the autumn of 1884 and the spring of 1885, Mr. Villiers was with the Nile Expedition for the relief of Khartoum, being present at the battle of Abu-Klea and the advance upon Metemmeh. Returning to England, he started almost at once for Ireland, where he witnessed the manoeuvres of the Evolu- tionary Squadron in Bantry Bay, in June 1885. A period of rest followed, and in November 1885 Mr. Villiers started for Servia, and was with the Servian forces at all the chief encounters with the Bul- garians. An armistice being declared, he started on his homeward journey. At Venice he found a telegram from the pro- prietors of the Graphic, telling him to go to Burma. He accomplished the journey from Venice to Rangoon in one month — arriving just in time to accompany Lord Dufferin on his journey up the Irawaddy to Mandalay. When Lord Dufferin re- turned to India, Mr. Villiers left for Con- stantinople, to await the development of events in the Balkan Peninsula. He eventually joined the Greek army, and was in Athens during the blockade of the Greek ports. As a peaceful solution of the Turko-Greek question took place, Mr. Villiers returned to England. Since 1887 he has been lecturing in England, the United States, and Canada, on his varied experiences during the last decade. In August 1889 Mr. Villiers was invited by the Governor - General of Canada to ac- company his Excellency on his official tour through the Dominion, and journeyed from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast over the Canadian Pacific Railroad, visiting all the principal towns and Indian reservations of the Far West. During the Chino- Japanese war he represented a leading illustrated paper in China, and was present at the battles' of Ping Yang and the ad- vance on Port Arthur, and taking of that place. He went round the world on a lec- turing tour in 1895, and in 1896 represented his paper at the coronation of the Czar. He represented the Standard during the war between Turkey and Greece, 1897, and visited Crete. In August 1898 he joined the Sirdar's army on the march to Omdurman, and represented the Globe and Illustrated London Neios during the campaign, being present at the battle of Sept. 2, 1898, and at the Gordon memorial service. Club : Arts. VILLIERS, The Right Hon. Sir Henry de, K.C.M.G., Chief-Justice of Cape Colony, and President of the Legis- lative Council, was born in 1842, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1865. From 1872 to 1874 he was Attorney- General of the Cape, when he was ap- pointed to his present position. In politics he is Conservative, and an opponent to the Imperialist policy of Mr. Rhodes. He is a descendant of a French Huguenot family which settled in South Africa, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His authority on points of Roman-Dutch law is regarded as supreme. VINCENT, Colonel Sir Charles Edward Howard, K.C.M.G., C.B., J.P., D.L., was born May 31, 1849, at Slinfold, Sussex, being the second son of the late Rev. Sir Frederick Vincent, 11th Bart. He was educated at Westminster School, and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was appointed Ensign in the 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers in 1868 ; retired as Lieu- tenant in 1873 ; and was appointed Captain in the Royal Berks Militia in the latter year ; but'resigned in 1875 to assume the Lieut.-Colonelcy of the Central London Rangers, which commission he resigned in 1878, on his appointment as Director of Criminal Investigations. He entered at the Inner Temple in 1873 ; was called to the Bar in 1876 ; went the South-Eastern Circuit ; and practised in the Divorce Division ; and entered at the Paris Faculte" de Droit in 1877. He took over the control of the Police Gazette in 1883 ; and was Chairman of the Metropolitan and City Police Orphanage in 1880-83. Sir Howard Vincent was special correspondent of the Daily Telegraphm'Berlm in 1871 ; received the thanks of the War Office and a pecuniary grant from the Treasury for his reports upon VINCENT 1117 Russia in 1872 ; gave numerous lectures upon Foreign Armies at the Royal United Service Institution between 1872 and 1878 ; was Military Commissioner of the Daily Telegraph at the outbreak of the Turco- Rnssian War in 1877 ; and assembled a Conference upon the requirements of the Volunteer Force, leading to considerable reforms in 1878, and obtained like results by his parliamentary action in 1887. He was appointed, March 4, 1878, to reorganise the Detective System of the Metropolitan Police, with the designation of Director of Criminal Investigations, and with absolute control over the criminal administration. This post he resigned in 1884, in order to enter Parliament, and was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Queen's West- minster Volunteers, which post he still holds, the regiment being one of the strongest in the country, and selected for the private inspection of the German Emperor in 1891. In 1888 he was elected to the Metropolitan Board of Works for St. George's, Hanover Square, and in 1889, and again in 1892, was returned unopposed for the same constituency to the London County Council. In 1895 he was returned again after a contest, but resigned in March 1896. He is a magistrate for Middlesex, Westminster, and Berkshire, a Deputy-Lieutenant for London, and has travelled over the whole world. In 1885 he was returned as Conservative Member for the Central Division of Sheffield by a majority of 1149, and by 1195 in 1886, again in 1892, and again unopposed in 1895. In Parliament he is identified with the Fair- Trade Movement, United Empire Trade, and British Labour Questions, while Acts for the Probation of First Offenders, in the first nine years of which 35,000 were sa-ved under it from imprison- ment, and £100,000 was not spent in prison maintenance, Saving Life at Sea, Reformatory Schools, the appointment of a Judicial Trustee, and prohibiting the Importation of Prison-Made Goods are due to his initiation. In 1886 he was created a Companion of the Bath, and K.C.M.G. at the Birthday, 1899, for his services as British Representative at the late Anarchist Conference in Rome. In 1895 be was Chairman of the Council of the National Union of Conservative Associations, and in 1898 was appointed to the Royal Com- mission for the Paris Exhibition of 1900. In 1891 he founded the United Empire Trade League, and has since acted as its Honorary Secretary, succeeding in 1897 in getting the treaties of 1862 and 1864 denounced, and was knighted by the Queen in 1896. He is also a knight of the Orders of the German Crown and of the Crown of Italy. His published works are "Stoffel's Reports upon the Prussian Army," 1871 ; "Elementary Military Geo- graphy, Reconnoitring and Sketching," 1872; "Russia's Advance Eastward," 1873 ; " The Law of Criticism and Libel," 1876 ; "The Improvement of the Volunteer Force," 1878; "Procedure d'Extradition," 1880 ; and "A Police Code and Manual of Criminal Law," which has gone through ten editions, and has been adopted as the text book of all English-speaking police. Sir Howard Vincent married, in 1882, Ethel Gwendoline, daughter and co-heiress of Geo. Moffatt, Esq., M.P., of Goodrich Court, Herefordshire, a great traveller and authoress of " 40,000 Miles over Land and Water," "Newfoundland to Cochin- China," and " China to Peru over the Andes," by whom he has an only daughter, Vera Howard, born 1883. Addresses : 1 Grosvenor Square, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. VINCENT, Sir Edgar, K.C.M.G., youngest brother of the above, was born at Slinfold, Sussex, on Aug. 19, 1857. He was educated at Eton, and passed an examination for the appointment of Student Dragoman at Constantinople, in October 1877, but did not take up the appointment. He was subsequently ap- pointed 2nd Lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards (1877), and resigned (1882). In May 1880 he was appointed Private Secretary to Lord E. Fitzmaurice, Com- missioner for Eastern Roumelia ; and in June 1881, Assistant to Her Majesty's Commissioner for the evacuation of the territory ceded to Greece by Turkey. He was appointed British, Belgian, and Dutch Representative on the Council of the Ottoman Public Debt at Constantinople, March 1882 ; President of the Council of Ottoman Public Debt at Constantinople, March 13, 1883 ; and Financial Adviser to the Egyptian Government, Nov. 4, 1883. He has received the first class of the Medjidieb, and was made a K.C.M.G. in August 1887. It was mainly owing to his efforts that Egyptian finance was restored to prosperity. When the financial diffi- culties of Egypt were overcome, Sir Edgar Vincent resigned the post of Financial Adviser and was appointed Governor of the Imperial Ottoman Bank, a post he held till 1897. As evidence of the pro- gress of Egyptian credit during the six years that he was Financial Adviser, it may be stated that the selling value of Egvptian securities in 1883was£76,251,678, and in 1889 had risen to £103,362,730, this result having been obtained with a dimi- nution of the charges of the Egyptian Government and of the taxpayer. While in Egypt, Sir Edgar Vincent undertook and carried out with success a reform of the Egyptian currency. Since his appointment, Turkey has regularly paid 1118 VINCENT — VINE the Russian War Indemnity, thus removing one of the chief political dangers to the Ottoman Empire. Turkish credit has been greatly improved, and Turkish stocks now rank closely after Egyptian. All sums due on the debt have been regularly met, and an average sum of 2,000,000 Turkish pounds has been annually redeemed by means of the various sinking funds. Turkey has now been removed from the list of countries in embarrassed financial circumstances, and has entered resolutely the path of economic progress. Railways in Turkey have been increased from 960 in 1889 to 2000 miles in 1893. Sir Edgar Vincent married, in September 1890, Lady Helen Venetia Duncombe, daughter of the 1st Earl of Feversham. Address : Esher Place, Esher, Surrey. VINCENT, John Heyl, Bishop, was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Feb. 23, 1832. He was brought by his parents to Pennsyl- vania in his sixth year, and lived for fourteen years on the banks of the Sus- quehanna, near Lewisburg. He taught school in Chilisquaque township and on the Juniata River for about four years. His education was pursued in Lewisburg and Milton Academies, and in the Newark (N.J.) Wesleyan Institute. He completed his four years' course of theological study in the Newark conference in April 1857. From there he went to Illinois, where he served as pastor at Joliet, Galena, Rock- ford, Mount Morris, and Chicago. He established the Sunday -School Quarterly in 1865 in Chicago, and in 1866 the Sunday- School Teacher, containing the first issues of the modern lesson system which has become international. He became Sunday- School Secretary of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, which office he filled for twenty years. With Hon. Lewis Miller of Akron, Ohio, he established the Chau- tauqua Assembly in 1874, and has been Superintendent of Instruction, or Chan- cellor, up to the present lime. He was elected and consecrated (Methodist Epis- copal) Bishop in New York in 1888. He is the author of " The Church School and its Officers," "The Sunday-School Normal Guide," "The Modern Sunday School," "A Study in Pedagogy," "The Revival and after the Revival," "Better Not," a series of "Chautauqua Text-Books" in history, "To Old Bethlehem," "The Home Book," "The Church at Home," "Studies in Young Life," "In Search of His Grave, an Easter Study," &c. He visited Europe in 1862-63, 1872, 1878, 1880, 1886- 87, 1891, and 1893. He visited Egypt and Palestine in 1863 and 1887. His episcopal residence is Topeka, Kansas ; his post-office address for all Chautauqua correspondence, Buffalo, N.Y. VINE, Sir John Richard Somers, C.M.G., F.S.S., F.R.G.S., eldest son of the late John Vine and Eliza, his wife, daughter of William Somers, was born at Wells, Somerset, on Dec. 10, 1847. He was educated at the Grammar School, Spalding, and subsequently at a private school in Cambridge. He entered the newspaper and printing office of a relative when very young, and has served in every grade of the journalist's profession on country and London newspapers. In October 1870 he joined the editorial staff of Messrs. Waterlow & Sons, and became superintending editor to that company in 1876. He was Private Secretary at the Mansion House to the Lord Mayors of London, 1871-75. During that period he acted as Secretary to, amongst other organisations, the Bengal Famine Relief Fund in 1874, and to the British Fund for the relief of the inundated Departments of the South of France in 1875. He was appointed City and Official Agent to the International Fisheries, Health, and In- ventions Exhibitions, 1883-85, and to the Royal Commissioners for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886, and was knighted in that year " in regard of his many valu- able public services in the course of that and preceding years." In the year 1886 he was invited by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales to be the Assistant Organising Secretary to the proposed Imperial Insti- tute as the National Memorial of the Queen's reign, and accepted the post. In December 1888 he was despatched by H.R.H. the President, and the Organising Committee, on a mission to the principal British Colonies, which occupied him nearly two years (1889-90). During this tour, which was of a most comprehensive nature, the interest of India and of the Colonies in the work of the Institute was aroused, and the practical co-operation of those dependencies promised. He organ- ised and placed in working order the Commercial Intelligence Department, and most of the collections of natural pro- ducts. On the occasion of the State inauguration of the Institute by the Queen on May 10, 1893, he was created a Com- panion of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, " in recogni- tion of his services to that Institution." From 1889 to the present time he has acted as Honorary Secretary of the National Leprosy Fund. He is now connected with important Colonial enterprises in Australia and British New Guinea ; the latter country he again visited in 1897-98. He is a prominent Freemason, being a Past Grand Deacon of England, and founder and first elected Master of the "Savage Club Lodge." He was for some years Honorary Secretary to the " Savage Club." VINES — VOGUE 1119 He is author of "English Municipal In- stitutions, their Growth and Development Statistically Illustrated " (first published in 1878) ; "The English Municipal Code" (first published in 1882) ; and other statis- tical works, and sometime editor and com- piler of several " Year-Books." To him is also due — as stated in the official preface — " the conception and general outline " of "The Imperial Institute Year-Book " (first published in 1892), and now a recognised and authoritative annual record in respect of the British Empire. He is a Commis- sioner of Lieutenancy for London, a Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, and a Knight of several foreign Orders (includ- ing those of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Franz-Joseph of Austria, and Kamemeha of Hawaii). He married Eliza, daughter of the late William Porter, in 1870. Ad- dresses : Devonshire Club ; and Members' Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. VINES, Professor Sydney Howard, D.Sc, F.K.S., was born in London, Dec. 31, 1819. He was educated privately, and began the study of Medicine at Guy's Hospital in 1869, but soon became at- tracted by purely scientific subjects. Having gained an Open Scholarship at Christ's College, he went up to Cambridge in October 1872. He graduated B.Sc. at the University of London in 1873, and D.Sc. in 1879. He took his Cambridge degree in 1876, and was shortly afterwards elected Fellow and Lecturer of Christ's College. He was elected to a Readership in Botany in 1884, and took his D.Sc. degree at Cambridge in the same year. In 1888 he was elected to the Sherardian Professorship of Botany at Oxford, and was admitted a Fellow of Magdalen College at the same time. He was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1878, and Fellow of the Royal Society, and an Hon. Member of the Physical Society of Edinburgh in 1885. He has written a book entitled " Lectures on the Physiology of Plants," published by the Cambridge University Press in 1886 ; and he is an editor and one of the founders of the " Annals of Botany " (published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford). Address : Headington Hill, Oxford. VIBCHOW, Rudolf, a celebrated German pathologist, anthropologist, and politician, was born at Schivelbein in Pomerania, Oct. 13, 1821, and studied Medicine at Berlin. In 1849 he was ap- pointed Professor of Pathological Anatomy at Wiirzburg, and soon became one of the foremost exponents of the so-called Wiirz- burg School. In 1856 he returned to Berlin as Professor ; here he did excellent work in the newly-founded pathological institute, which at once became the centre of inde- pendent research amongst the younger men of science. He has always taken a great interest in politics, and has con- tributed important speeches to the parlia- mentary debates. His attitude has from the first been ultra-liberal. He passes as the originator of the celebrated phrase " Kulturkampf," or the war of the State against a reactionary Church. In 1887 he was deprived of the rectorate of Berlin University, owing to the violence of his political opinions, but was reinstated in 1892. At the Naturalists' Conference at Innsbruck in 1869 he was one of the founders of the German Anthropological Society. In 1873 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. He has also taken a great interest in the spreading of scientific knowledge amongst the people, and has been since 1866 part editor of a series of popular lectures, to which he has contributed essays on various his- torical and scientific subjects. His prin- cipal works are: "Cellular Pathology," 4th edit., 1871; "Morbid Tumours," 3 vols., 1863-66 ; " Collection of Treatises on Scientific Medicine," 1856 ; " Collec- tion of Treatises on Public Medicine and Epidemiology," 2 vols., 1879 ; " Goethe as a Naturalist," 1861 ; ' ' Four Lectures on Life and Illness," 1862; "The Education of Women," 1865; "The Function of Science in the New National Life of Germany," 1871; "Free Knowledge in the Modern State," 1877 ; " The Necropolis of Koban in the Caucasus," 1883 ; and " Alimentation and Well-being," 1889. His " Archives of Pathological Anatomy and Physiology, and of Clinical Medicine," founded in 1847, has latterly reached the 120th volume. During the last illness of the Emperor Frederick he was constantly in communication with the late Sir Morell Mackenzie. On the occasion of the com- pletion of the fiftieth year of his connec- tion with Berlin University in November 1897 he was the recipient of most flatter- ing proofs of the respect in which he is universally held. In 1898 he came to London and lectured before the Royal Society, his speech upon this occasion being most generously appreciative of the labours of English scientific men. VOGUE, Vicomte Eugene Melchior de, was born on Feb. 24, 1848 ; became Secretary to the Embassy, first at Con- stantinople, and subsequently at St. Peters- burg, where, at the Winter Palace in 1878, he was married to the daughter of General Annenkoff. He retired from the Diplo- matic Service in 1881, and has since de- voted his time to literature ; writing much in the Revue des Deux Mondes and the Journal des Dibats. He has also written 1120 VOULES— VOYSEY " Syrie, Palestine, Mount Athos," 1876 ; "Histoires Orientales," 1879; "Le Fils de Pierre le Grand," 1884; "Histoires d'Hiver," 1885 ; " Le Roman Russe," 1886; "Souvenirs et Visions," 1887; " Remarques sur l'Exposition du Cen- tenaire," 1889. Vioomte Melchior de Vogue was elected a Member of the Acadtknie Frangaise in November 1888. He was promoted Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1879. VOULES, Horace St. George, jour- nalist and editor of Truth, was born at Windsor on April 23, 1844, and is the son of Charles Stuart Voules, solicitor, Wind- sor. He was educated at private schools at Brighton and Eastbourne. He began life in 1864 in the printing trade at Cassell, Petter, & Galpin's, and in 1868 originated for them the Echo, the earliest halfpenny evening paper. When, in 1875, the paper was sold to the late Albert Grant, he con- tinued as editor and manager of the same till it passed into the hands of its present proprietor, Mr. Passmore Edwards, in 1876. In that year he arranged with Mr. Labouchere to start Truth, which was issued in January 1877. He has remained in this post ever since, and has been sole editor for several years. He at one time, during a year or more, assisted in the reconstruction of the Pall Mall Gazette, from which Mr. Greenwood had then seceded. Addresses : Truth Office, Carteret Street, S.W. ; and Uplands, Brighton. VOYSEY, The Rev. Charles, B.A., was bom in London, March 18, 1828, being the youngest son of the late Mr. Annesley Voysey, architect. He was educated partly by private tuition, partly at Stock- well Grammar School, and afterwards at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree in 1851. From 1852 to 1859 he held the curacy of Hessle, near Hull, after which he was curate (under the Crown) of Craigton, Jamaica, for fifteen months. In 1861 he was ap- pointed curate of Great Yarmouth, but in the same year was transferred to St. Mark's, Whitechapel. Being ejected from that curacy in consequence of a sermon against endless punishment, he was re- commended by the Bishop of London (Dr. Tait) to the curacy of the well-known Victoria Dock parish, under the Rev. H. Boyd, Vicar. After six months' service there he was invited by the patron and Vicar of Healaugh, Yorkshire, to accept the curacy of that parish, and at the ex- piration of six months the Vicar resigned and presented Mr. Voysey to the benefice (1864). Mr. Voysey began his career as a religious reformer by the publication of a sermon entitled " Is every Statement in the Bible about Our Heavenly Father strictly true ? " This was soon followed, in 1865, by "The Sling and the Stone," which first appeared in monthly parts, and was continued through several years ; up to the present time ten volumes have been issued. The opinions expressed were denounced as heretical by the ultra- orthodox parties in the Anglican Church, and eventually in the spring of 1869 legal proceedings were instituted by the Arch- bishop of York's secretary against Mr. Voysey. The case was heard in the first instance in the Chancery Court, York Minster, Dec. 1, 1869, when judgment was pronounced against Mr. Voysey, and on appeal, confirmed by the Judicial Com- mittee of the Privy Council, which sen- tenced the appellant to be deprived of his living, and to pay the costs, Feb. 11, 1871. In October of that year Mr. Voysey began holding Theistic services, and preaching in London, first at St. George's Hall, then at Langham Hall, and since April 1885 at the Theistic Church, Swallow Street, Piccadilly. The religious movement with which he is associated was at first called the " Voysey Establishment Fund," but in 1880, at his own request, his supporters and congregation enrolled themselves into the " Theistic Church," which has been properly settled by an elaborate Trust Deed. For the first three years of his preaching in London Mr. Voysey's sermons were published weekly in the Eastern Post, and frequently in other papers in England, in America, and in India. Every sermon which he has preached since October 1871 has been printed and circulated in many parts of the world. The issue is 1200 a week, and the total number of sermons, including reprints, is over 1,250,000. The work of the Theistic Church in twenty-six years has cost over £40,000, and a further sum of £2653 has been collected for charities. Mr. Voysey is the author of an original work, entitled " The Mystery of Pain, Death, and Sin " ; and he has recently issued what may be regarded as standard works on the religion which he upholds, entitled "Theism, or The Religion of Common Sense " and " Theism as a Science " ; also an important polemical book, entitled "The Testimony of the Four Gospels concerning Jesus Christ." By the aid of a munificent gift from a friend Mr. Voysey has been able to present over 14,000 volumes of his writings to Public Free Libraries, Colleges, Schools, &c, besides many thousands of Theistic pamphlets and sermons. Address : An- nesley Lodge, Piatt's Lane, Hampstead, N.W. WACE — WAKLEY 1121 W WACE, The Rev. Henry, D.D., Rector of St. Michael's, Cornhill, late Prin- cipal of King's College, London, was born in London, Dec. 10, 1836, and educated at Marlborough, Rugby, King's College, London, and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1860, taking a second class both in Classics and Mathe- matics. He proceeded to D.D. at Oxford in 1883 ; and in the previous year received the honorary degree of D.D. from the University of Edinburgh. He was ordained in 1861 ; served as Curate at St. Luke's, Berwick Street, from 1861 to 1863 ; at St. James's, Piccadilly, from 1863 to 1869 ; and was Lecturer at Grosvenor Chapel, South Audley Street, from 1870 to 1872. In 1872 he was elected by the Benchers of Lincoln's Inn, Chaplain of that Society ; and in 1880 was promoted by them to the office of Preacher of Lincoln's Inn. He preached the Boyle Lectures for 1874 and 1875, on the subject of " Christianity and Morality." In 1879 he preached the Bampton Lectures at Oxford on the "Foundations of Faith." He was Select Preacher at Cambridge in 1878, and at Oxford from 1880 to 1882. In 1875 he was appointed Professor of Eccle- siastical History in King's College, London ; and in 1881 he was nominated by the Bishop of London a Prebendary of St. Paul's. He was appointed one of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Chaplains in April 1883 ; and in November the same year, Principal of King's College, London. In 1884 he was appointed one of the Hono- rary Chaplains to the Queen, and became Chaplain in Ordinary in 1889. In 1896 he was presented by the Drapers' Com- pany to the Rectory of St. Michael's, Cornbill, and resigned the offices of Principal of King's College and Preacher of Lincoln's Inn. In conjunction with the late Sir William Smith, he is the editor of the "Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines, during the First Eight Centuries," 4 vols., 1877- 87 ; and he is the Editor of " The Speaker's Commentary on the Apocrypha " ; and also, in conjunction with the late Dr. Schaff, of a few of the volumes of the " Post-Nicene Library of Translations from the Fathers." He is also the author of Lectures preached in 1881 at St. James's, Piccadilly, on "The Principal Facts in the Life of Our Lord, and the Authority of the Evangelical Narratives " ; of a volume of discourses on "Some Central Points of Our Lord's Ministry," 1890 ; of a series of essays on " The Christian Faith and some recent Agnostic Attacks," 1894 ; of some discourses on " The Sacrifice of Christ," 1898; in conjunction with Dr. Buchheim, of an edition of Luther's Primary Works, 1893 and 1897; and "The Sacrifice of Christ," 1898. Address : 22 Gordon Square, W.C. WADDY, His Honour Judge Samuel Danks, Q.C. , is the son of the late Rev. S. D. Waddy, D.D., Wesleyan minister, and was born in 1830. He was educated at Wesley College, Sheffield, took the B.A. degree at the London Uni- versity in 1851, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1858. He sat in the House of Commons as Liberal member for Barnstaple from 1874 to 1879, as one of the members for Sheffield from 1879 to 1880, as a member for Edinburgh from 1882 to 1885, and for the Brigg Division of Lincolnshire from 1886 to 1894. Mr. Waddy was appointed a Q.C. in 1874, and became Recorder of Sheffield in 1894, whilst two years later he was made Judge of the County Court in the same borough. He is married to Emma, daughter of Samuel A. Garbutt, of Hull. Addresses : Claremont, Sheffield ; and 12 Eton Avenue, Hampstead, N.W. WAKEFIELD, Bishop of. See Eden, The Right Rev. Geoegb Rodney. WAKLEY, Thomas Henry, F.R.C.S., joint-editor of the Lancet, is the son of the famous founder of that journal, the late Thomas Wakley, Coroner for West Middle- sex and M.P. for Finsbury. He was born in London on March 20, 1821, and was educated by a private tutor, at University College Hospital, and in Paris. He was formerly Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery at the Royal Free Hospital, and is now Consulting Surgeon to the same. From 1848 to 1883 he was in practice as a Con- sulting Surgeon. He has been the author of many scientific papers in his own journal, and of several articles, including that on "Diseases of the Joints," in Cooper's " Surgical Dictionary," &c. Addresses : 5 Queen's Gate, S.W. ; and 1 and 2 Bedford Street, Strand, W.C, &c. WAKLEY, Thomas, junior, L.R.C.P., was born in London on July 10 r 1851, and is the only son of Thomas H. Wakley, F.R.C.S. (q.v.). He was educated at the Westminster School, at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at St. Thomas's Hospital. He is joint-editor of the Lancet with his father, and is a Fellow of the Medical Society of London, and the Royal Medical Chirurgical Society, and Member of other Medical Societies. Addresses : 5 Queen's Gate, S.W. ; and 1 and 2 Bed- ford Street, Strand, W.C, &c. 4b 1122 WALDECK-KOTTSSEAU — WALDSTEIN WALDECK - ROUSSEAU, Pierre Marie, French politician and lawyer, was born on Dec. 2, 1846, and is the son of the famous politician who died in 1882. Like his father, he chose the profession of the law, and in 1879 was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies for Rennes. There he sat among the United Republi- cans, and introduced a Bill for the Reform of the Judiciary. Re-elected in 1881, he became Minister of the Interior in Gambetta's Cabinet of that year, and endeavoured to keep the administration of the country free from political interference. He resigned with the rest of the Ministry in January 1882, but accepted the same post in Jules Ferry's Cabinet of 1883, and retained it until March 1885. In the next year he became a member of the Paris Bar, and there acquired a great success, being engaged in all the famous cases, notably in the defence of De Lesseps in the Panama scandals of 1893. So great was his work that in 1889 he did not come forward as a Parliamentary candidate, although he was elected a Senator a few years later. He had completely severed himself from political life, when at the fall of the Dupuy Cabinet in June 1899 over the riot at the Auteuil racecourse, Presi- dent Loubet (a fellow-lawyer) appealed to M. Waldeck-Rousseau to form a Coalition Cabinet to see the Dreyfus rehabilitation through. After a first failure, he succeeded in his task, having the former Imperialist, General de Gallifet, as Minister of War, and the Socialist, M. Millerand, as Minister of Commerce. Despite these hetero- geneous ingredients, he succeeded in gain- ing a vote of confidence in the House, and speedily dissolved the Chambers in July, having the support of all right-thinking Frenchmen. His Paris address is 35 Rue de l'Universite'. WALDEGRAVE, Earl of, The Right Hon. William Frederick Wal- degrave, is the son of Viscount Chewton, was born on March 2, 1851, and succeeded his grandfather as 9th Earl in 1859. He was educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. He held the appointment of Lord-in-Waiting to the Queen from 1886 to 1892, and from 1895 to 1896, and he has been Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard since 1896. He was Second Conservative Whip in the House of Lords from 1889 to 1896, and since the latter year he has acted as Chief Conservative Whip. Lord Waldegrave is ATce-Chairman of the National Rifle Asso- ciation, and is an Hon. Major of the London Rifle Brigade. He married, in 1874, Mary Dorothea, daughter of the 1st Earl Skiborne. Address : 20 Bryanston Square, W. WALDERSEE, General Count von, late Chief of the General Staff of the Ger- man army, was born in 1832; entered the army in 1850, and served with distinction through the war of 1866, and through the Franco - German campaign. In 1882 he became Quartermaster-General, and acted as Deputy Chief of the General Staff on behalf of the aged Count von Moltke, on whose resignation he succeeded to the position of Chief of the General Staff. Count Waldersee married an American lady who had received the title of Princess Maria von Noer, as the morganatic consort of the late Prince Frederick of Schleswig- Holstein. WALDSTEIN, Charles, Litt.D., Ph.D., L.H.D., Knight Commander of the Order of the Redeemer, and Ernestine Saxon Order, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, Slade Professor of Fine Art, and University Reader in Classical Archae- ology, Member of the Imperial Archae- ological Institutes of Berlin, Rome, and Athens, &c, was born in New York, on March 30, 1856, and is the third sur- viving son of Henry Waldstein, merchant, of that city. Educated at first in New York, then for three years, from 1867 to 1870, travelling in Europe with tutors and at schools in Switzerland and Ger- many, he in 1870 prepared for Columbia University, New York, at the school of Mr. Leggett in that city. He entered the University there at the early age of fifteen. He went in the autumn of 1873 to the University of Heidelberg, where he took Ph.D. in Philosophy, Ar- chaeology, and Political Science in 1875, and thence went to study at Leipzig. In 1876 he came over to study at the British Museum, and since then has remained in England. In 1878 he gave a course of lectures on Greek Art in the British Mu- seum, under the patronage of King's Col- lege, London, published a work on the "Balance of Emotion and Intellect," and contributed articles to the Nineteenth Cen- tury. Early in 1880 he was invited to give a course of lectures on Greek Art before the University of Cambridge ; was made a Lecturer there, and in 1883 appointed to the newly-created Chair of Classical Ar- chaeology, which he still holds. In the same year he succeeded Prof. Sidney Colvin as Director of the Fitz-William Museum, a post he held for six years, until he gave it up in order to take the Director- ship of the American Archaeological School at Athens ; the University of Cambridge granting him leave of absence during the winter months. He resigned the Director- ship of the American School of Athens in 1892, since then living at Cambridge, where he was made Slade Professor of Fine Art WALES 1123 in 1895. He is one of the leading exca- vators of the day, having directed exten- sive excavations in Greece at the ancient Plataea, Bretria, where he has found the supposed tomb of Aristotle, and at the Argive Heraeum. These works are still carried on, having been directed by hirn for the last three years. He has been made, in recognition of his work, honorary member of several foreign learned bodies, and Knight Commander of the Hellenic Order of the Redeemer, and K.C. of the Saxon Ernestine Order. Besides " The Balance of Emotion and Intellect," pub- lished in London in 1878, he has written "Essays on the Art of Phidias," Cam- bridge, 1885 ; "Catalogue of Casts in the Museum of Classical Archaeology," London, 1889; "Excavations at the Hereion of Argos," London, 1892; "The Work of John Buskin, &c," London, 1894 ; " The Study of Art," London, 1895. Most of these have appeared in American editions. He has published about thirty-six articles and memoirs in the special Archaeological Journals of England, America, and the Continent, and has been a frequent con- tributor to the Nineteenth Century, Harper's, and the Century Magazine. Permanent address : King's College, Cambridge. WALES, H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of, K.G., K.T., K.P., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., &c, Heir-Apparent to the British Crown, eldest son of her Ma- jesty and the late Prince Consort, was born at Buckingham Palace, November 9, 1841. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, by patent under the Great Seal, on December the 4th of the same year. His early education was entrusted to the Bev. Henry M. Birch, Rector of Prestwich ; Mr. Gibbs, Barrister-at-law ; the Rev. C. F. Tarver ; and Mr. H. W. Fisher. Having studied for a session at Edinburgh, he entered Christ Church, Oxford, where he attended the public lec- tures for a year, and afterwards resided for three or four terms at Cambridge for the same purpose. His Royal Highness spent most of the summer of 1860 in a visit to Canada, subsequently making a tour through the United States, where he was most enthusiastically received. In November 1858 he was appointed a brevet Colonel in the Army, and in June 1861 joined the Camp at the Curragh, Kildare, to go through a course of military training. He was promoted General in November 1862, and attained the rank of Field- Marshal in May 1875. His Royal High- ness is also Colonel-in-Chief of the House- hold Cavalry, the 10th Hussars, and the Rifle Brigade ; Captain-General of the Honourable Artillery Company, and Colonel of the Gordon Highlanders. In the German Army he holds the rank of Field -Marshal, and is also Colonel-in-Chief of the 5th Pomeranian Blucher Hussars. In the Austrian Army he is Colonel of the 12th Regiment of Hussars. Accompanied by Dean Stanley the Prince, in 1862, travelled on the Continent, visiting Germany and Italy; thence he journeyed through Egypt and Syria, to Jerusalem. Upon his return he was introduced at the Privy Council, and took his seat in the House of Lords as Duke of Cornwall. His Royal Highness is also Prince of Saxe-C'oburg Gotha, Duke of Saxony, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Gar- rick, Earl of Dublin, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Great Steward of Scotland. He is also patron of twenty-six livings, chiefly as owner of the Duchy of Cornwall. On March 10, 1863, His Royal Highness married, at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, Princess Alexandra, eldest daughter of the King of Denmark, and was at once granted an income of £40,000 per annum, exclusive of the revenues of his Duchy, making an aggre- gate of about £100,000 a year. At the same time he relinquished his right to the succession of the throne of Saxe-Coburg Gotha in favour of his younger brothers, by a formal act. In the following year he visited Denmark, Sweden, and Russia. Between the years 1864 and 1870 the Prince visited many parts of the United Kingdom, opening Exhibitions, laying foundation stones, and performing other civic functions, being always most warmly received. He went to Egypt for the second time in 1869, and examined the Suez Canal, afterwards departing for Con- stantinople, Sebastopol, and Athens. In July 1870 His Royal Highness inaugurated the Thames Embankment, and opened the Workmen's International Exhibition at Islington. Towards the close of 1871 the 1'rince was attacked with typhoid fever, and for some weeks his life was despaired of ; but he slowly recovered, and was able to take part in the memorable Thanks- giving Service in St. Paul's Cathedral, on February 27, 1872. He was elected Grand- Master of the Freemasons in England, in succession to the Marquis of Ripon, in 1874, and during April of the following year was admitted to the office at a Lodge held in the Albert Hall. In May 1875 he was installed at the Freemasons' Hall, as First Principal of the Royal Arch Free- masons. About this time Parliament voted over £100,000 to enable His Royal High- ness to visit India. He left Dover on October 11, and landed at Cairo on the 25th, and invested Mohammed Tewfik, son of the Khedive, with the Order of the Star of India. He arrived at Bombay in November, and then proceeded to Ceylon and Calcutta. After visiting all the princi- 1124 WALES pal cities of the Empire, the Prince arrived in London in May 1876. He brought home with him about 500 animals, and these he presented to the Zoological Society's Gar- dens. In the following July he reviewed 30,000 Volunteers in Hyde Park. His Royal Highness was appointed President of the British Commissioners at the Paris Exhibition of 1878, in which he took a great interest. He attended the Court festivities held in Berlin in March 1883, to celebrate the " Silver Wedding " of the Crown Prince of Germany with the Prin- cess Royal of England. During 1885, in company with the Princess of Wales, he made a tour through Ireland, visiting Dublin, Killarney, and Limerick, and everywhere received a most enthusiastic welcome. The Prince and Princess cele- brated their "Silver Wedding" in 1888. Their Royal Highnesses and their two sons visited the Paris Exhibition of 1889, the Prince at that time evincing an active interest in the promotion of the series of Exhibitions which were being held in South Kensington. The establishment of the Imperial Institute was, in a large measure, due to the efforts of the Prince, and in spite of a good deal of opposition and hostile criticism, he succeeded in ob- taining a royal warrant for its constitution. In May 1891 His Royal Highness was made a grandfather by the birth of the Duchess of Fife's daughter. He was ap- pointed a Member of the Poor-Law Com- mission in 1893, and attended its sittings with great assiduity. During the summers of 1893 and 1894 the Prince raced his yacht, the Britannia, in most of the chief re- gattas round the coast, and secured many victories. He was present, in April 1894, at the wedding of Princess Victoria Melita at Coburg ; and also, with the Princess of Wales, attended the marriage of the late Czar's daughter at St. Petersburg. In the following July the Prince and Princess were present at the Welsh Eisteddfod, on which occasion the Princess was ad- mitted a Bard. During the autumn, accompanied by the Duke of York, he hastened to join the Russian Imperial family, on the occasion of the decease of the late Czar ; and the Prince, by his courteous attention to Russian etiquette and constant attendance at the prolonged funeral ceremonies, gained the affection of the Russians to a marked degree. During 1896 His Royal Highness won most of the principal turf races, securing the Derby at Epsom with his horse " Persimmon," amid a scene of unparalleled enthusiasm. In June of the same year he was installed as Chancellor of the new University of Wales, and in the following month attended the marriage, at Buckingham Palace, of his second daughter, the Princess Maud, to Prince Charles of Denmark. Diamond Jubilee year, 1897, was marked by the inauguration of the Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund. His Royal Highness ap- pealed to the public for subscriptions to enable him to raise a fund which should be devoted to the permanent endowment of the London hospitals, and also to free them from debt. Before the close of the year, he received nearly a quarter of a million, including some £30,000 which were promised as annual subscriptions. The Prince took a prominent part in the Jubilee celebrations, and on Sunday, June the 20th, attended divine service at St. Paul's Cathedral, at which every Royal personage in London was present. On the following day he was appointed Great Master and Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Bath. In the memorable procession on June 20, the Prince rode on the right of the Queen's carriage. On June 25 the Prince and Princess of Wales, in company with a very distinguished assemblage, were the guests of the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House. The most striking event in connection with the Diamond Jubilee was the Naval Review, at which the Prince represented the Queen. The Fleet was moored in the Solent, in five lines, op- posite Portsmouth. It was composed of ships of all classes, in number about 150, and was considered the finest fleet that was ever got together. The Prince of Wales, in the Victoria and Albert, accom- panied by a great number of distinguished people in other vessels, steamed down the lines and reviewed the fleet, receiving a Royal salute as he passed each warship. He afterwards held a reception on board the Royal yacht, to which all the foreign officers taking part in the review, as well as the English admirals and captains, were invited. Admiral Sir Nowell Salmon, Commander-in-Chief, made the following signal during the reception : " I am com- manded by the Prince of Wales, as repre- senting the Queen, to express his entire satisfaction with the magnificent naval display at Spithead, and the perfect manner in which all the arrangements were carried out ; at his request I order the mainbrace to be spliced." In July 1898, while on a visit to Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild at Waddesdon Manor, the Prince had the misfortune to slip on the stairs and to fall, fracturing his knee-cap. Sir William MacCormac and other eminent members of the medical profession were called in, and operative interference was decided against. A mode of treatment, enforcing prolonged rest, was adopted ; and though many weeks elapsed before His Royal Highness could walk, it is ex- pected that no permanent lameness will obtain as a result of the accident. The WALES — WALFORD 1125 Prince has always taken a great interest in Exhibitions, and was Executive Presi- dent of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, opened by the Queen in May 1886. He also originated the Royal College of Music, and is President of St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital and of the Society of Arts. The Universities of Cambridge and Dublin have conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., and Oxford that of D.C.L. The Prince for several years has been a Bencher of the Middle Temple, and also an Elder Brother of Trinity House. He is President of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society. In the Royal Navy he holds the rank of honorary Admiral of the Fleet, and Cap- tain of the Royal Naval Reserve. WALES, Her Royal Highness Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise JuHe, the Princess of, is the daughter of Christian IX., King of Den- mark, and was born at Copenhagen, Dec. 1, 1844, and was married at Windsor on March 10, 1863, to His Royal Highness Albert Edward Prince of Wales, and has had six children : Albert Victor Christian Edward, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, born at Frogmore Lodge, near Windsor, Jan. 8, 1864, died January 1892, within a few weeks after his betrothal to his cousin, Princess May of Teck ; George Frederick Ernest Albert, born at Marl- borough House, June 3, 1865, married Princess Mary of Teck, July 1893 ; Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar (Duchess of Fife), born at Marlborough House, Feb. 20, 1867, married to the Duke of Fife in July 1889 ; Victoria Alexander Olga Marie, born at Marlborough House, July 6, 1868 ; Maud Charlotte Marie Alctoria, born at Marl- borough House, Nov. 26, 1869, married to Charles, second son of the Crown Prince of Denmark, in July 1896, and Prince Alexander, who died shortlv after his birth, April 6, 1871. Her Royal Highness accompanied the Prince of Wales to Russia at the time of the death of Alexander III., and made a prolonged stay with her sister the Czarina, with whom she attended the funeral ceremonies at St. Petersburg. Rumours of the late Queen of Denmark's failing health took her to her native land in the summer of 1898, and, with the Duke of York, she was subsequently present at the funeral ceremonies of a parent to whom she had been tenderly devoted. The Princess is well known for her interest in all kinds of bene- volent causes, and as an accomplished musician, holding the degree of Hon. Mus. Doc, as a collector of old lace and rare china, and a devotee of country life at Sandringham, where her dairy is a place of pilgrimage. WALFORD, Mrs. Lucy Bethia, novelist, was born on April 17, 1845, and is the youngest daughter of the second son of Sir James Colquhoun of Colquhoun and Luss, 10th baronet of the name, and brother of the unfortunate Sir James who was drowned in Loch Lomond, within sight of his own door, some years ago. Her mother was the daughter of E. Fuller- Maitland, Esq., of Stanstead, Essex, and this lady — as is little known — was the writer of the principal portion of those verses, now in every hymn-book, and usually attributed to H. Kirke White — " Oft in danger, oft in woe, Onward, Christians, onward go." Of these Kirke White wrote only the first six lines, and the poem was finished by Miss Frances Fuller-Maitland, then only in her sixteenth year. From both parents Mrs. Walford thus inherits literary tastes, as her father's comprehensive sporting work, " The Moor and the Loch," lately gone into its seventh edition, is considered a classic among lovers of the rod and the gun. It was not until four years after her marriage, in 1869, to Mr. Alfred Saunders Walford, that Mrs. Walford published "Mr. Smith," her first serious attempt. It was sent anonymously to Mr. John Blackwood, and by him was accepted and published at once. Mr. Blackwood, on the success of "Mr. Smith," urged Mrs Walford to write for the "Maga" (Black wood's Magazine), and the result was a series of short tales, beginning with " Nan : a Summer Scene," which has lately been brought out under this head- ing in book form. They comprehended "Bee or Beatrix," "Lady Adelaide," "Fashion and Fancy," "Eleanor: a Tale of Non-Performers," and " Mattie : the History of an Evening," all which made their first appearance in Blackwood. "Pauline," Mrs. Walford's first Blackwood serial novel, ran its course in 1877 ; "Cousins," her third novel, was published by the same firm in 1879. "Troublesome Daughters" followed in 1880; "The Baby's Grandmother " was the Blackwood serial in 1885; and "A Stiff-Necked Generation " completed its course in the same pages in 1888. Alongside of these, her larger works, Mrs. Walford wrote a series of biographical essays for Black- wood, which were afterwards published under the title of " Four Biographies from Blackwood" ; "Dick Netherby," a one- volume tale of humble Scottish life, for Good Words, in 1881 ; and " Dinah's Son," on the same lines, for Life and Work, also in 1881; "The History of a Week" formed the Christmas number of the Graphic in 1885 ; and all these have also 1126 WALKER been republished in book form. Other novelettes are: "A Mere Child," "The Havoc of a Smile," " A Sage of Sixteen," " A Pinch of Experience," " The One Good Guest," and two collections of short maga- zine stories. In 1891 Mrs. Walford's novel, "The Mischief of Monica," formed the serial for the year in Longmans' Maga- zine, and was re-published by the same firm, who have brought out several suc- ceeding editions. Messrs. Longman also published in the autumn of 1892 " Twelve English Authoresses," being a collection of biographical essays written for Far and Near, an American monthly, and contem- porary with this appeared a small volume of " Stories for Grown-up Children," illustrated by T. Pym. This was followed by "A Question of Penmanship," 1893. In 1894 " The Matchmaker " ran as a serial for the year in Longmans' Magazine. "Ploughed" appeared in 1894; "A Bubble," and "Frederick," 1895; "Suc- cessors to the Title," 1896; "Iva Kil- dare," 1897; "The Intruders," and "The Archdeacon," 1898. In 18G9 Mrs. Walford was married to Mr. Alfred Saunders Wal- ford, of Cranbrooke Hall, Essex, where she resides. WALKER, Frederick William, High Master of St. Paul's School, only son of Mr. Thomas Walker, of Tullamore, was born in London, July 7, 1830, and educated at Rugby, under Dr. Tait. He was Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1849 (first class in classical, and second class in mathematical modera- tions, 1852 ; first class in Classics, and second class in Mathematics, Final Exa- mination, 1853), Boden Sanskrit Scholar, Vinerian Law Scholar, and Tancred Law Scholar, 1854 ; and Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College. He was called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn, 1857 ; and was appointed High Master of Manchester Grammar School, 1859 ; Public Examiner at Oxford, 1868; High Master of St. Paul's School, London, 1877 ; Honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1894; and member of the Court of Assistants of the Fishmongers' Company, 1897. Under Mr. Walker's mastership St. Paul's School has been removed from St. Paul's Churchyard to West Kensington. He married, in 1867, Maria, eldest daugh- ter of Richard Johnson, of Manchester. She died in 1869. Address : St. Paul's School, West Kensington, W. WALKER, John James, M.A.,F.R.S., President of the London Mathematical Society from 1880 to 1890, member of the Physical Society, was born, Oct. 2, 1825, at Kennington, Surrey, and is the son of John Walker, B.A., Head-Master of Uni- versity College, London High, and Ply- mouth New Grammar schools, by Ann, sister of Ed. Fricker, surgeon, Chelten- ham. He was educated at London High and Plymouth New Grammar schools, and Trinity College, Dublin (with which he had an hereditary connection, his great- grandfather, Matthias Walker, Clerk, his grandfather, John Walker, a Fellow, and his father, having been graduates of Dublin University), first class Mathe- matics and Logic at previous Exam., 1845 ; Sen. Mod. Mathematics and Physics Degree Exam., 1849 ; second Bishop Law's Prizeman, 1850; M.A. 1857. From 1853 to 1862 be was private tutor to the present Lord Ardilaun, Captain B. L. Guinness, and Lord Iveagh ; from 1865 to 1888, Afternoon Lecturer in Applied Mathe- matics and Physics, University College School ; and from 1868 to 1882 Vice-Prin- cipal University Hall, London ; from 1871 to 1883 Examiner in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy for Hibbert Trust Scholarships. He was elected F.R.S. in 1883. He is the author of papers and reviews in the Philosophical Magazine ("Iris seen in Water," 1853, reprinted in Annales de Chim. et de Physique, tome xxxix.), Cambridge and Dublin, and Quarterly Journals of Mathematics, Messen- ger of Mathematics, London Mathematical Society Proceedings, British A ssociation Re- ports, 1859-63 ; Proceedings of the Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions, and Nature. Since 1888 Mr. Walker has de- voted himself entirely to research in Pure and Applied Mathematics. In 1842, when residing in Somersetshire, he was fortu- nate in discovering, raising, and cleaning a fine specimen of Ichthyosaurus tenui- rostris, from the lias near Long Sutton, on the property of the then Earl of Burlington, late 7th Duke of Devonshire, a careful drawing of which was accepted by the late Sir R. Owen as an illustration to his British Fossil Reptiles. He married Emma, youngest daughter of the late William Turner, of Newcastle. Address : 12 Denning Road, Hampstead, N.W. WALKER, The Right Hon. Samuel, is the second son of Captain A. Walker, of Goreport, co. Westmeath, and was born in 1832. He was educated at Portarlington School, and Trinity College, Dublin. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1855, and was appointed a Q.C. in 1872. After serv- ing the office of Solicitor-General of Ire- land from 1883 to 1885, he became Attor- ney-General of Ireland in 1886, and was the Irish Lord Cbancellof from 1892 to 1895. In the latter year Mr. Walker was appointed a Lord-Justice of Appeal in Ireland. He sat in the House of Commons from 1884 to 1885 as member for London- WALKINGTON — WALLACE 1127 derry, and he is married to Eleanor, daughter of the Rev. A. MacLaughlin. Address : Pembroke House, Lower Mount Street, Dublin. WALKINGTON, Miss Letitia Alice, M.A., LL.D., was born in Belfast, but has lived nearly all her life in Strand- town, about two and a half miles out of Belfast. Her father, Mr. T. R. Walking- ton, comes of a family that has been well known for several generations in Antrim and Down. In 1695 Edward Walkington was consecrated Bishop of Down and Connor. Her mother is the daughter of the late Prussian Consul, G. von Heyn. Miss Walkington was educated at home by a governess, Miss Bessel, until sixteen, and then went to a boarding-school, first in EDgland and then in Paris. She did not, however, begin to study seriously until more than a year after she had left school. She matriculated in 1882 in the Royal University of Dublin. After doing so, she studied at the Methodist and Queen's Col- leges, Belfast, and with a barrister, Mr. Thos. Harrison, and took her B.A. degree in 1885, and M.A. in 1886, taking the Logic, Metaphysic, and Political Economy Honour Group for both degrees. In 1888 she took the LL.B., and in 1889 the LL.D. degree. Miss Walkington was the first lady who took the last three degrees. Several ladies have since taken the M.A., but only one, Miss V. Gray, has taken the law degrees. Miss Gray, Miss Hamilton, B.A., and Miss Walkington have organised university classes to prepare young ladies for the Intermediate and R.U.I, examina- tions, hoping thereby to supply a want, as there is nothing of the kind for girls in Belfast, except in close connection with the principal schools. Their success, as far as numbers are concerned, testifies that the want was really experienced. In 1889 Miss Walkington was invited to take part in the Congres International des (Euvres et Institutions Feminines, in connection with the Paris Exhibition. Of late years Miss Walkington has been en- gaged in teaching and .charitable work, principally work among the blind in con- nection with the Workshops for the Blind, Royal Avenue. She has invented, with the aid of two friends, a machine for print- ing Braille, the embossed type for the blind, which will greatly facilitate the production of books for the blind. She has also been much engaged in temper- ance work in connection with the Irish Women's Temperance Union, and is try- ing with others to build an Institute in connection for the use of her branch. She frequently speaks at meetings, and helps in other ways. Address : Edenvale, Strandtown, co. Down. "WALKLEY, Arthur Bingham, only son of the late Mr. A. H. Walkley, of Bristol, was born there on Dec. 17, 1855. He was educated at Warminster Grammar School, and, after matriculating at Oxford as Exhibitioner of Balliol College in 1873. was elected Mathematical Scholar of Corpus Christi, graduating in honours in 1877, in which year he was appointed, after an open competitive examination, to a Clerkship in the Department of the Secretary to the Post Office. In 1897 he was Secretary of the British Delegation to the Postal Congress held at Washing- ton, U.S.A. Under the pseudonym of "Spectator" he became dramatic critic of the Star on the foundation of that journal, and subsequently of the Speaker and Cosmopolis, joined the leader-writing staff of the Daily Clironicle, and is a regu- lar contributor to the literary columns of other newspapers and reviews. He is the author of a collection of theatrical essays entitled "Playhouse Impressions," 1892. Address : Devonshire Club, St. James's, S.W. "WALLACE, Alfred Kussel, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., born at Usk, Monmouth- shire, Jan. 8, 1823, of Scottish descent, was educated at the Grammar School, Hertford, and articled with an elder brother as land surveyor and architect, but gave up that profession in order to travel and study nature. In 1848 he visited the Amazon with Mr. Bates. Returning in 1852, he published his " Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro," and a small volume on "Palm-Trees of the Amazon and their Uses." In 1854 he visited the Malay Islands, where he remained eight years. He published " The Malay Archi- pelago," 2 vols., in 1869 (10th edit., in one volume, 1890), and a volume of essays en- titled "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection " in 1870, as well as a large number of papers in the publications of the Linnean, Zoological, Ethnologi- cal, Anthropological, and Entomological Societies. In 1868 he was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, and in 1870 the Gold Medal of the Societe de Gcographie of Paris. In 1875 he printed a small volume "On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." His elaborate work, in two volumes, on " The Geographical Distribu- tion of Animals," was published in 1876, in which year he was President of the Biological Section at the meeting of the British Association at Glasgow. In 1878 he published a volume on "Tropical Nature," containing, besides a description of the equatorial climate and aspects of nature, his views on the colours of natural objects, on sexual selection, the geogra- phical distribution of animals and plants, 1128 WALLACE — WALLER and allied topics. In 1880 he published another important work, " Island Life," in which the principles established in the " Geographical Distribution of Animals " are applied to the faunas and floras of the chief islands of the globe, &c. Since then Mr. Wallace has turned his attention to social and political problems, and in 1882 published a volume on " Land Nation- alisation, its Necessity and its Aims," in which he gives a sketch of the whole subject of laDd-tenure ; and proposes a practical scheme of occupying ownership under the State in order to remedy the numerous evils of the present system which he has pointed out. To advocate this scheme a Land Nationalisation Society has been formed, of which Mr. Wallace is president. He has also put forth a scheme for the Nationalisation of the Church of England. In 1881 he was awarded a Civil List pension of £200 a year in recognition of the amount and value of his scientific work. The hono- rary degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the University of Dublin in 1882, and that of D.C.L. bv the University of Oxford in 1889. The'first Darwin Medal of the Royal Society was awarded to him in 1890 ; he also received the Founder's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1892, and the Gold Medal of the Linntean Society in the same year. In 1889 he published a volume on " Darwin- ism, " perhaps his most important scientific work. It aims a giving a popular, but full and accurate account of the theory of variation and natural selection, as explain- ing the mode of origin of the existing species of animals and plants, giving much fresh information as to the amount of variation under nature, and as to his reasons for differing on certain points from the teachings of Darwin himself. Mr. Wallace is an opponent of compulsory vaccination, and in 1885 published his " Forty-five Years of Registration Sta- tistics," proving vaccination to be both useless and dangerous. In the latter part of the same year he brought out a small volume entitled " Bad Times : an Esssay on the Present Depression of Trade." The last two works are illus- trated by means of diagrams and tables. In 1890 Mr. Wallace gave evidence before the Royal Commission on Vaccination ; and in 1898 he issued a pamphlet entitled " Vaccination a Delusion, its Penal En- forcement a Crime." This work is founded upon the official evidence published by the Commission, it is illustrated by twelve diagrams, and the author claims to prove that the conclusions of the Royal Commis- sioners are contradicted by the weight of the best official evidence laid before them. He has also written many pamphlets, articles, and letters to the daily press on the land and other social questions. New editions of his earlier works have recently appeared ; and in 1893 he contributed a volume on " Australia and New Zealand " to the new issue of Stanford's " Compen- dium of Geography and Travel." His latest work is entitled " The Wonderful Century, its Successes and its Failures," published in June 1898. In it he gives an account of the marvellous material and scientific progress of the century, and also discusses in some detail its various in- tellectual, social, and moral i-hortcomings. In 1866 he married Annie, eldest daughter of William Milton, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. Address : Corfe View, Parkstone, Dorset. WALLACE, Sir Donald Mackenzie, K.C.I.E., is the son of Robert Wallace, of Boghead, Dumbartonshire, and was born on Nov. 11, 1841. He was educated privately at the Universities of Edinburgh, Berlin, and Heidelberg, and at the Ecole de Droit, Paris. From 1863 to 1884 he was living and travelling in various foreign countries, but mainly in France, Germany, Russia, and Turkey. He acted as Private Secretary to both the Marquis of Dufferin and the Marquis of Lansdowne, whilst Viceroys of India, during the years 1884 to 1889, and he accompanied the Czare- witch as political officer on the occasion of his visit to India and Ceylon in 1890-91. Sir D. Wallace is at the present time direc- tor of the Foreign Department of the Times ; and he is the author of " Russia," 1877, and "Egypt and the Egyptian Question," 1883. He was created a K.C.I.E. in 1887. Addresses : St. Ermin's Mansions, S.W. ; and Athenasum. WALLACE, William, C.M.G., Ad- ministrator of the Royal Niger Company's Territories, has been connected with the Company since 1880. He established the important trading stations of Asaba and Assaye. In 1884 when Ogo, the Asaba Chief, massacred some whites here, it was owing to Mr. Wallace's energetic efforts that further calamities were averted. He knows the Niger better than any living WALLER, Lewis, is the eldest son of William James Lewis, C.E. , and was born at Bilbao, Spain, in 1860. He was edu- cated at King's College School, London, and in Germany. He made his first ap- pearance on the stage in March 1883, and he has since that time played in the English provinces and at most of the London West End theatres. During the winter of 1895 he undertook the manage- ment of the Haymarket Theatre, and he subsequently became co-lessee of the WALLER — WALLON 1129 Shaftesbury Theatre. He has recently been playing in Mr. Tree's company at the Haymarket and Her Majesty's theatres ; and amongst, the important plays lately produced at those houses, in which be has taken a part, there may be mentioned "Henry IV.," in which he appeared as Hotspur ; " The Seats of the Mighty " ; "Julius Cassar," in which he re-created the part of Brutus ; and " The Musketeers." Address : 10 Elm Tree Road, N.W. WALLER, Mrs. Mary Lemon, artist, the wife of Mr. S. B. Waller, the artist, was born at Bideford, in Devonshire, and is the daughter of the Rev. Hugh Fowler, M.A. Her first efforts were with the pen, and writing some quaint little stories she was inspired with the desire to illustrate them. These juvenile efforts were suc- ceeded by attempts with the pencil at portraiture of her family and friends, which appeared to indicate so unusual an ability that she was sent to the School of Art at Gloucester. A careful drawing of the Discobolus secured, in 1871, admission to the Royal Academy Schools. Her intro- duction to artistic life as an exhibitor also took place in 1871, as in that year she got accepted at the Dudley Gallery a study called " An Unexpected Meeting," a child curiously regarding a snail in a garden walk, but it was not until some years later that Mrs. Waller appeared as an exhibitor at the Royal Academy, with a charming portrait of her little two years' old son. Since then she has been a pretty regular contributor to the parent institution. Her chief works have been a head portrait of Lord Armstrong in the Academy, 1883, and a full-length of his lordship, presented to the town of Newcastle in the same year, a work which was not publicly exhibited. In 1884 she exhibited a portrait of Mil- dred, daughter of Colonel Tryon, and the following year her "Little Snow-white" greatly added to the artist's reputation. Other works followed: "The Secret of the Sea " and " Rita, Daughter of Wilber- force Bryant, Esq.," 1886; "Dorothy, Daughter of J. G. Leeming, Esq.," 1887 ; "Leila," 1888, and in the same year "Eve," a child with an apple, exhibited at the Institute, Piccadilly, and repro- duced in the Christmas number of the Illustrated London News ; " Perdita," a portrait, in 1889, and in the Grosvenor Gallery, "Girl Fencing"; whilst in the Academy (1890) she had "Gladys, Daugh- ter of Major Lutley Jordan " ; in 1896, " Spring Voices " ; and " Vivian, Son of S. George Holland, Esq.," 1898. Other works of hers are " Mrs. Montague," in the Grosvenor Gallery, 1888, and "The Rev. Alfred Gatty, D.D.," Sub-Dean of York, and in the Academy of 1893 a portrait of the Countess Fitzwilliam. Address : 58 Circus Road, St. John's Wood, N.W. WALLHOFEN, Madame, nie Pauline Lucca, a celebrated singer, born of Jewish parents in Vienna, in 1842. When still a child her beautiful voice at- tracted attention and procured for her a musical training by Uschmann and Levy. She made her d^but at Olmlitz in 1859 ; and in 1860 sang at Prague in the opera of the " Huguenots," and in " Norma." Her genius elicited the admiration of the great composer, Meyerbeer, who in 1861 pro- cured for her an engagement in Berlin. In 1863 she appeared at Covent Garden for the first time ; and she soon made her- self a name in all the European capitals. In Berlin she received the appointment of Court singer ; but resigned it in 1872, and went for a two years' tour through the United States. Since her return she has resided chiefly in her native city, Vienna. She married, in 1865, the Baron von Rohden, from whom she was divorced, and married Herr von Wallhofen. WALLIS, Henry, member of the Royal Society of Painters in Water- Colours, was born in London, Feb. 21, 1830, and studied in the Art School of Gleyre, Paris, and also at Rome and Venice. His first picture (in oil colour) was exhibited at the British Institution, 1851. He ex- hibited at the Royal Academy, in 1854 and succeeding years, pictures in oil represent- ing incidents in the lives of celebrated personages, subjects from the poets, land- scapes, and scenes of Venetian life of the period of the fifteenth century. His most celebrated work was " The Death of Chatterton." He joined the Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours in 1879, the pictures exhibited at the gallery of the society being mainly scenes from " The Merchant of Venice," and Italian and Oriental subjects. He has published " Notes on Early Persian Vases," 1885-89 ; "Persian Ceramic Art," vol. i. 1891, vol. ii. 1893; "Pictures from Greek Vases," 1896. He has also contributed papers to artistic and other journals on the history of painting and on ceramic art, also re- views of books on art. He has travelled much, and has been an excavator in Italy, Sicily, and Egypt. Club : Burlington Fine Arts. WALLON, Henri Alexandre, was born at Valenciennes, Dec. 23, 1812, was member of the Faculty of Letters, Paris, in 1840, and successor to M. Guizot at the Sorbonne in 1850, where he lectured on history and geography. In 1860 he gained the Gobert Prize of the French Academy for his work on Joan of Arc. He was a 1130 WALPOLE — WALSH Member of the National Assembly in 1849, but resigned in 1850. After the fall of the Empire he was again returned, as a mode- rate Conservative, by the Department of the Nord, but he joined the Lavergne group on the question of the Constitutional Laws. To his moderation and vigour was due the definite establishment of the Republic — indeed, he is still commonly called Father of the Republic — and accordingly M. Buffet, on forming his administration in March 1875, nominated him Minister of Public Instruction. It was he who proposed the clauses which first gave constitutional shape to the Republic. M. Wallon is a Member of the Institute, and Secretaire perpetuel de l'Acad^mie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. He was a candidate for the seat in the French Academy that had been vacated by M. Claude Bernard, but M. Renan defeated him by 19 to 15 (June 13, 1878). He was promoted to be a Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1886. M. Wallon is a sound historian. His chief works are "Richard II." ; "His- toire de l'Esclavage dans l'Antiquite' " (3 vols.); "Jeanne d'Arc " ; "St. Louis et son Temps" (2 vols.); "De l'Autorite' de l'Evangile" (1 vol.); "Le Tribunal Re"- volutionnaire de Paris" (6 vols.), 1886; "La Revolution du 31 Mai et le F^deral- isme en 1793" (2 vols.); "Les Represen- tants du Peuple en Mission et la Justice ReVolutionnaire dans les Departements en l'An II." (5 vols. ), 1889-90. Paris address : 25 Quai de Conti. WALPOLE, Sir Horatio George, K.C.B., Assistant Under-Secretary for India, was born in 1843, and is the second son of the Right Hon. Spencer Walpole, Q.C., and Isabella, daughter of the Right Hon. Spencer Perceval. He was educated at Eton, and received his present appoint- ment in 1883. He was created K.C.B. in 1892. Club : Athenceum. WALPOLE, Sir Spencer, K.C.B., Hon. LL.D. Edin., late Lieut.-Governor of the Isle of Man, eldest son of the Right Hon. S. H. Walpole, and his wife, Isabella, daughter of the Right Hon. Spencer Perce- val, was born Feb. 6, 1839, and educated at Eton. He entered the War Office in 1858, and has been Private Secretary to the Right Hon. T. Sotheron Estcourt, and to his father. He was made one of her Majesty's Inspectors of Fisheries in 1867, and was appointed Lieut.-Governor of the Isle of Man in 1882. He held that position till 1893, when he was made Secretary to the Post Office. Sir Spencer Walpole was a member of the Tweedmouth Committee, which inquired into the grievances of the men in the postal service, and he was also a member of Lord Rothschild's Committee on Old-Age Pensions. He attended, in 1897, the General Postal Congress at Washington as the chief representative of the British Post Office. In January of 1899 he retired from the Secretaryship to the Post Office, having reached the age of sixty, at which he is entitled to claim his pension. He was created a K.C.B. in 1898. He received an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Edinburgh in 1890. He is the author of the " Life of the Right Hon. Spencer Perceval," 1873 ; " The Electorate and the Legislature," 1881 ; " Foreign Relations," 1882 ; " A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815," vols. i. and ii. 1878, vol. iii. 1880, vols. iv. and v. 1886 ; the "Life of Lord John Russell," 1889; and "The Land of Home Rule," 1893; and he has been a contributor to periodical litera- ture. Sir Spencer Walpole married, in 1867, Marion, the youngest daughter of Sir John Digby Murray, Bart. Addresses : 14 Queen's Gate Place, S.W.; and Athenaeum. WALRQND, The Right Hon. Sir William Hood, Bart., M.P., D.L., J.P., was born on Feb. 26, 1849, and succeeded his father as 2nd Baronet in 1889. He was educated at Eton, and obtained a commission in the Grenadier Guards ; he became a captain in 1871, but he retired in the following year. He was elected Conservative member for East Devon in 1880, and again in 1885 was returned in the same interest for the Tiverton Division of the county, a con- stituency which he has since continued to represent. Sir W. Walrond was a Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1885 to 1886, and again from 1886 to 1892 ; he has acted as second Conservative Whip from 1885 to 1886, and from 1886 to 1895, since which date he has been Patronage Secre- tary to the Treasury, and Senior Conserva- tive Whip. In August 1898 he was, together with his fellow-whips, presented with a handsome testimonial by members of the House of Commons, Mr. Balfour making the presentation. He is Hon. Colonel of the 1st Devon Rifle Volunteers, and he is a D.L. and a J.P. for that county. He was sworn of the Privy Council on Jan. 1, 1899. He was married, in 1871, to Elizabeth, heiress of the late James Pit- man, of Dunchidcock House, Devonshire. Addresses : 65 Cadogan Square, S.W. ; and Bradfield, Cullumpton, Devon. WALSH, Right Rev. William, M.A., Hon. D.D., only son of William Walsh, of Chatham, was educated at St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1859, and M.A. in 1862. Ordained in 1860, he was successively curate of Horsell, Surrey, from 1860 to 1863, and WALSH 1131 of Upper Chelsea from 1863 to 1865. For the next five years he was Associated Secretary of the Church Missionary Society for Kent, Sussex, and Surrey ; and from 1870 to 1873 he was Superintendent of Missionaries and Clerical Secretary of the L.D.H.M. He was perpetual curate of St. Andrew's, Watford, from 1873 to 1878, Chaplain in Rome from 1878 to 1879, and was preferred to the Vicarage of St. Matthew, Newington, Surrey, in 1879. Mr. Walsh was again, in 1886, appointed Superintendent of Missionaries and Clerical Secretary of the L.D.H.M., and he was made a Prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral in 1889. Two years later he was consecrated Bishop of Mauritius ; but in 1897 he returned to England, where he received the appointment of Arch- deacon and Canon of Canterbury, and in 1898 he became Suffragan Bishop of Dover. He is the author of " Progress of the Church in London during the last Fifty Years," 1887. Addresses : The Precincts, Canterbury ; and Athenaeum. WALSH, The Most Rev. Dr. Wil- liam J., Eoman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, and Primate of Ireland, was born in Dublin on Jan. 30, 1841, and was edu- cated at St. Laurence O'Toole's Seminary in that city, and afterwards at the Catholic University of Ireland, under the rectorship of Dr. Newman, and at Maynooth. He completed his academic course in 1864, but being too young to be ordained, he passed into the Dunboyne Establishment, where he spent three years in special ecclesiastical studies. During that period he became Assistant-Librarian at May- nooth College, and in 1867 he was ap- pointed Professor of Theology. In 1878 he became Vice-President of the College, and on the death of Dr. Russell, in 1880, Dr. Walsh was unanimously chosen Presi- dent by the Irish bishops. Acting for the bishops as trustees of the College, he gave evidence before the "Bessborough" Com- mission of 1869-70, explaining the refusal of the bishops, as tenants of the Duke of Leinster, to sign the "Leinster Lease," a form of agreement under which it was sought to induce tenants to "contract themselves out" of the protection of the Land Act of 1881. By this evidence on the transaction, which had resulted in the eviction of the bishops by the Duke of Leinster, Dr. Walsh exercised no little influence in the framing of the Land Act of 1881. In 1883, through his exertions, a Commission was appointed to inquire into the working of the Queen's Colleges of Ireland. For some time he was a Senator of the Royal University of Ireland, a position which he resigned in protest against the examination arrangements of that body. He became a Member of the Chapter of Dublin on the accession of Cardinal MacCabe to the archiepiscopal throne. On the death of that prelate in February 1885, Dr. Walsh was elected Vicar Capitular ; and in the June of the same year he was appointed to the See of Dublin. Since his appointment as Arch- bishop he has taken an active interest in the leading questions of the day in Ire- land. He has warmly advocated an ami- cable settlement of the Land Question through the establishment of some system of arbitration for the settlement of dis- putes between landlords and tenants. He was a witness before the Parnell Special Commission of 1888-89, in connection with which he also had a prominent part in the exposure of the forger, Richard Pigott. He gave important evidence before the Evicted Tenants Commission in 1892, in the course of which he insisted strongly on the injurious bearing of our present monometallic system of currency upon the agricultural interest, especially in Ire- land under the land legislation of 1881 and subsequent years. But the principal subject of Dr. Walsh's public action, out- side the strictly religious sphere, has been the Irish education question : he has made many suggestions for its settlement, the keynote of his numerous letters and ad- dresses on the subject being a demand for equality between Roman Catholics and Protestants in Ireland in the matter of educational endowments and privileges. He has also taken an active part in the settlement of trade disputes and strikes in Dublin : he opportunely intervened in the great strike on the Great Southern and Western Railway in 1890, and secured its amicable settlement, a public service for which he has received the honorary freedom of the city of Cork. His interest in the cause of temperance is warm and practical ; in addition to a widespread temperance organisation in the diocese of Dublin, there has been created under his guidance a similar organisation through- out all the dioceses of his archiepiscopal province. In addition to his appointment as a member of the Senate of the Royal University of Ireland, a position which he resigned in 1884, he has been appointed by successive Governments to various pub- lic positions of importance ; since 1892 he has been a Commissioner of Intermediate Education in Ireland ; since 1893, a Com- missioner of Charitable Donations and Bequests ; and since 1895, a Commissioner of National Education in Ireland. As a Commissioner of National Education he has laboured strenuously to effect a reform of the existing system of primary educa- tion in Ireland by the introduction of various suitable forms of manual training, 1132 WALSH — WALSINGHAM and other changes in the direction of practical usefulness to the children attend- ing the National schools. He has also taken a prominent part in the work of a Commission issued by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1897, for the investigation of this subject of educational reform. Dr. Walsh has contributed many articles to the periodical press, especially to the Contemporary Review, the Dublin Review, and the Irish Ecclesiastical Record. He is also the author of several works on sub- jects of general public interest in Ireland, as well as on important branches of theo- logical and scriptural science. Of his published works the principal are an ethical treatise in Latin on " Human Acts," a "Harmony of the Gospel Narrative of the Passion," "The Liturgical Music of the Office and Mass of the Dead," a " Grammar of Gregorian Music," a " Plain Exposition of the Land Act of 1881," " Bimetallism and Monometallism," a vol- ume of addresses on various subjects of general interest, " Addresses on the Irish University Question," a "Statement of the Chief Grievances of the Catholics of Ireland in the Matter of Education, Pri- mary, Intermediate, and University," and his most recently published work, " The Irish University Question," 1897. His address is : Archbishop's House, Dublin. WALSH, The Right Rev. William Pakenham, D.D., Bishop of Ossory, Ferns, and Leighlin, was born at Mote Park, county of Roscommon, Ireland, May 4, 1820, and is the son of Thomas Walsh and Mary Pakenham Walsh. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; was Vice-Chan- cellor's Prizeman; Biblical Greek Prizeman ; Divinity Prizeman ; Theological Society's Gold Medallist of Dublin University; B.A. 1841; M.A. 1853; B.D. and D.D. stip. con. 1873 ; ordained Deacon, 1843 ; Priest 1844; Curate of Ovoca, 1843; of Rath- drum, 1845 ; Chaplain of Sandford, 1856 ; Donellan Lecturer, T.C.D., 1861 ; Canon of Christ Church, Dublin, 1872 ; Dean of Cashel, 1873 ; and elected Bishop of Ossory, 1878. The following is a list of his published works ; " Donellan Lectures," 1861, T.C.D. ; "The Moabite Stone," and "The Forty Days of the Bible," 1874; "The Angel of the Lord," and "Daily Readings for Holy Seasons," 1876 ; "Ancient Monuments and Holy Writ," 1878; "Heroes of the Mission Field," 1879 ; " The Decalogue of Charity," 1882 ; "Echoes of Bible History," 1886; "The Voices of the Psalms," 1891. He married, in 1861, Clara, daughter of Samuel Ridley, Esq., Muswell Hill, London ; secondly, in 1879, Annie Frances, daughter of Rev. J. W. Hackett, A.M., Incumbent of St. James's, Bray, co. Dublin. Club : Grosvenor. WALSHAM, Sir John, Bart., K.C.M.G., D.L., late British Minister at Pekin, born at Cheltenham on Oct. 29, 1830, is the eldest son of Sir John James Walsbam, the 1st Baronet, whom he suc- ceeded in 1874. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A., and was for some time employed in the Audit Office, but was appointed to a clerkship in the Foreign Office in 1854. He was made Acting Consul in Mexico in 1859, Secre- tary of Legation in 1861, and Charge" d'Affaires in 1863. In 1866 he was trans- ferred as Second Secretary to Madrid ; was appointed to the Hague in 1870, and promoted to be Secretary of Legation in Pekin, October 1873, but did not proceed. From 1875 to 1878 he was Acting Charge" d'Affaires in Madrid, and then went to Berlin as Secretary of Embassy. In 1883 he was transferred to Paris, and acted as Minister Plenipotentiary during the ab- sence of the ambassador. From Novem- ber 1885 to April 1892 he was Envoy to China, and also to the King of Corea, but in the latter year was transferred to Bucharest. He retired on a pension in 1894. C.M.G., February 1895 ; K.C.M.G., 1895. He married, in 1867, Florence, only daughter of the Hon. P. Campbell Scar- lett, OB. Address : Knill Court, Kington, Herefordshire. WALSHAM, William Johnson, F.R.C.S., received his medical education at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, and at the University of Aberdeen, of which he is M.B. and CM. He was for- merly Demonstrator in Orthopoedic Sur- gery at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and is now Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery at St. Bartholomew's, Examiner in Sur- gery at the Royal College of Surgeons, England, Consulting Surgeon at the Metro- politan Hospital, &c., Fellow of the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society, and Member of the Medical Society, &c. He has pub- lished " Surgery : its Theory and Prac- tice" (6th edit.); "Surgical Pathology" (2nd edit.); "Deformities of the Foot," and "Nasal Obstruction." He is editor of Smith's "Operative Surgery" and of the " St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports," and has contributed to Treves's " Manual of Surgery," Heath's " Dictionary of Sur- gery," and largely to the Transactions of the Medical Society, and the Reports of his own Hospital. Address : 77 Harley Street, W. WALSINGHAM, Lord, Thomas de Grey, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., D.L., J.P., was born on July 29, 1843, and succeeded his father as 6th Baron in 1870. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, WALTER — WANKLYN 1133 Cambridge. He sat in the House or Commons as Conservative Member for West Norfolk from 1865 to 1870, and he served the office of Lord-in-Waiting from 1874 to 1875. Lord Walsingham has been High Steward of the University of Cam- bridge since 1891 ; he is also High Steward of the borough of King's Lynn, and is a Trustee of the British Museum. He was married, in 1877, to Augusta, daughter of Captain W. Locke, and widow of Lord Burghersh. Addresses : Eaton House, Eaton Square, W. ; and Merton Hall, Toetford. "WALTER, Arthur Fraser, eldest surviving son of the late John Walter of Bearwood, Berks, and Emily Frances, his wife, was born on Sept. 12, 1846, at Water- loo Lodge, near Wokingham. Educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. He is a D.L. and J.P. for Berks, Lieu- tenant for the City of London, Lieutenant- Colonel Commandant of the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the Royal Berkshire Regiment, and High Steward of Wokingham. He married, in October 1872, Henrietta Maria, eldest daughter of the Rev. T. Anchitel Anson, Rector of Longford, near Derby. Address : Bearwood, Wokingham. "WALTER, Sir Edward, K.C.B., is the son of the late John Walter, M.P. , of Bearwood, Berks, and was born on Dec. 9, 1823. He was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford, and he subse- quently obtained a commission in the 44th Regiment. Becoming a Captain in 1847, he exchanged into the 8th Hussars in the following year, and retired from the army in 1853. Mr. Walter, as he was at that time, originated the idea of forming a Corps of Commissionaires, which was accordingly started in 1859, and has been ever since a marked success. For his services in this connection he received the thanks of the Duke of Cambridge, and he was, in 1884, presented with a testimonial by the officers of the Army and Navy. He was created a K.C.B. in 1887, and he was married, in 1853, to Mary, daughter of J. C. Althorpe, of Dinnington Hall, Yorkshire. Sir Edward Walter still holds the position of Commanding Officer of the Corps of Commissionaires. Addresses : Barracks of the Corps, the Strand, W.C. ; and Sarisbury Court, Southampton. WALTERS, The Rev. Frank Bridgman, Principal of King William's College, Isle of Man, Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Sodor and Man, was born on Nov. 30, 1851, at Buckland Mon- achorum, N. Devon, and is the son of the Rev. J. T. Walters, Rector of Buckland Monachorum. He was educated at Up- pingham School, and was Scholar of Queen's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in Mathematical Honours in 1877, being eighth Wrangler bracketed. He was elected Fellow of Queen's College in 1877, ordained Deacon by the Bishop of Ely in 1885, priest in 1886, and was Master at Clifton College 1878 to 1881, and House-Master at Dover College 1881-86. He was appointed to the Principalship of King William's College in 1886. He is joint-author, with Arthur Cockshott, of a "Treatise on Geometrical Conies." He married, in 1878, Frances, youngest daugh- ter of the late Patrick Beales, of Cam- bridge. Address: King William's College, Isle of Man. "WALTON, John Lawson, Q.C., M.P., is the son of the Rev. John Walton, M.A., formerly Wesleyan missionary in Ceylon, and afterwards President of the Wesleyan Conference for Great Britain and South Africa, and was born in 1852. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, and at the London University, where he was First Prizeman in Common Law. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1877, and joined the North-Eastern Circuit. He was appointed a Q.C. in 1890, and was elected a Bencher of his Inn in 1897. Mr. Walton unsuccessfully con- tested Central Leeds in the Liberal in- terest in 1892, but in the same year he was returned to the House of Commons as Liberal member for South Leeds, a con- stituency which he has since continued to represent. He is a famous cross-examiner, and in Parliament a rising orator. In February 1898 he made an important speech in the House, in connection with his indictment of the Indian frontier policy of the Government. He was mar- ried, in 1882, to Joanna, daughter of the late Robert Hedderwick, founder of the Glasgow Citizen. Address : 5 Paper Build- ings, Temple, E.C. "WALTON, Joseph, Q.C, was born in 1845, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1868, becoming a Bencher in 1896. In 1895 he was appointed Re- corder of Wigan, and in June 1899 was elected Chairman for the ensuing year of the General Council of the Bar, Mr. C. M. Warmington being appointed Vice- Chairman. He is at present engaged in a long tour through China and Japan. He has published "Practice and Procedure of Court of Common Pleas at Lancaster," a work now in its second edition. Address : 1 Garden Court, Temple, E.C. W A N K L Y N , James Alfred, M.R.C.S., London, 1856, chemist, was born 1134 WANTAGE at Ashton-under-Lyne, in the year 1834. He studied chemistry under Bunsen at Heidelberg, and became Demonstrator of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh in 1859, was Professor of Chemistry at the London Institution from 1863 to 1870, and Lecturer on Chemistry and Physics at St. George's Hospital from 1877 to 1880. He has held office as Public Analyst for the county of Buckingham, and for the boroughs of Buckingham, Peterborough, Shrewsbury, and High Wycombe. In the year 1856, whilst he was assistant to Dr. Frankland, he turned his attention to the organo-metallic bodies, and, treading in the footsteps of that eminent chemist, pro- duced cadmium-ethyl by the well-known method of acting upon iodide of ethyl by the metal. Next year he devised an original and entirely new method of obtaining the organo-metallic bodies, and produced first sodium -ethyl, and con- tinuing the work during the next few years, formed potassium-ethyl, lithium- ethyl, calcium-ethyl, and strontium-ethyl. These substances are the most combustible known to chemists, and possess the unique property of decomposing carbonic acid at ordinary temperatures, and by their action on carbonic acid yield propionic acid, as was shown in 1858 when Professor Wank- lyn made propionic acid in that manner, giving the first example of the artificial production of an organic substance directly from carbonic acid. In 1861, in conjunc- tion with the late Lord Playfair, then Dr. Lyon Playfair, he communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a paper "On a Mode of taking the Density of Vapours of Volatile Liquids at Temperatures below the Boiling- Point." Subsequently he pur- sued, conjointly with Dr. Emil Erlenmeyer, a series of researches which, besides settling the formula of mannite and the relation of the sugar group to the alcoholic series, afforded one of the earliest com- plete studies of isomerism among the alcohols. In 1867 he prepared propione, by the action of carbonic oxide on sodium- ethyl, and together with the late Mr. E. T. Chapman and Mr. Miles H. Smith invented the well-known ammonia process of water analysis. Some years later, conjointly with Mr. W. J. Cooper, he brought out the moist combustion process. In 1871 he conducted for the Government an in- vestigation into the quality of the milk supplied to the London workhouses. Con- jointly with Mr. W. J. Cooper, he made periodical analyses of the London Water Supply, which were regularly published by the late Government's Water Examiner in his official returns. Mr. Wanklyn is author of five text-books for Chemists and Medical Officers of Health, viz. : a "Trea- tise on Water Analysis," a " Treatise on Milk Analysis," 1873 ; a "Treatise on Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa," 1874; "Bread Analysis," 1881 ; and " Air Analysis," 1890, the two last-named books being the joint production of Mr. W. J. Cooper and himself. He is also the author of "The Gas Engineer's Chemical Manual," 1886. In 1859 he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences. He was also elected an honorary member of the University of Edinburgh Chemical Society ; but he belongs to none of the English scientific societies. WANTAGE, Lord, Robert James Loyd - Lindsay, M„ K.C.B., is the second son of the late Lieut.-General James Lindsay, of Balcarres, Fife, and was born on April 17, 1832. He was edu- cated at Eton, and then entered the army. Obtaining a commission in the Scots Fusi- lier Guards in 1850, he was engaged throughout the Crimean War, and was decorated with the Victoria Cross as a reward for his bravery at Alma and Inker- man. He became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Scots Guards in 1857, and eventually retired from the army. He served as Equerry to the Prince of Wales in 1859, was Colonel of the Royal Berkshire Volunteers from 1860 to 1895, and Colonel of the Hon. Artillery Company from 1866 to 1881. He sat in the House of Com- mons as member for Berkshire from 1865 to 1885, and was Financial Secretary to the War Office, in Lord Beaconsfield's Government, from 1877 to 1880 ; he was raised to the Peerage in 1885, under the title of Baron Wantage. He served as Chairman of the Committee of Inquiry on Recruiting in the Army in 1890, and he was a Member of the Royal Patriotic Fund Commission. Lord Wantage was Chairman of the English Red Cross Society, and in this connection he entered Paris during the siege of October 1870, and was present during the Turco-Servian War of 1876. An extensive landowner in Berkshire and other counties, he conducts himself the farming of a large part of his estates, and in 1894 he gave evidence before the Royal Commission on Agricul- ture, and also before the Royal Commis- sion on Agricultural Holdings, presided over by Mr. Chamberlain. He is the Lord- Lieutenant of Berkshire, a Brigadier- General of Volunteers, and Extra Equerry to the Prince of Wales. Lord Wantage has published articles in the Nineteenth Century and in other periodicals upon Volunteer matters, on the Red Cross Society, and on farming and estate man- agement. Addresses : 2 Carlton Gardens, S.W. ; Lockinge House, Wantage, Berks ; and the Athenaeum. WARD 1135 "WARD, Adolphus William, Litt.D., Hon. LL.D., born at Hampstead, Dec. 2, 1837, was educated in Germany (where his father held Consular and diplomatic appointments), and at Bury St. Edmunds Grammar School. In 1854 he entered at Peterhouse, Cambridge, of which College he became a Fellow in 1860, having gradu- ated in the Classical Tripos of the pre- vious year. In 1866 he was appointed Professor of History and English Litera- ture at Owens College, Manchester. He held various Examinerships in the Univer- sities of Cambridge and London, and was in 1879 created an hon. LL.D. of Glasgow, and in 1883 a Litt.D. of Cambridge. He took an active part in the movement for the foundation of the Victoria University, Manchester, 1889 ; and afterwards suc- cessively held, in the new University, the offices of Chairman of the General Board of Studies, and (during three periods) of Vice-Chancellor. In December 1888, he was appointed Principal of Owens College. He resigned the Principalship at the close of 1897. On the occasion of his resigna- tion the freedom of the city of Man- chester was conferred upon him. Dr. Ward is the English translator of Curtius's "History of Greece," 5 vols., 1868-73; and author of the following works: "A History of English Dramatic Literature to the Death of Queen Anne," 2 vols., 1875 ; "The House of Austria in the Thirty Years' War," 1869; "Chaucer," 1880; and " Dickens," 1882, in Morley's Eng- lish Men of Letters series. He edited the Globe edition of "Pope's Poetical Works," 1869 ; the Clarendon Press edition of Marlowe's "Doctor Faustus " and Greene's "Friar Bacon," 1878 (2nd edit. 1887, 3rd edit. 1892); the Chetham Society's edition of Byron's Poems, 2 vols., 1894-5 ; " Sir Henry Wotton," a bio- graphical sketch, 1898 ; and has contri- buted to the "Dictionary of National Biography," the "Encyclopaedia Britan- nica," the Quarterly, Edinburgh, and Eng- lish Historical Reviews, Herbst's Enoi/clo- pcedia dcr neueren Geschichle, the Saturday Review, the Manchester Guardian, and other journals. He is Litt.D. of the University of Cambridge, Hon. Litt.D. of the Vic- torian University, and Hon. LL.D. of the University of Glasgow, a Life Governor of the Owens College, Manchester, an Hon. Fellow of Peterhouse, and Hon. Member of the German Shakespeare Society. In 1879 he married Adelaide Laura, daughter of the Bev. J. B. Lan- caster, late Rector of Grittleton, Wilts. Addresses : The Hollies, Fallowfield, Man- chester ; and Athenaeum. WARD, Professor Harry Mar- shall, D.Sc, F.K.S., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge, is the eldest son of Francis Marshall Ward, Esq., and was born in 1854, and educated at the Owens College, Man- chester, and at Christ's College, Cambridge. He commenced his scientific career as a Field Botanist, after the model of the older school of naturalists, his studies being incited by his early life having been spent in the country. About 1870 he came under the influence of Darwin's writings and teachings, and in 1874 he entered more formally on a scientific career by attending Professor Huxley's Biology course at South Kensington. Since that period he has worked especially as a Cryptogamic and Physiological Botanist and Pathologist. In 1875 he entered the Owens College Manchester, and obtained distinctions under Professors Roscoe, Gamgee, and Williamson. In 1876 he gained an entrance Scholarship in Natural Science at Christ's College, Cambridge, and remained a scholar of that College until 1879, when he took his B.A degree, having obtained first class honours in the Natural Science Tripos for that year. He proceeded to the M.A. degree in 1885, and in 1892 was made Doctor of Science of the University of Cambridge. Meanwhile he had assisted in the teaching of Botany at South Ken- sington, and at the Owens College, and had delivered a course of lectures on Botany at Newnham College, Cambridge. Besides coming under the influence of the late F. M. Balfour and others at Cambridge, he had also studied in Germany during vacation, and especially in the laboratories of Professor Sachs of Wiirzburg ; he had also published the results of original in- vestigations into the embryology of Angio- spermous flowering plants, the researches having been carried out in the laboratory at Wiirzburg and in the Jodrel laboratory at Kew. Immediately after taking his degree in 1879, Mr. Ward was appointed by the Colonial Government to proceed to Ceylon on a scientific mission, to investi- gate and report upon the causes of the coffee leaf disease, which was then devas- tating that island. This investigation occupied two years, and he returned to England in 1882, having meanwhile pub- lished several Reports and Memoirs on his discoveries connected with the parasitic fungus which caused that disease, and the measures necessary to combat its ravages, as well as on other botanical subjects. During his travels in the tropics he also made observations and collected material and notes for subsequent publications. Some of the principal were on the struc- ture and morphology of Asterina, and of Meliola, and other tropical fungi, and especially of the curious epiphyte Strigula, an epiphyllous lichen. On his return in 1136 WARD 1882 he was elected a Berkeley Fellow of the Owens College, Victoria University, and in 1883 he was appointed Assistant- Lecturer in Botany in that University ; in the same year he was also elected to a Fellowship at Christ's College, Cambridge, of which College he is now an Honorary Fellow, and Professorial Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge ; and in 1885 was appointed Professor of Botany in the then newly-founded Forestry School at Cooper's Hill. His election to the Chair of Botany in Cambridge took place in 1895. Prof. Marshall Ward is a Fellow of the Royal Society, and has served on the Council of that body and of the Linnean Society, and on the Scientific Committee of the Hor- ticultural Society ; of both Societies he is also a Fellow. In 1890 he delivered the Croonian Lecture before the Royal Society, and in 1892 served as the delegate of that body at the International Botanical Con- gress at Genoa. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, and of the Institute of Brewing. He has lectured for the Royal Institution, the Sunday Lecture Society, and various public institutions. He was for several years Recorder of Section D of the British Association, has served on the Council, and in 1897 was President of Section K at the meeting in Toronto. He has been an Examiner in Botany in the Universities of London and of Edinburgh, has examined in Botany for the Natural Sciences Tripos and other examinations in the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, and for the Civil Service Commissioners, and the Science and Art Department. He has been Governor of the South-Eastern Agricultural College at Wye, in Kent, since 1893. Prof. Marshall Ward is the author of numerous scientific memoirs read before the Royal Society and the Linnean Society, and published in the Philosophical Transac- tions and the Proceedings of the Royal Society, or in the Transactions and the Journal of the Linnean Society, and in the Annals of Botany, the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, Science Progress, Na- ture, and elsewhere. These memoirs com- prise investigations into the embryology, physiology, and pathology of plants, and especially the biology of Fungi, Bacteria, and other Cryptogams, the nature of parasitism, fermentation, and other sub- jects connected with the diseases of plants. The earlier of these researches were made in the laboratories at Kew and Wiirzburg, and in those of the late Prof. De Bary at Strasburg, and of the Owens College ; later ones have been made in the laboratories at Cooper's Hill and at Cambridge. Of these, the following are the most important : " The Structure and Life-history of Enty- loma Ranunculi "; " Histology and Physio- logy of Fruits and Seeds of Rhamnus " (with Mr. Dunlop) ; " Tubercular Swellings on the Roots of Vicia Faba " ; "The Tu- bercles on the Roots of LeguminosaV' &c. ; "A Lily Disease"; and papers on the Potato Disease and on the Rust of Wheat; on "The Ginger-Beer Plant, and the Organisms composing it " ; " The Bio- logy of Bacillus Ramosus " ; "The Biology of Stereum Hirsutum " ; "The Bacterial Flora of the Thames"; "A Violet Bacil- lus," &c. His more recent investigations have been concerned particularly with the bacteriology of water, and the action of solar and electric light as agents for de- stroying bacteria, the results of which have appeared in a series of papers read before the Royal Society during recent years. For his researches into the biology of fungi and bacteria, the Royal Society in 1893 awarded him a Royal medal. In ad- dition to the more special memoirs referred to, he is the author of the following books : "Timber and some of its Diseases" (Na- ture Series), " The Diseases of Plants " (Romance of Science Series), "The Oak" (Modern Science Series), and the new edi- tion of Laslett's "Timber and Timber Trees." He also translated Sachs' " Lec- tures on the Physiology of Plants," for the Oxford Clarendon Press, and wrote the article " Schizomycetes " in the "Ency- clopaedia Britannica," the " Notes on British Trees," in Schlich's " Manual of Forestry," the lecture on " Diseases of Conifers " for the Conifer Congress of the Royal Horticultural Society, and that on " Symbiosis and Symbiotic Fermenta- tions" for the Institute of Brewing in 1892, and has been a frequent contributor to the pages of Nature, the Gardeners' Chronicle, the Journal of Botany, and other periodicals. Prof. Marshall Ward married, in 1883, the daughter of the late Francis Kingdom, Esq., of Exeter. Address : Bo- tanical Laboratory, New Museum, Cam- bridge. WARD, Mrs. Herbert D. , ne'e Eliza- beth Stuart Phelps, American writer, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, Aug. 31, 1844. Most of her life has been devoted to benevolent work, the advance- ment of women, and to temperance and kindred topics. In 1876 she delivered a course of lectures before the students of Boston University. She began to write for the press at the age of thirteen, and her contributions to periodicals during the past twenty-five years have been very numerous. In addition to these she has published: "Ellen's Idol," 1864; "Up Hill," 1865; "The Tiny Series," 4 vols., 1866-69; "The Gypsy Series," 4 vols., 1866-69 : " Mercy Gliddon's Work," 1866 ; WARD 1137 "I Don't Know How," 1867; "The Gates Ajar," 1868 ; "Men, Women, and Ghosts," 1869; "Hedged In," "The .Silent Partner," and " The Trotty Book," 1870 ; "Trotty's Wedding Tour," and "What to Wear," 1873; "Poetic Studies," poems, 1875; "The Story of Avis," 1877; "My Cousin and I," "Old Maid's Para- dise," and "Sealed Orders," 1879; "Friends: a Duet," 1881; "Beyond the Gates," 1883; "Dr. Zay," 1884; "Bur- glars in Paradise," and "The Madonna of the Tubs," 1886 ; " The Gates Between," and "Jack the Fisherman," 1887; "A Lost Winter," poem, 1889 ; "The Struggle for Immortality," 1889; "A Singular Life," 1895 ; " Chapters from a Life," and "The Story of Jesus Christ," 1897. In 1889 she was married to Herbert D. Ward, and, in conjunction with him, she published in 1890, " The Master of the Magicians" and "Come Forth." Her "Memoirs of Austin Phelps," her father, was issued in 1891. WARD, John Quincy Adams, American sculptor, was born at Urbana, Ohio, June 29, 1830. In 1850 he entered the studio of the late H. K. Brown, an eminent sculptor, where he remained six years. In 1861 he opened a studio in New York, where he modelled his " Indian Hunter," "The Good Samaritan," Com- modore M. C. Perry, with reliefs, " The Freedman," and many busts and small works. In 1869 he built a studio in Forty- ninth Street, New York, where he made the "Citizen Soldier," and statues of Shakespeare, Gen. Reynolds, Gen. Wash- ington, Gen. Israel Putnam, an equestrian statue of Gen. Thomas, Gen. Daniel Morgan, and Lafayette. He built a larger studio in 1882, where he has made the colossal statue of Washington for the New York Sub-Treasury building, a colossal statue of President Garfield, with three typical figures on the pedestal ; " The Pil- grim " ; a statue of Henry Ward Beecher, with accessory statues, a seated statue of Horace Greeley, &c. He visited Europe in 1872, and again in 1887. For three years he was Vice-President, and for one term Pre- sident, of the National Academy of Design. WARD, Mary Augusta, or, as the author of "Robert Elsmere " prefers to give her name on the title-page of her books, Mrs. Humphry Ward, is a grand- daughter of Dr. Arnold, of Rugby. Matthew Arnold was his eldest son. The second son, another Thomas Arnold, the father of Mrs. Ward, at one time held- an educational position in Tasmania. There he married the granddaughter of Governor Sorell, and there, at Hobart, several of his children were born, among them (in 1851) his eldest daughter, Mary Augusta. Mrs. Ward, who at that time devoted much attention to early Spanish literature and history, contributed a large number of articles on Spanish subjects to the " Dic- tionary of Christian Biography," edited by Dr. William Smith and Dr. Wace. She also, up to 1885, wrote many critical articles for Maemillaris Magazine. Her first volume was a child's story — " Milly and Oily," 1881, illustrated by Mrs. Alma Tadema. Her first novel was "Miss Bre- therton," 1884, which was favourably received but made no particular noise in the literary world. The story is a mere sketch by the side of the later novel. Mrs. Ward's next volume was the translation (1885), of that very remarkable book, Amiel's "Journal Intime." In February 1888, she published her novel of " Robert Elsmere," which was widely read and much discussed. It passed, in five months, in the three-volume form, through seven editions ; and since that time over 80,000 copies of the one-volume edition have been sold in this country, and about half a million in America, the sale in this latter case consisting largely, of course, of pirated editions. It has been translated into Ger- man, Dutch, Danish, and Spanish. During 1892 appeared her second long novel, " The History of David Grieve," which was fol- lowed in 1894 by " Marcella," by "Sir George Tressady " in 1896, and by " Hel- beck of Bannisdale " in 1898. In the spring of 1890 Mrs. Ward took part in founding a settlement for social work amongst the crowded working-classes of South St. Pancras. That was known for some years as University Hall. Gradu- ally, however, the work of the settlement outgrew the limits of the small and dingy hall in Marchmont Street, in which, up till June 1897, the social work was carried on by the Warden and residents from the hall in Gordon Square. An appeal was made for funds with which to build a new settlement, and owing to the munificence of Mr. Passmore Edwards, the fine build- ing in Tavistock Place which bears his name was begun in 1896 and opened in- formally in October 1897, and formally by Mr. John Morley in February 1898. Combined with the social and educational work of the settlement is an annual lectureship, named after Dr. Jowett, the aim of which is to further an improved historical teaching of the Bible. Mrs. Ward remains the Honorary Secretary of the Settlement. She married, in 1872, Mr. Thomas Humphry Ward, M.A., formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford (see following memoir). WARD, Thomas Humphry, M.A.. is a son of the late Rev. Henry Ward, 4 c 1138 WAKDELL — WARINGTON formerly Vicar of St. Barnabas, King Square, E.C., and was born at Hull on Nov. 9, 1845. He was educated at Mer- chant Taylors' School, and at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated (first class Final Classical School) in Mich. Term, 1868. Before this he had been a candidate for the Civil Service of India, and in 1886 was placed first in the Open Competition. He resigned, however, with- out proceeding to India, and in February 1869 was elected Fellow of Brasenose, of which College he was Tutor from 1870 to 1880. He then engaged in literary work in London. In 1880-81, with the aid of the principal critical writers of the day, he brought out "The English Poets: Se- lections with Critical Introductions" (4 vols.) ; in 1884 he published " Humphry Sandwith, a Memoir " ; in 1885 he edited "Men of the Eeign " ; and in 1887 the 12th edition of "Men of the Time." In 1886, with the help of various writers on Art, he brought out " English Art in the Public Gardens of London," a work illus- trated with 120 photogravures ; and in 1887 he published "The Eeign of Queen Victoria : a Survey of Fifty Years of Pro- gress." In this work he had the assistance of Mr. Matthew Arnold, Professor Huxley, Lord Wolseley, Sir Henry Sumner Maine, and others. It should be added that as an undergraduate he was (with the late Edward Nolan and R. S. Copleston, now Bishop of Colombo) joint author of "The Oxford Spectator." Mr. Humphry Ward is a member of the staff of the Times. In 1872 he married the eldest daughter of Mr. Thomas Arnold, Mary Augusta, the authoress of "Robert Elsmere " (q.v. ). Addresses : 25 Grosvenor Place, S.W. ; Stocks, Tring ; and Athenaeum. WARDELL, Mrs. E. A. See Terry, Ellen. WARDEN, Florence (Mrs. James), is the daughter of C. W. Price, of the London Stock Exchange, and was born at Hanworth, Middlesex, on May 16, 1857. She was educated at Brighton, and in France, was engaged in teaching from 1875 to 1880, and was on the stage from 1880 to 1885. She then devoted herself to writing, and a large number of popular novels are the result of her work, amongst which there may be mentioned : " At the World's Mercy," "The House on the Marsh," "A Prince of Darkness," "A Witch of the Hills," "St. Cuthbert's Tower," "Ralph Ryder of Brent," "A Woman's Face," "A Spoilt Girl," "A Passage through Bohemia," " A Perfect Fool," "Kitty's Engagement," "A Dog with a Bad Name," "Our Widow," "Pretty Miss Smith," "Forge and Fur- nace," "A Sensational Case," "The Mystery of Dudley Home," " The Inn by the Shore " ; "A Lady in Black," 1897; " Girls will be Girls," 1897 ; "Dolly the Romp," 1897. Miss Warden was mar- ried in 1887 to Mr. James. WARDLE, Sir Thomas, Fellow of the Chemical, Geological, and Statistical Societies, and of the Imperial Institute ; Member of Council of the Palseontographi- cal Society, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour of France, Officier de l'Academie de France, Membre du Jury de l'Industrie de la Soie aux Expositions Universelles in Paris, 1878 and 1889, was born at Mac- clesfield in 1831, and is the son of Joshua Wardle, of Cheddleton Heath, Leek. He was educated at Macclesfield Private School and Leek Grammar School, and is in business as a silk-dyer and silk and calico printer. He is a great authority on the history and manufacture of silk, and was honorary superintendent of the Indian Silk - Culture Court in the Indian and Colonial Exhibition of 1886 in London, and Chairman of the Silk Section of the Manchester Royal Jubilee Exhibition, 1887, besides being Chairman of that held in St. James Square in 1890, under the auspices of Lord Egerton of Tatton, and that held at the Duke of Sutherland's in 1894. He has written a large number of monographs, chiefly on the subject of silk. He married Elizabeth Wardle, of Leek. Address : 54 St. Edward Street, Leek, &c. WARE, The Right Rev. Henry, D.D., Bishop Suffragan of Barrow-in-Fur- ness, was born in London in 1830, and is the youngest son of Martin Ware, Esq., of Russell Square, London, and Tilford House, Farnham, Surrey. He was edu- cated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; B.A. (Wrangler and first class in Classics), 1853 ; D.D. 1889; Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, from- 1855 to 1863 ; Vicar of Kirkby Lonsdale from 1862 to 1888 ; Proctor in Convocation from 1867 ; Canon of Carlisle from 1879 to 1883, and again in 1888 ; Bishop Suffragan of Barrow-in-Fur- ness (Diocese of Carlisle), 1889. He mar- ried (1) Elizabeth Sarah, daughter of E. G. Hornby ; and (2), in 1887, Ellen, daugh- ter of Harvey Goodwin, Bishop of Carlisle. Addresses : The Abbey, Carlisle ; and How Foot, Grasmere, R.S.O. WARINGTON, Robert, F.R.S., F.C.S., F.I.C., &c, eldest son of Robert Warington, F.R. S., was born in London, Aug. 22, 1838, and educated at home. He has pursued chemistry from his boyhood ; has held appointments, first as Teacher of Chemistry at the Royal Agricultural Col- lege, Cirencester, 1863 to 1867 ; as an WAENER — WARR 1139 Analytical and Research Chemist, under Sir J. B. Lawes, F.R.S ., 1867 to 1893 ; and as Professor of Rural Economy in the Uni- versity of Oxford, 1894 to 1897. He is the author of forty papers describing original investigations in Analytical and Agricul- tural Chemistry; the most important of these have been on tartaric and citric acid ; on the absorptive power of soil ; on nitrification ; and on the composition of rain, drainage, and well-waters. He is the author of a small manual of Agricul- tural Chemistry, "The Chemistry of the Farm," which has a large circulation ; of a Course of Lectures delivered in America under the Rothamsted Trust ; and of a large number of articles in dictionaries and periodicals. In 1884 he married Helen, daughter of G. H. Makins. Ad- dress: Harpenden, Herts. WARNER, Charles Dudley, L.H.D., D.C.L., American writer and journalist, was born at Plainfield, Massachusetts, Sept. 12, 1829. He graduated at Hamilton College in 1851 ; studied law and was ad- mitted to the Bar in 1856. He practised law until 1860, when he began journalism and became editor of the Hartford (Conn.) Press, which in 1867 was absorbed by the Courant, of which he has ever since been an owner. He has travelled in Europe and the East and over his own country ; and for a few years, in addition to his editorial duties in Hartford, he conducted the "Editor's Drawer," and now writes the "Study," in Harper's Magazine. He has contributed to the Atlantic, Century, Harper's, and other leading magazines, and has published : "My Summer in a Garden," 1871 ; " Saunterings, " and "Back-Log Studies," 1872 ; " Baddeck and that Sort of Thing," 1874; "My Winter on the Nile among the Mummies and Moslems," 1876 ; "Being a Boy," and "In the Levant," 1877; "In the Wilderness," 187.8; "Cap- tain John Smith," and "Washington Irving," 1881; "Roundabout Journey," 1883; "Their Pilgrimage," 1886; "On Horseback," 1888 ; " South and West and Comments on Canada," and "A Little Journey in the World," 1889; "As We were Saying," 1892; "The Work of Washington Irving," and "As We Go," 1893; "The Golden House," 1894; and "The People for whom Shakespeare Wrote," 1897. He is editor of the "Library of the World's Best Litera- ture," and, in conjunction with S. L. Clemens (Mark Twain), has written " The Gilded Age," 1873. Address : Hartford, Conn. WARR,, Professor George Charles Winter, M.A., was born on May 23, 1845, at Oakville, Toronto, and is the son of the late Canon Warr, M.A., Vicar of Child- wall, Lanes. His maternal grandfather was Henry Denny, of Waterford, Ireland, founder of the firm of H. Denny & Sons. He was educated at the Royal Institution School, Liverpool, and at the University of Cambridge, as a foundation scholar of Christ's, and subsequently of Trinity Col- lege. He was first Bell (University) Scholar in 1866, Porson and Members' Prizeman in 1868, third in the first class of the Classical Tripos in 1869. He was elected by competition to a Fellowship at Trinity College, 1870, but refused it on the ground of the religious tests then in force, to which he objected as restricting liberty of conscience, and as debarring Nonconformists from the benefits of the national universities. Mr. Warr otherwise took a prominent part in the Liberal movement which led to the abolition of the tests in 1871. He was Secretary of the Cobden Club from 1871 to 1874, and he has been active in popular educational work. He was on the staff of St. Paul's School from 1870 to 1872, Lecturer at Garrick Chambers from 1872 to 1881, and was elected to the chair of Classical Lite- rature in King's College, London, 1881, having previously been Classical Lecturer in the same college. He is also Professor of Latin at Queen's College, London, and assisted Bishop Barry in founding the Ladies' Department of King's College in 1877. He has advocated the establish- ment of a Teaching University in London, and in connection therewith, the restora- tion of Gresham College according to the founder's design, as a department of re- search and higher (post-graduate) instruc- tion. In 1883 he wrote the " Tale of Troy," a classical masque founded on Homer, which he produced with the co- operation of the late Sir Charles T. Newton, at Cromwell House ; this was followed in 1886 by the " Story of Or- estes," from iEschylus. The mise-en-scine was designed by Lord Leighton, P.R.A., Sir E. J. Poynter, R.A., Mr. G. F. Watts, R.A., Mr. Henry Holiday, Mr. George Simonds, and Mr. Walter Crane. The two plays, with introduction and sonnets by the author, and the music (chiefly composed by Sir Walter Parratt), are pub- lished in a volume entitled "Echoes of Hellas" (Marcus Ward, 1888), elaborately illustrated by Mr. Crane. Mr. Warr is also the author of a work entitled " The Greek Epic," 1895, and has translated from the German Teuffel-Schwabe's " His- tory of Roman Literature" (Bell, 1890). He has contributed articles to the Classi- cal Review, and poems and translations to the Academy. He married, in 1885, Con- stance Emily, daughter of the late Thomas 1140 WARRE — WARREN Keddev Fletcher. Address : King's Col- lege, Strand, W.C. WARRE, The Rev. Edmond, D.D., Head-Master of Eton College, was born in London, on Feb. 12, 1837, and is the second son of the late Henry Warre, of Bindon, Somerset, and Mary Caroline, third daughter of Nicolson Calvert, Hunsdon, Herts. He was educated at Eton, where he obtained the Newcastle Scholarship in 1854, and Balliol College, Oxford, of which he was a Scholar. He obtained a first class in Classical Modera- tions in 1856, and in the final Classical Schools in 1859. He rowed in the Oxford University eight against Cambridge at Putney in 1857-58, and was President of the O.U.B.C. in 1859. He was elected Fellow of All Souls in the same year, and retained his Fellowship three years. He assisted in raising the University Volun- teer Corps, and was Senior Captain of the Battalion, 1859-50. He was also one of the Committee which formed the N.R.A. He commanded the 2nd Bucks Eton Coll. Volunteer Rifle Corps, 1878-84, and is Hon. Colonel of the corps and V.D. In 1860 he went to Eton as Assistant- Master, a post which he held under Drs. Goodford, Balston, and Hornby, until the appoint- ment as Provost of the last-named in 1884. At that date, Mr. Warre was designated by general opinion as the most likely suc- cessor to the vacant post, for which his services and his great popularity at Eton seemed specially to qualify him. He was accordingly elected Head-Master by the governing body, and shortly afterwards he took his degree of D.D. at Oxford. He became one of her Majesty's Honorary Chaplains in 1885, and was elected an Honorary Fellow of Balliol College in 1896. He married, in 1861, Florence Dora, second daughter of Lieut. -Col. C. Malet, of Fontmell Parva, Dorsetshire. Ad- dresses : Eton College, Windsor ; Baron's Down, Dulverton ; and Athenaeum. "WARREN, Lieut.-General Sir Charles, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., R.E., F.R.S., late Chief Commissioner of the Metropoli- tan Police, was born at Bangor, on Feb. 7, 1840, and is the second son of the late Major-General Sir Charles Warren, K.C.B. He was educated at Cheltenham College, Sandhurst, and at Woolwich. He entered the Royal Engineers in 1857, became Captain in 1869, Major and Lieut. - Colonel in 1878, and Colonel in 1882. From 1867 to 1870 he conducted a series of excavations in Palestine, chiefly round the walls of the enclosure of the Temple of Jerusalem ; and wrote " Underground Jerusalem," 1876 ; " The Temple or the Tomb," 1880 ; and, in conjunction with Captain Conder, " Jerusalem," 1884. In 1876 he was Special Commissioner to settle the boundary of the Orange Free State ; and in the following year to settle the Land Question of West Griqua- land. He commanded the Diamond Field Horse during the Galeka war of 1878, and the Field Force in Bechuanaland during the same year. During the Zulu war he organised a Volunteer Force for the assist- ance of the Transvaal and Natal, he acting in the capacity of Commander-in-Chief and Administrator of Griqualand West. Major Warren returned to England in 1880, and was appointed Instructor of Surveying at Chatham ; and in 1882 he went to Egypt, and was engaged in special duty in restoring in the desert the auth- ority of the Khedive, and bringing to justice the murderers of Professor Palmer's party. From 1884 to 1885 Colonel Warren was commander of the Field Force in Bechuanaland ; and in 1886 he was com- mander of the forces at Suakim ; and subse- quently in the same year Chief Commis- sioner of the Metropolitan Police, an office which he resigned in 1888. In 1889 he was appointed to command the troops in Straits Settlements with the temporary rank of Major-General. In 1894 he re- turned to England, and the following year was appointed to command the troops in the Thames District. Sir Charles Warren married, in 1864, Fanny, daughter of Samuel Haydon, Esq., of Guildford. Addresses : 16 Charing Cross, SW. ; and Athenaaum. WARREN, Thomas Herbert, M.A., President of St. Mary Magdalen College, Oxford, since 1885, was born at Cotham, Bristol, Oct. 21, 1853, and is the eldest surviving son of Algernon William Warren, J. P., merchant in that city, and Cecil, daughter of Thomas Thomas of Llan- gadock, Carmarthenshire. He was edu- cated at Manilla Hall, Clifton, 1863-68, then at Clifton College, 1868-72, and was Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford, 1872-76. He won the Hertford Scholar- ship in 1873, took a first class in Classical Moderations in 1873, won the Gaisford Prize for Greek Verse in 1875, and was in the first class, Lit. Hum., in 1876. He obtained the Craven Scholarship in 1878, and was Fellow and Tutor of Magdalen College from 1877 to 1885. He became President of Magdalen in 1885. From 1875 to 1876 he was Librarian of the Oxford Union Society ; has been a Member of Council of Clifton College since 1882 ; is a Governor of St. Paul's School and of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. He was appointed a Departmental Commissioner for the Treasury to inspect University Colleges in Great Britain in 1896. He has published Plato's " Republic," Bks. i. v., with intro- WAKEY — WATERLOW 1141 duction and notes, Macmillan, 1888 (re- printed, 1892 and 1898) ; " Education and Equality," an address on secondary educa- tion, Stanford, 1895 ; " By Severn Sea and other Poems," printed at the private press of Rev. H. 0. Daniel, of Worcester, Ox- ford, 1897, and published by John Murray, London, in 1898 (two editions). He has also written introductions to the poems of J. A. Symonds and Robert Bridges for A. H. Miles's "Poets of the Century," and has edited " Selection of Poems of G. J. Romanes, F.R.S. ," Longmans, 1896. He was married, on Dec. 16, 1886, to Mary Isabel, youngest daughter of Sir Benjamin Brodie, 2nd Baronet. Address : The Lodgings, Magdalen College, Oxford. WARRY, George Deedes, Q.C., is the son of George Warry, of Shapwick, Somerset, and was born on June 7, 1831. He was educated at Winchester and Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated M.A. in 1856. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1859, and practised on the Western Circuit. He was appointed Recorder of Portsmouth in 1879, and be- came a Q.C. in 1888. He is the author of a "Treatise on Rating." Mr. Warry was married, in 1860, to Catherine Emily, daughter of the late John Clitsome Warren, of Taunton. Address : 1 Essex Court, Temple, E.C. WATERHOUSE, Alfred, R.A., LL.D., architect, was born July 19, 1830, at Liver- pool, and is the eldest son of Alfred Water- house, of Liverpool, and White Knights Park, Reading. He studied architecture in Manchester, under Richard Lane, where he began to practise his profession, after travelling, chiefly in Italy. His first con- siderable work was the Manchester Assize Courts, the result of a hardly-contested competition. In that city he has also been the architect of the County Jail, the Owens College, the National Provin- cial Bank of England, the Refuge Assur- ance Company's Offices, and the Town Hall, the result of another competition. In Liverpool his works comprise the London and North-Western Hotel, the Sea- man's Orphanage, the Turner Memorial Home, the Royal Infirmary, and Univer- sity College ; in London, the Natural His- tory Museum, the Prudential Assurance Company's Office in Holborn, the New University Club, the New St. Paul's School, the Central Institution of the City and Guilds of London Institute, the National Liberal Club, the New Weigh -House Chapel, the Surveyors' Institute, Univer- sity College Hospital. At Bushey the Clergy Orphan School was built by him. Balliol College at Oxford, Caius and Pem- broke at Cambridge, have been partly rebuilt from his designs. At Leeds the Yorkshire College of Science and W. W. Brown & Company's Bank have been erected from his designs. The Hotel M^tropole, Brighton, is also an example of his work. Among mansions may be men- tioned Heythrop, Oxon., Eaton Hall, Cheshire, Iwerne Minster, Dorset, as his most conspicuous works. Mr. Waterhouse was honoured by receiving a grand prize for architecture at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, and a "Rappel" at that of 1878. He is a Member of the Royal and Imperial Academy of Vienna ; an Associate of the Academic Royale des Sciences, des Lettres, et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique ; an As- sociate of the Royal Academy of Arts at Brussels, Antwerp, Milan, and Berlin ; also Correspondant d'Academie des Beaux- Arts (Institut de France). He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts, England, Jan. 15, 1878, and became a full member on June 4, 1885. He re- ceived the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1878 ; and has filled the President's chair of the same body during 1888, 1889, and 1890. He was made LL.D. of Victoria Univer- sity in 1895. He married Elizabeth, daughter of John Hodgkin, barrister, in 1860. Addresses : 20 New Cavendish Street, W. ; Yattendon Court, Berks ; and Athenaaum. WATERHOUSE, John William, R.A., was born in Rome in 1849. His first important picture was "Sleep and his brother Death," exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1874. This was followed by "Miranda," 1875; "After the Dance" (hung on the line), 1876, and "The Emperor Honorius," a classical picture, the most important he had as yet painted, which is said to have been suggested by a passage in the "Antonia" of Wilkie Collins. The "Oracle" and the "Lady of Shalott," and "Circe" followed among many other works, and in 1895 Mr. Waterhouse achieved fame with his " St. Cecilia," and with his "Pandora" in 1896. "Hylas and the Nymphs" was exhibited in 1897, and "Flora and the Zephyrs" and "Ariadne" in 1898. In 1899 he exhibited a portrait of Miss Molly Rickman. He was elected an A.R.A. in 1885, and R.A. ten years later. In April 1899 he was elected a member of the Athenaeum under Rule 2. Addresses : 6 Primrose Hill Studios, Regent's Park, N.W. ; and Athenajum. WATERLOW, Ernest Albert, A.R.A., is the son of the late A. C. Water- low, lithographer, and was born in London on May 24, 1850. He was educated at Eltham Collegiate School, at Heidelberg, 1142 WATERLOW — WATHERSTON and entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1872, obtaining the Turner gold medal in the following year. Mr. Waterlow, who is well known as a landscape painter, was elected a member of the Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours in 1880 ; he is now the President of this Society. His most recent Royal Academy pictures have been: "A Sussex Homestead," "Golden Autumn," "Green Pastures," "The Water- mill," 1895; "Clouds o'er the Sea," "In the Mellow Autumn Light," " Where Early Falls the Dew," 1896; "A Tranquil Stream," "Autumn Floods," "Flowery Fields," and "Summer Flowers," 1897; "Summer Afternoon," "The Lonely Church," " A Moorland Road," and "Through the Wood," 1898 ; " La C6te d'Azur " and " Forest Oaks," 1899. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1890. Address : 1 Maresfield Gardens, Fitzjohn's Avenue, N.W. WATERLOW, Sir Sydney Hedley, Bart., was born Nov. 1, 1822, and is the son of the late James Waterlow, of Huntingdon Lodge, Surrey. He was edu- cated at the Grammar School, Southwark, and at the age of fourteen was appren- ticed to the late Mr. Thomas Harrison, Government printer ; at eighteen he was placed in charge of the Cabinet Printing Press at the Foreign Office, Downing Street, and at twenty he went abroad, and was engaged in the well-known estab- lishment of Messrs. Galignani. In 1844 he joined his father and brothers in busi- ness at London Wall, and for the next twenty years devoted himself to the extensive business of the firm now known as Waterlow & Sons, Ltd. In 1855 he was elected for the Ward of Broad Street in the Common Council, and while a member of the Police Committee devised the scheme of over-house telegraph wires for the use of the police. In 1863 ' he was elected Alderman for the Ward of Langbourn, and in the same year took an active part in promoting the scheme for Artisans' Dwellings. In 1866-67 he served the office of Sheriff of London and Middlesex, and received the honour of knighthood. In the following year he agreed to contest the county of Dumfries in the Liberal interest, and greatly astonished the Conservative party by being returned at the head of the poll for a county which had been held by them uncontested for eighty years. In 1870 Sir Sydney was appointed on the Royal Commission for inquiry into Friendly and Benefit Building Societies, and took an active part in establishing such societies throughout the kingdom on a satisfactory footing. In 1872 he was elected Lord Mayor of London, and appointed to the Royal Judicature Commission ; in the same year he instituted the now annual Hospital Sunday Fund, of which he is the Vice-President, as well as Chairman of the Distribution Committee, a post involving arduous duties, The Queen, in recognition of his many services to com- merce and philanthropy, created him a baronet in 1873. In the following year he was elected treasurer of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and discharged the duties of his office in a manner that has conferred lasting benefit on the Institution. He resigned in 1892. In 1874, at the general election, he successfully contested Maid- stone, but lost his seat in 1880, and was elected for Gravesend, which he continued to represent until the general election of 1885. In 1881-82 he worked on the Com- mittee on Artisans' and Labourers' Dwell- ings, a subject in which he has always taken a keen interest. After resigning his alderman's gown in 1883, Sir Sydney made a tour round the world. His ser- vices to the working -classes of England are well known, and have gained the appreciation which they deserved. Sir Sydney was also treasurer of the City and Guilds of London Institute for the Advancement of Technical Education, and is a member of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, Chairman of the General Commissioners of Income Tax in the City of London, Chairman of the Industrial Dwellings Co., which manages six thousand tenements, and Chairman of the Board of Governors of the United Westminster Schools. In 1889 he gave to the London County Council his estate at Highgate, comprising buildings and about 29 acres of land, for the use of the public as a Park for ever; it is now known as Waterlow Park. He married (2), in 1882, Margaret, daughter of William Hamilton, of Napa, California. Addresses : 29 Chesham Place, S.W. ; and Trosley Towers, Wrotham, Kent. WATHERSTON, Edward James, goldsmith, born in 1839, is principally known for his persistent advocacy of the remission of the plate duties, abolished in 1890 ; and for his unwearied exertions, together with the late Mr. Edmond James Smith, to effect the purchase of the interests of the Metropolitan Water Com- panies (1878-80). He is a pioneer in the causes of Technical Education, Free Libraries and the opening of the Museums and Art Galleries on Sundays ; was lately Captain (F.O.C.) in the Queen's West- minster Rifle Volunteers, was Member of the Society of Arts, 1877 ; Liveryman of the Goldsmiths' Company, 1864 ; Secretary of the Economic Section of the Social Science Association, 1877 ; is a member of WATKIN 1143 the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science ; and one of the govern- ing body of the Birkbeck Institution. Mr. Watherston is the author of "Taxation of Silver Plate," "Our Railways: should they be Private or National Property ? " "Our Railways: Rates and Fares," "Our Iron Highways," " The Progress of British Commerce," "Elementary Education at Home and Abroad," "Technical Educa- tion," "The Industrial Employment of Women in France, with England," "The Industrial Employment of Women Abroad and at Home," "French Silk Manufac- tures, and the Industrial Employment of Women," " Societies of Commercial Geo- graphy," "The Essence of Art: is it Genius or Ingenuity?" "Manual or some Form of Technical Instruction, a Neces- sary Element of a Compulsory System of Education," "Gems and Precious Stones." Mr. Watherston's advocacy of the neces- sity for Technical Education is founded upon personal investigation ; he has visited all the principal capitals and cities of Europe, and made in 1878 an extended tour in the United States and Canada. His only son is a Captain in the Royal Engineers, who has served in Hong-Kong, upon the staff at Chatham, and in Africa. Address : 95 Barkston Gardens, S.W. "WATKIN, Sir Edward William, Bart., D.L., J.P., Knight of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece, and of Leopold of Belgium, is the eldest son of the late Mr. Absalom Watkin, who was born in London, but settled in Manchester in 1800, and carried on business as a merchant in that town, from 1809 till his death in 1861. His son, Mr. Edward William Watkin, was born on Sept. 26, 1819, and was first employed in his father's counting-house (ultimately becoming a partner), until the year 1845, when he was appointed to the secretaryship of the Trent Valley Railway. This led to his joining the London and North-Western Co., and to his various positions, from which he (has now retired, as General Manager, and afterwards as a Director and Chairman of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, and President of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada ; Chairman of the South-Eastern Railway, and Director of the Great Western and Great Eastern Companies. In 1839-40 he became one of the directors of the Manchester Athenaeum, and was one of the Secretaries of the committee which was organised to extricate the institution from its pecuniary embarrass- ments. He suggested and carried out the great literary soirees of that institution, which were held in the Free Trade Hall, and presided over by Mr. Charles Dickens, Mr. B. Disraeli, and Serjeant Talfourd, in the years 1843, 1844, and 1845 respectively. In 1843 he wrote a pamphlet entitled "A Plea for Public Parks," and became one of the honorary secretaries of the com- mittee which followed, through whose efforts the three existing parks (viz., the "Queen's, "Peel" and "Philip's") were obtained for Manchester and Salford. In 1843 he and a few other members of the Manchester Athenajum started the "Saturday half-holiday" in Manchester, which resulted in the general closing of the warehouses for business at 2 P.M. every Saturday. In 1845, Mr. Watkin was one of the originators of the Manchester Examiner newspaper. In 1861 he under- took a private mission to Canada, at the desire of the Duke of Newcastle, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, with the object of bringing the five British Provinces into union, and the establish- ment of a connection between Canada and the Atlantic by an independent rail- way system, which he successfully accom- plished. Mr. Watkin was first elected to Parliament in 1857, but was afterwards unseated. He was returned to Parlia- ment, unopposed, for Stockport, in 1864, and again returned at the head of the poll in 1865. He was defeated, however, by a narrow majority in 1868, and con- tested East Cheshire unsuccessfully in 1869. Whilst in Parliament in 1866-67, he obtained, as the Chairman of two Select Committees, important alterations in the laws affecting railways, and espe- cially the change in the law of limited liability, which enabled companies to reduce the capital by mere resolution, and without winding up. In 1868 he received the honour of knighthood. Sir E. Watkin was again returned to Parliament at the general election of February 1874, for the united boroughs of Hythe and Folkestone, and was returned unopposed for the same boroughs, at the general election of 1880. In that year he was created a baronet. He was High Sheriff of Cheshire, 1874. He has done much to improve the harbours of Boulogne and Calais, so as to establish fixed services by large steamers, to increase the comfort of the transit, and to have already reduced the time between London and Paris to seven hours ; this move- ment is progressing. The proposed tunnel under the Channel to connect England and France is an enterprise with which he has been connected in conjunction with the late Michel Chevalier, M. L^on Say, and other eminent French and English pub- lic men. Assuming that the experiment would succeed, Mr. Watkin recommended Mr. Gladstone to approach the European and American powers with a view to the complete neutralisation of the work, believing that this would do away with 1144 WATKINS — WATSON the military alarms on the question raised of late years. At present the works near Shakespeare's Cliff, Dover, are kept in repair and ventilation, but Government has not yet shown any desire to give the sanction necessary for their completion. It is understood that Sir Edward has investigated the question of connecting the south coast of Scotland and the north coast of Ireland by a submarine tunnel. He has advocated the extension of har- bour and other public works as a means of extending employment and augment- ing the trading capacity of the country in competition with foreign nations. In 1885, 1886, and 1S92, Sir E. Watkin was returned for the Hythe division of Kent, but not in 1895. In 1893 he married Ann, widow of H. Ingram, M.P., founder of the Illustrated London News. This lady died at the age of eighty-four in May 1896. Addresses : Rosehill, Northenden, Cheshire ; and the Chalet, Beddgelert. WATKINS, The Venerable Henry- William, M.A., D.D. of Oxford, London, and Durham, and Honorary D.D. of Dur- ham, was born on Jan. 19, 1844, and is the fourth son of Welsh parents of good family, and was educated at King's College, London, of which he is a Fellow and a member of Council, and at Balliol College, Oxford, of which he was sometime a Scholar. After a distinguished University career, he graduated at London and Oxford, and was ordained in 1871 to the curacy of Pluckley, Kent, on the nomina- tion of Dr. Plumptre, late Dean of Wells. In 1873 he was presented to the vicarage of Much Wenlock, in Shropshire, and quitted the living two years later to become Censor, Chaplain, and Lecturer on the Greek Testament and on Hebrew at King's College, London. Shortly after- wards he was appointed first professor of Logic and Moral Philosophy in the same College. In 1878 Dr. Watkins was elected to the Wardenship of St. Augustine's College, Canterbury, by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and the Bishop of London ; and while there, he accepted the work of the poor and unendowed parish of St. Gregory the Great. Soon after Dr. Lightfoot was consecrated to the Bishopric of Durham in 1879, Dr. Watkins was appointed one of his examining chaplains ; and in 1880 was collated to the Archdeaconry of Northumberland with a Canonry in Durham Cathedral. On the division of the See in 1882, he was transferred to the newly-constituted Arch- deaconry of Auckland ; and a few months later, on the death of Archdeacon Prest, to that of Durham. On his first arrival in Durham, he accepted a Professorship of Hebrew in the University, and found lei- sure to devote some of his energies to the restoration of the parish of All Saints at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he laboured as Senior Curate at a nominal salary, among one of the most neglected and degraded of populations. During Bishop Lightfoot's illness, the Archdeacon acted as his commissary, and on the election of Bishop Westcott to the See of Dur- ham, he was again appointed Examining Chaplain. Archdeacon Watkins has con- tributed several papers at Church Congress Meetings at Sheffield, Swansea, Derby, Wolverhampton, and Manchester, on "Science and Religion," on "The Church and Democracy," on " Elasticity of Wor- ship," and other subjects, which have been published separately, and he has also delivered several Charges as Arch- deacon of Northumberland and Durham. Besides these, Archdeacon Watkins has contributed to Dr. William Smith's Dic- tionaries of the Bible and of Christian Biography ; and wrote a Commentary on the Gospel according to St. John, for Bishop Ellicott's "New Testament for English Headers." He was appointed Bampton Lecturer at Oxford for the year 1890, and delivered the course on " Modern Criticism Considered in its Relation to the Fourth Gospel." The Archdeacon was married in 1883 to the elder daughter of Sir Henry Thompson, a lady who is well known both as an artist and a philan- thropist, and who is the author of " The Public Picture Galleries of Europe," a work which has passed through several editions. Addresses : The Archdeaconry, Durham ; and Athenaeum. W ATKINSON, The Rev. William L., D.D., LL.D., Wesleyan minister, was born at Hull, August 30, 1838. He entered the ministry 1858, and has travelled in the ministry in Nottingham, Manchester, Bolton, Harrogate, London, and in other towns. He is the author of the Fernley Lecture " On the Influence of Scepticism on Character," delivered in 1887 (now in the 8th edit.); "Mistaken Signs"; "The Beginning of the Christian Life " ; " The Programme of the Christian Life " ; " Noon-day Addresses," delivered in Man- chester and Leeds ; and various other works. In 1891 he published " The Trans- figured Sackcloth, and other Sermons," and in 1894 began to edit the Life Indeed series. He is the editor of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, and was President of the Weslevan Methodist Conference in 1897-98. "Address : 29 Exeter Road, Brondesbury, N.W. WATSON, Alfred Edward Thomas, is the son of Captain B. L. Watson, and was born on March 10, 1849. Beginning WATSON 1145 a literary career by writing for various magazines, he joined the staff of the Standard in 1872. He wrote frequent articles for the Saturday Review, from 1885 to 1894; contributed to Punch ; and from 1880 to 1895 he edited the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, vising the pseudonym of "Rapier." He now occu- pies the position of editor of the Bad- minton Library, and of the Badminton Magazine ; he is also musical and dramatic critic to the Standard. Mr. Watson is the author of " Sketches in the Hunting Field," 1880; "Race Course and Covert Side," 1883 ; " Types of the Turf," 1885 ; " Steeplechasing " (Badminton Library), 1886 ; and he has also written chapters in the "Badminton" volumes on Hunting, Riding, and Driving, &c. Address : Palace Gate House, Kensington. "WATSON, The Rev. Henry Wil- liam, D.Sc, F.R. S. , was born in London, February 25, 1827, and is the only surviving son of the late Thomas Watson, Esq., R.N. He was educated at King's College, Lon- don, and obtained a Mathematical Scholar- ship there on its first establishment, and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1846 ; was elected Scholar thereof in 1848 ; and took his B.A. degree in 1850 ; being Second Wrangler and Smith's Prize- man. He was elected Fellow of Trinity College, and appointed Assistant -Tutor thereof in 1851 ; and was appointed Second Master of the City of London School, 1854 ; Mathematical Lecturer at King's College, London, 1856 ; Assistant- Master of Harrow School, 1857 ; and was presented to the Rectory of Berkswell, near Coventry, 1865. He acted as Modera- tor and Examiner in the Cambridge Mathe- matical Tripos, 1860 and 1861 respectively, and as Additional Examiner in the year 1877. For many years he has acted as Assistant-Examiner to the Civil Service Commissioners ; and has been occasional Examiner for the degree of D.Sc. in the University of London. He is the author of "A Treatise on Geometry," in Long- mans' Text-books of Science series, 1871 ; " A Treatise on the Kinetic Theory of Gases," published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1876 ; and sundry Mathematical and Physical papers in the Philosophical Magazine and the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, and elsewhere. He is joint- author of " Watson and Burbury's Treatise on Generalised Co-ordinates applied to the Kinetics of a Material System " ; " Watson and Burbury's Electricity and Magnetism," part 1, Electrostatics, 1885 ; part 2, Magnetism and Electrodynamics, 1889 ; Article " Molecule," in the ninth edition of the " Encyclopedia Britannica." He was appointed, in 1879, a representative governor for the University of Cambridge, of King Edward VI. 's School, Birmingham, and was joint founder of the Birmingham Philosophical Society in 1879, and Presi- dent of the same, 1880 and 1881. The Rev. H. W. Watson was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1881, and Examiner in Mathematics in the University of London in 1893. He is one of the original founders of the Alpine Club. Address : Berkswell Rectory, Coventry. "WATSON. Rev. John ("Ian Mac- laren"), M.A. Edin., D.D. St. Andrews, son of John Watson, collector of Inland Revenue, Edinburgh, was born on Nov. 3, 1850, at Manningtree, Essex, and was educated at Stirling and Perth Grammar Schools, and at Edinburgh University ; New College, Edinburgh ; and Tubingen. Adopting the ministry as his profession, he was licensed in 1874, and became Assistant at Barclay Free Church, Edin- burgh. He was ordained in 1875, and has been minister at Logiealmond, Perth- shire ; at Free St. Matthew's, Glasgow, 1877-80 ; at Sefton Park Presbyterian Church, Liverpool, from 1880 until the present time. Under his pen name of "Ian Maclaren," he has published the following famous studies of Scottish rural life : " Beside the Bonnie Briar Bush," 1894 ; "The Days of Auld Lang Syne," 1895; "Kate Carnegie and those Minis- ters," 1896 ; " A Doctor of the Old School," 1897 ; " Afterwards, and Other Stories," 1899. As John Watson he has written : " The Upper Room," 1895 ; " The Mind of the Master," 1896 ; "The Cure of Souls " (Yale Lectures on Prac- tical Theology), 1896 ; " The Potter's Wheel," 1897; "Companions of the Sor- rowful Way," 1898. His works have enjoyed an immense popularity, and have run through many editions. Address : 18 Sefton Drive, Liverpool. "WATSON, John Crittenden, Ameri- can naval officer, was born in Kentucky, August 24, 1842, and appointed to the Naval Academy in Sept. 1856, graduating there in 1860. From 1862 to 1864 he was aide to Admiral Farragut on the Hartford, and took part in the forcing of the Missis- sippi River and capture of New Orleans in April 1862, and the subsequent opera- tions in that vicinity. In 1864 he was in the battle of Mobile Bay, and was wounded there ; from 1865 to 1867 he was attached to the Colorado, in the Euro- pean Squadron, being made Lieut. -Com- mander in July 1866, and Commander in 1874. He was Lighthouse Inspector from 1880 to 1886, and became Captain in March 1887, and Commodore in November 1146 WATSON 1897. He was Governor of the Naval Home in Philadelphia in May 1895, re- maining there until the outbreak of the war with Spain in 1898. In June of that year he was placed in command of a powerful squadron intended for the coasts of Spain, but the collapse of the war pre- vented the execution of the plan. WATSON, Malcolm, journalist, playwright, and dramatic critic, son of a well-known Glasgow physician, was born in that city in 1 857. He was educated at the High School there. On leaving school he entered an Bast Indian house of busi- ness, and after spending some years in it, he came to London to continue commercial pursuits. Having accepted an engagement with a Spanish banking company in Lon- don, he was eventually despatched to Bilbao, to establish a branch in that town. This accomplished, he determined to re- linquish the position, with the view of devoting himself to literature. He re- turned to London at the beginning of the year 1887, and has contributed various articles to the St. James's Gazette, and in the autumn of 1889 was appointed dramatic editor to that paper. He is author of various plays, including "A Pretty Be- quest," " In Cupid's Court," " Tally-Ho ! " "Wanted — an Heir," "Tuppins & Co.," "Carnival Time," " Killicrumper," "An Odd Pair," "A Big Bandit," and " Melo- drammie," written for the German Reeds. " Held Asunder," his first important piece, in four acts, was produced at the Prince of Wales's Theatre in April 1888. Subse- quently, " Christopher's Honeymoon," three-act farce, was played at the Strand in 1889 ; " Calumny," an adaptation of Jose Echegaray's " El Grase Galeoto," at the Shaftesbury in 1889 ; " The Pharisee," in association with Mrs. Lancaster- Wallis, at the Shaftesbury in 1891 ; " For Love and Liberty," at the Union Square Theatre, New York, in 1891. " Joseph " (1895) was played over a twelvemonth throughout the United States. " The Haven of Content" was played at the Garrick in 1896. He is also author of a number of one-act pieces, and contributor of articles and short stories to various London papers and periodicals. Permanent address : 8 Ser- jeant's Inn, E.C. WATSON, Thomas Henry, archi- tect, born Nov. 1, 1839, obtained three silver medals in 1860 at the Royal Academy of Arts, and the Gold Medal in 1861. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Insti- tute of British Architects in 1862; was awarded the Travelling Studentship of the Royal Academy, 1863, and the Soane Medallion of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 1864. He graduated at the In- stitute in the Class of Distinction, 1866 ; was President of the Architectural As- sociation in 1871 ; was elected District Surveyor of St. George's, Hanover Square, North, in 1875, and Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1877. He has carried out numerous works in London and many country houses. Among them may be mentioned North Court and other buildings, Somerhill, Kent, for Sir Julian Goldsmid, Bart. ; Rickmansworth Park, the seat of J. W. Birch, Esq. ; Newton Park, Somerset, for Earl Temple ; Crowe Hall, Bath; Chalfont Park, Bucks, for Captain Penton, M.P. ; Rapkins, Sussex, for the late Thomas Woolner, R.A. ; and works to the Villa Aurelia, Rome. Ad- dress : 9 Nottingham Place, W. WATSON, William, the poet, was born in Wharfedale, Yorkshire, and as a boy gave promise of literary genius. He suffered, however, for years from neglect of the reading public, until in 1892 his poem on "Wordsworth's Grave" forced the critics to recognise in him something more than a "minor poet." Partly owing to their own classic beauty and absence of affectation, and partly owing to the clever methods of publishing to which their author has recourse, Mr. William Watson's poems are now eagerly bought by bibliophiles and the general public. In 1893 appeared his " Lachrymse Musarum," a noble tribute to the memory of Lord Tennyson. His other works are : " Epigrams of Life, Art, and Nature"; "The Prince's Quest," 1880; a collection of love lyrics; "The Eloping Angels"; "Excursions in Criti- cism," reprinted mostly from the Spectator, to which he frequently contributes, 1893 ; and "Odes and other Poems," December 1894; "The Father of the Forest" and Poems, 2nd edit., 1895; "The Year of Shame," with an introduction by the Bishop of Hereford, and "The Purple East : a Series of Sonnets of England's Desertion of Armenia," 1896 ; and " The Hope of the World," 1897. "The Year of Shame " contains the Byronic or Miltonic denunciation of "Abdul the Damned," which, at the time of its first publication in a milder form in a newspaper, so flut- tered the dovecots of criticism. Mr. Watson's "Collected Poems" were pub- lished by John Lane in 1898. Mr. Glad- stone conferred on Mr. Watson the civil pension of £200, rendered vacant by the death of Lord Tennyson, and this very unexpected act of patronage led many to imagine that Mr. Watson was Poet Lau- reate designate. This pension has been increased. Mr. Watson spends much of his time in the Lake Country. Address : Devonshire Club. WATSON — WATTS 1147 WATSON, Lord, The Right Hon. William Watson, Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, LL.D., D.L., is the son of the Rev. Thomas Watson, of Covington, Lanark- shire, and was born in 1828. He was educated privately, and at Glasgow and Edinburgh Universities. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1851, acted as Solicitor-General for Scotland from 1874 to 1876, and was Dean of the Faculty of Advocates from 1875 to 1876. He was Lord Advocate from 1876 to 1880, and in the latter year was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, receiving at the same time a life peerage. From 1876 to 1880 he sat in the House of Commons as Conservative Member for Glasgow and Aberdeen Uni- versities. Lord Watson is a Deputy Lieu- tenant, an LL.D. of Edinburgh and Glas- gow, and was married, in 1868, to Margaret, daughter of Dugald John Bannatyne. Ad- dresses : 20 Queen's Gate, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. WATTERSON, Hon. Henry, Ameri- can journalist and statesman, was born in Washington City, Feb. 16, 1840. He was educated by private tutors, and began his career as an editorial writer in the press of the national capital, but his professional work was interrupted by the Civil War, in which he served on the Confederate side. After the war he succeeded George D. Prentice, the founder and editor of the Louisville Journal, and, in conjunction with W. N. Haldeman, the founder of the Louis- ville Courier, he consolidated all the news- papers of that city into the Courier- Journal, which, under his management, has become a leading American newspaper. He is a recognised authority in the Democratic party, although for many years he had to contend against a majority of his party associates. He successfully opposed the reactionary movement of the Southern extremists against the reconstructory amendments to the Constitution, and of the Western extremists as to the national currency. He was one of the leaders of the Democrats in 1872 who sought to elect Horace Greeley to the Presidency. He was one of the first prominent Democrats to identify himself with Free Trade ideas and to demand of Congress " a tariff for revenue only," and for many years has been regarded as the embodiment of tariff reform in the United States. He has steadily refused office, but in the political crisis of 1876-77 he accepted a seat in Congress, serving with distinction, and declining a re-election. He is a constant public speaker and lecturer, a voluminous contributor on economic subjects to the reviews, and an active and familiar figure in the councils of his party. He delivered the dedicatory oration on the official open- ing of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. He is the author of many tracts and pamphlets, and a volume of sketches, entitled " Oddities of Southern Life and Character," 1892, and a "History of the War with Spain," 1898. He has travelled extensively, and has published a collection of foreign letters. WATTS, George Frederick, R.A., D.C.L., LL.D., born in London on Feb. 23, 1817, first exhibited at the Academy in 1837. In addition to portraits, he made some historical attempts, such as " Isabella finding Lorenzo dead," from Boccaccio, in 1840, and a scene from " Cymbeline " in 1842. At Westminster Hall, in 1843, his cartoon of " Caractacus led in Triumph through the Streets of Rome," obtained one of the three highest class prizes of £300, and created sanguine hopes for his future career. Having spent upwards of four years in Italy, he again obtained, in 1847, the highest honours at the competi- tion in Westminster Hall. His two colossal oil-pictures, "Echo" and "Alfred inciting the Saxons to prevent the Landing of the Danes," which secured for him one of the three highest class prizes of £500, were, with the pictures of Mr. Pickersgill and Mr. Cross, purchased by the Commis- sioners. The latter is in one of the com- mittee-rooms of the new Parliament Houses. Mr. Watts exhibited his "Paolo and Fran- cesca" and "Orlando pursuing the Fata Morgana " at the British Institution in 1848, and his full-length portrait of Lady Holland at the Royal Academy in the same year. " Life's Illusions," a picture of the class of " Fata Morgana," exhibited in 1849, was followed in 1850 by "The Good Samaritan," painted in honour of Thomas Wright, of Manchester, and presented by the artist to the Town Hall of Manchester. For the Houses of Parliament Mr. Watts has executed one of the frescoes in the Poets' Hall, "St. George overcomes the Dragon," from Spenser, finished in 1853, and he has painted in fresco the west end of the new hall at Lincoln's Inn. For some time he has exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy and Grosvenor Gallery. His principal productions have been por- traits and ideal or mythological subjects, such as the well-known "Love and Death" ; "Endymion" ; " Orpheus and Eurydice" ; "Daphne"; and (18S6) "Hope." In 1882 an exhibition of Mr. Watts's works was held at the Grosvenor Gallery, and in February 1897 another exhibition of his works was held at the New Gallery. Reaching the age of eighty in this month, he was pre- sented with a congratulatory address, signed by several hundreds of names, the foremost in the country, and representa- tive of the most divergent interests. The 1148 WATTS-DUNTON — WAY banquet to Corot in the last year of his life can alone be compared to this pre- sentation. Mr. Watts originally painted for his own house some forty portraits of the most eminent of his contemporaries in public life, literature, and art, and these he has now bequeathed to the nation. He executed the portrait of Lord Tennyson in 1890. Mr. Watts is still at work, either at his easel or at an immense equestrian statue, which he hopes to be the crown of his career. The Watts portraits are now placed in the National Portrait Gallery. They include portraits of Tennyson, Mat- thew Arnold, and a number of other great Englishmen of modern times, and are un- questionably the prime glory of this section of the national collections. Mr. Watts has also presented to the Tait Gallery a number of his finest allegorical paintings. In 1899 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a portrait of the Rt. Hon. Gerald Balfour, M.P. In 1880 the honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon Mr. Watts by the Uni- versity of Oxford, and that of LL.D. was offered by the University of Cambridge in 1882, and conferred the following year. In 1885 Mr. Gladstone was empowered to bestow the honour of a baronetcy upon Mr. Watts, which honour was declined by him. He is a member of foreign academies, and has received the Cross of the Legion d'Honneur. In 1886 Mr. Watts married Mary, third daughter of the late Charles Edward Fraser Tytler, Esq., of Aldourie, Inverness-shire. London address : Little Holland House, Melbury Road, Kensing- ton, W. WATTS-DUNTON, Theodore, poet and critic, was born at St. Ives in 1836, but has spent most of his life in London. He received a somewhat elaborate pri- vate education at Cambridge. Originally trained as a naturalist, his father having been an active member of scientific societies, he was afterwards brought up to the law, and passed his legal examina- tion in 1863. He first attracted the attention of the literary public as a writer of sonnets. One of the chief of those who took an interest in his early poetical work was Dante Rossetti, whose intimate friend Mr. Watts became. Under Mr. Rossetti's influence he made a critical study of the Old Masters in Florence, Venice, and Rome. After Rossetti's death he expounded the principles of his art in the Nineteenth Century and elsewhere. Mr. Watts-Dunton, then Mr. Watts, became literary and artistic critic to the Examiner at a time when that paper was being brilliantly conducted by Prof. Minto, who numbered among his contributors such men as Mr. Swinburne and Mr. W. Bell Scott. When Prof. Minto left the Examiner Mr. Watts-Dunton retired also, and became one of the chief writers in the Athenaeum, in the columns of which, as well as in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," 9th edit., he founded a school of poetical criticism which aims at testing literary efforts by the light of first principles only. Mr. Watts-Dunton's articles in the " En- cyclopsedia " are to be reproduced in volume form under the title "Poetics"; and his " Reminiscences of George Bor- row" are shortly to be reprinted from the Athenceum. He has been a busy contributor to the Quarterly Magazine, the Nineteenth Century, and Ward's "English Poets." He is specially noticeable as an expounder of the romantic movement, and in " Aylwin, a Poetic Romance," published in October 1898, after being for twenty years well known to a select circle in MS., he has endeavoured to carry into scenes of con- temporary life those principles of purely romantic art which have heretofore been expressed only in pictures of the past. His art as a writer of sonnets is discussed in Rossetti's " Letters to Hall Caine," and in the preface to Mr. W. Sharp's " Sonnets of this Century," as well as in other works on that form of poetry. In 1897 he published " Jubilee Greetings at Spithead to the Men of Greater Britain," and "The Coming of Love." Mr. Watts- Dunton, who recently assumed that name in place of Watts, is an intimate friend of Mr. Swinburne, who for some years has lived in his house at Putney. Address : The Pines, Putney. WAY, Rev. John Pearce, D.D., born at Bath on October 19, 1850, is the son of the late Rev. John Hyne Way, incumbent of Christ Church, Bath. He was educated at Bath College, from whence he gained a Classical Scholarship at Brazenose College, Oxford. At Oxford he took a first class in Classical Moderations, and a second class in Lit. Hum. ; proceeded to B.A. degree in 1874, M.A. 1877, B.D. and D.D. 1896. He went f-rom Oxford to Marl- borough, being appointed Assistant-Master by Dr. Farrar (now Dean of Canterbury) in 1875 ; was made House-Master in 1877 ; took Holy Orders in 1879. In 1885 he was elected Head-Master of Warwick School, and in 1896 of Rossall. At Oxford he rowed stroke of his College eight for four years in succession, and stroke of the Oxford crew in 1874 and 1875. In the latter year Oxford beat Cambridge for the first time after five successive defeats. He married, in 1890, Gertrude, daughter of Francis Leach, 20 Cleveland Square, W. Address : The Hall, Rossall, Fleetwood. WAY, The Bight Hon. Sir Samuel James, Bart., Q.C., Chief -Justice of South WEBB — WEBBER 1149 Australia, Judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court, Chancellor of the University of Adelaide, and in 1890 appointed Lieut. - Governor of S, Australia, is the son of the Rev. James Way, and was born at Portsmouth, April 11, 1836. He was privately educated, and went to South Australia early in 1853. He was called to the South Australian Bar, March 23, 1861; appointed Q.C., Sept. 12, 1871; elected to the House of Assembly, Feb. 10, 1875 ; appointed Attorney-General, June 3, 1875 ; appointed Chief-Justice, March 18, 1876 ; elected Vice-Chancellor of the University of Adelaide, April 28, 1876; and Chancellor, Jan. 26, 1883. The Hon. S. J. Way has administered the Government of South Australia five times— in 1877, 1878, 1879, 1883, 1889; is a Member of the Executive Council ; author of the "Report of the Commission on the Destitute Act, 1881," published in Adelaide, 1885 (an elaborate treatise on Poor Relief in South Australia), and other official publications. He was created Honorary LL.D. of Adelaide University, 1892 ; Honorary D.C.L. Oxon., 1891 ; and LL.D. Cambridge, 1897. He became the first Representative of the Australian Colonies on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1897. He was created a Baronet on the occasion of the Birth- day, 1899. Addresses : Montefiore, North Adelaide, S. Australia ; and Athenaeum. WEBB, Aston, A.R.A., F.R.I.B.A., F.S.A., is the son of the late Edward Webb, engraver and water-colour painter, and was born in London on May 22, 1849. Educated privately, he was articled to Messrs. Banks & Barry, architects, in 1866, and he began to practise on his own account in 1873. He was President of the Architectural Association in 1884, and Vice-President of the Royal Institute of British Architects from 1893 to 1897. He was elected A.R.A. in March 1899. Mr. Webb is responsible for the careful and successful restoration of St. Bartholo- mew's the Great, Smithfield, and from his designs have been built numerous churches, including the French Protestant Church, Soho. He was appointed architect for the completion of South Kensington Museum, and for the Royal Naval College, Dart- mouth. In co-operation with Mr. E. T. Bell he has built the Victoria Courts at Birmingham, the Metropolitan Assurance Society's offices, and is engaged in build- ing the new schools of Christ's Hospital. Address : 19 Queen Anne's Gate, West- minster. "WEBB, Sidney, LL.B., is the son of the late Charles Webb, and was born in London on July 13, 1859. He was educated at private schools in London, in Switzer- land, at the Birkbeck Institute, and the City of London College. After spending three years in an office in the City, he entered the Lower Division of the War Office in 1878, became a Surveyor of Taxes in the following year, and in 1881 gained a place in the Colonial Office (Class I.), by open competition ; he resigned, however, in 1891. He then lectured on Political Economy at the City of London College, and the Working-Men's College, and he now is a Lecturer in the same subject at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He was called to the Bar in 1885, has devoted a good deal of time to writing on economical subjects, and still continues to do so. He has a seat on the London County Council as ProgressiveMemberforDeptford. Amongst his many works there may be mentioned : '•Socialism in England," 1890; "The Eight Hours' Day," which he published in 1891, conjointly with Mr. Harold Cox ; "The London Programme," 1892; "The History of Trade Unionism," 1894, con- jointly with his wife ; also with her, in 1898, " Industrial Democracy," and " Prob- lems of Modern Industry" (a reprint of essays and studies written during the last ten years); and "Labour in the Longest Reign," 1898. Mr. Webb was married, in 1892, to Beatrice, daughter of the late Richard Potter, who is herself deeply interested in matters relating to Trade Unionism and labour problems, and who wrote the " Co-operative Movement in Great Britain" in 1891, and also con- tributed to Charles Booth's " Life and Labour of the People." Address : 41 Grosvenor Road, Westminster Embank- ment. "WEBBER, The Bight Rev. William Thomas Thornhill, D.D., Bishop of Brisbane, is the son of the late William Webber, surgeon, of Norwich, by Eliza, daughter of the late Sir Isaac Preston, Bart. He was born in Upper Grosvenor Street, Grosvenor Square, London, Jan. 30, 1837, and educated first at Tonbridge School, and afterwards at Norwich, under the late John Woolley, D.C.L. (who was subsequently head of Sydney University), and at Pembroke College, Oxford. B.A. 1859, M.A. 1862, D.D., honoris causa, 1885. He was ordained by the Bishop of London (Dr. Tait), deacon, I860 ; and priest, 1861. He was assistant curate at Chiswick from 1860 to 1864, when he was put in charge of the newly - constituted district and parish of St. John the Evangelist, Red Lion Square, Holborn, which he held up to 1885. Here he built the noble church in Red Lion Square, together with clergy- house attached, and schools with accom- 1150 WEBER— WEBSTER modation for 700 children in three de- partments. The site, church, clergy-house, schools, &c., cost £49,000. This large sum of money was collected and administered by Mr. Webber, in the course of an ex- ceedingly busy life of public usefulness. He was one of the Governors of Sion Col- lege from 1882 to 1885, and represented Finsbury on the London School Board from 1882 to 1885 ; was Chairman of the Local Managers of the Board Schools from 1877 to 1885, and Guardian of Holborn Union from 1874 to 1883. He was also connected very prominently during these years with the Charity Organisation So- ciety, the Working-Men's Club and Insti- tute Union, the Girls' and the Young Men's Friendly Societies, and many other institutions and societies. On the resigna- tion of Bishop Hale he was appointed to the vacant See of Brisbane, and was con- secrated in St. Paul's Cathedral by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Benson), on St. Barnabas's Day, 1885. When the Bishop took charge of the diocese in 1885 there were but 33 clergy and 39 churches ; these, as the result of five years' work, have been increased to 67 clergy and 75 churches. Address : Bishopsbourne, Bris- bane. WEBER, Sir Hermann, Kt., M.D., F.R.C.P. , received his medical education at Bonn University, of which he is M.D., and at Guy's Hospital. He is a Fellow of the Royal Med. Chir. Soc, Consulting Physician of the German Hospital, Lon- don, and of the Royal National Hospital for Consumption, Ventnor. He received the honour of knighthood at New Year '1899. Together with Mr. Rube, Dr. Hillier, and Dr. Malcolm Morris he was appointed by the Prince of Wales as representative of the National Association for the Pre- vention of Consumption and Other Forms of Tuberculosis at the Berlin Congress for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, May 24-28, 1899. In conjunction with his son, Dr. Parkes Weber, he has published a work, now in its second edition, on " The Mineral Waters and Health Resorts of Great Britain." He is also author of " Notes on the Climate of the Swiss Alps," 1864 ; " Klimato - Therapie," in Ziemssen's "Handbook of Gen. Therap.," 1880; the Croonian Lectures for 1885 on " Hygienic and Climatic Treatment of Phthisis " ; and of many contributions to Quain's "Dic- tionary of Medicine," Allbutt's " System," the Transactions of the Royal Med. Chir. Soe., &c. Address: 10 Grosvenor Street, W. WEBSTER, Hugh Alexander, born April 21, 1849, at Laurencekirk, Kincar- dineshire, is the second son of the Rev. | David Webster, Congregational minister, and Isabella Mackinnon. Educated for the most part privately by his father, who had spent the early part of his life as a schoolmaster, he afterwards studied at the University of Edinburgh, between 1872 and 1880. After several years de- voted to scholastic and literary work, he joined the editorial staff of the " Encyclo- paedia Britannica " in 1876, and contri- buted to the successive volumes articles in biography, literature, and, more especi- ally, geography. For some years he took the geographical department more especi- ally in hand, writing such articles as "Europe," "Italy," "Java," "Lapland," "Patagonia," as well as passing the bulk of the geographical work under review. He has contributed also to " Chambers's Encyclopaedia, " the "GlobeEncyclopsedia," the " Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland," as well as for many years to the newspaper press. He was one of the founders of the Scottish (now Royal) Geographical Society in 1884. He was the chief originator and the first honorary editor of the Society's magazine (1885-87), and in reward for his services was elected first honorary Fellow of the Society. He was appointed Libra- rian of the University of Edinburgh in 1887, and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in the same year. Address : Edinburgh University Library. WEBSTER, Sir Richard Everard, K.B., G.C.M.G., Q.C., M.P., Attorney- General, second son of the late Thomas Webster, Esq., Q.C., and Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Richard Calthrop, Swineshead Abbey, Lincolnshire, was born Dec. 22, 1842. He received his education at King's College and Charterhouse Schools, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gained a Foundation Scholarship, and graduated in both the Mathematical and Classical Tripos. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1868, and joined the south-eastern (then home) circuit. He was afterwards appointed to the ancient but honorary offices of Tubman and Postman in the Court of Exchequer at Westminster. He was made Queen's Counsel in 1878, and is believed to be the only man who has for many years past received that honour at so early an age. He has been extensively engaged in most of the heavy commercial and rail- way cases of the day, and, besides having a large general practice, he has appeared in numerous appeal cases in the House of Lords. He is one of the Governors of the Charterhouse. He contested Bewdley at the election of 1880. In June 1885 he was appointed Attorney-General in the first Government of Lord Salisbury, not having up to that date been in Parlia- WEDDERBURN — WEDMOKE 1151 merit. He held the same office from 1886 to 1892, and was reappointed in 1895 (July). From July to November 1885 he represented Launoeston, and at the gene- ral election of 1885 he successfully stood for the Isle of Wight, defeating Mr. Ashley, the former Liberal member, by a majority of 436. In 1886 he was again returned by a majority of 1258, and still represents that constituency, where among his supporters he is extremely popular. When Attorney-General in the late Con- servative Government, he appeared in behalf of the Times before the Parnell Commission. In 1893 he was one of the British representatives in the Behring Sea Arbitration case. He married, in the year 1872, Louisa Mary, the only daughter of the late William Calthrop, Esq., M.D., of Withern, in the county of Lincoln ; she died in the year 1877. Addresses : Horn- ton Lodge, Kensington, W. ; 2 Pump Court, Temple, E.C. ; Winterforld, Cran- leigh, Surrey ; and Athenseum. WEDDERBURN, Alexander Dun das Ogilvy, Q.C., was born in 1854, and is the only surviving son of the late James Alexander Wedderburn, of the Madras Civil Service (see Burke's "Baronetage," s. Wedderburn). He was educated at Haileybury College, Herts, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in honours in 1877. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in January 1880 ; appointed a Q.C. in May 1897, and Re- corder of Gravesend in November 1897. He married, in 1887, Mathilde, only child of Henry William Segelcke, Esq. Ad- dresses : 47 Cadogan Place, S.W. ; Cham- bers, Farrar's Building, Temple, E.C. WEDDERBURN, Sir "William, Bart., M.P., was born in Edinburgh on March 25, 1838, and succeeded his father as 4th Baronet in 1882. He was educated at Loretto School, and Edinburgh Univer- sity, and gained the third place in open competition for the Indian Civil Service in 1859. He was in the Bombay Civil Service from 1860 to 1887, became a Judge of the High Court at Bombay, and finally retired, after acting as Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay. He was President of the Indian National Confer- ence in 1889, was a member of the Boyal Commission on Indian Expenditure in 1895, and has acted as Chairman of the Indian Parliamentary Committee. After contesting North Ayrshire unsuccessfully in 1892, he was elected Liberal member for Banffshire in the following year. Sir W. Wedderburn has written numerous papers on Criminal Procedure, Arbitration Courts, Agricultural Banks, Village Communities, and other matters of Indian interest. He was married, in 1878, to Mary Blanche, daughter of H. W. Hoskyns, of North Perrott Manor, Somerset. Address : 84 Palace Chambers, Westminster. WEDMOKE, Frederick, born at Eichmond Hill, Clifton, July 9, 1844, is the eldest son of the late Mr. Thomas VVedmore, of Druid Stoke, Stoke Bishop. He is of an old Quaker family, and was educated at a Quaker private school, and studied afterwards at Lausanne and Paris. Resolved upon the pursuitof journalism and eventually literature, he entered, for a while, a Bristol newspaper office, but in 1868 came to London and wrote occasion- ally in the Spectator. Hisnovels of " A Snapt Gold Ring" and "Two Girls," published in 1871 and 1874, were, at the time, well reviewed, but are understood to be works on which Mr. Wedmore sets small store. He has never been willing to reprint them, and it is no doubt by his volumes of short stories, "Pastorals of France," "Renun- ciations," "English Episodes," and " Orgeas and Miradou," that Mr. Wedmore takes serious rank as an imaginative writer. But about the time of the appearance of the first of these volumes, " Pastorals of France" (1877), he had become known to the public by his contributions to art- history and criticism ; " Studies in English Art " showing his familiarity with the earlier masters of the English School, the "Masters of Genre Painting" (1880), evincing an appreciation of Dutchmen such as Terburg and Metzu, and of the elegant and penetrating art of the French Eighteenth Century ; while, a little later, "The Four Masters of Etching," and a much-remarked study in the Nineteenth Century of the great French etcher, Mer- yon, proved Mr. Wedmore's knowledge of the principles and history of the art of etching. More recently, his volume called " Fine Prints," in the Collector Series, dealt likewise from the point of view of the connoisseur with mezzotint and line-engraving, and in a manner singularly lively and vivid. Mr. Wedmore occasionally contributes a paper on art or dramatic subjects to the reviews, and the more important art criticisms in the Stan- dard, with which journal he has been con- nected in this matter since 1878, have for years been known to proceed from his pen. He has nevertheless found time to produce an original study on the chief French novelist, Balzac, in the Great Writers Series (1889), to edit the English edition of M. Michel's " Rembrandt " (1893), and to write since that time the later and most characteristic volumes of his imaginative work. It should be added that Mr. Wed- more has not only given readings of his short stories before distinguished audi- 1152 WEIR — WELBY ences in England, but that he has visited America and lectured at Harvard and the Johns Hopkins University in 1885. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Painters, Etchers, and Engravers, and a member of the Committee of the Bur- lington Fine Arts Club. He is married to the youngest daughter of the late Mr. John Peele Clapham, a Yorkshire magis- trate and Treasurer of County Courts of the West Riding, and by her he has one daughter. Club : Burlington Fine Arts. WEIR, Harrison William, born at Lewes, May 5, 1824, second son of John Weir and Elizabeth Jenner, at an early age showed a great inclination for draw- ing animals and birds, and the study of natural history. He was, in 1837, articled to Mr. George Baxter to learn designing on wood, colour-painting, and wood-en- graving. This proving quite a different kind of work to what it was represented, he used means to have his articles can- celled, but having in vain endeavoured to get released from his engagement, he of necessity served his time ; thus seven years of his life, as far as the work of an artist was concerned, were entirely wasted, and therefore he, in his profession, is self- taught. He was elected a member of the new Society of Painters in Water-Colours in February 1849, and some time before exhibited his first picture, the " Dead Shot," at the British Institution. He also exhibited in Suffolk Street and at the Royal Academy, his pictures of animals, birds, domestic poultry, fruit, &c, being much sought after. Among his best are "Startled," "The Forester," "A Servant of all Work," with several of birds sing- ing ; "The Christmas Carol" — a robin, published by the Illustrated London News. Mr. Weir's first wood drawings appeared in the Illustrated London News, also the Pictorial Times ; he was one of the original staff of the Field, and also the Graphic and Black and White. He has been con- nected, either by his pencil, pen, or both, with over one hundred and twenty books, his best known being " Routledge's Natural History," "Poultry Book," "Funny Dogs with Funny Tales," "The Adventures of a Bear," also those of " A Dog" and " A Cat." His later works, which are written by himself as well as illustrated, are : "Every Day in the Country," "Animal Stories, Old and New," " Bird Stories, Old and New " ; but what he considers his chief book is, " Our Cats, and All About Them," a quite original production, and one that will last as a work of reference, the standard of excellence being given in it, as laid down by Mr. Harrison Weir for judging at shows. He also gives rules for breeding cats ; among others the tortoise-shell Tom, which have proved suc- cessful. He has furnished illustrations for the British Workman, the Cottager, Band of Hope Review, the Children's Frierid, Chatterbox, Little Folks, Poultry, and Fan- ciers' Gazette, and numerous others ; he has laboured to improve children's books and books for the poorer classes. He is a Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society, and has been a Member of the Fruit Committee some years, having himself been awarded silver medals for excellence in fruit growing. He has paid consider- able attention to the management and varieties of poultry and pigeons, and has gained several cups and other prizes, besides acting as judge at poultry and pigeon shows for over thirty years. He has also acted as judge of cage-birds at the large shows for the same period. He established the first Cat Show at the Crystal Palace, which he intended should induce the owners of cats, through the medium of winning prizes, to take more interest in the breeding and welfare of their cats. The exhibition has so far attained its objects as to have enhanced the pecuniary value of the cat. One curious fact remains to be told, and that is, although he has planned and carried out such a large amount of work during his career of half a century, he has during nearly the whole time been an invalid, his nervous prostration often lasting many days, and for the last thirty years he has not been a day without pain. At twenty- two years of age he married the eldest daughter of J. F. Herring, the well-known horse painter, and at her decease, Alice, the second daughter of F. J. Upjohn, M.R.C.S., of Rudham. Permanent ad- dress : Iddesleigh, Sevenoaks, Kent. WEKERLE, Dr., former Premier of Hungary, was born in 1849, his father having been steward to Count Lamburg. He was educated for the law, but entered the Ministry of Finances, and was Pro- fessor of Financial Science at the Univer- sity of Buda-Pesth. When M. Tisza (q.v.) resigned the Ministry of Finance, Dr. Wekerle was made his successor at his own suggestion in 1887. In 1892 he suc- ceeded Count Szapary as Premier, a very popular event, as he was not of the aristo- cratic party. He formed a strong ministry, and entered office pledged to the reform of the marriage laws, and in 1894 he carried his Civil Marriage Bill. But owing to the persistent attacks of the Clericals he was compelled to retire in 1895, and was suc- ceeded by Baron Banffy (q.v.). WELBY, George Earle, Minister at Bogota, the only son of Prebendary George E. Welby, Rector of Barrowby, WELBY — YTELLIXGTOX 1153 Lincolnshire, was born in 1851, and entered the Diplomatic Service in 1874. Having been an Attache at Buenos Ayres, 1875, he was Third Secretary at Vienna, 1877, and promoted to be Second Secretary in 1880. He was at St. Peters- burg, 1882; Paris, 1886; and Madrid, 1888. In 1892 he was transferred to Buenos Ayres as Secretary of Legation, to Stockholm in 1894, and to Brussels in 1897. In October 1898 he obtained his present post. WELBY, Lord, Reginald Earle Welby, G.C.B.,is the son of the late Bev. John Earle Welby, and was born at Hare- ston, Leicestershire, on Aug. 3, 1832. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and entered the Treasury in 1856. He was appointed Assistant-Finan- cial Secretary to the Treasury in 1880, Auditor of the Civil List in 1881, and he performed the duties of Permanent Secre- tary of the Treasury from 1885 to 1892. He was created a G.C.B. in 1892, and was raised to the peerage in 1894 under the title of Baron Welby. He is a Commis- sioner of the Patriotic Fund, a Commis- sioner of the Exhibition of 1851, and Chairman of the Boyal Commission on the Military and Civil Expenditure of India. Lord Welby is a Liberal in politics, and is a Progressive Alderman of the London County Council. In February 1899 he was appointed Hon. Secretary to the Cobden Club, and in March was elected Chairman of the London County Council in succes- sion to Mr. MacKinnon Wood. Addresses : 11 Stratton Street, Piccadilly, W. ; and the AthenEeum. WELLAND, The Right Rev. Thomas James, D.D., Bishop of Down, Connor, and Dromore, is the son of the late Joseph Welland, architect to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners of Ireland, and was born in Dublin on March 31, 1830. He was educated at Bective House School, Dublin, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B. A. (Junior Moderator in Mathematics, and Divinity Testimonium, First Class) in 1854, and M.A. in 1857. Ordained in 1854, he was successively Curate of Carlow from 1854 to 1856, Per- petual Curate of Painstown from 1856 to 1858, and Assistant-Chaplain to the Mari- ners' Church, Kingstown, from 1858 to 1862. He acted as Clerical Secretary to the Jews' Society in Ireland from 1862 to 1866, and was Assistant-Chaplain of the Molyneux Asylum from 1866 to 1870. In the latter year he became Perpetual Curate of St. Thomas's, Belfast, where he remained until 1892, when he was elected Bishop of Down. Address : Ardtullagh, Hollywood, co. Down. WELLDON, The Right Rev. James Edward Cowell, D.D., Bishop of Calcutta, and late Headmaster of Harrow, son of the late Rev. Edward Ind Welldon, of Ton- bridge School, and nephew of Edward Ind Weldon, D.C.L., Headmaster of Tonbridge School, who died at the age of eighty-five on Christmas Day 1896, was born April 25, 1854, educated at Eton, and obtained the Newcastle Scholarship there in 1873. He was Scholar and afterwards Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, Bell Scholar in 1874, Browne's Medallist in 1875 and 1876, Craven Scholar in 1876, Senior Classic and Senior Chancellor's Medallist in 1877. After living some time abroad he was appointed Lecturer, and subse- quently Tutor, of King's College, Cam- bridge. He became Master of Dulwich College in 1883, and Headmaster of Harrow School in 1885. He is Chaplain to the Queen ; was Member of the Eoyal Commission on a Teaching University for London, and has several times been Select Preacher at Oxford and Cambridge, and Speaker at various Church Congresses. In August 1898 he was appointed by the Queen Bishop of Calcutta, and Metropoli- tan Bishop in India and the island of Ceylon, in succession to Bishop Johnson, who had resigned for reasons of health. He is the second Scholastic Bishop of Cal- cutta, one of his predecessors having been the well-known and influential Dr. Cotton. He remained at Harrow until Christmas 1898. He is the author of " Translations of Aristotle's Politics," of his "Rhetoric" and " Nicomachean Ethics," "Sermons preached to Harrow Boys," and "The Spiritual Life and other Sermons," " Ger- ald Eversley's Friendship," 1895, and " The Hope of Immortality." Addresses : Cal- cutta ; and Athenaeum. WELLINGTON, Duke of, Henry Wellesley, D.L., J.P., is the second son of Major-General Lord Charles Wellesley, M.P., and grandson of the 1st Duke of Wellington. He was born at Apsley House on April 5, 1846, and succeeded his uncle as 3rd Duke in 1884. He was educated at Eton, and entered the army, becoming eventually Lieut. -Colonel of the Grenadier Guards ; he retired in 1882. He sat in the House of Commons as Conservativemember for Andover from 1874 to 1880. He was married in 1882 to Evelyn, daughter of the late Colonel Thomas Peers Williams, M.P., of Temple House, Berkshire. The Duke is a Deputy-Lieutenant, a Justice of the Peace, and Hon. Colonel of the 3rd and 4th Battalions Duke of Wellington's West Riding Yorkshire Regiment. Ad- dresses : Apsley House, Piccadilly, W. ; and Strathfieldsaye House, Mortimer, Berk- shire. 4d 1154 WELLS WELLS, H. G., B.Sc, is the son of Joseph Wells, a professional cricketer, and was born at Bromley, Kent, on Sept. 21, 1866. He was educated at a private school at Bromley, then at Midhurst Grammar School, and afterwards at the Royal Col- lege of Science, London. He took the B.Sc. degree at the London University with first class honours in Zoology, and he is also a Fellow of the College of Pre- ceptors. After serving as a draper's ap- prentice from 1881 to 1883, he was succes- sively a Junior Master in a school, Scholar at the Royal College of Science from 1884 to 1888, and Science Master in a private school from 1888 to 1890. In the latter year he began to coach for London University examinations, and also wrote and lectured on educational methods. After an illness in 1893 he became a journalist, and worked for the Pall Mall Gazette ; was on the staff of the Saturday Review from 1894 to 1896, reviewed for Nature, and was dramatic critic of the Pall Mall Gazette in 1895. Mr. Wells now devotes his time to novel-writ- ing, and he is the author of the following works : "Select Conversations with an Uncle," 1895; "The Time Machine," 1895 ; " The Stolen Bacillus," 1895 ; "The Wonderful Visit," 1895 ; " The Island of Doctor Moreau," 1896 ; " The Wheels of Chance," 1896 ; "ThePlattner Story and Others," 1897 ; " The Invisible Man," 1897 ; "The War of the Worlds," 1898 ; "When the Sleeper Wakes," 1899. He has also published a " Text-book of Biology," 2 vols., 1892-93. Address : Heatherlea, Wor- cester Park, Surrey. WELLS, Henry Tanworth, R.A., was born in London on Dec. 12, 1828, and is the only son of Henry Tanworth and Charlotte Wells. His first practice in art was as a miniature painter. When only seventeen years of age he exhibited at the Royal Academy a portrait of " Master Arthur Prinsep," a brother of Mr. Valen- tine Prinsep, R.A. Steadily, if at first slowly, the young artist advanced in this difficult branch of art. From the year in which he first exhibited till 1861 he never ceased to be fully represented as a minia- turist on the walls of the Academy ; and in this long series were a portrait of Prin- cess Mary of Cambridge, painted for her Majesty, 1853 ; a group of the painter himself and his wife in tourist costume, 1860 ; together with full lengths of the Duchess of Sutherland and Frances, Countess of Waldegrave. In the Academy Exhibition of 1861 he made his first ap- pearance as an oil-painter with a full- length portrait of the volunteer colonel, Lord Ranelagh. A prominent place was awarded in 1865 to his " Preparing a Tableau Vivant " — a portrait group of three sisters ; and he also contributed a landscape, entitled " Outskirt of a Farm- yard at Twilight." In 1866 he painted his large picture of "Volunteers at a Firing Point," and in May that year he was elected A. R.A. Since that time he has been a constant exhibitor of portrait pictures, some of which are large composi- tions, as "The Rifles Ranges at Wimble- don," 1867; "The Earl and Countess Spencer and their Friends at Wimbledon," 1868; "Letters and News at the Loch Side," 1868 ; " Lord Chancellor Hatherley, with his Attendants in Procession through the House of Lords," painted on a large scale for the Fishmongers' Company ; "Lord Chancellor Selborne," for the Mercers' Company ; a large hunt picture, entitled " A November Morning at Bird- sail House, Yorkshire," 1875; "Mr. Robert Jardine, with Greyhounds," 1876 ; " The Old Stonebreaker " and " The Laurel Walk," 1879. In 1880 he exhibited his large painting of " Victoria Regina," re- presenting the Queen in the early morning of June 20, 1837, receiving news of the death of William IV. and the homage of Archbishop Howley and the Lord Cham- berlain. In 1882 was exhibited "Friends at Yewden," a group of Academicians (including the painter himself) and other friends, painted for the collection of Mr. G. C. Schwabe. This was followed by two subjects of labour, " Loading at a Quarry," 1884; and " Quarrymen of Purbeck," 1885. In 1887 appeared his largest canvas, "The Queen and her Judges," representing the ceremonial of the opening of the Royal Courts of Justice. Since that date he has sent a succession of portraits to the Royal Academy Exhibitions, amongst others Mr. Drury Lowe and his brother General Sir Drury Drury-Lowe, Mr. T. Nichalls, Master of Hounds, Mr. Justice Denman, Sir Lowthian Bell, Bart., Sir Michael Hicks- Beach, the Bishop of Ripon, the Earl of Pembroke, (in 1899) Sir Charles Scotter (presentation portrait), and Sir Robert Finlav, Q.C., M.P., Solicitor- General (for the Grillon Club Series), &c. Mr. Wells was elected a Royal Academician in June 1870. He married Joanna Mary Boyce, an accomplished artist, who died in 1861. Addresses : Thorpe Lodge, Campden Hill, W., &c. ; and Athenaeum. WELLS, Commander Lionel de Latour, R.N., Captain of the Metropoli- tan Fire Brigade, was educated at Chel- tenham, and entered the navy in July 1871. He was promoted Sub-Lieutenant in 1878, and Lieutenant in 1881, in which rank he joined H.M.S. Iris during the Egyptian War, and saw active service while in command of a torpedo boat. He received the Khedive's Bronze Star and WEMYSS AND MARCH — WEST 1155 the Egyptian Medal, and in 1892 was pro- moted to Commander. He was a Member of the Committee of the Royal Naval Exhibition in 1891, and Manager of the naval and torpedo manoeuvres on the lake. While Commander of H.M.S. Benbow he jumped overboard with all his clothes on and saved the life of a boy who had fallen into the water. Commander Wells' last service afloat was that of Senior Officer in charge of the Portsmouth flotilla of torpedo-boat destroyers. As a torpedoist he had a very high reputation, and in the naval manoeuvres of 1890 he showed exceptional ability while in command of torpedo-boat No. 87, making a continuous run of 420 miles in supposed hostile waters, during which he examined fifty- three vessels. A part of this cruise took him through a crowded anchorage, and as it was necessary to escape observation he made his voyage during the night without any mishap. In 1896 he was appointed Chief Officer of the London Fire Brigade. Commander Wells is the author of "Jack Afloat" and "Souvenir of the Victory." He married, in 1897, Ida Caroline, daughter of the late Joseph Busk of Codicote Lodge, Welwyn, Herts. Ad- dress : Metropolitan Fire Brigade, South- ward S.E. "WEMYSS and MARCH, Earl of, The Right Hon. Francis "Wemyss Charteris, A.D.C. to the Royal Com- pany of Archers, D.L., LL.D. Edin., eldest son of Francis Wemyss Charteris, 8th Earl of Wemyss, and Louisa, daughter of the 2nd Earl Lucan, was born on Aug. 4, 1818, and educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1841). In the same year he was returned to the House of Commons for the Eastern Division of Gloucestershire, which he represented until 1846, when he resigned his seat, having abandoned the support of the protective Corn Laws, and became a convert to the Free Trade measures of Sir R. Peel. In August 1847 he was returned as a Liberal Conservative for Haddingtonshire, which he continued to represent until his suc- cession to the peerage ; was a Lord of the Treasury under the Aberdeen Ministry, 1852-55, retiring with the Peelite party in February of that year from the Admini- stration of Lord Palmerston. As Lord Elcho he took a very conspicuous part in the Volunteer movement, and he is an authority on various questions connected with the national defence and armaments. He is Colonel of the London Scottish Volunteers, and, as Chairman of the Council of the National Rifle Association, he frequently presided over the Wimble- don Rifle Meetings. He is an A.D.C., and has been a Deputy - Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire since 1846. He suc- ceeded to the Earldom of Wemyss on the death of his father, Jan. 1, 1883. His lordship is the author of " Letters on Military Organisation," 1871. He married Anne, daughter of the 1st Earl of Lich- field, in 1843. The Countess died, much regretted, in July 1896. Addresses : 23 St. James's Place, S.W. ; Elcho Castle, Perth, &c. WENDOVER, Viscount. RINGTON, EABL. See car- were, The .Right Rev. Edward Ash, D.D., Bishop-SufEragan of Derby, was born at Clifton, Bristol, Nov. 14, 1846, and is the youngest son of Thomas Bonville Were, Esq., and Frances Anne Were, daughter of William Wright, Esq. , of Clifton. He was educated at Rugby, under Dr. Temple, from 1860 to 1865 ; gained the Second Exhibition in 1865 ; entered at New College, Oxford, in 1865 ; took First Class in Classical Moderations, 1867 ; and Second Class in Final School of Lit. Hum., 1869 ; B.A., 1870 ; M.A., 1872 ; Hon. D.D., 1889 ; was Assistant Master at Winchester College from 1870 to 1880 ;. • Vicar of North Bradley, Wilts, from 1880 to 1885 ; Examining and Private Chaplain to the Bishop of Southwell from 1885 to 1889 ; Vicar of St. Werburgh's, Derby, 1889 ; consecrated, in Westminster Abbey, Nov. 1, 1889, Bishop-Suffragan of Derby for the Diocese of Southwell. He is mar- ried to Julia, daughter of Thomas Miller, of Barrow. Address : St. Werburgh's Vicarage, Derby. WEST, The Right Hon. Sir Alger- non, K.C.B., third son of Martin West, Esq., and Lady Maria West, was born April 4, 1832, was educated at Eton, and was appointed Private Secretary to Sir Charles Wood and the Duke of Somer- set at the Admiralty, and Private Secre- tary to Sir Charles Wood and the Marquis of Ripon at the India Office. He was also Private Secretary to the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone when Prime Minister in 1868 ; was Deputy-Director of Indian Military Funds ; appointed Commissioner of Inland Revenue in 1873 ; served on a Royal Com- mission on the Legal Departments ; was appointed Deputy-Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue in 1877, and Chairman of the Board in 1881. From this last post he retired in 1892. Sir Algernon West was formerly a Gentleman-Usher of her Majesty's Private Chamber ; and is J.P. for Middlesex, Surrey. He married Mary, daughter of Hon. George and Lady Caro- line Barrington ; and was created a C.B. in 1880, and K.C.B. in 1886, and a Privy Councillor in 1894. He is a Director of 1156 WEST — WESTLAKE the Union Bank of London, the City and Waterloo Railway, and Northern Assur- ance since 1898, and an Alderman of the London County Council. Addresses : 120 Mount Street, W. ; and Wanborongh Manor, Guildford. WEST, The Hon. Sir Lionel Sack- ville. See Sackville, Bakon. WESTCOTT, The Right Rev. Brooke Foss, D.D., D.C.L., Bishop of Durham, was born near Birmingham in January 1825, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was suc- cessively Scholar and Fellow, and where he took his B.A. degree in January 1848 as 23rd Wrangler in mathematical honours, and was bracketed first (with Dr. Scott of Westminster) in the first class of the Classical Tripos, and was second Chan- cellor's Medallist. His university career was more than ordinarily distinguished, as he obtained the Battle University Scholarship in 1846 ; carried off Sir William Browne's medals for the Greek Ode in 1846, and again in the following year ; and obtained the Bachelor's Prize for Latin Essay in 1847, and again in 1849. He obtained the Norrisian Prize in 1850, and was ordained deacon and priest in the following year by the Bishop of Manchester. He was elected Fellow of his College in 1849, and proceeded M.A. in 1851, B.D. in 1865, and D.D. in 1870. Dr. Westcott received from Oxford University the honorary degree of D.C.L. in 1881. He received also the degree of D.D. from Edinburgh University at its Tercentenary Commemoration in 1883, from the Univer- sity of Durham in 1890, and from the Uni- versity of Dublin in 1898. He held an Assistant-Mastership in Harrow School from 1852 to 1867 under Dr. Vaughan and Dr. Montagu Butler. In 1868 he was appointed Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Peterborough, and to a canonry of Peterborough Cathedral in 1869, when he left Harrow. He was elected Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge, Nov. 7, 1870, on the retirement of Dr. Jeremie. Dr. Westcott was nominated honorary chaplain to the Queen in 1872, and a chap- lain-in-ordinary in 1879. In May 1881 was published, under the title "The New Testament in Greek," the result of the twenty-eight years' joint labours of Drs. Westcott and Hort upon the Greek text ; vol. ii., containing the introduction, was published at a later date. On Oct. 21, 1882, he was elected to a Fellowship at King's College, Cambridge. Dr. Westcott resigned his residentiary canonry at Peter- borough in May 1883 ; he was appointed one of the Archbishop of Canterbury's chaplains in the following month, and in October of the same year he was nominated to the canonry of Westminster, vacated by Canon Barry, then Bishop-Designate of Sydney, Australia. In March 1890 he was nominated to the Bishopric of Durham, in succession to his friend, Bishop Lightfoot, and consecrated to the see on May 1. He was one of the company for the Revision of the Authorised Version of 'the New Testament. He sat on the late Eccle- siastical Courts Commission, and took a considerable share in the drawing up of the report. He has also taken a great interest in social questions, and has been Presi- dent of the Christian Social Union from its foundation. Dr. Westcott has pub- lished Commentaries upon the Gospel of St. John (reprinted from the " Speaker's Commentary"), upon the Greek Text of the Epistles of St. John, and upon the Epistle to the Hebrews. "The Paragraph Psalter, " arranged by him for the use of choirs, was published in 1879. His theo- logical works further include : "An In- troduction to the Study of the Gospels," " The History of the Canon of the New Testament," "The Gospel of the Resur- rection," "The Bible in the Church," "A History of the English Bible," "The His- toric Faith, being Short Lectures on the Apostles' Creed," "The Revelation of the Risen Lord," "The Revelation of the Father," " Christus Consummator," "So- cial Aspects of Christianity," " The Gospel of Life," "The Incarnation and Common Life," "Christian Aspects of Life," and contributions to Smith's " Dictionary of the Bible" and "Dictionary of Christian Biography." Address: Auckland Castle, Bishop Auckland. WESTCOTT, Rev. Frederick Brooke, M.A., is the son of the Right Rev. B. F. Westcott, D.D., Bishop of Durham, and was born at Harrow on Dec. 16, 1857, at which time his father was an Assistant-Master at Harrow School. He was educated at Cheltenham College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was a Scholar of his College. He was Senior Classic in 1881, obtained the Bell University Scholarship, and was elected Fellow of Trinity College in 1882. He became an Assistant-Master at Rugby in 1884, and he was appointed Headmaster of Sherborne School in 1892. Address : School House, Sherborne, Dorset. WESTLAKE, Professor John, Q.C., LL.D., was born at Lostwithiel, Cornwall, Feb. 4, 1828, and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1850, being sixth Wrangler, and sixth in the first class of the Classical Tripos. He was Fellow of his College from 1851 to 1860, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's WESTLAND — WEYMAN 1157 Inn, 1854 ; became Q.C. 1874, and a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn ; honorary LL.D. Edinburgh, 1877. In 1885 he was elected Liberal M.P. for the Romford division of Essex, but was defeated in 1886 when he stood as a Unionist. Mr. Westlake has published "A Treatise on Private International Law, or the Con- flict of Laws," 1858 (2nd edit., entirely re-written, 1880 ; 3rd edit., 1890) ; " Chap- ters on the Principles of International Law," 1894 ; also many contributions to periodicals and Transactions. He was one of the founders and editors of the Revue de Droit International et de Legislation Comparee, published at Brussels ; a mem- ber of the Institute of International Law, and its President at the Cambridge meeting, 1895 ; was Foreign Secretary of the National Association for the Promo- tion of Social Science, and President of its Jurisprudence Department at the Bir- mingham meeting, 1884 ; and has been Professor of International Law in the University of Cambridge, in succession to Sir H. S. Maine, from 1888. Mr. West- lake married, in 1864, Alice, daughter of Thomas Hare, Esq., author of a " Treatise on Representation." Mrs. Westlake was a member of the London School Board from 1876 to 1888, and is Treasurer of the New Hospital for Women. Address : 3 Chelsea Embankment, W. WESTLAND, Sir James, K.C.S.I., LL.D., is the son of James Westland, banker, and was born at Dundee on Nov. 14, 1842. He was educated at Aberdeen University, and entered the Bengal Civil Service, by open competition, in 1861. After holding various district appoint- ments he entered the financial depart- ment in 1870, was Comptroller-General from 1880 to 1885, and was a temporary member of the Council from 1887 to 1888. He retired from the Civil Service in 1889, and was from 1893 to 1898 financial member of the Council of the Governor-General of India. Sir J. Westland, who was created a K.C.S.I. in 1895, was married to Mildred, daughter of Surgeon-Major C. J. Jackson, in 1874. Address : Calcutta, India. WESTMINSTER, The Dean of. See Bradley, The Very Rev. G. G. WESTMINSTER, Duke of, Tlie Most Noble Hugh Lupus Grosvenor, K.G., was born at Eaton in 1825, and suc- ceeded his father as 3rd Marquis of West- minster in 1869. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He sat in the House of Commons from 1847 to 1868 as member for Chester, and he was created Duke of Westminster in 1874. He was one of the Whig Dukes of Mr. Gladstone's creation, but at the time of the first introduction of his great leader's Home Rule Bill his convictions drove him into the Unionist camp. His allegiance to his leader was, however, not shaken in other directions, and in Mr. Gladstone's closing years he was his chief supporter in the ex-Premier's crusade against Turkish atrocities in Armenia. He has long been very prominent and active as Chairman of the Armenian Committee, and at Chester, in August 1895, he supported Mr. Glad- stone on the platform when the latter delivered his last great speech in the cause of the oppressed Christians in the East. He filled the office of Master of the Horse from 1880 to 1886, was appointed Lord- Lieutenant of Cheshire in 1883, and of the County of London in 1888. The Duke is also High Steward of Westminster, and A.D.C. to the Queen, and honorary Colonel of the 13th Middlesex Rifle Volunteers. His London residence, Grosvenor House, contains a valuable collection of pictures by old masters, and he is well known as an owner and breeder of racehorses. He married (1), in 1852, Constance, daugh- ter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland (she died in 1880) ; and (2), in 1882, Catherine Cavendish, daughter of the 2nd Baron Chesham. The Duke's eldest daughter was married in 1894 to Prince Adolphus of Teck. Addresses : Grosvenor House, London ; and Eaton Hall, Chester. WEYLER, Don Valeriano y Nicolan, Spanish general, was born in 1840. He entered the army at an early age, and after greatly distinguishing him- self in the San Domingo campaign, he was appointed Captain-General of the Canary Isles in 1879. During the Carlist war of 1874-77 he was uniformly successful. Having served in the Philippines and at. Barcelona, he was despatched in 1896 to Cuba to ascertain if stricter methods would succeed where the mildness of Martinez Campos had failed. His rule there was called firm by his friends, and brutal by his enemies, and it was probably the chief indirect cause in the Spanish-American war of 1898. He was recalled to Spain in October 1897, to be succeeded by Marshal Blanco, since when he has lived in retire- ment, and although he has been credited with the desire to become the military dictator of Spain, up to the present he remains a loyal subject of Alfonso XIII. WEYMAN, Stanley John, roman- cist, was born at Ludlow, Shropshire, on Aug. 7, 1855. He is the second son of the late Thomas Weyman, solicitor. He was educated at Shrewsbury School and Christ Church, Oxford, and took his B.A. degree in 1877. He read for the Bar after leaving 1158 WHARTON — WHEELER College, was called at the Inner Temple in January 1881, and joined the Oxford Circuit, on which he practised for eight years. In 1889 appeared his first romance, entitled "The House of the Wolf," which is based on episodes in French history. His health was at that time very poor, and he was obliged to spend some time abroad and relinquish his practice. In 1890 he published "The New Rector," a novel of the school of Anthony Trollope. This was succeeded by "The Story of Francis Chudde." In 1893 he established his reputation as a writer of romance by the publication of his celebrated novel, "A Gentleman of France," since trans- lated into French, German, and Swedish. In 1894 appeared "Under the Red Robe," a story which has been dramatised with success. His latest works are : " The Red Cockade " and ' ' Shrewsbury," a novel of English history, and in 1899 " The Castle Inn." He married Charlotte, daughter of the late Rev. Richard Panting, C.B.I.C.S. Address : Plas Llanrhydd, near Ruthin. WHARTON, The Right Hon. John Lloyd, M.P., is the son of the late J. T. Wharton, of Dryburn, Durham, and was born in 1837. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1862. He represented Durham in the House of Commons from 1871 to 1874, and he has, since 1886, been Conservative member for the Ripon Division of York- shire. He received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the University of Durham in 1887. Mr. Wharton is an Alderman, and Chairman of the Durham County Council, a Director of the North-Eastern Railway, a Deputy-Lieutenant, and Chair- man of Quarter-Sessions. He was married, in 1870, to Susan, daughter of the Rev. A. D. Shafto. Addresses : 42 St. James's Place, S.W. ; and Dryburn, Durham. WHARTON, Rear - Admiral Sir William James Lloyd, K.C.B., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., is the second son of the late Robert Wharton, County Court Judge, of York, and was born in London, March 2, 1843. He was educated at the Rev. Philip Nind's, Woodcote, and at the Royal Naval Academy, Gosport. He entered the Navy in 1857, became a Captain in 1880, and commanded surveys, which were carried out between 1872 and 1884, in the Medi- terranean, the Red Sea, on the East Coast of Africa, and the Magellan Straits. He retired from active service in 1895, but he still holds the position of Hydrographer of the Navy. Sir W. Wharton, who is of course interested in all matters connected with hydrography and astronomy, is the author of a work on Hydrographical Sur- veying, and has edited the "Journal of Captain Cook's first Voyage." He was created a K.C.B. in 1897, and was married to Lucy Georgine, daughter of the late E. Holland, of Dumbleton, Gloucestershire, in 1880. Addresses : Florys, Wimbledon Park ; and the Athenzeum. WHEATLEY, Henry Benjamin, was born at Chelsea on May 2, 1838, and is the posthumous son of Mr. Benjamin Wheatley, book auctioneer, of 191 Picca- dilly, London. He was educated pri- vately, and was clerk to the Royal Society from 1861 to 1879, when he was appointed Assistant-Secreiary to the Society of Arts, a position which he still holds. He was also Assistant - Secretary to the Royal Commission appointed for the British Section of the Chicago Exhibition, 1893. He was one of those who, under the lead of Dr. F. J. Furnivall, founded the Early English Text Society in 1864. He acted as Hon. Secretary from the foundation until 1872, and edited some of the publications of the society. He published in 1862 a little book on "Anagrams," &c. ; in 1870, "Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall " ; in 1880, "Samuel Pepys and the World he Lived in"; and in 1889, "Remarkable Bindings in the British Museum." In 1884 he edited " Wraxall's Historical and Post- humous Memoirs" (5 vols. 8vo). In 1891 he completed for Mr. John Murray a work in three volumes, 8vo, entitled " London Past and Present," which was based upon Peter Cunningham's "Handbook of Lon- don." He wrote as the first publication of the Index Society (1879) a pamphlet under the title of "What is an Index?" He is general editor of the Book-Lovers' Library, for which series he has written "How to Form a Library," 1886; "How to Catalogue a Library," "The Dedication of Books to Patron and Friend," 1887 ; and "Literary Blunders," 1893. He has read papers before the Philological, New Shakespere, Folk-Lore, and Bibliographical Societies, and the Society of Arts, which have been printed in their Transactions. He was appointed Inspector of the Cam- bridge University Library by the Library Syndicate in the years 1877, 1878, 1879, and 1882, and reported to the Syndicate on the condition of the library. Mr. Wheatley published in 1894 a new and complete edition of " Pepys's Diary " from the original MS. In 1897 he published "Historical "Portraits" in Messrs. Bell's Connoisseur Series, and in 1899, a volume of " Pepysiana," which completes the classic edition of the " Diary." Address : Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, W.C. WHEELER, Joseph, American sol- dier and statesman, was born at Augusta, WHISTLER — WHITE 1159 Georgia, Sept. 10, 1836, and graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1859. He was Lieutenant of Cavalry until 1861, when he resigned and entered the Con- federate service for the war between the States, where his abilities had ample op- portunity, and his rise in rank was rapid. He soon became Colonel of an Infantry Kegiment, and then Brigadier-General, Major - General, and Lieut. - General of Cavalry. He sommanded the Cavalry Corps of the Western Army in 1862, and was made Senior Cavalry General of the Confederate Armies, May 11, 1864. After the close of the war he became a lawyer and planter in Alabama in 1869, and was elected to Congress, serving in the Lower House of the Forty-seventh, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, Fifty-second, Fifty- third, Fifty-fourth, and Fifty-fifth Con- gresses. On the outbreak of war between Spain and the United States in 1898 he was one of the first to offer his services to the Government, and received an appoint- ment as Major-General of Volunteers. He was second in command of the force sent to invade Cuba, and his energy, bravery, and ability were conspicuous in the opera- tions resulting in the capture of Santiago, July 17, 1898. In August he returned with his troops to the United States to recuperate, after a severe campaign in tropical regions in the sickly season. WHISTLER, James Abbott McNeil], painter, was born at Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1834, and is the son of an engineer. He studied first at the Military Academy of West Point, and afterwards, in 1857, under Gleyre, the artist, in Paris. There he was a fellow- student with George du Maurier, who has so amusingly caricatured him in " Trilby." In 1859 he began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, and in 1863 settled in London. His more important paintings are : "The White Girl, " 1862 ; " The Last of Old West- minster," 1863; "At the Piano," 1867; " Portrait of my Mother " (an arrangement in grey and black, now in the Luxembourg, in Paris) and "Portrait of Thomas Car- lyle" (bought by the Glasgow Corporation in 1891), 1872, two of his most famous portraits ; "Nocturne in Blue and Silver," 1882; "Arrangement in Black" (Lady Archibald Campbell), and the still better known "Arrangement in Grey and Green " (Miss Alexander), both exhibited in Munich in 1888. Of later portraits, that of Sefior Sarasate is the most famous. His fame as an etcher is even higher than his fame as a painter ; and he has also issued some wonderful lithographs on the architectural beauties of London, especially the pictur- esque side of river life. His theories on art are eminently original and individual, and in consequence have been the subject of much criticism ; he has made most in- teresting experiments in colour, generally succeeding best with the more subdued. In 1878 he sued Mr. Ruskin for disparaging his art in " Fors Clavigera," and at the end of a very lengthy trial he was awarded one farthing damages. He became Presi- dent of the Royal Society of British Artists, and obtained for it a Royal Charter. In 1888 he married the widow of the late E. W. Goodwin, architect and writer, and a daughter of Mr. J. B. Philip the sculptor. In 1895 he was sued by Sir William Eden for not delivering up a portrait of Lady Eden which had been paid for. He was allowed to keep the portrait, but amerced in damages. Besides being a painter, Mr. Whistler has published one of the most amusing books of modern times, "The Gentle Art of making Enemies," 1890, which is in every way a remarkable human document. He has also written " Ten o'clock," 1888. In 1898 he was the Presi- dent of the International Exhibition of Art which was held at Knightsbridge. Paris address : 110 Rue du Bao. WHITAKER, "William, B.A. (Lon- don), F.R.S., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., was born in London, May 4, 1836, and educated at St. Alban's Grammar School and at University School, London. He was appointed to the Geological Survey, April 1, 1857, and retired from the service in 1896. He has written many Geological survey memoirs, notably "The Geology of the London Basin," 1872; and "The Geology of London, and of Part of the Thames Valley," 2 vols., 1889 ; also many papers in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, in the Geological Magazine, and in several other scientific publications, ranging from 1860 to 1898. Mr. Wbitaker was Murchiston Medallist of the Geological Society, 1886 ; and received a medal from the Society of Arts in 1890. He was editor of the Geological Record for several years, and is hon. member of the Geologists' Association, of the Geological Societies of Manchester and of Liverpool, and of various other local societies. He has been President of the Norwich Geological Society, of the Hants Field Club, of the Hants Lit. Phil. Soc, of the Geological Section of the British Association, 1895, and of a Section of the Congress of the Sanitary Institute, 1886 and 1897. He was elected President of the Herts Nat. Hist. Soc. in 1897, and of the Geological Society in 1898. Permanent address : 3 Campden Road, Croydon. "WHITE, The Hon. Andrew Dick- son, American educator and statesman, 1160 WHITE was born at Homer, New York, Nov. 7, 1832. He graduated at Yale in 1853, and then travelled in Europe until 1856, when he returned to tne United States and, after studying history for a year at Yale, became, in 1857, Professor of History and English Literature in the University of Michigan. This position he resigned in 1862 on account of ill-health. From 1863 to 1866 he was a member of the State Senate of New York. In 1867 he was chosen the first President of Cornell University (Ithaca, N. Y. ), and he remained there until the condition of his health compelled him to retire in 1885. He visited Europe in 1S67-68 for the purpose of examining into the organisation of schools of agriculture and technology, and of purchasing books and supplies for Cornell. In 1871 he was appointed one of the U.S. Commission on Santo Domingo, and in the same year was Chairman of the N.Y. State Republican Convention. From 1879 to 1881 he was the American Minister to Germany, and in 1888 was elected a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution in place of the late Asa Gray. He is also a non-resident professor of the Stanford University, in California. In 1892 he became American Minister to Russia, and in 1897 he was again sent to Germany as American Ambassador. President White gave very largely of his own means to Cornell University, and endowed the school of history and political science in that institution with his own valuable library, comprising 30,000 vols, and 10,000 pamphlets. Besides contri- butions to periodicals he has written " Outlines of a Course of Lectures on History," 1861 ; "A Word from the North- west," 1863; "Svllabus of Lectures on Modern History,""l876 ; " The Welfare of Science," 1876; "Paper Money Inflation in France," 1876; "The New Germany," 1882; "On Studies in General History and in the History of Civilisation," 1885 ; "A History of the Doctrine of Comets," 1886; "European Schools of History and Politics," 1887; and "A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom," 1896. When in America his home is at Ithaca, New York. "WHITE, General Sir George Stewart, $.€., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., Quartermaster-General of the Forces, is the eldest son and heir of the late J. R. White, Esq., D.L., of Whitehall, Bally- mena, county Antrim. He was born July 6, 1835, and entered the army as Ensign of the 27th Foot (Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers). He was promoted Captain in July 1863, and very soon after exchanged into the Gordon Highlanders, of which regiment he is now Colonel. Sir George White saw considerable war service during the Indian Mutiny. As second in com- mand of the Gordons he served through the Afghan War of 1879-80 with much distinction. At Charasiah he led two companies of his regiment up a steep mountain-side to attack an enemy strongly posted and greatly superior in force. When his men halted exhausted, White, seizing a rifle, rushed forward alone and shot dead the leader of the enemy. He took part in all the actions around Cabul, including the final occupation of that place ; he was also present at the assault and capture of Takt-i-shah. He accom- panied Lord Roberts in the march to Candahar, where he led the final charge, under a heavy fire, riding straight up to the muzzles of the enemy's guns, one of which he captured himself. He was frequently mentioned in despatches, and received the brevet of Lieut.-Colonel, besides the Victoria Cross and a C.B. He was appointed Military Secretary to the Viceroy of India in June 1880, and the following year succeeded to the com- mand of the Gordon Highlanders. In the Soudan War of 1884-85 he was Assis- tant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General of the Nile Expedition. He then went to India as a Brigadier-General in the Madras District, and was chosen to command the 2nd Infantry Brigade of the Burmese Expedition of 1885. He also commanded the Upper Burma Field Force after the capture of Mandalay. Sir George White was specially mentioned in despatches, and received the thanks of the Govern- ment of India, and was also created a K.C.B. and promoted to Major-General. In 1890 he commanded an expedition into the Zhob Valley. In April 1893 he was chosen to succeed Lord Roberts as Com- mander-in-Chief in India, which appoint- ment he vacated in 1897 to become Quartermaster-General of the Forces in succession to Sir Evelyn Wood, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., 1898. Address: White Hall, Ballymena, co. Antrim. WHITE, Horace, American journalist and economic writer, was born at Cole- brook, New Hampshire, August 10, 1834, and graduated at Beloit College, Wis- consin, in 1853. After his graduation he engaged in journalism ; was for many years connected with the Chicago Tribune, and from 1864 to 1874 was its editor, and one of its chief proprietors. Conjointly with E. L. Godkin, he has, since 1883, edited the New York Evening Post. WHITE, Maude Valerie, was born at Dieppe, and is of English parentage. She studied music under Sir George Mac- farren at the Royal Academy of Music, WHITE 1161 and in 1879 was elected Mendelssohn Scholar for the usual period of two years. Miss Maude Valerie White is famous as a song-writer and composer of songs, and early won popularity with her " Absent, yet Present." Other well-known songs of hers are "The Devout Lover," "Crabbed Age and Youth," and "Montrose's Love Song." She has frequently set Herrick's words to music, and has vocalised a great number of exquisite German poems. Prince Bismarck is reported to have been a devoted admirer of her work. WHITE, Percy, author and journalist, was born in London in 1852, and is the second son of Dr. Charles White. He was educated privately and abroad, and was for some time Professor of English in a French college, after which he took private pupils, and in 1880 became a jour- nalist. He was for ten years editor of Public Opinion, and at one time conducted the Evening News. He has written much for the press, and for reviews and maga- zines ; and in 1893 won great success with his brilliant satire " Mr. Bailey-Martin." This novel has been followed by " A King's Diary," 1894 ; " Corruption," 1895; "Andria," 1896 ; " A Passionate Pilgrim," 1897. Mr. Percy White's sister is the well- known miniature painter. Address : 21 Holland Street, Kensington, W. "WHITE, William Hale, M.D., F.R.C.P., was born in London on Nov. 7, 1857, and is the eldest son of William Hale White, of Hastings. He received his medical education at Guy's Hospital, where he was at one time Anatomy De- monstrator, and is now Physician and Lecturer on Materia Medica. He is an Examiner in Medicine to the Conjoint Board, and has been Examiner in Medicine to London University, has been Hon. Sec. to the Clinical Society, is Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, and is member of several medical societies. He is author of the standard work, now in its third edition, "Materia Medica, Pharmacy, Pharmaco- logy, and Therapeutics," and of a "Text- book of General Therapeutics," has repub- lished his Croonian Lectures on the tem- perature of the body, 1897 ; and has been a frequent contributor to Allbutt's" System," Fowler's " Dictionary of Medicine," the "Guy's Hospital Reports, " Clinical Society's Transactions, and other journals. He mar- ried a daughter of A. D. Fripp, R.W.S. Address : 65 Harley Street, W. WHITE, Sir William Henry, K.C.B., ScD., LL.D., F.R.S., &c, Director of Naval Construction, and Assistant Con- troller of the Navy, was born at Devon - port, Feb. 2, 1845, and educated at the Royal School of Naval Architecture, South Kensington, when that institution was under the direction of the Lords of the Council, the Admiralty supporting it. He graduated at the head of the list of students in 1867, and received the highest diploma as naval architect (Fellow of the Royal School of Naval Architecture) ; was at once appointed to the Constructive Department at the Admiralty, where he remained until 1883, rising through the various grades to the rank of Chief Con- structor. He was appointed Professor of Naval Architecture at the Royal School in 1870, and held that position there and at the Royal Naval College, concurrently with his Admiralty appointment, until 1881. He resigned his position in the Admiralty in March 1883, receiving a special letter of thanks from the Lords Commissioners for past services. From March 1883 to October 1885 he was en- gaged in the organisation and direction of the shipbuilding department of the Elswick Works of Sir William Armstrong and Co. During that period he designed and built a number of warships for foreign navies, with speeds exceeding any previously attained. He was invited by the Admiralty, in 1885, to assume the office of Director of Naval Construction, which he now holds, in conjunction with that of Assistant Controller of the Navy. He is the professional chief of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors. During the period he has occupied this position there has been unprecedented activity in ship- building for the Royal Navy. The special programme of construction proposed by Lord Northbrook in 1885 was in its early stages at the date of his appointment, and he had responsible charge of its execution. Sir William White has been responsible for the designs and supervision of the construction of all the ships laid down for the Royal Navy since 1885. These num- ber 216, with an aggregate displacement tonnage of 1,200,000 tons, 2,000,000 horse- power, and over 2000 guns. This great fleet cost nearly seventy millions for hulls, pro- pelling machinery, armour, &o. ; and the outlay on their armaments probably brings the grand total up to nearly ninety millions sterling. It includes various special pro- grammes of new construction. That under the Imperial Defence Act of 1888 involved an expenditure of £850,000 on eight vessels built for service in Australasian waters, and maintained by grants made by the Colonies. The Naval Defence Act of 1889 provided for the construction of seventy ships at a cost of £22,500,000. These were practically finished in five years, and represented the greatest feat in new construction accomplished up to that time. Subsequently the " Spencer Pro- 1162 WHITEHEAD gramme" of 1895, and the "Goschen Programmes," from 1896 to 1899, threw the Naval Defence Act into the shade. The average annual rate of expenditure on new construction has been more than trebled during the period Sir William White has held office, and in the current financial year (1899-1900) is to exceed £8,800,000, whereas, prior to 1887, the yearly average was only about £2,250,000. Amongst the vessels designed by Sir Wil- liam White are some of the largest, swiftest, and most powerful battleships and cruisers existing in modern war-fleets. His services in connection with the Naval Defence Act were recognised by his ap- pointment as C.B. in 1891. In January 1896 he was created K.C.B. His Majesty the King of Denmark has conferred the distinction of Knight Commander of the Dannebrog on him. The University of Cambridge has given him the honorary degree of Doctor of Science, and the University of Glasgow that of Doctor of Laws. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh ; President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers ; Vice-President of the Instltu tion of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Naval Architects ; Past President of the Institute of Marine Engineers ; Member of the Royal Commission for the Paris Exhi- bition of 1900 ; Honorary Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, the North-East Coast Institu- tion of Engineers and Shipbuilders, the Liverpool Engineering Society, and the Society of Engineers ; Member of the Association Technique Maritime of France, the Royal United Service Institution, and the Royal Institution ; Fellow of the Royal School of Naval Architecture, and of the Imperial Institute. He is the author of a " Manual of Naval Architecture," which has become a standard work, and has been translated into Russian, German, and Italian, and officially approved as a text- book for the English, German, Italian, and other navies ; also of a " Treatise on Ship- building," and of numerous memoirs and papers on the science and practice of ship- building, either published separately, or appearing in the Proceedings of the societies of which he is a member. Addresses : The Admiralty, S.W. ; 39 Roland Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. "WHITEHEAD, Right Rev. Henry, M.A., was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, where he was a Scholar of his College, took a first class in Classical Moderations in 1874, and a first class in the final school of Lit. Hum. in 1877. He graduated B.A. in the same year, and was also elected a Fellow of his College. From 1878 to 1883 he was a Lecturer and Tutor of Trinity College, and was ordained in 1879. During the years which he spent as an Oxford Don he acted as Preacher at St. Nicholas, Abingdon, and in 1883 he was appointed Principal of the Bishop's College, Calcutta, becoming at the same time a Fellow of the University of Calcutta. He became Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Calcutta in 1885, and Superior of the Oxford University Mission to Calcutta in 1890. Mr. Whitehead was in February 1899 consecrated Bishop of Madras. WHITEHEAD, Sir James, Bart., D.L., J.P., F.S.A, F.R.Hist.S., F.S.S., Lord of Wilmington Manor, Kent, is the youngest son of the late Mr. James White- head, of Appleby, Westmorland. He was born March 2, 1834, and was educated at the Appleby Grammar School, at that time one of the leading schools of the North. He was engaged for many years as a Bradford merchant in the City of London. In 1879 he was largely instrumental in founding the Rowland Hill Benevolent Fund for Aged and Distressed Post-Office Servants, of which he is a trustee. For many years he has taken an active part in political matters, his views being those of an advanced Liberal ; and in 1880, amongst other constituencies, he was unanimously invited to contest the Western Division of Kent. At that time, however, he declined to stand, his health being so precarious as to necessitate a prolonged voyage ; and in 1881 he retired from business. In 1882 a requisition signed by nearly all the electors of the Ward of Cheap was presented to him, and he was elected Alderman of that ward without a contest. In 1884-85 he served the office of Sheriff of London and Middlesex, and was decorated by the King of the Belgians with the Knight Officership of the Order of Leopold on his visit to Brussels in con- nection with the Congo Free State. In the same year the King of Servia invested him with the Knight Commandership of the Order of Takovo, for assistance given to the Servian Minister in this country, and for his warm advocacy of a Balkan Federation. In 1885 he was Master of the Fanmakers' Company. He is one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants for the City of London ; a Deputy-Lieutenant for the county of Westmorland ; and a Justice of the Peace for Kent, Westmorland, and the County of London. He was for some time Chairman of the Visiting Justices of Hol- loway Prison, and one of the Visitors of the City of London Asylum at Stone. For many years he was a Governor of Queen Anne's Bounty, of Christ's Hospital, and of St. Bartholomew's, St. Thomas's, and other hospitals. He is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Royal Historical, WHITEHEAD 1163 the Royal Statistical, and other learned societies. In 1884 he was induced to be- come the Liberal candidate for North Westmorland ; and after the Redistribu- tion Bill in 1885, and again in 1886, he contested that constituency, on each ^occasion suffering defeat by a small ma- jority at the hands of the Hon. William Lowther. He is an extensive traveller, having visited most of the countries of Europe, Egypt and the Soudan, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other British colonies and depen- dencies, and is an ardent educationist, especially in regard to technical, agricul- tural, and higher commercial education. In September 1888 he was elected Lord Mayor of London. On November 9 he abolished the " circus " element, substituted a " state procession" for a "show," and instead thereof entertained 10,000 poor people. On the same evening his speech in fav- our of strengthening the navy largely influenced the decisions of the Govern- ment in their proposals to that end. On the departure from England of Mr. Phelps, the American Minister, he gave a farewell banquet of great splendour to distinguished representatives of law, science, art, and literature. When the Freedom of the City was conferred upon the Marquis- of Dufferin and Ava, and later upon Prince George of Wales, he gave banquets in their honour. He induced the Corpora- tion to entertain the Shah on his visit to England, and was subsequently decorated with the Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun. In connection with the Paris Exhibition he sent over seventy-five repre- sentative artisans to examine and report on the various exhibits connected with their respective crafts, for the instruction of their fellow-workmen and the improve- ment of English trade. He also visited Paris by special invitation, and was en- tertained by both the President of the Republic and the President of the Muni- cipal Council of Paris. In return he himself gave a grand banquet to the Prime Minister and other distinguished Frenchmen. For his services as President of the British Section of the French Exhibition he was at the end of the year decorated with the Commandership of the Legion of Honour. Arising out of this visit to Paris was the fund which he inaugurated for sending poor persons bitten by rabid animals to the Pasteur Institute, and for acknowledging in a practical form the gratuitous services of M. Pasteur to Englishmen. In recognition of his services to the Royal Agricultural Society, when acting as Chairman of the London Committee, he was presented with the Society's Gold Medal ; and for his efforts towards the restoration of orchids in our homesteads and cottage gardens, and education in fruit-growing, he was presented with the Freedom of the Fruit- erers' Company, and was immediately advanced to the office of Master. The great Fruit Show held in the London Guildhall in the autumn of 1890 was organised by him, and in many other ways he has contributed to the advance- ment of fruit culture in this country. For the famine in China he raised a larger sum than was ever collected for sufferers in any foreign country, with the exception of the fund organised after the capitula- tion of Paris ; and as a mark of appreciation he received a magnificent Tablet of Honour from the Viceroy of the two Kiang pro- vinces of China. As chairman he estab- lished and organised a penny-a-week collection in London factories, shops, workshops, and warehouses in aid of the Hospital Saturday Fund, from which there has been a large increase in the income of the hospitals. To meet the deficiency in the equipment of the Metropolitan Volun- teers he raised another fund, by which he was enabled to award to all the Metro- politan regiments sums sufficient to com- plete their equipment and to pay off all debts which had been incurred by them in the purchase of accoutrements. In July 1889 he established the Mansion House Association on Railway and Canal Traffic, to watch over the interests of agriculture and commerce in the revision of railway rates ; and after his election to Parliament he took a prominent part in this and other important commercial matters, and was the acknowledged repre- sentative of the traders and agriculturists in the matter of railway rates. When in Sep- tember 1889 the prolonged Dock Strike had dislocated the trade of London, he formed a small Committee of Mediators which was ultimately enabled to bring the con- flict to a close. In addition to these more noticeable features, his mayoralty was distinguished by an extraordinary activity in educational, philanthropic, and other meetings of public utility, by an unusual number of banquets and entertainments, and by an entire abstention from political controversy. At the end of his year he was created a baronet on the recommenda- tion of Lord Salisbury ; not, as has often happened, in connection with a royal visit, but "for highly valuable services during an eventful mayoralty." In 1889 he was further decorated by the King of Servia with the Grand Cordon of St. Sava for his efforts in the cause of education. In January 1890 he retired from his candida- ture in North Westmorland ; but in March he was induced to accept a unanimous invitation to stand for Leicester, for which lie was returned unopposed at the general 1164 WHITEHOUSE — WHITNEY election of 1892, but owing to a serious illness he retired in 1894. In 1890-91 he served the office of High Sheriff of the County of London in succession to Mr. Alfred de Rothschild, and in May of 1891 he organised and carried through a large Conversazione and Exhibition in the Guild- hall, at which the Prince of Wales was present, in celebration of the Jubilee of Penny Postage and in aid of the Rowland Hill Benevolent Fund. In I860 he married Mercy M. Hinds, the fourth daughter of the late Mr. Thomas Hinds, of Bank House, St. Neot's, Hunts. Address : Wil- mington Manor, near Dartford, Kent. WHITEHOUSE, Frederic Cope, fourth son of the Right Rev. A. J. White- house, D.D. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Cantab.), second Bishop of Illinois ; born in New York, Nov. 9, 1842, educated at Columbia College, New York, graduated with highest honours ; studied in France, Germany, and Italy ; called to the Bar, 1870. He has been known as Cope Whitehouse since 1881, from researches relating chiefly to the credibility of the Greek historians, the scientific knowledge of the ancient world, and the Semitic traditions associated with the name of Joseph. He discovered the Raiyan depression in the Egyptian desert, established its identity with the lost lake Mceris of the Ptolemaic maps, and drew plans for its restoration, claiming it as the missing factor in Egyptian prosperity ; and, by'putting Goshen to the south of Memphis, explains in a new and material sense the Semitic traditions, Hebrew and Arabic. Numerous papers by him, or relating to his works, have been published (see Cata- logue of British Museum), in various European languages, including Greek and in Arabic. He is a member of many learned societies, and was created Com- mander of the Osmanieh, 1888, for his services to Egyptology and exertions on behalf of the better control of the Nile. WHITEWAY, The Right Hon. Sir William Vallance, K.C.M.G., D.C.L., Colonial statesman, was born at Buchyst House, Devonshire, April 1, 1828, and was educated at local schools and by private tutors. He went to Newfoundland in 1843, studied law, was called to the Bar in 1852, and created a Q.C. in 1862. He entered the Legislature in 1858, and from 1865 to 1869 he was Speaker of the Assembly. He was elected to the Legislature again in 1873, and from 1873 to 1878 was Solicitor- General. In the latter year he became Premier and Attorney-General, and con- tinued in office till 1885, when he retired for a time. In 1889 he re-entered the Legislature, resuming his place as Premier and Attorney-General, and was returned to fill the same positions in 1893 and 1895, but failed of re-election in 1897. He was a delegate to the Imperial Government on the P'rench treaty and other public ques- tions in 1879 and 1881, and again on the French treaty fishery questions in 189& and 1891, when he addressed the House of Lords. He was created a K.C.M.G. in 1880, and received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from King's College, Windsor, N.S., 1890, and from Oxford University in 1897. In the last-named year he also took part in the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, and on that occasion was sworn of the Privy Council. WHITMORE, Charles Algernon, M.P., is the son of the late C. S. Whit- more, Q.C, Recorder of Gloucester, and was born in 1851. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in Jurisprudence, and was elected to a Fellowship at All Souls' College in 1874. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1876, and began to practise on the Oxford Circuit. He was Assistant Private Secretary to Mr. Matthews whilst Home Secretary, and he was Second Church Estate Commissioner in 1892. Mr. Whitmore has been Con- servative member for Chelsea since 1886, and was elected an Alderman of the London County Council in 1895. He is a Justice of the Peace for Gloucestershire. Addresses : 75 Cadogan Place, S.W. ; and Manor House, Lower Slaughter, Moreton- in-the-Marsh. WHITNEY, Mrs. Adeline D. (Train), American writer, was born at Boston, Sept. 15, 1824, and has published "Mother Goose for Grown Folks," 1860 (2nd edit., en- larged, 1882); "Boys at Chequasset," 1862; "Faith Gartney's Girlhood," 1863 ; "The Gayworthies," 1865 ; " Leslie Gold- thwaite," 1866; "Patience Strong's Out- ings," 1868; "Hitherto," 1869; "We Girls," 1870; "Real Folks," 1871; "Pansies" (poems), 1872; "Other Girls," 1873; "Sights and Insights," 1876; "Just How : a Key to the Cook-Books, " 1878; "Odd or Even 7 " 1880; "Bonny- borough," 1885 ; " Holy-Tides " (poems), and "Homespun Yarns" (colleeted stories), 1886; "Daffodils" (poems), 1887; "Bird- Talk" (poems), 1887 ; " Ascutney Street," 1890; "A Golden Gossip," 1891 ; "Friendly Letters to Girl-Friends," 1896 ; and "The Open Mystery," 1897. She was married to Seth D. Whitney in 1843, and has since resided at Milton, Massachusetts. WHITNEY, The Hon. William Collins, American statesman, was born at Conway, Massachusetts, July 5, 1841. A.B. (Yale Coll.), 1863. He studied law WHYMPER — WICKHAM 1165 at the Harvard Law School, and began its practice in 1865 in New York City, where he still resides. From 1875tol882he was Corporation Counsel of New York, and from 1885 to 1889 was in the Cabinet of Presi- dent Cleveland as Secretary of the Navy. "WHYMPER, Edward, F.R.S.E., artist, author, and traveller, second son of the well-known engraver and water-colour painter, was born in London, April 27, 1840, and educated at Clarendon House School, and under private tuition. He was trained as a draughtsman on wood, but preferring active to sedentary em- ployment, undertook a series of journeys which eventually changed the course of his life. In 1861 he ascended Mont Pelvoux (then reputed to be the highest mountain in France), and discovered from its summit another mountain 500 feet higher — the Pointe des Ecrins — which is the loftiest of the French Alps, and was subsequently ascended by Mr. Whymper in 1864. Between the years 1861-65, in a series of expeditions remarkable for bold- ness and success, he ascended one peak after another of mountains till then re- puted to be inaccessible. These expedi- tions culminated in the ascent of the Matterhorn (14,780 feet), July 14, 1865, on which occasion his companions, the Rev. Charles Hudson, Mr. Hadow, and Lord Francis Douglas, and one of the guides, lost their lives. In 1867 he travelled in N.W. Greenland with the intention of exploring its fossiliferous deposits, and, if possible, of penetrating into its interior. This journey was characterised by Sir Roderick Murchison as " truly the ne plus ultra of British geographical adventure on the part of an individual." No account of it has been published, although upon it Mr. Whymper obtained cones of magnolia, and the fruits of other trees, which de- monstrated the former existence of luxu- riant vegetation in these high northern latitudes. This fine collection of fossil plants was described by Professor Heer in the Transactions of the Royal Society in 1869 ; and the first set was secured for the British Museum, South Kensington, where a selection is now exhibited. In 1871 Mr. Whymper published an account of his Al- pine journeys under the title " Scrambles amongst the Alps in the Years 1860-69 " (London, 1871). In recognition of the value of this work its author received from the King of Italy the decoration of Chevalier of the Order of SS. Maurice and Lazarus. In May 1872 he again left Copenhagen for North Greenland, and spent the season among the mountains, re- turning on Nov. 9 to Denmark, briDging back from this, his second exploring journey in Greenland, rich collections, among them fine specimens of fossil wood. In the years 1879-80 Mr. Whymper tra- velled in the Republic of Ecuador, explor- ing, ascending, and measuring the Great Andes on and near the Equator. On that journey he made the first ascents of Chim- borazo (20,517 feet), Sincholagua, Antisana, Cayambe, and Cotocachi. The results were published in 1891-92 in three volumes, namely: (1) "Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator," con- taining the narrative of the expedition ; (2) " Supplementary Appendix to Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator," containing descriptions of 133 new genera or species discovered on the journey ; and (3) "How to Use the Aneroid Baro- meter," giving the results of prolonged investigation into the behaviour of this instrument in the field and under the air- pump. On the publication of these works the Patron's Medal was awarded to Mr. Whymper by the Royal Geographical Society. The botanical collections made on this journey are incorporated in the British Museum, South Kensington, and the antiquities in the British Museum, Blooms- bury. Mr. Whymper is an F.R.S.E. ; Corresponding Member of the Societe de Geographic of Paris ; Hon. Member of the French, Swiss, and Italian Alpine Clubs, and numerous other kindred associations. In 1896 he published " Chamonix and Mont Blanc," which has already got into its third edition ; and in 1897, " The Valley of Zermatt and the Matterhorn." WHYTE, Rev. Alexander, D.D., was born at Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, on Jan. 13, 1837, and was educated at Aberdeen University and New College, Edinburgh. After being ordained, he began work as a minister at Free St. John's, Glasgow, in 1866 ; but four years later he was trans- ferred to Free St. George's, Edinburgh, where he is now the senior minister. Dr. Whyte was Moderator of the Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland for 1898-99. He is the author of : " Commentary on the Shorter Catechism," 1882<; " Characters and Characteristics of William Law," 1893 "Appreciation of Jacob Behmen," 1895 " Bunyan Characters," vols. i.-iii. " Samuel Rutherford and Some of his Cor- respondents," 1894 ; " Lancelot Andrewes and his Private Devotions," 1895 ; "Bible Characters," 1897; "Father John," and " An Appreciation " of the " Religio Medici," 1898. He is married to Jane, daughter of the late George Barbour of Bonskeid, Pitlochry, N.B. Address : 7 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. "WICKHAM, The Very Rev. Edward Charles, D.D., Dean of Lincoln, was born on Dec. 7, 1854, at Brook Green, 1166 WILBEEFOECE — WILDE Hammersmith, where his father, the Rev. Edward Wickham, formerly Fellow of New College, Oxford, and Chancellor's Prizeman, had a large and well-known school. His mother was the daughter of the Rev. C. White, Rector of Shalden, and nephew of Gilbert White, of Selborne. He was educated at Winchester College, from which he passed in 1852 to New College, Oxford, becoming in due course Scholar and Fellow. He was placed in the first class in the First Public Examination in 1854, and in the second class in the Second Public Examination in 1856, gaining the Chancellor's Prize for Latin verse (1856), and a Latin essay (1857). He became B.A. in 1857, M.A. in 1859. After spending two years as a Tutor at Winchester Col- lege, he became Tutor of New College in 1859, and resided there till 1893, when he was elected to the Headmastership of Wellington College in succession to the late Dr. Benson, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. This office he held till 1893. He was ordained Deacon in 1857, Priest in 1859. He was Select Preacher to the University of Oxford, 1866, 1867, 1883-85, and 1896-98, and one of H.ftl. preachers at Whitehall in 1872 and 1873. In 1894 he was nominated to the Deanery of Lin- coln. He has published several editions of Horace, the chief one being an edition of his whole poems in two volumes, printed at the Clarendon Press in 1874 and 1891. His other works are a volume of " Welling- ton College Sermons" (Macmillan, 1887), and " Notes on the Catechism," &c, 1892. He was married, in 1873, to Agnes, eldest daughter of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M. P. Address: The Deanery, Lincoln. WILBERFORCE, Canon Albert Basil Orme, famous as an advocate of temperance and latterly as an eloquent preacher, is a son of the late Bishop of Winchester, and was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1865, M.A. in 1867, D.D. in 1894. After taking Orders, he was Curate of Cuddes- don between 1866-67 ; Chaplain to the Bishop of Oxford, 1866-70 ; Curate of St. Jude, Southsea, 1861-71 ; Chaplain to his father at Winchester, 1870-73 ; and from 1871 to 1894 Rector of St. Mary's, South- ampton, a fine church built by him as a memorial to his father in March 1894. He was appointed, in 1894, to a Canonry at Westminster, to which appertains the In- cumbency of St. John's, Westminster. He was appointed Chaplain to the Speaker in 1896, and Select Preacher before the Uni- versity of Oxford in 1897. In 1898 he published "Sermons Preached in West- minster Abbey." Address : 20 Dean's Yard, Westminster Abbey, S.W. -WILBERFORCE, The Bight Bev. Ernest Roland, D.D., Bishop of Chiches- ter, is the third surviving son of the late Right Rev. Samuel Wilberforce, succes- sively Bishop of Oxford and of Win- chester, by Emily, eldest daughter and heiress of the late Rev. John Sargent of Lavington House, near Petworth, Sussex. His lordship was born at Brighstone, in the Isle of Wight, Jan. 22, 1840, and educated at Harrow and at Exeter College, Oxford (B.A. 1864, M.A. 1867, D.D. 1882). He was ordained Deacon in 1864 by his father, as Curate of Cuddesdon, Oxfordshire ; and was admitted with Priest's orders by him in the following year. In 1866 he was appointed Rector of Middleton Stoney, Oxfordshire ; but he resigned the living in 1869, and became Domestic Chaplain to his father. He was appointed by Mr. Gladstone Vicar of Seaforth, near Liver- pool, in 1873 ; and was nominated to a Canonry in Winchester Cathedral, with mission work attached to it, in 1878. He held the post of Sub-Almoner to her Majesty from 1878 till 1882, when he was appointed first Bishop of the newly-created see of Newcastle-on-Tyne. In 1895 he was appointed Bishop of Chichester. His lordship married (1), in 1863, Frances, daughter of Sir Charles Anderson, Bart, (she died 1870), and (2), in 1874, Emily, only daughter of the late Very Rev. George Henry Connor, Dean of Windsor, and has issue, by his second marriage, three sons and three daughters. Address : The Palace, Chichester. WILDE, Henry, F.R.S., was born at Manchester, Jan. 19, 1833. His tastes led him in early life to engage in electro-me- chanical pursuits, and enabled him, in 1858-64, to make some improvements in lightning conductors and electric tele- graphs, for which he obtained several patents. In 1864 he made the discovery that quantities of magnetism and elec- tricity, indefinitely small, will induce quantities of these forces indefinitely great. To demonstrate this principle he constructed in 1865 an electro-magnetic induction machine, or "dynamo," as the machine is now known, the electro- magnet of which was excited by an initial amount of magnetism sufficient to sustain a weight of forty pounds only, while the electro-magnet was excited to a degree estimated to sustain a weight of 25 tons. The electric current generated from this machine fused a rod of platinum two feet long and one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and produced from carbon points a powerful electric light for the first time from a dynamo-electric machine. (Proceed- ings of the Royal Society, 1866 ; Philosophical Transactions, 1867.) In 1868 he discovered WILHELMINA — WILKIN 1167 the property of the alternating current to control and render synchronous the rota- tions of the armatures of a number of magneto-electric or " dynamo " machines, by which their united effect can be ob- tained without the use of mechanical gearing. {Philosophical Magazine, 1869.) This property is an essential feature in the great hydro-electric installations at Nia- gara, Geneva, and other central stations where alternating dynamos are established. Through his various inventions he success- fully applied his discoveries to the pro- duction and employment of the electric searchlight in the Royal Navy, as a pro- tection against torpedoes and for other purposes ; in which branch of the service, after lengthened trials at Spithead in 1874-75, by a joint War Office and Ad- miralty Committee, it was definitely adopted. His methods of producing, regulating, and projecting electric light have also been utilised in the navigation of the Suez Canal during the night, by which the carrying capacity of the canal has been nearly doubled. He has also largely applied his discoveries and inven- tions for generating electricity to the elec- tro-deposition and refining of metals from their solutions (1867-80), which have super- seded the voltaic battery in the electro- plating industries of the world, to the great advantage of the health and comfort of the operatives employed therein. In 1878 he discovered some remarkable multiple relations among the atomic weights of the natural groups of elements. The new atomic relations bear a much closer resemblance to homologous series in organic chemistry than had hitherto been observed ; and j ust as Liebig predicted the existence of the homologous series of amides, and the properties of their com- pounds ten years before they were actually discovered, so the missing members of homologous series of elements have also been predicted. (Proceedings and Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1878-86.) Mr. Wilde has been engaged in important experimental re- searches in terrestrial magnetism, and by his invention of the magnetarium has succeeded in reproducing the principal phenomena of the earth's magnetism, and the secular changes of the variation of the mariner's compass for a period of three centuries. (Proceedings Royal Society, 1890-94.) He has also made other con- tributions to theoretical and experimental physics, in the Philosophical Magazine, and in the Proceedings and Memoirs of the Man- chester Literary and Philosophical Society. On the expiration of the several patents for his inventions relating to the genera- tion of electricity he retired from the exercise of his profession of electrical engineer, which style and title he was the first to adopt. He takes an active interest in the advancement of science and the higher education, and has given substantial aid to institutions for the promotion of these objects. For his discovery of the indefinite increase of the magnetic and electric forces from quantities indefinitely small, the Executive Council of the Inter- national Inventions Exhibition, London, 1885, awarded him a medal of honour, although not an exhibitor. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, Past President of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and one of the governing body of the Victoria University and the Owens College, Manchester. Address : The Hurst, Alderley Edge, Cheshire. WILHELMINA, Helene Pauline Marie, Queen of the Netherlands, the only child of King William III., by Queen Emma, his second wife, sister to the Duchess of Albany, was born at La Haye on Aug. 31, 1880, and succeeded to the throne, on the death of her father, on Nov. 23, 1890, her mother having shortly before, in consequence of the King's illness, been appointed Queen Regent. Accompanied by her mother, she visited this country some years ago, and spent several weeks in London, during which she visited the more important museums and public buildings of the metropolis. In April 1898 the young- Queen and her mother, the Queen Regent, visited Paris, where a very favourable opinion was formed of the youthful sove- reign. On August 31 of last year she reached her eighteenth birthday, and thus, according to Dutch law, attained her majority. She made her State entry into Amsterdam on September 6, and on the following day she assumed her regal re- sponsibilities in the Nieuwe Kerk, wherein were gathered a brilliant and representa- tive assembly. Queen Wilhelmina pos- sesses simple tastes, is an accomplished linguist, and an experienced horsewoman. "WILKIN, Sir Walter Henry, K.C.M.G., D.L., was born in 1842, and was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1875. He was elected Alderman of the Lime Street Ward, in the City of London, in 1888, served the office of Sheriff in 1892, and was Lord Mayor from 1895 to 1896. He is the head of the firm of David Wilkin and Co., yeast importers, was knighted in 1893, and was created a K.C.M.G. in 1896; he is also a Knight Commander of several foreign orders. In 1896, on the occasion of the Hungarian Millennial Exhibition at Budapest, Sir W. Wilkin warmly interested himself in the matter, and originated a Mansion House committee, which materi- 1168 WILKIN'S — WILKINSON ally assisted the objects of the under- taking, and to which he gave his strong support. In April 1897 the Emperor of Austria, through the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count Deym, sent his best and sincerest thanks to Sir Walter Wilkin, and expressed his conviction that to him was principally due the numerous atten- dance of British visitors at Budapest at the time of the exhibition. Address : 43 Gloucester Square, Hyde Park, W. "WILKINS, Mary E., author, was born at Brattleborough, Vermont, and was left an orphan at an early age, but was fortunately not thereby reduced to struggle for existence. At the age of sixteen she won a prize of fifty dollars offered by a Boston paper for a children's story. Her principal tales of New England life are : "Pembroke," "Jane Field," "A New Eng- land Nun," " Young Lucretia," " Madelon," "A Humble Romance" (perhaps her best book), "A Faraway Melody," "A Pot of Honey," "Jerome," 1897; and "Silence and other Stories, " 1898. She travels much in the States, and enjoys the society of cultured Bostonians. She has been de- scribed, by perhaps rather enthusiastic admirers, as " the American Loti," but the comparison is not quite fair to either writer. Address : Randolph, Mass. "WILKINSON, Trie Eight Rev. George Howard, Bishop of St. Andrews, was educated at Oriel College, Oxford (B.A. 1855, MA. 1859). He was curate of Kensington, 1857-59 ; perpetual curate of Seaham Harbour, 1859-63 ; and of Auck- land, Durham, 1863-67. In 1867 he was appointed incumbent of St. Peter's, Great Windmill Street, London, and in 1870 he became vicar of St. Peter's, Eaton Square. He was also an Honorary Canon of Truro Cathedral, and Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of that diocese. He was Select Preacher at Oxford, 1879-81. In January 1883 he was appointed to the See of Truro, which had become vacant by the promo- tion of Dr. Benson to the Archbishopric of Canterbury, and he was consecrated by the new Primate in St. Paul's Cathedral on April 25. On Feb. 9, 1893, he was elected Bishop of St. Andrews, Dunkeld, and Dunblane. He is the author of several works on devotional and other religious sub- jects, some of which have passed through very numerous editions. He married, in 1857, a daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Benfield des Vosux. This lady died in 1877. Ad- dresses : Grigmorr, Birnam, Perthshire ; and Athenseum. "WILKINSON, James John Garth, F.R.G.S., eldest son of James John Wilkin- son, of Durham, born in Acton Street, Gray's Inn Lane, London, on June 3, 1812, was educated at a private school at Mill Hill, and Totteridge, Herts. He was edu- cated for the profession of medicine, but from the first was "an unwilling medical student." He was the friend of Emerson, whom he profoundly impressed. In " Re- presentative Men " Emerson refers to him thus : " He (Swedenborg) has at last found a pupil in Mr. Wilkinson, in London, a philosophic critic, with a coequal vigour of understanding and imagination compar- able only to Lord Bacon's, who has pro- duced his master's buried books to the day, and transferred them, with every advantage, from their forgotten Latin into English, to go round the world in our commercial and conquering tongue. This startling reappearance of Swedenborg, after a hundred years, in his pupil, is not the least remarkable fact in his history." The works referred to are Swedenborg's scientific works, or "Animal Kingdom," which amount to about half his writings. "The admirable preliminary discourses," continues Emerson, " with which Mr. Wil- kinson has enriched these volumes, throw all the contemporary philosophy in Eng- land into shade, and leave me nothing to say on their proper grounds." He trans- lated Swedenborg's "Animal Kingdom," 1843-44, and has written " Swedenborg : a Biography," 1849; "The Human Body and its Connection with Man," 1851 ; "The Ministry of Health," about 1856; "Un- licensed Medicine," a pamphlet ; " Im- provisations from the Spirit," 1857 ; " On the Cure, Arrest, and Isolation of Small- pox, by a New Method ; and on the Local Treatment of Erysipelas, and all Internal Inflammations; with a Postscript on Medi- cal Freedom," 1864; "Our Social Health," 1865 ; also " Human Science, Good and Evil, and its Works, and Divine Revela- tion and its Works and Sciences," 1876 ; " The Greater Origins and Issues of Life and Death," 1885; "Revelation, Myth- ology, Correspondences," 1887; "Oannes according to Berosus : a Studv in the Church of the Ancients," 1888 ; " The Soul is Form and doth the Body Make : Chapters in Psychology," 1890; "The African," 1891; "Epidemic Man and his Visitations," 1892; "The New Jerusalem and the Old Jerusalem, the Place and Service of the Jewish Church among the Sons of Revelation," " Swedenborg among the Doctors," and "The Combats and Victories of Jesus Christ," 1896; "The Affections of Armed Powers : a Plea for a School of Little Nations," and " The Book of Edda called Vbluspii: its Scriptural and Spiritual Correspondence," 1897. "WILKINSON, The Bight Rev. Thomas, D.D., Roman Catholic Bishop WILKS — WILLAKD 1169 of Hexham and Newcastle. He is the son of George Hntton Wilkinson, Esq., Re- corder of Newcastle, and its first County Court Judge, who married Miss Elizabeth Jane Pearson, heiress of Harperley Park, a large estate in the county of Durham. He was born at Harperley on April 5, 1825. His early education was in the house of the Eector of Ovingham, on the river Tyne, and at the age of thirteen he went to Harrow. Having finished his studies there he spent four years at the University of Durham. His intention then was to take orders in the Church of England, and he joined a community of young men preparing for orders at the Church of St. Saviour's, in Leeds. After many doubts as to his religious position, unsatisfied by the arguments of Dr. Pusey and others whom he consulted, he, with several of his companions at St. Saviour's, was received into the Eoman Catholic Church on Dec. 29, 1846. After a course of theological studies at Oscott he was ordained priest at Ushaw College, near Durham, on Dec. 23, 1848. From that time till 1871 he led an uneventful life of constant toil among a mining population, first at Wolsingham, then at Crook, both places in the imme- diate neighbourhood of his father's estate. In 1865 he was elected Canon of the Chapter of Hexham. At length, in 1871, owing to the constant labours of his mis- sionary life, his health broke down, and he was compelled to seek absolute rest. In 1887 his health having been partially restored, he was again brought to the front. Dr. Bewick, Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle, had died in 1886, and Provost Consitt, the Vicar-Capitular, was administrator of the diocese during the vacancy in July 1887. In the election of a successor to the latter the unanimous choice of the Chapter fell on Canon Wilkinson, who from that time governed the diocese till the arrival of the new bishop. Dr. O'Callaghan, in March 1888, becoming then Vicar-General and Provost of the Chapter. In consequence of the feeble health of Dr. O'Callaghan, Provost Wilkinson was in May 1888 appointed by the Pope Bishop-Auxiliary with admini- strative powers, and was consecrated at Ushaw College on July 25. On the re- signation of Dr. O'Callaghan he was made Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle, and was enthroned in his Cathedral Church at Newcastle on Feb. 18, 1890. Since 1890 he has been President of St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, and this is his permanent address. WILKS, Sir Samuel, Bart., M.D., LL.D., F.K.S., late President of the Royal College of Physicians, born at Camber- well, June 2, 1824, is the second son of Joseph Barber Wilks, Treasurer of the East India Company. He was educated at University College, London. He was created M.D. of the London University in 1850, became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1856, a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1870, Physician to Guy's Hospital and Lecturer on Medicine, Pre- sident of the Pathological Society, a Member of the Senate of the University of London and of the General Medical Council, President of the Royal College of Physicians, Physician Extraordinary to the Queen, and Physician to the Duke and Duchess of Connaught. Sir Samuel Wilks is the author of "Lectures on Pathological Anatomy," and "Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System," and a "Biographical History of Guy's Hospital." He was formerly for many years editor of the "Guy's Hospital Reports." He was mem- ber of the Medical Commission on the Contagious Diseases Act, 1868 ; a member of the Royal Commission on Contagious Diseases Act, 1871 ; was formerly Exa- miner in Medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons and at the University of London. Dr. Wilks has contributed papers on Alcoholism and Vivisection to the Con- temporary Review and the Nineteenth Century. He delivered the Harveian Oration at the Royal College of Physicians June 26, 1879. He was created a Baronet in 1897, and in March 1899 was succeeded in the Pre- sidency of the Royal College of Physicians by Dr. William Selby Church. Address : 72 Grosvenor Street, W. WILLARD, E. S., was born at Brighton in 1853, and from an early age was bent on becoming an actor. His family had a certain old-fashioned horror of the theatre, and it was with much difficulty that the stage-struck boy induced them to let him enter upon a dramatic career. Mr. Willard obtained his first engagement at the Theatre Royal, Wey- mouth, and served an orthodox seven years' apprenticeship as a "stock" actor, playing every imaginable part from Mac- beth to Claude Melnotte. During this period of his life he met Mr. Sothern at Glasgow, and went on tour with him, playing Captain de Boots in " Dun- dreary Married and Settled," Sir Edward Trenchard in "Our American Cousin," and Mr. Smith in ' ' David Garrick." On Boxing Day, 1875, he made his firi-t appearance before a London audience, at Covent Garden, as Alfred Highflyer in "A Roland for an Oliver." He was then for some years in the country, played a variety of parts, and fell in with such actors as Charles Mathews, Phelps, Toole, Helen Faucit, and Barry Sullivan. In 1881 he returned to London, and took part 4 K 1170 WILLETT — WILLIAM with Miss Helen Barry in a series of matinees at the Imperial Theatre. In the September of that year he was engaged to play Clifford Armytage in "The Lights of London," at the Princess's. This was " the first of the long series of gentle- manly villains that promised to claim Mr. Willard as their perpetual impersonator." He next played Philip Royston in " The Romany Rye," and the Spider in "The Silver King " at the same theatre, Mr. Wilson Barrett taking the title-role in the latter play. This latter part made Mr. Willard famous ; and he followed it up by such notable impersonations as the wicked lawyer in "Hoodman Blind," the title-role in "Jim the Penman," and Geoffrey Dela- mayn in "Man and Wife." In 1888 Mr. Willard became lessee of the Shaftesbury Theatre, and as an " actor - manager " achieved a popular success in Mr. Henry Arthur Jones's "Middleman," in which play he created the part of Cyrus Blen- karn, the potter. " The Middleman " was succeeded by two other notable plays, "Dick Venables" and "Judah," in both of which Mr. Willard appeared in the title- role. On Nov. 10, 1890, Mr. Willard, having taken an engagement under Mr. A. M. Palmer, the New York manager, appeared in " The Middleman " at Palmer's Theatre, N.Y. Between this year and 1894 he made three consecutive tours in the United States, adding Hamlet to his repertory at Boston in October 1893, and ■bringing out "John Needham's Double," by Joseph Hatton, "Wealth," by Henry Arthur Jones, "A Fool's Paradise," by Sydney Grundy, and " The Professor's Love Story," by J. M. Barrie. In the summer of 1894 he returned to London, and brought out the latter play at the Comedy and then at the Garrick Theatre, where it enjoyed a long run. At the same theatre, in August 1895, he appeared in "Alabama.' He pays constant profes- sional visits to the States, and has lately been in Australia for a considerable time. WILLETT, Alfred, F.R.C.S., received his medical education at St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital, at which he is now Surgeon and Demonstrator of Practical Surgery and joint Lecturer on Surgery, as well as Warden of the College. He became Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Eng., in 1862, Member of Council in 1887, and was Vice-President in 1897, when he delivered the Bradshaw Lectures on " The Correction of certain Deformities by Opera- tive Measures upon Bones." He is Surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital for Lunatics, and to the Evelina Hospital, Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, &c, and has been Exa- miner in Surgery at the University of Cambridge and the Royal College of Physicians. He has contributed papers on cases of malformation to the Trans. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Address : 36 Wim- pole Street, W. WILLIAM II., Frederick William Victor Albert, King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany, is the grandson of Her Majesty the Queen of England, being the son of the Empress Frederick. He was born in Berlin, Jan. 27, 1859 ; was educated at Cassel, and passed through the ordinary discipline of that establish- ment until 1877, when he entered the University of Bonn. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, the late Emperor Frederick, June 15, 1888. His Majesty was married in Berlin, Feb. 27, 1881, to Augusta Victoria, Duchess de Sleswig - Holstein - Sonderbourg - Augusten- bourg, a niece of Prince Christian, and has six children. In August 1889, and again in 1890, the Emperor paid a visit to the Queen at Osborne. On his return to Berlin in 1889 he received visits from the King of Sweden, the King of Den- mark, the King of Italy, the Emperor of Austria, and the Czar of Russia. Sub- sequently he visited Athens, to be present at the marriage of his sister, the Princess Sophie, to the Crown Prince of Greece, thence he proceeded to Constantinople on a visit to the Sultan. In 1891 he paid state visits to Heligoland and to Amster- dam, and then crossed to England accom- panied by the Empress. In July the Imperial pair were splendidly entertained in London and the country, and the Emperor was presented with the Freedom of the City. In 1892 the Emperor met the late Czar at Kiel, and the interviews were of a cordial character. In July the Emperor visited Norway, and took part in a whaling expedition, and in the autumn he visited Cowes and took part in the yachting com- petition, at the same time visiting the Queen at Osborne. In October he paid a visit to the Emperor of Austria. In April 1893 he attended the silver wedding of the King and Queen of Italy, and paid a visit to Leo XIII. In the summer he crossed to Cowes and won the Queen's Cup. During 1894 he visited the King of Italy at Venice, and in April paid a friendly visit to the Emperor of Austria. In August 1894 he came to Cowes, but was not, as before, victorious in the race for the Queen's Cup. He afterwards visited Alder- shot, and was present at a sham fight. While at Aldershot he called on the ex- Empress of the French. On Oct. 26, 1894, the Emperor accepted the resignation of Count von Caprivi, whom he had himself chosen to succeed Bismarck. The Emperor is, indeed, in no sense dependent on par- ticular ministers. He aims at personal WILLIAM 1171 government in a manner unusual in this age of constitutionalism. Thus he has initiated many laws, notably those for the repression of drunkenness and immorality, brought before the Reichstag in 1892 ; and in his frequent speeches to the army or to his subjects he has shown himself a con- scious imitator and ardent admirer of his warlike and despotic ancestry. In a famous and characteristically Prussian speech, de- livered in 1892 at the annual banquet of the Brandenburg Diet, he urged all grum- blers against him and his government to shake the dust of the Fatherland off their feet as soon as possible, and at the same time reaffirmed his determination to press forward "on the path Heaven had laid out for him," knowing that "He, our old ally of Rossbach and Dennewitz, will not now leave me in the lurch." On a subsequent occasion he urged the sons of Prussia to " trustfully await the results which I may succeed in achieving in the course of the toilsome years to come." The Emperor, in addition to being a firm governor, is a man of the most varied interests and activities. In 1890 he inaugurated an International Labour Conference. In 1892 he interested himself in Primary Education, and intro- duced a Primary Education Bill, which he afterwards abandoned in the face of vio- lent popular opposition. In 1893 he let it be plainly understood that he intended the new Army Bill to become law. Army matters naturally interest him more than any others. He has constantly issued orders of the day to the army, or made them speeches tending to keep up an in- tensely martial spirit among them. A typical rescript (January 1895) bids them crown the standards of certain regiments engaged in the Franco-German war with oak leaves on public occasions. But he is at bottom no hater of France or con- demner of things French. At the time of President Carnot's death he showed his sincere sympathy with France by setting free two French officers imprisoned as spies in German fortresses, and he is re- ported to be a constant reader of French literature. German colonial politics have partially engrossed his attention during recent years. In 1890 he personally took possession of Heligoland, ceded to him by England, and considered it of great strategic importance. He has also con- cluded commercial treaties with Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and other powers. To the cause of German culture, especially science, he has been a liberal patron, and in recent years has ennobled many pro- minent scientific men. He is a good violinist, and has composed a song, " Sang an .ffigir," which has had an enormous sale. He has even ventured into the domain of theology, and has published a collection of sermons delivered by him to the men of his yacht, Hohenzollcrn, and in February 1892 he presented a richly-bound copy of the same to the Pope. In January 1895 the Emperor delivered a speech at a parlia- mentary soiree on the necessity for enlarg- ing the navy, a subject very near his heart. In the following month he read an address to the Military Association of Berlin, referring' particularly to the need for co-operation between land and sea forces, and again emphasising the need of an enlarged navy, especially with reference to the equipment of cruisers. The Emperor showed his interest in the agricultural movement by his severe reproval of a de- putation of the Agrarian League for their methods of agitation, and by a promise that, if their tactics were changed, he would take a fatherly interest in them. He visited Cowes for the regatta week in August, being attended by a squadron of the Ger- man navy. In January 1896, subsequent to the defeat and capture of Dr. Jameson in the lamentable fiasco in the Transvaal, the Emperor caused much ill-feeling in this country by sending a congratulatory and laudatory telegram to President Kriiger on the political situation. The relations between England and Germany were, for a time, somewhat strained. In April 1896 the Emperor made state visits to King Humbert at Venice and the Emperor Francis Josef at Vienna, being warmly received on both occasions. A rumour that the Emperor intended to visit Cowes for the regatta caused much angry demon- stration in the Berlin journals. Dining at Brandenburg, the Emperor made an important speech, in which, in an unmis- takable manner, he showed himself to be a socialist. He asserted that his great object was to continue the work of his grandfather, and bind closer the threads which knit the empire, and declared that he, the Emperor, would clasp hands with any man, be he workman or other, pro- vided he were willing to assist his king in so great a work. In April the Emperor paid a semi-state visit to Vienna, where he was again well received by the Emperor Francis Josef, and the populace. On his return journey he was present at the birth- day celebrations of the King of Saxony. The Berlin journals quite gratuitously gave this visit to Vienna a momentous political significance, which subsequent events have shown to be unwarranted. It was stated that as the visit was paid on the eve of the Austrian Emperor's de- parture for St. Petersburg, clear evidence was furnished of identity of aim between the three powers with regard to the Eastern Question. On August 25 the Emperor unveiled, with great ceremony, a statue of the Emperor William I. at 1172 WILLIAMS Magdeburg. He visited Kiel on December 15, 1897, for the purpose of bidding fare- well to Prince Henry of Prussia on his departure for China. This event was the occasion of a remarkable speech relative to German commerce and German out- posts generally. During September and October 1898 extensive preparations were made for the Emperor's proposed visit to Palestine. The imperial party arrived in Turkey in the early days of October, and were welcomed with great iclat, and many brilliant scenes were enacted during the progress of the visit, which had the tempo- rary effect of drawing together the two military despotisms, of which Kaiser and Sultan " are the respective heads. The ostensible object of the pilgrimage was to lay the foundation stone of a Lutheran church at Jerusalem, for which purpose the German Gustavus Adolphus Society placed 30,000 marks at the Emperor's dis- posal. On October 25 the Imperial cortege entered Jerusalem, and spent days visiting the various places of interest about the city. The church was consecrated by the Emperor on the 21st with much solemnity, and the spectacle was said to be one of the most impressive in modern times. The Emperor and party left Damascus on Nov. 5, 1898, and travelling via Malta and Crete returned overland to Potsdam. In the summer of 1899 the Emperor empha- sised his desire to visit Paris during the French Exhibition of 1900 by visiting a French man-of-war and commenting eulo- gistically on the French navy. "WILLIAMS, Charles, " the doyen of the Press," as he has been called, was born at Coleraine, Ireland, May 4, 1838, of a family originally of Penrhyn and Worcestershire. He was educated at Belfast Academy under Dr. Bryce, and at Greenwich under Dr. Goodwin, and was appointed leader-writer and reviewer on the Evening Herald in 1859. He became a special correspondent of the Standard in October 1859, and was senior special corre- spondent of that journal till Jan. 1, 1870, when he accepted the first editorship of the Evening Standard, but he resigned in 1872 to resume his old post. He retired from the Standard in 1884 in consequence of a change of management. Mr. Williams saw some service while young in Central America, and in 1859-65 was a devoted volunteer, while, as a holiday task, he accompanied the headquarters of the army of the Loire at the beginning of the second phase of the Franco- German War, and was one of the first two correspondents in Strasburg after the fall of that city in 1870, and he witnessed the final fighting in front of Le Mans in January 1871, while on a brief holiday. In 1877 he went to Armenia as correspondent on the staff of Ghazi Mukhtar Pacha, and published an account of his experience in a work entitled "The Armenian Campaign : a Diary of the Campaign of 1877 in Armenia and Kurdistan " (London, 1878). He served afterwards as a special correspondent at the defence, by Mukhtar Pacha, of the lines of Constantinople, and was with the headquarters of General Skobeleff at the moment when the treaty of San Stefano was signed. He subsequently went through the task of recording the phases of the Berlin Congress, and in November 1878 proceeded to Afghanistan, where he visited Candahar, and wrote some " Notes on Frontier Transport in India." He accom- panied the Nile Expedition, and attracted some attention by a severe criticism of Sir Charles Wilson for his conduct of the force told off to advance upon Khartoum. He was the only English correspondent with the Bulgarians under Prince Alexander in the 1885 campaign against Servia. He made the campaign in Thessaly with the Greeks in the spring of 1897, and accom- panied General Gatacre up the Nile to join the British Brigade in January 1898, returning thither in the summer of the same year. He is the senior war corre- spondent of the Daily Chronicle, and supplied that paper with vivid accounts of Omdurman, &c, although he has been forced to complain of the revived military censorship of war correspondents' news. Altogether, he has taken part in eight or nine campaigns. Among his works are a short treatise on "England's Defences," "Life of Sir Evelyn Wood," essays on military questions in the United Service Magazine, the Fortnightly Review, the National Review, and some reprints on ecclesiastical questions ; besides articles and stories in Temple Bar, the Contem- porary Review, and other periodicals. His latest publication is a book of songs for soldiers, original and selected, issued by Messrs. G. Routledge & Co., Ltd. He was for a time the managing editor of the Evening News, and was unanimously elected Chairman of the London District of the Institute of Journalists for theyear 1893-94, during which the Conference of that body met in London. He was also unanimously chosen as President of the Press Club, of which he was a founder, in 1896-97. Per- manent address : Constitutional Club, Northumberland Avenue. "WILLIAMS, C. Greville, F.R.S., is the son of S. H. Williams, solicitor, and was born at Cheltenham on Sept. 22, 1829. He was educated privately at Prestbury, near Cheltenham, and then became assis- tant to Dr. Anderson, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow, WILLIAMS 1173 where he for several years aided the pro- fessor in his chemical investigations. Subsequently he became an assistant to the late Lord Playfair, who was at that time Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh. He is at the present time Photometric Supervisor to the Gas Light and Coke Co. Mr. Williams has published numerous papers, which have appeared in the Trans- actions of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, the Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society, the Philosophical Magazine, Oomptes Rendus de VAcadimie des Sciences, &c. Amongst his scientific achievements may be mentioned the dis- covery of lepidine and numerous other alkaloids of cyanine, and the hydrocarbon isoptene. He has of late years interested himself in Egyptology. Address : 36 Kenilworth Avenue, Wimbledon. "WILLIAMS, Dawson, M.D.,F.R.C.P., received his medical education at Univer- sity College Hospital, and graduated M.D. of London with great distinction. He was formerly House Physician and Obstetrical and Ophthalmic Assistant at University College Hospital, Registrar and Pathologist at the Victoria Hospital for Children, and Resident Clinical Assistant at the Bromp- ton Consumption Hospital. He is at present physician to the East London Hospital for Children, as well as Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, and member of other medical societies. He was appointed editor of the British Medical Journal in succession to the late Mr. Ernest Hart in 1898, and has published "Medical Diseases of Infancy and Childhood," 1898, an article on "Attenuation of Virus and Protective Vaccination" in Cheyne's "Bac- teria in Relation to Disease " (New Syden- ham Society), as well as various contribu- tions to the Transactions of the Pathological and Clinical Societies. Address : 101 Harley Street, W. , &c. "WILLIAMS, Sir Edward Leader, K.B., M.Inst.M.E., and M.Inst.C.E., was born on April 28, 1828. His father, the late E. Leader Williams, was the engineer of the River Severn Navigation, and it was on those works that he began his profes- sional career, which has from the first been mainly devoted to river and canal im- provements. He worked under his father from 1844 to 1850, when he was appointed engineer on the Great Northern Railway, at that time being cut through Lincoln- shire. He was then employed on the improvement of Shoreham Harbour, and afterwards was for several years attached to the works of the Admiralty Pier at Dover. In 1856 Mr. Leader Williams was appointed Engineer to the River Weaver Trust. Here he completed important and extensive works, during the latter course of which he was appointed Engineer to the Bridgewater Navigation Company, which had bought the Bridgewater Canals and the Mersey and Irwell Navigation from the Bridgewater Trustees. During his tenancy of this new position Mr. Leader Williams had under consideration the possibility of so improving the Mersey and Irwell Navigation as to open it to large sea-going vessels. On June 27, 1882, a meeting was held at the house of the late Mr. Daniel Adamson, which led to the formation of a Provisional Committee " to consider the question of providing a waterway for large vessels from Manches- ter to the sea." Mr. Hamilton H. Fulton, C.E., and Mr. Leader Williams were sub- sequently invited to assist in a preliminary survey of the Irwell and Mersey Naviga- tion, and were then appointed as joint engineers to the projected undertaking. But they differed considerably as to the best course to be pursued ; Mr. Fulton advocating a tidal waterway, whilst Mr. Leader Williams suggested a scheme for using the tidal estuary for some distance, and from that point cutting a canal with four sets of locks to raise ships gradually to the level of Manchester (i.e. some sixty feet above the sea). Mr. Williams's scheme at last triumphed, and on Sept. 26, 1882, it was resolved to construct what is now known as the Manchester Ship Canal. For twelve years, till the formal opening of the canal by the Queen in the summer of 1894, Mr. Leader Williams was its chief engi- neer, and is now the consulting engineer. He had to surmount every variety of obstacle, but the triumphant completion of his vast design marks him out as one of the ablest and most practical men in his profession. He received the honour of knighthood in July 1894. Address : The Oaks, Altrincham, Cheshire. WILLIAMS, Sir George, was born in 1821, and was educated at Tiverton Grammar School. He is a member of the firm of Hitchcock, Williams, & Co., ware- housemen, and he holds the position of President of both the Young Men's Chris- tian Association and of the Band of Hope Union. He received the honour of knight- hood in 1894, and was married, in 1853, to Helen, daughter of George Hitchcock. Address : 13 Russell Square, W.C. "WILLIAMS, Sir John, Bart., M.D., F.R.C.P. , is the third son of David Williams, of Blaenllynant, Carmarthen- shire, and was born on Nov. 6, 1840. He was educated at the Normal College, Swansea, and at University College, Lon- don. He took the M.B. degree at the London University in 1866, and the 1174 WILLIAMS M.D. in the following year, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1879. He is a Fellow of and Emeritus Professor of Mid- wifery at University College, and is Con- sulting Obstetric Physician to University College Hospital. Formerly President, and still a Fellow, of the Obstetrical Society, he is also a member of numerous other medical societies, and he is an Examiner in Midwifery at the Conjoint Board in England. Sir John Williams holds the appointments of Physician to H.B.H. Princess Beatrice, and of Physician- Accoucheur to H.R.H. the Duchess of York. He is the author of " Structure of the Mucous Membrane of the Uterus, and its Periodical Changes," and " Cancer of the Uterus " ; and has contributed many articles to obstetric journals. He was married, in 1872, to Mary, daughter of Richard Hughes, of Enistawe. Addresses : 63 Brook Street, W. ; Plas Llanstephen, Carmarthenshire ; and Athenaeum. WILLIAMS, John Carvell, M.P. for the Mansfield Division of Nottinghamshire, of Crouch End, Hornsey, is the eldest son of the late Mr. John Allen Williams, of Putney, by his marriage with Mary, daughter of the late Mr. John Carvell, of Lambeth, and was born in 1821. He was educated at a private school, and after- wards spent some years with a firm of proctors in Doctors Commons, where he acquired considerable knowledge of ecclesi- astical matters. It was the opposition of the Nonconformists to the Factories Education Bill of Sir James Graham in 1843, and afterwards to the Minutes of Council on Education, which first brought Mr. Williams into prominence. In 1847, when but twenty-six years of age, he was appointed Secretary to the "British Anti- State Church Association," afterwards designated the "Society for the Liberation of Religion from State Patronage and Control," but popularly known as the "Liberation Society." That office he held for thirty years, and on his resigning in 1877 he was appointed Chairman of the Society's Parliamentary Committee, and Deputy-Chairman of the Executive Com- mittee ; and in 1898 he became Acting Chairman. At the .general election of 1885 he stood as the Liberal candidate for the newly-created Southern Division of Nottingham, and was returned by a majority of 363. During the short time that Parliament lasted he succeeded in passing the Act for extending the hours within which marriages may be celebrated from twelve (noon) to three o'clock in the afternoon. At the dissolution of 1886 he was defeated by the Conservative candi- date whom he had previously opposed ; but shortly after he was invited to be- come the Liberal candidate for the Mans- field Division of Nottinghamshire, in prospect of the retirement of Mr. Cecil Foljambe. At the election in 1886 he was returned for that constituency by the large majority of 2496. In 1895, when the Liberal party were defeated, his majority was reduced to 1385, though he bad but 61 fewer votes. He is an active member of the Committee of the Dissenting Depu- ties for protecting the civil rights of Dissenters, and the Congregational Union, and other public bodies, and is also Presi- dent of the Hornsey Liberal Association. Ecclesiastically he is a Congregationalist, and has been deacon of churches at Surbiton and Stroud Green. He is one of the authors of " Disestablishment " in the Imperial Parliament Series (edited by Mr. Sydney Buxton, M.P.). He has also written several pamphlets on the Burials question, and various political tracts, and is a contributor to some of the public journals, besides being one of the editors of the Liberator. In 1849 Mr. Carvell Williams married Anne, the third daughter of the late Mr. Richard Goodman, of Hornsey, by which union he has had five sons and daughters, of whom only one survives. Addresses : 2 Serjeant's Inn, Fleet Street, E.C. ; Horn- sey Rise Gardens, N. WILLIAMS, Joseph Powell, M.P., J.P., is the son of Mr. Williams, of the Vinegar Brewery, Worcester, and was born in that city on Nov. 18, 1840. He was educated at the Edgbaston Proprietary School, Birmingham. He entered life in the office of Mr. Graham, of Ludgate Hill, Birmingham, and shortly afterwards was sent to America on the business of his firm. On returning to England he settled in London, and accepted an appointment under Sir Rowland Hill, the then Secre- tary of the Post-Office. Whilst thus em- ployed he had a share in establishing the Post Office Savings Bank scheme, and began also to read for the Bar ; his studies in this direction were, however, suspended by his promotion to the Surveyor's Depart- ment. In 1873 Mr. Powell Williams re- turned to Birmingham, and associated himself with the work of the Liberal party. In 1877 he was elected a City Councillor, and soon after he became Chairman of the Finance Committee, which position he held for five years, proving himself of inestimable worth to the City Corporation. He was subse- quently elected a City Alderman, and gave great assistance in establishing the Bir- mingham Fire Brigade upon an adequate and firm basis. Until the political split of 1886 Mr. Williams was Hon. Secretary of WILLIAMS — WILLIAMSON 1175 the Birmingham Liberal Association and of the National Liberal Federation ; he then became Chairman of the Executive of the National Liberal Union, and Vice-Presi- dent of the Birmingham Liberal-Unionist Association. He has represented South Birmingham in the House of Commons as a Liberal-Unionist member since 1886, and he has acted as Financial Secretary to the War Office since 1895. He is the author of pamphlets on "County Govern- ment," and " The Ballot Act," and of an article in the Nineteenth Century on " The Taxation of Ground Rents." He is married to Anne, daughter of the late S. A. Bind- ley, F.R.C.S. Address : 6 Great George Street, Westminster, S.W. "WILLIAMS, The Right Hon. Sir Roland Bowdler Vaughan, B.A., Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal, is the son of the late Right Hon. Sir Edward Vaughan Williams, formerly one of the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, and was born in 1838. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, of which Foundation he was a student, and where he graduated B.A., and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in Michaelmas Term, 1864, when he chose the South -Eastern (then the Home) Circuit, also practising as a special pleader, and at the Surrey Sessions. He received the honour of silk in 1889, and became a Judge in succession to Mr. Manisty in 1890. When the Com- panies Winding-up Court was established in accordance with the Act of 1890 he was appointed to preside over that Court. Here his firmness and precision in cases of ' great public interest won him so high a reputation that a rumour to the effect that he was to be removed elsewhere called forth violent protests from the press. In October 1897 he was appointed a Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal in the room of Lord Ludlow, resigned. He is the author of a work on the Law of Bank- ruptcy, and joint editor of " Williams on the Law of Executors." Sir R. Vaughan Williams married, in 1865, Laura Susanna, youngest daughter of the late Mr. Edmund Lomax, of Netley, Surrey. Addresses : 6 Trebovir Road, S.W. ; High Ashe's Farm, Abinger, Surrey ; and Athenaeum. WILLIAMS, Right Rev. Watkin Herbert, D.D., is the second son of the late Sir Hugh Williams, of Bodelwyddan, Flint- shire, his mother having been the only daughter of Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, Bart., and was born in 1845, and educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1870, and M.A. in the following year. Ordained in 1870, he was Curate of Rhos-Llaner- chrugog, Denbighshire, for two years, and in 1872 he became Vicar of Bodelwyddan, Flintshire. He was appointed Chaplain to the Bishop of St. Asaph in 1889, and in the same year also became Archdeacon and Canon of St. Asaph. In 1892 Mr. Williams was offered, and accepted, the Deanery of St. Asaph, whilst only a few months ago he was appointed Bishop of Bangor in succession to Dr. Lloyd, who has been compelled to resign in consequence of ill- ness. He is the author of "The Duties of Churchwardens," 1890 ; and he was mar- ried, in 1879, to Alice, daughter of the late General Monckton. Address : The Palace, Bangor. WILLIAMSON, Emeritus Profes- sor Alexander William, Ph.D., F.R.S., LL.D. Dublin and Edinburgh, born May 1, 1824, was educated chiefly in his father's house, by masters in London, Paris, and Dijon, and for a very short time at Ken- sington Grammar School, and at foreign schools. From the age of seventeen he studied in the Universities of Heidelberg and Giessen under Gmelin and Liebig. At Giessen he published his first chemical researches. He afterwards spent three years in Paris studying the higher mathe- matics. In 1849 he was appointed Pro- fessor of Practical Chemistry in University College, London ; and in 1855, Professor of Chemistry in the same college, while still retaining the chair of Practical Chemistry. Soon after his first appoint- ment at University College, Professor Williamson published his researches on " Etherification and the Constitution of Salts." The result of these researches had a considerable influence on the theories of chemical action, and they have been since adopted by the chief English and foreign chemists. For these important and successful labours the Royal Medal of the Royal Society was awarded to him in 1862. He has twice been President of the Chemical Society. In 1873 he was elected President of the British Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science. The same year he was elected Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society, a Corre- sponding Member of the French Academy, and a Fellow of the Berlin Chemical Society. In 1874 he was elected Treasurer of the British Association on the retire- ment of Mr. Spottiswoode. In November 1875 the Royal Academy of Science at Berlin elected him a Corresponding Mem- ber of the Section of Physics and Mathe- matics. He was appointed member of the Senate of the University of London. In April 1876 he was appointed Chief Gas Examiner to the City of London. The University of Dublin conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1878, since which date the University of Edinburgh 1176 WILLIAMSON has conferred on him the degree of LL.D. He is a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Royal Irish Academy. Professor Williamson took an active part in promoting the establishment of degrees of science at the University of London ; and for some years held, conjointly with the late Professor William Allen Miller, the office of Examiner in Chemistry. He is also a Corresponding Member of the Reale Accademia dei Lincei in Roma, LL.D. of Glasgow, of the Royal Society of Science at Gbttingen, and of the Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Dr. Williamson has lately taken an active part in promoting the formation of a Teaching University in London. In 1887 Professor Williamson resigned his professorship at University College, and was elected Emeri- tus Professor. In 1889 he resigned his post of Foreign Secretary to the Royal Society. He has written "Chemistry for Students," various papers on " Etherifica- tion," " The Development of Difference the Basis of Unity," being the inaugural lecture to the Faculty of Arts at Univer- sitv College on his appointment there in 1849, "On the Atomic Theory," "The Composition of the Gases evolved by the Bath Spring called King's Bath," a paper "On a New Method of Gas Analysis," jointly with W. J. Russell, Ph.D., "On the Unit Volume of Gases," " On the Classification of the Elements in Relation to their Atomicities," "Experimental Science the Basis of General Education," "A Plea for Pure Science," "Address to the British Association," at Bradford, 1873. He married, in 1855, the third daughter of Professor T. Hewitt Key, F.R.S., of University College. Addresses : High Pitfold, Haslemere ; and Athenaeum. WILLIAMSON, Benjamin, ScD., F.R.S., D.C.L., Senior Fellow, and member of the Governing Body, Trinity College, Dublin, was born in 1827 at Cork ; edu- cated at Kilkenny College and Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in 1848 as First Senior Moderator in Mathe- matics and Mathematical Physics. He was elected Fellow of Trinity College in 1852, and appointed a College Tutor in 1858. In 1871 he published " A Treatise on the Differential Calculus," which reached, in 1892, its 8th edition. In 1872 he produced a companion volume on the " Integral Calculus," of which the 7th edition was published in 1896. In 1884, in conjunction with F. A. Tarleton, F.T.C. D., he brought out a "Treatise on Dynamics," of which a 2nd edition ap- peared in 1889. In 1894 he published an " Introduction to the Theory of Stress and Strain of Elastic Solids." Mr. Williamson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1879, and in 1884 was appointed to the Professorship of Natural Philosophy in his University. In 1892 the honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred on Mr. Williamson by the University of Oxford. Mr. William- son contributed several articles to the 9th edition of the " Encyclopsedia Britannica," of which may be mentioned those on the "Infinitesimal Calculus," "Calculus of "Variations," "Variable Complex," and "MacLaurin." He also contributed articles to the Quarterly Journal of Mathc' matics, Hermathena, as well as to other scientific journals. He married Agnes, daughter of the Rev. W. Wright, Vicar of Selston, Nottingham. Addresses : Trinity College, Dublin ; 1 Dartmouth Road, Dublin. WILLIAMSON, Mrs. Charles Nor- ris, nie Alice Muriel Livingston, was born in 1870 at the Livingston Manor House, Poughkeepsie, New York, U.S.A., and is the daughter of Mark Livingston, of the New York Bar. She went on the stage, and toured through the greater part of the United States in a variety of parts, sometimes with her own company. Later, she came to England as correspondent for four of the leading American newspapers. She contributed largely to serial fiction in England and America, and has published " The Barn Stormers," 1897, a novel based on some of her experiences of the stage ; "A Woman in Grey" and "Fortune's Sport," 1898, and "A Newspaper Girl," 1899. Address: Hill Farm, Walton-on- Thames. WILLIAMSON, Charles Norris, journalist and author, was born at Exeter, Devonshire, in 1857, being the son of the Rev. Stewart Williamson, a Nonconformist minister. He was educated at University College School, London, and passed into University College, where he took up the science course. For three years he de- voted himself to the study of engineering, going through a practical training in a Lambeth workshop, and undertaking engineering work in Belgium and France. In 1880 Mr. Williamson abandoned en- gineering for journalism, and after the usual difficulties and struggles, obtained a post on the editorial staff of the Examiner. When the Examiner came to an end Mr. Williamson joined the editorial staff of the Graphic, on which he remained for several years. Resigning his appointment in 1889, Mr. Williamson formed a company and collected capital to produce a new illus- trated paper ; and in February 1891 he brought out Black and White, remaining managing director and managing editor until July 1893, when he resigned his offices. In 1898-99 he was editor of the WILLIAMSON — WILLOX 1177 West End Review. On the death of Thomas Carlyle, in 1884, Mr. Williamson wrote, in collaboration, " Memorials of the Life and Letters of Thomas Carlyle" (two volumes); and he has been a constant contributor to the London press. Address : Hill Farm, Walton-on-Thames. WILLIAMSON, David, fifth son of Mr. David Williamson, J. P., was born at Guildford, Nov. 16, 1868, was educated privately, and subsequently passed through the varied routine of printing, lithography, and binding. He edited " Hazell's Annual " for two years. After spending a year in rest and travel, he joined the staff of the Illustrated, London News, especially with a view to assisting Mr. Shorter in the preparation of the Sketch. He became assistant editor of the Illustrated London News in 1895, but was appointed to the editorship of the Windsor Magazine in November of that year. He edited for two years and a half the Windsor Magazine, resigning that work in April 1898, when he became editor of the Temple Magazine. He has been a constant contributor to news- papers and magazines, and has published : "Handel Festival Points and Portraits," 1891 ; " The German Eeeds and Corney Grain," 1895 ; "Worcester Festival Notes," 1896; "Victoria, R. & I.," 1897 ; "William Ewart Gladstone, Statesman and Scholar," 1898; and "Gladstone the Man," 1898. He married, in 1896, Margaret, daughter of Mr. John Allan. Address : 31 Romola Road, Heme Hill, S.E. WILLIAMSON, F. J., private sculptor to the Queen, was born in 1833, and on his mother's side is related to the great Lord Nelson. For nearly forty years there has scarcely been a period when Mr. Williamson has not been at work for her Majesty. After studying at the School of Design, Somerset House, he worked in the studio of the late Mr. John Bell, and was associated with the late Mr. J. H. Foley, R.A., for twenty years, first as pupil and then as assistant. In 1855 Mr. Williamson was presented to the Queen by Princess Louise, and at her Majesty's command carried out the beauti- ful memorial at Claremont House to the memory of the late Prince and Princess Charlotte. He has executed busts or statues of nearly every member of the Royal Family, all of which have been repeated for the Queen. The Prince of Wales in unveiling the statue by this artist in the Examination Hall of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, said that "nowhere could a better statue of her Majesty be found." Mr. Williamson has also completed a great quantity of ideal work, some of which has been purchased by the Queen. He was the sculptor of the fine recumbent figure of Dean Milman in St. Paul's Cathedral, has set up rather more than a dozen public statues, and executed more than 200 busts. The re- cumbent portrait figures of the Master of the Rolls and Lady Esher, which surmount the family vault in Esher churchyard, was also the work of Mr. Williamson, whose studio, overshadowed by the chestnut trees of Claremont Park, used to be a favourite resort of the late Duke of Albany. He has been an exhibitor at the Royal Aca- demy's exhibitions for more than forty years. Mr. Williamson has a son, a pro- fessor of chemistry, and two daughters. Address : Esher, Surrey. WILLIS, His Honour Judge Wil- liam, Q.C., B.A., LL.D., is the son of William Willis, a straw-hat manufacturer of Dunstable and Luton, and was born at Dunstable on April 29, 1835. He was educated at the Free Grammar School, Dunstable, at Hockliffe, Bedfordshire, Hatfield, and Huddersfield College. He began life in business at Luton in 1850, and was afterwards engaged in an office in London. In 1857 he matriculated at the London University, graduated B.A. in 1859, and LL.D., with gold medal, in 1865. He had also entered at the Inner Temple in 1858, obtained a studentship given by the Inns of Court in 1860, and was called to the Bar in 1861. Mr. Willis was appointed a Q.C. in 1877, was at one time an Examiner in Common Law at the University of London, and became Judge of the County Courts of Norfolk and Cambridge in 1897. He was returned to the House of Commons as member for Colchester in 1880, but he unsuccess- fully contested the Peckham Division of Lambeth in 1885 and 1886. He is the author of "Lectures on the Law of Negotiable Securities," and is married to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Moody, of Blackheath. Address: Scarning Grange, East Dereham, Norfolk. WILLOX, Sir John Archibald, M.P., is the son of John Willox, author and journalist, and was born at Edinburgh in 1842. He was educated at Edinburgh and Liverpool Colleges, and began life in the office of the Liverpool Courier, where he was employed successively as reporter, sub-editor, and editor, and of which he is now the principal proprietor. He takes a keen interest in journalism, and has had a good deal to do with the Press Associa- tion, the Institute of Journalists, and the Newspaper Society. Being also a tobacco manufacturer in Liverpool and London, under the title of Cope Bros. & Co., he is, of course, largely interested in this 1178 WILLS — WILSON trade. He has represented the Everton Division of Liverpool, in the Conservative interest, since 1892, and he received the honour of knighthood in 1897. He is married to Sara, widow of Thomas Cope, J. P. Address : 9 Abercromby Square, Liverpool. WILLS, The Hon. Sir Alfred, a Judge of the Queen's Bench Division, was born Dec. 11, 1828, and is the second son of the late William Wills, J.P., of Edg- baston, Birmingham, and Sarah, daughter of Jeremiah Ridout. He was educated at the Proprietary School, Edgbaston, and at University College, London. In 1846 he gained the University of London Exhi- bition in Mathematics and another in Classics. He became B.A. in 1849, Scholar in Classics in 1849, LL.B. in 1851, Scholar in Law in 1851, Flaherty Scholar in Classics at University College in 1850, and was subsequently made Fellow of the same College. Called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1851, he was made a Q.C. in 1872, and appointed Judge in 1884. He was first Recorder of Sheffield, 1881-84, President of the Eailway and Canal Commission, 1888-93, and Treasurer of the Middle Temple, 1892-93. He is the author of "Wanderings among the High Alps," "The Eagle's Nest," a translation of Rendu's "Tbe'orie des Glaciers de la Savoie," and is editor of " Wills on Circum- stantial Evidence." He married (2) Bertha, daughter of Thomas Lamb Taylor, Stars- ton, Norfolk, in 1861. Addresses : 7 Chel- sea Court, Chelsea Embankment, S.W. ; and Le Nid d'Aigle, Sixt, Haute-Savoie ; and Athenaeum. WILSON, Alexander Johnstone, son of the late George W. Wilson, of Aber- deen, H.M. photographer for Scotland, was born at Forglen, in Banffshire, Oct. 20, 1841. He was educated by Dr. George Ogilvje, late of Watson's College, Edin- burgh. He assisted his father for some years and then came to London in 1872. He was junior sub-editor of the Economist, 1872-73; assistant city editor of the Times, 1874-81 ; city editor of the Pall Mall Oazette, 1881-83 ; and has been city editor of the Standard since 1883. He has been proprietor and editor of the Investors' Review and the Investment Index since 1892. He has published: "The Resources of Modern Countries," 1878 ; "Banking Reform," 1879; "Reciprocity, Bimetallism, and Land Tenure Reform," 1880; "The National Budget," in Mac- millan's Citizen Series, 1882 ; and has edited "Supplement to M'Culloch's Dic- tionary of Commerce," 1882. He has also written numerous essays in the Spectator, Fraser's Magazine, MacmiUan's Magazine, Fortnightly, Bradstreet's Friend of India, and other periodicals. In 1882, at the special request of the late Marquis de Riscal, he wrote a small book on the Eng- lish National Budget which was translated into Spanish. Address : Annandale, Atkins' Road, Clapham Park, S.W. WILSON, The Rev. Ambrose John, D.D., Headmaster of Lancing College, Sussex, was born on Jan. 13, 1853, at Ban- bury, and is the second son of Mr. Joseph Wilson, C.E., Principal of the Crystal Palace Engineering School, and Harriet, daughter of the late Ambrose Moore. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School. In his final school examination in 1871 he came out head of the school in both Classics and Mathematics, and was at the same time elected to a Foundation Scholar- ship at St. John's College, Oxford, as well as to the School Tercentenary Scholarship. He obtained Second Class Honours in Classical Moderations. In the Final School of Literse Humaniores he obtained a First Class, being one of the best Firsts of his year, and was almost immediately elected to an open Fellowship at Queen's College, Oxford. He took his B.A. degree in 1876, and was appointed simultaneously Lecturer at Queen's and St. John's Col- leges. He was ordained Deacon in De- cember 1876 by Bishop Mackarness. In June 1877 he was appointed Tutor to St. John's College, but having gone during the vacation to gain experience in parish work in Great Yarmouth, he found the strain of continuous work too great, and was obliged to throw up his appointments and seek change and rest in a sea voyage. He pro- ceeded to Cape Colony, where, in March 1878, be was ordained Priest by the Bishop of Cape Town, and took his degree of M.A. Oxford, "in absence." While at the Cape he was Classical Lecturer in the Diocesan College, Rondebosch, and after- wards Headmaster of St. Mark's Grammar School, George, during which time he was appointed Classical Examiner for the M.A. degree in the Cape University. Having returned to England in 1880, he was appointed Headmaster of the Carlisle Grammar School, and during the time he was there the school nearly trebled its numbers. He took his B.D. degree in 1883 and proceeded D.D. in 1884. In 1885 he was appointed to the Headmaster- ship of the Church of England Grammar School, Melbourne. The school greatly increased in numbers, and he raised funds for the erection of a School Chapel, and added to the school buildings ; while the school itself gained many high honours in the public examinations in classics, mathe- matics, science, and modern languages. After a residence in the colony of nine WILSON 1179 years he returned to England in 1893, and after taking temporary work at Merchant Taylors' and at Rugby, he was appointed in December 1894 to the Headmastership of Lancing College, Sussex. He married, in 1880, Julia Mary, daughter of Dr. Henry Lawrence, of George, South Africa. Ad- dress : Lancing College, Sussex. WILSON, Bear-Admiral Sir Arthur Knyvet, K.C.B., 0.C., was born on March 4, 1842, and entered the navy in 1855. He served as midshipman in H.M.S. Algiers in the Black Sea during the Russian war, and was also present at the bombardment of Sebastopol. He received the Crimean and Turkish medals. His next war service was in China, as midshipman of H.M.S. Calcutta. There he took part in the cap- ture of the Peiho forts and landed with the naval brigade at the attack on Canton, for which he was awarded the China Medal with two clasps. He was promoted Lieutenant in 1861, Commander in 1873, and Captain in 1880. As Captain of H.M.S. Hecla he was present at the bom- bardment of Alexandria in 1882, and re- mained in Egyptian waters during the campaign. He received the Egyptian Medal with clasp, and the Order of the Medjidieh, third class. In the Soudan war of 1884 Admiral Wilson served in the Naval Brigade, and was present at the battle of El Teb. During this fight he performed an act of gallantry which Sir Redvers Buller described as one of the most courageous he had ever witnessed. There was a gap in the square, and five or six of the enemy seeing it, rushed forward, attempting to pierce the ranks. There Captain Wilson advanced to meet them alone, and breaking his sword in his effort to cut one of them down, would not retire a step, but held his ground, knocking them down with his fists. Either by a miracle or the surprising nature of his attack he escaped with a few wounds, and the square closing up rescued him. He was mentioned in despatches, and received the U.C and.' a medal with Suakim and El Teb clasps for these services. He was also presented with a sword by the torpedo officers of H.M.S. Vernon "in admiration of his gallantry at the battle of El Teb." He was ap- pointed Aide-de-camp to the Queen in 1892, and was created a OB. in 1887, in which year also he became Assist- ant-Director of Torpedoes at the Ad- miralty ; K.C.B., 1897. He was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral in 1895, and commanded the torpedo squadron at the naval manoeuvres of that year. In the manoeuvres of 1896 he was Second-in-Com- mand of the Reserve Fleet, and was ap- pointed a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty and Controller of the Navy in August 1897. He is also the inventor of double-barrelled torpedo tubes. Address : 15 Ermin's Mansions, S.W. WILSON, Sir Charles Rivers, G.C.M.G., C.B., was born in London, Feb. 19, 1831, and educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He was appointed Clerk in the Treasury in February 1856 ; was Private Secretary consecutively to Mr. James Wilson and Mr. George Alexander Hamilton, Secretaries of the Treasury ; Acting Private Secretary to Mr. Disraeli, when Chancellor of the Exchequer, from August 1867 to February 1868 ; Private Secretary to Mr. Lowe, Chancellor of the Exchequer, from December 1868 to April 1873 ; and was appointed Comptroller- General of the National Debt Office in April 1873. Mr. Wilson represented (with the late Professor Graham) her Majesty's Government at the International Coinage Commission in 1867, and acted as Secre- tary to the Royal Commission appointed to examine the question of an Inter- national Coinage in 1868. On the return of Mr. Cave to England from his financial mission to Egypt, Mr. Rivers Wilson, at the request of the Khedive, went to Egypt in March 1876, with the view of his acceptance of a financial post in that country ; but after the issue of the decree of May 7, 1876, by which an arbitary re- adjustment of the Public Debt of Egypt was proposed, he returned to England, and resumed his post at the National Debt Office. On July 29, 1876, he was appointed one of the British Government Adminis- trators of the Suez Canal Company ; on Jan. 22, 1877, he was appointed a Royal Commissioner for the Paris Exhibition of 1878 ; on March 30, 1878, he was appointed Vice - President, and in the absence of M. de Lesseps, acted as Presi- dent, of an International Commission of Inquiry, instituted by the Khedive at the instigation of the foreign governments, to examine the resources of Egypt, and pro- pose measures for remedying the financial disorder in that country. The Report of the Commission, Aug. 19, 1878, traced the whole of the mischief to the system of personal administration by the Viceroy, and proposed that his Highness should surrender his estates and those of his family to make good the deficit in the revenue, and pay the large floating debt of the country. The immediate conse- quence of the presentation of their Report was an acceptance by the Khedive of all its conclusions, and a formal announce- ment to Mr. Rivers Wilson of the deter- mination of his Highness to abandon his actual system of government for one more in conformity with European experience, and to govern in future hy means of a 1180 WILSON responsible ministry. The formation of the new cabinet was entrusted to Nubar Pacha, who offered to Mr. Rivers Wilson the post of Finance Minister, while M. de Blignieres, a distinguished French official, was appointed Minister of Public Works. With the consent of her Majesty's Govern- ment Mr. Rivers Wilson accepted this position (September 1878 untiljan. 1, 1881), when he would have been at liberty to return to his office of Comptroller-General of the National Debt Office. In April 1879, however, the Khedive struck the blow he had long been meditating. He dismissed Mr. Rivers Wilson and M. de Blignieres ; and soon afterwards Mr. Rivers Wilson was recalled by the English Government, in order to resume his duties at the National Debt Office. He was created a K.C.M.G. in January 1880. On April 5 in that year the new Khedive, Tewfik Pacha, signed a decree appointing Sir Rivers Wilson President of the Inter- national Commission of Liquidation. In October 1880 he received the royal license and authority to accept and wear the insignia of the First Class of the Turkish Order of the Medjidieh. In May 1881 Sir Rivers Wilson was appointed a Royal Com- missioner for the negotiation of a Treaty of Commerce with France ; and in March 1885 he was one of the delegates who assembled in Paris for drawing up an Act relative to the navigation of the Suez Canal. He was also one of the British delegates at the Monetary Conference at Brussels in November and December 1892. He was made a G.C.M.G. on March 15, 1895, and retired from the public service in that year. He subsequently accepted the post of President of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, and in 1898 was ap- pointed one of the Royal Commissioners for the Paris Exhibition of 1900. He married (2), in 1895, Violet, sister of the seventh Lord Vaux. Address : 21 Pont Street, S.W. WILSON, Major - General Sir Charles "William, R.E., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. Edin., M.E. Dublin, F.R.S., F. R.G.S., &c, was born in Liver- pool, March 14, 1836, and is the son of the late Edward Wilson, of Hean Castle, Pembrokeshire. He was educated at Cheltenham College, and passed second in the first open competition for admis- sion to the Royal Engineers, and entered the Royal Engineers in 1855. After passing through the usual grades he became Major-General in 1894. Before that date, however, he had gained dis- tinction of a special kind, first as Secre- tary to the North American Boundary Commission, then for his surveys of Jeru- salem and the Sinaifcic Desert, then by his work in connection with the Palestine Exploration Fund, then as Director of the Topographical Department of the War Office, then by his organisation of the Intelligence Department, in which he served as Assistant Adjutant -General, then as Director of the Survey of Ireland, then as British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Commission, and then as Consul-General appointed in pursuance of the Anglo-Turkish Convention in Asia Minor, a post which he held from 1879 to 1882. He served in the Egyptian Expedi- tion of 1882, for which he obtained a Medal and a Bronze Star ; and was after- wards attached to Lord Dufferin's Special Mission in Egypt. When the Soudan Expedition was sent out, Sir Charles Wilson was appointed Chief of the In- telligence Department. He was present at the actions of Abu Klea and Gubat, and when Sir Herbert Stewart received his fatal wound the command of the Desert Column devolved upon Sir Charles Wilson. He led the advance to the Nile, fought the action at Metammeh, and com- manded the force in its attempt to reach Khartoum and communicate with General Gordon, the story of which he has told in his book "From Korti to Khartoum." Among his other publications may be mentioned " Picturesque Palestine " (Jeru- salem), " Lord Clive " (Men of Action Series), and Murray's "Hand-books" to Constantinople (1892) and to Asia Minor (1895). For his services he was thanked by Government, and in 1885 was made a K.C.B. He was Director-General of the Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom from 1886 to 1894, and Director-General of Military Education from 1895 to March 1898, when he retired. He married, in 1867, Olivia, daughter of Col. Duffin, of the Bengal Cavalry. Addresses : 9 Warwick Square, S.W. ; and Athenseum. WILSON, David, C.M.G..V.D., Gover- nor of British Honduras, Honorary Colonel of theTrinidad Volunteers, was born in 1838. He is the son of the late Very Rev. Dean Wilson, of Aberdeen. He was a Magis- trate in Trinidad from 1870 to 1878 ; Com- missioner of the Northern Province, 1878- 1897. He has been the leading spirit of the Trinidad Volunteer force from its inception in 1879 until 1897, when he received his present appointment. Address : Govern- ment House, Belize, British Honduras. WILSON, Frederick William, M.P., son of the late William Wilson of the Manor House, Seaming, Norfolk, by Eliza, daughter of John Turner, of Ellingham, was born at Seaming, 1844, and educated at King Edward the Sixth's School, Wy- mondham, Norfolk. He entered upon a WILSON 1181 journalistic career, and was indentured to the late J. H. Tillett, M.P. for Norwich and editor of the Norfolk News. At the age of twenty-one he became editor and proprietor of the Chester Observer, and in 1866 took part in defending Chester Castle against the Fenians, thirty years after meeting one of the attacking band, Michael Davitt, as a colleague in the House of Commons. In 1874 he started the East Anglian Daily Times, the first daily morn- ing newspaper published in the counties of Suffolk, Essex, and Cambridgeshire. In 1892 he started the London Morning Leader, the pioneer of halfpenny morning newspapers in the metropolis. President of the Newspaper Society, 1893; J. P. for Suffolk, 1894 ; returned to Parliament for Mid Norfolk, 1895, three months after a bye-election, in which he was defeated ; a Liberal. Married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Cappo, of Forest Hill, author of " Our National Debt," &c. Addresses: Reform Club, W.C. ; The Dale, Seaming, Norfolk ; and Highrow, Felixstowe. WILSON, George F ergusson , F.R.S. , F.L.S., F.C.S., descended from old Scotch families, was born at Wandsworth Com- mon, March 25, 1822, and is the sixth son of William Wilson and Margaret Nimmo Dickson, of Kilbucho and Culter, and was educated at private schools at Wands- worth and at Streatham. He has made many useful inventions which have been patented, some of which still hold their own, but the invention for which he is best known is the distillation of glycerine. Before this invention, glycerine, even that sold at very high prices, was so impure as to be for most purposes comparatively use- less ; by distillation in a current of super- heated steam Mr. G. F. Wilson obtained for the first time pure glycerine, now of the greatest value. On Nov. 30, 1854, a short paper by him " On the Value of Steam in the Decomposition of Neutral Fatty Bodies," was read before the Royal Society, and printed in the Proceedings ; and at the meeting of the British Associa- tion in Glasgow in 1855 he read a paper on distilled glycerine, which concluded with a prophecy that " Pure Glycerine will yet take its place among the most valued of modern products ; and produced as it will be in great quantities, it will be recog- nised in the arts as well as in medicine as a new, real blessing to mankind." Mr. G. F. Wilson has long been known in the horticultural world for his orchard house cultivation ; and for exhibiting lilies, for which, between 1867 and 1883, he received twenty- five first-class certificates. He filled many posts in the Royal Horticul- tural Society, and was for a time Treasurer, member of the Expenses Committee, Chairman of the Fruit and afterwards of the Floral Committee, and member of the Scientific Committee. Mr. G. F. Wilson became a member of the Society of Arts in 1845, and was eight years on the Council ; he lectured twice before the Society. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1855, of the Chemical Society in 1855, of the Linnaean in 1875, and of the Institute of Chemistry at its commencement. He became a member of the Athena;um Club in 1867. In 1897 he was awarded the Victoria Medal of Horti- culture. He married, in 1862, Ellen, daughter of R. W. Barchard, East Hill, Wandsworth. Addresses : Heatherbank, Weybridge Heath, &c. ; and Athen^um. WILSON, Miss Hilda, was born in Monmouth in 1860. Her father was a music-master. Possessing considerable talent, Mr. Wilson's services were held in such request as to necessitate his removal to the cathedral city of Gloucester ; and the change of residence afforded his young daughter many more educational privi- leges, as far at least as art was concerned, than her birthplace could by any possi- bility have furnished. The Choral Society, where, as time advanced, she could take part in rehearsing choruses of the great masters, opened up a way for her first appearance in public, for at one of its concerts Hilda Wilson, a girl of fourteen years of age, first sang before a general audience. She came in 1879 to London to study at the Royal Academy of Music, where she was instructed in the art of singing by Mr. William Shakespeare. A year after she was permitted to enter upon public duties, and consequently was en- abled to accept the offer of an engagement as one of the contralto soloists at the Gloucester Festival of 1880. Returning to the Academy, she prosecuted her studies with so much zeal as to win the "Westmoreland Scholarship " two years in succession, besides obtaining the " Parepa- Rosa Gold Medal," together with the Silver and Bronze Medals awarded at annual examinations of the institution. Upon leaving in 1882, she was elected an "Associate" of the Academy. In 1883 Miss Wilson again sang as second con- tralto at the Gloucester Festival, and in the year following served in the same capacity at the Worcester "Music Meet- ing." In 1887 she was, however, engaged as principal contralto at the Norwich Festival, and in 1888 appeared as leading contralto at the Lincoln, Gloucester, and Leeds Festivals. Since then she has made constant appearances at the principal concerts in London and the provinces. 1182 WILSON — WINDISCHGRATZ WILSON, James, American political leader and agriculturist, was born in Ayr- shire, Scotland, Aug. 16, 1835. He went to America with his parents in 1852, settling in Connecticut. In 1855 he re- moved to Iowa, locating in Tama County, where he engaged in farming. He .served three terms in the State Legislature, being Speaker of the Lower House on the third occasion. He was elected to Con- gress in 1872, and served in the Forty- third, Forty - fourth, and Forty - eighth Congresses. From 1870 to 1874 he was a Regent of the State University, and for several years has been Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and Professor of Agriculture at the Iowa Agricultural College at Ames. He became Secretary of Agriculture in President McKinley's Cabinet, Mar. 4, 1897. WILSON, TheVen. James Maurice, was born on Nov. 6, 1836. His father, the Rev. E. Wilson, who was a double first- class at Cambridge in 1825, and a Fellow of St. John's, was for many years Vicar of Nocton, Lincoln, and honorary Canon of Lincoln. Mr. Wilson was educated at King William's College, Isle of Man, and at Sedbergh Grammar School, and went up to St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1855. He was bracketed for the second Bell Scholarship in 1856 with Henry Sidgwick, who was afterwards Senior Classic. He took his degree in 1859 as Senior Wrangler. He was appointed by Dr. Temple to the post of Natural Science Master at Rugby, and in that capacity, and subsequently as Senior Mathematical Master, he worked at Rugby for twenty years. During those years he was an occasional contributor to the Geological and Astronomical Societies' journals, and founded the Temple Observa- tory at Rugby. His chief astronomical work is one in which he was associated with two other amateurs, the "Handbook of Double Stars." In 1879 he was offered the Headmastership of Clifton College, vacant by the resignation of Dr. Percival. Since that time until 1890, when he retired from that position, he had been more before the world as the Headmaster of a large and very active school, and as a preacher and writer, than as a scientific man. A volume of his school sermons in two series, of which the second appeared in 1891, has been published by Macmillan ; also volumes of Essays and Addresses and Contributions to Religious Thought. He is understood to have taken much interest in Bristol, in its religious and philanthropic and edu- cational work. He was Chaplain to the present Archbishop of Canterbury from 1885 to 1890. In 1890 he was presented to the living of Rochdale, in the Diocese of Manchester, and in the same year became Archdeacon of Manchester and Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Man- chester. He has since published (Kegan Paul) a volume of "Rochdale Sermons," and many separate addresses are published by the S.P.C.K. Address: The Vicarage, Rochdale. WILSON, William Edward, F.R.S., J.P., is the son of John Wilson, M.A., J.P., of Daramona House, Streete, co. West- meath, and was born on July 19, 1851. He was educated privately, and he has devoted himself to investigations con- nected with Astronomy and Physical Science. He built a private observatory at Daramona in 1871, and ten years later he constructed a larger observatory, add- ing also a physical laboratory and a mechanical workshop. Mr. Wilson has published numerous papers in the Philo- sophical Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society, and has also edited the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. He served the office of High Sheriff for Westmeath in 1894, and was married to Carolina Ada, daughter of Cap- tain R. C. Granville, in 1886. Addresses : Daramona, Streete, co. Westmeath ; and the Athenaeum. WILSON, Hon. William L., LL.D., American statesman, was born in Jefferson Co., Virginia, May 3, 1843, and was edu- cated at Charlestown Academy and at Columbian College, District of Columbia (where he graduated in 1860), and at the University of Virginia. He served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, and for several years afterwards was Professor in Columbian College. He sub- sequently resigned, and practised law at Charlestown. In 1882 he became Pre- sident of the West Virginia University, but relinquished this position upon entering Congress in 1883, where he served until 1895. He was Postmaster-General in Pre- sident Cleveland's Cabinet from 1895 to 1897, when he was elected President of Washington and Lee University. Mr. Wilson was Chairman of the Committee which framed the Revenue Bill, which became law in August 1894, and the measure hence became known as "The Wilson Tariff." The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Columbian Uni- versity in 1883, and by Hampden-Sidney College in 1886. WINCHESTER, Bishop of. See Davidson, The Right Rev. Randall Thomas. WINDISCHGB, ATZ, Prince Alfred, ex-Premier of Austria, is a descendant of one of the most aristocratic families in WINDSOR — WINNINGTON-INGRAM 1183 Austria. His father was one of the generals who suppressed the Revolution of 1848, and his uncle married the danseuse Marie Taglioni, a niece of the great Tag- lioni. He was born about 1852, and was educated at the Universities of Bonn and Prague, where he studied for the law instead of entering the army. In 1877 he was made a Doctor of Laws and a member of the Imperial Court of Justice. He has sat in the Austrian Reichsrath since 1876 as a Conservative and Clerical, and is also a member of the Bohemian Diet. When Count Taaffe resigned in November 1893, owing to the defeat of his Electoral Reform Bill. Prince Windischgratz formed a coalition ministry of Poles, Conservatives, and German Liberals. However, the Con- servative element prevailed, and the Prince no longer having the confidence of his Liberal followers in questions of electoral reform, &c, he resigned June 19, 1895, and was succeeded by the provisional government of Count Kilmansegg. WINDSOR, Lord, The Bight Hon. Robert George Windsor Clive, D.L., J.P., is the son of the Hon. Robert Windsor Clive, M.P., was born on Aug. 27, 1857, and succeeded his grandmother, Baroness Windsor, as 14th Baron, in 1869. He was educated at Eton and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. Re was Paymaster-General from 1891 to 1892, acted as Mayor of Cardiff from 1895 to 1896, and has been Lord-Lieutenant of Glamorganshire since 1890. He is Hon. Colonel of the 2nd Glamorgan Volunteer Artillery, of the 2nd Battalion of the Worcestershire Regiment, and of the 3rd Battalion of the Welsh Regiment. Lord Windsor was married in 1883 to Alberta, daughter of the Right Hon. Sir Augustus Berkeley Paget, KC.B. Addresses : St. Fagan's Castle, Cardiff, &c. WINGATE, Colonel Sir Francis Reginald, K.C.M.G., C.B., D.S.O., late Director of Military Intelligence in Egypt and Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, was born in June 1861, and is the son of the late Andrew Wingate. He entered the array as a Lieutenant of Royal Artillery in July 1880, and soon after was selected for employment with the Egyptian Army. He took part in the Soudan Campaign of 1884-85, and served in the Nile Expedition, acting as Aide-de- Camp and Military Secretary to the Major- General on the Lines of Communication. He was mentioned in despatches, and obtained the brevet of Major. In April 1886 he was appointed Aide-de-Camp to the General Commanding the Eastern District, but in the following month he returned to Egypt. Major Wingate took part in the operations on the Soudan Frontier in 1889, including the engage- ment at Toski, for which he obtained the D.S.O. He was also present at the capture of Tokar in February 1891, after which he received the Medjidieh of the third class. He served with the Dongola Expedition under Sir Herbert Kitchener as Director of Military Intelligence, and was present at the engagement at Firket and the operations at Hafir ; he was mentioned in despatches, and obtained the brevet of Lieut. -Colonel and two clasps to his medal. He has also served in a similar capacity in the Omdurman Ex- pedition, and has had control of the press censorship. Colonel Sir Francis Wingate was created K.C.M.G. in 1898, and is in possession of the Order of the Iron Crown of the second class and the Osmanieh of the fourth class, and is qualified to act as interpreter in Turkish. He is the author of "Ten Tears in the Mahdi's Camp," and "Mahdism and the Egyptian Soudan." He married, in 1888, Catherine Leslie, daughter of the late Captain J. S. Rundle, R.M. Address : Cairo. WINGFIELD, Sir Edward, K.C.B., fourth son of John Muxloe Wingfield, of Walcot, near Bath, was born in 1834, and educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he took seconds in Mathe- matical Mods, and firsts in Classical Mods, and Lit. Hum. He was a Fellow of his College from 1850 to 1872, and became S.C.L., 1853; B.C.L., 1857; M.A., 1859. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1859. He was appointed Assistant Under-Secretary at the Colonial Office in 1878, and recently succeeded Sir Robert Meade as Permanent Under-Secretary of State in the same Department. He was created a K.C.B. in January 1899. WINNINGTON - INGRAM, The Right Rev. Arthur Foley, D.D., Bishop of Stepney, Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, was born in Worcestershire on Jan. 26, 1858, and is the fourth son of the Rev. E. Winnington-Ingram, of Stanford Rectory, Worcestershire, and Louisa, daughter of Bishop Pepys. He was edu- cated at Marlborough College and Keble College, Oxford, where he took a first class in Classical Moderations and a second class in Lit. Hum. He became Curate of St. Mary's, Shrewsbury, in 1884 ; was Private Chaplain to the Bishop of Lich- field, 1885-89 ; in 1889 was appointed Head of Oxford House, Bethnal Green, and Chaplain to the Archbishop of York and to the Bishop of St. Albans; in 1895 became Rector of Bethnal Green ; in 1896 Rural Dean of Spitalfields ; and in 1897, having gained a wide experience of the 1184 WINTER — WODEHOUSE East End and its needs, both spiritual and social, was appointed second Bishop of Stepney, and Suffragan to the Bishop of London. In 1891 and 1892 he was Select Preacher at his old University, and in 1893 and 1897 at Cambridge. His works include: "Work in Great Cities," "Old Testament Difficulties," " New Testament Difficulties," "Church Difficulties," "The Men who Crucify Christ," 1896; "Christ and His Friends," 1897, &c. Address : 2 Amen Corner, St. Paul's, E.C. WINTER, The Hon. Sir James Spearman, K.C.M.G., colonial states- man, was born at Lamaline, Newfound- land, Jan. 1, 1845, and received an aca- demic education at St. Johns. He studied law, and was called to the Bar in 1867, becoming a Q.C. in 1880. He entered the Legislature in 1874, and sat con- tinuously up to 1889, shortly after which he was elevated to the Bench ; he filled successively the offices of Speaker of As- sembly, Solicitor -General, and Attorney- General, and was for a time leader of the Opposition. He served as a delegate to London on the French Fisheries question in 1890, and was agent for Newfoundland at the Washington Fishery Conference, 1887-88. In November 1896 he voluntarily resigned from the Bench and resumed the practice of the law, and not long after- wards re-entered political life, and was elected leader of the Opposition. In October 1897 he was called to the Premier- ship after the general elections in that month, and assumed office November 17. In 1898 he was a member of the Anglo- American International Conference at Quebec. He was created a K.C.M.G. for his public services in 1888. Address : St. Johns, Newfoundland. WINTER, John Strange. See Stan- naed, Mrs. Abthue. WISLICENUS, Johannes, Foreign F.R.S., German chemist, was born near Querfurt, in Prussian Saxony, June 24, 1835. Having taught chemistry at New York, Zurich, and Wiirzburg, he became Professor at Leipzig in 1885. His chief work is a handbook on chemistry. Ad- dress : The University, Leipzig. WISSMAN, Major Hermann von, German explorer, was born at Frankfort- on-the-Oder in 1853, and entered the army, becoming lieutenant in 1873. In 1880, at the request of the African Society of Berlin, he undertook his first journey, which lasted two years. His next was to explore the Congo for the Belgian Govern- ment. For some years he was Governor of German East Africa. WITT, John George, Q.C, second son of James M. Witt, Esq., of 40 Eccle- ston Square, S.W., and of S waff ham Prior, Cambridgeshire, was born at Denny Abbey, in the same county, on Sept. 24, 1836. He went to Eton College in 1848, and was elected King's Scholar in 1849, being placed first in the list of successful candi- dates. In 1856 hebecamea Scholar of King's College, Cambridge, having been placed first in the election from Eton. In 1859 he was admitted a Fellow of his College, and in due course became Senior Fellow. In 1860 he was in the first class of the Classical Tripos, and in 1861 he gained the University Hulsean Prize. In 1864 he was called to the Bar, and in 1892 he was appointed one of her Majesty's Council. In 1895 he was made a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. He has a leading practice at the Bar. He is the author of " The Mutual Influence of the Christian Doctrine and the School of Alexandria" (Macmillan), 1861, and of " Then and Now " (Richard Bentley and Son), 1897, a work on the survival of ancient forms of worship and ancient symbols. He was for many years editor of the Law Journal Reports. At Eton he was captain of football, and also played in the cricket match against Winchester, and was captain of the school from September 1855 to March 1856. Addresses : 1 King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. ; 29 Pembroke Eoad, Kensington, W. ; and Bridge End, Finchampstead, Berks. WITTE, Sergius de, Russian Minister of Finance, is of German parentage, and started life as a clerk in the goods de- partment of a railway in South Russia. By his own efforts he became Director of the Railway, and having been brought into contact with Vyschnegradski, he was introduced by him to political life, and by his unrivalled power over figures has held his present post for many years. WODEHOUSE, Edmond Robert, M.P., is the son of the late Sir P. E. Wodehouse, K.C.B., and was born in 1835. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his B.A. in 1865, and the M.A. in 1868. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1861, and acted as Private Secretary to Lord Kimberley during his tenure of the Lord- Lieutenancy of Ireland, from 1864 to 1866 ; of the Privy Seal, from 1868 to 1870; and of the Colonial Secretaryship, from 1870 to 1874. Mr. Wodehouse was elected as Liberal-Unionist Member for Bath in 1895, and he had also represented that con- stituency from 1880 to 1895. He acted as a Deputy-Chairman of Committees in the House of Commons in 1896. He was married, in 1876, to Adela, daughter of WOLF — WOLSELEY 1185 the Rev. C. W. Bagot. Address : 56 Chester Square, S.W. WOLF, Rudolf, astronomer, was born at Zurich, Switzerland, on July 17, 1816, and became Professor at the Swiss Poly- technic and Director of the Zurich Ob- servatory. He is widely known for his work upon solar spots. The following are among his principal works : " Neue Unter- suchungen ueber die Periode der Sonnen- flecken und ihrer Bedeutung," 1852 ; " Geschichte der Astronomie," 1877 ; "Geschichte der Vermessungen in der Schweiz," 1879; "Handbuch der Astro- nomie, ihre Geschichte und Litteratur," 1890; and his Astronomische Mittheilungen, 1856-90. WOLFE- BARRY, Sir John. See Baebt, Sie John Wolfe. WOLFF, The Right Hon. Sir Henry Drummond, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., is son of that eminent missionary and traveller the late Rev. Dr. Joseph Wolff, Vicar of Isle-Brewers, Somersetshire, by Lady Georgiana Mary Walpole, daughter of Horatio, second Earl of Orford, of the present creation. He was born at Malta, Oct. 12, 1830, and was educated at Rugby, under Dr. Tait, and on the Continent ; he entered the Foreign Office in 1846, and was made a permanent clerk in 1849. He was an Attache' at Florence in 1852-53, during part of which time-he was acting Charge d' Affaires. In July 1856 he was attached to the late Earl of Westmor- land's special mission to Belgium. In 1858 he was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to the Earl of Malmesbury, and afterwards to Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, and the following year was promoted to an Assistant-Clerkship in the Foreign Office. In the same year he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, and also Secretary to the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands. In that and the two following years he sat as a member of several Com- missions of inquiry into the civil adminis- tration, taxation, and education of the Ionian Islands and their inhabitants, and in 1862 was a Commissioner to represent the interest of those islands at the Great Exhibition of that year. He was nomi- nated a K.C.M.G. in 1862, and retired on a pension in June 1864, on the cessation of the British Protectorate over the Ionian Islands. In 1874 he was elected M.P. for Christ Church in the Conservative interest. He was a member of the Royal Commis- sion on Copyright. In 1878 he was ap- pointed her Majesty's Commissioner in Eastern Roumelia to represent Great Britain in the preparation of an autono- mous constitution for that province. For this service he was appointed a K.C.B., having previously been in succession C.M.G., K.C.M.G., and G.C.M.G. At the election of 1880 he was elected M.P. for Portsmouth. As such lie was one of the active group known as the Fourth Party. In June 1885 he was sworn a Privy Councillor, and in the August fol- lowing appointed Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Sultan of Turkey, on a special mission with par- ticular reference to the affairs of Egypt, and High Commissioner in Egypt on Nov- ember 2. In 1888 Sir Henry Drummond- Wolff was appointed Minister to Teheran. He accompanied the Shah on his last visit to England, and returned to Teheran in October 1888. In 1889 he was made G.C.B. on account of his services in the opening of the river Karun, and at Con- stantinople and Teheran. In 1891 he was appointed Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Bucharest, and in 1892 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Madrid. He is J.P. for Hampshire and Middlesex, and a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Colonial Institute ; is the author of a work on " The Residence of the First Napoleon at Elba," of a translation of a work by M. de Lesseps on "The Suez Canal," of the " Letters of Memnon," on the same subject, and of " The Mother Country and the Colonies," and other pam- phlets and articles. He married the only daughter of the late Mr. Sholto Douglas. Addresses : British Embassy, Madrid ; 28 Cadogan Place, S.W., &c. ; and Athenaeum. WOLSELEY, Viscount, Field- Marshal Sir Garnet Joseph, K.P., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., Com- mander-in-Chief of the Army, Colonel Royal Horse Guards, Gold-Stick-in-Wait- ing, son of Major G. J. Wolseley, of the 25th Regiment of Foot, was born at Golden Bridge House, near Dublin, June 4, 1833, and was educated at a private school and under tutors. He entered the army as Ensign in March 1852 ; became a Captain in January 1855 ; Major of the 90th Foot in March 1858 ; Lieut.-Colonelin the army in April 1859 ; and Colonel in June 1865. He served with the 80th Foot in the Burmese War of 1852-53, where he was severely wounded, and for which he received a medal. Afterwards he achieved distinc- tion in the Crimea, where he served with the 90th Light Infantry. At the siege of Sebastopol he was severely wounded, after which he received the Legion of Honour, and the fifth class of the Turkish Order of the Medjidieh. He was also at the siege and capture of Lucknow, and the defence of Alumbagh, where he was made brevet 4 F 1186 WOOD Lieut. -Colonel, and mentioned with com- mendation in despatches. In 1860 he served on the staff of the Quartermaster- General throughout the Chinese campaign, for which he received a medal and two clasps. He was appointed Deputy-Quarter- master-General in Canada in October 1867, and commanded the expedition to the Red River ; was nominated a Knight Com- mander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1870 ; and was Assistant Ad- jutant-General at headquarters in 1871. He was appointed in August 1873 to com- mand the troops on the Gold Coast during the Ashantee War, with the local rank of Major-General. On Sept. 12, 1873, he and his staff embarked at Liverpool for the West Coast of Africa. After defeating the enemy, Sir Garnet Wolseley, on Feb. 5, entered Coomassie, and received the sub- mission of the King. The success of the expedition justified the confidence which had been reposed in the Commander-in- Chief. On his return to England Sir Garnet Wolseley received the thanks of Parliament and a grant of £25,000 for his "courage, energy, and perseverance" in the conduct of the Ashantee War ; was created a K.C.B. ; and was presented with the freedom of the City of London and a splendid sword of the value of 100 guineas, Oct. 22, 1874. He was appoiuted to com- mand the Auxiliary Forces in April 1874. At the commencement of the following year he was despatched to Natal to administer the government of that colony and to advise upon several important points connected with the management of native affairs and the best form of defen- sive organisation. On Oct. 2, 1875, he landed at Portsmouth, accompanied by his staff, on his return from the Cape of Good Hope. He remained in command of the Auxiliary Forces till November 1876, when he was nominated a member of the Council of India. On July 12, 1878, he was ap- pointed the Administrator of the Island of Cyprus, under the style of Her Majesty's High Commissioner and Commander-in- Chief in the same island. In June 1879 he was sent to South Africa, as Governor and High Commissioner of Natal and the Transvaal, to reorganise the affairs of Zululand, and on that occasion conducted the operations against Sikukuni, whose stronghold he destroyed. Returning in May 1880 he was appointed Quartermaster- General at the headquarters of the army, and in April 1882 succeeded Sir Charles Ellice as Adjutant-General of the Army. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Ex- peditionary Force sent to Egypt in 1882 ; received the thanks of Parliament ; and was gazetted (Nov. 20) Baron Wolseley of Cairo, and of Wolseley, in the county of Stafford. For his services in Egypt, he received from the Khedive, Tewfik Pacha, the Grand Cordon of the Osmanieh. He was also promoted to the rank of General in 1882. On May 12, 1883, he was ap- pointed to the Hon. Colonelcy of the 23rd Middlesex V.B. (now the 2nd V.B. Royal Fusiliers), in succession to Sir Charles Russell, W.€., deceased. He was made D. C. L. of Oxford, and LL. D. of Cambridge. In June 1883 the University of Dublin con- ferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1884-85 he was Commander-in- Chief in Egypt, and conducted the opera- tions undertaken for the relief of Khar- toum, for which services he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament, was made K.P., and raised to the dignity of Viscount Wolseley, of Wolseley, in the county of Stafford. He retired in 1890 from being Adjutant-General to the Forces, and was succeeded by Sir Redvers Buller ; Lord Wolseley having been appointed Commander of the Forces in Ireland. In 1894 he was appointed a Field- Marshal, and received his baton in the autumn from the Queen at Windsor. Lord Wolseley is the author of " Narrative of the War with China in 1860," to which is added the "Account of a Short Residence with the Tai-Ping Rebels at Nankin, and a Voyage thence to Hankow," 1862 ; "The Soldier's Pocket Book for Field Service," 1869, 2nd edit., 1871 ; new edit., 1882 ; " The System of Field Manoeuvres best adapted for enabling our Troops to meet a Continental Army," printed in " Essays written for the Wellington Prize," 1872; "France as a Military Power in 1870 and 1878," in the Nineteenth Century, January 1878. In 1894 he published an important biography of the Duke of Marlborough, and in 1895 "The Decline and Fall of Napoleon." In 1895 he succeeded H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge as Commander-in-Chief, which position he still holds. He was appointed one of the Commissioners of the Patriotic Fund, together with Lord Rothschild, in June 1899. He married, in 1867, Louisa, daughter of A. Erskine. Addresses : 4 Grosvenor Gardens, S.W. ; and Athenseum. WOOD, General Sir Hy. Evelyn, JST.ffi., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., D.L., is the youngest son of the late Rev. Sir John Page Wood, Bart., of Rivenhall, some time Vicar of Cressing, Essex, and Rector of St. Peter's, Cornhill, by Emma Caroline, youngest daughter of Mr. Sampson, of Croft West, Cornwall, a captain, R.N., and an admiral in the Portuguese service. He was born at Cressing on Feb. 9, 1838, entered the navy in 1852, served with dis- tinction as Aide-de-camp to Captain Sir William Peel, in command of the Naval Brigade in the Crimea (1854-55). At the unsuccessful assault on the Redan (June WOOD 1187 18, 1855), while carrying one of the scaling ladders, he was severely wounded ; he was mentioned with praise in Lord Baglan's despatches. He obtained the Crimean Medal with two clasps, the fifth class of the Order of the Medjidieh, and a Turkish Medal ; and was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour. He next entered the army as Cornet, 13th Light Dragoons ; was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in 1856, Captain in 17th Lancers in 1861, and Major in 1862. In the Indian cam- paign of 1858 he served as a Brigade- Major, and was present at the actions of Rajghur, Sindwaho, Kharee, and Baroda, for which he gained a medal, and was twice mentioned in despatches. In 1859 and 1860 he commanded the 1st Regiment of Beatson's Irregular Horse, and received the thanks of the Indian Government for his pursuit of the rebels in the Seronge jungle ; he also won the Victoria Cross for valour. He raised the 2nd Regiment of Central India Horse. In September 1873, being a Lieut. -Colonel 90th Infantry, he accompanied Major-General Sir Garnet Wolseley to the Ashantee War, and organised a native force, which he com- manded, with other troops, in the affairs of Bssaman, and on the road from Mansu to the River Prah, following the retreat of the Ashantee army from the coast. Lieut. - Colonel Wood afterwards commanded the right wing of the army in the battles of Amoaful (wounded) and Ordahsu, and the capture of Coomassie. For these services he was several times mentioned in de- spatches, and was nominated a C.B. (1874), promoted to the brevet rank of Colonel, and received the Medal with Clasp. Having distinguished himself in both the naval and the military services of the country, he joined the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple in April 1870, and was called to the Bar in Easter Term 1874, shortly after his return from the Ashantee War. He served throughout the Zulu War of 1879 in command of No. 4 column. As political agent he raised a contingent of 1000 friendly Zulus, known as "Wood's Irregulars." Two days after the British reverse at Isandula he surprised and defeated a force of several thousands of the enemy, and then maintained an ad- vanced position in the enemy's country, for which he was specially commended by the High Commissioner. He defeated the Zulus in the action of Kambula on March 29, and in April was made Brigadier- General. He led the advance to Ulundi with a flying column, and was present in the engagement there on July 4. On his return to England he was received by the Queen in person, and was created aK.C.B. (September 1879). On Nov. 1, 1879, the Bar of England entertained him at a banquet in the hall of the Middle Temple ; he was given a sword of honour by the county of Essex, and was made J.P. for the county. He served in the Transvaal War of 1880-81, with the local rank of Major- General ; was nominated one of her Majesty's Commissioners for settling the Transvaal territory in April 1881 ; created G.C.M.G. ; and was reappointed to com- mand the troops in the Chatham district in 1880. He commanded the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, in the expedition to Egypt in 1882, and for his distinguished services received the thanks of Parliament. In December 1882 he was appointed Com- mander-in-Chief of the Egyptian army, ranking as chief of the Pachas, or Sirdar. He commanded the line of communication in the Nile Expedition, 1884-85 ; Grand Cordon of the Medjidieh, Khedive's Star, and Medals. He commanded the Eastern district from April 1, 1886, to December 1889, and the Aldershot District from Jan. 1, 1889, till Oct. 8, 1893, was from 1893 till 1897 Quartermaster-General to the Forces, and is now Adjutant-General. He received the Grand Cross of the Bath in 1891. He is J.P. and D.L. for Essex. He is the author of "The Crimea in 1854-94," and "Cavalry at Waterloo," 1896. He married, in 1867, the Hon. Mary Paulina Southwell, who died in 1891. Addresses: 23 Devon- shire Place, W. ; and War Office. WOOD, Kev. Joseph, D.D., Head- Master of Harrow, was born in 1843, and is the second son of John Wood, of Man- chester. He was educated at Balliol Col- lege, Oxford, where he was an Exhibitioner, took a First Class in Classical Moderations in 1863, and a First Class in the Final School of Lit. Hum. in 1865. He was also in the latter year elected a Fereday Fellow of St. John's College (M.A. 1868, B. and D.D. 1879). He was ordained in 1865, became an Assistant Master at Cheltenham College in 1867, and three years later he was appointed Head-Master of Leamington College. He took the degree of D.D. in 1879, and he acted as a Classical Moderator at Oxford from 1876-77. After a period of twenty years' successful work at Leamington, Dr. Wood was, in 1890, appointed Head - Master of Tonbridge School, where he quickly made his influence felt, and where in the course of some six or seven years he raised the numbers from 200 to 450. In November 1898, on the nomination of Dr. Welldon as Bishop of Calcutta, he was selected by the Governors of Harrow School as his successor. Address : Harrow School. WOOD, Thomas M'Kinnon, late Chairman of the London County Council, was born in London in 1855, and educated 1188 WOOD — WOODFORD at Mill Hill School, and at University College, London, of which he is a Life- Governor. He graduated with first class honours at the University of London, and for some time was a regular contributor to the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," chiefly on literary and historical subjects. On the death of his father, Mr. Hugh Wood, a London shipowner and export merchant, he succeeded to his business, and he is con- nected with several commercial under- takings in London and Liverpool. Since 1892 he has chiefly devoted his time to public work, having in that year been elected to the London County Council for Central Hackney, for which constituency he has been twice re-elected. In 1894 he became Chairman of the Local Govern- ment and Taxation Committee, and for nearly three years he was Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee of the Council. He was also a member of the first Technical Education Board, which was appointed by the Council in 1873, and of the Special Committee on London Government. In 1875 he contested East Islington unsuc- cessfully as Liberal Parliamentary candi- date. During the last Council he was chosen as the first leader of the Progres- sive party. In this capacity he published (in February 1898) an article in the Con- temporary Review explaining the position of the Progressive party, and discussing the alternative policies for the government of London, strongly maintaining the view that the election ought to be fought upon purely municipal issues, and not upon political lines. On March 15, 1898, he was elected as Chairman of the London County Council, having been re-elected on the previous day for Central Hackney by 3162 votes, as compared with 2473 at the election of 1895. In March 1899 he was succeeded in the Chairmanship by Lord Welby. Address : Brookfield House, Kirk- field Lane, Highgate Rise, N.W. WOOD, Thomas "Waterman, Ameri- can painter, was born in Montpelier, Ver- mont, in November 1823. Without the stimulant of artistic surroundings, he early developed a love of art, and as soon as his means would permit, studied his profession in the studio of Chester Hard- ing in Boston. After painting portraits in Canada, Washington, and Baltimore, he went to Europe and received great benefit from the earnest study of the great masters. On his return from abroad he painted portraits in Nashville and Louis- ville, and set up his easel in New York in 1866 as a figure-painter. He first exhibited at the National Academy of Design in 1858, was elected an Associate in 1869, and an Academician in 1871. He was President of the American Water-Colour Society from 1878 to 1887 ; Vice-President of the National Academy of Design from 1879 to 1891 ; and has been President of that Institution since that date. Mr. Wood's reputation rests mainly upon his figure pictures, but much of his time is occupied in painting portraits. WOODALL, "William, M.P., J.P., was born in 1832, and educated at Liverpool. He is senior partner in the Washington China Works, at Burslem, and is Chairman of the Sneyd Colliery. He was first elected to Parliament as member for Stoke-on- Trent at the general election of 1880, and represented that constituency until the dissolution of 1885, when he was elected for Hanley, being returned unopposed in 1886, and re-elected in 1892, and again in 1895, as a Gladstone Liberal. Mr. Woodall was for twelve years Chairman of the Burslem School Board, and is still Chair- man of the Free Library, the School of Art, and the Endowed Schools in that town ; was a member of the Royal Com- missions on Technical Education, and on the education of the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind. He has been President of the North Staffordshire Mining and Mechani- cal Engineers, and of the Municipal Cor- porations Association. In Mr. Gladstone's government of 1886 he was appointed Sur- veyor-General of Ordnance, and in 1892 became Financial Secretary to the War Office. He is an ardent advocate of Women's Suffrage, and of Disestablish- ment. Mr. Woodall is also one of the Trustees of the Savage Club, and is an occasional contributor to journalism and the magazines. He is the author of "Paris after Two Sieges." He is a J.P. for Staffordshire and a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Addresses : 4 Queen Anne's Mansions, S.W. ; and Bleak House, Burslem. WOODBTJRN, Sir John, K.C.S.I., member of the Council of the Governor- General of India, was born in 1842, and having been educated at the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, he was ap- pointed to the Bengal Civil Service in 1862. Having held several departmental posts, he was appointed Chief Secretary to the Government of the North- Western Provinces, and in 1891 became a mem- ber of the Viceroy's Legislative Council, and two years later became Chief Com- missioner of the Central Provinces, attain- ing his present rank in 1895. "WOODFORD, Charles Morris, was born at Gravesend, Kent, Oct. 30, 1852, and is the son of Henry Pack Woodford, of Gravesend. He was educated at Ton- bridge School, 1864-70 ; was elected a WOODFORD — WOODS 1189 Fellow of the Koyal Geographical Society in 1885 ; a Fellow of the Royal Geo- graphical Society of Australasia (N.S. Wales Branch) in 1888 ; Member of the Council in 1889 ; a Fellow of the Linnean Society of New South Wales in 1889; Corresponding Member of Zoological Society in 1889 ; and was awarded the Gill Memorial by the Royal Geographical Society in 1890, for " three Expeditions to the Solomon Islands, and the important additions made to our topographical know- ledge and natural history of the islands. " His works published are : a paper on the "Exploration of the Solomon Islands," read before the Royal Geographical Society, March 26, 1888, published in the Proceedings of the Society, June 1888 ; a paper on " A Third Visit to the Solomon Islands," read before the Royal Geo- graphical Society, April 1890, published in the Proceedings, July 1890; "General Remarks on the Zoology of Solomon Islands, and Notes on Brenchley's Mega- pode," published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, May 1, 1888 ; and a book entitled "A Naturalist among the Head Hunters," 1890. This most valuable contribution to our knowledge of canni- balism refers chiefly to the natives of the Solomon Islands. In 1897 Mr. Woodford published a Government "Report on the British Solomon Islands in the Western Pacific." WOODFORD, Stewart Lyndon, American lawyer and diplomat, was born in New York City, Sept. 3, 1835, and was educated at Tale and at Columbia College, where he graduated in 1854, commencing the practice of the law in his native city in 1857. In 1861 he was appointed Assistant U.S. District Attorney for the southern dis- trict of New York ; but in 1862 he entered the army, where he served until 1865, and became in succession Chief -of-Staff to General Q. A. Gilmore in the department of the South, and Military Commandant of Charleston and Savannah, attaining the brevet rank of Brigadier-General of Volun- teers. He was Lieut. -Governor of New York, 1866-68. In 1872 he was elected to Congress, and from 1877 to 1883 he filled the office of U.S. District Attorney for the southern district of New York. In 1897 he was appointed United States Minister to Spain, and remained in that office until he received his passport in April 1898, on the breaking out of war between Spain and the United States. WOODHEAD, German Sims, M.D., Edin., F.R.C.P. Edin., F.R.C.S., Pro- fessor of Pathology, Cambridge, was born at Huddersfield on April 29, 1855, and is the eldest son of Joseph Woodhead, J. P., at one time M.P. for the Spen Valley, and editor of the Huddersfield Examiner, and of Catherine, eldest daughter of James Booth Woodhead, of the Ridings, Holmfirth. He was educated at Huddersfield College, and at Edinburgh University, where he was Thesis Gold Medallist in 1881, and in London and Vienna (M.D. Edin., 1881 ; M.B. and CM., 1878 ; M., 1880, F.R.C.P. Edin., 1882). In 1878 he was President of the Royal Medical Society of Edin- burgh, and is President of the British Medical Temperance Association, Fellow of the Roy. Med. Chir. Soc, and fellow or member of numerous other medical and scientific societies. In 1879 he began to teach Anatomy and then Pathology, and to carry out original investigations on these subjects in the principal medical institu- tions of Edinburgh, and in 1890 was appointed Director of the Laboratories of the Conjoint Board of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons in London. His work on the Embankment has been of the greatest scientific and national use- fulness and importance, the laboratories there established in great measure taking the place of that Pasteur Institute for which English medical science still waits. In February 1899 Professor Sims Wood- head was appointed Professor of Pathology at Cambridge University in succession to his former colleague in London, the late Professor Kanthack, and received the thanks and congratulations of the two Colleges with which he had been so long honourably associated. From 1892 to 1895 he was Assistant-Commissioner to the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis. His works on Bacteriology and Pathology are numer- ous, and include "Practical Pathology" (col. illustrations), 1883, edit. 3, 1892; "Bacteria and their Products," 1891 ; and, with Arthur W. Hare, "Pathological Mycology : an Inquiry into the Etiology of Infective Diseases," part 1, 1885; besides a report to the Royal Commis- sioners on Tuberculosis, 1895, and numer- ous contributions to the scientific journals and to systems of medicine and surgery. Professor Sims Woodhead is editor of the Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. He married, in 1881, a daughter of James Yates, Esq., of Edinburgh. Address : Cam- bridge. WOODS, Sir Albert William, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.S.A., was born April 16, 1816, and is a son of Sir William Woods, who filled the office of Garter King-of-Arms from 1838 until his death in 1842. He entered the College of Arms as Portcullis Pursuivant in 1838 (and has been, therefore, a member of the Corporation for upwards of sixty years), was promoted to the office of Lancaster Herald in 1841, and became 1190 WOODS Registrar of the College in April 1886. He was advanced to the office of Garter Principal King-of-Arms, Oct. 25, 1869, in succession to his father's successor, Sir Charles George Young, and received the honour of knighthood on the 11th of the following month. He was attached to the missions for investing the King of Den- mark, the King of the Belgians, and the Emperor of Austria with the Order of the Garter, and, as Garter, was joint plenipo- tentiary for investing the King of Italy, the King of Spain, and the King of Saxony. Sir A. W. Woods holds the office of Regis- Irar and Secretary to the Order of the Bath, Registrar to the Order of the Star of India, King-of-Arms to that of St. Michael and St. George, and Registrar to that of the Indian Empire. He married, in 1848, Caroline, daughter of Robert Cole, of Rotherfield. Addresses : College of Arms, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. ; and 69 St. George's Road, Warwick Square, S.W. WOODS, Henry, R.A., born April 23, 1847, at Warrington, in Lancashire, is eldest son of the late Mr. William Woods, of that town, was educated at the local grammar school, entered the Warrington School of Art as a pupil at nine years of age, and remained there until he went to London, in the winter of 1864, having ob- tained a " National Scholarship " in the Art Training Schools at South Kensington. Mr. Woods held that scholarship for three years, working in the Antique and Life Schools, and at the study of stained glass. When he left South Kensington, the latter study was not proceeded with, but he began to illustrate for various periodicals, painting during the greater part of his time. When the Graphic started, Mr. Woods was one of the first members of its staff. His first picture exhibited at the Royal Academy was a little landscape at the first exhibition held at Burlington House. Since then he has been a regular exhibitor. His first pictures of any im- portance were Thames subjects — "Going Home," "Haymakers," &c. In 1876 Mr. Woods first went to Venice, and joined the group of artists who have made modern Venetian subjects so popular ; his earliest pictures of everyday Venetian life were: "A Venetian Ferry" (pur- chased for the Cape Town Gallery), "Street Trading in Venice," "A Gondo- lier's Courtship," "The Ducal Court- yard," and "Preparing for the Festa." He was elected Associate of the Royal Academy in 1882. Since then Mr. Woods has painted : " Bargaining for an Old Master," "Preparations for First Communion," " II Mio Traghetto," "Cupid's Spell," " Choosing a Summer- Gown," "The Water-Wheels of Savassa," &c. In the Royal Academy, 1890, Mr. Woods exhibited: "On the Riva of the Giudecca," " In the Shade of the Scuola San Rocco," and "La Promessa Sposa," and his subsequent exhibits in the Academy have been chiefly inspired by Venetian themes. Among his latest ex- hibits at the Royal Academy are : " Wait- ing for a Ferry, Venice," 1894 ; "La Friula- nella," and " II Campo SS. Giovanni e Paola, Venice" (diploma work), 1895; "A Venetian Christening Party," and "At the Giudecca, Venice," 1896; "A Valais Village," " Leisure Moments," and three landscapes, 1897 ; and " The Fisher- man's Courtship," 1898. Addresses : 2727 San Maurizio, Venice ; and Athenaium. WOODS, Rev. Henry George, D.D., born at Woodend, Northamptonshire, June 16, 1842, is the eldest son of Henry William Woods, of Heene, Sussex. He was educated at Lancing College and C.C.C., Oxford. Scholar of C.C.C., 1861-65 ; First Class in Lit. Hum., 1865. He was elected Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1865, and continued in his fellowship to 1879, and from 1883 to 1890. He was Tutor of Trinity, 1866-80; Bursar, 1867-87 ; Senior Proctor of the University of Oxford in 1877. He was President of Trinity, 1887-97, and is Perpetual Curator of the Ashmolean Museum and University Gal- leries, Oxford. He published in 1873 an edition of " Herodotus," books i. and ii., with English notes. Address : Pl&s Meini, Festiniog, North Wales. WOODS, Margaret Louisa, wife of Rev. H. G. Woods, D.D., authoress, is the second daughter of George Granville Bradley, D.D., Dean of Westminster ; was born at Rugby in 1856, and educated at home and at Leamington. She won her reputation with "A Village Tragedy" in 1887, and this was followed by "Lyrics and Ballads," 1889; "Esther Vanhomrigb," 1891; "The Vagabonds," 1894; "Wild Justice," 1896; "Aeromancy," 1896; " Weeping Ferry," 1898. Address: Plas Meini, Festiniog, North Wales. " WOODS, Samuel, M.P., is the son of Thomas Woods, a working collier of St. Helens, Lancashire, and was born in 1846. At seven years of age he began to work in a coal-mine, and as he grew up began to take a lead in organising the miners, so that they might, through combination, be able to defend their own interests, and improve the conditions of their employ- ment. In 1878 he was able to establish the Lancashire Miners' Federation, of which he was elected the first President, and WOODVILLE — WOODWARD 1191 which position he still holds, and in 1887 he became a Vice - President of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain. From 1884 to 1887 he served on the Local Board of Ashton, and in November 1895 he was elected as a District Coun- cillor for the township where he lives. Mr. Woods was returned to Parliament in 1892 as Liberal and Labour member for the Ince Division of Lancashire, and for three years he sat in the House of Com- mons, actively advocating the interests of Labour, and consistently supporting the Liberal Government. During this time he helped to ventilate the grievances of the printers employed on Government work, and of the Post-Office employees ; he was also appointed a member of the small committee which was sent to inquire into the hours and wages of the men employed at Woolwich Arsenal. It was Mr. Woods again who had charge of the Miners' Eight Hours Bill, which, however, was lost in the Committee stage. In 1894 Mr. Woods was elected Secretary of the Trades Union Congress, a post which he still holds. At the last general election he lost his seat in Lancashire, but, at a bye-election in Feb. 1897, he was returned once more to the House of Commons as Labour and Liberal member for the Walthamstow Division of Essex. He gained a first - class mine manager's certificate, by public examina- tion, in 1886, and he has travelled in America and on the Continent, in con- nection with the International Miners' Congresses. Mr. Woods is a Baptist and a total abstainer. Addresses : Kose Villa, Brynn, near Wigan, Lanes. ; and 19 Buckingham Street, Strand, W.C. WOODVILLE, Richard Caton, is the son of an artist who was born in America, but who died in London. He was born in London on Jan. 7, 1856, and was educated at Diisseldorf, Germany. He became an artist, and made a special study of battle pictures, exhibiting his first, picture at the Royal Academy in 1879, and since then annually. He has painted several large pictures for the Queen, which are now in Windsor Castle, viz. : " The Wedding at Whippingham Church," "Death of General Howard," and "The Guards at Tel-el-Kebir." He was present during the Turkish war of 1878, and in the Egyptian war of 1882, and has received the Commandership of the Order of the Medjidieh, and of Daniello, Montenegro. He has also illustrated numerous stories, appearing in magazines, and has himself written articles on sport and travel. Mr. Woodville was married, in 1883, to Mrs. H. Waddington, ne'e Curtis. Address : 107 Queen's Gate, W. WOODWARD, Henry, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Pres. Pal. Soc, Keeper of the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History), is the sixth son of the late Samuel Woodward, of Norwich, author of "The Geology of Norfolk," 1833 ; a " Synoptical Table of British Organic Remains," 1830, &c. His eldest brother, Mr. B. B. Woodward, B.A. Lond. , F.S.A., was for some years Libra- rian to her Majesty at Windsor Castle. His second brother, Dr. S. P. Woodward, F.G.S., for seventeen years in the Depart- ment of Geology, British Museum, was a geologist and naturalist of eminence, and author of a "Manual of the Mollusca," 1851-56, which has reached a sale of up- wards of 12,000 copies. The subject of the present notice was born at Norwich, Nov. 24, 1832. His father died when he was only five years of age. Henry Wood- ward was educated at the Norwich Gram- mar School, and at the Grammar School, Botesdale, Suffolk. Thence, in 1846, he went to reside with his brother, Dr. S. P. Woodward, at that time Professor of Natural History at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, where he entered as an out-door student at the College, and worked diligently for three years. There he imbibed that knowledge of geology and love of natural history which, inherited from his father, needed only opportunity and encouragement to develop. In January 1858 Professor Owen, the Superintendent of the Natural History Departments in the British Museum, wrote offering him a junior assistant's post in the Geological Department, under Mr. G. R. Waterhouse, where his brother, Dr. S. P. Woodward, was already a senior assistant. His ready acceptance of this small post evinced his anxiety to take up geology as a profession, and he entered on his new duties with alacrity. In 1859 he was made a second- class assistant, in 1865 a first-class, and in 1867 he entered the first - class upper section, a proof that his services met with favourable official recognition. In the spring of 1860 he accepted an invitation to join Mr. Robert MacAndrew, F.R.S., on a dredging expedition to the south coast of Spain and the Mediterranean ; and at Malaga and Gibraltar he made excellent zoological and geological collections. In 1863 he again joined MacAndrew in a dredging expedition along the north coast of the Spanish peninsula from Bilbao to Coruna. Excursions were also made into the interior to Vittoria, Burgos, &c. In 1864 Mr. Woodward commenced, and still continues, to edit the Geological Magazine, a monthly journal of geology, now in its thirty-fifth year. Dr. Woodward's contri- butions to scientific literature number nearly 300 ; he has also published a mono- 1192 WOODWAKD — WOKDSWORTH graph on the " Fossil Merostomata," and one on " Carboniferous Trilobites," in the volumes of the Palaeontographical Society ; a Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, published by the Trustees of the British Museum; articles on "Mollusca" and "Crustacea,"in"Cassells' Natural History"; and on " Crustacea," in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." In 1873-74 Mr. Woodward was elected President of the Geologists' Association. In February 1893 he assisted in founding the Malacological Society of London, and was its first President, from 1893 to 1895, and now is Vice-President ; and was from 1894 to 1896 President of the Geological Society, and since June 1896 President of the Palseontographical Society of London. In 1873 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1878 the University of St. Andrews conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. On June 23, 1880, on the retirement of Mr. George B. Waterhouse, the Principal Trustees of the British Museum appointed Dr. Henry Woodward Keeper of the De- partment of Geology, in which he had served as an assistant for twenty-two years, a promotion which was re- ceived with satisfaction among scientific men generally. In 1857 Mr. Woodward married Ellen Sophia, only child of Foun- tain Page, Esq., of Norwich, by whom he has two sons and five daughters. Dr. Woodward's eldest son, H. P. Woodward, J.P., Assoc. Mernb. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., is now Honorary Gov. Geologist for Western Australia ; and the younger, M. F. Wood- ward, is Demonstrator in Biology in the Royal College of Science, London. Dr. Woodward's daughters are very successful artists and book-illustrators ; and one is a member of the British College of Physical Education. Address : 129 Beaufort Street, Chelsea, S.W. WOODWARD, Horace Boling- broke, F.R.S., F.G.S., born at Barns- bury, London, Aug. 20, 1848, is the second son of the late Dr. S. P. Woodward, F.G.S., of the British Museum, and author of a "Manual of the Mollusca." He was educated at private schools, and was ap- pointed an assistant in the Library and Museum of the Geological Society, then at Somerset House, in 1863. He joined the staff of the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1867 as Assistant Geolo- gist, was promoted to be Geologist in 1875, and District Surveyor in 1896. He is author of "The Geology of England and Wales," 1876 (2nd edit., 1887) ; also of several memoirs of the Geological Sur- vey, on the "Geology of East Somerset, &c," "Norwich," " Fakenham," "The Jurassic Rocks of Britain," and " Soils and Sub-soils from a Sanitary Point of View," 1876-97. He was President of the Norwich Geological Society, 1877-79 ; of the Norfolk Naturalists' Society, 1892-93 ; and of the Geologists' Association, 1893- 94, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1896, and was awarded the Murchison Medal by the Council of the Geological Society in 1897. Addresses : Museum, Jermyn Street, S.W. ; and 8 Inglewood Road, West Hampstead, N.W. WOOLLEY, Celia Parker, American writer, was born at Toledo, Ohio, in 1848. When she was quite young her parents re- moved to Cold water, Mich., where, except- ing a few months spent at the Lake Erie Seminary (Plainesville, Ohio), she was educated, graduating from the Coldwater Seminary in 1866. Her literary career began with occasional contributions to periodicals. For eight years she was the Chicago correspondent of the Christian Register (a Boston Unitarian weekly) ; in 1884 Lippincott's published her first short story, and a few others have followed in the same magazine. Her first novel was issued in 1887, and was received with great favour. It was brought out under the title of " Love and Theology," a name changed in later editions to " Rachel Armstrong." She has since published two others, "A Girl Graduate," 1889; and "Roger Hunt," 1892. In 1868 she was married to D. J. H. Woolley, and in 1876 went to Chicago. She is an active member of the Women's Club, of which for two years she was President, and before which she frequently lectures. For a period of nearly three years she was assistant editor of Unity, the organ of radical Unitarianism in the West. Mrs. Woolley's mind has always been chiefly engaged in religious and ethical questions, and in September 1893 she accepted a call to the pastorate of the Unitarian Church, Geneva, Illinois, in the duties of which she is now (1894) engaged. WORCESTER, Bishop of. See Pekowne, The Right Rev. John James Stewakt. WORDSWORTH, Canon Christo- pher, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was Bell University Scholar in 1867, and Le Bas Prizeman in 1871. In the latter year he took his degree, and was ordained. From 1870 to 1877 he was a Fellow and Tutor of Peter- house College, Cambridge, and from 1875 to 1877 he also acted as Curate of St. Giles', Cambridge. Appointed to the Rectory of Galston, Rutlandshire, in 1877, WORDSWORTH 1193 he was preferred, after a period of twelve years, to the Rectory of Tyneharn, near Wareham. He was installed a Prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral in 1886, and he is at present Eector of St. Peter's, Marlborough. He is the author of "University Society in the 18th Century," 1874 ; and " Scholae Academics," or "University Studies in the 18th Century," 1877 ; "and he has assisted in editing "Breviarium ad usum Sarum, A.D. 1531," 3 vols., 1879-86 ; " Pontificate Ecclesire S. Andrese," 1885 ; "Lincoln Cathedral Statutes," vol. i., 1892 ; " Coronation of King Charles I., 1626," 1892, &c. WORDSWORTH, Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Christopher Wordsworth, late Bishop of Lincoln, eldest sister of the present Bishop of Salisbury, and great-niece of the poet, was born at Harrow June 22, 1840, and was educated mainly at home. On the foundation of Lady Margaret Hall at Oxford, in 1879, Miss Wordsworth was ap- pointed its first Principal, a position which she still holds. In 1886, the need being felt of supplying a college for women, where students, unable to bear the ex- penses of Lady Margaret Hall, might receive equal educational advantages, she founded St. Hugh's Hall, which now con- tains about twenty-five students within its walls. Miss Wordsworth has written not only poems and tales of considerable merit, and very popular papers for Church gatherings of women and girls, e.g. "Thoughts for the Chimney Corner," but a remarkable short volume on William Wordsworth, and three valuable series of lectures, entitled " Illustrations of the Creed," " The Decalogue," and " The Lord's Prayer," and a Life of Bishop C. Wordsworth. Address : Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. WORDSWORTH, The Right Rev. John, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Salisbury, eldest son of the late Right Rev. Chris- topher Wordsworth, D.D., Bishop of Lin- coln, and nephew of the late Bishop of St. Andrews, and therefore great-nephew of the poet, was born at Harrow, Sept. 21, 1843, and educated at Ipswich, Winchester School, and at New College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1865. In 1866 he became a Master at Wellington College, which brought him into close relation with the late Archbishop Benson, and in 1867 he was elected Fellow, and in 1868 Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. He was ap- pointed Prebendary of Lincoln in 1870 ; Select Preacher at Oxford, 1876 ; Bampton Lecturer, 1881 ; Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture, with Canonry of Rochester annexed, 1883. On the death of Dr. Moberly in 1885 he was appointed Bishop of Salisbury. The Bishop has interested himself in a variety of sub- jects of a literary and religious character, of which the following are the principal. His chief publications are noticed under each head. 1. Latin Classical Literature — " Lectures Introductory to a History of Latin Literature," 1870 ; "Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin," 1874. 2. The Latin New Testament — He has long been engaged upon a critical edition of St. Jerome's Vulgate for the Oxford Press, and has published the first volume, con- taining the four gospels, in conjunction with the Rev. H. J. White, now Fellow and Chaplain of Merton College, Oxford. Subsidiary to this are a series of "Old Latin Biblical Texts," Oxford, 1883, &c, and " The Corbey St. James," in the first volume of the " Studia Biblica," Oxford, 1885. 3. The Education Question — Repub- lished several pamphlets at Oxford on the subject of religious education in the Uni- versities, and has since interested himself largely in the cause of voluntary schools, particularly during a school crisis at Salis- bury in 1888-89. His Bill for Freedom of Religious Instruction in Board Schools, passed the House of Lords in 1893. His "Prayers for all in College" reached a second edition in 1890. He founded a use- ful higher-grade Elementary and Science School at Salisbury, and is Visitor of the New City Grammar School. 4. The Old Catholic Movement — He attended his father at the second Old Catholic Congress held at Cologne in 1872, and has since con- tinued a warm friend of the work. He was present at the Congresses of Cologne in 1890, and Lucerne in 1892, and has per- sonally visited the chief centres as well as the leaders of the different Churches in Holland, Germany, Austria, and Switzer- land. After the Lambeth Conference of 1888 he was appointed to translate the Encyclical Letter into Greek and Latin, and was asked by the Archbishop of Canterbury to act as Episcopal adviser to Count Compello and the Italian Reformers. In this capacity he has assisted in the re- vision of the Italian Liturgy (Italian, Bennet Bros., Salisbury ; English, Gilbert and Rivington, for Anglo-Continental Society, 1893). 5. The Colonial Churches — In 1894-95 he made a journey of nearly six months' duration round the world through Colombo, Adelaide (S. Australia), Melbourne, Tasmania, New Zealand (where he spent two months), Sydney, Fiji, Hawaii, Vancouver, and back by the Cana- dian Pacific Railway and New York. It was probably in consequence of this that he was elected Chairman of the Committee of the Lambeth Conference of 1897 on 1194 WORMS — WORTHY " The Organisation of the Anglican Com- munion." The Bishop is also an earnest supporter of foreign missions. 6. The Eastern Churches — In January and Febru- ary 1898 the Bishop visited the Patriarch of Alexandria, the Archbishop of Cyprus, the Bishops of the Patriarchate of Antioch at Damascus (during vacancy of the Patri- archal throne), and the Patriarchs of Jeru- salem and Constantinople, bearing letters from the Archbishop of Canterbury, and explaining to them the resolutions of the Lambeth Conference of 1898 on the Unity of Christendom. He has also visited the Coptic Patriarch at Cairo and the Armenian Patriarch at Jerusalem. He is Chairman of the "Jerusalem and the East Mission Fund " in England, and was expected to take another journey to Jerusalem in September 1898 in order to consecrate St. George's Collegiate Church at Jerusalem, under commission from the Archbishop of Canterbury. 7. Liturgical Questions — The Bishop was one of the five assessors of the Archbishop in the well-known case of Read v. the Bishop of Lincoln. His Charge of 1891 on "The Holy Com- munion " reached a second edition in 1892, and contains in its preface some observa- tions on the judgment in that case. Several of the forms for occasional ser- vices put out in the Diocese of Salisbury are worthy of attention, particularly that for " Consecration of Churches," &c, and for "Commemoration of Founders, Bene- factors, and Worthies of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury." His article on the " Te Deum," in Julian's "Dictionary of Hymnology," contains a large amount of material. He is likewise President of the " Henry Bradshaw Society," and of the " Mediaeval Music Society." 8. Church His- tory and Doctrine — His chief work is one on the relation of Christianity to other religions, entitled " The One Religion : or Truth, Holiness, and Peace desired by the Nations, and revealed by Jesus Christ," being the Bampton Lecture for 1881, which reached a second edition in 1887. His articles on " Constantine the Great and his Sons, "and the Emperor Julian in Smith and Chetham's " Dictionary of Christian Biog- graphy " mayalso be mentioned. 9. Sermons — He published a small volume of "Uni- versity Sermons on Gospel Subjects" in 1878, and many single sermons, amongst which two may be mentioned, " On Chris- tian Discipline of the Will, with a note on Spiritism," and " I am the Door," at a Theological College festival, both in 1893. Addresses : The Palace, Salisbury ; Lol- lards' Tower, Lambeth, S.E. ; and Athenaeum. WORMS, The Right Hon. Baron Henry de. Sec Pirbright, Lord. WORSLEY-TAYLOR, Henry Wil- son, Q.C., D.L., J.P., is the only son of the late James Worsley, of the Laund, Accring- ton, Lancashire, and was born on July 25, 1847. He was educated at Harrow and Exeter College, Oxford, where he gradu- ated B. A. in 1870. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1871, and practised for a few years on the Northern Circuit and at Preston Sessions. He has since then confined his work entirely to the Parliamentary Bar ; became a Q.C. in 1891, and was appointed Recorder of Preston in 1893, resigning in 1898. Acting in accord- ance with the will of his cousin, Miss Pill- ing- Taylor, he assumed the name of Taylor in 1881. He married, in 1871, Henrietta Sayer, only daughter of Sir E. W. Watkin, Bart. Address : Palace Chambers, Bridge Street, Westminster. WORTHINGTON, Arthur Mason, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., is the son of Robert Worthington, of Crumpsal Hall, Man- chester, and was born on June 11, 1852. He was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Oxford, and afterwards at Berlin, where he worked under Professor Helm- holtz. He was appointed Head Master of the Salt Schools, Shipley, Yorkshire, in 1877, became an Assistant Master at Clifton College in 1880, and was selected as Head Master and Professor of Physics in H.M. Dockyard School, Portsmouth, in 1887. In the following year Mr. Worth- ington was transferred to the Royal Naval Engineering College, Devonport, where he holds the same appointments as at Ports- mouth. He has published various papers on physical subjects, and is the author of some elementary text-books, viz. : — " Physical Laboratory Practice" ; " Dyna- mics of Rotation " ; " The Splash of a Drop." He was married, in 1877, to Helen, daughter of Thomas Solly, Professor of English Literature in the University of Berlin. Address : Royal Naval Engineer- ing College, Devonport. WORTHY, Charles, is the eldest son of the late Rev. Charles Worthy, B.A., Queen's College, Oxford, and for many years Vicar of Ashburton with Buckland, who died in 1879, and of Elizabeth, his wife, first cousin of the late Charles Richardson, LL.D., the Lexicographer (see " Men of the Time," sixth edition). He was born at Snayle Tower, Exeter, Dec. 28, 1840 ; educated at Exeter Grammar School, and subsequently by his father and private tutors. He was appointed to a commission in the 82nd Regiment in 1858, and proceeded to India in the fol- lowing year. His health failing him Mr. Worthy was invalided from the service in 1864, receiving a gratuity in lieu of pen- WRENFORDSLEY 1195 sion, and turned his attention to the History and Antiquities of Devonshire, his native county. Since 1871 he has been a constant contributor of valuable articles on general antiquarian, historical, and genealogical matters, to magazines and newspapers, and has obtained a reputation for his special knowledge of English family history. From 1876 to 1886 he was a Member of the Council of the Devon- shire Association, and the author of many papers in its Transactions. Prior to 1879 he was for some time Honorary Local Secretary at Ashburton, under the Science and Art Department. He received the thanks of the Lords of the Committee of Council, " for valuable assistance rendered," in 1884. He has also thrice received the thanks of the Chapter of the College of Arms, 1882-89; those of the Trustees of the British Museum in the latter year ; and the thanks of the Society of Antiquaries under their great seal, 1873 and 1879. In 1875 he published "Ashbur- ton and its Neighbourhood," "The Anti- quities and History of Fourteen Parishes on the Borders of Dartmoor," fcap. 4to ; "The Manor of Winkleigh, the Ancient Seat of the Honour of Gloucester," 8vo, 1876; "Local Guide to Ashburton and Dartmoor," 1879; "Memoir of Walter Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter (1308)"; "Notes on Bideford and the House of Granville," (reprinted from Transactions of the Devonshire Association), 1876 and 1884. He was coadjutor to the late Stephen Tucker, Somerset Herald, from 1879-1882. His first volume of "Devonshire Parishes," "The Antiquities, Heraldry, and Family History of Twenty-eight Parishes in the Archdeaconry of Totnes," appeared in 1887. In the following year he published an epitome of English armoury under the title of "Practical Heraldry" (1 vol. cr. 8vo, pp. 250) ; vol. ii. of " Devonshire Parishes " appeared in 1889 (2 vols. rl. 8vo, pp. 766). He also revised the 1887 edition of Murray's "Hand-book for Devonshire," 1877 ; and printed a small work on " The Life of Lord Iddlesleigh, with a Genea- logical History of the Northcote Family," January 1887, a pamphlet, which ran to a second edition within three days. In 1889, he revised portions of White's " Devonshire," for which he had previously written, in 1879, "An Analysis of the Exeter Domesday," and the " History of the Restored Cathedral of Exeter." In 1892, he revised and edited Messrs. A. & C. Black's "Devonshire Guide Book." In 1893, he published the "History of the Suburbs of Exeter," with "A Digression on the Noble Houses of Eedvers and of Courtenay, Earls of Devon" (cr. 8vo, pp. 218) ; and, during the same year, he re- wrote and edited the 12th edition of Black's "Guide to Kent." His "Folk Tales of the West " appeared periodically during 1894, and these, with his very numerous similar articles, on subjects affecting the general history of England, to which he is still constantly adding, are alone sufficient for several interesting and important volumes in the future. His "Devonshire Wills," a rl. 8vo vol. of 531 pages, appeared in 1896, and includes his "Gentle Houses of the West," which gives, as the outcome of independent research, the origin and history of some of the most ancient and illustrious English families. Permanent address : Heavitree, Exeter. WXENFORDSLEY, Trie Hon. Sir Henry Thomas, Knight, was educated in France, and having been called to the English Bar, practised for some years on the old Norfolk Circuit. He contested the city of Peterborough, in the Conserva- tive interest, in 1868 ; and again in 1874, but without success. In 1876, he was appointed acting Deputy County Court Judge for the Metropolitan districts of Marylebone, Brompton, and Brentford. In 1877, he became Puisne Judge in the Colony of Mauritius ; and in June 1878 he left the Bench, and became Procureur- General. Before leaving the Colony, he received a vote of thanks from the Legis- lative Council in respect of his public services in connection with the passing of the Labour Law, and reforms intro- duced into the judicial administration of the Colony. In 1880, he was appointed to the Chief Justiceship of Western Australia, and received the Dormant Commission from the Crown to administer, in case of need, the Government of that Colony. He was appointed Delegate to represent the Colony at the Intercolonial Conference held at Sydney in 1881 ; and subsequently he administered the Government from February to June 1883. During that period, he organised and started the first Expedition to the Kimberley, or northern district, and named the first town "Derby," by permission of the Secretary of State. A further expedition was despatched for the purpose of extending the telegraph system about 900 miles further north. He received the honour of knighthood and several public addresses before leaving the Colony. In 1883, Sir Henry proceeded in H.M.S. Diamond to Fiji, as Chief Justice of that Colony, and also held the appointment of Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific. In 1884, he left Fiji on leave, in consequence of bad health. Before leaving the Colony, he was enter- tained by the leading merchants and others at the largest banquet ever given in that part of the Pacific. Subsequently, and by permission of the Secretary of 1196 WEIGHT State for the Colonies, he became acting Puisne Judge in the Colony of Tasmania. In consequence of the action of the Colonial Office in having filled up his appointment in Fiji, Sir Henry was called to the Bar of Victoria and became a Queen's Counsel. In 1888, he was invited by the Govern- ment of Victoria to act as a Judge of the Supreme Court in the absence of one of the Judges, for which duty he received the thanks of the Colonial Government. In 1890, he was appointed by the Secretary of State, acting Chief Justice of Western Australia, and he held that appointment at the time when that Colony received a new Act of Constitution, and became for the first time a responsible Government Colony. In 1891, he was appointed Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands. Sir Henry has thus served the Crown as a Judge of the Supreme Court in six of her Majesty's Colonies ; viz., Mauritius, West- ern Australia, Fiji, Tasmania, Victoria, and Leeward Islands, besides having held the appointments of Procureur-General in Mauritius, and Deputy Governor in Western Australia. Address : St. John's, Antigua. "WRIGHT, Charles Romley Alder, D.Sc. Lond., B.Sc. Vict., F.R.S., was born at Southend, Essex, on Sept. 7, 1844, being the son of the late Eomley Wright, C.B., and Elizabeth Alder, of Hull. As a boy, Dr. Alder Wright was greatly attracted by chemical and physical science, attaining some degree of proficiency by self-tuition ; so that when subsequently he attended classes at Owens College, Manchester, 1861-65, he was enabled to take and maintain throughout his entire curriculum the highest place in the examination lists. He graduated as B.Sc, Lond., in 1865, and as D.Sc, Lond., in 1870. After taking the former degree he became Assistant to Prof, (now Sir Henry) Roscoe, F.R.S., whom he assisted in the prosecution of the earlier portion of his classical researches on Vanadium. During 1866-67, Dr. Alder Wright filled the position of Chemist in the works of the Runcorn Soap and Alkali Co., Weston, Cheshire, and was engaged in technical work of various descriptions. In 1867 he came to London as Assistant, first to the late Dr. A. Bernay, of St. Thomas' Hospital, and subsequently to the late Dr. A. Matthiesen of St. Mary's and St. Bartholomew's Hospitals, with whom several scientific memoirs were published conjointly. During 1869-71, he was engaged in co-operating with Mr. (now Sir) Lowthian Bell, F.R.S., in the pro- secution of his elaborate investigations on the Chemistry of Iron Smelting. In 1871 he was appointed Lecturer on Chemistry, Physics and Practical Chemistry in the medical school of St. Mary's Hospital, London, which appointment he still holds ; since which he has been in constant practice as Consulting Technical Chemist, besides devoting much time to original chemical research. In 1881 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and has held the posts of Examiner in Chemistry to the University of Durham, and to the Royal College of Physicians, and in the subjects of " Iron and Steel " and " Soap Manufacture" to the City and Guilds of London Institute. Since the publication, in 1866, of his first research made in the laboratories of Owens College, Dr. Alder Wright has contributed to the various scientific societies upwards of seventy reports and memoirs on the results of various investigations in pure science, besides numerous minor researches, and many papers on theoretical and technical subjects. These investigations include work done in almost every department of Chemical Science, especially in Inor. ganic. Analytical, and Organic Chemistry, Chemical Physics, and various branches of Technical and Applied Chemistry. His technical researches include investigations connected with the metallurgy of iron, aluminium, various alloys, the manufac- ture of alkali and of soap, the preparation of waterproof paper and canvas goods ("Willesden" products), novel insulating materials, and disinfectants. In connec- tion with these subjects, several patents have been taken out for processes, some of which are in successful operation ; and various communications have been made to the Royal Institution, the Society of Arts, and the Society of Chemical Industry in the form of a series of lectures and papers. The chief books and monographs, &c, published by Dr. Alder Wright are the following: "Metals and their Chief Indus- trial Applications " (Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution), 1878 ; series of articles in "Muspratt's Dictionary" on Coal-Tar Distillation and the products thence derived, Anthracene, Benzine, &c, 1874; Monograph on "Iron and Steel" and other articles, "Ency. Brit.," 1879-81; Cantor Lectures, Society of Arts, on "Manufacture of Toilet Soaps," 1885 ; "The Threshold of Science," 1892 ; Monographs on "Soap," "Sulphur," and "Sulphuric Acid," Thorpe's "Dictionary of Applied Chemistry," 1893; "Fixed Oils, Fats, Butters, and Waxes, and the Manufacture therefrom of Candles, Soap, and other Pro- duets," 1894. The list of Mr. Wright's con- tributions to scientific literature between the years 1874 and 1882 takes up seven and a half columns of the Royal Society's "Catalogue of Scientific Papers." Ad- dress : Chemical Laboratory, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, W. WRIGHT — WYNDHAM 1197 WRIGHT, Charles Theodore Hag- berg, born in Yorkshire, Nov. 17, 1863, is the third son of the Rev. C. H. H. Wright, D.D., and grandson of Nils Wilhelm Almroth, Governor of the Royal Mint, Stockholm, and Knight of the North Star. He was educated privately in France, Germany, and Russia, and also at the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, and took the degrees of B.A. (first class) and LL.B. at Trinity College, Dublin. After travelling in the East of Europe for a couple of years he was appointed in 1890 Assistant Librarian in the National Library of Ireland. In 1893 Mr. Wright was elected Secretary and Librarian to the London Library. During Mr. Wright's secretaryship the Library has been rebuilt and entirely reorganised at a cost of about £20,000, five thousand pounds of which were subscribed by the members of the Library, which is now the leading insti- tution of its kind, and indeed without a second in the United Kingdom. Mr. Wright has written articles on Russian subjects, &c, in the National Revicxo, Scottish Review, &c. Address: Marlborough Mansions, 83 Victoria Street, S.W. WRIGHT, The Hon. Sir Robert Samuel, M.A., B.C.L., was born in 1839, and is the eldest son of the Rev. Henry Wright, of Litton, Somersetshire. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he had a distinguished career. He took a first class in Classical Moderations in 1859, and in Literse Humaniores in 1860. In 1859-62 he gained three University prizes — the Latin Verse prize, the English Essay, and the Arnold Essay ; he was elected to a Fellowship at Oriel, of which he is now an honorary Fellow, and he gained the Craven Scholarship in 1861. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in June 1865, and joined the Northern Circuit. He has held the office of common law junior counsel to the Treasury for several years. He succeeded the late Baron Huddleston as one of the Justices of the High Court in December 1890. He married, in 1891, a daughter of the late Rev. R. S. Chermside. Ad- dresses : 14 St. James's Place, S.W., &c. ; and Athenaeum. WURTEMBURG, King of, Charles Paul Henry Frederick William II., was born at Stuttgart on Feb. 25, 1848, and is the son of Prince Frederick. He succeeded to the throne on Oct. 6, 1891. He is colonel of several regiments in Wurtemburg, Russia, and Germany, and Proprietary Colonel of an Austrian Hussar regiment. He married (1), the Princess Marie of Waldeck and Piermont, Feb. 15, 1877, and (2), the Princess Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe, April 8, 1886, who was born Oct. 10, 1864. By his first marriage he had one daughter, the Princess Pauline Olga Helen Emma, born Dec. 19, 1877. His lieir, the Duke of Wurtemburg, died in November 1896. WYLLIE, William Lionel, A.R.A., is the eldest son of the late William Mor- rison Wyllie, and was born in London in July 1851. He was educated at Heather- ley's, and entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1866, gaining the Turner medal three years later. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1889, and amongst his pictures, which have been recently exhibited, there may be men- tioned: "London's Water Gate," "The Opening of the Tower Bridge " (a notable picture), " The Union Liner SS. Norman leaving Southampton," "Bound for the Rio Grande," "A Southerly Gale, Brighton," 1895; "London Bridge," "Rearing the Lion's Whelps," "A Silent Highway," "Crippled, but Unconquered," 1896 ; "The Winding Medway," "Barry Docks," "The Liner's Escort," 1897 ; "Commerce and Sea Power," " Union Liner Briton off Calshot," "The Harbour Bar," "Entrance to Barry Dock," and "R.M.S. Valhalla," 1898; "Peace and Plenty" and "The Battle of the Nile," 1899. Mr. Wyllie spends a good deal of time in yachting, and is the Commodore of the Medway Yacht Club. He was married, in 1879, to Marian Amy, daughter of Captain Carew of 'the Indian Marine. Address : Hoo Lodge, Hoo Street, Werburgh, near Ro- chester, Kent. WYNDHAM, Charles, was born in 1841, and was educated for the medical profession. He went to America in 1862, and made his first appearance as an actor at Washington with John Wilkes Booth (the assassin of President Lincoln), play- ing Osric to his Hamlet, and subsequently, Glavis to his Claude Melnotte. On the termination of his engagement he returned to the army, in which he had already served as a surgeon, and was concerned in some engagements that took place in the Civil War. He was attached to the 19th Army Corps, having at one time the medical charge of a brigade, and at another charge of a regiment. On return- ing to England he went to Liverpool, to the Old Amphitheatre, where his success was such that it led to a highly remunera- tive engagement of several months' dura- tion. In May 1868 he made his first London appearance as Sir Arthur Lascelles in "All that Glitters is not Gold." He returned to America in 1869, and appeared with distinction at Wallack's Theatre as Charles Surface in "The School for 1198 WYKDH AM — YAEBOEOUGH Scandal." Coming home again, he re- appeared at the St. James's Theatre in 1872, then under Mr. Stephen Fiske's management, as Rabagas. A provincial tour followed this engagement, and in 1873 he played " the lead " at the Royalty, appearing there notably in the character which he revived in 1886 in " Wild Oats." A version of Mr. Bronson Howard's comedy "Saratoga," called "Brighton," was produced at the Court Theatre in 1874, with Mr. Wyndham in the principal character. In 1875 he went to Berlin and produced a version of " Brighton " in German. From 1876 the Criterion Theatre, under Mr. Wyndham's manage- ment, was distinguished by pieces of lively character, until in 1886 he made trial of old comedy. In the year 1887 another visit to Germany was paid, embracing the cities of Berlin, Frankfort, and Liegnitz, during which "David Gar- rick," in German, under the title of "Auf Ehrenwort," was played, and proved such a success that an invitation from the Emperor of Russia extended the tour to St. Petersburg, and Moscow. On the occasion of his performance in the Russian capital, Mr. Wyndham was presented by the Czar with a magnificent sapphire and ruby ring in recognition of the pleasure which his acting had afforded his Majesty. Two years later another tour to America followed, when Boston, New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, Baltimore, Washing- ton, and Philadelphia were visited, Jhe repertoire including such plavs as " David Garrick," "The Candidate," "Wild Oats," " Still Waters Run Deep," and an eccentric comedy, written specially for Mr. Wynd- ham by F. C. Burnand, editor of London Punch, and entitled " The Headless Man," when fresh laurels were gathered, resulting in a cordial invitation on the part of the American public to revisit the United States at no very distant date. One of the latter characterisations with which Mr. Wyndham has identified himself is Young Marlow in "She Stoops to Con- quer." He has also achieved great success in "Rosemary," where he figures as a man in early middle age in 1837, and as a very old man in 1887. In May 1896 two gala performances were given, in which nearly every English actor and actress of note took part, in order to celebrate the attainment of his twentieth year of management at the Criterion. At the close of the two performances the popular actor, who had appeared as Charles Sur- face, came forward to thank his enthusi- astic audience, and to announce that the proceeds of the two performances, amount- ing to £2300, would be handed over to the Actors' Benevolent Fund. In July 1899, at a crowded performance, at which the Prince of Wales and many other dis- tinguished persons were present, Mr. Wyndham bade good-bye in pathetic terms to his old theatre, which, however, he will continue to manage when playing in the new theatre shortly to be built for him. Address : 39 Finchley Road, N.W. WYNDHAM, George, M.P., is the son of the Hon. Percy Wyndham, and was born in London on Aug. 29, 1863. He was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and from 1883 to 1887 he served in the 1st Battalion of the Cold- stream Guards, taking part in the Suakim Campaign of 1885. He acted as Private Secretary to Mr. Balfour when the latter held the offices of Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1887-91, and First Lord of the Treasury, 1891-92. Mr. Wyndham entered Parliament in 1889, when he was returned as Conservative member for Dover, and he has represented that constituency ever since. In October 1898 he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for War. Since 1894 he has been a Captain in the Cheshire Yeomanry, and he is also a Justice of the Peace for Cheshire, and a Director of the L. C. and D. Railway. In 1887 Mr. Wyndham married Sibell Mary, Countess Grosvenor, daughter of the 9th Earl of Scarborough, and widow of Earl Grosvenor, eldest son of the Duke of Westminster. Address : 35 Park Lane, W. WYNDHAM, Sir G. Hugh, K.C.M.G., C.B., J.P., was born in 1836, and having been educated at Harrow and Oxford, entered the Diplomatic Service in 1857. Having served in several minor appointments, he became Secretary at Madrid in 1878, and at Constantinople in 1881. He was appointed Minister at Belgrade, Rio de Janeiro, and Bucharest in 1888, which post he held until 1897, when he retired from the service, and was succeeded by J. G. Kennedy (q.v,). Address : Roegate Lodge, Petersfield. YARBOEOUGH, Earl of, The Right Hon. Charles Alfred Worsley Anderson-Pelham, M.A., J.P., was born in London on June 11, 1859, and succeeded his father as 4th Earl in 1875. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Belonging to an old Whig family, he was a member of the Liberal party up to 1886, when he transferred his adherence to the Conservative side. From 1890 to 1892 he was Captain of the Hon. Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. He has been Vice-Admiral of the County of YATES — YEATMAN-BIGGS 1199 Lincoln since 1883, and is Chairman of the Lindsey Quarter Sessions. He married, in 1886, Marcia, eldest daughter of the 12th Lord Conyers, and, since 1892, Baroness Conyers in her own right. Ad- dresses : 17 Arlington Street, W. ; and Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire. YATES, Joseph Maghull, was born on June 19, 1844, and is the eldest son of the late Joseph St. John Yates, of Well- bank, Sandbach, Judge of County Courts, and Emily Augusta, daughter of the late David Scott, of Brotherton, co. Kincardine. He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in Classical Honours in 1867. Called to the Bar in January 1869, he was made Recorder of Salford in 1889, Queen's Counsel in 1893, and Stipendiary Magis- trate of the Manchester Division of Lancashire in 1894. He was a candidate for Parliament in the Conservative interest for North Manchester in 1892, but was unsuccessful. Addresses : Union Club, Manchester; the Glebe House, Darenham, Cheshire. YEAMES, "William Frederick, R.A., was born on Dec. 18, 1835, at Taganrog, on the Sea of Azoff, South Russia, of which port his father, Mr. William Yeames, was her Britannic Majesty's Consul. The family belonged originally to the county of Norfolk. During the years 1842 and 1843 he travelled with his family through Italy. After returning to Russia and spending the winter at Odessa, the family went to Dresden, and there remained till the spring of 1848, when they removed to London. Mr. Yeames received his first instruction in art from Mr. George Scharf, who taught him drawing and anatomy. The young artist also practised drawing from casts in the studio of Mr. J. Sherwood Westmacott. In 1852 Mr. Yeames left England in order to advance his art education in Italy, and studied at Flor- ence, first for two years under the direction of Professor Pollastrini, of the Florence Academy, afterwards under Signor Raff aelle Buonajuti. Subsequently he spent eigh- teen months in Rome, and at last, in 1858, he returned to England. In 1859 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a portrait and " The Staunch Friends," a subject- picture of a jester and monkey. In 1861 he was represented there by works en- titled "II Sonetto," with illustrative lines from "Petrarch," and "The Toilet" ; in 1862 by "Rescued," a boy saved from drowning; in 1863 by "The Meeting of Sir Thomas More with his Daughter after his Sentence of Death " ; in 1864 by "La Reine Malheureuse," Queen Henrietta Maria taking refuge from the fire of the Parliament ships in Burlington Bay ; iu 1865 by "Arming the Young Knight" ; and in 1866 by "Queen Elizabeth receiving the French Ambassadors after the News of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew." In June 1866 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy. Since then he has exhibited " The Dawn of the Reformation," 1867 ; "The Chimney Corner " and "Lady Jane Grey in the Tower," 1868 ; "The Fugitive Jacobite" and "Alarming Foot- steps," 1869; "Maundy Thursday" and "Love's Young Dream," 1870; "Dr. Har- vey and the Children of Charles I.," 1871 ; " The Old Parishioner," 1872 ; " The Path of Roses," 1873 ; " The Appeal to the Podesta," "Flowers for Hall and Bower," and "The Christening," 1874 ; "Pour les Pauvres" and "The Suitor," 1875; "La Contadinella," "The Last Bit of Scandal," and " Campo dei SS. Apostoli, Venice," 1876; "Waking" and "Amy Robsart," 1877; "When Did You Last See Your Father?" 1878; "La Bigolante : Vene- tian Water Carrier," his diploma work, deposited on his election as an Acade- mician, 1879; "The Finishing Touch," green-room at private theatricals, 1880 ; "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush " and "II Dolce far Niente," 1881; "The March Past," "Prince Arthur and Hubert," and "Welcome as Flowers in Spring," 1882; "Tender Thoughts," 1883; and "St. Christopher," 1887. Recently he has painted some portraits. His latest success was " Le Roi s'Amuse" (Henry III. of France and his pet dogs), in the Academy of 1894. He exhibited "Defendant and Counsel," 1895; a portrait of Mrs. Win- field, 1896; "Children of the Chapel" (Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace), 1898 ; and two portraits, 1899. Mr. Yeames has also exhibited in Paris and other foreign capitals, and has taught in the Royal Academy Schools and examined in the Science and Art Department. Mr. Yeames was elected a Royal Academician June 19, 1878, and is Librarian of the Royal Academy. He married a niece of Sir David Wilkie. Address : 4 Campbell Road, Hanwell, W. YEATMAN-BIGGS, The Right Rev. Huyshe Wolcott, M.A., D.D., Bishop- Suffragan of Southwark, was born Feb. 2, 1845, at Manston House, Dorsetshire, and is the son of Harry Farr Yeatman, J. P., thus belonging to an old Dorset family. He was educated at Winchester, where he became a Prefect, was captain of the second six at football, and shot in the Wimbledon eleven for two years, and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he was Dixie Scholar, and graduated in 1867. Although originally intended for the diplo- matic service, he went in for a course of 1200 YEATS — YEO reading under Dr. Vaughan at Doncaster and the Temple, and was ordained in 1869. Becoming Curate of St. Edmund's, Salis- bury, he also acted as chaplain to Bishop Moberly, his old master, and was Hon. Sec. to the Diocesan Synod. In 1877 he became Vicar of Netherbury, Dorset, and in 1879 was appointed to succeed Bishop Legge as Vicar of St. Bartholomew's, Syden- ham, being also elected Proctor for the clergy of the Diocese in Convocation in 1880, Secretary of the Rochester Diocesan Conference, and Examining Chaplain to Bishop Thorold. Dr. Yeatman was con- secrated Bishop -Suffragan of Southwark in 1891, and has taken an important part in the attempt to found in St. Saviour's, Southwark, a cathedral centre for church work in South London. He has also founded at Blackheath the college of women workers, better known as "The Grey Ladies," and has given great atten- tion to the question of popular education in the diocese. He assumed the name of Yeatman-Biggs by royal license in August 1897. He married, in 1875, Lady Barbara Legge, daughter of the Earl of Dartmouth. The Bishop is patron, in his private capa- city, of three livings, and owns Stock Gaylard, the old family seat in Dorset, as well as Stockton House, Wilts. Addresses : Dartmouth House, Blackheath Hill, S.E. ; and Athenaaum. YEATS, W. B., Irish poet, was born on June 13, 1865, at Sandymount, Dublin, and is the son of J. B. Yeats, portrait painter and illustrator. He spent the greatest portion of his childhood at Sligo with his grandparents, but joined his father and mother in London when about nine years old, and then for some years at- tended the Godolphin School, Hammer- smith, as a day scholar, spending his holi- days usually in the west of Ireland. When he was fifteen he removed with his parents to Dublin, and there attended the Eras- mus Smith School in Harcourt Street. When about nineteen he began studying art at the Royal Dublin Society, but soon gave up this for literature, contributing articles and poems to the Dublin University Review and other Irish periodicals. In 1887 he moved to London, and in 1889 published his first book of verse, " The Wanderings of Oisin" (Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.), and his first book of prose, " Fairy and Folk Tales " (Walter Scott). The latter is a compilation from the Irish Folk-Lorists, with notes based on Mr. Yeats's own in- vestigations in the west of Ireland. He has since published " Stories from Carle- ton " (Walter Scott, 1890), a compilation ; " Irish Tales " (Putnam's, 1891), a compila- tion ; "John Sherman and Dhoya" (T. Fisher Unwin's Pseudonym Library, 1891), two stories about the west of Ireland ; " The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics" (T. Fisher Unwin, 1892); "The Celtic Twilight" (Lawrence & Bul- len, 1893), a volume of essays mainly about Irish fairy lore ; " The Poems of William Blake " (Lawrence & Bullen, 1893), a com- pilation ; " The Land of Heart's Desire," a one-act play in verse, acted at the Avenue Theatre, London, for the six weeks beginning March 29, 1894; "A Book of Irish Verses " (Methuen, 1895), an antho- logy of Irish ballad poetry; "Poems" (T. Fisher Unwin, 1895), a revised edition of all he cares to preserve out of his previous volumes of verse ; " The Secret Rose " (Lawrence & Bullen, 1897), a book of fan- tastic stories, founded for the most part on Irish legends ; and, together with Mr. Edwin J. Ellis, " The Works of William Blake " (B. Quaritcb, 1893), a book in three volumes, the first of which gives for the first time a complete collection of Blake's writings, and the other two an analysis and exposition of the philosophy of his so-called prophetic works. Mr. Yeats has also been a frequent contributor to the National Observer and the Bookman, and has published poems in the two books of the "Rhymers' Club." He is a leader in the Irish literary movement, and in May 1898 was feted in Dublin when his play "The Countess Kathleen " was produced, together with " The Heather Field," &c, in a revival or inauguration of a national Irish drama. He collaborated at the same time in a work by several Irish authors on Irish literary ideals, his essay advocating a return to Irish legend as the true source whence inspiration should in future be drawn. Permanent address : 18 Woburn Buildings, Euston Road, W.C. YEO, Gerald Francis, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.S., second son of Henry Yeo, Esq., J.P., of Howth, was born in Dublin in 1845, educated at Trinity College, Dublin, graduated in the Dublin University as Moderator in Natural Science in 1866, and in 1867 took the M.B. and M.Ch. degrees. In 1866 an essay by him on Renal Disease was awarded the Gold Medal of the Dublin Pathological Society. He then studied for a year in each of the great schools of Paris, Berlin, and Vienna ; and on his return to Ireland in 1870 he was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical School of Trinity College. He then took the M.D. and Sanitary degree, and also the qualifications of the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons in Ireland. He taught Physiology in the Carmichael School of Medicine for two years, and then left Ireland, as in 1875 he was appointed Pro- fessor of Physiology in King's College, London. In 1877 he was made Assistant YEO — YERBUEGH 1201 Surgeon to King's College Hospital, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. While in Dublin he published in the local medical journals numerous papers, chiefly of a pathological nature. Since coming to London most of his works have been physiological. But a paper on the application of aseptic methods to cranial operations gave some stimulus to cerebral surgery, and a report on the Pathology of Bovine Pleura-pneu- monia, undertaken for the Royal Agri- cultural Society, may have had some influence in the application of the "stamp- ing out system," by which this disease has been practically exterminated. Some of his researches were communicated to the Eoyal Society, and have appeared in the Transactions and Proceedings of that body ; but the greater part of his contributions were published in the Journal of Physi- ology. He is the author of a well-known "Manual of Physiology for the Use of Students of Medicine." He has held the post of Examiner in the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and London, the Eoyal College of Surgeons of England, and the Eoyal Veterinary College. He acted as Honorary Secretary of the Physiological Society from its foundation in 1875 until 1889. It is a strange coincidence that the only two medical men of the same sur- name in England should both be of King's College, London ; but Mr. Gerald Yeo is not in any way related to Dr. Isaac Burney Yeo. In 1890 he resigned his Chair of Physiology, being made Emeritus Pro- fessor, and since that time has devoted himself to agricultural and horticultural pursuits. Address : Bowden House, Totnes, South Devon. YEO, Isaac Burney, M.D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine at King's College, London, and Physician to King's College Hospital, descended from an ancient Cornish family already settled in Cornwall in the reign of Edward III., was born at Stonehouse, Devonshire, and educated privately, until, in 1858, he became a student in King's College, London, where he rapidly distinguished himself, and obtained three scholarships in succession and other distinctions. At the Doctor of Medicine's examination, in the London University, he obtained the number of marks qualifying for the Gold Medal. In 1866 he was appointed Re- sident Medical Tutor in King's College ; this post he resigned in 1871, and began practice in Mayfair, having about that time been elected one of the physicians to Brompton as well as King's College Hospitals. He was elected Fellow of the Eoyal College of Physicians (1876), Hon. Fellow and Professor of Clinical Thera- peutics in King's College, London (1885), and Physician to King's College Hospital. Dr. Yeo has contributed largely to medical literature, and has furnished numerous lectures, commentaries, &c, to the Lancet, British Medical Journal, &c. Dr. Yeo has devoted himself, with much success, to the examination and development of methods of treating disease, the branch of medical science known as therapeutics. His well- known work on " Climate and Health Ee- sorts " has gone through three editions, and had for its object the investigation of the influence of climate and mineral water and baths in the cure of disease. This work was followed by a treatise on " Food in Health and Disease," since become the accepted authority on subjects connected with diet and regimen in health, as well as diseased states. Dr. Yeo's last contribu- tion to medical literature (1893) is a " Manual of Medical Treatment, or Clinical Therapeutics," a work dealing adequately with the wide subject of the best methods of treating all forms of what are known as Medical Diseases, as distinguished from Surgical Maladies. The article on " Nutri- tion and Food, including the Treatment of Obesity and Leanness," in Hare's "System of Practical Therapeutics," pub- lished in America, is from the pen of Dr. Burney Yeo. In 1882 he published some lectures on Consumption, in which he drew attention, prominently, to the dis- covery of Professor Koch, and pointed out the probability that this disease is pro- pagated by contagion, a view which is now generally accepted. He is the trans- lator of Oertel's " Respiratory Thera- peutics " in Ziemssen's " Handbook of General Therapeutics," and of articles in Ziemssen's " Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine." He has also contributed several articles to the Fortnightly and Con- temporary Reviews, and to the Nineteenth Century. Dr. Yeo has been for more than ten years the Medical Adviser in London to the Life Association of Scotland. Ad- dress : ii Hertford Street, Mayfair, W. * YERBUEGH, Robert Armstrong, M.P., D.L., J.P., is the son of the Rev. Richard Yerburgh, Vicar of Sleaford, Lincolnshire, and was born on Jan. 17, 1853. He was edu- cated at Rossall, Harrow, and University College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1880. He acted as Private Secretary to Mr. Akers-Douglas, when Patronage Secretary, from 1885 to 1886, and was Assistant Private Secretary to Mr. W. H. Smith when First Lord of the Treasury in 1887. He was elected as Conservative member for Chester in 1886, and has represented that constituency ever since ; he is also a County Councillor and a Justice of the Peace for Lancashire. Mr. 46 1202 YONGE — YORK Yerburgh is President of the Agricultural Bank Association, Hon. Secretary of the Re- creation Evening Schools Association, Vice- Chairman of the National Home Reading Union, and a Member of Council of the Statistical Society. He has published articles advocating National Granaries for storage of corn, in order to complete our system of home defence, and has also written pamphlets on agricultural banks. He married, in 1888, the great heiress Elma Amy, daughter of Daniel Thwaites, of Billings Scarr, Blackburn, formerly M.P. Addresses: 25 Kensington Gore, S.W. ; and Woodfold Park, Blackburn. YONGE, Charlotte Mary, only daughter of the late W. C. Yonge, Esq., of Otterbourne, Hants, a magistrate for Hampshire, was born in 1823. She is the authoress of many works of fiction, in which the plot is made to enforce, in a plain and sober manner, the doctrines of what is called the High-Church school of opinion. She has always lived at Otter- bourne, and had no events to record. Her best known works are : " The Heir of Red- clyffe," "Amy Herbert," " Katherine Ashton," "Heartsease," "Dynevor Ter- race," "The Daisy Chain," "The Young (Stepmother ; or, a Chronicle of Mistakes," " Hopes and Fears ; or, Scenes from the Life of a Spinster," "The Lances of Lyn- wood," "The Little Duke," "Clever Women of the Family," "Prince and the Page : a Story of the Last Crusade," and " Dove in the Eagle's Nest." Most of these have gone through several editions, and have been reprinted in a cheap form. It has been stated in the public papers that she gave £2000, the profits of her " Daisy Chain," for the building of a Mis- sionary College at Auckland, New Zealand, and devoted a great portion of the pro- ceeds of " The Heir of Redclyffe " to the fitting out of the missionary schooner Southern Cross, for the use of Bishop Selwyn. Miss Yonge has also published rUl Marie Therese de Lamourons," a biog- raphy abridged from the French ; " The Kings of England," "Landmarks of His- tory ; Ancient, Middle Ages, and Modern," forming a compendium of Universal His- tory for youngpeople; "History of Chris- tian Names and their Derivation," 1863; " The Story of English Missionary Workers," in Macmillan's Sunday Lib- rary, 1871; "Lady Hester," 1873; "Life of John Coleridge Patteson, Missionary Bishop of the Melanesian Islands," 2 vols., 1873 ; " Stories of English History, 1874 ; "Stories of Greek History for the Little Ones," 1876; "Aunt Charlotte's German History for the Little Ones," 1877; " Aunt Charlotte's Roman History for the Little Ones," 1877; "Unknown to History : a Story of the Captivity of Mary of Scotland," a novel, 2 vols., 1882; "Stray Pearls; Memoirs of Mar- garet de Ribaumont, Viscountess of Bel- laise," 2 vols., 1883 ; "The Two Sides of the Shield" and "Nuttie's Father," 1885 ; " The Reputed Changeling," 1890; "Two Penniless Princesses," " That Stick," " Pil- grims of the Ben Becula," "The Long Va- cation," "The Release," Ten Tales of 300 pages for the National Society. Address : Elderfield, Otterbourne. YORK, Archbishop of. lagan, Most Rev. W. D. See Mac- YORK, H.R.H. George, Duke of, K.G., K.T., K.P., &c, second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, was born at Marlborough House on June 3, 1865, just seventeen months after his elder brother, the late Duke of Clarence. As boys, the two brothers were inseparable companions, and they entered the navy together as cadets on June 5, 1877. After two years spent in the Britannia the Princes joined the Bacchante, which was then attached to a cruising squadron under the command of the Earl of Clanwilliam. Her first voyage was made to the Mediterranean, thence to the West Indies and back, the Princes messing in the gun-room like other cadets, but having sleeping quarters under the poop, and not being required to keep the middle watch. The ship anchored at Barbadoes on Christmas Day 1879, and there and elsewhere the Princes were en- thusiastically received. At Bermuda they laid the foundation stone of the Sailors' Home ; thence the Bacchante returned to Cowes. For a short time she was attached to the Channel Fleet, but presently joined Lord Clanwilliam at Vigo. In January 1880 Prince George was promoted Mid- shipman. The Bacchante's next cruise was to Madeira, thence to the Canaries and Monte Video. Crossing the line the Princes, with much good humour, went through the usual ceremony. The next ports of call were the Falklands and Simon's Bay, and afterwards a lengthy stay was made round Australia and the neighbouring islands. Thence the Bacchante went to China, and after visiting various places of interest, returned to the Mediter- ranean via Singapore and Suez. A trip from Jaffa through Palestine completed the voyage, of which an interesting record has been published. Prince George was promoted Sub-Lieutenant in 1884, and joined H.M.S. Canada on the North Ameri can station, and in October of the follow- ing year, after passing his examinations with great credit, he became a Lieutenant. Attached successively to various ships, he was appointed in 1886 to H.M.S. Bread- YORK — YORKE-DAVIES 1203 nought, and afterwards to H.M.S. Alexan- dra, Flagship of the Mediterranean fleet, of which his uncle, the Duke of Edinburgh, was then Commander-in-Chief. In 1889 he was presented with his first command, that of torpedo-boat No. 79, for the period of the naval manoeuvres. While in charge of this small craft he was able to afford very efficient help to a vessel in distress. On May 6, 1890, he commissioned the first- class gunboat Thrush, and in her he spent a year on the North American station, visiting Canada and Jamaica, where he opened the exhibition, gaining much popu- larity ashore as well as afloat. Upon his return to England in 1891 Prince George was promoted Commander, and in October of the same year, while staying with his brother in Dublin, contracted a dangerous fever. In August 1892 he commissioned the second-class cruiser Melampus, and took part in the naval manoeuvres. His latest command afloat was H.M.S. Crescent, a very fine vessel, and during the commis- sion in 1898 he visited many seaport towns in England and Ireland. Prince George was created Duke of York, Earl of Inver- ness, and Baron Killarney in 1892, in which year he became heir to the Throne by the lamented death of his elder brother. He was promoted Captain in the royal navy in January 1893, and the following May his engagement to Princess Victoria Mary (Princess May) of Teck was publicly announced, and the marriage was cele- brated on July 6, in the Chapel Royal, St. James's. The ceremony was a very bril- liant one, all the members of the Royal family being present, together with the Emperor of Russia, at that time Czare- witch, and the King and Queen of Denmark. A son and heir was born to the Duke and Duchess on June 23, 1894, and was chris- tened after the patron saints of these islands and his grandfather, Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David. Another son, Prince Albert, was born in December 1S95, and a daughter, Princess Victoria, in April 1897. In Janu- ary 1894 the Duke of York was compelled to decline an invitation to visit Australia which was conveyed to him through the Governor of Victoria, but in November he was present with the Prince of Wales at the funeral of the Czar at St. Petersburg. In July 1895 he presided at the 6th Inter- national Geographical Congress, which was held at the Imperial Institute. In August and September 1897 the Duke and Duchess paid a visit to Ireland, and were received with the utmost enthusiasm in all parts of the country. They visited Dublin, where they opened the Textile Exhibition, Kil- larney, the Shannon District, Kerry, and Ulster. His Royal Highness holds the Grand Cross of the Sultan of Turkey and the Grand Cross of the Orders of the Black and Red Eagle of Germany. He is also Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, Colonel of the Royal Sussex Hussars Yeomanry Cavalry, and Colonel of the 3rd Middlesex Artillery Volunteers. In 1894 he was elected an Elder Brother and Master of the Corporation of Trinity House, and is annually re-elected. He is also a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, an LL.D. of Cambridge, a Fellow of the Royal Society, and has been appointed (March 1899) Pre- sident of the Royal Humane Society in succession to the Duke of Argyll, who for forty years occupied that position. YORK, H.R.H. Victoria Mary, Duchess of York, is the daughter of H.R.H. Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck, cousin of her Majesty the Queen, and was born on May 26, 1867. She was married on July 6, 1893, to H.R.H. the Duke of York, and she has three children, viz., Prince Ed- ward, born June 23, 1894 ; Prince Albert, born Dec. 14, 1895 ; and Princess Victoria Alexandra, born April 25, 1897. Her Royal Highness possesses the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India. YORKE-DAVIES, Nathaniel Ed- ward, L.R.C.P. Lond. 1871, M.R.C.S. Eng. 1866, L.S.A., 1865, and L.M. Dub. 1865, was born April 26, 1841, at Llanwrst, where his father was Head-master of King Ed- ward the Sixth Grammar School. Prior to entering St. Bartholomew's Hospital he was educated at Cheltenham and other schools. After a brief period of service in the Egyptian navy he applied himself to the special study of dietetics, upon which subject he is now generally recog- nised as one of the greatest living autho- rities. There can be no doubt that his careful investigations will greatly tend to promote the increase both of health and longevity. Mr. Yorke-Davies is the author of numerous and valuable works upon the topic to which be has devoted the greater part of his leisure during the past quarter of a century. The most important of these are : " One Thousand Medical Maxims and Surgical Hints," 1885 ; "Aids to Long Life," 1886 ; " Foods for the Fat," "Diet- etics of Obesity," 1889 ; " Living to Eat and Eating to Live," 1891 ; "Health and Con- dition," 1894 ; "Homburg and its Waters," 1897 ; " On the International Consumption of Meat in its Relation to Obesity," Lancet ; " Thyroid Tabloids in Obesity," Brit. Med. Joum., 1894; "500 Cases of Obesity suc- cessfully treated by Scientific Dieting, with Table of Results," Prov. Med. Joum. 1893, &c. His work on "Health and Condition " has passed through several editions. Ad- dress : 44 Harley Street, W. 1204 YOUNG YOUNG, Sir Allen, G.B., Arctic navi- gator, was born in 1830, and formerly commanded a ship in the merchant service, which he entered in 1846, and among the many officers of that service who did good work and gained credit at BalaclavAduring the Russian war, there was no commander whose services were more warmly acknow- ledged by the late Lord Lyons than were those of Captain Allen Young. Subse- quently he volunteered and filled a respon- sible position on board Lady Franklin's little ship, the Fox, in M'Clintock's memor- able voyage (1857-60), when the problem of the fate of Franklin and his companions was solved. As an officer of the Royal Naval Reserve his commission bears date from the first creation of the force. In 1875, principally at his own expense, he made in his yacht, the Pandora, a gallant though unsuccessful attempt to accomplish the North-West Passage, and to throw some further light on the proceedings of the lost expedition under Franklin, by a search for their records on King William's Land. Again, in 1876, he refitted the Pandora for a second attempt, with the same objects in view ; but the Admiralty having been unexpectedly called upon to communicate with the depots of the Government Expedition in Smith's Sound, Captain Young readily responded to an invitation to fulfil that important duty, which he did at no small risk, and in a manner which was deemed thoroughly satisfactory. In recognition of this service the Queen conferred on him the honour of knighthood, March 12, 1877. An account of the " Two Voyages of the Pandora in 1875 and 1876 " was published in London in 1879. In 1882 he commanded the Hope, sent out in search of the Eira Arctic ship, which had been lost in Franz Joseph Sound, and rescued the crew of the latter vessel. During the Egyptian war he was present at the operations at Suakim as commissioner afloat to the National Aid Society. Sir Allen Young was created C.B. in 1881, and is Knight Commander of the Imperial Order of Franz Joseph of Austria, Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog, Denmark, and of the Order of the North Star of Sweden, Officer of the Oaken Crown of the Netherlands, and a younger Brother of the Trinity House ; besides holding two Arctic medals, the Egyptian War Medal and the Khedive's Star. Address : 18 Grafton Street, W. YOUNG, Sir Frederick, K.C.M.G., J.P. , D.L., D.Sc, was born in Limehouse on June 21, 1817, and is the eldest surviving son of the late Mr. George Frederick Young, who represented the shipping interests in the House of Commons as a member for Tynemouth from 1832 to 1838, and afterwards sat for Scarborough from 1851 to 1852. He had for his grand- father on the paternal side Vice-Admiral William Young, who commanded the line- of-battle ship Foudroyant. This gallant admiral was appointed by Lord Keith its naval commander, to superintend the dis- embarkation of the troops which formed the Egyptian expedition in March 1801, and in his cabin died Sir Ralph Aber- crombie, who received his mortal wound at the battle of Alexandria. Sir Frederick's mother was of Kentish origin, being Mary, daughter of Mr. John Abbott, of Canter- bury. The first work of public utility which calls for notice in this sketch is one which redounds to the credit of both Sir Frederick and his father. The pro- ject of obtaining Victoria Park, and, after rescuing it from the possible spoliation of the speculative builder, throwing it open as a place of popular recreation, originated with Mr. George Frederick Young, who was the author of the scheme. Sir Fred- erick (then Mr.) Young was asked to act as Honorary Secretary and Treasurer to the Committee then formed to prosecute the scheme. It was not accomplished in a day. Mr. Young, senior, drew up a memorial for presentation to the Queen, and the matter being iindertaken with spirit, it roused such interest that the young secretary soon obtained 30,000 sig- natures from the inhabitants of the Tower Hamlets, and the memorial was presented in due course. The agitation thus begun was kept alive for three or four years, constant communications passing between the promoters, Lord Duncannon, and pro- minent Government officials, until at last vested interests were satisfied, the delays of red-tape surmounted, and Victoria Park as a magnificent open space for the recrea- tion of overcrowded East Londoners was thrown open to the people. Sir Frederick was also prominently instrumental in secur- ing Epping Forest for the public, and this extensive domain was made for ever secure from the land-grabber by being placed under the guardianship of the Corporation of the City of London. He was actively engaged in the establishment of the People's Palace, and has taken a bene- volent interest in the Emigration Question. In 1S69 he embodied his views upon that subject in a pamphlet entitled "Trans- plantation " ; and in the following year was elected Chairman of the National Colonial Emigration League. Imperial Federation, of which he was one of the earliest advocates, has likewise largely engaged his attention, and received his energetic support. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Imperial Federation League, founded under the auspices of the late Right Hon. W. E. YOUNG 1205 Forster, M.P., in 1884. He is the author of several works relating to the Colonies gene- rally, including, among others, " Reasons for Promoting the Cultivation of New Zealand Flax," "Transplantation: the True System of Emigration," "Long Ago and Now," "New Zealand : Past, Present, and Future," " England and her Colonies at the Paris Exhibition," " On the Political Relations of Mother Countries and Colo- nies," "An Address on Imperial Federation," and "Emigration to the Colonies," and was editor of an important work entitled " Imperial Federation," published in 1876, and another entitled "A Senate for the Empire," published in 1895. "A Winter Tour in South Africa" was published in 1890. Sir Frederick Young was created K.C.M.G. for his services on behalf of the Colonies. He was for many years Honorary Secretary, and afterwards one of the Vice-Presidents of the Royal Colonial Institute. He is also on the Commission of the Peace for Middlesex, Westminster, the County of London, and the Liberty of the Tower, and a Deputy- Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets. He married, in 1845, Cecilia, daughter of Mr. Thomas Drane, of Torquay ; she died in 1873. Addresses : 5 Queensberry Place, S.W. ; and Athenaeum. YOUNG, Sir George, Bart., LL.D., M.A., J.P., Charity Commissioner, was born at Cookham on Sept. 15, 1837, and is the eldest son of the second baronet, whom he succeeded in 1848, and of a daughter of William Mackworth Praed, Serjeant-at-Law. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was elected Fellow in 1862. While at the University be gained the Le Bas Prize for an essay on " Greek Litera- ture in England," and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1864. He has served on various Royal Commissions, and was Secretary of the Factory and Work- shops Acts Commission in 1875, and of the Irish Land Acts Commission in 1881. He was appointed a Charity Commissioner in 1882, and was President of the Senate of University College, London, from 1881 to 1886. He has been a leader in the movement in favour of a Teaching Uni- versity for London. He is the author of a Report to Government on Friendly Societies, has published essays, " Political Poems," 1888, and is editor of the poems of Winthrop Mackworth Praed. Addresses : Formosa Place, Cookham ; and Athenaeum. YOUNG, Lord, The Right Hon. George Young, Senator of the College of Justice, with the courtesy title of Lord Young, eldest son of the late Alexander Young, Esq., of Rosefield, co. Kirkcud- bright, born 1819, educated at Dumfries and Edinburgh, was called to the Scotch Bar in 1840 ; Solicitor-General for Scot- land 1862-63, and again 1868-69. He was Lord Advocate 1869-74. Mr. Young was Sheriff of Inverness-shire from 1853 till 1860, and of Berwick and Haddington from 1860 till 1862. In April 1865, on the retirement of Sir W. Dunbar, Bart., he was elected member in the Liberal interest for the Wigtown Burghs, and was again returned in 1865, 1868, and 1874. He was raised to the Bench in 1874. In 1872 he was made a Privy Councillor. In 1846 he married Janet, daughter of G. Graham Bell, Crurie, Dumfriesshire. Addresses : 28 Moray Place, Edinburgh, &c. ; and Athenaeum. YOUNG, Sydney, D.Sc, F.R.S., F.C.S., F.I.C., third son of Edward Young, a Liverpool merchant and Justice of the Peace for the county of Lancashire, was born on Dec. 29, 1857, at Farnworth, near Widnes, Lancashire. His early education was conducted at a private school in Southport, and at the Royal Institution, Liverpool. After spending two years in business, Sydney Young entered the Owens College in 1876, and studied there for five years, becoming an Associate of the College in 1880. He matriculated with honours at the London University in 1877, passed the 1st B.Sc. with honours in Physics in 1879, and was awarded the Scholarship in Chem- istry at the final B.Sc. examination in 1880. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Science in 1883. During his stay at the Owens College a Chemical Society was founded by the students, and he and Arthur Smithells, now Professor of Chemistry at Leeds, were elected joint Secretaries of the Society. It was at this time that Professor Carnelly made the discovery that ice, when exposed to very low pressures, could not be liquefied even on the application of great heat, and at Sir Henry Roscoe's suggestion Mr. Young showed the experiment to the Society, and at the same time drew attention to the probable explanation of the behaviour of ice under these condi- tions. Afterwards in Bristol, in conjunc- tion with Professor Ramsay, he obtained an experimental verification of this ex- planation. After undertaking an inves- tigation on "Alcoholic Fluorides" at the Owens College, Mr. Young spent a year in Professor Fittig's laboratory at the University of Strasburg, and there carried out a research on " Ethyl -valero-lactone" and other compounds. In 1882 Dr. Young was appointed Lecturer and Demonstrator of Chemistry in University College, Bristol, and during the following five years he was engaged in original work, chiefly in 1206 YOUNG — YOXALL physical chemistry, jointly with Professor Ramsay. On the retirement of Dr. William- son inl887 from the Professorship of Chemis- try at University College, London, Professor Ramsay was appointed as his successor, and Dr. Young was then elected to the Chair of Chemistry in University College, Bristol, a post which he still retains. Dr. Young was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1893, a Fellow of the London Chemical Society in 1881, a Member of the Berlin Chemical Society in 1882, a Member of the London Physical Society in 1886, and a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry in 1888. He served on the Council of the Chemical Society from 1894 to 1898, and of the Physical Society from 1894 to 1897. He was President of the Bristol Naturalists' Society from 1894 to 1897, and of the Physical and Chemical Section of the Society from 1893 to 1S96. He was External Examiner in Chemistry for the Victoria University from 1893 to 1896. Dr. Young is the author of numer- ous memoirs in' Inorganic, Organic, and Physical Chemistry, which have been pub- lished by the Royal Society, the London and Berlin Chemical Societies, the Physical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, and in the Philosiypkical Magazine and Nature. Many of the researches are on the vapour pressures, specific volumes and critical constants of inorganic and organic compounds, and on the generalisations of Van der Waals regarding corresponding temperatures, pressures, and volumes ; and he has described new methods and appa- ratus for determining the specific volumes of liquids and saturated vapours, for frac- tional distillation, for the preparation of ketones, for showing the volatilisation of ice, &c. He is also the author of " Ques- tions on Physics" (Rivingtons, now Long- mans), and of articles on "Distillation," "Sublimation," and "Thermometers," in Thorpe's "Dictionary of Applied Chemis- try." Addresses : 10 Windsor Terrace, Clifton, Bristol ; and University College, Bristol. YOTJNG, Sir William Mackworth, K.C.S.I., M.A., the third son of Sir George Young, Bart., was born in 1840, and edu- cated at Eton and King's College, Cam- bridge. He entered the Indian Civil Service in 1862, and was sent to the Pun- jab as Assistant-Commissioner, 1863. He became Deputy-Commissioner in 1878, and in the same year Superintendent of the State of Kapurthala. Two years later he was Secretary to the Government of the Punjab, and was promoted to be a Com- missioner in 1887. In 1893 he was a mem- ber of the Viceroy's Legislative Council, and President of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission in the same year. Having been Resident of Mysore from 1895 to 1897, he was appointed to his present post of Lieut.-Governor of the Punjab in the latter year, receiving also the rank of K.C.S.I. He married (2), in 1881, Frances, eldest daughter of Sir Robert Egerton, K. C.S.I. Address: Lahore. YOUNGHUSBAND, Lieut.-General Charles Wright, C.B., F.R.S., is the son of the late Major-General Charles Young- husband, R.A., and was born at Leith Fort, N.B., on June 20, 1821. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and entered the Royal Artillery in 1837. He was engaged in working at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observa- tory of Toronto, Canada, from 1840 to 1846, and during the next seven years he assisted the late Sir Edward Sabine, P.R.S., in arranging the results of observations, taken at various observatories. He served through the Crimean campaign, being pre- sent at Inkerman, and gaining the medal, with two clasps. He became Secretary of the Royal Artillery Institution in 1854, and he was occupied, during the years 1857 to 1863, in superintending contracts for swords, bayonets. &c„ in Belgium and Germany. General Younghusband was a member of the Ordnance Select Committee from 1863 to 1867, and in the latter year acted as Commissioner in charge of war material at the Paris Exhibition. From 1868 to 1875 he was Superintendent of the Royal Gunpowder and Gun-Cotton Factory at Waltham Abbey, and during the fol- lowing five years he acted in the same capacity at the Royal Gun Factories, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, and he finally retired in 1880. He married, in 1846, Mary, daughter of the Hon. Judge Jones, of Toronto (she died in 1889). Addresses : 12 Castle Hill Avenue, Folkestone; and the Athenaeum. YOTJNGHUSBAND, Captain Fran- cis Edward, CLE., was born in May 1863, and is the second son of Major-General J. W. Younghusband, C.S.I. He joined the 1st Dragoon Guards in 1882, became Captain in 1889, and entered the Indian Staff Corps. He was at one time Assistant to the Political Agent at Gilgit, and is British Agent in Chitral. He is well known for his exploration of the Pamirs in 1893, and has received the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1891 he was created CLE. His two most important works are "Heart of a Con- tinent " and the " Relief of Chitral." The latter work was written in conjunction with Captain G. J. Younghusband in 1895. YOXALL, James Henry, M.P., M.A. lion, causd, Camb., was born, July ZANARDELLI — ZANGWILL 1207 15, 1857, at Redditch, Worcestershire, where he attended a public elemen- tary school. In his fourteenth year he left home to become a pupil-teacher, and then an assistant-teacher, in a Sheffield Board School. For two years he was a student of the Westminster Training Col- lege. Returning to Sheffield, he was rapidly promoted to a headmastership, and under his charge the Sharrow Lane Board School became well known for the novelty and success of the educational methods he originated there, bringing pictorial art and music to bear on the ordinary subjects of instruction, and at- tracting visits from educationalists from many parts of the United Kingdom and the Empire. By articles in magazines, and speeches on many platforms, he assisted materially in the downfall of the system known as "Payment by Results" in schools, and much of the reform accom- plished since 1890 has been due to his efforts. In 1892 the members of the National Union of Teachers elected him their President, and a few months later appointed him General Secretary of that organisation, which under his care has considerably grown in influence, and has more than doubled in numbers. He was unsuccessful as a parliamentary candidate for Bassetlaw in 1892, but the efforts he then made secured for him an invitation to stand for Nottingham (West), a seat which he won in 1895. In 1894 he was appointed a Royal Commissioner on Secon- dary Education in England, and has come to be regarded as an authority on all matters pertaining to schools, both in the House of Commons and in the country. In 1899 the degree of M.A. (honoris causd) was conferred on him by the University of Cambridge in recognition of his services to the cause of public education. Mr. Toxall is the author of "Secondary Education," 1896; "The Lonely Pyra- mid," 1890; "Nut-brown Roger and I," 1891; and editor of "The Children's Dickens," "Stories for the Schoolroom," &c. Addresses : 7 Pagoda Avenue, Rich- mond, Surrey ; and 71 Russell Square, W.C. ZANARDELLI, Giuseppe, an Italian statesman, was born in 1826, in Brescia. He became a student in the Ghislieri College of Pavia, and took his degree as Doctor of Law in 1848. He enrolled him- self in the legion of students which was formed at that time, and took part in the war of independence. Returning to Brescia after August 1848, he there prepared the rising which took place in March 1849. He escaped, and in consequence of the amnesty granted by the Austrian Govern- ment, subsequently returned to Brescia, where, from 1851 to 1859, he lived as a private teacher of jurisprudence. When Lombardy became free in 1859 Zanardelli sat in the Piedmontese Legislature in several Parliaments for Isco. In 1866 he became commissario rcgio of the Province of Belfuno, under the Ministry of Ricasoli. In 1869 he sat on the commission of inquiry into the tobacco Regia. At the Lombard bar Zanardeili enjoyed a very high reputa- tion as an advocate. After the Ministerial crisis of 1876 he became Minister of Public Works in the first Depretis Cabinet, which portfolio he resigned in November 1877, in consequence of differences with Depretis, which made it impossible for him to sign, as Minister of Public Works, the Railway Convention arranged by the latter. He was appointed to the Home Office in the Cairoli Ministry in March 1878, and went into opposition on its fall. He was Minister of Justice and Cults under the various Crispi Ministries, and the new Italian Penal Code, which came into force on Jan. 1, 1890, is chiefly due to him. In 1894, on the fall of the Giolitti Ministry, he tried to form a Cabinet, but had to give place to Signor Crispi, whose bitter and factious enemies he then joined. This hostility caused him to be beaten in a provincial election at Brescia, his own home, in May 1895. The general election immediately ensued. After the general election of March 1897 the Marquis di Rudini has mainly relied for support in Parliament on the combined parties of Giolitti and Zanardelli. ZANGWILL, Israel, was born in London of poor Jewish parents in 1864, but his early childhood was passed mainly in Plymouth and in Bristol, where he attended the Red Cross Street Middle Class School, reaching the highest class but one before his parents returned to London, in his ninth year. The boy was placed in the Jews' Free School, an im- mense institution in Spitalfields, where in due course he became head boy, thrice carrying off the scholarships and medals founded to commemorate the admission of Jews into Parliament. He remained at the school as a teacher, and after the laborious work of the day studied for a degree at London University, where he graduated B.A. with triple honours before he was twenty-one. He also took the highest possible teachers' certificate. He had scribbled from childhood, and in his sixteenth year a prize serial from his pen ran through a London weekly, but it was not till he had graduated that he was able 1208 ZANZIBAR — ZETLAND to turn seriously to literature. He began a political skit with a friend, which de- veloped into a long fantastic romance called " The Premier and the Painter," which was published in 1888, and has passed through several editions. Before its publication his desire to introduce reforms in the scholastic routine had brought him into conflict with the autho- rities, and he resigned his position, and, being penniless, was about to canvass for advertisements, when he found a less humble journalistic opening. Two years later he founded Arid, or the London Puck, which had a short but merry life of a couple of years, during which Mr. Zang- will also came into notice as a speaker in the debates of the Playgoers' Club. The death of Ariel, and the publication, in 1891, of "The Bachelors' Club," which was an instant success on both sides of the Atlantic, enabled Mr. Zangwill to devote himself to literature, and in 1892 he enrolled himself among the serious novelists by his "Children of the Ghetto," a study from the life of a section of humanity hitherto neglected or distorted in fiction, which provoked especial contro- versy in America, and which has been translated into many languages. In " The Old Maids' Club," 1892, Mr. Zangwill sup- plied a pendant to "The Bachelors' Club," and the two are now paradoxically united in one volume as "The Celibates' Club." In a couple of novelettes, "The Big Bow Mystery," 1891, and "Merely Mary Ann," 1893, and in a large novel, " The Master," 1895, devoted to problems of art and life, Mr. Zangwill sought more serious inspira- tion outside the Ghetto, though he has returned to it in his "Dreamers of the Ghetto," 1898, life-stories of the great Jews of the last four centuries, which appeared simultaneously in several forms, English, American, Colonial, and Conti- nental. " Ghetto Tragedies," 1893 (just expanded, by the addition of many new stories, into " They That Walk in Dark- ness," 1899), and " The King of Schnorrers, Grotesques and Fantasies," 1894, complete the list of his Jewish studies, though he has also written, in essay form, upon " English Judaism " in the Jewish Quarterly Review, on "The Position oE Judaism" in the North American Review, and on " Zionism " in Lippincott' s. In lighter essay vein he has discoursed on all topics, in " Without Prejudice," 1S96, a collection of prose and verse, mainly from the Pall Mall Magazine. The poems contributed to many other periodicals still await collection. Mr. Zangwill has lectured on " The Drama as a Fine Art," "The Ghetto," and "Fiction the Highest Form of Truth," throughout Great Britain, Ireland, Holland, and the United States of America. He lectured at Jerusalem when travelling through Palestine and Syria in 1897. Mr. Zangwill has written some of his stories in Italy, and has lived frequently in the Latin Quarter of Paris. As a dramatist, owing to his desire for a free hand, he had been represented only by slight one-act pieces, one of which, " Six Persons," had a long run at the Haymarket Theatre. But in the autumn of 1899 a four-act dramatisation from his own pen of his most popular novel, "Children of the Ghetto," was ela- borately produced on the New York stage, under the personal supervision of the author. Address : 24 Oxford Road, Kil- burn, N.W. ZANZIBAR, Sultan of. See Hamtjd Bin Mahomed. ZELLER, Eduard, German theolo- gical and philosophical writer, was born at Kleinbottwar in Wurtemberg, Jan. 22, 1814, and studied at Tubingen and Berlin. In 1847 he became Professor of Theology at Berne, in 1849 at Marburg, and in 1862 Professor of Philosophy at Heidelberg, and subsequently in Berlin, where he has since remained. His principal works are : "Platonic Studies," 1839; "The History of Greek Philosophy," 4th edit., 1876 ; " Critical Study of the History of the Apostles," 1854; "State and Church," 1872; "Strauss, his Life and Writings," 1874; and his chief work, "The History of German Philosophy since Leibnitz," 1873. Several sections of his " History of Greek Philosophy," which is still the standard work on the subject, and widely used in the English Universities, have been translated into English by the late Miss S. F. Alleyne. One of his latest works (1886) is entitled "Friedrich der Grosse als Philosoph." ZENKER, Wilhelm, Ph.D., was born in Berlin, May 2, 1829, and educated wholly in that city, where also he obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1850. He was for many years a teacher of natural science, but has now retired. He has written many memoirs on very various subjects, of which may be quoted, "De natura sexuali generis Cypridis," 1850 ; "Memoir on the Depression in Northern Africa found by Gerh. Rohlfs," in the Zeitshrift fur Erdkunde, 1872; "Der Venusdurchgang, 1874," 1874 ; " Meteoro- logischer Kalender," 1886 ; " Die Vert- heilung der Warme auf der Erdoberflache,' 1888. ZETLAND, Marquis of, the Most Hon. Lawrence Dundas, Bart., was born on Aug. 16, 1844, and is the grand- son of the first Earl of Zetland, and ZIMMERMANN — ZOLA 1209 nephew of the second, whom he succeeded in 1873. He was created Marquis in 1892. He has been a lieutenant in the Royal Horse Guards, a captain in the Yorkshire Yeomanry, a Lord-in-Waiting, and Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland in Lord Salisbury's second administration, when he succeeded the Marquis of Londonderry, 188G-92. He is a county Alderman for North Riding, and Hon. Col. in the Eoyal Artillery Volunteers. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1889. In 1871 he married Lady Lilian Selina Elizabeth Lumley, daughter of the 9th Earl of Scarborough. Addresses : 19 Arlington Street, S.W. ; and Aske, Rich- mond, Yorks., &c. ZIMMEBMANN, Agnes Marie, was born at Cologne on July 5, 1847. At four years of age she came to England, and after studying under her father and one or two private masters, was entered at nine years of age as a student at the Royal Academy of Music, where Cipriani Potter was her master at the piano, and Dr. Steggall taught her harmony. On Cipriani Potter's retirement in 1860, Herr Ernst Pauer became the young student's piano master, and she then began to study composition under Professor Macfarren. She continued to work hard, and while yet a pupil com- posed several works, instrumental and vocal, which were performed at the Royal Academy Students' Concerts. In 1860 she obtained the King's Scholarship, and the same honour fell to her in 1862 ; in the following year she won the Silver Medal, and on Dec. 5 she made what may be fairly termed her first appearance, at a Crystal Palace concert. In 1864 Miss Zimmermann went to Germany, where she played at the Leipzig Gewandbaus Con- certs, before the Court of Hanover, and elsewhere. Returning to England, she grew rapidly in public favour. In 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, and 1886 Miss Zimmer- mann played at many public concerts in Germany — at Hamburg, Ditsseldorf, Bruns- wick, Berlin, Frankfurt, Leipzig, Halle, &c, as well as privately to the Courts at Dresden, Berlin, Darmstadt, and Brussels. For many seasons she lias regularly taken part in the Monday and Saturday Popular Concerts, and has played in most of the provincial cities and at the principal places in Scotland. Miss Zimmermann's own compositions are well known to musicians, and her editions of Beethoven's and Mozart's Sonatas are standard works among students. She has been engaged on an edition of Schumann's works, the first volume of which was published in 1890. Address : 13 Portman Square, W. ZIMMEKN, Helen, was born in the free Hanse town of Hamburg, March 25, 1846, but has lived in England since 1850, and is a naturalised British subject. She is the author of " Stories in Precious Stones," 1873; "Schopenhauer, his Life and Philosophy," 1876; "GottholdEphraim Lessing, his Life and his Works," 1878; " Half Hours with Foreign Novelists," 1880 ; " Tales from the Edda," illustrated by Kate Greenaway, 1882 ; and a para- phrase of the Persian poet, Firdusi, issued under the title of "The Epic of Kings," and illustrated with etchings by Alma- Tadema, R.A., 1882; "Life of Maria Edgeworth," 1883; "The Hanse Towns," 1889; an edition of the "Comedies of Goldoni," 1892 ; and a translation of the "Pentamerone," new edition, 1893. She also writes much for periodicals and for English, American, German, and Italian newspapers. Address : 2 Via Leone De- cimo, Florence. ZOLA, Emile, French novelist and pa- triot, was born in Paris, 10 Rue St. Joseph, April 2, 1840, of a French mother, Emilie Aubert, and an Italian father, an eminent civil engineer, whose work, "Un Traite de Nivellement," gained him the membership of the Academy of Padua. Francois Zola is best known by the " Canal Zola" at Aix ; he was born in 1796 at Venice, and died at Marseille in 1847, leaving his family very badly off. His more famous son, Emile, passed his boyhood at Aix, where he studied at the local college, and came to Paris in February 1858. He obtained a scholarship at the Lyce'e St. Louis, where he was a pupil of Levasseur, who predicted the success of the future novelist on read- ing an essay of his on " Milton dictating to his Daughter." All the same he failed to pass his baccalaureat, being rejected in literature in the rivd voce. In 1860 he left the Lyce'e, and after working at the docks for two months, he preferred star- vation and threw up his post. Towards the end of 1861 he obtained an introduc- tion to Messrs. Hachette, the well-known publishers, and started in their office, first as a shopman at £4 a month, and after- wards as a clerk, when they saw his worth. He employed his leisure in writing short tales, which were afterwards published under the title of " Contes h Ninon " (Oct. 24, 1864). During the next year he wrote tales for the Petit Journal and La Vie Parisienne ; and a collection of articles for the Sulut Public of Lyon, which were after- wards published under the title of "Mes Haines." This same year (1865) saw the publication of " La Confession de Claude," and on Jan. 31, 1866, he resigned his posi- tion at Hachette's, convinced that he could earn his living by his pen. Villemessant employed him to write reviews for the Evinement, and afterwards a set of articles 1210 ZOLA on the " Salon," which created such a stir that they had to be cut short. Nowadays they read very tamely. In the same paper appeared as a serial "Le Voeu d'une Morte," and in a provincial paper, "Les Mysteres de Marseille." Neither of these achieved any great success. During 1866 and 1867 he wrote " Therese Raquin," which first appeared in Arsene Houssaye's paper L 'Artiste, which had already published a wonderful study of Zola's on Manet. " Therese Raquin," the first title of which was " Une Histoire d' Amour," brought its author £24, and a violent series of letters in the Figaro and elsewhere. In 1868 he wrote "Madeleine Ferat," a novel founded on a play which he had written in the pre- vious year, but which he failed to get accepted. However, its serial career was cut short in the Evenement to soothe the puritanism of its readers, and when pub- lished in volume form it attracted no notice. He formed with Flaubert, Daudet, and the Goncourts an informal "Naturalist School " in the last days of the Empire. To this period we must assign the first idea of the second greatest series of French novels of the nineteenth century, second only to Balzac's " Come'die Humaine." Up to now Zola had achieved no great success, in spite of his six published volumes. Then came to him the idea of bringing the scientific laws of heredity within the scope of romance, and he drew up, after eight months' hard work in libraries, museums, and the streets, the now famous genealo- gical tree of the family of the Rougons (to be found in " Une Page d'Amour" and in " Docteur Pascal"). In 1869 he. went to his publisher, Lacroix, and offered to write twelve volumes of a series to be styled ' ' Les Rougon-Macquart," and the contract was signed in May of that year. He ap- plied his theory to the document humain, and in doing so he had to master the technical details of most professions, trades, and occupations. In June 1870 the Steele began the publication of the first of the series, " La Fortune des Rougon " ; but the war soon interrupted its course, and it appeared in volume form in 1871. In his preface he explains his object to be to show how a family can produce ten or twenty individuals appearing at a first glance totally different, but when analysed closely connected with each other. In 1872 the second volume appeared, "La Cure'e," which had been stopped in its serial publication. The third volume of the series was "Le Ventre de Paris," a description of the Paris markets, and from this time the firm of Charpentier became the author's publishers. Then came "La Conquete de Plassans," " La Faute de L'Abb^ Mouret," an attack on celibacy and a vivid study of provincial life ; and "Son Excellence Eugene Rougon." It cannot but be confessed that up to this point the success of the series had not been so great as the author and publisher had expected ; but all this changes with the publication of "L'Assommoir." On its serial appear- ance in Le Bien Public it was, as usual, stopped by the outcries made as to its immorality and its anti-puritan bent ; but an advanced journal, La Be'puUique des Lettres, conducted by M. Catulle Mendes {q.v.), offered to continue the publication ; and the discussion thenceforth raged more furiously. The author himself made a very powerful defence of his book, as being a work with a highly moral aim. It was dramatised by MM. Busnach and Gas- tineau, and the play was known in Eng- land as "Drink," in which Mr. Charles Warner made a great reputation. The next volume of the series was "Une Page d'Amour," and this was followed by "Nana," a work which made even a greater sensation than "L'Assommoir." It was published serially by the Voltaire, and its first edition ran into fifty-five thousand, a number up till then without precedent in French publishing. After this each successive volume of the Rougon-Macquart had its success assured beforehand, and their author was recog- nised even by his most violent opponents as one of the forces to be reckoned with in contemporary literature. The titles of the other volumes were : " Pot-Bouille " (1882); "La Joie de Vivre"; "Au Bon- heur des Dames " (the sequel to " Pot- Bouille") ; " Germinal," a study of French miners ; " L'OEuvre," dealing with art and literature ; " La Terre," an appallingly repulsive, and at times extremely humor- ous, study of the land-hunger of the French peasant, a book which, while grossly mis- representing the better kind of French peasants, was the cause of five of M. Zola's disciples dissociating themselves from their leader's work. Of these MM. J. H. Rosny and Paul Margueritte have since achieved fame on different lines. Then came " Le Reve," a book on romantic lines, which proves conclusively that M. Zola is not a master of sentimental ro- mance, inasmuch as he- lacks the poet's instinct. Report had it that this was an attempt of his to soothe the offended sus- ceptibilities of the French Academy, and gain him admission thereto. " La Bete Humaine," dealing with railways, and "L'Argent," a study of the Bourse, fol- lowed; and then "La Debacle," a vivid picture of the break-up of the Second Empire under the heavy hammer of the Teutons ; and lastly, "Le Docteur Pascal," which completes the twenty volumes of this great series, and sums up the theories which he had enunciated in it. No man ZOLA 1211 could be more justly proud of the efforts of his own brain, and his publishers gave him a dejeuner at which all literary Paris was present. On July 14, 1888, he was appointed a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and five years afterwards an Officer. From 1891 till 1894 he was Presi- dent of the Soci^td des Gens de Lettres. During the years that the Rougon-Mac- quart series was appearing M. Zola also wrote many critical articles, which were afterwards published as " Le Roman Ex- perimental," " Les Pomanders Natural- istes," and " Documents Litte'raires." " We must not forget to mention here that most powerful short story " L'Attaque du Moulin," published in a book entitled "Les Soirees de Me'dan," 1880, a volume named after his home near Paris, in which also appeared Guy de Maupassant's " Boule de Suif." It is a pathetic incident of the Franco-Prussian War, and has been made the subject of a well-known opera. A new set of critical articles appeared in the Figaro during 1880-81, which have been published as " Une Campagne." In 1893 M. Zola visited London on the invitation of the Institute of Journalists, whom he addressed on the subject of " Anonymity in Journalism." The next year he commenced a series of three novels, which he called " Les Trois Villes " — Lourdes, Rome, and Paris. The first was a lurid picture of French pilgrimages to the southern shrine ; the next, a book upon the Eternal City ; and the last, a mass of documents which do not give a very clear idea of La Ville Lumiere. In these three works he intended to represent the progress of an honest priest, the Abbe' Pierre Froment, towards freethought, after discovering that the salvation of society is not to be effected by Catholic faith. It must not be forgotten that although a just apprecia- tion of Zola is a commonplace of literary criticism in these days, very few years have passed since his translators and their publishers were treated as common criminals. In 1897 he achieved the unusual distinction of having a whole book written on his brain. This was a study by Dr. Edouard Toulouse, of the Paris Faculty of Medicine, entitled " Enquete Me'dico-Psy- chologique sur les Rapports de la Supe- riority intellectuelle avec la Ne'vropathie," which is an inquiry similar to that pur- sued in Mr. J. F. Nesbit's well-known work on the "Insanity of Genius." In this work we find every possible particular of the novelist's physical and mental life from the cradle to the date of publication. We learn that, as in early years he endured extreme privation, he was correspondingly thin. With increased prosperity came in- creased avoirdupois, until in 1887 he de- cided to diet himself. Dr. Toulouse ascribes M. Zola's best work to the period when he was still a fat man ; that is, anterior to " La Terre." He now diets himself rigorously : at nine, on rising, he partakes of a crust of dry bread, drinking nothing with it ; he lunches lightly at one, again taking nothing to drink ; immedi- ately after this meal he goes out of doors, so as to avoid falling asleep ; at five he has tea, and he dines, lightly and without drinking, at half-past seven. At ten he drinks two cups of tea. He has given up smoking, and he refrains entirely from wine except for an occasional glass after bicycling. The year 1898 was a momen- tous one in the novelist's life. Captain Alfred Dreyfus, condemned in 1894, had been languishing for three years off the fever-stricken coast of Cayenne ; during those three years his devoted family and friends had been struggling to obtain a revision of his so-called trial. They could gain no hearing, but Zola, once con- vinced of the injustice that had been done, and supremely careless of all personal consequences, compelled France and the entire world to listen to his case. His letter j'accuse was published in M. Clemenceau's journal L Aurore on January 13, 1898. It had been preceded by two letters, " Lettre a la Jeunesse " and " Lettre a la France." The sensation created was enormous, and he was immediately prose- cuted for having said that the judges who tried Esterhazy had acquitted him by order. The trial took place in Paris from 7th to the 23rd of February, and was the one subject of interest at the time. People waited for hours for a chance of a peep into the court, and the courageous author had to be protected by the police from the attacks of a brutal mob. The evidence was strongly in favour of M. Zola's conten- tions, namely, that Dreyfus had been con- demned illegally, that the facts against him had been without significance, and that the bordereau was written not by Dreyfus, but by Esterhazy. But General de Boisdeffre, the chief of the General Staff, came forward and threatened the jury with the resignation of the whole staff if Zola were acquitted, and in the end he was condemned to the maximum penalty, in spite of the heroic efforts of his counsel, M. Labori (q.v.). He appealed against this decision, and the trial was quashed on an informality ; again the military authorities decided to prosecute him, and he was again condemned, this time by default, at Versailles. Whereupon he left the country and came to England, where he lived in retirement in a village near Birmingham until the Court of Cas- sation gave its judgment on the whole question of revision. In consequence of his condemnation the Chancellor of the 1212 ZOLA Legion of Honour erased his name from the roll, and Franjois de Pressense' (q.v.) and others voluntarily gave up the order as well. His technical offence was defama- tion of a tribunal, i.e. saying Esterhazy had been acquitted by order ; but his real offence was making himself the mouth- piece of the intelligent and thoughtful portion of the French public. He has dared to stand up for truth and liberty at a moment when many saw the peril of such conduct, but no other was ready to brave the extremity of personal danger in order to aid in averting it. Posterity will look beyond the studied intemperance of his language and will see in him a man who refused to sit still while a great wrong was being perpetrated, and calmly chal- lenged the combined forces of army, Jesuits, and rabble. In May 1899 his new novel, " Fe"conditeY' began to appear as a fmilleton in th"e A wore. It is a picture of the life led by the working classes, and the hero is Mathieu Froment, a designer in a factory, and the son of the unfrocked priest, Pierre Froment, who was the protagonist of the trilogy of " Les Trois Villes." The best biography in English is by Robert H. Sherard (Lon- don, 1893), and countless pamphlets and books have been written for but chiefly against him during the last thirty .years in France. His Paris address is 21 Rue de Bruxelles. APPENDIX ABDUL AZIZ, Sultan of Morocco, was born in 1880, and at the age of fourteen, in 1894, was unexpectedly raised to the throne in succession to his father, Muley Hassan, whose death from dysentery occurred very suddenly on June 7, 1894. The young Sultan, whose succession was in accordance with his father's wishes, was proclaimed at Fez on June 12. For a time his position was threatened by Muley Mohammed, the eldest son of the late Saltan, but the rebel was seized and im- prisoned on the 19th. On the 25th he married the daughter of Muley Ershid, his father's uncle. Subsequently he dismissed the Grand Vizier and the Grand Chamber- lain, and replaced them by friends. The two ex-ministers were then arrested on a charge of plotting to murder the Sultan. The energetic boy despot entered Fez amid popular rejoicing in July, and firmly established himself on the throne by the arrest of Muley Omar, his uncle (July 23). The Sultan, usually termed " Emperor " by Europeans, is at the head of religion as well as of the State. He is absolute ruler over his people, but many outlying tribes practically do not acknowledge his autho- rity. In his intercourse with foreigners, especially with our own ministers, Sir Ernest Satow and Sir Arthur Nicolson, he has been in the main most cordial. In 1895 he officially recognised a British Vice- Consul at Fez. ABEL, Carl, Dr. Ph., M.S.G.L., Pro- fessor under the Prussian Government Department of Public Instruction, the son of a Berlin banker, was born at Berlin, Nov. 25, 1837 ; studied Philology, National Psychology, and History at the Universities of Berlin, Munich, and Tubingen ; travel- led and stayed for the purposes of linguistic research in England, France, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, and America. He has de- voted himself chiefly to the comparative study of significations and the more exact branches of national psychology de- pendent upon the appreciation of mean- ings ; showed linguistic concepts to be distinctly national, and their comparison the truest means of gauging the intellect and feelings of a race ; examined the his- torical stages of significative development by an inquiry into sundry linguistic con- cepts of the English, French, German, Latin, Russian, Polish, Egyptian, and 1213 Hebrew idioms ; analysed the prehistoric origin of meanings through a combination of Indo-Germanic and Egyptian etymo- logy ; disclosed in the course of these labours an identity of roots, stems, and primary phonetic and conceptional laws in the two families of speech ; proved these common primary laws, while they did not interfere with the separate laws of later times, to reveal a much more ancient and more perspicuous period of etymology, which unfolds the prehistoric growth and history of reason ; demonstrated the primitive variability of sound and sense, the inversion of both and the multiplicity of etymological connections and transi- tions resulting therefrom ; extended his investigations to Semitic affinities ; sifted, on the basis of facts established, the origin of language, the growth of signi- fication, and the theory of synonyms. Professor Carl Abel has acted as Ilchester Lecturer on Comparative Slavonic and Latin Lexicography at Oxford University ; lectured on various etymological and semasiological topics at the Eoyal Asiatic Society, the Royal Literary Society, the Berlin Philological, Philosophical, and Anthropological Society ; taught, as Or- dinary Doeent, Philosophical and Com- parative Linguistics as well as English, French, German, and Latin Synonymy in the Berlin Humboldt Academy of Science ; was linguistic assistant to the German Foreign Office and the Berlin Law Courts ; served as Berlin Correspondent to the Times and Standard ; was a contributor to various English and German philological and general periodicals. Professor Carl Abel reads all European and several Oriental languages. The following is a list of his principal writings : " Linguistic Essays," London, 1880 (history and theory of signification, synonymy, countersense, origin of language, Latin order of words) ; " Sprachwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen," Leipzig, 1885 (an amplified German edi- tion of the foregoing) ; " Slavic and Latin," Ilchester Lectures on Comparative Lexi- cography delivered at the University of Oxford, London, 1881 ; " Gross- und Klein-Russisch. Aus Ilchester Vorle- sungen iibersetzt von R. Dielitz," Leipzig, 1882 (German translation of the fore- going) ; " Koptische Untersuchungen," Berlin, 1878, two volumes (grammatical and semasiological) ; "Einleitung in ein 1214 ALI PACHA — BAKER agyptisch - indoeuropaisch - semitisches Wurzelworterbuch," Leipzig, 1886 (Egyp- tian, phonetic and conceptual change, with specimen of application to the two other families of speech); "Wech- selbezuchungen der agyptischen, indo- europaischen und semitischen Etymo- logie," Thiel 1, Leipzig, 1889 (Compara- tive Egyptian and Indo-European analysis of the root " ker," crooked, with generic conclusions) ; " Agyptisch - Indoeuropa- ische Sprachverwandtschaft," Leipzig, 1890 (concise summary of the foregoing, with amplified general conclusions) ; "Agyptisch und Indogermanisch Vor- lesung vor den Sprachwissenschaftlichen Sectionen des Frankfurter Freien Deut- schen Hochstifts," Zweite Auflage, Frankfort, 1890 (introductory and de- fensive) ; " Zur Geschichte der Hiero- glyphenscbrift. Nach dem Hollandischen des Dr. W, Pleyte," Leipzig, 1890 ; "L' Affi- nity e^ymologique des langues egyp- tiennes et indo-europeennes, Memoiro destine' au Congres International des Orientalistes," Lisbonne, 1892 ; " Letters on International Relations contributed to the Times," London, 1871, two volumes ; and " Russland und die Lage," Leipzig, 1888 (linguistic and national psychology applied to history). ALI PACHA, a Turkish diplomatist, commenced his political career by being one of the referendaries of the Imperial Divan. In 1858, when Fuad Pacha went to Paris as Plenipotentiary representing the Porte at the Conference which had assembled to draw up the conventions respecting the United Principalities, he attached Ali Bey to his mission, and the latter rendered himself conspicuous by his general intelligence and aptitude for diplomacy. In 1861 he was appointed First Secretary of the Ottoman Embassy in Paris, and when, in 1862, he went on leave of absence to Constantinople, the Government entrusted him with the deli- cate mission of Commissioner to Servia after the bombardment of Belgrade. Owing to his address and tact he succeeded in settling nearly all the difficulties. Whilst performing these functions he was, in 1865, placed in charge of the political direction of the province of Bosnia. In 1868 he was appointed Member of the Council of State, and afterwards undertook several other missions. In 1869 he was nominated to the post of Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Public Works. He re- mained in that office until 1870, when he was made Governor of Erzeroum, and afterwards of Trebizond, on which occasion he was raised to the dignity of Pacha. In 1872 he became Prefect of Constantinople, where he introduced several reforms, and in September 1873 he was sent as ambas- sador from the Ottoman Porte to the French Republic. He was recalled in January 1876, and appointed Governor- General of the Herzegovina. A few days before his deposition by the Softas (May 30, 1876) the late Sultan Abdul-Aziz ap- pointed Ali Pacha Governor-General of Scutari, in Northern Albania. ARDITI, Luigi, a musical composer, born July 22, 1822, at Crescentino, Pied- mont, was educated as a violinist at the Conservatoire at Milan. After filling the post of musical conductor in various places in Italy and America, where he remained ten years, he came to London in 1857, and was appointed musical director at Her Majesty's Theatre. Since that time he has conducted Italian opera and other music at various great theatres and concert-rooms up to the present day. Whilst in Constantinople he received from the Sultan the Order of the Medjidieh in acknowledgment of his talent as a com- poser. In addition to numerous songs composed by Signor Arditi may be men- tioned the opera " La Spia," written in New York in 1856 ; " II Bacio," written in London ; and various pieces for the violin. Address : 10 Hyde Park Mansions, W. BAKER, Sir Benjamin, K.C.M.G. (1890), LL.D. (Edin.), F.R.S., engineer, is the son of Benjamin Baker, of co. Car- low, and was born in 1840. He is famous as one of the designers of the Forth Bridge, the most important structure of its kind in the world. On Feb. 20, 1890, the official tests of the bridge were completed. These lasted three days, and proved the structure to be the strongest and stiffest railway bridge in the world, and capable of accommodating the heaviest traffic. On March 4, 1890, the bridge was formally opened by the Prince of Wales, accom- panied by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince George of Wales. At a banquet held after the ceremony the Prince announced baronetcies for Mr. Thompson and Sir John Fowler, both deceased, and knighthoods for Mr. Arrol (now Sir William, M.P.), contractor for the Forth Bridge and for the new Tay Bridge, and for the subject of our memoir. Sir Ben- jamin Baker has been President (1895-96) and is a Member of the Council of the In- stitute of Civil Engineers, and has written on long-span bridges. It will be borne in mind that the main feature, apart from its great height, of the Forth Bridge is its immense spans — extraordinary in a rigid BISMARCK-SCHONH A LTSEN — BROGLI E 1215 Btruoture — which are each a third of a mile in length. In 1894 Sir Benjamin Baker represented England on the question of the storage of the waters of the Nile. He was elected F.R.S. in June 1890, and served on its Council in 1892-93. Ad- dresses : 2 Queen Square Place, Queen Anne's Mansions, Westminster, S.W. ; and Athenseum. BISMABCK-SCHONHATJSEN, Count Herbert von, son of Prince Bis- marck, was born at Berlin, Dec. 28, 1849. He has served the German Empire in various diplomatic capacities, and was Embassy Secretary in London, and Minister at the Hague. He has sat in the Keichstag as one of the members for Schleswig-Holstein, and in 1886 was Secre- tary of State and Assessor to the Chan- cellor. On his father's retirement he was provisionally charged with the direction of foreign affairs, but preferred to follow the Prince into private life. In January 1889 the Emperor conferred on him the Order of the Bed Eagle, First Class. He holds the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the German army. In the summer of 1899 it was rumoured that the Emperor intended shortly preferring him to high office. In June 1892 he married, in Vienna, the Countess Hoyos, daughter of Count George Hoyos, director and controller of the ex- tensive Whitehead torpedo works at Fiume. BLAKE, The Hon. Edward, Q.C., LL.D., P.C. (Canada), M.P., late Canadian statesman, was born at Adelaide, Ontario, Oct. 13, 1833, and became M.A. of Toronto University, 1S58. He began the practice of law in 1859, and in 1864 became a Queen's Counsel. In 1867 he was elected to the Ontario Legislature and also to the Dominion Parliament, and in 1871-72 was Premier of Ontario. This position he re- tained for only one session, being obliged to resign it on account of the passage of the dual representation Act. He became a member, in 1873, of the Canadian Cabinet under the Mackenzie administration, serving for various periods as Minister of Justice and as President of the Council. The Chancellorship of Ontario and the Chief Justiceship of the Supreme Court of the Dominion were offered to him, but he declined both. In 1878 he, with many other members of his party, was defeated for re-election, but he re-entered the Par- liament in the following year, and was from that time until 1887 generally recog- nised as the leader of the Liberal party. He was chosen Chancellor of the Univer- sity of Toronto in 1876, and has held the office ever since. The honour of knight- hood was declined by him in 1877. In 877 he resigned the position of leader of the Liberal party, but retained his seat in the Dominion Parliament until 1891, when he retired from Canadian political life. He entered the British House of Commons in 1892 as member for South Longford, Ireland, having contested that constitu- ency at the request of the leaders of the Irish Nationalist party. He was re-elected in 1895, and has taken an active part in advancing the cause of Home Rule for Ireland. He is a member of the Nation- alist Parliamentary Committee. In 1889 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Toronto. He married a daughter of the Bishop of Huron. BRETT, John, A.R.A., sea-scapist, was born in 1830, and at an early age came under the influence of Mr. Ruskin and the Pre-Raphaelites. A picture painted under this influence was the " Stone- breaker," 1858, followed in 1859 by the "Val d'Aosta," From 1870 onwards, how- ever, he became enamoured of sea-subjects, and he has now for many years painted scenes, chiefly on the Southern and Cornish coasts, in a spirited manner not in the least suggestive of his early penchant. His prin- cipal works at the Royal Academy's Exhi- bitions have been: "Spires and Steeples of the Channel Islands," 1875; "Sir Thomas's Tower," 1876; "Mount's Bay," 1877; "Cornish Lions," 1878; "Carnarvon: Stronghold of the Seison and Camp of the Kittywake," 1879; "Britannia's Realm," 1880 (a picture bought by the Royal Academy); "Golden Prospects: St. Cathe- rine's Well," 1881; "The Grey of the Morning," 1882; "These Yellow Sands," 1883; " M'Leod's Maidens, Skye," 1884; "The Norman Archipelago," 1885 ; "Kyle- Akin," 1887; "The Earth's Shadow on the Sky," 1888; "The Outlook from My Native Cliffs," "The Isles of the Sirens," "The Sear, the Yellow Leaf," '"Probably some Rain,'" 1895 ; "A Friend in Need," "North Devon Cliffs," " From the Balcony of Cliff Cottage, Lee," and "Loch Bracca- daile, Skye," 1896; "Castel Moel, Isle of Skye," "The South Stack Lighthouse: the Wind Athwart the Tide," "Distant Capri," and "Whiteshell Point, Caswell Bay (limestone)," 1897; "Among the Rocks at Trevone (quartz veins in the slate)," "Trevose Head, Cornwall," "Tre- vone Bay : north-westerly showers," and " Where you had better not come ashore : North Cornwall," 1898; "Kylestrome, Sutherland," "Summer on the Cliffs," "The Island off Padstow," and "Btretat (west)," 1899. Address : Daisyfield, Putney, S.W. BBOGLIE, Charles Jacques Victor Albert, Duo de, eldest son of the eminent French statesman Achille Charles Lebnce Victor, Due de Broglie (who died 1216 BTJEGHCLERE — COTTON in Jan. 25, 1870), was born in Paris, June 13, 1821. He was educated in the Uni- versity of Paris, where, at an early age, he gained a high reputation as a publicist, and became one of the editors of the Oor- respondant, in which journal he defended Roman Catholic interests and the doctrines of moderate constitutional liberalism. He was elected a member of the French Academy in 1862. He was Secretary of the French embassies in Madrid and Rome prior to the revolution of 1848 ; he then retired from public life, in con- sequence of his political opinions, until February 1871, when he was elected Deputy for the department of the Eure, and nominated by M. Thiers's Government French Ambassador in London. On his retirement from the Ambassadorship he, as the acknowledged leader of the Con- servative party in the National Assembly, moved the orSfer of the day which led to the resignation of M. Thiers and the acceptance by Marshal MacMahon of the Presidency of the Republic, April 24, 1873. The Due de Broglie then became Minister of Foreign Affairs and President of the Council, and for more than a year he directed the policy of the new Govern- ment ; but having undertaken the project of a new Constitution, including the estab- lishment of a Grand Council or Second Chamber, which was to be invested with the power of dissolving the Assembly, he was defeated on a question of procedure, and resigned with his Ministry, May 16, 1874. At the elections of Jan. 30, 1876, M. de Broglie was elected a Senator b)' the department of the Eure ; his term of office expired in 1885, when he was not re-elected. On May 17, 1877, he succeeded M. Jules Simon as President of the Council of Ministers, Keeper of the Seals and Minister of Justice, which posts he resigned in December of the same year, after the elections had given a large majority to the Republican party. As a writer, the Due de Broglie is well known by a translation of Leibnitz's "Religious System," 1846; his "Etudes Morales et Litteraires," 1853; "L'Eglise et l'Empire Romain au Quatrieme Siecle," 6 vols., 1856, a work which passed through five editions; "line Reforme administrative en Algerie," 1860 ; " Questions de Religion et d'Histoire," 1860 ; " La Souverainete Pontidcale et la Libert^," 1861; "La Liberie Divine et la Liberie Humaine," 1865 ; "Le Secret du Roi: Correspondance Secrete de Louis XV. avec ses Agents Diplomatiques," 2 vols., 1878 ; " Frederic II. et Marie Therese," 1882; "Fre'de'ric II. et Louis XV., d'apres des documents nou- veaux," 1885; "Marie Therese Impera- trice," 2 vols., 1887 ; "Memoires de Talley- rand" (vols, i.-iv., 1891); and "La Socie'te de l'Abbaye de Saint-Germain des Pres au XVIII. Siecle " (2 vols., 1891). He married, in 1845, Pauline-Eleonore de Galard-de- Brassac de Beam, who died in 1860. His eldest son, Prince Louis Alphonse Victor, born in Rome in 1846, is a member of the Chamber of Deputies. Paris address : 10 Rue de Solferino. BTJRGHCLEBE, Lord, The Bight Hon. Herbert Coulston Gardner, M.A., D.L., was born on June 9, 1846, and was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was Liberal Member of Parliament for North Essex (Saffron Walden Division) from 1885 to 1895, and from August 1892 to July 1895, was Presi- dent of the Board of Agriculture, which had been established in 1889, with an official salary of £2000 per annum. He is Deputy-Lieutenant for Middlesex, and was raised to the Peerage as 1st Baron Burghclere in 1895. He married the eldest daughter of the 4th Earl of Carnar- von. Addresses : 48 Charles Street, W. ; Debden Hall, Saffron Walden, &c. BTJRMESTER, Willy, violinist, was born in Hamburg on March 16, 1869. His family were musical, and he early deve- loped a musical talent. His father, who played in a theatre orchestra, began to give him lessons when he was four years old, and he was soon playing pieces by De Beriot and Rode. At the age of ten he played in public Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto. Hearing him play Spohr's Dra- matic Concerto, Herr Joachim accepted him as a pupil, and trained him until he was sixteen. On leaving the Berlin Hoch- schule he toured through Russia, Portugal, and other countries, and was afterwards invited to Hamburg by the late Dr. Hans von Biilow to play sonatas at his concerts. The young violinist now retired to Hel- singfors, where he held a small appoint- ment, and for three years studied his instrument assiduously, practising on an average from eight to ten hours a day. He became a consummate master of technique, and on his return to Berlin so impressed his audiences with his finished brilliancy that he was surnamed Paganini Redivivus. He first appeared in London in March 1895, having been induced to cross the Channel by Mr. Henschel, since which year he has been a frequent per- former here. c COTTON, Henry John Stedman, C.S.I., Chief Commissioner of Assam, was born on Sept. 13, 1845, and is the second COTTON — DAVIES 1217 sou of J. J. CottOD, of the Madras Civil Service. He was educated at Magdalen College School, Brighton College, and King's College, London, and went out to Bengal in the Indian Civil Service in 1867. He has been successively Under-Secretary to the Government of Bengal, 1873-74 ; Registrar of High Court, 1874-75 ; Junior Secretary to Government, 1875-77 ; Magis- trate and Collector, and afterwards Com- missioner, of Chittagong, 1878-84, besides holding important posts under Govern- ment in Calcutta. He was Chief Secretary to Government from 1891 to 1896, in which latter year he was appointed Acting Home Secretary to the Government of India. He succeeded to his present post in 1896 He was created C.S.I, in 1892. He has written works on India. Address : Shil- long, Assam. COTTON, Sir William James Rich rnond, City Chamberlain, was born in 1822. He is a member of the firm of Culverwell, Brooks & Co., of St. Mary Axe, and during the Lancashire and Cheshire famine was the first to institute a system of relief. He was elected Alder- man of Lime Street Ward without first having served in the Common Council, was Sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1868, and Lord Mayor in 1875. He sig- nalised his mayoralty by giving a mag- nificent banquet on the return of the Prince of Wales from India. A window was placed by him in the Guildhall, the subject of which was the reception of the Prince and Princess, and the passing of the loving cup. Another window, pre- viously placed by him in the Guildhall, represented the growth of the cotton- plant; it has now been appropriately re- moved to Kew Gardens. Sir Richmond was the first Conservative member to be re- turned for the City after it had been for more than a century a stronghold of Libe- ralism. He held his seat from 1874 to 1885, and from 1873 to 1880 was an ex- tremely active member of the London School Board. He is a member of several City Companies, has been Master of the Turners' Company, and a Commissioner of Inland Revenue. In 1892 he was ap- pointed City Chamberlain, and received the honour of knighthood. He has pub- lished "Imagination and other Poems," and a Jubilee Ode. He married Caroline R. Pottinger in 1848. Address : 9 Bramham Gardens, S.W. CROSTHWAITE, The Right Rev. Robert Jarratt, D.D., Bishop of Beverley, Suffragan to the Archbishop of York, was born at Wellington, Somerset, on Oct. 13, 1837, and is the third sonof Canon Benjamin Crosthwaite. He was educated at Leeds Grammar School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was 8th Wrangler in 1860. He held a Trinity College Fellow- ship from 1862 to 1867, was ordained Priest in 1863, and was Curate of North Cave, Yorkshire, from 1862 to 1866, in which latter year he was appointed Private Secretary and Domestic Chaplain to Arch- bishop Thomson. From 1869 to 1873 he was Vicar of Waghen, from 1873 to 1883 Vicar of Brayton, and in 1884 was ap- pointed Archdeacon and Prebendary of York. In 1885 he became Rector of Bolton Percy, and in 1889 was appointed Suffragan to the Archbishop of York. He has written a work on the authenticity of the Gospels. He married (2), in 1887, a daughter of the Rev. W. M. Crosthwaite. Address : Bolton Percy Rectory, Yorkshire. D DARBY, Very Rev. John Lionel, D.D. Dublin, Dean of Chester, was born in Ireland on Nov. 20, 1831, and is the youngest son of the late Rev. C. Darby. He was educated at St. Columba's College, and at Trinity College, Dublin, was or- dained Priest in 1857, and was successively Assistant- Curate of Winwick, Lancashire, and of Mells, Somerset. From 1859 to 1868 he was Incumbent of Newburgh, Lancashire ; from 1871 to 1875 Diocesan Inspector for the Diocese of Chester ; and for twenty years (1875-95) Archbishop's Inspector of Training Colleges. He was Rector of St. Bridget's, Chester, 1875-86, and Archdeacon of Chester from 1877 to his appointment as Dean in 1886. He is an Irish landowner, and is married to a daughter of Canon and Lady Ellinor Hop- wood. Address : Deanery, Chester. DARTREY, Earl of, Vesey Daw- son, K.P., was born on April 22, 1842, and succeeded his father, the 1st Earl, in 1897. He was formerly Lieut.-Colonel in the Coldstream Guards, was High Sheriff of Monaghan in 1878, and as Lord Cremorne represented Monaghan in the Liberal in- terest in the House of Commons from 1865 to 1868. In 1882 he married Julia Georgiana Sarah, daughter of Sir George Wombwell, 4th Baronet. Address : Dart- rey, co. Monaghan, &c. DAVIES, Ben, singer, was born in 1858 in the Swansea Valley. During three years he studied singing at the Royal Academy of Music so successfully as to win the bronze, silver, and gold medals. He joined the Carl Rosa Opera Company as leading tenor in 1882, and in 1887 made 4 H 1218 DAVIES — DOMVILE bis name in " Dorothy " and other musical pieces. In 1891, at the short-lived Royal English Opera, be created the part of Ivanhoe in the opera of that name, has sung Faust in Italian at the Opera, and was offered an engagement at La Scala, Milan. He has latterly devoted himself solely to concerts, where his perfect voice and style have won him many laurels. He has toured with great success in Germany and the United States, and in 1894 made his first appearance at the Handel Festival. Address : 6 Cork Street, W. DAVIES, Sir Robert Henry, K.C.S.I., CLE., was born in 1824, and is the son of the late Sir David Davies, M.D. He was educated at the Charter- house and at Haileybury College. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1871 to 1877, and a member of the Council of India from 1885 to 1895. He was created K. C.S.I, in 1874, and CLE. in 1877. He is a widower, and has been twice married. Addresses: 38 Wilton Place, S.W. ; and Athenaeum, &c. DILLMANN, Christian Friedrich August, Ph.D., D.D., was born April 25, 1823, at IHingen, in the district of Maul- bronn, in Wurtemberg, and was educated in the Gymnasium at Stuttgart, and the Lower Evangelical Theological Seminary at Schonthal. From 1840 to 1844 he studied philosophy, Oriental philology, and theology, in the University and in the Higher Theological Seminary at Tubingen. In the autumn of 1844 he passed the first theological official examination, and then devoted another year to the study of the Oriental languages. In 1845 he became a parish vicar in Tersheim, in the district of Vaihingen, in Wurtemberg. From 1846 to 1848 he made a scientific tour, visiting the libraries in Paris, in London, and at Oxford, where he received from the autho- rities of the libraries the proposal that he should draw up catalogues of their JEthiopic MSS. In April 1848, having returned to Wurtemberg, he became Ee- petent in the Theological Seminary at Tubingen, and as such discharged at the same time the professorate of Old Testament Exegesis in the University for the four years during which, through the departure of Ewald, the office was vacant. In 1852 he became Privat Docent in the Theological Faculty of the Uni- versity of Tubingen, and in 1853 was nominated by the king a Professor Ex- traordinary in the same Faculty. After filling various posts at Kiel and Giessen he became Professor in Ordinary of Old Testament Exegesis in the Theological Faculty of the Metropolitical University of Berlin, which office he still holds. In May 1846 he graduated as M.A. and Ph.D. in the University of Tubingen. In October 1862 Professor Dillmann received the honorary degree of D.D. from the Univer- sity of Leipsic. The learned Professor has written or edited : " Catalogus Codi- cum MSS. Orientalium qui in Museo Brit- annico asservantur. Pars III. Codices iEthiopicos continens," 1847; "Catalogus Codicum MSS. Bibliothecse Bodleianse Oxoniensis, Pars VII., Codices iEthiopici," 1848; "The Book of Enoch translated and explained," 1853; "The Book of the Jubilees, or the little Genesis, translated from the iEthiopic and elucidated by Ob- servations," and " The Christian Adam- book of the Orient translated from the iEthiopic," both in Ewald's Jahrbuch der biblischen Wissenschaft. Dr. Dillmann has also undertaken to edit the Old Testament in iEthiopic. Of this splendid work several portions have already been issued. In 1859 Professor Dillmann edited the Book of Jubilees in .Ethiopia Already in 1857 this indefatigable Orientalist had pub- lished his " Grammar of the iEthiopic Language"; and in 1865 followed his great work, the "Lexicon Lingua? iEthio- pica; cum Indice Latino" (Leipsic), in large quarto size with 1522 columns of letterpress. In 1866 came his " Chrestoma- thia iEthiopica edita et glossario ex- planata," and in 1869 his commentary on the Book of Job, or " Job Newly Explained," for the third edition of the "Brief Exegeti- cal Handbook." In 1877 appeared his edi- tion of the "Ascencio Isaiae," Latin and jEthiopic text. He is a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Sciences in Gottingen, arrd a Chevalier of the first class of the Order of Merit of Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse. DOMVILE, Vice - Admiral Sir Compton Edward, K.C.B., second son of the late Henry B. Domvile, Esq., was born in Worcestershire in October 1842. He was educated at the Royal Academy, Gosport, and entered the Royal Navy in April 1856. As a Sub-Lieutenant he ob- tained three first-class certificates, and was specially promoted. After some service in the Royal Yacht he obtained the command of H.M. S. Algerine on the China station, and for his skill and gallantry in services against pirates h e was promoted Commander in 1868. He served on the West Coast of Africa as Captain of H.M.S. Dido during the Boer War, and in 1882 became Acting Commodore at Jamaica. In 1886 he was appointed Captain of the Excellent Gunnery School, and soon after Naval A.D. C. to the Queen. He became Vice-President of the Ordnance Committee in 1890, and Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes in the EAST— ERSKINE 1219 following year, when he also attained flag rank. He hoisted his flag as a Rear- Admiral in the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1894, and in 1897 was promoted Vice-Admiral and Superintendent of Naval Reserves. This appointment carries with it the command of one of the fleets in the Naval Manoeuvres. Admiral Domvile is married to Isabella, a daughter of Captain Edmund Peel. Address : 3 Collingham Road, S.W. E EAST, Alfred, A.R.A., R.I., was born at Kettering on Dec. 15, 1849, and was educated there and at the Government School of Art, Glasgow, and the night- class conducted by Mr. Greenlees. His parents had not intended him for the career of an artist, although he had drawn surprisingly well from his earliest years, and it was only the chance of residence in Glasgow, where he made the acquaintance of artists, which decided the direction his education should take. After leaving Glas- gow he studied at the Ecole des Beaux- Arts under Tony Fleury and Bougereau. His first Royal Academy picture, " Dewy Morn," was painted at Barbizon, of which school of idealising landscapists Mr. East is a firm adherent. He next painted in Glasgow, and came under the influence of- the young Glasgow colourists, but, although himself a brilliant master of tone, he cannot be described as of any school. Removing to London, he found materialistic landscape the order of the day, but he gradually made his mark, and is now one of the leading landscape painters of England. Soon after his return home he exhibited his studies at the Fine Art Society at Bond Street. A long sojourn in Japan further influenced his colour and method. He has exhibited at the Royal Academy for many years. His recent pictures are : " Autumn Haze " and "Midland Meadows," 1895; "A Pastoral " and " The "Valley of the Chess," 1896; "The Sleepv River Somme " and "The Silence of Morning," 1897; "An Evening Song " and '■ Opulent Autumn," 1898; and "The Monks' Pool, Beardsall Priory," "A Combe in the Cotswolds," "The Shepherd's Walk, Windermere," and " The Miller's Daughter," 1899. He is a Member of the Royal Institute of Water- Colours and of the Council of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers, and became A.R.A. in 1899. He is also a member of the Organising Council of the Japan Society, is a Gold Medallist of Paris and Munich, and " Hors Concours " at the Salon. Ad- dress : 2 Spencer Street, Victoria Street, S.W. ELLIS, Major-General Sir Arthur Edward Augustus, K.C.V.O., C.S.I., Sergeant-at-Arms in the House of Lords, was born at Gibraltar Dec. 13, 1837, and is the second son of Colonel the Hon. Augustus F. Ellis. He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and joined the 33rd Regiment in 1854, serving in the Crimea, and being present at the siege of Sebastopol, and at Kertch. He was A.D.C. and Military Secretary to Lord Elphin- stone, Governor of Bombay from 1858 to 1862, when he exchanged as Captain to the Grenadier Guards. In 1867 he was appointed Equerry to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and was well known in that capa- city until he resigned (November 1898), and was appointed Extra Equerry, January 1899. In November 1898 he was ap- pointed Sergeant-at-Arms in Ordinary to her Majesty the Queen in the House of Lords. He is Secretary to H.M. Com- missioners for the Exhibition of 1851. He retired from the army in 1893, and was created C.S.I, in 1876, and K.C.V.O. in 1897. In 1864 he married a daughter of Lord Taunton. Address : 29 Portland Place, W. ERSKINE, Admiral Sir James Elphinstone, K.C.B., second son of the late James Erskine, Esq., of Cardross, was born Dec. 2, 1838. He entered the Royal Navy in 1854, and was promoted Lieute- nant in June 1859, Commander in August 1862, and Captain in November 1868. In May 1880 he was appointed Private Secretary to Lord Northbrook, First Lord of the Admiralty. He was Commodore on the Australian station from June 1881 to 1884, and on November 6 of the latter year hoisted the British flag at Port Moresby and proclaimed the British protectorate over the South Coast of New Guinea and the adjacent islands. Admiral Erskine was an Aide-de-Camp to the Queen for several years, and was promoted Rear- Admiral in January 1886. From February to August of the same year he sat at the Admiralty Board as a Lord Commissioner. He was senior officer on the coast of Ireland from December 1888 to December 1891, and was one of the umpires of the Naval Manoeuvres of 1894. He hoisted his flag as Commander-in-Chief on the North America and West Indian Station in March 1894, and was promoted K.C.B. in June 1897, and in the following August was promoted full Admiral. In 1898 he was appointed a Commissioner to inquire into matters relating to certain French treaty rights in Newfoundland. Sir James is a J.P. for Peebles, and is mar- ried to Margaret, the eldest daughter of the Rev. John Constable, of Marston Big- gott. Address : Venlaw, Peebles. 1220 GARRETT — HAFFKLNE G GARRETT, Edmund William, Metropolitan Police Magistrate, was edu- cated at Shrewsbury School and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took honours ia the Law Tripos in 1873. Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple two years later, he has for a long period been in practice on the Midland Circuit, where more recently he has acted as prosecuting counsel in Mint cases and for the Treasury. He has been Revising Barrister for the Nuneaton, Rugby, and Stratford divisions of Warwickshire, was elected a member of the first Middlesex County Council, be- came a County Alderman in 1895, and was elected a member of the first General Council of the Bar, on which he has acted up to the present. On the recommenda- tion of the Home Secretary he was ap- pointed a Metropolitan Police Magistrate in the place of Sir James Vaughan re- tired, July 1899, Mr. de Rutzen succeed- ing Sir James at Bow Street Police Court. He is author of a work on the " Law of Nuisance." Address : Ardeevin, Epsom. H HAFFKINE, Waldemar Mordecai Wolff, CLE., son of the late Aaron Haff- kine and Rosalie, daughter of David Lands- berg, of Odessa, was born in Odes.^a on March 15, 1860, and is a Jew by birth and religion. He was educated in the'Classical College of Berdiansk, on the Sea of Azoff, and in the University of Odessa, where he took his degree in Science in 1884, and has published, up to 1888, the following: "Recherches biologiques sur 1' Astasia ocellata, n.s.," in the Annales de3 Sciences Naturelles, Paris, 1885; "Recherches bio- logiques sur l'Euglena viridis, Ehr.," ibid. 1886 ; " On the Nutrition of Euglenae and Astasiae," in the Memoirs of the Society of Naturalists of Nova-Rossia, Odessa, 1886 (in Russian); "On the Laws of Heredity in Application to Monocellular Organisms," ibid. 1887, and Archives de Zoologie expiri- mentalc et ginirale, Paris, 1888 ; and a translation from the German into Russian of Klaus's text-book, "Zoologie," by Haff- kine and Schulgin, Odessa, 1888. In the latter year M. Haffkine was appointed Assistant to Professor Moritz Schiff in the chair of Physiology in the University of Geneva, and in 1889 went to Paris, where he published, in the Annales de I'Institut Pasteur, 1890, articles "Sur les maladies infectieuses chez les Paramecies" and " Sur l'adaptation au milieu chez les in- f usoires et les bacteries " ; in the Comptes- rendus de la Sociiti de Biologie, 1892, "Sur le cholera asiatiqne chez le cohaye," " Sur le cholera asiatique chez le lapin et le pigeon," and "Inoculation des vaccins anti-choleriques b, l'homme." In Decem- ber of the same year he delivered a lecture " On the Anti-Cholera Inoculation " at the Conjoint Laboratories of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in London {Bri- tish Medical Journal and Lancet, 1893), and contributed a paper on the same subject to the Fortnightly Review, 1893. In Feb- ruary 1893, upon the suggestion of the Marquis of Dufferin, then British Ambas- sador in Paris, he went to India to intro- duce in the cholera-stricken districts his system of anti-cholera inoculation, and published there, "A Lecture on Vacci- nation against Asiatic Cholera," Indian Medical Gazette, April 1893; "The Tech- nique of Haffkine's Anti-Cholera Inocula- tion," by Haffkine, Hankin, and Owen, Lahore, 1894, and Indian Medical Gazette, June 1894; "Anti-Cholera Inoculation in India," by W. M. Haffkine, and "Contri- bution to the Etiology of Cholera," by Haffkine and Simpson, in the Transactions of the First Indian Medical Congress, Cal- cutta, 1895, and Indian Medical Gazette, January, February, and March 1895 ; and " The Anti-Cholera Inoculation : Report to the Government of India," by W. M. Haff- kine, Calcutta, 1895, and Indian Medical Gazette, October 1895. The investigations carried out by the Calcutta Municipal Laboratory showed that the inoculation reduced the mortality from cholera more than twenty-two times. Returned to Lon- don at the end of 1895, M. Haffkine delivered, in the Conjoint Laboratories on the Victoria Embankment, a lecture " On Vaccination against Cholera," British Medical Journal, 1896, and induced the Netley Pathological Laboratory to under- take inoculation with the typhoid vaccine upon the lines of the anti-cholera inocula- tion ; he also obtained from Sir William Mackinnon, then Director-General Army Medical Department, his consent for Pro- fessor Wright, of Netley, to begin the inoculation, first on probationers of the Netley School and on officers leaving for India, and then, with the approval of the military authorities, upon the relief drafts starting for tropical countries. These inoculations were begun in 1897, and are now largely applied. He returned to India and resumed his cholera studies in the beginning of 1896. In October of that year, on the outbreak of plague in Bombay, he was deputed by the Indian Government to undertake an inquiry into the bacteriology of the disease. In Janu- ary next he made known a method of HAETLEY 1221 prophylactic inoculation against plague, which has since then been applied to hundreds of thousands of individuals of all castes and nationalities in India. The reduction in plague mortality effected by these inoculations is estimated to average over eighty per cent., approaching often ninety. He published during that period: " The Plague Prophylactic," Indian Medical Gazette and British Medical Journal, 1897 ; "Joint Eeport on the Epidemic of Plague in Lower Damaon," by Haffkine and Lyons, Bombay, 1897, and Indian Medical Gazette, 1897 ; " The Protective Inoculation against Plague," Poona, 1898; "Experi- ment on the Effect of Protective Inocula- tion in the Epidemic of Plague in Undhera, taluka Baroda," Bombay, 1898; "The Protective Inoculation against Plague in the Khoja Community of Bombay during the Epidemic of 1897-98," Bombay, 1898; and communicated a summary of the re- sults to the Edinburgh Meeting of the British Medical Association of 1898, pub- lished in the British Medical Journal under the title of " The Testing of Haff- kine's Prophylactic in the Plague-Stricken Communities in India," by Haffkine and Bannerman. The Government Plague Re- search Laboratory, founded and organised by M. Haffkine, manufactures the prophy- lactic at present at the rate of some ten thousand doses a day, and has supplied, in addition to Indian demands, those also from the Transvaal, Cape Colony, Mauri- tius, Natal, Zanzibar, the Gold Coast, Cyprus, Ceylon, Hong-Kong, and Russian Central Asia. In April 1899 he returned to England on leave, and delivered at the Rojal Society a discourse " On Preventive Inoculation," published in the Lancet and British Medical Journal of June and July 1899, which will appear also in the Pro- ceedings of the Society. This address, the Lancet says, "places preventive inocula- tion on a higher plane than it has hitherto occupied." What Jenner was to small- pox and Pasteur to anthrax, that M. Haff- kine has been to plague and cholera. In addition to the publications above men- tioned, Haffkine contributed to the Journal of the Norwegian Ministry of Public In- struction, in Christiania, in 1889, a paper under the title " Les nouvelles Ecoles techniques en Russie " ; to the Journal of Popular Education, in Odessa, 1889, a series of articles " On the Primary Schools in Scandinavia" (in Russian), and trans- lated from Norwegian, together with B. Tourczaninoff, Schuebeler's "Horticul- ture," published in St. Petersburg in 1890 (in Russian). M. Haffkine was elected Member of the Society of Naturalists of Nova-Russia, Odessa, in 1885 ; Member of the Socie'te' de Zoologie de France, Paris, in 1890 ; and Hon. Member of the Calcutta Microscopic Society in 1894. In 1897, on the occasion of her Majesty's Jubilee, he received the order of OLE., but his ex- haustive and magnificent labours have, we understand, been almost honorary. HAETLEY, Sir Charles Augustus, K.C.M.G., F.R.S.E., was born at Heworth, co. Durham, in 1825, being the son of W. A. Hartley, Esq., iron merchant, of Darlington, by Lilias, daughter of A. Tod, Esq., J. P., of Borrowstounness, N.B. In 1845, after a practical course of instruction in mining and railway engineering at Bishop Auck- land and Leeds, he was appointed one of Messrs. Stevenson, Brassey & Mac- kenzie's district engineers on the Scottish Central Railway, and held that post till 1848, when he was nominated Resident Engineer at Sutton Harbour, Plymouth, under Mr. J. Locke, M.P. In Juue 1855, on the completion of the Sutton Harbour works, he accepted a commission as Cap- tain in the Turkish Contingent Engineers, and served at Kertch with that force until the end of the Crimean War, for which he received the Turkish war medal. In December 1856 he was elected Engineer- in-Chief to the European Commission of the Danube, on the recommendation of Major (now Lieut. -General Sir John) Stokes, K.C.B. , and General Sir John Burgoyne, Bart. In March 1861 he in- spected the early works of the Suez Canal, and reported favourably on that scheme to the English Government. In September 1862 he received the honour of knighthood. In 1867 he was awarded the Emperor of Russia's "Grand Competition Prize" of 8000 silver roubles, for which there were twenty competitors, for his plans for enlarging the harbour of Odessa. In 1872, when the depth at Sulina had been in- creased, by natural scour only, to 20J feet, and many important river improvements had been effected, he ceased to reside at Sulina, and became Consulting Engineer to the Danube Commission, a post which he still retains. During his residence abroad he was also employed by the Austrian Government to report on various schemes for improving the port of Trieste ; by the Turkish Government, to report on dock accommodation at Constantinople ; by the Russian Government, to survey and report on the mouths of the Don ; by the British Government, to report on an inter- national question of engineering connected with the Scheldt ; by the Indian Govern- ment, to report on the Hooghly ; by the Khedive, to report on the "barrage" across the Nile ; and by the Roumanian Government, to prepare surveys and draw- ings for a harbour on the coast of Bess- arabia. In January 1874 he was the first engineer to recommend the improvement 1222 HENRICI — HERBERT of the South Pass and Mouth of the Missis- sippi in preference to either of the other mouths. In August 1875 he visited the South Pass as a member of Mr. J. B. Ead's Advisory Board, and remained in constant communication with that distinguished engineer till the summer of 1879, when Mr. Ead's well-planned operations to deepen the South Pass and Mouth, by means of parallel jetties, as at Sulina, were crowned with complete success. In 1875-77 he acted as Consulting Engineer to the Cattewater Commissioners for the Cattewater Breakwater at Plymouth. In May 1879 he was appointed a member of the Panama Congress, but abstained from voting in favour of M. de Lesseps' Panama- Colon project, as he considered that the engineering data collected up to that time were insufficient to determine satisfac- torily the best route for a ship canal across the isthmus. In 1881 he prepared detailed surveys, plans, and estimates for the enlargement of the harbour of Kus- tendjie, in Roumania, and in 1889 for the construction of a commercial harbour at Bourgas, in Bulgaria. In 1884 he was created a Knight Commander of SS. Michael and George. In 1884-85, on the recommendation of H.M. Government, he acted as one of the English members of the International Technical Commission appointed by the Suez Canal Company to report on the best means of improving the Suez Canal. He is the author of papers on the "Delta of the Danube," on "Public Works in the United States and Canada," and on "Inland Navigations in Europe." He has been decorated with the Orders of the Medjidieh and the Star of Roumania, and has received the Stephenson prize, the Telford medal, the Watt medal, the Telford premium, and the Manby premium from the Institution of C.E. Address : 26 Pall Mall, S.W. HENRICI, Olaus, F.M.E., Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S., was born March 9, 1840, at Meldorf, in Holstein, and received his early education in the gymnasium of his native town. In 1856 he left Meldorf in order to study for some years in the work- shops of a mechanical engineer. In 1859 he proceeded to the Polytechnic School in Karlsruhe, where he remained until 1862, when he entered the University of Heidel- berg. Here, in 1863, he graduated with special honours as Ph.D. Dr. Henrici next proceeded to Berlin in order there to prosecute his mathematical studies. In 1865 he became Tutor in the University of Kiel, but left soon afterwards for London. In 1869 Dr. Henrici was appointed Pro- fessor of Pure Mathematics in University College, London ; and, in 1884, Pro- fessor of Mechanics and Mathematics in the Central Institution of the City Guilds of the London Institute ; he holds the latter post at the present time. In 1868 he was elected a Member and in 1883 President of the London Mathema- tical Society. He is the author of the fol- lowing papers: "Bemerkung zu 'Hesse' Zerlegung der BedingungfiirdieGleichheit der Hauptaxen eines auf einer Oberflache zweiter Ordnung liegenden Kegelsch- nittes " (in C'relle's Journal, vol. lxiv., 1864) ; " Transformation von Differential- ausdriicken erster Ordnung zweiten Grades mit Hiilfe der verallgemeinerten ellipti- schen Co-ordinaten" (Crclle's Journal, vol. lxv., 1865); "On Certain Formulas con- cerning the Theory of Discriminants ; with Applications to Discriminants of Discr.j and to the Theory of Polar Curves " (in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, vol. ii., read in November 1868); and "On Series of Curves, especially on the Singularities of their Envelopes : with Applications to Polar Curves," also in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, vol. ii. Address : 34 Clarendon Road, Notting Hill, W. HERBERT, Hon. Auberon Edward William Molyneux, D.C.L. , is the son of the 3rd Earl of Carnarvon, and was born in 1838. He was educated at Eton and at St. John's College, Oxford, which he left to enter the army without taking his degree. He was sent with his regi- ment, the 7th Dragoons, to India, from which he retired, returning to graduate, and taking the degree of B. C. L. in 1862 (D.C.L, 1867). He was Fellow of St. John's from 1866 to 1869. He was with the Danes during the Danish-German War, and visited America during the war be- tween North and South. Here he spent a short time in the lines before Richmond, being very hospitably received. Subse- quently, in 1870, he was returned to Par- liament as member for Nottingham, and in that year followed the German army into France, sleeping on the battlefield of Sedan the day of the battle. Travelling straight to Paris, he was a witness of the Revolution, and at the fall of the city returned thither to take provisions to a friend. At the fall of the Commune he again visited the French capital in order to look after the same friend. During his time in Parliament (1870-1874) Mr. Auberon Herbert became interested in Mr. Herbert Spencer's teachings, and decided to leave Parliamentary life in order to escape party ties. Since that time he has been engaged in preaching what he calls "Voluntaryism," which means the limitation of State power to the defence of person and property against force and fraud, and the conver- sion of compulsory taxation into voluntary HILL — HOHENLOHE-SCHILLTNGSFURST 1223 taxation in a State resting on a voluntary, not compulsory, basis. He constantly advocates his views in his paper, The Free Life, and is an occasional correspondent to the Times. He has published many pamphlets in support of Voluntaryism, and has written a volume of poems. He mar- ried Lady Florence, daughter of the 6th Earl Cowper. She died in 1886. Address : The Old House, Eingwood, Hants. HILL, Frank Harrison, born at Boston, in Lincolnshire, Feb. 6, 1830, was educated at Manchester New College, graduated B. A. in the London University in 1851, and was afterwards called to the Bar by the Society of Lincoln's Inn. In I860 he acted as one of the secretaries of the Trades Union Committee of the Social Science Association, to the printed volumes of whose reports he furnished, among other contributions, a paper on " Trade Combinations in Sheffield." In the same year he went to Ireland as editor of the Northern Whig. This post he held until the beginning of the year 1866, when he became one of the assistant-editors and political writers of the Daily News, of which journal he was, from 1870 to 1886, editor-in-chief. He is the author of " Poli- tical Portraits," 1873, consisting of sketches of living English statesmen, which ap- peared originally in the Daily News, a " Life of Canning " in the English Worthies Series ; a series of papers in the Fortnightly Review, entitled " The Political Adventures of Lord Beaconsfield," since collected and published as a volume in the United States ; and an essay on Ireland, published in the volume of "Questions for a Eeformed Parliament," 1867. Mr. Hill is the author also of a great number of articles on liter- ary and political subjects in the Nineteenth Century, the Contemporary, Universal, Fort- ni'/htly, National, and Saturday Reviews, the World, and other periodicals. Address : 3 Morpeth Terrace, Victoria Street, S.W. HOHENLOHE-SCHILLINGS- FUKST, Clodwig Carl Victor, Prince Of, born at Rothenburg, March 31, 1819, is the second son of Francis Joseph, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsf urst (of the line of Waldenburg). On the death of his father in 1841, Clodwig had just begun his judi- cial and historical studies in the University of Gottingen. A year later, after having passed his examination with distinction, he took a subordinate position in the public service as Auscultator in the Office of Justice at Ehrenbreitstein. He next became Eeferendary of the Government at Potsdam. While working thus diligently at his post in Prussia, the Landgrave of Hessen-Eheinfels-Eothenburg died, and the princely family of Hohenlohe suc- ceeded to a rich inheritance, including the lordships of Eatibor and Corvey. The event, however, did not alter Clodwig's position. His elder brother took the domains of Eatibor and Corvey, to which the King of Prussia, William IV., added the title of Duke. In 1845, on the death of his brother, Philip Ernest, Clod- wig succeeded, with the consent of his elder brother, to the old family seat of Schillingsf urst, and forsaking the Prussian service, took up his permanent residence in Bavaria. Thus at twenty-seven years of age he became a hereditary member of the Bavarian Parliament. The ministry, meanwhile, in Frankfort sent him as Ambassador to Athens, Florence, and Boine. In 1849 he returned to Frankfort. Having married tue Princess of Sayn-Wit- genstein, by whom he has a numerous family, he retired for some ten years into private life, paying frequent visits to England, France, and Italy. In 1860 the prince again entered upon parliamentary life, and favoured throughout an alliance with Prussia.' Towards the end of 1866 the youthful king requested Hohenlohe to prepare and lay before him a programme of the principles which were to serve eventually as a ministerial policy. Prince Hohenlohe fulfilled his commission to the satisfaction of the king, and on Jan. 1, 1867, succeeded Pfordten as Bavarian Minister. The whole of Germany at last adopted the Hohenlohe programme. In 1868 and 1869 Prince Hohenlohe was elected Vice-President of the Customs Parliament of the German Federation. In his capacity as Foreign Minister of Bavaria he issued his famous circular of April 9, 1869, directing the attention of the Euro- pean cabinets to the serious consequences likely to arise from the decrees of the (Ecumenical Council of the Vatican. Hoping to get the Pope to withdraw his political opposition, and viewing mere religious innovations with extreme indif- ference, the Prussian Government slighted the warnings of the Bavarian minister, and refused to take action against the contem- plated decrees. In consequence of this desertion by the principal exponent of the Unity party, Prince Hohenlohe could not hold out against the attacks of the com- bined Particularists, Catholics, and Aus- triacanti in the Bavarian Parliament, and had to resign, March 7, 1870. He then resumed his seat in the Munich House of Peers ; and in a few months, on France threatening war, made himself conspicuous by insisting upon the participation of Bavaria in the great national feud. Upon the successful termination of the war in 1871 he was elected member of the first German Parliament, and in recognition of his patriotism immediately became Vice- 1224 HOHENZOLLERN — JOINVILLE President thereof. In May 1874, after the deplorable exit of Count Harry Arnim, Prince Hohenlohe was chosen German Ambassador in Paris. He was one of the German Plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In August of that year he was re-elected to the Reichstag on the second ballot, at Forchheim, Kulmbach, Bavaria, polling 9800 votes, while his Catholic competitor had 8600. After the death of Marshal Manteuffel, Prince Ho- henlohe was appointed Governor of Alsace- Lorraine, a position which he held till October 1894. During his administra- tion he enforced the strictest passport regulations at the French frontier, until in September 1891 the emperor issued a re- script rendering it somewhat less difficult for Frenchmen to visit Alsace-Lorraine. In October 1894 he was appointed Chancellor of the German Empire and Prussian Prime Minister in succession to Count von Caprivi and Count von Eulenberg. HOHENZOLLERN, Hereditary Prince of, H.R.H. Leopbld-Etienne- Charles-Antoine - G-ustave - Edouard - Thassilo, Prince of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nurenberg, Count of Sigmaringen and Veringen, Count of Berg and Seigneur of Haigerloch, &c, is the eldest son of the late Prince Charles Antoine of Hohenzollern-Sigmarin- gen, and was born Sept. 22, 1835, and studied in the Universities of Bonn and Berlin. His Royal Highness succeeded his father on June 2, 1885 ; is a hereditary member of the Chamber of Seigneurs of Prussia ; General of Prussian infantry in the suite of the first regiment of Foot Guards; chief of the "Prince Charles Antoine de Hohenzollern " regiment of Fusiliers ; and Chevalier of the Order of the Black Eagle, &c, and is well known in connection with his candidature for the throne of Spain, which ultimately gave rise to the Franco-German war. On Sept. 12, 1861, the Prince married, at Lisbon, the Princess Antonia of Portugal, Duchesse de Saxe, born Feb. 17, 1845, by whom he lias three sons, of whom the second, Prince Ferdinand, is heir to the Roumanian throne, and husband of Princess Mary of Edinburgh. HOLMES, Emra, F.RHist.S., F.R.S. Ant. Ireland, C.W.R., is a member of the Civil Service, and an enthusiastic Free- mason. He was born in 1839, and is the son of Marcus Holmes, a well-known Bristol artist, a descendant of Admiral Sir Robert Holmes, Governor of the Isle of Wight temp. Charles II. His mother, Elizabeth Emra, daughter of the Rev. John Emra, a native of St. Kitts (the family being, it is supposed, of Spanish descent), and Elizabeth Bastone Blake, was the authoress of " Scenes in our Parish," and other works. Emra Holmes was educated at Christ's Hospital, and at the Grammar School, Shepton Mallett, Somerset. He left the Bluecoat School in 1854, and three years later was nominated to a clerkship in H.M. Customs, Liver- pool. He became Collector of Customs subsequently at Woodbridge, Fowey, Barnstaple, Kirkcaldy, Guernsey, Newry, Limerick, Newhaven, Aberdeen, and Har- wich. He has published several works, "Amabel Vaughan," "The Lady Muriel," "The Worshipful Master," "Random Notes on Freemasonry," "Notes on the United Orders of the Temple and Hos- pital," and lately two novels, "At the Oakenholt," and "Valerian Varo." His notes on the Templars published in the Freemason, and running for about nine months in the columns of that journal, brought down upon him the censures of the Protestant organ of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. The notes, how- ever, were translated into French, and published in the pages of La VeriU, and were quoted extensively in some of the American journals. His special Masonic story, " The Worshipful Master," was pub- lished in the Masonic Monthly (London), and subsequently in the Freemason, Sydney, N.S.W., New Zealand, Victoria, the Cana- dian Craftsman, the Keystone, Philadelphia, the Masonic Herald, Calcutta, and other journals nearer home. He has been a constant contributor to the Chicago Voice of Masonry, and his poems have appeared in the Toronto Mail, Ottawa Daily Citizen, Port Hope Times, and about a hundred journals all over the world. Emra Holmes writes in favour of Imperial Federation and the Unity of Christendom. Address : Holland House, Dovercourt, Essex. JOINVILLE, Prince de, Francois- Ferdinand - Philippe - Louis - Marie - d'Orleans, son of the late Louis Philippe, king of the French, was born at Neuilly, Aug. 14, 1818. Soon after his father's accession to the throne in 1830 he began his naval studies, was sent to sea at the age of thirteen, received, like his brothers, the Dukes of Orleans, Nemours, and Anmale, a liberal education in the public colleges of France, and passed a brilliant examination at Brest. From that time he devoted himself entirely to his pro- fession, and became a great favourite with the French navy. The ordinary hard work of the service was not sufficient to satisfy his ardent desire to distinguish himself. JOPLING — KELLY-KENNY 1225 Being with the Mediterranean squadron in 1837, he disembarked and rode up to Constantine, in the hope of taking part in the storming of that stronghold, but arrived just too late. Not long afterwards he received the command of the corvette Oriole, and joining the fleet of Admiral Baudin, was entrusted with the difficult mission of obtaining reparation from the Mexican Government. The Creole took a prominent part in the bombardment of St. Juan d'Ulloa, and at Vera Cruz the Prince, at the head of the storming party, was the first to enter the gates, under a heavy fire, and was only saved from certain death by the devotion of one of his officers. In 1841 he was selected by the king to command La Belle Poulc frigate, charged with the service of conveying to France the body of the Emperor Napoleon, and he married, at Rio Janeiro, May 1, 1843, Donna Francisca de Braganza, sister of Don Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil. Becom- ing Rear-Admiral, he took part in the sittings of the Admiralty ; and the French navy is deeply indebted to him for the manner in which he helped to solve the great question of the adaptation of steam to vessels of war in 1845. When war broke out between France and Morocco he commanded a squadron, with which he bombarded Tangiers and took Mogador. After this decisive expedition he was raised to the rank of Vice- Admiral. Being almost always on active service, the Prince de Joinville was in Algiers with his brother the Due d'Aumale when the Revolution of February 1848 overthrew the consti- tutional monarchy. Resolving to share the misfortune of their family, the two brothers sought refuge in England, and joined King Louis Philippe at Claremont. The Prince distinguished himself by actively aiding in the rescue of many of the passengers and crew of the ship Ocean Monarch, when burning off Ormes Head, Aug. 24, 1848. Driven suddenly from a brilliant position into the narrow limits of private life, he accepted his new situation with simplicity and dignity, and remaining at heart a French sailor, endeavoured to render himself useful to the navy of his country by his pen, if not by his sword. He had already in 1844 began publishing in the Revue ales Deux Mondes his studies on the French navy. One of his articles, published in 1865, was a comparative review of the fleets of the United States and of France, and excited much atten- tion at the time. Happening to be in the United States about a twelvemonth after the breaking out of the Civil War, he accompanied his nephews, the Comte de Paris and the Due de Chartres, to the camp of General McClellan, with whose staff he witnessed the principal actions of the Virginian campaign of 18t!2, and gave an account of the events in a well-written and impartial article published in the Revue des Deux Monde* in 1863. After the downfall of the Napoleonic dynasty he went back to France with the other Orleanist princes, the Law of Exile having been abrogated. He and the Due d'Aumale took their seats in the National Assembly towards the close of 1871, after their election had been declared valid. In 1873 he assisted at the downfall of M. Thiers, but did not vote the constitution, and in 1876 begged the electors of the Haute- Marne not to re-elect him. He retired into private life, but remained on the books of the navy till the members of former reigning houses in France were expelled from all public employments in 1886. His eldest son, the Due de Penthievre, at that time a naval lieutenant, suffered at the same time. The Prince de Join- ville has written on naval topics, and has published a work on England and self- government. His seat is the Chateau d'Arc-en-Barrois, France. JOPLTNG, Louise (Mrs. Rowe), was born on Nov. 16, 1843, and is the fifth child of T. S. Goode. She studied paint- ing for eighteen months in Paris in the studio of the late Mr. Charles Chaplain, and has been the first to bring the Paris atelier system to England. Her painting class is very large, and she instructs it personally, working rapidly from the model in the presence of her pupils, who thus may be said to study their art as do Parisian art students. She has exhibited constantly at the Academy and Grosvenor, and in the new and old Paris Salons. During recent years she has been repre- sented at the Royal Academy's exhibitions by her portrait of Mr. Alfred Lys Baldry, 1895 ; by " Blue and White " and portraits, 1896 ; by portrait of Viscountess Maitland, 1897 ; and by "The Spirit of the Woods " and "At the Gaiety," 1898. She is mar- ried to Mr. Rowe, a lawyer, but Jopling is the name of a previous husband. Ad- dress : 3 Pembroke Road, Kensington, &c. K KELLY - KENNY, Major-General Thomas, C.B., was born in February 1840. He entered the Army in 1858 as Ensign of the 2nd Foot, the Royal West Surrey Regiment. He was promoted Cap- tain in July 1866, Major in September 1877, and Lieut.-Colonel in July 1881. He has served as an A.D.C. to the Commander- in-Chief at the Cape, and also as Deputy Assistant-Quartermaster-General in Bom- 1226 KUHNE — NAQTJET bay. He has seen active service both in China and Abyssinia. In 1887 he was appointed Assiotant-Adjutant-General in Scotland, and has held the same appoint- ment at Headquarters and at Aldershot, where he was also Major-General on the staff. General Kelly-Kenny has passed the Staff College, and in July 181)7 was appointed Inspector-General of Auxiliary Forces and Recruiting at Headquarters. KUHNE, "Willy K, F.R.S., LL.D. Camb., Professor of Physiology at the Uni- versity of Heidelberg, was born at Ham- burg on March 28, 1837. He pursued his studies at Gottingen, Jena, Berlin, Paris, and Vienna, under such masters as Vir- chow, Claude Bernard, and Du Bois-Rey- mond, and in 1856 obtained his Doctorate of Philosophy. In 1862 he became Dr. Med. Hon., and in 1861 was appointed chemical assistant in the Pathological Institute at Berlin. In 1868 he became Professor of Physiology at Amsterdam, and in 1871 Professor of Physiology at Heidelberg, and Director of the Physio- logical Institute there. His directorship has been a long and illustrious one, his labours and discoveries at the Institute having long since placed him in the front rank of European physiologists. He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1892, and in August 1898, on the occasion of the meeting of the Zoological Congress at Cambridge, was one of the distinguished foreign recipients of the hon. LL.D. degree. He has contributed many weighty papers to the learned journals, such as Muller's and Virchow's Archives, on nerves, &c.,and has published " Myologische Untersuchungen," 1860; " Ueber die peripherischen Endorgane der motorischen Nerven," 1862 ; " Unter- suchungen fiber das Protoplasma und die Contractilitat," 1864; and "Lehrbuchder physiologischen Chemie," 1866-68. Ad- dress : Heidelberg. LEGROS, Alphonse, painter and etcher, was born at Dijon on May S, 1837, of poor parents, who put him apprentice to a house-painter. He subsequently studied art under Cambon in Paris, entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and first made his mark by pictures exhibited at the Salon between 1859 and 1863. Coming to London in the last-named year he was cordially received by Rossetti, G. F. Watts, and their circle, and in 1876 was appointed Slade Professor of Fine Arts in University College, London. He taught there for seventeen years, painting from the model in the presence of his pupils. His subjects are the country scenes and peasants of France, painted with an austerity and simplicity which have rendered him an artist for artists, rather than for the public. Among his principal pictures may be mentioned : " Portrait of his father " (Salon, 1857) ; " The Angelus," 1859 ; "ExVoto," 1861; "Mass for the Dead," 1863; "Stoning of St. Stephen," ex- hibited at the Royal Academy in 1866, and at the Salon in 1867, where it was awarded the gold medal ; " Amende Honorable," which gained a medal at the Salon; "Pilgrimage," "Jacob's Dream," " Dead Christ," &c. "Amende Honorable" is in the Luxembourg, and many of his other pictures are in museums and public galleries in France and England. " Women at Prayer," for instance, is in the Tate Gallery. He is one of those who have revived the art of etching, of which he is a master. He is a naturalised English- man, and married a daughter of Samuel Hodgson, of Kendal, in 1864. Address : 57 Brook Green, W. M MONCREIFF, Lord, Henry James Moncreiff, is the eldest son of Lord Moncreiff of Tullibole (1st Baron), and was born in Edinburgh on April 24, 1840. He was educated at the Edinburgh Aca- demy, and subsequently at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, where, in 1861, he graduated B.A., LL.B. (1st class Law honours). He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1863 ; held the office of Advocate-Depute 1865-66, and again 1868- 1874 and 1880-81. In 1881 he was ap- pointed Sheriff of the counties of Renfrew and Bute, which office he held till Novem- ber 1888, when he was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice (a Lord of Session). He is a Liberal Unionist in politics. He is the author of a work on " Revision in Criminal Cases," 1877. He married first, on April 3, 1866, Susan Wilhelmine, third daughter of Sir William H. Dick Cunyng- hame, Bart., of Prestonfield (she died in 1869) ; and secondly, on March 26, 1873, Millicent Julia, daughter of Colonel F. D. B'ryer, of Moulton Paddocks, Newmarket. She died in 1881. Addresses : 15 Great Stuart Street, Edinburgh ; and Athenseum. N NAOTET, Joseph. Alfred, M.D., was born at Carpentras (Vaucluse), on Oct. 6, 1834, and educated first at Carpentras, NETHERSOLE — PARSONS 1227 then at Montpellier, and finally in Paris, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1859. He then went into the chemical labora- tory of the School of Medicine in Paris under M. Wurtz, and wrote many papers on pure chemistry. In 1863 he became Professor of Physics at Palermo, and while there wrote his work " Principes de Chimie fondee sur les Theories modernes," which has passed through five editions in France, and been translated into English, German, and Polish. In 1867 M. Naquet entered political life, a charge against him of conspiracy against the Empire having resulted in fifteen months' imprisonment and a subsequent flight into Spain, from which he returned in 1869 ; and having taken a prominent part in the events of Sept. 4, 1870, he was subsequently, at Tours, nominated by Gambetta as Secretary to the Defence Committee. He was, in 1879, elected deputy for Vaucluse, and at first sup- ported Gambetta, but eventually broke with him. He then threw all his strength into the effort for legalising divorce, in which he succeeded in 1886. As he was a strong revisionist, and thought that that end might be attained through the success of General Boulanger, he became one of his warmest supporters ; that movement having failed, he now remains a member of the isolated Boulangist group, who are still in opposition to Government. He is author of some poli- tical and scientific works. His book on "Le Divorce," 1877, and a translation of Brodie's " Calculus of Chemical Opera- tions," may be cited. NETHEBSOLE, Olga, actress, was born in London on Jan. 18, 1870, and is the youngest daughter of the late Henry Nethersole. She was educated privately, and at the age of sixteen, having from her earliest years determined on a dramatic career, was presented with an opportunity of going on the stage, but did not actu- ally appear for another two years, when she played in public for the first time. The play was Mr. Hamilton's "Harvest," which was being presented at the Brighton Theatre. ShemadeherLondondebutatthe Adelphi in "The Union Jack," and met with great success. Afterwards she ap- peared in the title-role of " The Dean's Daughter," brought out by Mr. Rutland Barrington at the St. James's, and then as the intriguing woman in "The Silver Falls." As the stage wicked woman she was even then thought to have found her own especial province. Mr. Hare invited her to the newly-built Garrick Theatre, where she made her mark in "The Profligate " as the betrayed Janet Preece. For some time after the run of this play she understudied Mrs. Bernard Beere, and at last finding that her talents were not given proper scope in England, determined by the advice of friends to visit Australia. She played in Mr. Haddon Chambers's "Idler" in the New Garrick Theatre, Sydney, six weeks before the play was given in London. After a triumphant ten months' tour in Australia she returned home, and was re-engaged by Mr. John Hare, appearing as Beatrice Selwyn in "The Fool's Paradise," and at the Cri- terion in " Agatha," where she made a lasting impression. In 1893, when the Bancrofts returned to the stage, she won her grand success in the revival of "Diplo- macy," where she took the part of the Countess Zica, formerly played with great art by Lady Bancroft, and by Miss Nether- sole spiritedly elaborated. In 1894 Miss Nethersole became lessee and manager of the Court Theatre, and in the autumn of 1898, as manager of Her Majesty's, she produced and took the title-role in Messrs. Parker and Carson's "Termagant." She has four times starred in the States at the head of her own company. Address : 5 Norfolk Street, Park Lane, W. PABBATT, Sir Walter, Mus. Doc, was born on Feb. 10, 1841, at Hudders- field, and is the son of Thomas Parratt of that town. He was educated at home and at the Collegiate School, Hudders- field. After holding various church organistships, he was appointed to Mag- dalen College, Oxford, where he made his mark as a musician and teacher, and con- tinued rising in public favour until ap- pointed organist to St. George's Chapel Royal, Windsor. As Court Organist he has conducted the music at most of the Royal funerals at the Castle. He is Private Organist to the Queen, Master of the Queen's Music, and has presided at the concerts given at the Albert Institute by the Windsor and Eton Madrigal and Orchestral Societies. He is also Past Grand Organist of the Freemasons, Pro- fessor at the Royal College of Music, and Examiner in Music at Oxford, Cambridge, and London Universities. He wrote much of the music for the "Tale of Troy " in 1883 (see Ware), and has written on this subject in Grove's " Dictionary," &c. Ad- dresses : The Cloisters, Windsor ; and Athenteum. PABSONS, Colonel Sir Charles Sim Bremridge, K.C.M.G., R.A., was born May 9, 1855. He was educated at Rugby School and the Royal Military Academy. 1228 PEMBERTON — PYNE He obtained his first commission in the Royal Artillery in August 1874, and was promoted Captain and Brevet-Major in October 1X83, and Lieut. -Colonel in Nov- ember 1896. He served in the Gaika War of 1878 and also in the Zulu War, and was present at the actions of Isandhhvana and Ulundi ; mentioned in despatches. In the Transvaal War of 1880-81 he was present at the actions at Laing's Nek and Ingogo. In the latter engagement he was severely wounded and had his horse shot under him, and for his gallantry while serving in the Eoyal Horse Artillery he was men- tioned in Army Orders and in despatches. In the Egyptian Expedition of 1882 he was present at Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir and the forced march into Cairo. He was awarded the Medjidieh of the fifth class and the Osmanieh of the fourth class and the brevet of Major for his services. In the Dongola Expedition of 1896 he commanded the Egyptian Artillery at the action of Hafir, and in December of the same year was appointed Governor of the Red Sea Littoral. In December 1897 he was entrusted with the mission to take over the fortress of Kassala from the Italian Government. He was also in com- mand of the Egyptian forces at the capture and defence of Gedaref in September 1898. Sir Charles Parsons, who is a Pasha in the Turkish Army, was created K.C.M.G. in August 1899, and at the same time was promoted substantive Colonel and Chief Staff Officer at Woolwich. Address : Woolwich. PEMBERTON, Max, novelist, was born in Birmingham, June 19, 1863. He is the son of Thomas Joshua Pemberton of Abbotsford, Abbey Road, London, and his mother was a Miss Fisher of Woodfields Manor, Shropshire. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, London, and Oaius College, Cambridge, where he graduated in Law, 1884 (M.A.). He began to write for Vanity Fair, 1885 ; and was a casual contributor to the St. James's Gazette, the Standard, and the magazines generally from 1885 to 1890, when he joined the staff of the Illustrated London News. He was first editor of the boys' paper Chums, 1892-94, when he resigned the posi- tion. He edited Cassells' Pocket Library of Fiction, 1893; became editor of Cassells' Magazine, 1897, and has reviewed largely for the Daily Chronicle, the Bookman, and other papers from 1890 to 1897. His first novel, " The Diary of a Scoundrel," ap- peared in 1891. Other works are : " The Iron Pirate," 1893; "The Sea Wolves," 1894; "The Impregnable City," "The Little Huguenot," 1895 ; "Cloustine of the Hills," 1896; "A Puritan's Wife," 1897; "Kronstadt," 1898; "The Garden of Swords," 1899, which is a story of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. His drama " Kronstadt," written in collaboration with Mr. Addison Bright, by arrangement with Mr. Charles Frohmann, is to be pro- duced in the winter of 1899-1900. Mr. Max Pemberton has written three plays previously, "The Dancing Master," "A House of Nightingales," and (libretto) "The Braziliamo. " Addresses: 1 Aber- dare Gardens, West Hampstead, N.W. ; and the Gore, Monkton, Thanet. PHILLPOTTS, Eden, novelist, born at Mount Aboo, in India, Nov. 4, 1862, is the eldest son of the late Captain Henry Phillpotts, who was a nephew of Henry Phillpotts, Bishop of Exeter. During youth he lived in Devonshire, and was educated at Mannamead School, Ply- mouth. All his boyhood's leisure that could be spared from cricket and football he spent in the country, and on Dart- moor among the farm people, or at the stream side fly-fishing. When seventeen years old he came to London and pro- cured a clerkship in the Sun Fire Insur- ance Office from 1879 to 1889. During that period he first studied for the stage, but abandoned the hope of success in that direction, finding himself possessed of no histrionic ability whatever. He then accepted offers of journalism in his leisure, and became a dramatic critic, and, after eight to ten years' work with the pen when office hours were over, found himself strong enough to stand alone. He has travelled for various editors to the West Indies, Syria, Egypt, the Canary Islands, &c, but his serious work, apart from many less important books, is represented by his West Country novels. Of these the best known are : " Down Dartmoor Way," "Folly and Fresh Air," "Some Everyday Folks," " Lying Prophets," and " Children of the Mist." In August 1899 he pub- lished a volume of stories of Devon school- boy recollections, " The Human Boy." In 1893 he married Emily Topham, youngest daughter of the late Robert Topham, Esq., of Ellesmere, Shropshire. Address : Cos- doune, Torquay. PYNE, Sir Thomas Salter, OS. I., was born in 1860, and is the son of John Pyne. He was educated privately, and served an engineer's apprenticeship from 1875 to 1878, when he became manager of some engineering works, and afterwards went to India in the employ of a firm of merchants. From 1885 he has been chief engineer to the Government of Afghan- istan, and Superintendent of the Cabul military factories, and has introduced many Western industries into that country, including manufactories of arms and QUILTER — REED 1229 ammunition, a mint, distilleries, &c. He was the Ameer's Ambassador to the Viceroy of India in March 1893, on which occasion he brought friendly replies to the Govern- ment's communications. The negotiations having been satisfactorily terminated, he was created C.S.I. He was knighted on the recommendation of the Secretary of State for India for his labours in the interest of Great Britain at a critical and trying period in the history of Anglo-Afghan relations. The Ameer has delighted to honour him, and has bestowed upon him a decoration, but Sir Salter Pyne, in 1899, left his service, temporarily at least, and returned to England for a time. He describes the Ameer as being in failing health, and speaks of his probable succes- sor, Habibullah Khan, as a man of great energy. Address : St. George's Club. Q QUILTER, Harry, M.A., artist, author, &c, was born at Lower Norwood on Jan. 24, 1851, and is the youngest son of William Quilter, of Quilter, Ball & Co. He was educated privately and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and University Col- lege, London, and studied art at the Slade School and Van Hove's studio at Bruges. He has been a great traveller since early life, having visited most parts of the world, and been many times to study Italian art on the spot. From the year 1876 onwards his contributions on art, literature, the drama, &c., to leading journals have been innumerable. He has contributed to all the great reviews and magazines, and has been on the staff of the Times and Spectator. His notable editorship of the Universal Review in 1888-89-90 will be remembered. He gave up regular journalism in 1890, and exhibited his collected works in oil and water-colour at the Dudley Gallery in 1894. For two years after that date he was chiefly engaged in educational work, and in 1896 began a series of pictures. He has lectured in London and other chief towns, and has published his lectures in the Spectator. His best-known works are a "Life of Giotto," " Sententiae Artis," "Art and Life," which appeared as essays in his review ; " The Art of Europe," " Decorative Art," &c. He has also edited " Is Marriage a Failure ? " Addresses : 21 Bryanston Square, W. ; and Bryanston Manor, Mitcham. R REID, Sir Hugh. Gilzean, Hon. LL.D. (Aberd.), J.P., D.L., Fellow of the Institute of Journalists, was born in Aber- deenshire on Aug. 11, 1838, and educated at various schools, afterwards attending classes at Aberdeen and Edinburgh Uni- versities. Intended originally for the ministry, he became a journalist at the age of eighteen, and was editor of papers at Peterhead and in Edinburgh. He has been among the founders or early promoters of newspapers in Aberdeenshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, in which county the North- Eastern Daily Gazette is closely connected with his name, the Midlands, and London, where the Echo was first founded by him. The Institute of Journalists owes its origin to him. Established on March 9, 1889, by conversion of the National Association of Journalists, founded by provincial pressmen in 1884, it was incorporated by Royal Charter in March 1890. The objects of the Institute were embodied in thirteen clauses, which provide, among other things, for the holding of examinations in order to test the knowledge and ability of candidates for the journalistic calling. For this laud- ableand important attemptto raise journal- ism to the dignity of one of the learned professions the subject of our memoir was knighted by the Queen in 1893. He pre- sided over the first annual conference of the Incorporated Institute at Birmingham in 1890, on which occasion he was pre- sented by Sir Algernon Borthwick, his successor-elect in the Presidency, with his portrait in oiis on behalf of the members of the Institute and in recognition of his great services in the cause of journalism during the last three years. In 1894 Sir Hugh Gilzean Beid was instrumental in promoting the International Press Con- gress. He has represented Aston Manor in the House of Commons, being first Liberal member for that constituency, was Presi- dent of the Newspaper Society in 1898-99, and has been a pioneer in the movement for providing the working men of Edin- burgh with model dwellings. His long residence in Belgium at one time ren- dered him familiar with the Congo Free State scheme, which he did much to promote and popularise. In 1897 he was created Officier of the Order of Leopold, and in May 1899 Knight Com- mander of the Order of the Crown, "as a recognition of voluntary and valuable help to the civilising agencies " in the Congo Free State. He has published, among other works, "Lowland Legends," " Social and Beligious Life in Scot- land," "Housing the People," "Talks with Men of Mark," &c. Lady Gil- zean Reid, who died in 1895, was an authoress, and ardent worker in the cause of her sex. Address : Dollis Hill, N.W., &c 1230 TALBOT TALBOT, Major-General the Hon. Reginald Arthur James, C.B., third son of the 17th Earl of Shrewsbury, was born in July 1841. He entered the army as a Cornet of the 1st Life Guards in May 1859, and was promoted Captain in May 1867, Major in July 1880, and attained the command of bis regiment as Lieut. -Colonel in July 1882. For several years he was M.P. for Stafford. In 1879 he went to South Africa on special service, and took part in the Zulu War. He was appointed A.D.C. to the Queen in May 1889, and shortly after- wards went to Paris as Military Attache", and held that office until July 1895. In May of the following year he was pro- moted Major-General in charge of the Cavalry Brigade at Aldershot. In Janu- ary 1899 he was appointed to succeed Sir Francis Grenfell, G.C.B., in the command of the Army of Occupation in Egypt. General Talbot married, in 1877, Margaret, second daughter of the Right Hon. James Stuart-Wortley. Home address : 58 Gros- venor Street, W. CLASSIFIED INDEX Academic, Scholastic, and Educa- tional Celebrities : — Abbott, Rev. E. A. ; Almond, H. H. ; Allcock, Rev. A. E. ; Angell, J. B. ; Anson, Sir W. R. ; Atkin- son, Rev. E. ; Baker, Rev. W. ; Barber, Rev. W. T. A. ; Barnard, H. ; Barnes- Lawrence, H. C. ; Bayfield, Rev. M. A. ; Beale, D. ; Bell, llev. G. C. ; Bellamy, Rev. J. ; Bodington, N. ; Boyd, Rev. H. ; Bright, J. F. ; Brodrick, Hon. G. C. ; Browning, Oscar ; Bryant, Sophie ; Batcher, Prof. S. H. ; Butler, Very Rev. H. M. ; Caird, E. ; Campbell, Rev. L. ; Chawner, W. ; Croudace, C. M. ; Dalton, Rev. H. A. ; Deshumbert, M. ; Diggle, J. R. ; Donaldson, Prof. J. ; Drummond, Prof. Rev. J. ; D wight, T.; Eliot, C. W.,and S. ; Ellis, Prof. K. ; Eve, H. W. ; Fair- bairn, A. M. ; Faithfull, L. ; Fearon, Rev. W. A. ; Ferrers, Rev. N. M. ; Field, Rev. T. ; Fitch, Sir J. G. ; Fowler, Rev. T. ; Furneaux, Rev. W. M. ; Geddes, Sir W. D. ; Gilkes, A. H. ; Gilman, D. C. ; Glad- stone, H. G. ; Glazebrook, Rev. M. G. ; Gorst, Rt. Hon. Sir J. E. ; Grant, Very Rev. G. M. ; Gray, H. B. ; Greard, V. C. G. ; Haig-Brown, Rev. W. ; Hall, G. S. ; Harper, W. R. ; Heard, Rev. W. A. ; Herberden, C. B. ; Hill, Alex. ; Hurlbatt, E. ; Inge, Rev. W. ; Jackson, W. W. ; James, H. A. ; James, Rev. S. R. ; Laffan, Rev. R. S. de C. ; Lange, Helene ; Latham, Rev. H. ; Lee, Rev. R. ; Leigh, A. Austin ; Lock, Rev. W. ; Lowe, Canon E. C. ; Lyttelton, Hon. Canon E. ; Mac- kenzie, R. J. ; Magrath, Rev. J. R. ; Mait- land, A. C. ; Marshall, J.; Maynard, C. L. Merry, Rev. W. W. ; Monro, D. B. Morten, H. ; Moss, Rev. H. W. ; Muir Sir W. ; Neville, Hon. and Rev. L. Paget, Verv Rev. F. ; Pedler, A. ; Peile. J. ; Pelhain, H. F. ; Penrose, E. Perowne, Rev. E. H. ; Phear, Rev. S. G. Phillpotts, J. S. ; Pollard, A. T. ; Pollock. Rev. B. ; Porter, Rev. J. ; Reay, Lord Reichel, H. R. ; Rendall, G. H. ; Rhys J. ; Robertson, Rev. A. ; Roby, H. J. Roscoe, Prof. Sir H. E. ; Rusden, G. W. Rutherford, Rev. W. G. ; Sadler, M. E. Salmon, Rev. G. ; Schurman, J. G. Searle, Rev. C. E. ; Selwyn, Rev. E. C. Sewell, J. E. ; Sherwood, Rev. W. E. Sidgwick, E. M. ; Skrine, Rev. J. H. Smith, C. ; Storr, F. ; Story, Very Rev. R. H. ; Stanley, Hon. E. L ; Sully, J. Tancock, Rev. C. C. ; Taylor, Rev. C. Thorley, Rev. G. E. ; Titherington, Rev A. F. ; Vardy, Rev. A. R. ; Wace, Rev. H. ; Walker, F. W. ; Walters, Rev. F. B. ; Ward, A. W. ; Warre, Rev. E. ; Warren, T. H. ; Way, J. P. ; Welldon, Rt. Rev. J. E. C. ; Westcott, Rev. F. B. ; White, Hon. A. D. ; Wilson, Rev. A. J. and Ven. J. M. ; Wood, Rev. J. ; Woods, Rev. H. G. ; Wordsworth, E. : Worth- ington, A. M ; Yoxhall, J. H. Actors, Actresses, &c. : — Alexander, G. (George Alexander Gibb Samson) ; Bancroft, Lady ; Bancroft, Sir Squire B.; Barrett, Wilson ; Barrington, Rutland ; Bartet, Madame ; Beere, Mrs. B. ; Bern- hardt, Sarah ; Bourchier, A. ; Boyne, Leonard ; Brough, Fanny ; Brough, L. ; Campbell, Mrs. P. ; Chevalier, Albert ; Coffin, C. Hay den ; Coquelin , B. C, J. , and E. A. H. ; Crowe, Mrs. George, ne'e Kate Bateman ; Dudlay, A. E. F. ; Duse, E. ; Emery, Isabel Winifred (Mrs. Cyril Maude) ; Esmond, H. V. ; Farren, E. ; Forbes-Robertson, Johnston ; Giddens, G. ; Got, F. J. E. ; Grillo, Marquis del (Ristori) ; Grossmith, G.. and W. ; Hading, Jane ; Hare, J. ; Hawtrey, C. H. ; Hicks, E. S. ; Hollingshead, J. ; Irving, Sir H. ; Jefferson, J. ; Kendal, Mrs. ; Kendal, W. H. G. ; Langtry, L. ; Law, W.~ A. ; Leqouve, E. W. ; Maude, C. ; Mayer, M. L. ; Modjeska, H. ; Monckton, Lady ; Moore, M. ; Mounet, J. Sully (Mounet-Sully) ; Murray, A. ; Navarro, Madame A (Mary Anderson) ; Neilson, Julia (Mrs. Fred Terry) ; Nether- sole, O. ; Nicholls, H. ; Partridge, B. ("Bernard Gould"); Penlev, W. S. ; Pole, W. ("William Poel") ; Rehan, A. ; Rejane, Mdme. ; Robins, E. (Mrs. C. E. Raimond) ; Rorke, K. (Mrs. James Gard- ner) ; Rose, E. ; St. Leon, Mdme. (Cerito); Schiller, Mdme. (Yvette Guilbert) ; Schneider, H. C. ; Terry, E. O'C, Ellen, Fred, and Kate (Mrs. Arthur Lewis) ; Thomas, Brandon ; Toole, J. L. ; Tree, H. Beerbohm ; Truffier, C. J. ; Vanburgb, J., and V. (Mrs. Arthur Bourchier) ; Vezin, H. ; Waller, L. ; Willard, E. S. ; Wyndham, C. Antiquarians, Archaeologists, includ- ing' Egyptologists : — Abel, C. N. ; Baring-Gould, Rev. S. ; Budge, E. A. Wallis ; Cesnola, Count L. P. di ; Dillon, Viscount ; Duckett, Sir G. F. ; Evans, A. J. ; Ferguson, R. S. ; Foster, J. ; 1232 CLASSIFIED INDEX Gardner, Prof. P. ; Greenwell, Rev. W. Hardy, W. J. ; Harrison, Jane E. ; Head B. V. ; Howorth, Sir H. H. ; Jessop, Rev. A. ; Jones, M. C. ; Lane-Poole, S. ; Lewis. Prof. B. ; Marshall, G. W. ; Maspero, G. Moens, W. J. C. ; Munro, E. ; Murray A. S. ; Palmer, Rev. C. F. ; Payne, G. Peacock, E. ; Penrose, F. C. ; Petrie Prof. W. M. Flinders ; Rassam, H. Sayce, Rev. A. H. ; Waldstein, C. Worthy, C. Architects : — Aitchison. G. ; Barnaby, Sir N. (naval) ; Barry, C. ; Blashill, T. Blomfleld, Sir A. W. ; Butterfield, W. Cates, A. ; Champneys, B. ; Emden Walter ; Edis, R. W. ; George, Ernest Hall, E. T. ; Hayward, C. F. ; Jackson. T. G. ; Kerr, R. ; Micklethwaite, T. Mountford, E. W. ; Newton, E. ; Reed Sir E.J. (naval); Robins, E. C. ; Seddon J.P. ; Shaw, R. N. ; Smith, T. R. ; Water house, A. ; Watson, T. H. ; Webb, A White, Sir W. H. (naval). Authors: — A'Beckett.A. W. ; Adam.Mme. E. ; Adams, C. F. ; Adams, C. F., and W. D. ; Aflalo, F. G. ; Aide, C. Hamilton ; Alden, W. L. ; Aldrich, T. B. ; Allen, C. Grant B. ; Angus, J. ; Annnadale, C. ; Archer, W. ; Argyll, Duke of; Armstrong, Walter ; Arnold, Sir E. ; Arnold, T. ; Atherton, Mrs. G. F. ; Austin, A. ; Axon, W. E. A. ; Bailey, P. J. ; Baring-Gould, Rev. S. ; Barlow, J. ; Barr, Mrs. A. E. ; Barres, Maurice ; Barrie, J. M. ; Bayer, K. E. R. ; Bavly, A. E. ; Becker, B. H. ; Beljame, A. ; Bell, C. D. ; Bell, H. T. Mackenzie ; Belloc, Madame E. R. ; Benham, Canon ; Benson, E. F. ; Besant, Mrs. A. ; Besant, Sir W. ; Betham-Edwards, M. B. ; Bicker- steth, Rt. Rev. H. ; Bigelow, J. ; Binyon, L. ; Birrell, A. ; Bishop, W. H. ; Bjornsen, B. ; Blackley, Canon W. L. ; Blackmore, R. D. ; Blind, K. ; Blouet, Paul ("Max O'Rell ") ; Blunt, W. S. ; Blyden, Edward ; Bodley, J. E. C. ; Booth, Charles ; Boothby, Guy N. ; Bornier, Vicomte H. de ; Bourget, P. ; Brand], Alois ; Brandes, G. ; Bridges, Robert ; Brodrick, Hon. G. C. ; Brooke, Rev. A. Stopford ; Broughton, R. ; Brown, R. ; Browne, T. A. ; Browning, 0. ; Bruant, A. ; Brunetiere, F. ; Buchanan, R. W. ; Burnand, F. C. ; Burnett, Mrs. F. Hodg- son ; Burt, T. S. ; Busch, M. ; Cable, G. W. ; Caffyn, K. M. ; Caine, T. H. H. ; Campbell, Lady Colin ; Carducci, G. ; Carini, I. ; Carr, J. W. C. ; Chambers, Charles Haddon ; Chanler, Mrs. A. ; Chirol, V. ; Church, Rev. A. J. ; Clair- monte, Mrs. (George Egerton) ; Claretie, J. A. A. ; Clayden, P. W. ; Cleeve, Lucas ; Clemens, S. L. ; Clifford, Mrs. W. K. ; Clowes, W. Laird ; Cobbe, F. P. ; Colomb, Sir J. C. R. ; Conrad, Joseph ; Conway, Moncure D., and Sir W. Martin ; Cook, Charles Henry (John Bickerdyke) ; Cooper, Edward H. ; Coppee, F. E. J. ; Corelli, Marie ; Cotes, Mrs. E. ; Cotton, J. S. ; Couch, A. T. Quiller ; Courtney, W. L. ; Courthope, W. J. ; Cox, Palmer ; Crane, Stephen ; Crawford, F. Marion ; Crockett, S. R. ; Croker, Mrs. Beatrice M. ; Crommelin, May ; Cudlip, Mrs. Pender ; Currie, Lady (Violet Fane) ; Dana, Marvin ; D'Annunzio, G. ; Dar- mesteter, Madame ; Davidson, J. ; De Aruicis, E. ; Dearmer, Mrs. ; Deland, M. W. ; Deroulede, P. ; Deschanel, E. M. ; De Vere, A. T. ; De Windt, H. ; Dicey, Prof. A. V„ and E. ; Dilke, Lady ; Dixon, Canon R. W. ;Dobson, H. Austin ; Dodge, M. ; Doudnev, S. ; Douglas, R. K. ; Dowden, Prof. E. ; Doyle, A. Conan ; Dubut de Laforest, J. L; Du Chaillu, P. B.; Duff, Rt. Hon. Sir M. E. Grant ; Duffy, Hon. Sir C. Gavan ; Durand, A. M. C. ; Eche- garay, J.; Eden, Rev. R. ; Eggleston, E. : Eliot, S.; Ellicott, Rt, Rev. C. J. ; Elwin, Rev. W. ; Escott, T. H. S. ; Esmond, H. V. ; Evans, S. ; Eyton, Canon R. ; Farrar, Dean ; Fawcett, E. ; Fenn, G. Manville ; Field, H. M. ; Filon, P. M. A.; Fitzgerald, P. H. ; Forbes-Robertson, J. ; Forman, H. Buxton ; France, J. Anatole T.; Franzos, K. E. ; Frechette, L. H. ; Frost, P. ; Gale, Norman, R, ; Gallon, Tom; Garnett, R.; Gatty, Rev. A.; Gil- bert, J. ; Gilbert, W. S. ; Gilder, R. W. ; Gissing, A. and G. ; Godwin, P. ; Gol- lancz, J. ; Gomme, G. L. ; Gorse, E. W. ; Gould, N. ; Gower, Lord R. S. ; Grand, S. ; Grant, R. ; Green, A. S. A. ; Green- wood, F. ; Griffiths, A. G. F. ; Grundy, S. ; Gubernatis, Count Angelo de ; Gunter, A. C. ; Guthrie, J. C. ; Guthrie, T. A. ; Habberton, J. ; Haggard, H. Rider ; Hale, E. E. ; Halevy, L. ; Hano- taux, G. ; Hardwicke, H. J. ; Hardy, I. D. ; Hardy, Thomas ; Hare, A. J. C. ; Harraden, B. ; Harris, F. ; Harris, J. C; Harrison, F. ; Harrison, M. St. L. (Lucas Malet) ; Harte, F. Bret ; Hartmann, A. ; Hatton, Joseph; Hauptmann, G. ; Haus- sonville, Comte d' ; Haweis, Rev. H. R. ; Hawkins, A. H. (Anthony Hope) ; Haw- thorne, Julian ; Hay, Col. J. ; Hay man, Rev. H. ; Hazlitt, W. C ; Hector, A. A. (Mrs. Alexander) ; Hefner-Alteneck, J. H. von ; Henley, W. E. ; Hennique, L. ; Henrv. G. A. ; Here'ddia, J. M. ; Heyse, P. J.'L. ; Hichens, R. S. ; Hickey, E. ; Hicks, E. S. ; Higginson, M. ; Higginson, T. W. ; Hill, G. B. N. ; Hobbes, John Oliver (Mrs. Craigie) ; Hocking, J. ; Hocking, S. K. ; Hoey, Mrs. F. S. ; Hole, Very Rev. S. R. ; Hollingshead, J. ; Holmes, E., and R. R. ; Hopper, E. N. : Horton, R. F. ; Houssave, H. ; Howells, W. D. ; Humphry, Mrs. C. E. ("Madge ") ; Hunter, Sir W. W. ; Hutchinson, J. ; CLASSIFIED INDEX 1233 Hutton, A. W. ; Hutton, L. ; Huysmans, J. K. ; Ibsen, H. ; Ingram, J. H. ; Ingram, J. K. ; Jacobs, J. ; Jacobs, W. W. ; James, H. ; Janvier, L. J. ; Jarvis, T. S. ; Jerome, J. K. ; Jessopp, Rev. A. ; Jeune, Lady ; Johnson, L. ; Johnston, Sir H. H., and R. M. ; Jokai, M. ; Jones, H. A. ; Kayserling, M. ; Kebbel, T. E. ; Kennan, G. ; Kent, W. C. M. ; Kerna- han, C. ; Kidd, B. ; Kingsley, M. H. ; Kipling, R. ; Knight, Prof. W. A. ; Knighton, W. ; Knox, Mrs. ; Koltzoff- Massalsky, Princess von ; Landor, A. H. S. ; Lang, A. ; Langford, J. A. ; La Ramee, Louise de (Ouida) ; Latey, J. ; Lavedan, H. L. E.; Lee, S. ; Le Gallienne, R. ; Leighton, M. C, and R. ; Leland, C. G. ; Lemaitre, F. E. J. ; Lemonnier, A. L. C. ; Le Roux, H. ; Lie, J. ; Liebling, A. ; Lilly, W. S. ; Lippincott, S. J. ; Loftie, Rev. W. J. ; Lowndes, Mrs. (Marie Belloc) ; Lowry, H. D. ; Lyall, Sir A. C. ; Maartens, M. ; M'Carthy, Justin; M'Carthy, J. H. ; MacColl, Canon M. ; Macdonald, F. W. : Mac- donald, G. ; Macleod, F. ; Madden, Rt. Hon. D. H. ; Maeterlinck, M. ; Mahan, Capt. A. J. ; Mallock, W. H. ; Mar- chand, Hon. F. G. ; Marryat, F. (Mrs. Francis Lean) ; Marsh, C. ; Marshall, Prof. A. ; Martel de Janville, Comtesse de (" Gyp ") ; Martin, Mrs. F. ; Martin, Sir T. ; Massey, T. G. ; Masson, D. ; Maxwell, Rt. Hon. Sir H. E. ; Maxwell, Mrs. J. (Miss Braddon) ; Mayo, J. Fyvie ; Meding, J. F. M. O. (Gregor Samarow) ; Mendes, C. ; Meredith, G. ; Merivale, H. C. ; Meurice, F. P.; Meynell, A., and W. ; Mezieres, A. J. F. ; Miller, "Joaquin"; Mirbeau, O. ; Mitchell, D. G. ; Molesworth, M. L. ; Montagu, Rt. Hon. L. R. ; Montepin, X. A. de : Montgomery, F. ; Montresor, F F. ; Moore, F. F., and G. ; Moreas, J. ; Morley, Rt. Hon. J. ; Morris, Sir L., and M. W. ; Morrison, A. ; Mulhall, M. ; Mullinger, J. B. ; Murray, D. Christie ; Myers, F. W. ; Nicholson, E. W. B. ; Niooll, W. Robert- son ; Norman, H., and Mrs. H. ; Norris, W. E. ; Norton, C. E. ; Nunez de Arce, G. ; O'Brien, R. Barry; Ohnet, G ; Page, T. N. ; Paget, Violet ; Pain, Barry ; Palgrave, Sir R. F. D. ; Parker, G., and L. N. ; Parr, Mrs. L. ; Paterson, W. R. ("Benjamin Swift"); Payne, E. J.; Peard, F. M. ; Pemberton, M. ; Pennell, H. C. ; Philips, F. C. ; Phillips, S. ; Phillpotts, E. ; Pinero, A. W. ; Pitman, Mrs. E. R. ; Pollock, W. H. ; Porter, General H. ; Power, DA. ; Praed, Mrs. Campbell Mackworth ; Pressense", F. de ; PreVost, M. ; Prothero, G. W., and R. E. ; Quesnay de Beaurepaire, J. ; Quilter, H. ; Reaney, I.; Reeves, Mrs. H. ("Helen Mathers ") ; Reid, Sir T. Wemyss ; Reville, A. ; Rhys, E., and G. ; Riddell, Mrs. ; Rigg, Rev. J. H. ; Ritchie, A. I. (Mrs. Richmond Ritchie) ; Roberts, M. ; Robinson, P. S. ; Rod, E. ; Rogei-s, Rev. J. Guinness ; Rohlfs, Mrs. C. ; Rollinat, M. ; Roosevelt, Hon. T. ; Ropes, A. R. ("Adrian Ross"); Rose, E. ; Rossetti, W. M. ; Rostand, E. ; Rowbotham, J. F. ; Ruskin, J. ; Russell, W. Clark ; Ryan, W. P. ; St. John-Brenon, E. ; Saintsbury, Prof. G. E. B. ; Sardou, V. ; Savage, R. H. ; Savage - Armstrong, G. F. ; Schreiner, Olive (Mrs. Cronwright- Schreiner) ; Scott, Clement W., and H. S. ; Scudder, H. E. ; Senior, W. Sergeant, E. F. A. ; Sewell, E. M. Sharp, W. ; Shaw, G B. ; Sherard R. H. ; Shipley, Rev. Orby ; Shorter, Mrs. C. K. (Dora Sigerson), and C. K. Shorthouse, J. H. ; Sienkiewicz, H. Sims, G. R. ; Skeat, Prof, the Rev W. W. ; Skrine, Rev. J. H. ; Sladen, D. Smeaton, W. H. 0. ; Smiles, S. ; Smith G. B., G. V., and Prof. Goldwin Spence, C. H. ; Spielhagen, F. ; Stannard Mrs. A. (John Strange Winter) ; Sted man, E. C. ; Steel, F. A. ; Steevens, G. W. ; Stephen, Leslie ; Stephens, Very Rev. W. R. W. ; Stigand, W. ; Stirling, J. H. ; Stockton, F. R. ; Stoddard, R. H, ; Street, G. S. ; Strindberg, A. ; Stubbs, Very Rev. C. W. ; Sudermann, H. ; Sully-Prudhomme, R. F. A. ; Swetten- ham, Sir F. A. ; Swinburne, A. C. ; Symons, A. ; Taylor, Rev. I. ; Temple, Rt. Hon. Sir R. ; Thomas, B. ; Thomp- son, F. ; Todhunter, John ; Tolstoi, Count ; Tom-gee, A. W. ; Traill, H. D. ; Tuttiett, M. G. (Maxwell Gray); Tweedie, Mrs. A. ; Tynan, Katharine (Mrs. K. Tynan-Hinkson); Vandam, A. D. ("Englishman in Paris"); Van Dyke, H. ; Vapereau, L. G. ; Verne, J. ; Viaud, L. M. J. ("Pierre Loti"); Villari, P. ; Vogue, Vicomte E, M. de ; Walford, Mrs. L. B. ; Walkley, A. B. ; Ward, A. W., Mrs. H. D. M., Mary Augusta (Mrs. Humphry Ward) ; Warden, F. (Mrs. James) ; Warner, C. Dudley Warren, T. H. ; Watson, A. E. T., Rev. J ("Ian Maclaren "), William; Watts Dunton, T. ; Wedmore, F. ; Wells, H. G. Weyman, S. J. ; Wheatley, H. B. White, H., and P; Whitney, A. D. Wilkins, M. E.; Wilkinson, J. J. Garth Williamson, Mrs. C. N. ; Wilson, A. J. Wingate, Colonel F. R. ; Witt, J. G. Woods, M. L. ; Wordsworth, Canon C. E., and Right Rev. J. ; Teats, W. B. Yonge, C. M. ; Young, Sir G. ; Zang- will, I. ; Zimniern, H. M. ; Zola, E. Diplomatic, Administrative, Official : — Aberdeen, Earl of ; Ali Pacha ; Ancas- ter, Earl of ; Arbuthnot,Sir A. G.; Arnott, Sir J. ; Barbour, Sir D. M. ; Baring, W. ; Barker, Lieut.-Gen. G. D. ; Barrington, i I 1234 CLASSIFIED INDEX Hon. W. A. C. ; Bascunan, A. ; Bayley, Sir S. C. ; Beauclerk, W. N. ; Bedford, Vice-Ad. Sir F. ; Beeton, H. C. ; Belper, Lord ; Benedetti, Comte V. de ; Ber- keley, E. J. L. ; Bigge, Sir A. J. ; Blake, SirH. A. ; Bower, Sir Graham J. ; Boyle, Sir C. ; Braddon, Rt. Hod. Sir E. N. C; Bradford, Col. Sir E. R. C. ; Brady, Sir T. F. ; Brandis, Sir D. ; Brett, Hon. R. B. ; Brownlow, Earl ; Bruce, Sir C. ; Buchanan, G. W. ; Bulwer, Sir H. E. G. ; Burton, Sir F. W. ; Buxton, Sir T. Fowell ; Cambon, P. P. ; Caratheodory Pacha ; Cardew, Col. Sir F. ; Carring- ton, Earl ; Chaney, H. J. ; Chermside, Maj.-Gen. ; Choate, J. H. ; Clarke, C.P. Clarke, Lieut.-Col. Sir M. J. ; Collen Sir E. H. H. ; Colquhoun, A. R. ; Colvin Sir A. ; Conger, E. N. ; Cooper, Sir D. Costaki, A.; Cotton, H. J. S., and Sir W. J. R. ; Coural, Baron de ; Creagh C. V. ; Cromer, Viscount ; Crosthwaite. Sir C. H. T. ; Crosthwaite, Sir R. J. Currie, Lord ; Curzon, Lord ; Davies Sir R. H. ; Decrais, P. L. A. ; Dering, Sir H. M. ; Desart, Earl of ; De Staal. G. ; Des Vceux, Sir G. W. ; De Winton Maj.-Gen. ; Deym, Count F. ; Donnelly Maj.-Gen. Sir J. F. D. ; Drummond V. A. W. ; Ducane, Maj.-Gen. Sir E. F. ; Duff, Rt. Hon. Sir M. E. G. Dufferin and Ava, Marquis of ; Dunn Sir W. ; Du Plat, Sir C. T. ; Durand Sir H. M. ; Edwards, Lt.-Col. the Rt Hon. Sir F. I. ; Egerton, Sir E. H. Elgin, Earl of; Eliot, F.E.H. ; Elliot. Rt. Hon. Sir H. G. ; Ellis, Maj.-Gen, Sir A. ; Emlyn, Viscount ; Euan-Smith Sir C. B. ; Eyre, E. J. ; Fane, Sir E D. V. ; Fearon, D. R. ; Fergusson, Rt Hon. Sir J. ; Ferrero, Gen. A. ; Testing, E. R. ; Fitzgerald, Sir G. ; FitzPatrick Sir D. ; Frey, E. ; Fryer, Sir F. ; Gal lieni, Gen. J. S. ; Gell, Sir J. ; Godley. Sir A. ; Goldie, Rt. Hon. Sir G. D. T.' Gormanston, Viscount ; Goschen, W E. ; Gosling, A. C. ; Grafton, Duke of Greene, W. C. ; Greville, G. ; Grev Earl ; Grey-Wilson, W. ; Griffiths, A, G. F. ; Gully, Rt. Hon. W. C. ; Haggard W. H. D. ; Haliburton, Lord ; Halliday Sir F.J. ; Hampden, Viscount ; Hanbury Rt. Hon. R. W. ; Hardinge, Sir A. H. Harrington, J. L. ; Harris, Lord ; Hatz feldt, Count von ; Havelock, Sir A. E. Hay, Col. J. ; Hay, Sir J. S. ; Heath, H F. ; Hely-Hutchinson, Hon. Sir W. F. Hemming, Sir A. W. L. ; Henniker, Lord ; Herbert. Hon. M. H. ; Herbette J. G. ; Hertolet, Sir E. ; Hill, Sir C. L. Hitchcock, E. A. ; Hodgson, F. M. Hope, Sir T. C. ; Howard, Sir H. Hunter, Maj.-Gen. Sir A., and Sir W, W. ; Hutchins, Sir P. P. ; Ignatieff, N P. ; Ilbert, Sir C. P. ; Jameson, L. S. Janvier, L. J. ; Jenner, G. F. B. ; Jer ningham, Sir H. E. H. ; Jersey, Earl of Johnston, Sir H. H. ; Jones, Captain H M. ; Jordan, J. N. ; Kato, T. ; Kawase Viscount M. ; Kekewich, Sir G. W. Kennedy, J. G. ; Kennedy, R. J. ; King Harman, C. A. ; Kingston, C. C. ; Kin tore, Earl of ; Knollys, Sir C. ; Lagden Sir G. Y. ; Lamington, Lord ; Lans downe, Marquis of ; Lascelles, Sir F. C. Le Hunte, G. R. ; Le Marchant, F. C. Lepine, L. ; Lessar, P. ; Llewelyn, SirR B. ; Loch, Lord ; Loftus, Rt. Hon Lord ; Lo Feng-Luh, Sir Chih Chen Londonderry, Marquis of ; Longley, Sir H. ; Lushington, Sir G. ; Lyall, Sir A. C. ; Lyall, Sir C. J. ; Lyte, H. C. Macartney, Sir H. ; M'Callum, Lieut, Col. Sir H. E. ; M'Clelan, Hon. A. R. Macdonald, Sir C. M. ; Macdonnell. Sir A. P ; MacDonnell, Sir H. G. MacGregor, Sir W.; M'Innes, Hon. T. R. Mackay, Sir J. L. ; Mackenzie, Hon. Sir A. ; Malet, Rt. Hon. Sir E. B. ; Malcolm Khan ; Marindin, Sir F. A. ; Martin, Sir T. A. ; Milner, Sir A. ; Minto, Earl of ; Mitchell, Sir C. B. H. ; Mohamed Ali Khan ; Moloney, Sir C. A. ; Monro, J. ; Monson, Rt. Hon. Sir E. J. ; Moor, R. D. R. ; Miinster-Ledenburg, Count ; Murray, Hon. G. H., and Sir H. H. ; Nevares, C. ; Nicolson, Sir A. ; Nigra, Count ; Noble, Hon. J. W. ; Novikoff, O. ("O.K.") ; O'Brien, Sir G. T. M., and Sir J. T. N. ; O'Conor, Rt. Hon. Sir U. R. ; Ommaney, SirM. F. ; Owen, Sir H.; Pakenham, Hon. Sir F. J. ; Palgrave, Sir R. F. D. ; Palma, T. E. ; Palmer, Sir E. M. ; Pauncefote, Rt. Hon. Sir J.; Peel, Viscount; Petre, SirG. E. ; Phipps, E. C. H. ; Plowden, T. J. C. ; Plunkett, Hon. Sir F. R. ; Ponsonby-Fane, Hon. Sir S. C. B. ; Poubelle, E. R. ; Probyn, Sir D. M. ; Pyne, Sir T. S. ; Ranfurly, Earl of ; Rendel, G. W. ; Ridgeway, Rt. Hon. Sir J. W. ; Rivett-Carnac, Col. J. H. ; Roberts-Austen, Prof. Sir W. Chandler ; Robertson, Lieut.-Col. D., and Sir G. S. ; Robinson, Sir W. ; Rodd, Sir J. Rennell ; Rumbold, Rt. Hon. Sir H. ; Sackville, Lord ; St. John, F. R., and Sir S. ; San Bartolomeo, Baron de (Baron de Renzis) ; Sandhurst, Lord ; Sandys, J. E. ; Satow, Sir E. M. ; Scott, Sir C. S. ; Selves, M. de ; Sendall, Sir W. J. ; Shaw, Sir Eyre M. ; Shea, Sir A. A. ; Slatin Pasha, Sir R. C. ; Smith, Sir C. C, Col. Sir G., Lieut.-Col. Sir H., and H. C. ; Stanmore, Lord ; Stephen, Sir A. Condie; Stephenson, Sir F. C. A.; Stokes, Lieut. -Gen. Sir J. ; Strachey, Lieut. - Gen. Sir R. ; Suffield, Lord ; Swettenham, Sir F. A.; Temple, Rt. Hon. Sir R., and Lieut.-Col. R. C. ; Tennant, Mrs. H. J. ; Tennyson, Lord ; Thomp- son, Sir E. Maunde, and Rt. Hon. Sir R. W. ; Thornton, Rt. Hon. Sir E. ; Thur- CLASSIFIED INDEX 1235 low, Lord ; Thynne, Rt. Hon. Lord H. F. ; Udny, Sir K. ; Vicars, Sir A. ; Vilers, C. M. Le Myre de ; Waldegrave, Earl of ; Wallace, W. ; Walpole, Sir H. G., and Sir S. ; Walsham, Sir J. ; War- ren, Sir C. ; Welby, G. E. ; Wells, Com- mander L. de L. ; Westland, Sir J. Wilson, Sir C. Rivers and D. ; Wingfield Sir E. ; Wolff, Right Hon. H. D. Woodburn, Sir J. ; Woodford, S. L. Woods, Sir A. W. ; Wyndham, Sir G. Hugh; Young, Sir G. and Sir W. M, Younghusband, Captain F. E. Ecclesiastics, Divines, &c, of all Denominations : — Abbot, Lyman ; Ad- derley, Hon. and Rev. J. G. ; Adler, Rev. H. ; Ainger, Canon A. ; Alexander, Most Rev. W. ; Alford, Rt. Rev. C. R. ; Alger, W. R. ; Allies, T. W. ; Archdall, The.Rt. Rev. Mervyn ; Atkinson, Rev. J. C. ; Bardsley, Rt. Rev. J. W. ; Bar- nett, Canon S. A. ; Barry, Rt. Rev. A. ; Beckles, Rt. Rev. E. H. ; Beet, J. Agar ; Bell, C. D. ; Benham, Canon W. ; Berry, Rev. C. A. ; Bickersteith, Rt. Rev. H." ; Blackley, Canon W. L. ; Blunt, Rt. Rev. R. F. L. ; Body, G. ; Bond, Rt. Rev. W. B. ; Booth, Rev. W. ; Boyle, Very Rev. G. D. ; Bradley, Very Rev. G. G. ; Briggs, C. A. ; Bright, Canon W. ; Brooke, Rev. A. S. ; Browne, Rt. Rev. G. F. ; Brownlow, Bishop ; Bush, Rev. J.; Capel, Rt. Rev. Monsignor T. J. ; Car- penter, Rt. Rev. W. B. ; Carrington, Very Rev. H. ; Charteris, Prof. Rev, A. H. Cheyne, Prof. Rev. T. K. ; Chinnery Haldane, Rt. Rev. J. R. A. ; Clifford Dr. J. ; Compton, Rt. Rev. Lord A. S. Cook, Rev, J. ; Coplestone, Rt. Rev. R. S. ; Corrigan, Most Rev. M. A. Couaty, Rev. T. J. ; Cowie, Very Rev. B. M.; Cowie, Most Rev. W. G. ; Cramer Roberts, Rt. Rev. F. A. R. ; Creighton Rt. Rev. M. ; Croke, Most Rev. T. W. Crosthwaite, Rt. Rev. R. J. ; Crozier, Rt. Rev. J. B. ; Darby, Very Rev. J. L. Davey, Very Rev. W. H. ; Davidson, Rt. Rev. R. T. ; Davies, Rev. J. Llewelyn Day, Rt. Rev. M. F. ; Didon, H. ; Dix M. ; Dods, Prof, the Rev. M. ; Dowden Rt. Rev. J. ; Douglas, Hon. and Rt. Rev. A. G. ; Driver, Prof, the Rev. S. R. Drummond, Prof, the Rev. J. ; Duck worth, Canon R. ; Earle, Rt. Rev. A. Eden, Rt. Rev. G. R. ; Eden, Rev. R. Edwards, the Rt. Rev. A. G. ; Eliot Very Rev. P. F. ; Ellicott, Rt. Rev. C. J. Eyre, Most Rev. C. ; Eyton, Canon R. Farrar, Ven. F. W. ; Festing, Rt. Rev. J. W. ; Fleming, Rev. J. ; Forrest, Very Rev. R. W. ; Fremantle, Hon. and Rev. W. H. ; Friedlander, Dr. M. ; Furse, Canon C. W. ; Gell, Rt. Rev. F. ; Gib- bons, Cardinal J. ; Glyn, . Hon. and Rt. Rev. E. Carr ; Goe, Rt, Rev. F. F. ; Gore, Rev. C. ; Gott, Rt. Rev. J. Graves, Rt. Rev. C. ; Gregory, Very Rev. R. ; Guinness, Rev. H. Grattan Hall, Rev. N. ; Harrison, Rt. Rev. W. T. Hastings, T. S. ; Haweis, Rev. H. R. Headlam, Rev. S. D. ; Hedley, Rt, Rev. J. C. ; Hellmuth, Rt. Rev. I. ; Hen derson, Very Rev. W. G. ; Hingeston Randolph, Rev. F. C. ; Hitchens, Rev. J. H. ; Hole, Very Rev. S. R. ; Holland Canon H. Scott ; Hopps, J. P. ; Hor ton, R. F. ; Howell, Very Rev. D. Humphrey, Rev. W. ; Hughes, Rev. Hugh Price; Huntington, Rt. Rev. F. D Ince, Rev. W. ; Ingram, Very Rev. W. C. ; Jacob, Rt. Rev. E. ; Jayne, Rt Rev. F. J. ; Jermyn, Most Rev. H. W. Jex-Blake, Very Rev. T. W. ; Johnson Most Rev. E. R. ; Johnson, Rt. Rev H. F. ; Jones, Rev. W. ; Jones, Most Rev. W. W. i Keane, Rt. Rev. J. J. Keene, Most Rev. J. B. ; Kelly, Rev, C. H. ; Kelly, Rt. Rev. J. B. K. ; Kempe. Rev. J. E. ; Kennion, Rt. Rev. G. W. Kestell-Cornish, Rt. Rev. R. ; King, Rt. Rev. E. ; Kirkpatrick, Prof, the Rev A. F. ; Kitchin, Very Rev. G. W. ; Kitto J. F. ; Knox, Rt. Rev. E. A. ; Lawrence, Rt. Rev. W. ; Ledochowski, Cardinal M. Lees, Very Rev. J. C. ; Lefroy, Rt. Rev. Lefroy, Very Rev. W. ; Legge, Hon. and Rt. Rev. A. ; Leigh, Hon. and Very Rev. J. W. ; Leishman, Rev. T. ; Leo XIII Lewis, Most Rev. J. T. ; Lewis, Rt Rev. R. ; Little, Canon W. J. Knox Lloyd, Rt. Rev. A. T., and D. L., and J. Logue, Cardinal ; Loyson, C. ; Luckock Very Rev. H. M. ; Lyne, Rev. J. L. Macarthur, Rt. Rev. J. ; MacColl, Canon M. ; M'Cormick, Rev. J. ; Macdonald, Most Rev. A. ; MacEvilly, Most Rev. J. ; M'Gaw, Rev. J. T. ; Machray, Most Rev. R. ; Maclagan, Rt. Hon. and Most Rev. W. D. ; Macleod, Very Rev. D. ; Maclure, Very Rev. E. C. ; Macmillan, Rev. H. ; Macrorie, Rt. Rev. W. K. ; Marsden, Rt. Rev. S. E. ; Martineau, J. ; Mason, Prof. A. J. ; Matheson, Rev. G. ; Meade, Rt. Rev. W. E. ; Meyrick, Canon F. ; Mitchinson, Rt. Rev. J. ; Moody, D. L. ; Moorhouse, Rt. Rev. J.; Moran, Cardinal; Mostyn, Rt. Rev. F. ; Mylne, Rt. Rev. L. G. ; Newbolt, Rev. W. C. E. ; Nuttall, Most Rev. E. ; Owen, Rt. Rev. J. ; Park, E. A. ; Parker, J. ; Patterson, Rt. Rev. J. L. ; Patton, F. L. ; Peacocke, Most Rev. J. F. ; Pearce, Rev. M. G. ; Percival, Rt. Rev. J. ; Perowne, Rt. Rev. J. J. S. ; Perrin, Rt. Rev. W. W. ; Pickard-Cam- bridge, Rev. 0. ; Pigou, Very Rev. F. ; Pott, Ven. A. ; Potter, Rt. Rev. H. C. ; Pulleine, Rt. Rev. J. J. ; Purey Cust, Very Rev. A. P. ; Rampolla, Cardinal ; Randall, Rt. Rev. J. L., and Very Rev. R. W.; Rawlinson.Prof.theRev.G.; Reville, A. ; Riddell, Rt. Rev. A. ; Ridding, Rt. 1236 CLASSIFIED INDEX Rev. G. ; Rigg, Rev. J. H. ; Rogers, Rev. J. Guinness ; Rowland, Rev. A. ; Royston, Rt. Rev. P. S. ; Ryle, Rev. Prof. H. E., and Rt. Rev. J. C. ; Salmon, Rev. G. ; Sanday, Rev. W. ; Sandford, Rt. Rev. 0. W.,' and Rt. Rev. D. F. ; Sheepshanks, Rt. Rev. J. ; Shore, Rev. T. T. ; Shuttleworth, Rev. H. C. ; Sin- clair, Archdeacon W. M. ; Smith, Rev. I. G, and Most Rev. W. S. ; Spence, Very Rev. H. D. M. ; Stack, Rt. Rev. C. M. ; Stalker, J. ; Stamer, Rt. Rev. Sir L. T. ; Stanton, Revs. A. H. and V. H.; Stephens, Very Rev. W. R. W.; Stephen- son, Rev. T. B. ; Storrs, R. S. ; Story, Very Rev. R. H. ; Straton, Rt. Rev. N. D. J. ; Strossmayer, Rt. Rev. J. G. ; Stuart, Rt. Rev. E. C. ; Stubbs, C. W., and Rt. Rev. W. ; Sumner, Rt. Rev. G. H. ; Swallow, Rev. R. ; Sweatman, Rt. Rev. A. ; Swete, Rev. H. B. ; Talbot, Rt. Rev. E. S. ; Talmage, T. de W. ; Taylor, W. M. ; Temple, Most Rev. F. ; Thicknesse, Rt. Rev. F. H. ; Thompson, Rev. J. ; Tozer, Rt. Rev. W. G. ; Tre- fusis, Rt. Rev. R. E. ; Tristram, Rev. H. B. ; Turner, Rt. Rev. C. H. ; Van Dyke, H. ; Vaughan, Cardinal ; Vincent. Bishop ; Vovsey, Rev. C. ; Wace, Rev, H. ; Walsh, Rt. Revs. W. and W. P., and Most Rev. W. J. ; Ware, Rt. Rev. H Watkins, Ven. H. W. ; Watkinson, Rev, W. L. ; Webber, Rt. Rev. W. T. T. ; Wei land, Rt. Rev. T. J. ; Welldon, Rt. Rev. J. E. C. ; Were, Rt. Rev. E. A. ; West cott, Rev. B. F. ; Whitehead, Rt. Rev. H Whyte, Rev. A. ; Wickham, Very Rev. E. C. ; Wilberforce, Canon A. B. 0., and Rt. Rev. E. R. ; Wilkinson, Rt. Rev. G. H., and Right Rev. T. ; Williams, Rt, Rev. W. H. ; Winnington-Ingram, Rt. Rev. A. F. ; Wordsworth, Canon C., and Rt. Rev. J. ; Teatman-Biggs, Rt. Rev. H. W. ; Zeller, E. Engineers, Electricians, Inventors, &c. : — Andrews, T. ; Armstrong, Prof. G. F. ; Ayrton, Prof. W. E. ; Baker, Sir B. ; Barlow, W. H. ; Barry, Sir J. Wolfe ; Bell, A. G. ; Bell, Sir I. L. ; Berkley G. ; Bidwell, S. ; Binnie, Sir A. R. ; Bram- well, Sir F. J. ; Brialmont, Gen. A. H. ; Canning, Sir S. ; Chassepot, A. A. ; Deacon, G. F. ; Edison, T. A. ; Eiffel, G. ; Fleming, Prof. J. A. ; Fleming, S. ; Foster, C. Le Neve ; Fox, Sir C. Douglas ; Gatling, R. J. ; Gore, G ; Hallett, H. S. ; Hartley, Sir C. A. ; Hayter, H. ; Hughes, Prof. D. E. ; Jones, Lieut. -Col. A. S. ; Kennedy, Em.-Prof. A. B. W. ; Marconi, W. ; Maxim, H. S. ; Molesworth, Sir G. L. ; Moncrieff, Col. Sir A. ; Penny- cuick, Col. J. ; Perkin, W. H. ; Pole, W. ; Poynting, Prof. J. H. ; Preece, Sir W. H. ; Pyne, Sir T. S. ; Rendel, Sir A. M., and G. W. ; Rbntgen, C. W. ; Salomons, Sir D. L. ; Samuelson, Rt. Hon. Sir B. ; Snelus, G.J. ; Sprengel, H. J. P. ; Stoney, B. B. ; Stuart, Prof. J. ; Swan, J. W. ; Tesla, N. ; Thornycroft, J. I. ; Thurston, Prof. R. H. ; Trouton, F. T. ; Unwin, Prof. Wm. C. ; Verbeck, R. D. M. Historians : — Acton, Lord ; Adams, C. K. ; Beesly, Prof. E. S. ; Burrows, M. ; Cox, Rev. Sir G. W. ; Creighton, Rt. Rev. Mandell ; Dahn, Prof. Geheimr. J. S. F. ; Diimmler, E. L. ; Gairdner, J. ; Gardiner, S. R. ; Gasquet, Rev. F. A. ; Green, A. S. A. ; Green, M. A. E. ; Harrison, F. ; Kingsford, W. ; Kitchin, Very Rev. G. W. ; Laughton, Prof. J. K. ; Lavisse, E. ; Lecky, Rt. Hon. W. H. ; Maitland, Prof. F. W. ; Powell, Prof. F. York ; Rambaud, A. ; Ramsay, W. M. ; Rawlin- son, Prof, the Rev. G. ; Stubbs, Rt. Rev. W. ; Wallon, H. A. ; Ward, A. W. Journalists, including Editors, &c. : — Aria, Mrs. D. B. ; Armstrong, Capt. Sir George C. H. ; Armstrong, George E. Arnold, Sir E. ; Arnott, Sir J. ; Austin L. F. ; Becker, B. H. ; Beer, F. ; Beer, Rachel ; Bell, C. F. Moberley ; Bennett, E. A. ; Blowitz, H. G. S. A 0. de ; Buckle G. E. ; Bullock, Rev. C. ; Burnand, F. C. Busch, M. ; Clancy, J. J. ; Clarke, Sir Campbell ; Cook, E. T. ; Cooper, C. A. Cotton, J. S. ; Courtney, W. L. ; Cox, Horace ; Cox, I. E. B. ; Crawford, Mrs, E. ; Crawfurd, Oswald ; Cust, H. J. C. Dana, M. ; Davey, R. P. B. ; Dearmer, Rev. Percy; De Cassagnac, P. G. ; Des Chanel, E. M. ; Dicey, E. ; Dunn, J. N. Edwards, John Passmore ; Eggleston, E. Escott, T. H. S. ; Field, H. M. ; Fisher, F. H. ; Fletcher, A. E. ; Forbes, A. Fougier, J. F. H. ; Frechette, L. H. Frost, P. ; Fry, 0. A. ; Gerault-Richard. J. ; Glenesk, Lord ; Godkin, E. L. Gould, F. C. ; Gould, N. ; Greenwood. F. ; Grein, J. T. ; Grove, T. N. A. Guyot, Y. ; Harmsworth, A. C. W. Hatton, G. R., and J. ; Hawkins, F. Hawley, Hon. J. R. ; Hazell, W. ; Heath, F. G. ; Henley, W. E. ; Hess, H Hichens, R. S. ; Hill, F. H. ; Hillier, F. J. ; Hind, C. L. ; Hodge, H. ; Hof meyr, Hon. J. J. ; Holme, C. ; Howells. W. D. ; Humphry, Mrs. C. E. ("Madge") Hutton, L. ; Ingram, Sir W. J. ; Janvier, L. J. ; Jones, K. ; Joyce, T. H. ; Knowles, J. ; Labouchere, H. ; Lang, A. ; Latey, J. ; Lawson, Sir E. Levy- ; Lee, Rev, F. G. ; Leighton, R. ; Leng, Sir J. Low, S. J. ; Lowry, H. D. ; Lowndes Mrs. ; Lucy, H. W. ; Lunn, H. M'Carthy, J. ; Macaulay, J. ; Maccoll, N. ; Maclean, J. M. ; Marks, H. H. Massingham, H. W. ; Meason, M. R. L. Me'tenier, O. ; Meynell, W. ; Morris, M W. ; Morrison, G. E. ; Mudford, W. H. CLASSIFIED INDEX 1237 Newnes, Sir G. ; Norman, H., and Mrs. H. ; O'Brien, R. Barry ; Pain, Barry ; Parkinson, J. C. ; Pears, E. ; Pennell, H. C. ; Pressens(5, F. de ; Prior, M. ; Prothero, G. W., and R. E. ; Reid, Sir H. Gilzean, and Hon. Whitelaw ; Robin- son, Sir J. R., and W. ; Rochefort-Lucay, Marquis de ; Rodays, P. F. de ; Russell, Sir W. H. ; Ryan, W. P.; St. John- Brenon, E. ; Scott, C. P. ; Seaman, 0. ; Senior, W. ; Shaw, F. ; Sherard, R. H. ; Shorter, C. K. ; Sims, G. R. ; Smith, G. B. ; Spender, J. A. ; Spielmann, M. H. ; Stead, W. T. ; Stedman, G. C. ; Steevens, G. W. ; Stoddard, R. H. ; Strachey, J. St. L. ; Straight, Sir D. ; Stuart, Prof. J. ; Thomas, W. L., and W. Moy ; Tibbits, C. J. ; Toms. F. ; Townsend, M. ; Traill, H. D. ; Villiers, F. ; Voules, H. St. G. ; Wakley, T., jun., and T. H. ; Wallace, Sir D. M. ; Walter, A. F. ; Ward, T. Humphry ; Warner, C. D. ; Watson, A. E. T., and M. ; Watter- son, Hon. H. ; White, H., and P. ; Williams, C, and Dawson ; Williamson, C. N., Mrs. C. N., and D. ; Wilson, A. J., and F. W. ; Woodville, R. Caton. Lawyers : — Abdy, J. T. ; Adam, Lord ; Andrews, Rt. Hon. W. D. ; Ashbourne, Lord ; Atkinson, G. T. ; Atkinson, Rt. Hon. John ; Avory, H. E. ; Baggellay, E. ; Baker, Sir G. S. ; Ball, Rt. Hon. J. T. ; Banks, J. Eldon ; Barnes, Hon. Sir J. G. ; Barton, Dunbar P. ; Bennett, H. C. ; Bigham, Sir J. C. ; Bilcesco, S. ; Blofeld, T. C. ; Bodkin, A. H. ; Boyd, Hon. Walter ; Bros, James ; Brewer, D. J. ; Bridge, Sir John ; Browne, J. H. B. ; Bruce, Hon. Sir G. ; Bucknill, Mr. Justice T. T. ; Bulwer, J. R. ; Burn- side, Sir B. L. ; Byrne, Sir E. W. ; Candy, G. ; Carson, E. H. ; Channel!, Sir A. M. ; Charles, Hon. Sir A. ; Charley, Sir W. T. ; Chatterton, Rt. Hon. H. E. ; Clark, E. C. ; Clarke, Sir E. ; Clifford, F. ; Collins, Rt. Hon. Sir R. Henn ; Cooley, T. Mel. ; Corser, Haden ; Couch, Rt. Hon. Sir R. ; Cozens-Hardy, H. H. ; Crackanthorpe, M. ; Cripps, H. W. ; Danckwerts, W. 0. A. J. ; Darling, C. J. ; Davey, Lord ; Davies, Hon. Sir M. H. ; Day, Hon. Sir J. C. ; Day, W. R. ; Deane, H. B. ; Deane, Rt. Hon. Sir J. P. ; Den- man, G. L. ; Depew, Chauncey M. ; De Rutzen, A. ; De Villiers, Rt. Hon. Sir J. H. ; D'Eyncourt, E. C. T. ; Dicey, Prof. A. V. ; Dickens, H. F. ; Dugdale J. S. ; Edge, Hon. Sir J. ; Edlin, Sir P. H. ; Edmunds, Hon. G. F. (and poli tician) ; Fenwick, E. N. F. ; Field, Lord Finlay, Sir R. B. ; Fitzgibbon, Rt. Hon G. ; Fordham, E. S. ; Forsyth, W. ; Fry. Rt. Hon. Sir E. ; Fuller, M. W. ; Fulton Sir F. (and politician) ; Garrett, E. W. Garrick, Hon. Sir J. F. ; Garth, Rt. Hon. Sir R. ; Gill, C. F. ; Glenn, R. G. ; Grantham, Hon. Sir W. ; Gray, F. H. ; Griffith, Sir S. W. ; Gully, Rt. Hon. W. C. ; Guthrie, W. ; Hagarty, Hon. J. H. ; Haldane, R. B. ; Hall, Sir C. ; Halsbury, Rt. Hon. Lord ; Hannay, J. L. ; Harding, Sir R. P. ; Hart, H. L. ; Hawkins, Hon. Sir H. (Baron Brampton) ; Hemphill, Rt. Hon. C. H. ; Hobhouse, Rt. Hon. Lord ; Holmes, Lord Justice, Rt. Hon. H. ; Holland, Prof. T. E. ; Hopwood, C. H. ; Hutchinson, Hon. J. T. ; Ilbert, Sir C. P. ; Inderwick, F. A. ; James, Lord ; Jeune, Rt. Hon. Sir F. H. ; John- son, Rt. Hon. W. M. ; Kekewich, Hon. Sir A. ; Kennedy, G. G. ; Kennedy, Hon. Sir W. R. ; Kenny, Rt. Hon. W. ; Kerr, R. M. ; Kincairney, Lord ; Kinnear, Lord ; Kotze, Ex-Chief Justice ; Kyl- lachy, Lord ; Labori, F. G. G. ; Lane, R. 0. B. ; Lawrance, Rt. Hon. Sir J. C. ; Leese, Sir J. F. ; Lewis, G. Pitt ; Lewis, Sir G. ; Lindley, Rt. Hon. Sir N. ; Littler, R. D. M. ; Long, J. D. ; Love- land, R. L. ; Low, Lord ; Loyd, A. K. ; Ludlow, Lord ; Ludlow, Sir H. ; M'Con- nell, W. R. ; Macdonald, Rt. Hon. J. H. A. ; M'Laren, Lord ; Macnaghten, Lord ; MacNeill, J. G. Swift MacN. ; Macrory, E. ; Madden, Rt. Hon. D. H., and Hon. Sir J. ; Maitland, Prof. F. W. ; Markby, Sir W. ; Mathew, Hon. Sir J. C. ; Matthews, C. W. ; Martinson, M. W. ; Mead, F. ; Milvain, T. ; Monckton, Sir J. B. ; Moncreiff, Lord ; Monks- well, Lord ; Monroe, Rt. Hon. J. ; Morris, Lord ; Murphy, Rt. Hon. J. Napier, T. B. ; Newton, R. M. ; North, Sir F. ; O'Brien, Rt. Hon. Sir P., and Rt. Hon. W. ; Odgers, W. Blake ; Olney, Hon. R. ; O'Malley, Sir E. L. ; Palles, Rt. Hon. C. ; Pearson, Lord ; Penzance, Lord ; Philbrick, F. A. ; Phillimore, Sir W. G. F. ; Pitt- Lewis, G. ; Plowden, A. Chichele ; Poland, Sir H. B. ; Pollock, Prof. Sir F. ; Pope, S. ; Porter, Rt. Hon. A. M. ; Quesnay de Beaurepaire, J. ; Reid. Sir R. T. ; Rentoul, J. A. ; Ridley, Sir E. ; Rigby, Rt. Hon. Sir J. ; Robertson, Lord ; Rob- son, W. S. ; Rose-Innes, Hon. J, ; Ross, Hon. J. ; Romer, Hon. Sir R. ; Row- lands, W. Bowen ; Russell of Killowen, Lord; Scoble, Sir A. R. ; Scott, Hon. Sir J. ; Shand, Lord ; Slade, W. ; Smith, Hon. Sir A. L., H., Hon. J. S., Hon. L.; Stephenson, Sir A. F. W. K. ; Stirling, Hon. Sir J.; Stokes, W. ; Stormonth- Darling, Lord ; Strong, Rt. Hon. Sir S. H. ; Stuart-Wortley, Rt. Hon. C. B. ; Thring, Lord ; Trayner, Lord ; Tupper, Hon. Sir C. H. ; Vaughan, Sir J. ; Vil- liers, Rt. Hon. Sir H. de ; Waddy, His Hon. S. D. ; Walker, Rt. Hon. S. ; Wal- ton, J. Lawson, and Joseph ; Warry, G. D. ; Watson, Lord ; Way, Hon. Sir S. J. ; 1238 CLASSIFIED INDEX Webster, Sir R. E. ; Wedderburn, A. D. 0. ; Willis, His Hon. Judge W. ; Wills, Hon. Sir A.; Witt, J. G.; Woodford, S. L.; Worsley-Taylor, H. W. ; Wrenfordsley, Hon. Sir H. T. ; Wright, Hon. Sir R. S. ; Yates, J. M. ; Young, Lord. Librarians, Bibliographers, &c. :— Abbott, Rev. T. K. ; Douglas, R. K. Garnett, R. ; Greenwood, T. ; Guthrie J. C. ; Holmes, R. R. ; Hutchinson, J. Hutton, A. W. ; Jenkinson, F. J. H. Kershaw, S. W. ; MaoAlister, J. Y. W. Madan, F. ; Nicholson, E. W. B. O'Donovan, D. ; Petherick, E. A. Thompson, Sir E. Maunde ; Webster H. A. ; Wheatley, H. B. ; Wright, C. H Medicine, Surgery, &c: — Acland,Sir H W. ; Adams, W. ; Allbutt.T. C. ; Allchin.W. H. ; Anderson, Mrs. E. Garrett ; Ander son, W. ; Annandale, Prof. T. ; Banks, W. M. ; Barlow, T. ; Bastian, Prof. H. C. Bateman, Sir F. ; Beale, Prof. L. S. Beddoe, J. ; Beevor, Sir Hugh Bennett, W. H. ; Bertillon, J. ; Bland ford, G. E. ; Bradford, John Rose Broadbent, Sir W. H. ; Brouardel, P. C. H. ; Bryant, T. ; Brunton, T. L. ; But- tin, Henry Trentham ; Buzzard, T. Cameron, Prof. Sir C. A. ; Carpenter G. A. ; Carter, R. Brudenell ; Chevne, W. Watson ; Church, W. S. ; Cleland Prof. J. ; Collingwood, C. ; Cooper Alfred ; Corfield, W. H. ; Crichton Browne, Sir J. ; Critchett, G. A. Cunningham, D. J. ; Curnow, Prof. J. Dalby, Sir W. B. ; Davies-Colley, J. N C. ; Dickinson, W. Howship ; Duck worth, Sir Dyce ; Eade, Sir P. ; Eve F. S. ; Farquharson, R. ; Fayrer, Sir J. Ferrier, Prof. D.; Fleming, Geo. ; Foster Sir B. Walter ; Fraser, Prof. T. R. Fripp, A. D. ; Gairdner, Sir W. T. Garrod, Sir A. B. ; Gaskell, W. H. Glover, J. G. ; Godlee, R. J. ; Godson C. ; Golding-Bird, C. H. ; Goodhart, J. F. ; Gowers, Sir W. R. ; Guinon, G. Habershon, S. H. ; Hammond, W. A. Hanbury, Sir J. A. ; Hardwicke, H. J. Harrison, R. ; Heath, C. ; Holmes, T. Horsley, V. A. H. ; Howse, H. G. Hunter, Sir W. G. ; Hutchinson, Prof. J.; Jameson, Surg. -Maj. -Gen. J.; Jes sop, T. R. ; Jex-Bake, Sophia ; Laking, Sir F. ; Langton, J. ; Latham, Prof. P. W. ; Lister, Lord ; Macalister, A., and D. ; McCarthy, J. ; MacCormac, Sir W. ; Macdonald, G.,andD. D. ; Mac- Ewen, Prof. W. ; M'Kellar, A. 0. ; Mackenzie, S. ; Maclagan, Prof. Sir D., and T. J. ; Macnamara, N. C. ; M'Vail, Prof. D. C. ; Madden, T. M. ; Mapother, E. D. ; Marcet, W. ; Marsden, A. ; Marsh, H. ; Martin, S. H. C. ; Maudsley, Prof. H. ; Morris, H., and M. A. ; Nott, F.W. ; Nettleship, E. ; Nicholls, H.A.A.; Norbury, Sir H. F. ; Norton, A. T. ; Ogle, W. ; Ord, W. M. ; Osier, W. ; Owen, E. ; Page, H. W. ; Paget, Sir J., and S. ; Pavy, F. W. ; Payne, J. F. ; Pick, T. Pickering; Playfair, W. S. ; Pollock, J. E. ; Poore, G. V. ; Powell, Sir R. D. ; Power, D'A., and H.; Priestley, Sir W. 0. ; Pye-Smith, P, H. ; Ransome, A. ; Reid, Sir J., and Sir J. W. ; Ringer, S. ; Roberts, F. T. ; Robson, A. W. Mayo ; Saunders, Sir E. ; Savage, G. H. ; Sawyer, Sir J. ; Scharlieb, Mary A. D. ; Schofield, A. T. ; Semon, Sir F. ; Sieve- king, Sir E. H. ; Simon, Sir J. ; Smith, Sir T., and Prof. W. R. ; Sternberg, G. M. ; Stevenson, T, ; Stewart, Sir T. G. ; Stirling, E. C. ; Sutton, J. B. ; Teale, T. P. ; Thompson, E. Symes, and Sir H. ; Thorne, Sir R. Thorne ; Tirard, N. I. C. ; Tomes, C. S. ; Treves, F. ; Tweedy, J. ; Wakley, T„ jun., and T. H. ; Walsham, W. J. ; Weber, Sir H. ; White, W. H. ; Wilks, Sir S. ; Willett, A. ; Williams, Dawson, and Sir J. ; Woodhead, Prof. G. Sims ; Yeo, G. F. and J. B. ; Yorke- Davies, N. E. Miscellaneous : — Ashburnham, Earl of Astor, W. W. ; Barrow, J. ; Beit, A. Besant, Mrs. A. ; Blake, H. W. ; Black wood, W. ; Blind, K. ; Blyth, Sir J. Bosisto, J. ; Bowring, E. A. ; Burdett, H. C. ; Caird, Mona ; Casati, G. ; Chaney H. J. ; Collet, Sir M. W. ; Cunningham W. ; Currie, Sir D. ; Davenport, Sir S. Duck ham, T. ; Duleep Singh, Prince Elgar, F. ; Farley, J. L. ; Fawcett, Mrs M. ; Fenton, Sir M. ; Forbes, J. Staats Foster, Yere H. L. ; Fremantle, Hon. Sir C. W. ; Furley, Sir J. ; Gage, L. J. Gale, J. ; Giffen, Sir R. ; Gilbert, Sir J. H. ; Gilbertson, E. ; Gilbey, Sir W. Goldsmid, Maj. -Gen. Sir F. J. ; Grace Dr. W. G. ; Grimthorpe, Lord ; Grove Sir G. ; Guinness, Mrs. H. Grattan Haden, Sir F. S. ; Harrison, C. ; Hoar Hon. G. F. ; Hofmeyr, Hon. J. J. Hollingshead, J. ; Holmes, E. ; Hore. A. B. ; Hore, E. C. ; Joynt, M. ; Kirk! Sir J. ; Knollys, Sir F. ; Kropotkin, Prince P. A. ; Lasker, E. ; Lawes, Sir J, B. ; Lethbridge, SirR. ; Longman, C. J. Lubbock, Rt. Hon. Sir J. ; Malabari, B, M. ; Mann, H. ; Michel, L. ; Murray, J. Nicholson, Sir C. ; Nightingale, F. Oakley, Sir H. ; Olcott, Col. H. S. Olmsted, F. L. ; Osman Ali ; Paget. Sir G. E. ; Palgrave, R. H. I. ; Phillips. L. B. ; Pillsbury, H. N. ; Portal, W. S. Quilter, H. ; Ranjitsinghi, Prince K. S. Rawson, Sir Rawson W. ; Read, C. S. Riley, J. Athelstan ; Samuelson, J. Sandeman, A. G. ; Sarle, Sir A. L. Savage, R. H. ; Scotter, Sir C. ; Selous F. C. : Steinitz, W. ; Stoddart, A. E CLASSIFIED INDEX 1239 Tait, P. M. ; Tchigorin, T. ; Walkington, L. A. ; Wallace, A. R. ; Watherston, E. J. ; Webb, S. ; Weir, H. W. ; Williams, Sir G. Musicians, Singers, &c. : — Arditi, L. ; Bispham, D. S. ; Bodda-Pyne, Mme. ; Boito, A. ; Bridge, Sir J. F. ; Bruch, Max ; Buck, Dudley ; Burmester, W. ; Calve', E. ; Colonne, Jean ; Cowen, F. H. ; Cummings, W. H. ; Davies, Ben ; Davies, M. ; Davison, Mrs. ; Dochme, Madame (Nordica) ; Dvorak, Pan A. ; Faure, J. B. ; Gadsby, Prof. H. ; Ganz, W. ; Gerster, E. ; Gevaert. F. A.; Gigliucci, Countess ; Grieg, E. H. ; Gye, Madame (Albani) ; HallS, Lady ; Hanslick, Dr. E.; Henschel, G. ; Hiles, H. ; Hopkins, E. J. ; Joachim, J. ; Kellogg, C. L. ; Lamoureux, J. ; Lassalle, J. ; Lecocq, C. ; Leoncavallo, E. ; Leschetizky, T. ; Liebling, G. ; Lloyd, E. ; Mac Cunn, H. ; Mackenzie, Sir A. C. ; M'Kinlay, Mrs. J. (Antoinette Sterling) ; Maclntyre, M. ; Manns, A. ; Mascagni, P. ; Massenet, J. E. F. ; Melba, N. ; Miranda, Countess de (Christina Nilsson) ; Maurel, V. ; Mottl, F. ; Nosz- kowski, S. ; Oakeley, Sir H. S, ; Pach- mann, V. de ; Paderewski, I. J. ; Parratt, Sir W. ; Parry, Sir C. Hubert H. ; Patti, Adelina (Baroness Cederstrbm) ; Perosi, L. ; Piatti, A. ; Plancon. P. ; Planquette, E. ; Puccini, G. ; Pyne, J. Kendrick ; Eandegger, Cav. A. ; Ravogli, G. ; Eeeves, .. J. Sims ; Eeszke, E. de, and J. de ; Beyer, E. ; Eichter, H. ; Eosenthal, M.; Eoze, M. ; Saint-Saens, C. C. ; Salaman, C. K. ; Santley, C. ; Sarasate, P. M. M. ; Sem- brich, M. ; Smith-Williams, Mrs. (Marian M'Kenzie) ; Stainer, Sir J. ; Stanford, Prof. C. V. ; Steel, K. ; Stockhausen, J. ; Story, Mrs. Julian (Emma Eames) ; Strauss, E. ; Sullivan, Sir A. S. ; Thomas, T. ; Verdi, G. ; Viardot-Garcia, Mdme. M. P. ; Wallhofen, Mdme. ; White, M. Vale'rie ; Wilson, Hilda ; Zimmerman, Agnes. Painters, Sculptors, &c. : — Abbey, E. A. ; Adams-Acton, J. ; Allingham, Mrs. H. ; Alma-Tadema, Sir L. ; Archer, J. ; Armstead, H. H. ; Bartholdi, A. ; Bayliss, . Sir Wyke ; Beraud, J. ; Bierstadt, A. ; Bonnat, L. ; Boughton, G. H. ; Bougereau, A. W. ; Bramley, F. ; Brett, J. ; Brock, T. ; Brown, J. G. ; Bruce-Joy, A. ; Brunet-Desbaines, L. A. ; Burgess, J. ; Burton, Sir F. W. ; Butler, Lady ; Chase, M. ; Church, F. E. ; Clausen, G. ; Colvin, S. ■. Constant, J. J. Benj. ; Cooper, T. S. ; Cox, P. ; Crane, W. ; Crofts, E. ; Crowe, Eyre ; Davis, H. W. B. ; Davis, L, ; Dearmer, Mrs. P. ; Defregger, F. ; De Haas, M. F. H. ; Detaille, J. B. E. ; Dicksee, F. ; Dubois, P. ; Dupuis, J. B. D. ; Durand, C. A. E. (Carolus-Duran) ; East, A. ; Eastlake, C. L. ; Evans, J. ; Faed, J., and T. ; Falguiere, J. A. J. Fantin-Latour, J. H. J. T. ; Fildes, Luke Forain, J. L. ; Forbes, A. Stanhope Ford, E. Onslow ; Frampton, G. J. Fraser, A. ; Frith, W. P. ; Furniss, H. Gerome, J. L. ; Gerspach, E. ; Gilbert, A. ; Gill, E. ; Goodall, F. ; Gould, F. Carruthers ; Gow, A. C. ; Gower, Lord R. S. ; Graham, P. ; Greenaway, K. Gregory, E. J. ; Guillaume, J.-B. C. E. Haag, C. ; Hacker, A. ; Haden, Sir F. S. Hardy, D. ; Harpignies, H. J. ; Hart J. M'D. ; Hay, G. ; Hemy, C. Napier Henner, J. J. ; Herkomer, H. ; Hole W. ; Holman-Hunt, W. ; Hook, J. C. Horsley, J. C. ; Hosmer, H. ; Hunter Colin ; Huntington, D. ; Hutchison, J, Image, S. ; Israels, J. ; Johnson, E. Jopling, Louise (Mrs. Rowe) ; Joy, G. W. ; King, Y. ; Knaus, L. ; Knight, J. Lafarge, J. ; La Thanque, H. H. ; Leader. B. W. ; Lefebvre, J. J. ; Legros, A Lehmann, E. ; Leighton, J. ; Le Jeune H. ; Lemaire, Mme. J. M. ; Leubach, F. Leslie, G. D. ; Lindsay, Sir C. ; Linton Sir J. D. ; Lockhart, W. E. ; Louise H.R. H. Princess; Lucas, J. S. ; Lucy H. W. ; Macbeth, E. W. ; M'Donald J. B. ; M'Gregor, R. ; Macwhirter, J. Marshall, H. M. ; Martino, C. E. de May, Phil, and W. C. ; Menpes, M. Menzel, A. F. E. ; Mercie", M. J. A. Montalba, C. ; Morris, P. E. ; Munkacsy. M. von ; Murray, D. ; Nast, T. ; Nicol. E. ; North, J. W. ; O'Brien, L. R. Orchardson, W. Q. ; Ouless, W. W. Parsons, A. W. ; Partridge, B. ("Bernard Gould ") ; Paton, Sir J. Noel ; Pennell J. ; Peppercorn, A. D. ; Perugini, C E., and K. ; Pickersgill, F. R. ; Poire" E. ("Caran dAche"); Pollen, J. H. Poynter, Sir E. J. ; Praga, A. ; Prinsep, V. C. ; Prior, M. ; Quilter, H. ; Eailton. H. ; Reed, E. T. ; Reid, Sir G. ; Richmond Sir W. B. ; Riviere, Briton ; Robinson Sir J. C. ; Rodin, A. ; Ronner, Mdme H. ; Ruskin, J. ; Sadler, W. D. ; St Gaudens, A. ; Sambourne, E. L. ; Sant, J. ; Sargent, J. S. ; Schilling, J. Shannon, J. J. ; Sham, Byam ; Shields. F. ; Sickert, W. ; Simpson, W. ; Smythe. L. P. ; Solomon, S. J. ; Spielman, M. H, Stacpoole, F. ; Stevenson, D. W. ; Stone. M. ; Storey, G. A. ; Strang, W. ; Swan J. M. ; Tate, Sir H. ; Tenniel, Sir J. Thompson, Sir H. ; Thomson, D. C. and L. ; Thornycroft, H. ; Tinworth, G. Tissot, J. J. J. ; Tuke, H. S. ; Verest chagin, V. ; Waller, Mrs. M. L. ; Wallis. H. ; Ward, J. Q., and T. Humphry Waterhouse, J. W. ; Waterlow, E. A. Watts, G. F. ; Weir, H. W. ; Wells, H, T. ; Whistler, J. A. M'Neill ; Williamson, F. J. ; Wood, T. W. ; Woods, H. ; Wood ville, R. Caton ; Wyllie, W. L. ; Yeames. W. F. 1240 CLASSIFIED INDEX .Peers, Public Men, &c. (see also under Diplomatic and Politicians) : — Aber- corn, Duke of ; Abergavenny, Marquis of ; Agnew, Sir W. ; Ampthill, Lord ; Argyll, Duke of ; Armstrong, Lord ; Arnold, Sir A. ; Ashcombe, Lord ; Atholl, Duke of ; Barrington, Sir V. H. B. Kennett ; Beachcroft, R. M. ; Beau- champ, Earl ; Bedford, Duke of ; Bel- more, Earl ; Benn, J. W. ; Bhownagree, Sir M. ; Brassey, Lord ; Breadalbane, Marquis of ; Buccleuoh, Duke of ; Burgh- clere, Lord; Bute, Marquis of ; Caillard, Sir V. H. P ; Carlisle, Earl of ; Carys- fort, Earl of ; Castletown, Lord ; Cavan, Earl of ; Cecil, Lord Eustace B. H. ; Chesterfield, Earl of ; Coleridge, Hon. S. ; Collins, W. J. ; Cork and Orrery, Earl of ; Coventry, Earl of ; Crewe, Earl of ; Dartmouth, Earl of ; Dartrey, Earl of ; Dickson-Poynder, Sir J. P. ; Dims- dale, Sir J. C. ; Ducie, Earl of ; Dudley Earl of ; Dunmore, Earl of ; Dunraven Lord ; Egerton of Tatton, Rt. Hon Lord ; Elgin, Earl of ; Fairbairn, Sir A. Farquhar, Lord ; Faudell-Phillips, Sir G. F. ; Fife, Duke of ; Fortescue, Earl Galloway, Earl of ; Glanusk, Lord Gosford, Earl of ; Hamilton, Duke of Hanson, Sir R. ; Hardwicke, Earl of Harris, Sir G. D. ; Harris, H, P. Headlam, Rev. S. D. ; Hertford, Marquis of ; Home, Earl of ; Hopetoun, Earl of Howth, Earl of; Hubbard, N. W. Huntly, Marquis of ; Hutton, Sir J. Ilcbester, Earl of ; Inchiquin, Lord Kenmare, Earl of ; Kilmorey, Earl of Leeds, Duke of ; Leicester, Earl of Leigh, Lord ; Lidderdale, W. ; Lidgett, J. S. ; Lipton, Sir T. J. ; Listowel, Earl of ; Lobb, J. ; Longstaff, L. W. ; Lothian, Marquis of ; Lucan, Earl of ; Magnus, Sir P. ; Manchester, Duke of ; Marl- borough, Duke of ; Meath, Earl of ; Midleton, Viscount; Monteagle of Bran- don,"Lord ; Montrose, Duke of ; Moore, Sir J. V. ; Mount-Edgcumbe, Earl of ; Mountstephen, Lord ; Newcastle, Duke of ; Norfolk, Duke of ; Northumberland, Duke of ; Oakley, Sir H. ; Onslow, Earl of ; Ormonde, Marquis of ; Paget, Sir G. E., and Rt. Hon. Sir R. H. ; Petit, Hon. SirD. M.; Pottim ore, Lord; Portal, W. S. ; Portland, Duke of ; Powerscourt, Viscount ; Radnor, Earl of ; Reid, Sir H. Gilzean ; Renals, Sir J. ; Ribblesdale, Lord ; Richmond and Gordon, Duke of ; Ripon, Marquis of ; Rosse, Earl of ; Rothschild, A. C. de, and Lord Nathan M. de ; Rowton, Lord ; Russell, Earl ; Rutland, Duke of ; Sackville Lord ; St. Albans, Duke of ; Salomons, Sir D. L. ; Samuel, Sir S. ; Sassoon. Sir E. A ; Scott, J. M. ; Sebag-Montefiore, Sir J. ; Sefton, Earl of ; Smith, Hon. W. F. D. ; Somer- set, Duke of, and Lord H. ; Stair, Earl of ; Sudeley, Lord ; Sutherland, Duke of, and Sir T. ; Tankerville, Earl of; Tennant, Sir C. ; Thynne, Rt. Hon. Lord H. F. ; Tredegar, Lord ; Tweeddale, Marquis of ; Van Home, Sir Wm. G. ; Vincent, Col. Sir C. E. Howard, and Sir E. ; Vine, Sir J. R. S. ; Walter A. F., and SirE. ; Walsingham,Lord; Wantage, Lord ; Wardle, Sir T. ; Waterlow, Sir S. ; Watkin, Sir E. W. ; Wedderburn, Sir W. ; Wellington, Duke of ; Wemyss and March, Earl of ; West, Rt. Hon. Sir A. ; Westminster, Duke of; Whitehead, Sir J. ; Wilkin, Sir W. H. ; Windsor, Lord; Wood, T. M'K. ; Yarborough, Earl of; Young, Sir F. ; Zetland, Marquis of. Philanthropists : — Alexander, W. H. ; Ardilaun, Lord ; Barnardo, T. J. ; Bar- nett, Canon S. A. ; Barton, Clara ; Booth, Rev. W. ; Burdett - Coutts, Baroness ; Carnegie, A. ; Currie, Sir E. H. ; Edwards, J. Passmore ; Gladstone, C. ; Hill, Joanna M. M. ; Hill, Octavia ; Hogg, Q. ; Iveagh, Lord ; Macdonald, Sir Wm. C. ; Somerset, Lady H. ; Tate, Sir H. ; Twining, L. ; Westminster, Duke of. Philosophers (see also under Atjthobs) : — Adler, F. ; Allen, C. Grant B. ; Bain, Prof. A. ; Fischer, Prof. E. K. ; Fraser, G. C. ; Hartmann, K. R. E. von; Herbert, A. ; Janet, P. ; Jones, E. E. C. ; Kidd, B. ; Nietzsche, F. W. ; Nordau, M. ; Pearson, Prof. K. ; Ritchie, D. G. ; Seth, Prof. J. ; Sidgwick, Prof. H.; Spencer, H. ; Sully, J. ; Venn, J. Politicians, Statesmen, &c. , Home : — Abel, C. N. ; Abraham, W. ; Acland, Rt. Hon. A. H. D. ; Acland, Sir C. T. Dyke ; Akers Douglas, Rt. Hon. A. ; Anson, Sir W. R. ; Anstruther, H. T. ; Arch. J.; Arnold-Forster, H. 0. ; Ashley, Rt. Hon. A. Evelyn M. ; Ashmead-Bartlett, Sir Ellis ; Asquith, Rt. Hon. H. H. ; Bal- four of Burleigh, Lord ; Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J. ; Balfour, Rt. Hon. Gerald ; Battersea, Lord ; Beresford, Rear-Adm. Lord C. ; Bethell, G. R. ; Blake, Hon. E.; Blunt, W. S. ; Boulnois, E. ; Bowles, T. G. ; Bright, Rt. Hon. J. ; Broadhurst, H. ; Brodrick, Hon. W. St. J. F. ; Brun- ner, Sir J. T. ; Bryce, Rt. Hon. J. ; Burghclere, Lord ; Burns, J. ; Burt, T. ; Byles, W. P. ; Buxton, S. ; Cadogan, Earl of ; Caine, W. S. ; Cameron, Sir Chas. ; Campbell-Bannerman, Rt. Hon. H. ; Carlisle, J. G. ; Carson, E. H. ; Causton, R. K. ; Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. J., and J. Austen ; Channing, F. A. ; Chaplin, Rt. Hon. PI. ; Clancy, J. J. ; Clarke, Sir E. G.; Clayden, P. W. ; Col- lings, Rt. Hon. J. ; Connemara, Lord ; Cook, Mrs. Russell ; Cottesloe, Lord ; CLASSIFIED INDEX 1241 Courtney, Rt. Hon. L. H. ; Cowen, J. Cowper, Earl ; Cranborne, Viscount Cranbrook, Viscount ; Cranworth, Lord Crawford, Earl of ; Cremer, W. R. Cross, Viscount ; Dalrymple, Sir C Davies, Sir Horatio D. ; Davies, Sir L. H. ; Davitt, M. ; Denbigh, Earl of Derby, Earl ; Devonshire, Duke of Dickson-Poynder, Sir J. P. ; Dillon, J. Dilke, Rt. Hon. Sir C. W. ; Dixon Hartland, Sir F. D. ; Drage, Geoffrey Duff, Rt. Hon. Sir M. E. G. ; Duffy. Hon. Sir C. Gavan ; Dyke, Rt. Hon Sir W. Hart ; Erne, Earl of ; Esmonde. Sir Th. H. G. ; Farquharson, R. Farrer, Lord ; Fenwick C. ; Fergusson Rt. Hon. Sir J. ; Finlay, Sir R. B. Fisher, W. Hayes ; Fitmaurice, Lord E. G. P. ; Fitz-William, Earl of ; Fitz- Wygram, Gen. Sir F. W. J. ; Folke- stone, Viscount ; Foster, Sir B. Walter ; Fowler, Rt. Hon. Sir H. H. ; Fry, SirT.; Gibson, Rt. Hon. J. G. ; Gilliat, J. S. ; Gladstone, Rt. Hon. H. J. ; Glenesk, Lord ; Godley, Sir A. ; Gordon-Lennox, Lord Walter C. ; Gorman, A. P. ; Gorst, Rt. Hon. Sir J. E. ; Goschen, Rt. Hon. G. J. ; Gourley, Sir E. T. ; Granby, Marquis of ; Grey, Sir Edwd. ; Gully, Rt. Hon. W. C ; Grove, T. N. A. ; Hall, Sir C. ; Hamilton, Lord C. J. ; Hamilton, Rt. Hon. Lord G. F. ; Han- bury, Rt. Hon. R. W. ; Harcourt, Rt. Hon. Sir W. G. G. V. V.; Hardie, J. Keir ; Harrington, T. C. ; Harrowby, Earl of ; Hayter, Rt. Hon. Sir A. D. ; Hazell, W. ; Healy, T. M. ; Heneage, Rt. Hon. E. H. ; Heaton, J. H. ; Hemp- hill, Rt. Hon. C. H. ; Hibbert, Rt. Hon. Sir J. T. ; Hicks-Beach, Rt. Hon. Sir M. E. ; Hill, Rt. Hon. A. Staveley ; Hill, Rt. Hon. Lord A. W. ; Hill, Sir E. S. ; Hoare, A.; Hoare, E.B.; Hogan, J. F.; Holyoake, G. J. ; Houldsworth, Sir W. H. ; Hous- ton, R. P. W. ; Hubbard, Hon. E. ; Hughes, Col. E. ; Hyndman, H. M. ; Jackson, Rt. Hon. W. L. ; Johnston, W. ; Jebb, Prof. R. C. ; Joicey, Sir J. ; Jones, D. B. ; Kay-Shuttleworth, Rt. Hon. Sir U. J. ; Kennaway, Rt. Hon. Sir J. H. ; Kim- berley, Earl of ; Kitson, Sir J. ; Knowles, L. ; Knutsford, Viscount; Labouchere, H. ; Lambert, G. ; Lawson, H. L. W. ; Lawson, J. G. ; Lawson, Sir W. ; Lecky, Rt. Hon. W. E. ; Llandaff, Viscount ; Loder, G. W. E. ; Long, Rt. Hon. W. H. ; Lopes, Rt. Hon. Sir L. M. ; Lome, Marquis of ; Lough, T. ; Lowther, Rt. Hon. J., and Rt. Hon. J. W. ; Loyd, A. K. ; Lyttel- ton, Hon. A. ; M'Arthur, W. A. ; Mac- artney, W. G. E. ; M'Calmont, Major H. L. B. ; McCartny, J. ; Maclean, J. M.; Maclure, Sir J. W. ; MacNeill, J. G. Swift MacN. ; Mann, T. ; Maple, Sir J. B. ; Marriott, Rt. Hon. Sir W. T. ; Max- well, Rt. Hon. Sir H. E. ; Mellor, Rt. Hon. J. W. ; Milton, Viscount ; Monk, C. J. ; Morley, Rt. Hon. A., Rt. Hon. J., and Earl of ; Moulton, J. F. ; Munro- Ferguson, R. C. ; Murray, Rt. Hon. A. G. ; Naoroji, D. ; Noel, Rt. Hon. G. ; Norton, Lord ; Northbrook, Earl of ; O'Brien, W. ; O'Conor Don, The ; O'Con- nor, A., and T. P. ; O'Kelly, J. ; Otway, Rt. Hon. Sir A. J. ; Palmer, Sir C. M. ; Pease, Sir J. W. ; Peel, Rt. Hon. Sir F. ; Pickard, B. ; Pickersgill, E. H. ; Pir- bright, Lord ; Plunkett, Rt. Hon. H. C; Quilter, Sir W. Cuthbert ; Rasch, Major F. C. ; Rathmore, Lord ; Reay, Lord ; Redington, Rt. Hon. C. T. ; Redmond, J. E. ; Reed, Sir E. J. ; Reid, Rt. Hon. G. H., and R. T. ; Rendel, Lord ; Rentoul, J. A. ; Richmond and Gordon, Duke of ; Ridley, Rt. Hon. Sir M. White ; Ripon, Marquis of ; Ritchie, Rt. Hon. C. T. ; Robertson, E. ; Robson, W. S. ; Roby, H. J. ; Rollit, Sir A. E. ; Rookwood, Lord ; Rosebery, Earl of ; Russell, G. W. E. , and T. W. ; Salisbury, Marquis of ; Samuel-Montagu, Sir M. ; Saunder- son, Rt. Hon. Col. E. J. ; Savory, Sir J. ; Schnadhorst, F. ; Schwann, C. E. ; Scoble, Sir A. R. ; Scott, C. P. ; Seale- Hayne, Rt. Hon. C. ; Selborne, Earl of; Shaw, T. ; Shaw-Lefevre, Rt. Hon. G. J. ; Simeon, Sir J. S. Barrington ; Spencer, Earl, and Rt. Hon. C. R. ; Spicer, A. ; Stalbridge, Lord ; Stanley, Lord, and H. M. ; Stevenson, F. S. ; Stuart, Prof. J. ; Stuart-Wortley, Rt. Hon. C. B. ; Tanner, C. K. D. ; Temple, Rt. Hon. Sir R. ; Tennant, H. J. ; Tillett, B. ; Tre- velyan, Rt. Hon. Sir G. O. ; Tweed- mouth, Lord ; Walton, J. Lawson ; Wal- rond, Sir W. H. ; Webster, Sir R. E. ; Welby, Lord ; Wharton, Rt. Hon. J. L. ; Whitmore, C. A. ; Williams, J. Carvel], J.P., and the Hon. Sir R. V. ; Willox, Sir J. A. ; Wilson, F. W. ; Wodehouse, E. R. ; Wolff, Rt. Hon. Sir H. D. ; Woodall, W. ; Woods, S. ; Wyndham, G. ; Yerburgh, R. A. ; Yoxall, J. H. Politicians, Statesmen, &c, Colo- nial : — Aikins, Hon. J. C. ; Berry, Sir Graham ; Berry, Wm. B. ; Bond, Hon. R. ; Bowell, Hon. Sir M. ; Bright, Rt. Hon. J. ; Carling, Hon. Sir J. ; Caron, Sir J. P. R. A. ; Cartwright, Rt. Hon. Sir R. J. ; Deakin, Hon. A. ; Dibbs, Sir G. R. ; Downer, Sir J. W. ; Escombe, Rt. Hon. H. ; Gillies, Hon. D. ; Hof- meyr, Hon. J. J. ; Howlan, Hon. G. W. ; Howland, Hon. Sir W. P. ; McDougall, Hon. W. ; Mcllwraith, Sir T. ; March- and, Hon. F. G. ; Merriman, J. X. ; Mitchell, Hon. P. ; Mowat, Hon. Sir O. ; Nelson, Rt. Hon. Sir H. M. ; Rhodes, Rt. Hon. Cecil John ; Rose- Innes. Hon. J.; Samuel, Sir S.; Schreiner, Hon. W. P. ; Seddon, Rt. Hon. R J. ; 1242 CLASSIFIED INDEX Sprigg, Rt. Hon. Sir J. G. ; Steere, Hon. Sir J. G. L ; Thorburn, Sir R. ; Todd, Sir C. ; Tupper, Hon. Sir C. and Hon. Sir C. H. ; Turner, Rt. Hon. Sir G. ; Whiteway, Rt. Hon. Sir W. P. ; Winter, Hon. Sir J. S. Politicians, Statesmen, &c, American and Foreign : — Aldrich, N. W. ; Alger, R. A. ; Allison, W. B. ; Angel], J. B. ; Audiffret-Pasquier, Due d' ; Badeni, Count C. ; Bailey, J. W. ; Banffy, Baron ; Barthou, L. ; Bebel, F. A. ; Beernaert, A. ; Bennigsen, R. von ; Bigelow, J. ; Bliss, Cornelius N. ; Bbtticher, K. H. von ; Bourgeois, L. V. A. ; Boutelle, C. A. ; Brisson, E. H. ; Bryan, W. J. ; Billow, B. von ; Cambray-Digny, L. G. Cont. di ; Campos, A. Martinez ; Cannon, Joseph G. ; Casimir-Perier, J. P. P. ; Cavaignac. Gen. ; Chanoine, Gen. ; Chesnelong, P, C. ; Clemenceau, G. B. ; Cleveland, G. Constans, J. A. E. ; Crispi, F. ; Davies, C K. ; De Cassagnac, P. G. ; De Freycinet, C. L. de S. ; Delcasse, T. ; Delombre, P, Deroulede, P. ; Deschanel, P. E. L. ; Dole S. B. ; Dupuy, C. A. ; Eustis, Hon. J. B. Evarts, Hon! W. M. ; Fairbanks, C. W. Falk, Dr. P. L. A. ; Forrest, Rt. Hon Sir J. ; Foster, J. W. ; Frey, E. ; Frye. W. P. ; Gallifet, Marquis de ; Garmain A.-H.-M. ; Geraalt-Richard, J. ; Giolitti, F. G. ; Goblet, R. ; Godin, J. ; Golu- chowski, Count A. ; Gomez, M. ; Gordon, J. B. ; Gray, G. ; Griggs, J. W. ; Guesde, J. B. ; Guillain, Mons. ; Guyot, Y. ; Hale, E. ; Hampton, Hon. W. ; Hanotaux, E. ; Harrison, Hon. Benj. ; Haussonville, Comte d' ; Hawley, Hon. J. ; Hay, Col. J. ; Herbert, Hon. H. A. ; Hill, Hon. D. B. ; Hitt, R. R. ; Hobart, G. A. ; Hohenlohe - Schillingfurst, Prince of ; Izzet Bey, A. ; Kasson, J. A. ; Krantz, C. ; Keratry, Comte de ; Kruger, S. J. P. ; Lamont, Hon. D. S. ; Langevin, Hon. Sir H. L. ; Laurier, Rt. Hon. Sir W. ; Lebret ; Lee, F. ; Leyds, W. J. ; Liebknecht, Herr ; Li Hung Chang, Gen. ; Lincoln, Hon. R. T. ; Lockroy, E. S. ; Long, J. D. ; Low, Hon. Seth ; McKinley, Hon. W. ; Meline, M. ; Mercier, A. ; Mezieres, A. J. F. ; Millevoye, L. ; Morgan, J. T. ; Morton, Hon. L. P. ; Moukhtar Pacha; Mun, Comte de ; Muravieff, Count; Naquet, J. A. ; Okuma, Count ; Ollivier, 0. E. ; Pelloux, Gen. L. ; Peytral, P. L. ; Pierola, Gen. N. de ; Pobyedonostseff, C. ; Proctor, R. ; Ram- baud, A. ; Rampolla, Card. ; Reed, Hon. T. B, ; Reid, Hon. W. ; Ribot, A. F. J. ; Ristich, J. ; Romero, M. ; Rooseveldt, Hon. T. ; Rouvier, M. ; Rudini, Marquis di ; Sagesta, P. M. ; Sarrien, J. M. F. ; Schurz, C. ; Server Pasba ; Sherman, Hon. J. ; Smith, C. E. ; Stevenson, Hon. A. E. ; Stout, Sir R. ; Szell, C. ;.Thun, Count ; Tisza, von B. K. ; Tracy, Hon. B. F. ; Uzes, Duchesse d' ; Virchow, R. ; Waldeck-Rousseau, |P. M. ; Wallon, H. A. ; Watterson, Hon. H. ; Wekerle, Dr. ; Wheeler, J. ; White, Hon. A. D. ; Whit- ney, Hon. W. C. ; Wilson, J., and Hon. W. L. ; Windischgratz, Prince A. ; Witte, S. de ; Zanardelli, G. Rulers, Members of Royal Families, &c. : — Abbas Pacha, Khedive of Egypt ; Abd-ul-Azis, Emperor of Morocco ; Adb- ul-Hamid II., Sultan of Turkey ; Abdul- rahman or Abdurrahman Khan, the Ameer ; Albany, H.R.H. Helene F. A. ; Albert, King of Saxony ; Alexander I. (Obrenovitch), King of Servia ; Alfonzo XIII., King of Spain ; Anhalt, Grand Duke of ; Baroda, Maharajah of ; Barros, P. J. de Moraes, President of the Re- public of Brazil ; Battenberg, Princess Henry of ; Broglie, Due de ; Brooke, Sir Charles A. (Rajah of Sarawak) ; Carlos, Don ; Carlos I. (Dom Carlos), King of Portugal ; Charles I., King of Roumania ; Charlotte, Ex-Empress of Mexico ; Chartres, Due de ; Christian, Prince ; Christian, Princess ; Christian IX., King of Denmark ; Connaught and Strathearn, Duke of ; Connaught and Strathearn, Duchess of ; Denmark, Crown Prince of ; Deucher, Adolph ; Diaz, Gen. P. ; Elizabeth, Queen of Rou- mania ; Emma, Ex-Queen Regent of the Netherlands ; Eu, Comte d' ; Eugenie, Ex-Empress of the French : Ferdinand IV., Archduke of Austria; Ferdinand I., Prince of Bulgaria ; Fife, H.R.H. Duchess of ; Francis Ferdinand of Aus- tria ; Francis-Joseph I., Emperor of Austria ; Frederick, Ex-Empress ; Fred- erick William Louis, Grand Duke of Baden ; Genoa, Duke of ; George I., King of the Hellenes ; Hamud bin Ma- homed ; Hesse, Grand Duke of ; Hum- bert I., King of Italy; Isabella II., Ex- Queen of Spain ; Joinville, Prince de ; Kwang-Han, Emperor of China; Leo- pold II., King of the Belgians ; Li Hsi, King of Corea ; Loubet, E., President of the French Republic ; Louise, H.R.H. Princess ; Luitpold, Prince Charles Joseph ; Luxemburg- Nassau, Grand Duke of ; Maria Christina, Queen Regent of Spain ; Mathilde, Princess ; Mecklen- burg-Strelitz, Grand Duke of ; Menelek II. ; Michael, Grand Duke ; Milan (Ob- renovitch) I. ; Monaco, Prince of ; Mutsu Hito, Mikado of Japan ; Muzaffer-ed- Din, Shah of Persia ; Napoleon, Victor J. F. ; Natalie, Queen (Servia) ; Nicholas I. (Montenegro) ; Nicholas II., the Czar; Oldenburg, Grand Duke of ; Orleans, Prince H. of, and Duke of ; Oscar II. ; Otto (Bavaria) ; Ranavalo Manjaka III., late Queen of Madagascar ; Robert I., CLASSIFIED INDEX 1243 Ex-Duke of Parma ; Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke and Duchess of ; Saxe- Weimar, H.H. Prince ; Schleswig-Hol- stein, H.S.H. Prince Christian Victor A. L. E. A. of ; Steyn, M. T. ; Teck, Duke of, Capt. ; H.S.H. Prince F. of, H.S.H. A. of, H.S.H. Alex, of ; Theebaw, Ex-King of Ava (Burmah) ; Tunis, Bey of (Sidi Ali) ; Tze-Hsi, Dowager Empress of China ; Victoria Alexandrina, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India ; Wales, H.E.H. Prince of, and H.R.H. Princess of ; Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands ; William II., Em- peror of Germany ; Wurtemburg, King of ; York, H.R.H. Duke of, and H.R.H. Duchess of. Scholars, Philologists, Orientalists, &c: — Abel, C. ; Anderson, W. ; Aufrecht, Prof. T. ; Beljame, A. ; Birdwood, Sir G. C. M. ; Boissier, Prof. M. L. G. ; Bradley, Prof. A. C. ; Bradley, Henry ; Breal, M. J. A. ; Breul, K. H. ; Buchheim, Prof. C. A. ; Cowell, Prof. E. B. ; Oust, R. N. ; Davids, Prof. T. W. Rhys ; Dillman, C. F. A. ; Driver, Prof. Rev. S. R. ; Earle, Prof. Rev. J. ; Eisenlour, Prof. A. ; Fur- nivall, F. J. ; Ginsburg, C. D. ; Gollancz, J. ; Grenfell, B. P. ; Hales, Prof. J. W. ; Jebb, Prof. R. C. : Heath, H. F. ; Ker, W. P. ; Krehl, L. ; Leat, W. ; Leathes, Prof. Rev. S. ; Loewe, Rev. Dr. L. ; Mahaffy, Prof. Rev. J. P. ; Margoliouth, Prof. D. S. ; Maspero, G. ; Max-MUller, Rt. Hon. Prof. F. ; Mayor, Rev. J. E. B.; Mommsen, Prof. T. ; Moss, Rev. H. W. ; Murray, Prof. G. G. A., and J. A. H. ; Oppert, J. ; Paris, G. ; Rhys, J. ; Ripp- mann, W. ; Salmon^, Prof. A. ; Sandys, J. E. ; Sayce, Rev. A. H. ; Skeat, Prof. Rev. W. W. ; Spiers, Prof. V. J. T. ; Stokes, W. ; Swanwick, A. ; Taylor, Rev. J. ; Thomson, Sir E. Maunde ; Warr, Prof. G. C. W. ; Wbitehouse, F. C. SCIENCE. Anthropologists, Ethnologists, &c: — Bertillon, A. ; Galton, F. ; Gomme, L. ; Haliburton, R. C. ; Lang, A. ; Leland, C. G. ; Lombroso, Prof. C. ; Pitt-Rivers, Lieut. - Gen. A. H. Lane-Fox ; Tylor, Prof. E. B. Astronomers, &c. : — Abney, Capt W. ■ de W. ; Amvers, A. ; Ball, Sir R. S. ; Christie, W. H. M. ; Chree, C. ; Common, A. A. ; Copeland, R. ; Darwin, Prof. G. H. ; Denning, W. F. ; Downing, A. M. W. ; Dreyer, J. L. E. ; Ellery, R. L. J.; Faye, Prof. H. A. E. ; Flammarion, C. ; Foerster, Prof. Dr. W. ; Gill, D. ; Glaisher, J. ; Grubb, Sir Howard ; Hug- gins, Sir W. ; Janssen, P. J. C. ; Langley, S. P. ; Loewy, M. ; Lynn, W. T. ; Mel- drum, C. ; Newcomb, S. ; Noble, Capt. W. ; Palisa, J. ; Pickering, Prof. E. C. Plummer, W. E. ; Ragona, Prof. D. Roberts, J. ; Rosse, Earl of ; Russell, H C. ; Schiaparelli, G. V. ; Smyth, C. P. Iacchini, P.; Tennant, Lieut.-Gen. J. F. Terby, F. J. C. ; Wilson, Ven. J. M. and W. E. ; Wolf, R. Biologists, Physiologists, &c. :— Bate- son, W. ; Dallinger, Rev. W. H. ; Foster, M. ; Gamgee, A. ; Gotch, F. ; Haffkine, W. M. W. ; Halliburton, W. D. ; Horsley, V. A. H. ; Hudson, C. T. ; Klein, E. E. ; Koch, Prof. Dr. R. ; Kolliker, R. A. von ; Kowalewsky, A. ; Kuehne, Willy ; Langley, J. N. ; Lea, A. S. ; Lister, Lord ; M'Kendrick, Prof. J. G. ; Miall, L. C. ; Roux, P. P. E. ; Sanderson, Prof. Sir J. S. Burdon ; Schafer, Prof. E. A. ; Sherring- ton, Prof. C. S. ; Woodhead, Prof. G. S. Botanists, &c. : — Baker, J. G. ; Balfour, Prof. I. B. ; Bottomlev, W. B. ; Bower, F. 0. ; Candolle, A. C. P. de ; Carruthers, W. ; Clarke, C. B. ; Cooke, M. C. ; Dar- win, F. ; Goodale, G. L. ; Green, Prof. J. R. ; Hemsley, W. B. ; Hooker, Sir J. D. ; King, Sir G. ; M'Lachlan, R. ; Masters, M. T. ; Murray, G. R. M. ; Sachs, Dr. J. von ; Scott, D. H. ; Strasburger, E. ; Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W. T. ; Trail, J. W. H. ; Vines, Prof. S. H. ; Ward, Prof. Marshall. Chemists, &c. : — Abel, SirF. A. ; Amagat, E. H. ; Armstrong, Henry E. ; Attfield, Prof. J. ; Baever, A. von ; Bell, J. ; Ber- thelot, P. E." M. ; Brown, A. Crum ; Brown, H. T. ; Buchanan, J. Y. ; Bunsen, Prof. R. W. E. ; Chandler, C. F. ; Church, A. H. ; Collie, J. Norman ; Crookes, Prof. Sir W. ; Debus, H. ; Divers, E. ; Dunstan, W. R. ; Dupre, A. ; Frankland, Sir E. ; Gilchrist, P. C. ; Gladstone, Prof. J. H. ; Groves, C. E. ; Heycock, C. T. ; Jaap, F. R. ; Kipping, Prof. F. S. ; Liveing, G. D. ; Liversidge, Prof. A. ; Meldola, Prof. R. ; Mendele"ef, D. J. ; Mills, Prof. E. J. ; Mond, L. ; Muir, M. M. P. ; Odling, Prof. W. ; Pedler, A. ; Perkin, W. H., and W. H., jun. ; Pickering, P. S. U. ; Purdie, T. ; Ramsay, Prof. W. ; Reynolds, Prof. J. E. ; Roscoe, Prof. Sir H. E. ; Schunck, H. E. ; Simpson, M. ; Snelus, G. J. ; Sprengel, H. J. P. ; Thomson, Prof. J. M. ; Thorpe, Prof. T. E. ; Tichborne, Prof. C. R. ; Tilden, Prof. W. A. ; Veley, V. H. ; Vernon-Harcourt, A. G. ; Wank- lyn, J. A. ; Warington, R. ; Williams, C. Greville ; Williamson, Em. Prof. A. W. ; Wilson, G. F. ; Wislicenus, J. ; Wright, C. R. A. ; Young, S. Geologists, &c. : — Bonney, Prof. Rev. T. G. ; Dawkins, Prof. W. B. (Pateonto- 1244 CLASSIFIED INDEX logy ) ; Dawson, G. M. ; Dawson, Sir J. W. ; Dewar, Prof. J. ; Dixon, Prof. H. B. ; Fletcher, L. ; Gaudry, J. A. ; Geikie, Sir A. ; Geikie, Prof. J. ; Hicks, H. ; Hudleston, W. H. ; Hughes, Prof. T. M'K. ; Hull, Prof. E. ; Jones, T. Rupert ; Judd, Prof. J. W. ; Le Conte, J. ; Lewis, Prof. W. J. ; Medlicott, H. B. ; Miers, H. A. ; Milne, J. ; Powell, Major J. W. ; Rudler, F. W. ; Sollas, Prof. W. J. ; Spencer J. W. ; Story-Maskeleyne, M. H. N. ; Suess, E. ; Whitaker, W. ; Wood- ward, H. B. Mathematicians, Physicists, &c. : — Adams, Prof. W. G. ; Allmann, Prof. W. G. J. ; Basset, A. B. ; Bertrand, J. L. F.; Besant, W. H. ; Bidwell, S. ; Bottomley, J. T. ; Boys, C. V. ; Bryan, G. H. ; Bun- sen, Prof. iR. W. E. ; Burburv, S. H. ; Callendar, Prof. H. L. ; Clifton, Prof. R. B. ; Cornu, M. A. ; Cotterill, J. H. ; Cremona, Prof. L. ; Crofton, Morgan W. ; Darwin, Prof. G. H. ; Elliott, E. B. ; Esson, W. ; Everett, J. D. ; Ewing, Prof. J. A.; Fitzgerald, G. F. ; Forsyth, A. R. ; Foster, Prof. G. C. ; Glaisher, J. W. L. ; Glazebrook, R. T. ; Gray, A. ; Har- ley, Rev. R. ; Henrici, O. ; Hermite, Prof. C. ; Hicks, W. M. ; Hill, M. J. M. ; Huggins, Sir W. ; Hudson, Prof. W. H. H. ; Jervis-Smith, Rev. F. J. ; Joly, J. ; Kelvin, Lord ; Kempe, A. B. ; Kohl- rausch, F. ; Lamb, H. ; Larmor, J. ; Lippmann, G. ; Lodge, Prof. 0. J. ; Macmahon, Major P. A. ; Mascart, E. E. N. ; Mathews, G. B. ; Mittag-Leffler, M. G. ; Pearson, Prof. K. ; Perry, Prof. J. ; Poineare\ J. H. ; Quincke, Prof. G. ; Rayleigh, Lord ; Reinold, A. W. ; Roberts, S. ; Rontgen, C. W. ; Routh, E. J. ; Riicker, Prof. A. W. ; Salmon, Rev. G. ; Schuster, Prof. A. ; Scott, R. H. ; Shaw, W. N. ; Smith, C. ; Stokes, Sir G. G. ; Stoney, G. J. ; Tait, Prof. P. G. ; Taylor, Rev. C. ; Thompson, Prof. S. P. ; Thomson, Prof. J. J. ; Tomlinson, H. ; Walker, J. J. ; Watson, Rev. H. W. ; Williamson, Benjamin ; Worthington, A. M. Meteorologists : — Abbe, C. ; Buchan, A. ; Clayden, A. W. ; Eliot, J. ; Ellis, W. ; Lancaster, A. F. M. ; Symons, G. J. Miscellaneous : — Bertillon,J.; Charnock, R. S. ; Conroy, Sir J. ; Evans, Sir J. ; Fonvielle, W. de ; Frankland, Prof. P. F. ; Goodwin - Austen, Lieut.-Col. H. H. ; Haliburton, R. C. ; Hector, Sir J. ; Hen- nessey, Prof. H. ; Lockyer, Sir J. Nor- man ; Ommanney, Adm. Sir E. ; Sorby, H. C. ; Stirling, E. C. ; Strachey, Lieut.- Gen. Sir R. ; Tristram, Rev. H. B. ; Virchow R. ; Wharton, Rear-Adm. Sir W. J. L. ; Zenker, W. Zoologists, Comparative Anatomists, &c : — Anderson, J. ; Beddard, F. E. Bell, Jeffrey ; Beneden, Prof. P. J. van Bickmore, A. B. ; Blanford, W. T. Boulenger, G. A. ; Brady, Prof. G. S. Buckton, G. B. ; Buller, Sir W. L. Ewart, J. C. ; Gadow, H. F. ; Gegen baur, C. ; Giard, Prof. A. ; Giinther, A. C. L. G. ; Haeckel, E. ; Harting, J, E. ; Herdman, W. A. ; Hickson, S. J. Kennedy, Capt. A. W. M. C ; Lankester, Prof. E. R. ; Lowe, E. J. ; Lydekker, R. Macalister, A. ; M'Intosh, Prof. W. C. Metschnikoff, E. ; Mivart, Prof. St. G. Murray, Sir J. ; Newton, Prof. A. ; Nor man, Canon A. M. ; Ormerod, E. A. Pettigrew, Prof. J. B. ; Poulton, E. B. Sclater, P. L. ; Sedgwick, A. ; Seeley. Prof. H. G. ; Sharpe, R. B. ; Stebbing. Rev. T. R. R. ; Stewart, Prof. C. ; Teget meier, W. B. ; Tomes, C. S. ; Traill, J. W. H. ; Traquair, R. H. ; Trevor-Battye. A. B. R. ; Trimen, R. ; Turner, Prof. Sir W. ; Wallace, A. R. ; Woodford, C. M. Soldiers, Sailors, &c. :— Adye, Gen. Sir J. M. ; Alger, R. A. ; Alison, Gen. Sir A. ; Anderson, Gen. W. W. ; Arabi, A. ; Ar- dagh, Maj.-Gen. Sir J. C. ; Baird, Lieut.- Col. A. W. ; Baldissera, Gen. ; Baratieri, Gen. ; Barker, Lieut.-Gen. G. D. ; Bed- ford, Vice-Adm. Sir F. ; Bedford, Sir F. G. D. ; Beresford, Rear-Adm. LordChas. ; Beresford, Lord W. L. de la P. ; Bes- nard, A. L. C. G. ; Biddulph, Gen. Sir M. A. S. ; Biddulph, Gen. Sir R. ; Billot, J. F. ; Blair, Lieut.-Gen. J. ; Blood, Brigadier-Gen. Sir B.; Btumenthal, Field- Marshal L., Count von ; Brialmont, Gen. A. H. ; Brackenbury, Lieut.-Gen. Sir H. ; Browne, Gen. Sir S. J. ; Buckle, Vice- Adm. C. E. ; Buller, Adm. Sir A. ; Bul- ler, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Redvers H. ; But- ler, Major-Gen. Sir W. F. ; Carrington, Major-Gen. Sir F. ; Chamberlain, Gen. Sir N. B. ; Chelmsford, Lord ; Clan- william, Earl of ; Clarke, Lieut.-Gen. Sir A. ; Clarke, Col. Sir G. S. ; Cluseret, G. P. ; Colomb, Sir J. C. R. ; Colomb, Vice- Adm. P. H.; Colville, Maj.-Gen. Sir H. E. ; Commerell, Adm. of the Fleet Sir J. E. ; Connaught, Duke of ; Cotton, Gen. Sir A. T. ; Culme-Seymour, Adm. Sir M. ; Davis, Gen. Sir J. ; Dewey, George ; Dickson, Gen. Sir C. ; Dodds, A. A. ; Domville, Vice-Adm. Sir C. E. ; Dra- goumirow, Gen. ; Draper, W. F. ; Duch- esne, J. C. R. A. ; Erskine, Adm. Sir J. E. ; Evans, R. D. ; Fairfax, Adm. Sir H. ; Falmouth, Viscount ; Fisher, Vice-Adm. Sir J. A. ; FitzGeorge, Col. A. C. F. ; Fitzwygram, Gen. Sir F. W. J. ; Fores- tier-Walker, Lieut.-Gen. Sir F. W. E. ; Foster, J. W. ; Fremantle, Gen. A. J. L. ; Fremantle, Adm. the Hon. Sir E. R. ; Froude, R. E. ; Gallifet, Marquis de ; CLASSIFIED INDEX 1245 Gatacre, Maj.-Gen. Sir W. F. ; Gipps, Gen. Sir E. B. ; Gomez, M. ; Gorgei, Gen. A. ; Gough, Gen. Sir C. J. S. ; Gougb, Gen. Sir H. H. ; Gourand, Capt. ; Gourko, Count ; Graham, Sir G. ; Grant, F. D. ; Grant, Lieut.-Gen. Sir E. ; Greely, Briga- dier-Gen. A. W. ; Grenfell, Lieut.-Gen. Sir F. W. ; Grenfell, Lieut.-Col. H. E. ; Grove, Maj.-Gen. Sir C. ; Haines, Field- Marshal Sir F. P. ; Harris, Eear-Adm. Sir E. H. ; Harrison, Gen. Sir E. ; Hawell, J. A. : Hay, Et. Hon. Sir J. C. D. ; Heneage, Adm. Sir A. C. F. ; Hob- son, E P. ; Hopkins, Adm. Sir J. 0. ; Hornby, Adm. of the Fleet ; Hoskins, Adm. Sir A. H. ; Hotham, Adm. Sir C. F. ; Howard, Gen. O. 0. ; Hunter, Maj.- Gen., Sir A. ; Hunt-Grubbe, Adm. Sir W. J. ; Ignatieff, N. P. ; Ito, Adm. ; Joinville, Prince de ; Joubert, Gen. P. J. ; Kelly, Col. J. G. ; Kelly-Keuny, Maj.- Gen. T. ; Kemball, Gen. Sir A. B. ; Keppel, Adm. the Hon. Sir H. ; Keratry, Comte de ; Kitchener, Lord ; Kouro- patkin ; Lee, F. ; Lingen, Lord ; Lock- hart, Gen. Sir W. S. A. ; Longstreet, Gen. J. ; Low, Lieut.-Gen. Sir E. C. ; Lowe, Lieut.-Gen. Sir D. C. Drury- ; Luck, Maj.-Gen. Sir G. ; Lugard, Col. F. ; Lumsden, Gen. Sir P. S. ; Lyons, Sir A. McL. ; McCalmont, Maj.-Gen. H. ; McClintock, Adm. Sir F. L. ; Macdonald, Col. H. A. ; Mahan, Capt. A. T. ; Mait- land, Maj.-Gen. Sir J. M. H. ; Markham, Lieut.-Gen. Sir E. ; Melville, G. W. ; Merritt, W. '; Methuen, Lord ; Miles, Maj.-Gen. N. A. ; Moukhtar-Pacha ; Newdigate-Newdegate, Lieut.-Gen. Sir E. ; Noble, Capt. Sir A. ; Noel, Eear- Adm. ; Norman, Gen. Sir H. W. ; Om- manney, Adm. Sir E. ; Paget, Et. Hon. Lord C. E. ; Palmer, Maj.-Gen. Sir A. P. ; Parsons, Colonel Sir Charles Sim Bremridge ; Philip, J. W. ; Picquart, Col. G.; Porter, Gen.H. ; Prendergast, Gen. Sir H. N. D. ; Proctor, E. ; Eawson, Vice- Adm. Sir H. H. ; Eichards, Adm. Sir F. W. ; Eoberts, Field- Marshal Lord ; Bundle, Maj.-Gen. H. M. L. ; Eussell, Gen. Sir B. C. ; Salmon, Adm. Sir N. ; Sampson, W. T. ; Saussier, F. G. ; Saxe- Weimar, H.H. Prince of ; Schleswig- Holstein, H.S.H. Prince Christian Victor of ; Schley, Eear-Adm. W. S. ; Schofleld, Gen. J. Mc.A. ; Scott, Maj.-Gen. Sir F. C. ; Seymour, Vice-Adm. Sir E. H. ; Shafter, W. B. ; Simmons, Field-Marshal Sir J. L. ; Stephenson, Vice-Adm. Sir H. F. ; Stewart, Field-Marshal Sir D. M. ; Stokes, Lieut.-Gen. Sir J. ; Talbot, Major the Hon. M, G. T. ; Talbot, Maj.- Gen. the Hon. B. A. J. ; Teck, H.S.H. Prince Adolphus of, H.S.H. Prince Alex, of, Capt. H.S.H. Prince F. of; Thibaudin, J. ; Tredegar, Lord ; Tiirr, Gen. S. ; Tuson, Gen. Sir H. B. ; Walder- see, Gen. Count von ; Watson, J. C. ; Weyler, Don V. y N. ; Wharton, Eear- Adm. Sir W. J. L. ; Wheeler, J. ; White, Gen. Sir G. S. ; Wilson, Eear-Adm. A. K. and Sir C. W. ; Wingate, Col. Sir F. E. ; Wolseley, Viscount ; Wood, Gen. Sir H. E. ; Younghusband, Lieut.-Gen. C. W. Travellers, Explorers, Geographers, &c. :— AndrcSe, S. A. ; Bonvalot, P. G. Broome, Lady ; Conway, SirW. Martin Cosson, C. A. de ; Coxwell, H. T. Crichton-Browne, Capt, H. W. A. F. Davidson, Prof. G. ; De Windt, Harry Du Chaillu, P. B. ; Fitzgerald, E. A. Gordon-Cumming, Miss C. F. ; Harms- worth, A. C. W. ; Hedin, S. A. ; Jack- son, F. G. ; Kennan, G. ; Kingsley, M. H. ; Kropotkin, Prince P. ; Landor, A. H. S. ; Lansdell, Bev. H. ; Lindsay, D. ; Longstaff, L. W. ; Lowell, P. ; McLin- . tock, Admiral Sir F. L. ; Marchand. Major T. ; Markham, Sir C. B. ; Meyer, H. ; Nansen, F. ; Nares, Vice-Admiral Sir G. S. ; Nordenskiold, Baron ; Nor- man, H. ; Ohrwalder, Father ; Orleans, Prince H. of ; Peary, Lieut. B. E. Pinto, A. A. da E. Serpa ; Bavenstein E. G. ; Eeclus, J. E. ; Sella, V. , Sladen D. ; Slatin Pasha, Sir B. C; Smith, B L. ; Stanley, H. M. ; Sverdru-, 0. Thompson, J. ; Thuillier, Gen. Sir H. E. L. ; Trevor -Battye, A. B. E. ; Tris tram, Eev. H. B. ; Vambery, Prof. A. Webster, H. A. ; Whymper, E. ; Wiss man, Maj. H. von ; Woodford, C. M. Young, Sir A. ; Younghusband, Capt F. E. NECKOLOGY The following are the dates of publication of the various editions of this book: — 1st edition 1852 2nd „ 1853 3rd „ 1856 ith „ 1857 5th „ 1862 6th edition 1865 1th „ 1868 8th „ 1872 9*A „ 1875 10th „ 1879 11th edition 1884 12 1278 NECEOLOGY Leconte De Lisle, Charles Marie Rene Ledru-Rollin, Alex. Auguste ... Lee, Rev. A. T, Lee, Frederick Richard, R. A Lee, Dr. J. Lee, James Prince, D.D., Bishop of Manchester Lee, John E Lee, Robert, D.D. .' Lee, Gen. Robert Edmund Lee, William, D.D. (Archdeacon) Leech, J. ... Lefevre, Sir J. G. Shaw Lefroy, Rt. Hon. Thomas Legge, Prof. James, LL.D., D.D Leidy, Joseph Leighton, Lord, P.R.A., LL.D. Leitner, Gottlieb William, M.A., LL.D. Le Marchant, Sir Denis Le Marcbant, Sir John Gaspard Lemoinne, John Emile ... Lemon, Mark Lennep, Jakob van Lennox, Lord William Pitt Lenormant, 0. Lenormant, Framjois Leopold I., King of the Belgians Lepsius, Prof. Carl Richard Leroux, Pierre Leslie, Henry David Lesseps, Vicomte F. de .. Letheby, Henry, M.B. .. Lever, Charles James Le Verrier, Urbain J. J. Levi, Leone Levy, Emile Lewes, George Henry Lewin, Thomas Lewis, Estelle Anna Lewis, Rt. Hon. Sir G. C, Bart. Lewis, John Frederick, R.A. ... Lewis, Lady M. T. Lewis, Thomas Hayter, F.S.A. Leyde, Otto Theodor, R.S.A Leys (Baron), Jean Auguste Henri Liddell, Very Rev. Henry George, D.D. Liddell, Sir John, M.D., F.R.S Liddon, Canon ... Lieber, Francis, LL.D. ... ... Liebig, Baron Justus von Light, Sir Henry Lightfoot, Rt. Rev. J. B. Lilly, Hon. Sir Charles, K.C.M.G Limayrac, Paulin Lincoln, Abraham Lind, Jenny (Madame Goldschmidt) ... Lindley, Dr. J. ... Lindsay, William Schaw Linnell, John Linton, Mrs. Lynn Linton, William James Lisgar, Lord Liszt, Abbe" Franz Littledale, Rev. R. F Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. Oct. 23, 1818 July 17, 1894 13 Feb. 2, 1808 Dec. 31, 1874 8 July 19, 1883 12 June, 1798 June 4, 1879 10 April 28, 1783 Feb. 25, 1866 6 1804 Dec. 24, 1869 7 Dec. 21, 1808 Aug. 1887 12 1804 Mar. 14, 1868 7 1808 Oct. 12, 1870 7 1815 May 11, 1883 10. Aug. 29, 1817 Oct. 28, 1864 5 Jan. 24, 1797 Aug. 20, 1879 10 1776 May 4, 1869 7 1815 Nov. 29, 1897 14 Sept. 9, 1823 April 30, 1891 13 Dec. 3, 1830 Jan. 25, 1896 14 Oct. 14, 1840 Mar. 22, 1899 14 July 3, 1795 Oct. 30, 1874 8 1803 Feb. 6, 1874 8 Oct. 17, 1815 Dec. 14, 1892 13 Nov. 30, 1809 May 23, 1870 7 Mar. 25, 1802 Aug. 26, 1868 7 Sept. 20, 1799 Feb. 18, 1881 10 June 1, 1802 Nov. 24, 1859 6 Jan. 17, 1837 Dec. 9, 1883 11 Dec. 16, 1790 Dec. 10, 1865 5 Dec. 20, 1813 July 10, 1884 11 1798 April 12, 1871 7 June 18, 1822 Feb. 4, 1896 14 Nov. 19, 1805 Dec. 7, 1894 13 1816 Mar. 28, 1876 9 1809 June 1, 1872 8 Mar. 11, 1811 Sept. 23, 1877 9 July 6, 1821 May 7, 1888 12 Aug. 29, 1826 Aug. 3, 1890 12 April 18, 1817 Nov. 30, 1878 9 1805 Jan. 5, 1877 9 April, 1824 Nov. 24, 18S0 10 Oct. 11, 1806 April 13, 1863 5 July 14, 1805 Aug. 15, 1876 9 March, 1803 Nov. 9, 1865 6 July 9, 1818 Dec. 10, 1899 14 1835 Jan. 11, 1897 14 Feb. 18,' 1815 Aug. 25, 1869 7 1811 Jan. 18, 1898 14 1794 May 28, 1868 7 1829 Sept. 9, 1890 12 Mar. 187 1800 Oct. 2, 1872 8 May 12, 1803 April 18, 1873 8 1783 1 Mar. 3, 1870 7 1828 Dec. 21, 1889 12 1830 Aug. 20, 1897 14 Feb. 26, 1817 July, 1868 7 Feb. 12, 1809 April 15, 1865 li Oct. 6, 1821 Nov. 2, 1887 12 1799 Nov. 1, 1865 6 1816 Aug. 28, 1877 9 1792 Jan. 20, 1882 10 Feb. 10, 1822 July 14, 1898 14 1812 Jan. 1898 14 April 21, 1807 Oct. 6, 1876 9 Dec. 20, 1813 July 11, 1886 11 Sept. 14, 1833 Jan. 11, 1890 12 NECEOLOGY 1279 Bate of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. Littr<5, Maximilien P. Eniile Feb. 1, 1801 Livingstone, David ... ... 1817 Llanover, Baron Nov. 8, 1802 Lloyd, C. D. C 1845 Lloyd, Humphrey, D.D., F.R.S 1800 Locker, Arthur " July 2, 1828 Locker-Lampson, Frederick ... 1812 Lockwood, Sir Francis, Q.C., M.P 1847 Locock, Sir Charles, M.D April 21, 1799 Loewe, Dr. William Nov. 14, 1814 Logan, Major-General John Alexander 1826 Logan, Sir "William Edmond April 23, 1798 Lomenie, Louis Leonard de ... ... ... 1818 Long, George, M.A ... 1800 Long, Edwin, R.A. 1839 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Feb. 27, 1807 Longley, T., D.D., Archbishop of Canterbury 1794 Lonsdale, Henry, M.D 1816 Lonsdale, John, D.D., Bishop of Lichfield ... \ July 17, 1788 Lonsdale, Earl of July 21, 1787 Loomit, Elias Aug. 7, 1811 Lopez, Don Francisco Solano ... ... ... ... 1827 Lorimer, James ... ... ... ... ... Nov. 4, 1818 Lossing, Benson John, LL.D Feb. 12, 1813 Lough, John Graham ... ... ... Louis I., King of Portugal Oct. 1838 Louis IV., F. W. L. C„ K.G., Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt Sept. 12, 1837 Love, Lieut.-General Sir J. F 1789 Lovell, John ... I Nov. 20, 1835 Loven, Sven, Ph.D Jan. 6, 1809 Lover, Samuel i 1797 Lowell, Hon. James Russell, LL.D., D.C.L. . . I Feb. 22, 1819 Lowenthal. John Jacob ... ... ... ... j July, 1810 Lower, Mark Anthony ... ... ... ... ' ... ... 1813 Lubbock, Sir J. W. " Mar. 26, 1803 Luca, Cardinal , Oct, 28, 1805 Lucan, Earl of, Rt. Hon., G.C.B April 16, 1800 Lucas, Charles 1808 Lucas, Rt. Hon. Edward . j 1787 Lucas, John { 1807 Lucas, Samuel ... ... 1818 Lugard, Gen. Rt. Hon. Sir Edward, G.C.B ... j 1810 Lumby, Rev. Joseph Rawson, D.D. ... ... j ... Lnmley, Benjamin ... ... ... ...... ... 1812 Lush, Sir Robert i Oct. 25, 1807 Lushington, Rt. Hon. Stephen .. Jan. 14, 1782 Lushington, Rt. Hon. Stephen Rumbold ... ... 1775 Luynes, Due de Dec. 15, 1802 Lycurgos, A., Archbishop of Sy ra Lyell, Sir Charles Nov. 14, 1797 Lynch, Pat. N., Bishop of Charleston ... ' Mar. 10, 1817 Lyndhurst, Baron May 21, 1772 Lyons, Viscount, Rt. Hon. R. M. P. L. ... , April 26, 1817 Lysons, General Sir Daniel, G.C.B Aug. 1, 1816 Lyttelton, Lord Mar. 31, 1817 Lytton, Lord May 25, 1803 Lytton, Earl of, Rt. Hon. E. R. Bulwer, G.C.B. Nov. 18, 1831 Lyveden, Lord Feb. 1800 Macabe, Cardinal ... ... 1816 Macbeth, R. W , 1848 June 2, May 4, April 27, Jan. 7, Jan. 17, June 23, May 30, Dec. 19, July 23, Dec. 26, June 22, April 2, Aug. 10, May 16, Mar. 24, Oct. 27, July 23, Oct. 19, Mar. 4, Aug. 15, Mar. 1, Feb. 13, June 3, April 8, Oct. 19, Mar. 13, Jan. 13, Feb. 20, Sept, Julv 6, Aug. 12, July 20, Mar. 22, June 20, Dec. 28, Nov. 10, Mar. 23, Nov. 12, April 30, Nov. 27, Oct. 31, Nov. 21, Mar. 17, Dec. 27, Jan. 20, Aug. 5, Dec. 14, Oct. 29, Feb. 22, Feb. 26, Oct. 12, Dec. 4, Jan. 31, April 19, Jan. 18, Nov. 24, Nov. 10, Feb. 10, March, 1881 1873 1867 1891 1881 1893 1895 1897 1875 1886 1886 1875 1878 1879 1891 1882 1868 1876 1807 1872 1X89 1870 1890 1891 1876 1889 Id 8 6 12 Id 13 14 14 9 11 9 9 9 10 13 10 7 9 7 7 12 7 12 14 9 12 1892 1866 1890 1895 1868 1891 1876 1876 1865 1883 1888 1869 1871 1874 1868 1898 1895 1875 1881 1873 1868 1867 1875 1875 1882 1863 1887 1898 1876 1873 : 8 1891 : 13 1873 j 8 1885 11 1888 I 12 13 6 12 14 7 13 9 9 6 12 12 7 7 8 7 14 14 8 10 8 7 7 9 8 10 5 12 14 9 1280 NECKOLOGY Name. Date of Birth. Date of Death. Macbride, John David, D.C.L. ... McCarthy, Sir C. J McCarthy, Denis Florence McCaul, Rev. A McCaul, Rev. John McCausland, Dominick, Q.C. ... McClellan, George B McCloskey, Cardinal John McClure, Sir Robert J. Le Mesurier .. McCormick, Robert McCosh, James, D.D., LL.D., D.Lit McCoy, Sir Frederick K., M.A. McCulloch, Horatio McCulloch, J. R Macdonald, Rt. Hon. Francis Thomas Macdonald, Rt. Hon. Sir John A., G.C.B. Macdonald, John Sandlield McDonnell, Sir Richard Graves McDougall, Sir D. McDowell, General Irvin McDowell, Patrick, R.A Macduff, Rev. Dr. J. R Macfarren, Sir George A. Macfie, Robert Andrew, F.R.C.I., F.R.S.E. ... McGhee, Hon. Thomas Darcy ... Macgregor, John ... Macgregor, Sir J. ... ... MacHale, John, Archbishop of Tuam Mcllvaine, Charles Pettit, Bishop of Ohio ... Mackarness, George Richard, Bishop of Argyll Mackarness, Rt. Rev. J. I\, Bishop of Oxford Mackay, Charles Mackenzie, Henry, D.D., Bishop Suffragan ... Mackenzie, Thomas, Lord Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, M.P Mackenzie, Sir Morell, M.D Maclaren, C Maclean, Bishop of Saskatchewan Macleod, Norman, D.D. Maclise, Daniel, R.A MacMahon, M. E. P. M. de, Due de M:igenta McMurdo, General Sir William, K.C.B. Macnee, Sir Daniel McNeile, Hugh, D.D McNeill, Rt. Hon. Sir John Macready, William Charles Madden, Sir Frederick Madden, Richard Robert ... Maddock, Sir Thomas Herbert Madvig, M. Jeans Nicholas Magee, Most Rev. W. C. Magenis, Sir A. C. Mngheramorne, Lord (see Hogg, Lieut. -Colonel) Magnan, Marshal B. P Magne. Pierre Maguire, John Francis, M.P Maguire, Rev. Robert Mahony, F. (Father Prout) Maine, Sir Henry J. S. .. Maitland, Rev. S. Majendie, Colonel Sir Vivian Dering, K.C.B. Major, John Richardson, D.D Major, Richard H., F.S.A Mar. 7, Aug. 20, Dec. 3, Mar. 10, Jan. 28, July 22, April 1, Mar. 1, Jan. 11, Dec. 12, Oct. 15, Aug. Mar. 2, Oct. 4, April 13, Jan. 24, Jan. 18, Dec. 3, May 16, Jan. 28, Jan. 25, July 13, Aug. Mar. 3, Aug. 7, Oct. 7, Dec. 3, July 18, 1778 Jan. 24, 1868 1812 Aug. 14, 1865 1820 April 7, 1882 1798 Nov. 13, 1863 1807 April 15, 1887 1806 June 29, 1873 1826 Oct. 29, 1885 1810 Oct. 10, 1885 1807 Oct. 17, 1873 1800 Oct. 28, 1890 1811 Nov. 16, 1894 1823 May, 1899 1806 June 24, 1867 1789 Nov. 11, 1864 1817 Nov. 16, 1886 1815 June 6, 1891 1812 June 1, 1872 1815 Feb. 5, 1881 1789 Dec. 10, 1862 1818 May 4, 1885 1799 Dec. 9, 1870 1818 April 30, 1895 1813 Oct. 31, 1887 1811 Feb. 17, 1893 1825 April 7, 1868 1825 July 16, 1892 1791 Jan. 13, 1866 1791 Nov. 7, 1881 1798 Mar. 12, 1873 1823 April 20, 1883 1820 Sept. 16, 1889 1814 Dec. 1889 1808 Oct. 15, 1878 1807 Sept. 26, 1869 1822 April 17, 1892 1837 Feb. 3, 1892 1782 Sept. 10, 1866 1828 Nov. 13, 1886 1812 June 16, 1872 1811 April 1, 1870 1808 Oct. 17, 1893 1819 Mar. 2, 1894 1806 Jan. 17, 1882 1735 Jan. 28, 1879 1795 Mav 16, 1883 1793 April 27, 1873 1801 Mar. 8, 1873 1798 Feb. 5, 1886 1792 Jan. 15, 1870 1804 Dec. 12, 1886 1821 May 5, 1891 1801 Feb. 14, 1867 1823 June 27, 1890 1791 May 29, 1865 1806 June 8, 1878 1815 Nov. 1, 1872 1826 Sept. 5, 1890 1805 May 18, 1866 1822 Feb. 3, 1888 1795 Jan. 9, 1866 1836 April 24, 1898 1797 Feb. 29, 1876 1818 June 25, 1891 NECROLOGY 1281 Malakhoff, Due de (see Pelissier, Marshal) Malan, Rev. S. C, D.D Maiden, Henry ... Malins, Sir Richard Mallet, Rt. Hon. Sir Louis Malmesbury, Earl of, Rt. Hon. J. H. H. Manby, Charles ... Manisty, Hon. Sir Henry Manning, Daniel Manning, Henry Edward, Cardinal Manse], Veiy Rev. Henry Longueville MantenfEel, Baron von ... Manteutf el, General ... Manzoni, Count Alessandro Margoliouth, Rev. Moses Maria Christina, Queen Dowager of Spain ... Marie, Alexandre Thomas Marie-Amelia (see French, ex-Queen of) Mariette Pacha, A. E Mario, Giuseppe (Marchese di Candia) Marks, Henry Stacy, R.A. ... Marlborough, 7th Duke of Maroohetti, Baron Charles TKJBSn*, George Perkins, LL.D Marsh, Professor Otlmiel C, LL.D Marshall, Arthur M„ M.D., F.R.S Marshall, Francis A Marshall, John ... Marshal], William G., R.A Marston, Philip Bourke Marston, Westland Martin, Bon Louis Henri Martin, John Biddulph, M.A., F.S.S Martin, Lady (Helen Faucit) Martin, Sir James Ranald Martin, Rt. Hon. Sir Samuel Martineau, Harriet Martinez de la Rosa, F. ... ... Martins, Karl Frederick Philip von Marvin, Charles ... Mason, Francis (Surgeon) Mason, James Murray ... Massey, Rt. Hon. W. N Massingberd, Rev. Francis Charles Mastrell, William Mathews, Charles James Mathien, Claude Louis Mathieu, J. M. A. C, Cardinal Maurice, Fred. Denison, M.A Maury, Matthew Fontaine Maupassant, Henri R. A. G. de Maximilian I. (see Mexico, Emperor of) Maximilian, Joseph II. (see Bavaria, King of) Maxwell, James Clerk Maxwell, Sir W. Stirling May, Sir T. E. (Lord Farnborough) May, Rt. Hon. George A. C Mayne, Sir Richard Mayhew, Henry Mayo, Earl of Mayo, Thomas, M.D Mazzini, Giuseppe Date of Birth. Date of Death. 1812 Nov. 25, 1894 1800 July 4, 1876 1805 Jan. 15, 1882 Mar. 14, 1823 Feb. 15, 1890 Mar. 25, 1807 May 17, 1889 Aug. 7, 1804 Dec. 12, 1884 1808 Jan. 31, 1890 Aug. 16, 1831 Dec. 24, 1887 July 15, 1808 Jan. 14, 1892 Oct. 6, 1820 July 30, 1871 Feb. 3, 1805 Nov. 26, 1882 Feb. 4, 1809 June 17, 1885 Mar. 8, 1784 May 22, 1873 Dec. 3, 1820 Feb. 25, 1881 April 27, 1806 Aug. 21, 1878 Feb. 15, 1797 April 20, 1870 Feb. 11, 1821 Jan. 19, 1881 1808 Dec. 11, 1883 Sept. 13,' 1829 Jan. 9, 1898 June 2, 1822 July 5, 1883 1805 Dec. 28, 1867 Mar. 17, 1801 July 24, 1882 Oct. 29, 1831 Mar. 1899 June 8, 1852 Dec. 31, 1893 Nov. 18, 1840 Dec. 28, 1889 Jan. 1, 1891 1813 June 16, 1894 Aug. 13, 1850 Feb. 14, 1887 Jan. 30, 1819 Jan. 5, 1890 Feb. 20, 1810 Dec. 11, 1883 1841 Mar. 22, 1897 1819 Oct. 31, 1898 1800 Nov. 27, 1874 1801 Jan. 9, 1883 June 12, 1802 June 27, 1876 1789 Feb. 7, 1862 1794 Dec. 13, 1868 1854 Jan. 1891 July 21," 1837 June 5, 1886 Nov. 3, 1798 April 28, 1871 1809 Oct. 24, 1881 1800 Dec. 18, 1872 1814 April 12, 1890 Dec. 26, 1803 June 24, 1878 Nov. 25, 1783 Mar. 5, 1875 Jan. 20, 1796 July 9, 1875 1805 April 1, 1872 Jan. 14, 1806 Feb. 1, 1873 Aug. 5, 1850 July 6, 1893 June 13, 1831 Nov. 5, 1879 1818 Jan. 15, 1878 1815 May 17, 1886 1815 Aug. 15, 1892 1796 Dec. 26, 1868 1812 July 25, 1887 Feb. 21, 1822 Feb. 8, 1872 1790 Jan. 13, 1871 June 28, 1808 Mar. 10, 1872 4 M 1282 NECROLOGY Name. Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. Meade, General George Gordon Dec. 30, 1815 Nov. 6, 1872 8 Meadows, Alfred ... June 2, 1833 April 10, 1887 12 Meagher, T. F Aug. 3, 1823 July 1, 1867 6 Mechi, John Joseph ... May 22, 1802 Dec. 26, 1880 10 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Grand Duke of Feb. 28, 1823 April 15, 1883 10 Medley, Most Rev. John, D.D., LL.D. 1804 Sept. 9, 1892 13 Mehemet Ali 1807 Jan. 20, 1865 6 Meilhac, Henri 1832 July 6, 1897 14 Messionier, J. L. E ... 1811 Feb. 1891 13 Melikoff, Loris 1825 Dec. 27, 1888 12 Mellish, Sir George 1814 June 15, 1877 9 Mellor, Hon. Sir John Jan. 1, 1809 April 26, 1887 12 Melvill, Rev. Henry, B.D 1798 Feb. 9, 1871 7 Melville, George John Whyte ... 1821 Dec. 5, 1878 9 Menabrea, Louis Frederick, Marquis de Val-Dom Sept. 4, 1809 May, 1896 14 Mensohikoff, Prince, Alexander Sergeewitsch 1789 April, 1869 7 Menzel, Wolfgang June 21, 1798 April 23, 1873 10 Me'rime'e, Prosper... Sept. 23, 1803 Sept. 23, 1870 7 Merivale, Herman, C.B *•• ... 1806 Feb. 8, 1874 8 Merivale, Very Rev. Charles, D.D 1808 13 Merle d' Aubigne, Jean Henri Aug. 16-;' 1794 Oct. 21, 1872 8 Mermillod, Gaspard, D.D. Sept. 22, 1824 Feb. 20, 1892 13 Merriman, Nathaniel J., Bp. of Grahamstown Aug. 1882 10 Mery, J Jan. 21, 1798 June 18, 1866 6 Meteyard, Eliza 1816 April 4, 1879 10 Metternich, Prince de Jan. 7, 1829 Mar. 1 1895 14 Mexico, Emperor of (Maximilian I.) July 6, 1832 June 19, 1867 6 Meyerbeer, G Sept. 5, 1794 May 2, 1864 5 Miall, Edward 1809 April 29, 1881 10 Michael Obrenovitch III., Prince of Servia ... Sept. i," 1828 June 10, 1868 7 Michelet, Jules Aug. 21, 1798 Feb. 9, 1874 8 Middleton, Professor John Henry, M.A. 1846 June 10, 1896 14 Midhat Pacha 1822 May 10, 1884 11 Mieroslawski, Louis 1814 Nov. 23, 1878 9 Mignet, Francois A. M May 8, 1796 Mar. 24, 1884 11 Mill, John Stuart 1806 May 9, 1873 8 Millais, Sir John Everett, R. A. 1829 Aug. 13, 1896 14 Miller, John Cale, D.D 1814 July 11, 1880 10 Miller, Thomas Aug. 31," 1808 Oct. 25, 1874 8 Miller, William Allen, M.D., F.R.S Dec. 17, 1817 Sept. 30, 1870 7 Miller, William Hallowes April 6, 1801 May 20, 1880 10 Mills, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G 1825 Mar. 31, 1895 14 Milman, Very Rev. Henry Hart Feb. 10," 1791 Sept. 24, 1868 7 Milman, Robert, Bishop of Calcutta 1816 Mar. 15, 1876 9 Milne, Admiral Sir Alexander, G.C.B. 1806 Dec. 29, 1896 14 Minghetti, Marco Sept. 8, 1818 Dec. 10, 1886 11 Minto, Prof. William Oct. 10, 1845 Mar. 1, 1893 13 Miolan-Carvalho, Madame Marie Dec. 31, 1827 July 10, 1895 14 Miramon, M 1833 June 19, 1867 6 Mires, Jules 1809 June 6, 1871 7 Mitchell, Alexander April 13, 1780 June 25, 1868 7 Mitchell, Marion Aug. 1, 1818 June 28, 1889 12 Mitchell, Sir William 1811 May 1, 1878 9 Mitz-cherlich, E. Jan. 7, 1791 Sept. 1, 1863 5 Moberley, Bishop of Salisbury Oct. 10, 1803 July 6, 1885 11 Mocquard, J. F. C Nov. 11, 1791 Dec. 10, 1864 5 Moffat, Rev. Robert Dec. 21, 1795 Aug. 9, 1883 10 Molesworth, Rev. W. N. Nov. 8, 1816 Dec. 19, 1890 12 Moltke (Com te de), Adam W Aug. 25, 1785 April 12, 1866 7 Moltke, H. C. B„ Count von Oct. 26, 1800 April 24, 1891 13 Monahan, James Henry 1805 Dec. 8, 1878 9 Monck, Viscount Oct. 10, 1819 Nov. 29, 1894 13 Moncreiff, Lord Nov. 29, 1811 April 27, 1895 14 NECEOLOGY 1283 Monk-Bretton, Lord Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, K.C.l.E. Monkswell, Lord (Sir R. Collier) Monnier, Henri Bonaventnre... Montalembert, C. Forbes de Tyron, Comte de Monteagle, Lord Montebello, Due de Montefiore, Sir Moses ... ... Montegut, Emile Montgomery, Sir Robert Montgomery, Walter Monti, RafEaelle ... Montpensier, Due de ... Montrose, Duke of Moon, Sir F. G Moore, Rev. Daniel, M.A., Moore, George Moore, Henry, R A Moore, Thomas ... Morgan, Rt. Hon. Sir George Osborne Moriarty, David, Bishop of Kerry Morier, Sir Robert, G.C.B Morin, Arthur Jules Morison, James Cotter ... Morley, Samuel, M.P Morley, Professor Henry, LL.D. Morny, C. A. L., Due de Morrell, Thos. Baker, D.D Morris, Rev. Francis, O.B.A. Morris, Rev. John, F.S.A Morris, William Morse, Sam. Finley Breese Morton, Oliver Perry, LL.D Moseley, Rev. Henry Moseley, Henry Nottidge, M. A. Motley, John Lothrop ... Mott, V Moule, Rev. Henry Mouley, El Hassan (Sultan of Morocco) Moulton, Rev. William Fiddian, D.D Moultrie, Rev. John Mount Temple (Lord), Rt. Hon. W. F. Mountain, Dr. (see Quebec, Bishop of) Mouravieff, General N. ... Moustier, Marquis de Mowbray, Sir John, M.P. Mozley, James Bowling, D.D Mozley, Rev. Thomas, M.A Mueller, Baron, K.C.M.G., M.D Muir, John Muller, J. ... Mulock, Miss (Mrs. Craik) Mulready, W Munch, P. A. Mnndella, Rt. Hon. Anthony John, M.P. Munk, William, M.D., F.S.A Munoz, Fernando, Duke of Rianzeres Munro, Hugh Andrew Murat, Prince Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey Mure, David Murrav, Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Augustus, K.C.B Date of Birth. Oct. 18, June 6, May 29, Feb. 8, July 30, Oct. 24, June 24, July 31, July 16, Oct. 28, June 23, April 9, Mar. 7, May 29, May 28, Aug. 18, Oct. 17, " April 20, Sept. 15, Oct. 23, Mar. 25, July 4, April 27, Aug. 4, Nov. li" April 15, Aug. 20, Jan. 27, Mar. 14,' Dec. 13, Aug. 23, June 3, July 14, Oct. 14, May 16, Feb. 19, 1825 1819 1817 1799 1810 1790 1801 1784 1825 1809 1827 1818 1824 1799 1796 1809 1806 1831 1821 1826 1814 1826 1795 1831 1809 1822 1811 1815 1810 1826 1834 1791 1823 1801 1844 1814 1785 1801 1831 1835 1800 1811 1793 1817 1815 1813 1806 1825 1810 1801 1826 1786 1811 1825 1810 1819 1803 1792 1810 Date of Death. Edi- tion. May 25, April 11, Oct. Jan. 3, Mar. 13, Jan. 31, July 19, July 28, Dec. 11, Dec. 28, Sept. 2, Oct. 16, Jan. 4, Dec. 30, Oct. 13, May 15, Nov. 21, June 22, Jan. 1, Aug. 25, Oct. 1, Nov. 16, Feb. 7, Feb. 26, Sept. 4, May 24, Mar. 10, Nov. 15, Feb. 10, Oct. 22, Oct. 3, April 2, Nov. 1, Jan. 20, Nov. 10, May 30, April 26, Feb. 3, June 7, Feb. 7, Dec. 26, Oct. 16, Sept. 11, Feb. 5, April 22, Jan. 4, June 17, Oct. 9, Mar. 7, April 28, Oct. 12, July 7, June, July 21, I Dec. 20, I Sept. 13, ' Mar. 30, i April 10, Oct. 22, 1897 1899 1886 1877 1870 1866 1874 1885 1895 1887 1871 1881 1890 1874 1871 1899 1876 1895 1887 1897 1877 1893 1880 1888 1886 1894 1865 1877 1893 1893 1896 1872 1877 1872 1891 1877 1865 1880 1894 1890 1874 1866 1869 1899 1878 1893 1896 1882 1858 1887 1863 1863 1897 1898 1873 1885 1878 1871 Nov. 22, 1806 June 3, 1895 14 1284 NECROLOGY Name. Date of Birth. Date of Death. JJiQl- tlou. 1828 Oct. 9, 1888 12 Mar. 8, 1821 7 Nov. 7, 1804 May 18," 1880 10 Feb. 18, 1807 Feb. 12, 1891 13 1819 July 19, 1867 7 Dec. 26, 1804 Dec. 9, 1882 10 June 18, 1791 June 23, 1876 9 Sept. 15, 1819 Dec. 19, 1898 14 1810 Jan. 14, 1890 12 April 20, 1808 Jan. 9, 1873 8 Mar. 16, 1856 June 1, 1879 10 Sept. 9, 1822 1891 13 Aug. 4, 1800 May 28," 1868 7 1812 Dec. 19, 1878 10 Aug. 19, 1808 May 7, 1830 12 April 4, 1829 May 1, 1896 14 1818 Aug. 6, 1866 6 1800 Dec. 23, 1876 9 Feb. 14," 1776 Mar. 16, 1858 5 June 17, 1807 Sept. 21, 1873 8 Oct. 25, 1814 June 25, 1896 14 Dec. 14, 1780 Mar. 23, 1862 5 May 5, 1839 July 10, 1893 13 May 22, 1811 Oct. 18, 1864 5 1801 Aug. 11, 1890 12 May 13, 1801 June 12, 1876 9 1805 Oct. 4, 1897 14 1816 1894 13 Aug. 24, 1823 May 1, 1895 14 Sept. 8, 1833 Oct. 11, 1894 13 1820 May 14, 1879 10 July 27," 1831 April 25, 1891 13 ..* 1806 Nov. 13, 1873 8 Sept. 11, 1844 Jan, 19, 1899 14 Oct. 4, 1802 Aug. 13, 1869 7 Mar. 20, 1806 Mar. 25, 1888 12 Jan. 4, 1802 May 30, 1885 11 1820 June 23, 1876 9 1799 Jan. 19, 1873 8 1811 Mar. 10, 1868 7 Mar. 26,' 1829 Mar. 26, 1889 12 May 15, 1787 July 28, 1863 5 July 23, 1819 April 3, 1890 12 1844 May 5, 1896 14 Oct. 27, 1818 Jan. 12, 1887 11 Dec. 15, 1792 Feb. 12, 1865 5 May 2, 1810 Jan. 2, 1899 14 1808 June 15, 1877 9 1810 July 17, 1896 14 1825 Jan. 18, 1899 14 Sept. 5, 1802 Jan. 29, 1880 10 1822 July 8, 1887 12 1792 Dec. 12, 1874 8 Oct. 17," 1803 June 16, 1864 5 ... 1808 Nov. 5, 1867 7 Musgrave, Sir Anthony Muspratt, James Sheridan, M.D Musset, Paul Edme de Mustapha Reschid Pacha (see Reschid Pacha) Musuras Pacha ... Musurus, Princess A. Napier, Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Napier, Robert Napier and Ettrick, Lord, K.T. Napier of Magdala (Lord) Napoleon III. Napoleon (Prince Imperial) Napoleon, Prince N. Y. C. P. Bonaparte Narvaez, Don R. M., Duke of Valencia Nash, Joseph Nasmyth, James ... .. ... ... Nasr-Ed-Deen, Shah an Shar, KG Neale, Rev. J. M Neaves (Lord), Charles Nees von Esenbeek, C. G. Nelaton, Auguste... Nemours, Due de... Nesselrode, Count K. R. Nettleship, Professor Henry Newcastle, Duke of ... ... ... Newman, Cardinal Newman, Edward, F.L.S. Newman, Professor Francis William Newton, Prof. Sir C. Thomas, K.C.B., LL.D. ... Newton, General John Nichol, Professor John, M.D Nicholas, Rev. Thomas Nicholas (Grand Duke), Nicolaievitch Nichols, John Gough, F.S.A Nicholson, Henry Alleyne, M.D., F.G.S. Niel, Adolphe (Marshal) Nisaard, Jean M. N. D Noailles, Due de Noble, Matthew Noel, Rev. Baptist Noel-Fearn, Rev. Henry (Christmas) Noire 1 , Ludwig Normanby, Marquis of ... Normanby (Marquis of) North, Colonel J, T Northbrook, Lord {see Baring, Rt. Hon. Sir F. T.) Northcote, Sir Stafford Henry (Lord Iddes- leigh) Northumberland, Duke of Northumberland, Duke of Norton, Hon. Mrs. Caroline ... Novello, Joseph Alfred Nubar Pasha . . Oakeley, Very Rev. Frederick Oakes, John Wright O'Brien, James T., Bishop of Ossory O'Brien, W. S O'Donnell, Marshall Leopold ... NECROLOGY 1285 Name. Offenbach, Jacques Ogilvie, Charles Atmore, D.D. ... O'Hagan, Lord Oliphant, Laurence Oliphant, Margaret Oliver, Eev. G Ollivant, Alf., D.D., Bishop of Llandaff Olmsted, D O'Loghlen, Sir Colman ... Olozaga, Salustiano Omar Pacha O'Neil, Henry, A.R.A O'Reilly, John Boyle ... Orloff, Prince A Ormerod, Geo. Ormsby, Right Hon. H Osbaldeston, G. Osborn, Admiral Sherard Osborne, Ralph Bernal ... Osborne, Rev. Lord Sydney Godolphin O'Shaughnessy, Sir W. B O'Shea, William Henry Osman, Nubar Pacha Ossington, J. E. Denison, Viscount ... Otho I., King of Greece... Oudinot, Marshal N. C. V Ouseley, Rev. Sir F. A. Gore Ouseley, Sir G. W Outram, Sir J Overall, William H Overbeck, Frederick Overstone, Lord Owen, Rev. J. B Owen, Robert Dale Owen, Sir Richard, K.C.B., M.D. Oxenden, Right Rev. Ashton, D.D. Oxenford, John ... Oxenham, Rev. H. N. ., Page, Thomas Paget, Rt. Hon. Sir Augustus B., G.C.B. Paget, Sir George, K.C.B., M.D Pailleron, Edouard, Pakenham, Sir Richard Palaoky, Francis Paley, Frederick A. Palfrey, John Gorham, D.D Palgrave, Francis Turner, LL.D. Palgrave, William Giff ord Palikao, Gen. Cousin Montauban, Comte de . Palliser, John Palliser, Sir William .. Palmer, Sir A. H, K.C.M.G Palmer, Prof. Edward Henry Palmer, Ven. Edwin, D.D Palmer, William, MA ... Palmerston, Lord Palmieri, Luigi ... .. Panizzi, Sir Anthony ... Pardoe, Miss J Pardon, George Frederick Paris (Comte de), Louis P. A. d'Orleans Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. June 21, 1819 Oct. 4, 1880 10 1793 Feb. 17, 1873 8 May 29, 1812 Feb. 1, 1885 11 1829 Dec. 23, 1888 12 April 4, 1828 June 25, 1897 14 Nov. 5, 1782 Mar. 3, 1867 6 1798 Dec. 16, 1882 10 1791 May 16, 1859 6 Sept. 20, 1819 July 22, 1877 9 1803 Sept. 26, 1873 8 1806 April 18, 1871 7 1817 Mar. 13, 1880 10 June 25, 1844 Aug. 10, 1890 12 1787 May 20, 1861 6 1785 Oct. 9, 1873 8 Feb. 1812 Sept. 17, 1887 12 Dec. 26, 1787 Aug. 1, 1866 6 April 25, 1822 May 6, 1875 8 1814 Jan. 4, 1882 10 1808 May 9, 1889 12 1809 7 1840 14 1832 Sept. 19, 1890 13 1800 Mar. 7, 1873 8 June 1, 1815 July 26, 1867 6 Nov. 3, 1791 July 7, 1863 5 Aug. 12, 1825 April 6, 1889 12 1799 Mar. 6, 1866 6 Jan. 29, 1803 Mar. 11, 1863 5 Jan. 18, 1829 June 28, 1888 12 July 3, 1789 Nov. 1869 7 Sept. 25, 1796 Nov. 17, 1883 10 1787 May 24, 1872 7 Nov. 7, " 1801 June 24, 1877 9 July 20, 1804 Dec. 18, 1892 13 1808 Feb. 22, 1892 13 1812 Feb. 21, 1877 9 Nov. 15\' 1829 Mar. 1888 12 Jan. 4, 1877 9 1823 July 11, 1896 14 Dec. 22, 1809 Jan. 29, 1892 13 Sept. 17, 1834 April, 1899 14 1797 Oct. 28, 1868 7 June 14, 1798 May 26. 1876 9 1816 Dec. 9, 1888 12 May 2, 1796 April 26, 1881 10 Sept. 28, 1824 Oct. 24, 1897 14 Jan. 24, 1826 Sept. 30, 1888 12 June 24, 1796 Jan. 8, 1878 9 1817 Aug. 18, 1887 12 June 18, 1830 Feb. 4, 1882 10 1819 Mar. 20, 1898 14 Aug. 7, 1840 Aug. 1882 10 July 18, 1824 Oct. 17, 1895 14 July 12, 1811 April 5, 1879 10 Oct. 20, 1784 Oct. 18, 1865 6 April 22, 1807 Sept. 1896 14 Sept. 16, 1797 April 8, 1879 10 1806 Nov. 26, 1862 5 1824 Aug. 5, 1884 11 Aug. 24, 1838 i Sept. 8, 1894 13 1286 NECEOLOGY Name. Date of Birth. Date of Death. Sept. 14, 1796 Aug. 16, 1882 Nov. 27, 1857 Sept. 10, 1893 1806 Jan. 31, 1884 1781 Nov. 13, 1866 1828 Mar. 21, 1885 1815 April 27, 1896 Oct. 27," 1835 Sept. 16, 1823 Nov. W,' 1893 1846 Oct. 6, 1891 1810 Feb. 20, 1879 Jan. 24, 1816 Jan. 10, 1880 1830 April 11, 1890 1795 Mar. 16, 1870 May 17, 1797 Jan. 26, 1882 July 7, 1811 Oct. 10, 1872 1814 Mar. 13, 1887 Oct. 16, 1793 June 1, 1880 W98 April 1, 1865 Dec. 27, 1822 Sept. 28, 1895 Aug. 4, 1839 July 30, 1894 May, 1842 Feb. 28, 1894 July 23, 1823 Nov. 26, 1896 April 5, 1874 1821 Dec. 13, 1886 ... ... 1827 Oct. 3 1871 June 27,? 1889 1813 July 30, 1884 May 25, 1823 June 7, 1882 Aug. 3, 1803 June 8, 1865 Jan. 6, 1795 May 13, 1871 Feb. 28, 1830 Mar. 25, 1898 Feb. 18, 1795 Nov. 4, 1869 1810 Dec. 5, 1890 Oct. 18, 1785 Jan. 23, 1866 Dec. 10, 1897 Dec. 2, 1825 Dec. 4, 1891 Oct. 12, 1799 Feb. 13, 1879 July 22, 1884 May 4, 1822 May 9, 1895 June 21, 1811 May 1, 1894 Nov. 6, 1794 May 22, 1864 1793 Oct. 13, 1866 1825 April 25, 1892 Feb. 26\ 1807 May 31, 1867 July 6, 1850 May 3, 1895 Dec. 24, 1800 Mar. 25, 1864 1816 July 7, 1896 Jan. 12, 1812 Mar. 16, 1894 Sept. 23, 11878 1800 May 9, 1872 1800 Sept. 1, 1871 1780 1851 1781 1863 1824 June 23, 1894 1817 June 19, 1889 Dec. 3, 1800 Jan. 6, 1875 1845 April, 1897 Aug. 20, 1811 July 6, 1876 Aug. 26, 1833 Dec. 27, 1889 1806 April 22, 1882 1807 Dec. 2, 1891 Oct. i," 1818 May, 1867 Parish, Sir Woodbine Parke, Thomas Heazle, D.C.L., F.R.C.S.I. ... Parker, John Henry (Publisher) Parker, Sir W., Bart Parkes, Sir Harry Smith Parkes, Hon. Sir Henry, G.C.M.G Parkes, Mrs. (Amy Sedgwick) Parkman, Francis Parnell, Charles, M.P Parry, John Parry, John Humffreys ... Parry, Rt. Rev. E., Bishop of Dover ... Parry, Thomas, Bishop of Barbadoes Parsons, Theophilus Parton, Mrs. S. P. Willis (" Fanny Fern ") ... Passaglia, Abb^ Carlo Passy, Hippoly te Philibert Pasta, Madame Pasteur, Louis Pater, Walter Patey, Janet Monach Patmore, Coventry Kearsey Deighton Paton, Andrew Archibald Patterson, Robert Hogarth Patteson, John Coleridge, Bishop of Melanesia Patti, Carlotta Pattison, Rev. Mark Pauli, Georg Reinhold ... Paxton, Sir J Payen, Anselme ... Payn, James Peabody, George Peacock, Rt. Hon. Sir Barnes Peacock, T. L Pearson, John Loughborough, R.A Pedro, Dom (Emperor of Brazil) Peel (General), Jonathan, M.P. Peel, Rt. Hon. Sir Laurence Peel, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert, G.C.B Pelham, Rt. Rev. and Hon. John Thomas, D.D. Pelissier, Marshal A. J. J. (Due de Malakhoff) Pellew, Hon. and Very Rev. G. Pelly, Lieut.-General, Sir Lewis, K.C.B. Pelouze, T. J Pembroke, Earl of Penaud, Admiral C Pender, Sir John, G.C.M.G., F.R.S Pengelly, William, F.R.S., F.G.S Penn, John, F.R.S Pennef ather, Sir J. L Pennethorne, Sir James Pepe, General Florestan Pepe, G Pepolo, Countess (Mdme. Alboni) Percy, John Perier, Emile Perez Galdos, Benito Perier, A. Casimir V. L Perry, Rev. S.J Perry, Sir Thomas Erskine Perry, Rt. Rev. Charles, D.D Persiani, Madame F. T. ... ... NECROLOGY 1287 Name. Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. Persigny, Due de Jan. 11, 1808 Jan. 12, 1872 7 Petermann, August Heinrich April 18, 1822 Sept. 1878 9 Petermann, Julius Heinrich, D.D Aug. 12, 1801 June, 1876 9 Petit, Eev. J. L »•* ... Dec. 1, 1868 7 Peto, Sir Samuel Morton Aug. 4, 1809 Nov. 13, 1889 12 Pettie, John, E.A. 1839 Feb. 21, 1893 13 Pettitt, Henry Dec. 24, 1893 13 Phelps, Samuel (Actor) Feb. 13," 1804 Nov. 6, 1878 9 Phelps, Hon. William Walter, LL.D. Aug. 24, 1839 June 16, 1894 13 Philimore, Sir Bobert Nov. 5, 1810 Feb. 4, 1885 11 Phillimore, J. G 1809 April 27, 1865 6 Phillip, J May 19, 1817 Feb. 27, 1867 6 Phillipps, Sir Thomas 1792 Feb. 6, 1872 7 Phillips, George, D.D 1804 1892 13 Phillips, John, F.G.S Dec. 25, 1800 April 24, 1874 8 Phillips, Rt. Hon. S. M ..* 1780 Mar. 11, 1862 5 Phillips, Sir T 1801 May 26, 1867 6 Phillips, Wendell Nov. 29, 1811 Feb. 2, 1884 11 Philpott, Rt. Rev. Henry, D.D. Nov. 17, 1807 Jan. 10, 1892 13 Philpotts, H, D.D., Bishop of Exeter May, 1778 Sept. 18, 1869 7 Phipps, Hon. Sir C. B Dec. 27, 1801 Feb. 24, 1866 6 Picard, Louis Joseph Ernest ... Dec. 24, 1821 May 13, 1877 9 Pickersgill, Henry William, RA 1782 April 21, 1875 8 Picton, Sir James A 1806 July 15, 1889 12 Pierce, Franklin Nov. 23,' 1804 Oct. 8, 1869 7 Pierrepoint, Hon. Edward, LL.D Mar. 4, 1817 Mar. 1892 13 Pigott, Rt. Hon. David Richard 1805 Dec. 22, 1873 8 Pigott, Sir Gillery 1813 April 28, 1875 8 Pin well, George John Dec. 26, 1842 Sept. 8, 1875 9 Pitman, Sir Isaac Jan. 4, 1813 Jan. 22, 1897 14 Pitra, Cardinal Aug. 31, 1812 Feb. 3, 1889 12 Pius the Ninth ... May 13, 1792 Feb. 7, 1878 9 Planche", James Robinson Feb. 27, 1796 May 29, 1880 10 Plantier, C. H. A., Bishop of Nlmes Mar. 2, 1813 May 25, 1875 10 Piatt, Hon. Sir T. J 1790 Feb. 10, 1862 5 Playfair, Lord, G.C.B., P.C May 21, 1818 May 29, 1898 14 Pleyel, Madame July 4, 1811 April, 1875 8 Plimsoll, Samuel 1824 June 3, 1898 14 Plumptre, Very Rev. E. H Aug. 6, 1821 Feb. 1, 1891 12 Plumridge, Sir J. H 1787 Nov. 29, 1863 5 Plunket, Rt. Rev. Lord (see Tuam, Killala, anc Achonry, Bishop of) Plunket, Lord, Most Rev. William C. Aug. 26, 1828 April 1, 1897 14 PoGhin, Henry Davis 1824 Oct. 28, 1895 14 Poerio, C. ... 1803 April 28, 1867 6 Poggendorff, Johann Christian Dec. 29, 1796 Jan. 24, 1877 9 Pogson, N. R., CLE Mar. 22, 1829 June 23, 1891 13 Pollock, Hon. Sir Charles Edward Oct. 21, 1823 Nov. 21, 1897 14 Pollock, Sir Frederick Sept. 23, 1783 Aug. 22, 1870 7 Pollock, Field-Marshal Sir George 1786 Oct. 6, 1872 8 Pollock, Sir William F April, 1815 Dec. 24, 1888 12 Ponsonby, Gen., Rt. Hon. Sir Henry, K.C.B. 1825 Nov. 21, 1895 14 Poole, Bishop of Japan ....... July 6, 1885 11 Poole, Paul Falconer, R. A. * ... 1806 Sept. 22, 1879 10 Poole, R. Stuart Feb. 27," 1832 Feb. 8, 1895 13 Porter, Admiral David D. June 8, 1814 Feb. 13, 1891 13 Porter, Josias L Oct. 4, 1823 Mar. 16, 1889 12 Porter, Noah, D.D., LL.D Dec. 14, 1811 Mar. 4, 1892 13 Potter, Cipriani 1792 Sept. 26, 1871 7 Potter, George 1832 June 3, 1893 13 Potter, L. J. A. D. April 26, 1796 July 22, 1859 6 Pouchet, Felix A. Aug. 26, 1800 Dec. 6, 1872 8 Pouillet, C. S. M. Feb. 16, 1791 June 15, 1868 7 1288 NECROLOGY Name. Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. Pouyer-Quertier, Augustin Thomas Sept. 3, 1820 April 2, 1891 13 Powell, David 1840 Sept. 2, 1897 14 Powers, Hiram July 29, 1805 June 27, 1873 8 Powys, Horatio, Bishop of Sodor and Man . . . 1805 May 31, 1877 9 Pratt, John Tidd Dec. 13, 1797 Jan. 9, 1870 7 Prescott, Admiral Sir Henry ... ... ... 1783 Nov. 18, 1874 8 Pressens^, Edmond de, D.D. Jan. 27, 1824 April 8, 1891 13 Prestwick, Sir Joseph, D.C.L., F.R.S. Mar. 12, 1812 June 23, 1896 14 Pre'vost-Paradol, L. A Aug. 8, 1829 July 19, 1870 7 Price, Rev. Bartholomew, M.A., F.R.S. May 14, 1818 Dec. 29, 1898 14 Price, Bonamy ... May 22, 1807 Jan. 8, 1888 12 Prim, Don Juan ... ... ... ... ,.. Dec. 6, 1814 Dec. 30, 1870 7 Prinsep, Henry Thoby ... 1792 Feb. 11, 1878 9 Prior, Sir James ... 1790 Nov. 14, 1869 7 Pritchard, Rev. Charles, D.D., F.R.S 1808 May 28, 1893 13 Procter, Miss A. A. 1835 Feb. 2, 1864 5 Procter, Bryan W. ("Barry Cornwall") 1790 Oct. 4, 1874 8 Proctor, Richard A Mar. 23, 1837 Sept. 12, 1888 12 Proudhon, P. J July 15, 1809 Jan. 20, 1865 5 Prout, Father {see Mahony, F.) Pugin, Edward Welby Mar. 11, 1834 June 5, 1875 9 Palling, A. 13 Punshon, Rev. W. Morley 1824 April 14, 1881 10 Puroell, J. B., Archbishop of Cincinnati Feb. 26, 1800 July 4, 1883 10 Purchas, Rev. John 1823 Oct. 18, 1872 8 Pusey, Edward Bouverie, D.D. 1800 Sept. 16, 1882 10 Pyat, FeUix Oct. 4, " 1810 Aug. 3, 1889 12 Pye, John ... 1782 Feb. 6, 1874 8 QuAIN, Sir John Richard Sept. 12, 1876 9 Quain, Richard, M.D Sept. 15, 1887 12 Quain, Sir Richard, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Oct. 30, 1816 Mar. 13, 1898 14 Quatrefages, De Brean, J. Louis Armand de Feb. 10, 1810 Nov. 11, 1892 13 Quebec, Bishop of (Dr. Mountain) 1789 Jan. 8, 1863 5 Quinet, Edgar Feb. 10," 1803 Mar. 27, 1875 8 Radnor, Earl of May 11, 1779 April 10, 1869 7 Rae, Sir William, M.D 1786 April 8, 1873 8 Rae, John, M.D., LL.D July 22, 1893 13 Raff,: Joseph Joachim May 27," 1822 June 24, 1882 12 Raffles, Rev. T May 17, 1788 Aug. 18, 1863 5 Raikes, Rt. Hon. Henry Cecil, M.P 1838 Aug. 24, 1891 13 Raleigh, Rev. Alexander, D.D Jan. 3, 1817 April 19, 1880 10 Ralston, W. R. S. 1828 Aug. 7, 1889 12 Ramage, Crauford Tait ... Sept. 10, 1803 Nov. 29, 1878 10 Ramsay, W. 1806 Feb. 12, 1865 5 Ramsay, Sir Andrew C, LL.D., F.R.S. 1814 Dec. 9, 1892 13 Ramsey, E. B. (Dean) 1793 Dec. 27, 1872 8 Randall, Samuel J. Oct. 10," 1828 April 13, 1890 12 Randon, Comte, Marshal of France ... Mar. 25, 1795 Jan. 18, 1871 7 Ranke, Leopold von Dec. 21, 1795 May 23, 1886 11 Rankine, William J. M., F.R.S. Dec. 24, 1872 8 Ranyard, Arthur Cowper, F.R.A.S June 21, 1845 Dec. 15, 1894 13 Raspail, Francois Vincent Jan. 29, 1794 Jan. 7, 1878 9 Ratcliff, Sir J Nov. 1798 Sept. 1, 1864 5 Rattazzi, Urbano June 29, 1808 June 5, 1873 8 Rauch, T. C Jan. 2, 1777 Dec. 3, 1857 5 Rawlinson, Sir Robert, K.C.B. Feb. 28, 1810 May 31, 1898 14 Raymond, Henry Jarvis Jan. 24, 1820 June 18, 1869 7 Read, Thomas Buchanan Mar. 12, 1822 May 11, 1872 8 Reade, Charles ... 1814 April 11, 1884 11 NECROLOGY 1289 Reade, John Edmund ... ... Reboul, J Redding, Cyrus Redesdale, Earl Redgrave, Richard, R.A. Redhouse, Sir James W., K.C.M.G., LL.D. ... Redington, Sir T. N Reed, Rev. A Reed, Sir Charles, F.S. A Reed, Thomas Allen Reeve, Henry, C.B., D.C.L Reeves, Rt. Rev. Dr. (Bishop of Down) Regnaud-de-St. Jean-d'Angelly, Comte de ... Regnault, Henri Victor Reichenbach, Baron von Reichel, Most Rev. Charles P., D.D Reid, Captain Mayne ... ... Reinkens, Joseph Hubert, D.D. Renan, Joseph Erneste Rennie, Sir John Renouf, Sir Peter le Page Reschid Pacha, or Mustapha Reschid Pacha Reuter, Baron Reyband, Madame C. (see Arnaud) Reynolds, Rev. Henry Robert, D.D. ... Reynolds, Sir J. Russell, M.D., F.R.S. Rianzares, Duke of Ricasoli, Baron ... Richards, Alfred Bate Richards, Brinley ... ... ... ... Richards, Admiral Sir George Henry, K.C.B., F.RS Richardson, Sir Benjamin Ward, M.D., F.R.S. Richardson, C Richardson, D. L. Richardson, Sir J. Richmond, George, Hon. R. A., D.C.L., LL.D. Richter, Gustav Karl ... ... Rickards, Rev. S. ... Rigault-de-Genouilly, Charles .. Rio, Alexis Francois Ripley, George, LL.D Ritchie, L. Ritter, Henry Ritter, K. Roberts, David Roberts, Sir William, M.D., F.R.S. ... Robertson, Prof. George Croom Robertson, James Burton ... Robertson, Rev. James Craigie Robertson, Thomas William Robinson, Rev. H. Robinson, Sir J. B., Bart. Robinson, John Henry, R.A. ... ... . ^.. Robinson, Thomas, D.D. Robson, F. Rochester, Bishop of (Dr. Wigram) Rock, Daniel, D.D . ... Roebuck, Rt. Hon. John Arthur Roemer, F. de Rogers, Henry Rogers, H. D • ... Roget, Peter Mark, M.D. Date of Birth. Jan. 23, Sept. 9, April 30, Dec. 30, Nov. 27, June 20, April 6, July 29, July 21, Feb. 12, Mar. 1, Feb. 27, Aug. 23, July 21," Feb. 26, Mar. 9, Jan. 13, Oct. 31, July Aug. 31, April 12, Oct. 3, Oct. 24, Mar. Mar. 10, Nov. 15, Jan. 9, July 26, Dec. 26, Oct. 18, 1796 1785 1805 1804 1811 1815 1787 1819 1826 1813 1815 1794 1810 1788 1818 1821 1823 1796 1822 1802 1816 1825 1828 1810 1809 1820 1819 1820 1828 1775 1800 1787 1809 1823 1796 1807 1802 1801 1791 1779 1796 1830 1842 1800 1813 1829 1793 1791 1796 1790 1821 1798 1799 1802 1795 1806 1806 1799 Date of Death. Sept. May 29, May 28, May 2, Dec. 14, Jan. 1, Oct. 11, Feb. 25, Mar. 25, Mar. 29, Oct. 21, Jan. 12, Feb. 2, Jan. 20, Jan. 23, Mar. 29, Oct. 22, Jan. 5, Oct. 2, Sept. 3, Oct. 14, Jan. 5, Feb. 25, Oct. 10, May 29, Sept. 13, Oct. 23, June 12, May 8, Nov. 14, Nov. 21, Oct. 6, Nov. 17, June 5, Mar. 19, April 13, Aug. 24, April 4, July 16, July 4, Jan. 16, Feb. Sept. 29, Nov. 25, April 16, Sept. 19, Feb. 14, July 9, Feb. 3, May 18, Jan. 30, Oct. 21, May 13, Aug. 12, April 6, Nov. 28, Nov. 30, Mar. Aug. 20, May 30, Sept. 13, 1870 1864 1870 1886 1888 1892 1862 1862 1881 1899 1895 1892 1870 1878 1869 1894 1883 1896 1892 1874 1897 1858 1899 1896 1896 1873 1880 1876 1885 1896 1896 1865 1865 1865 1896 1884 1865 1873 1874 1880 1865 1869 1859 1864 1899 1892 1877 1882 1871 1866 1863 1871 1873 1864 1867 1871 1879 1864 1877 1866 1869 1290 NECKOLOGY Name. Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion* Rokitansky, Karl Feb. 20, 1804 July 23, 1878 10 Rolleston, George, M.D. July 30, 1829 June 9, 1881 10 Rolt, Sir John Oct. 5, 1804 June 6, 1871 7 Romanes, Prof. George, F.R.S., LL.D. May 20, 1848 May 23, 1894 IS Romilly, Lord 1802 Dec. 23, 1874 8 Roon, Count von ... April 30, 1803 Feb. 23, 1879 10 Rosa, Carl... Mar. 22, 1842 April 30, 1889 12 Rosa, Martinez de la, F. {see Martinez de la Rosa, F.) Rosas, Juan Manuel Ortiz de 1793 Mar. 14, 1877 9- Roscoe, Thomas June 1791 Sept. 24, 1871 7 Rose, Gustav Mar. 18, 1798 July 15, 1873 8 Rose, H. 1795 Jan. 1864 6 Rose, Henry John (Archdeacon) 1801. Jan. 31, 1873 8 Rose, Sir John Aug. 2, 1820 Aug. 24, 1888 12 Roskell, Richard, D.D., Bishop of Nottingham Aug. 15, 1817 Jan. 27, 1883 10 Rosmead, Lord, G.C.M.G., P.C. Dec. 19, 1824 Oct. 28, 1897 14 Ross, Alexander Milton, M.D., F.R.S.L. Dec. 13, 1832 Oct. 28, 1897 14 Ross, Admiral, Sir J. C. 1800 April 3, 1862 5 Ross, Lieut. -General Sir John Mar. 18,' 1829 1888 12 Rosse, Earl of ... June 17, 1800 Oct. 31," 1867 7 Rossetti, Christina G. Dec. 5, 1830 Dec. 29, 1894 13 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel .. . 1828 April 9, 1882 10 Rossetti, Maria Francesca Feb. 17," 1827 1876 9 Rossi, Ernesto • .» 1829 June 4, 1896 14 Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio .. Feb. 29, 1792 Nov. 13, 1868 7 Rosslyn, Earl of ... Feb. 15, 1802 June 16, 1866 6 Rost,"Reinhold, CLE., LL.D Feb. 2, 1822 Feb. 7, 1896 14 Rothschild, Baron Ferdinand, M.P Dec. 17, 1839 Dec. 17, 1898 14 Rothschild, Baron Lionel Nathan de Nov. 22, 1808 June 3, 1879 10 Rouher, Eugene Nov. 30, 1814 Feb. 3, 1884 11 Rous, Admiral Henry John Jan. 25, 1795 June 19, 1877 9 Rousseau, Major-General Lovell H Aug. 4, 1818 Jan. 7, 1869 7 Rousset, Camille F. M Feb. 15, 1821 Oct. 19, 1892 13 Rowsell, Rev. Thomas J., M.A. 1816 Jan. 23, 1894 13 Rubenstein, Anton Gregor Nov. 30, 1830 Nov. 20, 1894 13 Riidiger, Count 1800 June 22, 1856 6 Ruffini, Giovanni D Sept. 1807 Nov. 3, 1881 10 Ruge, Arnold 1802 Jan. 1881 10 Runyon, Hon. Theodore, LL.D. ... .„ Oct. 25,"" 1822 Jan. 26, 1896 14 Russel, Alexander Dec. 10, 1814 July 18, 1876 9 Russell, W. H. L, F.R.S Aug. 26, 1823 Dec. 28, 1891 13 Russell, Sir Charles, Bart. June 22, 1822 April 14, 1883 11 Russell, Charles William, D.D 1812 Feb. 26, 1880 10 Russell, John, Earl Aug. 18) 1792 May 28, 1878 9 Russell, Rev. John Fuller 1837 April 6, 1884 11 Russell, John Scott „ 1808 June 8, 1882 10 Russell, W. A., Bishop in China 1821 Oct. 5, 1879 10 Rutland, Duke of May 16, 1815 Mar. 2, 1887 12 Ryan, Sir Edward 1793 Aug. 22, 1875 9- Rydberg, Professor Abraham Victor Dec. 18, 1828 Sept. 22, 1895 14 Sabine, Gen. Sir Edward Oct. 14, 1788 June 26, 1883 10 Sacher-Masoch, L. von Jan. 27, 1836 May 6, 1894 13 Safvet Pacha 1815 Nov. 1883 10 Said Pacha, Viceroy of Egypt 1822 Jan. 18, 1863 5 Said, Seyyid Ali (Sultan of Zanzibar) 1893 13 St. Asaph, Bishop of {see Short) St. Germans, Earl of Aug. 29, 1798 Oct. 7, 1877 9 St. Germans, Earl of 1829 Mar. 19, 1881 10 St. John, Bayle 1822 Aug. 1, 1859 5 St. John James Augustus Sept. 24, 1801 Sept. 22, 1875 9 NECEOLOGY 1291 Name. Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. St. John, Percy B Mar. 4, 1821 Mar. 15, 1889 12 St. Leonards, Lord ... ... Feb. 1781 Jan. 29, 1875 8 Sainte-Beuve, Ch. Angustin Dec. 23, 1804 Oct. 13, 1869 7 Sainte-Claire Deville, H. E Mar. 11, 1818 July 1, 1881 12 Sainte-Vallier, Charles Kaymond, Comte de . . . Sept. 12, 1838 Feb. 4, 1886 11 Sala, George Augustus Henry 1828 Dec. 8, 1895 14 Saldanha, Duke of Nov. 17,' 1790 Nov. 20, 1876 6 Salisbury, Bishop of (see Hamilton) Salisbury, Marquis of April 17, 1791 April 12, 1868 7 Salnave, President ... Jan. 10, 1870 7 Salomons, Sir David 1797 July 18, 1873 8 Salt, Sir Titus 1803 Dec. 29, 1876 9 Salvini, Tommaso Jan. 1, 1830 14 Sand, Georges ... July 5, 1804 June 8, 1876 9 Sandeau, Leonard S. Jules Feb. 19, 1811 April 24, 1883 10 Sandford, John (Archdeacon) Mar. 22, 1802 Mar. 22, 1873 8 Sandford, Col. Sir Herbert, R.A., K.C.M.G. ... Aug. 13, 1826 ... 1892 13 Sandhurst, Lord ... 1819 June 23, 1876 9 Sandys, Lord Jan. 28, 1798 April 10, 1863 5 Santa Anna, A. L. de Feb. 21, 1798 June 20, 1876 9 Sarcey, Francisque Oct. 8, 1828 May 16, 1899 14 Sartorius, Admiral Sir George ... Aug. 9, 1809 April, 13, 1885 11 Sassoon, Sir Albert, K.C.S.I 1818 Oct. 24, 1896 14 Savile, Rt. Hon. John, G.C.B 1818 Nov. 28, 1896 14 Savory, Sir William Scovell, F.R.S 1828 Mar. 4, 1895 14 Sawyer, William, F.S.A. July 26, 1828 Nov. 1, 1882 10 Sawyer, William Collison, Bishop of Grafton and Armidale ... 1831 Mar. 15, 1868 7 Saxe, John E. June 2, 1816 Mar. 31, 1887 12 Say, H. E Mar. 11, 1794 1860 6 Say, Jean Baptiste Le"on ... June 6, 1826 April 21, 1896 14 Scarlett, Sir James Yorke ... Feb. 1, 1799 Dec. 6, 1871 7 Schamyl June 1797 Mar. 1871 7 Schaff, Phillip, D.D., LL.D Jan. 1, 1819 Oct. 23, 1893 13 Scharf, Sir George, K.C.B., F.S.A Dec. 16, 1820 April 19, 1895 14 Scherer, Edmond H. A April 8, 1815 Mar. 16, 1889 12 Schlagenweit, A. . . . Jan. 9, 1829 Oct. 1858 5 Schliemann, Dr. Heinrich 1822 Dec. 27, 1890 12 Schmitz, Leonhard Mar. 6, 1807 May 28, 1890 12 Schnor von Karolsfeld, Julius Mar. 26, 1794 May 24, 1872 8 Schnitzler, Edward (Emin Pacha) March 1840 Oct. 20, 1893 13 Schoenlein, J. Nov. 30, 1793 Jan. 1864 6 Scholefield, W 1809 July 9, 1867 6 Schomburg, Sir R. 1804 Mar. 11, 1865 5 Schott, Wilhelm Sept. 3, 1807 Jan. 21, 1889 12 Schumann, Madame Clara Sept. 13, 1819 May 20, 1896 14 Schuvaloff, Count Peter 1828 Mar. 1889 12 Schwarzenberg, Cardinal April 6, 1809 Mar. 27, 1885 12 Schwatka, Frederick Sept. 29, 1849 Jan. 31, 1891 12 Scott, Benjamin, F.R.A.S 1814 Jan. 17, 1892 13 Scott, Sir George Gilbert, R. A. 1811 Mar. 27, 1878 9 Scott, Very Rev. Robert 1811 Dec. 2, 1887 12 Scott, General W. June 13, 1786 May 29, 1866 6 Scott, Rev. William May 2, 1813 Jan. 11, 1872 7 Scrope, George Poulett, F.R.S. 1797 Jan. 19, 1876 9 Scrivener, Rev. Fred. H. A, LL.D Sept. 29, 1813 Nov. 2, 1891 13 Seaton, Lord ... 1777 April 17, 1863 5 Secchi, Angelo June 29, 1818 Feb. 26, 1878 9 Sedgwick, Rev. Adam, LL.D 1787 Jan. 27, 1873 8 Sedgwick, Miss C. M 1789 July 31, 1867 6 Sedgwick, Major-General J 1816 May 9, 1864 6 Seeley. Sir John R., K.C.M.G 1834 Jan. 13, 1895 13 Seemann, Berthold 1825 Oct. 10, 1871 7 1292 NECROLOGY Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion Nov. 27, 1812 May 4, 1895 14 1835 Jan. 17, 1890 12 1821 Nov. 1876 9 1813 Aug. 11, 1869 7 1809 April 11, 1878 9 May 20, 1844 Feb. 12, 1898 14 1806 April 24, 1875 8 1790 June 4, 1864 5 1810 1885 11 Nov. 1823 April 12, 1899 14 May 16, 1801 Oct. 10, 1872 8 1805 Nov. 14, 1874 8 1787 Jan. 20, 1870 7 1797 Feb. 2, 1880 10 May 13, 1810 Feb. 12, 1886 11 1802 June 19, 1874 8 April 28, 1801 Oct. 1, 1885 11 Sept. 18, 1885 11 Jan. 21, 1805 April 10, 1896 14 April 1, 1802 April 11, 1880 10 June 21, 1820 Nov. 17, 1894 13 1804 Feb. 19, 1868 7 1787 Oct. 6, 1863 5 Mar. 18"' 1808 Jan. 26, 1867 5 June 24, 1893 13 Dec. 1811 1892 13 Feb. 21 !' 1879 10 Mar. 6, 1831 Aug. 5, 1888 12 Feb. 18, 1820 Feb. 14, . 1891 12 Aug. 11, 1807 Sept. 1866 6 Jan. 22, 1812 Sept. 19, 1882 10 1828 Nov. 20, 1866 6 1803 Oct. 5, 1883 10 Sept. 16, 1790 April 13, 1872 7 Nov. 8, 1803 June 4, 1868 7 July 20, 1804 May 26, 1877 9 1805 Oct. 1, 1868 7 1792 April 10, 1879 10 1803 Sept. 1873 8 April 4, 1823 Nov. 18, 1883 10 1816 Dec. 6, 1892 13 Sept. 1, 1791 June 10, 1865 5 1818 Oct. 15, 1889 12 July 23, 1816 Jan. 16, 1892 13 July 24, 1814 Oct. 3, 1897 14 June 11, 1811 Jane 10, 1882 10 June 11, 1811 June 10, 1882 12 Dec. 31, 1814 June 8, 1896 14 1806 Aug. 19, 1887 12 1792 April 18, 1868 7 1811 May 6, 1870 7 1816 Nov. 24, 1898 14 April 17, 1800 Aug. 6, 1864 5 Aug. 20, 1797 May 22, 1875 8 1786 July 16, 1866 6 July 18, 1831 July 20, 1897 14 June 7, 1809 Aug. 29, 1892 lc 1843 July 7, 1882 1( 1791 May 19, 1862 1 1780 Feb. 5, 1865 1793 July 26, 1871 Selborne, Earl of, D.C.L Sellar, Alexander Craig Sellon, Priscilla Lydia Selwyn, Sir Charles Jasper Selvvyn, George Augustus, Bishop of Lichfield Selwyn, Rt. Rev. John Richardson, D.D. Selwyn, William, D.D Senior, Nassau William Serrano y Dominquez Francisco Servia, Prince of (see Michael Obrenovitch) Service, Hon. James Seward, William Henry ... Sewell, William, D.D Seymour, Sir Geo. Francis Seymour, Sir Geo. Hamilton Seymour, Horatio ... ... ... Seymour, Rev. Michael Hobart Shaftesbury, Earl of, Shairp, John Campbell, LL.D Sharp, William, M.D., F.R.S Sharpey, William, M.D Shedd, W. G. T., D.D Shee, Sir William Sheepshanks, J Shelley, Sir J. V., Bart Shepstone, Sir Theophilus, K.C.M.G Sherbrooke (Viscount), Rt. Hon. R. L., C.B. Shere AH Khan Sheridan, General Philip Henry Sherman, General William Shilibeer, G Shirley, Evelyn Philip Shirley, Rev. W. W Short," Augustus, Bishop of Adelaide Short, Thomas Vowler, D.D., Bishop of St. Asaph Shrewsbury and Talbot, Earl of Shuttleworth, Sir James Phillips Kay Siam, Chao Pha Monkhout, King of Sibthorp, Rev. Richard Waldo Sidi Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco Siemens, Sir Charles William Siemens, Dr. Werner *. Sigourney, Mrs. L. H Sikes, Sir Charles Simeoni, Giovanni (Cardinal) Simmonds-Lund, Peter, F.L.S., F.R.C.I. Simmons, William Henry Simmons, William Simon, Jules Simpson, John Palgrave Simpson, General Sir James Simpson, Sir James Young, M.D Sims, Richard Sinclair, Miss Catherine Sinclair, John (Archdeacon) Singer, Dr., Bishop of Meath Skelton, Sir John, LL.D. Skene, William F., LL.D Skobeleflc, General Michael • .. Slaney, R. A Sleigh, Sir J. W Sliddell, John NECROLOGY 1293 Name. Sloper, E. H. Lindsay ... Smart, Sir G. T Smart, John, R.S. A. Smedley, F. E Smee, Alfred ... Smirke, Sir R. ... ... ... Smirke, Sydney, R.A Smith, Alexander Smith, Sir Andrew, M.D. Smith, Charles Roach Smith, Sir Francis Pettit Smith, Geo., D.D., Bishop of Victoria, Hong Kong Smith, Henry Boynton, D.D Smith, James Smith, General Sir John Mark Fred Smith, Robert Angus, M.D Smith, Very Rev. Robert Payne Smith, Rt. Hon. T. B. C. Smith, William, F.S. A Smith, Rt. Hon. Sir Montague, Q.C Smith, William, LL.D Smith, Rt. Hon. William Henry, M.P. Smith, Prof. William R., LL.D Smyth, Richard, M.P. ... Smyth, Admiral W. H Solly, Edward, F.R.S Somerset, Duke of Somerset, Sir H Somerville, Mrs. Mary Sopwitb, Thomas, F.R.S, Sothern, Edward Askew Soulouque, F. (see Hayti, ex-Emperor of) South, Sir James ... ... Sowerby, George Brettingham Sowerby, James de Carle Sparks, J Speke, Capt. J. H. Spence, James Spencer, A. G., Bishop of Jamaica Spencer, The Hon. and Rev. G. Spencer, Rt. Rev. Dr. G. J. T Spooner, R. Spnller, Eugene Spurgeon, Charles H Spottiswoode, Wm., LL.D., F.R.S Squier, Ephraim-George Stambuloff, N Stanfield, C Stanhope, Earl Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, D.D. Stanley of Alderley, Lord Stansfeld, Rt. Hon. Sir James, G.C.B. Stanton, Edwin M Staunton, Howard Stebbing, Henry, D.D., F.R.S. Steel, Sir S.W Steell, Sir John, R.S.A Steere, Edward, Bishop in Africa Steinitz, William Stenhouse, John, LL.D., F.R.S. Stephen, Sir George, Q.C Stephen, Hon. Sir James Fitzjames, K. C.S.I. Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion June 14, 1826 July 3, 1887 12 May 1776 Feb. 23, 1867 6 Oct. 16, 1838 June 1, 1899 14 1819 May 1, 1864 5 1818 Jan. 11, 1877 9 1780 April 18, 1867 6 Dec. 8, 1877 9 Dec. 31, 1830 Jan. 5, 1867 6 1797 Aug. 11, 1872 8 Aug. 2, 1890 12 Feb. 9, " 1808 Feb. 11, 1874 8 1815 Dec. 14, 1871 7 Nov. 2lj' 1815 Feb. 7, 1S77 9 Mar. 26, 1805 Mar. 1872 7 1792 Nov. 20, 1874 8 Feb. 15', 1817 May 11, 1884 11 Nov. 1818 Mar. 31, 1895 14 1797 Aug. 13, 1866 6 July 11, 1808 Sept. 6, 1876 9 1809 May 3, 1891 13 May 20, 1813 Oct. 7, 1893 13 June 24, 1825 Oct. 6, 1891 13 Nov. 8, 1846 Mar, 31, 1894 13 Oct. 4, 1826 Dec. 4, 1878 9 1788 Sept. 9, 1865 6 Oct. 11, 1819 April 2, 1886 11 Dec. 20, 1804 Nov. 28, 1885 11 1794 Feb. 15, 1862 5 Dec. 26, 1780 Nov. 29, 1872 8 1803 Jan. 16, 1879 10 April 1, 1830 Jan. 20, 1881 10 1798 Oct. 19, 1867 7 1812 July 25, 1884 11 June 5, 1787 Aug. 26, 1871 7 May 10, 1789 Mar. 15, 1866 6 May 1827 Sept. 15, 1864 5 1812 June 6, 1882 10 1795 Feb, 24, 1872 7 Dec. 21, 1799 Oct. 1, 1864 ' 5 1801 July 16, 1866 | 6 July 28," 1783 Nov. 24, 1864 I 5 Dec. 8, 1835 July 23, 1896 , 14 June 19, 1834 Jan. 31, 1892 13 Jan. 11, 1825 June 27, 1883 10 June 17, 1821 April 17, 1888 12 1855 July 18, 1895 14 ... 1798 May 18, 1867 6 Jan. 31, 1805 Dec. 24, 1875 9 1815 July 18, 1881 10 Nov. 13,' 1802 June 16, 1869 7 1820 Feb. 17, 1898 14 Dec. 19, 1814 Dec. 23, 1869 7 1810 June 22, 1874 8 Aug. 26, 1799 Sept. 22, 1883 8 1789 Mar. 11, 1865 5 1804 Sept. 15, 1891 13 1828 Aug. 27, 1882 1C May 14, 1836 Feb. 1897 14 Oct. 21, 1809 Dec. 31, 1880 If 1794 June 20, 1879 1C Mar. 3, 1829 Mar. 11, 1894 is 1294 NECKOLOGY Name. Date of Birth. Date oi Death. Stephen, Rt. Hon. Sir Alfred Stephens, Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Edward Bowring, A.R.A Stephens, Prof. George, LL.D., Ph.D. Stepniak, Sergius Michael Dragomanoff Stevens, Thaddeus Stevenson, Robert Louis Balfour Stewart, Alexander Turney Stewart, Balfour Stewart, Sir Houston Stewart, Sir Robert, Mus. D Stirbey, Prince ... Stirling, Sir J. Stirling, Mrs Stocks, Lumb, R.A Stockenstrom, Sir A., Bart Stokes, William, M.D Stone, Edward James, M.A., F.R.S Stopford, Hon. Sir M Storks, Major-General Sir Henry Knight Story, William Wetmore Stoughton, Rt. Rev. John, D.D. Stowe, Mrs. Harriet E., Strachan, John, D.D., Bishop of Toronto Strain, John, Archbishop of St. Andrews Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount Strathnairn, Lord Strauss, David Friederich Strauss, Johann ... Street, George Edmund, R.A. ... Strickland, Miss Agnes Struthers, John, M.D Stuart, Sir John Stuart, John, LL.D Stuart, J. M Sullivan, Barry Sullivan, The Right Hon. Edward Sullivan, Rt. Hon. L Sulpice, P. C. {see Gavarni) Sumner, Charles ... Sumner, Charles Richard, Bishop of Winchester Sumner, J. B., Archbishop of Canterbury Surtees, Sir S. V. Suther, Thomas, Bishop of Aberdeen ... Sutherland, Duchess Dowager of Sutherland, Dr. A. J Swain, Charles Sybel, Prof. Henrich von Sykes, Sir Tatton, Bart. Sykes, Colonel William Henry, M.P Sylvester, Prof. James Joseph, LL.D., F.R.S. Syme, James Symonds, John Addington Symonds, Sir Thomas M. C, G.C.B Szemere, B. Taapfb, Count Taglioni, Maria Taillandier, Saint Rene 1 Taine, Adolphe Tait, Archibald C, Archbishop of Canterbury Talbot, William Henry Fox Aug. 20, Feb. 11, April 4, Nov. 13, Oct. 27, Nov. 1, Dec. Aug. Jan. Nov. 30, July 6, Feb. 28," Nov. 11, Feb. 12," Nov. 18, June 14, Dec. 8, Nov. 4, Jan. 27, Feb. 21, Nov. July Jan. 6, Dec. 2, Aug. 22, Sept. 3, Oct. 5, Aug. 24, Feb. 24, Mar. Dec. 16, April 21, Dec. 22, 1802 1812 1817 1813 1841 1793 1850 1802 1828 1791 1825 1801 1791 1817 1812 1792 1804 1831 1798 1811 1819 1807 1812 18i'6 1786 1803 1808 1825 1824 1823 1793 1813 1818 1824 1822 1783 1811 1790 1780 1803 1814 1806 1811 1803 1817 1772 1790 1814 1799 1840 1811 1812 1833 1804 1817 1828 1811 1800 Oct. 14, Mar. 4, Nov. 10, Aug. Dec. 23, Aug. 24, Dec. 8, April 10, Dec. 19, Dec. 10, Mar. 25, April 13, April 22, Dec. April 28, Mar. 15, Jan. 7, May 9, Nov. 10, Sept. 6, Oct. 7, Oct. 24, July 1, Oct. 1, July 2, Aug. 14, Oct. 16, Feb. 8, June 3, Dec. 18, July 13, Feb. 24, Oct. 29, July June 5, May 3, April 13, Jan. 4, Mar. 11, Aug. 15, Sept. 6, April 19, Jan. 23, Oct. 27, Jan. 31, Sept. 22, Aug. 1, Mar. 21, June 16, Mar. 15, June 26, April 19, Nov. 14, Jan. 9, Nov. 29, April 23, Feb. 24, Mar. 5, Dec. 3, Sept. 17, 1894 1883 1882 1895 1895 1868 1894 1876 1887 1875 1894 1869 1865 1895 1892 1864 1878 1897 1864 1874 1895 1897 1896 1867 1883 1880 1885 1874 1899 1881 1874 1899 1876 1881 1866 1891 1885 1866 1874 1874 1862 1867 1883 1868 1867 1874 1895 1863 1872 1897 1870 1893 1894 1865 1895 1884 1879 1893 1882 1877 NECKOLOGY 1295 Name. Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. Talbot de Malahide, Lord Nov. 22, 1805 April 14, 1883 10 Tamberlik, Henri 1820 Mar. 13, 1889 12 Tamburini, Antonio Mar. 28, 1800 Nov. 8, 1876 9 Tann, General von der ... !•• 1805 April 26, 1881 10 Tanner, Thos. Hawkes, M.D 1824 July 7, 1871 7 Taschereau, Most Rev Feb. 17,' 1820 April 12, 1898 14 Tattam, The Ven. Hy., LL. D. , F.R. S Dec. 28, 1788 Jan. 1868 7 Tauchnitz, Baron 1816 Aug. 13, 1895 14 Taunton, Henry Labouchere, Lord ... Aug. 15, 1798 July 13, 1869 7 Tayler, Frederick April 30, 1804 June 20, 1889 12 Taylor, Alfred Swaine, M.D Dec. 1806 May 27, 1880 10 Taylor, Bayard Jan. 11, 1825 Dec. 19, 1878 9 Taylor, Sir Henry Mar. 1800 Mar. 28, 1886 11 Taylor, Isaac 1787 June 28, 1865 5 Taylor (Baron), Isidore S.J. Aug. 15, 1789 Sept. 6, 1879 10 Taylor, Tom 1817 July 12, 1880 10 Tchernaieff, Michael Oct. 24, 1828 Aug. 17, 1898 14 Tegethoff , Vice-Admiral W. von 1827 April 7, 1871 7 Temple, Stephen, Q.C Aug. 1868 7 Tenerani, Pietro ... 1800 Dec. 14, 1869 7 Tennant, James, F.G.S Feb. 23, 1881 10 Tennent, Sir James Emerson 1804 Mar. 6, 1869 7 Tennyson, Alfred (Lord Tennyson), D.C.L., F.R.S 1809 Oct. 1892 13 Terrott, C. H., Bishop of Edinburgh 1790 April 2, 1872 7 Terry, General Alfred Howe Nov. 1827 Dec. 16, 1890 12 Tewfik Pacha (Nathaniel Tewfik) Nov. 19, 1852 13 Thackeray, W. M. 1811 Dec. 24, 1863 5 Thalberg, Sigismund ... Jan. 7, 1812 April 27, 1871 7 Theed, William (Sculptor) 1804 Theodore, King of Abyssinia April 13, 1868 7 Thesiger, Rt. Hon. Alfred Henry 1838 Oct. 20, 1880 10 Thierry, A. 1803 Dec. 28, 1858 6 Thierry, Amadee Simon Dominique ... Aug. 2, 1797 Mar. 27, 1873 8 Thiers, Louis Adolphe ... April 16, 1797 Sept. 3, 1877 9 Thiersch, F. W June 17, 1784 Feb. 25, 1860 5 Thirlwall, Connop, Bp. of St. David's Feb. 11, 1797 July 27, 1875 9 Tholuck, Friedrich A. G. Mar. 30, 1799 June 9, 1877 9 Thomas, Arthur Goring Nov. 21, 1851 Mar. 20, 1892 13 Thomas, Charles Louis Ambroise Aug. 5, 1811 Feb. 12, 1896 14 Thomas, Major-General Geo. Henry July 31, 1816 Mar. 28, 1870 7 Thompson, Allen, M.D April 2, 1809 Mar. 21, 1884 11 Thompson, Lieut. -General Tho. Perronet 1783 Sept. 6, 1869 7 Thorns, William John Nov. 16, 1803 Aug. 15, 1885 11 Thomson, Sir Charles Wy ville May 5, 1830 Mar. 10, 1882 10 Thomson, Mrs. 1800 Dec. 17, 1862 5 Thomson, R. D ... ... 1805 Aug. 17, 1864 5 Thomson, The MostRev.W., Archbishopof York Feb. 11, 1819 Dec. 25, 1890 12 Thorbecke, John Rudolph 1796 June 4, 1872 8 Thorburn, Robert, A.R.A. ... 1818 Nov. 3, 1885 11 Thornbury , George Walter 1828 June 11, 1876 9 Thornton, William Thomas, C.B Feb. 14^' 1813 June 17, 1880 10 Thorold, Rt. Rev. Anthony Wilson, D.D. ... June 13, 1825 July 25, 1895 14 Thouvenel, E. A Nov. 11, 1818 Oct. 17, 1866 6 Thring, Rev. Edward Nov. 29, 1821 Oct. 22, 1887 12 Thurston, Sir John Bates, KC.M.G 1836 Feb. 1897 14 Thwaites, Sir John 1815 Aug. 8, 1870 7 Ticknor, George Aug. 1, 1791 Jan. 26, 1871 7 Tierney , Rev. Mark Aloysius 1795 .Feb. 19, 1862 5 Tilden, Samuel Jones Feb. 9, '" 1814 Aug. 4, 1886 11 Timbs, John, F.S.A Aug. 17, 1801 Mar. 4, 1875 8 Tindal, Mrs. Acton I. E. May 6, 1879 10 Tirard, P. E Sept. 27, 1827 Nov. 4, 1893 13 1296 NECROLOGY Date of Birth. Date of Death. Teschendorf, L. F. Constantine Titcomb, Rt. Rev. J., Bishop of Rangoon Tite, Sir Wm., M.P Titiens, Teresa . Todd, James Henthorne. D.D. ... Todd, Dr. R. B Todhunter, Dr. Isaac Todleben, General Count Franz Edward Tomasseo, Niccolo Tomlins, G. F Tomlinson, Prof. Charles, F.R.S., F.C.S. Tonson, Dr., Bishop of Killaloe Tooke, W Toronto, Bishop of {see Strachan) Torrens, Sir Robert Richard Torrens, William T. McC Torrey, John, M.D. Toung-Tchi, Emperor of China Townshend, Rev. Chauncey Hare Towson, John Thomas ... Trelawny, Sir John Salusbury Trench, Archbishop of Dublin ... Trench, Rev. Francis Trench, William Steuart Trevelyan, Sir Charles Trevelyan, Sir Walter Calverley Trevor, Rev. George ... Trimen, Henry, M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S Tripe, John William, M.D Trochu, Louis Jules Trollope, Anthony Trollope, Mrs. F Trollope, Rt. Rev. Edward, D.D., F.S.A Trollope, Thomas Adolphus Troubridge, Sir T. St. V. H. C, Bart Trower, Walter J., D.D. (Bishop) Tseng (His Excellency The Marquis) Tuam, Killala, and Achonry, Bishop of (Right Rev. Lord Plunket) Tuke, D. Hack, M.D., LL.D Tulloch, Rev. John, D.D. Tupper, Martin Farquhar Turgenev, Ivan S. Turnbull, W. B Turner, Rt. Hon. Sir G. J Turner, Godfrey Wordsworth Turner, Sydney, M.A Turner, Wm. Bishop of Salford Turton, Thos., D.D., Bishop of Ely Tweeddale, Marquis of Twisleton, Hon. Edward T. B Twiss, Sir Travers, Q.C., D.C.L., F.R.S. Tyler, Sir G Tyndall, Prof. John LL.D., F.R.S Tyrrell, Wm., Bishop of Newcastle (Australia) Uhland, J. L Ullman, Karl Ulrich, Joseph Alexis, General Upington, Sir Thomas, K.C.M.G., Q.O. Urquhart, David Utterton, John Sutton, Bishop Jan. 18, May 8, Nov. 27, Oct. April 21, June 2, Sept. 9, July, Nov. 16, Mar. 31, Oct. 26," Mar. 12, April 24, April 15, April 29, Nov. 9, April 2, Sept. 25, Feb. 25, Feb. May 24, Mar. 19, Aug. 2i, 1815 1819 1802 1834 1805 1810 1820 1818 1803 1804 1808 . 1784 . 1777 . 1814 1813 . 1798 1856 . 1800 . 1804 1816 1807 1806 1808 1807 1797 1809 1843 1821 1815 1815 1800 1817 1810 1817 1805 (?)1848 1792 1827 1823 1810 1818 . 1811 , 1798 . 1825 1814 1800 1780 1787 1809 1809 1792 1820 1807 April 26, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Oct. 28, Sept. 7, 1787 1796 1802 1844 1805 1814 Dec. 7, April 2, April 20, Oct. 3, June 28, Jan. 30, Mar. 1, July 1, May 1, Sept. 21, Feb. 15, Dec. Sept. 20, Aug. 31, April 26, Mar. 10, Jan. 12, Feb. 25, Jan. 3, Aug. 4, Mar. 28, April 3, Aug. June 19, Mar. 10, June 18, Oct. 16, April 7, Oct. 7, Dec. 5, Oct. 6, Nov. 11,' Oct. 2, Oct. 24, April 12, Oct. 18, Mar. 5, Feb. 13, Nov. 29, Sept. 3, April 22, July 9, June 26, July 13, Jan. 7, Oct. 10, Oct. 5, Jan. 14, June 4, Dec. 4, Mar. 24, Nov. 13, Jan. 12, Oct. Dec. 10, May 16, Dec. 21, 1874 1887 1873 1877 1869 1860 1884 1884 1874 1867 1897 1861 1863 1884 1894 1873 1875 1868 1881 1885 1886 1886 1872 1886 1879 1888 1896 1892 1896 1882 1863 1893 1892 1867 1877 1890 1866 1895 1886 1889 1883 1863 1867 1879 1872 1864 .1876 1874 1897 1862 1893 1879 1862 1865 1886 1898 1877 1879 NECROLOGY 1297 Name. Valencia, Duke of {see Narvaez) Van Buren, Martin Vanderbilt, Cornelius Vaughan, Very Rev. Charles John, D.D. Vaughan, Rev. Robert, D.D Vaughan, Roger Bede, Archbishop of Sydney Veitch, Prof. John, M.A., LL.D. Velpeau, A. A. L. M Venables, Addington R. P., Bishop of Nassau Venedy , Jakob ... Verdon, Sir George Frederic, K.C.M.G., F.R. Verlaine, Paul Vernet, E. J. H Verney, Rt. Hon. Sir Harry Vernon, Dr. L. D. Verschoyle, Hamilton, Bishop of Kilmore Veuillot, Louis ... Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy Viel-Castel (Comte de), Louis Vigfusson, Gudbrand Vigny, Comte de A. V. ... Villemain, Abel Francois Villiers, Rt. Hon. Cha'rles Pelham Vincke, Baron von Viollet le Due, E. E Voelcker, Augustus Vogan, Rev. T. S L Vogel, Hon. Sir Julius, K.C.M.G. Vogt, Prof. Karl, M.D Volkhardt, Wilhelm Waagen, Gustav Friedrich Waddington, Geo., D.D. Waddington, John, D.D. Waddington, William Henry ... Waddy, Samuel Dousland, D.D.. Wade, Benjamin Franklin Wade, Sir Thomas Francis, K.C.B.. G.C.M.G Wagner, R. Wagner, Richard (Composer) ... Waite, Morrison R. Wakefield, E. G Wakley, Thomas ... Wallace, Robert, D.D., M.P Wallcott, Rev. Mackenzie Waldegrave, Sam., Bishop of Carlisle Walewski, Comte de Walford, Cornelius Walker, Sir Baldwin Wake Walker, Frederick, A.R.A. Walker, G. A., M.D Walker, J. T., R.E., C.B., F.R.S. Walpole, Rt. Hon. Sir Spencer H. Walsh, John Henry Walsh, Rt. Hon. John Edward Walshe, Prof. Walter H., M.D. Walter, John Ward, Edward Matthew, R.A. Warren, Samuel, D.C.L. Warter, Rev. John Wood Waterton, Charles Watkins, Rev. Charles Frederick Bate of I irth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. Dec. 5, 1792 July 24, 1862 5 May 27, 1794 Jan. 3, 1877 9 1816 Oct. 16, 1897 14 1795 June 14, 1868 7 Jan. 9, 1834 Aug. 18, 1883 10 Oct. 24, 1829 Sept. 3, 1894 13 May 18, 1795 Aug. 24, 1867 6 1827 Oct. 8, 1876 9 May 24, 1805 Feb. 1871 7 Jan. 21, 1834 Sept. 13, 1896 14 Mar. 30, 1844 Jan. 8, 1896 14 June 30, 1789 Jan. 19, 1863 5 1801 Feb. 12, 1894 13 April 5, 1798 Sept. 27, 1867 5 1803 Jan. 28, 1870 7 1813 April 7, 1883 10 Mar. 14, 1820 Jan. 9, 1878 9 Oct. 14, 1800 Oct. 1887 12 1830 Jan. 31, 1889 12 Mar. 27,' 1799 Sept. 18, 1863 5 Jane 11, 1790 May 8, 1870 6 Jan. 3, 1803 Jan. 16, 1898 14 May 15, 1811 June 1877 7 Jan. 27, 1814 Sept. 17, 1879 10 1823 Dec. 5, 1884 11 1800 April 3, 1867 5 Feb. 24, 1835 Mar. 12, 1899 14 July 5, 1817 May 6, 1895 14 June 23, 1815 Mar. 14, 1876 9 Feb. 11, 1794 July IS, 1868 7 1793 July 20, 1869 7 Dec. 10, 1810 Sept. 24, 1880 10 Dec. 11, 1826 Jan. 13, 1894 13 Aug. 5, 1804 Nov. 7, 1876 9 Oct. 27, 1800 Mar. 2, 1878 9 1820 July 31, 1895 14 June 20, 1805 May 12, 1864 5 May 22, 1813 Feb. 13, 1883 10 Nov. 29, 1816 Mar. 23, 1888 12 1796 May 16, 1862 5 1795 May 16, 1862 5 June 24, 1831 June 6, 1899 15 1822 Dec. 22, 1880 10 1817 Oct. 1, 1869 7 May 4, 1810 Sept. 27, 1868 7 1827 Sept. 28, 1885 11 1803 Feb. 12, 1876 9 1840 June 4, 1875 9 Feb. 27," 1807 July 6, 1884 11 Dec. 1, 1826 Feb. 16, 1896 14 Sept. 11, 1806 May 22, 1898 14 Oct. 21, 1810 Feb. 12, 1888 12 Nov. 1816 Oct. 17, 1869 7 1816 1892 13 1818 1894 13 1816 Jan. 15, 1879 10 1807 July 29, 1877 9 1806 Feb. 21, 1878 9 June 12, 1782 May 27, 1865 5 Jan. 16, 1795 July 15, 1873 4 N 8 1298 NECKOLOGY Watson, Eev. A Watson, Hewett Cottrell Watson, Sir Thomas, M.D Watson, John Dawson, R.W.S. Watson, John Forbes, M.D , LL.D Watt, J. H Watts, A. A Watts, Thomas Waugh, Edwin ... ... Webb, Charles Locook, Q.C. Webster, Benjamin Webster, Thomas, B.A Webster, Augusta Weekes, Henry, RA. Weld, Charles Robert Weld, His Excellency Sir P., G.C.M.G. Wellesley, Gerald V. (Dean) Wellesley, Rev. H Wellington, Second Duke of Wells, Sir Thomas Spencer, M.D. Wensleydale, James Parke, Lord Werder, August von West, Admiral Sir J Westbury, Richard Bethel, Lord Westergaard, Neils Ludwig Westmacott, Richard, R.A., F.R.S Westminster, R. Grosvenor, Marquis of Westwood, John Obadiah, M.A., F.L.S. Wetherall, Sir George Augustus Whately, Richard, Archbishop of Dublin Wheatstone, Sir Charles Whewell, Rev. William Whipple, George M., F.R.A.S White, Rev. Edward White, Rev. J White, Richard Grant White, Walter White, Sir William, K.C.M.G Whiteside, Rt. Hon. James ... Whitman, Walter Whittier, John G. .. Whitworth, Sir Joseph Wickens, Sir John Wiedemann, Professor Gustave Wigan, Alfred ... .. Wightman, Sir W Wigrana, Dr. (see Rochester, Bishop of) Wigram, Rt. Hon. Sir J. Wilberforce, Henry William Wilberforce, Samuel, Bishop of Winchester ... Wilkes, Charles Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner ... Willard, Miss Frances ... Willes, Sir James Shaw William, Alexander Paul, Prince of Orange .. William, First Emperor of Germany William, Frederick Charles {see Wiirtemberg. King of) William III., King of the Netherlands William, Duke of Brunswick Williams, Sir Charles James Watkin Williams, Rev. George Williams, James William Date of Birth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. 1815 Feb. 1, 1865 5 May, 1804 July 27, 1881 10 1792 Dec. 11, 1882 10 May 20, 1832 Jan. 3, 1892 13 1827 July 29, 1882 13 1799 May 18, 1867 6 Mar. 19, 1799 April 6, 1864 5 Sept, 9, 1869 7 Jan. 29, 1818 April 30, 1890 12 Nov. 26, 1822 Aug. 13, 1898 14 Sept. 3, 1800 July 8, 1882 10 Mar. 20, 1800 Sept. 23, 1886 11 Sept. 5, 1894 13 1807 May 28, 1877 9 1818 Jan. 15, 1869 7 May 9, 1825 July 20, 1891 13 1809 Sept. 17, 1882 10 1792 Jan. 11, 1866 6 Feb. 3," 1807 Aug. 13, 1884 11 1818 Jan. 31, 1897 14 Mar. 22, 1782 Feb. 25, 1868 7 Sept. 12, 1808 Sept. 12, 1887 12 1774 April 1 8, 1862 5 June 30, 1800 July 20, 1873 8 Oct. 27, 1815 Sept. 9, 1878 9 1799 April 19, 1872 7 Jan. 27, 1795 Oct, 31, 1869 7 1805 Jan. 2, 1893 13 1788 April 8, 1868 7 Feb. 1, 1787 Oct. 8, 1863 5 1802 Oct. 20, 1875 9 1794 Mar. 6, 1866 6 Sept. 15, 1842 Feb. 8, 1893 13 May 11, 1819 July 25, 1898 14 1804 Mar. 28, 1869 5 Mav 23, 1822 April 8, 1885 11 April 23, 1811 July 21, 1893 13 1824 Dec. 28, 1891 13 1860 Nov. 25, 1876 9 May 31, 1819 Mar. 26. 1892 13 Dec. 17, 1807 Sept. 7, 1892 13 Dec. 21, 1803 Jan. 22, 1887 12 1815 Oct. 23, 1873 8 Oct. 2, 1826 March, 1899 14 Mar. 24, 1818 Nov. 29, 1878 9 1784 Dec. 10, 1853 5 1793 July 29, 1866 i 6 1807 April 23, 1873 8 Sept. 7," 1805 July 19, 1873 i 8 1801 Feb. 8, 1877 9 1797 Oct. 29, 1875 9 Sept. 28, 1839 Feb. 18, 1897 14 1814 Oct. 2, 1872 8 Feb. 19^' 1817 June 21, 1884 11 Mar. 22, 1797 Mar. 9, 1888 12 Feb. 19, 1817 Nov. 23, 1890 12 April 25, 1806 Oct. 18, 1884 12 1828 July 17, 1884 11 1814 Jan. 26, 1878 9 Sept. 15, 1825 ! 1892 13 NECROLOGY 1299 Name. Williams, Rev. Rowland, D.D Williams, Dr. Samuel Wells Williams, William, Bishop of Waiapu Williams, General Sir William Fenwick Williams, William M., F.R.A.S. Williamson, Professor William C. Willis, Nathaniel Parker Willis, Rev. Robert, F.R.S. Willmore, J. T Wills, William G. Wills, William Henry Wiltshire, General Sir T. Wilmot, Robert Duncan Wilson, Andrew ... Wilson, Lieut. -General Sir Archdale Wilson, Sir Daniel, F.R.S.E. ... Wilson, Sir Erasmus Wilson, George, M.D Wilson, Henry Wilson, Rev. Henry B. ... Windham, Lieut.-General Sir C. Ashe Windischgratz, Prince A. Windthorst, Ludwig Wimmarleigh (Lord), Rt. Hon. John Winslow, Forbes Benignus, M.D. Winterhalter, Frederick Wiseman, Nicholas, Cardinal ... Wohler, Frederick Woillez, Madame N. Wolff, Rev. J Wood, Fernando ... Wood, Mrs. Henry Wood, Rev. John G. Woodford , Bishop of Ely Wood, Professor John, F.R.S. ... Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke, F.S.A. Woodward, S.P Woolsey, Theodore D. ... Woolner, Thomas, R.A.... Woolson, Constance Worboise, Emma Jane ... Wordsworth, Bishop of Lincoln Wordsworth, Rt. Rev. C, D.D., D.C.L. Wornum, Ralph Nicholson Wrangell, Baron von Wrangell, Count Friedrich von Wratislaw, Rev. Albert H., M.A. Wraxall, Sir F. C. L Wright, Ichabod Charles Wright, Thomas (of Manchester) Wright, Thomas, M.A., F.S.A. ... Wright, William Wrottesley, Lord... Wiillerstorf (Baron) Wurtemberg, King of ... Wyatt, Sir Matthew Digby Wylde, Henry Wynter, Andrew, M.D Yates, Edmund H. Tolland, Colonel Yonge, Charles Duke, M.A. Date of fi irth. Date of Death. Edi- tion. 1817 Jau. 18, 1870 7 Sept. 22, 1812 Feb. 16, 1884 11 1800 Feb. 9, 1878 9 Dec. 4, 1800 July 26, 1883 10 Feb. 6, 1820 Nov. 1892 13 Nov. 24, 1816 June 23, 1895 14 Jan. 20, 1817 Jan. 20, 1867 6 1800 Feb. 28, 1875 8 Sept. 15, 1800 Mar. 12, 1863 5 1828 Dec. 14, 1893 13 Jan. 13, 1810 Sept. 2, 1880 10 1789 May 31, 1862 5 Oct. 16, 1809 May, 1878 9 June 8, 1881 10 1803 May 9, 1874 8 Jan. 5, 1816 Aug. 6, 1892 13 1809 Aug. 8, 1884 11 Feb. 21, 1818 Nov. 22, 1859 5 Feb. 16, 1812 Nov. 22, 1875 9 1803 Aug. 10, 1888 12 1810 Feb. 7, 1870 7 Mav 22, 1787 • Mar. 21, 1862 5 Jan. 17, 1812 Mar. 14, 1891 13 1802 July 11, 1892 13 Aug. 1810 Mar. 3, 1874 8 1806 July 8, 1873 8 Aug. 2, 1802 Feb. 15, 1865 5 July 31, 1809 Sept. 1882 10 1785 Nov. 11, 1859 5 1795 May 2, 1862 5 June 14, 1812 Feb. 13, 1881 10 1820 Feb. 10, 1887 12 1827 Mar. 4, 18S9 12 April 30, 1820 Oct. 16, 1885 11 1825 Dec. 29, 1891 13 1816 Oct. 12, 1869 7 Sept. 17, 1821 Julv 11, 1865 5 Oct. 31, 1801 July 1, 1889 12 Dec. 17, 1826 Oct. 7, 1892 13 1848 Jan. 25, 1894 13 1825 Aug. 24, 1887 12 Oct. 30, 1807 Mar. 21, 1885 11 1806 Dec. 5, 1892 13 Dec. 29, 1812 Dec. 15, 1877 9 1795 June 6, 1870 10 April 13, 1784 Nov. 1, 1877 9 1821 Nov. 1892 13 1828 June 11, 1865 5 1795 Oct. 14, 1871 7 1788 April 14, 1875 9 1810 Dec. 23, 1877 9 Jan. 17, 1830 May 22, 1889 12 Aug. 5, 1798 Oct. 27, 1867 6 Jan. 29, 1816 Aug. 10. 1883 12 Sept. 27, 1781 June 25, 1864 5 1820 May 21, 1877 9 May 22, 1822 Mar. 16, 1890 12 1819 May 12, 1876 9 July, 1831 May 20, 1894 13 1810 Sept. 4, 1885 11 Nov. 1812 Dec. 1, 1891 13 1300 NECROLOGY Name. Date of Birth. Dec. 1790 Date of Death. Edi- tion. Yorke, Field-Marshal Sir Charles Nov. 20, 1880 10 Young, Brigham ... June 1, 1801 Aug. 29, 1877 9 Young, Sir Charles George, Garter 1795 Aug. 31, 1869 7 Young, Sir Henry Ed. Fox ... 1810 Sept. 18, 1870 7 Young, Dr. James July, 1811 May 13, 1883 10 Yule, Colonel Sir Henry... May, 1820 Dec. 30, 1889 12 Zamotski, Count Andreas April 2, 1810 Oct. 30, 1874 8 Zorrilla, Manuel Kuiz ... 1834 June 13, 1895 14 Zouche, Kobt. Curzon, Lord de la 1810 Aug. 2, 1873 8 Zukertort, Dr. J. H 1842 June 20, 1888 12 Zumpt, C. G 1791 June 25, 1849 5 Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson 6" Co. Edinburgh cV London