€n\it\\ ^mmWi pibat^g THE GIFT OF ■^l/V.. RjV,. CuAi U.^. /\,\HU^K (L'^/^/n.. ESSAY ON THE PE0GRE8S OF AFRICAN PHILOLOGY Tip to the Year 1893, PKEPAKBD Foil %^t Con0it00 of t&c muxlti, at CSitago, m,^.. ROBERT NEEDHAM CUST, LL.D., Author of Modiirn Languages of Africa, 1883. MEMEEB OF ADVISORY COUNCIL OP CONGRESS OF ETHNOLOGISTS, THE WORLD'S CONGRESS, CHICAGO, 1893. WITH THREE APPENDICES. A. Bibliographical Table of Languages, Dialects, Localities, and Autboritieg, 1883 to 1893. B. List of Translations of the Bible (whole or pari) up to 1893. C. List of Scholars, who have contributed to our knowledge up to 1893. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.G. 1893. 3- ^0 A -Vi^ Cornell University Library PL 8005.C98 3 1924 026 930 846 ON THE PROGRESS OF AFRICAN PHILOLOGY UP TO THE YEAR 1893. I HAVE at different times lectured, and publislied, on the subject of the Languages of Africa, collectively bringing to a focus all the scattered contributions of Scholars and Missionaries. My knowledge is all second- hand : I am only a compiler. After several Lectures and Essays I at length in 1883 published in London two volumes containing 660 pages, called "A Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa." It was only a sketch, and restricted to the Modern Languages of Africa, and therefore excluded all European, Asiatic, and such languages as Egyptian, Koptic, Gruanch, which were dead. One of the most important, and laborious, features of my book, was the Bibliographical Table of Languages, Dialects, Localities, and Authorities : Appendix C p. 467. I had accepted Friederich Miiller's Linguistic Classification into six groups : Semitic, Hamitic, JSTuba - Fulah, Negro, Bantu, and Hottentot - Bushman, l^othing in the last ten years has been published to induce me to set aside that Classification. The Ethnologist, who examines the physical features of African races, informs us, that there are two varieties of woolly-haired races : (1) the fleecy haired and (2) the tufted, and there exist also lank curly haired races. The linguistic division is six- fold, and, applying it to the ethnological characteristics aboTe described, we find another grouping of tbe population of Africa: I. Lank curly-baired races Semitic TT do. Hamitic jjj (Jo. - Nuba-Fulah IV. Woolly fleecy-baired races Negro Y. do. Bantu VI. Woolly tuft-baired races Hottentot-Bushman. Within the Region of each Group my method was strictly Geographical: Mr. Ravenstein, the celebrated Cartographer, made my Language- Map : he was re- sponsible for the Geographical entries, and I for the Linguistic, and no entry was allowed by him, where a habitat of the tribe could not be correctly laid down, and no entry was allowed by me, where I had not sufficient evidence of the existence of a separate form of speech. Thus our knowledge was placed for the first time on a certain basis, with a power of expansion on the same lines, and all subsequent writers have acknowledged their obligation to the Language-Map and the Bibliographical Appendix. The time may, and will come, when the whole subject will again be taken up, and a more accurate classification and sub-classification introduced, as every decade materially enlarges the area, and accuracy, of our knowledge. In the interim I have kept my eye steadily upon Africa, have been in constant correspondence with Geographers, Linguists, and Missionaries, and nothing has taken place in that Continent without being observed. I have person- ally visited the whole of the North portion, and have had to do with the work of Evangelisation, and of Bible- Translation, over the whole Continent. My interleaved copy of the Modern Languages of Africa is illustrated by copious notes, my list of Languages, and of Bible-Trans- lations, has been constantly increasing : the time has not yet come for a new Edition of my book : it would be advisable to let a quarter of a Century pass over it, and I am on the look-out for a literary legatee of my accumu- lated notes : still at the end of the first decade it may be convenient to compile a continuation to the' Bibliograph- ical Appendix (A), and an enlarged list of Bible-Transla- tions (B), and this I have now done. I am greatly indebted to one or two Scholars for their contributions to knowledge since 1883. The Basin of the River Kongo has been illuminated by the labours of Mr. Holman Bentley, of the British Baptist Mission, his colleagues, and his talented wife. The Portuguese Province of Angola on the West Coast, and the regions adjacent, have been rendered accessible by the labours of M. Heli Chatelain, of Bishop Taylor's American Methodist Mission. Captain Guirandot, of the French Army, has been good enough to make two Reports on the Progress made in the Study of African languages in the years subsequent to 1883, the date of my book. Dr. Elmslie, of the Free Church Presbyterian Mission on Lake Nyasa, has greatly assisted me by a report of the languages in that region. Father J. Torrend, of the Society of Jesus, a Missionary of the Church of Rome, on the River Zambesi, has published in the English language a Comparative Grammar of South African Bantu languages : I assisted him with material for his work : this is indeed an epoch-making book: it is quite possible, that many will not agree with all the conclusions of the talented young Author, but all must rejoice, that the first step has been taken towards the scientific treatment of this great subject, and the Bantu Family, from the amazing variety of its branches, and the rigid system, which actually does, or is at least supposed to, underlie its grammatical development, presents a peculiarly interesting study. We may hope, that in the Twentieth Century some qualified Grammarian will undertake the classifica- tion of the so-called Negro Group, which will be a still more difiicult task. As to the assertion, that Grammarians form a language, or that a language can exist without an internal organisation, such as men call Grammar, it is sheer nonsense. Did Grammarians, or the early Hellenic Poets, form Greek ? The organic features of a language develop themselves according to the genius of the people, and it is impossible to say why, or how, this took place. No rules could have stopped, or accelerated, the process, for they come into existence as the result of a single blow, as it were, of an enchanter's wand, and spring from the deep unfathomed fountain of the intellectual tendency of each race : it is indeed the great intellectual compromise, which they must take once, and once for all, as representing their particular machinery for conveying their thoughts by word of mouth to their contemporaries, and to generations yet unborn by the sleight of their hands : this last Art then can borrow from other Races ; but the first is their own, very own, neither to be borrowed from, or lent to, others. A great many new books on African Languages reach me through the kindness of the Authors, and notice of more through the periodical lists of language books put forth for sale by enterprising Publishers: I never fail to make a note of a new book, on which my eye falls in the pages of the Newspapers. I have been in the habit of reviewing briefly such books in the pages of the Journal of the Eoyal Asiatic Society so as to give publicity to their existence, but as books are coBstantly appearing iu the English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Italian, Norwegian, Dutch, and even Finnic, Languages, it is out of all probability that my additional lists now- put forth will be exhaustive. As to the Translations of the Bible, I can write with more certainty, and also as regards the publication of general and religious literature in the languages of Africa by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and the Religious Tract-Society : generally speaking, nothing African appears in England without passing under my observation. In Germany also, by the kindness of friends, I become acquainted with the works that are issued by Missionary Presses, or in the character of contributions to Scientific Periodicals : the names of Dr. Buttner, and Dr. Christaller, must always be pronounced with feelings of gratitude. The attention of one of my Scholar-friends has been turned to the new languages, or Dialects, or patois, which are springing into existence from the combination of African and the great European languages, which are localized on the Coast. Another great fact must be recorded, that the hand of death is necessarily upon many African languages : they have neither the strength derived from civilization, nor that infusion of elements of a more powerful, or a dead, language, which will enable the languages of India to resist for all time the invasion of the English language. The Swahili on the East Coast is the only African language which has been strengthened in this way by an infusion of the Arabic. On the other hand some scores of the Native languages, totally uncultivated previously, have had the inestimable advantage of passing in their original purity into the hands of European or American Missionaries, who have made use of them in their Schools, and Chapels, have entrusted to them the inspired "Word of God, have without undue use of loan-words developed the previous undeveloped potentiality of their structure and word-store, in fact done for them in one half-century of literary activity what in an unliterary age required the long discipline of centuries to achieve for European languages, i.e. fixing a standard of purity of grammatical expression, uniformity of spelling in the Roman Character, and a recognized mode of pronunciation. It will necessarily follow, that the weak forms of speech of weak tribes will be swallowed up, or pushed aside, by stronger vernaculars, native or alien, which have been more fortunately circum- stanced, and great languages like the Swahili, the Zulu, the Siito, the Kongo, the Yariba, the Hausa, and many others less well-known to the general reader, will exert the same influence in Africa, that the great European and Asiatic languages exert in their several Regions, by becoming vehicles of civilisation, religion, and political supremacy. Old Homer tells us, that the generations of men are like the leaves of the forest. The similitude applies still more to the languages of men. In one sense nothing is so transitory as the life of a language : from another point of view nothing is so enduring, so imperishable, as the words of a language. Languages have come into existence, and have melted away like drifting snow. In Asia, and in North Africa, for instance Egypt, thanks to the art of the Scribe, some debris of these extinct languages have come down to us on painted or engraved stone, baked clay, and papyrus : the pronunciation, and probably the ordinary phraseology of the people have passed away for ever : false praise of a reigning Monarch, expressions of real woe for a lost relative, have been spared by Time to test the ability of modern decipherers, and create a link of sympathy with the forgotten dead, men of like passions to ourselves : the three consonants k, t, b and b, r, k con- veyed to Moses and his hearers the idea of "writing" and " blessing," and they convey that idea still to Millions of Arabs, Turks, Persians, Indians, and inhabitants of the Malay Archipelago : what larger conception can we have of immortality than that fact ? On the other hand many mighty forms of speech, in which proud edicts were issued by proud kings in ancient days, have perished without leaving a word of them impressed on the sands of Time, because no inspired Prophet, no reverend translator of God's Word, condescended to make use of them. Having thus far stated the progress of the work I ask myself what is required of me in preparing an Essay on the subject for the World's Congress at Chicago ? A kind friend has expressed his opinion, that it should be both popular and scientific, that it should be calculated to conciliate the attention of an educated community, to some of whom the subject may be new. The story should be told of the origin and career of African Philology, the great Families or Groups, into which the hundreds of African languages have been provisionally, only pro- visionally, classified, their geographical distribution, the decision of which fell to the great cartographer, Ravenstein, which is a record of facts ; their linguistic features, linguistic afiinities to each other, which is still a matter of opinion, awaiting the decision of some future great comparative Scholar like Bopp in the Indo-European Family : their past history, little of which is as yet known : their literature, or written Character, which for the whole of the Southern, Western, Northern, and partially the Eastern Regions, is non-existent. Then comes the great question of their affinities to the languages of Europe and Asia, past or present : As regards the Southern, the Eastern, the Western Regions, the answer is an absolute negative : as regards the Northern it is sufficient to mention, that the Semitic Family of African languages is undoubtedly part of the great Asiatic Family, and that the Hamitic Groups are credited with affinities with the old languages of Asia, but the proofs have not yet been worked out. Then comes the interesting duty to indicate the good and able men, to whom we are indebted for such know- ledge as we have of the forms of speech in the dark Continent : to point out that to Christian Missionaries and Religious Associations, not to Sovereigns, or Parliaments, or Geographical Explorers, or Men of Commerce, are we indebted in times past, time present, or with any likeli- hood in time future. The Sovereign, or the Parliament, may annex and enslave a population for a mere whim, or pretext, because they have a giant's strength (as they are doing at TJ-Ganda in 1893) : the Geographical Explorers may shoot, hang, plunder, make prisoners, barter women for food, burn villages, lay waste districts, as they did in the famous attempt to relieve in 1888 a man, who did not wish to be relieved, and as soon as he could, went back to the spot, whence he had been relieved : the men of Commerce may import an untold amount of Gin, Brandy, and filthy alcoholic liquors. Arms, and Gunpowder, working for the destruction of the Natives after the high-handed form of European and North American benevolent civilization now in fashion : but the hope of Africa, the poor dark God-forgotten Continentj rests for it's material, spiritual, and scientific, development on the enthusiasm, the holy devotion, the great and very excellent gift of self-conse- oration, and self-abnegation, of the Christian Missionaries of Europe and North America, whether of the Church of Rome, or of the Protestant Churches. In 1891, I published a volume exclusively devoted to this subject, called " Africa Rediviva " or " the occupation of Africa by " Christian Missionaries of Europe and North America " ; and in my volumes of Bible Translations, 1890, and Bible Diffusion, 1892, I show what progress has been made in translating the Word of God into these newly revealed Languages. Africa has achieved more translations in half this Century than the whole world achieved in eighteen Centuries. " The Holy Spirit is now more out- " poured on mankind than it was in former days : that is " the reason " : Thus remarked Cardinal Manning on his visit to the Bible House, Queen Victoria Street, London. Philology in the mode, in which I propose to treat it, is a part of Geography. The first branch of that Science is no doubt " Physical," and its second " Political," but a third and a fourth are distinctly marked out, " Ethnographical " and " Linguistic." When we have been informed of the natural characteristics of a Continent, and the Social Institutions, which the population inhabiting that Continent have adopted, we are led on to inquire to what Race of Mankind they belong, and what language they speak. The two Phenomena are totally distinct. The West Africans of Sierra Leone and Liberia speak excellent English, as their only language, and enjoy an English culture ; yet no two Races can ethnologically be more diverse than the Negro and Anglo-Saxon. I commence my survey at the North-eastern corner, where Africa touches Asia. The Semitic Races passed from Asia into Africa in historical times, and the people of Egypt are instances of an entire change of Language. 10 The old Egyptian, and its descendant Koptic, which were Hamitio languages, gave way to the Arabic. That lan- guage accompanied the wave of Mahometan conquest into Tripolitana, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, and became the symbol of Empire, Religion, Commerce, and Culture, but by no means trod out the Hamitic languages, which exist even to this day. Another branch of the Semitic Races crossed the Red Sea from Arabia, and the old Ethiopic or Giz, and the modern Amhara and Tigre, superimposed themselves upon the Hamitic languages, which still exist. A third influx of Semitic Races took place across the Red Sea in the persons of the JS'omad Arabs, who dwell in the Egyptian Sudan. A fourth, influx is from the south-east corner of Arabia to Zanzibar, on the East Coast of Africa. The Arabs, and half-bloods, carry it everywhere in Equatorial Africa, and it is spoken as far as the banks of the Upper Niger. Correspondence was necessarily carried on in it as the only written medium, until English and Portuguese appeared. Travel- lers have reported that round Lake Chad are bona fide Arab settlers, speaking Arabic, and late reports tell us of the settlement of Arabic-speaking slave-dealers at Nyangwe on the Kongo. The Arabic has materially afi'ected some of the Languages of Africa, such as the Kabail, the Swahili, and the Fulah, and has given birth to imperishable names, such as the first two above quoted, and the Kafir. The Giz, Amhara, and Tigre, are fully illustrated by Grammatical works. The Hamites passed into Africa from Asia, possibly Mesopotamia, and spread from the Red Sea to the Canary Islands, from the Mediterranean as far South as the Seneo-al River. The Egyptians must have been last in the pro- cession from the Euphrates to the Nile, and have pushed 11 forward to the West all their predecessors. The affinity of the Hamitic to the Semitic languages is brought out hy a consideration of the essential particulars, in which they, resembling each other, differ from all the other languages of Africa. Although the Hamitic languages of Egypt, Tripolitdna, and the Canary Islands, have perished, there are spoken distinct forms in Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Great Sahara, quite down to the banks of the River Senegal. This group of languages existed at the time of the foundation of the Phenician Colony of Carthage, but it has outlived the Phcenician language of that Colony, and the Latin language of the Roman domination. A second influx of Hamitic lan- guages must have taken place across the Red Sea into Abyssinia, there also preceding the Semitic. Several varieties of Hamitic languages are found in existence spoken by tribes in a very low state of culture. All these languages, both in Algeria and Abyssinia, have been studied, and separate Grammatical works published. A comparative study of the whole Group, which for convenience is divided into three sub-Groups, the Egyptian, the Libyan, and the Ethiopio, is much to be desired. Some authorities, having disposed of the two alien Races and Languages, of the Semites and Hamites, would proceed at once to the description of the great Group of pure Negro Races and languages, which no doubt is to a great extent conterminous with the Semitic and Hamitic. Other authorities would interpose a third Group, very much broken up into separate enclaves, which is called the Nuba-Fulah from the two leading languages. Our information is obviously imperfect, both from a Geo- graphical and Philological point of view, and whatever classification is now made is only provisional. In dealing 12 with a subject on so gigantic a scale, any proposal for sub-division may for convenience be accepted. The Nuba occupy the Nile-Valley from the first Cataract to Dongola; other tribes in the imperfectly known country of the Bahr al Ghazal, such as the Nyam-Nyam Cannibals, and the Monbutto, on the mysterious watershed of the Nile, and the Shari Rivers, and the Masai and Kwdfi more to the East, pushing South of the Equator into the Bantu Region, are provisionally added from alleged, but not sufficiently proved. Grammatical affinities to each other, and divergences from the conterminous Negro and Bantu forms of speech. Far to the West is the Fulah language, spoken by a superior and conquering Race, which has adopted the Mahometan Religion, and established several independent kingdoms in Central Equatorial Africa, North of the Equator, reducing the inferior Negro Races to subjection. As Arabic is the language of Religion in those Regions, so Fulah is the language of Empire. The Nuba and Fulah languages have been thoroughly studied by competent scholars, and some progress made as regards the others. The Region of the pure Negro, as distinguished from the above-noticed three subdivisions on the North, and from the great Bantu Race, and the unimportant Hotten- tot tribes to the South, stretches from the Atlantic to the Nile, from the River Senegal round the great Western bend of Africa to the Kamerun Mountains, and the Bight of Biafra. The population is estimated at one hundred Millions, and the distinct languages spoken by them amount to one hundred and ninety-five, in addition to forty-nine Dialects. Some of these languages are of great importance, such as Wolof, Mande, Susu, Mende, Bullom, Kru, Grebo, Ashanti, Akra, Ewe, and Yariba, of the Ivory Coast, the Grain Coast, the Gold Coast, and the Slave Coast. Behind these littoral languages, which have heen well studied, and in which portions of the Holy Scriptures have been translated, is a large number of lan- guages less well known, but of whose existence there is no doubt. This makes up the Atlantic sub-Group of the Negro Group. To the South extends the Niger sub- Group, spreading up the bed of that great River-way, comprising many important languages, spoken by mil- lions, such as Idzo, Ibo, Igara, fgbira, Nupe, and Efik, and a crowd of others. In the study of these languages we have had the advantage of the co-operation of pure Negro Scholars, who have evinced great linguistic powers, entirely sweeping away the old notion that Negroes had no power of logical discrimination. Passing into the interior of Negro-land, we come upon the Central sub- Group, the linguistic varieties of which have been evi- denced by the Vocabularies collected by the travellers Earth and Nachtigall. In the midst of several unim- portant languages, some Vernaculars are conspicuous : the Hausa, which is the great commercial language and lingua franca of the Regions North of the Equator, as the Swahili is to the South : the Siirhai, which is the language of Timbaktu on the Quarrah branch of the Niger : the Kanuri, which is the language of the Central Kingdom of Bornu round Lake Chad, and the Tibbu, spoken by tribes who occupy the Western portions of the Great Sahara, South of Tripoli and Fezzan : by some this last has been classed as a Hamitic language, but the best authorities class it with the Negro Group. The Hausa and Kanuri have been fully illustrated by Grammatical works. Proceeding further "West we come on the Nile sub-Group, occupying the dimly known 14 regions of the Upper Nile right up to the frontier of the Hamitic Group, and conterminous with the B4ntu- Family Field at the Victoria Nyanza. In this Group are the important languages of the Dinka and the Bari. A great many of the Negro languages in each of the sub-Groups have been thoroughly studied by competent European Scholars, and Grammars are available : many translations of the Bible have been made, and more are in progress. Comprehensive Vocabularies are in the Press, and in one or two a large literature, Educational and Religious, is springing up from the local Presses, which are at work. It must be remembered that the phrase " Group " is only a convenient Geographical ex- pression for collecting together languages, which have no proved affinity to each other. A great many theories have been started to explain the origin of this mass of languages, so diverse from each other, but nothing satis- factory or conclusive has been arrived at. The Negro is depicted on the walls of some of the earliest Palaces of the old Egyptian Kings, and no literary Document exists in these languages, before they felt the influence of the contact of Arabic, or one of the European languages. With two or three exceptions, the grammatical feature of Gender is totally absent. A comparative Grammar is much to be desired, and much material is available, and is being added to daily : but few care, or are able, to master more than three or four of these multiform varieties of speech : the problem is therefore reserved for the next generation, for the German Scholars now in their cradles. South of the Equator right to the extremity of Africa is the Region of the Bantu Family of languages, with the exception of certain enclaves, occupied by the 15 Hottentot-BusTiman Grroup. Over this vast Region one multiform yet identical system of languages prevails, resembling not only in Grammatical Method, but to a certain extent in Word-Store. No one Scholar knows more than a limited number of the one hundred and sixty-eight languages and fifty-five dialects of this Family, for Family it is in as strict a sense as the Indo-European and Semitic Families. Some of these are magnificent and lordly vernaculars, spoken by Millions, who delight in public orations. The Swahili, the Zulu, the Suto, the Herero, the Bunda, the Kongo, the Pongwe, and the Dualla, are described by those, who know them, as vehicles of speech unparalleled in melody, and comprehensiveness, able by their grammatical method to express every shade of thought, and out of the wealth of their word-stores, when properly developed, sufficient to convey every idea, however abstruse, without demanding loan-words from more cultivated languages. The Scriptures in their entirety have been translated in some of these languages. Behind the first row of well-known and literary languages comes a second, and much more numerous, row of languages, which lie in the path of discoverers, grammars are being compiled, vocabularies collected, and translations commencing ; behind these is a still larger row of distinct, but as yet unstudied, languages, spoken by unknown millions, who are coming under the influence of the European. Each traveller in his journey brings news of new languages ; and behind this row of languages, of which we only know that they exist, is another row of languages, of the existence and names of which tidings have not reached us yet, but which will be introduced to us shortly, when the blank spots in the heart of Africa are filled up by the Scientific Explorer and the Missionary. 16 Quite at the South are the Hottentot-Bushman enclaves, but the languages of those Races appear to be doomed, and superseded by a Dialect of the Dutch language. The language of the Khoikhoi is thoroughly known, and the Scriptures translated into the Nama Dialect, but the printing has been arrested by the news that the language is falling out of use, and that the younger members of the tribe prefer Cape- Dutch. As to the languages of the Bushman or San, and the other dwarf and helot Nomad tribes scattered here and there, their doom is at hand : if their languages are studied, it is only as a linguistic curiosity, and in a few years they will disappear. In old days vocabularies were collected from the mouths of slaves, who could not indicate where they were spoken. All such doubts have passed away. Many of the names entered may upon closer investigation prove to be only Dialects, or perhaps so slightly differentiated as to be identical, though bearing different names. I hesitate to pass under review the peculiar Grrammati- cal characteristics that distinguish the six Families or Groups from each other, and the four Families or Grroups South of the Sahara from any other Family or Group of Languages in the "World. Attempts have been made to trace affinities, but they are not yet recognized as proved. One great advantage of the number of translations of the Scriptures, from a linguistic point of view, is that extensive Texts are supplied to the Comparative Scholar for the purpose of inter-comparison. The same well- known Gospel-Story is set out in a form of speech, of which the sole object and raison d'etre is, that it should be understood by an uneducated people, and the same or similar written Character is used. The subject is not one which offers attraction to the general reader : however, 17 the characteristics are fully detailed in the volumes of Modern Languages of Africa. I now proceed to notice the names of the Scholars to whom we are indebted for our knowledge ; for convenience of reference I have prepared a list, which forms an appendix (C). As an instance of the slight appreciation extended to their labours, it may be mentioned^ that in two celebrated Series of Lectures on the Science of Language in its widest sense, a few lines are deemed sufficient to illustrate the marvellous phenomena of African languages, and the praiseworthy labours of African Scholars. To the Botanist the wild flower is of greater interest than the more beautiful development, which is the result of culture. So to the Linguist, the unwritten forms of speech, caught alive as it were from the lips of uneducated savages, who are totally unaware of the wonderful organ- ism which they are handling, supply deeper lessons than can be found in those languages, whose spontaneous development has been restricted by becoming the vehicle of a written literature. The continent of Africa, year by year, supplies new and wondrous forms, the examination of which will upset many favourite theories, based upon the very limited phenomena supplied by the Arian and Semitic families. I pass lightly over the whole subject, and record with a loving hand names, which ought to be more known and honoured. It is very well for a TJniversity-Professor to sit in his arm-chair, and talk wisely about languages, not one of which he has ever heard pronounced. The individuals, whose names I record, have undergone perils and discomforts, and in many cases sacrificed their lives, in the attainment at first hand of the knowledge, which they have communicated to the learned 18 world. The feeling of astonishment, which welcomed the earlier revelations of unknown tongues, may have passed away, because it has been replaced by a conviction of the boundless stores of language-variety, which exists, and has existed for countless ages, indicating how utterly hopeless and visionary is the speculation as to the origin of Language, and how unfounded is the favourite theory of a language altering that organic structure, the germs of which were, as it were, born with it. And two or three great Scholars have already been led by a consider- ation of the revealed phenomena to question the axiom of the impossibility of the existence of a Mixed language, and to propound a new system of Classification based on the existence or non-existence of Gender. Let it not be supposed, that the study of languages of barbarian African races, while still as it were in solution, and unfettered by the bondage of contemporary literature, or the survival of monumental Inscriptions and papyri, is useless and leads to no further knowledge of the material, intellectual, and spiritual, history of the human race, which after all is the end, and object, of all the researches of Science. On the contrary it is priceless. It is the voice crying from the wilderness : " We are men, the " same in weakness, strength, and passions, as you are : " we are men, such as your forefathers were before the " dawn of your civilization : we are men, who may become " such as you are, if we have but the chance : our lan- " guages, the words of which you are collecting from our " mouths, tell you how we have held our own against the " beasts of the Forests and the River, how we have out- " witted the Elephant, and triumphed over the Crocodile, " and the Hippopotamus : how we have founded communi- " ties, established customs having the force of law : how 19 " we have unconsciously clothed ideas in word-forms with " logical completeness of thought, and, without being " aware of the task, which our brain power has guided us " to accomplish, have worked through the diapason of " human sounds, and the orbit of human reason ; thus " developing languages and dialects differentiated by " delicate tests of pronunciation, by multiform building " up of words, and marshalling of sentences, which rise " sometimes to Euphonic beauty, such as would rival the " languages of Europe and Asia, and sometimes fall to " the degraded clicks, which seem to belong to the brute " rather than the man." Do not such considerations rouse the deepest sympathy in the heart of the philanthropist, the philosopher, and the worshipper of the great Grod of the Universe? do we not in tapping these sealed fountains of African Philology seem to approach nearer to the cradle of the human intellect, touching the hidden springs of Spiritual Life within us, catching virgin Nature, as it were, alive, and dropping a lead into deep waters, where there is still no bottom ? There are four classes of contributors to our knowledge. I. In the first order as regards time, and in the lowest order as regards value, are those travellers, often un- scientific, and always untrained, who have recorded Vocabularies. We gratefully accepted half a century ago such crumbs of knowledge, and in many cases a language is still only represented by a Vocabulary; but care has been taken to indicate to modern explorers the particular classes of words, which should be selected, and the proper mode of uniformly expressing the sounds. Many books of Vocabularies and short sentences, prepared in this way, are of the highest value. 20 II. In tlie second order come those who undertake to write a Grammar, a Dictionary, or a lengthy Grrammatical Note, on one or more languages ; such are not always trained scholars, and many have not the genius for that particular work. Others have come to the work with excellent training, or have found themselves possessed intuitively of the faculty of grasping the real elements of the particular organism. We have two or three scores of such Grammars and Dictionaries, some of the highest merit, others which make the path ready for a skilled grammarian to follow. In all cases the work is honest, and done upon the spot, to be used at once in schools, and by fellow-labourers, who will immediately bring the work to the test. This is a formidable check on any imposture, which might have passed current in Europe undetected, when the grammatical treatise is written to pass under the eyes of those only, who are even more ignorant than the compiler. III. In the third order come two or three great scholars, masters of the principles of Comparative Philology, under 'whose eyes these Grammars and Dictionaries, as well as the less valuable Vocabularies, pass. Here begins the process of inter-comparison of forms and methods, as well as of words, and the isolated work of many becomes a part of one great scheme of classification. IV. In the fourth order come the popularizers, or dishers up, of the knowledge acquired by others in a palatable form suited to the taste of an unlearned public. In the form of Lectures and Essays the raw materials of hard-working and unknown scholars are boiled down and served out, and pass current as the result of original inquiry, instead of being mere assimilations of the work of others. This renders necessary an occasional reminder 21 of the names of such original inquirers, which I now make. I drew attention to the amount of good work done by Continental, chiefly Grerman, scholars, and I recorded their names, in the African Section of the Oriental Congress at Berlin, 1881, remarking how little would have been known, had not German industry and acumen been available, to carry out the work commenced by English and American energy and resources. English, French, Grerman, Swiss, Norwegian, Swede, Spaniard, Portuguese, Italian, citizens of the United States of North America, and African negroes, have con- tributed to this great work. Some few have been servants of the English or French Colonial Governments, but by far the greater portion have been Christian Missionaries, for no other earthly consideration could have induced men to live among the people, and acquire their language, but the highest motives of Benevolence. Many have visited Africa for purposes of general science, or explory, and have made contributions to knowledge, more or less perfect, but such have rarely attained to an accurate knowledge of any language themselves, still less have they been able to prepare scientific treatises. Lepsius, Almqvist, Munzinger, Eeinisch, and Fred. Miiller, are splendid exceptions. The Dutch, in spite of their long settlement in South Africa, have not contributed one line to Linguistic Science, and their language in a debased Dialect has trodden out some of the primeval vehicles of speech of the indigenous inhabitants. Of the one ancient language of Africa, which has died leaving no lineal living descendant, the old Egyptian and Koptic, it would be impertinent in an Essay like this to attempt a proper notice, and yet it would be incomplete not to mention that it is designedly omitted, Thej same 22 remark applies to modern Arabic, which, with more or less purity, is spokeu over such wide regions in Africa. Its elder sister, Phoenician, represented in Africa by numerous Inscriptions, has passed away. It is the lan- guage in which Hannibal reported his conquests in Italy to the Senate of Carthage. The Progress of Knowledge may be deemed worthy of a passing remark. It is wonderful to notice, how from the point of view of Physical Geography Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, Tribes, and Kingdoms, have appeared on the Map, and from the point of view of Linguistic Geography names of Languages have found their way to current European and American literature, to the lips of Lecturers, and Professors, as if a new Planet had rolled into view, or a new slide been slipped into a Lantern of Dissolving views, yet for long silent centuries these tribes have been there, where we now find them, and yet we, who made a show of knowledge, knew as little of their language as of the humming of their insects, the howling of their wild beasts, and the roar of their Cataracts. This is a solemn thought : generations of men in Africa, for whom also Christ died, have for centuries lived in vain, if life be measured by the in- vention of an Art, the propagation of an Idea, or the Salvation of a Soul. In imagination we can depicture them migrating through their grand forests, huddled together in their straw-huts, fighting their cruel fights, dancing their wild dances, and practising their abom- inable customs of Cannibalism, Human Sacrifice, bloody ordeals, slaughter of children, women, and slaves : ig- norant of the Earth's surface beyond their own narrow region, ignorant of laws human and divine, ignorant of the existence, or true worship, of God : of the form 23 of words, wMch they uttered, their phraseology, the names of their wooden or stone idols, their families, and their fellow men, we know nothing. The egotistical, self-satisfied Greek, and the hard, un- sympathizing Roman, have left us no shred of knowledge of the languages of Africa, if they possessed any. They crowded out the old Egyptian language, buried the Etruscan out of sight, strangled the Punic, and the Hamitic, languages of ITorth Africa, which they were pleased to stamp with the immortal name of "Barbarous" which still lives in the great name of " Berber," and " Barbary." They would have stamped out the language of the Hebrews also, with that of Syria, Tyre, Assyria, Babylonia, the Hittites, and the dwellers in Asia Minor, but that they came into collision with a Power greater than their own, and the Hebrew language, to which were com- mitted the Oracles of God, itself became Immortal, and handed on the treasure, entrusted to its care, to the Greek and Latiu languages, thus securing to them also that Immortality, which the productions of their own marvellous genius might not have unaided secured. It seems strange that the intelligent Roman Proetora either never possessed, or never transmitted to others, even the most general acquaintance, such as any Anglo- Indian Authority has with the numerous Arian and non- Arian languages of British India. Their navigators must have penetrated down the Red Sea to the Eastern Coast of Equatorial Africa, and past the Islands of the Blest to the Western Coast : the Sahara was traversed, and a powerful Roman Colony was settled for Centuries in the midst of a Semitic Phoenician, and Hamitic Numidian population. Africa once at least had been circumnavigated: it seems reasonable to have expected 24 from Juvenal, who was banished to Syene in' Upper Egypt, from Strabo, Sallust, Juba the second, and Cornelius Balbus, some knowledge of the language of the Blemmyes, the Garamantes, the Atarantes, and Getulians. There were Negro Slaves then as now, and it must be presumed, that their vocal utterances among themselves could have been extracted from them and recorded. There is absolutely nothing. In the Middle Ages the dark cloud of Mahometan Rule fell over the Northern portion of Africa, and the power of Europe was relaxed. In 1638 A.D. appeared a Dictionary of the Ethiopic, and in 1659 a Grammar of the Kongo, both in the Latin language and printed at Rome. These were the first drops of the great shower. We must not " be hard on our mediaeval ancestors : they did what they could, and confessedly their opportunities were limited : they had not the strength which we possess, or the opportunities open to us. We should try to do what we can : now is our time, our great innings in the great game of World-enlightenment, and it must be admitted, that our powers are unlimited, if only the will, and the resources, are not wanting, not without Wisdom and Self-control. At any rate we know exactly what is wanted : we can indicate the gaps, that have to be filled up : the lines of study, that have to be extended, and, as stated above, the great Comparative network, that has to be thrown over each Region. We know in what quarter translation of the Scriptures into fresh languages, or enlargement of the store translated already in old languages, are required: and this leads me, to whom only one thing is dearer than Linguistic Research, to indicate what that thing is : " Evangelisation of the Non- " Christian World, and the bringing of Souls to God." 25 It has been wisely remarked by an American Authority that the "Eeligious Instinct," like the "Language-making, Faculty," is a part, and an indispensable part, of the mental outfit of the human race. On this occasion our thoughts are directed to the latter element only. Let us think it out. The animal-world live and prosper, grow fat and multiply : they dwell together in herds and flocks, and in some cases in dwellings appropriated to a single couple ; they resist their common enemies, and go out on the war- path against their weaker neighbours : (so far not unlike the European political freebooter, the Scientific Greographical Explorer, and the Commercial Land-Pirate, and wholesale dealer in Poison, now under the protection of flags of Christian States, let loose upon poor, unhappy Africa ) Some of the animal- world construct places of residence, to which they periodically resort : they erect permanent structures which resist the elements : without the help of the compass, or knowledge of the Stars, they traverse the Continent, and the Ocean : they exhibit the highest forms of intelligence and industry in the ant and the bee, the imitative powers in the monkey and the parrot : they develop various forms of subtle and deadly treachery, quite worthy of the human race : they do all this from generation to generation, and yet have no power of articulate speech : they have no Language : they do not seem to want it : they get on well without it, as far as this world is concerned, which comprises all their desires, their fears, and their wants. Man, the Lord of the Universe, the only animal, which can exist under every variety of climate, and condition of existence, was no doubt in the early period of Geology a speechless biped, " aXaXo:; dvTjp " : " mutus homo " : but he was gifted with brain-power, with a Soul yearning after the Creator, as 26 the sunflower turns to the sun, and a capacity of handing on to younger generations the accumulated experience of the past : thus he developed the art of issuing articulate sounds varying under the different circumstances of each particular environment, sometimes polysyllabic, sometimes monosyllabic, sometimes inflective, sometimes agglutina- tive, in forms and on principles entirely irreconcilable with the idea of a common seedplot. Why then was language given to the " genus homo," or the Language-making Faculty, except as a vehicle and an instrument of Worship, or the Religious Instinct ? Men even in their barbarous savagery had immortal souls, and they were formed in the Image of Grod. God spake unto men in ancient days, and the spoken Word of God was entrusted to them in the form of perishing sounds, written characters, words, and sentences. How could the experience of the past, the wisdom of the present, and the hopes of the future, those attributes which distinguish the " genus homo " from the brute beasts that perish, be handed on except by the sounds, that issue from the labial, lingual, dental, palatal, and guttural, apparatus of the Mouth, and the cunning symbols, which the Hand has learnt under the teaching of centuries, to convey by the apparatus of up and down strokes, curves, dots, and dashes, to the material of stone, clay, papyrus, parchment, and a fabric of soaked and prepared rags ! The Missionary finds languages and written characters to be the only, but the sure, instrument for getting to the hearts, ears, and eyes of every population under the Sun, none of whom have fallen so low, and been left to lie so long in hopeless ignorance of the Art of Man, and the Word of God, as the poor African. The Art of the Pencil, of the Painter's Brush, and of 27 the Photographer's lens, has done much to make the careless world familiar with the woes, and wants, of the African. Familiar to every one is the picture of the Slaver's caravan wending it's way with it's daily diminishing train from a region of burnt homesteads, and slaughtered villagers, to the Coast: the sick, and the useless infants left at each camping ground to be devoured by the more merciful wild beast. Another kind of picture the present decade reveals : the Christian Missionary on the march, struggling on through forest, through marsh, across unbridged Rivers : a scant supply of personal comforts, but a sufficiency of medicines, and an abundance of translations of the Bible, of Hymns, of Prayer-Books, of Educational helps in the several lan- guages, in which the barbarous tribes are to be brought out of their heathen ways into the path, that leads through Faith to Morality, Holiness, and to God. Soon spring up the School, and the Chapel, and Language, the exclusive speciality of the human race, conveys to the astonished African their first ideas of human sympathy, of gentle words, the forerunner of kind actions, and the new conception of Love, a word with difficulty supplied with a vernacular rendering in a form of speech, where 'Ajdirr) and Caritas had no intellectual or material existence : Love casting out fear, which has led young men and women of European and American culture and origin to forsake their homes, and die for the welfare of their brethren and sisters, on the Niger, the Kongo, and the Zambesi Elvers, and on the Lakes of Victoria, Tanganyika, and Nyasa. Under the Graice of God the great heaven-sent gift of articulate speech has done this: the legend of Orpheus tells us how the strains of music dominated the intelligence and the savage nature, of the beasts, but here there is 28 something more: those, who were degraded lower than beasts, come under that influence, by which ideas are conveyed from mind to mind, and from soul to soul. Souls are roused from a state of godless sleep to a new life, to prayer and to praise : eyes are opened to the wondrous capacity of reading, understanding, and being moved by, the Word of God, the Word of God in a barbarous African language, formerly full of words of cruelty, and indecencies, and now sanctified to become the censer containing the daily offerings of converted Souls to their Creator and Saviour. This is the work, which we have seen performed before our very eyes during the last quarter of a Century by the Missionary. The debt of Africa is great to the long train of Missionaries, who have studied and placed on paper Grammars, Grammatical Notes, Dictionaries, Vocabularies, and Texts, in the language, which they used in their daily lives : still, greater the debt from a scientific point of view to the succession of great Scholars, chiefly German., who have examined the truthful, though unscientific, works published by the men on the spot, and who have instituted orderly and scientific comparison of language with language, group with group : thus gradually out of a confused heap of bricks, brought from the brick-kiln, a wall has been erected, or a fabric devised, the plan of which has been thought out by some great diviner : the bundle of feathers has been examined, and each feather has been arranged in heaps according to colour, shape, and conformation. Africa, with the exception of the valley of the Nile, has no works of Art and Science to shew as the outcome of long silent centuries, and dark Millions, who have been born, lived and died since the time of Herodotus, or the dim unknown centuries before the epoch of the great Greek Traveller, 29 but the existence of the great Negro Group with its scores of isolated and totally distinct forms of speech, conter- minous with the great Bantu Family with its scores of kindred languages, though differentiated in vocabularies and phonetics, still clothed on the same backbone and skeleton of the Bantii grammatical organism, is an unparalleled record of the power of the human intellect, acting unconsciously, spontaneously, through the agency of Barbarians. Twenty years ago there was a rebellion against the tyranny of Indo-European and Semitic Scholars, who attempted to cut down all languages to the Procrustes bed of the only ijTpe, with which they were acquainted, and on this narrow basis built towers of speculation on the origin of Language, as fabulous and misty as the Tower of Babel. This great problem cannot even now be approached until the secrets of the Languages of Africa, Oceania, and America, have been revealed, and have passed under the touch of the great Comparative Scholar, in order that the lessons taught by the study of each may be considered with reference to the linguistic phenomena of the whole world, and this work will be accomplished neither in this Century, nor by this generation. It may reasonably be assumed, that not one of the adventurers on the late scientific war-path to relieve a German Jew, who did not wish to be relieved, and who after his unwelcome relief went back to the spot, whence at the cost of the lives of many hundred poor Africans he had been relieved, knew one word of the languages of the tribes, through whose regions they forced themselves : their instrument of communication was the stick, the whip, the rifle, the hangman's rope : they did not teach the Ten Commandments, but gave in their own conduct 30 object-lessons of the breach of them, especially of the Sixth and the Eighth. The Agents of the great Commercial Company, who enabled the so-called Political Protestants to slaughter their fellow Christians of the Church of Rome, knew nothing of the language of either the slayer, or the slain : the bullet, the Maxim-gun, were their modes of expressing ideas, or carrying conviction. The alphabet of the Liquor-Dealer consists of demijohns of gin, and his mode of conveying Love and Peace is the conventional " Dash " of Alcohol. The epoch of the Slave-Trade was bad : is not the present epoch worse ? Our grandfathers stole individual Africans from Africa, and somehow or other their descendants have developed into nine Millions of free citizens of the United States : our contemporaries steal Africa from the Africans, reducing to political bondage barbarous, but at least independent, populations, who are to be exploited by a Nubian soldiery. A bitter cry is rising up from all sides of Africa against the great Commercial Companies, the Sellers of Alcoholic Liquor, the importers of Arms and Gunpowder, and that great partition of Africa among European States, not for the benefit of the poor people, but for the advantage of speculators, manufacturers, and adventurers, for shooters of wild beasts, and mowers down of African men, women and children. Leave the Missionaries alone : let them not lean, as in U-Ganda, on the carnal arm of the flesh : Peace has her victories no less renowned than war : let their arm of pre- cision be the school-primer, the simple Gospel sold for the cost of one Bandna, the maps on the walls of the School House, the slate and pencil on the desk, the industrial school, the gentle word of the teacher, the loving lan- guage of the Preacher, the great example exhibited by 31 the white man in his own life, the great and inestimable gift of Self-Sacrifice. How puny seem the traditions of ancient history regarding patriotic and religious devotion ! the Roman, who leapt into the yawning abyss to save his country ; the forlorn hope, that died at Thermopyle, so that Athens might not be plundered ; the Jewish matron, who went down alone in her chaste beauty into the camp of the alien invaders, and slew their Chief on his own bed : how insignificant, weighed in the great scale of human littleness, and divine greatness, of human possibilities, and divine guidances, appear such stories, compared to what with bated breath, sparkling eye, and heaving breast, we read of the simple European and American Christians, who for an unselfish motive higher than that of patriotism, armed with weapons that cut deeper than the sword, and yet are steeped in Love, only Love, step out from their quiet homes in old and new England to die for the spiritual welfare of an African tribe, because the Master has so ordered it, and has set the great example : " Scarcely for a righteous man will one die : yet per- " adventure for a good man some would even dare to die. " But God commended His Love to us in that, while we " were yet sinners, Christ died for us." — Romans, v. 7,8. A prolonged study of many years, and the sympathy, and collaboration, of men in every part of Africa, without reference to their nationality, have enabled me to throw tosether in one treatise all that is known of African Languages at the present epoch. I stand at the bar awaiting the judgment of the Court of Appeal in the next generation, which will stand, as it were, on our shoulders, availing itself of our knowledge, and, I hope, par- doning our errors, on account of our good intentions. 32 And after all the Commerce of thought is tlie greatest, and oldest, form of commerce, that the world can ever have known, and no manufacture is older, or more wide- spread, or more ingenious, or representing more definitely the line betwixt man and beast, than the Manufacture of Words, and the Marshalling of Sentences, which have been going on without ceasing ever since the power of articulate speech was acquired. In the course of examin- ing the words of an African's Vocabulary, the 100 or 200 words, which represent the requirements, and environment, of his simple life, we obtain, or think that we obtain, a standard of comparative Chronology, and Progressive Culture, in the History of the world. How far advanced in ideas, and the minted coin of words, which represent ideas, was Abraham, the Father of the Hebrew Race in the nineteenth century B.C. above the African Barbarian of the nineteenth century A.D., yet he is now introduced, as it were per saltum, by the Missionary to that Divine knowledge, 'Jf ar/lrj ^o Khoi ) Kama Eoman ISchmelin Enudsen Kronlein B.F.B.S. 43 APPENDIX C. List of Scholars who have coNTEiB-aiBD to the Kxtension of OUB Knowledge of the Languages of Africa up to 1893. /. SEMITIC FAMILY. Name. ^ality'' Language. Dialect. Ludolf G.' Giz. — Dillmann G. do. — Prsetorius G. do. — Massaia F. do. — Isenburgh. G. Amhdra. — D'Abbadie F. do. — Guidi I. do. — Beke G. do. — Munzinger G. do. — Vidaithet P. do. — Gesenius G. do. — Eenan F. do. — Sap^to L do. — Sohrader G. do. — Krapf G. do. — Prsstorius G. Tigre. — N61deke G. do. — Beurman G. do. — Scbreiber G. do. — F. MUller G. Hariri. — Mallet F. do. — Burton E. do. — //. HAMITIC GROUP. Du Ponceau F. Berber. — Faidherbe F. do. — Halevy F. do. — Venjur de Paradis F. do. — F.W.Newman... E. do. — W. Hodgson E. do. — DeSlane F. do. — Delaporte F. do. — Duveyrier F. do. Hanoteau F. Kabail. — Cuendet F. do. — Brosselard F. do. Jaubert F. do. — Creusat F. do. — Newman E. do. Sierakowsky Po. do. — W. Hodgson E. do. — Nature of Work. G.t). G.D. G. G. G.D. D. G.N. Literary- Contributions. G. T. Voc. G. G.N. G.N. G.N. Voc. G.N. G.N. Voc. G. T. D. Voc. G. D. T. D. D. G.N. G.N. G.N. 44 Name. Nation- Language. Dialect, ality. Hanoteau F. Tamashek. — rreeman Stanhope E. do. — Ball E. Shilha. — Jackson B. do. — Basset F. do. — Macintosh E. do. Sus, Eiff. Summers E. do. Shlu. Faidherbe F. Zdnaga. — Minutdli I. Siwah. — Eichardson E. Ghadamsi. — Newman E. Qhit. — Freeman Stanhope E. do. -^ Hunter E. Somdli. — Eigby E. do. — Schleicher G. do. — Tutschek G. Galla. — Massaia F. do. — Lottner G. do. — ■Krapf G. do. — Schmidt G. do. — Wakefield E. do. Bararetto. Almqvist Sw. Bishdri. — Beke G. do. — Lepsius G. do. — Munzinger G. do. — F. Mtiller G. do. — Watson E. do. do. HalSvy F. do. — Waldmeir G. Agau. — Haldvy F. do. KaraFalasha do do. do. — Eeinisch G. Bilin or Bogos. — Salt E. Dankali. — D'Abbadie F. do. Isenburgh G. do. — Eeinisch G. Barea. — do do. Saho. — do do. Irob Saho. — do do. Kundma. — Englund Sw. do. — Colizza I. Afar. — ///. NUBA—FULAH GROUP. Lepsius G. Nuba. — Eochemonteaux... F. do. — Eeinisch ,... G. do. — Kcenig G. do. — Nerucci I. do. — Tutschek G. Tuniille. — Nature of Work. G. G. G.N. Voc. G.D. T.T. T. G.N. G.N. Voc. D. G. G. G.N. G. G.D. G. G.N. G.N. Voc. G.N. T. G. G.N. G.N. G.N. G.N. Voc. G.N. Voc. G.N. G.N. G.N. Voc. G.N. Voc. G. G.N. G.N. G.N. G.N. G. Voc. T. G. Voc. T. T. G. Voc. D. G.N. 45 Name. Nation- ality. Erhardt G. H. H. Johnston... E. Krapf G. Schweinfurth G . -do do. do do. do do. Beltrame I. Beke G. Marno I. HaWvy E. Eeiohardt G. Faidherbe F. Sanderval E. DeTautain P. Vohsen G. Krause G. Baikie E. Eeiohardt G. IV. Kobez P. LaMoise P. Eaimbault P. Duport P. Sohlenker G. Macbriar E. Binger P. Montel P. Crowther N. Wood E. Ghristaller G. Cannell E. Zimmerman G. Schlegel G. Henrici G. Usera y Alaroon Sp. Wilson E. Crocker E. Nylander G. Schbn G. Koelle G. Sohbn G. Earth G. Norris and Koelle E. & G. Crowther N. Goldie B. Schon G. Crowther N. Mitterrutzner G. do G. Language. Dialect. Nature of Work. Masai. _ VOG. do. G.N. Kwafi. Voc. Monbutto. G.N. Nian-Viam. G.N. Krej. G.N. Golo. G.N. Shangalla. G.N. do. G.N. do. Voc. do. Voc. Pulah. G. do. G. do. Voc. do. G.N. do. T. do. G.N. do. T. do. rutat(5ro. T. NEGRO GROUP, Wolof. Handbook. Serdr. — do. Susu. — D. do. G.N. Temn^. — G. Mande. G. Bambdra. — G.N. Voc. do. — G.D. Ydriba. do. Ashanti. — G.D. do. Panti. Eeading Book. Akra or Gd. — G. Ewd — G. do. — Eeading Book. Kru. — G. Grebo. — G.N. Basa. — G. BuUon. — G. Mende. — G. Vei. — G. Hama. — G.D.T. Surhai. — G.N. Kaniiri. — G. G.N. Nupe. — G. Efik. — G. D. Ibo. — G. do. — Voc. Dinka. — G. Bari. — G. 46 V. BANTU FAMILY. Name. Nation- Language. Dialect. Natnre of Work. ality. Sohreuder No. Zulu. - G. Grout , A. do. G. Colenzo , E. do. G.D. Dohne A. do. D. Ambrosius ? do. G. Boyoe , A. do. G. do , A. ? Xosa or Kafir, do. G. Davis D. Appleyard % do. G. Archbell ? Chudna. G. Crisp E. do. G.N. Casdlis F. Suto. G. Endeman G. do. G. Jacottet F. do. G. Kruger P. G. ,do. Hererd. G. Kolbe G.N. D. Brincker G. do. G. G.N. Hahn G. do. G. Steere E. Swahili. G. Madan E. do. D. Krapf G. do. G.D. Maples E. E. Makua. do. G.N. Eankin Voc. Hetherwick E. Yao. G. Voc. Courtois F. Tete or Nyai. G. Eebman G. NgangaorNiasa D. Laws E. do. G.N. Scott E. do. G. Last E. Kagiiru. G. Voc. do E. Kamba. G.N. Elmslie E. Tamboka. G.N. Clark E. Gogo. Voc. Woodward E. Boondei. G.N Wilson E. E. Ganda. do. G. B. C. Mission G. Taylor E. Giridma. T. Wurtz G. Pokdmo. Voc. Krapf G. Nika. D. New E. Chagga. Voo. do E. Taita. Voc. Sanders and Fay... A. Ambandu. G. Stover A. do. Voc. Da Ounha P. Mavia. G.N. Voc. Swan E. Luba. G. Carvalho P. Luuda. G.N. Chatelain Sw. Bunda. G. G.N Cordeira P. do. Voo. 47 Name. Natiou- Craven E. Van der Gheyn ... B. Bentley E. Cambier E. Zab^la Sp. Chatelain 8w. Wilson A. K. C. Mission F. Delaporte P. Preston and Best A. Meinhoff G. Mackey A. Saker E. Christaller G. Merrick E. Richardson E. Clarke E. Bauman G. Juan da Madrid... Sp. Sims A. do A. Carrie E. Ussel E. De Santos and Silva P. Visseg F. Eddie and de Hailes E. McKittrick E. Eddie E. Belgian E.C. Miss. F. Language. Dialect. Nature of Work, Kongo. — D. do. — G.N. do. D. G.N. do. G.N. Fan. Voc. Mbamba. — G.N. Pongwe. — G. do. — G.D. do. Voc. Kele. — G. Benga & Dualla. — Com. G. Benga. — G. Dualla. — G.N. Voc. do. — Handbook. Isubu. G.N. Voc. Kundu. G.N. Ediya or Bubi. — G. do. , — , Voc. do. — G.N. Teke. . — Voc. Yansi. — Voc. Kabinda or — . G. Kakongo. do. — G. Fid^. _ Voc. Yalulema. — D. Lolo. Voc. do. — G. Ngala. — T. do. — Voc. VI. HOTTENTOT— BUSHMAN GROUP. Hahn .. G. Hottentot. Nama. G. Schils .. E. do. do. G. Tindall .. G. do. do. G. Lepsius .. G. do. do. Naba G. Wallmann .. G. do. do. G.N. Bleak .. G. do. do. Comp. G. De Charency .... .. F. do. do. G. Scbmelin .. G. do. — T. Knudsen .. G. do. — T. Kronlein .. G. do. — T. Hahn .. G. Bushman. — G.N. Bertin .. F. do. — G.N. Beltrame .. I. Akka. — G.N. 48 VII. COLLECTIVE LINGUISTIC WORKS ON AFRICA, OR REGIONS OF AFRICA. Name. Nation- Language. Dialect. Nature of "Work. ality. Bleek G. South. Comparative Grammar. Beke G. East. Geog. Distribution of Languages. Munzinger G. do. Ostafriken Studien. Hal^vy F. ? Koelle G. West. Polyglotta Af rioana. Abbadie F. East. Langues de Kam. Lepsius G. East. Nuba Grammar. r. Mtiller G. Africa. Algemeine Ethnologie. Spraohwissenschaft. Barth G. West. Travels. Sohweinfurth' G. East. Linguistiche Ergebnisse. Nachtigall G. Central. Travels. T) -i^- "■■ p' > Literary Contributions. Cust E. Africa. Modern Languages of Africa Christaller G. } Afr' a Zeitsclirift Africanisclie Buttner G. j ' Sprachen. Latham F. do. Philology. Bleek and Peters G. Mozambik. Collective Vocabulary. Clarke E. West Coast. Collective Vocabulary. Hall E. Africa. Dictionary of Languages. ABSTEACT. APPENDIX A. 1. Semitic 2. Hamitic 3. Nuba-Fulah - 4. Negro 5. Bantu - 6. Hottentot-Bushman 7. General APPENDIX B. 1. Semitic 2. Hamitic 3. Nuba-Fulah - 4. Negro 5. Bantu - 6. Hottentot-Bushman Population of the World (say) ... Population of Africa (say) ... Languages of the World (say) Languages of Africa made use of for purpose of Education ( S 10 3 19 46 2 23— Total 108. 4 10 4 22 41 1— Total 82. 1439 Millions. 205 Millions. 2000. 109. STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, miNTERS, HEETPOED. iMTiEP) io,p.AP\c-t-r>Ajij