BOUGHT WITH ^'HE INCOME FROM The SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT'OF . Henrg W. Sage 1S91 A.. ^.^.f.AJi. .^ ^AMJ 9963 L .. bUt J ¥^3-1- N 4IL1TIU963LJJE -)i t. 1619781 Cornell University Library B1656 .D91 V.2 Life and letters of Hert>ert Spencer / olin 3 1924 031 009 024 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031009024 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER VOLUME II HERBERT SPENCER'S WORKS* SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY. (1.) FIRST PRINCIPLES «3.00 I. The Unknowable. II. Laws of the Knowable. (S.) THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY. Vol. 1 3.00 I. The Data of Biology. II. The Inductions of Biology. III. The Evolution of Life. (30 THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY. Vol.IL . . .2.00 IV. Morphological Development. V. Physiological Development. VI. Laws of Multiplication. (4.) THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY, Vol. I. . . 2.00 I. The Data of Psychology. HI. General Synthesis. II. The Inductions of Psychology. IV. Special Synthesis. V. Physical Synthesis. (5.) THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY. Vol.H. . . 2.00 VI. Special Analysis. VIII. Congruities. VII. General Analysis. IX, Corollaries. (6.) THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY. Vol. L . . . 2.00 I. The Data of Sociology. II. The Inductions of Sociology. III. The Domestic Relations, (7.) THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY. Vol.IL . . .2.00 IV. Ceremonial Institutions. V. Political Institutions. (8.) THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY. Vol. III.. . . 2.00 Vl. Ecclesiastical Institutions. VII. Professional Institutions. VHI. Industrial Institutions. (9.) THE PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS. Vol. 1 2.00 I. The Data of Ethics. IL The Induction of Ethics. HI. The Ethics of Individual Life. (100 THE PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS. Vol. II 2.00 IV. The Ethics of Social Life : Justice. . V. The Ethics of Social Life : Negative Beneficence. VI. The Ethics of Social Life : Positive Beneficence. ESSAYS, SCIENTIFIC, POLITICAL, AND SPECULATIVE. 3 vols 6.00 SOCIAL STATICS. The Man v&rms The State . . . .2.00 STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY. (No. 5, Int. Scientific Series) . , 1.50 EDUCATION Cloth, 1.25 VARIOUS FRAGMENTS FACTS AND COMMENTS The above 18 vols. . AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY . . Cloth, 1.25 12mo. Cloth, Net, 1.20 . 12mo. Cloth, 33.00 ;2vols. 8to. IUus. Cloth, Net, 5.50 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK. LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER BY DAVID DUNCAN, LL.D. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME II D. APPLETON AND COMPANY NEW YORK, MCMVIII ^.-i-Hob"{ COPTRIQHT, 1908, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Published May, 1908 CONTENTS VOL. II CHAPTSR PAGE XXI. Altruism as a Factor in Social Evolution {January, 1S92— June, 1893) 1 XXII. Lattkr-Day Controversies (November, 1889 —October, 1895) 26 XXIII. Completing the Synthetic Philosophy (June, 1893~Novemher, 1896) 58 XXIV. Congratulations (November, 1896 — Janu- ary, 1901) 96 XXV. Revision of Biology and First Principles (October, 1895— April, 1900) 115 XXVI. Inorganic Evolution 155 XXVII. His Last Book (July, 1900— April, 1902) ... 186 XXVIII. The Close of Life (April, 1902 — December, 1903) 205 XXIX. Characteristics and Personal Reminis- cences 246 XXX. Spencer^s Place "in the History of Thought 277 Appendix A. "Physical Traits and Some Se- quences." By Herbert Spencer 295 Appendix B. "The Filiation of Ideas." By Herbert Spencer 304 V CONTENTS PAGE Appendix C. List of Herbert Spencer^s Writings. . . 366 Appendix D. Academic and other Honours offered TO Herbert Spencer 382 Appendix E. Unpublished Letter on the Nebular Hypothesis 385 INDEX 389 VI LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS VOL. II FACING PAGE Herbert Spencer^ from a photograph taken at the AGE OF SEVENTY-THREE Frontispiece Thomas Henry Huxley and his grandson 28 John Tyndall 62 Herbert Spencer, from the painting by Sir Hubert VON Herkomer, R.A 112 Spencer's study and bedroom at No. 5 Percival Ter- race, Brighton 218 Herbert Spencer's Tomb in Highgate Cemetery 234 Sir Charles Lyell 310 Vll LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER VOLUME II CHAPTER XXI ALTRUISM AS A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION (January, 1892 — June, 1893) The several parts of the Principles of Ethics were not written with that adherence to the order laid down in the original programme which had characterised the earlier volumes of the series. ** The Data " had been given to the world in 1879, under the fear that his health might give way completely before he could reach it in ordinary course. Ten years after he again turned aside from the Sociology to write " Justice." Many things had happened during the decade showing how crude and distorted were the ideas entertained on this subject. Moreover, coinciding as it did to a large ex- tent with the more systematic part of Social Statics, re- specting parts of which his opinion had changed, the publication of ** Justice " was desirable, both in vindi- cation of his consistency, and as a corrective to the con- clusions which, rightly or (as he thought) wrongly, were being drawn from the earlier work. This Part being 1 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER off his hands about midsummer, 1891, he set about writ- ing the remaining Parts. *' The Inductions of Ethics " and '* The Ethics of Individual Life " were issued in June, 1892, thus completing the first volume; " Negative Beneficence '* and *' Positive Beneficence " — the con- cluding parts of the second volume — being published by midsummer of the following year. To guard himself ** from those errors of judgment that entail mischievous consequences " he solicited the criticisms of married lady friends on whose judgment he could rely — Mrs. Lecky, Mrs. Leonard Courtney, Mrs. Lynn Linton and Mrs. Meinertzhagen. To Mrs. Lecky. 18 February, 1892. I want one or two ladies to act as Grundyometers, and I have thought of you as an appropriate one. Would you be kind enough to tell me what you think of the en- closed: bearing in mind that I am compelled by the scheme of my '* Inductions of Ethics " to give a large amount of this detail, objectionable though it is. 28 February.— ThsLuk you very much for your letter and its criticisms. I will attend to the points you name, and by so doing avoid giving handles against me. I am glad to find that you do not think the general presenta- tion of the subject objectionable. 27 May. — Again I put your function of Grundyometer in requisition. Here are two chapters on *' Marriage " and '' Parenthood," in respect of which I should like the opinion of some ladies. The Standard (1 July) embraced the occasion of the appearance of the completed first volume to give an out- line of the work he had accomplished during the past 2 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION fifty years. Though during the past decade he had '* been absolutely at issue on fundamental principles with what still describes itself as the Liberal Party," he would not, said the Standard, find much comfort in calling himself a Conservative, ' * for there, too, he would find what he regards as the socialistic poison at work with undeniable, if not equal activity." Unqualified acceptance of his views he did not value very highly. As he said in March, 1892, when thanking Count Goblet d'Alviella for a copy of the Hibbert Lectures on L'ldee de Dieu: — That there should be a considerable amount of com- munity of thought between us is, of course, satisfactory to me, and that there should be also some points of dif- ference is quite natural. One who adheres to a doctrine in all its details is commonly one who has not much in- dependence and originality of thought, and whose ad- hesion therefore is of less significance. The Ethics were laid under contribution for what he calls '* a remarkable tribute of appreciation " — a calen- dar of quotations from his works for every day in the year, compiled by Miss Julia R. Gingell, and afterwards published as a volume of Aphorisms. The unauthorised publication of biographical details by those who came in contact with him in home life or in business was naturally looked upon as a breach of confidence. This will explain the earlier portions of the following letter to a former secretary. To W. H. Hudson. 27 May, 1892. When some time since I saw in the Review of Reviews extracts from your article in the Arena, I felt inclined 3 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER to write to you disapprovingly, expressing the opinion that you ought not to have published these biographical details, reproduced here, without my assent. I did not carry out my intention, however. And now that I have met in the Popular Science Monthly with the report of your lecture delivered at Ithaca, I fiad myself called to write rather in the oppo- site sense ; feeling that what I had before to say in the way of disapproval is now more than counter-balanced by what I have to say in the way of approbation. . . . I did not know, until I came to read this article, that you had so thoroughly grasped the Synthetic Philosophy in its nature and bearings. . . . You have decidedly done me a service in putting forward so clearly the origin and development of the doctrine of evolution, and by correcting, so far as correction is possible, the er- roneous views that are current respecting my relations to Darwin.^ Notwithstanding a formal refusal to write a leaflet for the Ratepayers' Defence League he eventually yielded and prepared a short paper on ' ' County Council Tyranny ' ' in carrying out the Public Health Act. The League had played an active and successful role in the School Board elections held towards the end of 1891. He himself was invited to allow himself to be nominated as an Alderman by the Moderate Party in the London County Council. Though the invitation expressly stated that he was not to be asked ' ' for any promise of regular attendance, ' ' he regretted that neither his work nor his health would permit of acceptance. '' To sit out a de- bate, even were I to take no part in it, would make me ill for a month." The proposed nomination having * See Hudson's The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer, chaps, i. and ii. ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION been announced in the Press he wished equal publicity to be given to his refusal. The publication of his letter in the Standard (March 14, 1892) afforded the text for a skit, headed, '' The Philosopher and the Sufficient Reason," in the Saturday Review. He was opposed to the extension through St. John's Wood of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Rail- way (now the Great Central), unless safeguards were adopted to protect residents from the usual railway nuisances. To THE Earl op Wemyss. 1 June, 1892. I have decided to put down in writing the essential things I have to say apropos of this new line through St. John's Wood. For a generation past the stupid English public have tamely submitted to the enormous evil inflicted upon them by railway companies at every large town in the kingdom — the evil of peace disturbed day and night by the shrieks of railway whistles. With their dull, bovine unintelligence they have let it be tacitly assumed that railway companies, and even private manufacturers, have a right to make noises of any degree of loudness, with any degree of frequency, at whatever times they please. . . . These daily aggressions on hundreds of thousands of people — -to some serious and to all annoy- ing — ought to be peremptorily forbidden, even had rail- way companies to suffer in consequence considerable inconvenience and cost. But they need suffer no incon- venience and no cost. This immense nuisance is wholly superfluous — nay more than that, it is continued at the same time that there might be a signalling system far more efficient, while entailing relatively little an- noyance. 5 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HEEBERT SPENCER In a note to Lord Wemyss (30 October, 1892) de- clining an invitation to preside at the annual meeting of the Ratepayers' Defence League, he refers again to the *' dull, bovine imintelligence " of his countrymen. I quite agree with you in your belief that little or nothing can be done to cheek the increasing drift to- wards socialism, unless the ratepayers can be roused to action. But unhappily the English people, and perhaps more than others the middle classes, are too stupid to generalize. A special matter immediately affecting them, like the Trafalgar Square meeting, may rouse them to action, but they cannot be roused to action by enforcing upon them a general policy. The results are too remote and vague for their feeble imaginations. His rooted objection to giving bodies of men powers that may be exercised to the detriment of individuals and ultimately to the injury of the public comes out in a letter to Dr. T. Buzzard, who had asked for his signa- ture to a petition then being signed with a view to obtain a charter for what is now the Royal British Nurses As- sociation. To T. Buzzard. 15 March, 1892. I greatly regret that I cannot yield to your request, but I cannot do so without going contrary to my well- established beliefs. If the proposed measure were likely to end where it is now proposed to end I should not object, but I feel a strong conviction that it will not end there, but will be a step towards further organization and restriction, ending in a law that no hired nurse may practice with- out a certificate — a restriction upon individual liberty to which I am strongly opposed. 6 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION I have been for many years observing how changes, which it was supposed would stop where they were in- tended, have gone on to initiate other changes far greater than the first. . . . The certificating of a nurse can insure only that she has a due amount of technical knowledge. It cannot secure sympathy and cannot secure unwearying atten- tion. , . . At the present time there is a mania for uniformity, which I regard as most mischievous. Uniformity brings death, variety brings life; and I resist all movements towards uniformity. Not only did he object to the obstruction by the Irish party of useful legislation until Home Rule had been granted,^ but he objected also to Home Rule itself. To THE Earl op Dysart. 27 May, 1892. I regret to see by the papers that you have become a Home Ruler. In my early days I held the unhesitating opinion that self-government was good for all people, but a life passed in acquiring knowledge of societies in all stages has brought a decided change of opinion. The goodness of these or those institutions is purely relative to the natures of the men living under them. 3 June. — The political question I must leave un- touched, but I enclose you some paragraphs recently taken from an American publication respecting the ad- ministration of justice in Chicago, which will serve to illustrate the truth I before pointed out that political arrangements are of small value where there does not exist a character adapted to them. A memorandum dated June, 1892, describes a project he had entertained since 1865, when he wrote the article ^ See vol. i., chap, xvii., p. 329. 7 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER on " Political. Fetichism." It seemed to him ''that immense advantage would be derived if the Acts of Par- liament that have been tried and repealed during all these past centuries could be brought together in such wise as that any one could easily see what they were passed for, what evils they were to meet, what pro- visions were made, what effects were produced, and what are the reasons given for repeal, joined of course with the dates." Mr. Wordsworth Donisthorpe had already made an experiment in this way, but the thing could be done satisfactorily only if some one would furnish means of defraying the great cost. The matter fell through owing to the financial support Spencer had hoped for not being forthcoming.^ How reluctant he was to abandon it may be gathered from the following letters. To W. Donisthorpe. 30 May, 1892. I should like to see these sample pages in a finished form, with the corrections and additions made as you have written them in red ink. I am quite prepared to be at any such extra cost as is entailed by making these alterations, for I am very desirous to preserve a finished sample of the proposed tables. I do not think I have named before what would be an essential part of the thing when completed — a Subject-Index, so drawn up as to make it easy to find, under each division and sub- division and sub-subdivision, all the various Acts of Parliament referring to any one particular topic. The enclosed sketch will show what I mean. 17 June. — Thanks for the final impression of the table. I think before the type is distributed you should cer- ' Various Fragments, p. 137. 8 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION tainly have a considerable number of extra proofs. . . . I suggest this, because I have still hopes that something may be done. The thing is so manifestly important — would be so immensely instructive and so immensely use- ful, that I think if it is properly put before those in- terested there may be the needful funds raised. ... It might be not amiss to send one of these final copies with the additional columns to Mr. Carnegie, along with some explanation of the index and mode of reference. I wish you would speak to Lord Wemyss and the Earl of Pem- broke, saying that you have been doing the thing at my suggestion and that I think it is supremely important. Pray let me have the printer's bill. Life among the trees and the birds, and the com- panionship of Mr. and Mrs. Potter's grandchildren, had been looked forward to long before the time came for the annual holiday of 1892. From Pewsey he wrote to Miss Baker in July : — I get a good deal of sitting out of doors under the trees bordering the croquet lawn, where I do the greater part of my work. . . . Yesterday, as I sat there, hear- ing from time to time the cooing of a wild dove which had a nest close at hand, I heard singing at the same time two skylarks, one woodlark, two chaffinches, a gold- finch, and a linnet, and at other times there are fre- quently singing blackbirds, thrushes, robins, besides other birds of which I do not know the names. The return home of Mrs. Meinertzhagen 's children, who had spent a few weeks with him at Pewsey, afforded an opportunity for setting forth one of the applications of what he regarded as an important, but neglected sub- ject — the Physics of Physiology,^ ^ See vol. i., chap, viii., p. 125. 9 LIFE AND LETTEES OF HERBERT SPENCER To Mrs. Meinertzhagen. Pewsey, 20 August, 1892. I was glad to get your note and to find from it that you all thought that the children were looking very well. We all thought here that they had greatly im- proved during their stay. May I make a suggestion with respect to clothing? . . . There is an enormous amount of mischief conse- quent upon the uneven circulation which is caused by uneven covering. The rationale of the matter is a very simple one. The vascular system constituted by the heart and by the ramifying system of blood vessels is a closed cavity having elastic walls. Of necessity, if you constrict the walls of any part of this cavity, the blood has to go somewhere, and it is thrust into some other parts of the cavity. If the constriction is great and extends over a considerable area, the pressure of blood throughout the unconstricted vessels becomes great and if any of them are feeble they dilate, producing local congestion. . . . This, if the cold and consequent constriction are long continued, is productive of mischief — in some cases extreme mischief. This is very well shown by the effects of wading among salmon-fishers when they are not ex- tremely strong. I have myself experienced the result in producing increased congestion of the brain. ... A friend of mine, the late Prof. Sellar, also a nervous sub- ject had to leave off wading when salmon fishing, be- cause it forthwith produced palpitation of the heart. . . . The internal organs of the body are the parts which have their blood-vessels unduly distended by the pres- ' sure, and if any of them are feebler than the rest, more or less disturbance of function results. In one case, and a most common one, there may be congestion of the respiratory membranes and a cold or a cough, but in other cases the congestion is in the alimentary canal and some bowel attack results. . . . The thing to be aimed at in clothing is such a distribution of covering as shall keep all parts evenly warmed. . . . 10 ALTRUISM A FACTOE IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION Excuse my long lecture, but whenever I see what seems to me an evil I cannot avoid making an effort to rectify it. Leading Japanese statesmen, resident in or visiting London, were wont to consult him on matters bearing on the changes their country was passing through. He was not without misgivings when he thought of the risks incident to the coming together of an oriental and an occidental civilisation. As regards internal affairs he was impressed with the danger of granting political power at once to a people hitherto accustomed to despotic rule. With reference to external or international af- fairs, he counselled a policy, not of isolation, but of re- sistance to interference by foreigners. This, it must be remembered, was long before Japan had proved herself able to hold her own against a European power. What was present to his mind was the danger that, by means of treaties or other agreements, Japan might give for- eigners a foothold on her territory, such as China had given. On his way to a meeting of the Institut de Droit In- ternational at Geneva, Mr. Kentaro Kaneko sought to renew the intercourse he had enjoyed with Spencer two years before. To Kentaro Kaneko. Pewsey, 21 August, 1892. Probably you remember I told you that when Mr. Mori, the then Japanese Ambassador, submitted to me his draft for a Japanese Constitution, I gave him very conservative advice, contending that it was impossible that the Japanese, hitherto accustomed to despotic rule, 11 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER should, all at once, become capable of constitutional government. My advice was not, I fear, duly regarded, and so far as I gather from the recent reports of Japanese affairs, you are experiencing the evils arising from too large an instalment of freedom. 23 August. — Since writing to you on Sunday it has recurred to me, in pursuance of my remarks about Japa- nese affairs and the miscarriage of your constitution, to make a suggestion giving in a definite form such a con- servative policy as I thought should be taken. My advice to Mr. Mori was that the proposed new institutions should be as much as possible grafted upon the existing institutions, so as to prevent breaking the continuity — that there should not be a replacing of old forms by new, but a modification of old forms to a gradually increasing extent. I did not at the time go into the matter so far as to suggest in what way this might be done, but it now occurs to me that there is a very feasible way of doing it. You have, I believe, in Japan still surviving the ancient system of family organization. . . Under this family or patriarchal organization it habitually happens that there exists in each group an eldest male ascendant, who is the ruling authority of the group — an authority who has in many cases a despotic power to which all de- scendants of the first and second generations unhesi- tatingly submit. This organization should be made use of in your new political form. These patriarchs or heads of groups should be made the sole electors of members of your representative body. . . . Several beneficial re- sults would arise. In the first place, your electorate would be greatly reduced in number, and therefore more manageable. In the second place, the various extreme opinions held by the members of each group would be to a considerable extent mutually cancelled and made more moderate by having to find expression through the pa- 12 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION triarch who would in a certain measure be influenced by the opinions of his descendants. And then, in the third place, and chiefly, these patriarchal electors, being all aged men, would have more conservative leanings than the younger members of their groups— would not be in favour of rash changes. In pursuance of the principle for which I have con- tended, that free institutions, to which the Japanese have been utterly unaccustomed, are certain not to work well, and that there must be a gradual adaptation to them, I suggest that, for three or four generations, the assembly formed of representative men elected by these patri- archal heads of groups should be limited in their func- tions to making statements of grievances, or of evils or what they think evils, which they wish to have remedied — ^not having any authority either to take meas- ures for remedying them, or authority even for suggest- ing measures, but having the function simply of saying what they regard as grievances. This would be a func- tion completely on the lines of the function of our owti representative body in its earliest stages. . . . After three or four generations during which this representative assembly was powerless to do more than state what they thought were grievances, there might come three or four other generations in which they should have the further power of suggesting remedies — ^not the power of passing remedial laws, such as is possessed by developed representative bodies, but the power of con- sidering in what way they thought the evils might be met, and then sending up their suggestions to the House of Peers and the Emperor. And then, after this had been for generations the func- tion of the representative body, there might eventually be given to it a full power of legislation, co-ordinate with that of the other two legislative authorities. Such an organization would make possible the long-continued discipline which is needful for use of political power, at the same time that it would at once do away with the 13 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER possibilities of these quarrels from which you are now suffering. The Japanese Constitution, Mr. Kentaro Kaneko as- sured him, had been drawn upon conservative lines, owing largely to advice given by Spencer and others. While seeking permission to forward Spencer's two let- ters to Count Ito, Mr. Kaneko reminded him (24 Aug-^ ust) that Japan was now negotiating with the Treaty Powers of Europe and America to revise the existing treaty. By the revision Japanese statesmen expected to open the whole Empire to foreigners and foreign capital, and there was much difference of opinion in regard to the restrictions to be put on foreigners (1) ' holding land, (2) working mines, and (3) engaging in the coasting trade. Mr. Kaneko then goes on to say: One interesting question — viz., inter-marriage of for- eigners with Japanese — is now very much agitated among our scholars and politicians. This question is one of th6 most difficult problems, and it falls within the scope of social philosophers ; therefore, your opinion will decide the case. Can I be permitted to have the privilege to know your opinion on this question? To Kentaro Kaneko. 26 August, 1892. Your proposal to send translations of my two letters to Count Ito, the newly-appointed Prime Minister, is quite satisfactory. I very willingly give my assent. Respecting the further questions you ask, let me, jn the first place, answer generally that the Japanese policy should, I think, be that of keeping Americans and Euro- peans as much as possible at arm's length. In presence of the more powerful races your position is one of 14 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION chronic danger, and you should take every precaution to give as little foothold as possible to foreigners. It seems to me that the only forms of intercourse which you may with advantage permit are those which are indispensable for the exchange of commodities and exchange of ideas — importation and exportation of phys- ical and mental products. No further privileges should be allowed to people of other races, and especially to people of the more powerful races, than is absolutely needful for the achievement of these ends. Apparently you are proposing by revision of the treaty powers with Europe and America ** to open the whole Empire to for- eigners and foreign capital.'' I regard this as a fatal policy. If you wish to see what is likely to happen, study the history of India. Once let one of the more powerful races gain a point d'appui and there will in- evitably in course of time grow up an aggressive policy which will lead to collisions with the Japanese; these collisions will be represented as attacks by the Japanese which must be avenged; forces will be sent from Amer- ica or Europe, as the case may be ; a portion of territory will be seized and required to be made over as a foreign settlement; and from this there will grow eventually subjugation of the entire Japanese Empire. I believe that you will have great difficulty in avoiding this fate in any case, but you will make the process easy if you allow any privileges to foreigners beyond those which I have indicated. In pursuance of the advice thus generally indicated, I should say, in answer to your first question, that there should be, not only a prohibition to foreign persons to hold property in land, but also a refusal to give them leases, and a permission only to reside as annual tenants. To the second question I should say decidedly, pro- hibit to foreigners the working of the mines owned or worked by Government. Here there would be obviously liable to arise grounds of difference between the Euro- peans or Americans who worked them and the Govern- 15 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER ment, and these grounds of difference would immediately become grounds of quarrel, and would be followed by invocations to the English or American Governments or other Powers to send forces to insist on whatever the European workers claimed, for always the habit here and elsewhere among the civilised peoples is to believe what their agents or settlers abroad represent to them. In the third place, in pursuance of the policy I have indicated, you ought also to keep the coasting trade in your own hands and forbid foreigners to engage in it. This coasting trade is clearly not included in the re- quirement I have indicated as the sole one to be recog- nised — a requirement to facilitate exportation and im- portation of commodities. The distribution of commod- ities brought to Japan from other places may be properly left to the Japanese themselves, and should be denied to foreigners, for the reas6n that again the various trans- actions involved would become so many doors open to quarrels and resulting aggressions. To your remaining question, respecting the inter-mar- riage of foreigners and Japanese, which you say is '* now very much agitated among our scholars and politicians, ' ' and which you say is '* one of the most difficult prob- lems, ' ' my reply is that, as rationally answered, there is no difficulty at all. It should be positively forbidden. It is not at root a question of social philosophy. It is at root a question of biology. There is abundant proof, alike furnished by the inter-marriages of human races and by the inter-breeding of animals, that when the varieties mingled diverge beyond a certain slight degree the result is invariably a bad one in the long run. I have myself been in the habit of looking at the evidence bearing on this matter for many years past, and my conviction is based upon numerous facts derived from numerous sources. This conviction I have within the last half hour verified, for I happen to be staying in the country with a gentleman who is well known as an authority on horses, cattle and sheep, and knows much 16 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION respecting their inter-breeding ; and he has just, on in- quiry, fully confirmed my belief that when, say of dif- ferent varieties of sheep, there is an inter-breeding of those which are widely unlike, the result, especially in the second generation, is a bad one — there arises an in- calculable mixture of traits, and what may be called a chaotic constitution. And the same thing happens among human beings — the Eurasians in India, and the half-breeds in America, show this. The physiological basis of this experience appears to be that any one vari- ety of creature in course of many generations acquires a certain constitutional adaptation to its particular form of life, and every other variety similarly acquires its own special adaptation. The consequence is that, if you mix the constitutions of two widely divergent varieties which have severally become adapted to widely divergent modes of life, you get a constitution which is adapted to the mode of life of neither — a constitution which will not work properly, because it is not fitted for any set of conditions whatever. By all means, therefore, peremp- torily interdict marriages of Japanese with foreigners. I have for the reasons indicated entirely approved of the regulations which have been established in America for restraining the Chinese immigration, and had I the power would restrict them to the smallest possible amount, my reasons for this decision being that one of two things must happen. If the Chinese are allowed to settle extensively in America, they must either, if they remain unmixed, form a subject race in the position, if not of slaves, yet of a class approaching to slaves ; or if they mix they must form a bad hybrid. In either case, supposing the immigration to be large, immense social mischief must arise, and eventually social disorganiza- tion. The same thing will happen if there should be any considerable mixture of the European or American races with the Japanese. You see, therefore, that my advice is strongly con- servative in all directions, and I end by saying as I be- 17 LIFE AND LETTERS OF PIERBERT SPENCER gan — keep other races at arm's length as much as pos- sible. I give this advice in confidence. I wish that it should not transpire publicly, at any rate during my life, for I do not desire to rouse the animosity of my fellow-coun- trymen. P.S. — Of course, when I say I wish this advice to be in confidence, I do not interdict the communication of it to Count Ito, but rather wish that he should have the opportunity of taking it into consideration. Though he did not wish this letter made public during his life, Spencer has endorsed on the copies of the corre- respondence — *' My letters of advice contained in this batch should be read and published. ' ' Shortly after his death the letter of August 26 was sent from Tokio for publication in the Times (18 January, 1904), which wrote of it as giving * ' advice as narrow, as much imbued with antipathy to real progress, as ever came from a self-sufficient, short-sighted Mandarin, bred in contempt and hatred of barbarians." The correspondence makes little mention of the Ethics, the concluding chapters of which were being written be- fore he left town in December. To Frederic Harrison. 4 Decemherj 1892. In your reply to Huxley ^ I have just come upon a passage (p. 716) which startled me by showing a degree of agreement between your view and my own concerning certain ultimate questions much greater than I had sup- posed. . . . I am in the middle of the last chapter of the Ethics. ... I have been so ill that during the last fortnight I ^ Fortnightly Review, December. 18 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION have been obliged to suspend work altogether, but when lying in bed have from time to time made memoranda of thoughts to be expressed in this closing chapter of the Synthetic Philosophy : the most significant of these sen- tences . . . belonging to the last section of this last chapter. Of the three relevant sentences here are copies : — ** A transfigured sentiment of parenthood which re- gards with solicitude not child and grandchild only, but the generations to come hereafter — fathers of the future creating and providing for their remote children." ** May we not say that the highest ambition of the truly beneficent will be to have a share — even but an infinitesimal share — in the making of man." '* "While contemplating from the heights of thought that far-off life of humanity never to be enjoyed by them, but only by a remote posterity, they will feel a calm pleasure in the consciousness of having aided by conduct or by teaching the advance towards it." I send you these copies of memoranda, partly because, if I do not, you will, when the book is published, suppose that I have been plagiarizing on you ; and partly because they show, as I say, a degree of agreement greater than I supposed. The chief difference between us is evi- dently a matter of names. ... I regard the ideas and sentiments contained as belonging to ethics. You regard them as belonging to religion. . . . You do not appar- ently recognise the fact that ethics and religion, origi- nally one, have been differentiating from the beginning, and have become in modern times quite distinct ; so that ethics is being secularised (as we see even in the teachers of Christianity, who more and more are un- awares separating morality from religion), and you do not infer that they [ethics and religion] will never again be reunited. Nor do you admit that as religion origi- nally implied belief in a supposed anthropomorphic power, it remains, when the anthropomorphic character gradually disappears, as a belief in a Power as unknown 19 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER and transcending knowledge. As I say, this difference is after all very much a difference of names, save, indeed, that while I consider that there will be a persistent recognition of this unknown Power, you apparently do not think the recognition of it will continue. Just before Christmas he went to St. Leonards, and never afterwards spent a winter in London. To Sir William H. Flowee. St. Leonards, 17 January, 1893. I am sorry that I cannot join the Committee of the Owen memorial. Two obstacles stand in the way. For a long time past I have held that the getting up of testimonials and memorials is becoming an abuse and should be resisted. . . . The second obstacle is that, large though Owen's claims may be in the way of achievement, he lacked a trait which I think essential — he was not sincere. He did not say out candidly what he believed, but tried to please both parties, the scientific world and the religious world. This is not my impression only, but that, I be- lieve, of many. After some reflection he changed his mind and wrote requesting his name to be added to the Committee. As he grew older his dissatisfaction with the trend of political and social affairs at home and abroad became more acute. To John Tyndall. 30 January, 1893. You are doubtless looking forward with eagerness and anxiety to the opening of Parliament and the disclosure of this great scheme of national dissolution. What a state of the world we are living in, with its socialism and 20 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION anarchisms, and all kinds of wild ideas and destructive actions ! The prophesies I have been making from time to time ever since 1860, as to the results of giving to men political power without imposing on them equivalent political burdens, are becoming true faster than I had anticipated, 3 April. — I, in common with you, look at the state of the world in dismay; but I have for a long time past seen the inevitableness of the tremendous disasters that are coming. . . . But you and I will not live to see it. Happily — I think I may say happily — we shall be out of it before the crash comes. To H. R. Fox Bourne. 2 March, 1893. Has anything been done by the Aborigines Protection Society in respect of this division of Queensland? Surely some very strong protest should be made. It has been all along conspicuous enough that the proposals for division arise among sugar planters, who are anxious to be able to import Kanakas without any restraint, and to reduce them, as they inevitably do, to a state of slav- ery. As to any safeguards due to contract and appeal to magistrates for protection, the thing is simply absurd. It seems to me that while we are pretending to be anxious to abolish slavery in Africa, we are taking measures to establish slavery under another name in Australia. In his letter to Professor Tyndall of April 3, quoted above, mention is made of *' a domestic crisis, due to the allegation made by the ladies of my household, that their means would not enable them to carry out our agreement any longer, easy as it is for them. This en- tailed on me dreadful worry, and an amount of both intellectual and emotional perturbation that knocked me 21 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBEET SPENCER down utterly, so that a few days ago I was worse than I had been these six years." This was a grievous upset- ting of the arrangement entered into so hopefully in 1889. From the beginning he had made no secret that his reason for setting up a house of his own was his craving for the 'social comforts and pleasures of domestic life. It is difficult, therefore, to understand how it could have been assumed by these ladies that in his own house he would live almost entirely by himself, leaving the other members of the household to go their own way. For such a solitary life there was absolutely no reason why he should have exchanged the conveniences and comforts of Queen's Gardens, saddling himself also with greatly increased expenditure. When the arrangement was first proposed some of his friends felt that unless carried out with more than ordinary prudence on both sides it would not work smoothly, there being so many points on which misunderstanding might arise. Instead of the household partaking of the unity of one family, there were reaUy two family interests, and these two interests could not be counted upon to pull always in the same direction. Union of interests in certain things and separation of interests in others could only be carried on with the utmost forbearance on both sides and the most generous interpretation of the terms of the agreement. In both these respects it speaks well for those concerned that it worked so harmoniously as it did for some years. When differences at length arose his principal concern was to get at the facts, so that the ladies might be in a position to satisfy themselves as to whether it was or was not in their interests to continue the' arrangement. While doing all he could to meet their views of economy 22 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION and his own views of equity, and thus to allow of the arrangement being continued, he did not look upon its termination as a calamity that must be averted at almost any cost. There was a point beyond which he would not go in the matter of concession. " You and your sisters have to accept or reject my proposals — generous proposals, I think them. ... I do not wish any further letters or proposals or correspondence, and would will- ingly have given £500 rather than suffer the illness which the business has brought upon me . . . and will have no more trouble about the matter. You have sim- ply to say ' yes ' or * no ' to the agreement I have pro- posed." After some hesitation his terms were accepted and a new agreement drawn up. The settlement of this disagreeable matter enabled him to leave town with an easier mind. To Sir John Lubbock. Pewset, 18 May, 1893. Thanks for your invitation, but you see by the address that I am out of reach. An old friend of mine went over to Brussels to make a morning call and came straight back, but you would hardly expect me to emu- late him. ... I fear that now the X. is dead there is but little chance of our meeting, save by accident at the Club. I wish it were otherwise. To John Hawke. Pewsey, 29 May, 1893. Having, as you say, expressed myself strongly on the subject of gambling and betting, I feel bound to give some little aid to your society, which aims, if not to sup- press it (which is hopeless), yet to diminish it, and herewith I enclose cheque. . 23 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER As to giving my name as one of the Vice-Presidents, I should have no objection were it not that the associa- tion of my name with a body so largely clerical in its character would lead to adverse criticisms. It is not that I in the least object to such an association, and it may be that the clergymen named are sufficiently liberal to work with one whose religious opinions are so ob- viously at variance with their own. But experience in another case has led me to see that I shall be liable to adverse interpretation of my motives. Change in my opinions concerning land-tenure has been ascribed to a desire to ingratiate myself with the land-owning class, and I doubt not that if I were, as you suggest, to accept the position of vice-president along with so many mem- bers of the Church, it would be ascribed to a desire to ingratiate myself with the clergy. Neither imperialism nor athleticism found favour with him ; one reason for his objection to the latter being the vice of betting associated with it. An invitation to join the general committee being formed to carry out the Pan-Britannic Idea, expounded in Greater Britain, was declined. To J. AsTLEY Cooper. Pewsey, 20 June, 1893. I fear I cannot yield to your suggestion, and for the reason that I entertain grave doubts respecting the aims of the organization to which Greater Britain points. A federation of Great Britain with her colonies would in my opinion have the effect of encouraging aggressive action on the part of the colonies, with a still more ac- tive appropriation of territories than is at present going on, and there would be continued demands upon the mother-country for military and financial aid. 24 ALTRUISM A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION 28 June. — Though your explanation serves to remove the objection I made, it does not remove another objec- tion which I did not name. I have long held that athleticism has become an abuse, and occupies far too much space in life and in public attention; and I should be very much averse to any arrangement like that you propose which would tend to render it more prominent than it is already. When I tell you that in the space of nearly 50 years spent in London I have never once been to see the Uni- versity Boat Race, and have never witnessed a cricket match at Lord's, and that for many years past I have intentionally refrained from doing so, you will see that my views on the matter are such as to negative the co- operation you suggest. 25 CHAPTER XXII LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES (November, 1SS9— October, 1895) (i.) Soon after taking up residence in Avenue Road in the autumn of 1889 he was plunged into a controversy, which not only interrupted his work and embittered his life for several months, but broke up for a time an in- timate and valued friendship of nearly forty years' standing. This most unfortunate event had its origin in a meeting Mr. John Morley had at Newcastle with his constituents, one of whom urged the nationalisation of the land, Spencer being quoted in favour of the re- sumption of ownership by the community (Times , No- vember 5). In a letter to the Times (November 7) Spencer pointed out that the book referred to was pub- lished forty years ago, and that, while still adhering to the general principles, he now dissented from some of the deductions. The land question had been discussed in Social Statics in the belief that it was not likely to come to the front for many generations ; but it had been pointed out that when it did come up '' the business of compensation of landowners would be a complicated one." *' Investigations made during recent years into the various forms of social organization, have in part confirmed and in part changed the views published in 26 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES 1850." ** I have no positive opinion as to what may hereafter take place. The reason for this state of hesi- tancy is that I cannot see my way towards reconciliation of the ethical requirements with the politico-economical requirements." Nothing was said by Spencer in this letter about the opinion attributed to him at Newcastle that " to right one wrong it is sometimes necessary to do another." He now {Times, November 11) wrote to say that as he could not remember everything he had written during the last forty years, it would be unsafe to assert positively that he had nowhere expressed such an opinion. '* But my belief is that I have not said this in any connection, and I certainly have not said it in connection with the question of landownership. " The only change of view was *' that whereas in 1850 I sup- posed that resumption of landownership by the commu- nity would be economically advantageous,, I now hold that, if established with due regard to existing claims, as I have always contended it should be, it would be dis- advantageous. " Professor Huxley now entered the lists, writing (Times f November 12) *' in the name of that not incon- siderable number of persons to whom absolute ethics and a priori politics are alike stumbling-blocks." ** I have long been of opinion that the great political evil of our time is the attempt to sanction popular acts of injustice by antiquarian and speculative arguments. My friend, Mr. Spencer, is, I am sure, the last person willingly to abet this tendency." Professing himself unable to see in what respect his friend and he disagreed on the land question, Spencer, in his reply, took up the comments made by Professor Huxley on absolute political ethics. 27 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER ** However much a politician may pooh-pooh social ideals, he cannot take steps towards bettering the social state without tacitly entertaining them. . . . The com- plaint of Professor Huxley that absolute political ethics does not show us what to do in each concrete case seems to me much like the complaint of a medical practitioner who should speak slightingly of physiological generaliza- tions because they did not tell him the right dressing for a wound, or how best to deal with varicose veins " {Times, November 15). Having intimated that the above letter was to be his last, he did not reply to the rejoinder from Professor Huxley {Times, November 18), in which reference is made to Spencer's '* remarkable inability to see that we disagree on the land question," and to the physiological argument which *' is hardly chosen with so much pru- dence as might have been expected." ** Mr. Spencer could not have chosen a better illustration of the gulf fixed between his way of thinking and mine. "Whenever physiology (including pathology), pharmacy and hy- giene are perfect sciences, I have no doubt that the practice of medicine will be deducible from the first principles of these sciences. That happy day has not arrived yet." And if at present it would be unsafe for the medical practitioner to treat bodily diseases by de- duction what is to be said of the publicist who *' seeks guidance not from the safe, however limited, inductions based on careful observation and experience, but puts his faith in long chains of deduction from abstract ethical assumptions, hardly any link of which can be tested experimentally? " 28 THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY AND HIS GRANDSON. LATTER DAY CONTROVEESIES On being reminded by Mr. Frederick Greenwood that he had not yet repudiated the doctrine that '* to right one wrong it is sometimes necessary to do another," Spencer wrote {Times, November 19) : *' It never oc- curred to me that, after what I said, this was needful. But as he thinks otherwise, I very willingly repudiate it, both for the past and the present. Even did I wish to continue my discussion with Professor Huxley, it would be ended by his letter. From it I learn that the prin- ciples of physiology, as at present known, are of no use whatever for guidance in practice, and my argument, therefore, collapses." A week later {Times, November 27) he wrote again: '* I cannot allow the late contro- versy to pass without disclaiming the absurd ideas ascribed to me. . . . The suggestion that an ideal must be kept in view, so that our movements may be towards it and not away from it, has been regarded as a proposal forthwith to realise the ideal." The breach thus brought about was a matter of much concern to their intimate friends, specially so to Pro- fessor Tyndall, Sir Joseph Hooker, Dr. Hirst, and other members of the X Club. It came as a surprise to Pro- fessor Huxley, who was not aware of having said any- thing sharper than he had said before, both privately and publicly. From John Tyndall. 25 November, 1889. You may well believe that this newspaper controversy has been a source of mourning to my wife and me. Many a time since it began have I wislied to be at your side or, better still, to have you and Huxley face to face. With a little tact and moderation the difference between 29 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER you — if a difference exist at all — might have been easily arranged. "When I read the concluding part of your first long letter, where you speak of state ownership as resulting in disaster, I exclaimed, *' Bravo Spencer! "; but on reading the whole letter, it seemed to me that you were too anxious to prove your consistency. Relying upon merits which the whole world acknowledges, you ought, I think, to be able to say, " Damn consistency! " in regard to these scraps and fragments of your views. . . . From a public point of view, and with reference solely to the questions discussed, I thought Huxley's letters excellent. From another point of view, he might, I think, have kept more clearly in mind that he was deal- ing not with an ordinary antagonist, but with a friend who had such just and imdeniable claims upon his ad- miration and affection. ... It is a monstrous pity that you and he should appear to stand before the public as antagonists, to an extent far beyond what the facts would justify. You deal with political principles; he deals with the problems of the hour — the problems, that is to say, that have to shape the course of the practical statesman. There is no necessary antagonism here. The breach might have been repaired before the end of the year had Spencer talked the matter over with his friends, instead of shutting himself up and seeing no one. The friendly offices of the other members of the X Club were offered for the adjustment of the difference; but instead of availing himself of these, he wrote a letter withdrawing from the Club — a letter which, on Sir Joseph Hooker's advice, was kept back. Professor Hux- ley was quite ready to meet him more than half-way: intimating in a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker, intended for Spencer 's perusal, that he had not the slightest intention of holding Spencer up to ridicule; that nothing aston- ished him more and gave him greater pain than Spencer 30 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES taking the line lie did ; that his wish was, if needs be, to take all the wrong on his own shoulders and to assure Spencer that there had been no malice; and that if he had been in Spencer's estimation needlessly sharp in reply, he was extremely sorry for it. It is a pity that the olive branch thus held out was not accepted. In ex- planation of his attitude Spencer wrote to Professor Tyndall (9 December) :— Doubtless you and others of the Club [the X] do not fully understand the state of mind produced in me, because you are not aware that almost everything said by Huxley [concerning my views] was a misrepresenta- tion more or less extreme, and in some cases an inex- cusable misrepresentation. . . . The effect on me has been such that the thoughts and irritations have been going round in my brain day and night as in a mill, without the possibility of stopping them. 12 December. — I cannot let things remain in the state in which the controversy in the Times left them ; and to put them in some measure straight, and rectify to a small extent the mischief done, I am preparing a short article for the Nineteenth Century. With the new year the controversy entered upon a new phase. To John Tyndall. 8 February, 1890. I send you a copy of the Daily Telegraph [8 Febru- ary] in which, as you will see, I have had to defend myself against another grave misrepresentation. One would have thought that after having done me so much mischief and after having professed his regret, Huxley would at least have been careful not to do the 31 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER like again forthwith, but besides a perfectly gratuitous sneer unmistakably directed against me in the opening of his article in the current number of the Nineteenth Century, there comes this mischievous characterization diffused among the quarter of a million readers of the Daily Telegraph. In the Daily Telegraph of 23 January, Mr. Robert Buchanan had taken up *' the criticism of the socialistic theories of Rousseau by Professor Huzley, in the Nine- teenth Century J' In a second letter (27th) he referred to Spencer as one of those who '* are socialists only in the good and philosophical sense, and who are not, like mere communists, enemies of all vested interests what- soever." In a third communication (3 February) he criticised letters from Professor Huxley of the 29th and 31st respectively. In the former of these Professor Huxley had animadverted on ** the political philosophy which Mr. Buchanan idolises, the consistent application of which reasoned savagery to practice would have left the working classes to fight out the struggle for existence among themselves, and bid the State to content itself with keeping the ring." If a man has nothing to offer in exchange for a loaf, '* it is not I, but the extreme In- dividualists, who will say that he may starve. If the State relieves his necessities, it is not I, but they, who say it is exceeding its powers; if private charity suc- cours the poor fellow, it is not I, but they, who reprove the giver for interfering with the survival of the fittest. ' ' A keen controversialist like Professor Huxley could not fail to fasten on the sentence in which Mr. Buchanan classed Spencer with socialists in the good and philo- sophical sense. ' * I had fondly supposed, until Mr. Rob- 32 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES ert Buchanan taught me better, that if there was any charge Mr. Spencer would find offensive, it would be that of being declared to be, in any shape or way, a socialist." He wondered whether Mr. Buchanan had 'read The Man versus the State. ** However this may be, I desire to make clear to your readers what the ' good and philosophical sort of Socialism, ' which finds expression in the following passages, is like." Professor Huxley then gave quotations from, or references to, pas- sages in The Man versus the State, pp. 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 34, 35.^ To Robert Buchanan. 5 February, 1890. Thank you for your last letter to the Daily Telegraph, received this morning. You have shown yourself ex- tremely chivalrous in taking up the question in this and in the preceding letters. In the course of our conversation on Sunday I did not to any extent enter upon the questions at issue. ... It seems to me, however, that candour requires me to say that I cannot entirely endorse the version you give of my political views. Unless understood in a sense different from that which will ordinarily be given to them, I hardly see how the words " higher Socialism " are ap- plicable. It is true that I look forward to a future in which the social organization will differ immensely from any we now know, and perhaps from any we now con- ceive. . . . But I hold that competition and contract must persist to the last and that any equalizations which interfere with their free play will be mischievous. The fact that from the beginning of my political life I have been an opponent of national education, and continue to ^ The corresponding pages in the library edition are 297, 300, 300-1, 303, 306, 315, 316. 33 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER be one, will show you that I cannot coincide in your view that it is the duty of society to prepare its individual members for the battle of life. I hold it to be exclu- sively the duty of parents. . . . Sanguine of human progress as I used to be in earlier days, I am now more and more persuaded that it cannot take place faster than human nature is itself modified; and the modification is a slow process, to be reached only through many, many generations. When I see the be- haviour of these union men in the strikes we have had and are having; when I see their unscrupulous tyranny and utter want of any true conception of liberty, it seems to me unquestionable that any new regime con- stituted in their interests would soon lapse into a des- potic organization of a merciless type. Borrowing as a heading for a letter to the Daily Tele- graph ( 8 February ) Professor Huxley 's phrase ' * Rea- , soned Savagery, ' ' Spencer pointed out that * ' for nearly fifty years I have contended that the pains attendant on the struggle for existence may fitly be qualified by the aid which private sympathy prompts. " ' ' Everyone will be able to judge whether this opinion is rightly characterised by the phrase ' Reasoned Savagery.' " To realise the bitterness of Spencer's feelings it is necessary to be reminded of the sense of injustice that rankled in his breast on reflecting that, notwithstanding the precept and example of a lifetime in denouncing every form of oppression and injustice, he should be charged with upholding brutal individualism and his views should be branded as ' ' reasoned savagery. ' ' One must also remember that the ill-health and depression, which in recent years had kept him away from London and more or less in retirement, had induced a state of 34 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES abnormal sensitiveness to criticism. Moreover, clinging to friendship so tenaciously as he did and entertaining such a high ideal of its obligations, he felt with special keenness an act which, rightly or wrongly, he regarded as unfriendly. Taking into account all the circum- stances one can understand the difficulty he had in re- sponding to the efforts of the friends of both to repair the breach. These efforts were after a time given up, and Professor Huxley's name, hitherto so frequently met with, almost disappears from the correspondence for some years. It was not till towards the close of 1893 that cordial relations were re-established. And yet in the spring of that year the prospect of a resumption of friendly relations was by no means bright. Though alive to '* the dangers of open collision with orthodoxy on the one hand and Spencer on the other," Professor Huxley introduced into his Romanes lecture passages which Spencer understood to be directed against him. To James A. Sku^tgn. Pewsey, 29 June, 1893. I am glad to hear that you think of taking up Hux- ley's ** Evolution and Ethics." . . . Practically his view is a surrender of the general docttine of evolution in so far as its higher applications are concerned, and is pervaded by the ridiculous assumption that, in its appli- cation to the organic world, it is limited to the struggle for existence among individuals under its ferocious as- pects, and has nothing to do with the development of social organization, or the modifications of the human mind that take place in the course of that organization. . . . The position he takes, that we have to struggle against or correct the cosmic process, involves the as- 35 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER sumption that there exists something in us which is not a product of the cosmic process, and is practically a going back to the old theological notions, which put Man and Nature in antithesis. Any rational, comprehensive view of evolution involves that, in the course of social evoli^tion, the human mind is disciplined into that form which itself puts a check upon that part of the cosmic process which consists in the unqualified struggle for existence.^ Spencer had made up his mind not to take the matter up himself, but his resolution gave way on reading a review of the lecture in the Athenceum for 22 July. The result was a letter on *' Evolutionary Ethics '' in that Journal for 5 August. Towards the close of the paper he enumerated eight fundamental points of agree- ment between himself and Professor Huxley. ** Obvi- ously, then, it is impossible that Professor Huxley can have meant to place the ethical views he holds in oppo- sition to the ethical views I hold; and it is the more obviously impossible because, for a fortnight before his lecture. Professor Huxley had in his hands the volumes containing the above quotations along with multitudi- nous passages of kindred meanings.'* Learning that these words were taken to imply that Professor Huxley had adopted views set forth in the Ethics without ac- knowledgment, he sent a copy of *' Evolutionary Ethics '* on which he wrote *' a few undated lines," signed *' H.S." A reply in the third person *' quite starled " Spencer, who had no thought of discourtesy ^ With this description of Professor Huxley's views the reader may compare, besides the Romanes lecture itself, the Prolegomena published later (Huxley's Collected Essays, vol. ix. Also letter to Mr. Thomas Common in Life and Letters, ii., 382). 36 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES in the form of his memorandum, and no idea that the closing sentence of * * Evolutionary Ethics ' ' could be in- terpreted to imply a charge of appropriating ideas with- out acknowledgment. An exchange of conciliatory notes dissipated the stormy clouds and prepared the way for the final reconciliation. From T. H. Huxley. 24 October, 1893. I am very sorry to hear that you are ill and I would gladly do anything that might help to alleviate perturba- tions of either mind or body. We are old men and ought to be old friends. Our estrangement has always been painful to me. Let there be an end to it. For my part, I am sorry if anything I have said or done has been, or has seemed, unjust. To T. H. Huxley. 26 October, 1893. Your sympathetic letter received this morning has given me great satisfaction. "We are both of us approach- ing our last days, . . . and to whichever of us survived it would have been a sad thought had forty years of friendship ended in a permanent estrangement. Hap- pily by your kind expressions that danger is now finally averted and cordial relations re-established. (ii.) "When examining Spencer's various utterances on the Land Question in A Perplexed Philosopherj Mr. Henry George went out of his way to ascribe the changes of view to unworthy motives, alleging that the recantation of early opinions had been made with a view to curry favour with the upper classes. This attack upon his character Spencer felt very keenly. In a letter to Mr. 37 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER Skilton of New York, dated 6 January, 1893, he says he would himself decline to take notice of such publication. My American friends may, however, if they like, take the matter up, and may effectually dispose of its libel- lous statements. By way of aiding them in doing this, I will put down sundry facts which they may incorpo- rate as they see well. In the first place, irrespective of numerous utterly false insinuations, there are two direct falsehoods. . . . The first of them is contained in the Introduction, p. 9, where he says I have placed myself * ' definitely on the side of those who contend that the treatment of land as private property cannot equitably be interfered with." I have said nothing of the kind. I have continued to maintain that the right of the whole community to the land survives and can never be destroyed; but I have said . . . that the community cannot equitably resume possession of the land without making compensation for all that value given to it by the labour of successive generations. . . . The sole difference between my posi- tion in Social Statics and my more recent position is this : In Social Statics I have . . . tacitly assumed that such compensation, if made, would leave a balance of benefit to the community. Contrariwise, on more care- fully considering the matter in recent years, I have reached the conclusion that to make anything like equi- table compensation the amount required would be such as to make the transaction a losing one. . . . And . . . I reached the conclusion that the system of public admin- istration, full of the vices of officialism, would involve more evils than the present system of private adminis- tration. . . . The second falsehood is the statement on p. 201 that " the name of Herbert Spencer now appears with those of about all the dukes in the kingdom as the director of an association formed for the purpose of defending pri- vate property in land." ... So far as I know there ig 38 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES no such association at all. The only association which can be referred to is the Liberty and Property Defence League, . . . but I am not a member of that association. ... If he means the Ratepayers' Defence League, the reply is that this is not an association for defending landed property, but for defending the interests of occu- piers, and I joined it as a ratepayer to check the ex- travagant demands on ratepayers made by the Coimty Council. . . . As to the alleged cultivation of social relations with the landed classes, it is sufficiently disposed of by the fact that ever since my visit to America I have been so great an invalid as to be prevented from going into society. Not once in the course of the last ten years have I had any social intercourse with those of the classes referred to. By way of meeting the various counts of Mr. George -s indictment respecting motives, I will set down the facts, which prove motives exactly contrary to those he alleges. The first concern pecuniary advantages. The first line of his motto from Browning is ** Just for a handful of silver he left us." The facts of my career are these. For the first ten years, from 1850-60, I lost by every book published ; the returns not sufficing to anything like repay printing expenses. During a period of nearly ten years subsequently, the returns on my further books were so small as not to meet my necessary expenses, so that I had continually to trench upon my small prop- erty, gradually going the way to ruin myself, until at length I notified that I must discontinue altogether : one result of this notification being the American testimonial. When, some little time after, the tide turned and my works began to be remunerative, what was my course? Still living as economically as possible, I devoted the whole surplus of my returns to the payments for com- pilation and printing of the Descriptive Sociologyj and this I continued to do for a dozen years, until, year by year deliberately sinking money, I had lost between 39 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER £3,000 and £4,000 (over £4,000 if interest on capital sunk be counted). I finally ceased, not only because I could no longer afford to lose at this rate, but because the work was altogether unappreciated. This was not the course of a man who was to be tempted by * ' a hand- ful of silver ! ' ' The second line of his motto is *' Just for a ribbon to stick in his coat." If, as it seems, this quotation is in- tended to imply my anxiety for honours, no allegation more absolutely at variance with well-known facts could be made. ... It is said that I seek political honours. Well, if so, I could not have gone about to achieve them in more absurd ways. ... I have singled out Mr. Glad- stone, at that time Prime Minister, as a sample of the unscientific mind ; and more recently ... I have singled out the then Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, to ridicule his reasoning. So that by way of achieving honours ac- corded by the State, I have spoken disrespectfully of the two men who had in their hands the distribution of such honours. To C. Kegan Paul. 10 January, 1893. This morning announces the publication of a book by you entitled A Perplexed Philosopher by Mr. Henry George. Have you looked at it? You need not look far : it will suffice if you read the quotation from Brown- ing on the title page. Probably you know enough about my career to judge what warrant there is for the implied parallel, and whether you think it desirable to identify yourself with the book as its publisher. 12 January. — My letter gave no indication of any objection I have to critical argument ; even the most trenchant. That, with my antecedents, you should as- sume that I have any objection to an attack upon my views surprises me. 40 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES But I spoke of the book as a '* laboured calumny," and I thought that you might not like to be instrumental in circulating libellous statements. To James A. Skilton. 1 March, 1893. You appear to look largely or mainly at the general question, whereas to me the general question is of no importance. The Synthetic Philosophy can take care of itself. . . . Similarly about the Land Question. I have never dreamed of entering into controversy with Mr. Henry George about that or anything else. . . . The only thing about which I am concerned is the personal question — the vile calumny which the man propagates, and the only question is whether it is worth while to do anything in the way of rebutting this. He was anxious that the authenticity of the facts com- municated to Mr. Skilton should be guaranteed by more than one name. The reply was accordingly prepared by a committee formed from among his New York friends, and published in the Tribune (November 12). To James A. Skilton. St. Leonards, 25 November, 1894. Thank you for all the trouble you have taken in the George business. There have been in the course of the arrangements sundry dangers which have now been hap- pily avoided, and the final result is as good as I could wish. Whatever Mr. George may say, I do not think he will succeed in neutralizing this effective exposure. . . . If you feel inclined now to make a flank attack by dealing with Henry George and his doctrines, by all means do so, but if you do, please take care not to bring my name or my views into the matter. I do not wish to be in any way implicated. 41 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER 13 December. — A few days ago I decided that by way of setting finally at rest this abominable business in America, it would be well if I published there the pamphlet referred to in the inclosed preface which I drew up for it — a pamphlet not at all in any direct way replying to Mr. George, but indirectly disposing of his allegations. I have, however, since come to the conclu- sion that this course may be of doubtful policy, since, conclusively disproving all he says as the pamphlet does, it will, nevertheless, furnish him with texts for further diatribes. I send over the preface to you and to your co-signatories to ask an opinion on this point. . . . From the above you will see that I hesitate a little as to the propriety of giving Mr. George any further op- portunities of carrying on the controversy, and for this same reason I hesitate respecting your proposed war with him carried on independently. 24 Decemher. — I am again in two minds as to the best course to pursue. It does not matter how conclusive the case may be made against Mr. George, he will still go on arguing and asserting and multiplying side issues about irrelevant matters. The politic course, therefore, is to make one good point and there leave it. If I am right in the inference that in Progress and Poverty he said nothing about my insisting on compen- sation, that should be the point made. 12 Jamiary, 1895. — Lies and treacheries are imple- ments of war regarded as quite legitimate in actual war. I saw a while ago in some speech of a trade-unionist, that they regarded their relations with the masters as a state of war, and that their acts, ordinarily regarded as crim- inal, were legitimate. Doubtless Mr. George and the Land Nationalizers think the same thing and are pre- pared to abandon all moral restraint in pursuit of their ends. Hence this proceeding of his — congruous with all his other proceedings. Hence, too^ similar proceedings 42 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES over here. Though I interdicted the republication of the correspondence in the Daily Chronicle along with that pamphlet you have, yet they have now issued it separately without asking me. . . . As to your proposals for a brief treatise on the Land Question at large from me in further explanation, I do not see my way. If I were to say anything more . . . it would be merely in further explanation of the attitude I have taken. ... As to anything larger, such as you adumbrate — a general [conception] of the relations of men to the soil based on general sociological principles, I have got nothing to say. The correspondence in the Daily Chronicle referred to in the last quoted letter arose out of the leaflet issued with Spencer's assent by the Land Restoration League, giving in parallel columns extracts from Social Statics and from *' Justice." The matter might have ended here but for a lecture by Mr. William Lloyd Garrison, junr., delivered in New York on 6th January, 1895. To William Jay Youmans. 22 January^ 1895. The inclosed report of Mr. Garrison's lecture, which Mr. Skilton has sent me, opens my eyes to the fact that it is needful that the public should be disabused of the notion that I have changed my essential convictions. The whole of Mr. George's vituperation and the whole of this lecture proceed on the assumption that I have repudiated my views on the ownership of land, which I have not, having only changed my view with regard to the financial policy of a change. If this fact is made clear it takes the wind out of Mr. George's sails. Inclosed I send the draft of a letter in which this is demonstrated, and unless you see strong reason to the 43 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER contrary, I should be glad if some one — either yourself, or Dr. Janes, or Mr. Skilton — would publish this letter in The Tribune or elsewhere; if possible, in several places. On the advice of Mr. Skilton and Dr. W. J. Youmans the letter was published as a preface to the parallel- column pamphlet on the Land Question.^ To James A. Skilton. 22 February, 1895. Herewith I enclose the postscript for the pamphlet. In pursuance of the resolution which you intimate to me as agreed upon by friends, the pamphlet may now with its preface and postscript be issued without further delay. With its issue I must wash my hands entirely of the whole of the George business. The correspondence continued in a somewhat desul- tory fashion into the following year. Into the merits of the controversy it is unnecessary now to enter. It has already lost whatever interest it may have had for the general reader. The foregoing outline of a very lengthy correspondence seemed expedient, however, be- cause it throws into relief two characteristics of Spencer — his morbid sensitiveness to insinuations against the purity of his motives, and the undue weight he attached to charges of intellectual inconsistency. To these two points all his letters in the correspondence are addressed. As for the aspersion on his moral character, it is easy for an outsider to say that he might have treated it with '■ Mr. Eerhert Spencer on the Land Question^ published by D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1895. 44 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES silent contempt, but few persons, when their character is attacked, can adopt an attitude of callous indifference. (iii.) The earliest notice of Dr. Weismann to be found in the correspondence is in a letter to Mr. Howard Collins (26 February, 1890), in which reference is made to an article in Nature (6 February). A few days after this he wrote to Nature (6 March) that it would '' be as well to recall the belief of one whose judgment was not with- out weight, and to give some of the evidence on which that belief was founded." '' Clearly the first thing to be done by those who deny the inheritance of acquired characters is to show that the evidence Mr. Darwin has furnished ... is all worthless." To this suggestion Professor Ray Lankester responded in Nature (27 March) that biologists had already considered the cases cited by Mr. Darwin. ''It is extremely unfortunate that Mr. Spencer has not come across the work in which this is done." To F. Howard Collins. 1 April, 1890. I have sent to Nature (3 April) ... a short letter a propos of the question of inherited effects of use and disuse, or rather presenting a problem to those who assign '' panmixia " as an adequate cause for decline in the size of disused organs. I have taken the case of the drooping ears of many domesticated animals. . . . The point to insist on will be, first, as I have pointed out, in domestic animals no selection either natural or artificial goes on in such way as to make economy in the nutrition of an organ impor- tant for the survival of the individual, and that in fact 45 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER no individuals survive from economical distribution of nutriment such as would cause decrease in unused organs. Then, second, beyond that, the point to be in- sisted upon is that these muscles are of such extremely small size that no economy in the nutrition of them could affect the fate even of animals subject to the struggle for existence and profiting by economical dis- tribution of nutriment. "With the view of emphasising this last point, I should very much like to have it ascertained and stated what are the weights of the muscles which move the ears in a cow. Against others than biologists he had to defend his position. In an address as Lord Rector of Glasgow Uni- versity in November, 1891, Mr. A. J. Balfour referred to the theory of the inheritance of acquired characters ap- plied by Spencer *' so persistently in every department of his theory of man, that were it to be upset, it is scarcely too much to say that his Ethics, his Psychology, and his Anthropology would all tumble to the ground with it." The expediency of replying to this and other points in the address and the form the reply should take were discussed with Mr. Collins. To P. Howard Collins. 30 November, 1891. I have sent Mr, Balfour a copy of Factors of Organic Evolution. Suppose you send him a copy of your pamphlet on the Jaw as bearing on the question of in- heritance of acquired characters. 6 Decemher. — Do not in your specification of points to be taken up versus Balfour do more than just give me the heads of them so far as to show your lines of argument. 46 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES 7 December, — I hesitate about your article on Mr. Balfour. Various of the points are good, though you have omitted the two which I should myself have taken up. But it is undesirable to have it done unless it is done in an almost unanswerable way, and I feel that a good deal of critical oversight from me would be needful. This would entail more labour than I can afford. . . . Moreover, the thing would be almost certain to entail controversy— probably Mr. Lilly would ** go for " you — and eventually I might be drawn into the matter. . . . The only safe way that occurs to me is that of setting down a number of ' * Questions for Mr. Balfour, ' ' which might be the title. 12 December. — The temptation to do good has fo be resisted sometimes as well as the temptation to do evil; and I now illustrate this truth in having resisted the temptation to reply to Mr. Balfour. It is a strong temp- tation, and I should greatly enjoy a little slashing polemic after two years of continuous exposition. 22 January, 1892. — Recently a member of the Athenaeum named to me certain investigations, made by a medical man, I think, showing that colour-blindness is more frequent among Quakers than among other people ; and thinking over the matter since, this recalled a vague recollection which I have that somebody — I think at Darlington — had found that a bad ear for music was more common among Quakers than among others. Now if these two things can be proved, they alone may serve to establish the hereditary transmission of effects of disuse. Here is a direction in which you may work. Mr. Collinses pamphlet on '* The Jaw as bearing on the question of Acquired Characters, ' ' mentioned above, had been prepared at Spencer's instigation. Before its issue a brief abstract was sent to Nature, which took no 47 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER notice of it; thus furnishing occasion for insinuations of bias, which were repudiated when the pamphlet was reviewed later (6 August, 1891). In October, 1892, Spencer again expressed his dissatisfaction with the eon- duct of Nature, adding: *' I shall not let the matter drop ; and if this burking of evidence is persisted in, I will expose the matter be the cost what it may." To J. Norman Lockyer. 19 November, 1892. I presume you have not read Mr. Collinses letter on *' Use and Heredity " enclosed, and that it has been de- clined by your referee rather than by yourself. It is an important letter giving the results of careful inquiries, and the question on which it bears is the most momen- tous with which science is at present concerned, for it bears on our fundamental conceptions of human na- ture, of human progress, and of legislation. For some time past it has been manifest that the con- ducting of Nature has been such as to favour those who take one side of the controversy on this question. . . . Curiously enough, I am about to commence on Mon- day a letter setting forth a new kind of evidence bearing, as I think, in a conclusive way upon the matter, and I was of course intending to send this letter to Nature. As things stand, however, it seems scarcely worth while to do this, and I may probably have to diffuse it among men of science in a separate form. In a subsequent letter (23 December) he examined in detail the reasons assigned for rejecting Mr. Collins 's letter, the principal one being the insufficiency of the data brought forward respecting the variation in the size of jaws in certain races consequent on a variation of function. The evidence was, in his opinion, suffi- 48 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES ciently cogent to justify acceptance. Meanwhile he had taken steps to deal with the general question. To THE Editor of the Contemporary Review. 21 November, 1892. I have in contemplation an article, the object of which will be to raise, for more definite consideration, certain aspects of the doctrine of Natural Selection : the purpose being to show that Natural Selection taken alone is ut- terly inadequate to account for the facts of organic evo- lution. Two out of the three reasons I have already in- dicated, but I propose now to set them forth more fully and as a distinct challenge to those who think that Natural Selection alone suffices; requiring of them to deal with these insurmountable difficulties, as I consider them to be. The third reason is an entirely new one, recently arrived at. " The Inadequacy of Natural Selection," which ap- peared in the Contemporary Eevieiv, in February and March, 1893, was the occasion for the first interchange of letters between him and the late Duke of Argyll, who addressed him as an acquaintance on the strength of their having once met at, he thought, '' one of Monck- ton Mibies' breakfasts." To THE Duke of Argyll. 8 March, 1893. I am much obliged by your kindly expressed letter of the 4th, and am gratified to receive indication of your partial if not entire agreement. I have an agreeable remembrance of the incident to which you refer, though my impression as to time and place is not the same. The occasion, I believe, was a dinner at the house of Mr. Gladstone, when he resided 49 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER in Harley Street. My recollection includes a brief in- terchange of remarks respecting a geological formation on the shores of Loch Aline, where I frequently visited friends owning the Ardtornish estate. . . . The essay in the Contemporary^ with sundry postscripts, I intend to republish next month for broad- cast distribution throughout England, Europe and America. May I, in one of the postscripts, express my indebtedness to you for drawing my attention to the case of the negroes?. . .^ One of the postscripts to which I have referred will be devoted to dealing with the points on which your letter comments, namely, the misapprehension current among biologists concerning the nature of the belief in natural selection, with the view of showing that they are proposing to overturn, by a fallacious inference from an inference, certain results of direct observation. I quite admit the multitudinous difficulties which stand in the way of the doctrine of evolution as inter- preted solely by the two factors named, but I hesitate to allege another factor, knowing how often it has hap- pened that problems which appear insoluble are readily solved when the method is disclosed. The controversy was also the means of renewing an acquaintanceship of very old standing. Seeking '' a piece of information " for use in the Weismann con- troversy, he wrote to Dr. David Sharp, of the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, assuming him to be the David Sharp with whose father he had lived at 13, Loudoun Road, St. John's Wood, in 1857-58. ** Some day when in London, if you would call upon me, . . . I should be glad to renew old memories. ' ' ^ ^ See pamphlet, p. 60. The Duke's name was omitted, he says, "lest some ill-natured people should regard me as a snob." * Autobiography, ii., 31. 50 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES Spencer's article set the ball rolling. Dr. Chalmers Mitchell pointed out in NaUtre (15 February, 1893) that '' in the matter of Panmixia, Mr. Herbert Spencer has misunderstood Weismann completely. Panmixia does not imply selection of smaller varieties, but the ces- sation of the elimination of smaller or more imperfect varieties." In the Contemporary Review for April Mr. Romanes noted that Spencer did not see the difference between the new doctrine of Panmixia, or cessation of Selection, and the old doctrine of Reversal of Selection ; both of which are causes of degeneration. Correspond- ence with Mr. Romanes followed during the next few months, ** but without getting any ' forerder,' " as Mr. Romanes remarked in a letter to Mr. Thistleton Dyer in Jnly.^ Meanwhile he was busy with another article — '* Pro- fessor Weismann 's Theories " — published in the Con- temporary for May, and circulated as a postscript to the previous articles. *' It is a keen piece of controversy, but I wish you were well out of it," was Professor Tyndairs comment. Mr. George Henslow expressed cordial agreement; sending also a copy of '* two chap- ters in a work on which I am engaged in which I en- deavour to prove that the peculiarities of plants resid- ing in deserts, water, Alpine regions, &e., are in all cases due to the response of the plants themselves to their en- vironments respectively, without the aid of Natural Selection as far as structure is concerned." Another correspondent — Sir Edward Fry — ^had arrived at the opinion that the various ways in which mosses are re- produced furnished a strong argument against Pro- * Life of G, J. Romanes, p. 307. 51 LIFE AXD LETTERS OF HERBERT SPEXCER fessor Weismann. A copy of his work on British Mosses was, therefore, sent to Spencer. To Sir Edwaed Fry. 7 June, 1893. I am much obliged to you for your note and the accompanying Yolume. The facts it contains would haYe been of great use to me in writing the late articles in the Contemporary J had I known them. To me it seems that of themselYes they suffice to dispose of "Weismann's hypothesis, the wide acceptance of which I think dis- creditable to the biological world. The hypothesis of a '' germ-plasm," as distinguished from the general protoplasm, seems to me a pure fic- tion, utterly superfluous, and utterly discountenanced by the facts; and the phenomena presented by the mosses are among those showing in the clearest way that there is but one plasm capable of assuming the form of the organism to which it belongs when placed in fit condi- tions: one of the fit conditions being absence of any considerable tissue-differentiation. On the side of Professor "Weismann, ilr. Romanes again came forward {Contemporary for July), the proof being sent to Spencer, who wrote a note to be printed with the article. Professor ^larcus Hartog, in the same number, wrote against Weismannism, also criticising ]\Ir. "Wallace. As to the Yiews of the latter, Spencer had already been in communication with Professor Hartog. To ]\L\ECus Hartog. 5 May, 1893. HaYe you looked at ^Ir. "Wallace's article in the Fortnightly? I . . . am astonished at the nonsense he is writing. He seems to be incapable of understanding the point at issue. On page 660 especially, he actually 52 LATTER DAY COXTRO^^:RSIES concedes the whole matter, apparently not perceiving that he does so. This ought at any rate to be effectually pointed out, since committing suicide as he thus does, there is one antagonist less to deal with. Professor Weismann himself now intervened in an article entitled *' The All-Sufficiency of Natural Selec- tion," the first part of which — replying to Spencer — ap- peared in the Contemporary Review in September, and the second in October. Professor Hartog proposed to reply to Weismann's Part I. in case Spencer did not. To ]\Iaecl's Haktog. Brightox, 22 September J 1893. Thanks for your proposal to take up "Weismann in case I do not. I have, however, decided to respond to him myself, and am even now engaged in writing an answer ^.,. It will, I think, be very well, however, if you wiU keep the matter in mind and be prepared with a paper setting forth the argument which you briefly indi- cate. . . P.S. — If you write such a letter, pray do not admit that Weismann has shown that the specialisations of social insects can be interpreted only as due to natural selection. I am about to contend that they can be other- wise interpreted. Another contribution from Spencer's pen appeared in the Contemporary for October, 189 J:, under the heading *' Weismannism Once More." From Davu) Sharp. 28 October, 1894. Thank you very much for the separate copy of '' Weismannism Once More "; containing the postscript ^ Contemporary Review for December, 1893. 53 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER on last page about Hertwig, which I had not seen be- fore, and which I think very good and interesting. The view that evolutionists will ultimately take as to the essential nature of reproduction is one exactly the antithesis of Weismann's, viz., that the best form of germ is that which accurately carries the processes of the parents, it being understood that the processes of the parents form part of a consensus with the processes of previous parents. This last qualification is very im- portant, and explains why I have long felt it to be im- possible to expect any considerable inheritance of mutila- tions. I hope you need not now trouble yourself more about Weismann. I feel no doubt that his theory will before long pass into discredit. It had this of value that it endeavoured to substitute a genuine conception of that awful X we call heredity. In my opinion what is most wanted to secure the symmetry and add to the permanent value of your work is not the upsetting of Weismann, but that chapter on the relations of the inorganic and organic which in your original prospectus you pointed out ought to be written. Professor Burdon Sanderson deprecated '* the accept- ance by outsiders of the scheme of doctrine of Professor "Weismann as a safe basis for speculation, and still more, the way in which it is now dogmatically taught to stu- dents of what is called Elementary Biology." To J. S. Burdon Sanderson. St. Leonards, 10 November, 1894. I was greatly pleased to have your sympathetic letter concerning the Weismann business. Coming from one whose judgment has so high a value as yours the general agreement implied was a source of much satisfaction to me. 54 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES I have been alike astonished and exasperated at the manner in which biologists at large have received Weis- mann's theory. Considering that it is so entirely specu- lative and cannot assign, so far as I know, a single fact which serves for proof, it is amazing that men who, per- haps more than most men of science, rely upon facts, should have so widely accepted it. Of Sir Edward Fry's letter in Nature (1 November, 1894), discussing the meaning of the word *' acquired '' as used in the Weismann controversy, Spencer writes : — To Sir Edward Fry. 3 November, 1894. I am glad you have taken up the matter and have brought your long-exercised judicial faculty to bear upon the definitions of the words used, and have brought to light the confusion of thought in which the matter is at present involved. Until the introduction of the phrase *' acquired characters " within these few years, I had myself al- ways used the expression '* functionally-produced modi- fications," and all through The Principles of Psy- chology, published in pre-Darwinian days, the phe- nomena of evolution are ascribed (far too exclusively, as I now admit) to the inheritance of functionally- produced modifications. This phrase is, I think, the bet- ter one, as excluding various misapprehensions, and I regret now that I ever, for brevity's sake, adopted the recent phrase. The controversy was now practically ended as far as Spencer was concerned. Professor Weismann 's article '* Heredity Once More " in the Contemporary Review for September, 1895, called forth a letter from Spencer 55 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER under the same title ^ in which he agreed with Pro- fessor Weismann that further controversy would be fu- tile — *' especially so if new hypotheses are to be per- petually introduced to make good the shortcomings of the old. I willingly yield, therefore, to his suggestion to ask no more questions; and I do this the more will- ingly, because I have failed to get any answer to the crucial question which I asked at the outset. ' ' ^ It is not for a layman to express an opinion on a question that divides biologists into distinct schools, more especially when he takes into account the weighty names on each side of the controversy. At the same time, bearing in mind how frequently the charge of a priori reasoning has been brought against Spencer, one cannot help remarking on the hypothetical nature of Professor Weismann 's premises and the a priori character of his arguments. The demands he makes on one's credulity are, to say the least, not less numerous or less astounding than those made by the opposite school. Professor Marcus Hartog's description of Pro- fessor Weismann 's work on Amphimixis, may be ap- plied to the theory as a whole. It is '' a magnified castle built by the a priori method on a foundation of ' facts ' carefully selected, and for the most part ill-known, mis- interpreted, or incomplete." One's confidence in Pro- fessor Weismann 's doctrine is apt to be shaken by the * See Contemporary Review, October, 1895. ^ Spencer's articles were afterwards reprinted in the new edi- tion of the Principles of Biology, i., pp. 602-691, Appendix B. In Appendix C (pp. 692-695) a summary is given of the evidence in favour of "The Inheritance of functionally-wrought Modifications." His last public utterance on the subject is to be found in a short paper on "Some Light on Use-Inheritance," contained in Facts and Comments (pp. 128-134), published in 1902. 56 LATTER DAY CONTROVERSIES concessions he has to make: such, for example, as the admission that the germ-cells do not lead ** a charmed life " uninfluenced by the body-cells, and the admission that the body-cells may carry with them some germ- plasm. '* The New Biology " may, in course of time, help us to adjust the claims of the rival theories. 57 CHAPTER XXIII COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY {June, 1S93— November, 1896) Never had a change from London been more wel- come than in 1893. His domestic troubles had utterly unhinged him. His feelings found expression in a letter to Miss Youmans from Pewsey. ** My relations with the Misses will hereafter, I fear, be not altogether pleasant. The fact that, after all my kindnesses to them, their return is to calumniate me to their friends and to some of my friends can hardly be forgotten, and I don 't know exactly how we shall get on with that fact in my consciousness." To put the evil day off he went to Brighton for September. There was no lack of friends ever ready to extend hospitality ; but as he said in reply to an invitation from Lord Dysart : ' ' I cannot keep well for long even when I am master of my own circum- stances, and I am sure to go wrong in health when I attempt to conform my daily regime to the routine of any other house than my own." Presentation copies of books afforded opportunities of enforcing one or other of his favourite doctrines. To Horace Seal, 11 July, 1893. I am much obliged by the copy of your little book on The Nature of State Interference. 58 COMPLETING TPIE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY Will you excuse me if I say that you have I think, in the first place, identified two things which are not at all to be identified — social co-operation and State-inter- ference ; and that you have in the second place not dis- tinguished between the purposes for which State-inter- ference is peremptorily demanded and those for which it is not demanded. Your illustrations of the advan- tages derived from what you rightly consider analogous to State-interference in the animal kingdom are cases in which the organism has to operate on the environment, and for this purpose unquestionably State-interference — ^that is to say, centralization of the powers of the ag- gregate — is essential; but it is not called for, nor ad- vantageous, for carrying on the processes of internal sustentation. . . . While societies, as chiefly in the past and partly in the present, carry on predatory activities upon other societies, subordination of the individual to the State is requisite, and is and must be the more ex- treme in proportion as the predatory activities are dominant; but in proportion as societies become peace- ful, and the lives they carry on become lives of internal activities only, the need decreases, and there remains only the need for that subordination of the individual to the State which is requisite for maintaining orderly or non-aggressive cooperation. Your tacit assumption that Individualism means the solitary life of the indi- vidual is an entire misapprehension. It may and does go along with an elaborate form of mutual dependence. To Mrs. Arthur Stannard. 6 Odoler, 1893. I thank you for the copy of your novel, The Soul of a Bishop. . , . I judge of the purpose of the book from the last few paragraphs. You will scarcely expect me to coincide with your view. The current creed represents the power which is mani- 59 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HEEBERT SPENCER fested to us in the universe as having created myriads of men of whom, according to the Christian theory, im- mensely the greater number must be condemned to eternal torment. If one man were to condemn another man to eternal torment, even for the most grievous of- fence, and calmly looked on at his sufferings, I should regard him with horror. I do not understand why my feeling must be changed when in place of a man a God is conceived, and in place of a single sufferer myriads of sufferers — rather would it be intensified. Popular nostrums for the cure of social disorders he invariably tested by appeal to experience and by refer- ence to underlying principles. There was no lack of sympathy with the unhappy lot of certain sections of society ; though his merciless exposure of visionary, sen- timental remedies often caused him to be considered unsympathetic. He felt bound to give expression to his deep-rooted conviction that many of the proposed meas- ures of relief were worthless or at best mere palliatives, and that some of them would intensify rather than diminish the mischief they were intended to remove. Again and again did he urge the Hon. Auberon Herbert to direct his energies to the exposure of the fallacious reasonings and useless remedies everywhere met with in connexion with social and political matters. To THE Hon. Auberon Herbeet. 7 November, 1893. You might write an article on ** Experience does not make Fools wise." For this you may take as text the demand for a ** living wage," as though that had not been tried and abandoned centuries ago. Aud again, under the same head the proposal to provide work for the unemployed, as though that had not been tried in 60 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY workhouses from Elizabeth's time downwards and been a miserable failure. January, 1894. — At present nobody is content with the natural rewards of his own efforts, but everybody wants to be better off at somebody else's expense. This is an ethical crime and will bring on the society through- out which it prevails the punishment of criminality. To MoNCURE D. Conway. 12 December, 1893. I have just been reading in the Open Court your first article on Liberty, and have read it with great satisfac- tion. ... As you rightly point out, people do not at all understand the principles of liberty. But here there is, I think, a shortcoming in your con- ception. They have no true idea of liberty because they have no true sentiment of liberty. No theory is of much service in the matter without a character responding to the theory — without a feeling which prompts the asser- tion of individual freedom and is indignant against ag- gressions upon that freedom, whether against self or others. Men care nothing about a principle, even if they understand it, unless they have emotions respond- ing to it. When adequately strong the appropriate emo- tion prompts resistance to interference with individual action, whether by an individual tyrant or by a tyrant majority; but at present, in the absence of the proper emotion, there exists almost everywhere the miserable superstition that the majority has a right to dictate to the individual about everything whatever. ... To dissi- pate the superstition that the majority has imlimited powers is of more importance than anything else in the field of polities. His hopes of completing his work were about this time by no means bright — in fact he told a friend that 61 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER its completion was scarcely probable. In such a frame of mind there could be but one answer to Mr. Romanes's enquiry whether he would give next year's Romanes Lecture. ** If I were to attempt it I should probably die on the platform." The same was his feeling when invited by the members of the Oxford University Junior Scientific Club to deliver the next ' ' Robert Boyle ' ' lec- ture. His doubts as to the probability of finishing his work were strengthened by the shock he received on hearing of the death of Professor Tyndall. He himself was to winter at St. Leonards and had hoped to persuade the Tyndalls to come there. To Mrs. Tyndall. 6 Decemher, 1893. You will scarcely need to be told how shocked I was when yesterday morning there came the sad news of Dr. Tyndall 's death. . . . The consciousness that he had passed so weary and suffering a life for a long time past must be in some sort a set off to the grief coming upon you, and that the ending has been so sudden and painless is a further set off. In respect of his last hours he was in fact to be envied. Had I finished my task I should be very willing to promptly pass away in the same quiet manner. But I well know that in these cases words of consola- tion are of no avail and only lapse of time can bring mitigation. A volume by Mr. Andrew Lang, dealing amongst other things with the Ghost Theory, had been an- nounced. 62 JOHN TYNDALL. COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY To Andrew Lang. 21 February, 1894. In their original forms Tylor's view and mine are distinctly antithetical. With him animism is original and the ghost-theory derived. . . . Tylor has insensibly abandoned his original view. It may, however, I be- lieve, be shown that by more than one there had previ- ously been suggested the belief that the Ghost-Theory is the root of religious ideas. 26 February. — By way of criticism upon your belief, or half -belief , let me suggest to you that the great diffi- culty is in getting true evidence. People are so careless in their observations and so careless in their statements, and so careless in their repetitions ! . . . I continually meet with paragraphs about myself, many absurd and many utterly baseless. An American interviewer described me as always wearing white gaiters. I never wore any in my life. It was said that I invariably carry an umbrella, and a bulky one. For many years past I have not walked at all, and when I did walk I never carried an umbrella unless it was raining or obviously certain to rain. It is said that I take my meals alone and dislike dining with others. Abso- lutely the reverse is the fact. I dislike to take a meal alone. I was asked by a lady whether it was true that I lived chiefly on bread and coffee; a statement abso- lutely baseless. I was asked whether I changed my occu- pation every ten minutes — a statement which had a cer- tain slight basis, but an extremely small one. I saw a paragraph stating that on one occasion I could not manage my sister's children. The only sister I ever had died when two years old. . . . And so on, and so on, almost without end. . . . Now with such multitudinous recklessnesses of state- ment as these, and even mistakes of identity, how is it possible to put any confidence in testimonies with re- gard to so-called supernatural occurrences? . . . 63 LIFE AND LETTEES OF HERBEET SPENCER Most people cannot state truly what they see, and most people cannot re-state truly what they have been told. Hence I hold it far more likely that in all these cases the testimony is bad than that the alleged phe- nomenon is true. P.S. — Then there is the element of coincidence — an all-important element. Out of the tens of thousands of incidents occurring to individuals and the myriads oc- curring to the members of a community it is certain that some should have a strange congruity. These congrui- ties are more frequent than we suppose. I can give you from my own life several most remarkable ones. 28 February, — A question of statistics, yes. A dreams he meets B ; does not do so, and thinks nothing about it. Ten thousand such cases occur nightly. After a million cases have occurred some A does meet some B ; thinks it supernatural and talks about it. Thus the non- coincidences leave no marks ; the coincidences survive. To John Fiske. 27 March, 1894. Thanks for the sympathetic expressions of your dedi- cation, [of the Memoir of E. L. Yoiimans] which took me by surprise. I had thought nothing about a dedication, but, if I had, I would have suggested that the sister should have been the honoured person, since her great devotion to him through so many years gave her a high claim. [The book] will doubtless do good service in bringing that posthumous honour to Youmans which he so amply deserves. So self-sacrificing a servant of humanity is rarely met with. The " disasters and perplexities of things " had dur- ing the spring induced a condition of great depression. His friends and acquaintances were ** disappearing at 64 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY the rate of twenty a year." He was unhappy in his home life. His despondency was increased by '' the atrocious weather '' he experienced in Wiltshire. His intention had been that this, his sixth visit to Pewsey, should last till the end of September, but by the end of June he was tired of it. The patience of his host and hostess was also showing symptoms of giving way, ow- ing to his fastidiousness. He returned to town in the second week of July, and on the recommendation of Dr. Buzzard went to Cliftonville, near Margate, for August and part of September. To G. J. HOLTOAKE. Margate, 10 September, 1894. Profoundly averse as I am to State-socialism and State-meddling, I feel bound to aid all efforts to en- courage the only type of industrial organization which holds out any hope of better things. I am not very san- guine of the results, for it seems to me that only a small proportion of men are good enough for industrial rela- tions of a high type. But be this as it may, everything should be done to facilitate the experiment, and I there- fore send you a subscription of two guineas. 17 September, — I dislike to be afftche, as the French say, and I have of late years suffered much from being thus placarded. A while ago I attended what I supposed to be a pri- vate meeting in the interests of the Society for the Pre- vention of Cruelty to Children, and a few words which I was induced to say, were, to my great dismay, re- ported in the next day 's papers, so that I had to explain that my remarks were made without much considera- tion.^ ^ See vol. i., chap, xx., p. 405. 65 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER At the instigation of some Jewish periodical I ex- pressed my detestation of the persecutions in Russia, thoughtlessly supposing that my letter would have no further circulation. But it got quoted in certain papers, not only here but on the Continent, and even in Russia, where, as Mr. Caine reported, it produced a howl — a result which I had never intended. Last year I was led to send a contribution to the Anti-Gambling League, feeling compelled to do so be- cause of the strong condemnation of gambling I had uttered in The Study of Sociology, and though I marked my accompanying note '* private," its substance, or what professed erroneously to be its substance, was pub- lished in the evening papers.^ Then just recently, as you must have seen, my protest against the misrepresentation of my views about land- ownership has entangled me in a controversy in the Daily Chronicle.'^ . . . These various occurrences are liable to produce the impression that I want to pose as a philanthropist or as an aider in philanthropic undertakings. I shrink from any such interpretation. You must therefore abide by my endorsement ** pri- vate," and keep my note unpublished; and you must please also not signalise the fact that I have contributed to the fund. His German translator, Dr. Vetter, in whose intelli- gence and judgment Spencer had aways placed the ut- most reliance, had died early in 1893. Dr. Vetter 's place was taken in the following year by Professor Victor Cams. One of his French translators, M. Auguste Bur- deau, was also removed by death. This meant the loss of a friend for whose character and ability Spencer had a genuine regard. ^ Supra, chap, xxi., p. 23. ^ Supra, chap, xxii., p. 41. 66 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY To Madame Burdeau. 21 December, 1894. There are condolences as a matter of form and there are condolences as expressions of real feeling. Those which I now offer you belong to the latter class. For these many years past I have admired M. Burdeau. ... At the time when he was preparing his version of my Essays I was struck by his conscientious care to en- sure accuracy. . . . The traits of character then dis- closed on small occasions have since been disclosed on large occasions, and joined with his intelligence and wide culture made him so valuable a servant of the State. I regret in common with his countrymen that his character and capacity, through which still greater things might have been expected, should have been pre- maturely lost to France. He had never got over his disappointment at the futile result of the * ' Record of Legislation ' ' he and Mr. Don- isthorpe had planned and begun in 1892. Circumstances at the end of 1894 seemed favourable for another at- tempt being made to rouse public interest. To Wordsworth Donisthorpe. 11 November, 1894. You have no doubt seen in the papers notices of Mr. Ilbert's scheme for a comparative record of Laws of the English speaking peoples. This is so nearly allied to the scheme of a record of English laws from the begin- ning that I think it is desirable to make public the prior movement. ... I think of writing a letter to the Times describing what you and I had done, and send- ing with it a sample of the impressions taken of the tables as drawn up, by way of showing what had been accomplished. ... I mean to embody in it some sar- castic criticisms upon the wealthy classes as to their 67 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER utter lack of all initiative and lack of all conception of any but the most commonplace philanthropic undertak- ings. 18 November, — You are quite welcome to mention the fact you refer to, namely, that a long time ago I enun- ciated the doctrine that the State should administer civil justice gratuitously. There is a passage in '* Justice " setting forth this doctrine and defending it. 23 November. — If the State became responsible for the administration of civil justice in the manner implied in the passage from the Principles of Ethics, I take it that an entire change of method would be a concomitant. The State would now not stand in the position of um- pire, but would become an active investigator. On com- plaint being made to the local authority that some ag- gression had been committed or some non-fulfilment of an agreement, the first step might be that of sending an appointed functionary — an officer of first instance — to interview jointly the two disputants, and hear from them their respective statements, and explain to them the law affecting the matter. In nine cases out of ten the presence or absence of a wrong is clear enough, and the opinion of this official on the matter would suffice to effect a settlement. In cases where one of the dis- putants did not yield, or in cases where the official him- self was in doubt, there would then be a reference to a higher legal authority, before whom, with the aid of this officer of first instance, the ease would be set forth and who would himself cross-examine the parties in respect of the transaction. If, after his decision, there was still resistance on the part of one, any further appeal might be at the cost, or if not the whole cost then the part cost, of the persisting suitor : the distinction made being that where there was an evident breach of an obvious law the cost should be borne by the recalcitrant person, but not so where the interpretation of the law in the 68 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY particular case might fairly be considered a matter of doubt. I should add that along with any such change of ad- ministration it is implied that there should be such change in the law itself as to make it comprehensible and definite. A clearly and rationally organised body of law, comprehensible by the ordinary citizen, would itself exclude the greater proportion of aggressions, and when breaches of laws, clearly understood, were in some such way as that described promptly dealt with, without cost to the injured person, there would be very few such breaches. 25 November. — Please say nothing about my views on the administration of civil justice. 13 January^ 1895. — Thanks for the copy of your new volume [a second series of individualist essays]. ... I regret that you have used the word *' anarchist '' or * ' philosophical anarchist. ' ' It has at present, and quite naturally, so bad an odour that use of it raises a pre- liminary prejudice against any conclusions which ap- pear to be congruous with anarchist doctrines. You cannot get people to distinguish. Moreover, the word seems to me broader than is appropriate to your mean- ing, since you recognise the need for some government. I wish you would deal with Mr. Sidney Webb. I see by this week's Spectator, which partly reprobates and partly commends him, that he has in the Contemporary been setting forth the beneficial achievements of the County Council, which you and I regard as mischievous rather than beneficial. If you could contribute to the Contemporary an article showing the socialistic character of these achievements, and pointing out that the Specta- tor and others who approve are simply furthering the socialism which they condemn in the abstract, you would do good service. 69 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER A year before this, on the occasion of the bomb out- rage by Vaillant in Paris, he thanked M. Jean Schmidt for an article in the Figaro representing his views as being *' of the absolutely opposite kind " to anarchic. To Henry Charlton Bastian. Margate, 17 August, 1894. There has been for some time a conspiracy afoot among retail booksellers and publishers, which is in- tended to have the effect of abolishing the present sys- tem of making discounts of 2d. and 3d. in the shil- ling. ... A generation ago I was one of those who took part in the agitation which abolished the then existing system of retailer's discounts of 33 per cent., which were main- tained by allowing no retailer to make an abatement and regarding as black sheep those who did, and pre- venting them from getting books if possible. This system they are now quietly endeavouring to re- establish. I want to get full particulars of the proceed- ings before taking action. He wished Dr. Bastian to ascertain from one of the large retail booksellers how the new system of marking books as ' * net ' ' affected discount booksellers. * ' Do not mention my name. If I take public action in the matter it will be anonymously, for I do not want to set the trade against me." A communication in the form of a letter *' From a Correspondent '' appeared on 24 October, In this letter he gave an account of the nego- ciations in 1852 which ended in abolishing the coercive regulation according to which a retail bookseller who sold books at lower rates of profit than those prescribed was prevented from obtaining supplies of books. 70 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY All know what has since happened, or rather all know what have been the usages for the last generation, though they may not know how they arose. The prac- tice of allowing a discount of 2d. in the Is. from the advertised price of a book was quickly established, and after a time the discount was by many, and eventually by most, retailers increased to 3d. in the Is., or 25 per cent. That benefit has resulted cannot well be ques- tioned. . . . Increased sales consequent on lower prices have thus made possible much of the best literature which would else have been impossible. These advan- tages are now being furtively destroyed. Some three years ago, in certain advertisements of books, the word ** net " was inserted after the price, implying that no discount would be allowed. . . . Already coercive meas- ures, like those which a generation ago maintained this system, are growing up. Booksellers who have allowed small discounts from *' net " prices have received warn- ings that, if they do so again, supplies of books will be denied to them. . . . Doubtless we shall hear a defence of these resuscitated regulations. Some will say that re- tailers should be properly paid for their work, and that underselling by one another does them great mischief. Others will say that publishers benefit by giving re- tailers a sufficient stimulus to push their books. The authors, too, will be said to gain by the increased sales resulting. It will even possibly be urged that the public are benefited by having books brought under their notice better than they would otherwise be. To these and other pleas there is a brief, but sufficient, reply. They were urged a generation ago, and a generation ago they were examined and rejected.^ Professor Henry Drummond had for years acknowl- edged himself as an admiring student of Spencer 's writ- ings. It was with no little surprise, therefore, said * Various Fragments^ pp. 171-196. 71 LIFE AND LETTERS OP HERBERT SPENCER Professor Drununond's biographer, that his friends read Mrs. Lynn Linton's article in the Fortnightly Review for September, 1894, in which she ** made a furious on- slaught on what she alleged to be Drummond's ' pseudo- science and plagiarisms,' overlooking, as her critics pointed out, his ackuowledgments of indebtedness to Herbert Spencer and other writers on the very points with reference to which she made her serious charges." The prime mover of Mrs. Lynn Linton's article was Spencer himself,^ To Mrs. Lynn^ Linton. 6 June, 1894. Professor Drummond ... in his recently published work, The Ascent of Man, with the airs of a discoverer and with a tone of supreme authority sets out to instruct me and other evolutionists respecting the factor of social evolution which we have ignored — altruism. ... I do not, of course, like to undertake it [a reply] myself, but I should be very glad if somebody would undertake it for me, and on looking round for a proxy 1 thought of you. "With your vigorous style and pic- turesque way of presenting things, you would do it in an interesting and effective way, at the same time that you would be able to illustrate and enforce the doctrine itself. 3 September. — When I returned you the MS. I thought your article vigorous and effective, and now that I have read it in print I see that it is still more vigorous and effective. . . . The fact that the Standard devotes an article to you is sufficiently significant, and I join in the applause given by the writer to your denunciation, not of Pro- ^ Life of Mrs. Lynn Linton, pp. 310-12. 72 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY fessor Drummond only, but of the public taste which swallows with greediness these semi-scientific sentimen- talities. He was not so successful in inducing any of his scien- tific friends to reply to Lord Salisbury's address as President of the British Association at Oxford. To Alfred R. Wallace. 10 August, 1894. If we differ on some points we agree on many, and one of the points on which we doubtless agree is the absurdity of Lord Salisbury 's representation of the proc- ess of Natural Selection, based upon the improbability of two varying individuals meeting. His nonsensical representation of the theory ought to be exposed, for it will mislead very many people. I see it is adopted by the Pall Mall. 1 have been myself strongly prompted to take the matter up, but it is evidently your business to do that. Pray write a letter to the Times explaining that selec- tion, or survival of the fittest, does not necessarily take place in the way he describes. You might set out by showing that whereas he begins by comparing himself to a volunteer colonel reviewing a regiment of regulars he very quickly changes his attitude and becomes a colonel of regulars reviewing volunteers, making fun of their bunglings. He deserves a severe castigation. There are other points on which his views should be rectified, but this is the essential point. To T. H. Huxley. London, 1 October, 1894. Is nobody going to give a dressing to Lord Salis- bury? Sometime ago I wrote to Wallace wanting him to take up in the Times the question of Natural Selec- tion in respect of which the argument used is so absurd, 73 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER but Wallace pleaded that he was busy with other things. Tour mouth is, I suppose, closed by your position as seconder of the vote of thanks at the Association meet- ing. The theologically-minded have been hurrahing and throwing up their caps, and it is, I think, needful that they should be sobered a little by being shown the fallacy, and indeed the folly, of his lordship 's criticisms. Old and feeble as I am I feel strongly prompted to do it — the more so as there are various things of importance to be said incidentally. From T. H. Huxley. 3 Ocioler, 1894. I am writing something for the half jubilee of Nature in November next — in which I think I shall rub in Lord Salisbury's surrender in essentials a little more strongly than I could do at Oxford; but, as to his criticisms of Natural Selection and so on, I really doubt if they are worth powder and shot. But if you think otherwise go ahead by all means — I earned the prize of virtue at Oxford, though I shall not get it. You may imagine how tempting it was to me to tear the thing to pieces. But that was hardly the line for a seconder, and I restrained myself to such damage as I could do, by warmly praising all the eon- cessions which that dexterous debater had left in shadow.^ Having failed to get any one to write, Spencer would probably have allowed the matter to rest, but for the circumstance that a translation of the address had been honoured by being presented to the French Academy. Hence his article on '' Lord Salisbury on Evolution." This was generally regarded in France as victorious on ^ Life of Professor Buxley, ii., 400-407. 74 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY all points, so M. Leon Say told Dr. Cazelles when they met at the funeral of M. Floquet. Thanks to the inter- position of M. du Mesnil and M. Milne Edwards, it was laid on the table of the Academic des Sciences by Professor Perrier. To Mes. Tyndall. London, 23 October, 1894. I am about to make arrangements for going again to St. Leonards, ... I want you to do me the great favour of coming to stay with me there as long as you can. I am thinking of asking as one to visit me Miss Cross, sister of Mr. John Cross who married George Eliot — a very amiable woman and intelligent, who wrote one charm- ing story and ought to write others. Then, as another guest, I shall probably have Miss Gingell, a Gloucester- shire lady, who compiled a volume of aphorisms from my writings, when unknown to me. Another I may prob- ably ask is Miss Edith Hughes, daughter of an enthusi- astic adherent of mine in Birmingham. . . . Last winter one of the two ladies who formed the circle was Miss Charlotte Shickle . . , who did the housekeeping for me. She is a good soul — good in a very unusual degree, I never met any one who, when a kind thing was to be done, rushed at it in the same way. Soon after settling at St. Leonards he gave formal notice determining the agreement between the Misses and himself; the reason assigned being the heavy expense entailed by being so much away from London. But as his plans were not yet matured he thought it might be convenient for both parties if the actual ter- mination were postponed, subject to a month's notice. ** The remembrance of times spent with you and your sisters during 1889, '90, '91, and '92 will always be pleasant to me. ' ' His plans were certainly not matured 75 LIFE AND LETTERS OP HERBERT SPENCER at the date of giving notice ; for it was not till 1897 that the Avenue Road establishment was broken up. To Count Goblet d'Alviella. 7 January, 1895. Thanks for your letter and for the accompanying little volume Vie et CEuvre de Emile de Laveleye. . . . You comment upon the conflict between the opinions of M. de Laveleye and my own. The fact was, M. de Laveleye never knew what my views were. He, in common with many others, laid hold of some one portion and formed his conclusions from it without due recog- nition of correlative portions. Because I hold that the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest should be allowed to go on in Society, subject to those restraints which are involved by preventing each man from interfering with the sphere of action of another, and should not be mitigated by governmental agency, he, along with many others, ran away with the notion that [my belief was that] they should not be mitigated at all. ... I regard voluntary beneficence as adequate to achieve all those mitigations that are proper and need- ful. M. de Laveleye did not see that that which he agreed with me in denouncing and fearing— the univer- sal supremacy of the State — is the outcome of that pol- icy of benevolent interference which it appears he ad- vocated. To J. A. Skh^ton. 10 January, 1895. If, as it would seem, you think that I have got a scheme for the future of society in my head you are al- together mistaken. Your conception of applied soci- ology — a bringing to bear of evolutionary principles on social organisation with a view to its improvement — ^is one which I do not entertain. The sole thing about which I feel confident is that no higher types of social organisation can grow until international antagonisms 76 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY and, consequently, wars cease. , . . You have faith in teaching, which I have not — you believe men are going to be changed in their conduct by being shown what line of conduct is rational. I believe no such thing. Men are not rational beings, as commonly supposed. A man is a bundle of instincts, feelings, sentiments, which sev- erally seek their gratification, and those which are in power get hold of the reason and use it to their own ends, and exclude all other sentiments and feelings from power. . . . There is no hope for the future save in the slow modification of human nature under social dis- cipline. Not teaching, but action is the requisite cause. To have to lead generation after generation a life that is honest and sympathetic is the one indispensable thing. No adequate change of character can be produced in a year, or in a generation, or in a century. All which teaching can do — all which may, perhaps, be done by a wider diffusion of principles of sociology, is the check- ing of retrograde action. The analogy supplied by an individual life yields the true conception. You cannot in any considerable degree change the course of individ- ual growth and organisation — in any considerable de- gree antedate the stages of development. But you can, in considerable degree, by knowledge put a check upon those courses of conduct which lead to pathological states and accompanying degradations. Any one who wishes to aid social advance should de- vote all his energies to showing, that no fundamental and permanent progress in social life can be made while war- like activities and the social organisation appropriate to them continue. 2 February, — A true theory of social progress is not a cause of movement but is simply oil to the movement — serves simply to remove friction. The force produc- ing the movement is the aggregate of men's instincts and sentiments, and these are not to be changed by a theory. 77 LIFE AND LETTERS OP HERBERT SPENCER You think that I have got some message and that ut- terance of it might stave off impending evils. I have but one message — Be honest : regard the equitable claims of others while maintaining your own. The disregard of all save personal interests is the underlying cause of your present state and of impending disasters. As I said years ago d propos of American affairs, a fatal trait in your society is the admiration of * ' smart ' ' men, and I believe I said or implied that a people among whom there is admiration for '' smart " men will come to grief. If you think that a healthier ideal can be estab- lished in American society by teaching, I entirely dis- agree. Under your present condition men could not be got to listen. Even if they listened, they would not be convinced. And even if they were convinced, their con- duct would not be appreciably affected. When men are under the influence of pronounced feelings no amount of reason changes their behaviour. To J. W. Cross. 18 January, 1895. While she was with me your sister named the opinion you had expressed that a crash is impending in the United States — a financial crash, I gathered from her statement. I too am expecting a crash, but have been rather contemplating a social than a financial crash. Probably either will be a factor in producing the other. That a dreadful catastrophe is coming I do not feel the slightest doubt. The Americans are now beginning to reap the far-reaching and widely-diffused consequences of their admiration for smart prigs, and the general mercantile laxity. To Mrs. Tyndall. 31 May, 1895. Fundamentally regarded, the condition of things is this. Men within these few generations have become 78 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY emancipated from the restraints which a strong social organisation had over them. They are rapidly proving themselves unfit for the condition of liberty, and they are busy unconsciously organising* for themselves a tyr- anny which will put them under as strong a restraint as, or a stronger restraint than, before. 22 June. — We are coming to a maladministration of justice like that in Ireland. Having been informed that the Italian socialist, Pro- fessor Ferri, had adduced his authority in support of socialism, he wrote (June 12, 1805) an indignant pro- test, which was published in La Eiforma. In a letter (19 June) to the editor of La Eiforma j Signor Ferri pointed out that Spencer was under a misapprehension. No socialist has ever dreamt to include among the sup- porters of Socialism the greatest living philosopher. . . . But it is necessary to distinguish between the personal opinions of H. Spencer and the logical outcome of the positive theory of universal evolution, which he has de- veloped better than any other writer, without however obtaining an official patent against the unrestricted ex- pansion which is daily given to that theory by the work of other thinkers. In the preface to my book I stated that Spencer and Darwin had stopped midway, and consequently without reaching the logical consequences of their doctrine. A copy of his article on '* Mr. Balfour's Dialectics," published in the June number of the Fortnightly Be- viexv, was put aside with a view to its appearance in a permanent form in the next edition of the essays. But in a note written on this copy in November, 1897, he 79 LIFE AND LETTERS OP HERBERT SPENCER says that '* in consequence of Mr. Balfour's noble be- haviour in actively aiding the portrait presentation scheme, I have decided that I cannot with good taste republish it." The Order *' Pour le Merite " was offered him, but declined in a communication to the German Ambassador (IJune, 1895). Mr. Herbert Spencer presents his compliments to His Excellency the German Ambassador, and begs to ac- knowledge the receipt of his letter of May 31, notifying the fact that the German Emperor has conferred on Mr. Spencer the Royal Order " Pour le Merite " for arts and sciences. Naturally the fact cannot but be a source of satisfaction to him. On various occasions during the last five and twenty years Mr. Spencer has declined the honours that have been conferred on him; and to accept the honour now conferred would not only be inconsistent with his con- victions, but would, imply a slight upon the learned bodies whose honours he has on past occasions declined. Though the fountain of honour is not in this case of the same nature as in previous cases, yet the reasons which prompted his course remain the same. What those rea- sons are may be seen from certain passages in a letter addressed to the French Academy in May, 1883, after Mr. Spencer had been elected a Foreign Associate of that body. . . .^ Mr. Spencer, without undervaluing the distinction of inclusion in the Royal Order " Pour le Merite," feels compelled to pursue the course he has hitherto pursued and, therefore, to decline the accorded honour. About a week later he was informed by Professor Theodor Gomperz of Vienna that the Imperial Vienna ^ See vol. i., chap, xvii., p. 310. 80 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY Academy had elected him a foreign honorary member. Having seen in the papers that Spencer had been de- clining as a matter of principle all honours, Professor Gomperz, who had taken the initiative in the election, hoped that the rumour was untrue. But if it should be true (he wrote), I must request you, kindly to write a line as soon as you find time for it. For our act of election is only a preliminary; the nomination belongs to the prerogative of His Majesty the Emperor. And if you should be firmly resolved to re- fuse such a nomination, our election would (I suppose) not be submitted for sanction to His Majesty. You would then be spared the unwelcome necessity of meet- ing an act of respectful sympathy by a flat refusal, and we would be spared the stiU more unpleasant necessity of exposing our sovereign to such a refusal. Spencer was sorry to be unable to contradict the ru- mour as to his attitude towards honours, the reasons given being those with which the reader is now familiar. A similar course was followed when he was offered the membership of the Royal Lombardian Institute of Sciences and Letters, and the degree of Doctor of the University of Buda Pesth. From Mrs. Tyndall. 5 Jwne, 1895. Talking of your early life reminds me that I met yes- terday a Miss , who mentioned that she had heard her father tell of a time in your engineering days when you were in the habit of eating tallow candles, the in- ference being drawn that your brain thereby became specially nourished. How such a ridiculous story came to be invented I do not know. 81 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER To Mrs. Tyndall. 6 JunCf 1895. Thank you very much for the amazing story you send me. I could fill a small volume with absurd stories about myself, of some of which I can trace the origin, but others without any imaginable origin. This most absurd one which you send is one of the last class. It is the more remarkable as coming from one who might reasonably be supposed to know. In place of Pewsey the summer resort for 1895 was Westerham, Kent, whither he went about the middle of June. He had not been there many days when a severe blow fell upon him by the death of Professor Huxley. To Mrs. Huxi^et. Westerham, 2 July^ 1895. If recovery had become hopeless, longer continuance of life under such suffering as has of late been borne was scarcely to be desired, and this thought may be en- tertained as in part a consolation in your bereavement. A further consolation, and one which will be of long duration, is derivable from the contemplation of his life as having been model — exemplary in the capacities of husband, father, citizen and teacher. The death of Lord Pembroke, whose character and aims he estimated very highly, removed one more from the ever narrowing circle of his friends and acquaint- ances. Hitherto Lady Pembroke's correspondence with Spencer had for the most part related to political or scientific questions of general interest; but after Lord Pembroke 's death her letters took an entirely new turn : the nature of life and mind, the unimportance of matter, telepathy, a future existence, being among the subjects dilated upon. Occasionally, in discussing these subjects, 82 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY she felt she was getting beyond her depth, as when she said : * * I trust I am not writing presumptuous nonsense to the greatest philosopher of the day." To THE Countess of Pembroke. 26 June, 1895. On the great questions you raise I should like to com- ment at some length had I the energy to spare. The hope that continually groping, though in the dark, may eventually discover the clue, is one I can scarcely enter- tain, for the reason that human intelligence appears to me incapable of framing any conception of the required kind. ... It seems to me that our best course is to sub- mit to the limitations imposed by the nature of our minds, and to live as contentedly as we may in ignorance of that which lies behind things as we know them. My own feeling respecting the ultimate mystery is such that of late years I cannot even try to think of infinite space without some feeling of terror, so that I habitually shun the thought. 5 July. — The general question is too wide for discus- sion in a letter, but I may suggest the consideration of a fact which perhaps will throw doubt upon your assump- tion that life is a thing instead of being a process. It is well known among naturalists that certain minute forms of aquatic life, as, for example, the Rotifers, may be dried up until they resemble particles of dust, and that, though then dead in so far as absence of all vital manifestations is concerned, they, when duly supplied again with water, perhaps after years, absorb it, and recommence their lives. If we understand life to be a process this is comprehensible, but if we understand life to be a thing it is not comprehensible. However, without pushing the argument further I may end up by saying that the whole thing is at bottom an insoluble mystery, and I quite understand your atti- 83 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER tude in entertaining what Tennyson calls the ^* Larger hope." 5 Novemher. — Respecting your question concerning " conjectures," I have ceased to form any, since the more the mystery of things is thought about the more mysterious it becomes. As I said at the close of an essay written many years ago, ' ' the Ultimate Power is no more representable in terms of human consciousness than human consciousness is representable in terms of a plant's functions." And, of course, what is here said respecting the Ultimate Power holds equally respecting the Ultimate Process. The simple fact, that the endeavour to answer the question whether space is infinite or not infinite leads us to alternative impossibilities of thought, suffices to show that no conjectures we can frame with regard to the reality of things can have any approach to the truth. 19 January^ 1896. — I remember hearing Professor Owen say that it is given only to the man of science to know what a fact is, and my own experience endorses the saying. The mass of mankind are so uncritical that they do not distinguish between valid and invalid evi- dences. When in past years I looked into alleged non- natural phenomena I found the ideas of what constitutes proof so loose that I ceased to pay any attention to the matter. . . . A special combination of qualities is required for an examiner in such cases: he must have both scientific knowledge and definite ideas of causation, and also a knowledge of human nature and a quick perception of human motives and conduct. Most are deficient in one or other qualification. Being myself deficient in the last, I would not trust my own conclusions were I to take part in a seance or in kindred testing of alleged abnormal manifestations. I am so wanting in quick ob- servation of people's doings, feelings, intentions, etc., 84 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY that I should be easily deluded. But my own experience is that remarkable coincidences occur with such compar- ative frequency as to be quite capable of accounting for the occasional instances of things apparently super- natural. I have myself sometimes had promptings to believe in a supernatural agency, caused by the repeated experiences of coincidences in various ways injurious. . . . And simple induction would I think almost have led me to believe in supernatural agency were it not that with me the conviction of natural causation is so strong that it is impossible to think away from it. But I should have been more apt to accept a super- natural explanation had it not been for the many ex- periences I have had of meaningless coincidences, show- ing how frequent and how astonishing they are. ... If meaningless coincidences are thus frequent, there must occasionally occur coincidences that have meaning — co- incidences of which the elements are related in some significant way, and when they do occur they attract attention from their resemblance and suggest a super- natural cause. It is this consideration which has joined in making me reject the supernatural interpretation above referred to. 21 January. — If I find myself obliged to hold that there are supernatural manifestations and a supernatural interference with the order of things, then my personal experience would force me to the conclusion that the power underlying things is diabolical. Were I well enough, ... I should be pleased were you to honour me with a call on your way to Eastbourne, but unhappily listening tries me nearly as much as talk- ing. ... I may however be considerably better by the time referred to and in that case should gladly listen to the experiences you name. This closes the correspondence so far as regards the supreme question discussed, with exception of a letter 85 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER from Lady Pembroke in May, in which she says (prob- ably with reference to the visit above referred to) : ' ' After our last conversation I think you will believe that I have fallen away from the school of precise thinking. ' ' While these lines are being written, the death of Lady Pembroke on August 31, 1906, is announced. Another of Spencer's friends — the Dowager Countess of Ports- mouth — died on the same day. Lady Portsmouth had for years been unwearied in her kindnesses and unwaver- ing in her admiration of his character. When sending him a copy of the reprinted essays, etc., of her brother, the late Earl of Carnarvon, she wrote : ' ' It is possible you differed on some subjects. It is possible you agreed on many. It is quite certain that you stood together in a noble love of justice and truth." In July, 1895, a proposal that he should sit for his portrait to Mr. McLure Hamilton was declined for the reasons given some seven years before when he was asked to sit to Millais.^ Later in the year, in connexion with Mr. Watts' gift to the National Portrait Gallery, a sug- gestion was made by Mr. Collins in the Times (Decem- ber 11) to have a portrait painted by Watts and added to the national collection. To F. Howard Collins. 12 December, 1895. I was startled by your letter in yesterday's Times. ... It is vigorously written, and its point artistically brought out. It will greatly astonish most people by the claim it makes, which, I doubt not, they will think absurd. ^ See vol. i.j chap, xix., p. 378. 86 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY I fear, however, that in respect of the result desired it is unlikely to succeed. Probably this gift made by Mr. Watts, if it does not mark the end of his career as an artist, marks the end of his career as a portrait- painter, and I should think that at his age he will prob- ably object to undertake anything more. A notice was also sent by Spencer to the Times (De- cember 14) to the effect that the letter '' was written and published entirely without his Imowledge, and that he must not in any way be held responsible for the sugges- tion contained in it." On the 17th he informed Mr. Collins: *' Please take no further step in the matter of the portrait. I am no admirer of Watts and should have no desire to sit to him, even if he assented. As to any other plan that may be proposed, I know of none to which I should not raise objection." Mr. Watts was far from assenting. In a letter to Mr. Collins he ex- pressed his feeling that any attempt he might make would be likely to end in failure. A request from Mr. A. Mordan, of Reigate, that he would sit to Mr. Wells for a portrait to be presented to the National Portrait Gallery was also declined. While at Westerham he sent a letter to Nature on ** The Nomenclature of Colours," quoting a passage from the unpublished Autobiography (i. 355). To F. Howard Collins. . 4 Septemher, 1895. My objection to your proposed chart of colours is that, in the first place, it does not make the composition of each colour obvious, which is a primary desideratum, and in the second place, that it does not give in juxtapo- sition with each colour its assigned name. Hence the memory is not in either way aided to the same extent, 87 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER and further there is no such advantage as that given by the method of *' boxing the compass " of colours, namely, that the mode of naming each colour and its relative position can be easily recalled when it has been forgotten, since the method of naming is easily re- covered. Reference to the above led him to bring to light a " Classification of Artistic Characters of Paintings," which he had drawn up probably during or about the time of his visit to Italy in 1868, and of which he says : ' ' These were drawn up at a time when I hoped I should one day deal with -Esthetic Progress, and my intention was to go through Home and Foreign Picture Galleries to classify pictures in respect of these traits." The classification embraced four heads : — Subject, Form, Colour, Shade.^ His loyalty to the memory of Dr. Youmans was shown by his letter to the Times in September, pointing out how unceasing had been his friend 's efforts in the United States to uphold the interests of authors. The strength of this feeling was shown some two months later when invited by the London editor of McChire's Magazine to contribute to that journal. ^ E. — religious C.P. — colour primary RW — religious worship C.Pu — colour pure M — mythology C.St — colour strong L — loyal C.S. — colour secondary P — political C.T — colour tertiary CM — colour mixed dm — colour impure S — symmetrical N.S — no shade US — unsymmetrical H.S — half shade A.S — attitudes symmetrical F.S — full shade A.US — -attitudes unsymmetrical S.S — strong shade A.A — attitudes alike S.U — shading uniform A.D — attitudes distorted S.C — shading contrasted 88 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY I have, in virtue mainly of my indebtedness to my old friend for all he did on my behalf in the United States, felt bound to make the Popular Science Monthly my sole medium for publication of articles in the United States, and the obligation, which was peremptory during his life, remains strong after his death, since his brother occupies his place and has continued his good offices on my behalf. Copyright between the mother country and Canada had, about this time, assumed an acute form, in conse- quence of the Dominion Parliament requiring that to secure copyright a book must have been printed in Can- ada. Professor Goldwin Smith contended for the exci- sion of this clause. In favour of its retention Sir Charles Tupper quoted a document signed many years before by fifty British Authors, of whom Spencer was one. Thereupon Spencer wrote to the Times (22 Octo- ber) explaining the general purport of that memorial (which he had himself drawn up), pointing out that the inferences Sir Charles Tupper had drawn from it were not warrantable, and quoting Professor Goldwin Smith's opinion that the clause requiring a book to be printed in Canada must be '' excised." This word *' excised '' appeared in the cablegram to Canada as '' exercised." Professor Goldwin Smith naturally protested against this inversion of his meaning, which to Spencer looked like a deliberate falsification in Canadian interests. By way of counteracting any such purpose, assuming it to exist, he wrote to the Colonial Secretary. "While not doubting that the Canadians had a keen eye to their own interests, Mr. Chamberlain did not think they dif- fered from other people. Mr. Hall Caine had, he hoped, 89 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER helped to make an arrangement possible which would be satisfactory to English authors. Once more, and for the last time, he had to defend his independence of Comte. To Lester P. Ward. 19 September, 1895. I have just received a copy of your essay on ** The Place of Sociology among the Sciences, ' ' and on glancing through it am startled by some of its statements. (1) You have not, I presume, read my essay on *' The Genesis of Science," otherwise you would scarcely say that Comte 's classification represents the genetic or serial order of the sciences. . . . (2) But I am much more amazed by your statement respecting Comte 's system that '* Spencer himself, not- withstanding all his efforts to overthrow it, actually adopted it in the arrangement of the sciences in his Synthetic Philosophy." Now in the first place, if you will look at my essay on * ' The Genesis of Science, ' ' you will see that the first two great groups of sciences — ^the Abstract, containing logic and mathematics, the Ab- stract-Concrete, containing mechanics, physics, and chemistry — have no place whatever in the Synthetic Philosophy. . . . Setting aside the fact that, as I have pointed out, the sciences which deal with the forms of phenomena and those which deal with their factors make no appearance whatever in the order of sciences forming the Synthetic Philosophy, there is the fact that even if the sciences as involved in the Synthetic Philosophy are compared with the system of Comte, they are shown to be wholly in- congruous with it. If you will turn to ^ the original preface of First Principles, in which an outline of the Synthetic Philosophy is set forth, you will see there, be- tween the programme of First Principles and the pro- gramme of the Biology a note in italics pointing out 90 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPIIY that in logical order there should come an application of First Principles to inorganic nature, and that the part of it dealing with inorganic nature is omitted sim- ply because the scheme, even as it stood, was too exten- sive. Two volumes were thus omitted — a volume on astronomy and a volume on geology. Had it been pos- sible to write these, in addition to those undertaken, the series would have run — astronomy, geology, biology, psy- chology, sociology, ethics. Now in this series those marked in italics do not appear in the Comtian classifi- cation at all. (3) But now, in the third place, I draw your atten- tion to Table III. in my '' Classification of the Sciences.*' There you wiU see that the order of the works already existing in the Synthetic Philosophy, and still better the order in which they would have stood had the thing been complete, corresponds exactly with the order shown in that table, and is an order which evolves necessarily from the mode of organisation there insisted upon, and cor- responds also to the order of appearance in time, if you set out with nebular condensation and end with social phenomena. The order of the Synthetic Philosophy does not correspond with that of Comte, and it does cor- respond with the order shown in my own * ' Classification of the Sciences." On the appearance in the Eeview of Reviews for No- vember of Mr. Grant Allen's '' Character Sketch," Spencer was again impressed with the weight of his obligations to that singularly able and generous cham- pion. To Grant Allen. 18 November, 1895. You have, as always before, proved yourself a most outspoken and efficient advocate — perhaps, in a sense, 91 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBEET SPENCER almost too efficient, since in some minds the large claims you make on my behalf may cause some reactive feeling. I say this partly because, even in myself, the reading of your exposition last night at the Athenseum oddly enough seemed to produce a kind of vague scepticism, as though it could hardly all be true. So you may judge how largely you have made me loom in the eyes of the general reader. It strikes me that in one respect you have been credit- ing me at your own cost, for in the passage concerning the relation between growth and reproduction I recognise less of my own views than of the views you lately set forth, in which there was very truly expressed the truth that the ultimate mystery centres more in the ability of the individual organism to perpetually reproduce its own structure than in its ability to reproduce like struc- tures. The earliest of all his friends — Mr. George Holme — passed away in the beginning of 1896. To Charles Holme. 8 February, 1896. The last days of a long life when it has passed into decrepitude with all its miseries are not to be desired, and when there has been reached that limit after which nothing can be done and little save pain can be expe- rienced, the cessation of life is scarcely to be regretted. You and your mother and sisters have this thought as a set-off against the feeling which must result from the breaking of the last link with your father. You have, too, the permanent consolation of remem- bering that he led what may be characterised as a model life. . . . With energy "and great natural intelligence he joined, in a degree far beyond that which is usual, the root of all high character — sympathy. ... It was 92 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY to the existence in him of this predominant sympathy that I owe my life. To Hector Macpherson. 20 February, 1896. On returning from Brighton last night, after an ab- sence of three months, I found your little book on Carlyle. ... I see that it is written in a manner which might well be imitated by biographers — not with un- qualified eulogy, but with qualified eulogy. It is curious that to one sympathising with me as you do should have fallen the task of writing the life of one so utterly an- tagonistic — so antagonistic that on one occasion I saw that he called me an ** immeasurable ass.'' 28 February, — I have read the greater part of your little book on Carlyle with interest. It is a very good combination of narrative, exposition, characterisation, and criticism, and this union of elements gives in brief space a definite idea of the man. You have been quite fair to him — more than fair, I think. You have not brought into prominence his less amiable traits. His extreme arrogance should, I think, have been more distinctly indicated, and also the fact that his sympathy with despotic modes of dealing with men was the outcome of his own despotic nature. 20 March, — Thank you for your proposal [to write a book on Spencer]. I should of course very well like to see such a book written, and have no doubt that you would do it well. I think, however, that in inferring from the success of your little book on Carlyle that a book of the kind you name would succeed, you are over sanguine. Biog- raphy and philosophy in respect of popular appreciation stand at the opposite poles. To the average mind the one yields much pleasure with no effort, the other yields no pleasure with much effort. 93 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER Spencer's dissatisfaction with the decimal system was of long standing.^ But occasion did not arise for tak- ing the question up till January, 1895, when he wrote a long letter to Lord Kelvin, who had made a public pronouncement in favour of the metric system. After an interval of a little over a year he wrote four letters against the metric system, which appeared in the Times (4, 7, 9, 25 April, 1896) and were afterwards sent in pamphlet form to members of the British House of Com- mons and of the United States Congress. Prom Miss Youmans. Mount Vernon, 20 February, 1896. You are nearing the end of your peerless labour. What superhuman courage and persistence you have shown ! You ought to be very proud of yourself. If Ed- ward could only be here in this hour of fulfilment ! . . . How well I recall his tender solicitude about you, when in 1865 there was fear that you would not be able to go on with your undertaking. To some question of mine as to how you would bear it he answered ** I think it would kill him. ' ' But no one except your parents could have been more interested in your success than Edward was. And sad to say, at his death your prospects in this regard were at the worst. I send you some newspaper slips about the movement here toward arbitration. . . . May I publish what you wrote to Edward when you were trying to start the Anti- Aggression League ? The reply must have been in the affirmative, for in the New York Evening Post of 26 March, the corre- spondence was published, along with a brief sketch of the ^Autobiography, i., p. 248, and Appendix E., p. 621. 94 COMPLETING THE SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY origin and work of the Anti-Aggression League, and concluding with Spencer's letter read at the meeting in favour of Anglo-American Arbitration, held in the Queen's Hall, 3 March, 1896.^ At length the end of the long path he had marked out for himself to travel was reached.^ The occasion is thus described by his Secretary, Mr. Troughton : — Mr. Spencer was seventy-six years of age when he dic- tated to me the last words of '* Industrial Institutions," with the completion of which the Synthetic Philosophy was jQnished — to be precise it was on the 13 August, 1896. Rising slowly from his seat in the study at 64, Avenue Road, his face beaming with joy, he extended his hand across the table, and we shook hands on the auspicious event. ' ' I have finished the task I have lived for " was all he said, and then resumed his seat. The elation was only momentary and his features quickly resumed their customary composure. ^ Times, Daily Chronicle^ etc., of 4 March, 1896. Also Various Fragments, p. 140. ^ See vol. i., chap, ix., p. 130. 95 CHAPTER XXIV CONGRATULATIONS {November, 1896 — January , 1901) The publication of the concluding volume of the Synthetic Philosophy was the signal for an outburst of sympathetic appreciation such as falls to the lot of few men. Not from his own country alone, but from many lands; not from adherents only, but from those who did not accept the doctrine of evolution, came ex- pressions of the highest admiration. It was not to his transcendent intellectual power merely that homage was paid. To his moral character — to the high and indomi- table purpose that had sustained him throughout these years, enabling him, in face of difficulties that seemed almost insurmountable, ever to keep sight of the goal — to this was offered a tribute as unstinted in its cordiality as it was catholic in its source. Generous testimony was borne to the value of his contribution to the treasure house of thought, but even more generous was the meed of praise called forth by what he had done to purify the aims and strengthen the moral fibre of mankind. Gratified though he was by these tributes of esteem, he shrank from anything that might have the appearance of a bid for notoriety. He would not allow himself to be interviewed. To the editor of one of the London papers he wrote: '* I am at present quite sufficiently affiche, and to take any steps which would have the 96 CONGRATULATIONS appearance of intentionally making myself more con- spicuous would be repugnant to me. Especially, talk concerning myself and my work, which I should hesitate at all times to enter upon, would at the present time be undesirable." Again, when Mr. Balfour and Mr. Mor- ley visited him together early in December, though he made no attempt to conceal the pleasure the visit had given him, he requested the members of his household not to speak about it, because he did not wish it to get into the papers. Not disheartened by the failure of his suggestion some months before to get a portrait of Spencer for the Na- tional Gallery, Mr. Collins renewed it in a letter to the Times of 17 November, with the result that a committee was at once formed consisting of Sir Joseph D. Hooker (Chairman), the Duke of Argyll, Mr. Arthur James Balfour, Dr. Charlton Bastian, Mr, Leonard Courtney, Mr. Francis Galton, Professor Ray Lankester, Mr. John Morley, Sir Frederick Pollock, Mr. Leslie Stephen, Pro- fessor James Sully, and Mr. Howard Collins (Secre- tary). To F. Howard Collins. 2 December, 1896. Hitherto I have said nothing concerning the proposal made in the Times, chiefly because I believed that there would be but little response. But Mr. Hughes tells me that you are cooperating with Professor Sully in getting together a committee, but does not say to what end. Professor Sully was, as I understood ten days ago, tak- ing steps with a view to a congratulatory address, and I am now in doubt whether the efforts you are kindly making in conjunction with him are in pursuance of that end or in pursuance of the end you suggested. If 97 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBEET SPENCER this last is the purpose, I ought I think to let you know what happened when a kindred proposal was made some eight years ago. . . .^ My delay in writing, consequent on the impression I have named, may I fear have resulted in the taking of bootless trouble, but I hope otherwise. Without waiting till his scruples had been completely overcome, the Committee drew up and obtained signa- tures to a letter of congratulation, which was presented in little over a month after the day on which his con- cluding volume appeared. From Snt Joseph Dalton Hooker. 16 December^ 1896. I am deputed to transmit to you the enclosed, and obey with unqualified satisfaction. To Herbert Spencer, Esq. London, 16 December, 1896. Dear Sir: We, the undersigned, offer you our cordial congratu- lations upon the completion of your *' System of Syn- thetic Philosophy." Not all of us agreeing in equal measure with its con- clusions, we are all at one in our estimate of the great intellectual powers it exhibits and of the immense effect it has produced in the history of thought; nor are we less impressed by the high moral qualities which have enabled you to concentrate those powers for so many years upon a purpose worthy of them, and, in spite of all obstacles, to carry out so vast a design. To the many who, like us, have learned to honour the man while profiting by his writings, it would be a satis- ^ See vol. i., chap, xix., p. 378. 98 CONGRATULATIONS faction to possess an authentic' personal likeness of the author. It has therefore occurred to us that the occa- sion might be appropriately marked by requesting you to permit us to employ some eminent artist to take your portrait with a view to its being deposited in one of our national collections for the benefit of ourselves and of those who 'come after us. We hope that your health may be benefited by the leisure which you have earned so well, and that you may long continue to enjoy the consciousness of having com- pleted your work. W, DE W. Abney, R.E., C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., President of the Physical Society. Robert Adamson, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Logic, Glas- gow University. Grant Allen, B.A. Alexander Bain, M.A., LL.D., Emeritus Professor of Logic, Aberdeen University. Sir George S. Baden-Powell, K.C.M.G., M.A., M.P. Right Hon. Arthur James Balfour, P.O., LL.D., F.R.S., M.P. Sir Robert Stawell Ball, LL.D., F.R.S., Lowndean Professor of Astronomy, Cambridge University. H. Charlton Bastian, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Medicine, University College, London. Frank E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Zoo- logical Society. John Beddoe, M.D., F.R.S. Sir Walter Besant, M.A. E. W. Brabrook, President, Anthropological Institute. Bernard Bosanquet, M.A. C. V. Boys, F.R.S., Assistant Professor of Physics, R.C.S. T. Lauder Brunton, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S. Edward Clodd. F. Howard Collins. Sir J. Crichton-Browne, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. 99 LIFE AND LETTERS OP HERBERT SPENCER W. H. Dallingeb, LL.D,, D.Sc, F.R.S. Francis Daewin, M.A., M.B., F.R.S. George H. Darwin, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Plumian Pro- fessor of Astronomy and Experimental Physics, Cambridge University. W. E. Darwin, F.G.S. James Donaldson, M.A., LL.D., Principal, St. Andrews University. Right Hon. Sir M. E. Grant-Dupp, P.C, G.C.S.L, F.R.S. Earl op Dtsart. Sib John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., D.Sc, Treas- urer of the Royal Society. Sir Joshua Fitch, LL.D. Michael Foster, M.A., M.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Sec. R.S., Professor of Physiology, Cambridge University. Edward Frankland, M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. Right Hon. Sir Edward Fry, P.C, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. Sir Douglas Galton, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. Francis Galton, M.A., D.C.L., D.Sc, F.R.S. Richard Garnett, LL.D. Sir George Grove, C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. Albert C. L. G. Gunther, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Presi- dent of the Linn^an Society. Frederic Harrison, M.A. James Edmund Harting. Right Hon. Lord Hobhouse, P.C. Henry Hobhouse, M.A., M.P. Shadworth Hodgson, late President of the Aristotelian Society. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., C.B., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. Wn^LiAM HuGGiNS, D.C.L, LL.D., F.R.S. J. Hughlings Jackson, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. William Knight, LL.D., Professor of Moral Philosophy, St. Andrews University. Andrew Lang. 100 CONGRATULATIONS E. Ray Lankester, M.A., LL,D,, F.R.S., Linacre Pro- fessor of Anatomy, Oxford University. Sir Trevor Lav^rence, President of the Royal Horticul- tural Society. W. E. H. Lecky, M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., M.P. J. Norman Lockyer, C.B., F.R.S., Professor of Astro- nomical Physics, R.C.S. Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, P.C, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., M.P. Vernon Lushington, Q.C. P. A. MacMahon, R.A., F.R.S., late President of the Mathematical Society. James Martineau, D.D., LL.D., D.C.L. David Masson, M.A., LL.D., Emeritus Professor of Rhetoric, Edinburgh University. Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., President of the Entomologi- cal Society. C. Lloyd Morgan, Principal, University College, Bristol. Right Hon. John Morley, P.O., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., M.P. C. Hubert H. Parry, Principal, Royal College of Music. General Pitt-Rivers, D.C.L., F.R.S. Edward B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology, Oxford University. Sir William 0. Priestley, M.D., LL.D., M.P. Lord Reay, G.C.S.L, G.C.I.E. Right Hon. Lord Rayleigh, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy, Royal In- stitution. David G. Ritchie, M.A., Professor of Logic, St. An- drews University. Sir Henry E. Roscoe, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. J. S. Burdon Sanderson, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Medicine, Oxford University. George H. Savage, M.D., F.R.C.P. E. A. ScHAFER, P.R.S., Professor of Physiology, Uni- versity College, London. 101 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER D. H. Scott, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Honorary Keeper, Jodrell Laboratory, Kew. Henry Sidgwick, M.A., Litt.D., D.C.L., Professor of Moral Philosophy, Cambridge University. W. R. SoRLEY, M.A., Professor of Moral Philosophy, Aberdeen University. Leslie Stephen, M.A., Litt.D., LL.D. G. P. Stout, M.A. James Sully, M,A., LL.D. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, C.M.G., CLE., M.A., F.R.S. John Venn, D.Sc, F.R.S. Sydney Howard Vines, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Professor of Botany, Oxford University. Sir Willoughby Wade, M.D., F.R.C.P. Alfred Russel Wallace, D.C.L., F.R.S. Beatrice Webb. Lady Victoria Welby. Samuel Wilks, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., President of the College of Physicians. Hawarden, November 30, 1896. My dear Sir, — It has long been my rnle to decline joining in groups of signatures, nor do I think myself entitled to bear a prominent part in the present case. But I beg that you will, if you think proper, set me down as an approver of the request to Mr. Spencer, whose signal abilities and, rarer still, whose manful and self- denying character, are so justly objects of admiration. I remain your very faithful, F. Howard Collins, Esq. W. E. Gladstone. No time was lost before replying to these cordial con- gratulations. 2, Lewes Crescent, Brighton, 19 BecemheVy 1896. My dear Hooker, — If, as may fitly be said, the value of congratulations increases in a geometrical progression 102 CONGRATULATIONS with the eminence of those offering them, I may, indeed, be extremely gratified by the accumulation coming from men standing so high in various spheres. And an ac- companying pleasure necessarily results from the good wishes expressed for my health and happiness during my remaining days. The further honour .offered has caused in me some mental conflict. Eight years ago, to the inquiry whether I would sit for a subscription portrait to be painted by Millais, I replied negatively, assigning the reasons that the raising of funds to pay the costs of conferring marks of approbation had grown into an abuse ; that the moral coercion under which contributions were in many eases obtained was repugnant to me; and that I objected to have my known and unknown friends asked to tax them- selves to the required extent. These reasons survived, and, swayed by them, I recently sent a copy of the letter in which they had been stated to the gentleman with whom the proposal now made originated, thinking thereby to prevent further trouble. I was unaware to how large an extent the proposal had been adopted and how distinguished were the numerous gentlemen who had given it their support. I now find myself obliged either inconsistently to waive my objection or else rudely to slight the cordially-expressed feelings and wishes of so many whose positions and achievements command my great respect. Between the alternatives there seems to be practically no choice. I am compelled to yield to the request made in so sympathetic a manner by signatories so eminent, and at the same time must express to them through you my full sense of the honour done me. I am, my dear Hooker, sincerely yours, Herbert Spencer. The consent to sit for his portrait, thus reluctantly obtained at the moment when he was impressed with a sense of the kindness of those who proposed to honour 103 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER him in so conspicuous a manner, was followed by mis- givings after a few days reflection. His scruples again came to the surface on being asked : * ' Have you thought over the question of the artist? '' To Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. 30 December, 1896. Your question is simple, but the answer is not so simple. Some three months ago, before his departure for America, Mr. Carnegie pressed me to sit for a portrait to be presented by him to the Pittsburg Institution. . . . I willingly yielded, and agreed to the suggestion that the portrait should be painted by Mr. Ouless. . . . But now comes a question. These leading artists ask exorbitant sums for their work, and if the cost of a por- trait is to be borne by those only who have signed the address, on each of whom the tax would then be consid- erable, I should decidedly demur. In that case the only fit course would be to commission Mr. Ouless to make a replica of the portrait he paints for Mr. Carnegie. The cost of this would not be excessive. The painting of the portrait was entrusted to Mr. (now Sir) Hubert von Herkomer. Some two days before receipt of the address he had written to Mr. Carnegie to the effect that he had stopped the action of those who were making preparations for a subscription portrait. He had now to explain his change of front. To Andrew Carnegie. 4 January, 1897. I have had to yield. A few days after I wrote to you there came to me an address of congratulation bearing 104 CONGRATULATIONS over eighty signatures, including those of men of emi- nence in various spheres, political, scientific, literary, etc., joined with a request that I would sit for a portrait. I had not anticipated anything so influential, and found myself in the predicament of having either to abandon my resolution or else to slight, in a marked and public way, numerous men whom I have every reason to re- spect, and bring upon myself condemnation as ill-man- nered and perverse. To F. Howard Collins. 8 January, 1897. You have been victorious all along the line, as the phrase is — victorious over others and victorious over me. I did not expect to have my flank turned in such an irresistible way. However, though I have to recognise myself as in a manner defeated, there is of course, a sat- isfaction in the defeat, along with a small set-off the other way. My feeling towards my fellow-countrymen (especially as contrasted with the Americans) has for years past not been a very friendly one, and my antagonistic atti- tude has been in part due to this feeling. Honour long delayed loses the quality of honour. . . . However, the thing is now done and well done; and having been in- itiated and largely urged on by you, let me offer you my hearty thanks. In you, at any rate, there has never been any tardiness of appreciation. It is a pity that he dwelt so much on the tardiness of the honour, and so little on the cordiality and unanimity displayed in the bestowing of it. It is strange that he did not remember how for more than a quarter of a cen- tury he had persistently, and at times almost ungra- ciously, declined every honour that had been offered him. The warmth with which the press also supported the 105 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER step his friends had taken ought to have gone far to remove any lingering feeling of bitterness for supposed past neglect. Such commendable despatch had been shown with the address that many who would have signed it came to know of it only when the report of the presentation appeared in the newspapers. The absence of their names was more than compensated for by the cordiality of their private expressions of regret at hav- ing missed the opportunity of joining in the public tes- timonial. As noted in a previous chapter (xx., p. 393), the letters in which he complains of neglect on the part of his countrymen have to be read along with those in which he acknowledges the sympathetic appreciation his writings had secured at home. To THE RiGPiT Hon. Arthur J. Balfour. 3 Felruary, 1897. From Mr. Howard Collins ... I learn that I am in- debted to you for much more than is implied by your signature to the address of congratulation, etc. — in- debted for active aid which, noteworthy as it would have been in one having leisure, is much more noteworthy in one so much pressed by public business, and noteworthy in a still higher degree as given by one who in important matters differs in belief. And that this aid should have been given unobtrusively, too, so divesting it of any pos- sible motive other than that of genuine sympathy, ren- ders it still more remarkable. Pray accept the thanks which I find it imperative to offer. My appreciation is made the greater on considering what I might myself have done under like conditions. A passive assent, would, I think, have been the limit of my adhesion. I doubt whether my generosity would have been sufficient to prompt active co-operation. Could I ascribe this difference in action to difference in 106 CONGRATULATIONS creed, the belief would do much towards shaking some of my general views. But innate superiority of nature I take to be the true cause. The first part of this letter was written in his own hand, but the effort was too much, and the rest had to be dictated. To James Sully. 6 February, 1897. Among the things which should have been done, but have not been done, is the writing to you a letter ex- pressing my indebtedness for the efforts you have made in furthering the recent manifestation of sympathy and approval. I say ** in furthering "; but remembering the steps which you took to initiate an address of congratu- lation — steps taken I think independently at the time when Mr. Collins proposed a portrait — the word is scarcely adequate. ... I must not let the matter end without offering you my hearty thanks for all you have done. As you doubtless know by experience, a writer's chief gratification is in the consciousness of work satisfactorily done, but second only to that is the manifestation of approval from the select. Among the manifestations of approval from " the select " was the offer of the degree of D.Sc, from the University of Cambridge, and that of LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh. Both were declined. A pro- posal was made by the municipal authorities of Derby to mark the house of his birth with a tablet, but for reasons unknown it was not carried out.^ As for the portrait, there were many appointments and disappoint- ^A marble tablet was put up by the Derby Spencer Society in 1907. 107 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER ments, so that nothing was done till almost the end of the year. To F. Howard Collins. Brighton, 6 December, 1897. Who is silly enough to say that I decline to sit? I have not left this room for these six weeks. It is hard to have my misfortunes used as weapons. Herkomer was here three days ago, and would have taken photo- graphs of me sitting in bed had the light been good. He comes again next week. 23 December. — Mr. Herkomer was to have been here last week, but wrote me that an attack of influenza was keeping him indoors. Yesterday he came and took five photographs; and he comes again to-morrow to take more. He talks of making the portrait wholly from photographs, but I cannot assent to this; there must be some sittings to finish from. "Who is the unfriendly friend who takes the attitude which your letters seem to imply ? . . . A while ago you spoke of my *' declining " to sit according to promise. . . . And then, after all, the supposition that I alone am responsible for the delay is an utter mistake. Dur- ing a considerable part of the late summer months when I could have sat, had circumstances permitted, Mr. Her- komer was on the Continent, and, when I returned to town about the middle of September, I believe was still away, for I had no replies in answer to letters I wrote. . . . Your letter reached me last night just as I was going to bed, and the irritation it caused kept me awake a good part of the night. To Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. 27 December, 1897. Inquiries and remarks which have come round to me during the last three months, imply that the long delay 108 CONGRATULATIONS in the execution of the portrait has caused some adverse feeling: the delay being ascribed to perversity on my part. . . . I dislike obligations of the kind implied by a sub- scription-portrait, and if there is, in any of those con- cerned, a lack of cordiality, my dislike becomes some- thing stronger. . . . My present desire is that Mr. Her- komer shall be paid by me, and that the subscriptions shall be returned: each being accompanied by a copy of this letter. Sir Joseph Hooker hastened to set his mind at rest, telling him that he was mistaken in supposing that there was any want of cordiality among the subscribers to the portrait. On receiving this assurance he wrote again. To Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. 30 December, 1897. Your letter received. Very many thanks for it. It relieves my fears and I gladly accept your assurances, and now desire that you should keep my letter to your- self. Mr. Collins has said on several occasions things which, it seems, I had misinterpreted. The artist was working in circumstances of extreme difficulty, never having had a proper sitting. At length, however, in February the portrait was finished. To Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. 2 March, 1898. Mr. Collins wrote to me a few days agp saying that the portrait is ** splendid and admirable " and express- ing the feeling that, as having been so largely influential in getting it done, you ought to be congratulated ; if for no other reason than for the reason of having acquired 109 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER for the public so fine a work of art, for he speaks of it especially as a work of art which has its interest under that aspect irrespective of any interest it may otherwise have. I coincide in his feeling and gladly on public as on private grounds join in the congratulation. Oddly enough it seems likely that I shall never see it. ... I must be content with seeing a photograph. When the Herkomer photogravure reproduction of the portrait was sent him he wrote : — To Hubert von Herkomer, R.A. 18 April, 1898. Of course the judgments of my friends with regard to the portrait are to be accepted rather than any judgment of mine, since the looking glass, inverting the two sides, does not rightly show a man his own face, and since moreover it is impossible for him to see his face in the position you have chosen. There is, however, one point in the face which strikes me, namely, the aquiline outline of the nose is somewhat too pronoiuieed — perhaps not too pronounced for the position in which the head was placed, but too pro- nounced in respect of the average shape of the nose — I say '* average " because the nose is not quite the same shape when seen from the two sides. . . . The secret of it is that when a little child my nose was cut with a carving knife by a little sister. The wound did not leave a scar, so far as appears, but the result was that on one side the outline is more protuberant than on the other, and this gives from certain points of view an aquiline character, which is not manifest from other points of view. I wish I had remembered this fact when the photo- graph was taken, for I should then have suggested an attitude giving a straighter outline, for I do not like the aquiline outline. Of course it is a considerable element 110 CONGRATULATIONS in the character of the face. ... If I had seen the photograph earlier I should have suggested a slight al- teration. . . . However, though it is too late before the Academy exhibition (unless you can do it on varnishing day) it is not otherwise too late, and I should much like a slight rectification (in a double sense). You have it seems to me succeeded well in an essential point, namely the expression. There is a far-off gaze appropriate to a thinker, and it is an understanding gaze, which of course I consider is not inappropriate. . . . Success in this respect is an essential success. One other criticism occurs to me. Unfortunately I wore the dressing gown over a morning coat, and an im- pression was thereby given of bulkiness of body. This impression, moreover, is strengthened by the way in which the shoulder and right arm extend very much. The total effect of this large expanse of body and dress is somewhat to dwarf the head. To me the impression given is that of a small-headed man. Though my head is not at all specially large, still it is 22 inches round, and I think a spectator would guess a smaller size. There, you see I have again illustrated my inveterate habit of fault-finding. However I suppose you would prefer to have my candid remarks rather than immean- ing applause. You may at any rate be quite content with the opinions of my friends. The Times (30 April, 1898) notice of the Royal Academy Exhibition was severe on both Mr. von Her- komer and Spencer. Of the artist it was said: '' Per- haps it is hardly his fault if that which ought to have been a masterpiece, ... is very much the reverse." And of the sitter r " To get proper sittings from him was an impossibility; neither the wishes of illustrious ad- mirers, nor thoughts of posthumous fame, nor any simi- lar consideration, had any effect whatever." Ill LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBEET SPENCER To Hubert von Herkomer, R.A. 30 April, 1898. I cannot allow myself to remain imder the implied stigma which the Times' report of the Academy E^ibi- tion contains, where I am described as practically disre- garding '* the wishes of " my '* illustrious admirers/' expressed though they were in so gratifying a manner and accompanied by their contributions. The utterly undeserved reflection upon me must be in some way dis- sipated. Will you do it, or must I? ... I should of course prefer that you should rectify this misapprehen- sion by distinctly specifying the causes and incidents, but if you decline I must do it myself. Mr. von Herkomer being in Italy, Spencer himself wrote to the Times (5 May) pointing out that the art critic had been misled by rumour. *' I feel obliged to make this statement out of regard for the feelings of the many distinguished friends and others who, having expressed their wishes in so gratifying a manner, would feel slighted did I let them suppose that those wishes had been so little regarded by me." The portrait by Mr. Ouless for Mr. Carnegie had still to be painted. First one thing prevented a beginning being made, and then another. When the artist was ready, Spencer was too ill to sit; and when Spencer was well enough, the artist had other engagements. He was also worrying himself over the thought of what people would say if he sat to Mr, Ouless after having been unable to sit for Mr. , von Herkomer. ** Explana- tions could not easily be given, and even were they given would be insufficient. ' ' This difficulty disappeared in an unexpected way. After more than twelve months of fruitless attempts to arrange for sittings, he wrote to 112 HEEBEBT SPENCEE. From a painting by Sir Hubert von Herkomer, ILA, CONGRATULATIONS Mr. Ouless that the painting must be abandoned alto- gether. From Walter W. Ouless, R.A. 13 October, 1899. I am indeed sorry that, after all, the portrait has to be abandoned, but, besides other circumstances you men- tion, I recognise the difficulties for the sitter and the painter. The sittings could hardly fail to be a severe strain and fatigue for you, and, if that were so, it would be almost hopeless to make the portrait a success. There- fore, considering all things, I cannot but acquiesce in your view that the portrait must be finally given up, but I do so with very deep regret. He wavered from time to time in his opinion of the Herkomer portrait, being influenced greatly by the judg- ments now favourable, now unfavourable, expressed by his friends. Several letters passed between him and Mr. von Herkomer about suggested alterations, but to no purpose. Being unwilling that the portrait should go into the National Gallery, he wrote to Mr. Sargent about a portrait on his own account; but the terms were too high. He then bethought him that the portrait by Mr. Burgess would be suitable for the National Gallery, and asked Mr. Ouless whether he could recommend an artist to make a copy of it for presentation to his native town. On Mr. Ouless 's recommener. (Essays, iii., 401.) 1872. '* Survival of the Fittest." Nature, 1 February. *' Mr. Martineau on Evolution." Contemporary Re- view for June. (Essays, i., 371.) 1873. '* Replies to Criticisms." Fortnightly Review for No- vember and December. (Essays, ii., 218.) '' Obituary Notice of J. S. Mill." Examiner, 17 May. (Autobiography, ii., 506.) 1874. Correspondence relating to Physical Axioms. Nature, March to June. (Essays, ii., 298-314.) 373 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER 1875. *' Professor Caimes's Criticisms." Fortnightly Review for February. {Various Fragments^ p. 14.) 1876. '' The Comparative Psychology of Man." Mind for January. {Essays, i., 351.) 1877. '* Views concerning Copyright." Evidence given before the Royal Commission. {Various Fragments, p. 18.) "A Rejoinder to Mr. McLennan." Fortnightly Re- view for June. {Various Fragments, p. 63.) *' Mr. Tylor's Review of the Principles of Sociology." Mind for July. 1878. Letter on the toast of ** The Fraternity of the two Na- tions " proposed at a dinner in Paris. Standard, 30 May. '* Consciousness under Chloroform." Mind for Octo- ber. {Principles of Psychology, i., 636.) 1879. Letter to M. Alglave about the *' Lois Ferry." Revue Scientifique for July. 1880. Letter on the feeling in England about the time of the outbreak of the Civil "War in the United States — written in 1869, but not then published. New York Tribune, 28 June. {Autobiography, ii., 497.) * * Professor Tait on the Formula of Evolution. ' ' 374 LIST OF HERBERT SPENCER'S WRITINGS Nature, 2 and 16 December. (Various Fragments, p. 75.) Letter disclaiming having had to do with *' George Eliot's " education. Standard, 26 December. 1881. *' Replies to Criticisms on the Data of Ethics." Mind for January. ** Views concerning Copyright." Speech delivered at a meeting of the National Association for the Pro- motion of Social Science, held in May. {Various Fragments, p. 57.) *' Professor Green's Explanations." Contemporary Re- view for February. {Essays, ii., 321.) 1882. Letter on '' The Anti- Aggression League." Noncon- formist and Independent, 2 March. *' Professor Goldwin Smith as a Critic." Contemporary Review for March. Pecuniary liberality of Mr. J. S. Mill. Daily News, 27 March. *' Concerning the Misstatements of the Rev. T. Mozley." Athenceum, 22 July. {Autobiography, i., 549.) *' Ability versus Information." {Various Fragments, p. 9L) *' Book Distribution." {Various Fragments, p. 93.) 1883. Letter on the Edinburgh Review and on the Land Ques- tion. St. James' Gazette, 14 February. ' ' The Americans. ' ' Contemporary Review for January. (Essays, iii., 471.) 1884. Political Articles. Contemporary Review for February, April, May, June and July. 375 LIFE AND LETTERS OP HERBERT SPENCER Letter on a misquotation in the Duke of Argyll's Unity of Nature. Athenceiim, 16 February. *' Mental Evolution in Animals." Athenceum, 5 April. * ' Retrogressive Religion. ' ' Nineteenth Century for July. Letter repudiating the opinion attributed to him that we should be all the better in the absence of education. Standard, 8 August. " Mr. Herbert Spencer and the Comtists." Times, 9 ' September. *' Mr. Herbert Spencer and Comte." Times, 15 Sep- tember. '* Last Words about Agnosticism and the Religion of Humanity." Nineteenth Century for November. 1885. " A Rejoinder to M. de Laveleye." Contemporary Re- view for April. {Various Fragments, p. 98.) Letters on the Spencer-Harrison Book. Times, 1, 3, 4 and 6 June. Standard, 10 and 13 June. '' Government by Minority." Times, 21 December. {Various Fragments, p. 110.) 1886. '* The Factors of Organic Evolution." Nineteenth Cen- tury for April and May. {Essays, i., 389.) 1888. ** A Counter Criticism." Nineteenth Century for Feb- ruary. (Essays, i., 467.) Letter with Reference to his Opinions on Painting. Architect, 24 February. *' The Ethics of Kant." Fortnightly Review for July. {Essays, iii,, 192.) 376 LIST OF HERBERT SPENCER'S WRITINGS 1889. Rev. J. "Wilson's Statements about articles on ** Soci- ology " in the Birmingham Pilot. Pall Mall Ga- zette, 12 April. Letters on the Land Question. Times, 7, 11, 15, 19, 27 November. 1890. '* Absolute Political Ethics." Nineteenth Century for January. {Essays, iii., 217.) '* Reasoned Savagery so-called." Daily Telegraph, 7 February. * ' The Inheritance of Acquired Characters. ' ' Nature j 6 March. *' Panmixia." Nature, 3 April. '' Our Space Consciousness." Mind for July. {Princi- ples of Psychology, ii., 717.) *' The Moral Motive." Guardian, 6 August. {Princi- ples of Ethics, ii., 446.) '' The Origin of Music." Mind for October. 1891. '* From Freedom to Bondage." Introduction to A Plea for Liberty. {Essays, iii., 445.) *' The Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children." Pall Mall Gazette, 16 and 28 May. ' ' The Origin of Music. ' ' A discussion. Mind for October. 1892. Letter to Figaro about his unfamiliarity with M. Renan. Pall Mall Gazette, 20 October. Letter on the sales of his books. Daily Chronicle, 3 De- cember. 1893. '* Social Evolution and Social Duty." {Various Frag- ments, p. 119.) 377 LIFE AND LETTERS OP HERBERT SPENCER '' The Inadequacy of Natural Selection." Contempo- rary Review for February and March. {Principles of Biology, i., 602.) *' Professor Weismann's Theories.'' Contemporary Re- view for May. (Principles of Biology, i., 633.) ** A Rejoinder to Professor Weismann.'' Contempo- rary Review for December. (Principles of Biology, i., 650.) *' Evolutionary Ethics.'' Athenmum, 5 August. (Vari- ous Fragments, p. 111.) 1894. *' Obituary Notice of Professor Tyndall." Fortnightly Review for February. ' * Parliamentary Georgites. ' ' Times, 20 February. (Various Fragments, p. 122.) Letters relating to the Land Question Controversy. Daily Chronicle, August to September. * * Weismannism Once More. ' ' Contemporary Review for October. (Principles of Biology, i., 671.) ** A Record of Legislation." Times, 24 November. (Various Fragments, p. 125.) '' The Booksellers' Trade Union." Times, 26 October. (Various Fragments, p. 161.) '* The Book Trade." Times, 30 October and 6 Novem- ber. (Various Fragments, pp. 163, 167.) * ' The Bookselling Question. ' ' Times, 21 November. (Various Fragments, p. 169.) " Publishers, Booksellers, and the Public." Times, 24 October. (Various Fragments, p. 156.) — Athe- nceum, 24 November. (Various Fragments, p. 171.) — 29 December. (Various Fragments, p. 174.) — The Author, December. (Various Fragments, p. 177.) ** Origin of Classes among the ' Parasol ' Ants." Nature, 6 December. (Principles of Biology, i., 687.) 378 LIST OF HERBERT SPENCER'S WRITINGS 1895. ** Herbert Spencer on the Land Question." {Various Fragments, p. 196.) " The Antiquity of the Medical Profession." Nature, 27 June, ** Mr. Balfour's Dialectics." Fortnightly Beview for June. *' The Nomenclature of Colours." Nature, 29 August. Note on the Ethical Motive. Nineteenth Century Be- vieiv for September. *' American Publishers." Times, 21 September. {Vari- ous Fragments, p. 236.) * * Heredity Once More. ' ' Contemporary Beview for October. Letter on Canadian Copyright. Times, 21 October. *' Lord Salisbury on Evolution." Nineteenth Century Beview for November. ** The Board of Trade and Railway Station Boards." Times, 2 December, {Various Fragments, p. 235.) On Mr. Howard Collins' letter suggesting a portrait. Times, 14 December. 1896. " Dr. Bridges 's Criticisms." Positivist Beview for January. " Anglo-American Arbitration." Letter read at a meet- ing in Queen's Hall, 3 March. {Various Frag- ments, p. 128.) *' Against the Metric System." Times, 4, 7, 9, 25 April. {Various Fragments, p. 130.) Letter on Mr. Bramwell Booth's charges of Inconsist- ency. Times, 17 December. 1897. Clearing himself of seeming implication of * ' positive or negative defect of quotation." Fortnightly Be- view for January. 379 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER *' The Duke of Argyll's Criticisms.'' Nineteenth Cen- tury for May. 1898. Letters on *' Primitive Religious Ideas." Literature, 5 and 19 February. Spectator, 23 July. "■ A State Burden on Authors." Times, 9 and 16 Feb- ruary. {Various Fragments, p. 220.) Letter on ' ' Mr. Mallock 's Representation of his Views. ' ' Literature, 2 April. The Times Art Critic on the Herkomer portrait. Times, 5 May. '' Cell Life and Cell Multiplication." Natural Science for May. *' Stereo- Chemistry and Vitalism." Nature, 20 October. ** Asymmetry and Vitalism." Nature, 10 November. '' What is Social Evolution? " Nineteenth Century for September. {Various Fragments, p. 181.) 1899. '* The Duke of Argyll and Mr. Herbert Spencer." Nature, 12 January. ** Prof. Meldola's Explanation." Nature, 26 January. Mr. Crozier's Charge of Materialism. Literature, 21 January and 11 February. *' Publishing on Commission." Literature, 4 February. {Various Fragments, p. 217.) *' The Metric System Again." Times, 28 March, 4, 8, 13 April. {Various Fragments, p. 205.) *' Professor Ward on ' Naturalism and Agnosticism.' " Fortnightly Review for December. Letter on a misrepresentation of Spencer's Ethics. Spectator, 16 December. Letter to Mr. Leonard Courtney on the South African War. {Various Fragments, p. 223.) 380 LIST OP HEEBERT SPENCER^S WRITINGS 1900. On the South African War. Speaker , 13 January; Morning Leader, 5 February. {Various Fragments, p. 224.) *^ Professor Ward's Rejoinder." Fortnightly Review for April. '* An Inhumanity." Times, 25 July. (Various Frag- ments, p. 225.) '* Genesis of the Vertebrate Column." Nature, 25 October. 1901. Letter on Space Consciousness, with reference to Dr. Tolver Preston's statement. Mind for January. 1902. "The Spread of Small Pox." Signed "Observer," Daily News, 18 January. " Ethical Lectureships." Ethics, 1 March. The Education Bill. Daily News, 8 April. ^Sir Michael Foster as M.P. for London University. Times, 28 May. 381 APPENDIX D ACADEMIC AND OTHER HONOURS ^ 1871. University of St. Andrews. Lord Rector. University of St. Andrews. Doctor of Laws. St. Andrews Medical Graduates' Association. Hono- rary Member. 1874. Royal Society. Fellow. University of Edinburgh. Lord Rector. 1875. University of Aberdeen. Lord Rector. 1876. Reale Aecademia dei Lincei, Rome. Member. London Dialectical Society. President. 1880. Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin. Correspondent. 1882. Royal Society of Naples. Correspondent. ^ With a few exceptions these proffered honours were declined. In cases where a, mark of honour had been conferred before obtaining his consent, he made no use of the distinction, 382 ACADEMIC AND OTHER HONOURS 1883. Institut de France. Correspondent. Institueion Libre de Ensenanza, Madrid. Honorary- Professor. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Fellow. Twilight Club, New York. Member. Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. Vice-President. 1885. Society of Physiological Psychology, Paris. Corre- spondent. 1888. University of Bologna. Doctor of Philosophy and Letters. Neurological Society of London. Honorary Member. 1889. Royal Danish Academy. Member. 1891. Royal Academy of Belgium. Associate, 1892. Scientific Society of Athens. Member. 1895. Royal Order '' Pour le Merite." Imperial Academy of Vienna. Member. Royal Lombardian Institute, Milan. Member. 1896. University of Buda Pesth. Doctor. Associazione Edueativa Spenceriana, Rome. Honorary President. 383 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER 1897. Psychological Society of Moscow. Member. University of Cambridge. Doctor of Science. University of Edinburgh. Doctor of Laws. International Peace Association — Lombard Union. Honorary President. 1901. British Academy of Letters. 1903. University of London. Doctor of Literature. 384 APPENDIX E THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS To the Editor of The Fortnightly Review, '■ Sir, — Often in the heat of controversy things are said which, whether true or not, should be left unsaid. Some- what irritated by Professor Ward's expression '* A fugi- tive essay," I named some facts in a way suggesting interpretations which I overlooked. Only when I saw the note after publication did I perceive the construction that would be put upon it. What mental lapse caused so great an oversight I cannot understand; but a shat- tered nervous system entails countless evils — failure of judgment being one. Though the note cannot now be cancelled, it is not too late to correct one of its expressions. It is between forty and fifty years since the period referred to, and I was incautious enough to speak from memory. I said that the belief that the nebulae are remote galaxies was current among astronomers. I should have said some astronomers. As will be seen on turning to the essay, I quoted a relevant passage from Humboldt's Cosmos. As he was in touch with Continental astronomers, and was in fact presenting the current astronomical conclu- sions, his representation of nebulse a^ remote galaxies was manifestly held by at least some of them. Doubt- less it was the wide circulation of Cosmos during the fifties (I quoted from the seventh edition) which dif- * See Chap, xxvi., p. 185, note. It was arranged that this letter should be put in type, but that it should not be published in the Fortnightly if Professor Ward did not make a move. The occasion for its appearance in the Review not having arisen, it is nov^^ published for the first time. 385 LIFE AND LETTERS OF HERBERT SPENCER fused this belief, and caused its acceptance as one which astronomers had established. Hence it happened that in 1857-8 any one who still adhered to '' the Nebular Hypothesis ' ' was smiled at. It was this which prompted the essay in question, and gave its original title '^ Recent Astronomy mid the Nebular Hypothesis " ; its primary purpose being to show the illegitimacy of the inferences drawn from Lord Rosse's disclosures. This should not, indeed, have needed showing. As far back as 1849, Sir John Herschel, in a description of the nebula, had put together facts which, when duly considered, sufficed to show the fallacy of the current belief. But he made no reference to this belief; and though its untruth was readily to be inferred, the inference was not generally drawn. In the essay just named I quoted this passage from Sir John Herschel, appending the remark that it furnished '' another reductio ad ahsiirdnm " of the be- lief. Let me add that the question at issue was not one of mathematics, nor of mathematical physics, nor of physical astronomy. It was simply a question of gen- eral reasoning. There is an error in the closing part of my last letter which I must rectify. I had referred to a passage from Sir John Herschers Outlines expressing the belief that in clusters of stars having partially opposing impulses there must occur collisions ; but that after such collisions there must ultimately arise a circulation of a permanent character. Since globular clusters, like others, are formed of stars which, so far as appears, have opposing impulses, I assumed that all of these were included in the statement. I had before me at the time the second volume of Dr. Isaac Roberts's Photographs of Stars, Star-Clusters, and Nehidae, in which, at pp. 1730-8, it is shown, both by the photographs and the descriptions, that those called globular clusters are in course of con- centration — that is, are not in moving equilibrium (glob- ular is a misleading word, since it connotes a definite limit, which nowhere exists) ; and I was the more led 386 THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS thus to regard them by Sir John Hersehel's own state- ment respecting diffused and globular clusters, that ** it is impossible to say where one species ends and the other begins *' {Outlines, p. 639). Hence, it never occurred to me that he assumed some of the globular clusters to be already in a state of moving equilibrium; nor do I understand now for what reason (save the theological one named) he thus assumed them. This, however, is beside the question, which is whether he did so assume them; and here closer study of his words obliges me to admit that I was wrong. This admission, however, does not in the least touch the main issue. In opposition to a view I had expressed, Professor Ward said that ' ' the little that is known con- cerning the distribution and motion of our Sidereal Sys- tem points clearly to the existence of stable arrange- ments comparable to that of the Solar System, but of greater complexity ' ' ; and he asserts that, in the passage I have quoted, *' this view is maintained " by Sir John Herschel. My reply was that the passage makes no reference to our Sidereal System, either directly or by implication, but only to extremely minute components of it — telescopic star-clusters. And now to this negative proof of misrepresentation I have to add positive proof ; for on pp. 630-1, Sir John Herschel discusses the spec- ulations that had been ventured respecting the rotation of our Sidereal System, and after rejecting the only definite one named, that of Madler, expresses his own neutrality, and thinks that an opinion can be formed only after some thirty or forty years of a special class of observations. Herbert Spencer. Brighton, April 18th, 1900. 387 INDEX Abbot, F. E., American critic, i. 170, 189 Aberdeen Free PresSf i. 384 Aberdeen University, Spencer's refusal of honours, i, 245 seq. Abney, Sir W. de W., ii. 99 Aborigines' Protection Society, ii. 21 "Absolute, The": Sir John Herschel on, i. 127 ; in ethics, ii. 28 seq, Abydos, i. 274 Academic des Sciences Morales, etc., Paris, i. 311 seq. Academy, The, i. 267; ii. 136 Accademia dei Lincei, Rome, i, 258 Achilles, as the ideal of Chris- tians, ii. 122 Achranich (see Ardtornish) Acquired Characters, contro- versy concerning inheri- tance of, i. 360; ii. 45 seq., 205 Acton, Lord [First Baronl, i. 262, 357 Acts of Parliament, scheme for tabulating, ii. 8 seq. Adamson, Prof. Robert, ii. 99 Aesthetic Progress (originally included in Spencer's scheme for Synthetic Phi- losophy), ii. 88 Afghan war, ii. 121 Agassiz' opinion of Spencer, i. 198' Agnosticism, i. 105, 340 seq.; Spencer's change from The- ism to, ii. 119 seq., 249; attitude to believers, ii. 200 seq. Airlie, Lord, i. 294 Airy, Sir G. B. ( Astronomer Royal ) : early correspond- ence with, ii. 157 Alcock, Sir Rutherford: appre- ciation of Descriptive So- ciology, i. 229 Alexander, Prof. S., ii. 239 Alexandria, i. 272, 274 Alger, William R., American author: expression of sym- pathy with Spencer, i. 168 Alglave, French translator, i. 265 AUbutt, Prof. T. Clifford, ii. 239 Allen, Grant, i. 280; ii. 99; writes eulogistic verses, i. 227; Charles Darwin, i. 329; visits to and from, i. 379; ii. 142; championship of Spencer, ii. 91; death, ii. 143; intellectual qualities, ih. : " Personal Reminis- cences " of Spencer, ii. 246. Letter to, ii. 91 Alphabet, Spencer's scheme for natural, i. 47 Alton, E. H. . compiler of De- scriptive Sociology, ii. 196 note Altruism, A. R. Wallace on gen- esis of, i. 265 Alviella (see Goblet d'Alviella) 389 INDEX America: Spencer's literary re- lations, i. 128, 133, 138, 143 seq., 211, 217, 286; ii. 88, 135 ; first subscribers to Synthetic Philosophy, i. 131; Civil War, i. 138, 191, 276; practical sympathy with Spencer, i. 167, 217, 290; ii. 231; Spencer's proposed dedication of phi- losophy to friends in, i. 193 ; International Scien- tific Series, i. 209; political machinery, i. 211; attitude towards Spencer, i. 268, 303, 338; ii. 105; Spen- cer's visit, i. 271, 289, 299; ii. 39; copyright question, i. 278, 354, 363 seq.; po- litical state, i. 279; Twi- light Club, i. 307; Jap- anese relations, ii. 15; Chinese Immigration, ii. 17; Henry George's attack on Spencer, ii. 37; testi- monial, ii. 39; admiration of "smart" men, ii. 78; " dreadful catastrophe" im- pending, ih. ; Spencer's pamphlet on metric sys- tem, ii. 94; arbitration, ii. 94 ; war with Spain, ii. 135; doctor asks for be- quest of Spencer's brain, ii. 259; Declaraton of Inde- pendence, ii. 354 Amphimixis, Weismann's the- ory, ii. 56 Amusements, recommended by Spencer to his friends, ii. 297 Anarchist, use of term by an individualist, ii. 77 Ancestor Worship, ecclesiasti- cal institutions derived from, ii. 360 Andrews, Prof., physicist, ii. 165, 320 Animism, controversy with E. B. Tylor concerning, ii. 63 seq., 134, 193 Anti-Aggression League, i. 295 seq.; ii. 95, 136, 301 Anti-Gambling League, ii. 23, 66 Antiquity, veneration for, i. 44, 59 Anti-Vaccination League, ii. 152 Ants, differentiation of classes, ii. 132 Appleton, D., & Co.: Spencer's American publishers, i. 144, 290, 347 seq.; ii. 44 Appleton, W. H., i. 269, 278; ii. 186 A priori method in Spencer's philosophy, ii. 277 seq. Arbitration, Anglo-American, ii. 95 Architect, The, i. 377; ii. 376 Architect, Engineer and Sur- veyor, ii. 368 ; " Archi- tectural Precedent," paper by Spencer on, i. 44, 378; ii. 368 Architecture, often spoiled by excess, ii. 137 Ardtomish { formerly Achran- ich ) , Argyllshire, Spencer's visits to, i. 106, 123, 131, 134, 143, 152, 161, 180, 227, 239, 253 seq., 266, 288, 315, 412 seq.; ii. 222; a last reminder of, ii. 218 (illustration opp. page i. 412) Arena, ii. 3 Argoed The, Monmouthshire, i. 383, 385 Argyll, [Eighth] Duke of, ii. 97; letter to, ii. 49 390 INDEX Aristotle, Spencer's knowledge of his writings, ii, 147 Arnold, Matthew, i. 278 ; ii. i * 199, 205 Arnold, Dr. [Thomas], i. 397 Arnott's smoke - consuming grate, i. 107 Art: French architectures and furniture, i. 99; Spencer's scheme for classifying ar- tistic characters of paint- ings, ii. 88 seq.; Ruskin's views, ii. 127; need for re- straint, ii. 137 "Art of Education," ii. 320, 370 Artisans (see Working Classes) Assouan, i. 273 Astronomy: in scheme for Syn- thetic Philosophy, ii. 91, 166; Spencer's writings concerning, ii. 156 seq., 329; genesis of asteroids, ii, 330 seq. Atheism, repudiated by Spen- cer, i. 105 {v. ii. 249, 370) Athenceum, The, (Club) : i. 188, 286, 319, 390, 398; ii. 129, 302; Spencer's elec- tion, ii. 253 seq.; Spen- cer's attachment to, ii. 253 seq.; his qualities as a club-man, ii. 254 seq.; Gal ton's smoke-room talks with Spencer, ii. 262 ; Spencer's impracticable ad- ministration, ii. 272 seq. Athenceum (periodical), i. 105, 137 seq., 267; ii. 36, 371, 375, 378 Athleticism, ii. 24 Australia: Press attitude to " Religious Retrospect, etc.," i. 339 ; Spencerian Society in Melbourne, ii. 209 Author, The, ii. 378 Authority: women always sup- porters of, i. 182; honorary titles strengthen, i. 314 (see also Herbert Spencer, Characteristics ) Autobiography of Spencer: in relation to this work, vii. seq., initiation, i. 234; lacuna, i. 273; writing of, i. 317; contemplated publi- cation of part during life, i. 343; coincidences, ii. 130. (Frequent other ref- erences throughout this work ) Avebury, Lord {see Lubbock) Avenue Road, No. 64, St. John's Wood, Spencer's ma- nage at, ii. 22 seq., 26 seq., 75, 95, 128 seq. Babbage, Chaeles, i. 148 Bacon, Francis : Spencer's knowledge of his writings, ii. 146; application of say- ing by, ii. 148 Baden-Powell, Sir G. S., ii. 99, 157 Baer, K. von: formula of devel- opment, ii. 322 Bailliere, French publisher, i. 257, 262, 274 Bain, Prof. Alexander: i. 106, 150 seq., 286, 345; ii. 99; Emotions and the Will, i. 124, 240; ii. 333; Mill on his psychological work, i. 150; Spencer's regard for, i. 151 seq.; ii. 201, 220, 221; founder of Mind, i. 229 ; false report of death, i. 251; Mental and Moral Science, i. 259 ; review of "Data of Ethics," i. 267; opinion of Spencer's last 391 INDEX book, ii. 205; death, ii. 221; Spencer's apprecia- tion, ii. 221. Letters to, i. 151 seq.; ii. 201, 220; letter from, ii. 220 Bain, Mrs., ii, 221 Baker, Miss, i. 414. Letter to, ii. 9 Balfour, E,t. Hon. Arthur James: ii. 228; criticism of Spencer's philosophy at Glasgow, ii. 47; Spencer's article on " Mr. Balfour's Dialectics," ii. 79, 379; visit to Spencer, ii. 97 ; co- operation in testimonial to Spencer, ii. 97, 99. Letters to, ii. 106, 195 Balfour [F. M.], i. 301 Ball, Sir Robert S., ii. 99 Bancroft, George, i. 131 Barbarism, recrudescence of, i. 135 Bamett, Rev. S. ( Canon ) , i. 272 Bastian, Dr. Henry Charlton: Spencer's trustee, x. ; co- operation in this work, ib.; letter to, on booksellers, ii. 70; testimonial to Spen- cer, ii. 97; opinion of Her- komer's portrait, ii. 113; correspondence concerning Norman Lockyer's specula- tions, ii. 168; visit to Spencer in his illness, ii. 217 Bastian, Mrs. Charlton, ii. 131 Basutoland question, i. 272 Bath and West of England Magazine, i. 25; ii. 367 Beard, Dr. George M., i. 306 Beauty, substantiality a factor in, i. 99 Beckett, Sir Edward (Lord Grimthorpe) : criticism of Spencer's philosophy, i. 319 Beddard, F. E., F.R.S., ii. 99 Beddoe, John, M.D., ii. 99 Beecher, Henry Ward: i. 131; appreciation of Spencer, i. 168, 336 Beethoven, L. van, i. 414; ii. 137 Bellows, Henry W., i. 131 Bell, Graham, i. 257 Benn, Alfred W. : unpublished review of Synthetic Phi- losophy, ii. 123. Letter to, ii. 124 seq. Bentham, Jeremy : Spencer's knowledge of his writings, ii. 146 Bepton, Sussex, ii. 189, 302 Besant, Sir Walter, ii. 99 Betting, ii. 23 Bevington, Miss L. S., i. 287;* ii. 136 BibliothSque Pacificiste Inter- nationale, ii. 226 Billiards : saying falsely at- tributed to Spencer, i. 398 seq. Binding-pin: appliance devised by Spencer, i. 67; ii. 311 Biography : popularity of, ii. 93; what should be in- cluded in a complete, ii. 304 Biology: Spencer's early inter- est in, i. 82 seq.; ii. 306; importance of physics, i. 125 ; spontaneous genera- tion, 1. 190; views of ex- perts on Spencer's work, i. 200; interbreeding of races, ii. 17; inheritance of acquired characters or functionally-wrought modi- fications, ii. 45, 324 seq.; its study essential for the 392 INDEX ethical teacher, ii. 147; commencement of life on the earth, ii. 182; filiation of Spencer's ideas in, ii. 315 seq.y 322 seq., 326, 331, 335 seq.; a priori rea- soning, ii. 326 ; first use i>f word " evolution," ii. 331 note; alleged basis for Sociology, ii. 357 note Birks, Canon, i. 249 Birmingham : Complete Suf- frage Conference, i. 47 ; Pilot newspaper, i. 61, 384 Birmingham and Gloucester Railway (afterwards merged in Midland Railway) : Spencer's appointment on, i. 29; ii. 308 Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society, i. 307, 333 Bitter Cry of the Outcasts of London, i. 325 Black, William, i. 286, 291 Black and White, ii. 194 Blunt, , i. 362 Blunt, Wilfred Scawen, writes Satan A hso Ived at Spen- cer's instigation, ii. 138 seq. Letters to, ii. 136 seq,, 192 Boehm, Sir Edgar, R.A.: his bust of Spencer, i. 326 Boers: policy towards outland- ers, ii. 151; relief fund, ii. 210 Bologna, Italy, i. 272 Bologna, University of, degree conferred on Spencer, i. 389 Bonney, Canon T. C, ii. 239 Booksellers' discounts and net prices, i. 88, 220; ii. 70, 369, 378 Booth, W. Bramwell, attack on Spencer, ii. Ill Bosanquet, Bernard, ii. 99 Botha, General Louis, letters to, on management of Boer Relief Fund, ii. 210 Boughton Monehelsea, ii. 129 Bourne, H. R. Fox: letter to, on the Kanaka Question in Queensland, ii. 21 Bournemouth, i. 373 Bowditch, J. I., i. 131 Bowen, Sir Charles, i. 357 Bowen, F., i. 131 Bowman, Thomas, Warden of Merton, ii. 239 Boys, Prof. C. V., ii. 99 Bradbrook [Sir], E. W., ii. 99 Bradlaugh, Charles, i, 295 Brant-Sero, Mr. ( Iroquois ) , proposes translation of Education into Mohawk, ii. 194 Bray, Mrs., letter to, Ii. 208 Brett, John, A.R.A., i. 377 Brettell, Settlement of Immi- grants so named, at Stour- bridge, i. 1 Brettell, Jane {see Holmes) Brettell, Jeremiah, i. 2 Brettell, John, i. 2 Brettell, Joseph, of Wordsley, Spencer's descent from, i, 2 Brettell, Joseph, Wesleyan Minister, i. 2 Bridge, James, Spencer's secre- tary, i. 296 Bright, Rt. Hon. John, M. P., i. 71, 276. Letters to, i. 294, 297 Bright, Rev. Dr. J. Franek, ii. 240 Brighton, Sussex: i. 98, 107, 130, 256, 286, 296, 319; 368; ii. 58; Spencer's resi- dence at; ii. 130, 197; Free 393 INDEX Church meeting, ii. 214 ; of&cial mark of respect at Spencer's funeral, ii. 228 Brighton and Hove Natural History Society, ii. 228 British Academy of Letters, ii. 199 British Association Meetings, i, 227, 288; Lord Salisbury's address, ii. 73 British and Foreign Medico- Chirurgical Review, i. 106; ii, 331, 371 seq. British Library of Political Science, ii. 125 British Quarterly Review, i. 76, 97, 111, 113, 138, 218; ii. 321, 371 Brodrick, Hon. Greorge C, letter to, i. 406 Brooklyn Ethical Association, i. 392, 393; ii. 120 Brough, Prof., letter to, ii. 147 note Browning, Oscar, i. 262 Browning, Robert: i. 279; ii. 137; lines from "The Lost Leader " applied by H. George to Spencer, ii. 39, 40 Bruce, Mr. [S. Noble], i. 255 Brunton, [Sir] T. Lauder, ii. 99 Bryant, Edwin W., St. Louis, U.S.A., i. 230 Buchanan, Robert: ii. 136; Spencer's appreciation and criticism of The Outcast^ i. 410; exposure of Christian hypocrisy, i. 411; defence of Spencer in Huxley con- troversy, i. 410 seq.; ii. 32 seq.; death, ii. 195. Let- ter to, the " higher social- ism," ii. 33 Buckle, Thomas Henry, on pro- gramme of Synthetic Phi- losophy, i. 126. Letter from, i. 113 Buda Pesth, University of, ii. 81 Bunsen, Baron, ii. 185, 331 Burdeau, Auguste, Vice-Presi- dent of the French Cham- ber, and translator of Spencer's Essays, ii. 66 Burdeau, Mme., letter to, ii. 66 Burgess, J. B., R.A., his por- trait of Spencer, ii. 113 Busk, Dr. ( George) , i. 161, 163, 257, 258 Butler, Mrs. Josephine, letter to, on coercive methods in social affairs, ii. 149 Buzzard, Dr. Thomas: ii. 65; certification of nurses, ii. 6 Caine, Hall, Canadian copy- right, ii. 89 Caine, W. S., M.P., ii. 66 Caird, Dr. Edward, Master of Balliol, ii. 153 Cairnes, J. E., i. 229. Letter to, Laissez-faire, i. 212 Cairo, i. 272, 274, 281 Calderon, Philip H., R.A., i. 377 Calderwood, Prof., Edinburgh, i. 272 Cambridge, University of: pro- posal to confer degree, ii. 107; Hegelianism, ii. 201; proposed memorial to Spen- cer in Westminster Abbey (signatures), ii. 239 Campbell, Lord, i. 88 Canada : copyright question, 89 ; Spencer's visit, i. 300 Carlyle, Thomas: i. 293; Crom- well, i. 68; Spencer's opin- ion of, ii. 93, 198; his opinion of Spencer, ii. 93; 394 INDEX repudiation of " science of history," ii. 352 Carnarvon, Earl of, ii. BQ Carnegie, Andrew: ii. 9; gift of piano to Spencer, i. 407, 414; views concerning wealth, ih.; asks Spencer to ait for his portrait, ii. 104, 112; thoughts of Spen- cer in his illness, ii. 221; request for memento, ii. 223 seq. Letters to, i. 407; ii. 104 seq., 148, 212, 221 Carpenter, W. B., Principles of Physiology, i. 80 Carres Dynamometer, i. 34 Carus, Prof. Victor: ii. 66; translator, ii. 150; pays Spencer the highest com- pliment he ever received, ii. 150 Gary, Henry C, i. 131 Cause: relativity of idea, ii. 124 ; investigation of, an analytic process, ii. 305 Gazelles, Dr. E.: French trans- lator of Spencer's works, i. 169, 202, 295; ii. 75; Introduction to Evolution Philosophy, i. 202 seq., 225 seq.; relinquishes transla- tion for political reasons, ii. 120 ; Spencer recom- mends amusements to, ii. 267. Letters to, i. 203 seq.; ii. 120 seq., 166 Cecil, Lord Arthur, i. 266 Cecil, Lord Lionel, i. 266 "Ceremonial Institutions" (a division of Spencer's Prin- ciples of Sociology), i. 254, 257, 267, 272, 317; ii. 354 Chadwick, Rev. J. W., Brook- lyn: on Spencer's charac- teristics, ii. 261 seq.; on Spencer's philosophy, ii. 289 seq. Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. Joseph: ii. 210; Canadian copy- right, ii. 89 ; presence at disestablishment meeting recalled, ii. 214 Chambers, Robert: i. 86; on Spencer's population the- ory, i. 83; on programme of Synthetic Philosophy, i. 126 Chapin, E. H., i. 131 Chapman, Dr. John, i. 69, 75, 83, 111, 114; ii. 317, 323 Character, in relation to poli- tics, ii. 7, 149 (u. ii. 314, 363) Chemistry, evolution of ele- ments, ii. 168, 184 Chesson, F. W., i. 292 Children: Spencer's advice to a mother, i. 382; ii. 9 seq.; prevention of cruelty to, i. 405 seq. {See also Edu- cation ) China: relations with foreign- ers, ii. 11; Descriptive So- ciology, ii. 196 note; trans- lation of Spencer's work, ii. 207 note Christian Examiner, i. 168, 170 Christianity: attitude of clergy to Spencer, i. 269, 336, 339 ; ii. 23 ; objection to Spencer's Study of Sociol- ogy at Yale, i. 276; pro- fession and practice con- trasted, i. 293, 411; ii. 122, 139, 153 ; dissociation of religion and ethics, ii. 19; eternal torment, ii. 60; re- lapse of those who aban- don, ii. 212 ; Spencer's attitude, in connection with proposed memorial in 395 INDEX Westminster Abbey, ii. 242 seq. ; in private life, ii. 250 Church of England: i. 42, 44; Arnold's opinion, ii. 205; disestablishment scheme, ii. 214 seq. Church Congress, appreciation of Spencer at, i. 268 Cirencester, i. 103 Civil Engineer and Architects' Journal, i. 33, 43; ii. 367 Civilisation, conception of, in Social Statics, ii. 314 Clark, Sir Andrew, Bart. : testi- monial to, i. 378; read Spencer's writings as a tonic, ii. 291 " Classification of the Sciences,'^ i. 148; ii. 91, 372 Clifford, Kingdon: ii. 161, 165; lecture on mental develop- ment, i. 188 Cliftonville, Margate, ii. Q5 Clodd, Edward: ii. 99; Memoir of Grant Allen, ii. 143 Clothing, importance of proper distribution over body, ii. 10 seq. Cobden, Richard: character de- velopment, i. 41 Cockburn, Lord Chief Justice: dictum on martial law, ii. 192 Coincidences : importance at- tached to, ii. 64; basis for belief in the supernatural, ii. 85; estimation of proba- bilities, ii. 220 Coit, Dr. Stanton: correspond- ence on ethical movement, ii. 197 seq. Coleridge, S. T.: Idea of Life, ii. 315, 318 Collier, James, Spencer's sec- retary, i. 194, 316; Remi- niscences of Spencer, ii. 246 Collier, Hon. John, i. 326 Collins, P. Howard: i. 307, 333; Epitome of Synthetic Phi- losophy, i. 384; pamphlet and correspondence con- cerning inheritance of ac- quired characters, ii. 44 seq.; proposal for portrait of Spencer, ii. 86, 379; co- operation in testimonial, ii. 109; correspondence with Bramwell Booth, ii. 119 seq. Letters to, ii. 86 seq., 87 seq., 105, 108, 116, 119, 198 Cologne Cathedral, Spencer's opinion of, i. 93 seq. Colonial federation, ii. 24 Colour - blindness, frequency among Quakers, ii. 47 Colours, Spencer's scheme for nomenclature, ii. 87 Columbus, Christopher, Spen- cer's eulogy of, ii. 248 Communism: land questions, i. 332; tendency to, i. 317 {see also Socialism) Compayrg, Gabriel, ii. 212 Complete Suffrage Union, i. 46 seq., 61; ii, 311 Comte, Auguste : Spencer's phil- osophical relations to, i. 93, 96 seq., 147 seq., 172, 202, 207 seq., 344, 384; ii. 90 seq., 321, 340; meeting with, i. 107; influence on English scientific thought, i. 149; donation to Spencer from his executor, i. 166; the worship of humanity, i. 259; Harrison- Spencer controversy, 339 seq. ; Hector Macpherson on his limited conception of phi- 396 INDEX losophy, ii. 282 seq.; what Spencer owed to him, ii. 320, 340 Congregational Board of Edu- cation, i. 78 Congreve, Richard, letter from, on Harrison- Spencer con- troversy, i. 341 Consciousness, evolution of, ex- emplified, 1. 238 seq. " Consciousness under Chloro- form," i. 255, 259; ii. 374 Conservation of Energy: Spen- cer's criticism of term, i. 232 Conservative Party, Spencer's attitude, ii. 3 " Constitution of the Sun," ii. 165, 341, 372 Contemporary Review^ i. 196 seq., 211 seq., 249, 282 seq., 289, 301, 317 seq., 327; ii. 49, 140, 373 seq. Conway, Moncure: 1. 192; pro- posal for " supreme court of civilisation," ii. 135, Letters to, ii. 61, 135 seq., 191 Cooper, J. Astley, letter to, ii. 24 Co-operation, ii. 65 Copyright : international, i. 210, 278, 354, 355, 363; Royal Commission, i. 251; ii. 195, 374; Canada, ii. 89 seq. Letter to A. J. Bal- four suggesting legislative action, ii. 195 Cornhill Magazine, ii. 164 Corn-Law Repeal : efi"ect on pauperism, i. 212 Correspondents, examples of re- quests received by Spencer from, ii. 188 seq. " Cosmic Philosophy," Spencer's objection to title, i. 208 " County Council Tyranny," ii. 4 Courtney, Leonard (now Lord C. of Penwith) : ii. 97; ad- dress at Spencer's funeral, ii. 228 seq., 291. Letter to, on relations with his con- stituents, ii. 153 seq. Courtney, Mrs. Leonard (now Lady C. of Penwith, n4e Kate Potter) : i. 272; acts as " grundyometer," ii. 2 seq.; visit to Spencer in his illness, ii. 148; his last letter, ii. 226; reminis- cences of Spencer, ii. 251 seq., 257 seq., 273 Coutant, M., Paris, ii. 226 Craig-Sellar, Mrs., i. 412 seq. Crawford and Balcarres, Earl of, ii. 173 Cremer [Sir] W. R., i. 297 Crichton-Browne, Sir J., ii. 99 Cripps, Judy, i. 383 {see i. 396) Cripps, Mrs. W. H. {n4e Pot- ter) : i. 373, 396. Letter to, on care of her children, i. 382 Critics, Spencer's experience of, i. 249, 267, 280; ii. 132, 138 Croft, W. C. (Liberty and Property Defence League), letter to, i. 298 Crookes, Sir William : theory of composition of elements, ii. 169 seq. Cross, John W.: i. 113, 180, 258, 285; ii. 78; Life of George Eliot, i. 356 ; ii. 316. Letter to, ii. 78 Cross, Mrs. J. W. ("George Eliot," q. V.) Cross, Miss Mary, ii. 75 Crucifixion, tableau vivant of, at St. Cloud, i. 99 397 INDEX CuBynghame, H. H., on Crookes' theory of composition of elements, ii. 169 Curtis, George W., i. 131 Daily Chronicle, ii. 66, 377; land question, ii. 43, 378 Daily News, ii. 375, 381 Daily Telegraph, i. 295; ii. 32 seq., 377 Dale, A. W. W., Vice-Chan- cellor, Liverpool Univer- sity, ii. 239 Dalhousie, Lady, i. 316, 397 Dalhousie, Lord, i. 316, 397 Dallinger, Dr. W. H., ii. 100 Daniel, Rev. C. H. 0., ii. 239 Darrell, Lionel, i. 273 Darwin, Charles: on Spencer's biological speculations, i. 113, 164; effect of Origin of Species on Spencer's recognition, i. 184; Descent of Man and mental evolu- tion, i. 196 seq.; opinion of Spencer, i. 198 seq.; " Pangenesis," i. 199 ; death and funeral, i. 296; Spen- cer's philosophical relations to, i. 315 seq., 327, 329, 342, 344; ii. 4, 314, 334, 349; theory on music, i. 316; "Factors of Organic Evolution," i. 359 seq.; use- inheritance, ii. 45; al- leged socialistic implica- tions of doctrines, ii. 79 ; proposal to acquire house at Down for biological pur- poses, ii. 117; on value of speculation, ii. 278. Let- ters to, i. 153, 196 seq., 199, 212, 221; letters from, i. 113, 127 Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, i. 360 Darwin, Francis, ii. 100 Darwin, Prof, [Sir] George H. : ii. 100, 173. Letters to, i, 296; ii. 118, 179 seq. Darwin, W. E., ii. 100 "Data of Ethics" (Part I. of Spencer's Principles of Ethics, q.v.), i. 257, 260 seq., 267, 282, 285; Jap- anese translation, i. 308 Davidson, Prof. W. L., ii. 221 De Morgan, William, i. 280 Debus, Dr. Heinrich, i. 257 Decimal System, i. 28; ii. 94 Deduction: a synthetic process, ii. 307 ; Huxley's hatred of, ii. 326; his remark about Spencer's proneness to, ii. 263 Deductive Philosophy, title and scheme proposed for omit- ted divisions of Synthetic Philosophy, ii. 158 seq. Defford, bridge over Avon at, originates nickname foi* Spencer, 1. 32 Degrees (see Titles) Delmonico's, New York, i. 299, 301, 306 Denmark: ofl&cial invitation to Spencer to write on Social Development, ii. 208 ; Royal Danish Academy, i. 389 Derby: i. 109, 121; Spencer's grandfather settles in, i, 3; Spencer's birthplace, i. 9; ii. 107; Spencer's home in Wilmot Street, i. 12; po- litical events, 1. 46 seq., 70 ; Spencer Society, ii. 107 Derby, Earl of (Lord Stanley) : i. 280 ; testimonial to Spencer, i. 120; on Spen- cfer's Ethics, i. 264 Derby: Countess of: reception 398 INDEX at Foreign Office, i. 246 seq. Derby Mercury (1790), refer- ence to Spencer's grand- father in, i. 3 Descriptive Sociology : i. 185, 194 seq., 217 seq,, 290 seq.; ii. 354, 358; Sir R. Al- cock's appreciation, i. 229; losses, i. 352; ii. 39; dis- paragement, by F. Harri- son, i. 353; Chinese divi- sion, i. 394 note; ii. 196 note; Spencer*s testa- mentary provisions, ii. 196; new divisions in prog- ress, ih. note " Development Hypothesis," i. 85; ii. 319, 322, 369 Development Theory {see Evo- lution ) Devonshire, the Duke of, ii. 239 Dewar, Prof. [Sir] James, ii. 173 Dickens, Charles : Christmas tale, i. 69 Disraeli, Benjamin [Earl of Beaconsfield], desire to help Spencer, i. 119 Dixon, Hepworth, editor of AthencBum, i. 124 Donaldson, James, Principal of St. Andrews University, ii. 100 Donisthorpe, Wordsworth: tab- ulation of Acts of Parlia- ment, ii. 8. Letters to, ii. 67 seq. Dorking, i. 379 seq. Dover: i. 102; design for land- ing pier, ii. 55 Downes, Dr. Arthur, i. 363 seq. Draper, J. W., i. 131, 301 Dreams, fulfilment of, a ques- tion of coincidence, ii. 64 Drummond, Prof. Henry: Nat- ural Law in the Spiritual yVorld, i. 309 ; alleged pla- giarism, ii. 71 seq. Drunkennes s, outcry against, i. 376 Dublin, impressions of, i. 192 Dublin Review, i. 228 Duncan, Dr. David ( the au- thor) : origin of this work, vii. ; Spencer's secretary and assistant, 1. 186 seq., 194 Duodecimals, i. 47 Dutch Judge, Spencer's refusal to meet, at Cairo, ii. 258 Dynamometer, appliance in- vented by Spencer, i, 32, 34 Dysart, Earl of, i. 329; ii. 58, 100. Letters to : Home Rule, ii. 7 ; importance of character in politics, ih. seq. Eaeth, the: Spencer's specula- tions concerning atmos- phere and form, ii. 156; age, ii. 174; constitution of interior, ib.; cooling, ii. 178 Eclectic Review, i. 49 seq. " Ecclesiastical Institutions " {Principles of Sociology, Part VL), i. 326 seq., 335 seq., 356 Economist: i. 62, 73, 74, 82, 100; ii. 369; Spencer's sub- editorship, i. 73, 74, 81, 87, 91 seq. Edinburgh Review, i. 91, 99, 154, 257, 305; ii. 370; re- view of evolution philoso- phy, i. 318 Edinburgh University, i. 245 seq.; ii. 107 Education: Spencer's early in- 399 INDEX terest in subject, i. 37; as a franchise qualification, i. 122; State agency, i. 344; ii. 126, 196, 224; Journal- istic plebiscite concerning leading educationists, i. 345; London Liberty Club, i. 370; outcry against in- sufiicient, i. 375 ; centrali- sation and uniformity, ii. 127, 196; Spencer's views not influenced by Rous- seau, ii. 212 seq.; evolu- tionary conception, ii. 320 Education, Intellectual^ Morale and Physical, [collected essays by Spencer] : i. 75, 92, 96, 109, 113, 133 seq.; ii. 304, 320, 366; sixpenny edition, ii. 212; transla- tions, i. 262; ii. 194, 207 note Edward VII., King: ii. 216; absurd story of, when Prince of Wales, ii. 141 Egypt : visit and impressions, i. 271 seq.; crisis in, i. 297 seq. Egyptians, Ancient : Descrip- tive Sociology, ii. 196 Elam, Dr., i. 249 Electric current, analogy in nervous action, i. 237 Elements, chemical : products of evolution, ii. 169 seq. Eliot, George {n4e Marian Evans) : i. 272; ii. 141; first meeting, i, 83; intro- duced by Spencer to G. H. Lewes, i. 83; on Spencer's ethics, i. 264; last meet- ing, i. 284; death and fu- neral, ih.; Spencer's rela- tions with, i. 286, 356 seq.; her mental powers, i. 395; gives Mill's Logic to Spen- cer, ii. 147; instigates Spencer to read Comte, ii. 321. Letter from, i. 285 Ellicott, Dr., Bishop of Glouces- ter, i. 250 Elliott, Sir Frederick, commit- tee-man at Athenseum, ii. 255 Ellis, Mr., educationist, i. 163 Emerson, Ralph Waldo: i. 310 seq.; opinion of Spencer, i. 198 Engineer's Journal, i. 43 English : " bovine unintelli- gence," ii. 5 ; too stupid to generalise, ii. 6; na- tional aggressiveness, ii. 16, 24, 121 (see also ii. 105 ) ; Spencer's prestige in, ii. 194; freedom, ii. 313 Equilibration, views of Tyn- dall and Spencer, i. 135 (v. ii. 335) Escrick Park, i. 288 Essays (Spencer's collected), i. 109, 110, 147, 169, 301; ii. 67, 172, 304, 367 Ethical Lectures' Fund, ii. 144 seq., 197 seq., 381 Ethical Movement, ii. 198 Ethics: absolute, i. 77; genesis of moral sentiments, i. 195 seq.; and religion, i. 303; highest aim of the benefi- cent, ii. 19; dififerentiation from religion, ii. 19; ideal or absolute, in political af- fairs, ii. 27 seq.; social evo- lution, ii. 35 seq., quali- fications for teaching, ii. 147 ; Hector Macpherson on Spencer's work in, ii. 287; conception formerly cur- rent, ii. 312; evolutionary conception, ii. 362 seq.; conclusions concerning pri- 400 INDEX vate conduct empirical, ii. 363 Ethics (periodical), ii. 381 Evans, Sir John, ii. 100 Evans, Marian {see Eliot, Grcorge ) Everett, Edward, i. 131 Eversley, Lord (Mr. Shaw Lefevre), ii. 225 Evolution: man the highest re- sult, i. 81 ; Darwin's views, i. 113, 327; ii. 4; incom- patible with spontaneous generation, i. 190 seq.; Gazelles' outline, i. 202; reply to criticisms on doc- trine, i. 219; A. R.. Wal- lace on altruism, i. 265; heredity, i. 360 seq.; W. H. Hudson's exposition, ii. 3 seq.; social state, ii. 35 seq., 314 seq., 352 seq.; religious ideas, i. 335 seq.; ii. 354 seq.; application to inorganic nature, ii. 156, 184; origin of elements, ii. 168 seq., 184; equality of men excluded, ii. 213; filia- tion of ideas in relation to, ii. 314 seq. Eooaminer, i. 221; ii. 373 Exhibition, the Great (1851), i. 81 Exhibition, International ( 1862), i. 136 Explanation, relativity of the conception, ii. 125 Eyre, Governor, ii. 192 " Factors of Organic Evolu- tion," i. 329, 359 Facts and Comments (Spen- cer's last book) : ii. 56 note, 186, 189 seq.; 197, 200 seq.; 234; opinion of friends and critics, ii. 205 ; translations, ii. 206; "ul- timate questions," ii. 234 Fairbairn, Dr. A. M., i. 289 Faraday, Michael: attitude to Comtism, i. 149 Fawcett, Henry, i. 397 Fawcett, Mrs., i. 369 Felton, C. C, i. 131 Ferri, Prof. Enrico: evolution and socialism, ii. 79 Ferry, Jules, French statesman, i. 266; ii. 374 Fetichism {see Animism) Figaro, he, ii. 70, 377 " Filiation of Ideas," ix., ii. 140 (Appendix B), 304 seq. First Principles : i. 131 seq., 136 seq., 141 seq., 159, 194, 202, 232, 268, 280, 318; ii. 366; second edition, i. 194; ii. 341, 366; J. S. Mill's appreciation, i. 141 seq.; French translation, i. 202; Tyndall's criticisms, i. 232; ii. 161 {V. ii. 335); position in scheme of Syn- thetic Philosophy, ii. 90 seq.; final revised edition, ii. 156, 183 seq.; ii. 366; scheme for omitted divi- sions, ii. 158 seq.; in rela- tion to recent advances in physical science, ii. 170; ghost theory, ii. 193; inde- pendence of its two parts, ii. 210 seq. {v. i. 268), ii, 334; Hector Macpherson'a criticism, ii. 286 seq.; filia- tion of ideas in, ii. 334 seq. Fiske, John: i. 225; defence of Spencer in Nation, i. ,198; lectures at Harvard on Spencer's philosophy, i. 206 ; proposes title " Cos- mic Philosophy," i. 207 401 INDEX seq.; death, ii. 195. Let- ters to, i. 207, 208; ii. 64 Fitch, Sir Joshua, letter to, ii. 196 Flower, Sir William H., i. 359, 362. Letter to, ii. 20 Folkestone, i. 365 Forbes, Prof. Edward, on Spen- cer's theory of population, i. 84 " Form of the Earth, etc.," ii. 156, 369 Fortnightly Review^ i. 156, 195, 251, 257 seq., 288; ii. 18, 72, 184, 246, 372 seq., 376 seq. Forum, The, American maga- zine, ii. 246 Foster, Sir Michael, i. 359, 362; ii. 100 Fowler, Rev. Dr. Thomas, ii. 240 Fox, Mr. (afterwards Sir) Charles, i. 29, 56, 65 France: impressions of, i. 98; architecture and decora- tion, %b.; bellicose feeling in '58, i. Ill; events of 1870-71, i. 203 seq.; social characteristics, i. 204 seq.; Spencer's views discussed in Chamber, i. 265 seq.; Lord Salisbury's B.A. ad- dress and Spencer's article, ii. 74; " political burgla- ries," ii. 121 ; Spencer's last book, ii. 206; Loubet's visit to England, ii. 216; Revolution, ii. 354 (see also Academic des Sci- ences, and Paris) Franchise: ii. 20 seq.; educa- tional qualification, i. 122 seq.; extension to women, i. 180 seq. Francis, John W., i. 131 Frankfort, Spencer's impression of, i. 94 Frankland, Prof. ( afterwards Sir) Edward, i. 190, 257, 286; ii. 100, 173 Fraser, Prof. A. Campbell; tes- timonial to Spencer, i. 117. Letters to, 92 seq., 96 Fraser's Magazine, i. 109; ii. 371 Free libraries, Spencer's views concerning, ii. 126 Free Life, organ of individual- ism, i. 400 seq. Free-Trade, i. 50 Freedom, law of equal, ii. 313, 364 Fremantle, W. A. H. C, letter to, i. 397 Frere, Sir Bartle, ii. 259 " From Freedom to Bondage," i. 403; ii. 377 Froude, J. A., i. 257; on pro- gramme of Synthetic Phi- losophy, i. 126; "science of history " repudiated by, ii. 352 Froude [William], "skin fric- tion," ii. 338 Fry, Sir Edward, ii. 100; argu- ment against Weismann, ii. 52. Letters to, ii. 52, 55 Furness, Dr., i. 131 Gall, De., phrenologist, ii. 310 Galton, Sir Douglas, ii. 100 Galton, Francis: i. 297, 377; ii. 97, 100, 237; on Spen- cer's remarkable feat as a boy, i. 16; reminiscences of Spencer, ii. 262 seq., 272 seq. Letter to, ii. 117 Gambling, ii. 23 Garnett, Dr. Richard, ii. 100 Garrett, Mr., i. 307 402 INDEX Garrison, William Lloyd, Junr., ii. 43 " Genesis of Science," ii. 90, 321 seq„ 325, 340, 370 Geology: in scheme for Syn- thetic Philosophy, ii. 91, seq.; age of solar system, ii. 167 ; writings bearing on, ii, 156 seq.; age of the earth, ii. 178; volcanic eruptions, ii. 176 seq. ; cooling of the earth, ii. 178 seq.; d priori reason- ing, ii. 326 " Geometrical Theorem," article by Spencer on, i. 34; ii. 367 George, Henry: Progress and Poverty, i. 290; meeting with, ih.; repudiation of views, i. 305 ; policy of tax- ing out landlords, i. 400; attack on Spencer in A Perplexed Philosopher^ ii. 3 Germany : Order " Pour le M6rite," ii. 80; Spencer's last book, ii. 206; subordi- nation to authority, ii. 313 "Germ-Plasm" theory, ii. 52 Ghost-Theory, ii. 62, 193, 353 note, 360 Gibbs, Walcott, i. 131 Giddings, Prof. F., ii. 357 note Giffen, Sir Robert, letters to, ii. 195 seq. Gingell, Miss Julia R., ii. 3, 75 Giornale d' Italia, ii. 209 Gladstone, W. E.: correspond- ence with, arising out of Study of Sociology, i. 215 seq., ii. 40; amicable rela- tions with Spencer, 1. 216, 222, 256, 279, 286; ii. 49 seq., 141; Anti- Aggression League, i. 297; protest from a correspondent, i . 338; opinion of "From Freedom to Bondage," i. 404; on testimonial to Spencer, ii. 102; principle of authority universally operative, ii. 247 seq. Glover, Miss, i. 341 Goblet d' Alviella, Count, let- ters to, ii. 3, 76 Goethe, J. W. von : Wilhelm Meister, i. 68; Faust, ii. 136 Oolden Penny, i. 399 Golder's Green Crematorium, ii. 228 Goligher, Prof. W. A., compiler of Descriptive Sociology, ii, 197 note Gomperz, Prof. Theodore (Vi- enna) : on Plato's intellect and influence, ii. 292. Let- ter from, on Spencer's elec- tion to Imperial Academy, ii. 80 seq. Goschen, W. E., ii. 208 "Gospel of Relaxation," 1. 307 Gowers, Sir William, on spe- cialisation in science, ii. 115 Graham, Prof,, colloids and crystalloids, ii. 336 Grant, Sir Alexander : " Phi- losophy and Mr. Darwin," i. 197 Grant, Miss Alice, painter of Spencer's portrait, ii. 114 note Grant, Dr., i. 273 Grant-Duff, Sir M. E., i. 257; ii. 100 Gray, Prof. Asa, i. 131, 223 Great Central Railway, opposi- tion to London extension, ii. 5 Great-man theory, Mr. Mal- 403 INDEX lock's criticism of Spencer, ii. 132 seq. "Great Political Superstition," i. 324 Greater Britain^ ii. 24 Greeks: Descriptive Sociology, ii. 196 note Greeley, Horace, i. 131 Green, Utilitarian publisher, i. 69 Green, Mrs. J. R., ii. 129 Green, Prof. T. H., ii. 140 Greenwich, Spencer's plan for dam at, i. 82 Greenwood, Frederick, ii. 29 Greg, W. R. : on Spencer's pop- ulation theory, i. 84; elec- tion to Athenseiun Club, ii. 253 Grey, Sir George, i. 316, 339 Grimthorpe, Lord (Sir Edward Beckett), i. 318 Grose, Rev. T. H., ii. 240 Grote, George: i. 88; testimo- nial to Spencer, i. 117 Ground, Rev, W. D., critic, i. 336 seq. Grove, Sir Greorge, ii. 100 Grove, Sir William R. : Cor- relation of Physical Forces, ii. 328 Grundyometer, ii. 2 Gull, Sir William, ii. 257 Giinther, Albert C. L. G., ii. 100 Guthrie, Rev. Malcolm, critic, i. 267, 280 Haldane, Right Hon. R. B., ii. 240 Hale, E. E., i. 131 Halle, Sir Charles, ii. 253 Hamilton, Rev. Dr. D., ii. 240 Hamilton, Lady Claud, i. 284 Hamilton, Gail: The Insup- pressihle Book, i. 356 Hamilton, J. McLure, ii. 86 Hamilton, Sir William, letter from, " The Universal Post- ulate," i. 95 Hanotaux, G., French Minister, ii. 120 Harper, Mr., i. 278 Harrison, Frederic: i. 257, 258, 384; ii. 100, 237; contro- versies with Spencer, i. 327, 339 seq., 349 seq. Letters to, 1. 351 seq,; ii. 18, 214 Harting, James E., ii. 100 Hartog, Prof. Marcus : corre- spondence on biological matters, ii. 52 seq., 56, 118 Harvard University: John Fiske's lectures, i. 206 Hawke, John, Anti-gambling League, letter to, ii. 23 " Haythorne Papers," series of essays by Spencer, i. 85, 93, 96; ii. 318 Heberden, C. B., Principal of Brasenose, ii, 240 Hegeler, B., i. 290 seq. Hegelianism: vogue in Eng- land, ii. 201 seq., 245; last refuge of the orthodox, ii. 202 Helmholtz, H. L. F. von: on heat evolved in solar con- densation, ii. 167 Hemming, Mr., i. 256 Hemus, foreign origin of fam- ily named, i. 1 Hemus, Elizabeth, Spencer's ancestor, i. 2 Hennel, Miss Sarah, i. 69 Hennezel, or Henzu, Thomas and Balthazar de, immi- grants named, i. 1 Henslow, Rev. Prof. George: argument against Weis- mann, ii. 51 404 INDEX Henzey, foreign origin of fam- ily so named, 1. 1 Herald, New York, i. 300 Herbert, Hon. Auberon: i. 412; ii. 207; urged to write on social questions, ii. 60; in- dividualistic propaganda, i. 401 seq.; scheme for bet- ter ventilation of houses, i. 404; Herbert Spencer, Lec- turer, ii. 237. Letters to, i. 300, 401 seq., 405; ii. 60 seq. " Herbert Spencer on American Nervousness," i. 306 Herhert Spencer on the Ameri- cans, etc., i. 300 Heredity : use-inheritance, i. 360; ii. 45, 205; inter- breeding of unlike races, ii. 16 seq.; limitation by sex, ii. 116 Herkomer, Sir Hubert von, R. A.^ painter of subscription portrait of Spencer, ii. 104, 108. Letters to, ii.. 110 seq., 112 Herschel, Sir John: on pro- gramme of Synthetic Phi- losophy, i. 126; Comtism, i. 148; aids reorganisation of Reader, i. 153; nebular hypothesis, ii. 157, 386 seq.; theory of the sun, ii. 331 Her twig, Prof., ii. 54 Hey worth, Lawrence, M.P., i. 60, 70, 414 Highgate Cemetery : George Eliot's funeral, i. 285 seq.; Spencer's tomb, ii. 234 Hill, Dr. Alex., Master of Downing, Cambridge, ii. 240 Hillard, George S., i. 131 Hinton Charterhouse, Somerset- shire: Spencer's life at, i. 16 seq., 45 ; Library, i. 372 Hirst, Dr. T. Archer, i. 219, 408; ii. 29 History: futility of, i. 80 {v. ii. 123) ; science of, repudi- ated by leading writers, ii. 352 Hobbes, Thomas : Spencer's knowledge of his writings, ii. 146; saying quoted, ii. 247 Hobhouse, Lord: ii. 100, 239; a greeting from, ii. 203 Hodge, F. H., i. 131 Hodgson, Richard, junr. : i. 282 seq. Letter to, i. 303 Hodgson, Shadworth, ii. 100 Hoffding, Prof. Harold: Danish translator, i. 389; corre- spondence concerning cor- relation of mind and body, i. 235 seq. Hoguet, M., ii. 226 Holland, Sir Henry : testimo- nial to Spencer, i. 117 Holme, Charles : i. 272 ; last visit to Spencer, ii. 227; executorship, ii. 228. Let- ter to, ii. 92 Holme, George, of Derby : i. 272; saves Spencer's life when a boy, i. 13, 234; his gratitude, i. 13; portrait sketch, i. 43; death, ii. 92; Spencer's tribute, ib. Let- ter to, i. 234 Holmes, Jane {n4e Brettell), Spencer's grandmother, i. 3 Holmes, John, Spencer's grand- father, i. 3 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, i. 372 Holt, Henry, American pub- lisher, i. 198 405 INDEX Holt, Richard, of Liverpool, i. 259, 300 Holt, Mrs. Richard {n^e Pot- ter), letters to, 1. 227, 247 Holyoake, George Jacob : i. 1 30 ; Spencer's apprecia- tion of, ii. 216. Letters to, ii. 65, 211 Home Rule, i. 329, 401; ii. 7, 20 Homer, real creed of Christians, derived from, ii. 122 Honorary degrees (see Titles and Appendix D), ii. 382 Hooker, Sir Joseph Dal ton: i. 108, 258; consulted by Spencer, i. 115, 132, 161, 163; testimonial to Spen- cer, i. 117; opinion of Spencer's researches in plant circulation, i. 200; use-inheritance, i. 360; the Huxley-Spencer contro- versy, ii, 29 seq.; trans- mits address of congratula- tion to Spencer, ii. 98, 100; bond of friendship, ii. 199, 219; dissent from Spencer's view of South African war, ii. 205. Let- ters to : asking testimonial, i. 115; reason for seeking foreign consulship, i. 118 seq.; refusal to accept sub- scription, i. 131 seq.; rea- sons for not joining Royal Society, i. 222 se^.; address of congratulation, ii. 102 seq.; subscription portrait, ii. 104, 108 seq., 169 seq.; personal, ii. 199 seq., 219. Letters from: on draw- backs of a foreign consul- ship, i. 116; X Club rem- nant, ii. 219 Hopkinson, Dr. A., Vice-Chan- cellor, Victoria University, ii. 240 Hopps, Rev. J. Page, letter to, declining invitation to stand for Leicester, i. 320 Houghton, Lord [Monckton- Milnes], ii. 49 House of Commons: power of, i. 320; philosophers a fail- ure in, i. 322 Howard, George, M.P., i. 319 Howells, W. D., Spencer's opin- ion of, ii. 266 Howitt, William and Mary, i. 69 Hudson, William Henry, Spen- cer's secretary, i. 329 ; book on Rousseau, ii. 213 seq.; " Character Study " of Spencer, ii, 213; reminis- cences, ii, 266. Letters to, ii. 3, 213 Huggins, Sir William, ii. 100, 173 Hughes, Miss Edith, ii. 75 Hughes, W, R., i. 307 Huguenots, settlement at Stour- bridge, i. 1 {v. 8) Humanity: true theory how de- rived, i. 80; organic bad- ness, i. 403; irrationality, ii. 77, 191; lack of critical faculty, ii. 84 Humanity, Religion of ( see Comte) Humboldt, Kosmos, i. 69 Hume, David, ii, 283, 284, 368 Humphrey Clinker, ii. 266 Hunt, W. Holman, election to Athenseum, ii. 253 seq. Huth, i. 256 Hutton, Richard: attack on So- cial Statics, i. 77; Spen- cer's ethical views, i. 195 406 INDEX Huxley, Leonard, Life and Let- ters of T. H. Huxley, i. 132 Huxley, Prof. T. H.: on Spen- cer's boyhood, i. 15; friend- ship initiated, i. 83; ii. 318; introduces Spencer to Tyn- dall, i. 85; friendly rela- tions and intercourse, i. 101, 108, 110, 219 seq., 255 seq., 316, 318; ii. 18; gives Spencer advice and criti- cism, i. 106, 108, 131 seq., 161 seq., 172, 190, 237, 356 seq., 359, 367; New Year's dinners, i. 108, 318; controversy with Owen, i. 112; testimonial to Spen- cer, i. 118; ii. 279; atti- tude to Comtism, i. 148; reorganisation of Reader, i. 153 ; spontaneous gen- eration, i. 191; "Adminis- trative Nihilism," i. 197 seq. ; International Scien- tific Series, i. 210, 248; Belfast lecture, i. 228; George Eliot's funeral, i. 284; jocose reference to photograph of Spencer, i. 284; Darwin's funeral, i. 296; President Royal So- ciety, i. 315; views on he- redity, i. 359 seq,; reads proofs of Spencer's Auto- biography, i. 367; reply to W. S. Lilly, i. 369; State- education, i. 370; "The Struggle for Existence in Human Society," i. 374 ; combativeness, i. 376; ban- ter, i. 377; ii. 263; house - building at East- bourne, i. 388 ; land- question, ii. 27 seq.; ii, 213; Romanes lecture, " Evolution and Ethics,'' ii. 35; death, ii. 82; age of the Earth, ii. 166, 179; al- leged influence of Rous- seau on Spencer, ii. 213; saying about Spencer's de- ductive bent, ii. 264; liter- ary composition, ii. 265 ; on the value of theory in scientific research, ii. 279; early discussion on devel- opment question recalled, ii. 318; hatred of deductive reasoning, ii. 326. Let- ters to: introductory, i. 85; Psychology, and con- gratulations on marriage, i. 101; foreign consulship, i. 119; First Principles, i. 131 seq.; loss of his son, ih.; plans for keeping the philosophy going, i. 166 seq.; a publisher's indis- cretion, i. 303 ; X Club fri- volity, etc., i. 333; criti- cism on " Factors of Or- ganic Evolution," 1. 360; suggested yachting cruise, i. 364; reply to Lilly, i. 369; death of his daugh- ter, i. 373; London dissi- pations, i. 377 ; house- building, i. 288; reconcilia- tion after estrangement, ii. 37; Lord Salisbury's Ad- dress, ii. 73 seq.; age of the Earth, ii. 178. Let- ters from : X Club frivol- ity, i. 333; use-inheritance, i. 360 ; Spencer's Autobi- ography, i. 367; reconcilia- tion, ii. 37; Lord Salis- bury's Address, ii. 74 ; Lord Kelvin and the age of the Earth, ii. 178 Huxley, Mrs. T. H.: i. 130, 279; on Boehm's bust of 407 INDEX Spencer, i. 326. Letter to, ii. 82 Hymns for Infant Minds : Spen- cer's textbook as a child, i. 12 Idealism, Grerman, in England, ii. 201 seq. Ilbert, Sir Courtney, compara- tive legislation, ii. 67 "Illogical Geology," i. 123; ii. 157, 332, 371 Imperialism, ii. 24 India: early marriages, i. 396; its conquest, an example to Japan, ii. 15; Eurasians, ii. 17; requests received by Spencer from, ii. 188; Spencer's Education trans- lated, ii. 207 note Individualism, does not mean individual isolation, ii. 59 (see Social State) Industrial Freedom League, ii. 216 " Industrial Institutions " ( di- vision of P^rinciples of So- ciology) , ii. 95, 361 seq. Inorganic evolution : omitted division of Spencer's phi- losophy, ii. 91, 155 seq.; writings bearing thereon, ii. 156 seq. Insuppressihle Book, The, i. 356 Interbreeding between diver- gent species, ii. 16 seq. International Arbitration Co- operative Society, i. 297 International Scientific Series, i. 209 seq.j 248 Inventiveness: implies self-con- fidence, ii. 249 Ireland: ii. 79; obstructive tac- tics of Irish Party, ii. 7 (see the Home Rule) Italy: Spencer's visit to, i. 188; honorary degrees conferred on him, i. 258, 389; ii. 81 {v. ii. 382) ; translations, ii. 206; official condolences on his death, ii. 237 Ito, Count { now Marquis ) , Japanese statesman, i. 391; ii. 14, 18 Jackson, Rev. B. W., Oxford, ii. 240 Jackson, G. B. W. (Spencer's engineering colleague ) , i. 68, 81, Letters from, i. 44 Jackson, Dr. H., Cambridge, ii. 240 Jackson, Dr. Hughlings, i. 302; ii. 100 Jacob, Colonel, Chief Commis- sioner in Scinde and Social Statics, i. HI Janes, Dr. L. G., ii. 44, 195 Janet, of French Institute, i. 229 Japan : Spencer consulted about political affairs, i. 213, 391 ; ii. 11 seq.; works translated, i. 308; ii. 207 note Japp, Prof.: address to Chemi- cal Section of B. As., ii. 119 Jaws: disuse and heredity, ii. 46 Jersey, i. 98 Jesuits: circulate story of Spencer's conversion, i. 398 note Jeune, Mrs. (Lady St. Helier), i. 290 Jevons, S., i. 301 Johnson, Rev. ( Brooklyn, N. Y.), i. 371 Jones, Prof. T. Rymer, ii. 315 Jones, Sir William : writings 408 INDEX unknown to Spencer, ii. 120 Jose, Mrs., i. 372, 414 Journal of Educationj i. 345 Jowett, Benjamin, i. 132 Judd, Prof. J. W.: correspond- ence on volcanic phenom- ena, ii. 175 seq. Judge, Mark, letter to, ii. 152 Justice, gratuitous administra- tion, i. 322; ii. 68 "Justice" (Part IV. of Spen- cer*s Principles of Ethics), i. 407, 412; ii. 43 Kanakas, in Queensland, ii. 21 Kaneko, Baron Kentaro, Jap- anese statesman: i. 390; ii. 11 seq. Letters to: con- servative policy for Japan, ii. 11; on Japanese policy with regard to foreigners, ii. 14 seq. Kant, Immanuel : philosophy, i. 303 seq.; ii. 198; Spen- cer's knowledge of his writ- ings, ii. 146; principle of individual action, ii. 313 Karnak, i. 274 Keatinge, M. W., letter to, ii. 127 Kelvin, Lord (Sir Wm. Thom- son) : metric system, ii. 94; method of reasoning, ii. 116; age of the earth and solar system, ii. 166 seq., 178, 179; cosmic evo- lution, ii. 173; rigidity of earth's interior, ii. 174. Letter to, ii. 173 Kershaw, John Derby, i. 9 Key, Miss Lilian, ii. 131 Killick, Miss Edith: ii. 131; reminiscences of Spencer, ii. 227, 256, 260, 267 seq. Kimberley, Earl of, i. 292 Kingsley, Rev. Charles : on programme of Synthetic Philosophy, i. 127; repu- diation of " science of his- tory," ii. 352 Kirchhoff, G. R., ii. 184, 331 Kirk Ireton, Derbyshire, rec- ords of Spencer family in parish register, i. 3 Kirkman, Rev. T., i. 249, 280 Knight, Charles, publisher, i. 79 Knight, Prof. William, ii. 100; article in Bookma/iif ii. 194 Knowledge, society for the re- peal of taxes on, i. 88 Knowles, Herbert, poet, Spen- cer named after, i. 9 Knowles [Sir] James, Editor of Nineteenth Century, i. 278, 338; ii. 123 Krakatau, volcanic eruption, ii. 175 seq. Krishnavarma, Shyamaji,found- er of Herbert Spencer Lec- tureship, Oxford, ii. 237 Lacaze-Duthier, origin of an- nulose type, ii. 343 Lace Manufacture, Spencer's father's connection with, i. 5, 10 Laidlawstiel, i. 226 Laissez-faire, current concep- tion, i. 212 Lamarck, heredity, i, 360 Land Nationalisation Society, i. 290 Land question: i. 76, 330; Spencer's change of views, ii. 22, 26 seq., 120; dis- cussion in Daily Chronicle, ii. 66 Land Restoration League, iL 43 409 INDEX Landlords : interests of, unduly- considered in leases, i. 390; H. George's policy of taxing, i. 400 ; operation of short-lease system, i. 406; rating of small tene- ments, i. 407 Lang, Andrew: ii. 100 ; The Making of Religion, ii. 134; on bores, ii. 187. Let- ters to, Ghost Theory, ii. 63 Lang, Very Rev. Dr. J. H., Aberdeen, ii. 240 Lankester, Prof. [Sir] E. Kay, i. 260; ii. 45, 97, 101 Lansdowne, Marquess of, ii. 237 Lardner, Dr. S., i. 34 Latham, Dr. R. G. : testimonial to Spencer, i. 116 Laugel [ Auguste] , writer in Revue des Deusc Mondes, i. 148 Lavallie, M., i. 262 Laveleye, Emile de, i. 327; ii. 76. Letter from, i. 328 Law, gratuitous interpretation of, ii. 67 seq. Law of Equal Freedom {see Social State) Law of Organic Symmetry, ii. 316, 332, 343 Lawley, Mr. and Lady Con- stance, i. 263 Lawrence, Sir Trevor, ii, 101 " Laws of Organic Form," es- say by Spencer, i. 113; ii. 371 Leader [extinct periodical], i. 76, 84, 85, 93, 96; ii. 320, 369 seq. League of Liberals against Ag- gression, ii, 190 Lear, Edward, composer of music to Tennyson's ** Fare- well," i. 413 note Lecky, Rt. Hon. W. E. H.: i. 286; ii. 101, 130; on Spen- cer's ethical writings, i. 263; death, ii. 225; high character, ii. 225 Lecky, Mrs. W. E. H.: i. 279, 286; " Grundyometer " to Spencer, ii. 2 seq. Letters to, ii. 2, 225 Lefevre, G. Shaw (Lord Evers- ley), ii. 225 Leicester: Spencer asked to be- come Parliamentary candi- date, i. 319 seq, Leith Vale, Ockley, Surrey, ii. 207, 212 Lewes, George Henry: i. 86, 92, 166, 180, 256 seq.; ii. 315, 332 seq.; first meeting, i. 83; ii. 315; his versatility and appearance, ii. 316; Spencer introduces Miss Evans to, i. 83; misun- derstanding with, i. 84 seq.; chaffs Spencer about wood-chopping, i. 104; Bi- ographical History of Phi- losophy, i. 172; ii. 146, 317; death, ii. 260; literary composition, ii. 265; scien- tific interest awakened by Spencer, ii. 317; introduc- tion to Huxley, ii. 318; literary editor of Leader, ih.; explains Comte's ideas to Spencer, ii. 320 Lewes, Mrs. ("George Eliot," q.v.) Lewis, Sir G. Comewall, edi- tor of Edinburgh Review, i. 91 Liberal Unionism: merged in Toryism, ii. 191 Liberalism: i. 298, 324, 404; ii. 3, 217; socialistic tend- encies, ii. 190 410 INDEX Liberty : the idea and senti- ment, ii, 61; result of re- moval of restraints, ii. 79 Liberty and Property Defence League, i. 323, 400 seq.; ii. 39 Libraries (see Free Libraries) Lieber, Francis, i. 131 Life : gospel of relaxation, i. 306 seq.; aesthetic element in, ih.; a thing or a proc- ess, ii. 83; ultimate mys- tery, ii. 119; commencement of, on the Earth, ii. 182 seq.; conception of, as in- dividuation, ii. 315 ; co- ordination of actions, ii, 318, 322 Life, the Science of (see Biol- ogy) Lilly, W. S., i. 369; ii. 47 Limburg Stirum, Count ( ex- ecutor of Auguste Comte ) : pecuniary help declined by Spencer, i. 166 Linguistic culture, based on authority, ii. 306 Linnsean Society : Spencer's paper on plant circula- tion, i. 163; ii. 373 Linton, Lynn, Mrs.: i. 69; " Grundyometer " to Spen- cer, ii. 2; article on Prof. H. Drummond, ii. 72. Let- ters to, ii. 72, 129 Literature: patronage and tal- ent, i. 51; concentration of feeling and idea, ii. 137 Literature (weekly review), ii. 132 seq,, 380 Littleton, Hon. S., i. 262 Littr^, E. (editor of La Philo- Sophie Positive), i. 205 Liveing, Prof. G. D., ii. 240 Liverpool University, proposal for chair of sociology, i. 280 Loch, Lord, ii. 151 Locke, John: Spencer's knowl- edge of his writings, ii. 146 Lockyer, Sir J. Norman : i. 296; ii. 101; conversation with, on spectrum, ii, 168. Letter to, ii. 48 Lo-Feng-Luh, Sir Chih Chen, Chinese Minister: opinion of Spencer, ii. 148 Logic: uselessness of formal, ii. 149; an objective science, ii. 325 London : Spencer's plans for pure water supply, i. 82; dryness of air, i. 124; movement for resisting municipal encroachments, i. 400, 404; ii. 4, 39 London and Birmingham Rail- way ( afterwards London and North Western Rail- way), Spencer's engineer- ing work on, i. 29 London County Council: Spen- cer proposed as Alderman, ii. 4 London Liberty Club, i. 370 London Library, Spencer's con- nection with, ii. 255 London Ratepayers' Defence League, i. 404 ; ii. A seq.j 40 London Review, i. 152 London School of Economics, ii. 125 London University : honorary degree offered to Spencer, ii. 214 Longevity : proposed enquiry, ii. 116 " Lord Salisbury on Evolution," ii. 74, 380 411 INDEX Lothian, Lady, i. 263 Lott, Edward: Spencer's por- trait sketch of, i. 43; re- monstrates with Spencer on excessive language, i. 63; on Spencer's favour with women, i. 71; objec- tions to Social Statics, i. 77; Spencer's companion on excursions and travels, i. 92, 102, 143, 152, 192, 257, 291, 300; illness and death, i, 365 seq.; Spen- cer's appreciation of, i. 367. Letters to : " Proper Sphere of Government," i. 42 ; Wilson, editor of Pilot, i. 62; Shelley, i. 68; Goethe, Wilhelm Meister, ih.; Car- lyle's Cromwell, ih.; Dick- ens' Christmas Tale, ih.; history and evolution, i. 80; Alex. Smith, Scotch poet, i. 87; impressions of France, i. 98 ; Darwin's Origin of Species, i. 127; political events ( general election), i. 275; holiday movements, i. 288; a plan frustrated, i. 332; last good-bye, i. 365 Lott, Francis Edward: Spen- cer's executor, ii. 288 ; rem- iniscences, ii. 257, 267. Letter from, i. 95 Lott, Miss ("Phy"), i. 332, 341, 365 Loubet, M., French President: visit to England, ii. 216 Lowell, J. Russell, i. 131, 278 Lubbock, Sir John (now Lord Avebury) : i. 142; ii. 228, 239. Letter from, ii. 200 Lushington, Vernon, Q.C., ii. 101 Lyell, Sir Charles: i. 86, 133, 153; ii. 309, 322; on pro- gramme of Synthetic Phi- losophy, i. 127; on Criti- cism, i. 148 Lynn, W. T., assists Spencer in revising essay on " Nebular Hypothesis," ii. 173 Lytton, Sir E. Bulwer (Lord) : on Spencer's views on edu- cation, i. 78; offended by Spencer's condemnation of Afghan war, ii, 121 Macatjlay, Lord, Spencer on style of, i. 79 McGlure's Magazine, ii. 88 McCosh, Dr., i. 328 Machinery, outcry against, i. 48, 122 M'Lennan, J. F., i. 252 MacMahon, P. A., F.R.S., ii. 101 Macmillan's Magazine, i. 238; ii. 166, 372 Macpherson, Hector: ii. 148; book on Spencer, ii. 141; offered " Reminiscences of Herbert Spencer " by a, lady, ih.; review of Spen- cer's position as a thinker, ii. 281 seq. Letter to : Carlyle, ii. 93; proposed book on Spencer, ii. 93; " Reminiscences of Her- bert Spencer," ii. 141 Magnus, Laurie, letter to, ii. 224 Magrath, Rev. Dr. J. R., ii. 241 Mahaffy, Dr. J. P.: compila- tion of Descriptive Sociol- ogy, Greeks, ii. 196 note Mail and Eccpress, New York newspaper, i. 409 Maine, Sir Henry S.: election 412 INDEX to French Academy, i. 310 seq. Malabari, Behramji M., letter to, on early marriage in India, i. 395 Mallock, W. H.: criticism on Spencer's sociological ideas, ii. 132 seq. Letter to, ii. 132 Man versus The State, i. 326, 327, 412; ii. 33 Manchester, Sheffield and Lin- colnshire Kailway, London extension, ii. 5 " Manners and Fashion," i. 93, 96, 169; ii. 320, 370 Marble, Manton, i. 206, 385 Mariette Bey, i. 273 Marion, H., i. 274 Markham, Sir C. R.; election to Athenseum, ii. 254 seq. Marriage : suggested to Spen- cer as a cure for his ail- ments, i. 104; reasons for opposing native usages in India, i. 396; between Eu- ropeans and Orientals, ii. 12, 14 seq. Marsh, Prof. O. C, i. 258 Marshall, Prof. A., ii. 241 Martello, Tullio (Bologna Uni- versity), ii. 193 Martial Law, ii. 193 Martlneau, Harriet : translation of Comte, i. 93; ii. 320; refusal of pension, ii. 387 Martineau, Rev. Dr. James: ii. 101 ; criticism of Spen- cer's First Principles, i. 137, 211, 374; Types of Ethical Theory, i, 327 Masson, Dr. David: i. 83, 91, 93, 124, 125, 181, 286, 375; ii. 101; introduces writer to Spencer, i. 185 ; sug- gestion for critique of Syn- thetic Philosophy by, ii. 123 seq.; election to Athe- nseum, ii. 253; opinion of Spencer's last book, ii. 205. Letters to, ii. 123, 202 Mastication: Spencer's admoni- tion to a friend, ii. 142 Materialism : repudiated by Spencer, i. 105 Mathematicians: lack of judg- ment, ii. 116; defects in reasoning, ii. 116, 178 ; weight attached to conclu- sions of, ii. 178 Mathematics, appeal to private judgment, ii. 306 Mather, Mr., schoolmaster, of Derby, i. 12, 27 Matheson, Rev. George, D.D.: Can the Old Faith Live with the New, i. 336 Matin, Le, ii. 216 Maudsley, Dr. H, : derivation of doctrines in Physiology and Pathology of the Mind, i. 185, 189 Maxwell, Prof. J. Clerk: corre- spondence concerning Spen- cer's physical speculations, ii. 161 seq. Mechanics' Magazine, i. 33 Medical men: neglect of phys- ics, i. 125; legislative pol- icy, i. 202; Spencer's scep- tical attitude to, ii. 217 Medical Times and Gazette, i. 302 Meinertzhagen, Mrs. {n4e Pot- ter) : i. 272, 410; ii. 2, 9, 114. Letter to, ii. 9 Melbourne, Victoria, Spencerian Society, ii. 209 Meldola, Prof. Raphael, F.R.S. : ii. 101; proposed memorial to Spencer in Westminster 413 INDEX Abbey, ii. 238; the Dean's reply, ii. 242 ; on the philo- sophic faculty in scientific research, ii. 280 Menabrea, Marquis, i. 244 "Mental Evolution," i. 197; ii. 373 Mentone, i. 261 Merry, Rev. Dr. W. W., ii. 241 Mesnil, M. du, ii. 75 Metaphysical Society, i. 191 Methodist Register Office, Spen- cer's birth and baptism entered at, i. 9 Metric System, Spencer's oppo- sition to, ii. 94, 140 Miall, C. S., i. 49, 54, 58, 76 Midland "Naturalist, i. 307 Miers, Prof. Henry A., ii. 241 Milan, i. 274 Miles, Mr., i. 273 Militancy: growth in teaching institutions, ii. 196; fac- tor in social evolution, ii. 355 seq. Militia, i. 70 Mill, John Stuart: i. 79; ii. 320; opinion of Spencer's Psychology y i. 106; "Uni- versal Postulate," i. 106; ii. 146; consulted by Spen- cer about official appoint- ment, i. 114; his testimo- nial, i. 116; ultimate test of truth, i. 156; ii. 319; interest in Spencer's suc- cess, i. 165; recommends French translator to Spen- cer, i. 169; death, and Spencer's obituary notice, i. 221; ii. 373; his educa- tional standard, ii. 144; Logic, ii. 146, 320; omit- ted divisions of Spencer's programme, ii. 153; on phi- losophy in England, ii. 281 ; Hector Maepherson on his philosophic system, ii. 283 seq.; utilitarianism, ii. 287. Letters to, i. 140, 142 ; acknowledgment of sympathy, i. 114 seq.; lib- erty, i. 121; parliamentary reform, the franchise, etc., i. 122; Principles of Psy- chology, i. 150; the con- duct of The Reader, i. 154, 156 ; political rights of women, i. 180 seq. Letters from: utilitarianism, i. 141 ; Comte, i. 149 seq.; aggressiveness of The Reader, i. 154 seq.; ulti- mate test of truth, i. 156 seq., 160 seq.; Spencer's Biology, i. 200 seq. {v. i. 342; ii. 279) Millais, Sir J. E., ii. 86, 102 Miller, Hugh, ii. 332 Milman, Dean, i. 88 Milne-Edwards [Henri], ii, 75, 317, 322, 356 note Milnes, Monckton, [Lord Houghton, g.-y.] Mind: i. 229, 252, 260, 267, 282, 394; ii. 313, 374 seq.; change of control and pol- icy, ii. 201 seq. Minghetti, Sgr., i. 262 Minturn, R. B. (New York), i. 168 Mitchell, Dr. Chalmers, ii. 51 Mitchell, Mrs., of Laidlawstiel, i. 247 Mitchinson, Canon J., ii. 241 Mivart, Prof. St. George, i. 219, 228, 249 Monro, Dr. D. B., Oxford, ii. 241 Moorsom, Captain C. E.: Spen- cer's engineering chief, i. 29, 31; his opinion of 414 INDEX Spencer quoted, i. 36; do- mestic life with, i. 39 seq,; endeavoura to check Spen- cer's philosophic propen- sity, ih. Letter to, i. 39; letters to his niece, i. 45, 48 " Morals of Trade," essay on, i. 120 [v. 113); ii. 371 Mordan, A., Reigate, ii. 87 Morell [Dr. J. D.], i. 106 Morgan, Dr. C. Lloyd: ii. 101, 241 ; on Spencer's influ- ence, ii. 279 Mori, Viscount Arinori, Jap- anese diplomat, i. 213; ii. 12 Morley, Rt. Hon. John: Life of Cohden quoted, i. 41 ; meet- ings with, i. 255 seq., 286; ii. 97; Newcastle election, ii. 26; address of congratu- lation to Spencer, ii. 97, 101 ; correspondence with Spencer relating to obse- quies, ii. 222 seq., 228 seq.; Life of Gladstone quoted, ii. 247 seq. Letter to, martial law in South Africa, ii. 193 Morley, Samuel, M.P., i. 78, 298 Morning Leader, ii. 152 seq.j 381 Mosse, James, C.E., opinion of Spencer as engineering col- league, i. 29 Mottisfont, i. 410 Moulton (Sir J. Fletcher), i. 219, 281; ii. 171 Mozley, Mrs., advice to Spen- cer's father to join the Church, i. 11 Mozley, Rev. T. : Reminis- cences, i. 327; ii. 375 Muirhead, Dr. John H., ii, 241 Municipalities, business enter- prises, ii. 216 Murchison, Sir R., ii. 332 Murray, John, i. 404 Music: theory of origin, i. 109; needless expansion, ii. 138 Mysteries, mediaeval, ii. 139, 249 Mystery, the ultimate, ii. 83, 92, 249 Naden, Constance: Spencer's characterisation, i. 394 Napoleon, Louis : attitude to England, i. 112 Nation, The (American jour- nal), i. 198, 393 National Portrait Gallery, ii. 86, 97 National Public School Asso- ciation, i. 78 National Review, i. 105, 108, 136, 340; ii. 371 National Temperance Chronicle, i. 89, 370 Native Races : aggressions by civilised nations, ii. 121, 135 Natural Science, ii. 118, 380 Natural Selection: i. 360; the question of acquired char- acters, ii. 45 seq.; Lord Salisbury's view, ii. 73 ; partially recognised in So- cial Statics, ii. 314; fac- tor in mental evolution, ii. 324 ; general doctrine of evolution, ii. 334 ; inter- pretation in general terms, ii. 339 Nature : non-moral character of, i. 374; merciless disci- pline, ii. 355 Nature: i. 219, 234, 283, 307; ii. 119, 175, 373 seq.; ac- quired characters contro- 415 INDEX versy, li. 45 seq., 377; al- leged bias, ii. 48 'Nature and Reality of Reli- gion, ii. 377 seq. Nebular Hypothesis : ii. 156 seq., 329; cooling of the earth, ii. 180; "The Gene- sis of Gaseous Nebulae," ii. 183; unpublished letter to Fortnightly Review, ii. 385 seq. {For Spencer^s arti- cle on, see " Recent As- tronomy " ) Neue Freie Presse, ii. 209 New Englander, i. 147 seq. " New Form of Viaduct," i. 43; ii. 368 " New Toryism," i. 319 " New View of the Functions of Imitation and Benevo- lence," i. 58, 63; ii. 310, 368 New York: Twilight Club, i. 307 ; proposed sociological society, i. 307 New York Saturday, ii. 206 New York Times, i. 392 New Zealand: Spencer's books read but not acted on, i. 316; " Rel igious Retro- spect, etc.," i. 339 Newcombe, Mr., i. 89 seq, Newman, Francis W., on pro- gramme of Synthetic Phi- losophy, i. 127 Newspapers: provincial, i. 275; examples of perversions, 1. 399; Americanised editing, i. 402 ; South African War, ii. 152 Newton, Sir Isaac: Principia, i. 98 Nineteenth Century, i. 333, 338 seq., 345, 362 seq., 374; ii. 31, 122, 134, 376 seq, Nobel Prize, nomination of Spencer for, ii. 200, 225 Nonconformist, i. 45, 46, 49, 52, 71, 76, 105; ii. 309, 375 seq., — and Independ- ent, ii. 375 Nonconformity, relations of Spencer and his family to, i. 2, 3, 8, 54, 268 North American Review, i. 152, 189 seq., 263 North British Review, i. 76, 91, 92, 97; ii. 320, 370 "Northern Lights," Lancashire poem, ii. 255 Northumberland Society for the Liberation of Education from State Control, ii. 212 Nottingham, i. 11 Nurses: certification of, ii. 7; Spencer's prejudice against professional, ii. 217 Odgeb, Mb., i. 397 Olbers, H. G. M., ii. 330 Oldswinford, i. 2 Open Court, ii. 61 Ordish, Mrs. i. 43 " Origin and Function of Mu- sic," i. 109, 316, 394; ii. 327, 371 " Origin of Animal Worship," ii. 353, 373 Ouless, Walter W., R.A., com- missioned to paint Spen- cer's portrait, ii. 104; pro- posal abandoned, ii. 113 Outlanders, in Transvaal, ii. 151 seq. " Outsider," contributed to New York Times, i. 393 "Over-Legislation," i. 90, 97; ii. 370 Owen, Sir Richard: i. 84, 86, 113; ii. 84, 331, 343; me- morial to, ii. 17; Compara- tive Osteology, ii. 376 Oxford University : discussion 416 INDEX of Resurrection, i. 397; Junior Scientific Club, ii. 62 ; Romanes Lecture, ii. 62; Hegelianism, ii. 201; Herbert Spencer Lecture- ship, ii. 237 ; proposed me- morial to Spencer in West- minster Abbey ( signa- tures), ii. 241 seq, Packard, Prof. A. S., intro- duction of the word "evo- lution," ii. 329 note Paget, Sir James, ii. 257 Paley, William : Spencer*s Imowledge of his writings, ii. 146 Pall Mall Gazette, i. 189, 267, 309, 325, 384, 405; ii. 73, 377 Palliser, Sir William, ii. 254 Pan-Britannic movement, ii. 24 Panmixia, ii. 51 Parents, interference with re- sponsibilities of, i. 406 Paris: visits and impressions, i. 97, 107, 137, 171, 203, 257, 274; events of 70-71, i. 203 ; dinner at Brabant's, i. 257; Vaillant's bomb- outrage, ii. 70 Parkes, Kineton, i. 68 note Parliament, members and con- stituents, ii. 154 " Parliamentary Reform, the Dangers and the Safe- guards," i. 125 seq., 129; ii. 372 Parry, Sir C. Hubert H., ii. 101 Pathology, social and physical, i. 368 Patronage as condition to suc- cess, i. 51 Paul, C. Kegan, letter to, on H. George's Perplexed Philoso- pher, ii. 40 Peace Society : non-resistance policy, i. 294; Mr. Glad- stone's view, i. 298 Peile, Dr. J., ii. 241 Pelham, Prof. Henry F., ii. 241 Pelly, Sir Lewis, i. Ill, 257 Pembroke, Earl of, i. 262; ii. 9, 82. Letter to, i. 309 Pembroke, Gertrude, Countess of : correspondence with Spencer, ii. 83 Pennington [F.], i. 298 Penrhyn Slate Quarries, a visit to, ii. 257 Perrier, Edmond, ii. 75 Perry, Prof., controversy with Lord Kelvin on cooling of the Earth, ii. 179 Peru, Ancient, excessive offi- cialism, ii. 149 Pewsey, Wilts,, i. 386, 400, 409; ii. 9, 11, 23 seq., 58, 65, 82 Phayre, Sir Arthur, ii. 254 Philosopher, The : periodical projected by Spencer, i. 59 Philosophical Anarchist : term objected to as describing individualist, ii. 69 Philosophical Magazine, i. 59; ii. 156, 368 Philosophy, unpopularity of, ii. 93 "Philosophy of Style," i. 51, 54, 71, 86; ii. 319, 369 Phrenological Journal, rejects Spencer's contributions, i. 52, 58 Physics: recent rapid progress in, ii. 170; current theory of constitution of matter, ii. 171; biological phenom- 417 INDEX ena alien to, ii. 339; (see Porter, Noah, President of Inorganic Evolution) " Physiological Units," distin- guished from Darwin's "gemmules," i. 199 Physiology: physics of, i. 125; ii. 9; ignores pathology, i. 368; Huxley and Spencer on principles and prac- tice, ii. 28 seq. " Physiology of Laughter," i. 125; ii. 372 Pictures, Spencer's scheme for classifying traits of, ii. 88 Pilot, Birmingham newspaper, i. 51, 61, 65, 384, 397; ii. 369 Pitt-Rivers, General, ii. 101 Plants, circulation in, i. 161 seq., 200; ii. 345 Plato: Spencer's knowledge of his writings, ii. 147; the- ory of ideas, ii. 331 Plea for Liberty , i. 403 (v. i. 411) ; ii. 377 Poetry: variety » desideratum, i. 411; concentration of feeling and idea, ii. 137 Political Economy: takes no account of social pathol- ogy, i. 368 seq. [see also Social State) "Political Fetichism," ii. 8 "Political Institutions" (a di- vision of Spencer's Princi- ples of Sociology), i. 254, 274, 275, 282, 286, 331 Pollock, Sir Frederick, ii. 97 Ponsonby, Hon. J. G. B., M.P., for Derby, i. 47 Poor Laws, i. 26; a breach of laissez-faire, i. 213 Pope's Homer, i. 55 Popular Science Monthly, i. 211,231,251, 260, 287, 289, 345, 348, 355; ii. 4, 89 Yale College, i. 276 Portsmouth, Evelyn, Dowager Countess of, ii. 86, Letter to, ii. 208 Positive Philosophy or Positi- vism [see Comte) Positivist Review, ii. 379 Potter, Richard: friendship be- gun, i. 60, 413; visits, i. 83, 92, 104, 192, 250, 258, 308, 328; suggested cure for Spencer's nervous ail- ment, i. 104; consulted by Spencer about George Eliot rumour, i. 356; no sym- pathy with Spencer's doc- trines, ii, 250 seq. [v. 344 ) ; never read his books, ih.; humorous incident concerning this, ii. 251. Letters to: Scotch scenery, i. 94; an early visit re- called, 383; invitation to the Argoed, i. 385; a New Year's greeting, i. 391. Letter from, Harrison con- troversy, i. 342. ( For refs. to daughters, see Courtney, Cr ipps , Holt, Meinertz- hagen, Webb) Potter, Mrs.; i. 272; ii. 251; domestic management crit- icised by Spencer, ii. 273; her retaliation, ib. Let- ters to: religious exercise, i. 104; a remarkable geo- logic discovery, i. 132 seq. Pouchat, i. 191 Poulton, Prof. E. B., ii. 101, 241 " Pour le m^rite," Prussian Order conferred on Spen- cer, but declined, ii. 82 Preston, Dr. S. Tolver, ii, 381 418 INDEX Price, Dr.,. editor of Eclectic BevieWf 1. 49 seq. Prichard, W. B., engineer, i. 55, 57, 58, 65, 103 Priestly, Sir W. O., i. 288; ii. 101 Principles : ineffective without appropriate emotions, ii. 61 Principles of Astrogeny: un- written division of Syn- thetic philosophy, ii. 158 Principles of Biology: i, 141; ii. 91 ; new ed., ii. 56 note, 115, 118; revised ed., ii. 150; Hector Macpherson on effect of modified views in, ii. 286; Professor A. Thomson's opinion, ii. 286; filiation of ideas, ii. 335 seq. Principles of Ethics: i. 255, 262, 263 seq., 390, 412; ii. 1 seq., 15, 133; in relation to Social Statics, ii. 512; filiation of ideas, ii. 362 seq. Principles of G-eogeny, unwrit- ten division of Synthetic philosophy, ii. 159 Principles of Psychology: i. 92, 96, 100, 184, 192 seq., 197, 228, 235, 260, 275 seq., 281, 283, 304; ii. 157, 299; J. S. Mill's appreciation, i. 150; Spencer's memoran- dum on edition of 1867, i. 184 seq.; alleged appropri- ation of its doctrines by Maudsley, i. 185, 189; al- leged inconsistencies, i. 236 seq,; inheritance of functional modifications, ii. 55; postscripts, ii. 140; origin of work, 322 seq.; evolutionary conceptions. ii. 323 seq,; filiation of ideas, ii. 346 seq. Principles of Sociology: i. 213, 229 seq., 250, 252, 308, 329, 375, 384, 397; ii. 1, 120, 133; preface to Vol. III., reference to, i. 25 ; arrest of Russian student seen with, ii. 207; filiation of ideas, ii. 351 seq. Proctor, Richard A.: i. 260; on Sun's constitution, ii. 164; Old and 'New Astronomy, ii. 184 note Professions, evolution of, ii. 361 " Professor Ward's Rejoinder," ii. 184, 381 Progress, anthropocentric con- notation of term, ii. 329 note " Progress : its Law and Cause," Spencer's essay on, i. 108; ii. 329, 324, 335 seq., 370; introduction of the word "evolution," ii. 329 note " Proper Sphere of Govern- ment," Spencer's letters to the Nonconformist on, i. 45, 48, 52, 71; ii. 309 seq., 364, 368 Prospective Review, i. 77 Protection, argument for, based on Spencer's writings, i. 81 Psychology : first approached by Spencer through phre- nology, i, 52; how treated by Spencer, i. 115; of fishes, i. 106; Hector Mac- pherson on Sp6neer's work in, ii. 287; evolutionary conception, ii. 320 seq., 346 seq.; natural selection, ii. 323, 349; ultimate ele- ment of mind, ii. 347 Public Health Act, ii. 4 419 INDEX Public Schools, proposal for State control, ii. 197 Punch, i. 55, 234, 386 Quakers, colour - blindness among, ii. 47 Quarterly Review, i. 9, 111, 113, 218 Rabies, scare about, i. 405 Radicalism, function of, i. 62 Radium : its phenomena con- gruous with evolution, ii. 290 " Railway Morals and Railway Policy," i. 99 seq.; ii. 370 Railways, nuisances caused by, ii. 5 Ramsay, Sir Andrew, ii. 257 Ramsay, Sir William ; re- searches in physics, ii. 171 Ransome, Dr. ( of Notting- ham), i. 102 " Rationalism, The Moral Col- our of," i. 288 Rationalist Press Association, ii. 211 Rayleigh, Lord, ii. 101, 173 Reader: re-organisation, i. 153 seq.; ii. 159, 164 Reason: supremacy of, i. 234; not dominant in mankind, ii. 77, 191 Reasoner, The, i. 86 " Reasons for dissenting from the philosophy of M. Comte," i. 148; ii. 372 Reay, Lady, i. 266, 280 Reay, Lord, i. 266; ii. 101, 239 Rebecca Riots, i. 52 " Recent Astronomy and the Nebular Hypothesis," es- say by Spencer, i. Ill, 152, 281; ii. 158, 165, 172 seq., 330, 371; Prof. Ward's criticism, ii. 386 seq. Record of Legislation, i. 67 seq. Reichel, Dr. H. R., ii. 241 Reid, Prof. J. S., ii. 241 Relaxation, gospel of, i. 347 Religion: science and, i. 133; unreliability of testimony, i. 397; ii. 64; differentia- tion from ethics, ii. 19 ; ghost theory, ii. 64, 353; co- incidences, ii. 64, 85 ; factor in social evolution, ii. 355 seq.' (see also Christianity) Renan, Ernest, i. 169, 279; ii. 377 "Replies to Criticisms," i, 219; ii. 374 " Representative Government," essay by Spencer on, i. 109; ii. 371 Reproduction, mystery of, ii. 92 Review of Reviews, ii, 3, 91 Revue des deux Mondes, i. 148, 229 Revue Scientifique, i. 265; ii. 374 Rhys, Dr. John, Oxford, ii. 241 Rhythm, Clerk Maxwell on, ii. 163 Rhythm of motion, origin of Spencer's idea concerning universality of, ii. 328 Ribot, Prof. Th., translator of Spencer's Psychology, i. 203, 274 Richard, Henry, M.P., i. 293 Riforma, La, Italian news- paper, ii. 79 Ritchie, Prof. David G., ii. 101 Ritter, Dr. August, physicist, ii. 330 Rivifere, Mrs. Briton, ii. 130 Roberts, Principal F. F., ii. 241 Roberts, Dr. Isaac: ii. 173; 420 INDEX Photographs of Stars, etc, ii. 183, 386 Robertson, Prof. G. Croom: i. 229, 252. Letter to, i. 305 Robinson, J. Armitage, D.D., Dean of Westminster: pro- posal for memorial to Spencer, ii. 238 seq.; rea- sons for rejecting it, ii. 244 seq. Rogers, W. B., i. 131 Roman Academy ( Aecademia dei Lincei), i. 241 seg., 258 Roman Catholicism, relapse in- to, how brought about, ii. 212 Romanes, Dr. George J., i. 240'; ii. 51 Romanes Lecture, Oxford, ii. 62 Romans, Descriptive Sociology, ii. 196 note Roscoe, Sir Henry E., ii. 101 Rosse, Lord, ii. 158, 386 Rotifers, dormant vitality, ii. S3 Roupell, Charles, Official Ref- eree, author of billiard story, i. 399 seq. Rousseau, J. J., alleged deriva- tion of Spencer's doctrines from, ii. 212 seq. Royal Academy, Herkomer's portrait of Spencer at 1898 exhibition, ii. Ill Royal British Nurses' Associa- tion, ii. 6 Royal Institution, i. 245 Royal Lombardian Institution of Sciences, etc., ii. 81 Royal Society: Spencer's rea- sons for refusing nomina- tion, i. 222 seq.j 242; pro- posed purchase of Darwin's house, ii. 117 seq. Royce, Josiah, Herbert Spen- cer, ii. 246 Rucker, Sir A. W., Principal of London University, letter to, ii. 215 Ruskin, John, ii. 127 Ruskin Hall, Oxford, ii. 127 Russell, Lord Arthur, i. 256 Russell, Lord John, i. 70 Russell, Rollo, i. 266 Russia : translation of Spen- cer's works, i. 169; confis- cation of Essays, ih.; For- eign Office reception to meet the Czar, i. 246 ; Jewish persecutions, ii. 65 ; policy in Finland, ii. 152 no te ; Times on Ruaa ian statesman's fate, ii. 191 note; translations of Spen- cer's works, ii. 207 ; strange arrest of a stu- dent, ih. Rutaon, Mr., i. 257 Sabine, Sir Edwabd, P.R.S., i. 223 St. Aidan's College, Birken- head: Principal's apprecia- tion of Spencer, i, 269 St. Andrews, University of, i. 201 St. Andrew's Medical Gradu- ates' Association : Spen- cer's reason for declining membership, i. 201 seq. St. Cloud, fete of, i. 99 St. James* Gazette, i. 305; ii. 375 St. John's Wood: opposition to railway extension, ii. 5 {see also Avenue Road) St. Leonards, i. 398 note; ii. 20, 62 Saleeby, Dr., on radium and evolution, ii. 290 421 INDEX Salisbury, Marquis of: British Association address, i. 317; ii. 40, 73 ; advice to " cap- ture the Board Schools," ii. 197 nate Salmon fishers, effects of wad- ing on, ii. 10 Sanderson, Prof, (afterwards Sir) J. S. Burdon: ii. 54 seq., 101. Letter to, ii. 54 Sanitation, regulation of, i. 97 Sargent, J. S., R.A., ii. 113 Saturday Review, i. 322, 340; ii. 5 Savage, Dr. G, H., ii. 101 Savage, Rev. Minot J. (Boston, U.S.A.): i. 282, 303; Spen- cer's influence on thought, ii. 291 Say, L6on, ii. 75 Sayce, Prof. Henry, i. 275 " Scale of Equivalents," ii. 308, 368 Schafer, Prof. E. A., ii. 101 Schelling, conception of life, ii. 315 Scheppig, Dr. Richard, com- piler of Descriptive Sociol- ogy, i. 195, 217 Schleiden, J. M., ii. 342 Schmidt, Jean, writer in Figaro, ii. 70 School, educational magazine, ii. 224 note Schulek, Geza, Buda Pesth, ii. 203 note Science : speculation and spe- cialism, ii. 278 seq.; will its progress affect Spen- cer's philosophy ? ii. 288 seq. Scotland: impressions and vis- its, i. 94 seq., 124, 136, 189, 227, 240, 247, 328, 341; Young Scots Society, ii, 216; Spencer's books discussed in a third-class carriage, ii. 258 Scott, A. M., letter to, ii. 190 Scott [Alfred], ii. 219 Scott, D. H., F.R.S., ii, 102 Scrope, Poulett, ii. 178 Seal, Horace, letter to, ii. 58 seq. Sedgwick [Prof. Adam]: i. 86; " Discourse on the Studies of Cambridge (1835)," ii. 281 Sedgwick, Adam, F.R.S., ii. 117 Sella, Quinto, President of Ro- man Academy, i. 243 seq. Sellar, Alexander, i. 257 Sellar, Mrs. {see Craig-Sellar ) Sellar, T., i. 257 Sellar [Prof. W. Y.], ii. 10 Sex, limitation of heredity by, ii. 116 Shadows, projection of, i. 29 Shakespeare's dialogues, ii. 266 Sharp, Dr. David: ii. 50; inor- ganic evolution, ii. 155. Letter from, ii. 53 seq. Sheep: interbreeding of unlike varieties, ii. 16 Shelley, Percy B. : Spencer's admiration for, i. 68; kin- ship of ideas, ih. note Shickle, Miss Charlotte: ii. 75; reminiscences of Spencer, ii. 268 Shoemakers' strike against ma- chinery, i. 122 Shrewsbury Castle, i. 31 Sidgwick, Prof. Henry: i. 262, 282; ii. 102; criticism of Social Statics, i. 232; pro- moter of Mind, ii. 202 Silsbee, E. A., i. 128, 137, 371 seq. Simmons, George, i, 54 Simon, Jules, i. 310 " Sins of Legislators," i. 325 422 INDEX "Skew Arche3," i. 33; ii. 308, 367 Skilton, J. A.: Brooklyn Ethi- cal Association, i. 392. Letters to, i. 392, 393; ii. 35, 38 seq. Smalley, G. W., i. 255, 257 Smith, Alexander, Edinburgh poet, i. 87 Smith, C. Fletcher, letter to, ii. 216 Smith, Flora (daughter of Octavius Smith) : sings " Tennyson's Farewell," i. 413; recalls pleasant times at Ardtornish, ii. 218. Let- ters to, i. 266, 288, 315, 365, 413 Smith, Prof. Goldwin: i. 287; ii. 375 ; Canadian copy- right, ii. 89 Smith, Octavius, of Ardtornish, i. 82, 106, 258, 261 Smith, Mrs. Octavius; i. 124, 256, 258; Spencer's affec- tion for, ii. 252. Letters to, i. 239, 253 Smith, W. Valentine (son of Octavius Smith) : i. 124, 288. Letters to, i. 258, 413 Social insects, distinguished from a human society, ii. 132 "Social Organism," i. 198; ii. 146, 333, 352, 372 Social State: Principles of lib- erty, i. 121; franchise, i. 122 seq. ; taxation, ih. ; female suffrage, i. 180 seq.; controversies with Huxley, 1. 198; ii. 28; laissez-faire, i. 213; law of equal free- dom, i. 233; ii. 313, 364; political parties, i. 320 seq.; ii. 190; free admin- istration of justice, i. 322; ii. 68 seq.; land question, i. 331; ii. 26 seq.; educa- tion, i. 344, 375; ii. 127, 224 ; social pathology, i. 368 seq.; ii. 77; war, i. 375; outcry against dimin- ishing evils, i, 376; social- ism, i. 401 seq.; ii. 20, 126, 133, 152, 197, 216; assumption of parental re- sponsibilities by State, i. 405 seq.; unexpected re- sults of measures, i. 406; the higher socialism, ii. 33 ; future outlook, ii. 34, 79, 136; State inter- ference not identical with social cooperation, ii. 59; where demanded, ih. seq.; nostrums for curing disor- ders condemned, ii. 60; ma- jority rule, ii. 61; survival of the fittest, ii. 76, 314; conditions of future ad- vance, ii. 77 seq.; socialism and evolution, ii. 79; data of political science, ii. 126; centralisation, i. 127; in- equality of individuals in social aggregate, ii. 132 seq., 213; alleged socialis- tic implications of Dar- win's and Spencer's writ- ings, ii. 133; remote effects ignored, ii. 149; self-regu- lation versus coercive methods, ih.; Church and State, ii, 214 seq.; ideas in Social Statics, ii. 311 seq. ; moral modifiability of man, ii. 314; biological parallelism, ih.; religion and political factors in evolution, ii. 355 Social Statics: i. 135, 290; 423 INDEX Spencer's experience in publishing, i. 88; Indian official's appreciation, i. Ill; views subsequently modified, i. 145 seq.; ii. 1; female suifrage, i. 180 seg.; H. Sidgwick on, i. 232; E. de Laveleye, i. 328; Hux- ley on Spencer's review of, i. 367; the land question, ii. 26 seq., 38, 43; revised ed., ii. 412; written with- out previous special train- ing, ii. 145 seq.; "National Education," ii. 212; equal- ity of man not alleged, ii. 213; filiation of ideas, ii. 311 seq.; ethical doctrines, ii. 312; evolutionary con- ception, ii. 316, 319, 333 Socialism (see Social State) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, i. 405 seq.; ii. 65, 377 Society of Authors: nomination of Spencer for Nobel prize, ii. 200 Sociology: i. 384, 397; how treated by Spencer, i. 115; proposal for professorship, i. 280; evolutionary con- ceptions, ii. 351 seq.; Hec- tor Macpherson on Spen- cer's work in, ii. 287 (see also Social State) Sorley, Prof. W. R., ii. 102, 241 South Africa : Basuto ques- tion, i. 292 South African War: ii. 151 seq., 190, 191 seq.; Con- ciliation Committee, ii. 153; Spencer's last book, ii. 206 seq.; testimonial to ex-President Steyn, ii. 209, 226; Boer Relief Fund, ii. 210 South Place Ethical Society, ii. 190 Southampton, design for dock, i. 55, 57 Space, infinity of, ii. 83, 233 "Space Consciousness," i. 394; ii. 377 Spalding, D. A., i. 234 Sparks, Jared, i. 131 Speaker, The (weekly journal, now The Nation), ii. 152, 381 " Specialised Administration," i. 198; ii. 352, 372 Specialism in relation to specu- lation, ii. 278 seq. Spectator, The, i. 100, 322; ii. 69, 129, 134, 380 seq. Spectrum, and evolution of ele- ments, ii. 168 Spencer family in Derbyshire, i. 3 Spencer, Anna, wife of Rev. Thomas Spencer, i. 372, 413. Letter to, i. 413 Spencer, Catherine [n4e Tay- lor ) , Spencer's grand- mother, i. 4 Spencer, Earl, confused with Spencer by continental writers, ii. 226 Spencer, Henry, Spencer's uncle, i. 5, 261 Spencer, Henry, Spencer's cous- in, i. 16, 19 Spencer, Herbert: 7. Ancestry. II. Career. III. Character- istics. IV. Opinions. V. Recreations. ( For Writ- ings see Appendix C (ii. 366) and General Index) /, Ancestry: Remote : foreign immi- grants at Stourbridge, i. 1 ; maternal ances- tors, i. 2; followers of 424 INDEX Spencer, Herbert : Ancestry — Oonfd. Wesley, t6.; paternal line, i. 3 seq.; grand- parents, ih.; their children, i. 4 seq.; Spencer's father ( v. W. G. Spencer), i. 5; mother, i. 7 //. Career: Childhood and youth : birth and baptism at Derby, i. 9 ; named after writer of verses, ih. ; sole survivor of large family, i. 10; life at Nottingham, i. 11; schooling at Der- by, i. 12 seq.; nar- row escape from drowning, i. 13; men- tal and moral traits, i. 14; character influ- enced by family asso- ciations, ih.; becomes his uncle's pupil at Hinton, i, 16 ; rebels against curriculum and runs away, ih. seq.; marvellous feat of endurance, ih. seq.; back at Hinton, i. 17; studies and pur- suits, i. 18 seq.; lit- erary style, ih.; use- ful occupations, i. 20; change in conduct at Hinton, 1. 21 ; occa- sional diffidence, i. 22; laments his want of energy, ih.; attitude towards father's spir- itual entreaties, i. 23 seq.; grief at death of infant sister, i. 25; contributes article to Spencer, Herbert : Career — Cont'd. local magazine, ih. ; also letter on Poor Law, i. 26 ; returns home, ih.; question of a profession, i. 27; in- terval of teaching, ih. Engineering : London and Birmingham Rail- way, i. 29 ; favours decimal system, ih.; joins Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, ih.; likes the pro- fession, ih.; neat draughtsmanship, ih.; relations with col- leagues, ih.; occupa- tion with serious prob- lems, i. 30; attitude towards official supe- riors, i. 31 seq.j 38; nicknamed " Defford " by colleagues, i. 32; invents velocimeter and dynamometer, ih.; electro-magnetic exper- iments, ih.; concern for health, i. 34; ego- tism, i. 35; neglect of study, ih.; chief's es- timate, i. 36; interest in religious and social questions, i. 37; gets " the sack," and de- clines new appoint- ment, i. 38; tribute to late chief, i. 39; friendship with chief's niece, ih.; and chil- dren, i. 40; home again, ih.; develop- ment reviewed, ih. Journalism, 1841 - 44 : How stimulated, i. 42 ; 425 INDEX Spencer, Herbert : Career — Confd. programme of daily routine, ih.; miscel- laneous activities, i. 43 ; engineering pa- pers, ib. seq,; politics and religion, i. 44; radicalism, i. 45; sets a fashion in headgear, ih.; letters to Noncon- formist on " Proper Sphere of Govern- ment," ih.i i. 48; par- ticipation in local pol- itics, i. 46; complete suifrage propaganda, i. 47; goes to London to pursue literature, i. 48; futile negotiations with editors, ih. et seq.; mistaken ideas about literary success^ i. 51; further contri- butions to Noncon- formist J i. 52 ; ex- plains his " national specific," ih.; writes address for Anti-State Church Association, i. 54; thinks about style, ih.; another engineer- ing engagement, i. 55; general reading, ih, ; writes ■ verses, ih.; ideas for inventions, ih.; pecuniary straits — down to last penny, i. 56 seq.; home again, i. 58; phrenological and biological essays, ih.; edits his father's shorthand, i. 59; a new periodical pro- jected, ih. (cf. i. 46) ; a valued friendship be- Spencer, Herbert : Ga/reer — Cont'd. gun, i. 60; sub-editor of Pilot, i. 61 Engineering, second peri- od, 1845-1848: Unset- tled prospects, i. 64; railway survey work, i. 65 ; punctiliousness curtails promising en- gagement, ih.; new position under Prich- ard, ih.; more inven- tions, i. 66 seq.; mis- cellaneous reading, i. 68; meets Chapman, publisher, and others of note, i. 69 ; political activity, i. 70 ; effect of heterodoxy on so- cial relations, ib. ; reading and collecting material for Social Statics, i. 77; method of studying style, ih.; question of livelihood again urgent, i. 72 ; joins the Economist, i. 73 Journalism and Author- ship, 1848-1857: work on the Economist, i. 74; progress with So- cial Statics, ib. ; fa- therms criticisms, i. 75; fixing on a title, ih.; press reviews, i. 76; R. Hutton's criti- cism, i. 77; friend's objections, ib. ; chap- ter on Education re- printed, i. 78; Bulwer Lytton thereon, ih. ; signs of growing ap- preciation, i. 79 seq.; emigration discussed. 426 INDEX Spencer, Herbert : Career — Cont'd. i. 80; lodgings in Pad- dington, i. 81 ; tries vegetarianism, ib,; pa- per on the Water Question, i. 82 ; new friendships — Octavius Smith, G. H. Lewes, Marian Evans, xb. ; Masson, i. 83 ; ar- ticle on Population, %h.; misunderstanding with Lewes, i. 84 ; friendship with Hux- ley and Tyndall begun, i. 85 ; " Haythorne Papers," ih.; high opinion of Alex. Smith as a poet, i. 87 seq.; a great discovery, i. 87; bookselling agitation, i. 88 ; uncle's death, ih,; legacy, i. 89; more articles, i. 90; leaves Economist J i. 91; pro- jected articles on Edu- cation and Comet, i. 92 seq.; Leader asks for papers, i. 93 ; a Continental tour, ih. seq. ; overstrain in Switzerland, i. 95; more " Haythorne Pa- pers,'* i. 96; article on Comte, ih. ; writing the Psychology^ i. 97; his opinion of it, ih.; a holiday in France, ih. seq.; impressions on Paris, i. 99; an article on railways, ih. seq.; "hard up" again, i. 100; three months at home, ih.; a nervous breakdown. Spencer, Herbert : Ca/reer — Cont'd. I. 101 ; Psychology published, ih.; a tour in pursuit of health, i. 102; his theories and remedies for ill-health, ih. seq.; an oppor- tune windfall, i. 103; grubs up tree-stumps, ih.; marriage and reli- gious exercise sug- gested, i. 104; repug- nance to latter, ih.; an enjoyable visit to the Potters, i. 105; repudiates charge of materialism and athe- ism, ih. {v. a. 370) ; meets Bain, i. 106; first visit to Ardtor- nish, ih.; calls upon Comte in Paris, i. 107; a smoke consum- ing invention ends in smoke, ih.; first New Year dinner with Hux- leys, i. 108.; more ar- ticles, ih. seq. Synthetic Philosophy (1858-1896): Scheme sent to father, i. 110; articles for the quar- terlies, ih., i. Ill seq,; compliment from an Indian official, ih . ; war rumours stop a trip to France, ih.; at- tack on Owen, i. 112; futile endeavours to obtain post under gov- ernment, i. 114 seq.j 125 ; correspondence with Mill on political questions, i. 122 seq.; gets over dread of so- 427 INDEX Spencer, Herbert : Career — Confd. ciety, i. 124; more ar- ticles, i. 125 1860. — Programme of philosophy distrib- uted, i. 126 seq.; pri- ority to Origin of SpecieSy i. 128 ; You- mans offers coopera- tion, i. 129; influen- tial support from America, i. 131; writ- ing First Principles, ib.; another opportune legacy, i. 133 seq.; health again unset- tled, i. 134; First Principles completed, i. 136; its reception, i. 137 ISQ2. — Biology be- gun, i. 141 ; corre- spondence with Mill on Utilitarianism, ib. seq.; arrangements for publishing in Amer- ica, i. 144; earlier opinions modified, i. 146 seq., 180 seq.; health improves, i. 152 ISQ^.— Biology, Vol. I. finished, i. 152; re- organising Reader, i. 153; controversy with Mill, i. 154 seq.; in- vestigation of plant circulation, i. IQl seq.; cessation of Philoso- phy announced, i. 165; movement for averting it, ib.; American tes- timonial, i. 168; French translations, i. 169 1867. — Reorganising Spencer, Herbert: Ca/reer — Cont'd. First Principles, i. 171; father's death, i. 173; mother's death, ib.; relations with parents reviewed, i. 174 seq.; revising Psy- chology, i. 184; pres- ent writer engaged as secretary, i. 185; De- scriptive Sociology started, i. 185 seq. ; tries a course of rackets for his nerves, i. 187 1868. — Election to Athenaeum, i. 188 ; a small controversy about spontaneous gen- eration, i. 190 1870.— First vol. of revised Psychology is- sued, i. 192 1872. — Second vol. of Psychology finished, i. 193; gives himself ten years to complete the system, i. 194; De- scriptive Sociology continued spite of heavy cost, ib.; more parentheses, ib. seq.; controversy with Hux- ley, i. 197; prestige receives a " little thrust " from Amer- ica, i. 198; Academic honours declined, i. 201 seq. ; Gazelles' Intro- duction, i. 203 (v. 1. 225 seq. ) ; Ribot trans- lates the Psychology, i. 205; naming of the Philosophy further considered, i. 206; ob- 428 INDEX- Spencer, Herbert : Career — Confd. jections to terms " Positive " and " Cos- mic," ih, seq.; rea- sons for selecting " Synthetic," i. 208 (v. i. 225); Interna- tional Scientific Series started, i. 209 seq.; The Study of Sociol- ogy, i. 211; reply to Martineau, i. 212 1873. — Consulted about Japanese insti- tutions, i. 213; inter- est in disestablish- ment, i. 214; corre- spondence with Mr. Gladstone concerning criticism, ih. seq.; cordial relations en- sue, i. 217 {v. i. 222) ; Descriptive Sociology causes worry and trou- ble, ih. {see i. 230) ; replies to criticisms, i. 218 seq.; obituary no- tice of Mill, i. 221; reasons for not join- ing Royal Society, i. 222 seq.; British Association Meeting, Belfast, i. 227 1874. — Principles of Socio logy begun, i . 230 ; its destructive nature, i. 231 seq.; further revision of First Principles, i. 232 1875. — Begins Auto- hiography, i. 234 ; keeps away from Tyn- dall's wedding, i. 241; election to Roman Spencer, Herbert : Career — Cont'd. Academy, ih. ; desires it to be cancelled, i. 242 ; request with- drawn, 1. 244; nomi- nation for Lord Rec- torships, Edinburgh and Aberdeen, de- clined, i. 245 seq.; invitation to Foreign Office reception de- clined, i. 246 seq.; first vol. of Principles of Sociology, 1. 250 seq., 253 1877.— Ill-health, i. 252 ; recuperates at Ardtornish, i. 253 ; " Ceremonial Institu- tions," ih. seq., i. 257, 267 ; a bad time, i. 255; tries the social distraction cure, i. 256; "Data of Eth- ics," i. 257, 262 seq.; attends Lewes's fu- neral, i. 261 1879.— A holiday in the Riviera, i. 261 ; visit to Wilton, ih. ; " Political Institu- tions " begun, ih., i. 275; appreciation from theologians, i. 269; visit to Egypt, i. 271 seq.; intercourse with celebrities, i. 279; proposal for chair of Sociology at Liverpool, i. 280; ab- surd rumours, i. 281 1880. — More en- counters with critics, i. 282 seq.; Tait's at- tack, i. 283 ; George 429 INDEX Spencer, Herbert: Career — Confd. Eliot's death and fu- neral, i. 284; contro- versy with Goldwin Smith, i. 288; plan- ning visit to America, i. 289 1882. — ^Meeting with Henry George, i. 290; cessation of Descrip- tive Sociology, ih.; generous offer from America, ih . ; Anti- Aggression League, i. 295 seq.; "Political Institutions " finished, i, 296 ; Darwin's fu- neral, ih.; visit to America, i. 299 seq,; banquet and speech at Delmonico's, i. 299, 306 1883. — Last visit to Ardtornish, i. 315; Edinhurgh Review at- tacks Philosophy, i. 318; "game cure," i. 319; political articles, ih. seq. 1884. — Asked to stand for Leicester, i. 319 seq.; Boehm's bust, i. 326; more side currents, i. 327; reli- gious discussion, i. 335 seq. ; controversy with Harrison, i. 339 seq. 1885.— "Ecclesiasti- cal Institutions " fin- ished, i. 329, 335, 356; "Factors of Organic Evolution," i. 329, 359 seq.; revised views on land Spencer, Herbert : Ca/reer — Confd. question, i. 330; Har- rison controversy re- published in America, i. 346 seq.; book sup- pressed, i. 350 seq. ; relations with George Eliot — suggested dis- claimer, i. 356 seq. 1886. — Extreme de- pression, i. 364; death of Lott, i. 366; a so- journ at Brighton, i. 368 1887. — Death of Youmans, i. 371 ; in- terest in Hinton vil- lage library, i. 372 ; children's visits, i. 373; at Bournemouth with Potters, ih. 1888.— Back in Lon- don, i. 374, 377; pro- posal for a portrait, i. 378; with Grant Allen at Dorking, i. 379 ; an- other loan of children, i. 381; interest in their welfare, i. 382; Pilot days recalled, i. 384 1889. — Boarding- house life at an end, i. 386; manage at St. John's Wood initiated, ih.; a summer in Wilt- shire, ih. ; honours from Bologna and Copenhagen, 1. 3 89 seq.; an American newspaper attack, i. 392 seq. ; a billiard story put right, i. 398 ; controversy on land question, ii. 26 seq. ; 430 INDEX Spencer, Herbert : Career — Cont'd. rupture with Huxley, ii. 28 seq. {see post, 1893) 1890.— Another at- tack by Huxley, ii. 37; campaign against socialism, i. 400 seq. 1891.— Visit to Tyn- dall, i. 410; pleasures of Ardtornish recalled, i. 412 seq. 1892.— Death of Mr. Potter, i. 414 ; com- pleting the Ethics, ii. 1 seq.; asked to be- come an Alderman, ii. 4; protest against a railway invasion, ii. 5; project for a "Rec- ord of Legislation," ii. 8; life in Wiltshire, ii. 9 ; consulted on Japanese affairs, ii. 11 seq. ; Ethics finished, ii. 18; winter resi- dence in London ceases, ii. 20 1892-1895. — Weis- mann controversy, ii. 43 seq. 1893. — Henry George's onslaught, ii. 37 seq.; domestic trou- bles, ii. 21, 58; rec- onciliation with Hux- ley, ii. 37 1894. — Letters to Times on bookselling question, ii. 70 seq.; dissolution of mSnage contemplated, ii. 75 1895. — Prussian Royal Order declined, ii. 80; also honours I 431 Spencer, Herbert: Career — Cont'd. from foreign acad- emies, ib. seq.; story about eating tallow candles in engineering days, ii. 80; death of Huxley, ii. 82 1896. — Correspond- ence with Countess of Pembroke on meta- physical questions, ii. 83 seq.; proposals for portrait declined, ii. 86 seq. ; death of George Holme, ii. 92. Letters to Times on Metric system, ii. 94; the Philosophy com- pleted, ii. 95 (see ii. 204) Last years at Brigh- ton, 1896-1903 (see ii. 128, 130) 1896. — Letter of congratulation, ii. 96 seq.; portrait commis- sioned, ii. 104 1897. — More degrees declined, ii. 107 1898.— Portrait fin- ished, ii. 109; his dis- satisfaction with it, ii. 110; national policy denounced, ii. 135; Mr. Sqawen Blunt insti- gated to write a poem, ii. 136 1899.— "Filiation of Ideas" (Appendix B) written. Biology re- vised, ii. 115, 150; op- position to South Af- rican War, ii. 151 seq., 190 seq. l900,~First Princi- INDEX Spencer, Herbert; Career — Spencer, Herbert: Career Cont'd. pies revised, ii. 150, 186; 80th birthday congratulations, ii. 150 1901-02.— Last book, ii. 186, 188 seq., 205 seq. 1902.— Put forward for Nobel Prize, ii. 200 {see ii. 225) ; con- dition at 82, ii. 204; last visit to country, ii. 207 seq., 212; tes- timonial to ex-Presi- dent Steyn, ii. 209, 226 1903.— London Uni- versity offers a degree, ii. 214; last birthday congratulations, ii. 217; illness, ii. 217; pleasant reminders of the past, ii. 218; death of Bain, ii. 221 (see ii. 201); visit from Mr. John Morley, ii. 221 ; correspondence with him concerning funeral address, ii. 222 seq. {see ii. 228); Lecky's death, ii. 225; last letter, ii. 226; vis- its from friends, i6.; last words, ii. 227; death, ib.; cremation, ii. 228; Mr. (Lord) Courtney's funeral ad- dress, ii. 229 seq.; tomb in Highgate Cemetery, ii. 234; manifestations of sym- pathy, ii. 235; Herbert Spencer Lectureship founded at Oxford, ii. Gonfd. 237 ; proposed memo- rial in Westminster Abbey, ii. 238 seq.; the Dean's reply, ii. 242 ; reminiscences of friends, ii. 250 seq.; his place in the his- tory of thought, ii. 277 seq. III. Characteristics : gen- erally, ii. 246 seq., 305 seq. Administrative, ii. 254, 272 Agnosticism, ii. 119 seq., 249 Amusements, fondness for, ii. 297 Analysis, ii. 306, 329 Argumentativeness, i. 39 {v. ii. 263) Artistic, i. 12, 19, 33 seq. Authority, disregard of, i. 12, 14, 21, 171, 321; ^ ii. 123, 246, 305, 309 seq.y 331 Books, objection to pres- ence of, ii. 117 Brusquerie, ii. 259 Castle-building, i. 66; ii. 298, 306 Casuality, ii. 124 seq., 249, 305, 308 Ceremonial, aversion to, i. 246, 297; ii. 249 Children, liking for, i. 40, 105, 373, 381; ii. 9 Classics, aversion from, i. 17 seq.; ii. 147, 306 seq. Club life, ii. 254 seq. Combativeness, i. 376 432 INDEX Spencer, H. : Oharacteristics — Confd. Concentration, ii, 265 Conscientiousness, i. 32, 367 Consistency, ii. 30, 44 Conversational, ii. 256 Courteousness, ii. 255, 271 Criticism, sensitiveness to, ii. 35, 275; prone- ness to, ii. 273 seq. Deductive tendency, ii. 56, 263, 307, 313, 338 Detachment, ii. 307 Distrust, ii. 270 Dogmatism, ii. 250, 263 Domesticity, ii. 255, 271 Ecclesiasticism, aversion from, ii. 354 Egotism, V. ii. 258 Erudition, ii. 144 seq. Femininity, ii. 253 Filial affection, i. 177 seq. Friendship, ii. 250 seq. Health, concern for, i . 34, 102, 410 Honours, indifference to, i. 222, 242; ii. 40, 80, 105, 257 Ideality, ii. 307, 312, 314 Idleness, i. 396; ii. 261, 297, 308 Individualism {see Opin- ions, Social State) Individuality, i. 23; ii. 309 Intellectual, ii. 143, 147, 261, 275, 307 Inventiveness, i. 19, 28, 30, 32, 33, 56, 59, 65, 107; ii. 249, 308, 311 Irritability, ii. 274 Judgment, ii. 259 Spencer, H. : Characteristics — Cont'd. Linguistics, aversion from, i. 17 seq.; ii. 306 Mathematical, i. 16 seq.j 28, 32 seq.; ii. 146, 174, 306 Memory, ii. 261 Method, ii. 266 Moral, ii. 44, 276 Music, ii. 131, 267 Nature, study, ii. 147 Optimism, i. 54, 56, 63, 92 Originality, i. 84, 226 Persistence, i. 64 Physical, ii. 110, 246 seq. Political, ii. 3 {see Opin- ions) Punctiliousness, i. 363 Principles, ii. 247 Radicalism, i. 45, 62 seq. Reading, aversion to, ii. 247, 267 Restraint, impatience of, i. 16 Scepticism, ii. 217 Self-advertisement, aver- sion from, i. 213, 226; ii. 65 seq., 96 Self-assertion, i. 21, 29 Self-confidence, i. 21 seq., 31, 34; ii. 250, 307 seq. Sincerity, i. 70 seq., 177; ii. 269, 276 Singing, ii. 267 Social, i. 299, 381; ii. 253 seq. Study, aversion from, i. 16 {v. reading) Style, literary, i. 18, 50 seq., 54, 71, 74 seq., 79, 264 seq., 307 433 INDEX Spencer, H. : Characteristics — Cont'd. Sympathy, i. 410; ii. 259 Tact, ii. 255 Unconventionality, ii. 271 Vanity, v. i. 98; ii. 258 Wealth, indifference to, i. 218 seq., 230; ii. 39, 148, 269 Will power, ii. 217, 227 IV. Opinions. America: Civil war, i. 140; political institu- tions, i. 278 seq.; ii. 7; women, i. 376; Chinese exclusion, ii. 1 7 ; impending crisis, ii. 78 Art, i. 99; ii. 137 Athleticism, ii. 24 Carlyle, i. 68; ii. 93, 198 Cause, conception of, ii. 125 Character, ii. 149 Children, regimen, i. 382; ii. 10 (see Par- ents) Christianity, i. 293, 411; ii. 60, 153, 200, 212 Cooperation, ii. 65 Coincidences, ii. 64, 85, 200 Critics, i. 267, 280, 323 Disestablishment, ii. 214 Education, i. 50, 370 ; ii. 33, 127, 145, 197, 224 England, aggressive pol- icy, i. 292 seq.y 380, 411 seq. Ethics and evolution, ii. 35 Franchise, i. 53, 121, 180 Free libraries, ii. 126 Spencer, Herbert: Opinions — Confd. French, i. 112, 205; ii. 121 Gambling, ii. 23 Hegelianism, ii. 202 Hell, ii. 60 Home Rule, i. 329, 401; ii. 7, 20 Humanity, i. 403; ii. 34, 77 Imperialism, ii. 24 Japanese a£fairs, ii. 1 1 seq. Justice, administration, i. 322; ii. 68 Laissez-faire, i. 212 Landlords, i. 390, 406 Land question, i. 330; ii. 26 seq.j 38 seq. Liberty, i. 402 seq.; ii. 61 Libraries, free, ii. 126 Licensing reform, ii. 152 Living wage, ii. 60 Marriage, i. 101, 396 Medical profession, i. 125, 202 Military, i. 70, 292 seq.; ii. 136 (see England) Music, ii. 137 Napoleon, Louis, i. 112 Natural selection, ii. 49 Nature, non-moral, i. 374 Nurses, ii. 7 Old age, ii. 217, 219 seq. Parents, responsibility, i. 406 Paris, i. 99 Peace Society, i. 294, 298 Poetry, i. 411; ii. 137 Politics, i. 36 seg., 47, 52, 62, 70, 298, 320, 322 seq., 330, 411; ii. 61, 153 seq. 434 INDEX Spencer, H. : Opinions — Confd. Poor Laws, i. 213 Press, i. 275, 402 Punch, i. 231 Races, mixture of, ii. 16 Railway nuisances, ii. 5 Relaxation, i. 307, 347 Religion, i. 23 seq., 63, 70, 78, 104, 335 seq.; ii. 63, 85 Rousseau, ii. 213 Ruskin, ii. 127 Sanitation, i. 97 Scotchmen, i. 87 Scotch scenery, i. 94, 247 Social State, Socialism, etc., i. 135, 202, 213, 317, 325, 331, 368 seq., 375, 400; ii. 6, 20, 59, 68, 77 seq., 79, 126, 137, 149, 152, 197, 216 South African War, ii. 151 seq. Stevenson, R. L., ii. 198 Supernaturalism, ii. 85 Swiss scenery, i. 94 Taxation, i. 123 Testimonials, i. 378; ii. 20 Testimony, unreliability of, ii. 63 Titles, i. 201 seq., 311 seq. Trade-Unionism, ii. 34, 42 Uniformity, ii. 127 Vaccination, i. 370, 405 Ventilation, i. 405 Wealth, i. 407; ii. 148; wealthy, ii. 67 Women, i. 376, 395; ii. 129 F. Recreations : generally, i. 316, 319; ii. 25, 268; billiards, i. 286, Spencer, Herbert; Recreations ^Cont'd. 291, 316, 398; ii. 254, 302; chess, i. 121; fic- tion, i. 14; ii. 268; fishing, i. 20, 106, 112, 161, 227, 318, 329; ii. 220; quoits, i. 20, 316, 318; skating, i. 20; ii. 268; whist, ii. 268 {seeaUo i. 20, 21, 103, 103 seq.) Spencer, John, Spencer's uncle, i. 5, 414; ii. 188 Spencer, Matthew, Spencer's grandfather, i. 3 seq., 14 Spencer, Thomas, of Kirk- Ireton, Spencer's ancestor, i. 3 Spencer, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Spencer's uncle : influence on Spencer, i. 5, 21, 46; financed by Spencer's fa- ther, i. 5; takes charge of Spencer's education, i. 16; encourages his political ac- tivity, i. 46 {v. i. 42) ; in- troduces him to Mr. Hey- worth, i. 60; business ad- vice to Spencer, i. 61; pamphlets, i. 69; editor of National Temperance Chronicle, i. 89; death, ih.; Spencer's obituary notice, ib. seq.; founder of library at Hinton, i. 373. Letters to, i. 19, 72. Letter from, 1. 21 Spencer, Mrs. Thos. {see ante, Anna Spencer) Spencer, William, of Kirk- Ireton, i. 3 Spencer, William, Spencer's uncle and teacher: i. 5, 12, 27, 82, 133. Letter to, i. 89 seq. 435 INDEX Spencer, William George (com- monly called George ) , Spencer's father : assists his father as teacher, 1. 4; characteristics, i. 5 seq., 27, 59, 175; ii. 306 seq.; religious attitude de- scribed, i. 7 ; marital re- lation, i. 8 ; lace-making speculation, i. 10; remi- niscences, i. 13 seq.; dis- tress at Spencer's be- haviour at Hinton, i. 17, 22; solicitude for Spencer's spiritual welfare, i. 23 seq,, 36 {cf. i. 104); re- lieves Spencer in his pe- cuniary straits, i. 56 seq.; system of shorthand, i. 59 ; ii. 305; on Spencer's use of theological language, i. 78; death, i. 170, 173; Spencer's relations with, ih.^seq.; ii. 156. Letters to : "a pair of clothes," i. 20; application to stud- ies, i. 22 ; religious feel- ings, i. 23; first essays in journalism, i. 25 seq.; pro- jection of shadows, i. 30; engineering activities, i, 31; mental progress, i. 34 seq. ; journalistic enter- prises, i. 49 seq. ; Anti- State-Church address, i. 54 ; Punch and Pope's Homer, i. 55; financial em- barrassment, i. 56 seq.; in- ventions, i. 66; Lord John Russell, i. 70; style, i. 71; The Standard of Freedom, i. 72 seq.; Social Statics, i. 74, 79 ; an excursion with Lewes, i. 82; Popu- lation article, i. 83 seq.; " Development Hypothe- sis," i. 86; essay on Style, i. 86; Efiv. T. Spencer, i. 90; more articles, ih.; con- tinental impressions, i. 93 seq. ; Psychology, i. 100 ; breakdown, i. 102 ; opin- ions of Psychology, i. 105; Mill's Logic, 1. 106; Hux- ley's and Tyndall's lec- tures, i. 108; Anglo-French relations, i. Ill seq.; holi- day and social movements, i. 123 seq.; programme of Philosophy, i. 126; writing First Principles, 1. 130 ; reviews of it, i. 137; social engagements, i. 142 seq. ; cordial treatment at Ard- tomish, i. 152; progress with work, i. 162 seq.; New Year's dinner at Hux- ley's, ib.; John S. Mill's generosity, i. 165 ; advice, expostulation, and en- treaty, i. 175; Nebular hypothesis, ii. 157. Let- ters from, i. 17, 19, 75 Spencer, Mrs. W. G. {n4e Har- riet Holmes ) , Spencer's mother: general character- isation, i. 7 seq. {v. i. 81), 174; influence on Spencer, i. 21; objects to Spencer mentioning Voltaire, i. 75; death, i. 173; Spencer's re- lations, ih. seq. Letters to, i. 51, 88, 103, 107, 120, 176 Spencer, Mr., aeronaut, ii. 222 Spielmann, Mr., ii. 209 Spontaneous generation, i. 190 seq. Spooner, Rev. W. A,, Oxford, ii. 241 Spottiswoode, William, P.R.S., i. 257 436 INDEX Spurzheim, Dr.: lectures on phrenology, i. 14; il. 310 Standard, The: i. 309, 404; ii. 72, 374 seq. ; Harrison- Spencer controversy, i. 242, 351 seq.; outline of ^ Spencer's work, ii. 2; Spencer's letter declining nomination as Alderman of L. C. C, ii. 5 Standard of Freedorrij i. 72 seq.; ii. 369 Standish House, Gloucester- shire, i. 257, 316 Stannard, Mrs. Arthur, letter to, on religious view in Soul of a Bishop, ii. 59 seq. Stanley, Arthur P., Dean of Westminster, i. 284, 285 Stanley, of Alderley, Dowager Lady, i. 405 Stephen, Sir James Fitz-James, i. 340 Stephen, Sir Leslie: ii. 97, 102; relations with his father, i. 23; Ethical Lecturers' Fund, ii. 144 seq., 197. Letter to, ii. 145 seq. Let- ter from, ii. 145 seq. Stevenson, Robert Louis, ii. 198 seq. Steyn, M. J., Ex-President, Orange Free State, testimo- nial and letter to, ii. 209 seq., 226 Steyn, Mrs., letter from, ii. 226 Stourbridge, settlement of emi- grants at, i. 1 Stout, G. F., ii. 102 Strutt, Edward, M.P. for Derby, i. 47 Study of Sociology: i. 211 seq., 276, 280, 285, 397; ii. 66, 121, 133, 304, 354; criticism of W. E. Gladstone, i. 214 seq.; popularity of, i. 229; objected to as text-book for Yale, i. 276; evolutionary conceptions, ii. 352 Sturge, Joseph, i. 47, 61 Style: Lord Macaulay's, i. 79; evolution, ii. 319 [see "Philosophy of Style") Sully, Prof. James: cooperates in testimonial to Spencer, ii. 97, 102, 107. Letter to, ii. 107, 151 Sumner, Charles, i. 131 Sumner, Prof., Yale College, i. 276 Sun: Spencer's article on con- stitution of, ii. 1 65 seq., 341 ; question of age, ii. 166; photosphere, ii. 183 Sunday Society, i. 329 Supernatural, coincidences fa- vouring belief in, ii. 85 Survival of the Fittest: in so- cial evolution, ii. 76, 314; in the inorganic world, ii. 171; the term, ii. 340 Swinburne, Algernon Charles, letter to, i. 292 Switzerland, Spencer's impres- sion of, i. 94 Symes, Principal J. E., ii. 241 Sympathy : genesis, ii. 310 ; Adam Smith's theory, ib.; root of justice and benefi- cence, ii. 314; in social evolution, ii. 365 Synthetic' Philosophy : this work not an exposition of, viii.; scheme for, i. 110; ii. 329, 346; distribution of programme and opinions thereon, i. 126; in rela- tion to Comte's philosophy {see Comte) ; Gazelles' in- troduction, i. 202 seq.; title and reasons for it, i. 437 INDEX 206 seq.j 226; nature and origin of, i. 342, 343 seq.; Mr. A. J. Balfour's criti- cism, ii. 46; completion, ii. 95; letter of congratu- lation, ii. 96 seq,; finish- ing touches, ii. 150 seq.; unwritten divisions, ii. 156 seq., 300; Clerk Maxwell on scheme, ii. 161; "The Unknowable " in First Principles, ii. 211; deduct- ive and inductive methods considered, ii. 277 seq. ; Hector Macpherson on its dualistie character, ii. 286 ; congruity with scientific progress, ii. 288 seq.; Spen- cer's condition when writ- ing, ii. 300; omitted divi- sions not essential, ih. ; " Filiation of Ideas " (Ap- pendix B), a sketch plan, ii. 304 Tablet, The: approval of arti- cle by Spencer, i. 319 Tag, Der (Berlin newspaper), ii. 225 Taine, H. : Ideal in Art, i. 198; nervous sensation, ii. 347 note Tait, Prof. P. G., Spencer's con- troversy with, i. 219, 280 seq. Tait's Magazine, rejects article by Spencer, i. 50, 61, 57, 86 Talent, as a condition to suc- cess, i. 51 Tappan [H. P.], French Acad- emy, i. 310 Taxation, universal direct, ad- vocated, i. 123 seq. Taylor, Bayard, i. 131 Taylor, Miss Helen, i. 180 Taylor, Peter A., M.P., i. 319 Teaching (see Education) Tedder, Henry R,, Secretary and Librarian, Athenaeum Club: X., i, 308; general editor of Descriptive Soci- ology, ii. 196 note Tenniel, Sir John, Punch car- toon, i. 386 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, poet laureate : " Hands all Round," i. 295; peerage, i. 322; civil list pension, i. 387 seq.; "Farewell," i. 412; "The Larger Hope," ii. 84, Letter to, i. 101 Testimonials : grave social abuse, i. 378 Testimony, untrustworthiness of human, i. 397; ii. 63 seq., 84 seq. Thackeray, W. M., Spencer's favourite novelist, ii. 266 Thames, Spencer's suggestion for improving, i. 82 "Theory of Population," i. 83 seq., 127; ii. 317 seq., 369; doctrine of selection, i. 128 Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W. T., ii. 51, 102 Thompson, Sir E. Maunde, let- ter to, on British Academy of Letters, ii. 199 Thompson, Sir Henry, Bart., i. 256, 286 Thomson, Sir Wm. (Lord Kel- vin, q.v.) Ticknor, George, i. 131 Times, The: letters by Spencer on sundry topics, i. 88, 329; ii. 67, 88 {see i. 322; ii. 369, 376 seg.); foreign reports concerning Spen- cer, i. 169, 265; article on Virchow's address, i. 260 seq,; report of Church Con- 438 INDEX gress, Swansea, i. 268; Anti-Aggression League, i. 295 ; Spencer's refusal to stand for Leicester, i. 322; Harrison- Spencer contro- versy, i. 342, 350 seq., 355 seq. {v. n. 376 seq.) ; Spen- cer's advice to Japan, ii. 18 ; controversy on land question, ii. 26 seq, {v. ii. 377 ) ; Bookselling Question, ii. 70 (V. ii. 369, 378) ; Metric System, ii. 94, 140, 379; F. H. Collins's pro- posal for portrait of Spen- cer, ii. 86, 87, 379; testi- monial to Spencer, ii. 97; criticism of Herkomer's portrait, ii. Ill, 380 ; Bramwell Booth's attack, ii. 119, 379; R. Buchan- an's letter, ii. 136; remark concerning fate of Russian statesman, ii. 191 note; life of Stevenson, ii. 198; Spencer's last book, ii. 205 ; report of Russian stu- dent's arrest, ii, 205 ; Spen- cer's daily reading, ii. 267; on Spencer's career, ii. 276 Titles: Spencer's reasons for refusing various kinds, i. 201, 222 seq,, 241 seq., 311 seq., 389; ii. 80, 215 {see Appendix D), 382 T. P,'s Weekly, i. 398 Trade-Unionist : hostility to employers, ii. 42 " Transverse Strain of Beams," i. 43; ii. 368 Trelawney, Sir J., i. 124 Treport, i. 98, 102, 130 seq. Tribune, New York newspaper, i. 276; ii. 41, 44, 374 Troughton, Walter, Spencer's secretary, 1888-1903 : ix., 469; reminiscences, i. 383, 386; ii. 95, 189, 207, 212, 217, 227, 250, 267 seq., 269, 271, 302; Spencer's Last Words, ii. 227 Truth, ultimate test of, i. 156 seq. Tunbridge Wells Hydro, 1. 302 Tupper, Sir Charles, Canadian Copyright, ii. 89 Turner, Sir William, Edinburgh University, ii. 242 Twilight Club, New York, i. 307 Tylor, Dr. E. B.: i. 252, 317; ii. 63, 134, 353, 374; cor- respondence concerning con- troversy, ii. 193 seq. Tyndall, Prof. John: friendship with Spencer begun, i. 85; testimonial to Spencer, i. 118; view of equilibration, i. 135 {v. ii, 335) ; meet- ings with, i. 142, 187, 408, 410 {v. ii. 141); attitude to Comtism, i. 148; reor- ganising Reader, i. 153; consulted by Spencer, i . 172, 188, 190, 337 seq.; ii. 157 seq., 173; infectious vivacity, i. 192 ; Interna- tional Scientific Series, i. 210, 248; Tait controversy, i. 219; resents attack on men of science, i. 220; British Association ad- dress, i. 228, 231; criti- cism of First Principles, i. 232; ii. 161; marriage, i. 241, 297; George Eliot,. i. 285, 356 seq.; health, i. 364, 408 seq.; Huxley, v. Spencer controversy, ii. 29 seq. ; Weismann contro- versy, ii. 51; death, ii. 62; 439 INDEX age of the earth, ii. 174; on Spencer's character, ii. 274. Letters to: equilibra- tion, i. 135 (see ii. 335); plagiarisms of psycholo- gists, i. 188 seq.; physical conceptions in First Princi- ples, i. 232; his marriage, 1. 241; Times leading ar- ticle, i. 260; personal, i. 386, 396, 408 seq,; ii. 21; political and social tend- encies, ii. 20; the Huxley affair, ii. 31. Letter from: Huxley, ii. 29; on Spen- cer's physical ideas, ii. 160 Tyndall, Mrs.; letters to, ii. 62, 75, 78 seq., 82; letter from, ii. 81 " Ultimate Laws of Physiol- ogy," ii. 326, 371 " Ultimate Questions " : essay in Spencer's last book, ii. 189, 205 Uniformity, mania for con- demned, ii. 127 United Service Club, i. 398 United States (see America) "Universal Postulate," i. 90 se^., 95, 106; ii. 319, 370 Universal Review, ii. 157 Universities, standard of edu- cation, ii. 145 Unknowable : i. 324 ; relation to knowable inexplicable, ii. 125 "Use and Beauty," i. 85; ii. 369 Use-Inheritance {see Heredity) " Use of Anthropomorphism," i. 96; ii. 370 Utilitarianism: Spencer's atti- tude, i. 141 seq. (v. ii. 287) Vaccination, i. 405 Vamb^ry, A., i. 279 Vanity Fair : caricature of Spencer, i. 262 Varigny, H. de, French trans- lator, ii. 122 Various Fragments, i. 316; ii. 206, 375 seq. Vedanta: its teachings alleged to have influenced Spencer, ii. 120 Vegetarianism, i. 81 Velocimeter : appliance in- vented by Spencer, i. 32, 44; ii. 308, 368 Venice, i. 274 Venn, Dr. John, ii. 102 Ventilation of dwelling houses, i. 405 Vertebrate skeleton : Spencer's attack on Owen's doctrine, i. 112 Vesey, Lord and Lady, i. 263 Vestiges of the Natural His- tory of Creation, i. 69; ii. 315 Vesuvius: eruption of 1868, ii. 175 Vetter, Dr. B., German trans- lator, i. 359; ii. 66 Vienna, Imperial Academy, ii, 80 seq., 383 Vincent, Henry, i. 47 Vines, Prof. S. H., ii. 102 Vitalism, i. 190; ii. 119 (see Life) Volcanic eruptions, Spencer's speculations concerning, ii. 175 seq. Voltaire : Spencer suppresses his name, i. 75 Voluntary system, Spencer dissociates himself from ethics of, i. 77 Voluntary taxation, i. 402 seq. 440 INDEX Wade, Sik Willoughby, ii. 102 Wales, Prince of (King Edward VII. ) , ridiculous statement concerning, ii. 141 Wales, Prince and Princess of: London University degrees, ii. 214 Walker, J. Hanson, ii. 113 Wallace, Alfred Russel : ii. 102; opinion of Spencer's biological writings, i. 200; Spencer's ethics, i. 265; Land Nationalisation So- ciety, i. 290; Weismann controversy, ii. 52. Let- ter to, ii. 73 Waller, i. 255 Walshe, Walter H., i. 256 War : in social evolution, i. 375; ii. 77, 355 seq. Ward, Prof. James: ii. 242; controversy with, ii. 184, 385 Ward, Lester F. : biological basis of Spencer's sociol- ogy, ii. 357 note. Letter to, on Spencer's relations to Comte, ii. 90 seq. Ward, Wilfred, i. 340 Water Question, article by Spencer on, i, 82; ii. 369 Watkins, Rev. Prof. : appre- ciation of Spencer, i. 269 Watson, Prof., i. 303 seq. Watson, William, ii. 136 Watts, George F., R.A., ii. 86 Watts, Isaac, Divine and Moral Songs: Spencer's text-book as a child, 9 Wealth : distribution during life approved, i. 407 Wealthy, lack of initiative, ii. 67 Webb, Sidney, ii. 69 Wejbb, Mrs. Sidney {nSe Bea- trice Potter) : ii. 102; last visit to Spencer, ii. 227. Letters to : " game-cure,'* i. 316; social pathology, i. 368; proposed portrait, i. 378; billiard story, i. 398; agnostics and believers, ii. 200 ; thoughts in illness, ii. 219 Weismann, Prof. A.; contro- versy respecting inherit- ance of acquired charac- ters, ii. 45 seq. Welby, Lady Victoria, ii. 102 Wells, H. T., R.A., ii. 87 Wemyss, Earl of, ii. 9. Letters to: reasons for not joining Liberty and Property De- fence League, i. 323; anti- socialist movement, i. 400 seq. ; railway nuisances, ii. 5 ; English stupidity, ih. Werner, E. T. C: i. 394; com- piler of Chinese Descrip- tive Sociology, i. 394 Wesley, John: letter quoted, i. 2; converts Spencer's grandmother, i. 4 Wesleyan Methodism, associa- tions of Spencer's family with, i. 2, 4, 7 Westerham, Kent, ii. 82 Westmacott, Mr. [son of Sculp- tor], i. 326 Westminster Abbey: i. 285 seq.; movement for memo- rial to Spencer in, ii. 237 seq. Westminster Review: Spencer's contributions to, i. 83, 86 seq., 108 seq., 125; ii. 323, 369 seq.; review of Spen- cer's First Principles^ i. 137 441 INDEX "What is Electricity," 1. 153; ii. 160, 164, 341, 372 Wheatley, Mr., i. 262 Whewell, William : History and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, ii. 282; Mill's criticism, ii. 319 Whipple, E. P., 1. 131 Williams, Geoffrey S., ii. 238 Williams, Mr. [Sidney], i. 303 Williams and Norgate (Spen- cer's publishers), i. 165 Williamson, Dr., ii. 173 Wilks, Dr. Samuel, ii. 102 Wilson, Rev. Dr. James, editor of Pilot, i. 62, 384 Wilson, James, M.P., of the Economist, i. 62, 73, 120 Women : suffrage question, i. 1 80 seq. ; outcry against wrongs of, i. 376; intellec- tual powers, i. 395 seq.; over - exaltation of, ii. 129 Worcester, i. 29; ii. 309 Working classes : political power, i. 122 Workman's Peace Association, i. 297 Wright, Prof. W. Aldis, ii. 242 Wright-Henderson, Rev. P. A., Oxford, ii. 242 Wroughton, Mr., i. 273 Wylde, Rev. M., i. 269 seq. Wyman, Jeffries, i. 131, 198 X Club, i. 223, 256, 332 seq., 377; ii. 23, 29 seq., 199, 219 Yale College, i. 276 Youmans, Edward Livingston: introduction to Spencer, 1. 128; personal intercourse, i. 136, 170, 260 seq., 290; Civil War, i. 139 seq.; watches Spencer's interests in America, i. 143 seq., 217 seq., 230, 275, 371; raises fund to recoup Spencer's losses, i. 167; amanuensis to Spencer, i. 170; Spen- cer's drastic criticism of lectures, i. 171; organises Int. Scientific Series, i. 210, 248; founder and edi- tor of Popular Science Monthly, i. 211, 230; lec- ture on Spencer, i. 227 ; introduction to Spencer's Data of Ethics, i. 263, 267 ; Spencer's obligations to, i. 290, 336 {see i. 315); Spencer's American visit, i. 301; conscientiousness, i. 367; Spencer's apprecia- tion, i. 366, 271; ii. 88; death, ii. 370; Fiske's memoirs, ii. 64; interest in Spencer recalled, ii. 94. Letters to: Civil War, i. 139 seq.; publishing af- fairs, i. 144 seq.; change of views in Social Statics, i. 145 seq.; Comtism, i. 148; Count Stirum's dona- tion, i. 166; holiday sight- seeing, i. 171 seq.; First Principles, i. 172; sponta- neous generation, i. 191; progress with the Philoso- phy, a forecast, i. 193 seq.; Hutton controversy, i. 195; Darwin and mental evolu- tion, i. 197; Fiske's Har- vard lectures on " Posi- tive " philosophy, i. 206 seq.; making a fortune by 442 INDEX philosophy, i. 211; an op- portunity for advertise- ment rejected, i. 213 seq.; Descriptive Sociology wor- ries, i. 217 seq.; Huxley's condition, i. 219 ; author and publisher, i. 220 ; a tilt with Tyndall, ih.; lec- ture at Liberal Club, i. 226; Tyndall's Belfast ad- dress and its effect, i. 228 seq.; scheme for financial assistance, i. 230; Popular Science Monthly policy, i. 231; Bain and evolution^ Romanes, i. 240 ; Dr. Elam's attack, i. 249 seq.; conversation with a bishop, i. 250; copyright, i. 251, 278; Tylor and McLennan, i. 252; Data of Ethics, i. 257 ; holiday companion- ship invited, i. 266; " devil-may-care " mood enjoined, i. 263; French clerical party, i. 265; re- views of Data of Ethics, i. 267 ; Mr. Guthrie's mis- representations, ib.; re- viewers' misconceptions about First Principles, i. 268 ; visit to Egypt, i. 271 ; Grant Allen and Critics ; professorship of sociology, etc., i. 280 ; civilities with an old an- tagonist, i. 281 ; sundry critics, i. 282 seq., 289; hardest bit of work fin- ished, i. 296; the American visit, i. 300; Hughlings Jackson's researches, i. 302 ; Henry George, i. 305 ; " gospel of relaxation," i. 307; a Japanese transla- tion, revision of Essays, i. 308 ; Drummond's book, election to French Acad- emy, i. 309 seq.; Darwin- ism, i. 316, 317; Tylor, i. 317; Communism, ib.; Edinburgh Review*s criti- cism, i. 318; political arti- cles, i. 319, 324; proposed parliamentary candidature, i. 322; Pall Mall Gazette*s couplet, i. 326; Boehm's bust, ih.; permanent work resumed, ib.; personal in- quiries, i. 327; Irish Ob- struction, i. 330; friends breaking up, i. 332 ; a " dreadfully destructive " chapter in " Ecclesiastical Institutions,'' i. 335 ; " Re- ligious Retrospect and Prospect," i. 337 seq.; Har- rison's controversy, i. 339 seq.; Autobiography, i, 343; reprinting the Harri- son controversy, i. 347 seq.; relations with George Eliot, i. 357; "Factors of Organic Evolution," i. 359, 362 ; International copy- right, i. 363; consolation in illness, i. 366; a last greeting, i. 370; "What is Electricity," ii. 160; nebu- lar hypothesis, ii. 164, 172. Also i. 162, 164, 275. Let- ters from: publishing af- fairs, i. 133, 143 seq.; Civil War, i. 138 seq., 277; Social Statics, i. 145 seq.; Abbot controversy, i. 190 seq. ; a " little thrust " from the Nation, i. 198 ; false report of Bain's death, i. 251; Har- rison's controversy, i. 345 seq.i 348; Spencer's 443 INDEX tribute in Autobiography, i. 366 Youmans, Miss Eliza, i. 370; ii. 64. Letters from, i. 371, 392; ii. 94 Youmans, Dr. W. J., i. 392; ii. 44, 194 Young, Prof.: ideas of Sun's constitution, ii. 164 Young Scots Society, ii. 217 ZOIST, TBE (phrenological) , , magazine, i. 52, 58; ii. 310, 368 444 t S 'I III 11*' mm^^ Mm ii^ifi mm