©OS G,7 \9I3 ENGINEERING LIBRARY aforttsU Mninerattg ffitbrara Jjtliaca, &em fork BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 wnen this volume was taken. s book copy the call No. and give to the librarian. HOME USE RULES All Books subject to recall All borrowers must regis- ter in the library to borrow books for home use. All books must be re- turned at end of college year for inspection and repairs. Limited books must be returned within the four week limit and not renewed. Students must return all books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Volumes ot periodicals and of pamphlet 1 : are held in the library as much as possible. For special pur- poses they are given out for a limited time ■ Borrowers should not use their library privileges for ""] the benefit of other persons. Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to re- port all cases of books marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. Cornell University Library TN 808.G7G451913 The concealed coalfield «*JXSSlSffi SSiTiSi ST*** 3 1924 004 549 956 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004549956 n UI0IB8 OF fflE ft^OWICAL STOVEY. ENGLAND AN'b WALES. OM concealed coalfield OS* YORKSHIRE AKD MSTHGHAJtSHIRir BT WALCO^ GIBSON, D.Sc. #U8£lip|D BY ORDEB OP THJ* LOBDS OOMMISSIONBBS OP HIS MAJESTY'S XBEASOBY. LONDON: POINTED FOR HIS M&JEStFY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY D^lLlPI & ja&Sf, ton., 34-40, BACON StMEBIt, i; And to be purchased from E. Stanfobd, 12, 13, and 14, Lose Acee, London : W & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St. AWBbS* Sq.jaBI|£:dikbukgh ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Slaps, or SfflRrg^any Bookseller, or from the Director-General, Ordnance Survey Offlce^louthampton. mice fane Shilling! and Sixpence, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND MUSEUM. (Office : 28, Jekmyn Street, London, S.W.) PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE SIX-INCH SURVEY OF THE MIDLAND DISTRICT. MAPS GENERAL MAP ON THE SCALE OF i INCH = 1 MILE (1 to 253410). Sheet 11, -which includes large parts of Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Rutland and Lincolnshire, price Is. 6d ONE-INCH MAPS, NEW SERIES, ON THE SCALE OF 1 INCH = 1 MILE (1 to 63360). • Sheet 110 (Macclesfield, Crewe, &c.) 1906 ; Explanatory Memoir, price 2s. 6d. (1906). Sheet 113 (Ollerton) 1911 ; Explanatory Memoir, price 2s. (1911). Sheet 123 (Stoke-upon-Trent) 1906 ; Explanatory Memoir (2nd Edition), price Is. 6d. (1905). Sheet 125 (Derby and Wirksworth) 1907 ; Explanatory Memoir, price 3s. (1908). Sheet 126 (Nottingham and Newark) 1908 ; Explanatory Memoir, price 2s. 3d. (1908;. Sheet 141 (Derby, Loughborough, &c.) 1905 ; Explanatory Memoir, price 2*. (1905). Sheet 142 (Melton Mowbray) 1909 ; Explanatory Memoir, price 2s. 3d. (1909). Sheet 155 (Atherstone) 1899 ; Explanatory Memoir, price 2s. (1900). Sheet 156 (Leicester) 1903 ; Explanatory Memoir, price 3s. (1903). Special Sheet of Nottingham District, 1910 ; Explanatory Memoir, price 2s. (1910). Colour-printed drift editions, price Is. (id. each, of all the above one-inch maps are published. A colour-printed solid edition of Sheet 123, price Is. 6d., is also issued. Sheet 155 (Solid) and Sheet 156 (Solid) are obtainable in the hand-coloured form. MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. The CONCEALED COALFIELD OF YORKSHIRE AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, BT WALCOT GIBSON, D.Sc. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTYS TREASURY. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY DARLING & SON, Ltd., 34-40, BACON STREET, E. And to be purchased from E. Stanford, 12. 13, and 14, Long Acre, London ; W & A.. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Gbajton Street, Dublin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller, from T. FISHEH UNWIN, 1, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C., who is the Sole Wholesale Agent to the Trade outside the County of London. 1913. Price One Shilling and Sixpence. CONTENTS. Preface by the Director page iii Chapter I. — General Description 1-4 Introduction, 1. Shape of the ground, 2. Geological sketch, 2. Table of Formations, 2. Carboniferous, 2. Permian, 3. Trias, 3. Rhaetic, 4. Superficial deposits, 4. Chapter II. — The Carboniferous Rocks 5-26 Introduction, 5. Millstone Grit Series, 5. Coal Measures : — Lower, 8 ; Middle, 11 ; Upper, 25. Chapter III. — The Permian, Triassic, and Superficial Rocks... 27-34 Introduction, 27. Permian : — Breccia and Sands, 27 ; Marl Slates, 28 ; Lower Limestone, 28 ; Middle Marls, 29 ; Upper Limestone, 29 ; Upper Marls, 29. Trias : — Bunter, 30 ; Keuper, 31 ; Rhsetic, 32. Superficial deposits, 32. Chapter IV. — Configuration, Structure, and Limits of the Basin 35-47 Configuration : — Structure : — Carboniferous movements, 36 ; post- Carboniferous and pre-Permian movements, 37 ; post-Triassic movements, 40. Igneous rocks in the Coal Measures, 41. Limits : — Southern Boundary, 41 ; Northern Boundary, 42 ; Eastern Boundary, 44. Chapter V. — Shaft-sinkings and Borings 48-68 Introduction, 48. Southern District, 48. Central District, 53. Northern District, 59. Appendix. — Recohds of Shaft-sinkings and Borings 69-119 Armthorpe, 69. Barlow, 72. Bentley, 74. Bevercotes, 77. Cadeby, 78. Carlton, 82. Clifton, 83. Clipston, 84. Din- nington,86. Edwalton,91. Gedling,92. Haxey,96. Highfield, 98. Maltby, 98. Mansfield, 104. Owthorpe, 108. Oxton, 110. Ruddington, 111. Selby, 112. Spinney, 114. Thorne, 115. Thurgarton, 119. Index 120 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Figures in Text. PAGE.': Fig. 1. — The Buddington Boring 6 ,, 2. — Shaft Sections to illustrate the character of the Middle Coal Measures above the Barnsley Coal in the South Yorkshire Coalfield 24 ,, 3. — Diagrammatic Sections to illustrate the probable structure of the Coalfield in the North (A) and in the South (B) ... 45 „ 4. — Sections illustrating the Coal Measures below the Trias at Owthorpe and Clipston ... 50 ,, 5. — The Armthorpe Boring ..! ... ... '..'. 64 Plates. {At end of book.) Plate I,— Map showing positions of Shafts and Borings. „ II. — Sections of Borings, arranged from South to North, illustrating the variations in thickness of the Secondary Formations. „ III.— Sections of Shafts and Borings to illustrate the Middle Coal Measures above the Top Hard (Barnsley) Coal. CHAPTER I. General Description. Introduction. The area shown in the sketch-map (Plate 1) of the concealed part of the Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire Coalfield proved by the borings and shafts described in this memoir, amounts to about 1,200 square miles. It can be regarded as consisting of_ a northern portion — now generally known as the East Yorkshire Coalfield — situated between Doncaster and the river Ouse ; and of a southern portion which extends over nearly the whole of the county of Nottingham. The districts in which boring explor- ations arc most active are located chiefly in the trench-like valley of the Trent from Nottingham — where this important waterway becomes navigable — to its confluence with the Humber. Develop- ment by shaft-sinking as well as by boring is chiefly taking place in areas bordering the Don between Goole and Doncaster, the Aire east of Knottingley, and the Ouse below Selby. A large area, as yet almost untouched, lies west of the Trent between Newark and Gainsborough ; south of the Trent the extension of the coalfield has been proved in several borings. The chief centres of population are Nottingham, Newark, Mansfield, Retford, . Gainsborough, Doncaster and Selby; and as the result of colliery development the population is rapidly increasing, not only by the influx of inhabitants into the older towns but by the creation of towns and villages near each newly opened pit. The surface of the Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and Yorkshire coalfields rises in the east up to a bold escarpment of Permian limestone, which extends in unbroken continuity from the western outskirts of Nottingham city across the coalfields north- ward into the county of Durham. For many years it was thought that the coal-seams either did not continue east under the Permian limestone or that the general eastward dip of the strata would carry them to a depth too great for profitable mining. So late, indeed, as the middle of last century coal-mining was restricted to the region lying west of the Permian limestone. In 1854, the Duke of Newcastle commenced to sink two pits at Shireoaks, and early in 1859 the valuable Top Hard Coal was cut at a depth of 1,530 feet and proved to be 3 feet 10 inches in thickness. Develop- ment southward followed rapidly; and at the present day most of the chief collieries of Nottinghamshire are situated within the outcrop of the Permian limestone. In following the Top Hard Coal to the east, its eastward dip was found gradually to diminish. There seemed therefore every prospect of finding the seam at workable depths still further east beneath the red Triassic rocks which rest upon the Permian formation in this direction. Success- ful attempts were first made near Nottingham, thence to the north and to the east, thus gradually leading up to the most recent explorations. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Shape of the Ground. In the southern region between Retford and Nottingham the general structure of the country takes the form of a low plateau dissected by the Trent and its tributaries. The ground rises a few feet above the 600-foot contour-line and thence declines gradually down to the alluvial flats bordering the Trent. North of Bawtry the ground slopes to the north and finally merges into an alluvial plain lying between 10-30 feet above sea-level. A few low hills, like those near Heck, and more conspicuously illustrated by the Isle of Axholme, rise here and there above the general level surface. Geological Sketch. The visible part of the coalfield only constitutes the western edge of a basin, the remainder of which, with the exception of small parts of the northern and southern margins, is concealed beneath successive sheets of newer formations. Except for a limited distance in the south-west the margins of this concealed part have not been proved in any of the sinkings or borings ; all, with two exceptions (Euddington and Kelham), having failed to reach the base of the Coal Measures, which belong to the highest division of the Carboniferous System. The following is a summary of the solid formations and their main divisions which either enter into the composition of the concealed coalfield (A) or form its cover (B) : Table of Formations. a 03 O O Rhsetic Triassic Keuper Marl and stones. Sand- Bunter Pebble Beds and Sandstones. ' Upper Permian Marl Upper Permian Limestone PEEMlAN-i Middle Permian Marl ... Lower Permian Limestone and Basement Beds. ( Upper Coal Measures | Middle Coal Measures ... Carboni— j ferous. Lower Coal Measures Millstone Grit Black and grey shales with nodular limestones. Red and variegated marls with thin flaggy sandstones and marl. Soft sandstones and sandrock with pebbles. Red marls. Magnesian limestone. Red marls. Magnesian limestone. Red and grey sandstones and red marls. Grey shales and sandstones with numerous coal-seams. Grey sandstones and shales with a few coal-seams. Massive sandstones and shales. Carboniferous — A thickness of about 4,000 feet of Coal Measures has been proved in the concealed area but the greatest thickness proved in a single shaft or boring amounts to 2,317 feet (Maltby Colliery). The highest measures have been pierced in two borings (Oxton, Thurgarton), the lowest only in borings at Euddington and Kelham. All the other borings and shafts end in Middle Coal Measures. GEOLOGICAL SKETCH. 3 The Lower and Middle Coal Measures consist of alternations of grey shales, sandstones, and coal-seams. In the Lower Coal Measures thick bedded sandstones predominate; in the Middle Coal Measures the sandstones are generally of a flaggy character. Though some workable coals occur in the Lower Coal Measures, the Middle Coal Measures contain the chief seams, one of which named the Top Hard Coal in Nottinghamshire and Barnsley Coal in Yorkshire, is, from its superior quality, the seam invariably sought after. The Upper Coal Measures do not possess workable seams and are composed chiefly of red sandstones and red marls. The various beds were originally laid down in approximately level sheets and extended not only over the whole district but far beyond it. But whatever may have been their original extension the present outline of the coalfield has been determined by several and distinct operations taking place at different periods. Chief among these are the earth-movements which elevated the strata and at the same time buckled them up into a series of ridges (anticlines) and intervening depressions (synclines). The rise of the measures towards the southern, western, and northern margins records the effect of this folding; while the fretted edges of the Carboniferous rocks around the margins and the planed down surface of the Coal Measures over the central part of the syncline resulted from denudation. Since the folding, tilting and denudation of the Carboniferous rocks was completed before the commencement of the Permian period the covering Mesozoic formations rest unconformably on their eroded and upturned edges. As a result of the elevation the Carboniferous rocks were exten- sively pared down by the denudation, the erosion being most active over the ridges ; while in the depressions the Coal Measures, which escaped destruction, form the present coalfield. Permian. — On the nearly plane surface produced by the erosion of the Carboniferous rocks the Permian and Triassic deposits, which now cover the Coal Measures, were afterwards overspread. The earliest of these newer deposits was the Magnesian Lime- stone, a formation of which the prominent member differs wholly in character and was laid down under very different conditions from the underlying Coal Measures. Where it reaches its full development in the district, the Magnesian Limestone consists of two beds of limestone separated and overlain by red marl. The greatest thickness of the formation proved in any one boring amounts to 622 feet (Thorne). The limestone contains much magnesium carbonate and with it were formed contemporaneously masses and beds of gypsum and anhydrite. In addition to these minerals the red marls contain rock salt in beds sometimes as much as 20 feet in thickness. Such minerals indicate that the Permian waters occupied a land-locked basin such as the present Caspian Sea, and unlike the estuaries and lagoons in which, the sediments of the Coal Measures accumulated. Tkias. — In persistence and superficial extent the Trias is the predominant rock system of the district, and overspreads more 4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. than two-thirds of the coalfield. The formation reaches a thick- ness of nearly 2,000 feet and is separable into two major divisions of different composition. The Lower or Bunter division consists mainly of sands, soft sandstones and pebbly beds ; and the Upper or Keuper, mainly of red clays or marls with some subordinate sandy beds which are thickest and most persistently developed in the lower part. In Nottinghamshire, the sandstones in the lower part of the Keuper, sometimes called ' Waterstones,' are fine-textured even-bedded rocks with an impersistent hard conglomerate from a few inches to 2 feet in thickness at the base, overlain by greyish- green shaly clay, 15 to 20 feet thick, passing up into red shaly clays, loams, and sandstones of the usual type. In Yorkshire these characteristic basal beds are absent and the Keuper Water- stones cease to be recognisable in borings, having either merged upwards into the Keuper Marl, or else the sandstones have assumed the Bunter type and so become inseparable from this division. Towards their summit the red Keuper Marls pass up into pale green or greyish shales (Tea-green Marl) which generally form an outcrop clearly defined by the pale colour of the soil. They are also recognisable in borings at Owthorpe, South Scarle, and Scunthorpe. Rh.3itic. — Above the Keuper, a thin series of deposits, termed Rhsetic, consisting of black shales in the lower part, overlain by grey shales with nodules and layers of thin-bedded limestones, are usually classed with the Trias. The black shales bear some resemblance to the carbonaceous shales of the Coal Measures but contain fossils which are quite distinct from any Carboniferous forms. The borings at Owthorpe and South Scarle enter the Rhsetic beneath a few feet of Liassic shales and limestone ; elsewhere the concealed coalfield has so far not been proved further east than the outcrop of the Rhsetic. Superficial Deposits. — The Rhsetic formation doubtless at one time overspread much of the area to the west of its present outcrop; but all traces of its former extension or of that of any newer Mesozoic strata have been removed by prolonged erosion. The superficial deposits all belong to comparatively recent periods. They occur in patches, and so far as is known attain importance only over the region north of Bawtry. Of these superficial deposits the oldest are the Glacial drifts which, locally, as near Doncaster, reach a thickness of nearly 100 feet (Bentley Colliery) ; but are comparatively thin elsewhere. Their composition varies from a stiff clay filled with far-travelled stones (Balby) to a loose running sand containing much water and presenting considerable engineering difficulties in sinking shafts through it. The most recent deposits of all are the gravels and alluvia .associated with the existing valley-systems, and the warp clays and sands which cover the plains in south Yorkshire. CHAPTER II. THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. The rocks of the Carboniferous System as represented in the centre of England are usually divided into the following groups : — Upper Carbooiferou, ) gglSShlS. Lower Carboniferous ( W™»to U e Shales (Yoredale rock.). (. Carboniferous .Limestone. Both the Upper and Lower Carboniferous rocks are well developed in the exposed coalfield and along its western margin ; but in the concealed coalfield none of the borings have reached rocks older than the Limestone Shales, and indeed, with two excep- tions (Ruddington, p. 52, Kelham, p. 57), they have not passed through the base of the Lower Coal Measures. In the Soar Valley, across the southern margin of the map (Plate I.), two borings 1 near Hathern, six miles south-west of Rud- dington, passed from Trias into the Pre-Cambrian " Charnwood Forest Rocks " ; and in the same valley, south of Quorndon the Pre-Cambrian granitic rocks of Mount Sorrel come to the surface from beneath a mantle of Keuper Marl. This would leave only a narrow strip for the buried outcrop of the Lower Carboniferous rocks between the Soar Valley and Ruddington. From the information obtained in the boring at Thurgarton (p. 56) and elsewhere, and from the present knowledge of the underground structure of the area, it is very improbable that they will ever be reached by any boring west of the Trent. Further, it can be reasonably inferred that the Permian and Triassic rocks will be found everywhere resting on the Coal Measures and over the greater part of the area on the Middle Coal Measures which would place the Lower Carboniferous rocks below a depth of 4,000 feet. Millstone G-kit Series. This series, as previously mentioned, has been proved at Ruddington (Fig. 1 and p. 52) in the extreme south-west and recently at Kelham (p. 57). Along the western margin of the visible coalfield the thickness of the sub-division varies between 1,000-1,200 feet, and consists of several thick beds of coarse-grained usually massive sandstones separated by thick bands of shale. As! no workable coals have been ifound below the highest bed of sand- stone, it is familiarily known to the miner as the Farewell Rock, but it is more generally termed the Rough Rock or First Mill- stone Grit. The sandstones below the Rough Rock have received different names of which the Kinderscout or Fourth Grit, lying towards the base of the series, is the best known. In the Rudding- ton Boring the First Grit proved to be 164 feet in thickness, and 1 ' The Geology of the Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Coalfield,' Mem. Geol. Surv., 1907, pp. 358-359. CAEBONtFEfiOUS. Fig. 1.— The Ruddington Boring. KEUBER MARL KEUPER WATERSTONES BUNTER PEBBLE BEDS , 887 LOWER COAL MEASURES MILLSTONE CRIT SERIES 107! I 105 Wingfield Flagstones Shale NAUCHTON COAL 2 FT, 5 ' N S. COAL IFT. OINS. Marine Shells ALTON COAL 3 FT 4/H3. COAL O FT. 7//WSL ROUOH ROCK Marina Shells COAL OFT. 3IN3 Shalt COAL SFT. BINS. KIHDERSCOUT CRIT Scale, One Inch** 30O Ft. COAL MEASUEES. 7 beneath this the boring was continued in the series down to 109 feet in Kinderscout Grit. The total thickness of the Millstone Grits above the Kinderscout Grit at Euddington amounts to 739 feet as compared with 600 feet in the Derwent Valley to the north-west. The Millstone Grits, therefore, instead of dwindling to the south-east would appear to increase in thickness in this direction, so that it is reasonable to postulate their further extension to the south-east of Ruddington. From the evidence obtained in the boring at Kelham, near Newark, it appears that the Millstone Grits rise up and abut against the Permian rocks a few miles east of the Trent (p. 46 and Tig. No. 3, p. 45). Coal Measures. The Coal Measures reach a thickness of over 5,000 feet. In this long column of strata the workable coals are most abundant and regular in the middle, less frequent and more variable in the lower, and absent in the upper part. The following classification, which is based on the occurrence of the workable coals, is the one usually adopted in the district : — ( Bed sandstones and marls (Keelo Group). Upper Coal Measures J Grey sandstones with thin coals (Newcastle- (500 feet). \ under-Lyme, Group). {_ Red mails and green grits (Etruria Marl Group). Middle Coal Measures f Gre y shales and ^stones with the chief work- (2 300-3 300 feetl 1 seams. Base, the Bilkstone or Black - *• ' ' '' (. shale Coal. Lower Coal Measures f Grey sandstones and shales with some workable (1 200-1 600 feetl 1 seams - Base, the Bough Bock or First Mill- *■ ' ' '' ( stone Grit. For the present purpose a more .suitable classification has not been devised, but it may be useful to state briefly what has been accomplished by taking the life-history of the period as shown by the fossils, which should, if the palseontological material were sufficient, afford a more definite basis of classification which would be applicable not only to the present area but to all European coalfields. The latest schemes of classification are those based on the vertical distribution of the fossil plants. In the Yorkshire Coalfield, Dr. Kidston on the evidence of the plants, has taken the horizon of the Silkstone Coal as the dividing line between the Lower Coal Measures below this coal and the Middle Coal Measures between it and the base of the red measures seen at Conisborough (equivalent to the red measures at the top of the Coal Measures at Maltby, p. 63). More recently he has pro- posed the term ' Lanarkian Series ' to include the Millstone Grits and Lower Coal Measures, and the term ' Westphalian Series ' for the Middle Coal Measures. 1 Above the 'Westphalian' Coal Measures and the equivalent Middle Coal Measures of other British coalfields, Dr. Kidston recognises a ' Transition Series ' to which he gives the name of the ' Staffordi? ii Series.' This M 'On the Divisions and Correlation of the Upper Portion of the Coal Measures, with special reference to their Development in the Midland Counties of England.' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vo.'. lxi, 1905, p. 308. # Carboniferous. includes the Etruria Marl and Newcastle-under-Lyme groups met with in the boring at Thurgarton, while the sandstones and marls of the Keele Group are referred by Dr. Kidston to the Upper Coal Measures. By some continental geologists the Keele Group is included in the Westphalian division and it is considered that the existence of any true Upper Coal Measures (Stephanian) in the sense in which the term is applied in France, Belgium and Germany has not been proved in Britain, and Dr. E. A. N. Arber has recently expressed the same opinion. 1 It therefore appears desirable to adhere to the classification given in the table above since it is the one adopted locally and is of practical utility. It should be kept in mind, however, that above the highest (Keele) group a great thickness of Upper Coal Measures (Stephanian) occurs on the continent, and that, so far, any indication of their being present on the east side of the Pennines is not generally accepted. As regards the accessibility of the coals, the boring at Kelham indicates that the lower seams of the Middle Coal Measures are well within the 4,000 feet limit of working in Nottinghamshire. In South Yorkshire, from the evidence of the Thorne Boring, it is reasonable to infer that they will seldom exceed this depth ; while the Top Hard Coal in Nottinghamshire and Barnsley Seam in Yorkshire should be met with under 3,000 feet. The absence of the Upper Coal Measures at Kelham shows that these barren measures do not occur over so wide an area as might have been supposed from their considerable thickness in the Thurgarton Boring. The large basin of the concealed York- shire and Nottinghamshire Coalfield differs in this respect from the hidden basin between the Warwickshire and South Stafford- shire coalfields and from that'lying under the Trias between the two Staffordshire coalfields and those of Shropshire and North Wales. In both of these basins the Trias rests on the barren Upper Coal Measures which are nearly 2,000 feet in thickness, so that where the thickness of the Trias amounts to 1,000 feet the workable coals beneath them lie over 3,000 feet in depth in many places. Lower Coal Measures. The Lower Coal Measures are imperfectly known in the con- cealed coalfield. In the north-west they have been proved in shafts sunk through the Magnesian Limestone; in the south-east at Kelham; and in the south-west by the boring at Kuddington. Elsewhere a considerable thickness of Middle Coal Measures intervenes between the Lower Coal Measures and the Mesozoic formations. The areas proved lie so far apart that to understand the significance of the sequence proved by the borings and shafts it will be necessary to state what is known about the Lower Coal Measures in the exposed coalfield. The following table gives the names borne by the coals and sandstones in different parts of the field with the average thick- ness in feet of the main members. The succession for Yorkshire is taken from ' The Geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield ' (Me-rm ■ - ■—... — — - . - it _: " , 1 'The Natural History of Coal,' 191.1, p. 26. LOWER COAL MEASURES. 9 Geol. Surv, 1878, p. 76), the higher figures in the right-hand column giving the average thicknesses in South Yorkshire, and the lower figures the average thicknesses in North Yorkshire. Thick- ness in Feet. Derbyshire. S. Yorkshire. N. Yorkshire. Thickness in Feet. 110 Measures 210-170 Mickley coals ... Whinmoor coals... Beeston coals. 290 Measures with Measures with Measures with ■ Kilburn Bock. irregular sand- stones. Penistone Flags... Oakenshaw Rock. Kilburn Coal Grenoside Sand- stone Coal. Crow Coal Grenoside sand- stone. Measures with Low Moor Ironstone. - 630-330 440 Measures with Wingfield Flag- stones. Measures Underclay and Thin Coal. Black Bed Coal ... Measures with Thick Stone. BetterBed Coal. - El land Flagstones ) 130 Measures with Measures with irregular sandstones and } 540-360 thin coals. thin coals. J Alton Coal Gannister, HaVfax or Hard Bed Coal. Measures ) Clay or Middle Bed Con I } 150-30 60-270 Measures with sandstones and thin coals. Measures with Middle Rock ... Coking or Soft Bed Coal. Crawshaw Sandstone and Soft Bed J Flags or equivalent measures. y 120-50 Measures... j ' Belper Lawn ' Thin Coal and Underclay. Coal. From a thickness of 1,068 feet in the shafts at Denhy Colliery near the southern margin of the Derbyshire Coalfield the measures expand to about 1,650 feet in South Yorkshire and then diminish to 1,040 feet in the northern part of the coalfield. The expansion takes place chiefly in the upper part of the sequence and is due to the incoming of sandstones and sandy shales which attain their maximum development around Sheffield. In comparison with the main sandstones of the Millstone Grits, those in the Lower Coal Measures are of finer grain, more felspathic, and very liable to rapid changes in composition. Thus the sandstones of the Wingfield Flagstone group frequently become split up into several beds by the intercalation of shale, while in some localities the group consists chiefly of sandstone. Occasionally, as at Wharncliffe Edge, the sandstones are indistinguishable from the Millstone Grits. Of the coals, two only, which occur near the bottom of the group, ean be recognised with any certainty over the entire coalfield. A 10 CARBONIFEROUS. thin coal with fireclay in Yorkshire and North Derbyshire rests either immediately on the Eongh Eock or is separated from it by only a few feet of shale. It attains a thickness of 3 to 4 feet in the Derwent Valley where it has been worked at several localities south of Ambergate. It is represented at Euddington by the coal 7 inches thick occurring at the depth of 1,105 feet (fig. 1, p. 6). The next coal, which is universally represented but is seldom of a workable thickness, occurs between 59 feet (Euddington) and 270 feet (North Derbyshire and South York- shire) above the Eough Eock. This is the Alton Coal of Derby- shire and the Gannister (Halifax or Hard Bed) Coal of Yorkshire. In Derbyshire it is a coking coal of variable quality and most frequently too thin to be worked : in Yorkshire, to the north of Leeds it has been largely gotten, chiefly as an engine coal. The floor is usually the hard siliceous rock termed gannister. The seams above, though locally of considerable importance, vary greatly in thickness and quality. In Yorkshire the Better Bed Coal, from its great purity and suitability for iron-smelting, has been extensively worked to the south-east of Huddersfield. No equivalent seam has been recognised in Derbyshire but higher in the sequence the Kilburn Coal (4-5 feet thick) here furnishes a superior house coal. It appears to be only a thin seam at Wollaton Colliery, west of Nottingham, and has not been proved to the south where the Euddington Boring enters the Lower Coal Measures below this horizon. Around Leeds, Garforth, Marston and Peckfield, the Beeston Coal, which is formed by the union of two coals, occasionally reaches a thickness of more than eight feet, and forms one of the most valuable seams in the northern part of the coalfield. There is no seam corresponding to it in value in Derbyshire where, practically, the Kilburn Coal constitutes the only important seam, the Alton Coal being too variable in thickness, or too sulphury to be of much account. For this reason no shafts have been sunk to the Lower Coal Measures south of the Trent though these are known from the Euddington and Kelham borings to be at shallow depths. Even to the north- east of Leeds where they are more productive, it has not been thought worth while to sink to them to any big depth. It is therefore important to ascertain by what means, if any, the Lower Coal Measures can be distinguished since they may be found in borings put down in search of the seams in the Middle Coal Measures as actually has been the case at Kelham (p. 58), and possibly at Clipston (p. 51), and Selby (p. 68). Lithologically the Lower and Middle Coal Measures are on the whole very similar, and as will now be shown the palaeontological differences, if any, are extremely slight. Palceontology of the Lower Coal Measures. — A fauna distinctive of one horizon and thus enabling it to be identified with certainty over the coalfield occurs in the roof shales of the Alton or Gannister Coal. The best exposure of this band is in the Bullbridge Brick pits at Ambergate, where the lower two feet at the base of about 20 feet of shale contain Lingula mytiloides J. Sow. ; Posidoniella minor (Brown) ; Pterinopecten papyraceus (J. Sow.) ; Gastrioceras carbonarium (von Buch) ; G. listen (Mart.) ; Glyphioceras bilingue MIDDLE COAL MEASURES. 11 (Salt.) ; several small gasteropods and the fish-spine Listracanthus. Though not always so prolific as this the shales invariably contain Lingula and Pterinopecten associated generally with one or more species of goniatites, and by their presence the coal can be identified in borings as at Euddington and elsewhere, since, with the exception of Lingula, these fossils do not occur at any other horizon in the Lower Coal Measures. All of them, however, are found at several horizons (pp. 19-25), high up in the Middle Coal Measures, but never in the Upper Coal Measures. Their presence in a boring does not therefore necessarily imply that it is in Lower Coal Measures, though until within recent years this opinion was generally upheld. The fauna mentioned above proves that the shales in which they are preserved were laid down under marine conditions. Below the Alton Coal and at many higher stages both in the Lower and Middle Coal Measures the occurrence of various species of Carbonicola [Anthracosia], Anthracomya, and Naiadites are usually regarded as indicating that the sediments containing these fossils were deposited in fresh water or in estuaries. A systematic study of their distribu- tion in Yorkshire and Derbyshire is still needed, and the apparent restriction of certain species to definite horizons awaits further investigation. So far it appears certain that these genera made their appearance in the shales a few feet above the Millstone Grit and that many of the species lived into late Middle Coal Measure times but did not survive the changed conditions indi- cated by the red beds of the Upper Coal Measures. The genus Anthracomya appears to be represented in the Lower Coal Measures only by A. cf. Icevis Dawson, var. scotica It. Eth. Jun. The species of Carbonicola and Naiadites have a wide range, the most restricted form being Carbonicola robusta which has not been found above the Top Hard Coal (p. 15) but it descends beneath this horizon to low down in the Lower Coal Measures. It will therefore be seen that a distinction between Lower and Middle Coal Measures based on the distribution of the fauna rests on evidence too imperfect for practical purposes. The plant remains of the Lower Coal Measures have also proved to be of small service, the few forms met with being common to both divisions. Middle Coal Measures. In the Lower Coal Measures the sandstones are finer in texture and as a whole more felspathic than those of the Millstone Grit Series. A few, such as the Wingfield Flagstones, can be traced over nearly the entire coalfield, and others have a considerable lateral extension. The associated coals vary greatly in thickness, quality, and development. In the succeeding sub-division of the Middle Coal Measures the sandstones almost invariably contain much clayey material. Beds of pure sand rock, when they occur, either thin out rapidly from the centre of maximum deposition or numerous intercalations of shale-bands so change their character that they become unrecognisable as individual beds. In texture, hardness and composition the sandstones of different horizons closely resemble each other. As a whole therefore they form unreliable guides in the determination of position in the sequence, and their use for this purpose has been and is still a fruitful 12 CARBONIFEROUS, source of error. On the other hand, the workable coals are numerous and some of them possess distinctive characters which remain constant over considerable areas. Of these persistent coals the Silkstone Coal at the base and the Top Hard Coal of Nottinghamshire (Barnsley Coal of Yorkshire) 1,000 feet higher in the sequence retain well-marked characters over a large part of the coalfield. Measures below the Top Hard (Barnsley) Coal. The Middle Coal Measures, which are over 3,000 feet in thick- ness, can be conveniently regarded as consisting of two sub-groups in relation to the Top Hard or Barnsley Coal which, apart from its persistence and strongly marked characters, is the one chiefly- sought for in the concealed coalfield. The following table gives the position of the coals and of the more important sandstones of the sub-group below this coal, the average thicknesses being repre- sented as in the table of the Lower Coal Measures (p. 9). Thick- ness in Feet. Derbyshire. 1 Yorkshire. 2 Thickness in Feet. 90 340 Measures with Dunsil Coal and Waterloo Coal Measures with Ell Coal and Deep Soft Coal 80 190- 150 < Measures with Deep Hard rock Hard Coal Measures with Piper Coal, Hos- pital Coal, Fur- nace (Tupton) Coal. Measures with Silkstone rock Ironstone Mea- sures. Silkstone, or Blade Shale Coal. Measures with irregular coals ... Swallow Wood Coal, Netherton coals, Haigh Moor coals. Measures with Birdwell and Thomhill rocks Joan, Mitchell, or Parson Coal Measures with Tankersley Ironstone ... Heward, Flockton Thick, and Adwalton Stone Coal. Measures ... ... ... ... Flockton Thin, Adwalton Black Bed, Middleton High Main or Forty Yards Coal 3 Measures Fenton's Coal and Black Mine Iron- stone 4 Measures with Park Gate and Birstal rocks .., Park Gate, Old Hards, Two Yards, Brown Metal or Firth field Coal. Measures with thin coals Swilley, New Hards, and Aliddleton Main coals Measures Silkstone Four-foot, and Middleton Eleven Yards coals ... Measures with Silkstone and Falhouse rocks Measures with Clay wood Ironstone ... Silkstone, Blocking, or Barcelona Coal. 210-200 ■ 300^310. -240-120 ) . 300-260 » ' The Southern Part of the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Coalfield,' Mem. Geol. Sun., 1908. * A. H. Green, ' The Geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield,' Mem. Geol. Sun., 1878, p. 75. 3 Doubtful if represented south of Flockton, ibid., p. 75. 4 Wanting north of Dodworth, ibid., p. 75. MIDDLE COAL MEASURES. " 13 The more important coals are the Silkstone, Middleton Main, Tupton, Deep Hard (Parkgate), and Deep Soft ranging from three to six feet in thickness. These form the Backbone of the mining industry in the exposed coalfield, but in the concealed coalfield, they have scarcely been touched, except at Clifton Colliery (p. 52), south of Nottingham. Nearly the complete sequence is con- sidered to have been proved in the boring at Edwalton (p. 52) and possibly at Owthorpe (p. 49) and Clipston (p. 49). The upper beds have been pierced for a few hundred feet by most of the shafts and borings between Nottingham and Selby. Over a large part of the coalfield the Silkstone Coal is the most important seam but it becomes a worthless mixture of shale and coal in the north where, according to Green (op. rib. p. 247), it is represented by the Blocking or Barcelona Coal. Numerous dirt partings also make their appearance towards the southern margin of the coalfield where, for this reason, the seam is generally called the Black Shale Coal and less frequently the Clod Coal. The Middleton Main Coal, sometimes regarded as the equivalent of the Silkstone Coal, becomes of importance in the northern part of the coalfield. The Deep Hard (Parkgate) Coal, though variable in thickness and quality, and liable to somewhat exten- sive washouts, can be recognised over the entire coalfield and is a valuable seam. In the Doncaster district, about 30 or 40 feet below the Barnsley Seam, a coal named the Dunsil, from four to five feet in thickness, has been proved at Bentley Colliery (p. 65) and in the boring at Thorne (p.' 66). At Bentley it is stated to be of excellent quality. The most prominent sandstones are those closely associated with the Silkstone and Deep Hard coals in North Derbyshire and South Yorkshire. They are to be identified rather by the associated seams of coal than by any peculiarities in their composition which corresponds very closely with the sandstones of the Lower Coal Measures, but they are usually coarser than those above the Top Hard Coal. Chief Fossils in the Measures below the Top Hard (Bafnsley) Coal. The fauna and flora though more abundantly represented and more evenly distributed include the forms found in the Lower Coal Measures. A few species, such as Carbonicola robusta, die out ; and others such as Anthracomya modiolaris make their appearance towards the summit. Not infrequently the shells of Carbonicola acuta and C. aquilina are massed together in bands from three to four feet in thickness, forming the well known ' Mussel ' or ' Cockle ' bands of the miner. At present marine shells have been found only in one bed, 300 feet above the Deep Hard Coal in the Clay Cross district, and between 300-400 fejet in the Chesterfield area, and there is good evidence to show that this represents the sole incursion of sea water during the deposition of these measures. The band contains the fauna of the shales above the Alton Coal and some gasteropods unknown in the other marine bands of the Coal Measures, but it differs from these in that the 24395 B 14 CARBONIFEROUS . marine shells occur in thin layers and nodules separated by other layers containing species of Carhonicola and Naiadites. Ine band is not known in Yorkshire. Measures above the Top Hard (Barnsley) Coal. In the Middle Coal Measures below the Top Hard Coal some of the coals and sandstones can be traced through Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire into and over a large part of Yorkshire, ihe Top Hard or Barnsley Coal has an equally wide extension, but it is difficult to correlate the coals occurring above this seam m Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire with those in Yorkshire. It has been the common practice in Yorkshire to attach names to the many thin seams occurring above the Barnsley Coal, though they merely possess either a local development or change their character so rapidly and so repeatedly that they lose individuality. In Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire a few seams only have been named, and of these it is very uncertain if the same name has been always correctly applied to the same coal. The sandstones, although often of considerable thickness, are, like the coals, local in their distribution, subject to great variations, in thickness and composition and are therefore unsatisfactory guides in the corre- lation of strata occurring in widely separated areas. Of recent years the inspection of borings and sinkings has proved the con- stant presence of a band of argillaceous limestone resting on a thin coal and succeeded by shales containing a highly specialised fauna. This composite band, here called the " Mansfield Marine Bed," always maintains the same character and has been found in all the borings and sinkings from Gedling Colliery, near Nottingham, to the boring at Thome 12 miles north-east of Doncaster. In the following table, giving the general succession, the rocks are grouped in their relation to this characteristic band : — Thick- ness in Feet. Nottinghamshire. 1 Yorkshire. 8 Thickness in Feet. 700-4 Measures with thin coals. Measures ... Wickersley, Houghton Common or Pontefract Rock. Measures Dalton, Brierly or Ackworth rock Measures with Great Houghton and Thryberg rocks. Shafton, Nostel, Billingley and Denahy coals. Upper Cbevet Rock or equivalent measures. Measures with Middle and Lower Chevet rocks and thin coals (Barnsley district), and with Sharlston Top, Sharlston Lov) or Crofton Top, Sharlston Yard or Crofton Low coals (Pontefract district). Treeton or Oaks Rock and equivalent measures. 1,600 1 From shafts and borings near Mansfield. 4 From shafts west and south-west of Doncaster, MIDDLE COAL MEASURES. 15 Thick- ness in Feet. Nottinghamshire.' Yorkshire. 9 600 to ■ 700 Mansfield Marine Bed. Measures with thin coais. Clowne Coal t . . Measures with thin coals. High Hazles Coal Measures with Coombe Coal. Top Hard Coal ... Measures with Swinton Pottery, New- hill or Steam coals. Woolley Edge Rock or equivalent measures. Aston Common, Wathwood, Meltonfield, Woodmoor, or Wakefield Much Coal. Measures Foxearth, Two-foot, Half Yard, Riding or Cat Coal. Measures Sough or Yard, Abdy or Winter, Stan- ley Scale Coal. Measures Furnace, Beamshaw, Stanley Main Coal Measures with Kents Thin Rock Kents Thin Coal Measures with Kents Thick Rock High Hazles, Kents Thick, «r Mapple- well Coal. Measures with Barnsley Rider Coal and Barnsley Rock. Barnsley, Warren House or Gawthorpe Coal. Thickness in Feet. 650 to 700 The complete sequence has been definitely proved only at Oxton (p. 57) and Maltby (p. 62) where the Upper Coal Measures are certainly present and where the Top Hard and Barnsley Coal lias been proved beyond all question. But over a large part of the field, except to the north-east of Nottingham (Gedling, p. 56, Thurgarton, p. 56), the Upper Coal Measures and some of the Middle Coal Measures were removed by denudation before the deposition of the Permian and Triassic rocks. Since the amount of this destruction of th.e Coal Measures and their arrangement cannot be determined beforehand, owing to the unconformity of the Permian and Triassic rocks, it is important to ascertain not only the composition of the coals but also the characters of the associated strata and by what means they may be identified. This investigation, however, has not as yet reached a completely satisfactory stage, and in some of the borings, notably at Barlow (p. 66) and Selby (p. 67), the identification of individual coals could not be determined, but in others as at Oxton and Thorne the Mansfield Marine Bed proved a reliable index. Top Hard, Barnsley or Warren House Coal. This is the most important seam of the Middle Coal Measures no other approaching it in value, except, perhaps, the Silkstone Coal in Yorkshire. Its superiority mainly depends upon the presence of a band of hard semi-anthracitic coal, known as ' Hards,' which furnishes a first class steam coal. In addition, 1 Prom shafts and borings near Mansfield, a From shafts west and south-west of Doncaster. 24395 B 2 Coal, soft ... jt rifler j best hard j soft . . . j list ... j soft... 16 CARBONIFEROUS. other parts of the seam yield House, Manufacturing and to a less degree Gas coal. So great is the value of this composite seam that some of the older collieries, in which it has heen nearly exhausted, find it more profitable to lease fresh areas and to sink new and deep pits rather than continue the old shafts down to the seams lying below. The progressive and important develop- ment of the concealed coalfield in the district of Doncaster hinges upon the existence of the Barnsley Coal, and south of Doncaster on the presence of the Top Hard Coal. In Nottinghamshire the Top Hard Coal varies in thickness from a little | oyer two feet to over six feet in thickness. It gives the f ollowina 1 average section : — Ft. In. 1 1 2 4 0i 1 2 The lower part of the seam consists locally of cannel from one to two feet in thickness. A thin seam, Comb, Combe or Coombe Coal occurs at varying distances above the Top Hard. Sometimes it is only separated by a dirt parting, but the name is also given to a seam several feet above the Top Hard, where it probably represents the coal called the Barnsley Rider in Yorkshire. South of the Trent the Top Hard is only known for certainty at Clifton Colliery, where it is 5 feet 11 inches thick, but it here lies so close beneath the water-bearing Bunter Sandstone that it is unworkable. North of the Trent the Top Hard, varying greatly in thickness from place to place, and though occasionally subjected to somewhat exten- sive washouts, may with great certainty be regarded as extending from its outcrop in the Erewash and Rother valleys eastward as far as the Trent. A local opinion exists that the thickness of the seam decreases eastwards, an opinion based mainly upon a gradual decrease as it is followed to the east in the workings of several collieries between Annesley and Bestwood. But con- sidering the local variations in the thickness of the Top Hard in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire the arguments brought forward for a general easterly attenuation of this valuable seam hardly justify the condemnation of an area so important as the one bordering the navigable portion of the Trent. The Top Hard Coal can be traced at the surface and has been followed in colliery workings across the county border, and in Yorkshire as far north as Wakefield where it is known as the Barnsley Coal. In the neighbourhood of Barnsley it reaches a thickness of nine feet and, what is most important, to fully this amount in the recent sinkings at Maltby, Brodsworth, Bentley, and in the boring at Thorne. In the shafts at Bentley Colliery the seam consists of : Soft Coal 4' i' Parting '//_ 4 , Hard Coal 2 9 Soft „ ,., 2 5J MIDDLE COAL MEASURES. 17 An average section of the seam in the Elsecar collieries in the visible coalfield gives the following section 1 : — Ft. In. Baggs 1 6 Top softs 1 6 Hards 4 6 Bottom softs 1 6 North and north-east of "Wakefield the seam becomes split up by dirt partings and is known as the Warren House of which the following section at the Prince of Wales Colliery, Pontefract, shows the nature of the change (Green op. cit., p. 393) : — Ft. In. Ft. In. Coal 12 — Dirt — 3 Coal 2 1 — Measures — 16 10 Coal 1 — Dirt — 5 Coal 3 — 3 10 17 North of the Calder and in the valley of the Aire the dirt part- ings become thinner and less numerous with a decided improvement in the quality of the coal (Txreen op. cit., p. 385). Numerous examples of changes in the composition of the Barnsley Coal could be quoted from other districts and other collieries, and even in different parts of the same colliery workings. Such variations in thickness, composition, and quality may be expected to occur in the concealed area, though so far, in the Doncaster district, the coal remains wonderfully uniform. (See Sections of Bentley and Thome, Plate III, figs. 7 and 8.) The nature of the roof, always an important factor, becomes especially so in deep workings where the cost of maintenance is necessarily higher than in shallow pits. A good roof will more than compensate for a diminished thickness of the coal-seam pro- viding the more valuable ' Hards ' remain intact. Between Nottingham and Mansfield, the roof, in the collieries bordering the concealed area or in shafts sunk through the Magnesian Lime- stone, is always a blue or dark blue shale (bind) generally con- taining nodules of ironstone. North of Mansfield the shale roof becomes gradually more sandy (stone bind) and occasionally (Whitwell) it is described in the records as being a sandstone rock. In Yorkshire the roof of the Barnsley Coal at the outcrop is not infrequently sandstone, but in pits sunk to the deep it is often a shale or sandy shale. In the deeper explorations at Bentley and Thorne it consists of shales with beds and nodules of ironstone. Several genera and numerous species of plants are frequently very abundant in the roof shales, and by the working miner they are considered to be indicative of this horizon. Between Annesley and Gedling in Nottinghamshire the following shells have been obtained by Mr. R. D. Vernon 2 in the shales above the Top Hard 1 Green in ' Geology of Yorkshire Coalfield,' Mem. Geol. Surv., 1878, p. 386. ' ' Report on the Fossil Fauna and Flora of the southern portion of the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Coalfield.' Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1910 (1911), pp. 827-38. 18 CARBONIFEKOtTS. and Coombe coals: Naiadites modiolaris (.T. de C. Sow.); N. carinata (J. de C. Sow.); N. triangularis (J. de C. Sow.); N. quadrata (J. de C. Sow.); Carbonicola aquilina (J. de C. Sow.); C. similis (Brown) ; C. nucularis Hind ; Anlhracomya modiolaris (J. de C. Sow.); A. williamsoni (Brown). Measures (200-250 feet). — The measures contain a few thin seams and usually a bed of sandstone. The coals are of no value but noticeable on account of the constancy of their occurrence. The sandstone-rock (Barnsley rock) is usually highly felspathic, thin-bedded, soft, and only occasionally massive. The chief fossils, as mentioned above, occur in the roof shales, but at Brods- worth Colliery Lingula mytiloides has been recorded 1 from a thin band of blue shale lying 111 feet above the Barnsley Coal. High Hazles, Hazles, Kent* Thick or Mapple.well Coal. In Nottinghamshire a coal averaging three feet in thickness, lying between 200-350 feet above the Top Hard, is mentioned in many shaft sections under the name of the High Hazles Coal. It is usually considered to be represented in Yorkshire by the Kents Thick or Mapplewell Coal which is about the same thickness as the High Hazles, and about the same distance above the Barnsley Coal. Locally, the seam becomes of value as a House coal, but it is liable to be split up by dirt partings and bands of shale. In the roof shales at Gedling Colliery Mr. Vernon records (op. cit.) the following fossils: — Carbonicola acuta? (J. Sow.); C. aquilina (J. de C. Sow.); C. tui-gida (Brown); C. obtusa Hind; C. subconst/icta (J. Sow.). Measures with thin coals (250 to 300 feet) . — This group contains a number of seams which vary much in number and thickness from place to place ; one of them — the ' Mainbright Coal ' — is worked in Nottinghamshire around Hucknall Torkard,and those given in the table (p. 15) are occasionally worked in Yorkshire. In many of the borings (pp. 52-68) no mention is made of these seams, either because they are absent or, owing to their soft character, they have been passed throiigh without being recognised. The sand- stones above the Kents Thick, Kents Thin and High Hazles coals, though locally conspicuous rocks, are frequently not developed. At Hucknall Torkard Colliery Mr. Vernon mentions (op. cit.) the following shells as occurring in the roof shales of the Mainbright Coal:- — Carbonicola aquilina (J. de C. Sow.); C. subconstricta (J. Sow.) ; Naiadites modiolaris (J. de C. Sow.) ; Anthra- comya williamsoni (Brown). From the measures between the Kents Thick and Meltonfield in the shafts at Bentley and Brods- worth Mr. Culpin records 2 : — Carbonicola var. acuta (Sow.); C, aquilina, C, cf. obtusa Hind; Naiadites modiolaris, N. triangu- laris (Sow.); Anthracomya pulchra Hind. Not only do these 1 H. Culpin, ' Marine and other fossils in the Yorkshire Coal Measures, above the Barnsley Seam.' Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi, pt. iii, 1908, p. 326. 2 Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi, pt. iii, 1908, pp. 321-6 ; and ibid, vol. xvii, pt. i, 1909, pp. 75-6 MIDDLE COAL MEASURES. 19 fossils range above the Meltonfield Coal but they occur in the measures below the Top Hard and Barnsley coals. They are therefore valueless as guides in fixing the position of the group in the general Coal Measure sequence or in the determination of individual coals. In the Nottinghamshire area the identification of the group rests on its position in the general sequence between the Clowne and the Top Hard coals. But in Yorkshire the roof shales of the Abdy Coal have been found by Mr. Dyson at Maltby 1 and by Mr. Culpin at Bentley and Brodsworth to contain the following fossils, all of which indicate that the shales were deposited under marine conditions : — Lingula viytiloidex J. Sow. ; I'teiinopecteii carbonarius Hind, P. papyraceus (J. Sow.) ; Scaldia carhonaria Hind, S. ininuta Hind; Euphemus ui-ei (Flem.); Macrochilinu sp. ; Glyphioceras sp. No corresponding bed has been found in sinkings or borings in the Nottingham area, though it may have been overlooked. Aston Common, Wathwood, Meltonfield, Woodmoor, or Wakefield Muck Coal. These names are given to a coal, which is generally of inferior quality, occurring between 450 and 550 feet above the Barnsley Coal and about 380 feet above the Warren House Coal north-east of Wakefield. Between Sheffield and Wakefield the Wathwood is for the most part of good quality, and has been somewhat extensively worked. 2 Under the name of the Meltonfield Coal it is recognised in the shafts of Bentley, Brodsworth and Maltby. A coal, generally of inferior quality and much split by dirt partings, occurs in the position of the Wathwood in Nottingham- shire where it receives the name of Clowne or Clown Coal. The Clowne Coal of Shireoaks and Mansfield collieries lies 503 feel, and 464 feet respectively above the Top Hard Coal, but in the record of the shaft section of Bestwood Colliery (Plate III., fig. 1) nine miles due south of Mansfield Colliery the Clowne Coal occurs 612 feet above the Top Hard, thus affording the only instance of an apparent increase in the thickness of the Coal Measures in a southerly direction. Since, however, the Clowne Coal is one of a group of seams variable in thickness and quality there is no reason why the coal at Bestwood — 2 feet 4 inches thick, occurring 465 feet above the Top Hard Coal— or even one of the lower coals should not represent the Clowne Coal of Mansfield Colliery. Measures (160 to 250 feet). — In this group the coals are irregularly distributed and of no commercial value — at any rate their value has not been tested. The associated sandstones, of which the Woolley Edge Rock of Yorkshire affords a good example, are also very irregular in thickness and composition. In shales, about 100 feet above the Meltonfield Coal at Bentley and Maltby, the following marine shells have been recorded (op. cit., p. 610) by Messrs. Culpin and Dyson: — Lingula mytiloides J. Sow.; > Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1910 (191 1) p. 610. 8 Green, op. cit., p. 82. 20 CARBONIFEROUS. Orhiculoidea nitida (Phill.) ; Myalina compressa Hind; ■ Stra- parollus sp.; Euphemus urei (Flem.) ; Naticopsissp.; I leuro- nautilus costatus Hind; Solenocheilus cyclostoma , (VhAl.). ±ne band was not noticed at Brodsworth Colliery, and although it is not improbable that it has been overlooked in some of the other sinkings in Yorkshire this is not likely to be the case m the shafts of Sherwood, Mansfield and Gedling collieries, or m the boring at Oxton, in all of which a careful search for fossils was made. Thus, as was the case in the Millstone Grrit Series, the repetition of marine conditions was apparently more frequent m later Carboniferous times in the north. Mansfield Marine Bed.— The somewhat scanty fauna and apparent local occurrence of the marine beds previously mentioned may only indicate a partial and temporary break-down of a sea- ward barrier which gave the sea access to the swampy lagoons in which the greater part of the sediments and vegetable matter forming the Coal Measures accumulated; but in whatever way they originated these marine beds cannot, so far as the evidence allows, be considered other than due to local causes. . After the incursion of the sea, represented by the fossils in the shales above the Meltonfield, about 100 feet of ordinary grey measures were deposited, and then there can be no doubt that the whole region was depressed, and the Mansfield Marine Bed was formed. The prolific, varied and characteristic fauna of this bed, its thick- ness and widespread distribution in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire, certainly indicate an extensive and possibly pro- longed occupation of the area by the Carboniferous sea. The fauna, also, is so reminiscent of that above the Gin Mine Coal, which occurs high up in the Middle Coal Measures of North Staffordshire, 1 as to suggest that the depression continued across the Pennine region. The bed, as previously mentioned (p. 14), was first detected at Gedling Colliery, near Nottingham, and subsequently in the shafts of Sherwood Colliery ; but its value as a fixed horizon with a definite fauna was not realised until after the examination of the material brought to the surface in sinking the shafts of Mansfield Colliery. 3 In Yorkshire this bed as well as the marine bands previously mentioned have been closely investigated by Mr. H. Culpin at Brodsworth 3 and Bentley 4 and by Mr. Dyson at Maltby. 5 The most interesting life forms belong to the invertebrates. Of the Mollusca, the genera Carbonicola, Anthracomya and Naiadites are unrepresented and clearly show that whatever may have been the habitat of these animals they were unable to live side by side with purely marine forms. The remains of fishes are not plentiful, but among them may be mentioned the rare spine Listracanthus wardi. 1 ' The Geology of the North Staffordshire Coalfields,' Mem. Geol. Surv., 1905, p. 320. '"'Summary of Progress' for 1902, Mem. Geol. Surv., pp. 14-6; for 1905, pp. 21-2 ; and 1906, p. 77. 3 Proa. Yorhs. Geol. Soc., pt. iii, vol. xvi, 1908, pp. 321-6. 4 Ibid., pt. i, vol. xvii, 1909, pp. 75-6. ■> Rep. Brit. Assoc, 1910 ('911), Sheffield Meeting, p. 610. MIDDLE COAL MEASURES. 21 The chief fossils, exclusive of fish and plant remains, recorded from Mansfield, Brodsworth, Bentley and Maltby collieries, are given in the list below : — [C = Culpin Collection; D = Dyson Collection; 8 = Survey Collection.] Crinoid stems, C. Spirorbis sp., C, S. Chonetes laguessiana de Kon., mut. e Hind, C, D, S. Lingula mytiloides J, Sow., C, D, 8. Orbiculoidea nitida (Phill.), C, D. Productus anthrax Rind, D. ,, sp., C, 8. Rhipidomella cf. michelini (LeveilU), C. Rhynchonellid, D. SpiriferinaP, S. Allorisma sp. nov., 8. Aviculopecten culpini Hind, C. ,, sp. nov., S. Ctenodonta laevirostrum (Portl.), C, D, S. Ctenodonta cf. undulata (Phill.), S. Edmondia sp., C. Myalina compressa Hind, C, D. ,, cf. compressa Hind, S. Nucula aequalis J. de C. Sow., C, D. ,, gibbosa Flem., S. ,, cf. gibbosa Flem., C, D. ,, luciniformis Phill., D. ,, sp. nov., S. Nuculana acuta (J. de 0. Sow.), C, D. ,, cf. acuta, S. ,, attenuata (Flem.), S. Posidoniella laevis (Brown), C, D, S. ,, sulcata, Hind, C, D, S. Pseudamusium anisotum (Phill), D. ,, fibrillosum (Salt.), C, D, S. ,, sp., S. Pterinopecten carbonarius Hind, C, S. ,, papyraceus (J. Sow.), C, D, S. Sanguinolites sp. nov., C. Scaldia carbonaria Hind, C, D. Schizodus antiquus Hind, D. Solenomya primaeva (Phill.), O. Syncyclonema carboniferum Hind, C, D. Bellerophon sp., D, Buphemus d'orbignyi (Portl.), C, D. ,, cf. urei (Flem.), C, D, S. Loxonema acutum de Kon., C, D. ,, ashtonense H. Bol- ton, D. Raphistoma radians (de Kon.), C, D. Coelon.iutilus sp., C. Dimorphoceras gilbertsoni (Phill.), G, D. Ephippioceras clitellarium (/. de C. Sow.), D. Gastrioceras carbonarium ? (von Buck), C, D. Glypliioceras cf. micronotum (Phill.), D. ,, ? paucilobum (Phill.), C. ,, phillipsi ? Foord & t Crick, D, S. ,, reticulatum (Phill.), C, D. ,, sp., S. Orthoceras asciculare Brown, C, D. ,, cf. asciculare Brown, C, S. „ koninckianum (d'Orb.), C, D. ,, ? scalare (d'Arch. -I W 50 CO to O os o en OS K) ' cm OS I— i CJ< as as as B-S- , to CO I- 1 CD CO J- ! I i~ L3 CO 2^ -J I Mm I ^ en hU co a> 9= 83 CO CO -^ a> cd ^ CD e s 00 , CD | Barlow (6). 16 1, O.D. West Bank. Carl- ton, Snaith (6). 20, P.P. Thome (6). 20, O.D. Brodaworth (c), 122, O.D. Bentley (c). 21, O.D. Armthorpe (6). 50, O.D. Haxey (6). 18, O.D. Manton (c). 120, O.D. Bevercotea (6). 96, O.D. S. Soarle (6). 35, O.D. Sherwood (c). 380, O.D. Mansfield (c). 385-86, O.D. Oxton, (6). 260, O.D. Kelham (6). 40, O.D. Thurgartoa (6). 57, O.D. Gedling (c). 185, O.D. Wilford (6). 80, O.D. _ :o o I tit w *"" M cs IO c: i M> Oi ov n B CD B ^ P tj o ct- w Si m a ►» (B H O O UK 3 B □Q rt- * 55 o P Pi p- SO o 1—1 H i en s 2 S Q > UK o W o w )-( UK 45 34 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. gravels and sands, of even greater depth than the one at Bentley, may exist beneath the nearly level ground between Doncaster and the Ouse. Of still minor importance, as affecting mining opera- tions, are the later gravels and silts bordering the Trent and spreading over the plain north of Doncaster. For an account of the Liassic rocks, of which a few feet were proved at Owthorpe, and which border the area on the east, and also occur at the surface in the south-east, the following Memoirs of the Geological Survey may be referred to : — (1) The Geology of S.W. part of Lincolnshire, &c, 1885; (2) The Jurassic Bocks of Britain, Vol. III. (1893), and Vol. IV. (1894); (3) Geology of the Country around Lincoln, 1888; (4) Water Supply of Lincoln- shire, 1904; (5) Water Supply of the East Biding of Yorkshire, 1906 ; (G) The Geology of the Melton Mowbray District and South- East Nottinghamshire, 1909. The two memoirs last mentioned give numerous sections of wells and borings through the Superficial Deposits. CHAPTER IV. CONEIGURATIUN, STRUCTURE, AND LIMITS OE THE BASIN. Configuration. In the uncovered coalfield the plateau of Carboniferous rocks lias been scooped out into broad and often deep valleys, round which the strata wind in tortuous outcrop. The more resistent rocks, such as the Millstone Grits and the sandstones of the Lower Coal Measures rise up in bold relief ; but the landscape is not so strongly featured when sculptured out of the Middle Coal Measures, though these have been channelled into the valleys of the Erewash, Rother, Don, Calder and Aire. Most, if not all of the denudation, is of comparatively recent date, and much of it is probably newer than the Glacial Epoch. The plateau slopes as a whole to the east up to the escarpment of the Magnesian Limestone. Where the escarpment is breached by valleys and the Coal Measures are exposed, it is found that the Permian deposits everywhere rest- on an even surface of the Carboniferous rocks, suggesting that the configuration of the coal- field under the Permian will not present the rugged outline of the exposed coalfield. Between Nottingham and Thorne a sufficient number of shafts and borings have reached the Coal Measures to enable the con- struction of a rough outline map, showing the contours of the surface of the concealed Carboniferous plateau over the centra] part of the coalfield (Plate I.). Each of the contour lines is obtained by taking the depth to the Coal Measures at three points arranged triangularly. It is assumed that between two of these points the inclination of the Coal Measure surface remains uniform, so that if the line joining two points is subdivided into equal lengths these will give the depth to the Coal Measures at intervals between the two known points. A second side of the triangle is subdivided in the like manner, and the points giving equal depths to the Coal Measures are then joined. The same process is repeated for the rest of the area. The method supposes the absence of extensive post-Permian faulting. Between Nottingham and the Yorkshire border the recent survey on the six-inch scale has shown the general absence of faulting in the newer formations. South of Nottingham there are several large faults affecting the Trias, and it has not been thought advisable to continue the contour lines south of the Trent. Near Doncaster the swerving of the contour lines may be caused by the presence of faults which are known to displace the Permian rocks to the west at Conisborough. The contours are not extended north of Thorne, since the Triassic rocks are here concealed under the Superficial Deposits and there are only a few borings which reach Coal Measures. "While the parallelism of the contour lines is probably not so exact as represented, it shows a striking uniformity in the slope 36 STRUCTURE. of the Coal Measure surface underneath the Permian and Trias. The map it is hoped will afford therefore a ready means to obtain the approximate depth to the Coal Measures in future explorations. The slope of the buried surface is directed a few points north- of-east, and is, therefore, oblique to the north-west strike of the Coal Measures. Its amount varies between 90 and 100 feet per mile, or about one degree, which is less than the general dip of the Coal Measures towards their outcrop. Higher Coal Measures, therefore, occur more frequently beneath the Permian than at the outcrop. In some cases the dip is the same, and a shaft near the outcrop reaches Coal Measures at nearly the same horizon as one situated in the direction of full dip. In this case the horizontal shift of the outcrop of a bed by a fault of even small throw is considerable, so that another shaft placed on the line of strike may enter Coal Measures at a different horizon. From evidence obtained at Kelham and Thome it appears that the Coal Measures, at least locally, rise to the east on approaching the Trent, so that the base of the Permian rests on lower horizons in the Coal Measure sequence, and if the plane of the pre-Permian denu- dation continues the whole of the Coal Measures will ultimately be cut out by the newer formations (Fig. 3, p. 45). Structure. Three widely separated periods can be recognised during which the main structural features of the coalfield were formed. Some of these were faintly outlined during the deposition of the Carboniferous rocks ; others were added and older ones modified in post-Triassic and possibly in Tertiary times, but the main structures originated and were stereotyped during the long interval which elapsed between the close of the Carboniferous and the opening of the Magnesian Limestone period. The recognition of these three stages in the geological history of the coalfield, and of the relative extent of the deformation of the Carboniferous strata attributable to each, constitute an important branch of investigation applicable not only to the present area but to all the coalfields of Carboniferous age in western Europe. The disturbances may be considered in the consecutive order of their occurrence as (1) those of Carboniferous age; (2) those of post-Carboniferous but of pre-Permian age; and (3) those of post- Permian age. (1) Carboniferous movements. — The marked palaeontological break between the Upper and Lower Carboniferous rocks does not appear to have been accompanied by a stratigraphical dis- cordance in the present area, at any rate there are no evidences of an unconformity between the Millstone Grits and the Limestone Shales. Among the Upper Carboniferous rocks the frequent alternation of marine, estuarine, and, in the case of the seams of coal possibly terrestrial conditions, indicates repeated changes in level. Though oscillatory movements are thus clearly demonstrable there are no proofs that they weiv accompanied by contem- poraneous folding and extensive fracturing or of much erosion PEE-PERMIAN. 37 of the rocks. But while the structural changes were of small account, the effect of the oscillatory movements on the sedimenta tion of the Coal Measures was considerable. The Coal Measures, it is agreed, consist of shallow water deposits. It is therefore impossible to account for the much greater accumulation of sedi- ments over the central part of the coalfield other than by differential movements acting during their deposition. In an area undergoing differential movement it may be expected that the sediments would be mised locally above sea-level and subjected to erosion. The well-kuown "washouts" met with in the Top Hard (Barnsley) Seam, in the Deep Hard (Parkgate) Seam and in other coals, furnish examples of contemporaneous erosion on a small scale. The removal of the coal is usually attributed to the action of streams flowing across the areas of Coal Measures. A tidal scour, however, would produce the same result. A more convincing example of inter-Carboniferous denu- dation accompanied by elevation is the occurrence of angular and rounded fragments of coal at several horizons in the Middle Coal Measures. 1 These pieces of hard coal show that some of the lower seams had been consolidated and then denuded before the later sediments were deposited. Considering the friable nature of coal its presence in the form of fragments is in favour of a slight temporary elevation of the low-lying margins of the area of deposition rather than of considerable and prolonged emer- gence. The orderly sequence in which the groups and sub-groups of the Coal Measures follow each other from one end of the coal- field to the other precludes extensive contemporaneous denuda- tion, which, indeed, has been advanced only in the case of the alleged unconformity of the Rotherham Red Rock. The greater part of the folding and faulting of the Coal Measures is certainly later than the formation of the Upper Coal Measures ; but in one district of the Whitwood Colliery it is stated by Professor Kendall 2 that a " small fault throws a coal- seam to the extent of sixty feet, and does not affect a seam above it." This is an exceptional occurrence unless the phenomenon has been undetected in other collieries. (2) Post-Carboniferous and pre-Permian movements. — Through- out the Carboniferous period depression and deposition were practically continuous. At its close a reversal of movement set in: elevation succeeded depression; denudation, on a vast scale, followed deposition. When, at the commencement of the Magnesian Limestone Epoch, depression and sedimentation again took place, the complicated structure of the coalfield and its outline had been almost completed while thousands of feet of Carboniferous rocks had been swept away. The disturbing force in the form of a lateral thrust which buckled up the originally horizontal or gently dipping Coal 1 The Haigh Moor Coal in many pits within ten or fifteen miles of Normanton affords a good example of a wash-out with the formation of a conglomerate, containing pebbles of coal, which .'ills up the hollows in the denuded parts of the seam (P. P. Kendall V 'The Geology of the Districts around Settle and Harro- gate.' Proc. Geol. Assoc, pt. !, vol. xxii, 1911, p. 44. 3 Ibid., p. 44. 38 STRUCTURE. Measures appears to have come from two directions. By far the' most powerful thrust came from the east. It was accompanied, or, according to some authorities, it was preceded by a secondary impulse from the south and south-east. Whether the compres- sing forces are regarded as acting together or separately, they bent the horizontal or gently inclined sheet of Carboniferous rocks into a series of ridges (anticlines) and basins (synclines). One of these main ridges is occupied by the limestone country of Derbyshire; the chief basin is filled with the Coal Measures. While the relative age of the movements is disputed, it is quite certain that the two sets operated and were completed before the Magnesian Limestone period, for the Permian rocks, gently inclined, pass over the edges of the anticlines and synclines with- out themselves being folded; also, as happens north of Leeds, they are sometimes inclined at a right angle to the underlying Carboniferous rocks. It is important to bear in mind that the impulse from the east was the most intense and that to it is due the elongated north and south direction of the coalfield. At the southern end of the coalfield, east of the Erewash Valley, it mastered the movement from the south, so that the east-and-west trend of the Coal Measures between Dale and Sandiacre is twisted round to the south-east in which direction it is known that it extends past Ruddington and for many miles to the south-east. If the thrust from the south had dominated the one from the east, then, as was once thought, the coalfield would have terminated a few miles south of Nottingham City. According to Clifton Ward, the east-and-west fold at the northern end of the coalfield is similarly turned to the north-east; but Professor Kendall considers that it continues, without deflection, under the Permian and Trias east- wards to the Chalk escarpment (p. 46). Folds represent only one way in which rocks subjected to pressure accommodate themselves so as to occupy a confined space. The same result is obtained by the displacement of the strata by faults, of which the visible coalfield affords numerous examples. The faults belong to two systems. One trends north-west or north-and-south, being roughly in the direction of the major folding. The other, represented by several faults, crosses the coalfield in a north-easterly direction. A few faults have the direction of the east-and-west folds, of which one, the Clifton Fault, at the southern end of the coalfield, is entirely of post- Triassic age. Several of the faults belonging to the north-west and north- east systems can be traced up to the escarpment of the Magnesian Limestone which either extends in unbroken continuity across the faulted Coal Measures, or the displacement of the limestone is very much less than that of the Coal Measures. In the first case the faulting was certainly older than the Magnesian Lime- stone ; and in the second, the maximum displacement evidently took place previously to the deposition of the limestone. Many of these faults have been proved in the underground workings beneath the Magnesian Limestone, and others are met fBE-PEKMIAN. 39 with which do not extend into the visible coaliield, or affect the overlying Permian and Trias. In the south, at Bulwell, a fault trending a little south of east, has been proved to have a throw of 261 feet in the workings of the Cinderhill Colliery. In the quarried Permian limestone and Triassic sandstones at the surface it has only a few feet throw. On the same line a belt of faulting extends across Nottingham city, and may indicate the surface position of faults having a much greater displacement in the Coal Measures. Their existence is at least sufficient to invalidate the calculation of the dip of the Top Hard Coal as deduced from its depth in the shafts of the Clifton and Gedling collieries. I'urther north the Magnesian Limestone is not affected by n belt of faults, having an aggregate downthrow south, which crosses the Derbyshire Coalfield from north-west to south-east be- tween Chesterfield and the Limestone escarpment west of Skegby. As the faulted belt keeps roughly parallel with the pronounced anticline (Brimington anticline) which extends from near Holmesfield to Teversall, it may continue further to the .south- east, in which case it would pass between the borings at Oxtou and Thurgarton and that of Kelhain and so bring the Middle Coal Measures nearer to the surface on the upthrow side of the fault. The faulted Dronfield syncline which succeeds the Brimington anticline on the north is also in alignment with disturbances found in working the Top Hard Coal beneath the unfaulted Magnesia-n Limestone between Langwith and Whitwell. Travelling north, the next conspicuous belt of fracture belongs to the north-east system of faulting. This consists of the remarkable disturbances which range along the Don Valley between Sheffield and the Magnesian Limestone outcrop near Conisborough. Green states that ' between these faults the beds are twisted round so as to range in a north-easterly and south- westerly direction with a dip to the soiith-east, whereas the average strike of the adjoining country on either side of the faults is north-west and south-east, and the dip to the north-east.' 1 If the line of this faulting is continued to the north-east of Conisborough it passes between Bentley Colliery (p. 65), where the Barnsley Coal lies 1,847 feet below sea-level, and the boring at Armthorpe (p. 63) in which, though it is nearly on a level course with Bentley Colliery, the Barnsley Coal is certainly at a much greater depth. Proofs of the extension of the Don faults beneath the superficial deposits to the north-east of Armthorpe are entirely wanting. The possible presence of this pronounced disturbance in the deeper parts of the syncline should however be kept in mind. It is certainly not safe to assume that the depth to the Barnsley Coal at Hatfield is intermediate between the depth (3,115 feet) of this seam at Haxey and that of the Thome Boring (2,736 feet). North of the Don Valley several faults with a north-easterly direction and having considerable throws, extend up to the Magnesian Limestone ; but there are no proofs of their prolonga- tion into the concealed coalfield, though the boring at Barlow 1 ' Geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield,' Mem. Geol. Surv., 1878, p. 488. 40 STRUCTURE. (p. 66) passed through highly inclined and faulted Middle Coal Measures. The boring is on a line with the faults seen at Pontefract, 12 miles to the south-west of Barlow, but a slight change in their direction would carry them either to the north or to the south of the boring. The close association of faulting and folding exemplified by the faults accompanying the Brimington anticline is repeated in several other cases, notably by the faults bounding the anticline along the Erewash Valley between Trowell and Langley Mills, and by those limiting the Shipley syncline. The change in the strike of the Coal Measures between the Don faults also suggests the partial formation of a pre-Permian anticlinal fold, in which the strata became dislocated before the completion of the fold. The disturbances found in the exposed coalfield, although numerous, are not so abundant or so intense as those in the coal- fields on the west side of the Pennines. The folds are less acute : the faults of inferior magnitude. It is perhaps too generally assumed that the concealed coalfield was even less influenced by the pre-Permian movements than the visible coalfield, a conclusion in many cases deduced from the comparative absence of faults in the Permian and Trias. The examples previously given of the Magnesian Limestone resting undisturbed on faulted and folded Coal Measures clearly show that the structure of the coalfield underneath the undisturbed Permian and Triassic rocks may be often of a complex character. A case is on record where the depth to the Barnsley Coal was 300 yards shallower than the depth estimated from the dip in the nearest workings. Post-Triassic movements. — At the southern end of the Derby- shire Coalfield the Millstone Grits and Lower Coal Measures between Morley and Sandiacre are inclined to the north at a high angle. The Triassic sandstones on the contrary dip at a very gentle angle to the south. The movement which caused the fold in the Carboniferous rocks is here certainly of pre-Triassic age. The Cinderhill Fault previously mentioned (p. 39) was also mainly pre-Triassic. It is evident, however, that at the southern end of the coalfield some of the faulting is later than the Keuper Marl. In Cut Through Lane, east of Lenton Hall, a fault brings Keuper Marl against the lower portion of the Bunter Pebble Beds. A little farther east, in the river bluff north of Tottle Brook, Keuper Waterstones have been brought in touch with the Lower Mottled Sandstone. The fault has, therefore, a throw of between 240 to 270 feet in the Trias. In the workings of Clifton Colliery this fault has a throw of 285 feet in the Coal Measures. It is therefore mainly if not entirely newer than the Keuper Marl. To the south a second fault of 153 feet throw in the Deep Hard Coal of Clifton appears to affect the Trias to the same or possibly larger amount since, south of Lenton Hall, it brings Keuper Marl against Lower Mottled Sandstone. In tracing the outcrop of the Trias formation between Notting- ham and Retford though some faults are met with, none of them possess a throw of more than a few yards. North of Retford the outcrop of the Triassic rocks is hidden under alluvium and warp, and it is not known to what extent they are faulted. IGNEOUS ROCKS. 41 The post-Triassic disturbances, as shown by faulting, are there- fore of much less magnitude than those of pre-Permian date; and so far .is is known the chief post-Triassic faults are confined to the southern part of the basin. The small faults affecting the Trias between Nottingham and Retford, may, as in the case of the Cinderhill faults, indicate the surface position of much larger dislocations in the Coal Measures. Gentle undulations of the strata occur among the Triassic rocks ; and between Bulwell and Linby a narrow monoclinal fold in the Magnesian Limestone coincides with several faults of small throw, and of considerable linear extension in the Coal Measures. With this exception, sharp folds, extending in belts for consider- able distances, are not met with in the Permian or Triassic forma- tions. The gentle easterly inclination of the Permian and Triassic rocks indicates a slight upheaval, but as the dip of the Permian strata coincides very closely with the slope of their Carboniferous floor, and the deposits thicken in the same direc- tion, it may in part represent planes of deposition. Igneous rocks in the Coal Measures. — Possibly one of the latest signs of movement is afforded by the igneous rock of the Owthorpe and Kelham borings. There can be little doubt that this rock is intrusive into the Coal Measures, and though it has not been found to pierce the Triassic rocks, yet in its petrological character, (p. 58) it bears some resemblance to those igneous intrusions which traverse the later Triassic sediments in Staffordshire. At Whit- wick in Leicestershire, however, it is thought that the ' whinstone ' is of late Carboniferous age, and was injected in the upper part of the Coal Measures, being overlain by the highest of these measures, which were denuded prior to the deposition of the Trias. 1 Limits of the Basin. As previously mentioned (p. 37) the original sheet of hori- zontal or gently-inclined Coal Measures was compressed by the pre-Permian movements into an elongated basin of which one edge forms the boundary of the visible coalfield on the west; but the rest of the basin, except small parts of the northern and southern margins, is concealed under the Permian and Triassic formations. The probable form and extent of the concealed part of the basin- fold was fully and critically discussed in a stimulating report by Professor P. P. Kendall. 2 Since 1905 much additional informa- tion has been obtained from the borings described in this memoir, and it is now intended to stale how far the boundaries of the concealed areas suggested by Professor Kendall are confirmed or modified by these later explorations. Southern boundary. — On the map accompanying the Report of 1905, the southern limit of the coalfield, as considered by Pro- fessor Kendall, is indicated by a line extending from the outcrop 1 Fox-Strangways ' Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Coalfield,' Mum. Geol. » 'Filial Report of the Royal Commission on Coal Supplies,' pt. ix, 1905, pp. J8-35, with plates. 42 LIMITS OF THE BASIS of the Millstone Grits west of the Erewash Valley to within five miles south of the boring 1 at Ruddington, and is thence continued to the south-east for many miles to the borders of the Fen Country. This extension was regarded by the Commissioners (op. cit., p. 3) as ' too hypothetical ' and the limit was fixed at an east and west line, drawn about two miles south of the Owthorpe Boring. At this date the boring at Clipston had not been commenced; and of the section of Coal Measures proved at Owthorpe only the first 244 feet had been made public. It has been previously stated (p. 7) that the increased thickness of the Millstone Grits in the Ruddington Boring as compared with their development in the Derwent Valley supports the view of their further extension to the south-east, and that the Carboniferous formation is not dying away south as it is at the northern end of the Leicestershire Coalfield. The thickness of Coal Measures proved at Owthorpe amounted to 963 feet. Several coals exceeding two feet in thickness were passed through and one near the bottom is recorded as being 4 feet 8 inches thick. An examination of the cores showed that the rocks belong to the Middle Coal Measures and that, if not horizontal, the inclination was very slight. Unless the measures turn up sharply to the south, the southern limit will therefore extend some distance beyond the limit assigned in the Report. In the boring at Clipston the inclination of the Coal Measures was also very slight and since 1,135 feet of Coal Measures were proved in the boring, the southern limit of the coalfield would approximate, if it does not actually coincide, with that adopted by Professor Kendall for this part of the area. The coalfield, therefore, extends for some distance south of Owthorpe, but without further data it is not possible to fix its southern boundary except on the general lines suggested by Professor Kendall. Northern Boundary. — On the northern margin of the .visible coalfield, the Coal Measures, as previously stated (p. 38), rise against an anticline which brings the Millstone Grits to the surface. This anticline, of which the axis is directed nearly due east, can be traced along the valley of the Wharfe up to the out- crop of the discordant Magnesian Limestone. Inliers of Mill- stone Grits occur east of Thorner, and, on the evidence obtained in a boring, they are considered to extend immediately beneath the Magnesian Limestone to near Tadcaster; but to the east of Tadcaster all traces of the solid formations are lost sight of beneath the Drift and Alluvium of the Vale of York and though a few borings have reached Triassic rocks they have not penetrated the Bunter division. The Wharfe anticline, if it extends across the Vnle of York, would form the northern boundary of the concealed coalfield. According to Clifton Ward (Report of the Commissioners relating to Coal, 1871, pp. 505-07) it does not; while Professor Kendall considers that it does form a boundary. Clifton Ward based his contention on the structure of the exposed Carboniferous rocks between the Wharfe and Harrogate. In his evidence he stated that " the general dip of the Millstone NORTIIERN BOUNDARY. 43 Grit beds is not south but east or north, or something between them. Nor is there, as far as I have seen at present, anything like a great axis of the older Limestone rocks coming across the Millstone Grit Series and abutting against the Magnesian Lime- stone." After noting that the principal direction of the main faults was along the northern margin of the coalfield he continued by pointing out that " in the neighbourhood of Leeds there is a band of large faults running north-east and south-west, almost precisely in the direction of the Harrogate anticlinal." From this he inferred that the continuation of the Yorkshire Coalfield will also be in a north-easterly direction. The alteration in the strike of the Carboniferous rocks is, he suggested, comparable with that accompanying the Don faults. It may here be added that at the southern end of the Derbyshire Coalfield a parallel instance of the deflection of an east-and-west fold has been previously cited (p. 38). The dissentient opinion of Professor Kendall depends upon the significance to be attached to the structures observable in the Jurassic rocks around Market Weighton on the east side of the Vale of York. With regard to the Wharfe anticline he remarks (op. cit., p. 28) that " if the assumed axis of the fold and the actual boundary of the Coal Measures be projected forward, they strike the Chalk Wolds on the crown of one of the most remarkable anticlines in the whole country . . . the first fact which will arrest attention when the strata at the fold of the Wolds escarp- ment are examined is the enormous hiatus in the Secondary Series, the chalk resting directly on the Lower Lias, so that the whole of the Neocomian Series, the Oolites, and the Upper, Middle and a portion of the Lower Lias are missing." After a critical dis- cussion of the evidence Professor Kendall concludes (p. 30) " The facts and arguments which I have stated seem to me to point conclusively to the occurrence of an anticline of pre-Permian date extending across the Vale of York and forming the northern boundary of the coalfield." He therefore considers that the northern limit of the coalfield lies aboiit four miles north of the recent boring at Selby. At the site of this boring (p. 67) 3,000 feet of Coal Measures are estimated to exist between the Magnesian Limestone and the Millstone Grits. Therefore to allow the Millstone Grits to abut against the Magnesian Lime- stone four miles north of Selby they must rise at the rate of 1 in 7 (8 degrees). But at Selby the Coal Measures are nearly if not quite horizontal. Thus, unless they turn up rapidly they will stretch beyond the projected line of the Wharfe axis. At Selby the evidence for or against an easterly extension of the Wharfe anticline is not conclusive ; but whatever significance is to be attached to the hiatus in the Inter Mesozoic rocks near Market Weighton, the increase in the thickness of the Permian rocks in the boring compared with that at Carlton and Thorne, their gentle inclination both in the boring- and along the out- crop where it crosses the Wharfe anticline, show, that they at any rate were not influenced by the later elevntory movements. The main structures of the coalfield, as before insisted on (p. 36) originated and were stereotyped before the commencement of the 44 LIMITS OF THE BASIN. Magnesian Limestone period, and if sometimes modified, they were never much affected by the post-Permian disturbances. Since the slightly older or simultaneously-formed east-and-west fold has in many cases been deflected by the north-and-south (Pennine) disturbance it is possible, as suggested by Clifton Ward, that the Coal Measures extend across the Vale of York in a north-easterly direction. The evidence of the Selby Boring certainly favours this suggestion ; but it is not directly opposed to the extension of the Wharf e anticline eastward beneath the concealed outcrops of the Permian and Triassic rocks. It is however evident that the revival of the elevatory movement did not take place until comparatively late Mesozoic times since the Permian and Triassic rocks were not affected by it ; nor was the uplift accompanied by the powerful folding and faulting of the strata which gave the coalfield its main structural outline. The alignment of the Market Weighton disturbance with the Wharfe anticline is certainly remarkable, and indicates a much later renewal of a movement having the same direction as that of pie-Permian date. But there is this difference; the Market Weighton anticline did not come under the influence of a powerful impluse from the east, which was the stronger and determin- ing factor in post-Carboniferous but pre-Permian times. The northern boundary of the coalfield therefore depends on whether the Wharfe anticline is or is not deflected to the north-east by the Pennine movement. The Eastern Boundary. — The Report for 1871 places the boundary of the concealed coalfield at two or tht'ee miles east of the Trent. This boundary line runs parallel to the river between Nottingham and Amcott and roiighly coincides with the outcrop of the Lower Lias. In the later Report (1905) it is suggested that the margin lies near the outcrop of the Lower Cretaceous rocks, 20 to 30 miles east of the Trent. Both opinions were based on broad generalisations : the smaller extension was suggested by Green on the supposition that the concealed area approached in size that of the visible coalfield ; the liberal increase alloted by Professor Kendall and accepted by the Commissioners (op. cit. p. 3) in 1905 was granted partly on the interpretation of the evidence afforded by the Coal Measure sequence in the borings at Thurgarton, South Srarle, and Haxey, but particularly on the supposition that folds in the newer forma- tions indicate the position of folds in the Carboniferous rocks. Since 1905 the evidence obtained in a boring near Kelhani, 11 miles west of Newark, shows that the limit assigned in 1871 is nearer the truth in the south; while the depth to the Barnsley Coal in the boring at Thome, 11 miles north-east of Doncaster does not favour an extension of the coalfield for more than a few miles east of the Trent in the north. In Nottinghamshire at any rate, and probably in South Yorkshire, a great reduction must be made in the estimates of 1905. A possibility of a reduction in the estimates was indeed implied in the following qualifying state- ment by the Geological Committee :—" With regard to the eastern extension of the coalfield advocated by Professor Kendall, EASTERN BOUNDARY. 45 05 a -3 e s H s =0 S £ S I l-t "W « 1445 ISI 1 15 24 1571 1592 1658 1895 1738 1971 '■'•'■'■. 2105 Ma fin a Bad '. O 0.9 4. 8 2.0 2.0 0.3 I. 10 1.6 I. o 0.8 0.3 Scale; One Inch = 200 Ft. Numbers on left in both sections give depths from surface ; those on right the thickness of coals. Sandstones shewn by stippling. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. 51 The five bands of gypsum, below this level, were white, saccha- roidal and semi-translucent, and varied from 6 ins. to 8 ins. in thickness. They represent the valuable gypsiferous horizon worked at Cropwell Bishop. At lower depths the marls were frequently riddled with veins and nodules of gypsum, which rendered the cores somewhat like marble in appearance. Above a depth of 240 ft. the sandstones (and grey rock) were coarse-grained skerries, chiefly composed of quartz grains ; whereas those below this depth, in the lower part of the Keuper Marl were, as a rule, of finer grain and probably consisted to a large extent of dolomite. The Keuper Waterstones, as elsewhere (p. 31), were not clearly separable from the Keuper Marl. Some of the harder sand- stones were as much as 3 ft. in thickness and grey in colour, but the majority were red and occurred at a low horizon. The basal beds of the usual Nottinghamshire type (p. 31), comprised alternations of red and grey micaceous ripple-marked sandstones, shales, and marls, with a very thin layer of angxilar quartzitic pebbles in a green marly sandstone at the base. The Bunter consisted of red and grey sandstones with scattered quartzitic pebbles and a few layers and lumps of marl. Beds of conglomerate occurred at 739 and 760 ft. depth. At lower levels the sandstone was of a finer texture, but still contained a few pebbles and marl pellets. The conglomerate at 960 ft. was separated by sandstone into two portions, the lower, about 6 ft. 6 in. in thickness, being very coarse at the base, where it con- sists of angular and sub-angular stones, up to 6 in. in length, embedded in a sandy matrix. Amongst the stones there were blue limestones and pale flinty cherts, red and yellow sandstones, pieces of marl or marly sandstone, and small ochreous pebbles. Among the Coal Measures entered beneath the Trias there is the same difficulty as at Owthorpe in assigning them a definite position in the sequence. The character of the rocks and the presence of several seams of coal indicate that the measures between 970 ft. and 1,592 ft. are Middle Coal Measures, while the absence of coals and the general character of the rocks below 1,592 ft. is rather suggestive of Lower Coal Measures. The sandstone commencing at 1,839 ft. depth resembles the Wingfield Flagstones of Ruddington, but if it belongs to this horizon there is a great difficulty in correlating the coals above 1,592 ft. with those of Derbyshire. There can be little doubt that the bed with marine shells resting on the thin coal at 1,149 ft. depth is the same as the band at 1,611 ft. of the Owthorpe section. The fauna consists of Pterino- pecten, Lingula, and goniatites, but does not contain any of the forms characteristic of the Mansfield Marine Bed (p. 20) or of the shales 300 ft. above the Deep Hard Coal in the Clay Cross area. It is, therefore, uncertain if the boring entered Coal Measures above or below the Top Hard Coal. The measures showed no appreciable dip, and there were no distinct signs of faulting. 52 SHAFTS AND BOEINGS. Ruddington Boring. (Fig. 1, p. 6, and Section No. 18, Appendix, p. 111.) This boring is situated 4£ miles nearly due west of Clipston. There can be no doubt that it proved a Carboniferous sequence from about the lower half of the Wingfield Flagstones down to 109 ft. in the Third Millstone Grit (Kinderscout Grit). The identifica- tion of the coal at 1,072 ft. in depth with the Alton Coal is shown by its position above the Bough Eock and by the presence of Pterinopecten papyraceus in the roof shales as noted by Mr. R. D. Vernon. The boring is, therefore, situated near the western margin of the coalfield ; and, unless the beds turn over to the west, Coal Measures will not be found in the valley of the Soar. The measures, in contact with the Triassic rocks, though low down in the Coal Measure sequence, are of a red colour, showing that it is due to staining derived from the overlying red rocks. Edwalton Boeing. (Section No. 10, Appendix, p. 91.) This boring was an attempt to prove the Top Hard Coal at a point 2| miles south-east of Clifton Colliery. A few only of the cores were available for inspection, and an examination failed to afford any satisfactory evidence by which the seams mentioned in the record could be identified with any certainty. According to Coke 1 the boring entered Coal Measures at a horizon a short distance above the Dunsil Coal and ended at the horizon of the Black Shale (Silkstone) Coal. The description of the rocks be- tween the depths of 985 ft. and 1,057 ft., suggests the marine bed 300 ft. above the Deep Soft Coal in the Chesterfield district (p. 13). It is thought that below the Deep Soft Coal the boring passed through a fault which cut out the Deep Hard Coal. Clifton Colliery. (Section No. 7, Appendix, p. 83.) The importance of this record consists in its giving the only section, south of the Trent, of the Top Hard Coal and the measures down to the Deep Hard Coal. In the shafts and in the workings which extend south to Wilford Farm, the Top Hard, Deep Soft, and Deep Hard are not inferior in thickness to these seams in the Erewash Valley. There was, therefore, no reason to expect that the borings at Owthorpe and Clipston would fail to give three or more coals of workable thickness. The shafts are placed on the upthrow side of the Clifton Fault, which accounts for the Top Hard Coal having been reached 288 ft. nearer the surface than in the preliminary boring at Wilford (see below). The general inclination of the seams is north-east, or the same as that observed in the Erewash Valley. Besides the fault of 95 yards there are several others crossing the measures in 1 Trans. Fed. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xi, 1895-96, p. 340. CENTRAL DISTRICT. 53 a general easterly direction, with an aggregate downthrow south. The existence of these faults prevents an attempt to identify the seams of the Edwalton Boring on a calculation based on the depth and inclination of the seams in the Clifton workings. Wilford Borings. This boring was put down previously to sinking at Clifton. It is situated on the downthrow side of the Clifton Fault and reached the Top Hard Coal at a depth of 498 ft. The boring proved: — Alluvium, 21 ft. ; Keuper, 192 ft. ; Bunter, 246 ft. ; and Coal Measures down to the Top Hard Coal, 39 ft. Highfield Boring, Beeston. (Section No. 13, Appendix, p. 98.) This boring, completed in 1874, lies close to the Midland Rail- way, 1^ miles west-south-west of Clifton Colliery. The cores are not available. Coke 1 considered that the highest measures lie 208 ft. below the Top Hard Coal, which will agree with the depth to the Deep Soft Coal as recorded in the section. Spinney Boring. (Section No. 20, Appendix, p. 114.) Like the Beeston and Wilford trial holes this boring was a preliminary test to prove the Coal Measures previous to sinking at Clifton. It is situated at the Brickyard Spinney, south of the Trent. The cores were not available for inspection ; and as regards the Coal Measures, Coke was satisfied that the record " is misleading " (op. cit., p. 339). The Coal Measures appear to have been reached at nearly the same depth as at Wilford, although the boring is situated on the upthrow side of a post- Triassic fault of 153 ft. throw, which crosses the Trias south of Wilford. Chilwell Boring. The site of the boring is stated (Plant MS.) to be in a field, Nos. 5, 718, 752 on the General Map, on the Estate of Thomas Broughton Charlton. This field appears to be one near the Midland Railway, about \ mile south-west of Beeston Station. The published record 2 gives the following details: — Alluvium, 13| ft. ; Red marl and white sandstone, 167 ft. ; Pebble Beds, 250 ft.; Soft sandstone, 33 ft.; Coal Measures, 876| ft. In the Plant MS. ft is stated that four seams of coal, from 5 in. to 17 in. thick, were passed through. 2. Central District. This area, about 500 square miles in extent, situated chiefly in Nottinghamshire, stretches westward, from the Trent between Nottingham and Gainsborough, to the outcrop of the Magnesian Limestone. 1 Trans. Fed. Inst. Mia. Eng., vol. xi, 1895-96, p. 339. ' Rep. Brit. Assoc, 1890, p. 366. 54 SHAFTS AND BOEINGS. The coal-workings are practically confined to the Top Hard Coal, which is raised by numerous pits extending in a long line from the outskirts of Nottingham City to Shireoaks. West of Nottingham, pits in the Leen Valley work the Deep Soft and Deep Hard coals ; but to the north, where their value has been proved only in a few cases, these seams remain untouched. Most of the shafts commence in the Magnesian Limestone; but the shafts of Gedling Colliery start in Keuper Waterstones, and those of Mansfield and Manton collieries in Bunter Sandstone. Explora- tions through the Keuper Marl have been made by borings at Thurgarton and Kelham ; another which has not yet reached the Carboniferous rocks is in progress at Cottam. The western margin is included on the one-inch Geological Survey maps, Sheets 125, 1 112, 2 100, 2 New Series; the central parts northward to Bevercotes fall within Sheets 126, * 113, 1 New Series ; and the district around Retford and Gainsborough occurs within the one-inch Geological Survey maps, Sheets 82 N.E., 83 N.W., Old Series. Cover. — In contrast to their development in the area north of Retford, the Superficial deposits are here feebly represented, and the outcrops of the Permian and Triassic rocks, which extend in bands trending roughly north and south, can be readily traced across the district. Consequently, the horizon at which a boring or shaft commences can be ascertained from the Geological Maps. The total thickness of cover is shown by the contour lines on the map (Plate I.). The increase in thickness of the Permian rocks from south to north and from west to east, mentioned in a previous chapter (p. 27), is illustrated by all the sinkings and borings. Thus at Gedling Colliery the Permian consists of less than 50 ft. of lime- stone, marl, and shales, which at Manton Colliery, 21 miles north of Gedling, reach a combined thickness of 407 ft. ; while 184 ft. of Permian strata at Mansfield Colliery has swelled out to a thick- ness of 500 ft. at South Scarle, 17 miles to the east. Each of the sub-divisions share in the expansion, though it is more marked in the Lower Limestone. A northerly increase in the thickness of the Bunter Sandstone is shown by its expansion from 385 ft. at Gedling to 681 ft. at Bevercotes. The porous Bunter Sandstones, owing to their broad outcrop, contain large volumes of water which in the pumping shaft of Manton Colliery amounted to 3,000,000 gallons per day. Carboniferous. — At present there are no workings in the seams below the Top Hard ; and those in the seams above this coal are confined to a few collieries. On the west the Top Hard ranges from 5 ft. to a few inches over 6 ft. in thickness; but in the east, between Annesley and Bestwood, the seam gradually diminishes to under 3 ft., though at Oxton, which is the most easterly point at which it has been proved, the Top Hard shows a thickness of over 4 ft. 1 Explanatory Memoirs giving details of shafts and borings, are published. 2 Maps and Explanatory Memoir are in course of preparation. CENTRAL DISTRICT. 55 The Upper Coal Measures are present over a considerable area between Oxton, Gedling, and Thurgarton, but except at Thur- garton the sequence is confined to the lower beds or Etruria Marl group of this division of the Coal Measures, and from the evidence of the Kelham Boring it is not likely that the Upper Coal Measures will be found in any great thickness, if, indeed, they are present at all, north of a line joining Oxton and iKelham. At Oxton the Middle Coal Measures above the Top Hard reach a thickness of 1,287 ft. Between here and the northern limit of the central area there are no shafts or borings that reach the Top Hard beneath the Upper Coal Measures, so that the full thickness of measures above the Top Hard is not known, but they may be expected to expand considerably north of Oxton (p. 22). This is a point of much importance in shaft sinking owing to the increase of cover in the same direction. The section (No. 15, Appendix) obtained in the shafts of Mansfield Colliery may be regarded as typical of the character of the rocks and sequence of the seams. Here, and also at Oxton and Sherwood Colliery, the Mansfield Marine Bed (p. 20) with the hard bed of argillaceous limestone (' cank ') resting on a thin coal at its base, forms a reliable index of position in the sequence which is otherwise not marked by the development of any very characteristic rock or seam of coal. The measures, proved in actual mining, are inclined to the north-east at an angle varying from 2 to 5 degrees, but with a tendency, for the dip, to flatten gradually out to the east. From the evidence obtained at Thurgarton and Kelham it appears that the measures between these two localities rise to the east, and that for the present the Trent may be regarded as forming the eastern limit for the extension of this important coal in the southern part of the district. There are, however, no data giving the direction of the axis of the basin between Newark and Gains- borough. Should it trend nearly north and south then the Trent will again mark the eastern limit of the Top Hard, which in this case will lie at reasonable mining depths over the whole of the area, while the lower coals will also fall within the 4,000 ft. limit of working. Bbstwood Colliery. (Plate III., Fig. 1.) " The sinking of the shafts of this colliery was the first attempt made to reach the Top Hard Coal under the Trias at any con- siderable distance from known workings. The depth (1,241 ft.) at which the seam was attained proves, in the absence of any known faulting, that the dip of the measures flattens to the east, for if the dip of 5 degrees at the outcrop had continued, the depth to the Top Hard at Bestwood would have exceeded 2,000 ft. " In the shafts the Top Hard is 6 ft. 8 in. thick, but gradually decreases in thickness when followed to the east. The inclination slowly diminishes in the same direction." 1 1 Excerpted from ' The Geology of Newark and Nottingham,' Mem. Geol. Surv., 1908, p. 13. 56 SHAFTS AND BOEINGS. GrEDLING COIXIEKY. (Section No. 11, Appendix, p. 92.) " The success attending Bestwood Colliery and the proof obtained that the dip of the measures gradually decreased to S.E. and E. led to a boring being put down near Gedling. This experimental trial was considered to have reached the Top Hard at a depth of 1,372 ft. Two shafts were subsequently sunk near the site of the boring, and by the courtesy of the owners we were permitted to examine the material from time to time during the progress of the sinking . " Eespecting the first 20 ft. of ' red rock ' we are unable to give any opinion, as the material had been covered up before our visit ; but the underlying red and mottled marls (107 ft. thick) un- doubtedly belong to the Etruria Marl Group . . . Shells of Anthracomya phUlipsi were found to be fairly abundant through- out the first 109 ft. of strata beneath the Etruria Marls . . . Between 825 ft. (below which A. phillipsi was not found) and the Top Hard Coal several ' mussel bands ' were met with [list given] The absence of Carbonicola robusta is noteworthy. At 844 ft. a blue shale (' blue clunch ' in the sinking record) yielded large forms of Lingula and Orbiculoidea in association with fish remains ... At a depth of 1,022 ft. a similar shale contained Lingula. The bottom of this bed was a hard argillaceous lime- stone with Lingula and Produetus." (From Survey Memoir, op. cit., pp. 13-14.) This occurrence of the fossils between the base of the Etruria Marls and the limestone (black hard stone of the record) at 1,022 ft. conforms with that above the Mansfield Marine Bed through- out the coalfield. It has been previously mentioned (p. 23) that the measures above the Mansfield Marine Bed rapidly diminish in thickness between Maltby and Oxton, while the attenuation below the marine bed and Top Hard amounts to only 6 ft. per mile. Between Oxton and Gedling, in a distance of six miles, the measures above the Mansfield Marine Bed fall from 757 ft. in thick- ness to 385 ft. ; but those between the limestone at 1,022 ft. and the Top Hard also diminish from 528 ft. at Oxton to 352 ft. at Gedling, representing an attenuation of nearly 30 ft. per mile. On the stratigraphical evidence, therefore, some doubt exists as to the correct identification of the seam at 1,374 ft. depth with the Top Hard of other sinkings. In the Memoir (p. 16) cited above it is stated that if " the High Hazles of Gedling be placed on a line with the Clowne Coal (623 ft.) of Bestwood it is found that the positions of the numerous coal seams in the two sections agree very closely, far more closely, indeed, than if the Top Hard Coal of Gedling is used as a base level." On this interpretation the discrepancy of the Mansfield Marine Bed lying below the Clowne Coal at Gedling and several feet above it over the rest of coalfield is avoided. Thurgakton BOKINfr. (Section No. 22, Appendix, p. 118.) The three subdivisions of the Upper Coal Measures are clearly distinguishable from each other by the lithological characters CENTRAL DISTRICT. 57 mentioned on p. 26. The base of the Etruria Marls at 1,374 ft. is also clearly defined. In the grey Coal Measures below the Etruria Marls the complete absence of coals from 1,614 ft. down to the bottom of the boring is most noteworthy; and this, in conjunction with the numerous beds of sandstone, can be best matched in the Lower Coal Measures. But this interpretation does not fit in with the marine bed at 1,672 ft. depth, which is either the bed 300 ft. above the Deep Hard Coal or the Mansfield Marine Bed. In the first case some signs of the coals between the Deep Soft and Silkstone coals should have been met with. If the bed is the Mansfield Marine Bed then on a comparison with Oxton the Top Hard Coal at Thurgarton should have occurred at 2,200 ft., but a slight increase in thickness of the measures at Thurgarton would place the Top Hard below the depth reached. Allowance must also be made for a deviation of the hole from verticality since the total depth given is measured by the length of the boring rods. The possibility of the lower part of the boring having passed through a fault which has introduced Lower Coal Measures should however be taken into account. There is also some difficulty in taking the bed at 1,672 ft. to be the Mansfield Marine Bed since at Oxton the grey measures between the marine bed and the Etruria Marls are 754 ft. thick and only 298 ft. thick at Thurgarton. Either the measures thin rapidly or a part of the sequence has been cut out by faulting. Oxton Boring. (Plate III., Fig. No. 2, and Section No. 17, Appendix, p. 110.) The breccia at the base of the Permian is of the usual Notting- hamshire type, and its presence leaves no doubt that the Coal Measures were entered at a depth of 516 ft. The Coal Measures beneath the breccia consist of 110 feet of red and mottled clays of the characteristic Etruria Marl type, con- taining thin bands of greenish sandstones comparable with the Espley Rock of Thurgarton. As at Gedling, the group does not possess a clearly defined base, but, by the intercalation of grey with red measures, passes down into ordinary grey Middle Coal Measures. The Middle Coal Measures belong to the Nottingham type, allowance being made for the difficulty of ascertaining by drilling the exact thickness of thin coals. The fossils of the Mansfield Marine Bed include Lingula mytiloides , Pterinopecten papyraceus, Posidoniella sulcata, and goniatites. Kelham Boring. This important and interesting boring is situated on the left bank of the Trent, 1£ miles W.S.W. of the Midland Railway Station at Newark, at approximately 40 ft. above O.D. Opera- tions have not yet ceased; but by the kindness of the directors of the syndicate we are permitted to publish the following notes on the points of chief geological interest. 58 SHAFTS AND BOEINGS. The following classification of the newer formations passed through has been drawn up after an examination of the cores by Mr. B. Smith: — Trias Thickness. Ft. In. 18 6 397 6 174 671 35 82 6 21 6 1 Soil and Trent alluvium ... ( Keuper marl J Waterstones "* 1 Bunter Pebble Beds and Lower ( Mottled Sandstone. ( Red marl tj • I Magnesian limestone Permian ... •< jjji BlateB (^ Breccia The Coal Measures were found at a depth of 1,401 feet below the surface and 1,361 feet below O.D. The following notes on the igneous rock met with between 1,715 feet and 1,792 feet are suppKed by Dr. Flett : — The rock should be classed with the Teschenites, but it presents several characters which are unusual in rocks of this kind. It is ophitic to sub- ophitic in texture, and contains a purple augite and serpentinous pseudo- morphs after olivine. It is rich in analcite, which is often doubly refracting, and the felspars also exhibit analcitisation. The strangest feature of the rock is the presence of a dark brown inter- stitial material which appears to be a primary constituent. This material is neither opal nor analcite, as its refractive index is higher than that of canada-balsam, and although probably a glass contains no globulites or trichites such as are usually present in the brown glass of dolerites. It is also quite unlike the material found in the glassy margins of teschenitic intrusions. Beneath the igneous rock the boring was continued in shales and sandstones with coals to a depth of 2,361 ft. when it entered a hard coarse-grained sandstone containing a few rounded quartz pebbles and small garnets. After passing through a series of dark shales, with many marine shells, a pale-grey somewhat impure limestone containing a fragment of a compound coral was met with. There can, therefore, be little doubt that the strata below the depth of 2,361 ft. are older than the Coal Measures. Mansfield Colliery. (Plate III., Pig. No. 3, and Section No. 15, Appendix, p. 104.) As at Oxton and in the shafts of the Sherwood Colliery, two miles west-north-west, the base of the Permian is clearly defined by the breccia at the depth of 468 ft. At Sherwood Colliery the breccia rests on a felspathic sandstone which has been stained red, but at Mansfield it lies on a pale-grey, unstained sandstone. Since both beds are equally porous the two sections • illustrate the capricious action of the staining matter. The section of No. 2 shaft given in the appendix shows the lithological characters of the Coal Measures sequence, and the fossils found in the Mansfield Marine Bed are indicated by the letter S in the list of fossils in Chapter II., p. 21. Although Anthracomya pliillipsi occurs in the shales above the High Hazles Coal, 208 ft. above the Top Hard, it was only represented by a NORTHERN DISTRICT. 59 few individuals, while the fossil was extremely abundant at the higher horizons between 900 and 1,000 ft. above the Top Hard. In the workings, the Top Hard Coal is inclined three degrees to the north-east — 276"7 ft. per mile. South Scaele (Collingham) Borino. (Plate II., Fig. 4.) This boring is situated 17 miles nearly due east of the Mansfield Colliery. There are several published accounts of this record, which vary considerably in the details given of the thicknesses of the newer rocks, above the Coal Measures. The following figures are those given in the Coal Commission Report for 1905, pt. IX., Appendix , p. 43: — Superficial, 21; Lias, 29; lthsetic, 15; Keuper, 893*6 ; Bunter, 541 - 6; Permian, 519; all measurements being in feet. The basement bed of the Permian consisted of a breccia one foot thick, 1 at a depth of 2,020 ft. Beneath the breccia the boring was continued for 10 ft. in beds described by Wilson (op. cit.) as ' deep-red indurated marls with nodules of haematite, ' and referred by him and others to the Upper Coal Measures, but as previously mentioned no importance can be attached to this identification of the beds with the red Upper Coal Measures of Thurgarton and Oxton. Beveecotes Borino. (Plate II., Fig. 5, and Section No. 4, Appendix, p. 77.) This boring was continued below the Permian for some distance into the Coal Measures. The section of the Permian rocks is of interest as it is the farthest point north at which the basal breccia of the Permian has been proved. Manton Colliery. The shafts commenced in the Bunter Conglomerate and reached the Coal Measures at a depth of 620 ft. 10 in. from the surface. The Top Hard Coal was penetrated at a depth of 2,034 ft. Blocks of limestone and shale containing the characteristic fossils of the Mansfield Marine Bed were found on the refuse heaps, but the position of the band is not shown in the record. 3. Northern District. With the exception of a boring at Haxey in the south-east, and of the collieries at Fryston and Peckfield in the north-west the development of this important area, amounting to about 600 square miles, has taken place within the present century. It is situated chiefly in south-east Yorkshire and is hence frequently called the ' East Yorkshire Coalfield.' In the south it is in direct continua- tion with the Nottinghamshire Coalfield from which it is not separated by any distinct geographical feature. The eastern 1 E. Wilson, Quart. Journ, Geul. Soc, vol. xxxv, 1879, p. 813. 60 SHAFTS AND BOEINGS. boundary coincides with the Trent between Gainsborough and its confluence with the Humber. The northern boundary extends about two miles south of the Ouse at Selby ; but thence to the west, the limit has not been fixed by borings and there is no information until the Peckfield Colliery is reached and the outcrop of the Millstone Grits to the north-west. The Magnesian Limestone between Maltby and north-west of Peckfield clearly defines the boundary on the west. Within these limits the whole of the area can be regarded as proved by shafts on the west and by borings in the north, east, and south. The district falls within the one-inch Geological Survey maps, sheets 87, N.E., S.E. ; 86, N.W., S.W., Old Series. Cover. — The outcrop of the solid formations except those of the Permian are, for the most part, concealed by wide spreads of superficial deposits. The boundary lines, especially those between the sub-divisions of the Trias, are therefore not so easily deter- mined as in the central district, consequently the thickness of the beds cannot be determined by observations at the surface. This, however, is of little practical consequence since, as in the central region, the distribution of the covering formations (Permian and Trias) was determined by the shape of the floor of Carboniferous rocks on which they were deposited and which, as the explorations show, (map, Plate I., and p. 3) was an even surface shelving east, so that both the Permian and Triassic sediments expand at a uniform rate in this direction. Every sinking to the east therefore meets not only with an increase of cover due to the easterly dip of the beds but also to their expansion. Since also the floor of Carboniferous rocks was inclined, not due east but a little north of east, the thickness of both Permian and Trias is not identical in borings on the same longitude but is always greater in the more northerly one. The complete sequence of the Permian formation has been proved in several borings and sinkings, but the Triassic sandstones have been passed through in their entirety only at Haxey where they reach a thickness of 1,043 ft. (p. 96). At Haxey the Permian amounts to 557 ft. and at Selby to 624 ft., while the intermediate boring at Thorne gives a thickness of 622 ft. As the outcrop of the Triassic sandstone is coincident roughly with the line representing the depth at which the buried coal- measure surface lies 500 ft. below sea-level and that of the Keuper Marl with the 1,700 ft. contour, the approximate amount of cover and its distribution can be obtained from the contour lines shown on the map (Plate I.). The thickness of Drift (chiefly loose sands and gravels) can be determined only by actual trial since these deposits lie in irregular channels eroded in the solid formations. There are places where the Drift is thin or absent; and others, as at Bentley, where it amounts to 100 ft. One of the chief engineering difficulties in sinking shafts is the large volume of water contained in the Triassic sandstones, which are often of a soft spongy nature not unlike the unconsolidated Drift sands which gave so much trouble at Bentley Colliery. Water in considerable quantities occurs in the Lower Magnesian Limestone, if, as at Bullcroft, the rock is NORTHERN DISTRICT. 61 fissured ; but when more compact the amount of water does not present any serious obstacle in shaft-sinking. Carboniferous Rocks. — In Yorkshire the seams of coal in the Lower and Middle Coal Measures, though continuous with those of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire receive a totally different set of names (tables , pp. 12-14). The Top Hard Coal of Notting- hamshire becomes the Barnsley Coal of Yorkshire up to Wakefield. Further north, where dirt-partings make their appearance, it is called the Warren House Coal ; and in its extreme northern exten- sion it has been identified by Green with the Gawthorpe Coal (table, p. 15). It is emphatically in search of the Barnsley Coal that all the explorations have been and are being made; and on its quality and thickness the success of any colliery primarily depends, just as in the region to the south the Top Hard Coal is held in the highest esteem. In the Doncaster district the Barnsley Seam averages about 9 ft. in thickness, but of this only 6 to 7 ft. is marketable coal. It retains its character as an undivided seam to Thome, a little south of the latitude of Wakefield; but whether partings set in north of Thorne has not been proved, though this may be settled by the borings at Pollington and Drax. Besides the Barnsley Coal, the Shafton Coal above and the Dunsil Seam below are of workable thickness, ranging from 4 to 6 ft. The shafts of Maltby Colliery afford a complete and typical section of the measures above the Barnsley Coal, while the vari- ation in their character is illustrated (Fig. 2, p. 24) by the section of Dinnington Colliery, four miles south-west of Maltby, and those of Cadeby and Bentley collieries (Sect. Nos. 5 and 3, Appendix) to the north-west and north. In the older sinkings of Cadeby and Dinnington no mention is made of the occurrence of marine beds, which, especially in the case of the Mansfield Marine Bed of Maltby and Bentley, afford definite and reliable zones ; while the sandstones and coals, it will be observed, show rapid variations in thickness and character. Except at Maltby the Upper Coal Measures were denuded before the deposition of the Permian rocks ; but the erosion has not removed beds below the Shafton Coal, either in the north at Selby or in the east at Haxey and Thorne. If, however, as suggested (p. 47) the measures at Thorne are rising to the east, then the seams of the Middle Coal Measures will abut one after the other against the Permian rocks which will rest on Lower Coal Measures by the Trent, near Amcott (Fig. 3, p. 45), west of Crosby. The structure of the coalfield is apparently that of a simple, shallow basin. Allowance, however, must be made for the limited amount of information to be obtained from underground workings and from borings, which are not sufficiently numerous or advan- tageously placed to supply the necessary data. But though the evidence is not complete, yet, so far as it goes, it indicates that the centre of the basin lies between Bentley Colliery and Thorne, and that its eastern margin does not extend for more than three or four miles east of the Trent. 24395 E 62 shafts and borings. Haxey Boeing. (Plates II. and III., Fig. 6, and Section No. 12, Appendix, p. 96.) The first attempt to prove the Coal Measures in an area adjacent to the Trent, north of Gainsborough, was made at Idlestop, 3£ miles south-west of Haxey. This site was selected under a mis- conception, since corrected by Professor Kendall, 1 that the occur- rence of coal fragments, which are frequently dredged off the Dogger Bank, indicated the outcrop of coal seams under the North Sea, and that the Coal Measures extended uninterruptedly from the visible coalfield to and beyond the Lincolnshire coast. The record of the boring and a few notes have been published by Mr. G. Dunston. In his account it is mentioned that the seams were identified by Messrs. Hewitt and Chambers, and that the floor and roof of each coal were examined by Green and Russell, who are presumably responsible for naming the Carboniferous and Mesozoic rocks. The boring was completed in 1893. It commenced with a diameter of 13 inches, which was gradually reduced to l\ inches at the bottom. No mention is made of any determination of a possible deviation of the hole from verticality, so the statement that the measures are ' perfectly flat ' does not carry much weight. In the absence of any mention of fossils, it is impossible to com- pare, satisfactorily, the section with the recent sinking at Maltby and with those around Doncaster. All the seams between the Barnsley Coal and the Shafton Coal appear to have been passed through. We should, therefore, expect that one or more of the marine bands would have been detected, especially as Green was aware of their occurrence in the Yorkshire Coalfield. On" comparing the record with those of the recent sinkings, some modification of the published account appears to be justified. The mottled shales below 1,728 ft. probably represent the Marl Slates of Bentley Colliery and elsewhere, while the red colour of the sandstone (Rotherham Red Rock) on which they rest is due to staining frequently imparted to the rocks found above and below the Shafton Coal to the north and west. The coal (Barnsley Soft Coal) 4 ft. 9 in. thick at 3,142 ft., and the one (Barnsley Hard Coal) 4 ft. 7 in. thick at 3,185 ft., agree respectively with the Barnsley and Dunsil coals of Bentley Colliery (p. 65) and the Thome Boring. Maltby Colliery. (Pig. 2, p. 24, and Section No. 14, Appendix, p. 98.) The section is important as giving the complete sequence of the Middle Coal Measures above the Barnsley Coal in a district where they are at their maximum development. Particular care was taken by Mr. W. H. Dyson in the collection of fossils and in the correct description of the strata, of which adequate samples were taken and arranged in order in a cabinet. These and the material as it was brought up we were permitted to examine by the courtesy of Mr. Maurice Deacon, who also allowed us an inspec- tion of the cores of a preliminary boring. It was expected that 1 Final Report of the Royal Commission on Coal Supplies, pt. ix, 1905, p. 21. NOETHEHN DISTRICT. 63 the chief marine beds previously recorded from Brodsworth and Bentley by Mr. Culpin (see list, p. 21), would be found at Maltby. This anticipation was fully realised, owing to the enthusiastic search made by Mr. Dyson throughout sinking operations. The marine bands, it may be observed, were found in both shafts, and yielded the interesting and highly specialised fauna given in former pages (pp. 18-25). On examining the cores of the preliminary boring near the site of the subsequent sinking, with the late Elmsley Coke and Mr. Maurice Deacon, it was concluded that some red and grey sandstones beneath the Magnesian Limestone were the same as those seen in the brick-pits at Conisborough, four miles to the north-west. If this view was correct, the boring entered Coal Measures about 100 ft. higher in the sequence than the shafts of Cadeby Colliery which, atarting below the red marls of Conis- borough give 2,211 ft. of measures above the Barnsley Coal. At Maltby the thickness amounts to 2,276 ft. It was calculated that the depth to the Barnsley would be from 2,450 to 2,500 ft. That the red marls of the boring occupy a high position in the Coal Measures and were most probably on the horizon of the Etruria Marls of Oxton, was indicated by the abundance of Anthracomya phillipsi shells found in the grey shales below. The red colour, therefore, is an original staining and is not derived from the overlying Permian strata. Between the Barnsley Coal and the Mansfield Marine Bed the Maltby section agrees very closely with those of Bentley (PL III.) and Brodsworth ; but above the marine bed it is difficult to fix the position of the Shafton Coal in the Maltby section. If the marine bed at 1,207 ft. is the same as the highest marine horizon at Bentley, the Shafton Coal will be represented either by one of the thin seams between 1,207 ft. and 976 ft., or by the coal at the last-mentioned depth. Here the seam, 1 ft. 4^ in. thick, rests on a sandstone, which may represent the Upper Chivet Rock of the Cadeby section (No. 5, Appendix, p. 78), which occurs 20 ft. below the Shafton Coal. The sandstone above will then be equivalent to the overlying stone bind of Cadeby and to the Thryberg Rock of Green. It is, however, difficult to reconcile this interpretation with Green's generalised section (table, p. 14), in which the next sandstone (Ackworth Rock) lies 500 ft. above the Shafton ; while at Maltby a strong rock occurs only 152 ft. above the seam at 876 ft. We have, however, previously (p. 11) commented on the inadvisability of correlating one sandstone with another in the absence of other data — such as the marine beds. This is illus- trated (Fig. 2, p. 24) by a comparison of the shaft section of Dinnington, in which only the Barnsley Coal can be recognised with any certainty with that of Maltby in which the sandstones and coals differ in number, position and thickness from those of Dinnington. Armthorpe (Cantley) Boring. (Plate II., Fig. 7, and Section No. 1, Appendix, p. 69.) The Don faults (p. 39) if they continue in a north-easterly course under the newer formations would pass to the south of Bentley Colliery. The boring at Armthorpe was put down with 24395 E 2 64 SHAFTS AND BOEINGS. the object of testing the approximate depth to the Barnsley Coal previous to sinking, and it was not intended to reach the coal but to discontinue the boring when sufficient information had been obtained. The result of the boring shows that a fault of con- siderable downthrow south lies between Armthorpe and Bentley, but positive evidence of the amount of its throw and, consequently of the depth to the Barnsley Seam, was not obtained. Previously, the Mansfield Marine Bed had proved a satisfactory index at Fig. 5. — The Armthorpe Boring. 971 ' : ••'■'.'.<: 151O 1709 1843 1912 IS99 2071 2134 213! O. 2 0.2 O. 2 Marina Bed I. 1 Marina Bud i. 3 O. 2 0.6 0.2 Marina Bed O.ll a a I. 5 Marine Bed 2.2 2.2 Scale : One Inch - 300 Ft. Numbers on left give depths from surface ; those on right the thickness of coals. Chief sandstones shewn by stippling. Brodsworth, at Thorne, and at Bentley. It was expected to yield the same satisfactory evidence here, but this hope was not realised in its fullest extent. The cores were thrown open to our inspection through the courtesy of Mr. St. John Durnford, and were examined by us from time to time, when we also had the assistance of Mr. Culpin and of Elmsley Coke. NORTHERN DISTRICT. 05 The boring entered Coal Measures at 971 ft. from the surface and was continued to a depth of 2,163 ft. without reaching the Barnsley Coal. Tests for deviation, by the hydrofluoric acid method, were taken, and so far as can be judged the measures are nearly horizontal. There were some signs of faulty ground at 1,063 ft., which continued for 18 ft., when the measures again became normal and continued so down to the bottom of the boring. The first 40 ft. of Coal Measures, consisting of mottled marls, bear a close resemblance to the Conisborough red marls. In the grey measures below the faulty ground no absolutely definite beds of sandstone or coal were passed through ; and as none of the four marine beds yielded a fauna distinctive of the Mans- field Marine Bed — each, with the exception of the one at 1,912 ft., in which fragments of goniatites were found, containing Lingula only — it is not possible to determine the position in the sequence at which the boring ended. The nearest correlation with Maltby is obtained by taking the bed at 1,363 ft. as equivalent to the one at 1,207 ft. or 1,245 ft. above the Barnsley Coal. This plates the marine bed with goniatites at 1,912 ft. on about the level of the Mansfield Marine Bed, and that at 2,071 ft. with the bed at 1,888 ft., or 564 ft. above the Barnsley Coal, which would thus lie about 2,600 ft. from the surface or about 750 ft. deeper than at Bentley Colliery. Bentley Colliery. (Plate III., Fig. 7, and Section No. 3, Appendix, p. 74.) These pits, in conjunction with those of Brodsworth and the boring at Thorne, prove an extension of the Barnsley Coal, with an average thickness of nine feet, over a considerable area. In addition, the Shafton Coal of Brodsworth and Bentley, and the Dunsil Coal in all three, attain a workable thickness. These coals would afford sufficient data in themselves for comparing the sections, but a closer comparison can be made by taking the Mansfield Marine Bed and tabulating in each section its distance in feet below the Shafton Coal and above the Barnsley Coal : — Brodsworth. Bentley. Thorne. Shafton Coal 5 ft. 2 in. 4 ft. 01 in. 1 ft. 9 in. Measures 383 389 396 Mansfield Marine Bed... 20 ft. 4 in. 16 ft. 6 in. 15 ft. Measures 705 676 566 Barnsley Coal 9 ft. 5 in. 9 ft. 8 in. 8 ft. 11 in, During sinking operations a careful search for fossils was made by Mr. H. Culpin, who has published some notes, together with synoptical tables giving the range of the different fossils, plants, and animals. 1 Among the estuarine or fresh-water shells the absence of Carborvicola robusta as elsewhere (p. 11) is noteworthy, while the occurrence of Anthracomya phillipsi in profusion in the measures above the Shafton Coal is characteristic of the coalfield generally. A few individuals were found by Mr. Culpin in shales 100 ft. above the Barnsley Coal. 1 For Bentley Colliery, Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii., pt. i, 1909, pp. 75-8!, and for Brodsworth Colliery, Ibid., vol. xvi, pt. iii, 1908, pp. 321-334. 66 shafts and borings- Thorne Boeing. (Plate III., Fig. 8, and Section No. 21, Appendix, p. 115.) When permission to visit this boring was kindly granted by Mr. H. Embleton, the Triassic and Permian rocks had been passed through and the Coal Measures entered ; but an examina- tion of the cores of the Coal Measures was made on several occasions until the Barnsley Coal, 8 ft. 11 in. thick, was reached at a depth of 2,747 ft. beneath the surface, or 2,727 ft. below O.D. The boring, situated on the western edge of Thorne Waste, lies nine miles north-east of Bentley village, near which the Barnsley Coal had been reached in a boring; but when operations com- menced at Thorne there was no nearer exploration which would serve as a guide. At the time of our first visit the coal, 1 ft. 9 in. thick, at the depth of 1,786 ft. had been penetrated, and it was thought by Mr. Embleton that it possibly represented the Shafton Coal. In the meantime the position of the Mansfield Marine Bed in relation to the Shafton Coal was ascertained by Mr. Culpin at Brodsworth. When this band with its distinctive fossils was entered at a depth of 2,167 ft. the approximate depth to the Barnsley Coal could therefore be calculated, and the near approach to the seam was indicated by the sandy shales with numerous plants at the depth of 2,739 ft. The boring was subsequently carried down to the coal, four feet thick, which agrees with the position of the Dunsil Seam of Bentley Colliery. After allowance has been made for the deviation of the hole, which at one place was considerable, as tested bv the hydrofluoric acid method, the measures are seen to be inclined at a gentle angle, though the exact amount is not measurable, but the Coal Measures are certainly not in a horizontal position. The inference drawn from the presence of inclined measures at Thorne has been stated in a previous chapter (p. 47). Baelow Borisg. (Plate II., Fig. 10, and Section No. 2, Appendix, p. 72.) This boring, situated nine miles north-north-west of Thorne, entered Coal Measures at a depth of 1,305 feet and was continued down to a depth of 2,371 feet. It has been described in detail by Mr. St. John Durnford, 1 from whose paper the following notes on the inclination of the measures and deviation of the hole from verticality are extracted : — ' At a depth of 2,122 feet, a seam of coal, 3 feet thick, was passed through • • • From this bed of coal to the bottom of the hole the cores were very much broken up. At 2,170 and 2,200 feet there was distinct evidence of faulting . . . Near the latter depth, the bedding-planes showed an apparent dip of about 70 degrees. From 2,200 feet to the bottom, the strata were, if anything, rather less disturbed . . . but the high 1 Trans. Fed. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxxiv, 1907-8, pp. 426-48. NORTHERN DISTRICT. 01 inclination of the measures appeared to be accentuated with the greater depth, although a slight diminution was observable in the last 10 feet or so . . . The first test [for verticality] shows that the line of the hole at the depth of 2,120 feet was inclined to the vertical at an angle of about 15 degrees . . . in the second test, at 2,300 ft., the deviation was slightly less than was the case at the higher point, the angle being about 12 degrees.' The boring obviously passed through faulted and possibly folded strata. Since the site lies two miles south of the line, considered in the Coal Commission of 1871, to mark the northern margin of the basin, the evidence, but for that subsequently obtained in the Selby Boring would be cited in support of this view. Among faulted strata the examination of cores, especially in such characterless rocks as the Coal Measures, does not yield satis- factory evidence, and a personal inspection leaves the location of the sequence an open question. In the measures above 1,500 feet the occurrence of Anthracomya phillipsi indicates a position higher than the Barnsley Coal; and the presence of Posidoniella sulcata associated with Pterinopecten papyraceus and goniatites at 1,500 feet suggests the horizon of the Mansfield Marine Bed. Selby Boring. (Section No. 19, Appendix, p. 112.) Situated one mile north-west of Barlow this boring has success- fully proved that Coal Measures extend northward to and probably beyond the Ouse at Selby (p. 43). For permission to examine, and, where necessary to break the cores, we are again indebted to Mr. St. John Durnford. "We have also to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. H. Culpin on several occasions and for the information obtained by him from his own inspection of the cores. After passing through 660 feet of loosely consolidated red sandstone, referable to the Bunter, the boring was continued through the Magnesian Limestone Series and entered Coal Measures at a depth of 1,284 ft. The Permian strata showed little variation in thickness and character from the sequence at Barlow and making allowance for the absence of the rock salt in the middle marls they are 30 feet thicker than in the Barlow Boring. The Permian deposits there- fore do not partake in that marked thinning which is so con- spicuous in the Liassic and later Mesozoic sediments as they approach the Market Weighton anticline. At the top of the Coal Measures, the reddish sandstones, although harder and showing some signs of bedding planes were scarcely distinguishable from the sands at the base of the Permian. Towards the bottom of the hole the diameter of the core was under one inch so that the amount of dip could not be measured. Higher up, the measures, if not actually horizontal, were only slightly inclined ; and since, as shown by frequent testing, the 68 SHAFTS AND BORINGS. hole was vertical, the amount bored — 1,725 ft. — represents nearly the true thickness. Between 2,178 and 2,270 feet there were indications that the boring passed through a fault, but after a few feet of disturbed ground, the stratification again became normal. The boring therefore proved a considerable thickness of Coal Measures lying horizontally or only gently inclined at a point situated near the supposed northern margin of the basin. The correlation of the strata with any known part of the Coal- Measure sequence does not, owing to the absence of sufficient data, admit of a satisfactory solution. Fossils indicative of a definite horizon were not found. The fragments of goniatites in the pale bluish shales at 1,775 ft., as well as a spirifer-like shell preserved in iron pyrites found by Mr. Culpin are not confined to any special marine bed though the shale band must be one above the Silkstone Coal as is shown by the great thickness and character of the measures below. Against its being the bed, 300 ft. above the Deep Hard Coal, is the absence of any signs of the Beeston coals, which are strongly developed in the northern part of the Yorkshire Coalfield. Presumably then it is one of the bands above the Barnsley Coal, which in the form of the Warren House Seam may have been passed through in the faulted ground at a depth of 2,261 ft., though on this interpretation it is again diffi- cult to account for the failure of thick seams below this depth. The absence of any signs of the Gannister or Hard Bed Coal with its marine roof indicates that the boring did not reach the base of the Lower Coal Measures ; and except for the failure of thick seams below the faulted strata, the general character of the measures suggests that the boring ended in Middle Coal Measures. 69 APPENDIX. Kecoeds of Shaft-sinkings and Borings. Trias Peemian No. 1. Armthorpe Boring. 1 in. Map (N.S.) 88 ; 6 in. Map, Yorks., 277 S.E. Communicated by Mr. H. St. John Durnford. Height above O.D. 50 ft. [Abridged.] Soil Clayey sand and gravel Brown sand and gravel, cobbles at bottom ' Red sand ... ..." Soft red sandstone Soft red sandstone with thin beds of conglomerate Soft red sandstone Soft red sandstone with small pebbles Soft red sandstone Soft red sandstone with pebbles Soft red sandstone Bed marl Bed sandstone with some bands of marl Bed marl with grey sandstone bands Bed sandstone Red sandstone and marl Bed sandstone Grey marly sandstone Bed marl Bed sandstone ... Bed marl and marly sandstone Bed marl with pieces of gypsum Red marl with gypsum bands and grey sandstone Bed marl with limestone and gypsum Bed marl, sandy marl, and gypsum Marly gypsum Blue and red marl n ft T . i >■ Grey limestone LimestoceJ J ( Blue shale and sandy shale with gypsum and limestone Bed marl with gypsum Red marl Bed marl with gypsum and grey sandstone ... Bed marl with bands of gypsum Gypsum with thin veins of blue marl ... ... C3 13 3 Thickness. De pth. Ft. In. Ft. In 9 9 5 6 14 4 20 7 3 13 6 8 11 6 43 6 14 64 143 5 1 90 9 2 57 8 30 9 1 2 6 5 6 19 539 21 6 11 5 3 15 3 13 1 607 10 42 8 650 6 6 2 14 10 2 6 6 77 3 8 765 70 RECORDS. Permian— cont. Coal Measures. ' d f T3 O CD GO K 0) ■8.1 J "3 0> S * m o 17 6 1 2 3 6 8 2 8 18 9 971 1,010 1,063 6 1,101 Armthorpe Boring— continued. Thickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. f Grey limestone with gypsum 23 Grey limestone ... ... 5 Grey limestone with gypsum 28 Grey limestone ... ... 20 Grey limestone with gypsum 2 Grey limestone ... ... 12 Grey limestone with gypsum 8 Grey limestone ... ... 94 „ Grey shale .. 11 Mottled marl 11 Mottled sandy shale ... 10 Mottled shale with bands o£ red shaly sandstone ... 15 Mottled shale 2 Grey sandy shale and sandstone ... 49 Grey fireclay ... ... 1 Grey fireclay, pieces of limestone ... 1 Grey limestone ... ... ... 1 Grey shale and fireclay [faulty ground] 1 8 Grey shale ... 18 Black shale and coal ... Grey fireclay and ironstone ... ... 3 Grey shale 13 Black shale ... ... ... ... Grey shale with ironstone 9 Grey shale with sandstone and black shale ... 7 Grey shale and sandy shale ... ... 27 Grey fireclay, black shale, and iron- stone ... 2 Grey shale and sandy shalo ... ... 18 Black shale ... ... 3 Grey shale with ironstone bands ... 4 Grey fireclay with ironstone ... 1 Grey sandstone 5 Grey shale 8 Grey shale, ironstone, and fireclay ... 1 Grey sandy shale, and shaly sandstone 38 Grey shale, some ironstone ... ... 21 Sandy shale and sandstone 11 Dark grey shale 3 Grey fireclay and ironstone 2 Grey shale and sandy shale, ironstone 7 Coal 2 1,291 11 Dark grey fireclay ... ... ... 8 Ironstone ... ... Dark grey fireclay ... 2 Coal 2 1,303 Grey sandy shale, some ironstone ... 19 Grey shale ... 11 Grey shale with ironstone ... ... 10 Bluish grey shale with^ Marin „ f ironstone ... )■ , n ■{ Dark grev shale J snem - I Coal ..' 2 1,363 Grey fireclay Grey shale and sandstone Grey fireclay with ironstone Grey sandstone and sandy shale Grey sandy shale and shale, with ironstone ... 26 3 6 6 6 5 7 6 3 3 9 6 3 3 9 6 6 10 8 6 2 6 9 9 3 6 6 2 6 9 4 2 1 9 ABMTHOEPE. 71 Armthorpe Boring— continued. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Coal Measures — cont. Grey sandstone and sandy shale Dark grey shale and ironstone \Lingula\ Coal Dark grey fireclay Grey shale with ironstone Coal, bastard Grey fireclay with ironstone Grey shale Grey fireclay, with ironstone Grey shale with ironstone Grey fireclay with ironstone Sbaly sandstone and sandy shale ... Dark grey shale with ironstone bands Bluish grey shale Black shale Sandy fireclay with ironstone Grey sandy shale and ironstone Bluish grey shale Dark grey shale with ironstone, coal joints Grey fireclay Grey shale and sandy shale Dark grey shale with ironstone Coal, bastard Dark grey fireclay ... Coal Grey fireclay Grey shale with ironstone Black shale ■\ Dark grey fireclay ... Coal, bastard Grey sandy shale Grey shale and sandy shale, some ironstone Dark grey shale Coal Fireclay and sandy fireclay with ironstone Grey sandy shale and sandstone Grey shale and ironstone Dark grey shale and ironstone Very dark -grey shale with ironstone bands [Lingula] ... Grey limestone, cank [Lingula] Very dark grey shale [Lingula] Anthracite coal Grey fireclay Grey sandstone ... Sandy fireclay Mottled shale Fireclay with ironstone Grey shale Grey fireclay, ironstone, gas coal joints Grey shale, ironstone Black shale, ironstone Dark grey shale, ironstone Sandstone and sandy shale Fireclay with ironstone . Sandy shale and sandstone 65 13 3 1 10 1 8 1,497 1 1 9 1 9 3 3 1,510 9 6 9 10 9 3 5 8 91 8 1,643 4 6 8 2 6 2 3 6 3 6 6 1 2 43 7 1 2 4 1 5 2 1,709 10 2 11 27 9 1 4 6 1,746 5 84 7 1 6 1,843 6 3 5 30 3 9 8 4 10 8 5 6 5 5 2 6 1,912 2 1 6 7 7 3 5 8 4 15 6 9 10 5 2 3 3 5 3 6 4 6 72 RECORDS. Coal Measures — cont. Armthorpe Boring— continued. Grey shale and bands of ironstone ... Coal Fireclay Coal, soft Fireclay with ironstone Grey shaly sandstone and sandy shale Grey shale, ironstone Grey sandy fireclay Very dark blue shale and ironstone bands Grey shale, ironstone bands \_Lingula] Coal Grey fireclay with ironstone Grey sandy shale Grey shale and sandstone, ironstone Grey shaly sandstone Grey sandy shale with ironstone bands Grey shale with ironstone bands Black shale Coal Fireclay Grey shale and shaly sandstone Coal Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 7 10 11 1,999 6 15 9 2,015 3 4 14 3 20 6 5 6 10 1 1 5 2,071 11 4 4 1 13 5 4 9 26 6 6 1 2 2 2,134 9 3 23 2 2 2,162 11 No. 2. Trias Permian Barlow Boring. 1 in. Map (N.S.) 79 ; 6 in. Map, Yorks., 236 N.E. Communicated by Mr. H. St. John Durnford. Height above O.D. 16"1 ft. [Abridged.] Dark brown clay , Bed sand ... Clay Sand a o g ft ft Upper Lime- stone. Red sandstone Mottled red marl Red sandstone ... Red sandstone, mixed with marl Grey sandstone Red sandstone Red marl Red sandstone ... Red marl Red marl with sandstone layers Red marl Red marl and sandstone Red marl Gypsum and anhydrite Red marl and gypsum Red marl... , Marl with bands of gypsum ... Limestone with bands of gypsum Limestone ... Limestone with bands shale and gypsum Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In 38 1 15 40 94 186 2 300 43 45 2 1 I) 22 695 6 4 14 1 34 20 5 S 16 6 4 800 16 77 6 of 10 903 6 BARLOW. 73 Barlow Boring— continued. Permian- cont. Coal Measures. o Thickness. Ft. In. f Red marl with layers of limestone 64 Rock salt 20 Limestone 20 6 Blue marl 1 Anhydrite 5 6 Blue marl 1 Limestone ... 4 6 Red marl 1 Limestono 25 6 Limestone with veins of gypsum 45 Limestone 213 6 'Grey shale 12 Blue shale 31 Grey shale 28 Dark shale 18 Blue shale 12 Sandstone and sandy shale with coal layers 15 Blue shale with sandstone layers ... 19 Blue shale [Marine bed at base] ... 60 Fireclay 1 Blue shale 18 Light coloured sandy shale 7 Blue shale 45 Grey shale ... ... ... ... 6 Dark coloured shale, ironstone nodules 7 6 Sandy shale 4 6 Dark blue shale 26 Coal 1 3 Fireclay ... ... 4 Blue shale 29 9 Grey shale and sandstone layers ... 32 Blue shale 9 Stone bind 13 Dark blue shale 27 Fireclay 1 Sandstone and stone bind 12 Blue shale 24 Dark coloured shale ... 4 Fireclay 4 Stone bind 5 Light and dark coloured shale ... 19 Light grey sandstone 14 Blue shale ... ... 5 Stone bind 18 Blue bind 3 Stone bind 2 Blue shale 41 Grey sandstone 41 Coal 9 Fireclay 4 Shale 55 3 Stone bind 74 Blue shale 61 Coal, inferior 3 Fireclay 8 Light coloured stone ... ... ... 40 Blue shale 8 Light coloured stone 17 Blue shale with coal veins ... ... 22 Grey sandstone ... 63 Blue shale 91 Depth. Ft. In. 1,021 1,305 1,501 1,616 3 1,924 9 2,122 2,371 74 EECORDS. GLACIAL. Permian. Coal Measures. Upper Permian Marl and Bunter Sandstone. No. 3. Bentley Colliery. Section in No. 2 Shaft at the Bentley Colliery. 1 in. Map (N.S.) 88 ; 6 in. Map, Yorks., 277 N.W. Communicated by Mr. R. Clive. Height above O.D. 21 ft. [Slightly abridged.] Soil Yellow and blue clay Warp clay Sand, sandy clay with fragments of coal ... Sandy red and blue clay with coal and boulders Stiff blue clay with glacial boulders... f tt,™,. f So£t red and s re y sand " stone Bed marl and sandstone Eed marl with boulders Broken limestone ^ Red marl g° f Grey limestone m o I Grey limestone with clay §;"! H partings 3 Dark grey limestone with ^ I gyP sum partings f Dark grey marl with gypsum Red marl with gypsum Harder gypsum with limestone Limestone with clay partings Grey limestone Dark grey limestone with clay partings Dark grey limestone with pyrites and [galena] Very soft dark brown clay ... Dark limestone with bands of hard marl Strong grey marl \_Lingula credneri] Soft mottled blue and red shale Blue bind and sandstone (3 ft. 3 in.) Stone bind and sandstone Coal Fireclay Bind, clunch, and fireclay, alternating Grey sandstone Blue bind "1 , T . „ , Black shale } Marine Bed Blue bind Black shale, streaked with coal Fireclay and clunch ... Blue bind Black shale Coal [? Shafton] Fireclay Black shale and clunch Coal Fireclay Bind and sandstone (3 ft.) mixed ... Coal Clunch Blue bind H3 t~* a o CO o w h3 Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 9 9 13 11 1 4 16 63 13 4 7 8 100 28 6 29 2 22 10 1 4 3 (1 184 10 24 10 3 9 24 7 238 1 28 2 10 2 2 272 204 9 11 10 2 8 6 15 10 521 4 9 19 5 70 6 5 5 80 2 9 9 J 20 I 8 4 732 3 6 11 4 5 36 U 1 14 4 0i 782 It 4 3i 1 7 10 788 10 2 3 59 9 1 4 852 2 3 4 33 7 BENTLEY. Bentley Colliery— continued. Coal ,. Measures — cont. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 'Coal H 889 2* Blue bind 4 6* Grey sandstone 17 10 Blue bind with ironstone bands 6 Black shale 7 Coal 1 1 919 3 Fireclay and clunch 4 6 Blue bind 11 10 Sandy blue bind with bands of grei sandstone 30 5 Grey sandstone 51 Strong stone bind with bands o: sandstone 6 Mottled grey sandstone and stone bint 34 6 ^ery dark grey bind with ironstone bands... ... 6 Fireclay and clunch 2 6 Grey bind and ironstone bands 11 Hard clunch ... 4 Strong blue bind with bands o: sandstone 10 Blue bind 6 4 Black shule 3 3 Coal 1 6 1,102 1 Fireclay 6 Blue bind 5 Bind with sandstone bands 57 * 5, Black shale 1 9 Blue bind with ironstone balls 4 6 Dark shale with hard cank balls abovt ! > coal [Mansfield Marine Bed] 10 9 1,187 6 Coal with black batt 5 1,187 11 Fireclay and clunch 2 10 Clunch and stone bind 11 3 Coal, bright 8 1,202 8 Clunch 2 2 Blue bind 2 7 Stone bind and sandstone 25 6 Dark blue bind 6 1 Coal 7 in., clod 3 in., Coal 1 ft. 1 in 1 11 1,240 11 Dark clunch ... 3 4 Bind with hard bands 19 o Coal 4 1,263 9 Clunch and fireclay 2 8 Black clunch with ironstone balls .. 7 1 Ironstone bands 5 1,273 11 Blue bind (Marine bed at 1,274 ft.).. 18 2 Stone bind with beds of cank 11 8 Blue bind 7 7 Coal (bright) 9 in., hard Coai 1ft. 3 in 2 1,313 4 Hard clunch 6 6 Clunch and stone bind 4 1 Black bind with fossils 8 Ironstone band 4 Black bind with fossils 2 8 Blue bind with bands of ironstone and fireclay ... 20 11 Black bind with coal streaks 1 2 Black batt and coal ... 3 Light clunch and fireclay 3 7 Dark clunch and bind 3 8 . Blue bind with ironstone bands 6 7 76 EECOEDS. Bentley Colliery— con tinned. Coal Measures — cont. Thickness. Depth. • Ft. In Ft In. ' Coal, tender, brassey [Melton- field] 3 4 1,374 5 Clunch 6 9 Grey rock and shaly sandstone 3 9 Blue bind with ironstone bands 4 1 Black bind 1 7 Fireclay and clunch ... 3 11 Strong stone bind 1 4 Blue bind with ironstone 24 9 Black bind -.. 6 10 Coal, cannel, 10 in., Coal 4 in., batt 2i in., Coal 4£ in 1 9 1,429 i 2 Clunch and bind with ironstone 1 11 Coal 1 4 1,432 5 Dark clunch 4 Stone bind and cank ... 13 11 Strong blue bind 2 7 Blue bind with ironstone bands 15 5 Black bind with Lingula above coal... 6 1 Cannel Coal 3 8 1,474 5 Bind and clunch, mixed •• ••• 21 9 Coal ■ ■ ... 2 3 1,498 5 Black batt *■■ 10 Dark clunch 11 Stone clunch .. ... 3 1 Strong stone bind with s andstone bands ..* 12 1 Black shale ■ ■ •<• 1 2 Blue bind .* ... 9 4 Dark bind .. ... 6 Coal .. ... 9 1,527 1 Batt and clunch .• ..• 4 8 Clunch • ■ ■•• 1 8 Stone bind and sandstone bands 113 6 Blue bind with ironstone bands 9 6 Dark brown shale 1 Stone bind and sandstone bands 21 2 Blue bind with ironstone bands 9 2 Black shale, fossil shells 2 Dark blue bind 2 5 Coal, hard, with pyrites [Kent's Thick] .. 2 3 1,692 7 Clunch 1 11 Stone bind . . ... 11 11 Blue bind . . ... 7 6 Coal .. ... 1 1 1,715 Dark clunch . . ... 2 Dark bind . . ... 1 2 Sandstone and stone bind 17 9 Dark bind 1 7 Clunch with coal parting • . ... 3 Stone bind . . ... 20 5 Black bind .. . ... 3 11 Stone bind and sandstone 19 10 Blue bind .* ... 22 5 Coal .. 5 1,805 8 Batt 3 Dark clunch with ironstone balls . . . 3 11 Stone bind with ironstone ... 3 4 Strong stone bind and sandstone . . . 9 9 Blue bind with ironstone balls 3 10 _ Black shale .■ 5 BEVERCOTES. 7T Bentley Colliery— continued. Coal Measures — cont. Thickness. Ft. In. Blue bind with ironstone bands and balls ... 7 Blue bind with ironstone bands ... 6 Stone bind 2 Bind with ironstone bands ... ... 14 Batt Coal 1 Clunch 2 Bind and batt ... ... 1 Coal, Barnsley (See p. 16) ... 9 Batt Sandy clunch ... ... Bind and sandstone, alternating ... 46 Coal, Dunsil (See p. 13) 5 Coal pyrites Soft clunch Coal CJunch with ironstone balls 3 Stone bind ... 4 Sandstone ... ... 1 Stone bind with bands of ironstone... 1 Clunch with ironstone balls 3 Sandstone and stone bind with ironstones 9 Black shale with bands of cannel coal Sandstone and stone bind 10 Depth. Ft. In. 1,859 9 9 2 2 6 6* 8 1,872 8i 5 5 Hi 1 7 8 H 11* 10 6 7 1 10 3 1,962 1,925 Trias Keuper Water- stones. No. 4. Bevercotes Boring. 1-inch Map (N.S.) 113 ; 6-inch Map, Notts., 19 N.E. Communicated by Mr. A. B. Webster. Height above O.D. about 95 ft. [Abridged.] Clay Peat G-rey sand and sandy gravel ' Red loamy sand Rotten red sandy marl ... Blue loamy sand with mica Bed and blue sandy marl Red, shaly sandstone, with mica ' Red and grey sandstone Red and blue marl, jointy ... Red and grey sandstone and sandy shale Red and blue sandy marl ... Coarse red and blue sandstone, soft Red marl Red sandstone with gravel stones Red marl Coarse red sandstone with gravel stones Red sandstone Red and grey sandstone, with bands and balls of marl ... 59 022 o -£ o h3 rhici Ft. 2 2 5 1 7 ness. In. 2 7 6 8 Depth. Ft. In 9 9 1 15 G 1 2 11 7 6 37 6 28 2 10 116 2 4 134 6 6 266 54 11 11 605 3 719 78 RECORDS. Bevercotes Boring — continued. Permian Thickness. Ft. In. Upper Limestone. ^arT } Red and blue marl 3 Light grey limestone, with joints of marl 4 Red and blue sandy marl 2 Limestone, containing shale 18 f Red and grey sandy marl, shale and sandstone ... 53 Red marl with spar cavities... 5 S S J. Grey sandstone ... ... Red marl ... 34 Red and grey sandstone, sandy marl and shale 59 f Dark-grey limestone, with shaly partings, bands, &c. 120 I Grey limestone, with shale 1 joints and bands ... 82 Blue shale 26 L" a " [Conglomerate 6 Coal Measures. 8 ^ o — T <» J°T3 TO —i .it 6 10 Depth. Ft. In. 722 6 748 901 4 1,136 1 No. 5. Cadeby Colliery. Section in the Downcast Shaft at the Cadeby Colliery. 1 in. Map N.S. 87. 6 in. Map Yorks , 284 N.W. Height above O.D. 200 approx. [Abridged from MS. in Survey Office.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In Soil ... 1 1 Gravel ... 10 Light blue clay ... 7 Sandstone .... 2 Yellow and blue clay ... 7 Gravel ... 5 32 ' Sandstone ... 1 6 Yellow and blue bind ... 16 6 Sandstone ... 5 Blue clay ... 2 4 Coal ... 2 6 59 10 Spavin ... ... ... 16 6 Coal ... 1 77 4 Spavin ... 13 5 Grey bind 5 3 Greet stone ... 4 Coal Soft spavin ... 4 1 Measures Coal 1 6 105 7 Soft spavin ... 8 3 Blue bind ... 23 2 Blue bind with ironstone balls ... 38 Sandstone rock ... 26 Soft bind ... 9 Sandstone rock ... 8 9 Soft black shale ... 1 6 Spavin and blue bind ... 10 6 Coal ... 2 224 6 Clunch and spavin ... ... 2 6 CADEBT. 79 Coal Measures — cont. Cadeby Colliery— continued. Thickness. Ft. In. ' Grey rock, stone bind, bind and spavin alternating 33 5 Black shale 6 Coal 6 Spavin 4 6 Rock and bind alternating ... ... 32 3 Black shale 4 Spavin 9 5 Bind and spavin with ironstone balls 4 Rock and bind... ... 2 Rock 68 Clunch and bind 14 6 Coal 11 Clunch 1 9 Coal, 3 in. ; spavin, 1 ft. in. ; Coal, 9 in 2 Spavin 3 6 Bind and rock mixed 57 6 Coal 2 Spavin stone 4 6 Bind 42 4 Coal 1 11 Soft dark spavin 2 9 G-rey rock and blue bind ... ... 15 9 Coal 3 Spavin and coal smuts 1 4 Fireclay 4 Bind and stone bind 17 3 Coal 6 Stone spavin 12 Stone bind 6 7 Spavin and stone spavin ... ... 2 5 Stone bind and rock ... 2 10 Blue bind 13 1 Grey rock 4 2 Bind and dark shale ... ... ... 14 10 Coal 6 White spavin ... 13 7 Bind, stone bind, and rock 20 4 Sandstone rock 72 Bind 1 3 Coal 2 Spavin .'. 7 9 Stone bind and rock 14 4 Bind and stone bind 16 8 Coal, 1 in. ; spavin, 1 ft. ; Coal, £ in. 1 1£ Spavin 3 9£ Bind and stone bind, mixed 52 9 Coal 11 Spavin stone 5 6 Grey rock and bind, mixed 13 9 Blue bind 33 5 Black shale 4 Coal 2 Spavin ... 9 3 Black shale 1 6 Stone bind ... ... ... ... 16 1 Coal, Shafton 3 Spavin and stone spavin 10 5 Blue bind ... 19 10 Rock with thin partings (Upper Chivet Rock) 100 2 Depth. Ft. In. 261 5 381 11 401 1 464 1 512 10 531 7 554 8 24395 611 1 718 5 758 3i 815 9 872 7 902 5 F 2 -80 RECORDS. Cadeby Colliery— continued. Thickness. Ft. In. Coal Measures — cunt. Dark blue bind with ironstone lists. Coal Spavin and stone spavin Stone bind and white rock ... Blue bind Stone spavin and stone bind, mixed.. Dark bind Coal Dark soft spavin Stone bind Blue bind Coal "i Dark earth and shale ... | Cud- Coal, 2 in. : parting, 6 in. ; (worth. Coal, 2 ft. J Spavin Stone bind Dark bind White cank Blue bind Bind and black shale Bastard cannel and shale Stone bind Blue bind and black shale, mixed .. Coal Dark spavin Stone bind and rock ... Blue bind Coal, soft, 1 ft. 7 in. ; shale \ in. Coal, hard. 4 in Clunch ... Blue bind Stone bind and bind Coal Dark earth Clunch ... Bind and rock, alternating ... Blue bind Dark shale Dark blue bind Black shale Coal Fireclay ... Stone clunch ... Stone bind Blue bind Rock and stone bind Black shale Coal, 1 ft. 3 in. ; shale, 3 in. 11 in. Dark shale Coal Stone clunch, cank 4 in. Stone bind and blue bind, mixed Blue bind Grey rock Blue bind and stone lists Blue bind Ironstone Blue bind Coat,, Newi-iill 6 1 3 6 12 39 4 1 22 1 2 2 5 10 2 13 2 1G 3 1 7 4 1 3 11 27 4 4 110 18 2 13 1 3 6 10 21 5 Coal, 2 1 7 74 12 1 8 G 7 2 9 3 4 11 11 10 3 1 4 G 4 6 6 6 11 1 9 3 4 6 7 11 7 5 5 1 5 4 9 8 2 3 6 5 2 4 2 5 2 Depth. Ft. In. 1040 10 1108 2 1138 7 1153 11 1173 4 1193 5 1208 9 1251 3 1369 8 1405 7 Uhb 9 1575 9 CADEBT. SI Cadeby Colliery— continued. Coal Measures — COtlt. Blue stone spavin Grey Btone clunch Blue. bind, rock 4 ft. 10 in. at 1601 ft. 3 in Coal White earth Blue bind Stone bind Blue and dark bind ... Coal, Meltonfield Stone spavin Grey rock and stone bind Blue and dark bind Stone spavin Blue bind Black bind and shale ... Coal, 1 ft. ; coal and dirt, 2 ft. ; Coal, 10 in. Stone spavin Stone bind Coal Dark clunch and shale Stone bind Blue bind ... ... Grey rock with thin partings of stone bind Coal Clunch ... ... Blue bind with ironstone balls Blue bind Coal Grey spavin ... ... Blue bind Coal, Kent's Thin Dark spavin Grey rock and stone bind Blue bind with ironstone balls Coal Shaley spavin Grey rock with cank and stone bind Blue bind ... Grey bedded rock ... Bind Stone bind with cank balls Coal, Kent's Thick Stone spavin Stone bind and grey rock Bind Cannel Coal Black bind and spavin Rock Blue bind with ironstone balls Coal Clunch and bind Stone bind and rock ... Bind Strong stone lists Dark bind Coal 1 ft. 5 in., batt 2 in., Coal (Cannel) 7 in Dark blue bind Thickness. Ft. In. 6 4 4 43 4 3 14 10 3 3 89 2 6 13 6 5 12 1 2 U 15 1 9 9 12 15 14 1 4 1 2 12 12 1 6 26 21 19 3 2 4 2 4 10 12 10 12 7 7 29 8 3 9 3 10 4 18 10 5 2 10 35 6 6 2 6 10 6 6 9 6 3 6 7 8 3 10 35 11 11 Depth. Ft. In. 1629 3 1663 7 1737. 1 1760 4 1897 2 1922 8 1941 11 1974 8 2037 6 2089 5 2116 5 2194 10 82 EECORDS. Coal Measures — cont. Cadeby Colliery— continued. ' Coal Blue bind Stone bind and rock ... Blue bind and black shale Strong bl ue bind Clod with ironstone bands Coal, Barnsley Coal Clod Stone clunch ... Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 1 5 9 28 7 7 1 2 10 3 2253 6 2 fi 2261 6 No. 6. Trias Permian Carlton (West Bank) Boring. l-in. Map (N.S.) 79 ; 6-in. Map, Yorks., 236 S.B. Communicated by Prof. P. F. Kendall. Height above O.D. 20 ft. Coal Measures. [Abridged.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In Surface soil and a little blue clay 10 Brown clay 35 Running sand 15 60 ' Soft sandstone 166 3 Running sand 3 s° Soft red sandstone ... 81 < C3 on - ST3 Running sand 10 03 Red sandstone 205 CO „ White sandstone 1 6 526 6 ' Red marl ... Red sandstone 13 7 6 "m Red and white sandstone intermixed ... 7 Variegated marls 15 a ft Red marl 15 ft Ornamental gypsum ... 20 Red marl and gypsum inter- mixed 25 629 .. Unuer ( Limestone Limestone *> Gv P sum and limestone 94 L intermixed ... 10 733 ' Red marl and gypsum 33 i> ^ Red marl and limestone 10 S" 3 Red marl and thin beds of shale and gypsum 36 Shale and gypsum 6 Red marl and gypsum 33 851 T ower ^ Limestone Limestone ^ ^' ue san dstone, very L soft (? Basal sands) 215 25 1091 ' Sandstone, rather shaly 7 Blue shale 7 Red and white sandstone 24 Shale and sandstone, intermixed ... 27 Blue shale 32 Coal 1 6 1189 6 Dark spavin 10 Blue shale ... 31 8 v Coal ... 10 1222 10 CARLTON : CLIFTON. 83 Carlton (West Bank) Boring— continued. Thickness. Ft. In. OOAL Measures — cord. Blue shale 29 Blue shale and thin beds of sandstone 9 Black shale 2 Coal 1 Blue shale 2 Light shale 3 Very dark shale 3 Blue shale 2 Coal 10 Black shale and spavin 4 8 Blue shale ... ... 9 Coal Blue shale ... 6 Sandstone and thin bands of shale ... 7 Coal Shale 53 Coal 2 Dark shale ... ... 11 Coal Blue shale ... ... 10 Coal and shale, intermixed ... 1 Light blue' shale 47 Soft sandstone and blue shale ... 63 Dark shale 6 Fireclay Light stone 1 Dark shale and thin beds of coal 1 ft. 8 in. thick 17 Light stone and shale 21 Blue and brown shale 15 Dark shale ... ... ... ... 5 Coal Dark shale ... ... ... ... 4 Blue shale ... ... ... ... 36 Depth. Ft. In. 1264 ft 1275 11 1291 1 1304 11 1360 7 1372 2 1383 11 1560 8 1601 5 No. 7. Trias Coal Measures. Clifton Colliery. 1-inch Map (N.S.) 126 ; 6-in. Map, Notts., 42 S.W Abridged from MS. in Survey Office. Height above O.D. 80 ft. Alluvium (soil and gravel) / Red and grey sandstone \ Conglomerate ... Pink and purple bind Blue bind Brown and purple sandstone Grey rock Bind Coal, Coombe Clunch ... Blue bind with ironstone Coal Clunch Coal Clunch ... ... Coal, Top Hard Clunch and bind Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 24 10 24 10 131 8 11 157 5 3 3 1 8 7 6 3 11 5 1 2 8 181 6 5 3 13 74 6 11 8 2 14 5 Hi 210 61 36 104 J84 RECORDS. Clifton Colliery— continued. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. ' Stone bind and rock ... 17 8 Bind ... 12 11 Coal, Dunsil ... 3 281 Olunch and bind ... 24 1 Coal, Waterloo ... 3 3 308 4 Chinch and bind ... 26 8 (JOAL ... 1 04 336 0i Chinch, bind, coal (7£ in.) ... ... 78 9i Stone bind and rock ... 31 1 Coal ... 2 4 ' Grey clunch and stone bind ... ... 16 7 : Goal Coal ... 8 4 473 2 Measures Clunch, bind, ironstone ... 37 3 — COtlt. Coal Bind with ironstone, stone bind, ... 1 thin 10 512 3 coals ... 163 9k Coal ... 2 10 678 10i Clunch ... 2 1 Stone bind and rock ... 20 1* . Coal, Deep Soft ... 5 706 1 Bind and stone bind, ironstone ... 36 9i Coal, Deep Hard ... 5 7i 748 6 Clunch, bind, ironstone ... 36 7 Coal, Piper ... 3 4 788 5 „ Clunch ... 5 Trias No. 8. Clipston Boring. 1-inch Map (N.S.) 142 ; 6-inch Map, Notts., 47 N.W. Lat. 52° 53' 30" N ; long. 1° 3' 5" W. Communicated by Mr. E. Parry. Height above O.D. 190 ft. [Abridged.] Soil Sandy clay and boulders Clay and red marl Hard red marl with five bands of gypsum Hard red marl with gypsum ... Grey sandstone ... Hard red marl with gypsum, layers of sandstone at base ... Red marl, gypsum, and grey rock Hard grey rock, red marl, and gypsum Friable red marl and gypsum ... Hard grey rock, with red and blue marl ... Hard grey rock ... Red marl Hard grey rock Hard red and blue marl with gypsum Hard red and blue marl and hard grey rock , M Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In 7 4 11 46 35 39 2 60 46 16 30 28 8 3 2 154 40 520 CLIPSTON. 85 Clipston Boring— continued. Trias — conl. Coal Measures. i d o -♦a £ -t-3 CD 2 a« H o © Red and blue marl, gypsum, and grey rock Sandy marl and gypsum, mixed with red and grey sand stone Sandy marl, gypsum, and sand stone Red and blue sandy marls, mixed with sandstone | f Red and grey sandstones with pebbles Red and grey sandstone. with pebbles and con ^ glomerate Red and grey sandstone with pebbleB Red and grey sandstone „ Sandstone conglomerate Variegated marly shale Coloured shaly sandstone Dark shale Goal Fireclay Coal Fireclay Coal and black shale Fireclay with ironstone nodules Sandstone ... Blue shale Black shale mixed with coal ... Fireclay with ironstone Shale (Marine bed 1129 to 1145 ft. Coal Blue shale Sandy shale and sandstone ... Shale Coal Fireclay Shale Coal Fireclay Blue shale Hard blue shaly sandstone ... Shale with ironstone Grey shale Coal, cannel and fireclay Fireclay Sandy shale and shale with ironstone Cannel, black shale and coal Fireclay and shale Coal Fireclay and shale Coal ' Fireclay and ironstone Hard grey rock with spar joints, shale Coal Fireclay Coal .. Fireclay Shale .. Coal .. Thickness. Ft. In. 90 38 12 52 7 62 67 112 10 20 30 1 7 1 1 1 1 11 20 2 3 9 53 1 2 22 11 2 6 4 y 2 17 2 23 3 40 2 8 1 2 61 2 10 10 Hi 6 6 6 6 6 75 104 4 5 8 3 9 9 3 58 10 4 6 Depth. Ft. In. 712 970 1022 8 1032 li 1034 7* 1070 li 1149 4 1218 1243 1278 1348 1367 1391 1436 1445 6 1511 6 86 RECORDS. Coal Measures — cont. Glipston Boxing— continued. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. ' Fireclay . 1 Black shale and coal 6 Fireclay and shale 2 3 Grey and black shale with shells 2 Shale with ironstone 6 6 Coal 3 1524 Fireclay and hard sandstone 3 Grey shale with sandstone Coal 40 1 2 1568 2 Fireclay Coal 2 10 8 1571 8 Fireclay and ironstone 6 10 Grey shaly ironstone Coal 12 1 6 1592 Fireclay 6 Hard grey shale 25 Blue and black shale ... 2 6 Fireclay with ironstone 6 Shaly sandstone and sandy shale 17 6 Grey and black shale ... 8 3 Coal, soft 1 1658 3 Fireclay . 8 9 Blue shale and ironstone . 28 Coal 8 1695 8 Fireclay 8 4 Shale and ironstone ... . 34 Coal 3 1738 3 Fireclay . 5 9 Sandstone with black marks ... . 3 6 Grey shale and sandy shale ... . 12 6 Shale . 23 6 Hard coarse sandstone . 2 6 Shale . 37 Black shale . 3 Grey fireclay ... . 2 9 1826 Hard grey shale with plant remains 13 Sandstone and shaly sandstone . 132 Grey shale . 75 Blue shale with ironstone . 59 2105 No. 9. Dinnington Main Colliery. Section in the upcast shaft at the Dinnington Main Colliery. 1-in. Map (N.S.) 100 ; 6-in. Map, Yorks., 296 S.E. Communicated by Mr. M. Deacon. Height above O.D. 340 ft. [Abridged.] Thickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In Soil ... 9 r Yellow clay ... 6 7 Clay ... 4 Black shale ... 4 Coal Coal ... 2 11 10 Measures. Blue bind ... 1 6 Grey rock, very jomty ... 2 9 Blue bind ... 12 7 . Ironstone ... 6 DINNINGTON. 87 Dinnington Main Colliery— continued. Coal Measures — coat. Coal and batt Clunch ... Grey rock, jointy Streaky grey bind Coal and batt Clunch ... Grey bind Coal Strong stone clunch Hard rock Soft blue bind Black batt Strong clunch Grey bind Coal Clunch ... Coal Clunch ... Grey bind and rock ... Coal Clunch ... Grey rock Blue bind Black shale Ironstone band Black shale Strong stone clunch ... Grey rock Black batt with thin streaks of coal. Light clunch ... Grey bind and black shale ... Coal and batt ... Clunch with small ironstone pebbles Grey bind with rock bands ... Strong grey bind with ironstone bands Coal Black batt Stone clunch ... Stone bind and grey rock Black batt Clunch ... Grey bind Coal Strong clunch ... Strong grey bind with large ironstone balls ... Grey bind and rock band Coal Stone clunch Grey rock and bind, mixed ... Coal and batt .. . Clunch ... Grey rock Stone bind, very strong Bind Black batt Clunch Grey rock, stone bind, and grey bind Grey bind with ironstone bands Coal Dark clunch with small ironstone balls Thickness. Ft. In. 4 11 3 6 6 1 7 9 2 11 3 1 5 20 1 6 5 4 16 4 5 2 6 1 5 17 18 1 7 44 1 6 3 2 1 1 24 5 4 3 3 8 10 3 6 4 5 10 1 11 2 5 6 9 5 6 7 2 10 7 5 14 10 16 10 35 4 11 2 8 2 9 6 9 3 2 11 Depth. Ft. In. 58 2 104 1 112 2 152 11 175 7 255 9 303 349 11 397 2 88 RECORDS. Dinnington Main Colliery— continued. Coal Measures — coat. Thickness. Ft. In. 3 8 10 10 ' Strong stone clunoh Chinch Dark bind ... ... ... ••• 2 1 Chinch 3 5 Coal and batt 6 Chinch 5 1 Coal 3 Ironstone band 1 Coal 1 Stone clunch ... ••• 7 Strong stone bind with layers of rock 15 6 Rock 60 6 Strong stone bind 14 5 Rock 6 Blue bind 7 Rock 3 4 Strong stone bind ... ... ■•■ 4 Dark shale ... •■• 7 5 Coal 10* Blue bind 19 8| Rock bind and thin coal ... ... 35 2 Strong stone bind with ironstone bands 5 6 Blue bind with ironstone balls ... 3 10 Strong stone bind ... 15 8 Clunch with ironstone balls 9 6 Light grey stone bind merging into dark grey stone bind 5 4 Grey sandstone, "| slaty brown colour at base ■<> '> Coarse brown and white sandstone with balls of Treeton reddle J- Rock, 44 9 Cank 179 ft. 8 in. Brown and white sandstone with balls of reddle ... 12 10 Brown sandstone... 4 6 White sandstone ... J I 18 2 Blue bind 2 3 Black shale 2 1 Soft clunch 1 4 Stone clunch with balls of reddle ... 4 10 Stone bind 21 7 Blue bind with ironstone bands and balls 6 5 Coal 1 11 Stone clunch ... ... ... ... 4 9 Rock 11 Strong stone bind ... ... ... 6 6 Grey rock ... ... 2 6 Blue bind with ironstone bands ... 10 9 Black bind 2 Light clunch ... ... 5 9 Grey bind with black partings ... 5 6 Stone clunch with ironstone balls ... 3 Rock 3 Streaky stone bind ... ... ... 3 6 . Grey bind with ironstone bands ... 3 11 Depth. Ft. In. 422 1 504 2 524 7 547 2J 821 7 862 U DINNINGTON. 89 Coal Measures — cont. Dinnington Main Colliery— continued. Black shale Dark grey bind Black shale with streaks of coal Grey bind with ironstone bands Coal and batt... Ironstone Stone chinch ... Streaky stone bind Grey bind with rock partings Batt Coal Batt Clunch with ironstone balls Coal Clunch ... Stone bind Coal 5 in, ironstone 3 in Batt Stone clunch ... ... Grey bind ... Stone clunch with ironstone balls . . . Stone bind ... ... Grey rock and cank ... Grey bind Coal (dirty) Dark clunch with ironstone balls ... Strong stone bind Ironstone ... ... Coal, very soft Streaky stone bind with streaks of coal Stone bind and rock ... Grey bind Dark bind with ironstone bands Coal Stone clunch ... Grey bind Dark bind Clunch with ironstone balls Stone bind Coal, dirty Dark clunch Coal Stone clunch Grey bind and stone bind Dark bind Stone clunch ... ... Dark bind, faulty \ ? Mansfield Cank stone, very hard J Marine Bed. Strong grey stone bind Coal Clunch with small ironstone balls ... Grey rock, Wooley Edge Eock ... Clunch, coal and rock mixed Grey bind ... Coal and batt Stone clunch Grey bind with ironstone bands Strong stone bind Batt with streaks of coal Light clunch ... ,. Bind and clunch with ironstone balls Thickness. Ft. In. Depth. Ft. In. 7 15 8 1 1 2 9 8 934 10 4 2 4 4 4 24 4 4 8 967 •> u 1 ; 2 6 1 1 970 10 1 6 11 5 8 984 5 5 3 H 7 9 C 5 4 8 10 21 7 10 6 1,030 7 16 4 2 9 1,048 4 2 2 16 G 20 7 7 1 2 1,095 y 6 6 7 2 3 10 9 2 4 1 2 8 1,125 6 3 2 57 11 ' 2 1 {'I 6 6 7 2 4 5 1,218 162 4 5 12 8 9 6 7 ■ 1,400 11 16 1 22 8 1 5 3 6 9 5 90 RECORDS. Coal Measures — cont. 20 3i 4 11 2 4 10 3 4 2 8 18 12 2 1 8 1 7 22 11 Dinnington Main Colliery— continued. Coal Clunch with ironstone balls Dark bind Coal, Wathwood Brown clunch Grey rock and bind in layers Ironstone ... Dark bind Strong grey bind with ironstone bands Coal 2 ft. 4i in. with several partings 2ft. 6iin Clunch ... Coal 4 in., dirt parting 6 in. Clunch Coal Clunch ... Hard rock and strong stone bind ... Dark bind Coal, clean and bright Stone clunch Grey rock and stone bind Grey and dark bind with ironstone patches Coal 1 ft. 10 in., dirt parting 3 in. ... Stone clunch with cank balls Stone bind and rock Coal 2 ft. 24 in., parting 1 ft. 6 in. ... Strong stone clunch Bind with ironstone and clunch mixed Coal 2 ft. 10 in., dirt parting 2 in. ... Clunch ... ... Batt Clunch with ironstone balls Bind and stone bind with ironstone Coal Stone clunch with ironstone balls ... Grey bind Coal Stone clunch Grey bind Batt with streaks of coal Coal 1 ft. 5 in., dirt parting 1 in. ... Stone clunch Rock, bind and stone bind with ironstone ... ... Black shale Stone clunch Stone bind Rock ... Clunch with a few patches of coal . . . Stone bind with ironstone balls Clunch (dirty) with ironstone balls... Strong stone bind Grey rock Very strong stone bind Grey rock, very hard and close grained Rock with black streaks Coal 9 in., clunch parting 1 ft. 4 in. Grey bind with ironstone balls LClod Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 24 1,463 94 2 3* 7 6 2 11 1,476 6 2 9 38 11 34 2 3 38 3 5 56 10£ 3 10 14 7 1 8 8 84 4 79 2 13 4 1 1 1 77 1 11 5 9 4 9 5i 3 3 1 1 9 10 4 6 6 3 5 5 9 9 5 10 1 1 10 10 16 3 4 8 2 4 1,550 9 1,557 5 1,589 11 1,625 1 1,671 14 1,736 1,820 11 1,836 10 1,845 1 2 71 EDWALTON. 91 Dinnington Main Colliery— continued. Coal Measures — con). • Coal, Barnsley Stone clunch Grey bind with ironstone balls Strong stone clunch Stone bind Coal Clunch , Grey rock Stone clunch with ironstone bands Stone bind with ironstone balls Thickness. Ft, In 4 5 9 4 17 8 4 30 3* 1 10 3 G 10 11 2 9 Depth. Ft. In. 2,000 8 2,037 i 2,082 No. 10. Trias Coal Measures. Edwalton Boring. l-in. Map (N.S.) 126 ; 6-in. Map, Notts., 42 S.E. Communicated by Mr. T. Potter. Height above O.D. 95 ft. [Abridged.] Thickness. Ft. In. grey with Black soil and sandy loam Bed marl and gypsum Grey shaly sandstone Bed and grey marl, sandstone, with gypsum Bed and grey marl, sandy marl, with gypsum Bed and grey sandstone ,. Bed sandy marl, with gypsum... f Bed marl and sandy marl... | Bed and grey sandstone ... -{ Grey conglomerate Bed, brown and grey Band- it stone ... Brown and sandstone, pebbles... Conglomerate Bed and grey sandstone Conglomerate ... ' Dark purple and grey mottled marl Shaly sandstone and blue bind Coal ~| f Parting [> Dunsil -{ Coal J I Clunch and bind, ironstone ... Black shale Coal Fireclay Coal, Waterloo Shaly bind and ironstone Coal Clunch, bind, ironstone Coal Clunch, bind, ironstone I Coal a a M CD •-> 00 P. OJ (D * S^ IS a mottled 9 16 8 8 34 6 290 13 27 18 11 77 4 24 25 2 24 1 1 114 1 9 1 U 45 4 8i 3 6 158 1 15 3 o* 6 5 2 3 6 5 6 n 1 11 18 Depth. Ft. In. 9 399 20 2£ 449 8 704 756 4i 784 10 92 EECORDS. Edwalton Boring— continued. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. ' Clunoh, bind, ironstone 47 10 Shell bed with ironstone 2 3 Coal 9 Fireclay 2 1 Coal 8 985 3 Clunch, bind, ironstone 23 10 Dark shale with fossils 1 7 Cank 7* Blue bind with ironstone 39 7* Dark bind ironstone with shells 5 9 Coal 8 1.057 4 Clunch, bind, stone bind 88 11| Coal, Ell ... •■• 3 1,149 34 Clunch, bind, ironstone 36 1 Coal, Deep Soft 3 4 1,188 8* Clunch 4 Hi Coal Sandstone and stone bind 78 3* Measures . Very black shale 1 2 — cont. Coal, Piper 2 10 1,275 Hi Clunch and bind 24 1H Coal 6i Clunch ... 4 6* Coal 9 Clunch and shale (56 ft. 2 in.) G4 5 Coal, Tupton 3 H 1,374 3k Dark clunch and ironstone ... 7 l Coal "] f 2 l Parting !> Tupton Three Quarters Coal J 1 ° 0i I o 3 1,383 9 Clunch, bind, stone bind, ironstone... 70 7 Coal, hard 8 Blue and dark shale ... 10 3* Coal 1 3 Stone bind, blue bind, ironstone 26 7i Coal, soft 3 3i 1,496 5* .. Clunch ... 3 6i 1,500 Trias 1-in. No. 11. Gedling Colliery. Map (N.S.) 126 ; 6-in. Map, Notts., 38 S.E. Communicated by Mr. E. Parry. Height above O.D. 185 ft. [Abridged.] Sandy a M Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. soil 7 3 7 3 ' Bed marl and green clay [alter- nating layers] Soft rocky marl 13 9 1 5 Hard red rock ... 2 7 Red and grey sandstone 2 4 Rocky marl with traces of white rock 7 1 Red and white rock, in beds ... 8 8 Red and grey marly rock 30 4 ^ Conglomerate ... 2 10 76 3 GBDLING. 93 Gedling Colliery— conhnued. Trias— cont. Permian Coal Measures. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. ' Strong yellow sandstone with pebbles ... 231 10 Strong red sandstones with grey CQ 13 bands 43 Grey rock band ... 9 6 n 8 10 2 7 10 1,169 6 1 5 17 10 8 10 11 1,207 8 1 8 1,209 4 5 5 6 4 2 1,221 3 3 6 12 3 12 9 4 1,250 1 5 11 32 2 8 7 MALTBY. 101 Maltby — continued. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft In ' Beddy rock 15 2 Hard sandstone 22 8 Rock, coal, bind, clunch, very fault} ' 8 6 Sandstone and bind, faulty 24 10 Strong stone bind with rock patches 10 3 Grey bind with ironstone bands 12 11 Coal 1 7 1,392 8 Dark bind with ironstone 6 Stone clunch ... 3 3 Beddy rock ... 14 2 Grey bind with ironstone bands 7 3 Black shale and ironstone 1 5 Clunch ... 1 4 Bastard stone clunch 3 Clunch with ironstone balls 5 Strong grey bind with ironstone bandi i and balls ... 37 6 Coal 10 1,466 11 Stone clunch ... 3 5 Hard grey rock ... 2 5 Strong grey bind with ironstone balls i 3 3 Clunch with ironstone balls 4 Strong bind with rock partings 20 5 Coal 1 Dirt 8 Coal 10 1,502 11 Batt 6 Stone clunch ... 5 Grey bind with ironstone bands 10 OOAL. Coal 4 1,518 9 EASURES -( Clunch ... 3 11 — COltt. Stone bind with ironstone ... 8 y Hard grey rock with cank mixed 27 6 1,558 11 Grey bind with ironstone bands 2 8 Dark bind with ironstone bands 1 1 Grey bind with ironstone bands 1 6 Dark bind 2 Stone bind 3 8 Coal 8 Light clunch ... 1 2 Black clunch and batt mixed 3 Grey bind with ironstone bands 6 4 Coal 7 1,581 7 Clunch with ironstone balls 4 4 Light coloured rock ... 9 3 Dark grey bind 1 Stone bind with rock bands 15 9 Grey bind with ironstone bands 14 11 Dark bind with ironstone 1 7 Coal 2 1,630 U Light brown clunch with ironstont pebbles 2 Stone clunch ... 5 6 Strong streaky bind ... 10 11 Bluish bind 9 34 Very hard ironstone 2 Coal 1 4 1,659 7 Dark clunch 1 34 Stone clunch ... 1 6 Strong stone bind with bands of rod : 17 ,. Stone bind 9 6 102 RECORDS. Maltby— , Coal Measures — cont. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. ' Strong streaky stone bind ... .. 28 4 1,717 3 Grey bind with ironstone balls .. 6 Dark greyish-blue shale with hardcank balls (Mansfield Marine Bed, p. 20) 19 04 Very hard greyish-blue limestone cank 1 1,743 34 Coal and batt .. 34 1,743 7 Light brown clunch with ironstone pebbles .. 3 1 Hard stone elunch .. 5 3 Stone bind with ironstone bands and balls ... .. 9 7 Batt and clunch with streaks of coal 8 Clunch with ironstone pebbles .. 5 Stone bind .. 48 1 Stone bind with rock bands ... .. 16 4 Stone bind ... . ... .. 13 7 Rock, clunch, bind and coal, faulty. . 18 2 Coal . 14 Clunch ... . 5 11 4 Dark blue bind with ironstone bands and small cank balls (Marine Bed) 18 8 1,888 1 Rock and stone bind ... . 21 7 Dark bind, shaly . 4 Grey bind . 3 94 Coal . 4 1,914 14 Strong stone clunch with ironstone balls . 3 54 Clunch ... . 13 6 Strong sandy grey bind . 37 1 Coal . 7 1,968 9 Light and dark clunch with ironstone balls ... . 6 10 Dark strong bind with ironstones . . 9 2 Coal, Meltonfield ok Wate - wood 2 3 1,987 Brown clunch ... . 1 2 Hard stone clunch . 3 7 Strong stone bind with rolls of rock and very hard cank . 16 1 Grey bind with ironstone bands . 6 6 Very dark bind . 4 6 Gannister . 2 1 Batt with streaks of coal . 8 Gannister . 1 10 Grey and dark bind with ironstone bands... . 32 11 Coal, bright ... f 1 Dirt 1 Coal, bright .., 2 Dirt 14 Coal, bright ... > Two Foot ■. o 14 Dirt 1 Coal, hards . . . 9- Dirt 1 Coal, bright I 64 2,059 34 Clunch with ironstone nodules 1 3 Coal . 24 Clunch ... . 1 4 Stone bind with ironstone balls . 8 4 Coal . 2 . Dark clunch with i "onstone pebbles. . 1 8 MALTBY. 103 Maltby — continued. Coal Measures — oont. 1 2 6 7 2 11 10 Thickness. Ft. In. Stone clunch with hard cank balls ... 7 4 Stone bind 3 2 Cank 3 1 Stone bind with ironstone ... ... 9 2 Dark bind 8 6 Dark bind with balls of pyrites (Marine Bed) 6 8 Bastard cannel 1 11 Cannel Coal") .,„„ I 3 7} Coal / Abdy I 4f Stone clunch ... ... ... ... 2 6 Strong stone bind 13 Grey bind with ironstone ... ... 8 Bastard cannel and dark bind ... 4 Coal, bright, Beamshaw 2 5 Stone clunch ... ... ... 4 4 Clunch with ironstone balls 12 8 Coal with pyrites 4 Batt with streaks of coal ... ... I Clunch ... Bind Coal Clunch ... Coal Clunch and bind with ironstone Coal Clunch ... Strong stone bind ... Grey bind with ironstone bands Coal Batt with streaks of coal Light clunch ... Stone bind Hard white sandstone rock with cank balls ... Coal, bright ) Kents Thin (of Coal and batt J record) Soft clunch Coal Hard clunch ... Coal Stone bind ... Sandy grey bind with ironstones Strong dark bind Grey bind with ironstone bands Coal, bright | Kbnm Thjck (of CoIl, bright J record) - Dark clunch Strong bind with cank balls ... Strong stone bind and beddy rock Coal softs J Do., hards f Kents Thick (of ) 10 Dirt f record). ) U Coal, bright) ( 5f Clunch 1 9 Rock with cank roll at base over 4 ft. thick 10 1 Grey bind with ironstone ... ... 9 3 Coal, soft 1 3 L Dark clunch 9 (of j 5 2 1 17 31 1 1 1 8 30 11 fi 6 11 1 l) 1 8 19 Depth. Ft. In. 2,116 1 2,146 2,204 11 2,259 11 8 2 Oi 8£ 2,322 11 2 1 7 4 2,352 6 2,374 10 104- RECORDS. Maltby — contintied. (JOAL Measures — cont. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Stone clunch ... Stone bind with ironstone Strong dark bind with cank ... Strong dark stone bind Black shale with coal streaks Stone bind Dark grey bind Very dark shaly bind Dark clunch with cank balls... Dark stone bind Grey bind with cank balls ... Coal Clod with carbonaceous matter and cank balls Coal, Baensley Clunch ... Stone bind with cank ball ... Streaky rock ... Coal 1 5 13 4 11 14 2 3 6 3 12 11 2 2 3 9 11 9 1 3 1 11 6 6i 8 61 2 2i 7 Hi 21 1 1 2 2,445 2,460 9 2,493 No. 15. Mansfield Colliery. Section in No. 2 Shaft, at the Mansfield Colliery (Crown Farm). 1-in. Map (N.S.) 113 ; 6-in. Map, Notts., 23 S.W. Communicated by Mr. J. P. Houpton. Trias Permian Soil a h 03 pa Depth. Ft. 12 In. 6 47 674 795 6 1,069 OWTHOKPE. 109 Owthorpe Boring— continued. Thickness. Ft. In. Depth. Ft. In. Coal Measures Red marl with iron ore Dark purple marly shale Dark blue shale Coal Blue shale with ironstone Coal Shales (chiefly), sandstones, iron- stones Coal Blue shale, ironstone, thin coals Coal Fireclay, shale (Carbonicola aquilina), ironstone Coal Fireclay Coal Shale with ironstone Coal Fireclay, sandstone, shale Coal Blue shale with ironstone Coal Fireclay, sandy shales Blue shale with ironstone (Marine Bed Coal Sandy shale, ironstone Coal Grey and blue shale, ironstone Coal Fireclay and sandy shale Coal Fireclays and ironstones Coal Fireclay... Coal Cannel Black shale and fireclay Coal Shales, fireclays, sandstones and iron- stones ... ... Coal Black shale Coal Fireclays and ironstone Coal Grey shale with sandstone Coal Shale, fireclay and ironstone Coal Shales and ironstone Coal Shale, ironstone and sandstone Bluish grey rock with spar joints (Igneous rock) Shale, sandstone and ironstone Coal Fireclay, shales and sandstones 14 15 18 29 2 152 2 100 1 39 1 3 1 51 3 31 • 7 27 38 8 56 1 47 3 24 2 1 4 1 3 3 4 2 3 10 6 6 4 9 3 4 5 10 8 10 i 8 6 1 9 11 . 3 10 5 2 9 5 7 ; 11 2 49 8 10 7 3 fi 15 4 1 6 29 1 2 9 8 2 1 5 41 2 2 8 22 2 39 1 24 10 4 8 19 11 1,116 6 1,147 10 1,302 3 1,404 1 1,445 1 1,449 5 1,504 5 1,536 2 1,544 8 1,611 2 1,611 8 1,620 6 1,678 8 1,729 11 1.756 10 1.757 10 1.758 10 1,764 11 1,815 5 1,819 6 1,836 4 1,868 2 1,877 9 1,921 7 1,982 10 2,012 2,032 24395 110 RECORDS. No. 17. Oxton Boring. 1 in. Map. (N.S.) 126 ; 6 in. Map, Notts., 33 N.E. Abridged from account given in " Geology of Newark and Nottingham.'' Mem. Geol. Surv., 1908, pp. 109-11. Height above O.D. 260 ft. Trias Permian Coal Measures. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. C u f Sand and gravel ... 12 1 -S J Sandstone and pebbly sai 1 » i Soft red sandstone idstone 199 ... 152 [_ W 1, Grey and red sandstone ... 11 6 374 6 ; of ' Bed marl ... 9 2 1 . Sandy dolomitic limesi one ... 28 10 «j4j ■ Limestone ... 15 6 Hard blue shale ... 85 6 -S ,_ Breccia ... 2 6 516 r «« . ' Bed and mottled maris ... 99 615 1"3- Yariegated marl anc grey &*] sandstone ... ... 60 Mottled marl ... 68 743 Blue shale and marl ... ... 70 Fireclay, with fragments of co al ... 5 Shale, fireclay, sandstone ... 142 Black clunch (? with coal) .. ... 1 961 Grey shale, sandstone and thin coal... 115 Coal ... 1 1,077 Fireclay, sandstone ... 33 Coal ... ... 2 1,110 2 Fireclay, sandy shale, shale, sai idstone 282 10 Coal ... 2 1,395 Fireclay, shale, sandstone ... 44 6 Coal ... 2 1,439 8 Fireclay, shale .. . ... 33 10 Grey shale ... 23 6 1,497 Blue argillaceous limestone (gonia- tites, &c), Mansfield Marine Bed... 1 6 1,498 6 Dark grey shale ... 1 6 Coal ... 4 1,500 4 Fireclay ... ... 8 Shale with ironstone ... 52 6 Hard grey sandstone ... ... 46 6 Shale ... 123 Coal ... 3 1,723 3 Bind and strong bind... ... 149 9 Coal ... 2 1,873 2 Sandy shale, shale ... 78 10 Black shale and thin coal ... 5 3 Fireclay or shale ... 8 9 Grey sandstone ... 2 Dark grey shale, nodules ... 16 Strong sandy bind ... 25 Blue bind with nodules ... 17 3 Coal, Top Hard ... 4 1 2,030 4 Fireclay ... 1 6 k Sands ione and sandy bind .. ... 18 2 2,050 RUDDINGTON. Ill No. 18. Ruddington Boring. 1 in. Map (N.8.) 142 ; 6 in Map, Notts., 46 N.W. Abridged from account given in " Geology of Newark and Nottingham." Mem. Geol. Sun., 1908, pp. 112-3. Height above O.D. 100 ft. Trias Coal Measures. Millstone Grit Series 3 c3 M Thickness. Ft. In. Depth. Ft. In. Soil 1 Clay sand, and gravel 6 fRed and blue marl with thin < beds of soft sandstone or [ limestone and gypsum veins 386 7 393 m . (Red and grey sandstones, g ] marls and marly sand- _g 1 stones 70 M [Conglomerate 3 9 466 9 2 1 — - o O ' Red and grey pebbly sand- stones with partings of red and blue marl Coarse red sandstones with grey veins Red and grey sandstones with beds of marl Red and grey sandstones with thin beds of blue shale Shales, fireclays and ironstones... Coal, Naughton Clay with ironstone and shale ... Coal Fireclay, shale, and shaly sand- stone Blue shale with ironstone (Marine Bed) Coal, Alton Fireclay and shales Coal Shale with coal partings, sandy shale and shaly sandstone ... f Grey sandstone, in places pebbly and shaly [Rough Rock] Blue shale with ironstone Blue shale [Lingula squamiformis] ... Sandstone, shale and ironstone bands Coal Fireclay, sandy J Grey sandstone ard stone-bind Blue shale, shaly sandstone, and thin veins of coal Coal Fireclay Coal Fireclay Blue shaly and grey and reddish sandstone [Kinderscout Grit] 218 7 2 11 8 58 184 2 21 1 52 3 32 25 164 67 7 50 8 110 218 1 1 109 49 8 8 1 2 7 3 3 3 4 8 4 4 687 4 757 9 944 6 967 1,072 9 1,105 5 1,131 1,295 8 1,420 9 1,758 7 1,760 7 1,870 4 112 RECOEbS, No. 19. Tkias Permian Selby Boring. 1 in. Map (N.S.) 79 ; 6 in. Map, Yorks., 236 N.E. Communicated by Me. H. St. John Durnford. Height above O.D. 16. [Abridged.] Thickness. Ft. In. Coal Measures. ' oi h a 0> o ■g -ts a oa J OT3 fP P e3 02 a> to a< is pa §1 n s Soft yellow clay ... ... 28 Drift sand ... 1 Strong clay 24 Drift sand 16 Red compact sand 254 Red sandstone with marl partings ... 87 Red sandstone with marl patches ... 100 Red sandstone and marl ... 149 Red marl with gypsum streaks 64 Anhydrite ... ... ... 18 Red marl and gypsum bands 13 Limestone and gypsum ... 6 _ Marl and gypsum 7 SioJ f Limestone and gypsum ... 8 £.§ o -\ Limestone 89 Ph3"£ [Limestone with shale bands 12 Red marl with gypsum and limestone bands 51 Mottled marl and limestone with soft friable partings... 23 Limestone 12 Limestone with anhydrite ... 19 Limestone ... ... ... 16 Limestone with gypsum ... 70 Limestone 193 Blue shale [Lingula cred- neri] ... ... ... 3 Soft sandstone 17 " Reddish sandstone ... 44 Mottled marl 29 Dark shale and hard bands ... ... 35 Shale and sandstone ... 28 Grey shale and sandstone ... ... 41 Coal streak Strong grey shales and nodules ... 40 Grey shale 13 Dark shale and iron bands 22 Coal 1 Dark shale and iron bands 18 Coal, 1 ft. 6 in. ; bass, 2 in. ; coal, 2 ft. 8 in. ; fireclay, 2 in. ; coal, 2 in. 4 Warrant Stone bind Dark warrant Fireclay ... 3 Strong blue shale 18 Coal 2 Dark shale Laminated sandstone 10 Blue shale ... 35 6 6 6 6 9 3 6 6 6 6 Depth. Ft. In. 70 660 769 878 952 1,284 1,539 6 1,562 8 1,587 1 SBLBY. 113 Coal Measures — cont. Selby Boring— continued. Coal Blue shale Grey sandstone Blue sandy shale, very strong Blue shales and nodules Grey sandstone Blue shale Coal Fireclay ... Blue shale and nodules Jointy black shale Strong grey shale Coal Fireclay Black shales and nodules Strong grey sandy shale Grey shale Blue shale Light sandy shale Jointy dark shale and nodules Fireclay (rotten) Jointy, dark shale Fireclay (rotten) Jointy, dark, and light-grey shale ... Coal Strong blue shale Strong blue sandy shale Grey sandstone with coal streaks ... Dark jointy shale and ironstone band Strong grey shale Fireclay (rotten) Jointy shale Jointy dark shale with coal veins ... Grey sandstone Grey shale, jointy ... Sandstone Grey shale with sandstone partings Black shale and nodules, jointy Jointy dark shale Jointy dark shale with nodules Coal Strong grey shale and nodules Faulty coal and warrant Underclay Sandstone, laminated Grey shale and sandy shale Dark shale and nodules, jointy Warrant and sandstone Grey and blue sandy shale with nodules Grey sandstone, laminated Grey shale Black shale Grey shale and nodules Grey sandstone Grey and dark shales, with some nodules ... Fireclay I. Grey sandy shale Thickness. Dei )th. Ft. In. Ft. In 2 3 1,635 4 30 9 35 38 39 1 2 10 10 1,782 9 4 33 2 10 6 2 1,830 7 4 7 6 19 58 9 27 li 34 8 10 5 5 3 29 1 2,035 l 1 14 28 2 6 3 20 3 4 2,109 7 14 19 25 6 11 16 6 14 13 20 14 2 2,258 7 3 8 6 2,270 1 1 12 7 6 8 6 15 6 8 2 3 4 3 32 9 6 ■wf):;n "68' G 15 4 6 1 Given as 2,034 ft. in. in the original. 114 B.ECOHDS. Coal Measures — cont. Selby Boring— continued. ' Friable warrant Grey shales and nodules Sandstone, laminated Warrant and fireclay, with small coal Sandstone, laminated Blue shale and ironstone bands Fireclay and nodules Grey sandstone Dark shale, nodules, and coal streaks Sandstone, laminated Blue sandy shale Black shale Coal Fireclay Sandstone Black shale with coal streaks- Grey sandy shale Fireclay Sandstone, laminated in part Grey shale and sandy shale ... Sandstone, strong Coal Fireclay (rotten) Coal Black shale Grey shales and nodules, jointy Soft friable warrant Grey shale with nodules Soft friable warrant Sandy shale Grey shale and ironstone Grey sandstone and sandy shale Black shale Grey sandy shale Chick ness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In 3 6 15 6 22 3 4 (3 19 15 7 3 3 g 4 7 3 7 9 1 3 4 2,575 5 1 2 15 i - 30 6 3 82 61 38 10 4 5 4 2 2,818 7 2 32 6 7 6 6 4 6 42 6 25 3 12 5 4 58 3,009 7 No. 20. Trias Spinney Boring. 1 in. Map (N.S.) 126 ; 6 in. Map, Notts., 42 S.W. Abridged from MS. in Survey Office. Height above O.D. 90 ft. Red marl with grey bands Grey rock and thin beds of gypsum Red marl and hard grey rock ... Marl and gypsum bands Hard and soft grey rock Hard rock and gypsum ... Red marl, bands of grey rock ... Red marl and gypsum Red and grey marl Hard brown and grey rock with gypsum 30 53 < a, % Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In 48 2 6 5 7 9 1 6 4 1 1 6 20 1 14 1 8 11 142 SPINNEY : THORNE. 115 Spinney Boring— continued. Trias — cont. Coal Measures. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In h , _• f Red and grey sandstone ... 99 3 8.JS ! J Bed marl ... 10 5 ® tS -2 I Brown and grey sandstone 22 9 W£ » L Light grey rock, pebbly ... 2 10 277 10 ' Red and grey sand rock ... 11 3 Conglomerate 4 5 Whitish freestone 6 Light grey conglomerate ... 1 1 Grey sand rock 65 7 Hard conglomerate ... 5 1 Grey sandstone 12 Soft grey conglomerate ... 18 2 Grey and brown sand rock 116 10 512 9 Red, grey and purple marl ... ... 6 2 Chinch 12 Bind with ironstone 21 5 552 4 Coal 8i Clay 0i Coal 5 Clunch 7 Coal, hard 1 Coal 4 61 559 7f Clunch 1 5i Bind 1 2 Shale with ironstone 4 3 566 6 qq am •** *& „ n 2 « M Glacial Trias Permian No. 21. Thorne Boring. 1 in. Map (N.S.) 79 ; 6 in Map, Yorks., 266 N.W. Communicated by Messrs. Pease Partners. Height above O.D. 20 ft. (Slightly abridged.) Soil Clay (warp) Sand and gravel 'Soft red sandstone ... Red and grey sandstone Ked staudstone and nodules of red marl... Red sandstone Red and grey sandstone with marl ... Red sandstone with marl Red sandstone... Red sandstone with marl .Grey sandstone f Red marl Red marl and gypsum veins ...' Grey sandstone and gypsum . . . Red marl and gypsum Red and grey rock . Red marl and gypsum ... Is Li -** a 9 o, ft P Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In 2 25 33 60 120 2 100 40 60 124 367 42 G 1 916 6 33 15 1 17 20 6 44 1,047 6 116 RECORDS. Thorne Boring— continued. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In " r Limestone and gypsum 1 Marine shells at 1,672 ft. 120 INDEX. Abdy Coal, 15, 19. Adwalton Black Bed Coal anil Stone Coal, 12. Amcott, 47, 61. Anhydrite, 29, 30. Annesley, 16, 17. Ahber, E. A. N., 8.' Armthorpe, 22, 31, 33 ; description of boring, 63-65 ; record of boring, .69-72. Aston Common Coal (see Wathwood Coal). Balby, 4. Barcelona Goal, 12, 13. Barlow, 15, 28, 29, 33, 48; descrip- tion of boring, 66, 67 ; .record of boring, 72-73. Barnsley Coal, see Top Hard Coal; Rider Coal, 15, 16. Bawtry, 2. Beamshaw Coal, 15. Beeston Coal, 9, 10. Belper Lawn Coal, 9. Bentley Colliery, 4, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 32, 33, 47 ; descrip- tion of shaft-section, 65 ; record of shaft-sinking, 74-77. Bestwood, 19; description of shaft- section, 55. Better Bed Coal, 9, 10. Bevercotes, 27, 29, 31, 33, 54; description of boring, 59 ; record of boring, 77-78. Billingley Coal, 14. Black Bed Coal, 9. Blocking Coal, 12, 13. Brimington, anticline of, 39. Brodsworth, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 33, 65. Brown Metal Coal, 12. Bullbridge Brick Pits, 10, 11. Bulwell, fault at, 39. Bunter, sub-divisions of, 30 ; thick- ness of, 31 ; Lower Mottled Sand- stone, 30, 81; Pebble Beds, 31. Cadeby Colliery, 23 ; record of shaft- sinking, 78-82. Cantley, see Armthorpe. Carlton, 43; record of boring, 82-83. Cat Coal, 15. Chilwell Boring, description of, 53. Cinderhill, fault at, 39, 40. Clay Coal, 9. Clifton, 13, 16 ; description of shaft- section, 52-53, fault, 40; record of shaft-sinking, 83-84. Clipston, 10, 13, 33, 42; description of boring, 49-51 ; record of boring, 84-86. Glive, R., 74. Clowne Coal, 15, 19, 22. Coal Measures, 2, 3, 7-26; denuda- tion of, 27 ; extension to east, 44- 47 ; extension to north, 42-44 ; ex- tension to south, 41-42; faulting and folding of, 36-41 ; fossils of, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19-22, 25, 26; Igneous rock in, 41, 58 ; Lower, 8-11; Middle, 11-25; Upper, 25- 26. Coke, E., 52, 53, 63, 64. Coking Coal, 9. Collingham, see South Scarle. Conisborough, 7, 26. Coombe Coal, 14, 16. Crofton Low Coal, 14; Top Coal, 14. Crosby, 47. Crow Coal, 9. Culpin, H., 18, 19, 20, 25, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68. Deacon, M., 62, 63, 86, 98. Deep Hard Coal, 12, 13, 37. Soft Coal, 12, 13. Denaby Coal, 14. Denby Colliery, 9. Dinnington, 23, 61 ; record of shaft- sinking, 86-91. Doncaster, 4, 13, 16. Don Valley, faults of, 39. Dronfield, syncline of, 39. Dunsil Coal, 12, 13, 61. Dunston, G-, 62. Duhnford, H. St.' J., 64, 66, 67, 69, 72, 112. Dyson, W. H., 19, 20, 25, 62, 63. Edwalton, 13 ; description of boring, 52, record of boring, 91-92. Ell Coal, 12. Elsecar Colliery, Barnsley Coal at, 17. Embleton, H., 66. Etruria Marl, 7, 8, 26, 55. INDEX. 121 Farewell Rock, 5. Fentons Coal, 12. Firthfield Coal, 12. Flett, J. S., 58. Flockton Thick Coal, 12: Thin CoaJ, 12. Fossils in Coal Measures, 10-11, 13- 14, 18-20, 22, 25, 26; in Permian, 2o. Foxearth Coal, 15. Fox-Strangways, C, 41. Furnace Coal, 12, 15. Kents Thick Coal, 15, 18 Thin Coal, 15, 18. Keuper Marl, 4, 30, 31, 32; Sand- stone, 4, 30, 31, 32. Kidston, R., 7, 8. Kilburn Coal, 9, 10, 49. Kinderscout Grit, 5, 7. Lanarkian Series, 7. Gannister Coal, 9, 10. Garforth, 10. Gedling, 14, 17, 18, 20, 33; descrip- tion of shaft-section, 56; record of shaft-sinking, 92-96. Glacial deposits, 4, 60. Green, A. H., 13, 17, 39, 44, 61, 62, 63. Grenoside Sandstone Coal, 9. Gypsum, 3; in Keuper, 31; in Per- mian, 28, 29, 30. Haigh Moor Coal, 12, 37. Half Yard Coal, 15. Halifax Coal, 9, 10. Hard Bed Coal, 9, 10. Hathern, 5. Haxey, 23, 26, 33, 60, 62; record of boring, 96-97. Hazles Coal, see High Hazles Coal. Heck, 2. Heward Coal, 12. Hewitt and Chambers, 62. High Hazles Coal, 15, 18. Highfield Boring, description of, 53; record of, 98. Hospital Coal, 12. Houfton, J. P., 104. Houghton Common Rock, 25. Hucknall Torkard, 18. Hull, E., 26. Magnesian Limestone, 3, 8, 27, 28- 30. Mainbright Coal, 18. Maltby, 2, 7, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 61; description of shaft-section, 62-63; record of shaft-sinking, 98-104. Mansfield, 17, 19, 20, 21, 28, 33, 54; description of shaft-section, 58- 59; record of shaft-sinking, 104- 108; Marine Bed, 14, 15, 20-23, 24, 25, 55. Manton, 33, 54; description of shaft-section, 59. Mapplewell Coal, 15, 18. Market Weighton, 42, 43, 44. Marl Slates, 28. Meltonfield Coal, 15, 18, 19. Mickley Coal, 9. Middle Bed Coal, 9. Middleton Eleven Yards Coal, 12; High Main Coal, 12, 13. Millstone Grit, 5-6, 36. Mitchell Coal, 12. Netherton Coal, 12. Newcastle-under-Lvme Group, 7, 8, 26. Newhill Coal, 15. Nostell Coal, 14. Nottingham, 1, 13, 28, 32, 38, 39. Idlestop, see Haxey. Igneous rocks, 41, 58. Joan Coal, 12 Old Hards Coal, 12. Owthorpe, 4, 13, 30, 31, 33, 41, 42 ; description of shaft-section, 49-50; record of shaft-sinking, 108-109. Oxton, 2, 15, 20, 23, 26, 28, 33, 45, 54, 55 ; description of boring, 57 ; record of boring, 110. TCeele Group. 7. 8. 26. Kelham, 2. 5. 7. 8, 10, 33, 36, 41, 44, 45; description of boring, 57- 58. Kwhai, P. F., 37, 38, 41, 42, 43. 44, 46, 62, 82. 24395 Parkgate Coal, 12, 13, 37. Parry. E.. 84, 92. Parson Coal, 12. Peckfield, 10. 122 INDEX. Permian, 48, 49, 54, 60 ; relations . with Carboniferous, 27; relations wi%h Trias, 30; Magnesian Lime- stone, 1, 2, 3, 27-30, Middle Marls, 29; Upper Marls, 29, 30; Upper Limestone, 29. Piper Coal, 12. Pontefract, faults at, 40. Potter, T., 91. Prince of Wales Colliery, Warren House Coal at, 17. Rhaetic, 4, 30, 32. Rider Coal,- 15. Rock-salt, 29. Rotherham Red Rock, 37. Rough Rock, 5, 10. Ruddington, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 33 ; description of boring, 52 ; record of boring, 111. Russell, R., 62 Thorner, 42. Thurgarton, 2, 5, 8, 26, 33, 47; description of boring, 56; record of boring, 118-119. Top Hard Coal, 1, 3, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17-18, 37, 54-55, 61 ; character of, 15-17, depth to, 55, 61; fossils of, 18. Trent River, margin of coalfield near, 39, 44. Triassic Rocks, sec under Bunter, Keuper, Rhaetic. Tupton Coal, 12, 13. Two-foot Coal, 12. — yards Coal, 12. Unconformity : — inter Carbonifer- ous, 36 ; post-Carboniferous and pre-Permian, 37. Scarle, see also South Scarle, 29, 33 Scunthorpe, 4. Selby, 10, 13, 15, 23, 28, 29, 33, 43. 60; description of boring, 67-68; record of boring, 112-114. Shafton Coal, 14, 23, 26, 61. Sharlston Low Coal, 14, 23; Top Coal, 14, 23. Sherwood, 20, 33. Shireoaks, 1, 19, 26. Silkstone Coal, 7, 12, 13, 15; Four- foot Coal, 12. Smith, B., 49, 58. Soft Bed Coal, 9. Sough Coal, 15. South Carr, see Haxey. Scarle, 4, 27, 30, 46, 54 ; de- scription of boring, 59. Spinney, description of boring, 53 ; record of boring, 114-115. Staffordian Series, 7. Stanley Main Coal, 15 ; Scale Coal. 15. Steam Coal, 15. Superficial deposits, 4, 32, 34-, Alluvia, 4; Glacial Drift, 4, 32, 34. Swallow Wood Coal, 12. Swinton Pottery Coal, 15. Vale of York, 42, 43, 44. Vernon, R. D., 17, 18, 52. Wakefield, 16, 17, 19. Muck Coal, see Wath- wood Coal. Ward, J. Clifton, 38, 42, 44. Warren House Coal, 15, 17, 61. Waterloo Coal, 12. Waterstones, 31-32. Wathwood Coal, 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25. Webster, A. E., 77. West Bank, see Carlton, 33. Westphalian Series, 7, 8. Wharf e Valley anticline, 42. 43, 44. Wharncliffe Edge, 9. Whinmoor Coal, 9. White Lias, 32. Whitwell, 17. Whitwick, 41. Wilford Boring, 33, 53. Wilson, E., 29, 59. Wingfield Flagstone Group, 9, 11. Winter Coal, 15. Woodmoor Coal, see Wathwood Coal. Wooley Edge Rock, 19. Tea-green Marl, 4, 32. Thorne, 3. 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 33, 36,43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 60, 65; de- scription of boring, 66; record of boring, 115-117. Yard Coal, 15. York. Vnle of, 42, 43, 44. Missing Page MIDLAND DISTRICT— cant. SIX-INCH MAP3 ON THE SCALE OF 6 INCHES = 1 MILE (1 to 10560). The following she-inch maps are published, and can be bought uncoloured, price Is. 6d. each quarter-sheet, or hand-coloured at the cost of colouring. Derbyshire : — 40 NW, 40 NE (Notts. 32* NE), 40 SW, 40 SE ; 41 NW (Notts. 32 NW), 41 SW (Notts. 32 SW) ; 45 NW, 45 NE, 45 SW, 45 SE ; 46 NW (Notts. 37 NW), 46 SW (Notts. 37 SW) ; 50 NW, 50 NE, 50 SW, 50 SE; 51 NW (Notts. 41 NW), 51 SW (Notts. 4L SW) ; 57 SW (Staffs. 41 SW), 57 SE ; 58 SW (Leic. 9 SW) ; 60 NW (Staffs. 47* NW), 60 NE (Leic. 15 NE), 60 SW (Leic. 15 SW), 60 SE (Leic. 15 SE) ; 61 NW (Leic. 16 NW) ; 63 NW (Staffs. 54 NW, Leic. 22 N.W), 63 NE (Leic. 22 NE). Leicestershire : — 9 SW (Derby. 58 SW) ; 15 NE (Derby. 60 NE), 15 SW (Derby. 60 SW), 15 fE (Derby. 60 SE) ; 16 NW (Derby. 61 NW), 16 NE, SW, SE ; 22 NW (Derby. 63 NW, Staffs. 54 NW), 22 Nh (Derby. 63 NE), 22 SE ; 23 NW, NE, SW, SE ; 29 NE ; 31 NW, NE, SW, SE ; 37 NW, NE. i Nottinghamshire : — 32 NW (Derby. 41 NW), 32 NE, 32 SW (Derby. 41 SW), 32 SE ; 32' NE (Derby. 40 NE) ; 37 NW (Derby. 46 NW.), 37 NK ; 37 SW (Derby. 46 SW), 37 SE; 41 NW (Derby. 51 NW), 41 NE, 41 SW T (Derby. ^61 SW), 41 SE. Staffordshire : — 3 SW, SE ; 6 NE, SW, RE ; 7 NW, NE, SW, SE ; 11 NW, NE, SW, SE ; 12 NW, NE, SW, SE ; 13 NW, SW, SE ; 16 NE, isE ; 17 NW, NE, SW, SE ; 18 NW, NE, SW, SE ; 19 NW, NE, SW, SE ; 22 NE ; 23 NW, NE ; 24 NW, NE ; 41 SW (Derby. 57 SW) ; 47" NW (Derby, 60 NW) ; 54 NW- ^Derby. 63 NW, Leic. 22 NW). Six-inch maps which are included in the one-inch New Series maps named •above, but which do not contain any part of the Leicestershire and South Derby- shire and North Staffordshire Coalfields, are not published, liut MS copies have been deposited in the Geological Survey Office, where they can be consulted, or •copied, if desired, at the cost of draughtsmanship. MIDLAND DISTRICT— eont. MEMOIRS. In addition to the Memoirs (Sheet-explanations) mentioned under the head of one-inch maps, District Memoirs on the North Staffordshire Coalfield (price 6s.), and Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Coalfield (price 6*.) and The Concealed Coalfield of Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire have been published. VERTICAL SECTIONS (soale 1 inch = 100 feet). Prioe, Is. 8d. each. Sheet 86, Sections of Shafts, &c. in the Pottery Coalfield, North Staffordshire : 1901. Sheet 88, Sections of Shafts, &c. in the Southern part of the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Coalfield. For publications relating to other parts of the United Kingdom, reference should be made to the Catalogue, price 6rf., obtainable at all Agents.