_ Cornell University Library 
 
 TN 295.D34 
 
 Mine safety appliance legislation in tlie 
 
 3 1924 002 380 578 
 
 TN De Leon, Solon. 
 
 295 Mine safety appliance legislation in the 
 
 03!+ United States. 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL 
 
 OF 
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR 
 
 RELATIONS 
 
 AT 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
MIHE SAJBTY APPLIAUCE LEGISLATION 
 IH THS n»ITSD STATES. 
 
 Salmi t ted in partial fulfilmtnt 
 of the requirements for the de- 
 gree of tfaster of Attn In the 
 Taoulty of Political Science , 
 Ooluahia Unireraityi 
 
 3^ 
 
 SOLOH DE LBOH. 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002380578 
 
T7V 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The problem of mine aocldents In ths United States 
 today la a great and growing one. In "Qie North Americem coal 
 field alone, 16,273 miners were killed between 1897 and 1907, 
 a rate of 3.13 per 1,000 employed. This rate is greater 
 
 than that obtaining in any other ii^ortant coal field in 
 
 the world, and for the paat twenty years has been gradually 
 
 2 
 
 but almost steadily gaining in magnitude. The mining of 
 
 other minerals than coal also causes deaths and injuries to 
 those eiqployed, although not in the same degree. 
 
 Hiat to do to check, reduce, or perhaps even abolish 
 mining accidents is one of the questions now forcing itself, 
 though for different reasona, upon the attention of mine 
 owner, mine worker, gOYemment official and social worker 
 alike, itetong ^e remedies proposed is that of legislation; 
 and a l£urge part of the legislation proposed and enacted for 
 this purpose a> nsists of regulations requiring the use of 
 one style or other of safety appliance designed to meet some 
 of the many exigencies of underground work. At this moment, 
 when from all appearances more rather than less labor 
 legislation may be expected in the near future, it may be 
 well to review what the mine lawe of the ootuitry already 
 hare to say on the subject of safety derices, and to de- 
 
 1. Bulletin 90, U.S. Bureau of Labor, Sept. 1910, p. 447, 
 
 2. Ibid, p. 448. 
 
termine if possilale what the effect of those laws has been, 
 T5«fore one Joins indiscriminately in the agitation for further 
 enactments of the same general tenor. 
 
 With this purpose in view, the mine oodes of the 
 country have been studied, first in relation to their safety 
 appliance requirements, and second, in relation to the pre* 
 vision they make for the enforcement of those requirements. 
 
 Xn the first part of the study, only thcee clauses 
 of the laws have been dealt with which call for the installa- 
 tion and use of acne specific mechanism, attachment, or the 
 like, which, applied to some already existing feature of the 
 work, is expected to lessen the danger therein. Hules for 
 handling exploslTes, details of mine construction, and many 
 other dlTlaions of the mine codes, all intended to safeguard 
 the workers though they be, have therefore been left out of 
 considerati<m« Hothing but actual appliances, as above de- 
 fined, have been considered, and on the simple objective 
 basin of the number of appliances each requires have the 
 States and territories been ranked. 
 
 This implies, of course, the treatment of all 
 appliances as of equal importance. In making the comparison 
 on this basis, it has not remained unrecognised that the method 
 involves some inaocuraoiea. A device absolutely essential to 
 the protection of life in one State may conceivably sink 
 to minor importance in another, M^ere an entirely different 
 sort of mining is carried on. Bven within the same state 
 
3 
 
 and in the same mine, not every safety appliance used or 
 required may be as necessary as every other, MoreOTer, 
 derioes 8(a&etimes go In pairs, of whioh some states require 
 "both, and others only one. Yet if the law in the latter State 
 names both, as alternatives, both have been counted for it, 
 thus putting the State on as high a level as if it had re- 
 quired both. 
 
 However, these inaoeuracies to scMse extent cancel 
 each other, and it is believed that 12ie residual inaccuracy 
 is small in comparison with the ^reat basic hazard involved 
 in all mining. It is believed that underlying all underground 
 work, and by the very fact of its being underground, Ihere is 
 an element of danger sufficiently constant in nature to form 
 a sound basis for practically \miform safeguarding. This 
 view is borne out by an examination of the nature of the 
 required safety appliances themselves. The sixteen large 
 groups into which these fall are: Ventilating apparatus, 
 ventilating doors, shaft guards, escape shaft appliances, 
 cage attachments, posted notices, signalling apparatus, 
 speakin^^ devices, tas^inc bars, boiler attachments, gas and 
 air testers, safety lamps, rescue apparatus, and tunnel de- 
 vices. With the exception of the last iteq^, which applies only 
 to excavation and tunneling work in New York State, and the 
 other item of safety lamps, the need for which ia confined, 
 with one exception, to mines other than metalliferous, it 
 would be hard to say where tha line should be drawn between 
 
those derloes neoessary for one sort of mlnlns and those 
 needed in any other. Without exception they are all elemental 
 preoautions without vrhioh no one, no matter how Ideal the 
 conditions, should he allowed or required to risk his person 
 under the surface of the earth. 
 
 Tor purposes of coaparison, the numher of applianoea 
 required in Pennsylyania, the State calling for the greatest 
 nuzaher of then, has been taken as the maxiiBUHi, and the 
 other states graded in accordance therewith. In fixing the 
 naxlmun not at sua a priori conception of thoroughness, hut 
 at what is already heing required in one State, and that a 
 typical mining state of the country, it has been felt that no 
 injustice has been d<me any other state in assigninf?; to it 
 a place low in the list because of the comparatlTe fewneaMt of 
 its safety devices. It is not with what might be tez^ned 
 deetrinaire possibilities that its short'^comings are coa- 
 pared, but actual accomplishment in an area working under 
 conditions and diffioulties not incomparably different from 
 its own. the argument that in some ntates the mining in-> 
 dustry is not so highly deTeloped nor the output so large as 
 in others, and therefore the requirements should not be so 
 strict, la not felt to be a valid one. To the killed or 
 injured miner it cannot be said to make any differenee whether 
 he met his catastrophe in a State turning out 1,000 tons of 
 oGil a day, or ten. The effect upon him is the same , and it 
 is that which It is the purport of the law to lessen or to 
 prevent • 
 
5 
 
 In ranking the States In order of prominonoe in 
 numbei' of mines, number of mine workers, total yalue of 
 mine output, and in value of each of the fire principal 
 groups of mine products, namely, co&l, copper, gold and 
 ailTor, iron, and lead and zinc, the figures of the Census of 
 1900 have been followed, as given in the Abstract, yrcsn the 
 tables for mining and quarrying there presented, items for oil 
 and quarry prodviotB have been dropped, and the remaining 
 material compiled in order to get the totals upon whi<h the 
 ranking here u8«d is based. 
 
II. MINE SAFETY APPLIAIICKS KBQUIRSD BY LAV 
 
 in the 
 UHITBD STATES. 
 
 !Riere are under the ^u^^^Bdlotlon of the IMited 
 
 » 
 
 States fifty^ three diet mot legal geographical areas: the 
 forty-MBlght States of the Union , the federal districts of 
 Alaska and Colunhia, and the island possessions, Hawaii, 
 Philippine Islands, and Porto Rioo. The mining legislation 
 which exists in the statutes of the forty-eight states is 
 there hy act of the states themselTes. In all the districts 
 and insular possessions such legislation is the enactment of 
 the Tederal goyerniaent , through Congress. 
 
 In forty-two out of the fifty- three areas, mining 
 of some sort is carried on, but in only thirty-four out of 
 the fDrty*»two is there an.v law requiring any manner of derioe 
 which will render the limbs and lives of th9 mine v^orksrs 
 more secnre. The eleven States or territories in which there 
 is no mining are Deleware, District of Columbia, Florida, 
 Hawaii, Maine, tfaasaohusetts, Mississippi, fiebraska, Sew 
 Hampshire, Philippine Island^, and Forto Rioo. In these there 
 is of course no need of mine regulations, and they are there- 
 fore excluded from the present analysio, with four exceptions, 
 Maine is considered in the section on enforcement, for rea- 
 sons there given; and Hawaii, Philippine Islands and Porto 
 Rico are taken up in this section on appliances because of a 
 
 T. Abstract U.S. Census 1900, pp. 430, sq. 
 
pecttliax ooopXloatlon. Zn none of these thr^e poasessions 
 is any raining oarrled on at present, yet they hara certain 
 mine laws enacted for them by the Inderal gOTerniaent throvigh 
 Congress, to no into effect automatioally when timXr mineral, 
 or more strictly their coal, output reaches a oertain size. 
 It has therefore Tseen thoi^ght better to treat these along 
 with the States requiring dOTices. 
 
 Itiore are, then, to he exanined in respect to their 
 mine aaf«ty appliance requirements, forty*two states and t«r«> 
 ritories which do carry on mining operations, and three 
 which do not, making forty- fire in all. These forty-five are: 
 Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, 
 District of Alaska, Qeorgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, 
 Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minne- 
 sota, Missouri, Montana, MeT&da, Mew Jersey, New Mexico, 
 Mew York, Morth Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, 
 FennsylTania, Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, Ilhode Island, 
 South Carolina, south Dakota, Tennesaee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, 
 Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wiaconsin, and Wy<aaing. 
 Beginning with PennsylTania, the State in which mine safety 
 dsTioe reouiremento are most stringent, these will now be 
 Oonsidered in the order of their coaparatlye attentlyeness to 
 this phase of labor le-gislation. 
 
 I. PKKlISYLVAiriA. 
 
 Pennsylvania had, in 1900, 1,404 mines, employing 
 164^26 wage earners. The total yalue of its mine output for 
 
8 
 
 the year wae #183,431,499. Of thto nearly the whole, or 
 $182,206,046, was in coal, bituialnotis as well as anthracite, of 
 which the state is the sole possesBOr in the country. Its 
 iron ore output was worth $1,225,453. Fennsylrania therefore 
 stood first in the Union in niunher of mines, first in nttmber 
 of miners, first in total y&lue of mine products, first in 
 ccal, and eighth in iron. 
 
 It is eminently fitting that euoh a State shculd he 
 first in number of safety appliances legally refjuired to pro- 
 tect the multitudes of its mining wage-workers. That, in 
 fact, is the position it holds. Thirty- two separate safety 
 derices ore required, covering neiarly erery class of those 
 known to mining. 
 
 In the natter of ventilating apparatus, the time- 
 honored, almost meaningless order that "ample means" to this 
 end must he provided, is laid down^ but Pennsylvania is not 
 content v/ith that, and baoks up the demand with another pre- 
 Boribing fans, exhaust steam or furnaces, as the "ample means" 
 to be employed* Self-closing doors are required wherever 
 doors are in use to direct the air currents. Thib is to pre- 
 vent the ventilating system's i;olng disastrously astray 
 through some accident or negligence whidi might result in 
 leavlnc some ot the ventilating doors open. There must be 
 safety gates at the mouths of all shafts, and also guard rails 
 at dfcJigerouB openings within and without the mine. In common 
 with moat mining states, Fwinsylvanla orders that along 
 
with every nine shaft ofer a certain depth, a seoondary, or 
 eBoapement shaft nust "be dug, conmiuii eating therewith. In 
 the different states the equipment for enabling:; persons to 
 escape through this ahaft varies greatly. In Pennsylrania 
 the requirements are that there shall be "safe ^ and available 
 appliances," which are afterwards defined to mean hoisting ap- 
 paratus, and a safe stairway with a handrail* 
 
 In the gceAt class of appliances to prevent accidents 
 in oonneotion with the osiges in which men and materials are 
 hoisted into and out of ths ttine, into which olese more de» 
 vices fall than into any other, Pennsylvania is surpassed by 
 only one other state, and that is the great soft coal State of 
 Illinois. In Pennsylvania nine distinct applianoes of this 
 group are required} in Illinois eleven. Those specified in 
 Pennsylvania are safety clutches to keep the oage frrai falling 
 in case the cable breaks; flanges on tha drum of every hoisting 
 madiine used; an adequate brake applied thereto; guides to keep 
 the oage in position while in transit; hand rails for the 
 men to hold to; bridle chains to fasten the cage to ^e cable; 
 a safety hook which will insure the cage against oosaing un- 
 fastened; an indicator in the engine house which will at any 
 moment reveal the actual position of the cage in the shaft; 
 and one othsr. This appears in ths Pennsylvania law as a 
 •sufficient cover overhead." In other states a boiler-iron 
 cover of some specified thickness, varying between 5/^6 and 
 l/( of an inch, is demanded, and no doubt even in Pennsylvania 
 the cover is supposed to be of iron. Its purpose is to guard 
 
10 
 
 the occupants of the cage from falling timbers, coal, other 
 oTajects, or perhaps eren from falling persona, in their way 
 up and doim the ahaft* 
 
 Hoticeo of danger in dangerous parts of the mine 
 muot be posted in Pennsylvania, the only State which makes this 
 req'.lr«nant. In the matter of signalling apparatus Pennsyl- 
 rania is somewhat "behind. While other State* require specif- 
 ically bells, whistleo, or even electric bells and flashlights, 
 it asks only in general terras for "efficient means of sig- 
 nalling." On the other hand, Pennsylvania is one of the 
 three States, Iowa and Kansas beinr: the other two, in which 
 both a metal s^ eakin/; tube and a telephone are required. In 
 other states only one, or none, of these two devices is called 
 for. 
 
 In svirrounding with safeguards the preparation of 
 blasts, Pennsylvania is well up with other States. It is one 
 of five which require the use of a copper needle In preparing 
 the blast, and one of eight which forbid the use,fbr taanping, 
 of an iron bar which is not tipped with copper or some other 
 soft metal. The length of this soft, non-tgniting tip varies 
 among the States, in Pennsylvania it is six inches. Beyond 
 this only two States go, Colorado which specifies that all 
 temping bars used must be "other than iron or steel", and 
 Ifevada which comes out tinequivocally for wood. 
 
 All boilers used in and about Pennsylvania mines must 
 be provided with safety valves j-nd steam gutlges; for some 
 reason the third ordinary requirement, water gauges, is 
 omitted. 
 
11 
 
 PoinnaylTania h&s gone fi'rther than any other State 
 in protecting trains of cars InaidB tha nlnea. Of six dif- 
 ferent devices used for this purpose, this state require* 
 four. Safety &vitche£3, drop logs or other derices limct be 
 used on all inclined planes. Safety "blocka or aomo other de- 
 vice for the purpose of preventing cars frora falling into a 
 shaft or running ax&y on a slope must be placed at the head 
 of every shaft, slope, or plane. Alarmu are callea for at the 
 front of all underground trtins of cars, and safety catches 
 and signals at tho rear. The yrhole transport of coal be- 
 neath the ourface of the earth seena in this way to be well 
 safeguarded from all sides. 
 
 All dangerous or suspected workings must be in- 
 spected daily -with a safety lamp before working, a regulation 
 which Pennsylvania shares with eight other states. Pennsylvania 
 is moreover one of seven states to laake the use of safety 
 lanps compulaory in gaseous mines. Three other States leave 
 the use of safety lamps at the discretion of the mine inspec- 
 tors; the others sisiply take it for granted that if the mine 
 owner finds safety lamps desirable he will install them. 
 
 All things considered, Pennsylvania has its mine 
 workers hedged in by more protective legislation than any other 
 State or territory in the Union. Hot only is the number of 
 actual appliances required greater, but more of the labor 
 law of Pennsylvania than of any other aubciivieion of the co\m^| 
 try is devoted to the ©are and operation of mines. As will 
 be seen later, Pennsylvania also has the largest number of 
 
12 
 
 mine inspectors detailed to see that its mine laws are car- 
 ried out. "While not yet the ideal, this state has yet 
 neTcrtheless progre:^8ed further in that direction than any 
 other, sihd rasiy well r.erTe as a model fbr son« of the lag«» 
 gin^ ones to lb How. 
 
 2. ILLIHOIS. 
 
 K&rd on PennaylTania's heels in aiimher of safety 
 appliances required in its min« law, is Illinoia. This 
 State in 1900 had 889 mines, 56,721 mine workers, and a 
 total Talus of mine products amounting to $34,056,529, of 
 which the vast hulk, $33,945,910 was for soft coal and the 
 remainder, $90,619, for lead and sine. This put the 
 State fourth in number of mines, hut second only to Penn* 
 sylyania in ntonber of miners, fifth in total value of mine 
 outxmt, second in coal, and fourth in lead and zinc, 
 
 Ihirty distinct safety appliances are culled far 
 in the mining law. Fans, exhimst steam or furnaces are 
 specified as the n&ans of ventilation, and all ventilating 
 doors must be self'-oloaing. Stairs with handrails must be 
 provided in all escapement shafts. 
 
 This State begins the safeguarding of occupants 
 of mine cages by first sj^ecifying that there shell be a 
 eag^e. The usual requirement for safety clutches is made, 
 ft) Hewed up by a deiaano found nowhere else but In Texas, for 
 safety rests to support the cage when it is at the top of the 
 
13 
 
 shaft » not In use. In both placeB, however , this demand Is 
 not absolute, but the reate shall be installed "where neces- 
 sary." All drums on hoisting machinery must have flanges i 
 fitted with adequate brakes; guides mvist prevent the swaying 
 of the cage, which shall be furnished with iron bars or 
 rings sufficient in number to afford secure hand holds for 
 all occupants. The next requir^sent is ono found only in 
 Illinois itself and in the neighboring stute of Indiana, nam«-| 
 ly, that a steel or iron wire cable be used for hoisting 
 the cage. A suitable boiler*jtroii cover is called for, and 
 also the height indicator which will show the engineer in 
 chare^e of the hoist the position at any «om«nt of the cage 
 and its human cargo. One last safety appliance in connect 
 tion with cages Illinoie shares with only three other 
 States, and in all of them it is a fruit of new legislation. 
 !Qiat is a davice to lock the bottoms of self-dumping cages. 
 The reason for the requirement is perfectly obvious; the 
 cause of its tardy requirement probably is that the self- 
 dumping cage is itself a new develoisnent. 
 
 A signal oode io ]pr escribed for Illinois mines, 
 and a notice of this must be posted in plain sight. Jor 
 signalinr; either pull bells or whistles must be installed, 
 and metal tubes for speaking. The taaping bar must be 
 tipped with at least fire inches of copper, and a copper 
 ne«dle must be used in pireparing the blast. Like Pennsyl** 
 Tania, Illinois prescribes a safety valve and ste am gauge, 
 but no water 0iuge, on boilers used about or in connection 
 
14 
 
 with mineb. llo Bafeguarde are thrown about the transporta* 
 tion of ooEtl In cars Inside th« raineo, but a Tery complete 
 Bystem &f fire protection has been built up. This includ»8 
 chemioa.! or hSind extinguishers, vmter supply and pumps to 
 maJce it effaotive, hone connect ionc, and automatic aprinlc- 
 lers. It seenm that this, if any human agency can, !3iovla 
 prevent flros in nines. AnesiOEifeters ere renuired to test the 
 air ciroulfition, tJid safety lamps for the v/orkln^; of danger* 
 ous places; and Illinois Et£.ndB alone in specifying, In a 
 law passed in lOlX , an electric battery for blaeting in 
 sinking shafts. 
 
 Illinoia is thus ahead of Pemsylvania in fire 
 protection, and not f&r behind it in other thinga. On 
 acme other basis of examination the middle --.vest em State, 
 with it& new awakening; in industriiJ. legislation, might eren 
 run ahet..d of tiie eaatern coc.1 center; oonsiderin?; the matter, 
 aa has hero been done, merely on the number of safety devices 
 mentioned in the law, hov^ever, it is, as has teen sai-.i, 
 juBt t.'o points behind. It may be interesting in future 
 years to watoh the development of mine lerialation in these 
 two states, and see which ultimately secures first place for 
 actual s.n' honest protection of its mine workers. 
 
 3. COIiOllADO. 
 
 Hext after thetse tv/o leading states ccmee Colorado, 
 which In 1900 was third in the Union in minee, with 952; 
 sixth in number of miners, with 19,693; and third in total 
 
15 
 
 T^lua of mine Output, with $39,232,019. In coal. Colorado 
 stood eighth (|8, 397, 812), in copper ore eighth (|71,411), in 
 gold and ailrer first (|29,655,974) , in iron tenth (|l, 064, 424), 
 and in lead and zinc fifth ($22,398), Colorado thus r«.nlcs 
 with Pennsylvania for preteinence, the latter in ooe.1, the 
 former in gold and silver. It is the only State whidx pro- 
 duoes an output in each one of the five leading mineral lines 
 which have been utilised as a bftaie of coaparison in ']>it; 
 inquiry. It is an all-around State in its mineral wealth 
 and coiaeo hird in the list for legal protection of its nine 
 work or B. 
 
 Twenty-five in number are Coloraco*a mining safety 
 appliances. 'While it lacks entirely in the newer types of 
 requirements, it is well up to the standards prevalent before 
 the present wave of induotricil precaution set in. The ven- 
 tilating api'liances required are suction fans, exhaust steam, 
 fvrnaoes or "other contrivances". As an aid to ventilation, 
 brattice or trap doors mu£;t be used to seal alr-tir-ht all 
 airways except ihoae last made near the working faces of the 
 mine. In the escapement shafts nothing but ladders are de- 
 manded. 
 
 Cages are fairly well guarded, thoxjgh not so well 
 as in the two States already cc«sidered. Safety oatches 
 must be kept ready to prevent accidental dropping, hoisting 
 driims must have flanges, and the flanges must be fitted with 
 brakes. i^Io guides are required as in the last t,\o States, but 
 
16 
 
 the aulTioient coTer oyerhaad Is called for, also the bridle 
 chains for a"':tachlng the cage to the cable, and another re- 
 qiiireaent peculiar to Colorado, a "tested iron main linJte" 
 to complete this attaohnent. There must alao he a height 
 indicator. 
 
 The si'';nal code for hoisting;; is to he posted and 
 there are to he ihe "ordinary insane of aignalling" in addi- 
 tion to a metal tube or telephone in all cases whj re tjis 
 hujiian voice cayinot be distinctly heard. The taapinr bar for 
 blasts must not be of iron or steel, but no restrictions are 
 laid down as to the eort oT needle to be used in preparing the 
 blast. 
 
 In the natter of boiler ^.ttachments Colorado makes 
 an advance upon both ?ennQylvanla and Illinois by requiring 
 a water gauge in addition to the atoam gauge and safety ralTe. 
 Double draw bare, i.e., couplings, are demanded on all trains 
 of cars used <in slopes of ot^.t 6 feet in a hundred, and also 
 t^afety catches cuad signals on the rsc.r of trains. Safety 
 laaipB must be used for testing the worlcings, but it is left 
 to the mine owner to supply them for actual working or not, 
 aa ho sees fit. Por fire protection a water supply must be 
 laid in "if possible"; if not, then hand grenades or some 
 other chemical extinguiBher. 
 
17 
 
 4. MOHTMA. 
 
 The next tro States to be treated re uire each the 
 Bcoae nunher cf safety appliances in their minaa. That 
 having the greater yalue of output is token up first. 
 
 Montana was thlrt&anth in numher of mines In 1900, 
 l)ut tenlli in number of miners, and fourth in value of their 
 totr-1 product. Its mineral output consisted of coal, copper 
 and Kold and silver, in which it ranked nineteenth, first, and 
 seventh respectively. The exact figviree are: mines, 240; 
 miners, 10,253; value of total output, $o7,695,oo6; coal, 
 |2, 443, 447; copper, |20,563,o53; gold and silver, |4, 688, 536. 
 With this, it etanda fourth in aafeguardinj of aiiners. 
 
 The number of ecufety applitjiceb required by mining 
 law In Montana ia fji^^htson, seven lesd thtn in the preceding 
 State, -ind not much over hi.lt as uany aa in the best state, 
 Pennsylvania. Howerer. in one feature ITontana in far in the 
 lead of any of the States go far discuesod. Together with 
 Alabama, Ohio tind Oklahoma it stands almost in t. claijc by 
 Itself in demanding shields on all raining machines. As mining 
 raaohines are new thingc, it denotes greut and unusual adapta- 
 bility and responsiveness to need, for these four State a so 
 quickly to ccr^e to the protection of those who must work v-ith 
 or in proximity to the ne* £:nd dangerous engines. 
 
 yor the rest, the Montana la., is very similar to 
 ths foregoiriG, coverinc almost the same ground, only not qtuite 
 bO thoroughly. It oarele:'3ly confines its requirements as to 
 
rentilating appliancaB to "any suitable appllcnceB*. S€lf» 
 cloeiug ventilatiiiij uocrii ure Bpeoified, i-.nci. also railings 
 e.nd fences about all eliaft openings c.nd entrances into yeins. 
 A unique conbination if. made in ra'.uirins eboapenc-nt sMfts 
 to be furnished with both hoiut-iio upparatim and "::-ood and 
 substantial" laUderu; usually whan anythint^ so advanced as 
 hoiotinci nifcohanism is instgLLled, primitive thlnga like ladders 
 are cast aside for stairs. 
 
 In cage lagiBlaticn Montana follows Illinois in 
 first requiring the cage. To nake this conveyance safe, It 
 raust be equipped v/i+h safety catches, an iron cover, brakes, 
 and guides to prevent 8Wf..ying. One important specification 
 fotAnd only in I^ontana is tiiat the door of the cz-z^ shall be 
 of yheet iron or stoGl not less than l/s of an inch tMck, 
 ..nd huais on hinges or to slide. Ho other State nakes any 
 provision whatsoever for tho nature or construction of these 
 
 doors. 
 
 The posted notices in Montana mines nust be of two 
 kinrls, 5ie:nboardG at all intersections of roadways or en- 
 tries, and the hoisting si -nal code. "Proper" means of sig- 
 nalling nust be provided, and also, in all ahaftb over 100 
 feet deep, either metal speakin.- tubes or telephones. This is 
 one of the few States which registers a concrete den^nd for 
 aafety lanpa where there ia gt-b. This regulation, and that 
 already noted or.llir. : for shielda on nsininf^ machines, show 
 this western State -o be in some thlnj-o very advanced, despite 
 its being only fourth in the list. In the requirement on 
 
19 
 
 cage doors, to he found nowhere elee, It is of courae in 
 adY&nce even of all tJ-ioeo which for other reasone precede it. 
 HoweTor, something seeris to be at f&.ult when the nuon'ber of 
 Baifety appli&noeo required in the Tarious states f&.lls so 
 rapidly that the fourth bea^. Stute ii; only ei6hte3n-th.irt7~ 
 aeconds, or 55 per cent, as good au the first. 
 
 5. WASHIHGTOE. 
 
 Vashingtoii reqrires exactly trie &a^& number of mine 
 safety appliances - 18 - aa Montana. It is put second thereto 
 only because the value of itu mine product u in 1900 was 
 $^4,000,000 lesa. iffhen it is coneidered that this State 
 reuxlced only twenty-ninth in nujaber of mines (58), twenty-third 
 in number of miners (4,160), twenty-^seventh in value or total 
 mine output (|3, 019, 565), seventeenth in coal (^2, 681, 214), and 
 twelfth in gold and silver (|i338,351), the fact that it ties 
 another State for fourth place in its protective reguli^tions 
 for mining; becomes most extraordinary. 
 
 Azaong these regulations there is notMng at all 
 touching ventilation ap.)arctu.a or safeguards. In the escape- 
 ment shafts either stairwayo or ladders are required, but not 
 both. In vertical shafts over 150 feet daey there muot be a 
 cage, which is to be fitted with "safety apparatus, eccentric 
 springs or other device •• to prevent falling. It must albo 
 have a boiler-iron bonnet ^Afi of SJ^ i"ch in thicknesu, must 
 be fitted with guides, and the hoisting engine must have a 
 brake. 
 
20 
 
 In all workings there must Toe signboards showing the 
 way to the shaft, and "suitable rcBtma^ of signaling are to "be 
 provided. The ik^yji^in^ "barLj must "be tipped, with fire inches 
 of copper. 
 
 Boilers are cojjqjletel}'^ aaf egiiarded by renuiring eafet 
 ralves, steaia gauges ajid watjr gauges. A safety lamp test 
 must be made in all workings every morning, and an anemometer 
 used to determin'^ the amount of ventilation. For fires, a 
 steam pump or other power, ana avfricient hose, are required 
 wh graver coal is hoisted by steam power. Safety lamps must be 
 used for mining In all workings where there la gas. 
 
 While the mine protection of Washington is therefore 
 not very tremendous in the abstract, It becomes notable in 
 comparison with the rather low rank of the State in &e mining 
 Industry, which T;ith less far-slghtod officials night become 
 a temptation toward slighting thia important work. 
 
 6. UT/JI. 
 
 Like the last two, the next three States are alao 
 on a par with one another in the total number of miae safety 
 appliances required, aind hc.vc been arranged in the order of 
 the value of their mine output. 
 
 Utah, the firL:t of the three nnder this arrangement 
 was in 1900 seventeenth in the Union In the ntmber of its 
 mlneB, of which it had 135; it was eighteenth in number of 
 nine wage earners, v/lth 5,412; thirteenth In value of nine 
 piPOdnets, with #11,757,550 to its credit. Of this, ^^1, 717, 454. 
 
21 
 
 was for coal, In *tilch it ranked twentieth, $1,459,198 was for 
 copper, In which it was fifth, tJid the far greatest part, 
 |e, 500, 904 was for gold anu silver, In which it stood fourth. 
 
 In tha matter of aafoty applLxncea to protect mine 
 v/orkraen, Uteih stands aixth among Uu-tes, v.'ith fifteen devices. 
 In all the labor laws of the Stat© there it: only one other 
 safety appliance mentioned, ant that is a veetihule on street 
 cars. Hothin-^ is said about motxc of ▼entiiation except that 
 ell rentilating doors ravat be self-closing. Any places con- 
 taining explosive gas, which are not ii; actual v.-orkin.^-, must 
 be fenced off aeroea thoir whole width. In esGi..penient 
 shafts "Bafe and avtiilable appliances for escape" must be 
 maintained, of no specified nature. In any snaft over 200 
 feet in vertical depth there must toe a safety ca^e, protected 
 by sufficient safety catohet^, a sufficient cover overhead, and 
 hand rails. For cor;i:riUuication in i.nd abcut the mine ti ere 
 nust be furnished a metal arcfking tube or "other suitable 
 appliance for conversation or si,^nrlling," v/aich presiunably 
 would include telaph.onic ooni.ections. 
 
 The requirements for fire protection are limited to 
 mines having only one oxit, which exit is covered v/ith buildinga 
 In that case there muyt be hose, chemical extin"u.i:jhsrs and 
 hand grenades. If the mino li-.w-j two e::i&3, both uovered with 
 buildings, or only one exit but that ons unobstructed, the 
 requirement does not apply. VHhin tho nine there laust be a 
 water sy -.tern for sprinkling to keep do^Mi dust. Tirzipin^ bars 
 must be tipped v/ith copper or other soft nstal. Ho light 
 
22 
 
 other than locked safety lamps may be used in any places likely 
 to contain explosiye gas; and Utah outstrips erery othsr State 
 by requiring electric storage battery lamps in hydro-oarbon 
 mines. The one serious hiatus in the Utah mining lair is its 
 failure to require the customary safety attachments on all 
 boilers used in the work. 
 
 7. lUDIMA. 
 
 Indiana, in respect to mining, is a "one^orop" 
 State. Its only mineral output is coal, in which in 1900 it 
 stood sixth, with a yearly yield worth $10,399,660. It was 
 tenth in number of mines, of which it contained 339, end the 
 10,593 persons who worked therein put the State ninth in re- 
 gard to number of minera. In ralue of mine product it stood 
 fifteenth. 
 
 Its laws oall for fifteen mine safety appliances. 
 These are: an improved safety gate on top of erery shaft; 
 gates at erery rein leading to the shaft and fences about all 
 abandoned shafts; stairs with guardrails in all escapement 
 shafts; an approved safety catch on every cage used for hoist- 
 imi or lowering persons; an adequate brake on every drum used 
 for this purpose; a wire rope for hoisting and lowering} a l/t 
 inch boiler-iron cover on all cages used for persons; & 
 proper height indicator attained to every hoisting apparatus; a 
 conspicuous signboard wherever the passageway to the escape- 
 ment shaft is intersected by other roads, showing the direc- 
 tion to the exit; a posted copy of the hoisting signal code; 
 
23 
 
 a fiv«-in<dti copper tip on taraping baraj a copper needle to 
 prepare blasts; a metal speaking tube; and safety lamps (dis- 
 cretionary with the nine inspector) . 
 
 Since Indicia posses see no other xoines except those 
 producing coal, the problem of mine legislation there Aiould 
 be imnensely siiaplif ied. Ho extraneous Tarieties of shafts are 
 present to require attention, and it would seem a promising 
 field in which to build up a body of model regulations coyering 
 this one side of the industry. This, howerer, Indiana has 
 succeeded only in a mediocre way in doing. It calls at 
 present for one less than half of the doTioes required by 
 Pennsylrania, 
 
 8. KANSAS.' 
 
 Unlike Indiana, Kansas contains deposits of both 
 coal, and lead and zinc. It had altogether in 1900, 232 
 mines, which put it fourteenth in that list; it was sixteenth 
 in number of miners, with 7,242; eighteenth in total value of 
 mine product, with f 7, 600, 443. #6,862,787 of this was for 
 coal, in which it was ninth, and the remaining $737,656 put 
 it up to second for lead and zinc, only Missouri being ahead 
 of it for this item. 
 
 yifteen wfiaf ety appliances are ordered by law for the 
 protection of Kansas miners. One is the Tague "ample ne ans of 
 rentilation". Another is self-closing doors to assist in the 
 direction of the ventilation. There must be a stairway in all 
 
24 
 
 escape shafts. To protect those trayeling in cages, ttere 
 shall Ids an improTrad safety catch on all cages In shafts over 
 150 feet deep; whereTer steam la used there must "be sufficient 
 horns or flanges on the drum of every machine for hoisting per- 
 sons, and adequate brakes attached thereto. Bridle chains 
 from the orosspieces of the cage shall fasten it to tie main 
 Xinic. 
 
 Ho notices are required to he posted, but tiere must 
 be a metal tube from the top to the bottom of the shaft, and 
 also the "ordinary means of sic^aling". In addition to this, 
 a progressiYS clause added in 1911 demands a party-line tele- 
 phone systna in all coal mines. Safety valTes, steam aad 
 water gatiges are required on mine boilers^ and a daily test of 
 dagerous places by means of safety lamps. 
 
 9. IDAHO. 
 
 de mine law of Idaho is interesting in that in this 
 State no specific saf'^ty derices whateyer were required up to 
 the year 1909. Prerious to that time the matter had been left 
 to the discretion of one chief mine inspector and "avch dejm- 
 ties as in his Judgment may be neoesaary" which he might appoint 
 with the consent and approral of the goyernor. The Acta of 
 1909, howerer, abandoned this method of dealing with «ie 
 problem, and established the new regime by demanding fourteen 
 specific appliances, thus putting the State, in this matter, 
 ninth. 
 
25 
 
 Idaho in 1900 had 258 minee, all of them either gold 
 or silTer, in which there were employed 3,382 miners, and the 
 output was worth 18,177,267. The State was thus twelfth in 
 number of mines, twenty-fourth in niiraber of miners, seventeenth 
 in ralue of total mine produot, Imt as hi^^h as fifth in its own 
 specialty of gold and silver. 
 
 Plank or guard rails or seoure fenoes are required 
 ahout all shaft collars, chutes, or abandoned mines. Good and 
 substantial ladderways are oalled for in escapement shafts. 
 Mine cages are speoifioally required; and they are to be fitted 
 with safety clutches and automatic chairs to catch them if 
 the cable breaks, and else with a boiler-iron bonnet 3/L6 
 of an inch thick. Wherever -aie hoisting power is "steam, 
 electricity, gas, air or water" there must be .an indicator to 
 show the position of the oage. The si.^nal code must be 
 prominently posted, and a pull bell installed in every hoist. 
 Blectric bells and flash-lights are also to be put in "where 
 practicable." Howhere else are electric flash-lights at all 
 mentioned. 
 
 In the matter cf fire protection Idaho has stolen 
 another march on all other jurisdictions by requiring self- 
 closing fire doors in every working "adit" or crosscut ttin- 
 nel entrance where wooden buildings exist. Dry hand grenades 
 and hydrants, hose and noz; les are also required in all shafts 
 covered with frame buildings. 
 
 A third specification which Id^o has ths distinc- 
 tion of being the only State to enact, is inverted U-shaped 
 
26 
 
 insulator gu&rde on all electric trolley wires undergrotmd. 
 These three distinct strides which Idaho has taken ahead of 
 the rest of the country spealc well for its progressiTenefls vm- 
 der the new method of taiequivooaOly setting down in the law 
 what shall be required of mine operators* 
 
 10. UICHICAH. 
 
 Again a tie is met in the attempt to arrange the 
 States in order by the number of mine appliances they require. 
 This time there are five States, each re luiring thirteen de- 
 Tices. Applying again the principle of treating first that 
 which has the most valuable mine output, Michigan is first to 
 be considered. 
 
 This state was only eighteenth in 1900 in ntanber of 
 mines, with 131, and twenty- first in value of its coal output, 
 (11,653,192). But in spite of this, it was third in number of 
 miners (29,788), seccwd in total value of mine product 
 ($46,596,259), second also in copper ♦18,247,207), and first 
 of all in iron, in which its jrear'a production in 1900 araounted 
 to $26,695,860. 
 
 Its product beini; so overwhelmingly metalliferous, 
 Michigan pays no attention at all to requiring safety-lamps, 
 fire protection, gas or air teste, or ventilating apparatus. 
 Blasting and tamping safeguards are also missing from its 
 code, as are boiler attachments and underground train protec- 
 tors. Thirteen devices in all are called for. Airtight brat- 
 
27 
 
 tlooB must be "built at all break-throughs except those nearest 
 to -Qie point where work is going on, Arjtoiaatlc or other 
 gates must be placed at upper and lower landings and at each 
 tntermediate seani. There lauat be substantial cages, fitted 
 to f^uides running from top to bottom, suitable Iron covers 
 on the cages ^ safety catches, and Iron bara or rings in proper 
 place and number to accommodate for handholds each person 
 permitted to ride in the cage. The hoi o ting drum nust hare 
 adequate flanges, and be fitted with a brake. Hone but safety 
 hooks shall be used on buckets In sinkln- chafts. 
 
 Xn the escapement shrfts there must be stairways, 
 proTided with handrails. The signal code Is to be posted* 
 
 U. ALABAMA. 
 
 Alabama had In 1900, 206 mines, 17,648 mine workers, 
 and a mine output of $16,357,535, of which $12,416,666 was 
 eoal, $1,057 , gold and silver, and $3,936,812 iron ore. It 
 was therefore fifteenth in mines, seventh in miners, twelfth in 
 total value of product, fifth in coal, seventeenth in gold and 
 silver, and third In iron. 
 
 Thirteen in number are the safety devices required. 
 In two of tiiose, the shields for mining machines, already men* 
 tiL oned, and a device for locking the bottoms of self -dumping 
 cages, both enacted In 1911, Alabama shows itself hi.-#ily ad- 
 vanced. The rest of its requirements are the ordinary common- 
 places. There must be "ample means" of ventilation, ventilat- 
 
28 
 
 ing doors must be seXf-cloalng, automatlo or other gates are to 
 be Installed In the upper and lower landing at the top of 
 each shaft. Zu addition to ihe bo ttoa-lo eking devioe, eaoh 
 oage must have an approved safety catch| an automatic brake, 
 an overhead iron cover and a height indicator. 
 
 Posted noticetj of mine rules are required. There 
 nust be metal speaking tubes, and a "drag or derailing de* 
 ifice* for cars on a grade. Safety lamps for a daily test 
 before starting work are called for. 
 
 12. IOWA. 
 
 In Iowa also there are ^thirteen safety devices 
 required. This State in 1900 was ninth in number of mines, 
 twelfth in mine workers, sixteenth in total value of mine 
 product, seventh in ooal, and sixth in lead t<.nd zinc. It is 
 therefore without preftmlnence in any one field of mining, a 
 situation which it considerably improves by some progressive 
 touches in Itr, legislation. The figures upon which ita ranks, 
 as given above, are baused are: number of mines, 340; numb'^^r 
 of miners, 9,452; total value of product, |8, 673, 645; value 
 of coal, 18,660,257; value of lead and aiinc $737,656. 
 
 The progressive things in Iowa»s mine safety ap- 
 pliance requirements are the following: It specifies ventilat- 
 ing fans, exhaust steam or furnaces for ventilating apparatus, 
 and further specifies that in "all airshafts where fans are 
 used* they shall be "workinc fans*. In its escapomentft there 
 
29 
 
 mtiBt be Inst&lXed either hoiatlng appliances or stairs, Imt 
 for some reaBon no handrails are required on the st.ars. The 
 device to lock aelf-diimpiR,; bottoms in oages coriee under the 
 head of progresaire enactments, and uluo the re^.uiremont of 
 a telephone in addition to the old- tine metal speuJcing tube, 
 In v/orkingu which exceed 3,000 feet. Thiti is also one of 
 the four States to call for an anemometer teat of air cir- 
 culation within the mine. 
 
 The other devices re luired are apfroved aafety 
 gatea at the top of each shaft, a sufficient safety catch, 
 a proper corer ovez^iead, and a brake on all cages, mmm 
 signboards indicating the way to the eacapemant shaft, and 
 a trail attached to all trains used on slopes inside of 
 Bines. 
 
 13. ARKAUSAS. 
 
 Arkansas in 1900 had 72 mines, 2,604 miners, and a 
 total mine output yearly ralued at ^2,534,134, of which the 
 major prt, $2,539,214 was for coal. It was therefore twenty- 
 sixth in number of minej, twenty-sixth in mine wage earners, 
 twenty-eighth in total value of product, and sixteenth in 
 
 coal. 
 
 Like the two preceding States, it requires thirteen 
 safety appliances in its mines. Its requirement foi* ventilat- 
 ion is archaic, bein~ simply »any suitable appliances", Ther« 
 must be a gate or bonnet on every landing or entrance to the 
 
30 
 
 mine, and fences aliout erery abandoned shaft or slope. A 
 oage is specified, and Its ooctipanta must be proteclsd by 
 spring catches, by a brake and guides, and by a boiler iron cov- 
 er . "Suitable" and "proper" means of aignalin^^ must be pro* 
 Tided. The full qxu)ta of boiler attachments is demanded, 
 namely, safety ralve, steaa gauge and water gauge, and safety 
 laaps must be used in gaseous plaoes. Thia last requirement, 
 taking the use or not of safety lasips out of the hands of 
 those who might be most reluctant to furnish them, ia the one 
 touch of anything above mediocrity to be found in the nine 
 laws of this State. 
 
 14. TEXAS. 
 
 Texas coi-ld boast in 1900 of only 31 mines, which, 
 howerer, employed 2,212 miners, and turned out a total product 
 worth ♦1,731,596, of which |l, 477, 245 was coal. This put it 
 thirty«third in number of mines, twenty-seventh in nu::iber of 
 miners, thirty-aecond in value of total product, and twenty- 
 third in ooal. Much nearer the bottcaa of the list in any 
 of these things it could not go; ad yet it is tied with four 
 other states for tenth plaoe Judged by number of safety ap- 
 pliances legally demanded. That is to say, like the fijur 
 States just considered, It reniires thirteen. As these enact- 
 ments in Texas did not cone until 1907, they make up for 
 their tardiness by fair up-to-dateness, 
 
 yor Insttnoe, a "fan or some other artificial means" 
 is prescribed for ventilating purposes. The device for lock- 
 
31 
 
 Ing bottoms of self-dumping cages Is also prescribed, and so 
 are safety lamps "if necessary". This last, it la true, is 
 not a particularly notable demand but it is better than falling 
 to call for them at all, as thirty- two of the forty- two mining 
 States and territories do. 
 
 Other more cosmonplace requirements are automatic 
 or other gates or bars at upper and lower landings and at the 
 entrance to each intermediate seam; eubstttitlal cages ;safety 
 catches on same; also cage supports at the top landing "where 
 necessary", guide rails, iron bars, rings or chains for hand- 
 holds, and suitable iron covers. An "efficient" system of 
 signaling is required, and also a metal speaking tube or a 
 telephone . 
 
 15. OHIO. 
 
 Ohio, Tennessee and Oklahoma each re luire twelve 
 safety devices in their raiaes. Ohio, which has the greatest 
 output, g«t it in 1900 from 666 mines, worked by 26,075 men, 
 who turned out |27,020,894 worth of product- Coal made up 
 the greater part of this, $26,954,789, iron ore next, #41,976, 
 and sulphur and pyrite the rest, or $25,129. Ohio conse- 
 quently ranked sixth in number of mines, fourth in number of 
 miners, sixth in value of total product, third in coal, and 
 fourteenth, or last on the list in iron. In everything but 
 the last item, it is Evident, Ohio is well up to the fore. It 
 is not in keeping with this prominent position in the mining 
 
32 
 
 industry that th« state should he oo lax in providing; the 
 necessary safeguarda of the industry, 
 
 •Artificial nean^ of producing yentilation, such ae 
 forcing or suction fans, eadiauet steam, furnaces or other con- 
 trlTances" are the means laid dovn for this purpose. Venti- 
 lating doors must he self-closin -, and all ways except those 
 ^at made near the working faces must he mode airtight hy 
 ■hrattices, trap-doors or otherwise". TEhe^e shall he an ap- 
 proved safety gate at the top of every shaft, and safe arail- 
 ahle appliances, bo that employes may readily escape, in all 
 escapement shafts. 
 
 Only three cage attachments are required: an ap- 
 proved safety catch, a hrake, and a sufficient cover overhead. 
 There must he a metal tuhe trcm the top to the "bottom of 
 every shaft where the hUBieji voice cannot he distinctly heard, 
 A copper needle must he used in preparing blasts, and the 
 tamping har must he tipped ^ith at least five inches oi" cop- 
 per. 
 
 One thing relieves tho laxity of the situation in 
 Ohio, and that is the enactment in 1908 of the clause re- 
 quiring shields on minlnrj machines. This denotes a responsive- 
 ness to newiieeds and conditions which it is to he hoped Ohio 
 will follow up. 
 
 16. TSIJIJSSSES. 
 
 Tennessee had within its houndaries In 1900, 112 
 mines, with 7,545 mine workers and a total yearly output of 
 
33 
 
 ♦6,537,895. #5,399,721 of this was ooftl, |l, 123, 527 was iron 
 ore, and |14,647 was barytes. It stood therefore twentieth in 
 number of mines, fifteenth in number of miners, twentieth in 
 total Talue of mine produota, twelfth in coal, and ninth in 
 iron. 
 
 It requires twelve safety devices tn its mines, one 
 of which is explosion doors to protect the ventilating fan, 
 a requirement found in no other State. It also requires 
 safety lamps^, within the discretion of the inspector. Its 
 other regtilations are not particularly noteworthy. They 
 include "safe and available ma«hinez^ or stairs in escape 
 shafts; an improved safety catch, a sufficient "metal" cover- 
 ing overhead, sufficient flanges on the drum and adequate 
 brakes attached thereto, In connection v/ith all cages used 
 for persons; a metal speaking tube or telephone, and also the 
 ordinrry ne ane. of siginaling; and. safety lamps for testing 
 purposes. Considering the state's low poaition in the mining 
 industry, it is perhaps in these re:::ulations doinr all that 
 could be expected of it. 
 
 17- OKI^HOMA. 
 
 Olclahoma la the fourth and last of the States whose 
 mining safety appliances are twelve in number^ It is not 
 very prominent In the industry, standing in 1900 only twenty- 
 eighth in ntunber of mines (68), twenty- first in number of wage 
 eamsra therein (4,763), and twenty-fifth in total value of 
 
34 
 
 product ($4,266,106), which, being exclusirely coal, lifted it 
 up to fifteenth in the list In relation to that article. Yet 
 its "body of mine legislation, enacted in 1907, compares 
 favor ably, all things ooneidered, v/ith many of the niineralog- 
 ically wore affluent states. 
 
 In the firut place, fans are required for ventilation, 
 which must be a c«rtain munber of cubic feet per minute for 
 each person and per animal. The ventilating doors must be 
 self-«losi&g. All shafts except the main one, and not over 
 75 feet deep, must havo stairs. Cages must be protected by 
 safety catches, flanges on the drums, brakes , and an overhead 
 covering. Means of oignallng are denanded, and also a speaking 
 tube. The bl&ot needle must be of oopp-r, and the tamping 
 bar tipped vTlth five inches of copper. IFinally, the most pro- 
 gressive item in the code is that requiring shields on mining 
 machinaa, Aa has be.:n ac.,id, only four states have so far put 
 themselves up-to-date by ntikini^ this regulation; and one of 
 the four is twenty-fifth-rate Oklahoma. 
 
 18. WEST VITianilA. 
 
 West Virginia is another exclusively o oal-nnining 
 State. It was, however, In 1900 eighth in the Union in number 
 of mines (522), fifth in number of miners (23,914), seventh 
 in value of output (#24,748,658), and fourth in coal. In view 
 of this position, it ii with a feeling of incongruity that 
 one finds It only eighteenth in throwing safeguards around the 
 
35 
 
 mining of its ccal. 
 
 Only eleven devices are nominated in the lav* fur 
 this safeguarding, and none of th; se is of apeciai note except 
 safety lampB, ifhich are categorically demanded where there 
 are explosive gases. Ample means of ventilation are asked for, 
 to be fan power where dangerous gases exist. Tliere must l>e 
 an improved safety gate at the top of the shaft. Escapement 
 shafts are to be furnished with stairs or hoisting machinery. 
 Cage safeguards come down to *hree: a safety oatch, a brake, 
 and •sufficient cover overhead". Hotioes must be posted to warn 
 men out of dangerous unused workini^s. There must be a metal 
 speakin ; tube from top to bottom of the shaft, and also the 
 ordinary means of signaling. 
 
 19. KSlTTnCKSr. 
 
 Two points behind Wedt Virt:.inia in safety appliance 
 legislation, requirin;^ only nine devices, is Kentucky. 
 
 This State was up as high as seventh in 1900 in num- 
 ber of nines (523); it was thirteenth in number of miners 
 (9,077), nineteenth in valui. of rains producta, but as the 
 whole of this (^^6, 666, 697) Wt-a in coal, Kentucky rc^nked tenth 
 
 among ooal States. 
 
 Ho posted notices are required in Kentucky, no 
 signaling apparatus, no speaking devices, no tfunpin?? or 
 blasting safeguards, no boiler attachments, no train guards, 
 and no fire protection. 
 
36 
 
 On the oth' r hand, it Is the one State which does 
 r«"Uire the chief inspector of mines and each of his five 
 assistants to hare an oxygen helmet, with its complete ac- 
 coutrement of tanks, pumps and potash cartridges. 
 
 Artificial neana of producing ventilation must be 
 aet up, such as »8uction or forcing fans, exhaust steam, 
 furnaces or otlier contrivances". Brattices, trap-doors, or 
 the like are required for shuttin?: off unused air passages, 
 and there must he a safety gate at the top of the shaft. 
 Again there are only three cage attachnents, the safety catch, 
 the brake, and the overhead cover, which must be "sufficient". 
 Safety lamps are prescribed for use in testing the condition 
 of the shtft, and aldO a "Shaw, or equally efficient gas tester" 
 ie to be f^otten and used by tlae State incpector, 
 
 20. "''ISSOimi. 
 
 Viaaouri is the greatest lead and zinc ore center 
 in the United states. Its 1900 output in this line was worth 
 112,555,580, Besides that, it produced in the same year 
 ♦lO'4,677 worth of barytes, $105,379 worth of iron ore, and 
 $5,374,642 worth of coal. This total output came from 826 
 mines, worked by 13,500 men. In other words, Missouri is the 
 fifth State in number of nines, eighth in number of miners, 
 eleventh In total value of product, thirteenth in coal, 
 twelfth in iron, but far and away first in lead and zinc, 
 Kansas, the next State, having only $737,000 against Missouri's 
 
37 
 
 tw«lTe and a half million. Yet Missouri is twentieth in point 
 of aafe^'aardine hnr mine workmen, with only eight appliances. 
 
 These eight are: self-closinr; doors for vantiiation, 
 •safe find available" appliances for exit in escapenents, a 
 mine cage, sprinc catches, "brakes, guides and an orerhead 
 tron coTer for same, and "suitable laeons" of signaling. Fur- 
 th^r then this Ifisuouri does not go. 
 
 21; SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 South DaJcota is a "one-crop" state in gold and 
 Bilrer. In 1900 its output in these minerals was |6, 464, 258, 
 putting it sixth. It was thirty^-first in nunher of mines, 
 40; twenty- fifth in nxmher of mine wage earners, which was 
 2,914; twenty-first in total value of mine output, "btit, aa 
 has been shown, sixth in gold ant' silver. 
 
 Like Misaoiiri, it has only eight safety appliances 
 in its mine law. Thore must be inclined ladderways in all 
 shafts 50 feet or more in depth containing two or more com- 
 partments. Tor hoisting persons in all mines of over 200 
 feet vertical or inclined depth there muat be a cage, and 
 this must be fitted with Sc.fety ipparatuo, eccentrics, springs 
 or other devices, and. an iron bonnet. There must be bells for 
 signaling (whether pull or electric is not opecified) wherever 
 there is hoisting apparatus, and the si;:nal code must be post- 
 ed. 
 
 One other safeguard, not strictly related to mines, 
 
38 
 
 yet included In the South Baiiota mine code, ia that exhaust 
 fanti, dust ch;-ni"bers or soiie other device nust be installed in 
 sneltera or dry cruahlnc reduction works. 
 
 22. WYOMIHG. 
 
 liyoming produces both coal, and j^old and silver, 
 In 1900 it was thirty-second in number of mines (40), twenty- 
 second in nunber of miners (4,222), twenty-third in value of 
 total product (|5,241,262) , fourteenth in coal, and fifteenth 
 in gold and i;ilver (|4,923). Perhaps it is as much as should 
 be expected, that it has eight mine safety appliances included 
 in its statutes. 
 
 The eif^t in this State are "ample means" of 
 ventilation, self-closln:* doors to assist ventilation, con- 
 venient stairs in escapements, posted code of bell signals, 
 electric or else pull bells for signaling, a wire cable on 
 all trains of coA/ In mines to prevent cars running; away if 
 the coupling parts, and safety lamps for exam|.ning the mines. 
 This is the first State, of all those so far examined, to 
 dispense entirely with all safeguards on and about cages. 
 The requirement of a wire cable to prevent oars from getting 
 loose fran their triilns and running away is, however, a good 
 one. 
 
39 
 
 23. WS7ADA, 
 
 Kevada is another gold and silver one^crop State. 
 It was, In 1900, twentysecond In ^e number of it» nines, 
 which was 104; it stood down at thlrty-aecond in number of 
 miners (1,075), twenty-sixth in value of ite product 
 (15,409,348), but rose to eighth in the column for gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Among the eight safety appliances which It requtrea 
 in its mines, is one found nowhere else: in aach mine employ- 
 ing forty men, there must be kept two smolce helmets, and 
 one additional helmet for each additional fifty m&n. The 
 importance of these helmets in ■*^ime of fire or other subter*' 
 ranean disaster is very great; but even greatftr ic the signif- 
 icance of the fact that it it. ITevada, an exclusively metallif- 
 erous nininc Sta.t<?, which tinkisa thit: demand. Smoke, and the 
 like are usually acisooiated v.i ".h ccal mining. Moat plausible 
 would the argumen+ be that helmets to guard against this danger 
 should be required only in States where the mines are of a 
 nature to warrant suoh a regulation. But if Nevada, a purely 
 gold and silver State, finds then necesaary^hcw much more 
 necessary and salutary must they be in the States whs ^e the 
 sort of mines commonly accepted as dangerous are to be found? 
 In making this step (it was done in 1911) Nevada did sorae 
 excellent pioneering. Ev«ry je ar that any other mining 
 State lags in ccming up tc this msa-k ie a discredit to the 
 people therein. 
 
40 
 
 HeTad£ also shares with Colorado the distinction of 
 "banning altogether the metallic tampin'; "bar for mining. The 
 only difference ia that in 'Jolorado the law reads that the bars 
 mu3t be ffothor than iron or steel "j Hevada states expressly 
 that hey shall he made of wood. 
 
 Ti-ie other six appliances are guardrails and btxlkheads 
 at shafto; ladders in all shefts; a cage in ell shafts orsr 
 350 feet deep, which cage must be provided with an iron bonnet 
 and •safety apparatus securely fastened" and of "sufficient 
 strength to hold the cage loaded at any depth to vfhich the 
 shaft may be sunk"; and ported notice of the signal code. 
 
 24. NEW YORK. 
 
 Sew York ir> hardly thought of as a mining state, 
 and yet it has mining safeguards in its laws. In 1900 Hew 
 Yo:"k had 19 mines, employing: l,0o6 men, who turned out giraphite 
 to the valuu of $77,437, hnc iron ore to the value of 
 $1,362,987, a total of (;l,'r40,424. There was one lt;ad and 
 2inc ore mine in the stut«, but ita output was too sirall to 
 record. New York thuj in 1900 stooci thirty-fifth in number 
 of mined, thirty- fourth in number of miners, thirty- third in 
 total valu'. of product, but sixth in iron, bein- in this 
 ahead both of Pennsylvania and of Tennessee. 
 
 Six safety applianoea fo- mining, strictly speaking, 
 are found in the How York law, tout two others, which apply to 
 tmnel and oaisaon work, are al.o embodied in the mine statutes; 
 
41 
 
 hence they hare been liicluded hsre, mfckin;: eight in all for 
 Hew York. 
 
 The six applying; strictly to mines ars a proper head- 
 house and trap-doors when the depth of the workings exceeds 
 40 feet; safety hrakes on all mine care and lifts j a 6-lnch 
 tip of copper or other 30ft he tal on all iron or ateol tamping 
 bare; and th3 three ouBtomary boiler sttachments. 
 
 The other two are requirementa no State but iTew York 
 has yet enacteu, and are the outgrowth of the great increase 
 In caisson work performed in and cibout ilew York City in con- 
 nection wi^h aky-aoraper, suov/ay and river-tunnel ccnstniction. 
 One is a decoiapreasion lock for all persona working in com- 
 pressed air; the other is an air pressure gauge in every tun- 
 nel where men are working tinder artificial pressure. Both 
 requirements were enacted in 1909, 
 
 26. KORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Horth Carolina wcis in 1900 thirty-fovrth in number 
 of mines (20), thirty- fifth in number of miners (237), thirty- 
 sixth in total value of output ($115,417), and fourteenth in 
 gold and silver ($71, 267). It requires in its mines only five 
 
 safety appliances. 
 
 Fans, furnaces, exhai'st steam "or other contrivances" 
 must be used to provide vantilation, and brattice or trap- 
 doors built to cross all breakthro-ighs except thor.e lost 
 made. All underground workings not in actual course of . 
 
42 
 
 working or exteaiBXcn must bo fenced acroBs their v/h.ole width; 
 escrpement ohaftf; ranst be fitted with "safe and available 
 appliances^ * Safety lanpB are required for daily teats, 
 
 26. MARYlAirD. 
 
 Maryland in 1900 ?/a8 twe/ty-fifth in number of 
 mines (73), twentieth in number of miners (5,012), tv/enty- 
 aecond in total yalu of mine product (16,626,780), eleventh 
 in coal ($5,579,869), and tMrteenth in iron (|46,911), Still, 
 only four nafety appliances, are found in Mr ry land mining 
 legislation. 
 
 One of theoe no other state but Maryland requires, 
 namsly, a device to record the revolutions of all ventilating 
 fans, which shotild be of the greatest service In detecting 
 lapses in the efficient working of the fans. 
 
 The other three are "ample Ese-ans" of ventilation, 
 self-cloaing doors to .:;uide and direct the ventilation, and 
 an anemometer to tG:jt the a-ir current at least onoe each 
 week. 
 
 27«30. ilwTn.ICT 0? ALASKA, 
 HAWAII, 
 
 PlilLIPPIilB I.^U^HDS, 
 POTITO RICO. 
 
 No information i-i obtainfible as to the number of 
 mines o- of miners in Alask.., bub in 190^ its t.otal mineral 
 production was $20,55^,496, of wliioh |19,858,800 was gold, 
 
 T. Statesman's Year Book, 1911. 
 
43 
 
 1109,400, sllyer, and |585,296, copper. The federal mining 
 law applies only to "unorganised Territoriea of the United 
 States where are located ooal mines the aggregate annual output 
 of which shall "be in excess of 1,000 tons per annum." As 
 Alaska as yet produces no coal, the law does not, thereforei 
 apply. RoweTer, as certain provisions are laid down to go 
 into effect when the coal output of the territory reaches 
 the ahOTe-stated amount, and as large mining operations, though 
 of another sort, are already carried on in Alaska, it has been 
 deemed fairer to oount the provisions as if they actually 
 applied. 
 
 Those provisions specify thJ8te safety appliances, 
 which are, safety catches and an overhead iron cover on 
 oages, and a metal speaking tuhe. The provisions apply also 
 to Hawaii, the Philippine Islands and to Porto Rico, upon 
 the same conditions. The mineral resources of these three 
 Insular possesBions have not begun to he developed as yet, 
 but here again, as the law is already enacted and is only 
 t«nporarily held in abeyance awaitin- the development of the 
 industry, the three possesGions have been counted as hiving 
 three reqtiirements for safety appliances. 
 
 31. IcmHBSOTA. 
 
 Minnesota was in 1900 the twenty-seventh Stat e in 
 number of mines, with 59. It was fourteenth in number of minera, 
 
44 
 
 with 8,266; elchth in total ralue of produoft, with |23,989,227, 
 all of which was in iron, which put it in the position of 
 second in this ore. 
 
 To protect the 8,000 miners who dig out this 
 |23,000|000 worth of ore, there are in Minnesota hut two safety 
 appliances which the law requires. One is seoure safeguards 
 or fences at the mouths of all pita, sh&fts, careB, etc., 
 nAiere danger exists, including abandoned mine shafts. The 
 other is a covering overhead on all carriages used for persons, 
 •if practicable and raoessary." 
 
 32. CALIFORHIA. 
 
 California in 1900 was second in number of mines, 
 having no fewer than 1,076 of them. In mine workers it 
 was eleventh, with 9,770. In total value of mine products it 
 stood tenth, with $18,652,067. It was twenty- fifth in coal 
 ($273,398), fourth in copper (|l, 599, 663), end third in gold and 
 silver, with an output of #15,473,091. 
 
 In spite of these three positions of "second", 
 •third*, and "fourth", in laining, however, California re- 
 qxilres by law only two mine safeguards, "ample means of 
 ventilatioxf, and a posted notice of the signal code, thus 
 falling to thirty-second place in protection of mine workmen. 
 
45 
 
 33. OREGON. 
 
 The figures for 1900 show the state of Oregon to 
 haTe been eleyenth in number of mines (271), thirty-third in 
 number of miners (1,0&6), thirty-first in total value of mine 
 output (1160,075), twenty-sixth in ooal (|160,075), and tenth 
 in gold and silver (|l, 851, 853). Yet Oregon, like California, 
 has only two safety appliance, requirements. Ihe law dersands 
 *bell signals in all mines operating a steam, electrical, 
 gasoline o" other hoisting plant*. As these bells may be 
 either of the pull bell or electrical variety, they have been 
 counted as two requirements, as was done in similar circum- 
 stances all through this study. 
 
 34. ARIZOHA. 
 
 Arizona was in 1900 twenty- third in nimber of mines 
 (104), nineteenth in number of miners (5,139), fourteenth in 
 value of total product ($11,043,901), third in copper 
 (18,279,224), and ninth in gold and silver ($2,764,677). 
 Arizona requires one solitary safety appliance in her mines: 
 a posted copy of the si -nal code, and Uiat only "where signals 
 are nec«a»ary«. Of all the States which legislate for mine 
 protection at all, Arizona is the most backward. 
 
46. 
 
 This concludes the examination of all the States &ad 
 territories In which some safety appliances, no matter how 
 few, are deT^innded hy legislation for the protection of the 
 workers In the mines. 
 
 There yet remain no fewer then eleven States in which 
 the mining industries have a foot-hold, and yet in whidi there 
 is ahsolut ely not a single clause or phrase in the law to 
 require any specific device which will insure or contriljuteto 
 the aajTety of the worXera. Five of these had in 1900 total 
 mine outputs ran,r;in • from one to four million dollars. In 
 the other six the mine products were inconsiderable. Talcing th« 
 first five in order of their rank by total mine output, 
 they are: 
 
 Virginia, twenty^fourth, with a total product of 
 |4, 769, 903. This State was twenty-first in mmiTfter of mines 
 (109), seventeenth in ntimber of mine workers (6,538), eighteenth 
 In coal (#2,543,595), sixteenth in ^old and silver (|2,723), 
 and as hi^h as fifth in iron ore (|l, 652, 799). 
 
 Hew Mexico, twenty-ninth, with a total product of 
 #2,448,668. Hew Mexico was sixteenth in number of mines 
 (138), twenty-eighth in number of miners (2,122), twenty- 
 second in coal (#1,500,230), seventh in copper #271,270), and 
 eleventh in rold and silver (677,168). 
 
 Wisconsin, thirtieth, its total output being 
 #2,274,516. This State was nineteenth in number of mines 
 (116), twenty-ninth in number of miners (1,778), fourth (I) 
 
47 
 
 In iron ore (tl, 800, 864), and third (!) in lead and zinc 
 (♦473,662). 
 
 Georgia, thirty- fourth, its total output amounting 
 to #1,307,909. It was twenty-fourth in number of mines (89), 
 thirty-first in number of mine wage earners (1,345), twenty- 
 fourth in COE 1(1589,018), thirteenth in roid and silver 
 (1149,150), and eleventh in iron (#452,717) . 
 
 Hew Jeraey, thirty-fifth in total output, which was 
 #1,228,664. It waa thirty-aixth in number of mines (16), 
 thirtieth in number of miners (1,660), and seventh (!) in 
 iron (#1,228,664). 
 
 Vo matter in relation to what special feature the 
 above five States be examined, wheth ir it be rank in number 
 of nines, in number of miners, In value of total output, 
 or in value of any particular ore, in every case except 
 Hew J»rs«y'a position of 36th in number of mines there will be 
 found some state still farther down in the list which has 
 nevertheless placed on its law books some requirement as to 
 mine safety appliances. There would seem therefore to be no 
 valid reason why the sane thing has not been done in iiiese 
 five states themselves. 
 
 Then cczne the six states in which the mine products 
 are so small as, while yet existent, not to be reckoned with 
 in the 1900 Census. These are Connecticut, with one 
 tungsten csiA two iron mines, Louisiana with one pyrite mine, 
 Horth ]>«kota with forty-s^ven soft-coal mines, Hhode Island 
 
48 
 
 with one graphite mine, Sou13i Carollnei with one zaanganeee and 
 three gold or silver nines, and Vermont, with one iron mine. 
 Whether the legislative machinery of these six States *ould 
 be Bet in motion to enact eafeguarding statutes for Bvda. petty 
 industries of^jlie a debatable question. 
 
 KBCAPITULATIOH. 
 
 ITOJH the above exunination it is evident that 
 the lav/s requiring^ySafety appliances in the United gtst es are 
 of a most diverse and heterogeneous kind, and of all stages 
 of completeness. Some raoe.:'Sary devices are fairly widespread, 
 while on the other hand some of the most iaportajit are in use 
 in only one State. 
 
 nine Stated, for example, require "ample means of 
 ventilation," and nine require fans of some sort, exhaust 
 steam, furnaceB, or the like; yet there la only one idiich 
 calls for a device to register the revolutiony of the ventilat- 
 ing fan. Eleven states say that ventilation doors shall be 
 •elf-closing, five make brattices or trap doors a requisite, 
 but only one says that explosion doors shall protect the fan. 
 
 Safety gates or dcors must be used in twelve States, 
 and ratlings or swme other iort of enclosures in eleven, 
 your States oall for hoisting apparatus in escape shafts, six 
 are satisfied with ladders, eleven require stairs, which in 
 only four oases must be provided with handrails, and six 
 
 T. See Appendix I. 
 
49 
 
 raguely call for "safe and available appliances.* 
 
 In cage protection the most general results are 
 shown. The two regxilations requiring safety catches and 
 OTerhead covers are the vridest spread of all in alne legisla- 
 tion, each appearing in twenty-three States. Beyond this, 
 though, there is great irregularity. While twenty-three areas 
 throw the above safeguards about the cage, only eleven require 
 the cage itself. Eighteen require brakes. The other items 
 are: guides, eight; flanges on hoisting drums, seven; 
 height indicator, six; Jiand holds, fivej device to lock bottom, 
 four; bridle chains, three; safety rests, two, steel or iron 
 wire cable, two; safety hooka, two; and iron or steel door, 
 one. 
 
 Eleven gtatea call for the p08|.ting of the si~nal 
 code, four of signs showin^i: direction, two of danger warnings, 
 and one, of rules* Per the transmission of signals, pull 
 bells may be used in five States, and electric bells in four; 
 one specifies electric flaah-llKhts and one whistles; twelve 
 simply leave the natter at "ordinary raesms"- In thirteen 
 States a metal speaking tube is required, while the telephone 
 has been placed in the statutes of eight. In eight States 
 tamping baro must te tipped with copper or other soft metal; 
 In two they must be entirely of wood. 
 
 The entire battery of boiler attachments — safety- 
 valve, steam gauge and water gauge— is required in only 
 five States. Two more require the first two of these devices, 
 but not the third. 
 
50 
 
 Two states call for safety switches and drag logs, 
 to guard undergroimd trains; In one there must be double draw 
 bars; two others seek to prevent runaways by the use of wire 
 cables; one demando that there be an alarm at the front of 
 these trains, while two put alarms, together with safety 
 catches, on the rear end. 
 
 For testing the air in the mines, safety lamps are 
 the most generf.l device, being found in nine states; in four 
 anemometers must also be used; in one, a special testing ap- 
 paratus is, designated by name, 
 
 Pire protection is extraordinarily lax. Chemical 
 agencies are found in Ihe laws of four states, water supply and 
 pumps in four, pipe and hoae connection in three, and an 
 automatic sprinkler and self-closing fire doors in one each. 
 Looked safety lamps are called for in ten States, and one 
 specifies electric storage battery lamps for a certain type 
 of mine. Four of the more progressive States now require 
 shields on mininp; machineiry. The followin?^ devices are to be 
 found In one State each: oxygen helmets, smoke helmets, 
 insulators for trolley wires, electric blastin?^ batteries, 
 decompression chambers, air pressure gauge, and exhaust fans in 
 
 ore works. 
 
 To sum up briefly, there are altogether fifty-three 
 States and Territories in the Union. In eleven of these there 
 is no mining, three nevertheless have mining laws, which added 
 to the forty- two which carry on mining make forty-five which 
 
51 
 
 come under examintion as to the scope of their mine safety 
 appliance rentaations. Thirty-four, or 75 per cent., of 
 these require safety appliances, and eleven, or 25 per cent., 
 do not. 
 
 There are in all aeventy safety devices mentl oiled in 
 various places, but the greatest number embodied in the laws 
 of any one state is thirty- two. Taking this number, as has 
 been done, as the maximum, one State has all thirty-two, or 
 100 per cent,; one has thirty, or 94 per cent,; one has 
 twenty-five, or 78 per cent.; two have eighteen, or 56 per 
 cent.; three have fifteen, or 47 per cent,; one has fourteen, 
 or 44 per cent.; five have thirteen, or 41 per cent.; three 
 have twelve, or 37 per cent.; one has eleven, or 34 per cent.; 
 one has nine, or 28 per cent.; five have eight, or 25 per 
 cent.; one has five, or 16 per cent.; one has four, or 12 
 per cent.; four have three, or 9 per cent.; three have two, 
 or 6 per cent.; one has one, or 3 por cent.; and eleven States 
 In which there is mining have none at all, or per cent.— 
 hardly, all in all, a very satisfactory state of affairs. 
 
 Merely to leave the subject at thiu point, however, 
 would give a very inconqplete picture of the actual status of 
 mine safety appliance regulations in the country. Besides 
 the regulations themselves, there must also be considered the 
 provisions made for getting those regulations carried out. 
 This will be the next subject of inquiry. 
 
 "T. See Appendix II. 
 
52 
 III. METKOBJ OP ENF0RCE.9ElfT. 
 
 Thirty-four States and territories out of the 
 fifty- three comprising the United states, it has been seen, 
 demand to a greater or less extent safegurds to protect Ihoae 
 employed in the Yorkinr: of their mineral resources. In 
 studying the methods in operation in these thirty-four areas 
 for enforcing these protective demands, an addition to the 
 list must be made of Maine, which is in the anomalous position 
 of laving no mininc- law, and yet posaessing an "inspector of 
 factorieb, workshops, mines and quarries" to see that it is 
 enforced. 
 
 Upon whom do these thirty-fire governmentB depend 
 to enforce the statutes dealing with safety devices in mines? 
 How many of these enforcing officials are there in each 
 governmental unit? How are they deui ;nated for their offices? 
 Is any method applied to their selection? How long a t^rm do 
 they serve? Wiat area do they have to cover? These questions 
 will now he discusoed and answered in order, 
 
 1. NUMBER ANH title 01' 0>'PICIALS. 
 
 The number and official title of the officers dele- 
 gated to enforce the minin.^ safety appliances laws in the 
 thirtywfive territorial units at present under consideration 
 vary greatly, from none at all to twenty, and from ordinary 
 mine inspector to "state en^neer" who must in addition be a 
 
53 
 
 •technically qualified and experienced hydraulic engineer". 
 Arlsiona, California and Nerada make ahaolutely no provieion 
 for the enforcement of their state mining codes. California 
 has a Cooiraisuioner of a Bureau of Labor Statistics whose duty 
 it is to collect statistics upon, aciong other things, the 
 mines of the state; but nowhere io he enjoined to do anything 
 to see that the law is being obeyed. The other two of these 
 three states have not even that, Heno# in treating the modes 
 of election, terra, etc., of the mine inspecting officers, 
 these three States need no longer be mentioned, and the dis- 
 cussion narrows down to thirty- two constituenoieB. 
 
 Of the thirty- two, seventeen have one State or 
 territorial Inspector of Minea to cover the entire field. 
 One of these is Hew York, and here it is the duty of the Com- 
 missioner of Labor, along v^ith all his other official activitie*, 
 to*^ee that every necessary precaution is taken to insure the 
 safety and health of employes emj-loyed in the mines and quar- 
 ries and In the oonstruction of tiinnels,* and to •prescribe 
 rules and regu]^ tione". In some States the state aeologist 
 
 is drafted for the work, and in North Dakota it is the hydrauli o 
 
 2 
 engineer above referred to. Two States provide for a Ch^ef 
 
 Inspector who shell upon appointment appoint two assistants, 
 
 and two others^ call for three Inspectors all of equal power. 
 
 T. These are: ArkansaB, District of Alaska, Hawaii, 
 Kansas Maine. Maryland, Micliigau, Montana, Hew York, 
 H0?th C«rolln4, North Dakota, Philippine Islands, 
 pSrto RicoT south DsJcota, Texas, Utah and Washington. 
 
 a, Indiana and Tennessee. 
 3, AlabEjnu. and Iowa. 
 
54 
 
 The other tjrpee are repreoented "by only one State each. One of 
 these (Kentucky) has a Chief L!ine Inspector who appoints one 
 assiotant; ai^othor ^ilyoming) haa two Inspectors of Coal Janes, 
 and one for metalliferoue mines; a third (Colorado) reverses 
 the order of importance by providing t^,^ee metaliiferous Inspec- 
 tors and only one lb r coal mines; a fourth (Missouri) balances 
 the thing up erer^ly. It has a Chief Inspector for coal 
 mines who appoints an Assistant, and also provides for two 
 co-ordinate men to look after the lead, zinc and other non- 
 coal dif^gings* Ohio's Chief Inspector appoints five District 
 Inspectors, making iix in all, while Oklahoma's Chief is 
 assisted by an indefinite number, one for each inspection 
 district that the legislature may from time to time deem well 
 to divide the state into. In Idaho the Inspector of Mines 
 may "with the consent and approval of the governor . . , ap- 
 point such deputy inspectcru as in hia judgment may be neces- 
 sary"— a very loose arrangement. In Minnesota provision 
 is n&de for one inspector in each county in which there are 
 five or mora miner, in actual operation. Illinois is divided 
 into ten inspection di>itricta, each of which has its own 
 inspector, Vest Virginia haa an inspector for each of twelve 
 districts, all prjsided over by a Chief, and Pennsylvania is 
 at the top of the list with twenty men, all with equal powers, 
 distributed in varying number over the counties of the State, 
 grouped in diotricts according to size and number of mine 
 BhaftB. While one mine Inspector is better than none, twenty 
 are far better than one, and in no State are the mines so 
 
55 
 
 safe th&t this elementary precaution of regular and thorough 
 Inspection can afford to be alitfated. The Spates which are 
 baclcward in the luatter of thtj numher of men asoigned to keeping 
 the shafts In good condition ahould therefore laake it their 
 duty rapidly to increase their inspecting staff ahreast of, 
 or eyen perhaps beyond, Pennaylvania»a. The idea, now taken 
 up in four states, of having a epeoial Departmen!; or Bureau 
 of Mines, is one to be hip;hly reooauaezided. 
 
 2. IIBTHODB OiT 3BCURISG IiJilPSCTORSKIPS. 
 
 The next raatter to investigate is the methods by 
 which in tho various areas the inspectors of mines receive 
 their positions. Are th^^y elected or appointed, and if ap- 
 pointed, by vfhom? 
 
 In twenty of the areas considered, the mine 
 inspectors, or the inspector in chief if there are more than 
 one, are expressly appointed by Uie governor. The Idaho law 
 states that there shall be an inspector of mines, but ic not 
 cloar as to the manner of his reoeiTing office, ¥rom internal 
 evidence in tiie law, however, it seems to be by appointment 
 ly the governor, and Idaho has been so classed, naking twenty- 
 one in all in which th* is the uethod. In five of the twenty- 
 one (Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Hew York and Weat Virginia) 
 the governor may appoint, out of hand, anyone whom he sees fit 
 
 T. Alabama, Arxansas, Goloraao , Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, 
 Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, Montana,- New Yorx, 
 Forth Dakota, Ohio, South Dakotr., Tennessee, Texas, 
 Utah, West Virginia and Wyoming. 
 
56 
 
 to. The wide opportunity this opens up for Belectinf; an 
 officer for acme cause entirely foreign to his oapatoilitiea 
 as a mine expert, is manifest. The appointnent by the Presi- 
 dent of an inspector for each of the Territories is open to 
 the sane oriticism, as are also the methods of appointment by 
 the CoEimlsaioner of Labor and by the state Geologist, each in 
 vogue in one state (Michigan and Indiana respectirely) , While 
 it may be argued in favor of tliis systera that the governor or 
 other appointing officer nay use his powerlwlBely, granted the 
 requisite official integrity, fejcid that no system whatever can 
 prevent chicanery when there is a deteriaination to perpetrate 
 it, yet these arguments fall to the ground Ib f ore the system in 
 use in three of the states (Colorado, Illinois, Iowa), tmder 
 whidi , though the governor appoints, he must do ao from a 
 list made up by a board of examiners who have pas ;ed upon the 
 qualifications of all candidates. A a till higher point in 
 the same development is reached in Texas and Washington, where 
 the governor appoints, but jxtust appoint the individual s/ho by 
 the board of examiners has been found \b it qualified for the 
 place. In one State (Maine) the governor's appointment is 
 with the advice and consent of the council, in another (Kansas) 
 by the consent of the executive council, but the most general 
 
 provision ia that the governor appoints "by and with the con- 
 
 1 
 sent of the senate". Nine States adhere to this form, amd 
 
 T. Kentucky, Maryland, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, 
 South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, VycminL-. 
 
57 
 
 while the senate may rery well act as a check upon any con- 
 templated malfeasanoe of the governor, still it is becoming 
 Increasingly recognized and admitted that a purely political 
 and legislative body like a senate ia not and cannot be a 
 trained "body of experte on tcclmical industrial ntitters, and 
 ia to that extent unqualified, no matter how upright, to exer- 
 cise inteHigont choice in the selection of a nan who holds so 
 nany lives in hia hund as does a mine inspector. In Minnesota 
 the rains inspector for each district in wMch five mines are 
 in operation ia elected by fhn Board of County commissioners. 
 Here the unit is small eno^-h so that each one of the ooimais- 
 sioners may be thorou,.^hly familiar with the various candidates 
 and their abilities. Perhaps the best, and at all events the 
 most democratic method, is that used by the threa stc.tes of 
 Horth Carolina, Oklahoma and Pennsylvania, in which th^ mine 
 inspector is elected by popular vote. Of these three, the 
 plan of Horth Carolina ia least good. There is there only 
 one mine inspector, and he i^ not a mine inspector but the 
 State Commisaioner of Labor ajid Printin-, who ia to be elected 
 by the people "in the s&i'-e manner as is provided for the elec- 
 tion of the secretary of state*, and who ey-officio must also 
 •perform the duties of mine inspector as provided in fix is chap- 
 tor" of the la:w. In OklcOaoma there is a distinct elective 
 office, entitled the "chief inspector of mines, oil and gas", 
 created by the Constitution of 1907, and the legislature is 
 instructed to "create minin.? districts" in the State and 
 
58 
 
 •provide for the appointment or election of assistant in- 
 spaotora therein". In Pennaylvanic. the democratic and selec- 
 tive principle reachea its highest culmination. The State is 
 divided into seven inapec+ion diatricta, to which are appor- 
 tioned Inspectors varyin^^ in number from one to six, to the 
 total number of twenty. All candidates for these offices must 
 tmdergo examination by a qualified board, which examination is 
 held at least six months before election. Only those satls- 
 fyinin; the examiners as to their fitnesti nay o upon iha bal» 
 lot, and all inspectors are elected by popular vote, .;ithin the 
 districts, from aiaong the men thus qualified and nominated. 
 It oeeraa as if this extension to the persons most affected 
 thereby, of a voice in the sele otion of those v/ho are to 
 aafaguard their lives and peri>ons, is u principle v/orthy of 
 being widely copied. 
 
 3. M3TH0I>r:i or SBLBCTION. 
 
 The methods of selecting or determining the fitness 
 of mine-inspector candidates for their task has unavoidably 
 been touched upon to some extent under the preceding heading. 
 A more detailed study of '.Ms mt-^tter in itself shows hat in 
 only six states — Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
 Pennaylvania. and Texas - is any examination for this office 
 demanded by law. In two, Kansas and irorth Dakota, -a qualified 
 person- is required, but in all the othar tv;ent7-one not a 
 word is said as to the caliber of the person who i. to hold 
 
59 
 this delicate and laportant poHt. 
 
 4. LEilGTH OF TSSM. 
 
 In length of terra of mine inspectors, sone divergence 
 is aiiown, but it U nei-h-.r as wide in extent nor as ^e&t in 
 n^Taer cf instances as th,> airvrgtjnoe in th;j other featureo 
 dlBCusecd. In two r,tatea (Michiga;; una Misiouri) tha terai ia 
 unspecified; in the United states territories the inspector 
 is to "hold office until his av.ccesuor in appointed and quali- 
 fied"; in eil the other twenty-eix areaa tlus teraa fall into 
 
 1 2 
 
 one Oi four categories: twelve have tv/o j^ars, four have 
 
 three yeara, eleven hava four ^ars, and one, Wyoming, has 
 
 «ix. In Coloradc the coal aine inspector has four years and 
 
 the metalliferous cen heve only two, in Ohio the chief inepee* 
 
 tor has a four year term t-na his a^slBtanta a three, hut in 
 
 all the other states one period of office ia set for all 
 
 grades and sorts of mine inspecting officials. 
 
 TOiatever the historical causes may be of this vari» 
 
 ety of tera-longth, it would seem that there cannot be any 
 
 reason therefor in logic or quality of results. Conditions 
 
 in the various States are not so diverse that somc^ one length 
 
 of term could not ho agreed on by cormon consent, and enacted 
 
 in variouii States, if on no other around, than purely on that 
 
 of uniformity. 
 
 T. Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
 Kanaas. Maine, Marylcnu , Houth Dakota, Tennessee, Texas. 
 
 2. Alahama. Minnesota, Ohio, Psmii^ylvaaia. 
 
 3, Colorado. Kentucky, Montana, Hew York, North Carolina, 
 north Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Utah, Washington, West 
 
60 
 
 5. AREA COVERED PER INSPECTOR. 
 
 Four different syatwns of Jurisdiction are manlfeated 
 in the duties and powers of inepectors. In the fourteen 
 States where there ia only one inspector, he perforce coTere 
 the entire state. In Colorado the inspector of coal mines and 
 In WyoBing the inspector o f Iftetallif eroua mines hare each the 
 entire state under supervision for their particulax sort of 
 nine, while the other type of mine in each State ia under three 
 and two inspectors respectiTely, who work in districts. The 
 district system alone ohtains in eleven states . In Minnesota 
 each inspector is elected in his county and stays within that 
 county J in Maryland the one inspector «ho is appointed by the 
 governor "hy and with the advice and consent of the senate" is 
 appointed only "for the counties of AJUegany and 0arrett". 
 
 Throughout the whole field of enforcement of thQ pro- 
 visions for mine safety appliances, therefore, as in the field 
 of the provisiona themselves, there is great variety in the 
 means and methods chosen toward the end in ii ew. None of the 
 syo terns is perhaps in itself bad, except as it suffers from 
 sraallneso of peraonftl required or from lack of direction of 
 the appointive power. Many of them have commendable features, 
 and the Pennsylvania plan of twenty inspectors, elected by the 
 people from among nen found by a competent board to be them- 
 selves competent, comes nearest of any to a worthy inspection 
 meohajiisffl. 
 
 T Alaiama. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, 
 ' Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia. 
 
61 
 IV. CONCLUSIOHS; SUGGEST lOHS iOR USIFOW LAW. 
 
 So far the mine safety appliance laws of the country 
 have been discussed mainly in relation to what they hare done. 
 In them progress has certainly been made. But when fb.e laws 
 are regarded in relation to vltLt they have not done, -Qie oon- 
 olusion is inescapable that, good as they may be, they still 
 are In a chaotic condition. The eyidenoes of this condition 
 are threefold: The laws are inadequate; they lack uniformity} 
 and th« proTisiona for their enforcement are insufficient. 
 The proof of their lame clmraoter is that American mine acci- 
 dents, instead of going down, are increasing, absolutely and 
 relatively. 
 
 I, The laws are inadequate for two reasons, ^irst, 
 they fail to coyer all the regions in which mining operations 
 are carried on. Kleyen states or 25 per cent, of those where 
 mining exists, are without any vestige of safety appliance 
 regtOations. Second, the laws are meagre in their requirements 
 even in the States whore they exist. It is underestimating 
 the human mind to suppose that there are in the whole range of 
 Inventive posaibilities only seventy devices which can be 
 caioeived of to lessan the mine worker's hazard. Yet seventy 
 are all which the combined mining laws of the country take 
 oogniaance of. Hor are all these seventy embodied in «xe lawe 
 of any one state. The most advanced State there is, Pennsylvan- 
 
62 
 
 ia, requires only thirty-two of these derices, or Xese than 
 half. Even considering that this nioaber, thirty-two, is 
 all that \mder present conditions it would be reasonable for 
 any state to exact, only fire states out of thirty- four which 
 lif^islate at all on this matter call for even half this number, 
 fifteen require a quarter or fewer. 
 
 II. As to lack of uniformity, the point is equally 
 clear, and grows directly out of the preceding. Of all the 
 seventy safety appliances required to be in use, the highest 
 number of states in which any one is required is twenty-six; 
 the lowest is one. What excuse can be offered for this 
 condition? Ic it thBt an appliance needed to save a life in 
 one State will not do itb work as well in any other? Or is 
 
 it supposed that the work is not there for it to do? The only 
 oases where this would apply are those in which different 
 States have attacked the same problem by different devices, 
 and hence either one or the other of these would be super- 
 fluous where the other existed; but these oases do not repre- 
 sent more than nine ottt of the sewenty. 
 
 III. Likewise at fault are the laws in the matter of 
 enforcement. Thres States, as has been shown, have no officer 
 at all to enforce their safety device rules. Seventeen have 
 one single official to watch over the minea of an entlr e State. 
 Only fifteen, or two less than half of the States legislating, 
 have more than one official. In these States the number of 
 
63. 
 
 Inspcctore runs from two to twenty, the latter figure applying 
 only to one jurisdiction, PennsylTania. In twenty- three 
 States the number of mines to he inspected ia oyer a hundred; 
 in eif:ht it ia wore than five hundred; in Pennsylvania it 
 reaches the maxiauia of 1404. Is it not a shameful underesti- 
 mation of the importance of this work to expect one, two, or 
 even twenty inspectors to see that conditions in these shafts 
 are kept safe whether the owners desire it or no? 
 
 Mine safety appliance legislation of this inoon- 
 clusivs sort has bean going on in America for two decades or 
 more. In those two decades the laws have been repeatedly 
 amended and added to. Yet in all these twenty years, if the 
 figures for coal mining from 1889 to 1908 are any index for 
 the whole of the industry, and there is no reason why they 
 should not be, both the number and rate of mine accidents has 
 been climbing upward almost steadily, year by year. Evidently, 
 if the laws were intended to reduce mine accidents, they have 
 signally failed of their purpose. 
 
 It may be urged, and qiiite probably <o rrectly, that 
 though the safety appliance laws have not kept mine accidents 
 from increasing, yet they have prevented that increase from 
 being as great as it might otherwise have been. Granted. It 
 then becomes necessary to examine what causes have arisen so 
 
64 
 
 powerful as not only to nullify the law, but to ttirn its 
 potential gain into an eictual loss. 
 
 Bridence on this point would be difficult, if not 
 ia^ossi'ble, for a student lacking authority and the rights of 
 entrance and subpoena to secure, but the writer is convinced 
 ■that those causes are the following: 
 
 I. That the law is not sufficiently comprehensiye. 
 It leaves too many danger-points xinproteeted, and pays not 
 sufficient attention to those v/hich it does deal wit3i, 
 
 II. That the law is not enforced. The requirements of the 
 law mean the e:x:penditiire of money, and escpenditure of money 
 cuts into profits. Until changed conditions or scientific 
 managers ceui cause the mine owners to realize, as today most 
 
 of then do not, that it is in the long run most economical 
 for them properly to safegriard their mines, they v-ill not, 
 as a class, obey the law e::cept under compulsion. That com- 
 pulsion may come fron two sources, the gOTernment or the miners 
 themselves. As to the government e:;ercising it, the writer 
 believes there is but slim possibility thereof. The employing 
 class of the country is too powerful "to allow the law to be 
 used against itself, and two unified in interests to render it 
 likely that one faction will act in favor of the workers^ in 
 order to discomfit the other, ao the English landlords passed 
 the ten-hour bill to harass the manufacturers. Tliere remains 
 the conq>ulsion exercisable by the miners, which today is in a 
 rudimentary state. Cut off by craft divisions and craft 
 
65 
 
 autflnony from their fellow worJcera, tmA loliL^ UcMieTcra In 
 4he Ma O lwinl Oiric ledm>H«* i ^ little can be expected from 
 the mlnePB at the preeeii; stag© of derelopments. 
 
 III. That low wages are forcing the better skilled and 
 better educated miners out of the field, leaving only Siose 
 who produce the raoat coal for the Osaat pay, or in other words 
 4u8t those -fee ere least fitted, in juatice to thsmselTes and 
 their fellow workers, to carry on an inherently dangerous 
 occupation such aa mining, Who shoul be blamed for the 
 Cherry disaster — the ignorant Slav who is reputed to hare 
 started it, or the mine owner who, for the sake of greater 
 profits, deliberately employed the Slav because he would ac- 
 cept ssuLller wages? 
 
 IV. That greater speed and intensity of work are being 
 demanded of the men, thus at once dulling their sense of danger, 
 and depriving them of the spirit and opportunity to obey the 
 sense of danger which remains to them. As in railroading, 
 
 so increasingly in mining, the careful man, the man of caution, 
 i» elisiinated; he is not speedy enough. The cmly man wanted is 
 he who iu hardened and therefore carefree enough to «i ink 
 about his work and not about himself. This «hole phase of the 
 subject is most eloquently illustrated by the experience of the 
 Bngllsh miners after the recent eight-hour bill went into ef- 
 fect. Ihren the government reports admitted that in -ttie rush to 
 
66 
 
 get out in eight hours the same amount of product that they 
 fonaarly got in ten, the employers had discharged old, tried 
 and careful minera, and put ©n crews of youths, more spirited 
 but aluo less ejcperienoed, vho were willing to take greater 
 riska, with the Inevitable result that the accident rate went 
 markedly up. 
 
 If these propoBitiona he correct, and the writer 
 believes they are, it follows that a hue and cry for more 
 legislation, and nothing else, is a grievous waste of time. 
 If the mine workers are not strong enough to enforce the law, 
 the ejqperiences of Colorado all too clearly indicate that it 
 will languish unenforced. If they are strong enough to see to 
 its enforcement, they can secure all its protection directly 
 from the employer without recourse to the roundabout channels, 
 the disheartening and often disgraceful experiences of legisla- 
 tion. Thla is not feudal Germany, where the overlord still 
 feels, as well as the rights of overlordship, its duties, one 
 of v?hich is tliat of protecting his industrial vassal. This is 
 untraameled, laiesez-faire America, in which almost the last 
 vestige of duty which is not coincident with self-interest has 
 been swept away. Faster than social legislators and philan- 
 thropists can amend the laws of the country, economic develop- 
 ment will create new and worse <D nditions to be legislated 
 about. The only hope lies in what the workers can themselves 
 
 T Senate IJocument Uo. 122. 58th Congress, 3rd Session, 
 
 pp. sa^-e?. 
 
67 
 
 Beour© or force from the eaqployere throngh their own indua trial 
 and political might, up to and including the coaaplete CTer«» 
 throw of the eystam which dirides society into empleyea and 
 employers* 
 
 lacking the power of the miners to enforce it, 
 dine safety appliance legitslation has only one honest function, 
 and that is as an educatlTe potentiality. It sets a standard, 
 ^hich should be temporary only, toward which the niners in 
 ^££n^rotected shafts may strive to raise their own conditions. 
 It points out to the miner what his legal rishte are, and 
 plaees In hi a hand what can be nahe a formidable weapon if 
 properly utilized — the power to put in the wrong the maployer 
 who -violates the provisions of the statute. 
 
 In spite of these advantages to bs gained through it, 
 however, the writer believes that etruggling for labor legisla- 
 tion is on the part of the v/orking class a misdirection of 
 energy. While they may get aoae favorable enactments in this 
 way, it seeraa clear to him that they coxad get far more by 
 directly organizing for the legitimate overthrow of ths wages 
 system in its entirety. As long as the workers confine them- 
 aelvea to promoting labor legislation, the bulk of the em- 
 ploying class may confidently be expected to oppose this legis- 
 lation as it has in the past. But v^i ^h the working class de- 
 terminedly organizing for revolution, there can be little 
 doubt but that the employing class would completely change its 
 tactics, and in order to prevent the coming of a new system, 
 
 w.n.ini-AAi' all that the workers could 
 be glad to grant, or even volunteer, &xx T.nu 
 
68 
 
 "be Induced to aooept under the present* 
 
 In the meantime there are many outside of the work- 
 ing Glass who do not syapathiae with any fundamental ohange in 
 the present structure of society, hut who are neTerthelesa 
 willing to help remove son's of the more obvious of our 
 Induti trial evils. To them labor legislation offers a field 
 suited to their temperament and training, a field in vibioh 
 their efforts, if honest, may well result in good and are not 
 likely to lead to ham. To aid in that pi.rt of the general 
 forward movement, it has ben thought advisable to draw up the 
 following suggestive draft of a xmif orm mine safety appliance 
 law, emhracing all of the seventy appliances now found in the 
 several laws which do not mutually exclude each other or render 
 each other superfluous. In oase of such a conflict, the most 
 servioeahle device of the number has been chosen. 
 
 STJGGBSTSD mjIPORM MIHE SAKETY APPUAITCB LAW. 
 
 8«o 1, Ventilation, All mines operated in tMs state 
 shall he provided with an abundant Bupply of fresh air, to be 
 secured if » oesaary by force or suction fans, exhaust steam, 
 or other equally efficacious contrivances. Attached to every 
 ventilating fan there shall be an instrument for reccrding the 
 number of revolutions of auch fan. All ventilating doors in 
 minea shall be self-clcsin^T, or supplied with springs or pul- 
 
69 
 
 l«yB so th&t they cannot lae left standing open. All airways 
 •xoept thoee last made near the working faces shall he sealed 
 air tight with brattices, trap-doors or otherwiae. All rentil- 
 ating fans shall be fitted v/ith doors so plaoed as to protect 
 suoh fans in case of e3q;>102ion. 
 
 Section 2, Shaft guards. ThBr-. shall be automatio or 
 other gates, or safety bonnets, at the ttpper and lower landing* 
 at the top of each shaft, and at the entrance to eaoh yein 
 or slope, Sve.'y abandoned shaft or slope shall be securely 
 fenced off. There shall be a plank or guard rail on all col- 
 lars of shafts; and in chutes, "cringes, etc., when not in use 
 for any ocaisiderable time. 
 
 Section 3, Sscapements. In erery escapement shaft there 
 shall be safe and available hoisting appliances, or stairs 
 not more than 60 degrees in ascent, with secure handrails at- 
 taohed thereto. 
 
 Section 4, Cages. In every mine shaft over 150 feet In 
 vertioal depth there shall be a cage for the transportation of 
 persona. Such cage shall be fitted with an approved safety 
 catdh, and supports to hold the cage at rest at tl» top land- 
 ing. Such cage shall also be fitted to guide rails to prevent 
 swaying, and shall be furnished with iron bars, rings or 
 chains in the proper place and in sufficient number to provide 
 a secure hand-hold for every person allowed to occupy It. It 
 shall further be furnished with a boiler iron cover overfiead, at 
 least 1/4 of an inch thick, an iron or oteel door hung on 
 
70 
 
 hinges or to slidtt, and a device to lock the bottcaa If it 
 Toe eelf-diaaplng. Only a stt^el or iron wire cable nhall be 
 used in connection with any oag3 for hoisting or lowering 
 persona J there shall be bridle chains of the best quality iron 
 and a tested main link conneotinE the cable to the cross pieces 
 of the cage. Hone but safety or devia hooks shall be used on 
 all oagea or on buckets used in sinking ahafts. Sufficient 
 horns ©r flanges shall be attached to the sides of the danaa 
 of ©Tery machine used for hoisting or lowering persona, and an 
 adecjua-te brake attached thereto. In erery hoist house shall 
 be props and indicators which shall ahovi to the perscai who 
 works the machine the posifcion of the cage or load. 
 
 Section 4, Botices. proper danger signal boards shall 
 be 3;K>sted in all dangerous portion., of every mine; also con- 
 spicuous boards wherever a passageway to t' e eeoapenent shaft 
 is intersected by other r(»da, showing the direction to the 
 eTcit. In every hoist house and on eaeh level in the mine 
 shall be posted the signal code, and any rxxles which may be 
 established govern ing the »/orking of the mine. 
 
 Section 5, Signaling apparatus. In every shjxft where 
 hoisting machinery is used there shall be instaUed a complete 
 system of pull bells, electric bells and electrid flaeh-lights 
 for purposes of signaling. There shall also be a metal speak* 
 ing tube from the bottcaa to the top of every shaft, and elec- 
 trie telephone oo nneotions. 
 
71 
 
 3«otion 6, Blasting, Only a copper neadle shall be used 
 In preparing "blaats, and all taaping bars shall "be of wood. 
 Only electric l>atterle0 ahall be used for setting off blasts. 
 
 Section 7, Boiler tittaohmentB. Srery boilar used in or 
 about a mine shall be fi?rnished with an efficient syj'ety valve , 
 a steam gauge and a vater gauge. 
 
 Seotion 8, Car and train protection. Svexy train used 
 In underground workings in this state shall be ec^uipped with 
 double draw bars, an alarm at the front end of said train, 
 and safety blocks or some other d«Tice for the purpose of 
 prerenting cars from falling into a shi~ft or running away on 
 a slope shall be placed at the head of every shaft, slope or 
 plane . 
 
 Section 9, Air tests. All workings in gaseous minss 
 shall be eacamined daily by a ooapetont person, by uoe of a 
 safety lamp, before work b^j;inG. At least onoe each week an 
 anemometer shall be used to test tjh.e air curesnt* A Shaw or 
 equally efficient gas tester shall be raaintained in every 
 gaseous mine for the use of the mine inspectors. 
 
 Seotion 10, Pire protection. In every mine there ^all be 
 a ««ter supply and pimips, well defined pipe and hose connec- 
 tions, automatic sprinkling devices, and also chemical fire 
 extinguishers or hand grenades of the required standard. 
 
 Section 11, Safety lamps. In every mine where gas is 
 known to exist, a locked safety lamp und no other li,^ht shall 
 be used in all workings. In hydro-carbon mines electric 
 storage bftttery lamps shall bo used. 
 
72 
 
 Section 12, Hesouo appliances. In eyery mine where 
 forty men are eiaplo^e d there shall be maintained two smoke 
 heljnets and two oxygen helmets v/ith full equipnent of tanks, 
 pumpB and potash oartytdges, and one additional such smoke 
 helnet and one additional such oxygen helmet and full equipment 
 for each »dditionali«/itu men employed. 
 
 Section 13, Shields on mining mtiohines, Erery mining 
 machine used in this state shull be fitted with a proper 
 shield for the protection of £;.ll persons working with or in 
 proximity to it. 
 
 Section 14, Tunneling, There sMiai, whererer work is 
 o&rried on under artificial pressure of air, be a deccmipres* 
 sion chamber for the use of those working under such artificial 
 air pressure. In every tunnel where men are working under 
 artiflclf'l air pressure, there shiill be an air pressure gauge. 
 
 Section 15, Insulation. In all underground workings, 
 all electric trolley v/lres shall be fitted with inverted 
 ©•shaped guards. 
 
 Section 16, E>:naust fans in smelters, etc. In all smel- 
 ters, or drj' crushing ore reduction works operated in this 
 state there shall be exhaust fans, dust chambers or some 
 other device for removing all noxious and irritating dusts 
 and gases. 
 
73 
 
 Ho QlaiiQ is made for the abcre auggestire draft that 
 it is complete, final, or in any way reprasenta what model 
 safec'iaxding in a mine ought *.o "be. Nothing new has been in- 
 troduced in it. It is merely a compilation of all the effective 
 Itens in the existinf; laws of the lend, but even so, it is so 
 far beyond the present status of le^iiwlatlon in every state 
 in the Utalon that it is felt great progress will have been 
 Eiade v.h.-n the time has come to discard it for something more 
 CMBprehensivo. That such progress will be made, not only in 
 mlninf?, "but, in every industry'' where human mine < nd hand 
 engage, is the overwhelming promise of the day. It oannOt 
 come too soon. 
 
74 
 
 APPENDIX I. MIKE SAWETT APPLIMCES K8QUIRS2) 
 BY LAW IE THI'] UlIITED STATES, 1912. 
 
 VSUTILATIHa APPLIAHCBS. 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 1. "Ample means* etc.: Ala., Ark., Calif., 
 
 Kaa., Md. , Mont., Pa., v. Va. , 
 
 tyo., Q 
 
 2. Pane, exhaust steam, furnaces. Colo,, 
 
 111., la., Ky., H. C, 0., Okla. , 
 
 Pa. , Tex. 9 
 
 o. Device lo record revolutions of fana: Md. 1 
 
 VENTILATIITG DOORS. 
 
 4, Self-cloBing; Ala., Ill,, Kaa,, Md, , 
 
 Ko., Mont., 0., Okla., Pa., Utah, 
 
 Wyo. 11 
 
 5, Xaq^loalon doors: Term. 1 
 
 6, Brattices or trap doors: Colo., Ky. , Mioh, , 
 
 X. C. , 0. 5 
 
 3HAPT GUARDS. 
 
 7, Safety gates, bonnets or doors: Ala,, Ark., 
 
 Colo,, Ind, , la., Ky. , Kich., ly. Y, , 
 
 0., Pa., Tex,, W. Va. , 12 
 
 8, Railings or enclosures: Ark., Colo., Ida,, 
 
 Ind,, Kas., Uinn., Mont., Her,, H. C, 
 
 Pa., Utah, 11 
 
 BSCAPSKS17T APPIIAUC2S, 
 
 9, "Safe an.; available, appliances" : Mo,, K. C. , 
 
 0., Pa., Tenn,, Utah. o 
 
 T. As an alternative. 
 
75 
 
 10. Hoisting apfaratus: la.*^, Mont.. Pa.. 
 
 W. va. ' ' 
 
 11. Stairs: 111., Ind., la.^, Kas. , Mich., 
 
 Olcla. ,iPa. , Pa., Tonn.* Wash.. 
 W. Va. , Wyo. 
 
 12. Laddera: Cclo., Ida., Mont., Uev. , s.D., 
 
 Wash,-*' 
 
 13. Handrails on stairs: 111., Ind., Mich., 
 
 Pa, 
 
 CAGE ATTAG^IMSNTS. 
 
 11 
 6 
 4 
 
 14. Cage: Ark., Ida., in., liich.. Mo., Mont.» 
 
 Hev. , S.B. , Tex., Utah., Wash. H 
 
 16. Safety clutohe& or springo;Ala, , Ark., Colo., 
 District of Alaska, Hawaii, Ida., 
 111. , Ind. , la. , Kas. , Ky. , Mich* , 
 Mo,, Mont., TlsT. , 0., Okla. , Pa., 
 P. 1., P. R., J, D. , fern:., Tex., 
 Utah, ¥ao:i. , V. Va. , 26 
 
 2 2 
 
 16. Supports to hold cage at rest: 111., Tex. 2 
 
 17. Plangec oh drijim: Colo., 111., Kas., Jlich,, 
 
 Olcla, , Pa,, Tenn. 7 
 
 18. Brake :, Ala. , Ark., Colo., 111., Ind., la., 
 
 Kaa., Ky., iCioh. , Mo., Mont., E. Y. , 0., 
 Okla., Pa., Tenn., Wash., W. Va. 18 
 
 19. Guides: Ark., 111., Mich., Uo. , Mont., Pa., 
 
 Tex., Waali. 8 
 
 20. Handholds, rings or rf.ila: 111., Mch., 
 
 Pa. , Tex. , Utah, 5 
 
 21. Steel or iron wire cable: 111., Ind. , 2 
 
 22. Tested iron main link: Colo. 1 
 
 23. Bridle chains: Colo., Kas., Pa. 3 
 
 "T. As an alternative. 
 
 2. "Where nscesoary*, "where practicable", or 
 discretionan- wi^h the authorities. 
 
76 
 
 24. Orerhoad coyer: Ala., Ark., Colo., District 
 
 of Alaska, Hawaii, Ida^, 111., Ind. , 
 la., Ky« , Mich., Minn. , Mo., Mont., 
 SsT. , 0., Okla., Pa,, P- I., P. R,, 
 S. B. , Tenn., Tex., Utah., Wash*, 
 ¥. Va. , 
 
 25. Iron or steel door: Hont. 
 
 26. 2>eviCB to lock self-duiaping "boti-or.!: Ala 
 111,, la,, Tex., 
 
 27- Clevis or eaifety hook: Mich., Pa. 
 
 28. Height indicator: Ala., Colo., Ida., 111., 
 Ind., Pa. 
 
 P0ST]5D HOT I CSS. 
 
 29. Of dfiuigor: Pa. 
 
 30. Of rules: Ala. 
 
 31. Of way to eacapenent, etc.: lad., la., Mont., 
 
 ¥ash. 
 
 32. Of signal cede: Arix. , Calif., Colo., Ida., 
 
 111., Ind., I'ich. , Mont., Uev. , S.D., 
 Wyo. 
 
 SIGilALUHa APPATIATUS. 
 
 ■^3 «Suitable" or "ordinary* means: Ark., Colo., 
 
 Tex^ , Utahi Wash. , W. va. , 
 
 1 
 
 34. thistles: 111. 
 
 35. Pull Bells: Ida., UL^, Ore., 3.D. , v,'yo. 
 
 36. Bleotric bells: Ida.^, Ore., S.D,, Wyo.^ 
 
 2 
 
 37. Bleotric flashlights: Ida. 
 
 T. Ae an alt®^"»*i7®' «„,i,ere practicable", or 
 ,. -l^ere^^^ceBs^^. ^whe.e^ ,,,^,,itieB. 
 
77 
 
 SPEAKING I3KVICBS. 
 
 38. Metal Bpeakin^: tube: Ala,, Colo. , 
 
 District of Alaaka, Hawaii, 111., 
 
 Iiid. , la., Kas,, Mont.^, 0. , Okla. , 
 
 Pa., P. I., P. R., Tenn.l, Tex."^, 
 
 Uteii,^ Vf. Va. 18 
 
 39 
 
 Telephone : Colo. ^,- la, , Kas., Mont."^, Pa., 
 Tenn.J-, Tex."^, Utah-^ 
 
 8 
 
 iMSPim BARS. 
 
 40 Tipped with copper: 111., Ind. , H.Y. , 0., 
 
 Okla. , Pa. , Utah. , Waah. 8 
 
 41. Othor than iron or ate«l : Colo. 1 
 
 42. Wood: Hot. 1 
 
 43. Coppsr needle to prepare bl&st; 111., Ind., 
 
 0. , Okla. , Pa. 5 
 
 mum ATTACPir.c-2iTs. 
 
 44. Safety ralre: Ark., Colo., 111., Kae, , 
 
 H. Y., Pa., Wash. 7 
 
 45. StettBi gauge: Ark., Colo., 111., Kas., 
 
 >I. y, , Pa., Wash. 7 
 
 46. Water gauge: Ark., COlo., Kas., H.Y., Wash. 5 
 
 CAR AilD TPJIK PROTSCTORS. 
 
 47. Safety switch, drop log: Ala., Pa, 2 
 
 48. Double draw baro: Colo, 1 
 
 49. Wire cable or trail: la,, Wyo. 
 
 50. Safety block or Springs: Pa., Wyo. 
 
 51. Alarm at front of train: Pa. 
 
 52. Safety catches and signal at rear: Colo., ^ 
 
 Pa. 
 
 "TTTb an alternative. practicable", or dleorett onary 
 
 2. "Where neceaaury", ^J5^® ^fp" 
 with the authorities. 
 
78 
 
 OAS ASL AIR TESTERS. 
 
 53. Safety IfiBips: Ala., Colo., Kae. , Ky. , 
 
 N. C. , Pa., Tenn., Wash., Wyo. 
 
 54. AnaEKMneter: 111., la., : d. , Waah. 
 56. "Shaw or equally efficient": Ky. 
 
 yiRE PROTECTION. 
 
 •» 
 
 56. Ch^nical or hand extinguishers: Colo. . 
 
 Ida. , 111., Utah. 
 
 57. Water supply and piuap: Colo.^, Ida., 
 
 111. , Wash. , 
 
 58. Pipe and hose connection: 111,, Utah, 
 
 59. Automc^tic a-rinklers: ill. 
 
 60. 3feir-olo iin<j fire door: Ida. 
 
 SAFETY LAMPS. 
 
 61. Locked oil lamps: Ark. .gUl- 1 |nd.2 
 
 Mont., Pa., Tenn. , Tex. , 
 Utali, ¥a3h. , W. Va. 
 
 6ii, Electric storage battery lamps: Utah. 
 
 RESCUE APPLIANCES, 
 
 63. Oxygen helmets: Ky. 
 
 64. Smoke helmetB; Hev. 
 
 65. Inverted U-shapad insulators: Ida. 
 
 66. Electric battery for blasting; 111. 
 
 67. Shield on mining nachines: Ala., Mont., 0., 
 
 Okla. 
 
 dlscretionar/ wi'h th. authorities. 
 
79 
 
 TUlifHEL BiBVIC^, 
 
 68. Uecomprossion chamljer: 11. Y, 1 
 
 69. Air preKiaixre :f,ixn(^e: IT.Y. X 
 
 70. Kxh&uat tvjir^ in ujnRltera, etc.; S. B. 1, 
 
80 
 
 APPSroiX II. - MDIS SAFETY APPLIABCES KJSliUIRISD 
 DJ THE UlflKD STATES, BY STATES Ii: THE ORBKR OP MJTiB^. 
 OS* APPIIAIJCES nEquXREa). 
 
 TOTAX 
 i. Pennar/lvanil: l? 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 
 17, 16, 19, 20, 25, 24, 27, 28, 29, 3S, 38, 
 59, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 52, £3, 61, 32 
 
 2. Illinois : 2, 4, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16* 17, 18, 19, 
 20, 21, 24, 26, 22, 32, 34^, 35^„ 38, 40, 
 
 43, 44, 45, 54, 56, 57, 68, 69, 60, 67 30 
 
 3- Coloradc : 2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 
 
 3 ? 
 
 28, 32, 33, 38 , 39 , 40, 41, 44, 46, 48, 
 
 52, 53, 56*, 67^ 25 
 
 4. Montaii<i^ : 1, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24, 
 
 25, 31, 32, 33, 38^, St^, 61, 67 18 
 
 5. Vftshington ; 11^, 12 , 14, 15, 18, 19, 24, 31, S3, 
 
 40, 44, 45, 46, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61 
 
 6. Utah: 4, 8, 9. 14, 15, 20, 24, 33^, 38 , 39*, 40, 
 
 66, 58, 61, 62 
 
 ''• Indiana : 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 21, 24, 28, 31, 32, 
 
 38, 40, 43, 61 
 
 8. Kangas : 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, 17, 18, 23, 33, 38, 39, 
 
 44, 45, 46, 53 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
81 
 
 *• MS^' 8. 1S» l-*, If', 24, 28, 52, 34, 36^, 37*, 
 
 56, 57, 60, 65 14 
 
 1<^" Michigan; 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, -i4, 
 
 27, 32 13 
 
 11. Alabama ! 1, 4, 7, 15, 18, 24, 26, 28, ^, 38, 
 
 47, 53, 67 13 
 
 1^' Xoya : 2, 7, 10^, n^, 15, 18, 24, aS, 31, 38, 
 
 39, 49, 54 13 
 
 13. Arkansaa: 1, 7, 8, 1 , 15, 18, 19, 24, 33, 44, 
 
 45, 46, 61 13 
 
 4 
 
 14. Texas : 2, 7, 14, lb, 16 , 19, 20, 24, 26, 33, 
 
 3S2, 39* , 61 l^ 
 
 15. Ohio : 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 15, 18, 24, 38, 40, 43, 67 12 
 
 16. T»ncf3s6e; 5,5, 11^, 1\ 17, 18, 24» 33, 38 , 
 
 393, 53, 61* 12 
 
 17. Oklahoaa ; 2, 4, 11, 15, 17, 18, 24, 33, 36, 40, 
 
 43, 67 12 
 
 3 3 
 
 18. Vest Virginia ; 1, 7, 10 , 11 , 15, 18, 24, 29, 
 
 33, 38, 61 
 
 19. Kentucky : 2, 6, 7, 15, IS, 24, 53, 55, 63 
 
 20. Mleaouri; 4, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24, 33 
 
 11 
 9 
 8 
 
82 
 
 2^* South pakota : 12, 14, 15, 24, 32, S-t , 36 , 70 8 
 
 22. Wyoming ; 1, 4, 11, 32, 34^ , 36^, 49, 53 8 
 
 23. Nevada: 8, 12, 14, 15, 24, 32, 42, 64 8 
 ZA, Sew York : 7, 18, 40, 44, 45, 46, 58, 69. 8 
 
 25. Horth Carolina ; 2, 6, 8, 9, 53 6 
 
 26. J'fcirylund ; 1, 3, i-, 54 4 
 
 15, 24, 38 
 
 27. Pi&trlot of Alaska ) 
 
 ) 
 
 28. Hawaii ) 
 
 29. Fhlllppine lalan la ) 
 
 30. Porto Rioo ) 
 
 4 
 
 31. Minnesota : 8, 24 2 
 
 33. Org.'^on : 34*^, 3' 
 
 32. California : 1, 32 2 
 
 2 
 
 34. Arizona : 32 1 
 
 36. Virginia 
 
 36. H«v Mexico 
 
 57- WiBcnnain ^ 
 
 38. Georgia ^ 
 
 39. Hew Jersey 
 
 40 ConnecticTtt 
 
 41. Louisiana 
 
 42. Horth DaJcota 
 
 43. Rhode Island 
 
 44. South Carolina 
 
 45. Yermont 
 46 • Delaware . 
 
 47. District of C01ui:;'bia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
83 
 
 48. Florida 
 
 49. Main© 
 
 50 Maasachueette 
 
 51. MissiBtiippl ^ 
 
 52. Uebraalca ^ 
 
 53. STew Hampahirc q 
 
 1. Uhderlined states have mining. 
 
 'd, Hutnb'jrH refer to safety appliances, aa arranged in 
 Appendix I. 
 
 3. As an altfirnatlTe- 
 
 4. "Where necessary", "where practicable", or 
 
 discrstionary with the author itiee. 
 
414 
 
 AFPEHDIX III. - RAIJK OF STATES AND TERRITORIES BT 
 MIHE IPBATORBS (1900) AMD BT MINE SAPETr AP- 
 PLIANCES BB^UIHED. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 M^ 'iM Mc,m) TO 
 
 State ov 
 
 Hua- 
 
 Hxim- 
 
 Value 
 
 Value 
 
 1 Value 
 
 Val,^ 
 
 Val- 
 
 Val. 
 
 - HuDt— 
 
 Territory 
 
 ber 
 
 "ber 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 ue 
 
 ue 
 
 ue 
 
 ber 
 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 Total 
 
 Coal 
 
 Cop- 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 leac 
 
 i of 
 
 
 Minea 
 
 Min- 
 
 Mine 
 
 out» 
 
 per 
 
 Oold 
 
 iron 
 
 and 
 
 Mine 
 
 
 
 ers* 
 
 out- 
 
 put. 
 
 out- 
 
 and 
 
 out- 
 
 zinoll Safe 
 
 
 
 
 put. 
 
 
 put. 
 
 su- 
 rer 
 
 put. 
 
 out- 
 put. 
 
 ■ ty 
 
 Appai 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 out- 
 put- 
 
 
 
 anooB 
 
 FenneylTania. .. 
 
 ;:::rr 
 
 .■.:r 
 
 .r."" 
 
 ...T"" 
 
 
 -a— 
 
 ■ 
 
 ._ r 
 
 Illinois. . 
 
 4 
 
 2 . 
 . .6. 
 
 .5. 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 8. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 4 - 
 
 3 . 
 
 2 
 
 Colorado. . 
 
 .. 3 . 
 
 _1. 
 
 
 . 3 
 
 Montana 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Washington. . . . 
 
 29 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 , 
 
 5 
 
 Utah 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Indiana . . 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Kansas 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 Idaho 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 . 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Michif^an 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Ql 
 
 2 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 _,-^^ 
 
 10 
 
 Alabama ... ... 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 
 11 
 
 Iowa 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 . 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 ArkEunsas 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Texas — 
 
 33 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 23 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 Ohio - 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 14" 
 
 
 15 
 
 Tbnnessee. . . _ 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 - . V 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 16 
 
 > Oklahoma 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ^ . . 
 
 17 
 
 West Virginia... 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 Eentuoky 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 , 
 
 - - 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 19 
 
 Uisaouri . . 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 South Dakota . .. 
 
 31 
 32 
 
 25 
 22 
 
 21 
 23 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 Vycaaing 
 
 14 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 Herada _ 
 
 22 
 35 
 
 32 
 34 
 
 26 
 33 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 V ' 
 
 — 
 
 23 
 
 Hew York. . . 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 Horth Carolina.. 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 
 _^ ^ «. 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 MaryHmd 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 
 "■ ~ « ~ 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Diet. of Alaska.. 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 2* 
 
 
 27 
 
 Hawaii. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Philip. Islands 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 Porto Rico . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 27 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 2 
 
 
 31 
 
 California^. 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 
 10 
 
 _ ' 
 
 
 33 
 
 Arizona. _ 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 , 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 — — 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 Virginia. . 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 , 
 
 16 
 
 5 T 
 
 
 
 Hew Mexloo. . ._ 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 — — — ' 
 
 _ 
 
 -^ M . 
 
 VlscoRSin 
 
 19 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 1 
 
 
 Georgia . . .... 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 24 
 
 . - . ~ 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 .__ 
 
 
 Mew Jerssy 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 - 
 
 
 , 
 
 7 
 
 . — ., 
 
 
 conn, ^a,, m. d. 
 
 , R. i 
 
 .• 1 s* 
 
 C. ax 
 
 id Vt. 
 
 —none. 
 
 
 
 
 
 X. 
 
 s. 
 
 Ho information. 
 1908. 
 
85 
 
 AUTHORITIBS QUOTED. 
 
 Twent7«»«econd Annual Report U.S. Conmiss loner of Labor, 
 "Labor Laws of the United states." 
 
 Idaho, Oklahoma, New York, Factory Aots. 
 
 Heport of the Cemmlssioner of LalMr, 1905, "Labor Disturb- 
 ances in Colorado". 
 
 The Statesman's Year Book, 1911. 
 
 Abstract U. S* Census, 1900. 
 
 Bulletin 90 of the U.S. Bureau of Labor, Sept, 1910, 
 "Vatal Accidents in Coal Mining. 
 
TN 295.034"'" ""'"""'""■"■""* 
 '^ii'lli!™™.™X,.?RP''*"'=* "eS'slation in the 
 
 3 1924 002 Iso'sys