REVISION OF THE AVIAN GENUS PASSERELLA 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE 
 
 DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION 
 
 OF THE RACES IN CALIFORNIA 
 
 BY 
 
 H. S. SWARTH 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 Vol. 21, pp. 75-224 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS 
 
 BERKELEY 
 
 1920 
 
Cornell 
 Lab of Ornithology 
 
 Library 
 
 at Sapsucker Woods 
 
 Illustration of Bank Swallow by Louis Agassiz Fuertes 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QL 696.P2S97 
 
 Revision of the avian genus Passerellaw 
 
 3 1924 022 548 907 
 
 Laboratory of O ■ " •' <> 
 15« Sapsucker Viand* K086 
 Cornell Univertlty 
 IttMca, New York 14851 
 
 All books are subject to recall after two weeks 
 DATE DUE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GAYLORD 
 
 
 
 PRINTED IN U.S A 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
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 597 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS 
 
 IN 
 
 ZOOLOGY 
 
 Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 75-224, plates 4-7, 30 figures in text September 11, 1920 
 
 REVISION OF THE AVIAN GENUS PASSERELLA, 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE 
 
 DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION OF 
 
 THE. RACES IN CALIFORNIA 
 
 BY 
 
 H. S. SWARTH 
 (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction 76 
 
 Material and methods of treatment 80 
 
 History. 84 
 
 Variation in Passerella iliaca 87 
 
 Distribution and migration 101 
 
 Passerella iliaca iliaca 114 
 
 Passerella iliaca altivagans 119 
 
 Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis 127 
 
 Passerella iliaca insularis 132 
 
 Passerella iliaca sinuosa ". 135 
 
 Passerella iliaca annectens 140 
 
 Passerella iliaca townsendi 144 
 
 Passerella iliaca fuliginosa 149 
 
 Passerella iliaca schistacea < 152 
 
 Passerella iliaca fulva 158 
 
 Passerella iliaca megarhynchus 161 
 
 Passerella iliaca brevicauda : 165 
 
 Passerella iliaca canescens 169 
 
 Passerella iliaca monoensis 170 
 
 Passerella iliaca mariposae 173 
 
 Passerella iliaca stephensi -. 176 
 
 Table of measurements 182 
 
 List of specimens examined 184 
 
 Literature cited 212 
 
76 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 The genus Passerella contains but one species, Passerella iliaca, 
 the fox sparrow, confined to North America, and distributed over 
 the greater part of the continent. In the eastern two-thirds of the 
 general habitat, from northern Alaska to Newfoundland, the fox 
 sparrow occurs as one relatively uniform subspecies, in the Pacific 
 Coast and Rocky Mountain regions as a number of more or less 
 widely differentiated local races. Sixteen subspecies are formally 
 recognized in the present paper. All the forms of Passerella are 
 migratory, most of them traveling long distances between their 
 summer and winter homes. The eastern race, iUaca, occurs in Cali- 
 fornia as a rare straggler in winter ; each of the other fifteen subspecies 
 occurs more or lesss abundantly in California at one season of the 
 year or another. 
 
 The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has gradually acquired a fairly 
 extensive representation of fox sparrows, mostly collected by various 
 field expeditions. This collection consists in part of series of most 
 of the subspecies collected upon their breeding grounds, in part of 
 miscellaneous non-breeders of various subspecies, taken as migrants 
 and winter visitants. Of late years it has become increasingly difficult 
 to coordinate the museum arrangement of many of these specimens 
 with current classifications and descriptions. Inconsistencies were 
 apparent but the remedy was not so readily seen. At the same time 
 the Museum was being called upon constantly to identify specimens, 
 sometimes single birds, sometimes extensive series, sent in for this 
 purpose by collectors in various parts of the state; while every effort 
 was made to satisfy such requests, the questions asked could not 
 always be satisfactorily answered. 
 
 It seemed desirable to bring together as large a series of Passerella 
 as was to be had, in expectation that careful study of material known 
 to be available would, among other things, permit of a clearer defini- 
 tion of the subspecies and their characteristics than had yet been put 
 forth. This study has proven far more complicated than was at first 
 apparent, and while I feel that it has resulted in a much clearer 
 perception of the nature of the problem, I cannot assume to have 
 finally disposed of many of the -questions involved. 
 
 In this connection my attention has been frequently called to the 
 desirability of supplying bird students with a "key" or some similar 
 
192 °] Swarth: Revision of Avicm Genus Passerella 77 
 
 means of identifying" specimens of Passerella, readily as captured. 
 This, from the nature of the case, I fear can not be done, can never 
 be done. I believe it to be possible, at the present state of our knowl- 
 edge, to arrive at a solution of the fox sparrow problem that will 
 enable anyone to identify accurately perhaps ninety per cent of the 
 specimens taken, but it is to be doubted if diagnoses can be prepared 
 enabling anyone positively to identify all specimens of Passerella 
 secured. Even with the exceptional facilities I have enjoyed, I would 
 not guarantee the correct allocation of all the birds examined in the 
 present study. Intergrades between two forms may resemble a third 
 and, taken in their winter home, may have their characters wrongly 
 interpreted. Also immatures of one form may bear some resemblance 
 to adults of another, as is sometimes seen in the thick-billed subspecies 
 of the Schistacea group. Many specimens may be identified as of 
 certain subspecies on the basis of large comparative series, whereas 
 from one skin or a few it would be difficult to understand the 
 allocation. 
 
 Some of the difficulties encountered in identifying specimens may 
 be understood from the following facts. Passerella is variable to an 
 extreme degree, and intergradation of characters apparently occurs 
 wherever two races come together. Thus, in the chain of subspecies 
 extending along the coast of southern Alaska and British Columbia 
 there are intergrades to be found between any two contiguous forms. 
 There is also, judging from winter birds, intergradation between each 
 of these coastal races and some inland form — iliaoa or altivagans, most 
 likely. The nature and extent of this latter type of intergradation, 
 as regards breeding birds, is still almost unknown, though winter 
 specimens apparently indicative of its existence are not uncommon. 
 It will be seen from this that in the Unalaschcensis group of sub- 
 species as a whole there is an extremely wide range of variation 
 possible. 
 
 Of breeding birds of these six subspecies there are available fairly 
 extensive series of each race from several localities, but the map (fig. 
 N) will show what vast stretches of country there are as yet not rep- 
 resented in collections. Series of summer birds from any one place 
 are signally uniform in appearance, so it is evident that an explana- 
 tion of the great range of variation seen in series of migrants and 
 winter birds is to be sought in the study of specimens from many 
 summer stations — the variation in a series of stations rather than 
 among many specimens from one place. 
 
78 University of California Publications in Zoology [ VoL - 21 
 
 As regards the difficulty of identifying the Unalaschcensis sub- 
 species in the winter home in California, there are the following 
 features of the problem to be considered. These races are arranged 
 linearly along the coast in their summer habitats, and the centrally 
 located subspecies intergrade, each one, with the races to the north 
 and to the south. Thus, for example, there are individuals of sinuosa 
 that approach unalaschcensis, and others that are close to mnectens. 
 It might happen that a collector in California, in a limited series of 
 birds, would have the two extremes represented. Comparison with 
 sufficient material would show that his two diverse specimens must 
 both be referred to the same form, in this case sinuosa, yet to his eye 
 they would evidently be quite as unlike as other specimens labeled as 
 of distinct subspecies. This is something that must be borne in mind 
 in the consideration of small series of specimens. 
 
 In the Schistacea group (the thick-billed and slate-colored spar- 
 rows, so-called) there is another confusing factor. Among these 
 subspecies the most variable feature is the bill (see fig. D). While 
 the different subspecies are distinguished by smaller or larger bills, 
 there is also (most noticeably among the larger-billed forms) some 
 difference in this regard between young and old. For example, a 
 young stephensi might have a bill of about the size of an adult 
 nvariposae, and a young mariposae one of about the size of an adult 
 monoensis (see fig. DD ) . It is not possible to tell, of course, whether 
 the bill of an early fall migrant, taken far from its summer habitat, 
 has or has not reached the maximum of growth, and in birds that are 
 otherwise alike, it is easy to perceive the source of confusion that this 
 variable feature may be. Aside from this complication there is in this 
 group again undoubted intergradation between subspecies at the 
 margins of their habitats. A thorough understanding of conditions 
 in this section of the genus requires material from many more 
 localities than are here represented. 
 
 Osgood (1909, p. 17) in speaking of the mammalian genus Pero- 
 myscus, makes the following comments, which, as is seen from the 
 statements in the preceding paragraphs, apply as well to PassereUa. 
 "Classification becomes, then, as has been said [by Ridgway, 1901, 
 p. x], like dividing the spectrum and depends largely upon the 
 standards set, for, theoretically at least, the possibilities of subdivision 
 are unlimited. It is not strange, therefore, that hundreds and even 
 thousands of specimens are intergrades almost equally resembling 
 
1 920] Swarth: Revision of Avicm Genus Passer ella 79 
 
 two or more adjacent forms. Many of these intergrades for con- 
 venience may be referred with some degree of assurance to the form 
 they most closely resemble, but many specimens fall so near the 
 imaginary line between two or more subspecies that it is practically 
 impossible to classify them other than as intergrades." 
 
 It must not be assumed from the above statements that I am 
 dubious of the validity of the subspecies so far described. Far from 
 it. Each of them is readily apparent in typical form, and certainly 
 deserving of nomenclatural recognition. In the course of this study 
 it has been considered necessary to supply names for races not here- 
 tofore recognized but quite as distinct as some of older standing. 
 Furthermore, it would have been possible to have bestowed some 
 additional names, as will be seen in discussions of specific cases farther 
 on, but it did not- seem to me that I should be justified in doing so 
 at the present time. It is thus evident that this study of Passerella 
 is not presented as the final word on the subject.. In fact, it has become 
 clearly apparent that, abundant as the available material has been, 
 compared with what previous students of the group have had, some 
 future worker should certainly take up the subject with the advantage 
 of vastly more extensive series. I am quite convinced, however, that 
 whatever changes such future reviser may advance, he will not reduce 
 the number of subspecies now recognized. I am inclined to believe 
 that this future student will adopt an attitude similar to that assumed 
 by Sumner (1918, p. 184) in one of his studies on variation and 
 heredity in Peromyscus numiculatus: "I am not in the least con- 
 cerned with characterizing and defining those taxonomic groups which 
 have been called Peromyscus maniculatus gamb&li, rubidus and 
 sonoriensis. I shall merely discuss the differences between (and 
 within) four representative collections taken by me in widely sep- 
 arated and climatically different regions of the state. The question 
 as to what 'subspecies' a given mouse 'belongs to' is for my purposes 
 a distinctly minor consideration. ' ' 
 
 "With a thorough appreciation of this method of treating the finer 
 divisions of a species, in the lesser degree of separation used in the 
 present study of Passerella iUaoa it seemed advisable to attach a name 
 to each skin. The necessity of cataloging museum specimens impels 
 such action even were there no other reason to do so. It must be 
 evident, however, that in the present case (the treatment of Passerella 
 iliaoa) the usage of this system of nomenclature is purely an artificial 
 contrivance, just such an aid as the drawing of checkerboard squares 
 
 EBStnfary of OrnitM«gy 
 US* Sapsucker W<*i<i* K°a d 
 Cornell University 
 Ithaca, New York 148? ' 
 
80 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 upon a paper to facilitate the outlining of a map. The fact that I 
 place certain groups of birds within certain adjacent squares must 
 not be construed as a belief that the two are essentially different 
 from one another in just the same way as all other "subspecies" are, 
 and that such differences persist to the edges of each square. Radical 
 differences do exist between certain closely adjacent subspecies of 
 Passerella; they undoubtedly do not exist between certain others here 
 recognized. It is simply most convenient to utilize subspecific names 
 as is here done, provided it be understood just what they stand for. 
 I wish to make it clear that in my own mind the whole treatment 
 here accorded the different forms of Passerelkt, iliaca is but an outline, 
 correct as far as it goes, I trust, but with much detail still to be filled 
 in. I have had the advantage of far greater series of specimens, from 
 many more localities, than any previous student of the group. This 
 material has been carefully and leisurely studied, I have arranged the 
 observed facts and drawn my conclusions to the best of my ability, 
 and I have checked up my results in various ways. I believe my con- 
 clusions are sound as far as they go, but it will be seen that necessarily 
 many deductions have been drawn from, and hypotheses erected upon, 
 data derived from winter birds. A satisfactory demonstration of the 
 truth of such conclusions is to be attained only after the accumulation 
 of more material and of much additional information as regards 
 conditions in the summer homes of the several forms, notably so as 
 regards variation at the margins of these habitats. It is not only 
 specimens that are required, but careful study of the living birds in 
 their natural surroundings. 
 
 Material and Methods of Treatment 
 
 There are 717 specimens of Passerella catalogued to date in the 
 collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. An especially 
 valuable feature of this collection of fox sparrows lies in the extensive 
 series of breeding birds from points on the northwest coast and from 
 the mountains of California. Private collectors in California have, 
 in the mass, accumulated large numbers of these birds, mostly winter 
 visitants, and in a great many cases such collectors have sent their 
 specimens to this Museum to be identified. The loan was solicited 
 of all private series known to be existent in California, and in every 
 case this privilege was freely granted and the specimens suffered to 
 remain here as long as they were needed. A preliminary survey of 
 
i^ 20 ] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 81 
 
 the material thus assembled served to show the nature and extent of 
 the more important gaps still remaining, and requests were made for 
 the loan of skins from such museums as it was supposed might possess 
 the needed specimens. Here, again, the aid requested was most 
 cordially rendered. 
 
 To each and all of the institutions and individuals who have aided 
 in the prosecution of this study by such loans I wish here to express 
 my gratitude for their generous help. The list of the institutions who 
 have thus contributed is as follows: American Museum of Natural 
 History, New York; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; 
 Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Field Museum of Natural History, 
 Chicago; Museum of History, Science and Art, Los Angeles, Califor- 
 nia; Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia; University of 
 Kansas Museum, Lawrence, Kansas; United States Biological Survey; 
 United States National Museum ; Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, 
 Canada. Private collectors to whom similar acknowledgment is due 
 for the loan of specimens are as follows : L. B. Bishop, Allan Brooks, 
 F. S. Daggett, W. L. Dawson, D. R. Dickey, W. 0. Emerson, J. H. 
 Fleming, J. Grinnell, A. B. Howell, S. G. Jewett, C. Lamb, J. B. Law, 
 John W. Mailliard and Joseph Mailliard, L. H. Miller, G. F. Morcom, 
 J. A. Munro, J. R. Pemberton, W. M. Pierce, C. H. Richardson, F. J. 
 Smith, A. Wetmore, G. Willett, L. B. Wyman. A small series from 
 the writer's private collection was also available. The total material 
 assembled from the above sources was approximately 1800 specimens. 
 The writer was enabled to examine the type specimens of fourteen 
 of the sixteen subspecies here recognized, that is of all save iliaca and 
 unalaschcensis, which are presumably non-existent. 
 
 It seemed advisable to list every specimen examined, and this 
 accordingly has been done, with entry of such data as appeared essen- 
 tial. "Where quotation marks are used the items thus enclosed are 
 copied verbatim from the labels; this usage is followed, as a rule, 
 where the facts are obscure. In these birds variation is so extensive 
 and of such a nature that not only might different people arrive at 
 different conclusions after study of the same material, but the same 
 person might handle certain skins at different times and label them 
 differently each time. The habit of migration in Passerella adds a 
 further complication in the classification of individual specimens taken 
 at points other than the summer home, giving rise to difficulties such 
 as are summarily dismissed in the case of similarly variable but 
 non-migratory species. 
 
82 University of California Publications in Zoology [ VoL - 21 
 
 Under the circumstances the only way of definitely indicating my 
 opinion of each and all of the specimens serving as the basis for the 
 conclusions formulated in this study, for the benefit of any future 
 student of the group, was to list each individual bird handled. This 
 I have done, with but few exceptions. For some time before settling 
 down definitely to a careful study of this subject, I had kept notes 
 upon the series of fox sparrows sent to the Museum for identification. 
 It was not possible, later on, to reexamine all of these birds, and while 
 I have used data regarding distribution, etc., acquired from such 
 specimens, I have not been able to enter them all in the lists of speci- 
 mens examined. Thus the charts showing the relative abundance 
 during winter of different subspecies in different parts of California, 
 are based in part (though in but a small degree) upon specimens not 
 entered in the lists. 
 
 There are in each series of winter birds certain equivocal specimens 
 that are hesitatingly referred to one subspecies or another, though 
 typical of none. When such doubtful birds happen to have come 
 from points outside the winter metropolis of the race to which they 
 are referred, they are not included in the diagrammatic charts of 
 winter visitants (tables 1, 2, 3). 
 
 For obvious reasons it was not possible for me to use published 
 records of occurrence without examining the specimens upon which 
 such statements were based. Consequently, I have ignored all such 
 records. The spots upon the maps herewith presented are each one 
 indicative of a specimen or specimens handled by myself; they reflect 
 my own opinion of the proper classification of that specimen, and not 
 the published idea of someone else. 
 
 Birds are catalogued in the lists of specimens examined, as to sex, 
 and also as to age, being indicated as adult ("ad."), immature 
 ("im."), or juvenile ("juv."). These terms are used with definitely 
 restricted meanings. "Juvenile" is correlated with the juvenile 
 plumage, the soft, lax feathers following the natal down, and worn 
 for but a few weeks. ' ' Immature ' ' applies to the first annual plumage, 
 following the juvenile stage, and usually acquired in Passerelfo, in 
 August or early September. I have been unable to detect any certain 
 and constant differences of plumage between young and adult fox 
 sparrows after the annual late summer molt, but young and old may 
 be differentiated for some months thereafter, sometimes until Decem- 
 ber, by examination of the skull when the bird is skinned. Collectors 
 for the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology have been carefully instructed 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 83 
 
 in this method of ascertaining the age of birds, and it is upon this basis 
 only that autumn specimens of Passerella are listed in the present 
 paper as immature or adult. In the case of material obtained from 
 outside sources the age of autumn specimens is not indicated in these 
 lists even though marked upon the label, unless the collector is known 
 to have used the same method. Midsummer birds, however, are entered 
 as "adult," as distinguishing breeding individuals from juveniles. 
 
 Color terms are from Ridgway (1912). 
 
 Measurements are in millimeters, and taken as follows :* 
 
 Length of wing. — A straight line from the bend of the closed wing 
 to the tip of the longest primary, with these feathers 
 in their natural position (not straightened). 
 
 Length of tail. — From the point of insertion of 
 the middle rectrices to the tip of the longest. 
 
 Culmem. — Measured in a straight line from a 
 point where the feathers cease to hide the culmen, 
 to the tip of the maxilla, the line b c on the accom- 
 panying diagram (fig. A). The unfeathered ridge 
 of the culmen extends backward a little way be- 
 tween rows of overlapping feathers which cover it, 
 but the measurement back to the edge of the first 
 intercepting feather base is no more constant than 
 the slightly variable standard above indicated. 
 
 Depth of bill. — Prom the base of the culmen as 
 above indicated, to the angle formed by the feathers 
 at the lower edge of the ramus of the mandible. 
 The measurement secured by placing the points of the calipers at b 
 and a, as indicated on the accompanying diagram (fig. A). 
 
 Width of bill. — Measured at the base of the lower mandible, the 
 line d e as shown on the diagram (fig. A). 
 
 Tarsus. — A straight line from the center of the heel joint on the 
 posterior side to the joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe 
 on the anterior side. In Passerella the lower point indicated is at 
 the lower edge of the last scale that ' completely covers the front of 
 the "shin." (See fig. B, a to b.) 
 
 Hind toe with claw. — Measured along the under side, from the 
 joint between the hind toe and the metatarsus to the tip of the claw. 
 (See fig. B, e to d.) 
 
 Fig. A. Show- 
 ing methods of 
 taking measure- 
 ments of the bill 
 used in this paper. 
 b to c, length of 
 culmen; 6 to a, 
 depth of bill; d 
 to e, width of bill. 
 
 * These measurements are based upon the system used by Oberholser (1912, 
 p. 533), but with modifications, as indicated. 
 
84 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 Middle toe with claw. — Measured along the upper side, from the 
 joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe to the tip of the 
 claw. (See fig. B, o to c.) 
 
 In measuring the toes the claws were included as features showing 
 considerable variation in certain of the subspecies. 
 
 As regards the bill, the fact has been brought out that certain 
 readily appreciable differences may exist in this structure that are not 
 made apparent by tables of measurements. Thus the bill differences 
 between stephensi and brevicauda and between mariposae and 
 megarhynchus, are largely due to variation in the lateral outlines, 
 
 Fig. B. Showing methods of taking measurements of the foot used in this 
 paper, a to 6, tarsus; 6 to c, middle toe with claw; d to e, hind toe with claw. 
 
 producing an attenuated bill as it is bowed in, a stubby one as it is 
 bowed out (see fig. Y). Measurements may fail to show a difference 
 between individuals that is quite apparent to the eye. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 The eastern fox sparrow was described and figured by Merrem in 
 1786, under the name Fringilla iliaca. I am indebted to Dr. T. S. 
 Palmer for forwarding to me information received by him from 
 Dr. C. W. Richmond, to the effect "that the type specimen- was pre- 
 sented to the Museum in Munich or to Merrem by a Hessian officer. 
 This would indicate that it was a winter specimen taken somewhere 
 between Boston and Charleston and possibly between New York and 
 Washington."* 
 
 Merrem 's publication is an exceedingly rare book. The title of 
 the work is given in full by Coues (1896, p. 265), in the description 
 of a copy of the Latin edition handled by him in London. The page 
 reference given by Coues (loc. cit.) for iUaca is different from that 
 
 * I have an impression of having seen essentially the same statement in print 
 somewhere during the last year or so, but have mislaid the reference and have 
 been unable to rediscover the paper. 
 
!920] Swarth: Revision of Avicm Genus Passerella 85 
 
 given by Ridgway (1901, p. 388), though the plate reference is the 
 same in each case. The latter author cites the German edition of the 
 book, so presumably the differences of pagination noted occur in the 
 two different editions. 
 
 In 1788 there appeared Gmelin's (1788, p. 875) description of 
 Emberiza unalaschcensis, based upon the Unalashka Bunting of 
 Latham (1782, p. 202) and Pennant (1785, p. 364). This name has 
 generally been applied to the fox sparrow of the north Pacific coast, 
 of later years restricted to the bird of the Alaska Peninsula and some 
 nearby islands. 
 
 The genus Passerella was characterized by Swainson (1837, p. 
 288), including the one form iliaca. 
 
 In 1838 Plectrophanes tovmsendi was figured by Audubon in his 
 "Birds of America," as from the "shores of the Columbia River," 
 while in 1839 in the "Ornithological Biography" he applies the name 
 Fringilla townsendi to the same bird. 
 
 In 1839 another fox sparrow was named, Vigors' report on "The 
 Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage" containing the description of 
 a new sparrow, Fringilla meruloiSes, recognizable as pertaining to a 
 Passerella, but not, in the present writer's opinion, applicable to any 
 one subspecies. 
 
 In 1858 (p. 490) Baird described Passerella schistacm in volume 
 ix of the Pacific Railroad reports, the first of the slaty colored forms 
 to be pointed out. As shown by the wording of his diagnosis and 
 comments, there is confusion of two distinct forms in this description. 
 The type specimen of schistacm is clearly indicated as a specimen 
 from the Platte River, the description as evidently applies to a quite 
 distinct form from California. The mistake is in a measure rectified 
 in the appendix to the same volume (loc. cit., p. 925), where the name 
 Passerella megarhynchus is (rather hesitatingly) applied to the birds 
 from Fort Tejon, no exact type being here indicated. 
 
 There was by that time, and for a number of years following, a 
 general recognition of three or more divisions in the species, the 
 eastern fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca, the northwest coast Townsend 
 sparrow (sometimes considered under the name tovmsendi, sometimes 
 under that of unalaschcensis) , and the western thick-billed sparrow 
 (megarhynchus) , of uncertain relationship -with the slate-colored 
 (schistacea) . 
 
 No resume of the historical side of the study of the genus Passerella 
 would be complete without full recognition of the valuable paper 
 
86 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 written in 1878 by H. W. Henshaw "On the species of the genus 
 Passerella." While the series of specimens at his disposal must have 
 been relatively meager, his treatment of the various forms is wonder- 
 fully in accord with the facts as learned from subsequent discoveries ; 
 and, in the light of our present- knowledge of the subject, it is intensely 
 interesting to note the pertinence and accuracy of Henshaw 's critical 
 comments upon the specimens he handled. The present writer could 
 hope for no better fate for his own paper than to have such tentative 
 hypotheses and suggestions as he has ventured to offer as fully justified 
 by later discoveries. 
 
 In contrast with Henshaw 's remarks attention may be called to 
 Coues' (1874, pp. 162, 163) deprecatory and rather pessimistic inclina- 
 tion "to doubt the distinctness of any of the currently reputed species 
 of Passerella," without in any way aiding to unravel the puzzle. His 
 statement (loc. cit.) that "in any event P. 'schistacea' goes with 
 toumsendii as a paler variety," is obscure as an expression of belief, 
 and, in any interpretation, by no means as final an expression of 
 relationships as the wording would imply it to be. 
 
 In 1895 Anthony described Passerella iliaca stephensi, a large- 
 billed variant of megarhynchus from the San Jacinto Mountains, 
 southern California. In 1899 Ridgway described Passerella iliaca 
 fuligimosa, an extremely dark colored bird of the townsendi style, 
 from Neah Bay, Washington. In this same year (1899) there 
 occurred the Harriman Expedition to Alaska, and the fox sparrows 
 collected at various points by the naturalists participating resulted 
 in a much better understanding of the variation occurring within this 
 species. In 1900 Ridgway, a member of the above-mentioned expedi- 
 tion, described Passerella iliaca insularis from Kodiak Island, and 
 Passerella iUaca annectens from Yakutat Bay, giving at the same 
 time (1900, p. 30) a brief statement of the ranges of the five sub- 
 species he recognized from the northwest coast. 
 
 The next year, 1901, there appeared the first volume of Ridgway 's 
 "Birds of North and Middle America," dealing with the Pringillidae, 
 and including the diagnoses of the nine subspecies of Passerella iliaca 
 recognized by that author. These were as follows: iliaca (northern 
 and eastern North America), unalascheensis (Shumagin Islands and 
 Alaska Peninsula), insularis (Kadiak Island), annectens (Yakutat 
 Bay region), townsendi (coast of extreme southern Alaska), fuliginosa 
 (coast of British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and Puget Sound), 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 87 
 
 schistacea (Rocky Mountain district of the United States and British 
 Columbia), megarhynchus (Sierra Nevada, California), and stephensi 
 (high mountains of southern California). 
 
 In 1910, Grinnell described Passerella iliaca sinuosa, from the 
 Prince "William Sound region, Alaska. The same year the third edition 
 of the American Ornithologists' Union check-list was also published, 
 giving recognition to all the forms of Passerella iUaca recognized by 
 Ridgway except annectens, which is here lumped with insularis. In 
 1911, Riley discovered Passerella iliaca altwagans, in the interior of 
 British Columbia and Alberta. 
 
 In 1917, Grinnell and Storer described Passerella iliaca monoensis, 
 from the east slope of the central Sierra Nevada, California. In 1918 
 Mailliard named Passerella, iliaca orevicauda, an interesting form that 
 had long been confused with stephensi. In the same year, and as a 
 result of the studies upon which the present report is based, Swarth 
 described Passerella iliaca mariposae (previously lumped with megar- 
 hynchus), Passerella iliaca fxtVva (previously lumped by different 
 authors, sometimes with megarhynchus, sometimes with schistacea), 
 and Passerella iliaca canescens (previously lumped with schistacea). 
 
 Not many synonyms have been published of the subspecies of 
 Passerella iUaca. Frmgilla ferrugmm Gmelin (1788, p. 921), Frin- 
 gilla rufa Wilson (1811, p. 53, pi. 22, fig. 4), and Passerella obscwra 
 Verrill (1862, p. 143) are regarded by Ridgway (1901, pp. 388-389) 
 as synonyms of Passerella iliaca iliaca. The present writer has made 
 no attempt at a critical study of variation within this subspecies. 
 Emberiza (Zomotrichia) rufina Kittlitz (1858, p. 200) is by the same 
 authority placed in the synonymy of Passerella iliaca townsendi. 
 Aside from these the only conflicting names are Fringilla meruloides 
 Vigors (1839, p. 19), from Monterey, California, and Passerella ittaca 
 annectens Ridgway (1900, p. 30), from Yakutat, Alaska, the respective 
 claims of which are treated at length elsewhere in this paper. 
 
 Variation in Passerella iliaca 
 
 In this species variation due to age, sex and season of the year 
 is extremely slight. The juvenal plumage is essentially the same as 
 in the following stages, with regard to color and markings, the dis- 
 tinguishing features of the first mentioned being mainly due to the 
 different texture of the feathers. "Where color differences are con- 
 cerned as of subspecific value, the young birds show these differences 
 
88 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 just as do the adults. As regards the later stages, I am unable to 
 distinguish any differences between immatures in first winter plumage 
 and adults a year or more old. As to sexual differences, males average 
 slightly large* than females, but in color and markings there is no 
 discernible variation. Seasonal differences are shown solely as the 
 result of wear and fading of the feathers. There is but one annual 
 molt, after the juvenal stage is passed, occurring in the late summer 
 and including the entire feather covering, with no assumption of a 
 
 a b c 
 
 Fig. C. Tails of three subspecies of fox sparrow, natural size. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaoa iliaca, adult male; no. 6088, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; Eastford, 
 Connecticut; April 12, 1876. 
 
 b. Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis, immature male; no. 26031, Mus. Vert. Zool.; 
 near Yosemite Point, Yosemite National Park, California; October 30, 1915. 
 
 o. Passerella iliaoa mariposae, adult male; no. 29089, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Sisson, 
 Siskiyou County, California; May 15, 1918. 
 
 special breeding dress such as is seen in so many species of birds. 
 Consequently, a study of variation in this group is narrowed down 
 quite closely to a consideration of but one category of differences, 
 namely, geographic variation. 
 
 The widely distributed fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) is variable 
 to an extreme degree, and many subspecies have accordingly been 
 described from different parts of its range. In the number of recog- 
 nizable local races developed, Passerella iliaoa is second only to the 
 song sparrow (Melospim melodi<a) and the horned lark (Otocoris 
 alpestris) in North America; the extremes of geographic differentia- 
 tion attained are at least as great as in any other North American 
 bird species. In the genus Passerella the principal lines of variation 
 lie (1) in coloration — ranging from bright reddish browns to clear 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian, Genus Passerella 89 
 
 grays; (2) in relative lengths of wing and tail; and (3) in varying 
 development of the bill. Character of markings is practically the 
 same in all the subspecies, viz., wings and tail reddish, upper parts of 
 head and body nearly or quite uniform in color, and lower parts with 
 sharply outlined spots and streaks upon a whitish ground. There is 
 one inconspicuous marking that is common to all forms of the species, 
 a small, whitish spot on each side of the forehead, immediately above 
 the lores, constituting a feature that is present in about equal degree 
 in all the subspecies, widely diversified as they may otherwise be in 
 color. The two wing bars, formed by the lighter colored tips of the 
 reddish greater and lesser coverts, most conspicuous in Passerella 
 iliaca iliaca, appear sporadically, sometimes as a mere trace, in all 
 the other races, more particularly in the juvenal plumage. 
 
 In following the course of variation in Passerella, the several 
 subspecies may first be separated into three main divisions to be 
 termed, respectively, the Iliaca group, the Unalaschcensis group, and 
 the Schistacea group. These groups, their component subspecies, 
 and their outstanding characteristics, may be indicated as follows: 
 
 Group 1. Iliaca 
 
 Subspecies 
 
 1. iliaca 2. altivagans 
 
 Coloration: Bright reddish and clear gray. 
 
 Proportions: Tail shorter than wing; bill of medium size. 
 
 Gkoup 2. Unalaschcensis 
 Subspecies 
 
 1. unalaschcensis 4. annectens 
 
 2. insularis 5. townsendi 
 
 3. sinuosa 6. fuliginosa 
 
 Coloration: Beds predominating, becoming darker from north to 
 south; grays at a minimum. 
 
 Proportions : Tail shorter than wing. Bill of medium size, dimin- 
 ishing from north to south. 
 
 Greatest variation in color; proportions relatively uniform. 
 
 Group 3. Schistacea 
 
 Subspecies 
 
 1. schistacea 5. canescens 
 
 2. fulva 6. monoensis 
 
 3. megarliynchus 7. mariposae 
 
 4. brevicauda 8. stephensi 
 
 Coloration: Grays predominating, increasingly so toward the 
 
 south; reds at a minimum. 
 Proportions: Tail rarely equal to, usually longer than, wing. Bill 
 
 extremely variable, increasing in size westward and southward. 
 Greatest variation in proportions; color relatively uniform. 
 
90 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 In a study of geographic variation in these birds there are some 
 features deserving of the strongest emphasis. Before proceeding with 
 an analysis of the above indicated divisions it is advisable briefly to 
 summarize certain of these important points, the details of which are 
 dwelt upon at length further on in this paper. Pox sparrows belong- 
 ing to what I have termed the Unalaschcensis group occur on the 
 Pacific coast of North America, from the Alaska Peninsula to Puget 
 Sound, in practically continuous distribution. Prom the northern 
 extremity of this narrow coastal strip to the southern, definite lines 
 of variation may be traced without a break. Beginning at the north, 
 with the large-sized, large-billed, and pale colored unalaschcensis, there 
 is a series of gradual changes to the southward culminating in 
 the small-sized, small-billed, and extremely dark reddish townsendi. 
 Farther south, fuliginosa, though still darker colored, shows some 
 increase in size. Between the extremes there are birds exemplifying 
 several well-defined, intermediate steps, occurring within definitely 
 circumscribed areas, and recognized as separate subspecies. Between 
 each two abutting races intergrades occur ; it is of common occurrence 
 to find individuals so exactly intermediate between any two geo- 
 graphically adjacent subspecies of this group that their allocation 
 must be rather arbitrarily determined. 
 
 There is here distribution of a bird species that is presumably 
 continuous in part (upon the mainland), and is discontinuous in the 
 occurrence of the birds upon the many islands along the coast. One 
 strongly marked island subspecies has resulted, insularis, upon Kadiak 
 Island. As in no other instance has similar insulation resulted in the 
 production of distinguishable races upon other islands, it is conse- 
 quently questionable to what extent insularis owes its strongly marked 
 characteristics to this cause. On the contrary, we see sinuosa occur- 
 ring on several islands and on the nearby mainland, with no differ- 
 entiation. A still stronger example is afforded in townsendi, which 
 occurs on the mainland, on several, if not all, of the islands of the 
 Alexander Archipelago, and on the relatively remote Queen Char- 
 lotte Islands, practically unchanged throughout this disconnected 
 habitat. This is still more striking when we consider the differentia- 
 tion that has arisen in other bird species upon the Queen Charlotte 
 Islands. This differentiation in the cases of the Queen Charlotte 
 hairy woodpecker (Dryobates villosus picoideus) and the Queen Char- 
 latte jay (Cyanocitta stelleri carlottae) is a darkening of color as 
 compared with their nearest relatives, and considering that the trend 
 
1920] Swwth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 91 
 
 of variation of Passerella is toward darker coloration as this region 
 is approached from the northward, it is doubly surprising to find the 
 fox sparrows upon these islands developing no departure of this sort 
 from the mode of the subspecies farther north. On Vancouver Island 
 is the abruptly darker fioUgmosa, but this race occurs upon the main- 
 land also, in northwestern Washington, so insularity here cannot be 
 brought forward as the cause of the difference. 
 
 Thus in the Unalaschcensis group, while there is continuous, 
 gradual, and well defined variation in characters from one extreme 
 to another, with abrupt accentuation of certain features at intervals 
 (serving for the definition of the several subspecies), the dividing lines 
 between the forms do not; to our knowledge, fall where there are 
 physical barriers to distribution (save in insularis), and we do know 
 that there are many such barriers that have no effect. In, just one 
 case, in the subspecies insularis, is there a race restricted to an island 
 habitat. 
 
 Now, turning to the Schistacea group of subspecies, we find almost 
 exactly the same sort of variation under widely different conditions. 
 These birds inhabit mountain tops; they form colonies occupying 
 Boreal "islands," widely separated each from the other by broad 
 expanses of intervening territory, usually of a lower zone. Through 
 these subspecies variation can be traced that is just as gradual and 
 just as continuous as in the Unalaschcensis group. Briefly, in the 
 Schistacea group there are two lines of variants, one a series of rela- 
 tively brownish colored forms, the other, of grayish colored ones. In 
 the first line, beginning with the subspecies schistacea — a brown- 
 colored, small-billed race with tail of medium length — a series of steps 
 may be traced through geographically adjacent forms, culminating 
 in the similarly brown-colored, but enormously large-billed and short- 
 tailed subspecies, brewicauda. The second series of variants begins 
 with camesaens — color gray, bill small, tail of medium length — and 
 ends in the gray-colored, huge-billed and long-tailed subspecies, 
 stephensi. 
 
 Bach subspecies of the Schistacea group appears to be circum- 
 scribed in its distribution by physical limitations to territory suitable 
 to fox sparrows ; the different races are separated by the intervention 
 of unsuitable life zones. Specimens occur showing intergradation 
 between the forms, but, apparently, in no case is there continuous 
 distribution such as seems to obtain on the northwest coast. The 
 point to be emphasized here, however, is that while the different sub- 
 
92 University of Calif ornia Publications in Zoology [Vol. ,21 
 
 species are separated by physical conditions, the range of some one 
 subspecies is, in many instances, again broken up into several discon- 
 nected areas, these separated as widely as, or even more widely than, 
 those of perfectly distinct forms. Variation is regular and definite; 
 it follows certain lines of development in certain directions ; in every 
 case where boundaries between subspecies exist and an obvious change 
 in the characters of the birds takes place, there is a gap in distribu- 
 tion. Separation into subspecies, however, does not occur in every 
 case where there is such a gap in distribution. 
 
 To summarize : "We find in the fox sparrows of 'the northwest coast, 
 a definite line of variation, with, at intervals, the abrupt accentuation 
 of certain features serving to typify the several subspecies, this con- 
 dition occurring over a region where circumstances permit the con- 
 tinuous distribution of these birds. In the mountains of western 
 North America we find, in the fox sparrows of the Schistacea group, 
 exactly similar lines of variation, again abruptly accentuated at 
 intervals into what we designate as subspecies, but occurring over 
 a region where the birds exist in more or less widely separated 
 aggregations. 
 
 It would seem that the factors governing variation in this group 
 of birds acted to some extent independently of the circumstances by 
 which colonies are isolated at various points within the general range. 
 Information is lacking as to the exact nature of the boundaries between 
 several of the forms of the Schistacea group, bat we do know of wide 
 gaps in distribution within the range of several of these subspecies. 
 It is a remarkable fact, and one that is worth dwelling upon, that 
 where there is a continuous trend of variation there is little change 
 within the geographical limits of each form. To take as a concrete 
 example such a trend as extends from northeast to southwest in 
 the canescens-monoensis-mariposae-stephensi line of subspecies, once 
 stephensi is reached, after a brief step from mariposae, there is no 
 further change. Stephensi from the northern extreme of its range is 
 practically identical with stephensi from the southern extreme, despite 
 the disconnected nature of its habitat, and the enormous gaps between 
 the several colonies. This, to a greater or less extent, is what appears 
 to occur in each subspecies. There are narrow areas of intergradation 
 with much more extensive areas of stability of characters, each change, 
 however, from one form to another being part of a general trend. 
 
 "With the above points in, mind we can now turn to a general 
 consideration of the genus. In the Iliaca group are iMaca and alti- 
 
1920] Simrth: Revision of Aviem Genus Passer ella 93 
 
 vagans, alike in their relatively bright coloration and in proportions. 
 Iliaca, is by far the most widely distributed of the fox sparrow sub- 
 species. Its breeding range extends from Newfoundland to western 
 Alaska, and while certain slight average color differences have been 
 pointed out between eastern and western birds, these have not as yet 
 been demonstrated as of sufficient importance or uniformity to warrant 
 nomenclature! recognition (see Ridgway, 1901, page 387, footnote). 
 The eastern fox sparrow (P. i. iliaca) is in life a rather plump bird 
 of "chunky" appearance. The tail is shorter than the wing, and the 
 coloration is of strongly contrasting reds and grays. It is the most 
 brightly colored of any of the races. The bill is typically Fringilline 
 in character, and of moderate size — an average sparrow bill, lacking 
 the excessive development seen in certain extremely large-billed and 
 extremely small-billed southwestern races of the species. 
 
 In altwagans is illustrated ■ a step from the Iliaca toward ■ the 
 Schistacea group. As seen in its relatively heavy bill, foxy coloration, 
 and proportionate lengths of wing and tail, altivagans evidently 
 belongs within the former aggregation, but, compared with iliaca, this, 
 subspecies shows a diminution in general size as well as in the bill, a 
 sobering of bright hues, and a lengthening of the tail, all clearly in 
 the direction of schistacea. 
 
 The Unalaschcensis group contains the subspecies unalaschcensis, 
 insularis, sinuom, annectens, townsendi, and fuliginosa, distributed 
 along the northwest coast from the Alaska Peninsula to Puget Sound, 
 and apparently restricted to the immediate vicinity of the mainland 
 coast and the adjacent islands. In this group general build and 
 ratio of wing to tail are about the same as in the Iliaca group, but 
 coloration is very different. As is the case with other variable bird 
 and mammal species in the same general region, dark brown tones 
 predominate, and the grays are reduced to a minimum. Color varia- 
 tion within the group ranges consistently from one extreme to another 
 in exact accordance with the geographic position of the several races. 
 At the north is unalaschcemsis, the least brown of any of the coast 
 subspecies, while the other races to the southward illustrate successive 
 steps in the deepening of this color, culminating in the extremely dark 
 brown "sooty" fox sparrow of the Puget Sound region. 
 
 In connection with the coloration of the fox sparrows of the north- 
 west coast (the Unalaschcensis group) a point worthy of consideration 
 arises. All six of the subspecies involved are heavily marked and 
 noticeably brownish in coloration. .This is a peculiarity that is shared 
 
94 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 to a greater or less degree by most of the animal species of the same 
 general region, and students of animal variation have come to regard 
 this tendency to dark colors as a result of the excessive humidity of 
 the surroundings. General correlation of the two is obvious. How- 
 ever, the whole of the region involved is not uniform in degree of 
 humidity; neither are the several races of Passerella uniform in 
 coloration. There is in the several subspecies, as we have seen, 
 progressive darkening from a relatively grayish bird (unalaschcensis) 
 to one of extremely dark brown coloration (fuliginosa) . The darken- 
 ing in color, however, does not coincide with increase of humidity in 
 the territory occupied; at least — and this is the important fact — in 
 that occupied by these birds during the breeding season. 
 
 It is a general assumption that the conditions prevailing in the 
 summer home, not in the winter habitat, stamp the character of a 
 variable and migratory species, such as is here considered, but the 
 observed facts concerning these races of Passerella will bear a different 
 interpretaton. Sinuosa, one of the three paler colored subspecies, 
 inhabits a region that is, in part at least, of as great humidity as the 
 habitat of townsendi, a darker colored form. Fuliginosa, nesting 
 under much less humid conditions than townsendi, is of still darker 
 coloration. Thus the appearance of these birds seems in flat contra- 
 diction to the correlation we have traced between humidity and color. 
 
 If, however, we do not insist upon conditions in the summer home 
 as the only ones of importance the apparent discrepancies may be 
 reconciled. In the three northern subspecies (unalaschcensis, insuktris 
 and sinuosa), the paler colored forms, the summer habitat is in part 
 a region of exceedingly heavy rainfall, and in general one where 
 heavy fogs and cloudy weather prevail during much of the time. It 
 is a region of great humidity. The subspecies concerned, however, 
 migrate far to the southward, and spend the winter amid relatively 
 arid surroundings. Of the summer habitat of the three southern 
 subspecies (annectens, townsendi, and fuliginosa), the darker colored 
 forms, the most humid region includes most of the range of townsendi. 
 Fuliginosa, still darker colored, spends the summer in much more dry 
 and sunny surroundings. These three subspecies do not travel so far 
 southward in winter as do the northern forms, and they all (annectens, 
 townsendi and fuliginosa) winter within the humid coast belt. They 
 spend the winter months in a region where this period of the year 
 constitutes the "rainy season," where the precipitation is much 
 greater, and cloudy and foggy weather much more prevalent, than 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 95 
 
 in the winter home of the northern forms. Fuliginom (the darkest 
 colored subspecies) migrates the least of any, probably occurring 
 throughout the year in the same general region as that in which it 
 nests. Its habitat is in part a region where there is a tremendous 
 annual rainfall, but 80 per cent of this precipitation occurs during 
 the winter months. The summers are to a great extent hot, dry, and 
 sunny, with but occasional rainstorms. 
 
 Taking the whole year through, it is evident that the darkest 
 colored forms (awnectens, townsendi and fuUginosa) are under more 
 or less humid conditions continuously, and during the winter months 
 under an extreme of such exposure. Of the paler colored races 
 (unalaschcensis, insula/ris and sinuosa), one at least (sinuosa) nests 
 in a region of extremely heavy precipitation, and the others where 
 fogs and cloudy weather prevail much of the time, but they all spend 
 the winter, a longer period than the nesting season, in an arid portion 
 of the country. 
 
 Thus, to summarize, while the maximum of humidity in summer 
 lies in the stretch of country extending from Prince William Sound 
 through the Alexander Archipelago, the extreme of dark brown 
 coloration in Passerella occurs, not in this region, but to the south- 
 ward, about Puget Sound. The curious feature of the whole ease is 
 that if humidity throughout the year were really the controlling factor 
 in the coloration of these birds, the balanced effects of summer and 
 winter surroundings should have produced such a nicely graded series 
 of steps in the color changes from one extreme to the other, from 
 unalaschcensis to fuUginosa. There would seem to be an opening 
 'here for arguments favoring a pre-determined line of evolution — as 
 regards direction through space, however, rather than through time, 
 the manner in which such a theory is generally applied. 
 
 In connection with the above argument attention may be directed 
 to the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), as it occurs on the north 
 Pacific coast. Different subspecies correspond closely in habitat with 
 the several subspecies of Passerella, and exhibit the same general 
 trend of color variation as is seen in the latter. In Melospiza, however, 
 while the extreme of dark reddish brown coloration does occur in the 
 Puget Sound region (the habitat of fuUginosa), this coloration is 
 practically the same as in the bird of the Sitkan district. The north- 
 west coast song sparrows are so much less migratory than the fox 
 sparrows that it is hard to draw comparisons regarding the relative 
 effect of summer conditions as opposed to conditions throughout the 
 
96 University of California Publicatio-ns in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 year. The Puget Sound song sparrow, however, is abO'iit as sedentary 
 as the fox sparrow of the same region, and, existing as it does under 
 the same conditions throughout the year, it is hard to see why it 
 should not have assumed comparable coloration.* 
 
 The Unalaschcensis group exhibits some variation in size and shape 
 of bill, though very little in comparison with the diversity shown in 
 the Schistacea group. At the northern extreme is unalaschcensis, a 
 relatively large-billed form, to the southward, in sinuosa, the bill is 
 smaller and slenderer, and at the southern extreme, in townsendi 
 and fuliginosa, it becomes still smaller, and more stubby. 
 
 There is, in all likelihood, continuous, or nearly continuous, dis- 
 tribution of fox sparrows along the entire northwest coast, but the 
 breeding range of the Unalaschcensis group as a whole appears to be 
 almost entirely separated from the ranges of the Iliaca and Schistacea 
 groups. At any rate, with the exception of one small series, there are 
 no breeding birds now available from intermediate stations. Accord- 
 ing to Osgood (1904, p. 76), iliaca and unalaschcensis breed within 
 one hundred miles of each other at points near the base of the Alaska 
 Peninsula, the former at Nushagak, the latter at Lake Iliamna, each 
 in typical form. In the country between these two places there is 
 stated to be "no physical barrier and no appreciable difference in 
 temperature or environment" (Osgood, loc. cit.), and a strong 
 argument is presented in favor of the specific distinction of the two 
 forms. Such a conclusion, however, is premature in the absence of 
 information relative to conditions elsewhere along the boundary line 
 between the iUaoa and unalaschcensis groups. Numerous intergrades 
 have been taken in winter in California, as mentioned by Osgood. 
 Many examples of these have been available in the present study, and 
 they are not of a nature to favor the theory of their being hybrids. 
 
 As far as is known there is an absolute hiatus between the breeding 
 ground of the southernmost of the Unalaschcensis group, fuliginosa 
 of the Puget Sound region in' "Washington, and the northernmost of 
 the Schistacea group, fulva in central Oregon and schistacea (presum- 
 ably) in eastern Washington. Neither is any evidence of intergrada- 
 tion apparent at these points, the most that can be said being that 
 
 * The data for the above comments were derived partly from personal experi- 
 ence of the writer in the Sitkan district and on Vancouver Island, partly from 
 information obtained from Mr. Joseph Dixon, economic mammalogist of this 
 museum, regarding conditions at Prince William Sound, Kadiak Island, the 
 Alaska Peninsula, and Unalaska, and partly from weather reports kindly supplied 
 me by Mr. B. A. Beals, V. S. Weather Bureau, San Francisco. 
 
!920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 97 
 
 those forms of the Schistacea group that most nearly approach the 
 Unalaschcensis group are distinctly browner of coloration than the 
 more southern subspecies. It seems probable that while the habitats 
 of these unlike forms approach one another somewhat closely at certain 
 extreme outposts, these several points are termini of lines whose begin- 
 nings lie far apart, lines which have approached this meeting ground 
 from different directions. On the whole it may be admitted that the 
 three groups within the species Passerella iliaca, the Iliaca, Unalasch- 
 censis and Schistacea groups of subspecies, are quite sharply differ- 
 entiated. Within each group the several subspecies grade from one 
 to another by variation so continuous that it is frequently extremely 
 difficult to draw differentiating lines. As regards each aggregation, 
 between Iliaca and. Unalaschcensis, Iliaca and Schistacea, or Unalasch- 
 censis and Schistacea, there are (except for one limited series [see 
 p. 123] ) no breeding birds at hand demonstrating inter gradation. 
 There are, however, certain facts pointing definitely to the existence 
 of such intergradation. Altivagans is undoubtedly a step from iliaca 
 toward schistacea, and it comes from just the region where such 
 variation should occur. There are winter birds at hand that are 
 unmistakably intermediate in appearance between the several groups. 
 Also, a most important consideration, the stretch of country between 
 the known boundaries of the subspecies of the Iliaca group, the 
 Unalaschcensis group, and the Schistacea group, includes just the 
 region where no intensive bird collecting has been done, where we 
 have no knowledge whatever of the breeding fox sparrow population. 
 So altogether it seems safe to say that, admitting the much sharper 
 differentiation existing between the several groups, as compared with 
 the closer connection of the several subspecies of each aggregation, 
 all the races should still be regarded as variants of one species, and 
 not of three. 
 
 In the Schistacea group are found the "slate-colored" and 
 "thick-billed" sparrows, so called, the subspecies schistacea, fulva, 
 megarhynchus, orevicauda, canescens, monoensis, mariposae, and 
 stephensi. This group is more widely different from the Iliaca and 
 Unalaschcensis groups than these are from one another, and there is 
 also greater divergence between subspecies within the group than 
 there is in either of the other aggregations. 
 
 These birds are not so plump and rounded in appearance as are 
 the northwest coast and eastern subspecies. Tail is longer than wing, 
 
98 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 which adds to the generally slenderer appearance, and several of the 
 Schistacea subspecies are actually of smaller size and lighter build 
 than the races forming the other groups. 
 
 Here coloration is relatively uniform, the gray hues predominat- 
 ing and the browns at a minimum. The greatest variation lies in the 
 size and shape of the bill, one extreme in the small-billed canescens, 
 the other in the large-billed stephensi. It should be pointed out here 
 that the "tooth" that is frequently seen upon the upper mandible 
 of birds of the Schistacea group is of no diagnostic value. It appears 
 indifferently in any of the subspecies, though mostly in those with 
 the larger bills, and is developed to a varying degree, apparently as a 
 peculiarity of the individual. 
 
 It is not possible in this aggregation of subspecies, to trace any 
 such simple and direct line of variation as occurs in the Unalasch- 
 censis group, where the linear arrangement of subspecies, north and 
 south, accords precisely with the development of the several variable 
 characters observed. In the Schistacea group the problem is much 
 more involved, and it is possible to trace different lines of develop- 
 ment as different directions are followed (see fig. D). 
 
 In altivaguns is seen a link between ilia&a, which is among the 
 largest of the fox sparrows, of bright colors, and with fairly large 
 bill, and schistacea, of small general size, dull colors, and with 
 decidedly small bill. Schistacea, despite its name, is slate-colored only 
 in comparison with the Iliaca and Unalaschcensis fox sparrows. It is 
 among the brownest of the Schistacea group. Westward and south- 
 ward from the Great Basin, the habitat of schistacea, two lines of 
 variation may be followed, in both of which there is similarity in 
 development of the bill, while there are differences in color and pro- 
 portions. Southwest of the habitat of the small-billed and relatively 
 brown-colored schistacea lie the White Mountains, with the subspecies 
 canescens, also small-billed, but extremely gray in coloration. West 
 and south of this race lie in succession the gray-colored forms mono- 
 ensis, mariposae, and stephensi, progressively large-billed, a tendency 
 culminating in the enormous development of the bill seen in stephensi, 
 of the southern Sierra Nevada and the Boreal mountain tops of 
 extreme southern California (see fig. B). Besides the gray coloration 
 of these races they are further distinguished by greater length of tail. 
 
 In the forms occurring in southern Oregon and northern California 
 another, somewhat similar line of development can be followed. 
 Starting again with the small-billed schistacea of the mountains of 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 99 
 
 Fig. D. Map of California and portions of Oregon and Nevada, showing, by 
 conventionalized drawings of heads, the varying development of the bill in the 
 subspecies breeding in the region. The position of the figures indicates approx- 
 imately the summer habitat of each of the several forms, a, sohigtaoea; 6, fulva; 
 o, brevioauda ; d, oanesoens; e, monoensis ; f, mariposae ; g, stephensi. 
 
100 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 northern Nevada, and going westward, there can be traced through 
 fulva, of southern Oregon and of the "Warner Mountains of extreme 
 northeastern California, an increase in bulk of bill and a deepening 
 of the brown coloration, both tendencies culminating in the large-billed 
 brevicauda of the Yolla Bolly Mountains, which latter is geograph- 
 ically also at the end of the series (see fig. F). The development of 
 the bill in this chain is similar to that seen in the camescens-monoensis- 
 mariposae-stephensi series, but the brown coloration is quite different, 
 as is also the ratio of tail to wing. A large-billed race, stephensi, at 
 the end of one line of variants, possesses an extremely long tail and 
 
 Fig. E. Bills of four subspecies of fox sparrow of the Schistacea group, show- 
 ing the trend of variation in this member in the four contiguous races extending 
 from northern Nevada (schistacea) through the Mono Lake region (monoensis) 
 and the west slope of the central Sierra Nevada (mariposae) to southern Cali- 
 fornia {stephensi) ; natural size. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaca schistacea, adult male; no. 9055; Mus. Vert. Zool. ; Pine 
 Forest Mountains, Nevada; June 24, 1909. 
 
 6. Passerella iliaca monoensis, adult male; no. 26930; Mus. Vert. Zool.; type 
 specimen; Mono Lake Post Office, Mono County, California; May 21, 1916. 
 
 c. Passerella iliaca mariposae, adult male; no. 25693, Mus. Vert. Zool., type 
 specimen; Chinquapin, Yosemite National Park, California; June 10, 1915. 
 
 d. Passerella iliaca stephensi, adult male; no. 20505, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Taylor 
 Meadow, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County, California; July 19, 1911. 
 
 grayish coloration; a large-billed race at the end of another chain, 
 brevicauda, is relatively short-tailed and of a brown tone of coloration. 
 It will be observed in the distribution of the several subspecies in 
 California, Nevada, and Oregon, that geographic position accords so 
 exactly with the nature and extent of development of the various 
 features of the races, that the changes of character can be traced from 
 one extreme to the opposite by a series of steps going either from north 
 to south or from east to west. "Which of these lines, if either, is 
 indicative of the course actually followed by the species in the original 
 settlement of its present habitat is not evident. Since Passerella iliaca 
 is a Boreal species it is probably safe to assume that the general trend 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 101 
 
 was from north to south. The north and south lines of development, 
 approximately parallel, seen in the distribution of the subspecies of 
 the Schistacea group may have resulted from a fan-like dispersal from 
 a common center along favorable lines on the Sierra Nevada and 
 adjacent mountain ranges. That there is an apparently comparable 
 chain of variants stretching at right angles, from east to west, may 
 be entirely fortuitous, the several links being really unconnected, 
 genetically, but merely representing comparable degrees of evolution 
 in the two north and south lines. Similarly, local dispersals from 
 points along these lines may enter into the problem. 
 
 4 
 .J 
 
 Fig. F. Bills of four subspecies of fox sparrow of the Schistacea group, show- 
 ing the trend of variation in this member in the four contiguous races extending 
 from northern Nevada (schAstacea) , through northeastern California {fulva) and 
 the Mount Shasta region (mariposae) to the inner coast ranges of northern Cali- 
 fornia (brevicauda) ; natural size. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaca schistacea, adult male; no. 9054; Mus. Vert Zool. ; Pine 
 Forest Mountains, Nevada; June 19, 1909. 
 
 6. Passerella iliaea fulva, adult male; no. 14800, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Sugar Hill, 
 Modoe County, California; May 30, 1910. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaea mariposae, adult male; no. 29089, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Sisson, 
 Siskiyou County, California; May 15, 1918. 
 
 d. Passerella iliaea brevicauda, adult male; no. 23922, Mus. Vert. Zool.; South 
 ■ Tolla Bolly Mountain, Tehama County, California; August 1, 1913. 
 
 Distribution and Migration 
 
 Differentiation of the Iliaca, Unalaschcensis and Schistacea groups 
 may be assumed to date back to the period when the first two retired 
 northward in the wake of the retreating ice fields at the close of 
 glacial times, and the last became stranded upon the mountain tops 
 of the southland. While differentiation into the three general types 
 may be admitted as having conceivably arisen in this way, it would 
 seem that the variation within each group must be due to some other 
 cause or causes. It is as though we were contemplating three species 
 (the groups Iliaca, Unalaschcensis and Schistacea), each group owing 
 
102 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 its origin to one set of causes, and its subsequent development to quite 
 different factors, which produced the several subspecies now seen in 
 each group. 
 
 There is food for thought in the subspecific variation seen in 
 Passerella, considered in relation to the complicated migratory move- 
 ments performed by the several subspecies. It is hard to reconcile 
 the observed conditions with any of the proposed theories regarding 
 the origin of bird migration. I am not sure that there is another 
 instance known among birds duplicating the migrations of the several 
 subspecies of the Unalaschcensis group of fox sparrows. There are 
 cases where one migratory subspecies passes completely over the range 
 of another, closely related but more sedentary in its habits, but the 
 yearly shifting of the Unalaschcensis subspecies is much more com- 
 plicated, as herein shown (see map, fig. H). 
 
 Assuming that the north and south migrations of birds are habits 
 resulting from an originally short, involuntary retreat as advancing 
 Arctic conditions first produced seasonal changes where the semi- 
 tropical climate of pre-Glacial times had previously obtained, this 
 followed by a subsequent return as a milder climate again prevailed — 
 a theory commonly advanced in explanation of migration — it is still 
 hard to understand how the results we now see could have followed 
 in such ease. It is conceivable, however, that the diverse migrations 
 of the different subspecies now seen on the Pacific coast developed 
 after the establishment of an originally simple north and south 
 movement similar to that now followed by iliaca. Such an hypothesis 
 would imply a change of topography and climate in the region occu- 
 pied, to which the southernmost birds gradually adapted themselves. 
 "Whether or not the geological history of the Pacific coast of North 
 America lends support to this idea I do not know. The supposition 
 is of further interest in its bearing upon the question discussed else- 
 where in this paper (see pp. 93-96) as to the possibility of subspecific 
 characters being fixed by conditions in the winter as well as in the 
 summer habitat, for this would imply the establishment of the 
 migratory habit prior to the appearance of the physical characteristics 
 now seen in the different forms. 
 
 As regards the subspecies of the Schistacea group, the assumption 
 is that these birds occupy their present high mountain summer habitats 
 as refuges to which they retreated with the advent of a warmer epoch, 
 prior to which they had occupied the adjacent valleys. This being 
 the case, why should not the winter migration be simply back to these 
 
192 °] Simrth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 103 
 
 same valleys ? Why should the birds of one mountain retire in winter 
 to far distant valleys and foothills, while a closely related subspecies 
 moves in from a remote mountain habitat to occupy the valley and 
 foothills most nearly adjacent to the summer home of the first men- 
 tioned race? We know that this happens, but it is hard to conceive 
 of circumstances whereby such results are brought about. 
 
 The species Passerella iliaca is restricted to North America, and 
 is practically confined to that part of North America that lies north 
 of the United States-Mexico boundary line. I have, in fact, seen but 
 one published reference to the occurrence of the species south of 
 that line, a record for Guadalupe Island, Lower California (Bryant, 
 1887, p. 303). Passerella ittaca occurs in summer over a large part 
 of Boreal North America, extending from Newfoundland west across 
 northern Canada to western Alaska, and south on the summits of the 
 Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Ranges, to Colo- 
 rado, Nevada, and southern California. The breeding area occupied 
 by the subspecies Passerella iliaca iliaca is mainly in the Hudsonian 
 zone. The western subspecies are mostly in the Canadian, the races 
 occurring in the mountains of California being markedly restricted 
 within the limits of this zone. Where the Hudsonian and Canadian 
 zones extend over vast distances uninterruptedly, as in northern 
 Canada and the Pacific coast region of Alaska, there is probably nearly 
 or quite uniform distribution of Passerella also, either with no differ- 
 entiation into distinguishable local races, as in the wide-ranging 
 Passerella iliaca iUaca, or else with gradual change by a series of steps 
 from one extreme to another, as is seen on the coast of Alaska. In 
 the latter case there are apparently other variable conditions which 
 constitute influencing factors within the limits of the zones inhabited. 
 
 In the western mountains the Canadian zone extends southward 
 at increasingly higher altitudes and in constantly diminishing area; 
 Passerella accompanies this zone nearly or quite to its southern 
 extremity, but its colonies are naturally more and more widely sep- 
 arated and of lesser extent as the southernmost limits of the zone 
 are approached. These scattered breeding colonies are not necessarily 
 of distinguishable subspecies in every case, however, definitely isolated 
 though each may be. In some instances a distance of but a relatively 
 few miles of lower zones serves as a boundary between subspecies that 
 are widely different in appearance, as is the case with canescens and 
 mariposae; while again one subspecies may extend over a series of 
 disconnected Canadian zone islands, with no appreciable change in 
 
104 
 
 University of California Publications m Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 appearance, as is the case with stephensi. From these facts it is 
 obvious that insularity alone can not be invoked as an explanation 
 of the development of the different forms. It should be noted in this 
 connection that while discontinuous distribution of a subspecies occurs 
 
 CROSS-SECTIONAL PROFILES OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 d Cape Viiceino through Lassen Peak 
 
 4 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ' 7 t 
 
 0000 
 
 aooo 
 
 6 000 
 
 tooo 
 
 e 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . i s = ', i 
 
 /=v. 
 
 ^ x " J 
 
 ; 3 
 
 • 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l * ' t * \ f 
 
 J*— 1 **"^ 
 
 • / * i 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i i . : —^Vn 
 
 5 " ^^ 
 
 **" _^r * J 
 
 ! — l- 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s i tp*;y i 
 
 -; 
 
 • H 
 
 £ E 
 
 
 
 San 
 
 Jo 
 
 °1-" "a 
 
 •Y 
 
 
 * i/v> i :■ : 
 
 .; 
 
 
 
 
 %^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v^ J £ ii' 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fS 
 
 
 IO0 
 
 IZB ISO 
 
 174 
 
 zoo tea 1 
 
 fo San Francisco through Mount Lyell 
 
 C Monterey through Mount Whitney 
 
 San Pedro through _San Jacinto Peak' 
 
 Fig. G. Four cross-sectional profiles of California. The shaded areas indicate 
 the altitudinal distribution in summer of the subspecies of fox sparrow occurring 
 within the state at that season. 
 
 a. Brevioauda on the Tolla Bolly Mountains; mariposae on Lassen Peak; 
 fulva on the Warner Mountains. 
 
 o. Mariposae on the Sierra Nevada west of Mount Lyell; monoensis in the 
 Mono Lake region on the east sltfpe of the Sierra Nevada; caneseens on the White 
 Mountains. 
 
 o. Stephensi on Mount Pifios and on the Sierra Nevada west of Mount Whitney; 
 mariposae on the Sierra Nevada east of Mount Whitney. 
 
 d. Stephensi on San Jacinto Peak. 
 
 through the interpolation of unsuitable territory, it never takes place 
 through the interpolation of another race of fox sparrow. Regarding 
 each isolated colony as a separate race (as in a sense they are, of 
 course, though we can not always distinguish between them), and it 
 is evident that any one line of variation extends continuously in a 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 105 
 
 given direction, but that appreciable changes in appearance do not 
 occur wherever there is discontinuity of range. 
 
 Passerella is closely related to Melospiza. Fox sparrows are very 
 like song sparrows, in structure, appearance, habits, and actions. The 
 respective ranges also of Passerella iliaca and Melospiza melodia are 
 suggestive of rather close relationship between the two, for their 
 habitats are in a measure complementary since the two species, though 
 frequently occurring in the same general regions, occupy different life 
 zones. Passerella is mostly in the Boreal zone, descending occasion- 
 ally into high Transition, Melospiza mostly in the Sonoran zones, 
 though some races ascend to Transition and higher. On the coast 
 of Alaska, at the northern extreme of the range of Melospiza, the 
 general separation of the two does not hold, neither Sonoran nor 
 Transition extending this far north, but at the latitude of Vancouver 
 Island we find the birds thus separated, Passerella on the Boreal 
 mountain tops, and Melospiza in the Transition zone valleys. 
 
 All of the races of Passerella iUaca are migratory. Some are much 
 more so than others, and in a general way it may be said that the 
 subspecies breeding farthest north migrate farthest south. 
 
 Passerella iliaca iliaca winters far south of its Boreal nesting 
 grounds, concentrating into a relatively limited area in the South 
 Atlantic and Gulf states. Thus the lines of migration in this sub- 
 species converge, birds from Labrador and Newfoundland traveling 
 southwest and those from Alaska and Mackenzie southeast, toward 
 their common winter home. 
 
 Birds of the Unalaschcensis group move directly southward along 
 the Pacific coast, each into a more or less definitely circumscribed 
 winter habitat. The six subspecies of this group are arranged in 
 summer, from north to south (from the Alaska Peninsula to Puget 
 Sound) in the following order: unalaschcensis, insularis, sinuosa, 
 annectens, townsendi, fuliginosa. The. subspecies breeding at the 
 northern extreme, unalaschcensis, insularis and sinuosa, move the 
 farthest south in winter, passing completely over both summer and 
 winter habitats of annectens, townsenM and fuUgimosa, and reaching 
 the extreme southern limits of California. Annectens winters mainly 
 on the coast of California in the Santa Cruz and San Francisco Bay 
 regions, passing over the habitats of townsendi and fuliginosa to reach 
 this destination. Townsendi in turn leap-frogs over fuliginosa and 
 winters in numbers as far south as Humboldt Bay, California. 
 Fuliginosa hardly migrates at all. Occasional stragglers reach San 
 
106 
 
 University of California Publications im, Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 Francisco Bay and a few more winter in the Humboldt Bay region, 
 but the main winter home of this subspecies certainly lies north of 
 the latter point. Undoubtedly, however, it performs an altitudinal 
 migration, moving down from the mountain tops which constitute its 
 summer home, as on Vancouver Island. (See fig. H.) 
 
 Fig. H. Map showing in somewhat conventionalized form the nature of the 
 migrations performed by the subspecies of the Unalaseheensis group. 1, unalasch- 
 eensis; 2, insularis; 3, sinuosa; 4, armectens; 5, townsendi; 6, fuliginosa. A solid 
 line surrounds the summer habitat; a dotted line surrounds the main winter habitat. 
 The broken lines connecting summer and winter habitats do- not necessarily indi- 
 cate migration routes; they are inserted to emphasize the overleaping feature in 
 the seasonal movements. The subspecies occupying the northernmost summer 
 habitats (unalasohensis, insularis, and sirmosa) travel the farthest south. The 
 subspecies occupying the southernmost summer habitat (Jvliginosa) is practically 
 resident there. 
 
 As bearing upon the manner in which these birds migrate, certain 
 facts gathered during several seasons of field work carried on by the 
 California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology on the coast of Alaska and 
 
!920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 107 
 
 British Columbia are worthy of ; record, indicating a striking absence 
 of migrants representing subspecies that might be supposed to occur 
 commonly. An expedition to the Prince William Sound region, 
 Alaska, coveringfthe migration period in part at least, took no speci- 
 mens of Passerella other than the breeding form, sinuosa. Of two 
 expeditions to the Sitkan district, Alaska, each one covering nearly 
 the entire migration period, both spring and fall, one collected nothing 
 but the breeding fox sparrow, 1 townsendi, the other secured, besides 
 an abundance of tmwisendA, a single migrating individual of another 
 race, insularis. An expedition to Vancouver Island, covering both 
 spring and fall migration, secured, besides the breeding fuliginosa, 
 one migrating individual of insularis and three of townsendi. I have 
 at hand, however, two specimens ofimalaschcensis taken at Ketchikan, 
 on the coast of southeastern Alaska, April 12 and 15, 1916, migrating 
 birds; of course, and proof that some individuals, at least, do pass 
 through this region. On the whole, however, it seems probable that 
 these northern Alaskan fox sparrows do not as a rule travel south- 
 ward by slow stages, passing continuously through the regions directly 
 south of their breeding homes, >but rather that departure is made 
 abruptly and by long flights to distant destinations. It may very 
 well be ■ that unalaschcensis, insularis, and sinuosa, with their summer 
 habitats lying so far to the westward, fly southeast over the open 
 ocean for a long distance, the main body of the travelers not reaching 
 the North American mainland until at about the northern boundary 
 of the United States. 
 
 In the above connection it may be noted that the one migrating 
 example of insularis just referred to as having been collected in the 
 Sitkan district, Alaska, was taken on Kuiu, one of the westernmost 
 islands of the region, and a station where there was also found 
 migrating the Aleutian Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis 
 sandwichensis), whose summer home lies in the same general region 
 as this fox sparrow. 
 
 In the Schistacea group the winter migration involves a moving 
 down from the high mountains, but there is a decided southward 
 passage also. The lines of travel and the respective ' winter habitats 
 of the several subspecies are not so well understood as is the case in 
 the other groups ; although the material at hand for the present study 
 serves to explain some of the questions involved, there is need of 
 further collecting of specimens and observation of migration at many 
 points. 
 
108 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 The winter habitats of certain subspecies are still practically 
 unknown, the few winter specimens that have been collected being 
 undoubtedly stragglers from the centers of abundance. Details of 
 distribution are given elsewhere in this paper, under each of the 
 subspecies, but the nature of the several problems may be briefly 
 touched upon here. The winter homes of fulva and canescens are 
 still practically unknown. Megarhynchus appears in numbers in 
 winter in southern California from an- unknown breeding ground. 
 Stephensi in departing from its summer habitat in the Sierra Nevada 
 and the higher mountains of southern California does not visit the 
 adjacent valleys, either as a transient or as a winter visitant. It 
 leaves the region absolutely, in a similar manner to the Green-tailed 
 Towhee {Oreospiza chlorura) and the Wright Flycatcher (Empidonax 
 wrighti) of the same habitat. The latter two species, however, are 
 known as migrants to the southeast, while the route and destination 
 of stephensi, are facts that are still hidden. 
 
 The manner in which megarhynchus, mariposae, and brevicauda are 
 distributed locally in southern California in winter suggests that the 
 winter homes of the other subspecies may be found by further explor- 
 ing, at the proper season those regions whose winter avifaunas are 
 still but slightly known. It may be pointed out, as regards the 
 mountain ranges of southern California, that while we are well 
 acquainted with the summer birds, there, are but one or two points 
 where winter collecting or observations have been carried on at all 
 extensively. Judging from the local distribution in winter of certain 
 of the subspecies of Passerella, it may well be that those races whose 
 winter homes are not known are just as definitely delimited, but in 
 sections from which reports covering the proper season are lacking. 
 
 The accompanying charts (tables 1, 2) are designed to show 
 the winter distribution of the subspecies of Passerella in California. 
 Under each of the several faunal areas are entered the number of 
 specimens examined of each subspecies, taken within the specified 
 areas between October 15 and April 15, and also the percentage of 
 the total Passerella winter population that is formed by each sub- 
 species. The restriction between limited dates is not quite fair, as it 
 throws out a number of specimens of the more southerly wintering 
 subspecies, taken unquestionably in their winter habitats, but some 
 such arbitrary rule seemed necessary to allow for the presence of 
 migrating individuals in the more northern parts of the state. It is 
 also possible that October 15 is a little too early a date to insure the 
 presence of a bird in its winter home in all cases. 
 
1920] 
 
 Swartk: Revision of Avkm Oewus Passerella 
 
 109 
 
 Table 1. — Manner of occurence in winter of the subspecies of Passerella iliaca in the different faunal areas of California. 
 Specimens listed were taken between October 15 and March IS. The figures in the body of the table indicate 
 the number of each subspecies in each faunal area. Column at extreme right indicates total number of specimens 
 of each subspecies. Bottom row of figures indicates number of specimens of all subspecies from each faunal area. 
 
 
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 28 
 
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 9 
 
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 124 
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 90 
 
 71 
 
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 396 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 770 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 2. — Manner of occurrence in winter of the subspecies of Passerella iliaca in the different faunal areas of California ; 
 based upon the same specimens as those listed in Table 1 . The figures indicate the percentage of the Passerella 
 population of each faunal area that is formed by the indicated subspecies. 
 
 
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 16.6 
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 50 
 
 14.2 
 9.7 
 14.2 
 57 
 
 4.8 
 
 7.2 
 28.5 
 14.3 
 46.4 
 
 3.6 
 
 23.5 
 17.7 
 
 5.9 
 
 47 
 5.9 
 
 86.9 
 13.1 
 
 3.2 
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 15.8 
 9.5 
 
 44.4 
 6.4 
 
 1.6 
 17.5 
 
 2.2 
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 3.3 
 31.1 
 60 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.6 
 4.3 
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 13.3 
 21.2 
 38.1 
 5.7 
 12.8 
 
 20 
 80 
 
 11.1 
 
 33.3 
 
 44.4 
 
 11.1 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 20 
 
 1.8 
 8.1 
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 31.3 
 4.3 
 
 .3 
 3.5 
 1.1 
 20.9 
 6.1 
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 2.1 
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 16.6 
 8.3 
 25 
 
 16.6 
 25 
 
 8.3 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 p. 
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 . unalaschcensis *.. 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
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 100 
 
 p 
 
 
 
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110 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 From certain of the faunal areas .the numbers of birds examined 
 were too small for the results to have much significance, but there are 
 certain facts in winter distribution that the chart shows very clearly. 
 Attention may be called to the demonstrated preponderance of 
 annectens in the Marin, San Francisco Bay, and Santa Cruz sections, 
 compared with its absence from the Humboldt Bay section directly 
 to the northward, and the limited numbers found elsewhere in the 
 state; the preponderance of townsendi in the Humboldt Bay section, 
 
 Fig. I. Map of southern California indicating the position of the localities 
 designated in the text as (1) the Santa Monica Mountains region, (2) the Pasa- 
 dena region, (3) the Claremont region. 
 
 and the few individuals taken at other points ; and similar restrictions 
 in range shown by certain other subspecies. 
 
 From the Sierra Nevada, Humboldt, Marin, Santa Cruz, San 
 Francisco Bay, and San Diego regions, there are sufficient winter 
 specimens to warrant some generalizations. From the San Diego 
 region (with which is included the San Bernardino Mountain region) 
 there are enough birds available to permit of analysis of conditions 
 at several localities within this area, such as can not be done elsewhere 
 in the state. Of the 396 winter collected specimens of Passeretta from 
 the San Diego region, 326 were taken from three relatively restricted 
 areas, in Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. These points I 
 have designated as follows (see fig. I) : (1) Santa Monica Mountains 
 region (Coldwater Canon, Franklin Canon, Hollywood, etc.) ; (2) 
 Pasadena region (Arroyo Seco, Millard Canon, Mount Wilson, etc.) ; 
 (3) Claremont region (San Antonio Canon, San Dimas Caiion, Lytle 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 111 
 
 Creek, etc.). Bach of these three areas includes places that were 
 favorite collecting grounds of certain persons (Santa Monica Moun- 
 tains: J. E. Law, L. B. 'Wyman, W. B. Judson, H. S. Swarth; Pasa- 
 dena: J. Grinnell, P. S. Daggett, H. S. Swarth; Claremont: W. M. 
 Pierce), and the series of Passerella are results of years of collecting 
 at these points. I believe, therefore, that these series may be taken 
 as fairly indicative of average conditions within the areas where 
 they were obtained. As to the characteristics of the three areas, the 
 Santa Monica Mountain region is widely different from the other 
 two, while the Pasadena and Claremont regions are essentially alike. 
 The part of the Santa Monica Mountains that is here included is a 
 spur extending eastward from Santa Monica Canon about fifteen 
 miles. These hills are low, nowhere reaching an elevation of 2000 
 feet, densely brush covered, with very little large timber and very 
 little water. The mountains of the Pasadena arid Claremont regions 
 are of a different character, much higher and more rugged, with 
 deep canons containing large streams of water, and with an abundance 
 of timber. 
 
 Table 3. — Winter distribution of the subspecies of Passerella iliaca at three neighboring localities in 
 the San Diego region (see map, fig. I). Specimens listed were collected between October 15 
 and March 15. 
 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 and Santa Monica 
 
 Mountains 
 
 Pasadena 
 
 and adjacent 
 
 mountains 
 
 Claremont 
 
 and adjacent 
 
 mountains 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 5 
 8 
 
 26 
 18 
 
 •2 
 2 
 
 2 
 6 
 7 
 
 17 
 9 
 
 10 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 83 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 P. i. canescens 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 68 
 
 80 
 
 178 
 
 
 
 There are certain features in the distribution of Passerella in the 
 three sections that are at once apparent (see table 3) : the preponder- 
 ance of schistacea in the Claremont region, the restriction of orevi- 
 cawda to the Santa Monica Mountain region, the scarcity of any 
 subspecies of the Unalaschensis group in the Santa Monica Mountain 
 region, the preponderance of insukuris in the Pasadena region, and 
 the preponderance of sinuosa in the Claremont region. 
 
112 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 The figures given for the southern half of the Sierra Nevada and 
 for the Sierra foothill sections are based in part on material secured 
 by expeditions from the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology into 
 the Yosemite region, covering every month of the year. The results 
 apply only to this limited area, but judging from these figures the 
 subspecies of the Schistacea group form but a small part of the winter 
 population of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 I am convinced that there is significance in the results of these 
 tabulations. I believe them to indicate that some forms really have 
 a winter habitat nearly as sharply defined as the summer home, while 
 others show preferences somewhat less marked. 
 
 One lesson to be learned from this analysis of winter collections 
 is that inasmuch as the extensive collecting of specimens at certain, 
 limited spots has yielded definite knowledge of a sort that obviously 
 could not have been obtained in any other way, similarly extensive 
 collecting at places regarding which we are still very ignorant as to 
 the winter avifauna, may be expected to explain many details of 
 distribution in this group of birds of which at present we have no 
 knowledge. In the writer's opinion, the solution of such complicated 
 questions of relationship and distribution as are presented in the 
 Passerelkt, group lies only in the wholesale but intelligently directed 
 collecting of specimens. 
 
 In the course of the writer's field experience he has from time to 
 time noted facts in the distribution and migration of fox sparrows, 
 which, disconnected though they be, are set down here as having some 
 bearing on the subject in general. In a number of years of observa- 
 tion about Los Angeles, fox sparrows were found to be extremely rare 
 in the flat valley in which the city is situated, one or two of the 
 Unalaschcensis group, and two altvwagans being all that were noted, 
 and these at long intervals. In the low foothills of the Santa Monica 
 Mountains, but a few miles away, certain subspecies could be found 
 in fair numbers regularly every winter. This was also the case in 
 the brush of the Arroyo Seco, a stream issuing from the mountains 
 near Pasadena, fox sparrows being seen regularly in winter in the 
 bordering willow thickets, practically as far as the junction of this 
 stream with the Los Angeles River, at the edge of the city. 
 
 In years past many southern California valleys were covered with 
 miles of more or less dense chaparral. Much of this land has been 
 cleared for agricultural purposes, but some fairly extensive areas of 
 this nature still remain, the haunts of many typical Californian animal 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus- Passer ella 113 
 
 species. These tracts afford shelter for brush-loving birds, and it 
 might be supposed that they would be occupied by the winter visiting 
 fox sparrows; but such is not the case. In many years experience 
 in such surroundings, while quail shooting and bird collecting, the 
 writer has never seen a fox sparrow thus situated. In southern Cali- 
 fornia fox sparrows in general apparently occur but rarely in the 
 Lower Sonoran valleys. The brush covered hills, Upper Sonoran and 
 as far up as low Transition, is the favored winter habitat, with local 
 variations as elsewhere noted. 
 
 In April, 1912, while the author was collecting at the eastern base 
 of the Sierra Nevada, near Lone Pine, Inyo County, fox sparrows were 
 observed migrating northward. All that were taken were schistacm, 
 the forms that nest in the adjacent mountains, mariposae in the Sierra 
 Nevada, and canescens in the White Mountains, not being detected 
 in the lowlands at all. This fact, and also the non-occurrence of 
 stephensi in the foothills of the mountains wherein the latter breeds, 
 is, I believe,. in each case, indicative of rather abrupt arrival at, and 
 departure from, the breeding grounds, with no tarrying in the low- 
 lands nearby; suggestive of just such migration, in fact, as has been 
 inferred on similar grounds in certain of the Alaskan subspecies. 
 
 In September, 1916, in the Kings River Canon, in the Sierra 
 Nevada, the first migrating fox sparrow was noted on September 10, 
 and several others were observed during the next few days. Those 
 collected proved to be all schistacea, evidently from some point con- 
 siderably to the northward, and no specimens were taken of mariposae, 
 the race breeding in the Sierra Nevada to the north and east of Kings 
 River Canon. No Passerellat was found breeding on the floor of the 
 canon. A few days later, at Horse Corral Meadow, on the adjacent 
 table land to the southward, fox sparrows of several subspecies were 
 found migrating abundantly. It seemed apparent that there was no 
 migration from the east to the west side of the Sierras, or vice versa, 
 in which the Kings River Canon could be used as a highway, and this 
 was borne out by the manner of occurrence of many species of birds 
 besides the fox sparrows. It was also apparent that migrants were 
 travelling southward in numbers along the line of the Sierras, stopping 
 at favorable places along the higher ridges, but not descending, except 
 rarely, into the deep gorge that cut across their path. 
 
114 University of California Publications m Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem) 
 Eastern Fox Sparrow 
 
 Original description. — "Fringilla iliaca Merrem, Beytr. besond. Gesch. Vogel, 
 11, 1786, pi. x. (North America.) " (A. O. U. Check-List, 1910, p. 277.) 
 
 Type specimen. — Not known to exist. 
 
 Range. — "North. America. Breeds in Boreal zones from tree limit 
 in northeastern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, central Keewatin, north- 
 ern Ontario (Moose Factory), and northern Ungava south to central 
 Alberta, northern Manitoba, southern Keewatin, Magdalen Islands, 
 and Newfoundland; winters from lower Ohio and Potomac valleys 
 (occasionally further north) to central Texas and northern Florida; 
 casual on the coast of southern Alaska and in California. ' ' (A. 0. U. 
 Check-List, 1910, p. 277.) One record from Arizona (see p. 118). 
 
 Specimens examined.— 48 (see list, p. 184). 
 
 Distinguishing characters.— 3Prom all subspecies of the Schistacea 
 group, iliaca is distinguished by different proportion of wing and tail 
 lengths (wing longer than tail in timca, wing equal to, or shorter than, 
 tail in the Schistacea group), and by the predominance of bright, 
 ruddy coloration. From all subspecies of the Unalasehcensis group, 
 iliaca is distinguished by the much brighter hue of its red markings, 
 by the sharply contrasting red and gray streaking dorsally, and by 
 the heavier and more stubby bill. Within the Iliaca group iliaca is 
 distinguished from the one other subspecies, altivagans, by greater 
 general size, and brighter, more ruddy coloration, with dorsal streaking 
 much more sharply defined. 
 
 Remarks. — There are at hand fourteen specimens of Passerella 
 taken in California that are evidently referable to Passerella iliaca 
 iliaca; a small enough number to allow of individual consideration 
 being given to each. 
 
 No. 4932, collection of A. B. Howell; male; Pasadena; December 13, 1907; 
 collected by A. Van Eossem. (See Willett, 1912, p. 85.) This bird appears to 
 be absolutely typical of iliaca, being closely matched in all respects by selected 
 specimens from Illinois. It is, however, rather small for a male, though it is 
 marked as such, approaching more nearly the dimensions of some females. 
 
 No. 867, collection of J. B. . Pemberton ; female; Big Sur Biver, Monterey 
 County; December 22, 1903; collected by J. B. Pemberton. (See Pemberton, 
 1908, p. 50.) Apparently a typical example of Uiaoa. Very closely similar to 
 the specimen last described, and likewise duplicated by selected eastern birds. 
 
 No. 384, collection of A. B. Howell; female; Burbank, Los Angeles County; 
 November 11, 1911; collected by A. B. Howell. (See Howell, 1912, p. 41.) Ven- 
 trally indistinguishable from eastern birds, but dorsal coloration generally more 
 reddish. The streaks on the back are broader and consequently less sharply defined, 
 and there is none of the clear gray on head and neck that is apparent on all the 
 eastern specimens used in comparison. Wing bars but faintly indicated. 
 
 No. 789, collection of J. Eugene Law; sex not determined; Lankershim, Los 
 Angeles County; March 22, 1908; collected by J. Eugene Law. (See Willett, 
 1912, p. 85.) Closely similar to eastern examples, the main difference lying in 
 
1920]' 
 
 Simrth : Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 115 
 
 the duller dorsal coloration of the California bird. The dorsal streakings are less 
 Tuddy than in eastern specimens, and less sharply defined. Top of head is gray, 
 washed with brownish, as in many eastern birds, and the sides of neck are as clear 
 gray as is seen in other winter collected specimens of iliaca. Ventrally it is 
 indistinguishable from typical iliaca. Wing bars faintly indicated. 
 
 ° Passerella iliaca iliaca 
 
 DISTRIBUTION MAP 
 
 MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 
 UHIVZD9ITT OF OU.IFOMIA 
 
 Fig. J. Map showing stations of occurrence in California of Passerella iliaca 
 iliaca, as established by specimens examined by the author. 
 
 No. 30445,. Mus. Vert. Zool.; male adult; Seaside, Monterey County; Decem- 
 ber 26, 1918; collected by H. G. White. Differs from average eastern birds mainly 
 in somewhat darker coloration. Dorsal streaking and wing bars not so strongly 
 indicated as in eastern collected specimens. 
 
 No. 3233, collection of J. Grinnell; male; Mount Wilson, Los Angeles County; 
 October 31, 1897; collected by J. Grinnell. (See Grinnell, 1915; p. 130.) This 
 bird, together with the rest of the specimens here listed, is suggestive of iliaca 
 
116 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 rather than any other subspecies, but differs from the mode of that race in 
 certain details of markings and color. Dorsally this bird has hardly a trace of 
 streaking, the back being almost uniformly reddish, with a suggestion of under- 
 lying gray about the head and neck. The ventral streakings, though of a brighter, 
 more "foxy" red than in the TJnalaschcensis group, are not so red as in typical 
 iliaca. Wing bars are but faintly indicated. 
 
 No. 4630, collection of J. and J. W. Mailliard; male; San Geronimo, Marin 
 County; January 26, 1901. (See Mailliard, 1901, p. 72.) Close to typical iliaca, 
 differing from eastern birds mainly in less contrasted streaking above, and in more 
 blackish markings below. Bill as in typical Uiaoa, and wing bars conspicuous. 
 
 No. 4208, collection of J. and J. W. Mailliard; female; Plumas County, "alt. 
 4000"; September 27, 1898. Differing from eastern birds only in being less 
 streaked dorsally. The general appearance of the back is reddish brown, mottled 
 rathern than longitudinally streaked. Wing bars conspicuous. 
 
 No. 750, collection of A. B. Howell; female; Santa Barbara; January 1, 1911; 
 collected by J. H. Bowles. (See Bowles, 1911, p. 175.) Ventrally indistinguishable 
 from selected eastern specimens. Back and top of head almost uniformly dull 
 grayish brown, back obscurely mottled with somewhat darker brown. Reddish 
 coloration on rump and upper surface of tail feathers rather paler than in typical 
 Uiaoa. Wing bars fairly well defined. 
 
 No. 2003, collection of W. Otto Emerson; male; Hayward, Alameda County; 
 December 12, 1898; collected by W. Otto Emerson. Differs from average eastern 
 examples of Uiaoa in the darker, less reddish, coloration of the spots below, and 
 in the almost uniformly brown back. The dorsal region is dull brown, faintly 
 mottled with darker brown, and on the head and neck there is a dull brown wash 
 over an underlying grayish color. Wing bars faintly indicated. 
 
 No. 1811, collection of W. M. Pierce; male; Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles 
 County; February 2, 1919; collected by W. M. Pierce. Differs from eastern birds 
 in its generally darker coloration and heavier ventral markings. Upper parts 
 dark grayish brown, washed with reddish; back obscurely streaked with dark 
 reddish. Breast streakings of a brighter reddish color than the back. Wing 
 bars faintly indicated. This bird is fairly intermediate between typical Uiaoa 
 and unalasohcensis. 
 
 No. 1810, collection of W. M. Pierce; male; Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles 
 County; February 1, 1919; collected by W. M. Pierce. To all appearances this 
 specimen lies between typical iliaca and altivagans. It is larger than average 
 examples of the latter, darker colored and more heavily marked below. Upper 
 parts nearly uniform grayish brown, more grayish on the head, more brownish on 
 dorsum. No dorsal streakings and no wing bars. In color and markings this 
 bird is close to altivagans, in dimensions it is nearer Uiaoa. 
 
 No. 2805, collection of F. S. Daggett; male; Nicasio, Marin County; Febru- 
 ary 6, 1906; collected by C. A. Allen. Spotting beneath of a darker brown than 
 in any eastern specimen; top of head and back almost uniform dull brown; dorsal 
 region faintly spotted. Wing bars faintly indicated. This bird is about inter- 
 mediate in color and markings between typical iliaca and insularis. The bill is 
 as in iliaca, and on the whole the specimen seems best referred to that subspecies. 
 
 No. 1180, collection of L. E. Wyman; female; Santa Monica Mountains, Los 
 Angeles County; January 31, 1917. Collected by L. E. Wyman. This bird can 
 be considered an example of Uiaoa only by reason of the manner in which the 
 series of variants just detailed connects this extreme with the mode of the 
 subspecies. It is in a slight degree further from the type than the specimen last 
 described. Under parts are rather heavily streaked, and with a dark shade of 
 
192 °] Swarth : Revision of Avian Germs Pwserella 117 
 
 brown; upper parts almost uniform, a faint suggestion of gray, underlying the 
 brown of the head and neck, the back slightly mottled, and the wing bars barely 
 apparent. The character of the bill, however, is closely similar to that in iliaea. 
 
 From the appearance of the specimens described above several 
 deductions may be drawn. These birds are all to be referred to the 
 subspecies iliaea, but, with two exceptions (no. 4932, coll. A. B. 
 Howell, and no. 867, coll. J. R. Pemberton), they vary from typical 
 iliaea sufficiently to be noticeable if inserted among a series of eastern 
 collected skins. The specimens all resemble iliaea most nearly in the 
 ventral markings ; the greatest variation is evident on the upper parts. 
 These birds all show a tendency toward elimination of dorsal streak- 
 
 Fig. K. Wings of the two subspecies of fox sparrow of the Iliaea group, 
 natural size. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaea iliaea, adult male; no. 6088, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; Eastford, 
 Connecticut; April 12, 1876. 
 
 b. Passerella Uiaca altivagans, adult male; no. 26039, Mus. Vert. Zool.;' Aspen 
 Valley, Yosemite National Park, California; October 14, 1915. 
 
 ings, with consequent greater uniformity of color on the upper parts. 
 This color in some is reddish, of a darker shade than is seen in typical 
 iUaca, while in others it is decidedly gray. Such variation as appears 
 in the breast streakings tends toward the darker shades of red. 
 
 In the subspecies UAaca there is, according to Ridgway (1901, 
 p. 387), great variation in color, the extremes being designated by 
 him as the "gray phase" and "red phase," respectively, and these 
 differences are sufficiently correlated with different regions to suggest 
 the possibility of the eventual recognition of two subspecies. "The 
 extreme rufous phase seems to be represented only in the Atlantic 
 Coast district, and is altogether wanting in Alaska and other north- 
 western portions of the continent, where only birds representing the 
 gray extreme occur" (Ridgway, loo. tit.). However, it is extremely 
 unlikely that the reddish-colored birds occurring in California in win- 
 ter are migrants from the Atlantic Coast, where the red phase of iliaea 
 has its habitat. The probabilities are that the Californian migrants 
 
118 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 in question arrive from the northwest together with the other fox 
 sparrows with which they are found associated. My personal convic- 
 tion is that they hail from an intermediate locality, or localities, 
 between the ranges of typical iliaoa of the interior of Alaska and those 
 of some of the Unalaschcensis subspecies of the coast. Some of the 
 specimens described in this paper, together with certain variants of 
 insularis and unalaschcensis at hand, form, both in color and propor- 
 tions, a graded series connecting the extremes by such short steps 
 that any dividing line between the two must be arbitrarily drawn. 
 Then, too, the reddish coloration of these birds is of an appreciably 
 darker shade than in the few Atlantic coast winter birds available 
 for comparison, tending more toward the color of the Unalaschcensis 
 subspecies. The more grayish-backed birds may represent a step 
 toward altivagans. I can not agree with the opinion that the character 
 of any of these birds points toward interbreeding of iliaca with 
 schistacea (see Grinnell, 1915, p. 130). 
 
 Beside the California birds described, there are two other specimens 
 from unusual localities. One is a female (no. 2524, coll. J. Eugene 
 Law) taken by A. Van Rossem in Pinery Canon, at 6000 feet, Chiri- 
 cahua Mountains, Arizona, November 6, 1914. This specimen, here 
 placed on record, comprises the first recorded occurrence of the sub- 
 species in Arizona. It is extremely close to typical iliaca, differing 
 mainly in its more uniform dorsal coloration, the back being quite 
 grayish, and the dorsal streakings but poorly defined. This may be 
 indicative of intermediateness between iliaca and altivagans. The 
 second specimen is a male (no. 967, Provincial Museum, Victoria, 
 B. C), collected by John Fannin at Sicamous, British Columbia, 
 September 25, 1893. This bird is absolutely indistinguishable from 
 selected eastern examples of iliaca. 
 
 The California specimens of iliaca are too few in number to 
 indicate any definite manner of occurrence in any specified area, 
 but it seems unquestionable that some individuals of this subspecies 
 winter each year within the borders of the state. Most of the speci- 
 mens taken are from the San Diego region (where, however, there has 
 been more winter collecting of fox sparrows than anywhere else in 
 California), and as these were all secured between October 31 and 
 March 22, they may be assumed to have been in their winter home. 
 The specimens taken in December in Monterey and Alameda counties, 
 and in January and February in Marin County, indicate the prob- 
 ability of the winter habitat including the whole coastal area north 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 119 
 
 to the San Francisco Bay region. The one specimen from the Sierra 
 Nevada of Plumas County, taken September 27, was probably a 
 migrant on its way farther south. 
 
 It is noteworthy that nearly all the California examples of iliaca 
 were secured by collectors who had gathered specimens for years at 
 the several points where these birds were taken, hence the small 
 number of specimens of this race, compared with those of most of 
 the other wintering subspecies of Passerella, may be taken as fairly 
 indicative of the relative numbers of each actually present. 
 
 Fig. L. Bills of the two subspecies of fox sparrow of tlie Iliaca group ; natural 
 size. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaca iliaca, adult male; no. 6088, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; Eastford, 
 Connecticut; April 12, 1876. 
 
 b. Passerella iliaca altivagans, adult male; no. 26039, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Aspen 
 Valley", Yosemite National Park, California; October 14, 1915. 
 
 Besides the specimens here listed there are others recorded from 
 California that I have not seen, as follows: "Accidental in California 
 (spec, in Mus. S. I.) " (Coues, 1874, p. 161) ; specimen from Poway, 
 San Diego County, January 3, 1888 (W. E. Bryant, 1889, p. 90) ; 
 specimen from Oakland, December 2, 1892 ("W. E. Bryant, 1893, 
 p. 363) ; Saticoy, December 14, 1872 (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 
 1874, p. 516). 
 
 Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley 
 Alberta Fox Sparrow 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley, 1911, p. 234. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 222832, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; male, immature ; 
 Moose Branch of Smoky River (about 7000 feet altitude), Alberta; 
 July 31, 1911; collected by J. H. Riley (original number, 2175). 
 
 Range. — In summer known only from a few points in the interior 
 of British Columbia and the adjacent part of Alberta (see map, 
 fig. N) . In winter southward at least to extreme southern California. 
 
120 University of California Publications in Zoology IT 0L - 21 
 
 Winters mainly in the San Diego region and on the western slope of 
 the Sierra Nevada (see map, fig. M). 
 
 Specimens examined. — 90 (see list, pp. 185-186). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Iliaca group (see p. 89). 
 Somewhat smaller than iliaca; size and proportions about as in the 
 subspecies of the Unalaschcensis group (see table 4). Coloration more 
 subdued than in iliaca; rather brighter, with more strongly contrast- 
 ing reds and grays, than in any of the Unalaschcensis group. 
 
 Remarks. — While the breeding range of the Alberta fox sparrow 
 cannot yet be exactly defined, it may be said in general terms to be 
 in the interior of British Columbia and in the adjoining portion of 
 western Alberta. The breeding stations afforded by Riley's type series 
 are the Moose Pass region on the boundary line between British 
 Columbia and Alberta, and Thudade Lake, British Columbia. To 
 these I am now able to add Jasper Park, Alberta, and McGillvary 
 Creek, and Mt. McLean, Lillooet District, British Columbia. The 
 migration route, as indicated by specimens at hand, would be through 
 the western part of the Great Basin, in a path whose width extends 
 from western Montana to central Oregon, and southwestwardly at 
 least as far as extreme southern California. The winter home appar- 
 ently lies almost entirely within the confines of California. There is 
 one specimen at hand (not typical, however) from Government Island, 
 near Portland, Oregon, taken December 15. In California the line 
 of migration seems to lie entirely east 'of the coast ranges. There 
 are no records from these mountains, nor even from the floor of the 
 Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley, immediately to the eastward, while 
 there are specimens, migrants, from many points the whole length of 
 the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 In all probability, judging from the available data, the winter 
 metropolis of altivagans is in the western foothills of the southern 
 Sierra Nevada, perhaps as far north as Eldorado County, and in 
 southern California west from the eastern bases of the several moun- 
 tain ranges separating the desert and the Pacific slope, with sporadic 
 occurrences in the San Francisco Bay region. It may be that the 
 subspecies winters regularly in the coast ranges from San Francisco 
 Bay southward. There is but one specimen at hand from this region, 
 but there has been practically, no winter collecting carried on there. 
 
 As to dates of arrival and departure in California, a bird taken 
 September 22, at Horse Corral Meadow, in the Sierra Nevada of 
 Fresno County, is the earliest fall migrant, and a specimen from the 
 Sierras of Plumas County, ' ' alt. 4000 feet, ' ' April 24, is the latest in. 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 121 
 
 the spring. The Horse Corral Meadow bird was taken on an expe- 
 dition headed by the present writer, and, as observed by him, was one 
 of a "wave" of migrating northern fox sparrows which had just 
 
 o Passerella iliaca altivagans 
 
 DISTRIBUTION MAP 
 
 MUSEUM OP VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 intjvuunr or cm-iforhia 
 
 Fig. M. Map showing stations of occurrence of Passerella iliaca altivagans in 
 California, as established by specimens examined by the author. The region 
 enclosed within the dotted outline is believed to be the main winter habitat of the 
 subspecies. 
 
 arrived in a region where we had been collecting birds for some time. 
 It may therefore be regarded as quite accurately representing the 
 arrival of the subspecies there in that year. 
 
 Passerella iliaca altwagtms was described by Riley- (1911, p. 234) 
 upon the basis of four young birds, three from the Moose Pass region, 
 
122 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 on the British Columbia-Alberta boundary, and one from Thudade 
 Lake, British Columbia. The subspecies is described (loc. cit.) as 
 "Similar to Passerella iliaca schistacea, but middle of the back mars 
 brown instead of mouse gray; wings and tail with more red in the 
 brown (near burnt umber)." Of some additional specimens, migrants 
 and winter birds, Eiley remarks that "from typical Passerella iliaca 
 schistacea, to which they have been referred, they are quite distinct, 
 having the mouse gray of the upper parts of that race replaced by 
 broccoli brown and burnt umber and the spotting of the under parts 
 prout's brown, not sepia. Apparently there is no difference in size." 
 
 The A. 0. TJ. Committee (1912, p. 386) denied recognition to this 
 subspecies on the ground that it was "too near P. i. schistacea." The 
 form was recognized by Grinnell (1915, p. 130), and some years later 
 Oberholser (1918, p. 186) reasserted the validity of altivagans, affirm- 
 ing its near relationship to iliaca, and its unlikeness to any other race. 
 
 Most of Riley's type series has been available for the present study. 
 The three birds collected by him (in July) and described (loc. cit.) 
 as "nearly adult" or "slightly immature, " are, speaking more exactly, 
 molting from juvenal into first winter plumage. The type specimen 
 has reached the most advanced stage in the change, but all three still 
 show large tracts of juvenal feathers. However, there is enough of 
 the new plumage in place to afford a fair basis for comparison with 
 full feathered migrants from points farther south, and thus to estab- 
 lish with fair certainty the color characters of altivagans in its typical 
 form. A specimen in fresh fall plumage (no. 26039, Mus. Vert. Zool.), 
 selected for its close resemblance in comparable parts with the molting 
 type of altivagans, is colored as follows: Upper parts generally 
 mummy brown, most ruddy on dorsum, dullest on rump. Feathers 
 of dorsum with dark centers, giving an obscurely streaked effect. 
 Sides of neck washed with grayish. Upper tail coverts auburn, with 
 narrow edgings of paler brown; exposed portion of rectrices auburn. 
 Under parts white, chin, throat and abdomen nearly immaculate, else- 
 where marked with triangular spots, varying in color from some the 
 same shade as the back, to others suffused with blackish. Exposed 
 portion of wing coverts and remiges auburn, like tail. Median and 
 greater wing coverts slightly tipped with whitish, forming two ill- 
 defined bars. 
 
 The above described specimen is an average fall-plumaged example 
 
 of this subspecies, though there are others at hand showing diverse 
 
 . extremes of dorsal coloration, of grayish or of reddish. Specimens 
 
1920] Sumrth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 123 
 
 taken in the spring, and consequently in less fresh plumage, are duller, 
 less ruddy, and more grayish than fall birds. From what can be seen 
 of the juvenal plumage of the Moose Pass birds, in this stage the 
 markings are more ruddy than in juvenals of schistacea, which they 
 otherwise most nearly resemble. There are no young of iliaca available 
 for comparison. The large series that I have been able to bring 
 together, though yielding few summer birds additional to those of 
 Mr. Riley, abundantly demonstrates the distinctness of this subspecies, 
 and there is no difficulty in recognizing in the winter birds from 
 California the same race as that from British Columbia described by 
 Riley. 
 
 The small series from McGillvary Creek, British Columbia, pre- 
 sents several points worthy of emphasis. It includes five specimens, 
 one in juvenal plumage, two well advanced in the post- juvenal molt, 
 and two in fully acquired winter plumage, whether immatures or 
 adults is not apparent. Prom the dates at which they were taken 
 (August 10 to 18), and from the fact that one is still in the juvenal 
 plumage, these birds may be assumed to have been taken upon their 
 breeding ground. McGillvary Creek is, in a direct line, less than 
 ninety miles east of the general line of the coast, much less than that 
 distance east of several deeply penetrating arms of the sea, and may 
 be assumed to represent a point on the western boundary of the habitat 
 of altivagans. It indicates the occurrence of the subspecies as far west 
 as the eastern slope of the ranges most closely adjoining the coast. 
 The birds from this point, though properly referable to altivagans, 
 differ appreciably from the mode of that subspecies. The under parts 
 are of a richer brown, and more heavily streaked, and there is an 
 entire absence of streaking above, producing an evident appearance 
 of intergradation toward the character of the Unalaschcensis sub- 
 species. They can be very nearly matched with some winter birds 
 from California. 
 
 There is a series of July birds from Mt. McLean, so short a distance 
 east of McGillvary Creek that the two lots must perforce be of the 
 same race. Yet the worn and faded plumage of the Mt. McLean birds 
 betrays hardly a trace of the brown coloration seen in the McGillvary 
 Creek fall specimens, and the former are superficially very much like 
 schistacea. However, the breast spottings still show a browner tinge 
 than is seen in that race. 
 
 The California series as a whole exhibits some little variation in 
 color, though not so much but that the birds can, with all certainty, 
 
124 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 be placed with altivagans, as now denned. From a style that may 
 be taken as typical of the subspecies, the mode of coloration most 
 frequently seen — pale reddish back, obsoletely streaked with darker 
 red, and underparts moderately streaked — there are two extremes of 
 variation. One is darker colored, dark reddish brown above, heavily 
 marked below, the other predominantly grayish above and but sparsely 
 spotted on the breast. These specimens I take to represent various 
 degrees of intergradation, the reddish colored birds toward the coastal 
 subspecies of the Unalaschcensis group (as shown in the McGillvary 
 Creek series), the grayish colored ones toward iliaca. It will be noted 
 in these non-typical birds as well as in typical altivagans, that tail 
 is always shorter than wing, as is the case in all fox sparrows outside 
 the Schistacea group. There are a few apparent intergrades of another 
 type, of duller, less reddish coloration and with tail of about the same 
 length as wing. These I take to represent intermediate stages between 
 altivagans and schistacea. 
 
 Of a series of nine specimens taken by W. M. Pierce in certain 
 canons near Claremont, southern California, during the winter of 
 1918-19, practically all are variants from typical altivagans. appar- 
 ently tending toward some of -the darker colored coastal races. One of 
 these birds (no. 1776, col. W. M. Pierce) is closely 'similar to one of 
 the summer specimens from McGillvary Creek, British Columbia. 
 
 Compared with the subspecies of the Schistacea group, altivagans 
 is apparently always distinguishable by the proportionate lengths of 
 wing and tail, wing longer than tail in altivagans, rarely the same 
 length, wing usually shorter than tail, in all members of the Schistacea 
 group. In the occasional variant of altivagans in which coloration 
 somewhat closely approaches some examples of schistacea, the wing 
 and tail measurements suffice for identification. In typical altivagans 
 the spots on the lower surface are more ruddy than in the Unalasch- 
 censis group, and rather less thickly distributed, leaving more white 
 showing through where the spots are thickest, and more extensive pure 
 white areas on throat and belly. 
 
 It is quite possible that the name altivagans as now used covers 
 a composite of several recognizable subspecies, as was the case in the 
 former "megarhynchus" and "schistacea,." The breeding birds 
 available are few in numbers and from but two or three scattered 
 points, while as regards the greater part of the interior of the vast 
 northwest nothing is known of the Passerella population. In view of 
 
192 °] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 125 
 
 the manner in which fox sparrows are distributed over much of the 
 general range of the species elsewhere, locally segregated at scattered 
 points, and considering the variation seen elsewhere in series of breed- 
 ing birds taken from isolated, but relatively close colonies, it would 
 not be surprising if the diverse specimens of alt wag cms from the 
 winter home of that race, should prove to be representative of addi- 
 tional recognizable subspecies, forming chains of variants comparable 
 to those just mentioned. 
 
 Riley's type series from the Moose Pass region was taken at high 
 altitudes (see Eiley, 1912, p. 69), and the McGillvary Creek birds 
 were collected at 5000 feet and 7000 feet altitude. These facts point 
 to the probability of altivagans inhabiting in summer the higher 
 mountains, and not occurring in the valleys, just as is the case with 
 the related subspecies to the southward. Under such conditions there 
 is added probability of the existence of distinguishable forms within 
 the general range here ascribed to altwagans. 
 
 Two skins from Penticton and one from Midway, British Columbia, 
 show a leaning toward schistacea. While from the dates of capture 
 (April 21 and May 5) they may have been migrants at the points 
 where they were taken, it is probably fair to assume that they would 
 have bred somewhere near-by, and that these places therefore lie 
 just north of the boundary line between altivagans and schistacea. In 
 typical form, therefore, altwagwis probably does not breed south of 
 the British Columbia- Washington boundary, nor schistacea north of it. 
 
 An interesting sidelight on the status of this subspecies is afforded 
 by the comments written upon the labels of many specimens examined 
 from contributing collections. There is hardly a bird collection of 
 any size in California but contains one or more examples of this race, 
 many of them collected years before altivagans was described. These 
 specimens have almost invariably been a source of trouble to their 
 owners, for various names are written and rewritten upon the labels, 
 frequently with question marks appended. Some of these birds have 
 been referred to different authorities for naming, and the labels reflect 
 opinions of their relationships, which, though diversely worded, are 
 mostly in agreement as to the general status of the race. "Schistacea 
 — not typical," " schistacea X Uiaca," "iliaca — intergrade, " are the 
 terms most frequently seen, terms which quite accurately indicate the 
 systematic position of altwagans, and in their unanimity also express 
 the need of, and justification for, the naming of the subspecies. 
 
126 University of California Publications in Zoology [ VoL - 21 
 
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1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 127 
 
 Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmelin) 
 Shumagin Pox Sparrow 
 
 Original description. — Emberiza unalaschcensis Gmelin, 1788, p. 875. Based 
 on "Unalashka Bunting. Arct. zool. 2. p. 364. u. 232. Lath. syn. II. 1. p. 202. 
 n. 48. Habitat in Unalaschca. ..." 
 
 Type specimen. — Not known to be in existence. 
 
 Range. — In summer, the Alaska Peninsula, Shumagin Islands, and 
 Unalaska Island; in winter, south at least to extreme southern Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Specimens examined. — 83 (see list, pp. 186-187). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Unalaschcensis group (see p. 
 89). Within this group, of relatively large size, with large bill, and 
 with the minimum of red or brown coloration seen in this section of 
 Passerella; and thus easily distinguished from fuUginosa, townsen&i 
 or annectens. Compared with sinuosa, unalaschcensis (in both types 
 of color and bill structure [see postea] ) is even less reddish, and with 
 larger bill. Of about the same size as insularis, but with differently 
 shaped bill, and of duller coloration. 
 
 Remarks. — Unalaschcensis is apparently of rather rare occurrence 
 in most parts of California, to judge from the few specimens con- 
 tained in collections. The series of breeding birds at hand also is 
 unsatisfactory, in that but few localities are represented within the 
 probable summer habitat. The variety of characters represented in 
 birds in the winter series is such as to raise questions regarding their 
 proper classification; questions that can not be answered prior to 
 the accumulation of much more information about the summer home 
 of the subspecies, and some additional material from various points 
 therein. 
 
 California winter birds may be divided into two categories, one 
 comprising birds of pale brownish coloration, rather ashy in general 
 tone, and with long pointed bill ; the other, birds decidedly darker in 
 appearance, rather plumbeous in tone, and with short, heavy bill. 
 Extremes of these two types are as widely different as any two recog- 
 nized subspecies within the Unalaschcensis group. They are here 
 lumped under unalaschcensis, first, because of intergradation which 
 links them so closely as to indicate nearer relationship between the 
 two than to any other race, as seems to be shown by the winter speci- 
 mens, and second, because of the present impossibility of a satisfactory 
 understanding of conditions iu the summer habitat. 
 
 Emberiza unalaschcensis Gmelin (1788, p. 875) was based upon 
 the Aoonalashka Bunting of Latham (1782, p. 202), and the Unalashka 
 Bunting of Pennant (1785, p. 364). Eidgway (1901, p. 389, footnote) 
 
128 
 
 University of California Publications in- Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 comments upon the applicability of the name as follows: "Although 
 no Passer ella has hitherto been found on Unalaska (unless the Aoona- 
 lashka Bunting of Latham really came from there), it is not at all 
 unlikely that the present form may occur there, at least accidentally. 
 
 Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis 
 
 Fig. O. Map showing stations of occurrence of Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis 
 in California, as established by specimens examined by the author. 
 
 Certainly if any form of the genus does occur on that island it would 
 be the present one rather than the Kadiak form, most of the land 
 birds of the Shumagins and Unalaska being the same, e. g., Leucosticte 
 griseowwcha, Passerima nivalis tonmsenM, Melospiza melodia, cinerea, 
 etc. ' This form inhabits, on the Shumagins and the peninsula, alder 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 129 
 
 thickets. No alders now grow on that portion of Unalaska Island 
 within sight from the town of Unalaska or its vicinity, but they may 
 have done so formerly, or may now occur in other parts of the island. 
 At any rate,, it seems better to retain the name unalaschensis for the 
 present form rather than to give it a new one, since the Emberiza 
 unalaschensis of G-melin seems almost certain to have been the present 
 form." 
 
 There is in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology a Passerella from 
 the island of Unalaska. This specimen (no. 4585, male adult), col- 
 lected by C. L. Hall, is labelled as from "Ounalaska, Alaska, June 4, 
 1894." There is no reason to doubt the authenticity of the skin. 
 It is one of a large collection of 
 Alaskan animals that came into 
 the possession • of this Museum, 
 all taken by the same man, and 
 all carefully prepared and fully 
 labelled; furthermore, the date 
 of capture of this skin accords 
 with other dates upon specimens, 
 from the same island, of species 
 well known to occur there. These 
 facts, together with other cor- 
 roborative evidence adduced 
 from the collection as a whole, 
 fix the origin of this fox sparrow 
 beyond any reasonable doubt, 
 even were there occasion to view 
 it with suspicion. This skin is 
 unfortunately a rather poorly 
 made specimen, but it is apparently of the plumbeous colored, heavy- 
 billed type above described. 
 
 On the other hand, the considerable series of breeding birds from 
 points on the Alaska Peninsula are all of the more ashy colored, 
 slender billed type, also represented in California in winter. These 
 facts point to the further restriction of unalaschcensis, as a plumbeous 
 colored, heavy-billed bird, breeding on Unalaska Island and possibly 
 some adjacent territory, with the consequent naming of a new sub- 
 species (of ashy coloration and with longer, more slenderly pointed 
 bill), breeding on at least the eastern two-thirds of the Alaska Penin- 
 sula. In the lack of an adequate series of birds from Unalaska it is 
 
 Fig. P. Bills of specimens of Passe- 
 rella iliaca unalaschcensis, natural size. 
 These birds are from different parts of 
 the range of the subspecies, as it is now 
 denned. Note the short, stubby bill of a, 
 as compared with the long, slender one 
 of 6. These structural differences are 
 correlated with differences of coloration. 
 
 a. Adult male; no. 4585, Mus. Vert. 
 Zool. ; "Ounalaska," Alaska; June 4, 
 1894. 
 
 b. Adult male; no. 90835, Amer. Mus. 
 Nat. Hist. ; Muller Bay, Alaska Penin- 
 sula, Alaska; June 1, 1903. 
 
130 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 undesirable to take any such formal action, and I prefer merely to 
 indicate what may be the explanation of the two different types of 
 birds I have here included under the subspecific name unalaschcensis. 
 
 Birds of the Alaska Peninsula type show a range, of variation 
 undoubtedly indicative of intergradation with siwuom, the subspecies 
 next adjoining on the southeast. There are also some individuals 
 apparently inclining toward insuUwis, of the closely adjacent Kadiak 
 Island. This range of variation, including apparent intergrades 
 as above indicated, as well as the two diverse types of unalaschcensis, 
 all occurring among winter birds in California, has added greatly to 
 the difficulty of recognizing the relationships of many specimens there 
 taken. At the outset of this study the proper separation of unalasch- 
 censis and insularis from the confused series brought together, was 
 one of the most difficult problems encountered, and while the present 
 solution of the question seems logical and fairly satisfactory, it must 
 be borne in mind that it is largely hypothetical, and advanced merely 
 as an apparent explanation of the observed facts. Absolute proof of 
 its correctness awaits the study of additional summer specimens. 
 
 In the range of variation seen in winter birds, all the Alaska 
 Peninsula type show some trace of brown or rufous. Even the summer 
 birds show it to some degree, especially in the breast spotting. The 
 plumbeous colored type of bird is much less rufous, many of this 
 type presenting a dull slaty effect with scarcely a trace of reddish 
 anywhere. 
 
 In its southward migration unalaschcensis, like sinuosa, apparently 
 avoids the coast to a great extent. This is especially noticeable in 
 California, where nearly all the record stations are at inland points 
 until southern California is reached (see map, fig. 0). Specimens 
 taken at Helena, Trinity County, February 17, at Drytown, Amador 
 County, December 8 and February 29, at Lakeport, Lake County, 
 December 13, and at Berkeley, February 15, are apparently indicative 
 of winter visitants at these points, but they are only scattered indi- 
 viduals, the main winter home of the subspecies apparently lying south 
 of Tehachapi in southern California. 
 
 In the accompanying list of specimens (pp. 186-187) birds of the 
 plumbeous colored type are marked with a superimposed figure ( x ) 
 above the collection number, and it will be seen that this type of bird 
 in winter is practically restricted to southern California. The paler 
 colored Alaska Peninsula bird, found in southern California too, 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passer ella 
 
 131 
 
 occurs also in the Sierra Nevada. October 6 is an early date of arrival 
 in the Yosemite region, October 7 in southern California. In the 
 spring unalaschcensis lingers rather late, as shown by two birds taken 
 in Ventura County on May 2 and 3. 
 
 Unalaschcensis is one subspecies that may prove to winter well 
 south into Lower California, and from the data afforded by the series 
 at hand I am inclined to believe that it does so. The San Pedro Martir 
 
 Fig. Q. Wings of four subspecies of fox sparrow of the Unalaschcensis group, 
 natural size. 
 
 u. Passerella iliaoa unalasohcerisis, immature male; no. 26031, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; 
 near Yosemite Point, Yosemite National Park, California; October 30, 1915. 
 
 6. Passerella iliaoa sinuosa, adult male; no. 1535, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Hinehin- 
 brook Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska; June 25, 1908. 
 
 u. Passerella iliaoa toimsendA, adult male; no. 495, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Admiralty 
 Island, Alaska; May 4, 1907. 
 
 d. Passerella iliaoa fuliginosa, male; no. 27152, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Blue Lake, 
 Humboldt County, California; December 4, 1916. 
 
 region, at least, should offer suitable surroundings for fox sparrows 
 in winter. There is no information at hand regarding the winter bird 
 population of those mountains, and it will be of interest to note the 
 nature of occurrence of. Passerella in the range. 
 
 A specimen from Tacoma, Washington, on January 10, and one 
 from Portland, Oregon, November 7, are possibly indicative of winter 
 visitants at these points, surely the extreme northern limits of the 
 subspecies in winter. The Portland bird is not a typical example of 
 unalaschcensis, and is apparently an intergrade toward sinuosa. One 
 from Salem, Oregon, April 24, was probably a migrant. 
 
132 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella iliaca insularis Bidgway 
 Kadiak Fox Sparrow 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway, 1900, p. 30. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 52475, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; male adult ; Kadiak, 
 Alaska ; May 17, 1868 ; collected by Ferdinand Bischoff . 
 
 Range.- — In summer, Kadiak Island, Alaska ; in winter, south along 
 the Pacific Coast to extreme southern California. 
 
 Specim&ns examined. — 100 (see list, pp. 188-189). 
 
 Distmgtrishmg characters. — Of the Unalaschcensis group (see p. 
 89). Compared with fuUgmosa, toumsendi, and annectens, insularis 
 is of paler coloration, of slightly greater general size, and with a 
 notably larger bill. Compared with sinuosa and unalaschcensis, in- 
 sularis is of brighter, more ruddy coloration. The bill of insularis 
 is heavier than in siwwsa, about the bulk of that of unalaschcensis but 
 differently shaped (see fig. S). A specimen of insularis in juvenal 
 plumage at hand differs from the corresponding stage in the neigh- 
 boring races sinuosa and annectens in just such color characters as 
 are shown in the adults. It is of a brighter hue than the darker red 
 annectens, and decidedly ruddy compared with the relatively grayish 
 young sinuosa. 
 
 Remarks. — Insularis is apparently restricted in summer to Kadiak 
 Island. It has also been tentatively ascribed to Middleton Island, near 
 Prince William Sound (Bidgway, 1900, p. 30), but the two specimens 
 from this island that I have examined, and upon which this claim may 
 have been based, hardly justify this conclusion. These two birds are 
 not exactly alike, but to my mind they both most closely resemble the 
 subspecies sinuosa (see p. 136). 
 
 The series of winter birds does not suffice for as explicit an out- 
 lining of the winter habitat as is possible with some of the related 
 subspecies, but there are, nevertheless, certain features of the distri- 
 bution at this season that seem fairly well demonstrated by the data 
 at hand. Judging from the few migrants secured at intervening 
 points, the Kadiak fox sparrow, like the other northern coast f&rms of 
 Passerella, apparently makes long, direct flights in its migrations to 
 and from the summer home. 
 
 Once central California is reached, insularis does not seem to shun 
 the seacoast, as do its near relatives unalaschcensis and sinuosa; on 
 the contrary, it favors the coastal region and avoids the Sierras. 
 There are no specimens of insularis at hand from any point on the 
 California coast north of Marin County, though many Passerellas have 
 been examined from this section ; in Marin County insularis is a fairly 
 common winter visitant, but outnumbered by annectens. In the Sierra 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 133 
 
 Nevada, though there are several record stations of capture, the 
 number of individuals of insularis secured forms but a small per- 
 centage of the total number of Passerellas taken. The Pacific slope 
 of southern California apparently forms the main winter home of this 
 
 Passerella iliaca insularis 
 
 DISTRIBUTION MAP 
 
 MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 VivnJURr or cAiar orhia 
 
 Fig. E. Map showing stations of occurrence of Passerella iliaca insularis in 
 California as established by specimens examined by the author. The region 
 enclosed within the dotted outline is believed to be the main winter habitat of this 
 subspecies; in all probability most of the birds winter in the southern half of this 
 region. The general avoidance of the mountains of the interior is in marked 
 contrast to the distribution of the closely related unalcsohoensis and sinuosa. 
 
 subspecies, and even here there is apparently a local restriction to 
 regions fairly near the coast. Insularis is the most common form of 
 the Unalaschcensis group in the western part of the San Gabriel 
 
134 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 Mountains, in the vicinity of Pasadena. To the eastward, in the 
 canons above Claremont and Pomona, it is far outnumbered by 
 sinuosa, and this appears to be the case in the San Bernardino Moun- 
 tains also. There are only a few specimens at hand from that range, 
 and there are no examples of insularis among them. 
 
 September 23, at Echo, Eldorado County, and September 25, at 
 Hume, Fresno County, form early dates of arrival in the Sierra 
 Nevada. There is one specimen at hand from Lakeport, Lake County, 
 taken as early as September 7. In southern California dates of capture 
 lie between October 19 and February 25, though it can hardly be 
 doubted that the birds arrive there earlier and depart later than is 
 indicated by these dates. Farther north there are specimens secured 
 at Stony Ford, Colusa County, March 5, at Oakland, Alameda County, 
 March 14, and at Stockton, San Joaquin County, April 8. 
 
 Following are dates and places of capture between California and 
 Alaska: Fort Klamath, Oregon, April 13; "Westminster Junction, 
 British Columbia, April 27; New Westminster, British Columbia, 
 March 22; Parksville, Vancouver Island, April 26; Howkan, Alaska, 
 April 25; Kuiu Island, Alaska, April 30. These data indicate about 
 the time of the northward migration, but the specimens of insularis 
 thus represented form so small a percentage of the fox sparrows taken 
 in the region that to my mind they should be considered as little more 
 than strays from the regular line of travel. They will serve, perhaps, 
 to indicate dates of passage, but to all appearances the mode of travel 
 is mostly a long, direct flight, rather than a more leisurely series of 
 short flights with frequent stops. 
 
 One specimen from Clackamas County, Oregon, February 16, 
 possibly indicates the occasional wintering of insularis as far north 
 as this. 
 
 It is rather singular that among the non-typical winter birds, 
 referred perforce to insularis, the form they most nearly resemble, 
 there should be so many apparently leaning toward iliaoa. It is a 
 question whether there can be actual intergradation between the two 
 subspecies, with the ranges of unalaschcensis or sinuosa interposed 
 between them, and with insularis restricted to an island habitat. The 
 variants referred to usually resemble insularis in size of bill and 
 bright, ruddy coloration, but show more or less obscure mottling or 
 streaking upon the back, more or less distinct wing bars, and rather 
 sharply defined breast markings. They may really be intergrades 
 between unalaschcensis and iliaca, owing their bright coloring, and 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 135 
 
 consequent superficial resemblance to insularis, to their iliaca strain, 
 but this is a point that can hardly be determined from winter birds 
 alone. 
 
 Passerella iliaca sinuosa Grinnell 
 Valdez Pox Sparrow 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca sinuosa Grinnell, 1910, p. 405. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 1593, Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. ; male adult; 
 Drier Bay, Knight Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska ; August 26, 
 1908 ; collected by J. Dixon ; original number 309. 
 
 Fig. S. Bills of three subspecies of fox sparrow of the TJnalaseheensis group; 
 natural size. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaca insularis, adult male; no. 9655, Mus. Vert. ZooL; Kuiu 
 Island, Alaska; April 30, 1909. 
 
 6. Passerella iliaca sinuosa, adult male; no. 1591, Mus. Vert. ZooL; Hawkins 
 Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska; June 22, 1908. 
 
 c. Passerella iliaca anneetens, adult male; no. 7198, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Nicasio, 
 Marin County, California; February 21, 1909. 
 
 Range. — In summer the Prince William Sound region (both on 
 the islands and the mainland), Middleton Island, and the Kenai 
 Peninsula, Alaska. In winter south on the Pacific slope at least as 
 far as southern California. In its migrations and winter habitat 
 sinuosa for the most part avoids the immediate vicinity of the coast. 
 The main winter habitat appears to be the eastern part of the San 
 Diegan region, southern California, but a certain percentage of the 
 birds winters in the foothills along the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, 
 and small numbers even as far north as central Oregon. 
 
 Specimens examined. — 365 (see list, pp. 189-194). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Unalaschcensis group (see p. 
 89). Bill rather long and slender, not as heavy as in unalaschcensis 
 and insularis, but larger than in the more stubby-billed anneetens, 
 townsendi, and fuliginosa (see fig. S). Coloration rather more reddish 
 than in unalaschcensis, but decidedly less so than in the brighter 
 colored insularis, and the darker anneetens and townsendi. A notice- 
 ably ashy tinge dorsally and on sides of neck. 
 
 Remarks. — The simmer habitat of sinuosa lies between the ranges 
 of unalaschcensis and anneetens, and, in physical characters also, 
 
136 University of California Publications in Zoology [ YoL - 21 
 
 sinuom occupies an intermediate position between these two subspecies. 
 It, is of less slaty, more brownish, coloration than unalaschcensis, but 
 it is decidedly less brownish than the ruddy-colored armectens to the 
 southward. In bill structure also it is intermediate, with bill smaller 
 than in unalaschcensis, but rather larger than in annecte-ns. The con- 
 siderable series of sinuosa at hand from Prince "William Sound includes 
 many breeding adults, some juveniles, and some adults and im matures 
 in fresh fall plumage. It is thus illustrative of age and seasonal varia- 
 tion, and there is. considerable individual variation exhibited also, but 
 nothing that can be correlated with local distribution. That is, birds 
 from the several islands and from the mainland, as well as from the 
 opposite sides of the sound, are all intrinsically alike. (See Grinnell, 
 1910, p. 407.) Two adult specimens from Montague Island (nos. 1569, 
 1572, Mus. Vert. Zool.), exhibit, perhaps, the extremes, one of brown, 
 the other of gray coloration as seen in the entire series. 
 
 Six specimens at hand from points on the Kenai Peninsula are 
 clearly referable to smuosa. These birds, from the collection of the 
 American Museum of Natural History, were referred to by Chapman 
 (1902, p. 243; 1904, p. 404) under the names annectens and unalasch- 
 censis, the subspecies sinuosa not having been described at that time. 
 
 Two birds from Middleton Island (nos. 115823, 115824, U. S. Nat. 
 Mus.) appear to me to be clearly referable to sinuosa. These birds, 
 in fresh fall plumage, were taken on August 26, a date sufficiently 
 late to allow of their being perhaps wanderers from some other point, 
 though they are more probably representative of the form breeding 
 upon this island. They are very slightly aberrant from the mode of 
 the Prince William Sound series in that both are a trifle paler colored 
 and have distinctly more buffy under tail coverts, and that one has 
 a slightly larger bill. It is interesting to note that two winter speci- 
 mens from Echo, Eldorado County, California (nos. 88757, 88758, 
 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) duplicate these Middleton Islands birds in 
 every particular. It is not uncommon, of course, to find winter speci- 
 mens so different from the normal type of any of the described sub- 
 species as to be difficult to place satisfactorily, but there are only one 
 or two instances in the large series of fox sparrows here assembled 
 where such birds can be linked up with a summer habitat, as appears 
 to be the case with the two just mentioned. 
 
 There are many winter specimens at hand from points in Califor- 
 nia, which, though referred perforce to sinuosa, exhibit among them- 
 
l 92 °] Stmrth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 137 
 
 selves a much wider range of variation than is seen in the series from 
 the summer habitat, showing practically every degree of divergence 
 from typical sinuosa, on the one hand toward unalaschcetisis, on the 
 other toward wmectens. These different types of birds, it is to be 
 ■inferred, hail from appropriately intermediate localities between the 
 summer home of typical sinuosa and the homes of the races they 
 apparently approach in appearance. "Whether the whole Passerella 
 population from any one such place is uniformly of intermediate 
 appearance, or whether in such regions a percentage of intermediates 
 occurs among a preponderantly typical population, are questions 
 which can not now be answered. The field work carried on at such 
 points has as yet been insufficient to solve these problems. Among 
 winter birds there are other non-typical specimens also, apparently 
 referable to sinuosa, but showing a trend of variation not to be 
 explained as an approach either to unalaschcensis or to annect&ns. 
 
 There are four birds from Vancouver Island (nos. 1623, 4082, 
 4091, 4095, Victoria Mem. Mus.) that I have provisionally placed with 
 sinuosa though they are certainly not typical examples of that sub- 
 species. One of these (1623) taken at Victoria on April 29, and 
 probably a north-bound migrant, is, perhaps, to be explained as an 
 intermediate toward annectens; but the other three, winter birds from 
 Departure Bay, present peculiarities of dark coloration and thick bill 
 not to be explained as an approach toward any other neighboring race. 
 It is always possible in such a case that while the superficial appear- 
 ance of the specimen is most nearly like some one race (in this case 
 sinuosa), its real affinities lie elsewhere ; and that its peculiar characters 
 may be due to an intermediateness of distribution in summer at present 
 not understood. There are such large expanses of territory in the 
 Pacific northwest where fox sparrows must occur and where no 
 collecting has been done, and the manner of variation throughout the 
 group is as yet so imperfectly known, that it is too much to be expected 
 that the peculiarities of all winter specimens collected be perfectly 
 understood. 
 
 Aside from these aberrant specimens there is no example of sinuosa 
 at hand from any point between Prince William Sound and northern 
 Oregon, though extensive collecting has been carried on at many places 
 in this region. The inference to be drawn is that travel between 
 summer and winter homes is for the greater part of the distance by 
 one continuous flight with few or no stops. 
 
138 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 Most California specimens of sinuosa come from inland points. 
 There is evidently very little travel immediately along the coast, and 
 only a small proportion of the birds winters in the coastal region. 
 
 O Passerella iliaca sinuosa 
 
 Fig. T. Map showing stations of occurrence of Passerella iliaca sinuosa in 
 California, as established by specimens examined by the author. The regions 
 enclosed within the dotted outlines are believed to comprise the main winter 
 habitat of the subspeeies. The stations outside these areas are points where the 
 specimens of sirmosa taken were migrants, or, if winter visitants, where they 
 formed but a small percentage of the total Passerella population. 
 
 Prom Humboldt Bay there are two or three migrating individuals 
 and no midwinter birds; from Marin County, six winter specimens 
 out of a total of 63 Passerellas, and one or two additional migrating 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passer ella 139 
 
 sinuosa; from the Santa Cruz region 28 wintering sinuosa out of 90 
 Passerellas. On the other hand, from points in the Sierra Nevada 
 there are 23 wintering sinuosa out of a total of 51 Passerellas, and 
 from the San Diegan region, 124 out of a total of 396. 
 
 An interesting feature of the winter distribution of sinuosa lies 
 in the manner of its occurrence in the San Diegan region (see table 3) . 
 Sinuosa is the predominant winter fox sparrow in the foothills and 
 canons at the eastern extremity of the San Gabriel Mountains. An 
 extensive series of Passerella from the "Wright M. Pierce collection, 
 mostly from San Dimas and San Antonio canons, is available in the 
 present study, and there are some additional birds from the same 
 general region available from other sources. Out of a total of 178 
 winter specimens of Passerella from this section, 83 are sinuosa. Only 
 29 of the remaining 95 fox sparrows are representative of other sub- 
 species of the Unalaschcensis group (unalaschcensis, insularis, and 
 annectens). On the other hand, from the region about Pasadena and 
 in the adjacent mountains, toward the western extremity of the San 
 Gabriel Range, there are but nine wintering sinuosa out of a total 
 of 80 Passerellas. Here insularis is the predominant form. 
 
 Specimens, to all appearances referable to sinuosa, from Corvallis, 
 Oregon, in January, from Netarts, Oregon, in December and January, 
 and from Mercer, Oregon, in February, are indicative of the wintering 
 of at least occasional individuals as far north as this. There are a 
 few winter birds at hand from scattered points in the interior of 
 northern California : the Siskiyou Mountains, October 31 ; Clear Lake, 
 December and February; Colusa, January; Eagle Lake, October 27. 
 Undoubtedly, however, the main winter home of sinuosa lies in the 
 foothills at the western base of the Sierra Nevada, and in parts of 
 the San Diegan region. 
 
 The series from Prince William Sound includes specimens taken 
 from June 25 to September 2. "While this gives no clue as to the date 
 of arrival on the breeding ground, it seems probable that the latter 
 date, September 2, is close to the time of final departure for the south. 
 Among the birds from California and Oregon there are scattered 
 specimens that were secured upon dates affording some information 
 regarding the time of arrival at the winter habitat and departure 
 therefrom. Of autumnal arrivals in the Sierra Nevada there are birds 
 from Sierra City, Sierra County, September 22; and from Horse 
 Corral Meadow, Fresno County, September 21. This latter date may 
 
140 University of California Publications to Zoology [ VoL - 21 
 
 be accepted with especial confidence as the date of arrival at that 
 point on that particular year (1916), since fox sparrows had been 
 assiduously sought for some time before. There is a specimen from 
 Kunz, Trinity County, taken September 22; from the coast region 
 there are specimens from Fortuna, Humboldt County, September 23, 
 and from Oakland, Alameda County, September 28. The earliest date 
 of arrival from southern California is Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto 
 Mountains, September 28. 
 
 There are but few specimens at hand from California of later date 
 than February, though occasional captures indicate that the last 
 sinuosa does not leave for the north until much later. One bird from 
 Santa Cruz Island was secured on April 27, much the latest date of 
 capture in California shown in the series here available. Other late 
 spring dates are: Newhall, Los Angeles County, March 4, Bolinas, 
 Marin County, March 31, and Eureka, Humboldt County, March 3. 
 From Oregon there are birds from Portland, Multnomah County, 
 March 23, from Salem, Marion County, April 23, and from "Warm 
 Spring, Cook County, April 30. 
 
 Passerella iliaca annectens Eidgway 
 Yakutat Fox Sparrow 
 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca annectens Bidgway, Auk, 17, Jan., 1900, 
 p. 30. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 170222, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; male adult ; Yaku- 
 tat, Alaska, June 20, 1899 ; collected by R. Eidgway. 
 
 Range. — In summer on the coast of Alaska in the Yakutat Bay 
 region ; probably extends northwestwardly nearly to the eastern edge 
 of Prince William Sound, southeastwardly about to Cross Sound. In 
 winter restricted almost entirely to the immediate vicinity of the coast 
 in central California, from Marin County south through Monterey 
 County. A few stragglers reach southern California on the coastal ■ 
 slope. 
 
 Specimens examined. — 170 (see list, pp. 194-197). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Unalaschcensis group (see p. 
 89). In geographical position annectens lies between sinuosa and 
 townsendi, and in its characters it forms a link between the two. 
 Coloration is brighter, more ruddy than in sinuosa, not so dark as in 
 townsendi; breast spotting less heavy than in townsendi. In fresh fall 
 plumage, general coloration about cinnamon-brown; breeding birds 
 have lost much of the bright, ruddy appearance of the fall plumage, 
 and are duller in appearance. Annectens is of slightly smaller general 
 size than sinuosa, insularis and unalaschcensis, to the northward, 
 slightly larger than townsendi, to the southward (see table 4). Bill 
 notably smaller than in unalaschcensis and insularis, slightly smaller 
 than in sinuosa (see fig. S). 
 
!920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 141 
 
 Remarks. — Vigors (1839, p. 19) described Fringilhi meruloides, a 
 species that "was met with at Monterey" by the naturalists of H.M.S. 
 "Blossom." His description is brief, but evidently pertains to a fox 
 sparrow, and to one of the Unalaschcensis group, although it is not 
 sufficiently explicit to be pinned down to any one of the six subspecies 
 within the latter aggregation. Therefore the proper application of 
 the name meruloides rests to some extent upon outside facts, inde- 
 pendent of the written description. Vigors gives no dates of occur- 
 rence, but the time at which the "Blossom" visited Monterey, as 
 ascertained from Beechey's "narrative" (1831) was in January, and 
 again in October and November, 1827. It was undoubtedly during the 
 second visit (October 29 to November 17) that the natural history 
 collections were made, but either stay was at the proper season to find 
 fox sparrows there. No Passerella is known to breed in that region 
 (see Grinnell, 1902, p. 44). Although Vigors' description cannot be 
 used to distinguish between the several closely related subspecies 
 concerned, it so happens that at Monterey there is one particular 
 race that occurs in greater numbers than any of the others. The 
 Passerella that winters there in such abundance is, as verified by com- 
 parison of specimens, the form breeding in the Yakutat Bay region, 
 Alaska, named by Kidgway (1900, p. 30) Puss&rella, iMaoa annmtens. 
 
 Collecting carried on at Monterey in December, 1901, by Grinnell 
 (1902, p. 44) resulted in the capture of but the one subspecies; exam- 
 ination of additional specimens from the same general region showed 
 these also to be of the same form. On this basis Grinnell (loc. cit.) 
 pointed out that Vigors' name, meruloides, could be used with pro- 
 priety for this subspecies, as apparently the only form occurring in 
 the region. "With this view the present writer was in perfect accord 
 until a very recent date. "When the writing of the present report was 
 begun there were at hand seventeen fox sparrows from the vicinity 
 of Monterey. Of these, fifteen were of the Yakutat Bay subspecies, 
 one was sinuosa and one insularis, a representation of subspecies that 
 bore out Grinnell 's assertions, above indicated. A little later, however, 
 additional material was received that put a different aspect upon the 
 matter. 
 
 In December, 1918, Mr. H. G. White, of this Museum, spent some 
 weeks collecting birds and mammals in the immediate vicinity of 
 Monterey. As one result of his labors he sent in thirty-one fox spar- 
 rows. Of these, thirteen are of the Yakutat Bay race, sixteen are 
 sinuosa, and there is one specimen each of iUaoa and megarhynchus. 
 
142 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 Altogether there are at hand forty-six fox sparrows from Monterey, 
 including twenty-six of the Yakutat Bay race, seventeen sinuosa, and 
 one each of iliaca, insularis, and megarhynchus. 
 
 The name meruloides can be applied to one particular subspecies 
 only on the assumption that the chances are overwhelmingly against 
 any other race having been taken at the specified locality. As shown 
 by the recent collecting indicated above, while the one form is by far 
 the most abundant in the region, there is at least one other that occurs 
 in numbers. Altogether five subspecies are here recorded from that 
 place. Under the circumstances it seems to me that there can be no 
 absolute certainty as to the bird Vigors had in hand. On the contrary, 
 it seems apparent that there is no alternative but to discard Vigors' 
 name meruloides as undeterminable, as has been done by Ridgway 
 (1901, p. 390). That name is replaced by Passerella iliaca annectens 
 Ridgway (1900, p. 30), with type locality at Yakutat Bay, Alaska. 
 
 There is another angle to the question, in that the winter birds 
 bearing the closest resemblance to Yakutat Bay specimens, both as 
 regards color and bill structure, and making due allowance for seasonal 
 changes in color, are those from Marin County. The Yakutat speci- 
 mens at hand are all midsummer birds, taken a month or so prior to 
 the molt, but I can not conceive that these birds, even in the freshest 
 of plumage, ever presented the bright, ruddy appearance so frequently 
 seen in fall and winter specimens from the vicinity of Palo Alto and 
 of Monterey Bay. These latter seem to present an extreme of differ- 
 entiation within this subspecies, both as regards bright color and 
 increased size of bill. Discovery of a definable summer range of birds 
 with these characters may necessitate the recognition of still another 
 race, with annectens occurring at Yakutat Bay in summer, and mainly 
 in the region immediately north of San Francisco Bay in winter. At 
 present, however, no such division can safely be made, but the birds 
 from the several points indicated must all be lumped as exemplif3'ing 
 the range of variation within the one subspecies. 
 
 In the series of Pmserella here accumulated, annectens is abun- 
 dantly represented from many points near the coast, from Sonoma 
 County south through Monterey County, and by strikingly few speci- 
 mens from other parts of the state. Although this is such a common 
 winter bird in the San Francisco Bay region and in Marin County, 
 to the northward, it is almost entirely absent from the California 
 coast region but a little way farther north. In an extensive series 
 of fox sparrows from the Humboldt Bay region, but one example of 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 143 
 
 annecteps was discovered. This bird, taken September 20, was prob- 
 ably a migrant at this point. Two others specimens, from Logan, 
 Oregon, March 18, and from Tacoma, "Washington, November 10, 
 
 Passerella iliaca annectens 
 
 DISTRIBUTION MAP 
 
 MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 uhivehhiy or CAuromiA 
 
 Fig. TJ. Map showing stations of occurrence of Passerella iliaca annectens 
 in California, as established by specimens examined by the author. The region 
 enclosed within the dotted outline has been satisfactorily demonstrated to be the 
 main winter habitat of the subspecies. 
 
 indicate at least the occasional appearance of the subspecies at these 
 points, but in all . probability it is of uncommon occurrence there. 
 
 In the winter metropolis, the coastal region of central California, 
 dates of occurrence range from September 25 (Sebastopol, Sonoma 
 County) to April 19 (Hayward, Alameda County). In southern 
 
144 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 California, specimens have been taken from October 22 (Arroyo Seeo, 
 near Pasadena) to February 14 (San Dimas Canon). The only inland 
 points where specimens have been taken are Hume, Fresno County 
 (in the Sierra Nevada at 5300 feet), September 26, at Stockton, San 
 Joaquin County, November 28, and at Tower House, Shasta County, 
 March 8, one specimen at each place. Specimens of wmectens from 
 Clayoquot, Vancouver Island, September 17, from Kalama, Cowlitz 
 County, "Washington, October 18, and from Beaverton, "Washington 
 County, Oregon, from February 25 to April 22, are presumably 
 migrants. 
 
 It is a point worth noting that not only are the limits of the 
 winter habitat sharply defined and not only are by far the greater 
 number of these birds found in this habitat, but also a large propor- 
 tion of the stragglers found elsewhere are not absolutely typical of 
 the subspecies. Intergrades occur, linking amwctems with svnuosa, 
 on the one hand, and with townsendi, on the other, and many of the 
 individuals taken outside the usual winter habitat are of such equivocal 
 character, though referred to annectens as the form they most nearly 
 approach. 
 
 Passerella iliaca townsendi (Audubon) 
 Townsend Fox Sparrow 
 
 Original description. — " Plectrophanes townsendi Audubon, Birds Amer. 
 (folio), volume IV, part 85, plate 424, figure 7, engraved, printed and colored by 
 Eobert Havell, 1838. 
 
 "Fringilla townsendi Audubon, Ornithological Biography, vol. V, p. 236, 1839. 
 ' Shores of the Columbia Biver. ' ' '* 
 
 Type specimen.' — No. 2874, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; female adult ; Colum- 
 bia River, Oregon ; February 15, 1836 ; collected by J. K. Townsend. 
 
 Range. — In summer the coast region of southern Alaska, on islands 
 and mainland, from Glacier Bay and Lynn Canal south to Forrester 
 Island; also on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 
 
 In winter south on the coast of northern California ; to Humboldt 
 Bay, abundantly, to the San Francisco Bay region in small numbers. 
 One specimen from Arizona. 
 
 Specimens examined. — -155 (see list, pp. 197-199). 
 
 * These references are copied verbatim, as given me by Mr. W. H. Osgood, 
 Assistant Curator, Mammalogy and Ornithology, Field Museum of Natural 
 History, from copies in the library of that institution, the works cited not being 
 available for my own personal inspection. I wish here to express my appreciation 
 of his courtesy in supplying me with the needed references. Authors in citing 
 the original description of this subspecies give sometimes one and sometimes the 
 other of the above volumes, or a mixture of the two under one heading (cf. A. O. U. 
 Cheek-List, 1910, p. 278; Ridgway, 1901, p. 393), a procedure that is apt to 
 cause confusion where the actual circumstances are not understood. 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 145 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Unalaschcensis group (see p. 
 89). Compared with the subspecies to the northward, unalaschcensis, 
 insularis, svnuosa, and wmectens, coloration is much darker, more 
 rufescent, spots on breast larger and more crowded. Compared with 
 fuliginosa, to the southward, townsendi is brighter colored, less sooty. 
 General size slightly less, and size of bill appreciably less than in 
 unalaschcensis, msularis, and swmosa, slightly less even than in 
 annectens (see table 4). An average fall specimen just through the 
 molt, in general coloration of upper parts (head, neck and back) is 
 close to bister. Spring birds are appreciably paler colored, about 
 vandyke brown. 
 
 Remarks. — The Townsend fox sparrow is a notable example of a 
 bird with a winter habitat nearly as sharply denned as its summer 
 home. In the Humboldt Bay region of California it is an abundant 
 winter visitant, but even here it is evidently restricted to a narrow 
 strip of territory immediately adjoining the coast. Of forty-six fox 
 sparrows examined from the Humboldt Bay region taken during the 
 winter months, forty are toumsendi; of sixty examples of townsendi 
 taken in California (migrants and winter visitants), forty-nine are 
 from the Humboldt Bay region. From these figures it is apparent 
 that in California townsendi is closely confined to this particular 
 region ; it is also evident that it is the predominant form of Passerella 
 there. The only other fox sparrows I have seen from that section 
 are a few winter visitant fuliginosa, as listed beyond, several migrating 
 sinuosa, and one migrating annectens. The last mentioned subspecies 
 is so abundant a winter visitant to the California coast to the south- 
 ward, in the regions about San Francisco and Monterey bays, as to 
 make its rarity at Humboldt Bay a matter of surprise and of evident 
 significance. Conversely, the subspecies townsendi is almost as rare 
 in the winter metropolis of annectens. The winter habitats of the 
 two forms are nearly as sharply defined as the breeding ranges, and 
 there is very little straying on either side. 
 
 The summer home of the Townsend fox sparrow includes a long 
 stretch of coast in southeastern Alaska, but the bird apparently is 
 not continuously distributed throughout this area. The 1907 Alexan- 
 der Alaska Expedition found this subspecies breeding at Glacier Bay 
 (about the northern limit of the form), and at various points on 
 Admiralty, Baranof, and Chichagof islands (see Grinnell, 1909, p. 232). . 
 The 1909 Alexander Alaska Expedition did not find the bird on any 
 of the more southern islands of the Alexander Archipelago, nor at the 
 more southern mainland points touched upon (see Swarth, 1911, 
 p. 93). It is, however, known to be a common summer visitant to 
 
146 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 Forrester Island, near the southern extremity of the Alexander Archi- 
 pelago, and there is a June specimen at hand from Wrangell Island, 
 where I myself failed to find it. Specimens from Howkan, Long 
 Island, taken March 29 and April 6, were probably newly arrived 
 migrants, but one secured there on April 27 may well have been 
 upon its nesting ground. The available facts, however, all things 
 considered, point to a rather uneven distribution within the known 
 summer habitat. 
 
 The specimen above mentioned as secured at Howkan (near the 
 southern extremity of the Alexander Archipelago) on March 29, is 
 probably representative of as early a date of arrival upon the breeding 
 grounds as usually occurs. The Townsend sparrow was plentiful on 
 Admiralty Island by April 17, and eggs were found there on May 3 
 (Grinnell, loc. cit.). The present writer found the subspecies abun- 
 dant at Port Snettisham (on the mainland opposite Admiralty Island) 
 at the end of August; as birds in juvenal plumage were secured the 
 inference is that they were upon their breeding ground. Townsend 
 fox sparrows were seen on the Taku River early in September. The 
 last was noted September 19; as the writer remained in that region 
 until the end of September without seeing another one, that date may 
 be assumed to indicate the final departure for the year (Swarth, loc. 
 cit.) The first arrival in the winter home may be represented by a 
 bird (no. C. 292, Dickey coll.) taken at Fortuna, Humboldt County, 
 California, September 19. There is another specimen at hand (no. 
 2432, Emerson coll.) from Hay wards, Alameda County, California 
 (near the southern limit of the subspecies), taken September 20. 
 The latest date in the spring represented in the available series is of 
 a specimen (no. 21, Dickey coll.) taken at Eureka, Humboldt County, 
 California, on March 3. It is very probable, however, that this sub- 
 species really has not finally departed for the north until some weeks 
 later. 
 
 In California, as noted, the Townsend fox sparrow is quite closely 
 restricted to the Humboldt Bay region. Additional specimens from 
 scattered points in Sonoma, Marin, Alameda, and San Mateo counties 
 are in some cases typical examples of townsendi; in others they show 
 an obvious tendency toward annectens. As 'no stray specimens of 
 townsendi have appeared among the hundreds of fox sparrows exam- 
 ined from southern California, the occurrence of an individual of this 
 subspecies from a point in southeastern Arizona seems doubly strange. 
 There is, however, one specimen at hand (no. 3178, Law coll.) collected 
 
192 °] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 147 
 
 in Pinery Canon (altitude, 6000 ft.), Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, 
 November 28, 1914, that so closely resembles typical townsendi that 
 it must perforce be placed in that category. It is a trifle duller 
 colored, less richly brown, than Alaskan specimens, but the difference 
 is slight. 
 
 The series of townsendi from throughout the breeding range is on 
 the whole notably uniform in appearance, despite the segregation of 
 the birds on different islands. From the northern extreme, Glacier 
 Bay, there are, unfortunately, but two juveniles available. These are 
 not appreciably different from young from other points, and they 
 are unlike the one juvenal annectems at hand, but the material is too 
 scanty for a decision as to the existence of a tendency toward annectens 
 at this point. Birds from Forrester Island, an outlying island near 
 the southern boundary of Alaska, do not depart appreciably from 
 the mode of townsendi, nor, as far as I can see, do those from the 
 Queen Charlotte Islands, still farther south. A series of the last 
 mentioned was reported upon by Osgood (1901, p. 48), who remarks 
 that the birds ' ' are not identical with breeding birds from Sitka, and 
 perhaps should be considered intermediate between townsendi and 
 fuliginosa." I do not know the amount of comparative material that 
 was available when that report was written, but in the light of the 
 extensive series now assembled, the Queen Charlotte Islands specimens 
 can not be regarded as outside the range of variation seen elsewhere 
 in the habitat of townsendi. They certainly show no appreciable 
 approach toward fuliginosa, though such variation would not have 
 been surprising. 
 
 Birds in fresh fall plumage from the Taku River and Port Snetti- 
 sham are notably dark-colored as compared with breeding birds from 
 neighboring islands (see Swarth, 1911, p. 94), and this darkness is 
 also apparent in comparison with a September bird from Sitka. There 
 is a fall specimen at hand taken at another point on Baranof Island 
 (Peril Strait) of the same dark type of coloration as is seen on the 
 mainland birds. 
 
 The type specimen of Plectrophanes townsendi Audubon has been 
 available for the present study. This is a well made skin, considering 
 the period at which it was collected, and in good condition. Taken 
 late in the winter (February 15) the condition of the plumage would 
 not be noticeably different from birds collected six weeks later upon 
 the breeding ground, and to my eye the coloration of this specimen 
 is not appreciably different from selected specimens from the Alex- 
 
148 University of California Publications in Zoology [ VoL - 21 
 
 ander Archipelago and the Queen Charlotte Islands. There can be 
 
 no shadow of a doubt as to the applicability of the name townsendi. 
 
 The only label upon the skin (besides the red "type label") was 
 
 ° Passerella iliaca townsendi 
 A Passerella iliaca fuliginosa 
 
 DISTRIBUTION MAP 
 
 MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 
 1 OF CM IFORNIA 
 
 Fig. V. Map showing stations of occurrence of Passerella iliaca townsendi 
 and P. i. fuUginosa in California, as established by specimens examined by the 
 author: The region enclosed within the dotted outline has been satisfactorily 
 demonstrated to be the only part of California visited commonly by townsendi; 
 it is evidently the southern extremity of the normal winter habitat of the sub- 
 Fuliginosa is of little more than casual occurrence in California. 
 
 presumably attached to it by Professor Baird. Upon the face of the 
 label the words "Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C." have 
 been crossed out with a pen, and "Coll. of S. F. Baird" written in. 
 Upon the back of the label are written the words "Prom Audubons 
 
192 °] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 149 
 
 Coll. Property of S. F. Baird." The locality of capture, Columbia 
 Eiver, Oregon, must necessarily be regarded as established by the 
 statement in the original description, rather than that upon the label, 
 which must have been attached at a much later date. 
 
 Passerella iliaca fuliginosa Ridgway 
 Sooty Pox Sparrow 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaoa fuliginosa Ridgway, 1899, p. 36. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 157611, Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agric. ; male 
 adult; Neah Bay, Clallam County, Washington; June 10, 1897; col- 
 lected by E. A. Preble; original number 319. 
 
 Range. — Imperfectly known. In summer known to occupy parts 
 of Vancouver Island and northwestern Washington; presumably the 
 mainland coast of southern British Columbia also. In winter non- 
 typical birds occur in small numbers along the coast as far as San 
 Francisco Bay, rarely to southern California. 
 
 Specimens examined. — 39 (see list, pp. 199-200). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Unalasehcensis group (see p. 
 89). Much darker than any of the other subspecies, and also more 
 heavily marked. One specimen at hand in freshly acquired winter 
 plumage is about clove brown on the head, and very slightly more 
 castaneous on the lower back. The lateral under surface of the body 
 and the spots on the breast are dull and sooty, with hardly an indica- 
 tion of reddish. In general size fuliginosa is slightly larger than 
 townsendi. 
 
 Remarks. — This is one of the least known of the subspecies of fox 
 sparrows. Its summer home is in a region where relatively little bird 
 collecting has been done; its migrations at any season are extremely 
 limited, and do not carry it into regions where specimens are much 
 more likely to be taken than in the summer habitat. As a result there 
 are but few skins in collections. 
 
 Owing to the diversity of appearance exhibited by the specimens, 
 the series here assembled, small though it is, raises certain questions 
 that can not be answered prior to the accumulation of much additional 
 material. The type specimen of fuliginosa (a summer bird from 
 northwestern Washington) possesses a relatively long and slender 
 bill. This is seen also in the more fully grown young birds from 
 Vancouver Island, and again in some winter specimens from Van- 
 couver Island. Other winter birds from the latter place, however, 
 though of dark coloration and with the heavy markings of fuliginosa, 
 have noticeably short, stubby bills. Winter birds from California, 
 though here listed under the name fuliginosa, are so placed by the 
 
150 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 author reluctantly and with a strong sense of dissatisfaction. They 
 are certainly dark colored, but of a duller tone than in typical fuli- 
 ginosa, they are not so heavily marked below (that is, the streakings 
 are less crowded), the under tail coverts are more nearly whitish, and 
 they all have stubby bills. There are no specimens available from 
 the mainland coast of British Columbia, and I have consequently no 
 knowledge of the characters of the birds of that region. The nature 
 of variation that may be assumed to exist at the outskirts of the range 
 of fuliginosa, perhaps showing inter gradation between fuliginosa and 
 toumsendi, perhaps between fuliginosa and altimagaMS, and fuliginosa 
 and schistacea, is entirely unknown, and until series of specimens are 
 gathered from many points where such intergrades are to be looked 
 for,, and the summer habitats of the several subspecies concerned con- 
 sequently platted in much greater detail than is now possible, there 
 is little to be gained by speculation as to the nature and origin of 
 the puzzling winter birds above described. It may be said with all 
 certainty, however, that the California winter visitants here included 
 under fuliginosa were not migrants from northwestern Washington 
 or Vancouver Island. With the exception of one or two specimens 
 from Humboldt Bay they do not even approach typical fuliginosa very 
 closely in appearance ; they are placed in that category because their 
 characters are such as to indicate a closer affinity to fuliginosa than 
 to any other form, and probably illustrate intergradation between 
 fuliginosa and some one of the adjacent subspecies. 
 
 In what little is known of the summer habitat of fuliginosa there 
 are certain apparent inconsistencies of occurrence. Dawson (1909, 
 p. 152) found this subspecies breeding upon the San Juan Islands, 
 Puget Sound, but the present writer did not meet with it at the lower 
 levels of the closely adjacent southeastern portion of Vancouver 
 Island. Here it was discovered breeding in the Canadian Zone of the 
 higher mountains, from 2200 feet altitude upward. Farther north 
 on Vancouver Island, at Nootka Sound, however, it was seen at sea 
 level (Canadian Zone) (Swarth, 1912, p. 62). While Dawson (1909, 
 p. 155) defines the summer habitat in Washington as on "the north 
 and west slopes of the Olympic Mountains, together with the islands 
 of Lower Puget Sound," a list of the birds of the Lake Crescent 
 region, Olympic Mountains, by Rathbun (1916) includes no mention 
 of Passerella. 
 
 The present writer collected four specimens of fuliginosa in the 
 summer habitat on Vancouver Island. Three are in juvenal plumage. 
 
1920]- Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passer ella 151 
 
 and one in almost complete first winter plumage. The last mentioned 
 (no. 16253, Mus. Vert. Zool.), in perfectly fresh, unfaded plumage, 
 is of intensely deep brown coloration, about clove brown on the head, 
 and very slightly more castaneous on the lower back. It is much more 
 heavily marked below than is the case in townsendi, the dark markings - 
 being so nearly confluent across the breast that in this case it is the 
 white ground color that shows through as interrupted markings. The 
 lateral under parts and the dark spots on the breast are dull and sooty, 
 with but a suggestion of reddish. 
 
 The three juveniles exhibit some diversity of color. In the darkest 
 of them (no. 16252, Mus. Vert. Zool.) the general coloration is bister, 
 as compared with snuff brown in typical young townsendi; the mark- 
 ings below are so extensive, and the ground color so very little paler 
 than these markings, that it appears almost "solid" brown below. 
 The other two young (nos. 16251, 16254) are less heavily marked and 
 not so dark-colored, but they are still appreciably darker than town- 
 sendi at the same stage. 
 
 Fuliginosa (speaking now of the non-typical birds previously 
 described) is a rare winter visitant to the northern coast region of 
 California. The earliest arrival noted is one from Fortuna, Humboldt 
 County, September 19; the latest in the spring, one from southeast 
 Parallone Island, May 31. As the subspecies had been represented 
 in local collections heretofore only by an occasional specimen (nearly 
 all from the Humboldt Bay region, included among large series of 
 townsendi), it was rather unexpected that in the fall of 1918 there 
 should be a sudden influx of the birds into the San Francisco Bay 
 region. On October 1, 1918, R. M. Hunt, of the Museum of Vertebrate 
 Zoology, noted numbers of fox sparrows in the hills east of the Uni- 
 versity Campus. The following day he returned to the place and 
 collected six of the birds. Four of the six proved to be fuliginosa. 
 On October 18 four more fox sparrows were collected at the same 
 place, and three of them were fuliginosa. Later collecting failed to 
 disclose more of these dark-colored birds. On September 26, 1918, 
 J. Grinnell collected an immature female fuliginosa at Morro, San 
 Luis Obispo County. In the light of these several captures, and con- 
 sidering the absence of the subspecies in the extensive series of fox 
 sparrows available and collected in the San Francisco Bay region 
 during previous years, there seems to be evidence of a rather unusual 
 "wave" of this bird. There are certain other birds, more con- 
 spicuous in actions and appearance (the varied thrush is a good 
 
152 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 example) that we know to vary in numbers from year to year, and 
 it may be that among the subspecies of the fox sparrows also there is 
 this question of fluctuating numbers (or even total absence some 
 winters compared with relative abundance during others) to make still 
 more complicated the already involved problem of the migration and 
 distribution of the different forms. 
 
 One specimen of fuligmosa at hand (no. 27153, Mus. Vert. Zool.), 
 like the Berkeley birds in appearance, was taken at Bear Flat, San 
 Antonio Canon, San Gabriel Mountains, California, on November 30, 
 1916. This is by far the southernmost record for the subspecies. 
 
 Fig. W. Wings of three subspecies of fox sparrow of the Sehistacea group, 
 natural size. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaca sehistacea, adult male; no. 9054, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Pine 
 Forest Mountains, Nevada; June 19, 1909. 
 
 o. Passerella iliaca mariposae, adult male; no. 29089, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Sisson, 
 Siskiyou County, California; May 15, 1918. 
 
 o. Passerella iliaca stephensi, adult male; no. 3426, coll. G. F. Moreom; Bear 
 Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, California; June 10, 1886. 
 
 Passerella iliaca sehistacea Baird 
 Slate-colored Fox Sparrow 
 Original description. — Passerella sehistacea Baird, 1858, p. 490. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 5718, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; female ; ' ' Platte river, 
 K. T." (== "South Fork of Platte Eiver, about 25 miles east of 
 northeastern corner of Colorado, Nebraska" [A. O. U. Check-List, 
 1910, p. 277]) ; July 19, 1856; collected by Lt. F. T. Bryan (original 
 number 131). 
 
 Range. — The summer habitat is principally in the high mountains 
 of the Great Basin region, north into Alberta, south into Nevada and 
 east probably to eastern Wyoming. In winter south to southern 
 California and (casually, at least) to southern Arizona. Occasional 
 in migration in western Nebraska and Kansas. 
 
1920] Sumrth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 153 
 
 Specimens examined. — 98 (see list, pp. 200-201). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Within the Schistacea group (see p. 
 89), schistacea is distinguished from all the other subspecies save 
 canescens by its diminutive bill (see figs. E, P, and table 4). From 
 canescens, schistacea is distinguished by its more slender pointed, less 
 stubby bill, and by color, canescens being more grayish in general 
 coloration; schistacea more brownish. In an average example of 
 schistacea in fresh fall plumage (no. 23203, Mus. Vert. Zool., Blue 
 Canon, Placer County, California, August 31, 1912) the upper parts 
 generally are overlaid with brownish, the general effect being not far 
 from sepia, while the ventral spots, each one blackish centrally, are 
 laterally of a richer brown than the back. By April much of the 
 brownish tinge has disappeared through wear and fading, but direct 
 comparison of specimens of schistacea and canescens shows an appre- 
 ciable difference, still, in this regard. In juvenal plumage schistacea 
 exhibits throughout a brownish suffusion, just such as is seen in the 
 later stages. 
 
 Remarks. — The type specimen of Passerella schistacea Baird was 
 collected upon the expedition headed by Lieut. Francis T. Bryan in 
 exploration of a road from Fort Eiley to Bridger's Pass in the sum- 
 mer of 1856. The locality of capture of the specimen as entered upon 
 the label is simply "Platte river, K. T.," the date, July 19, 1856. 
 The itinerary of Lieut. Bryan's party appears in a report contained 
 among "The executive documents printed by order of the senate of 
 the United States" (1858, pp. 455-457) ; and there is a map showing 
 the route the party traversed, in the Annual Report of the Wheeler 
 Survey (1876, opp. p. 36). In the itinerary, unfortunately, a detailed 
 account of day to day travel begins only on July 23, but by comparison 
 of the less detailed statements just preceding this date, with the table 
 of distances (pp. 485, 486) a fairly accurate idea may be reached of 
 the whereabouts of the party on July 19. On that day, from the 
 above data, they would seem to have been traveling along the South 
 Platte River, probably between Laramie Crossing and Goodale's 
 Crossing, approximately two hundred miles west of Fort Kearny. 
 This would fix the type locality of schistacea at about the point given 
 by Cooke (1897, p. 107), upon the authority of Dr. T. S. Palmer, and 
 as repeated by the A. O. U. Check-List (1910, p. 277). The latter 
 authority gives it as " South Fork of Platte River, about 25 miles east 
 of northeastern corner of Colorado, Nebraska." I myself, after 
 studying the documents above mentioned, did not feel able to fix the 
 locality quite so exactly, but it is, apparently, in Nebraska and on 
 the South Platte River, not many miles east of the Nebraska-Colorado 
 boundary line. It should be stated that on the map above cited the 
 
154 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 only part of Lieut. Bryan's route that is clearly labelled as such is the 
 stretch between the South Platte River in northeastern Colorado and 
 the Solomon River, Kansas, the homeward route taken by the party 
 later in the summer.* 
 
 The type specimen of schistacea is an adult female in badly molting 
 condition, of little value for color comparisons. The subspecies is 
 evidently rare in Nebraska and in the adjacent portions of Colorado 
 and Wyoming, and it is improbable that this bird was breeding at the 
 place where it was taken. From the account in Bryan's itinerary, 
 above cited, the headwaters of Lodgepole Creek (which empties into 
 the South Platte not far west of the point of capture) would seem a 
 not unlikely breeding ground for Passerella, so it may be that this 
 bird had strayed down that stream, and then down the South Platte. 
 
 In Baird's original description of Passerella schistacea (1858, 
 p. 490), his comments were applied to a series of specimens that 
 included two or more distinct subspecies, as now understood. As far 
 as the description itself is concerned, both the small-type paragraph 
 headed "Sp. Ch." and the general comments following, all laying 
 stress upon the great size of the bill, as compared with iliaca, apply 
 to the bird he later called megarhynchus, and not to the small-billed 
 bird for which the name schistacea has been generally used. The 
 definite statement is made, however, that :"The essential characters 
 of the preceding diagnosis are based on a specimen (5118) from the 
 head of the Platte, and collected by Lieutenant Bryan, in 1856." It 
 was a curious slip to have made, especially by as keen an observer as 
 Baird, for it is literally impossible that a comparison of Bryan's 
 specimen from the Platte with examples of iliaca, could have inspired 
 a diagnosis of the former containing the statement : ' ' Bill very thick ; 
 the upper mandible much swollen at the base. ' ' 
 
 It seems as though the descriptive paragraphs had been based upon 
 Fort Tejon specimens, and the comment upon the Platte specimen 
 inserted at some later time. It may, perhaps, have been put in with 
 an idea of defining the geographic range of the species. 
 
 However that may be, and however definitely every sentence in the 
 diagnosis applies to the California bird, there is no doubt that the 
 statement above quoted fixes the type of schistacea as being the Platte 
 River specimen. In addition to this there is Baird's action in an 
 appendix to the volume containing the description of schistacea, where 
 
 * I am indebted to Dr. T. S. Palmer, of the United States Biological Survey, 
 for putting me upon the track of the accounts from which the above statements 
 are taken. 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 155 
 
 he applies the name megarhynchus to birds from Port Tejon (1858, 
 p. 925), and specifically mentions the Platte River specimen as the 
 type of schistacea. 
 
 Judging from the variation exhibited by the birds assembled for 
 this study, it seems possible that the name schistacea, even as here 
 restricted, covers a composite of two or more recognizable subspecies. 
 That such is the case, however, is not capable of proof by the exam- 
 ination either of winter birds alone, or of the few summer birds avail- 
 able, which represent but a limited number of localities. The general 
 summer range of schistacea consists of many scattered high mountain 
 localities, more or less widely separated, and it would not be surpris- 
 ing should some of the isolated colonies thereon prove to be as dis- 
 tinguishably different from normal schistacea as is canescens. 
 
 The rather extensive series of summer specimens from the Pine 
 Forest Mountains, Nevada, are apparently similar in character to the 
 type specimen of schistacea and to summer birds from the vicinity of 
 Port Bridger, Wyoming. Schistacea, proper, is thus primarily a bird 
 of the Great Basin. Birds of this type are of distinctly brownish 
 coloration, as compared with canescens (both adults and juvenals), 
 and, in the extreme of differentiation from that race, have a notably 
 longer, more slender pointed bill. In midsummer plumage the pres- 
 ence of the brown coloration is usually obscured by wear and fading, 
 but molting birds from the Pine Forest Mountains show it unmistak- 
 ably in the new-coming feathers. Most California winter taken speci- 
 mens are evidently of this same type, slender-billed, and more brown 
 of color than canescens. There is a small proportion of skins, from 
 various scattered localities, that have this brown coloration carried 
 to an extreme, nearly as much so as in some of the Unalaschcensis 
 group, from which, however, they are readily distinguished by other 
 characters. The capture of one of these extremely rufescent birds at 
 Anthony, Baker County, Oregon (October 11), suggests the possibility 
 of the summer habitat of this type lying somewhat farther to the 
 northward, or perhaps it is an indication of intergradation between 
 schistacea and altivagans. In support of this supposition attention 
 may be drawn to a series of summer birds from Banff, Alberta (coll. 
 Victoria Mem. Mus.). As compared with the Pine Forest Mountains 
 series, the Banff birds are much more heavily marked below, and of 
 appreciably browner coloration. One specimen in particular (no. 
 1175) is notably rufescent, and with a faint suggestion of streaking 
 above. On the other hand, a specimen from a neighboring locality 
 
156 University of California Publications in Zoology t VoL - 21 
 
 (no. 100358, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ptarmigan Lake, near Laggan, 
 Alberta), is not appreciably different in coloration from the Nevada 
 birds. The Alberta specimens are short-tailed, as compared with those 
 farther south, this again being undoubtedly an approach toward 
 altwagans. 
 
 Schistacm occurs in California as a migrant and winter visitant, 
 the specimens at hand indicating the occurrence of this subspecies over 
 a large part of the state, though it is not a common bird at any point. 
 The line of migration extends along the Sierra Nevada, with the main 
 winter home in California in the San Diego region. There are many 
 records from the Sierras extending from August to November, and 
 a lesser number during March and April. One individual from Mari- 
 posa County, November 29, might have been supposed to be in its 
 winter home, but Tyler (1913, p. 85), speaking of the occurrence of 
 this subspecies in the Fresno district (south of Mariposa County), 
 asserts that while some of the birds remain until December, they all 
 depart during this month, presumably for points still farther south. 
 
 There is one winter bird (December 5) from the Piute Mountains, 
 at the southern extremity of the Sierra Nevada, while from the San 
 Diego region there are many specimens taken during December, Janu- 
 ary, and February. These winter birds are all from points west of 
 the divide that separates the Pacific slope from the desert, though 
 there is no reason to doubt that the subspecies winters also on the 
 desert slopes of these same mountains. The northernmost winter 
 specimen at hand from the coast region is from Nordhoff, Ventura 
 County, and there are many points of capture from that station south 
 practically to the Mexican boundary. The subspecies has not as yet 
 been reported from any of the islands off the coast of southern Cali- 
 fornia, nor from any locality north of Ventura County and west of 
 the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. 
 
 The earliest arrival in the fall is one taken at Blue Canon, Placer 
 County, August 31, though others have been secured far to the south 
 of this but a few days later — at Cottonwood Lakes, 11,000 feet altitude, 
 Inyo County, September 3, and at Lytle Creek, San Bernardino 
 County, September 2. In Kings River Canon, in 1916, slate-colored 
 fox sparrows were migrating in small numbers the middle of Septem- 
 ber, the first taken on September 12, though others, believed to be 
 of the same subspecies, had been seen on the 10th. A few days later, 
 at Horse Corral Meadow, a high ridge just south of the Canon, the 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 157 
 
 migration was evidently in full swing, and specimens of schistacea 
 were shot from time to time along with several other subspecies of 
 Passerella. The latest taken specimen in the spring is one from Ojai 
 
 • P. iliaca schistacea, breeding 
 
 P. iliaca schistacea, 
 non-breeding 
 
 ♦ P. iliaca canescens, breeding 
 
 P. iliaca canescens, 
 non-breeding 
 
 DISTRIBUTION MAP 
 
 MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 Fig. X. Map showing stations of occurrence of Passerella iliaca schistacea 
 and P. i. canescens in Nevada and California, as established by specimens exam- 
 ined by the author. The portion of southern California enclosed within the outline 
 is believed to be the main winter habitat of schistacea in this state. Note the 
 general avoidance of the coastal region. 
 
 Valley, Ventura County, April 25. In the vicinity of Lone Pine, 
 Inyo County, in 1912, slate-colored sparrows were seen daily about 
 the middle of April, migrating northward, specimens being secured 
 from April 10 to 16. 
 
158 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 The capture of an individual of this subspecies in midsummer 
 (July 3, 1908) in the San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County, Cali- 
 fornia, remains an anomalous occurrence, difficult to understand 
 (Grinnell and Swarth, 1913, p. 281). 
 
 There are four specimens of schistaicea available from Arizona. 
 The winter range of schistac&a is generally given as including Arizona 
 and New Mexico (ef. A. 0. U. Check-List, 1910, p. 277; Ridgway, 
 1901, p. 396), but the published records of occurrence in the former 
 state hardly suffice as a basis for the statement. I know of but four 
 such locality records : forty miles south of Camp Apache, September 1, 
 1873, one specimen (Henshaw, 1875, p. 293) ; San Francisco Moun- 
 tain, September 29, 1889, one specimen (Merriam, 1890, p. 97) ; 
 Huachuca Mountains, November 20, 1894, one specimen (Fisher, 1904, 
 p. 81) ; Big Sandy Creek, near Signal, Mohave County, February 6 
 and 9, 1880, three specimens (Stephens, 1914, p. 259). Brewster's 
 (1882, p. 197) record from Tucson was a mistake, as pointed out by 
 Stephens (loc. cit.). 
 
 The additional specimens now at hand are two from the Sierra 
 Ancha, Gila County, November 7 and 12, 1916 (nos. 1803, 1804, coll. 
 G. Willett), one collected by A. Van Rossem in Bonita Canon, Chiri- 
 cahua Mountains, January 24, 1915 (no. 3179, coll. J. E. Law), and 
 one taken by Dr. E. A. Mearns at Payson, Yavapai [= Gila?] County, 
 February 18, 1888 (no. 52996, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). It may be 
 only due to the failure to collect in the proper localities that the sub- 
 species has not been found to be of regular and abundant winter 
 occurrence in Arizona, but on the basis of the above mentioned speci- 
 mens (all that are known to me as occurring in that state), schistacea 
 can hardly be regarded as of much more than casual occurrence. 
 
 The four Arizona specimens at hand are in appearance essentially 
 like the breeding bird of northern Nevada, and are probably migrants 
 from that general region. 
 
 Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth 
 "Warner Mountains Fox Sparrow 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth, 1918, p. 162. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 14795, Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. ; adult male ; 
 Sugar Hill (5000 feet), Warner Mountains, Modoc County, Califor- 
 nia; May 19, 1910; collected by "W. P. Taylor and H. C. Bryant; 
 original number 2887. 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 159 
 
 Range. — In summer the extreme northeastern corner of California, 
 in the mountains of Modoc and Lassen counties; north into central 
 Oregon; east of the Cascades. The northernmost specimen at hand 
 is from "Warmspring, Crook County, the easternmost from Burns, 
 Harney County. Winter home unknown. 
 
 Specimens examined. — 89 (see list, pp. 201-202). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Schistacea group (see p. 89). 
 Bill intermediate in size between schistacea and mariposae; of about 
 the same size as in monoensis, but more slender and attenuated than 
 the short and rather heavy bill of that subspecies (see fig. F). Color- 
 ation more brownish than in mariposae and monoensis; about as in 
 schistacea. Wing and tail measurements somewhat less than in mari- 
 posae, about the same as in schistacea (see table 4). 
 
 Remarks. — Size of bill will suffice to distinguish fulva from any 
 of the other fox sparrows of the Schistacea group save monoensis. 
 From the latter form fulva may be told by the somewhat differently 
 shaped bill, and by difference in coloration. In worn summer plumage 
 color differences are more or less obscured, but in freshly molted fall 
 specimens they are readily apparent. 
 
 The large series of breeding birds at hand from the Warner 
 Mountains, California, is quite uniform in appearance throughout. 
 Breeding birds from various points in central Oregon exhibit consider- 
 able diversity in size and shape of bill and in relative grayness and 
 brownness of color, though all, I believe, are best referred to fulva. 
 This variation is in accordance with the geographical position of 
 the several specimens, showing different degrees of intermediateness 
 between fulva, schistacea, and mariposae. Birds from extreme 
 southern Lake County are typical fulva. One specimen from Burns, 
 Harney County, the easternmost point represented, in size of bill 
 approaches schistacea. Examples from Fort Klamath and Sisters, 
 the westernmost points of record, have larger bills, apparently tending 
 toward mariposae. These latter specimens also are decidedly grayish 
 in color, as compared with Warner Mountains birds, in this respect 
 again showing an approach to mariposae. 
 
 There is an abundance of breeding specimens of fulva at hand, and 
 from enough different localities to give a fairly accurate idea of the 
 summer habitat of this form, but there is practically no material that 
 would serve to shed light on migration route and winter home. There 
 is a specimen in the Mailliard collection (no. 4253), a typical example 
 of fulva, collected at Eagle Lake, Lassen County, October 1, 1899; 
 and one in the collection of Allan Brooks, collected by A. Van Rossem 
 
160 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 y^ 
 
 at Sierra City, Sierra County, October 6, 1911. These would indicate 
 a rather late tarrying near the summer habitat. An immature male 
 (no. E. 301, coll. D. R. Dickey) taken at Lawson (= Lassen) Creek, 
 Modoc County, August 23, is so different from midsummer birds of 
 the same age and stage of plumage from the near-by Warner Moun- 
 tains, that, although I include it under the name fulva, I believe that 
 it was a migrant at the point of capture, probably from somewhere 
 in central Oregon. It has the gray coloration and the type of bill 
 seen in birds from that region. 
 
 There is one specimen in the Emerson collection taken in the 
 Volcan Mountains, San Diego County, February 9, 1884. This bird 
 
 is unquestionably fulva. It can 
 be very closely matched by selected 
 specimens from the Warner Moun- 
 tains (allowing for the different 
 degrees of wear on the feathers), 
 and it is absolutely the only speci- 
 ^Wv_ ^v men of which this can be said, 
 
 "~~^ ■- > that has come to light among 
 
 the hundreds of winter collected 
 southern Californian fox spar- 
 rows examined. There has been 
 very little bird collecting done 
 in the mountains of San Diego 
 County in winter, not over a 
 dozen Passerellas from this whole 
 county having been examined by 
 the present writer, and it may be 
 that future work will disclose the winter home of fulva to lie in this 
 unexplored part of the state. 
 
 There is a skin in the collection of A. B. Howell (no. 6827), taken 
 at Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, October 11, 1918, and one 
 in the collection of W. L. Dawson, taken in Santa Barbara County, 
 January 11, 1913, that also appear to be fulva, though not so un- 
 equivocally so as the Volcan Mountains specimen. The Bluff Lake 
 specimen has the brown coloration of fulva, but not the attenuated 
 bill characteristic of adults of this subspecies. The relatively stubby 
 bill of this bird may be a result of immaturity, or it may, on the 
 other hand, be an indication of intergradation, perhaps towards 
 megarhynchus. Size and shape of bill are about intermediate between 
 
 Fig. Y. Bills of two subspecies of 
 fox sparrow, natural size. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaca mariposae, adult 
 female; no. 25691, Mus. Vert. Zool.; 
 Yosemite Point, Yosemite Park, Cali- 
 fornia; June 4, 1915. 
 
 6. Passerella iliaca megarhyncJms, 
 female; no. 12402, XL S. Nat. Mus., 
 type speeimen; Port Tejon, Kern 
 County, California. 
 
1S20] Swarth:' Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 161 
 
 the two subspecies. The Santa Barbara specimen is close to typical 
 fulva. Two specimens in the "W. M. Pierce collection (nos. 1772, 
 1796), from Cucamonga and San Dimas canons, southern California, 
 I have also considered as fulva, but they are far from typical of the 
 form. If these several points in San Bernardino and Los Angeles 
 counties represent northern and western limits of the winter habitat 
 of fulva, as seems possible, it would not be surprising to find at these 
 outposts non-typical birds, visitors from the borderland of the summer 
 home of the race. 
 
 Passerella iliaca megarhynchus Baird 
 Thick-billed Fox Sparrow 
 
 Original description. — P[asserella~\. megarhyndhus Baird, 1858, p. 925. [Note 
 that I use this name, megarhynchus, as it is written by the original describer, 
 Baird. He, too, used it in this form in conjunction with the generic term Passe- 
 rella.} 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 12402, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; female ; Fort Tejon, 
 Kern County, California; collected by J. Xantus de Vesey; original 
 number 1397 ; date of capture not on label. 
 
 Range. — Common winter visitant to the Pacific slope of southern 
 California. Summer home unknown. 
 
 Specimens examined. — 104 (see list, pp. 202-204). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Schistacea group (see p. 89). 
 From all other subspecies of this group except brevicauda, megar- 
 hynchus may be distinguished by its heavy, stubby bill and relatively 
 brownish coloration. In both these features it approaches brevicauda, 
 but it has a less heavy bill, and it is not as brown colored as in the 
 extreme of that form. In bill structure megarhynchus is about inter- 
 mediate between the type of brevicauda on the one hand and fulva, 
 of southern Oregon, on the other (see fig. Y). 
 
 Remarks. -^-la. assorting the confused series of "thick-billed spar- 
 rows" contained in the several collections available from southern 
 California, there proved to be in each lot a rather large percentage 
 of birds, winter visitants only, with the prominent characteristics of 
 broad, stubby bill, and relatively brownish coloration. Through the 
 courtesy of the authorities of the United States National Museum I 
 have been permitted to examine the type specimen of Passerella 
 megarhynchus Baird, and it proves to be a bird of this character. 
 The name megarhynchus is thus shown to be properly applied (as 
 it has been in the past) to the most common form of ' ' thick-billed spar- 
 row" found in winter in southern California, but it can no longer 
 
162 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 be used for the breeding bird of the Sierra Nevada. Series of summer 
 specimens from various parts of those mountains are available for 
 comparison, and prove to be of a different type of bird (see page 1-73). 
 It is not possible at present to indicate the breeding range of megar- 
 hynchus, but the relatively thorough working-out of the summer homes 
 of stephensi, mariposae, monoensis, fulva, and brevicauda, made pos- 
 sible by the series of specimens here assembled, narrows down the 
 territory in which this breeding area may be expected to be found. 
 Megarhynchus as here restricted, is, it may be remarked, perfectly 
 distinct from any of the above mentioned subspecies, and our ignor- 
 ance of its summer habitat is not to be explained by a mistaking of 
 seasonal or other variation of individual birds for the subspecific 
 variation of geographic races. Although there are only winter speci- 
 mens of megarhynchus at hand, there is sufficient material representa- 
 tive of the other closely related subspecies to demonstrate the reality 
 of the indicated differences, regardless of season. 
 
 Megarhynchus is most nearly like brevicauda, .in fact the material 
 at hand indicates perfect intergradation between the two. Both are 
 brownish colored birds, compared with mariposae, monoensis, and 
 stephensi, and both have the same shaped bill, in different sizes. Series 
 of breeding birds at hand show that the subspecies of the Sierras are 
 decidedly grayish. Stephensi, mariposae, and monoensis, extending 
 from the San Jacinto Mountains to Mount Shasta, are all of this pale 
 type, and all have similarly shaped, rather slenderly-pointed, bills. 
 Obviously there is no room here for the insertion of a brownish- 
 colored, stubby-billed subspecies; also there are enough breeding 
 stations represented along these mountain chains to show that there 
 are no fox sparrows there of the megarhynchus type. 
 
 On the other hand, the available material shows the existence of 
 a chain of brownish-colored subspecies of the Schistacea group, extend- 
 ing from schistacea of northern Nevada, through fulva of southern 
 Oregon, and the "Warner Mountains, California,, and ending with 
 brevicauda of the Yolla Bolly Mountains. In its salient characters 
 megarhynchus apparently fits in between fulva and brevicauda; it is 
 intermediate between the two, though appreciably nearer the latter. 
 According to this reasoning the breeding grounds of megarhynchus 
 would lie in the coastal mountains of extreme northwestern California, 
 and, probably, southwestern Oregon. This section is not represented 
 by a single specimen in the material at hand, and apparently there 
 has been little or no bird collecting done there. As far as I know 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 163 
 
 there are no published references to the occurrence of fox sparrows 
 in that region, at any rate nothing to shed light on this problem. 
 
 Among the winter birds from southern California here ascribed to 
 megarhynchus, there are many that are difficult to distinguish by 
 color from mariposae. It is worth noting that rather grayish-colored 
 individuals are frequent in the Claremont series, while brown-colored 
 ones predominate about Pasadena and Los Angeles. The gray-colored 
 Claremont specimens, however, have the stubby bill characteristic of 
 megarhynchus, and I consequently place them in that category. I 
 do not claim to possess a perfect understanding of the exact relation- 
 ships existing between megwrhynckus, mariposae, and fulva, which, 
 indeed, can not be attained without much more information than I 
 possess regarding the summer habitats of all three; I can not do more 
 than point out the features of the winter birds examined, as correlated 
 with places of capture. The suggestion may be made, however, that 
 here again is evidence of fairly close restriction of winter habitat; 
 furthermore, winter birds with the various characters above described 
 should in the future be checked up with summer birds from points as 
 yet unrepresented, in the more minute working out of relationships 
 and routes of migration. 
 
 Megarhynchus is a common winter visitant to the Pacific slope of 
 southern California, but there are very few specimens from other 
 points indicating the route traversed between this region and its breed- 
 ing ground. There are three specimens at hand from Tower House, 
 Shasta County, taken on March 2 and 7, and one from Sisson, Siskiyou 
 County, September 5; whether these birds were winter visitants at 
 the points of capture, or merely migrants, there is no way of telling. 
 At any rate they may be taken as evidence that the breeding ground 
 of megarhynchus lies at least as far north as this. The subspecies 
 certainly does not breed in the immediate vicinity of either Tower 
 House or Sisson. 
 
 One bird from Lakeport, Lake County, taken on February 27 
 (no. 11436, Calif. Acad. Sci.)', is in large part albino, but is un- 
 equivocally megarhynchus nevertheless. There is one specimen of 
 megarhynchus from Nicasio, Marin County, taken January 30, the 
 only one of. this subspecies that has come to light among the many 
 fox sparrows examined from this county. The dates of capture of 
 the two birds last mentioned are indicative of their being winter 
 visitants, though the subspecies is evidently extremely rare at the 
 points where they were taken. There is a record of megarhynchus 
 
164 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 as seen at Alton Junction (near Eureka), Humboldt County, in late 
 October (Perry, 1908, p. 43), but in the absence of specimens there is 
 no certainty as to the subspecies actually encountered. 
 
 O Passerella iliaca mariposae 
 + Passerella iliaca megarhyncJius 
 j. Passerella iliaca fulva 
 
 Fig. Z. Map showing winter occurrence of Passerella iliaca mariposae, P. i. 
 megarhynchus, and P. i. fulva in California, as established by specimens examined 
 by the author. The region enclosed within the dotted outline is believed to be the 
 main winter habitat of megarhynchus. The locality stations of mariposae and 
 fulva denote the capture of but a single specimen at each point, apparently strag- 
 glers from the still unknown center of winter abundance. 
 
 Along the line of the Sierra Nevada, among the scores of fox 
 sparrows collected, there are but two examples of megarhynchus. 
 One is from Blue Canon, Placer County, taken on October 19, the 
 other from El Portal, Mariposa County, on November 28. The sub- 
 species is evidently rare in these mountains, but may be assumed 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 165 
 
 to winter in small numbers as far north as the latter station. The 
 Pacific slope of southern California is evidently the winter metropolis 
 of megarhynchus. In the foothills of this section it is in winter per- 
 haps the commonest of the fox sparrows, certainly the most abundant 
 of the Schistacea group. Dates of capture, in the region about Pasa- 
 dena, range from September 15 to April 17; in the Santa Monica 
 Mountains, from October 26 to February 22 ; from the Ojai Valley, 
 Ventura County, there is one as late as April 27. There is but one 
 specimen (no. 30446, Mus. Vert. Zool., Seaside, Monterey County, 
 December 30) from a coastal point between Santa Barbara and San 
 Francisco, but it would not be surprising should the subspecies be 
 found regularly, migrating at least, along the coast ranges of this 
 section. 
 
 On the whole there is a notable contrast in the abundance of this 
 subspecies in its winter home in southern California, and its scarcity 
 as a migrant farther north in the state. An explanation of this con- 
 dition may be found in this bird again being one that leaves its breed- 
 ing ground abruptly and departs by a long flight to its winter home, 
 passing over much of the intervening country. 
 
 Passerella iliaca brevicauda Mailliard 
 
 Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow 
 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca brevicauda Mailliard, 1918, p. 138. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 23924, Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. ; female adult ; 
 one-half mile south of South Yolla Bolly Mountain, in Trinity County, 
 California; August 7, 1913; collected by A. C. Shelton and George 
 Stone (original number 385). 
 
 Range. — There are breeding birds at hand from South Yolla Bolly 
 Mountain, which lies at the junction of Trinity, Tehama and Mendo- 
 cino counties, from Snow Mountain, in the northwestern corner of 
 Colusa County, and also one juvenal from Mount Sanhedrin, in north- 
 eastern Mendocino County. "Winter birds have been examined from 
 the near vicinity of the coast, from Marin County, central California, 
 and from Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles counties, includ- 
 ing Santa Catalina Island, southern California. 
 
 Specimens examined. — 73 (see list, pp. 204-205). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Schistacea group (see p. 89). 
 Of the subspecies within this group brevicauda is superficially most 
 nearly like stephensi, the two being noticeably alike in the enormous 
 development of the bill. Between stephensi and brevicauda there are 
 differences of color and proportions. Brevicauda is brownish colored, 
 stephensi grayish ; brevicauda has the tail shorter than stephensi (see 
 table 4), has weaker claws (see fig. AA), and a somewhat differently 
 shaped bill (see fig. F). 
 
166 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 Remarks. — Although brevicauda is one of the more recently differ- 
 entiated local races of the species, it so happens that there is more 
 information at hand regarding the seasonal distribution of this sub- 
 species than there is regarding that of any of its near relatives. The 
 available data include facts of decided interest, the locally restricted 
 winter habitat being especially worthy of emphasis. In its summer 
 home brevicauda occupies the westernmost point of any of the 
 schistacea group, and in its winter home also it keeps just as far to 
 the westward as possible. Other closely related subspecies occur quite 
 as far west, it is true, but brevicauda in winter does not extend east- 
 ward (inland) for any distance, as do the others. It hugs the near 
 vicinity of the coast. The local restriction of the race in Marin 
 
 Fig. AA. Feet of two subspecies of fox sparrow, natural size. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaca stephensi, adult female; no. 2096, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; San 
 Jacinto Mountains, California; July 10, 1908. 
 
 b. Passerella iliaca 'brevicauda, adult male; no. 23922, Mus. Vert. Zool.; South 
 Yolla Bolly Mountain, Tehama County, California; August 1, 1913. 
 
 County, just north of San Francisco Bay, has been commented upon 
 by Mailliard (1912, p. 63). Here it occurs in winter apparently with 
 fair regularity upon certain rocky, brush-covered ridges near the coast, 
 and nowhere else. East of San Francisco Bay, on the University of 
 California campus, this subspecies has not yet been detected among 
 the several kinds of fox sparrows that frequent these grounds in 
 winter. Neither is it included in the extensive series of Passerella 
 collected over a period of years at Hayward, a few miles to the 
 southward, by W. Otto Emerson. 
 
 South of San Francisco Bay there are no record stations for this 
 subspecies until Santa Barbara is reached, though it can hardly be 
 doubted that it occurs in winter at suitable spots. In this region, as 
 elsewhere, it is probably restricted to certain limited areas. In Los 
 Angeles County the peculiarly local distribution of the race receives 
 special emphasis from the large number of specimens of Passerella 
 available from many points within the county, rendering it out of all 
 question that the predominance of certain subspecies at certain spots 
 
1920] Suiarth: Revision of Avian Genus P'asserella 167 
 
 should be purely a coincidence (see pp. 110-111). Some of the writer's 
 earliest experiences in bird collecting (in the vicinity of Los Angeles) 
 were with fox sparrows, and he soon discovered that the place to hunt 
 for "thick-billed sparrows" (quite satisfactorily thick-billed they were, 
 top !) was in certain brushy canons between Los Angeles and the ocean, 
 while for "Townsend's sparrows" (any of the Unalaschcensis group) 
 it was usually necessary to make trips to the mountain tops and 
 canons to the eastward above Pasadena. 
 
 In its history thus far, brevicauda has been regularly confused with 
 stephensi. Winter specimens of the former at one time were cited 
 by Mailliard (1912, p. 63) as demonstrating the winter occurrence 
 of the latter in Marin County. Oberholser (1900, p. 233) lists speci- 
 mens of stephensi from Santa Catalina Island in April, and Bowles 
 (1911, p. 175) from Santa Barbara in August. The specimens upon 
 which the above records were based have all been examined by the 
 present writer, and all prove to be examples of brevicauda. It will 
 be noted that Oberholser {loc. tit.) comments upon the brown dorsal 
 coloration of the Santa Catalina Island specimens, one of the dis- 
 tinguishing features of brevicauda as compared with stephensi. 
 
 While brevicauda has thus been confused with stephensi wherever 
 the former has been collected, I nevertheless do not believe the rela- 
 tionships of the two to be especially close. The large bill, common 
 to both, is, of course, a most conspicuous feature, the presence of which 
 would be apt to lead the observer astray, for without strongly con- 
 firmatory evidence one would hardly assume the existence of two 
 subspecies of the same species, each characterized by exceptional 
 development of the bill. With this feature conspicuously in view, 
 the differentiating characters of color and proportions are not such 
 as to impress the observer so strongly, especially with but a limited 
 number of specimens for comparison. With an adequate series, how- 
 ever,- it can be seen that the peculiar characters of brevicauda are 
 further accentuations of the features, not of stephensi, but of megar- 
 hynchus. The latter is a rather brownish colored bird, compared 
 with mariposae and stephensi, and with a broad, stubby bill. Brevi- 
 cauda is still browner in color, and with the same shaped bill greatly 
 enlarged (see fig. P). In typical stephensi, at least in adult birds, 
 the bill is rather longer and more slenderly pointed, very much the 
 shape seen in mariposae, though, of course, of greater size (see fig. E ) . 
 
 Individual variation in subspecific characters is manifested in the 
 series of brevicauda to about the same extent as in the other races 
 
168 University of California Publications iw Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 of Passerella. Such variation in most cases takes the form of inter- 
 gradation toward megarhynchus, sometimes in slight degree, occasion- 
 ally to an extent that makes the placing of the individual specimen 
 a matter of arbitrary decision. It is noteworthy that the birds from 
 Snow Mountain, the southernmost known breeding station of brev.i- 
 cauda, have the bill perceptibly larger than in the Yolla Bolly birds, 
 to the northward. The latter thus appear to show in some degree 
 intermediateness toward megnrhynchus. In but a few cases, among 
 winter birds, is there any occasion for confusion with stephensi. In 
 faded and worn plumage there may sometimes be difficulty in deciding 
 between these two subspecies, but there are no fresh-plumaged birds 
 at hand that are at all equivocal. 
 
 In addition to the normal variation just described, there is one 
 specimen at hand (coll. W. L. Dawson, male, "Santa Barbara Co., 
 Cal.," November 22, 1913) that shows a noteworthy trace of albinism. 
 It has a pure white area on the forehead, extending from eye to eye, 
 from the base of the bill backward to a maximum width of six milli- 
 meters. On the left side it includes the lores and extends below the 
 eye over the cheek. This white marking is of interest through its 
 appearance of being an unusual extension of the two whitish spots 
 between eyes and nostrils, present to a greater or less extent in prac- 
 tically all fox sparrows. 
 
 The series of breeding birds at hand sheds little light upon the 
 dates of arrival and departure of this subspecies upon its nesting 
 ground, for they are all midsummer specimens. The winter birds 
 from Marin County were taken on dates ranging from September 23 
 to April 29. Specimens collected by Mailliard on September 23 were 
 believed by him to have been raised possibly at the spot where they 
 were taken (Mailliard, 1912, p. 63), a supposition that has not as yet 
 been verified. One specimen at hand from Nicasio, Marin County 
 (Carnegie Museum, no. 29698), bears the date of "June" 28. The 
 label now attached to this skin is obviously not that of the original 
 collector. In all probability a mistake was made in copying, so that 
 this skin can not be admitted as evidence of the breeding of brevicauda 
 at this place. 
 
 Prom southern California by far the earliest fall migrant is 
 Bowles' specimen from Little Pine Mountain, Santa Barbara County, 
 taken August 30. Prom the Santa Monica Mountains there are speci- 
 mens from October 4 to January 19, but there is little doubt that the 
 birds arrive earlier and depart later than is indicated by these dates. 
 
192 °] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passer ella 169 
 
 There is one skin at hand from the Ojai Valley, Ventura County, 
 April 18. From Santa Catalina Island a specimen collected April 19 
 affords the latest date for southern California. Specimens collected 
 on the same island in mid-December attest the wintering of the bird 
 there. 
 
 Passerella iliaca canescens Swarth 
 
 White Mountains Fox Sparrow 
 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca canescens Swarth, 1918, p. 163. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 28439, Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. ; immature male 
 (in nearly complete first. winter plumage) ; Wyman Creek at 8250 feet 
 altitude, east slope of White Mountains, Inyo County,. California; 
 August 15, 1917; collected by A. C. Shelton; original number 3549. 
 
 Range. — In summer apparently confined to the White Mountains, 
 in Inyo and Mono counties, California. Migration route and winter 
 habitat unknown, save as the species is represented by a few speci- 
 mens from Los Angeles and Santa Barbara counties and the Colorado 
 River, California. 
 
 Specimens examined. — 23 (see list, p. 205). 
 
 Distinguishing charoxters.-^Oi the Schistacea group . (see p. 89). 
 Distinguished from all other subspecies within this group, save 
 schistacea,, by its diminutive bill ' (see fig. D). From schistacea, 
 canescens may be differentiated by its decidedly more grayish color- 
 ation. This is strikingly apparent when freshly molted birds of the 
 two subspecies are compared, and it is also evident in the juvenal 
 plumage. In worn midsummer birds these color differences naturally 
 are obscured. 
 
 Remarks. — The type series of canescens consists of twelve speci- 
 mens from the Boreal Zone on the White Mountains, in Inyo and 
 Mono counties, California. The series includes three adults in rather 
 worn summer plumage, two adults undergoing the annual molt, but 
 mostly in the new winter plumage, and six in juvenal plumage, some 
 of them showing a few feathers of the first winter plumage. There 
 are a few winter birds at hand from southern California that appear 
 to belong to this subspecies, all taken at points some distance from 
 the coast. One from Mount Wilson, November 4, 1894 (no. 34, Swarth 
 coll.), appears to be typical canescens, extremely small-billed, of 
 decidedly slaty coloration, and the breast spotting rather sparse and 
 with no trace of the reddish brown peculiar to schistacea. Others 
 from Blythe, Riverside County (on the Colorado River), San Antonio 
 Canon, San Bernardino County, San Dimas and Palmer's canons, 
 Los Angeles County, and Santa Barbara, though not so extreme in 
 character, are apparently also to be referred to canescens. There is 
 a notable difference between these birds and the brownish colored 
 schistacea found migrating in the Sierra Nevada. 
 
170 University of California Publications m Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 The southern California winter specimens do not suffice to indicate 
 the winter habitat of this subspecies. Apparently, however, canescens, 
 like the other Sierran and Great Basin forms, avoids the vicinity of 
 the coast, and must be looked for farther inland. The points of 
 winter capture here recorded may indicate the northern and western 
 limits at that season. 
 
 It is a noteworthy fact that in all the bird collecting carried on 
 by the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Owens Valley and in the 
 Death Valley region, not a single migrating example of canescens 
 was secured. As these places are directly south of the White Moun- 
 tains, they would certainly be traversed by migrating canescens, unless 
 — as seems probable — the birds pass over these regions in long,. direct 
 nights toward and from the winter habitat. Accumulating data points 
 more and more convincingly toward this latter mode of travel as 
 prevalent among many of the subspecies of Passerella. 
 
 Passerella iliaca monoensis Grinnell and Storer 
 Mono Fox Sparrow 
 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca monoensis Grinnell and Storer, 1917, 
 p. 165. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 26930, Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. ; male adult; 
 Mono Lake Post Office, altitude 6500 feet, Mono County, California; 
 May 21, 1916 ; collected by Joseph Dixon ; original no. 4644. 
 
 Range. — Breeds on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada in the 
 vicinity of Mono Lake; possibly also in the Panamint Mountains. 
 Occurs in winter in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada and on 
 the Pacific slope of southern California. 
 
 Specimens examined. — 38 (see list, p. 206). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Schistacea group (see p. 89). 
 A gray-colored fox sparrow, in bill character intermediate between 
 canescens and mariposae (see fig. E). Of the pale coloration common 
 to the canescens-monoensis-mariposae-stephensi series. In this line of 
 subspecies monoensis occupies a position comparable to that of fulva 
 in the schistacea-fulva-megarhynchus-brevicauda chain. Specimens of 
 monoensis and fulva are sometimes very much alike in bill structure, 
 but may be distinguished by coloration, fulva being a brownish colored 
 bird, monoensis a grayish colored one. 
 
 Remarks. — There is a fox sparrow at hand, an adult male in rather 
 worn plumage, collected at Jackass Springs, Panamint Mountains, 
 California, June 25, 1917 (no. 28430, Mus. Vert. Zool.) that I tenta- 
 tively refer to monoensis. The capture of this specimen in midsum- 
 mer, a bird which was in full song and in breeding condition, is fair 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 171 
 
 Pig. BB. Map showing summer habitat of Passerella iliaea fvXva, P. i. mwri- 
 posae, P. i. monoensis, P. i. stephensi, and P. i. brevioauda. The symbols indicate 
 the location of breeding stations, as established by specimens examined by the 
 author. 
 
172 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 evidence that the species was nesting in the mountains where it was 
 taken, though no more of the birds were seen. If I am correct in 
 ascribing this specimen to monoensis, it may indicate that the sub- 
 species occupies a rather extensive summer habitat on the summits of 
 certain of the desert mountains. However this may be, the only 
 breeding specimens at hand that appear to be unequivocally of the 
 race monoensis (aside from the one exception above noted) are all 
 from a relatively limited region about Mono Lake. Specimens from 
 Mammoth, immediately to the southward, appear to be mariposae, 
 as are the birds still farther south on the east slope of the Sierras 
 (see p. 175). Furthermore, between Mono Lake and the Panamint 
 Mountains lie the White Mountains with the very different subspecies 
 canescens. It is hardly reasonable to suppose that the latter race 
 would be thus interposed between the known habitat of monoensis at 
 Mono Lake, and an outlying colony such as seems to be indicated 
 by the Panamint Mountains specimen. Altogether, the capture of 
 the latter is an extremely puzzling occurrence. 
 
 While engaged in this study of Piasserella ) i took occasion to request 
 Mr. Donald D. McLean to collect for the Museum specimens of fox 
 sparrows from the vicinity of his home, near Goulterville, Mariposa 
 County, California. There were but few of any of the subspecies at 
 hand from the Sierra Nevada foothills, -and he had told me that there 
 were many "thick-billed sparrows" in that region during the winter 
 months. To my surprise, of the nine birds of this type that he sent 
 in, collected during December and January, eight proved to be mono- 
 ensis. Coulterville is at the west base of the Sierra Nevada, almost 
 due west of Mono Lake, thoughj of course, with the whole width of 
 the mountain chain between the two points. There is a specimen of 
 monoensis at hand taken in Yosemite Park, October 1, and four others 
 from Horse Corral Meadow, in the mountains of Fresno County, 
 secured between September 19 and 23, indicating that the subspecies 
 spills over the crest of the Sierras on to the western slope in the 
 migration from the summer home. If the main winter habitat should 
 prove to be in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada as is indi- 
 cated by the Coulterville birds, it would imply a rather remarkable 
 migration route — almost due east and west, rather than north and 
 south. 
 
 There are a few scattered winter birds at hand from points in 
 Los Angeles County, including Santa Catalina and San Clemente 
 islands, all taken west of the desert divides. Extreme dates of capture 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 173 
 
 are September 24 (San Antonio Canon) and March 28 (San Clemente 
 Island) ; other specimens have been taken during October, December, 
 January, and February. 
 
 Passerella iliaca mariposae Swarth 
 Yosemite Fox Sparrow 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca mariposae Swarth, 1918, p. 161. 
 
 Type specimen.— No. 25693, Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. ; adult male ; 
 ridge at 7000 feet, near Chinquapin, Yosemite Park, California; 
 June 10, 1915 ; collected by J. Grinnell ; original number 3284. 
 
 Range. — Summer visitant to the Canadian and high Transition 
 zones in the northern and central Sierra Nevada. Breeding stations 
 represented by specimens in hand range from central Siskiyou County 
 (head of Little Shasta Eiver) at the north, south at least to the 
 Yosemite region on the west slope of the Sierras, to Kearsarge Pass 
 on the east slope. There are a few winter specimens at hand from 
 scattered points in San Diego, Los Angeles and San Bernardino 
 counties, but too few to indicate accurately the entire winter habitat 
 or migration routes. 
 
 Specimens eooamined. — 206 (see list, pp. 206-209). 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Sehistacea group (see p. 89). 
 With the gray coloration common to the canescens^monoensis-mariposae- 
 stephensi series, and not to be distinguished in color and markings 
 from the other members of this chain of subspecies. In bill structure 
 mariposae lies between monoensis and stephe-nsi (see fig. E ) . In gen- 
 eral size and length of tail in this line there is progressive increase 
 from canescens to stephensi, and in these particulars as in size of 
 bill, mariposae. occupies its appropriate intermediate position (see 
 table 4). 
 
 Remarks. — While there is at hand an abundance of summer speci- 
 mens of mariposae, there is a notable dearth of winter collected bjrds. 
 These facts, coupled with the reverse. condition. in megarhynchus, of 
 which I have seen winter specimens. only, may be used by some as 
 arguments proving the two to be identical, and only suffered to 
 masquerade under different names through a misunderstanding of 
 seasonal differences. In contravention to this idea it may be pointed 
 out that there are many specimens in the available series of mariposae 
 taken at summer stations just, prior to the birds' departure therefrom 
 in the fall, and after they had assumed the winter plumage, these 
 specimens sufficing to show the color differences distinguishing mari- 
 posae from megarhynchus. Shape of bill is an excellent differentiating 
 character between adults at any season. 
 
 There are a few examples of mariposae at hand taken in winter 
 at various points in southern California, but they are so few in 
 
174 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 number compared with the abundance of certain other subspecies 
 associated with them that there seems no doubt that the places of 
 capture of these scattered individuals do not represent the main 
 winter home of the race. Then, too, some of these winter birds are 
 not absolutely typical of mariposae, though most nearly resembling 
 that form. Altogether, it is evident that the winter metropolis of 
 mariposae is still to be discovered. In this connection it may be 
 pointed out that we are similarly ignorant of the winter homes of 
 the other Sierran fox sparrows, stephensi and monoensis, and of their 
 neighboring relatives fulva and canescens. In each case there are 
 scattering winter birds and migrants at hand, but nothing to show 
 where the bulk of the populations winter. It is not to be supposed 
 that all five of these subspecies necessarily depart to the same place, 
 but it seems possible that their modes of departure and arrival are 
 very similar, and that the explanation of the puzzle in each case lies 
 in the existence of a relatively restricted winter habitat, and one that 
 has not been thoroughly scrutinized for these birds at that season. 
 It may be, of course, that mariposae winters in some parts of the 
 Sierran foothills, but there is little evidence of this either in the avail- 
 able specimens, or in published literature. Belding (1890, p. 170), 
 speaking of the Sierran bird (under the name megarhynchus) , says: 
 "Not at Alta and Colfax November 17-21, nor at Red Bluff in warm 
 winter of 1884-85. I never see it in the lower foothills of Calaveras 
 County in winter, though P. imalaschcensis is common there at that 
 time." 
 
 That the detailed mapping of summer ranges of the forms of 
 Passerella breeding in the Sierra Nevada will yield interesting and 
 valuable results is indicated by the general facts already gathered. 
 The habitats of stephensi and mariposae are each known to be inter- 
 rupted along certain lines where thorough exploration has been prose- 
 cuted, and as there are other parts of the Sierras presenting similar 
 conditions it is evident that at these places also there must be breaks 
 in distribution, and that each of these subspecies in summer is scat- 
 tered into a number of colonies of varying extent. 
 
 The Kings River Canon section of the Sierra Nevada may be cited 
 in its bearing on the fox sparrow problem. This canon runs far back 
 into the mountains, a broad, gently sloping valley, Transition zone 
 clear to its uppermost confines and therefore not inhabited in summer 
 by Passerella. The surrounding walls are high and steep, and drop 
 from plateaus, zonally of high Transition, Canadian and higher. In 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 175 
 
 this elevated region south of the Kings River Canon the present writer 
 found stephensi in abundance in the late summer, evidently on its 
 breeding ground. This is assumed to be the northernmost point 
 reached by this subspecies in the Sierra Nevada, though no collecting 
 has as yet been done on the high country immediately north of the 
 Kings River Canon. This gorge evidently acts as a barrier to the 
 continuous distribution of Passerella in this direction. Prom the head 
 of the Canon (Transition Zone) steep slopes arise, carrying an 
 extremely limited belt of Canadian Zone (where we saw no Passerella) 
 and leading abruptly to the extensive strip of Hudsonian and Alpine- 
 Arctic along the crest of the Sierras. These latter belts are not 
 occupied by Passerella, hence they act as a barrier between colonies 
 on the east and west slopes of the mountains. 
 
 On the east side, in Kearsarge Pass, mariposae is abundant in 
 summer, the southernmost point at which the subspecies has been 
 found breeding. This station on the east side of the mountains is 
 directly opposite that point on the west side where stephensi occurs 
 at its northern limit, the two being separated by the intervening strip 
 of Alpine-Arctic and Hudsonian. Thus mariposae occurs consider- 
 ably farther south on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada than on the 
 west slope. There are one or two specimens of Passerella at hand from 
 Mammoth, Mono County, on the east slope and close to the habitat of 
 monoensis. These appear to be referable to mariposae, and indicate 
 the probable extent of territory occupied by this subspecies on the 
 east slope of the Sierras, a territory cut off from the western colony 
 for its entire length by the Alpine-Arctic and Hudsonian zone of the 
 summit. It is difficult to understand why this isolated division should 
 not be of the monoensis type. There is no obvious barrier between it 
 and that subspecies, and reasoning d priori one would expect the 
 features of the latter race to be developed over this entire eastern 
 exposure where Passerella oecurs. Such is most emphatically not the 
 case at the southern limits of mariposae, however, Kearsarge Pass 
 specimens being unmistakably similar to mariposae of the Yosemite 
 region, and impossible to confuse with their nearer neighbors, 
 stephensi on the one hand and monoensis on the other. 
 
 Farther north, in Eldorado County, there is what appears to be 
 intergradation toward monoensis. Birds from the western part of this 
 county are typical mariposae, but in the series from the immediate 
 vicinity of Lake Tahoe and Mt. Tallac there are some individuals quite 
 as small-billed as selected examples of monoeiisis. So, too, as regards 
 
176 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 three skins from Douglas County, Nevada, southeast of Lake Tahoe. 
 Two of these are about as small-billed as monoensis, while the third is 
 an average mariposae. 
 
 Monoensis is not a strongly marked form, and its characters, such 
 as they are, obviously show intermediateness between mariposae and 
 canescens, between which races monoensis is situated geographically. 
 This fact may have some bearing on the relative restriction of the 
 region in which typical monoensis occurs. Doubtless also, a careful 
 working out in greater detail than has yet been done of the breeding 
 ranges of the several subspecies concerned will go far toward explain- 
 ing facts the meaning of which now seems obscure. 
 
 There is little data at hand to indicate precise dates of arrival and 
 departure of the subspecies mariposae at the summer and winter 
 homes. In Kearsarge Pass, on May 27, male fox sparrows were in 
 full song, evidently settled at their nesting grounds, and on May 29 a 
 set of three well incubated eggs was taken. There is a female mari- 
 posae at hand (no. 29090, Mus. Vert. Zool.), which had laid part of 
 its set, taken May 15 at the head of Little Shasta River, Siskiyou 
 County, the northernmost point of record for the subspecies. Of fall 
 dates in the Sierra Nevada, there is a large series of mariposae at 
 hand taken at Cisco and Blue Canon, Placer County, from August to 
 October, the latest from Blue Canon, October 14. There is one bird 
 from Tuolumne River, Yosemite Park, October 1. There is one speci- 
 men at hand taken at Yermo, on the Mohave Desert, May 28. In view 
 of the above nesting dates this last must be regarded as an extremely 
 belated migrant. This bird is a typical example of mariposae; the 
 point of capture, of course, is many miles from the nearest point in 
 this subspecies' summer habitat. Two specimens from Mt. "Wilson, 
 Los Angeles County, taken April 1 and 4, respectively, may indicate 
 more nearly the usual limit of its stay in the spring in the south. 
 
 Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony 
 Stephens Pox Sparrow 
 Original description. — Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony, 1895, p. 348. 
 
 Type specimen. — No. 15387, Carnegie Institute Museum; male 
 adult; San Jacinto Mountains, California, at 8000 feet; July 14, 3895 
 (seep. 181). 
 
 Range. — Summer visitant to upper Transition and Canadian zones 
 in the southern Sierra Nevada and the Sierras of southern California. 
 There are several isolated tracts occupied by this subspecies, namely : 
 in the Sierra Nevada, from Hume and Horse Corral Meadow, Fresno 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Fasserella 
 
 177 
 
 County, south through Tulare County ; on the summit of Mount Pmos, 
 Ventura County ; in the San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County; 
 the San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County ; and the San 
 Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County. The winter home is unknown. 
 Specimens examined. — 186 (see list, pp. 209-211). 
 
 a. Fasserella iliaca stephensi 
 Fasserella iliaca brevicaua'a 
 n Passerella iliaca monoensis 
 
 DISTRIBUTION MAP 
 
 MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 
 
 UNIVtRSITY OP CAI.ir 
 
 Pig. CO. Map showing 'winter occurrence of Passerella iliaca stephensi, P. i. 
 brevioauda, and P. i. monoensis in California, as established by specimens exam- 
 ined by the author. Note the restriction of brevicauaa to the near vicinity of the 
 coast. The locality stations for stephensi denote the capture of but four specimens, 
 apparently stragglers from the still unknown main winter habitat. 
 
 Distinguishing characters. — Of the Schistacea group (see p. 89). 
 Most nearly like mariposae, from which it is distinguished by slightly 
 greater general size and notably large bill (see fig. E). The enor- 
 mous bill distinguishes stephensi from all other fox sparrows except 
 breviccmda. Prom the latter it is distinguished by rather longer, 
 
178 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 more slenderly pointed bill (compared with the blunt, stubby bill of 
 brevicauda) (see fig. F), by more grayish coloration, and by longer 
 tail (see table 4). 
 
 Remarks. — In all its characters stephensi represents the cul- 
 mination of the line of development beginning with oanescens and 
 continuing through monoensis and mariposae. Gray coloration is 
 common to all these forms, as compared with the more brownish hue 
 of the other subspecies of the Schistacea group, and there is no appar- 
 ent difference in this respect between these several southern subspecies. 
 There is, however, gradual increase in general size from canescens 
 along the line indicated to stephensi, with notable increase in size of 
 
 Fig. DD. Bills of two subspecies of the Schistacea group (races that are 
 distinguished mainly by differences of size in this member), showing how variation 
 of adult and immature may be mistaken for variation differentiating subspecies. 
 a and 6 are, respectively, adult and undeveloped immature of stephensi, c and d, 
 of mariposae; o is more nearly like c than like a. 
 
 a. Passerella iliaca stephensi, adult male; no. 20505, Mus. Vert. Zool. ; Taylor 
 Meadow, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County, California; July 19, 1911. 
 
 o. Passerella iliaca stephensi, immature male; no. 27388, Mus. Vert. Zool.; 
 Hume, Fresno County, California; August 18, 1916. 
 
 c. Passerella iliaca mariposae, adult male; no. 25693. Mus. Vert. Zool.; Chin- 
 quapin, Yosemite National Park, California; June 10, 1915. 
 
 A. Passerella iliaca mariposae, immature male; no. 23195, Mus. Vert. Zool.; 
 Blue Canon, Placer County, California; August 28, 1912. 
 
 bill, and there is also, to a lesser extent, some increase in proportionate 
 length of tail. 
 
 Stephensi has a strikingly disconnected range, occurring in a 
 number of widely separated high mountain localities. In the southern 
 Sierra Nevada the subspecies is found in high Transition and Can- 
 adian from southern Fresno County (at points just south of Kings 
 Eiver), south through Tulare County. The localities of occurrence 
 are all on the west slope of the range. Fox sparrows at this latitude 
 do not ascend into the Hudsonian and Alpine-Arctic zones, which 
 constitute so large a part of the summit of the Sierra Nevada. This 
 strip along the divide is an effective barrier to the general dispersal 
 of these birds, and in the case of stephensi it has apparently restricted 
 the subspecies to the western slope. 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 179 
 
 South of the Sierra Nevada the next breeding station of stephensi 
 is a limited area on the summit of Mount Pinos, some eighty miles 
 southwest of the southernmost station in the Sierras. Then, still 
 farther south, there are widely disconnected areas on the San Gabriel 
 Mountains, the San Bernardino Mountains, and the San Jacirito 
 Mountains, separated from each other by many miles of lower zones. 
 In the San Jacinto Mountains points of occurrence are mostly from 
 8000 to 9000 feet, though a few birds were seen in one part of the 
 mountains as low as 6000 feet. In the San Bernardino Mountains the 
 subspecies occurs at about the same elevation, mostly from 7400 to 
 9000 feet; in the San Gabriel Mountains it is known only from the 
 higher slopes of Mount Waterman from 7000 feet upward to the 
 summit (7752 feet altitude) ; and on Mount Pinos (altitude 8826 feet) 
 from 8000 feet upward. In the Sierra Nevada the vertical range is 
 from 7000 to 10,000 feet. 
 
 It is a notable fact that, despite the isolation of these several 
 colonies and the demonstrated plasticity of the species throughout 
 its range, there are no discernible differences between specimens of 
 stephensi from the several regions occupied. Considering the varia- 
 tion existing between the many closely connected subspecies, and the 
 way in which each represents a step from one extreme to another, it 
 might be expected that such widely parted groups as those into which 
 stephensi is divided would illustrate separate and distinguishable 
 stages as they advanced farther and farther from the starting point, 
 but such is not the case. In the series at hand I am unable to appre- 
 ciate any tangible features serving to distinguish birds even from the 
 extremes of the subspecies ' range. The most that can be said regard- 
 ing such differences is that in the series from Hume, Fresno County 
 (the northernmost point at which stephensi has been collected), there 
 are certain small-billed individuals that may be taken to illustrate 
 intergradation with the nearby form mariposae, but in the same series 
 there are other specimens with quite as large bills as the maximum 
 from any other place. In other words, while stephensi is the culmin- 
 ation of a series of steps from canescens and through monoensis and 
 mariposae, the maximum of change is reached as soon as the habitat 
 of the subspecies is entered at the north, where mariposae and stephensi 
 come together. There is no further accentuation of character in the 
 extensive but disconnected habitat of stephensi as it extends southward. 
 Stephens fox sparrow is a summer visitant only upon its breeding 
 grounds, but there are neither specimens nor notes available indicating 
 
180 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 dates of arrival in its summer home. All the breeding birds at hand 
 were taken long after they had settled down to the duties of nesting. 
 As regards the time of departure at the summer's end, this can be 
 fairly definitely fixed. In the San Jacinto Mountains I revisited in 
 September, 1914, certain sections where the Stephens sparrow had 
 been found in abundance in the summer of 1908. On September 9 
 one was secured near Strawberry Valley, somewhat below the breeding 
 level in. this range. On September 11, after most careful search, four 
 were seen in Tahquitz Valley, in the heart of the nesting ground, and 
 on September 15, one other was noted, the last observed, though I 
 remained in the region some days longer. 
 
 In the San Bernardino Mountains Stephens sparrows "were seen 
 in small numbers at Bluff Lake as late as September 3" (Grinnell, 
 1908, p. 99). At Hume, Fresno County (altitude 5300 feet), Stephens 
 sparrows were abundant during the middle of August; 1916, evidently 
 on their nesting grounds from the number in juvenal plumage, and 
 numerous specimens were collected from August 17 to 23. On Sep- 
 tember 25 and 26, this point was revisited, and while fox sparrows 
 were again numerous they proved to be practically all examples of 
 more northern subspecies on their southward migration. One stephensi 
 was collected, on September 26. 
 
 The main winter home of the Stephens fox sparrow is unknown, 
 and it seems evident that when the birds leave their summer habitat 
 it is an abrupt departure, and possibly to a relatively great distance. 
 They do not descend the mountains to the foothills and adjacent 
 valleys, which are occupied in winter by other subspecies, or they 
 would surely have been detected in such places. Stephensi has been 
 reported in winter from Santa Catalina Island (Oberholser, 1900, 
 p. 233), but the specimens upon which the statement was based prove 
 to be of another subspecies, orevioauSd (see p. 167). 
 
 In partial contradiction to my general statement regarding the 
 winter habitat, I must admit to having before me four fox sparrows, 
 taken in midwinter and to all appearances unequivocal examples of 
 stephensi. The data for these skins are as follows: No. 8106, coll. 
 F. S. Daggett, male, Franklin Canon, Santa Monica Mountains, Los 
 Angeles County, California, November 24, 1915 ; no. 1424, coll. J. E. 
 Law, female, Hollywood, Los Angeles County, California, February 
 22, 1912; no. 1762, coll. "W. M. Pierce, male, Palmer's Canon, Los 
 Angeles County, California, January 11, 1919; coll. A. Brooks, male, 
 Santa Barbara, California, January 11, 1913. As far as they go these 
 
192 °] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 181 
 
 birds must be conceded to be winter collected examples of stephensi, 
 but it must be recalled that they are but four specimens out of several 
 hundred fox sparrows collected in the same general region, and the 
 conclusion seems unavoidable that they represent unusual occurrences 
 of some sort. When the normal winter home of stephensi is discovered 
 that place undoubtedly will be found to harbor the birds in numbers. 
 Through the courtesy of the authorities of the Carnegie Museum, 
 I have been permitted to examine the type specimen of stephensi, 
 collected by A. W. Anthony, and labelled as taken in the San Jacinto 
 Mountains at 8000 feet altitude. This elevation in these mountains 
 can mean, in this connection, but one place, Tahquitz Valley. In this 
 valley the Stephens fox sparrow is an abundant summer visitant, 
 while the opposite slope of San Jacinto Peak at that altitude is far 
 too precipitous to afford suitable surroundings for the bird. Tahquitz 
 Valley may thus be taken as the type locality of stephensi, fixing it a 
 little more exactly than the general term San Jacinto Mountains. 
 
182 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology E VoL - 21 
 
 
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184 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 LIST OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED 
 Passerella iliaca iliaca 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 4586 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Andreavsky, Yukon River, Alaska 
 
 June 3, 1895 
 
 
 4587 
 
 d 1 ad. 
 
 St. Michael, Alaska 
 
 May 20, 1896 
 
 
 6087 
 
 9 
 
 Taunton, Mass. 
 
 April 13, 1887 
 
 
 6088 
 
 rf 1 
 
 Eastford, Conn. 
 
 April 12, 1876 
 
 
 11283 
 
 <? 
 
 "Massachusetts" 
 
 April 15, 1887 
 
 
 11284 
 
 9 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 April 16, 1887 
 
 
 30445 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 26, 1918 
 
 Provincial Mus., 
 
 
 
 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 967 
 
 d" 
 
 Sicamous, B.C. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1893 
 
 
 
 cf 
 
 9 
 
 cf 
 
 Milton, Ontario, Canada 
 Milton, Ontario, Canada 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 10, 1884 
 
 
 
 Sept. 18, 1887 
 
 W. 0. Emerson 
 
 2003 
 
 Dec. 12, 1898 
 
 F. S. Daggett 
 
 2805 
 
 tf 1 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 6, 1906 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 3233 
 
 cf 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1897 
 
 
 3612 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Cape Blossom, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 1, 1898 
 
 
 3613 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Eowak River, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 23, 1898 
 
 
 3615 
 
 d 1 ad. 
 
 Kowak River, Alaska 
 
 May 24, 1899 
 
 
 3616 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Kowak River, Alaska 
 
 May 24, 1899 
 
 
 3614 
 
 cT ad. 
 
 Kowak River, Alaska 
 
 May 25, 1899 
 
 
 
 c? 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Princeton, New Jersey 
 
 Fairfield, Conn. 
 
 Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 24, 1894 
 
 
 
 Mar. 16, 1893 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 
 750 
 
 Jan. 1, 1911 
 
 
 384 
 
 9 
 
 Burbank, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 11, 1911 
 
 
 4932 
 
 & 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 13, 1907 
 
 J. E. Law 
 
 789 
 
 
 Lankershim, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 22, 1908 
 
 
 2524 
 
 9 
 
 Pinery Canon, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona 
 
 Nov. 6, 1914 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 4208 
 
 9 
 
 Plumas Co., Calif., at 4000 ft. 
 
 Sept. 27, 1898 
 
 
 4630 
 
 & 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 26, 1901 
 
 G. F. Morcom 
 
 
 9 
 
 Grand Crossing, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 April 5, 1884 
 
 
 
 rf 
 
 & 
 
 & 
 
 c? 
 
 Davis Station, Stark Co., Indiana 
 Davis Station, Stark Co., Indiana 
 Davis- Station, Stark Co., Indiana 
 Toronto, Canada 
 
 April 4, 1885 
 
 
 
 Mar. 17, 1887 
 
 
 
 Mar. 17, 1887 
 
 J. A. Munro 
 
 J 88 
 
 Nov. 12, 1891 
 
 J. R. Pemberton 
 
 867 
 
 9 
 
 Big Sur River, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 22, 1903 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 1810 
 
 & 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1811 
 
 rf 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 2, 1919 
 
 H. S. Swarth 
 
 4725 
 
 & 
 
 Roby, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 Oct. 7, 1904 
 
 
 4726 
 
 9 
 
 Roby, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 Oct. 7, 1904 
 
 
 4727 
 
 9 
 
 Roby, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 Oct. 7, 1904 
 
 
 4759 
 
 & 
 
 Roby, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1904 
 
 
 4760 
 
 c? 
 
 Roby, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1904 
 
 
 4761 
 
 <? 
 
 Roby, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1904 
 
 
 4762 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Roby, Cook Co., III. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1904 
 
 
 4763 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Roby, Cook Co., 111. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1904 
 
 
 4809 
 
 9 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Mar. 26, 1905 
 
 
 4810 
 
 9 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Mar. 26, 1905 
 
 
 4811 
 
 9 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Mar. 26, 1905 
 
 
 4848 
 
 9 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 April 9, 1905 
 
 L. E. Wyman 
 
 1180 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts. t Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 31, 1917 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 185 
 
 Passerella ilzaca altivagans 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 12021 
 
 9 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1907 
 
 
 24298 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Cisco, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 9, 1913 
 
 
 2S162 
 
 9 im. 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 15, 1914 
 
 
 26039 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Aspen Valley, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 14, 1915 
 
 
 26306 
 
 cf 
 
 Varain, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1915 
 
 
 27166 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 24, 1916 
 
 
 27364 
 
 cf 
 
 Horse Corral Meadow, Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 
 29990 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Jolon, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 20, 1918 
 
 
 30630 
 
 9 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1918 
 
 
 30643 
 
 9 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1919 
 
 
 30644 
 
 9 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 
 30645 
 
 9 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
 
 41627 
 47735 
 
 cf Z. 
 
 "California" 
 Mt. Lehman, B.C. 
 
 
 
 Sept. 8, 1889 
 
 
 52995 
 
 
 Fort Klamath, Klamath Co., Ore. 
 
 1875 
 
 Carnegie Museum, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 15365 
 
 9 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 12, 1895 
 
 Provincial Museum, 
 
 3825 
 
 (f ad. 
 
 Mt. McLean, Lillooet, B.C. 
 
 July 19, 1916 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 3826 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Mt. McLean, Lillooet, B.C. 
 
 July 26, 1916 
 
 
 3827 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Mt. McLean, Lillooet, B.C. 
 
 July 15, 1916 
 
 
 3828 
 
 cf iuv. 
 
 Mt. McLean, Lillooet, B.C. 
 
 July 18, 1916 
 
 
 3829 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. McLean, Lillooet, B.C. 
 
 July 21, 1916 
 
 
 3830 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. McLean, Lillooet, B.C. 
 
 July 20, 1916 
 
 Victoria Memorial 
 
 2931 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Penticton, B.C. 
 
 April 21, 1903 
 
 Museum 
 
 2935 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Penticton, B.C. 
 
 April 22, 1903 
 
 
 3176 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Midway, B.C. 
 
 May 5, 1905 
 
 
 9713 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 McGillvary Cr., Lillooet Dist., B.C. 
 
 Aug. 10, 1916 
 
 
 9714 
 
 cf 
 
 McGillvary Cr., Lillooet Dist., B.C. 
 
 Aug. 11, 1916 
 
 
 9715 
 
 cf 
 
 McGillvary Cr., Lillooet Dist., B.C. 
 
 Aug. 14, 1916 
 
 
 9716 
 
 cf im. 
 
 McGillvary Cr., Lillooet Diet., B.C. 
 
 Aug. 18, 1916 
 
 
 9717 
 
 9 im. 
 
 McGillvary Cr., Lillooet Dist., ?.C. 
 
 Aug. 18, 1916 
 
 
 12713 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Jasper Park, Alberta 
 
 Aug. 1, 1918 
 
 
 12712 
 
 cf 
 
 Jasper Park, Alberta 
 
 Aug. 26, 1918 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 222832* 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Moose Branch of Smoky River, Alberta 
 
 July 31, 1911 
 
 
 222833 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Moose Branch of Smoky River, Alberta 
 
 July 31, 1911 
 
 
 222834 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Moose Pass, B.C. 
 
 July 27, 1911 
 
 
 18044 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Fort Crook, Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 April 12, 1860 
 
 
 , 94841 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Fort Klamath, Klamath Co., Ore. 
 
 April 28, 1883 
 
 
 94844 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Fort Klamath, Klamath Co., Ore. 
 
 April 9, 1883 
 
 
 154159 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Columbia Falls, Flathead Co., Mont. 
 
 Sept. 24, 1896 
 
 A. Brooks 
 
 
 C? 
 
 Okanagan, B.C. 
 
 Switzer's Camp, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1913 
 Oct. 21, 1896 
 
 F. S. Daggett 
 
 4878 
 
 9 
 
 
 4892 
 
 cf 
 
 Switzer's Camp, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 24, 1896 
 
 
 4022 
 
 cf 
 
 Arroyo Seco Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1900 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 
 Ex.108 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 24, 1916 
 
 W. 0. Emerson 
 
 
 9 
 
 Volcan Mts., San Diego Co., Calif. 
 Volcan Mts., San Diego Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 6, 1884 
 Mar. 29, 1884 
 
 
 222 
 
 cf 
 
 
 1977 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 19, 1898 
 
 
 1996 
 
 V 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 ■Dec. 4, 1898 
 
 
 2170 
 
 cf ... 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 27, 1899 
 
 
 4294 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 17, 1906 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 608 
 
 9 .. .. 
 
 Pasadena, Lob Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1896 
 
 
 1595 
 
 9 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 13, 1896 
 
 S. G. Jewett 
 
 1006 
 
 9 
 
 Government Id., Multnomah Co., Ore. 
 
 Dec. 15, 1912 
 
 
 2171 
 
 cf 
 
 Millers, mouth of Deschutes River, Ore. 
 
 April 11, 1915 
 
 C. Lamb 
 
 
 d 
 
 Yermo, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 . Drytown, Amador Co., Calif 
 
 Sept. 22, 1910 
 Dec. 15, 1895 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 X2056 
 
 9 
 
 
 X1797 
 
 9 .... 
 
 Drytown, Amador Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 29, 1895 
 
 
 X2057 
 
 cf 
 
 "Plumas Co., Calif., alt. 4000" 
 
 April 24, 1899 
 
 Type. 
 
186 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella iliaca altivagans — (Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 J. 
 
 & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 3S8S 
 
 9 
 
 Fulton, Sonoma Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 24, 1899 
 
 
 
 4254 
 
 tf 1 
 
 Eagle Lake, Lassen Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 30, 1899 
 
 
 
 7002 
 
 9 
 
 Modesto, Stanislaus Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 31, 1909 
 
 T, 
 
 H. Miller 
 
 
 rf 1 
 
 Boquet Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 8, 1915 
 
 
 
 
 c? 
 
 Boquet Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 8, 1915 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Oct. 8, 1915 
 
 J. 
 
 R. Pemberton 
 
 1360 
 
 9 
 
 Yucaipa, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 7, 1917 
 
 
 
 1361 
 
 9 
 
 Yucaipa, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1917 
 
 W 
 
 . M. Pierce 
 
 1313 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 14, 1916 
 
 
 
 
 c? ...... 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 17, 1916 
 
 
 
 Dec. 28, 1916 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 2, 1917 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 2, 1917 
 
 
 
 Jan. 5, 1917 
 
 
 1747 
 
 Dec. 8, 1918 
 
 
 
 1733 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1919 
 
 
 
 1765 
 
 <? 
 
 Palmer's Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1919 
 
 
 
 1763 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1919 
 
 
 
 1767 
 
 <? 
 
 Cucamonga Cafion, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1919 
 
 
 
 1776 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Cafion, Los AngeleB Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 16, 1919 
 
 
 
 1798 
 
 cT 
 
 Santa Ana Cafion (near Corona), Riverside 
 Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 26, 1919 
 
 
 
 1819 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1919 
 
 
 
 1829 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 2, 1919 
 
 c 
 
 H. Richardson 
 
 992 
 
 
 Piute Mts., Kern Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 27, 1907 
 
 
 
 1001 
 
 9 
 
 Piute Mts., Kern Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 3, 1907 
 
 H 
 
 S. Swarth 
 
 377 
 
 9 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1896 
 
 
 
 772 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 8, 1897 
 
 
 
 1744 
 
 d" 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 
 Nov. 24, 1900 
 
 
 
 1834 
 
 9 
 
 Millard's Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1901 
 
 G 
 
 Willett 
 
 2040 
 
 9 
 
 San Antonio Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 29, 1916 
 
 L. 
 
 E. Wyman 
 
 1168 
 
 <? 
 
 Newhall, Los AngeleB Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1916 
 
 
 
 1185 
 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1917 
 
 Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 45851 
 
 cT ad. 
 
 Ounalaska, Alaska 
 
 June 4, 1894 
 
 
 6096 
 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. J5, 1899 
 
 
 17351 
 
 i? 
 
 Helena, Trinity Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 17, 1911 
 
 
 23282 
 
 O 1 im. 
 
 Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 15, 1912 
 
 
 23284 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1912 
 
 
 234511 
 
 
 Escondido, San Diego Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 7, 1913 
 
 
 25140 
 
 9 im. 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1914 
 
 
 25141 
 
 9 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1914 
 
 
 25142 
 
 C? im. 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 5, 1914 
 
 
 25143 
 
 cf im. 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 17, 1914 
 
 
 25144 
 
 9 im. 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 17, 1914 
 
 
 25145 
 
 <? 
 
 Snelling, Merced Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1915 
 
 
 26026 
 
 O* im. 
 
 Yosemite Trail, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 30, 1915 
 
 
 26028 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Yosemite Creek, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 6, 1915 
 
 
 26030 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Yosemite Valley, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 28, 1915 
 
 
 26031 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Near Yosemite Point, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oot. 30, 1915 
 
 
 10605 
 
 9 
 
 Oakland, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 12, 1909 
 
 
 30642 
 
 9 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1919 
 
 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
 
 90832 
 
 if ad. 
 
 Herendeen Bay, Alaska Pen., Alaska 
 
 May 19, 1903 
 
 
 90833 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Muller Bay, Alaska Pen., Alaska 
 
 May 24, 1903 
 
 
 90834 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Mailer Bay, Alaska Pen., Alaska 
 
 May 26, 1903 
 
 
 90835 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Muller Bay, Alaska Pen., Alaska 
 
 June 1, 1903 
 
 'See page 130. 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 187 
 
 Passerella iliaca dnalaschcensis — {Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
 
 Calif. Acad. Sci 
 
 Carnegie Mus. 
 Mus. Hist. Sci. Art 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 Victoria Mem. Mus. 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 J. H. Fleming 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 
 J. E. Law 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 No. 
 
 H. S. Swarth 
 
 G. Willett 
 L. E. Wyman 
 
 90836 
 90837 
 90838 
 90839 
 
 32666 
 2149 1 
 21561 
 21581 
 21621 
 21541 
 81390 
 81391 
 170231 
 4080 
 4081 
 4105 
 A 1301 
 25392 
 1673 
 1820 
 1821 
 2097 
 3237 
 3280 
 49331 
 49621 
 21391 
 68231 
 68281 
 68251 
 68291 
 1314 
 X3897 
 X1798 
 X2055 
 1283 
 1284 
 12971 
 
 1744' 
 17221 
 17281 
 17701 
 17951 
 18091 
 18131 
 18141 
 18211 
 18231 
 18241 
 18251 
 18271 
 1832 
 4473 
 20421 
 11821 
 11991 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 cf ad. 
 cf ad. 
 cf ad. 
 9 ad. 
 
 cf 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 cf im. 
 
 & 
 
 <? 
 
 9 im. 
 
 cf 
 
 cf ad. 
 9 ad. 
 cf ad. 
 
 cf 
 
 cf 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 cf 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 cf 
 
 9 
 
 cf 
 
 cf 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 cf 
 
 cf 
 
 cf .... 
 9 .... 
 
 9 I 
 cf .... 
 
 cf ".'.'.. 
 cf .... 
 cf .... 
 cf .... 
 
 cf ".'.'.. 
 cf .... 
 
 cf ".'.'.. 
 
 9 .... 
 
 cf .... 
 
 9 .... 
 
 9 .... 
 
 9 .... 
 
 9 .... 
 
 cf .... 
 
 9 .... 
 
 9 .... 
 
 rf .... 
 
 cf .... 
 
 9 .... 
 
 cf .... 
 
 cf .... 
 
 9 .... 
 
 Locality 
 
 Muller Bay, Alaska Pen., Alaska 
 Muller Bay, Alaska Pen., Alaska 
 Muller Bay, Alaska Pen., Alaska 
 Muller Bay, Alaska Pen., Alaska 
 Ketchikan, s.e. Alaska 
 Ketchikan, s.e. Alaska 
 Salem, Marion Co., Ore. 
 San Antonio Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 San Antonio Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 Bear Flat, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 San Antonio Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 San Antonio Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 Little Koniushi Id., Shumagin Ids., Alaska 
 Little Koniushi Id., Shumagin Ids., Alaska 
 Kukak Bay, Alaska Pen., Alaska 
 Departure Bay, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 Departure Bay, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 Departure Bay, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 Topa Topa Lodge, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 Lakeport, Lake Co., Calif. 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 Tacoma, Pierce Co., Wash. 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 Pomona, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Portland, Multnomah Co., Ore. 
 Drytdwn, Amador Co., Calif. 
 Drytown, Amador Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Cucamonga Canon, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Palmers' Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Palmer's Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Palmer's Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Palmer's Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Millard's Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Head of Piru Creek, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Date 
 
 June 
 
 6, 1903 
 
 June 
 
 6, 1903 
 
 June 
 
 8, 1903 
 
 June 
 
 12, 1903 
 
 April 
 
 12, 1916 
 
 April 
 
 15, 1916 
 
 April 
 
 24, 1909 
 
 Oct. 
 
 19, 1917 
 
 Oct. 
 
 23, 1917 
 
 Oct. 
 
 22, 1917 
 
 Oct. 
 
 19, 1917 
 
 Oct. 
 
 19, 1917 
 
 July 
 
 16, 1880 
 
 July 
 
 16, 1880 
 
 July 
 
 1, 1899 
 
 Jan. 
 
 5, 1910 
 
 Jan. 
 
 5, 1910 
 
 Mar. 
 
 26, 1910 
 
 May 
 
 2, 1913 
 
 Deo. 
 
 13, 1891 
 
 Oct. 
 
 31, 1896 
 
 Dec. 
 
 12, 1896 
 
 Dec. 
 
 12, 1896 
 
 Feb. 
 
 22, 1897 
 
 Oct. 
 
 31, 1897 
 
 Dec. 
 
 24, 1897 
 
 Oct. 
 
 28, 1907 
 
 Feb. 
 
 15, 1910 
 
 Jan. 
 
 10, 1913 
 
 Oct. 
 
 7, 1918 
 
 Oct. 
 
 11, 1918 
 
 Oct. 
 
 12, 1918 
 
 Oct. 
 
 12, 1918 
 
 Dee. 
 
 25, 1900 
 
 Nov. 
 
 7, 1912 
 
 Deo. 
 
 8, 1895 
 
 Feb. 
 
 29, 1895 
 
 Feb. 
 
 6, 1916 
 
 Feb. 
 
 6, 1916 
 
 Feb. 
 
 8, 1916 
 
 Dec. 
 
 28, 1916 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 1917 
 
 Jan. 
 
 2, 1917 
 
 Dec. 
 
 1, 1918 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 1919 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 1919 
 
 Jan. 
 
 12, 1919 
 
 .Jan. 
 
 23, 1919 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2, 1919 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2, 1919 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2, 1919 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2, 1919 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2, 1919 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2, 1919 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2, 1919 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2, 1919 
 
 Feb. 
 
 11, 1901 
 
 May 
 
 3, 1904 
 
 Jan. 
 
 16, 1915 
 
 Jan. 
 
 31, 1917 
 
 Mar 
 
 . 14, 1917 
 
 'See page 130. 
 
188 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella ILIACA INSULARIS 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 4128 
 
 
 San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 
 
 5285 
 
 9 "Z 
 
 Oakland, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 11, 1901 
 
 
 5286 
 
 d 
 
 Oakland,- Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 14, 1901 
 
 
 6095 
 
 d 
 
 Alta, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 7, 1902 
 
 
 6098 
 
 9 
 
 Piedmont, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 16, 1897 
 
 
 7195 
 
 9 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 25, 1909 
 
 
 9655 
 
 d 
 
 Kuiu Island, Southeastern Alaska 
 
 April 30, 1909 
 
 
 10076 
 
 d 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1897 
 
 
 11294 
 
 9 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 16, 1892 
 
 
 16255 
 
 9 
 
 Parksville, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 April 26, 1910 
 
 
 23283 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Blue Canon, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1912 
 
 
 23285 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Blue Canon, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1912 
 
 
 25146 
 
 d 1 ad. 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 23, 1914 
 
 
 25147 
 
 d ad. 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 17, 1914 
 
 
 26024 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Aspen Valley, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 14, 1915 
 
 
 26025 
 
 d 
 
 Feliciana Mt., Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 28, 1915 
 
 
 26027 
 
 & im. 
 
 Yosemite Trail, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 30, 1915 
 
 
 27370 
 
 & im. 
 
 Hume, Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1916 
 
 
 27371 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Hume, Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1916 
 
 Azner. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
 
 41626 
 
 
 "California" 
 
 
 
 47727 
 
 
 Westminster Junction, B.C. 
 
 April 27, 1889 
 
 
 84119 
 
 d Z. 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1881 
 
 
 84122 
 
 9 
 
 Stockton, San Joaquin Co., Calif. 
 
 April 8, 1878 
 
 
 88756 
 
 9 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1896 
 
 Calif. Acad. Sci. 
 
 
 9 
 
 d 
 
 9 
 
 d 
 
 Ketchikan, s.e. Alaska 
 Ketchikan, s.e. Alaska 
 Ketchikan, s.e. Alaska 
 Fort Klamath, Klamath Co., Ore. 
 
 April 12, 1916 
 
 
 
 April 15, 1916 
 
 
 
 April 16, 1916 
 
 Carnegie Museum, 
 
 15366 
 
 April 13, 1883 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 15361 
 
 d 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1896 
 
 
 15362 
 
 d 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 81, 1896 
 
 
 29694 
 
 d 
 
 New Westminster, B.C. 
 
 Mar. 22, 1889 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 52475* 
 
 d ad. 
 
 . Kodiak, Kadiak, Id., Alaska 
 
 May 17, 1868 
 
 
 54542 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 Kodiak, Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 July 26, 1868 
 
 
 81387 
 
 d ad. 
 
 St. Paul, Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 July 12, 1880 
 
 
 81388 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 St. Paul, Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 July 13, 1880 
 
 
 115819 
 
 d 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 15, 1888 
 
 
 115822 
 
 9 
 
 Old Harbor, Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 11, 1888 
 
 
 131738 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 April 14, 1892 
 
 
 131739 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 April 14, 1892 
 
 
 150490 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 May 30, 1894 
 
 
 150491 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 June -4, 1894 
 
 
 150492 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 June 14, 1894 
 
 
 150493 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 June 20, 1894 
 
 
 150940 
 
 d 1 ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 June 21, 1893 
 
 
 150941 ' 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 May 30, 1894 
 
 
 170229 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 July 20, 1899 
 
 
 170232 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 July 3, [1899?] 
 
 
 170233 
 
 <? ad. 
 
 Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 July 3, [1899?] 
 
 
 160672 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Howkan, Long Id., s.e. Alaska 
 
 April 25, 1897 
 
 F. S. Daggett 
 
 2807 
 
 9 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 6, 1906 
 
 
 881 
 
 9 
 
 Switzer's Trail, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 25, 1893 
 
 
 3161 
 
 d 
 
 Switzer's Camp, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 21, 1896 
 
 
 4868 
 
 9 
 
 Switzer's Camp, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 21, 1896 
 
 
 4869 
 
 9 
 
 Barley Flats, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 23, 1896 
 
 
 4872 
 
 9 
 
 Switzer's Camp, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 24, 1896 
 
 W. 0. Emerson 
 
 100 
 
 d ad. 
 
 St. Paul, Kadiak Id., Alaska 
 
 May 1880 
 
 
 147 
 
 d 
 
 Volcan Mts., San Diego Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 12, 1884 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Hayward, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1881 
 
 
 1240 
 
 d 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1896 
 
 
 1652 
 
 d 
 
 Hayward, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 10, 1898 
 
 
 1994 
 
 9 
 
 Hayward, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1898 
 
 *Type. 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passer ella 
 
 189 
 
 Passebella iliaca insularis — {Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 W. 0. Emerson 
 
 1997 
 
 c? 
 
 Hayward, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1898 
 
 
 2550 
 
 9 
 
 Hayward, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19 
 
 1901 
 
 
 322S 
 
 <? 
 
 Hayward, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 22 
 
 1902 
 
 J. H. Fleming 
 
 18110 
 
 0" 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 28 
 
 1902 
 
 
 5226 
 
 9 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 19 
 
 1896 
 
 
 5225 
 
 <? 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Deo. 7 
 
 1900 
 
 
 7756. 
 
 (? 
 
 Volcan Mts., San Diego Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 1884 
 
 
 25391 
 
 
 Lakeport, Lake Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 7 
 
 1891 
 
 
 25394 
 
 & 
 
 Lakeport, Lake Co., Calif. 
 
 Dee. 20 
 
 1893 
 
 
 25393 
 
 d 
 
 Lakeport, Lake Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 28 
 
 1891 
 
 
 25395 
 
 
 Lakeport, Lake Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 30 
 
 1893 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 1817 
 
 & 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 12 
 
 1896 
 
 
 1819 
 
 9 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 12 
 
 1896 
 
 
 1825 
 
 9 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 12 
 
 1896 
 
 
 3236 
 
 & 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 1897 
 
 
 3327 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 cT 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 cf 
 
 9 im. 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 Pescadero Cr., Santa Cruz Mts., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 6 
 Oct. 3 
 Oct. 10 
 Jan. 12 
 Feb. 13 
 Nov. 24 
 Nov. 27 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 4481 
 
 1900 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 
 4963 
 
 9 
 
 Tuhunga Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 15 
 
 1911 
 
 
 4965 
 
 9 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angefes Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 20 
 
 1911 
 
 S. G. Jewett 
 
 532 
 
 cf 
 
 ".Clackamas Co.," Ore. 
 
 Feb. 16 
 
 1907 
 
 J. E. Law 
 
 1181 
 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Deo. 3 
 
 1898 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 2288 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 12 
 
 1897 
 
 
 4811 
 
 d> ..:... 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Deo. 31 
 
 1901 
 
 • 
 
 7256 
 
 c? 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 17 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 rf 1 
 
 
 Jan. 17 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Los Angeles, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 17 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 & 
 
 Millard's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 11 
 Dec. 6 
 
 1901 
 
 H. S. Swarth 
 
 771 
 
 1897 
 
 
 937 
 
 9 
 
 Los Angeles, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 15 
 
 1898 
 
 
 1023 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los AngeleB Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 13 
 
 1899 
 
 G. Willett 
 
 1669 
 
 a* 
 
 Stony Ford, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 5 
 
 1915 
 
 
 2043 
 
 C? 
 
 ' San Antonio Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 5 
 
 1917 
 
 Passerella iliaca sinuosa 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 1535-1550 
 
 llcTad. 
 59 ad. 
 
 Hinchinbrook Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 June 25 to 
 July 2, 1908 
 
 
 1551-1565 
 
 2cTad. 
 59 ad. 
 5c?juv. 
 39juv. 
 
 La Touche Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 July 19 to 
 Aug. 8, 1908 
 
 
 1566-1590 
 
 9cTad. 
 
 10 9 ad. 
 
 I9im. 
 
 4cTjuv. 
 
 i9iuv. 
 
 .Montague Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 July 6 to 
 July 31, 1908 
 
 
 1591 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Hawkin's Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 June 22, 1908 
 
 
 1592 
 
 <? ad. 
 
 Cordova, Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 June 6, 1908 
 
 
 1593* 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Knight Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 26, 1908 
 
 
 1594 
 
 C? 1 im. 
 
 Knight Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 24, 1908 
 
 
 1595 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Green Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 July 14, 1908 
 
 *Type. 
 
190 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Pabserella iliaca sinuosa — (Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 1596 
 
 ef ad. 
 
 Green Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 July 16, 1908 
 
 
 1597 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Green Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 July 16, 1908 
 
 
 1598 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Green Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 July 14, 1908 
 
 
 1599 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Green Id., Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 July 14, 1908 
 
 
 1600 
 
 cf 
 
 Port Nell Juan, Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 11, 1908 
 
 
 1601 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Port Nell Juan, Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 15, 1908 
 
 
 1602 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Port Nell Juan, Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 16, 1908 
 
 
 1603 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Wortman's, Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 31, 1908 
 
 
 1604 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Wortman's Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 Sept. 1, 1908 
 
 
 1605 
 
 .... im. 
 
 Wortman's, Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 Sept. 2, 1908 
 
 
 6092 
 
 9 
 
 Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1900 
 
 
 6594 
 
 cf 
 
 Oakland, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 28, 1908 
 
 
 7070 
 
 9 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1909 
 
 
 7194 
 
 cf 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 25, 1909 
 
 
 11287 
 
 cf 
 
 Riverside, Riverside Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1889 
 
 
 11289 
 
 9 
 
 Oakland, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 23, 1890 
 
 
 11293 
 
 9 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 9, 1891 
 
 
 11295 
 
 9 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1889 
 
 
 12022 
 
 9 
 
 Azusa, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 28, 1906 
 
 
 16867 
 
 9 
 
 Kunz, Trinity Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1910 
 
 
 16868 
 
 cf 
 
 Little Van Duzen R., Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1910 
 
 
 17234 
 
 cf 
 
 Bolinas, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 31, 1911 
 
 
 23286- 
 
 2cf ad. 
 
 Blue Canon, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 14 to 
 
 
 23293 
 
 3cf im. 
 39 im. ' 
 
 
 Oct. 21, 1912 
 
 
 24271- 
 
 4cf im. 
 
 Cisco, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 1 to 
 
 
 24274 
 
 
 
 Oct. 10, 1912 
 
 
 25148- 
 
 6cf 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 24 to 
 
 
 25151, 
 
 19 
 
 
 Dec. 17, 1914 
 
 
 25153- 
 
 
 
 
 
 25155 
 
 
 
 
 
 25869 
 
 .... im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 12, 1914 
 
 
 26019 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Aspen Valley, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 14, 1915 
 
 
 26020 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Aspen Valley, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 16, 1915 
 
 
 26021 
 
 cf 
 
 Aspen Valley, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 16, 1915 
 
 
 26022 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Aspen Valley, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 17, 1915 
 
 
 26023 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Gentry's, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 21, 1915 
 
 
 26304 
 
 cf 
 
 Varain, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1915 
 
 
 26305 
 
 cf 
 
 Varain, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1915 
 
 
 26307 
 
 cf im. 
 
 La Grange, Stanislaus Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 10, 1915 
 
 
 26421 
 
 9 
 
 Corvallis, Benton Co., Ore. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1908 
 
 
 27154 
 
 cf 
 
 San Antonio Cafion, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1916 
 
 
 27155 
 
 9 
 
 San Antonio Cafion, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1916 
 
 
 27167 
 
 cf .. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 24, 1916 
 
 
 27168 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1916 
 
 
 27365 
 
 cf 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., FreBno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 
 27366 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 21, 1916 
 
 
 27368 
 
 cf ... 
 
 Minkler, Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 10, 1916 
 
 
 27369 
 
 9 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 
 29485 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 27372 
 
 cf 
 
 Hume, Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 26, 1916 
 
 
 30001 
 
 .... im. 
 
 Soledad, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 7, 1918 
 
 
 30002 
 
 cf im. 
 
 San Lucas, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 24, 1918 
 
 
 30003 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Jolon, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 30004 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Jolon, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 30005 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Jolon, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 30006 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Morro, S. L. O. Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept 29, 1918 
 
 
 30429- 
 
 5c? 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1918 
 
 
 30437, 
 
 79 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 30442- 
 
 
 
 Feb. 5, 1919 
 
 
 30444 
 
 
 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision df Avian Genus Passer ella 
 
 191 
 
 Passerella iliaca bintxoba — {Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 30438- 
 30441 
 
 id" 
 
 39 
 
 Monterey, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 2, 1919 
 
 
 30628, 
 
 erf 1 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1918 
 
 
 30629, 
 
 49 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 30634- 
 
 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 
 30641 
 
 
 
 
 
 30660- 
 
 39 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 24, 1918 
 
 
 30662 
 
 
 
 
 
 30667 
 
 9 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1919 
 
 American Museum 
 
 76386 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Homer, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska 
 
 June 5, 1901 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 76387 
 
 
 Kenai Mts., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 9, 1901 
 
 
 76378 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 Kenai Mts., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 9, 1901 
 
 
 76388 
 
 9 
 
 Kenai Mts., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 11, 1901 
 
 
 76389 
 
 
 Homer, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 28, 1901 
 
 
 S0840 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Seldovia, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska 
 
 July 17, 1903 
 
 
 47728 
 
 tf 1 
 
 Mt. Lehman, B.C. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1889 
 
 
 47729 
 
 
 
 
 
 88758 
 
 <?' 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 4, 1896 
 
 
 88757 
 
 c? 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 7, 1896 
 
 Calif. Acad. Sci. 
 
 11433 
 
 d" 
 
 Lakeport, Lake Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 15, 1908 
 
 
 11434 
 
 c? 
 
 Lakeport, Lake Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1908 
 
 
 11435 
 
 cf 
 
 Lakeport, Lake Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1908 
 
 
 34563 
 
 rf 1 
 
 San Gabriel Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1908 
 
 
 34564 
 
 9 
 
 San Gabriel Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 22, 1908 
 
 
 34618 
 
 9 
 
 San Gabriel Cation, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 14, 1908 
 
 Carnegie Museum 
 
 49253 
 
 cT 
 
 Seward, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska 
 
 May 22, 1913 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 29695 
 
 cT 
 
 San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 5, 1898 
 
 Field Museum 
 
 48894 
 
 9 
 
 San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 26, 1901 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 48895 
 
 9 
 
 Los Gatos, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 24, 1894 
 
 
 48897 
 
 & 
 
 Clipper Gap, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 20, 1902 
 
 Mus. Hist. Sci. Art 
 
 2150 
 
 9 
 
 San Antonio Cation, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1917 
 
 
 2151 
 
 9 
 
 San Antonio Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1917 
 
 
 2152 
 
 9 
 
 San Antonio Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1917 
 
 
 2155 
 
 9 
 
 San Antonio Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 24, 1917 
 
 
 2157 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Bear Flat, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 21, 1917 
 
 
 2159 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bear Flat, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 21, 1917 
 
 Provincial Mus., 
 
 963 
 
 9 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Oct. 12, 1896 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 965 
 
 9 
 
 Saanich, B.C. 
 
 April 7, 1896 
 
 
 3832 
 
 d" 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1914 
 
 
 3833 
 
 d" 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1914 
 
 
 3835 
 
 9 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1916 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 170228 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Virgin Bay, Alaska 
 
 June 26, 1899 
 
 
 170230 
 
 & ad. 
 
 Virgin Bay, Alaska 
 
 June 27, 1899 
 
 
 115823 
 
 tf 1 
 
 Middleton Id., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 26, 1888 
 
 
 115824 
 
 d" 
 
 Middleton Id., Alaska 
 
 Aug. 26, 1888 
 
 Victoria Mem. 
 
 1623 
 
 & 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 April 29, 1893 
 
 Museum 
 
 4082 
 
 d 1 
 
 Departure Bay, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1910 
 
 
 4091 
 
 c? 
 
 Departure Bay, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Feb. 23, 1910 
 
 
 4095 
 
 c? 
 
 Departure Bay, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Feb. 25, 1910 
 
 
 
 c? 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 .. 
 
 
 Dec. 9, 1912 
 Dec. 9, 1912 
 Dec. 9, 1912 
 Dec. 9, 1912 
 Jan. 4, 1913 
 Jan. 11, 1913 
 Jan. 11, 1913 
 Mar. 13, 1913 
 Feb. 1, 1918 
 
 
 
 9 ... 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 9 ... 
 
 
 R- 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 9 ... 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 d 1 .. 
 
 Monterey, Calif. 
 
 Beverly Hills, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 L. B. Bishop 
 
 30650 
 
 <? 
 
 F. S. Daggett 
 
 883 
 
 9 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 30, 
 
192 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passbrella iliaca sinuosa — (Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 F. S. Daggett 
 
 3177 
 
 9 
 
 
 4867 
 
 9 
 
 
 4912 
 
 9 
 
 
 8088 
 
 c? 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 d" 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 
 20 
 
 & 
 
 
 Ex.106 
 
 <? 
 
 
 Ex.107 
 
 & 
 
 
 C 311 
 
 9 
 
 
 C 329 
 
 9 
 
 
 C 354 
 
 9 
 
 
 C 365 
 
 9 
 
 
 C 371 
 
 9 
 
 W. 0. Emerson 
 
 1198 
 
 d" 
 
 
 4348 
 
 d 
 
 
 1303 
 
 & 
 
 J. H. Fleming 
 
 18107 
 18108 
 
 9 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 507 
 
 9 
 
 
 1992 
 
 & 
 
 
 3289 
 
 9 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 & 
 
 d> 
 
 
 
 r? ad. 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 
 36 
 
 d 
 
 
 751 
 
 d 
 
 
 1984 
 
 9 
 
 
 4961 
 
 d" 
 
 
 4964 
 
 d 
 
 
 4966 
 
 9 
 
 
 6568 
 
 cT 
 
 
 6569 
 
 ef 1 
 
 
 6570 
 
 c? 
 
 S. G. Jewett 
 
 134 
 
 
 
 694 
 
 9 
 
 
 695 
 
 d 1 
 
 
 1045 
 
 cf 
 
 
 1116 
 
 cT 
 
 
 1490 
 
 <? 
 
 
 1735 
 
 & 
 
 
 2173 
 
 9 
 
 J. E. Law 
 
 1189 
 
 9 
 
 
 1190 
 
 9 
 
 
 1022 
 
 d 1 
 
 
 1837 
 
 9 
 
 
 4514 
 
 9 im. 
 
 
 5230 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 2215 
 
 9 
 
 
 2695 
 
 & 
 
 
 2699 
 
 cf 
 
 
 3815 
 
 & 
 
 
 4255 
 
 9 
 
 
 4256 
 
 9 
 
 
 6666 
 
 9 
 
 
 8301 
 
 <? 
 
 
 8309 
 
 9 
 
 L. H. Miller 
 
 .'.... 
 
 9 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Arroyo Seco, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Switzer's Camp, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Santa Monica Mis., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Co., Calif. 
 
 " Santa Barbara Co." 
 
 "Santa Barbara Co." 
 
 Eureka, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Monterey, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Camp Meeker, Sonoma Co., Calif. 
 
 Hayward, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 "San Mateo Co.," Calif. 
 
 Lebanon, Linn Co., Ore. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Santa Catalina Id., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Siskiyou Mts., Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 Siskiyou Mts., Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 Upper Lake, Lake Co., Calif. 
 
 Nutchuk, Prince William Sd., Alaska 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 El Monte, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Salem, Marion Co., Ore. 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Estacada, Clackamas Co., Ore. 
 
 Mercer, Lane Co., Ore. 
 
 Warm Spring, Crook Co., Ore. 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Lankershim, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Santa Cruz Id., Calif. 
 
 Beverly Hills, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Lankershim, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Eagle Lake, Lassen Co., Calif. 
 
 Eagle Lake, Lassen Co., Calif. 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Modesto, Stanislaus Co., Calif. 
 
 Modesto, Stanislaus Co., Calif. 
 
 Forest Home, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 3, 
 
 . 16, 
 
 16, 
 
 25, 
 
 9, 
 31, 
 
 Feb. 1, 
 Oct. 13, 
 Oct. 24, 
 Nov. 2, 
 Dec. 9, 
 Jan. 11, 
 Nov. 17, 
 Mar. 3, 
 Sept. 22, 
 Sept. 22, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Sept. 26, 
 Sept. 29, 
 Sept. 29, 
 Sept. 30, 
 Dec. 16, 
 Oct. 27, 
 Feb. 15, 
 Oct. 24, 
 Jan. 
 Nov 
 Jan. 
 Dec. 
 Oct. 
 Oct. 
 
 Dee. 29, 
 July' 2, 
 Feb. 10, 
 Sept. 30, 
 Dec. 12, 
 Oct. 19, 
 Feb. 4, 
 Nov. 20, 
 Sept. 22, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Sept. 25, 
 April 23, 
 Mar. 23, 
 Mar. 23, 
 Dec. 8, 
 Jan. 6, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Feb. 4, 
 April 30, 
 Dec. 10, 
 Dec. 10, 
 Feb. 22, 
 April 27, 
 Nov. 21, 
 Jan. 6, 
 Deo. 9, 
 Oct. 3, 
 Oct. 10, 
 Dec. 8, 
 Oct. 24, 
 Oct. 27, 
 Dec. 9, 
 Nov. 30, 
 Dec. 7, 
 Nov. 21, 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 
 1915 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1913 
 
 1912 
 
 1916 
 
 1916 
 
 1915 
 
 1915 
 
 1915 
 
 1915 
 
 1915 
 
 1896 
 
 1906 
 
 1897 
 
 1900 
 
 1909 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 
 1892 
 
 1896 
 
 1911 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1911 
 
 1910 
 
 1910 
 
 1916 
 
 1916 
 
 1916 
 
 1912 
 
 1908 
 
 1908 
 
 1913 
 
 1913 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1915 
 
 1898 
 
 1898 
 
 1913 
 
 1911 
 
 1915 
 
 1917 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1899 
 
 1905 
 
 1915 
 
 1915 
 
 1918 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 193 
 
 Passerella iliaca sinuoba — (Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 L. H. Miller 
 
 
 C? 
 
 9 
 
 Forest Home, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 22, 1918 
 
 
 
 Dec. 7, 1900 
 
 J. R. Pemberton 
 
 641 
 
 <? 
 
 San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1902 
 
 
 679 
 
 c? 
 
 San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Calif 
 
 Feb. 28, 1903 
 
 
 850 
 
 c? 
 
 Carmel Valley, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 20, 1903 
 
 
 1361 
 
 c? 
 
 Yucaipa, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 7, 1917 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 1812 
 
 c? 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1816 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1818 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1828 
 
 <? 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1820 
 
 c? 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 2, 1919 
 
 
 
 c? 
 
 
 Dec. 17, 1916 
 
 
 
 4c? 
 
 29 
 
 6c? 
 
 79 
 
 5c? 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27, 1916 
 
 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif.' 
 
 Dec. 28, 1916 
 
 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif 
 
 Jan. 1, 1917 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 2, 1917 
 
 
 
 2c? 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1917 
 
 
 1736 
 
 c? 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 27, 1918 
 
 
 1741 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1918 
 
 
 1742 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cation, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1918 
 
 
 1745 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1918 
 
 
 1748 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1918 
 
 
 1735 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1918 
 
 
 1737 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1918 
 
 
 1740 
 
 c? 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1918 
 
 
 1743 
 
 c? 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1918 
 
 
 1746 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 8, 1918 
 
 
 1720 
 
 c? 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif, 
 
 Jan. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1721 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1727 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1731 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1734 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1755 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1919 
 
 
 1756 
 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1919 
 
 
 1757 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1919 
 
 
 1760 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1919 
 
 
 1761 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1919 
 
 
 1764 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Cafion, Lob Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1919 
 
 
 1774 
 
 9 
 
 Cucarnonga Cafion, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1919 
 
 
 1768 
 
 9 
 
 Cucamonga Canon, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1919 
 
 
 1769 
 
 9 
 
 Cucarnonga Cafion, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1919 
 
 
 1781 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1919 
 
 
 1782 
 
 c? 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1919 
 
 
 1783 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1919 
 
 
 1784 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1919 
 
 
 1791 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 23, 1919 
 
 
 1793 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 23, 1919 
 
 
 1799 
 
 c? 
 
 Santa Ana Cafion, Riverside Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 26, 1919 
 
 
 1800 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Ana Cafion, Riverside Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 26, 1919 
 
 
 1806 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles, Co. Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 
 638 
 
 c? 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 14, 1915 
 
 
 1292 
 
 c? 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 7, 1916 
 
 
 42 
 
 9 
 
 San Antonio Cafion, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 22, 1914 
 
 
 1267 
 
 & 
 
 Upland, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1915 
 
 
 1270 
 
 
 Upland, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1915 
 
 
 1263 
 
 9 
 
 Upland, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1915 
 
 C H. Richardson 
 
 1008 
 
 c? 
 
 Piute Mts., Kern Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 6, 1907 
 
194 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella iliaca sinuosa — (Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 G. Willett 
 
 384 
 
 cf 
 
 Santa Cruz Id., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1907 
 
 
 385 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Cruz Id., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 27, 1907 
 
 
 1867 
 
 
 Stony Ford, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 17, 1917 
 
 
 1865 
 
 & 
 
 Stony Ford, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1917 
 
 
 1866 
 
 9 
 
 Stony Ford, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 22, 1917 
 
 
 1864 
 
 cf 
 
 Stony Ford, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 24, 1917 
 
 
 2118 
 
 cf 
 
 Tejon Ranch, Kern Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1917 
 
 
 2041 
 
 cf 
 
 Upland, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1915 
 
 L. E. Wyman 
 
 904 
 
 9 
 
 Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 28, 1915 
 
 
 505 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 26, 1915 
 
 
 507 
 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 26, 1915 
 
 
 1181 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 31, 1917 
 
 
 1183 
 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 31, 1917 
 
 
 1186 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1917 
 
 
 1163 
 
 9 
 
 Newhall, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1916 
 
 
 1193 
 
 cf 
 
 Newhall, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 4, 1917 
 
 Passebella iliaca annectens 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 6090 
 
 cf 
 
 Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 28, 1900 
 
 
 6094 
 
 9 
 
 Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1900 
 
 
 6099 
 
 
 Watsonville, Santa Cruz Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 7, 1903 
 
 
 6100 
 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 28, 1892 
 
 
 6310 
 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 15, 1902 
 
 
 7196 
 
 9 
 
 Pt. Reyes, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 2, 1909 
 
 
 7197 
 
 9 
 
 Pt. Reyes, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 2, 1909 
 
 
 7198 
 
 cf 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 21, 1909 
 
 
 10077 
 
 9 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1897 
 
 
 11288 
 
 9 
 
 Oakland, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 9, 1889 
 
 
 17231 
 
 9 
 
 Bolinas, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 30, 1911 
 
 
 17232 
 
 9 
 
 Bolinas, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 31, 1911 
 
 
 17233 
 
 9 
 
 Bolinas, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 31, 1911 
 
 
 17352 
 
 cf 
 
 Tower House, Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 8, 1911 
 
 
 26447 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1916 
 
 
 27367 
 
 cf 
 
 Hume, Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 26, 1916 
 
 
 29484 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1918 
 
 
 29992 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 San Carpojo Cr., S. L. O. Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 10, 1918 
 
 
 29993 
 
 9 im. 
 
 San Carpojo Cr., S. L. O., Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 10, 1918 
 
 
 29994 
 
 cf 
 
 San Lucas, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 20, 1918 
 
 
 29995 
 
 cf im. 
 
 San Carpojo Cr„ S. L. O. Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 12, 1918 
 
 
 29996 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Cambria, S. L. O. Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 29, 1918 
 
 
 29997 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Jolon, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 29998 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Jolon, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 29999 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Jolon, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 30000 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Jolon, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 30416 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 19, 1918 
 
 
 30417 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1918 
 
 
 30418 
 
 9 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 26, 1918 
 
 
 30419 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 26, 1918 
 
 
 30420 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27, 1918 
 
 
 30421 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 28, 1918 
 
 
 30422 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 28, 1918 
 
 
 30423 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 28, 1918 
 
 
 30424 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1918 
 
 
 30425 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Monterey, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Deo. 31, 1918 
 
 
 30426 
 
 9 
 
 Monterey, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 4, 1919 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Germs Passerella 
 
 195 
 
 Passerella iliaoa annectens — (Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 30427 
 
 9 
 
 Monterey, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1919 
 
 
 30428 
 
 <? ad. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 10, 1919 
 
 American Museum 
 
 88761 
 
 & 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1897 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 88767 
 
 9 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1897 
 
 
 88760 
 
 & 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 31, 1897 
 
 
 88762 
 
 9 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 19, 1896 
 
 
 88759 
 
 a 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 26, 1896 
 
 
 47731 
 
 
 Kalama, Cowlitz Co., Washington 
 
 Oct. 18, 1889 
 
 
 26338 
 
 a 'Z. 
 
 " Oregon & Cala" (from Woodward's Gardens, 
 
 San Francisco) 
 "Cal. D.S.B." (probably collected by D. S. 
 
 
 
 84123 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bryant in the San Francisco Bay region) 
 
 Nov. 26, 1875 
 
 
 84120 
 
 a 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 10, 1880 
 
 
 84121 
 
 9 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 3, 1880 
 
 
 94635 
 
 a* 
 
 Olema, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1904 
 
 
 94636 
 
 a 
 
 Olema, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 27, 1904 
 
 
 88766 
 
 & 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1897 
 
 
 88763 
 
 9 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 7, 1897 
 
 
 88765 
 
 9 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 13, 1897 
 
 
 88768 
 
 9 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 21, 1897 
 
 
 88764 
 
 9 .... 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 25, 1897 
 
 Calif. Acad. Sci. 
 
 16752 
 
 a 
 
 Sebastopol, Sonoma Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1884 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1913 
 
 Carnegie Museum 
 
 15368 
 
 Feb. 25, 1890 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 15369 
 
 9 
 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. 
 
 Feb. 25, 1890 
 
 
 15370 
 
 a 
 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. 
 
 Feb. 27, 1890 
 
 
 15371 
 
 & 
 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. * 
 
 Feb. 27, 1890 
 
 
 15373 
 
 a 
 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. 
 
 Mar. 25, 1890 
 
 
 15375 
 
 9 
 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. 
 
 April 9, 1890 
 
 
 15376 
 
 9 ■ 
 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. 
 
 April 15, 1890 
 
 
 15377 
 
 a 
 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. 
 
 April 22, 1890 
 
 
 15363 
 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1896 
 
 
 15364 
 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1896 
 
 
 29696 
 
 & ".I. 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 9, 1883 
 
 Field Museum 
 
 14380 
 
 a 
 
 Monterey, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 April 6, 1903 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 17056 ' 
 
 a 
 
 [Nicasio?], Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 11, 1881 
 
 
 5002 
 
 & 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 16, 1889 
 
 * 
 
 48896 
 
 a 
 
 Los Gatos, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 26, 1895 
 
 
 48892 
 
 a 
 
 San Bruno, San Mateo. Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 28, 1901 
 
 Kansas University 
 
 954 
 
 & 
 
 Monterey, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 1, 1903 
 
 
 955 
 
 9 
 
 Monterey, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 1, 1903 
 
 
 956 
 
 9 
 
 Monterey, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 1, 1903 
 
 Provincial Mus. 
 
 964 
 
 9 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1896 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 966 
 
 a 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Jan. 28, 1896 
 
 U. S. Biol. Surv. 
 
 164968 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Yakutat Bay (north shore) , Alaska 
 
 June 20, 1899 
 
 
 164969 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Yakutat Bay, Alaska 
 
 June 20, 1899 
 
 
 164971 
 
 & ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 June 20, 1899 
 
 
 164970 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Yakutat Bay, Alaska 
 
 June 22, 1899 
 
 
 164966 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 Yakutat Bay, Alaska 
 
 June 23, 1899 
 
 
 138240 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 July 4, 1895 
 
 
 138242 
 
 d 1 ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 July 5, 1895 
 
 
 138243 
 
 a ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 July 8, 1895 
 
 
 138244 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 July 10, 1895 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 170222* 
 
 a ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 June 20, 1899 
 
 
 170223 
 
 a ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 June 20, 1899 
 
 
 170224 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 June 20, 1899 
 
 
 170225 
 
 a ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 June 21, 1899 
 
 
 170226 
 
 a ad. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 June 19, 1899 
 
 
 170227 
 
 a juv. 
 
 Yakutat, Alaska 
 
 June 20, 1899 
 
 Type. 
 
196 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella iliaca annectens — (Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Victoria Memorial 
 
 4181 
 
 9 
 
 Clayoquot, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Sept. 17, 1907 
 
 Museum 
 
 5723 
 
 d 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 April 20, 1900 
 
 
 6096 
 
 d 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 19, 1908 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 
 C 294 
 
 d 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 20, 1915 
 
 W. 0. Emerson 
 
 819 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 9, 1890 
 
 
 821 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1890 
 
 
 1053 
 
 9 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 3, 1896 
 
 
 1133 
 
 d 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 23, 1896 
 
 
 1199 
 
 9 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 16, 1896 
 
 
 1238 
 
 9 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1896 
 
 
 1947 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 30, 1898 
 
 
 1948 
 
 d 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 30, 1898 
 
 
 1974 
 
 d 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 16, 1898 
 
 
 1998 
 
 d 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1898 
 
 
 2024 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1898 
 
 
 1999 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 29, 1898 
 
 
 3698 
 
 d 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 6, 1903 
 
 
 3893 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 15, 1906 
 
 
 4584 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 April 19, 1908 
 
 J. H. Fleming 
 
 12628 
 
 9 
 
 San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 26, 1901 
 
 
 12629 
 
 9 
 
 San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 28, 1901 
 
 
 12630 
 
 d 
 
 , San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 26, 1901 
 
 
 12631 
 
 9 
 
 San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 21, 1903 
 
 
 12632 
 
 9 
 
 Baden, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 26, 1901 
 
 
 12633 
 
 d 
 
 Big Sur River, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27, 1903 
 
 
 12634 
 
 d 
 
 Big Sur River, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27, 1903 
 
 
 12635 
 
 9 
 
 Big Sur River, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27, 1903 
 
 
 18109 
 
 d 
 
 Logan, Clackamas Co., Ore. 
 
 Mar. 18, 1899 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 141 
 
 d 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 9, 1894 
 
 
 1674 
 
 d 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1896 
 
 
 1827 
 
 d 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 12, 1896 
 
 
 4434 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1900 
 
 
 4435 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1900 
 
 
 4450 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 4, 1900 
 
 
 4451 
 
 d im. 
 
 Pescadero Creek, Santa Cruz Mts., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 24, 1900 
 
 
 4565 
 
 d 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1901 
 
 
 4914 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 20, 1901 
 
 
 4969 
 
 d im. 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 N6V. 30, 1901 
 
 
 4981 
 
 d 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 20, 1901 
 
 
 5019 
 
 9 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27, 1901 
 
 
 5020 
 
 9 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27, 1901 
 
 
 5056 
 
 9 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1901 
 
 
 5057 
 
 9 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1901 
 
 
 5058 
 
 9 
 
 Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1901 
 
 
 7465 
 
 c? im. 
 
 Arroyo Seco Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 23, 1905 
 
 
 7466 
 
 d im. 
 
 Arroyo Seco Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 23, 1905 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 Jan. 10, 1902 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 
 1065 
 
 d 
 
 Tacoma, Pierce Co., Washington 
 
 Nov. 10, 1909 
 
 J. E. Law 
 
 1184 
 
 9 
 
 Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 9, 1898 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 1456 
 
 d 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 3, 1895 
 
 
 1843 
 
 d 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 30, 1896 
 
 
 2190 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 15, 1896 
 
 
 2193 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 20, 1896 
 
 
 2197 
 
 d 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1896 
 
 
 2216 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 9, 1896 
 
 
 2705 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 11, 1897 
 
 
 2919 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 7, 1898 
 
 
 3780 
 
 d 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 15, 1898 
 
 
 3889 
 
 d 
 
 Fulton, Sonoma Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 24, 1899 
 
 
 4623 
 
 d 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 16, 1901 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 197 
 
 Pabserella iliaca annectens — (Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 7257 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 20, 1879 
 
 
 8730 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 3, 1916 
 
 
 8731 
 
 <f 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 25, 1916 
 
 
 8732 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 23, 1915 
 
 
 8733 
 
 cf 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan 
 
 5, 1916 
 
 
 8734 
 
 & 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 5, 1916 
 
 L. H. Miller 
 
 
 c? 
 
 
 
 22, 1903 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 22, 1903 
 
 J. R. Pemberton 
 
 889 
 
 <? 
 
 Big Sur River, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 22, 1903 
 
 
 972 
 
 9 
 
 Baden, San Mateo Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 6, 1903 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 1268 
 
 9 
 
 Upland, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 31, 1915 
 
 
 1312 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 14, 1916 
 
 C. H. Richardson 
 
 157 
 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 27, 1903 
 
 A. Wetmore 
 
 2250 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Stockton, San Joaquin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 28, 1906 
 
 H. S. Swarth 
 
 38 
 
 & 
 
 Mt. Wibon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 4, 1894 
 
 
 1687 
 
 & 
 
 Arroyo Seco, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 22, 1900 
 
 Passerella iliaca townsendi 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 485-499 
 
 13cTad. 
 29 ad. 
 
 Admiralty Id., Alaska 
 
 April 25 to 
 June 12, 1908 
 
 
 457 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Chichagof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 25, 1908 
 
 
 458 
 
 cf 1 ad. 
 
 Chichagof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 23, 1908 
 
 
 459 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Chichagof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 25, 1908 
 
 
 460 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Chichagof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 25, 1908 
 
 
 520 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Chichagof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 25, 1908 
 
 
 521 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Chichagof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 24, 1908 
 
 
 522 
 
 <? ad. 
 
 Chichagof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 24, 1908 
 
 
 523 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Chichagof Id., Alaska 
 
 July 29, 1908 
 
 
 501 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Baranof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 16, 1908 
 
 
 502 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Baranof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 16, 1908 
 
 
 503 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Baranof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 17, 1908 
 
 
 504 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Baranof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 17, 1908 
 
 
 505 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 Baranof Id., Alaska 
 
 June 17, 1908 
 
 
 440 
 
 & im. 
 
 Baranof Id., Alaska 
 
 , Aug. 23, 1908 
 
 
 450 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Helm Bay, Alaska 
 
 ' Sept. 15, 1908 
 
 
 510 
 
 d\ juv. 
 
 Glacier Bay, Alaska 
 
 July 5, 1908 
 
 
 511 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Glacier Bay, Alaska 
 
 July 14, 1908 
 
 
 24424 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 Forrester Id., Alaska 
 
 May 25, 1913 
 
 
 24425 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 ForreBter Id., Alaska 
 
 May 25, 1913 
 
 
 24426 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 Forrester Id., Alaska 
 
 June 6, 1913 
 
 
 9656 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 24, 1909 
 
 
 9657 
 
 cT juv. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 25, 1909 
 
 
 9658 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 25, 1909 
 
 
 9659 
 
 C? im. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 26, 1909 
 
 
 9660 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 26, 1909 
 
 
 9661 
 
 C? juv. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 26, 1909 
 
 
 9662 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 27, 1909 
 
 
 9663 
 
 rf 1 im. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 28, 1909 
 
 
 9664 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 29, 1909 
 
 
 9665 
 
 d 1 im. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 29, 1909 
 
 
 9666 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 29, 1909 
 
 
 9667 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 29, 1909 
 
 
 9668 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Port Snettisham, Alaska 
 
 Aug. 29, 1909 
 
 
 9669 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Taku River, Alaska 
 
 Sept. 7, 1909 
 
 
 9670 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Taku River, Alaska 
 
 Sept. 7, 1909 
 
198 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passebella iliaca townsendi — {Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 9671 
 
 rf im. 
 
 Taku River, Alaska 
 
 Sept. 19, 1909 
 
 
 9672 
 
 C? im. 
 
 Taku River, Alaska 
 
 Sept. 19, 1909 
 
 
 16248 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Parksville, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 April 26, 1910 
 
 
 16249 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Parksville, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 April 28, 1910 
 
 , 
 
 16250 
 
 d im. 
 
 Errington, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Sept. 24, 1910 
 
 
 11290 
 
 d 
 
 Oakland, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 27, 1891 
 
 
 11292 
 
 d 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 14, 1891 
 
 
 29483 
 
 d im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1918 
 
 
 16869 
 
 d" im. 
 
 Cuddeback, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 29, 1910 
 
 
 16870 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Trinidad, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 12, 1910 
 
 
 27150 
 
 d 
 
 Fields Landing, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 2, 1916 
 
 
 27151 
 
 d 
 
 Little River Beach, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 5, 1916 
 
 American Museum 
 
 67882 
 
 d 
 
 Sitka, Alaska 
 
 Sept. 10, 1896 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 47730 
 47733 
 
 
 Duncans, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 Cape Disappointment, Washington 
 
 
 
 Oct. 28, 1889 
 
 
 47734 
 
 9 "Z 
 
 Cape Disappointment, Washington 
 
 Nov. 6, 1889 
 
 
 47732 
 
 d 
 
 Cape Disappointment, Washington 
 
 Nov. 9, 1889 
 
 
 138974 
 
 d 
 
 Neah Bay, Washington 
 
 Nov. 1, 1914 
 
 
 94637 
 
 d 
 
 Olema, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 27, 1904 
 
 
 94638 
 
 9 
 
 Olema, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 27, 1904 
 
 Carnegie Museum, 
 
 15372 
 
 d 
 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. 
 
 Mar. 10, 1890 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 15374 
 
 d" 
 
 Beaverton, Washington Co., Ore. 
 
 Mar. 31, 1890 
 
 Provincial Mus. 
 
 902 
 
 d . 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1896 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 908 
 
 d 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Nov. 12, 1896 
 
 
 969 
 
 9 
 
 Masset, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 June 18, 1910 
 
 U. S. Biol. Surv. 
 
 166833 
 
 9 iuv. 
 
 Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 June 13, 1900 
 
 
 166834 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 June 14, 1900 
 
 
 166835 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 June 15, 1900 
 
 
 166836 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 June 23, 1900 
 
 
 166837 
 
 <d ad. 
 
 Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 June 23, 1900 
 
 
 166838 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 June 23, 1900 
 
 
 166839 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 June 26, 1900 
 
 
 166840 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 July 10 1900 
 
 
 166841 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 July 17, 1900 
 
 
 166842 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C 
 
 July 17, 1900 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 2874* 
 
 9 
 
 "Columbia River, Ore." 
 
 Feb. 15, 1836 
 
 
 46018 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 "Sitka, Russian America" 
 
 
 
 46019 
 
 d ad. 
 
 "Sitka, Russian America" 
 
 1866 
 
 
 81389 
 
 d ad. 
 
 George Id., Port Althorp (Chichagof Id.) 
 Alaska 
 
 June 19, 1880 
 
 
 160673 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Howkan, Long Id , Alaska 
 
 Mar. 29, 1897 
 
 
 160671 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Howkan, Long Id., Alaska 
 
 April 6, 1897 
 
 
 160675 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Howkan, Long Id , Alaska 
 
 April 27, 1S97 
 
 
 170221 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Wrangell, s.e. Alaska 
 
 June 5, 1899 
 
 Victoria Memorial 
 
 
 
 
 
 Museum 
 
 4185 
 
 9 
 
 Clayoquot, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Sept 19, 1907 
 
 A. Brooks 
 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 Masset, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 July 1910 
 
 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Rose Spit, Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 July 1910 
 
 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 Graham Id., Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 April ..... 1914 
 
 
 
 d ad. 
 
 North Id., Queen Charlotte Ids., B.C. 
 
 April 16, 1914 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 Eureka, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 3, 1912 
 
 
 C 292 
 
 d 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept 19, 1915 
 
 
 C 300 
 
 d 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1915 
 
 
 C 301 
 
 9 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1915 
 
 
 C 310 
 
 d 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1915 
 
 
 C 325 
 
 9 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 26, 1915 
 
 
 C 332 
 
 9 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif 
 
 Sept. 26, 1915 
 
 
 C 345 
 
 9 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co , Calif. 
 
 Sept. 28, 1915 
 
 
 C 363 
 
 9 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 29, 1915 
 
 
 C 380 
 
 d 
 
 Cuddebaok, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1915 
 
 *Type 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 199 
 
 PA8SEHELLA II/tACA TOWNSBNDI — {Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 D. H. Dickey 
 
 C 381 
 
 <? 
 
 Cuddeback, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1915 
 
 
 C 384 
 
 9 
 
 Cuddeback, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1915 
 
 
 C 398 
 
 9 
 
 Cuddeback, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 3, 1915 
 
 W. 0. Emerson 
 
 600 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 8, 1885 
 
 
 2432 
 
 9 
 
 Hay wards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 20, 1900 
 
 
 3888 
 
 9 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 16, 1905 
 
 
 4253 
 
 cT 
 
 Haywards, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 3, 1906 
 
 
 4349 
 
 cT 
 
 Camp Meeker, Sonoma Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1906 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Upper Pescadero Cr., Santa Cruz Mts., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 29, 1900 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo. Marin Co., Calif. 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Oct. 16, 1898 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 
 4957 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 
 4960 
 
 rf" 
 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 
 4958 
 
 & 
 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1913 
 
 
 4959 
 
 9 
 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1913 
 
 S. G. Jewett 
 
 530 
 
 & 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 
 Mar. 16, 1905 
 
 
 606 
 
 9 
 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Deo. 27, 1912 
 
 
 1208 
 
 d 1 
 
 Mercer, Lane Co., Ore. 
 
 Nov. 12, 1913 
 
 
 1549 
 
 ci 1 
 
 Grant's PasB, Josephine Co., Ore. 
 
 May 15, 1917 
 
 J. E. Law 
 
 4650 
 
 & 
 
 Eureka, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 12, 1915 
 
 
 4651 
 
 & 
 
 Eureka, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 29, 1916 
 
 
 4652 
 
 9 
 
 Eureka, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1916 
 
 
 3178 
 
 <? 
 
 Pinery Canon, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona 
 
 Nov. 28, 1914 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 J 915 
 
 cf 
 
 Eureka, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 13, 1917 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 2225 
 
 & 
 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 
 356 
 
 & 
 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1913 
 
 
 355 
 
 9 
 
 Netarts, Tillamook Co., Ore. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1913 
 
 Passerella iliaca fuliginosa 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool 
 
 16251 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 18 mi. s. Alberni, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 July 13, 1910 
 
 
 16252 
 
 d 1 juv. 
 
 18 mi. s. Alberni, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 July 13, 1910 
 
 
 16253 
 
 9 im. 
 
 No'otka Sound, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Aug. 4, 1910 
 
 
 16254 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Nootka Sound, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Aug. 10, 1910 
 
 
 27152 
 
 <? 
 
 Blue Lake, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1916 
 
 
 27153 
 
 o" 
 
 San Antonio Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1916 
 
 
 28946 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Lake Merced, San Francisco Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 23, 1917 
 
 
 29479 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1918 
 
 
 29480 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1918 
 
 
 29481 
 
 d 1 im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1918 
 
 
 29482 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1918 
 
 
 29486 
 
 & im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 29487 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 29488 
 
 C? im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1918 
 
 
 29545 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1918 
 
 
 29566 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1918 
 
 
 29991 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Morro, San Luis Obispo Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 26, 1918 
 
 
 30663 
 
 9 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 24, 1918 
 
 
 30664 
 
 & im. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 24, 1918 
 
 
 30665 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 24, 1918 
 
 Calif. Acad. Sci. 
 
 18721 
 
 9 
 
 S. E. Farallon Id., Calif. 
 
 May 31, 1911 
 
 Provincial Mus., 
 
 3831 
 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 1915 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 3834 
 
 9 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1916 
 
 
 3836 
 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Jan. 30, 1914 
 
 
 3837 
 
 9 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1916 
 
 U. S. Biol. Surv. 
 
 157611* 
 
 cT ad. 
 
 Neah Bay, Wash. 
 
 June 10, 1897 
 
 *Type. 
 
200 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella iliaca fuliginosa — (Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 115745 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 "May" 
 
 i 
 
 149955 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 Smith's Id., Washington 
 
 Mar 1895 
 
 Victoria Mem. 
 
 4179 
 
 & 
 
 Clayoquot, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Sept. 17, 1907 
 
 Museum 
 
 4180 
 
 0" 
 
 Clayoquot, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Sept. 17, 1907 
 
 
 4186 
 
 9 
 
 Clayoquot, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Sept. 19, 1907 
 
 
 4191 
 
 9 
 
 Clayoquot, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1907 
 
 
 8910 
 
 
 Uchucklesit Harbor, Vancouver Id., B.C. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1916 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 
 C 305 
 
 9 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1915 
 
 
 C 344 
 
 rf 1 
 
 Fortuna, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 28, 1915 
 
 
 C 383 
 
 c? 
 
 Cuddeback, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1915 
 
 S. G. Jewett 
 
 1550 
 
 9 
 
 Marshfield, Coos Co., Ore. 
 
 Nov. 26, 1917 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 X3893 
 
 9 
 
 Blue Lake, Humboldt Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1916 
 
 
 X3896 
 
 9 
 
 Puyallup, Pierce Co., Wash. 
 
 Feb. 6, 1904 
 
 Passerella iliaca SCHISTACEA 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 9044-9058, 
 
 12c?ad. 
 
 Pine Forest Mts., Humboldt Co., Nev. 
 
 May 17 to 
 
 
 9063 
 
 49 ad. 
 
 
 July 11, 1909 
 
 
 9059-9062, 
 
 4 c? 
 
 Pine Forest Mts., Humboldt Co., Nev. 
 
 July 7 to 
 
 
 9064-9068 
 
 59 juv. 
 
 
 Aug. 3, 1909 
 
 
 557 
 
 c? 
 
 Anthony, Baker Co., Ore. 
 
 Oct. 11, 1907 
 
 
 2008 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 3, 1908 
 
 
 20543 
 
 C? im. 
 
 Cottonwood Lakes, Inyo Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 3, 1911 
 
 
 22602 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Lone Pine, Inyo Co., Calif. 
 
 April 10, 1912 
 
 
 22603 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Lone Pine, Inyo Co., Calif. 
 
 April 10, 1912 
 
 
 22604 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Lone Pine, Inyo Co., Calif. 
 
 April 13, 1912 
 
 
 22605 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Lone Pine, Inyo Co., Calif. 
 
 April 16, 1912 
 
 
 23203 
 
 cT im. 
 
 Blue Cation, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 31, 1912 
 
 
 24296 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Cisco, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 28, 1913 
 
 
 24297 
 
 C? im. 
 
 Cisco, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 28, 1913 
 
 
 26040 
 
 c? im. 
 
 Gem Lake, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 13, 1915 
 
 
 26041 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Warren Fork, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 24, 1915 
 
 
 26042 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Aspen Valley, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 14, 1915 
 
 
 26308 
 
 cf 
 
 Varain, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 29, 1915 
 
 
 28444 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Benton, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 18, 1917 
 
 
 27373 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Kings River Cation, Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 12, 1916 
 
 
 27374 
 
 if im. 
 
 Kings River Canon, Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 15, 1916 
 
 
 27375 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 
 27376 
 
 rf im. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1916 
 
 
 27377 
 
 c? im. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1916 
 
 
 27378 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1916 
 
 
 27380 
 
 9 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 21, 1916 
 
 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
 
 41628 
 
 rf ad. 
 
 "Fort Bridger (Camp Scott), Utah." 
 Payson, Yavapai [=Gila] Co., Ariz. 
 
 
 
 52996 
 
 C? 
 
 Feb. 18, 1S88 
 
 
 100358 
 
 cT ad. 
 
 Ptarmigan Lake (near Laggan) , Alberta 
 
 July 11, 1907 
 
 Carnegie Mus,, 
 
 15360 
 
 d" 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1896 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 15378 
 
 & 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1896 
 
 
 36144 
 
 cT juv. 
 
 Malheur Co., Ore. 
 
 July 12, 1910 
 
 
 54168 
 
 9 
 
 Klamath Falls, Ore. 
 
 Sept. 16, 1916 
 
 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 
 
 39600 
 
 if ad. 
 
 Pullman, Whitman Co., Wash. 
 
 May 27, 1909 
 
 Mus. Hist. Sci. Art 
 
 2153 
 
 <f 
 
 San Antonio Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1917 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 5718* 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 "Platte River, K.T." 
 
 July 19, 1856 
 
 
 11234 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 "Fort Bridger, Utah, (Camp Scott.)" 
 
 April 9, 1858 
 
 
 11231 
 
 d 1 ad. 
 
 " Fort Bridger, Utah, (Camp Scott.) " 
 
 April 14, 1858 
 
 Type. 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passer ella 
 
 201 
 
 Passerella iliaca schistacea — {Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 11239 
 
 d ad. 
 
 " Fort Bridger, Utah, (Camp Scott.) " 
 
 May 21, 1858 
 
 
 11238 
 
 d ad. 
 
 " Fort Bridger, Utah, (Camp Scott.) " 
 
 May 21, 1858 
 
 
 11236 
 
 d ad. 
 
 "Fort Bridger, Utah, (Camp Scott.)" 
 
 June 2, 1858 
 
 
 11229 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Fort Bridger, Wyo. 
 
 May 6, 1858 
 
 
 13331 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, Utah 
 
 July 4, 1859 
 
 Victoria Mem. Mus. 
 
 1175 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Banff, Alberta 
 
 May 16, 1891 
 
 
 1176 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Banff, Alberta 
 
 May 16, 1891 
 
 
 1240 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Banff, Alberta 
 
 June 1, 1891 
 
 
 1263 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Banff, Alberta 
 
 June 11, 1891 
 
 
 1264 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Banff, Alberta 
 
 June 12, 1891 
 
 
 
 d ad. 
 9 
 
 "Cascade Mts., B.C." 
 
 Ojai Valley, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 July 21, 1891 
 
 D. E. Dickey 
 
 A 103 
 
 April 25, 1913 
 
 
 C 700 
 
 
 Nordhoff, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 22, 1915 
 
 
 E 12 
 
 9 
 
 Dehesa, San Diego Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 19, 1917 
 
 J. H. Fleming 
 
 7757 
 
 d 
 
 Dulzura, San Diego Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 2, 1891 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 
 22 
 
 d 
 
 Tujunga, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 2, 1911 
 
 
 4945 
 
 d 
 
 Seven Oaks, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1910 
 
 
 4946 
 
 d 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1914 
 
 
 4947 
 
 
 Clarke's Ranch, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1914 
 
 
 4556 
 
 d 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 
 4560 
 
 9 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 S. G. Jewett 
 
 1019 
 
 9 
 
 Anderson Valley, Harney Co., Ore. 
 
 Sept. 14, 1913 
 
 J. E. Law 
 
 3179 
 
 9 
 
 Bonita Canon, Chiricahua Mts., Ariz. 
 
 Jan. 24, 1915 
 
 
 232S 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 1, 1914 
 
 
 4452 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bouquet Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 9, 1915 
 
 L. H. Miller 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 Oct. 8, 1915 
 
 
 
 c? 
 
 
 April 2, 1876 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 310 
 
 9 
 
 Lytle Creek, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 2, 1914 
 
 
 311 
 
 d 
 
 Lytle Creek, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 5, 1914 
 
 
 854 
 
 
 Lytle Creek, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 3, 1914 
 
 
 1262 
 
 d 
 
 San Bernardino, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27, 1915 
 
 
 1826 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1919 
 
 
 1822 
 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 2, 1919 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 Jan. 2, 1917 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Jan. 5, 1917 
 
 
 1794 
 
 d 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 23, 1919 
 
 C. H. Richardson 
 
 1009 
 
 9 
 
 Piute Mts., Kern Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 5, 1907 
 
 G. Willett 
 
 1803 
 
 d 
 
 Sierra Ancha, Ariz. 
 
 Nov. 7, 1916 
 
 
 1804 
 
 9 
 
 Sierra Ancha, Ariz. 
 
 Nov. 12, 1916 
 
 Passerella iliaca fulva 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 14795* 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Sugar Hill, Modoc Co., Calif. 
 
 May 19, 1910 
 
 
 14796- 
 
 6c? ad. 
 
 Sugar Hill, Modoc Co., Calif. 
 
 May 19 to 
 
 
 , 14803 
 
 29 ad. 
 
 
 June 2, 1910 
 
 
 14804- 
 
 23c?ad. 
 
 Warner Mts., Modoc Co., Calif. 
 
 June 2 to v 
 
 
 14859 
 
 149 ad. 
 9c? juv. 
 109 juv. 
 
 
 Aug, 9, 1910 
 
 U. S. Biol. Surv. 
 
 165342 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Hayden Hill, Lassen Co., Calif. 
 
 July 16, 1899 
 
 
 139694 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Warner Mts., Ore. 
 
 Aug. 2, 1896 
 
 
 139689 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Plush, Lake Co., Ore. 
 
 June 30, 1896 
 
 
 139690 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Plush, Lake Co., Ore. 
 
 June 27, 1896 
 
 
 139691 
 
 d ad. 
 
 20 mi.s.e. Prineville, Crook Co., Ore. 
 
 June 29, 1896 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra County, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 6, 1911 
 
 
 
 
 Type. 
 
202 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella iliaca ftjlva — (Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 
 
 cf ad. 
 cf ad. 
 
 cf 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Sugar Hill, Modoc Co., Calif. 
 Warner Mts.., Modoc Co., Calif. 
 "Santa Barbara Co., Cal." 
 "Lawson Creek," Modoc Co., Calif. 
 
 June 13, 1912 
 
 
 
 July 8, 1912 
 
 
 
 Jan. 11, 1913 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 
 E 301 
 
 Aug. 23, 1917 
 
 
 
 cf 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Volcan Mts., San Diego Co., Calif. 
 " Southern Oregon" 
 
 Feb. 9, 1884 
 
 J. H. Fleming 
 
 7758 
 
 April 11, 1883 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 
 6827 
 
 9 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 11, 1918 
 
 S. G. Jewett 
 
 1036 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Sisters, Crook Co., Ore. 
 
 July 23, 1914 
 
 
 1293 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Warmspring, Crook Co., Ore. 
 
 May 4, 1915 
 
 
 1394 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Lakeview, Lake Co., Ore. 
 
 May 20, 1917 
 
 
 1395 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Lakeview, Lake Co., Ore. 
 
 May 20, 1917 
 
 
 1477 
 
 tf ad. 
 
 Burns, Harney Co., Ore. 
 
 June 24, 1917 
 
 
 1723 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Adel, Lake Co., Ore. 
 
 May 11, 1918 
 
 
 1724 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Adel, Lake Co., Ore. 
 
 May 11, 1918 
 
 
 1725 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Fort Klamath, Klamath Co., Ore. 
 
 May 9, 1918 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 4253 
 
 9 
 
 Eagle Lake, Lassen Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 1, 1899 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 1772 
 
 9 
 
 Cucamonga Canon, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1919 
 
 
 1796 
 
 rf 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 23, 19i9 
 
 Passerella iliaca megarhynchus 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 10070 
 
 9 
 
 Arroyo Seco (Near Pasadena), Los Angeles 
 Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 15, 1895 
 
 
 10073 
 
 cf 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 8, 1896 
 
 
 10075 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 8, 1896 
 
 
 12023 
 
 9 
 
 Arroyo Seco (near Pasadena), Los Angeles 
 Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 22, 1905 
 
 
 17353 
 
 9 
 
 Tower House, Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 2, 1911 
 
 
 17354 
 
 9 
 
 Tower House, Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 7, 1911 
 
 
 17355 
 
 9 
 
 Tower House, Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 7, 1911 
 
 
 23281 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Blue Cation, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1912 
 
 
 25156 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1914 
 
 
 30446 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Seaside, Monterey Co., Calif. 
 
 Deo. 30, 1918 
 
 American Mus. 
 
 138829 
 
 cf 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1896 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calif. Acad. Sci. 
 
 11436 
 
 cf 
 
 Lakeport, Lake Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 27, 1908 
 
 
 17895 
 
 cf 
 
 Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 5, 1910 
 
 
 34576 
 
 cf 
 
 Sherman, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1906 
 
 Carnegie Museum, 
 
 15381 
 
 & 
 
 San Diego, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 7, 1890 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 15382 
 
 cf 
 
 San Diego, Calif. 
 
 Nov. 11, 1890 
 
 
 15380 
 
 cf 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 4, 1894 
 
 
 29697 
 
 9 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 30, 1901 
 
 Mus. Hist., Sci. Art 
 
 1605 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 7, 1916 
 
 
 2342 
 
 cf 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 30, 1918 
 
 
 2343 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 30, 1918 
 
 
 12402* 
 
 9 
 
 Fort Tejon, Kern Co., Calif. 
 
 
 
 
 *Type. 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passer ella 
 
 203 
 
 PABSERELLA ILIACA MEGARHYNCHUS — (Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 L. B. Bishop 
 
 A. Brooks 
 F. S. Daggett 
 
 W. L. Dawson 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 
 J. H. Fleming 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 J. E. Law 
 G. F. Morcom 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 30573 
 
 d 
 
 30574 
 
 d 
 
 30621 
 
 9 
 
 30634 
 
 9 
 
 30661 
 
 9 
 
 30692 
 
 d 
 
 30693 
 
 d 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 9 
 
 882 
 
 9 
 
 3188 
 
 d 
 
 3195 
 
 9 
 
 4865 
 
 9 
 
 4866 
 
 9 
 
 4870 
 
 9 
 
 4871 
 
 d 
 
 8093 
 
 9 
 
 8094 
 
 9 
 
 8095 
 
 
 
 tf 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 9 
 
 A 102 
 
 d 
 
 A 119 
 
 d 
 
 C 658 
 
 d 
 
 C 696 
 
 d 
 
 C 698 
 
 
 C 245 
 
 d 
 
 C 247 
 
 d 
 
 G 249 
 
 9 
 
 5224 
 
 9 
 
 470 
 
 d 
 
 633 
 
 9 
 
 1672 
 
 d 
 
 2364 
 
 9 
 
 3328 
 
 d 
 
 4119 
 
 9 
 
 6128 
 
 9 im. 
 
 6826 
 
 9 
 
 1425 
 
 9 
 
 4210 
 
 d 
 
 641 
 
 d 
 
 643 
 
 d 
 
 1298 
 
 d 
 
 1299 
 
 d 
 
 1300 
 
 d 
 
 1305 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 d ... 
 
 1817 
 
 9 
 
 1739 
 
 9 
 
 1724 
 
 d 
 
 1725 
 
 d 
 
 1726 
 
 d 
 
 1729 
 
 d 
 
 1730 
 
 d 
 
 1753 
 
 d 
 
 1754 
 
 9. 
 
 1773 
 
 9 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Santa Barbara, Calif. 
 
 Santa Barbara, Calif. 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Switzer's Camp, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Switzer's Camp, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 "Santa Barbara Co.," Calif. 
 
 "Santa Barbara Co.," Calif. 
 
 "Santa Barbara Co.," Calif. 
 
 Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Co., Calif. 
 
 Ojai Valley, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 Ojai Valley, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 Nordhoff, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 Nordhoff, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 Nordhoff, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 Nordhoff, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 Nordhoff, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 Nordhoff, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 Los Angeles, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Arroyo Seco Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Palmer's Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Pimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 San Dimas Caflon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Cucamonga Caflon, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 2 
 
 1918 
 
 Jan. 
 
 2 
 
 1918 
 
 Jan. 
 
 19 
 
 1918 
 
 Jan. 
 
 29 
 
 1918 
 
 Feb. 
 
 11 
 
 1918 
 
 Feb. 
 
 16 
 
 1918 
 
 Feb. 
 
 16 
 
 1918 
 
 Dec. 
 
 9 
 
 1912 
 
 Jan. 
 
 17 
 
 1913 
 
 Nov 
 
 4 
 
 1894 
 
 Oct. 
 
 24 
 
 1896 
 
 Oct. 
 
 21 
 
 1896 
 
 Jan. 
 
 16 
 
 1897 
 
 Jan. 
 
 16 
 
 1897 
 
 Jan. 
 
 16 
 
 1897 
 
 Jan. 
 
 16 
 
 1897 
 
 Nov 
 
 2 
 
 1915 
 
 Nov 
 
 2 
 
 1915 
 
 Nov 
 
 2 
 
 1915 
 
 Nov 
 
 10 
 
 1913 
 
 Nov 
 
 10 
 
 1913 
 
 Nov 
 
 22 
 
 1913 
 
 Jan. 
 
 31 
 
 1914 
 
 April 25 
 
 1913 
 
 April 27, 
 
 1913 
 
 Dec. 
 
 16, 
 
 1915 
 
 Dec. 
 
 22, 
 
 1915 
 
 Dec. 
 
 22, 
 
 1915 
 
 Dec. 
 
 22, 
 
 1915 
 
 Dec. 
 
 22, 
 
 1915 
 
 Dec. 
 
 22, 
 
 1915 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 
 
 1899 
 
 Oct. 
 
 26, 
 
 1895 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1, 
 
 1896 
 
 Oct. 
 
 31, 
 
 1896 
 
 April 17, 
 
 1897 
 
 Dec. 
 
 27, 
 
 1897 
 
 Feb. 
 
 5, 
 
 1900 
 
 Nov. 
 
 12, 
 
 1904 
 
 Oct. 
 
 11, 
 
 1918 
 
 Feb. 
 
 22, 
 
 1912 
 
 Dec. 
 
 6, 
 
 1903 
 
 Jan. 
 
 15, 
 
 1915 
 
 Jan. 
 
 15, 
 
 1915 
 
 Feb. 
 
 8, 
 
 1916 
 
 Feb. 
 
 8, 
 
 1916 
 
 Feb. 
 
 8, 
 
 1916 
 
 Feb. 
 
 13, 
 
 1916 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 
 
 1917 
 
 Jan. 
 
 2, 
 
 1917 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1, 
 
 1919 
 
 Nov. 
 
 29, 
 
 1918 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 
 
 1919 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 
 
 1919 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 
 
 1919 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 
 
 1919 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1, 
 
 1919 
 
 Jan. 
 
 5, 
 
 1919 
 
 Jan. 
 
 5, 
 
 1919 
 
 Jan. 
 
 12, 
 
 1919 
 
204 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella iliaca megahhtnchtjs — {Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 W 
 
 M. Pierce 
 
 1777 
 
 cf 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 16, 1919 
 
 
 
 1778 
 
 9 
 
 Palmer's Cation, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 16, 1919 
 
 
 
 1779 
 
 <f 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1919 
 
 
 
 1780 
 
 cf 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1919 
 
 
 
 1792 
 
 & 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 23, 1919 
 
 
 
 1804 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 25, 1919 
 
 
 
 1805 
 
 & 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 25, 1919 
 
 
 
 1801 
 
 cT 
 
 Santa Ana Canon (near Corona) Riverside 
 Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 26, 1919 
 
 
 
 1807 
 
 cf 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 C. 
 
 H. Richardson 
 
 1073 
 
 cf 
 
 Sierra Madre, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1908 
 
 
 
 1085 
 
 9 
 
 Arroyo Seco Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 14, 1908 
 
 H 
 
 S. Swarth 
 
 767 
 
 <? 
 
 Santa Monica Alts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 8, 1897 
 
 
 
 769 
 
 cf 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 6, 1897 
 
 
 
 770 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 8, 1897 
 
 
 
 1021 
 
 9 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1899 
 
 
 
 1750 
 
 .cf 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 7, 1900 
 
 
 
 3270 
 
 rf 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 23, 1902 
 
 
 
 4208 
 
 rf 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 6, 1903 
 
 G. 
 
 Willett 
 
 382 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Cruz Id., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 24, 1907 
 
 L. 
 
 E. Wyman 
 
 841 
 
 9 
 
 San Antonio Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 28, 1914 
 
 
 
 504 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 26, 1915 
 
 
 
 491 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1915 
 
 Passerella iliaca bkevicauda 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 23920 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 S. Yolla Bolly Mt., Tehama Co., Calif. 
 
 July 31, 1913 
 
 
 23921 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 S. Yolla Bolly Mt., Tehama Co., Calif. 
 
 July 81, 1913 
 
 
 23922 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 S. Yolla Bolly Mt., Tehama Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 1, 1913 
 
 
 23923 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 S. Yolla Bolly Mt., Tehama Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 2, 1913 
 
 
 23924* 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 S. Yolla Bolly Mt., Trinity Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 7, 1913 
 
 
 23925 
 
 rf juv. 
 
 Mt. Sanhedrin, Mendocino Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 23, 1913 
 
 
 10071 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 8, 1896 
 
 
 10072 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 8, 1896 
 
 
 10074 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 8, 1896 
 
 American Museum 
 
 88819 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Snow Mountain, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 19, 1896 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 88820 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Snow Mountain, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 19, 1896 
 
 
 88821 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Snow Mountain, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 19, 1896 
 
 
 88814 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Snow Mountain, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 21, 1896 
 
 
 88815 
 
 rf ad. 
 
 Snow Mountain, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 21, 1896 
 
 
 88816 
 
 rf ad. 
 
 Snow Mountain, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 21, 1896 
 
 
 88817 
 
 cf ad.. 
 
 Snow Mountain, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 21, 1896 
 
 
 88818 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Snow Mountain, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 21, 1896 
 
 
 88822 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Snow Mountain, Colusa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 21, 1896 
 
 
 84124 
 
 9 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 April 29, 1880 
 
 Calif. Acad. Sci. 
 
 34565 
 
 rf 
 
 Sherman, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 4, 1906 
 
 Carnegie Museum, 
 
 29698 
 
 rf ad. 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 "June 28, 1892" 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 29699 
 
 cf 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 13, 1899 
 
 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 
 
 26021 
 
 cf 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 30, 1901 
 
 U. S. Biol. Surv. 
 
 196789 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 S. Yolla Bolly Mt., Tehama Co., Calif. 
 
 July 28, 1905 
 
 
 138253 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 
 April 19, 1892 
 
 
 138256 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 
 April 21, 1892 
 
 L. B. Bishop 
 
 30660 
 
 9 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1918 
 
 
 30687 
 
 9 ' 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 15, 1918 
 
 
 30622 
 
 cf 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1918 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 rf 
 
 Santa Barbara, Calif. 
 Santa Barbara, Calif. 
 
 Feb. 17, 1911 
 
 
 
 Dec. 9, 1912 
 
 
 
 
 Type. 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 205 
 
 Passerella iliaca brevicauda — (Concluded) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 F. S. Daggett 
 
 8092 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Lob Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1915 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 & 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Barbara, Calif. 
 "Santa Barbara Co.," Calif. 
 "Santa Barbara Co.," Calif. 
 "Santa Barbara Co.," Calif. 
 
 Dec. 9, 1912 
 
 
 
 Jan. 1, 1913 
 
 
 
 Nov. 22, 1913 
 
 
 
 Dec. 1, 1913 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 
 A 58 
 
 & 
 
 Ojai Valley, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 April 18, 1913 
 
 J. H. Fleming 
 
 18105 
 
 9 
 
 Nicasio, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 30, 1901 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 3286 
 
 9 
 
 , Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 24, 1897 
 
 
 3290 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1897 
 
 
 3329 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 27, 1897 
 
 A. B. Howell 
 
 57 
 
 d" 
 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 
 April 8, 1911 
 
 
 
 9 Z. 
 
 Little Fine, Santa Barbara Co.,, Calif. 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 30, 1910 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 7259 
 
 Feb. 5, 1880 
 
 
 Ex.747 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1897 
 
 
 2677 
 
 9- 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1897 
 
 
 2678 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1897 
 
 
 2891 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 20, 1897 
 
 
 2892 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin. Co., Calif, 
 
 Dec. 20, 1897 
 
 
 3922 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 4, 1899 
 
 
 3923 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 4, 1899 
 
 
 3924 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 4, 1899 
 
 
 7378 
 
 9 
 
 San Geronimo, Marin Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 21, 1913 
 
 
 
 cT 
 
 
 Jan. 8, 1896 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Jan. 6, 1896 
 
 
 
 <? 
 
 
 Jan. 6, 1896 
 
 
 
 d" 
 
 
 Dec. 6, 1897 
 
 H. S. Swarth 
 
 2060 
 
 cT 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1895 
 
 
 198 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1896 
 
 
 199 
 
 c? 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1896 
 
 
 768 
 
 c? 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 15, 1897 
 
 L. E. Wyman 
 
 488 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles, Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 26, 1915 
 
 
 495 
 
 9 ' 
 
 Santa Monica Mts^.-Lps Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1915 
 
 Passerella iliaca canescens 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 28431 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Big Prospector Mdw., White Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 
 
 27, 1917 
 
 
 28432 
 
 C? juv. 
 
 Big Prospector Mdw., White Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 
 
 27,. 1917 
 
 
 28433 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 Big Prospector Mdw., White Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 
 
 27, 1917 
 
 
 28434 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Big Prospector Mdw., White Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 
 
 27, 1917 
 
 
 28435 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Big Prospector Mdw., Whije Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 
 
 27, 1917 
 
 
 28436 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 McCloud Camp, White Mts.,"Cam\ 
 
 Aug. 
 
 1, 1917 
 
 
 28437 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 McCIoud Camp, White Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 1, 1917 
 
 
 28438 
 
 & ad. 
 
 McCloud Camp, White Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 3, 1917 
 
 
 28439* 
 
 cT im. 
 
 Roberts Ranch, White Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 15, 1917 
 
 
 28440 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Wyman Creek, White Mts.; Calif. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 16, 1917 
 
 
 28441 
 
 cT ad. 
 
 ' Roberts Ranch, White Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 16, 1917 
 
 
 28442 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Wyman Creek, White Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 17, 1917 
 
 
 28443 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Roberts Ranch, White Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 18, 1917 
 
 
 27605 
 
 f/ 
 
 Blythe, Riverside Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 25, 1916 
 
 Mus. Hist. Sci. & Art 
 
 2153 
 
 C? 
 
 San Antonio Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 19, 1917 
 
 
 
 cf 
 
 
 
 9 1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11, 1913 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 
 27 1916 
 
 
 
 tf 1 
 
 
 27, 1916 
 
 
 ...., 
 
 9 
 
 Deo. 
 
 28, 1916 
 
 
 
 tf 1 
 
 San Dimas Cafion, Los Angeles Go-,. Calif. 
 Palmer's Cafion, -Los - - Angeles Co.," Calif. 
 
 Ian 
 
 2 1917 
 
 
 1815 
 
 cf 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1, 1919 
 
 H. S. Swarth 
 
 39 
 
 9 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. " 
 
 Nov 
 
 4, 1894 
 
 *Type. 
 
206 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 PASSERELLA ILIACA MONOEN8IS 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus 
 
 Vert. Zool. 
 
 26928 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Walker Lake, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 May 9, 1916 
 
 
 
 26929 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Parker Creek, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 May 12, 1916 
 
 
 
 26930* 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mono Lake P.O., Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 May 21, 1916 
 
 
 
 26931 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mono Lake P.O., Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 May 22, 1916 
 
 
 
 26932 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Walker Lake, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 June 24, 1916 
 
 
 
 26933 
 
 r-f ad. 
 
 Mono Lake P.O., Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 June 30, 1916 
 
 
 
 26934 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mono Lake P.O., Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 July 8, 1916 
 
 
 
 26035 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Parker Creek, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 10, 1915 
 
 
 
 26036 
 
 cf 
 
 Walker Lake, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 11, 1915 
 
 
 
 26037 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Tuolumne River, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 1, 1915 
 
 
 
 27379 
 
 cT ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1916 
 
 
 
 27381 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 19, 1916 
 
 
 
 27382 
 
 cf 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 
 
 27383 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 19, 1916 
 
 
 
 28430 
 
 d 1 ad. 
 
 Panamint Mts., Inyo Co.*, Calif. 
 
 June 25, 1917 
 
 
 
 30631 
 
 cf 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1918 
 
 
 
 30647 
 
 cf 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1919 
 
 
 
 30648 
 
 cf 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 
 
 30649 
 
 cf 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 
 
 30650 
 
 cf 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 
 
 30651 
 
 & 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 
 
 30652 
 
 9 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 
 
 30653 
 
 9 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1919 
 
 Calif 
 
 Acad. Sci. 
 
 15345 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Rough Creek, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 May 22, 1904 
 
 J. H. 
 
 Fleming 
 
 18106 
 
 cf 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 23, 1900 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 7464 
 
 cf 
 
 Arroyo Seco Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 23, 1905 
 
 A. B 
 
 Howell 
 
 3534 
 
 9 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1915 
 
 
 
 4943 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Catalina Id., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 15, 1910 
 
 
 
 3645 
 
 9 
 
 San Clemente Id., Calif. 
 
 Mar. 28, 1915 
 
 J. E. 
 
 Law 
 
 2318 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 San Antonio Canon, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 24, 1914 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Deo. 28, 1916 
 
 
 
 
 <f 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 
 
 
 1738 
 
 cf 
 
 Dec. 8, 1918 
 
 
 
 1723 
 
 c? 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1919 
 
 
 
 1732 
 
 9 
 
 San Dimas Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1919 
 
 
 
 1771 
 
 9 
 
 Cucamonga Canon, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1919 
 
 
 
 1775 
 
 9 
 
 Cucamonga Canon, San Bernardino Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1919 
 
 H. S. 
 
 Swarth 
 
 322 
 
 cf 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1896 
 
 *Type. 
 
 PASSERELLA ILIACA MARIPOBAE 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mub. Vert. Zool. 
 
 22589- 
 
 6cf ad. 
 
 Little Onion Valley, Inyo Co., Calif. 
 
 May 27 to 
 
 
 22596 
 
 29 ad. 
 
 
 May 30, 1912 
 
 
 22597- 
 
 4cf ad. 
 
 Kearsarge Pass, Inyo Co., Calif. 
 
 June 5 to 
 
 
 22601 
 
 19 ad. 
 
 
 June 15, 1912 
 
 
 25691 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Yosemite Pt., Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 June 4, 1915 
 
 
 25692- 
 
 5cf ad. 
 
 Chinquapin, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 June 4 to 
 
 
 25698* 
 
 19 ad. 
 19 juv. 
 
 
 June 13, 1915 
 
 
 25699 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Merced Grove, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 14, 1915 
 
 
 25700 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Crane Flat, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 15, 1915 
 
 
 25701 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 e. fork Indian Caiion, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 20, 1915 
 
 
 25702 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 e. fork Indian Caiion, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 June 23, 1915 
 
 
 26032 
 
 & ad. 
 
 Washburn Lake, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 24, 1915 
 
 
 26033 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Washburn Lake, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 24, 1915 
 
 *25693, Type. 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 207 
 
 Passerella iliaca marifosae — (Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 26034 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Washburn Lake, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 28, 1915 
 
 
 26038 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Tuolumne River, Yosemite Park, Calif. 
 
 Oct. 1, 1915 
 
 
 21261 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Tuolumne Meadows, Tuolemne Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug 1911 
 
 
 23189- 
 
 4c? ad. 
 
 Blue Canon, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 27 to 
 
 
 23202 
 
 19 ad. 
 5c? im. 
 39 im. 
 19 juv. 
 
 
 Sept. 1, 1912 
 
 
 23278 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Blue Canon, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 14, 1912 
 
 
 23279 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Blue Canon, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 14, 1912 
 
 
 23280 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Blue Canon, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1912 
 
 
 24275 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 Blue Canon, Placer Co.', Calif. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1913 
 
 
 24276- 
 
 2c? ad. 
 
 Cisco, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 25 to 
 
 
 24295 
 
 10c? im. 
 89 im. 
 
 
 Oct. 8, 1913 
 
 
 4127 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Cisco, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 April 28, 1870 
 
 
 6089 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Cisco, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 June 15, 1902 
 
 
 27057 
 
 C? juv. 
 
 Michigan Bluff, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 10, 1916 
 
 
 17142 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Independence Lake, Nevada Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 8, 1910 
 
 
 17143 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 Independence Lake, Nevada Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 9, 1910 
 
 
 17144 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Independence Lake, Nevada Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 9, 1910 
 
 
 17145 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 15, 1910 
 
 
 17146 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Independence Lake, Nevada Co., Calif. 
 
 July 14, 1910 
 
 
 17147 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Independence Lake, Nevada Co., Calif. 
 
 July 17, 1910 
 
 
 17148 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Independence Lake, Nevada Co., Calif. 
 
 July 24, 1910 
 
 
 17149 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Independence Lake, Nevada Co., Calif. 
 
 July 31, 1910 
 
 
 17150 
 
 C? juv. 
 
 Little Truckee River, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 6, 1910 
 
 
 17151 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Independence Lake, Nevada Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 9, 1910 
 
 
 17152 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 15, 1910 
 
 
 17153 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 Glen Alpine, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 16, 1910 
 
 
 27056 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 24, 1916 
 
 
 5157 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 July 25, 1904 
 
 
 19284 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Castle Lake, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 21, 1911 
 
 
 19285 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 Castle Lake, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 19, 1911 
 
 
 29086 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Trinity Mts., Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 May 14, 1918 
 
 
 29087 
 
 d ad. 
 
 -Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 May 15, 1918 
 
 
 29088 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 May 15, 1918 
 
 
 29089 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 May 15, 1918 
 
 
 29090 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Little Shasta River, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 May 15, 1918 
 
 
 27384 
 
 d im. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 20, 1916 
 
 
 27385 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 
 30646 
 
 d' 
 
 Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1919 
 
 American Museum 
 
 88769 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 10, 1897 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 88776 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 15, 1897 
 
 
 88771 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 18, 1897 
 
 
 88772 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 18, 1897 
 
 
 88773 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 18, 1897 
 
 
 88774 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 18, 1897 
 
 
 88775 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 18, 1897 
 
 
 88777 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 18, 1897 
 
 
 88770 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 22, 1897 
 
 
 88792 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 15, 1898 
 
 
 88795 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 17, 1898 
 
 
 88800 
 
 9" ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 17, 1898 
 
 
 88794 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 22, 1898 
 
 
 88793 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 26, 1898 
 
 
 88797 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 28, 1898 
 
 
 88796 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 30, 1898 
 
 
 88801 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 4, 1898 
 
 
 88802 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 4, 189S 
 
208 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 
 Passerella 
 
 iliaca mariposae — (Continued) 
 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 American Museum 
 
 88803 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 4, 1898 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 . 88798 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 4, 1898 
 
 
 88799*' 
 
 & ad. : 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 1898 
 
 
 88804 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 1898 
 
 
 88780 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 1, 1897 
 
 
 88781 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 14, 1897 
 
 
 88779 
 
 d 1 ad. 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 27, 1896 
 
 
 88778 
 
 cT ad. 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 12, 1896 
 
 
 88782 
 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 1, 1896 
 
 
 88783 
 
 cT "."'.'.. 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 1, 1896 
 
 
 88784 
 
 & 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1896 
 
 
 88785 
 
 9 ' 
 
 Echo, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1896 
 
 
 88805 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Pyramid Peak, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 23, 1898 
 
 
 88806 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Pyramid Peak, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 24, 1898 
 
 
 88807 
 
 d 1 ad. 
 
 Pyramid Peak, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 24, 1898 
 
 
 88790 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 3700 ft. alt., Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 3, 1896 
 
 
 88791 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 3700 ft. alt., Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 4, 1896 
 
 
 88786 
 
 d ad. 
 
 4000 ft. alt., Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 7, 1896 
 
 
 88787 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 4000 ft. alt., Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 7, 1896 
 
 
 88788 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 6000 ft. alt., Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 11, 1896 
 
 
 88789 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 7500 ft. alt., Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 13, 1896 
 
 
 88809 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Placerville, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 6, 1896 
 
 
 88810 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Placerville, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 July 11, 1896 
 
 
 88808 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Slippery Ford, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 10, 1898 
 
 
 78748 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Glen Alpine, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 27, 1903 
 
 
 78749 
 
 if ad. 
 
 Glen Alpine, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 27, 1903 
 
 
 78750 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Glen Alpine, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 27, 1903 
 
 
 41629 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 June 3, 1879 
 
 
 25813 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Big Trees, Calaveras Co., Calif. 
 
 June 12, 1880 
 
 
 88811 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Gardnerville, Douglas Co., Nevada 
 
 July 13, 1898 
 
 
 88812 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Gardnerville, Douglas Co., Nevada 
 
 July 14, 1898 
 
 
 88813 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Sugarloaf, Douglas Co., Nevada 
 
 July 16, 1898 
 
 Calif. Acad Sci. 
 
 17894 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 2, 1910 
 
 
 17896 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 July 30, 1910 
 
 
 17897 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 July 30, 1910 
 
 
 17898 
 
 cT juv. 
 
 Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif 
 
 Aug. 3, 1910 
 
 
 17899 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 3, 1910 
 
 Carnegie Museum 
 
 15383 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 June 4, 1895 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 15384 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 June 4, 1895 
 
 
 15385 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 June 9, 1895 
 
 
 15379 
 
 d .- 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 April 4, 1897 
 
 Field Museum 
 
 19016 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 May 26, 1881 
 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 19015 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 June 8, 1882 
 
 
 50560 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 . Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 10, 1897 
 
 U. S. Biol. Surv. 
 
 203320 
 
 d ad. 
 
 LyonBville, Tehama Co., Calif. 
 
 May 29, 1906 
 
 
 203476 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Lyonsville, Tehama Co., Calif. 
 
 May 30, 1906 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 
 92397 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 June 27, 1883 
 
 
 92398 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co., Calif. 
 
 July 21, 1883 
 
 
 99836 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Mt. Lassen, Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 June 11, 1884 
 
 
 99838 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Mt. Lassen, Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 June 14, 1884 
 
 
 99839 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Mt. Lassen, Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 June 14, 1884 
 
 
 99840 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Mt. Lassen, Shasta Co., Calif. 
 
 June 15, 1884 
 
 W. L. Dawson 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 "Santa Barbara Co.," Calif. 
 Mammoth, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1913 
 
 D. R. Dickey 
 
 D 462 
 
 July 16, 1916 
 
 
 E 140 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Buck Ranch, Plumas Co., Calif. 
 
 June 26, 1917 
 
 
 E 155 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Buck Ranch, Plumas Co., Calif. 
 
 July 3, 1917 
 
 
 E 13 
 
 9 
 
 Dehesa, San Diego Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 19, 1917 
 
 W. 0. Emerson 
 
 
 d ad. 
 cf ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 11, 1897 
 
 
 
 June 14, 1898 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 607 
 
 d 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif.. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1896 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passer ella 
 
 209 
 
 Pabserella iliaca marifobae — (Concluded) 
 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Date 
 
 J. 
 
 Grinnell 
 
 801 
 
 rf 1 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co.', Calif. 
 
 April 1, 1896 
 
 
 
 4118 
 
 9 
 
 Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 5, 1900 
 
 
 
 7438 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Newhall, Lds Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 29, 1905 
 
 
 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 Red Point, Placer Co., Calif. 
 
 July 9, 1892 
 
 
 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 " Plumas Co.," Calif. 
 
 June 14, 1906 
 
 A 
 
 B. Howell 
 
 4934 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Slippery Ford, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 June 11, 1901 
 
 
 
 3288 
 
 C? juv. 
 
 Mammoth, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 9, 1914 
 
 
 
 3290 
 
 C? juv. 
 
 Mammoth, Mono Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 15, 1914 
 
 
 
 6678 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 June 9, 1916 
 
 
 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 
 June 25, 1911 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 July 3, 1911 
 July 7, 1911 
 
 
 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 
 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 
 July 9, 1911 
 Aug. 5, 1911 
 
 
 
 4937 
 
 C? juv. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 
 
 4938 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 7, 1911 
 
 
 
 4939 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 17, 1911 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aug. 17, 1911 
 Aug. 17, 1911 
 Aug. 25, 1911 
 
 
 
 
 C? im. 
 
 
 
 
 4940 
 
 C? im. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 
 
 4941 
 
 c? im. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 27, 1911 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sept. 1, 1911 
 Sept. 30, 1911 
 
 
 
 4942 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 
 
 6567 
 
 cT ad. 
 
 Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 cT 
 
 
 May 28, 1911 
 June 27, 1911 
 
 j. 
 
 E. Law 
 
 835 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 Lake Tahoe, Calif. 
 
 
 
 682 
 
 .... JUV. 
 
 Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 19, 1906 
 
 j. 
 
 & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 9142 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Johnsville, Plumas Co., Calif. 
 
 May 23, 1918 
 
 j. 
 
 R. Pemberton 
 
 1162 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 May 19, 1908 
 
 
 
 1163 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 May 19, 1908 
 
 
 
 1164 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Fyffe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 
 
 May 19, 1908 
 
 H 
 
 S. Swarth 
 
 4209 
 
 & 
 
 Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Dec. 6, 1903 
 
 L 
 
 E. Wyman 
 
 493 
 
 9 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Oct. 26, 1915 
 
 
 
 494 
 
 C? 
 
 Santa Monica Mts., Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1915 
 
 PaSSERELLA ILIACA STEPHENS! 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 2006 
 
 C? juv. 
 
 Fuller's Mill, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 2, 1908 
 
 
 2007 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Deer Spring, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 2, 1908 
 
 
 2009 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Fuller's Mill, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 2, 1908 
 
 
 2096 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Round Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 10, 1908 
 
 
 2212 
 
 d" ad. 
 
 Round Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 7, 1908 
 
 
 2213 
 
 C? juv. 
 
 Round Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 10, 1908 
 
 
 2214 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Round Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 7, 1908 
 
 
 2238 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Deer Spring, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 2, 1908 
 
 
 2876- 
 
 50" ad. 
 
 Tahquitz Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 20 to 
 
 
 2894 
 
 49 ad. 
 5c? juv. 
 59 juv. 
 
 
 Aug. 2, 1908 
 
 
 8347 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 16, 1905 
 
 
 8348 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 Santa Ana R., San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 29, 1905 
 
 
 8349 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 18, 1905 
 
 
 8350 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 24, 1905 
 
 
 11285 
 
 c? ad. 
 
 San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 21, 1889 
 
 
 11286 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 24, 1889 
 
 
 20501- 
 
 7c? ad. 
 
 Taylor Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Tulare Co., Calif. 
 
 July 19 to 
 
 
 20520 
 
 59 ad. 
 3c? juv. 
 59 juv. 
 
 
 July 25, 1911 
 
210 
 
 University of California Publications in Zoology 
 
 [Vol. 21 
 
 Passerella iliaca btephensi — (Continued) 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 Mus. Vert. Zool. 
 
 20521 
 
 cT juv. 
 
 Monache Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 3, 1911 
 
 
 20522 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Monache Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 3, 1911 
 
 
 20523 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Cannell Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 6, 1911 
 
 
 20524 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Cannell Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 6, 1911 
 
 
 20525 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Long Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 13, 1911 
 
 
 20526 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Long Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 14, 1911 
 
 
 20527 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Long Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 17, 1911 
 
 
 20528 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Sirretta Mdws., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 20, 1911 
 
 
 20529 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Sirretta Mdws., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 20, 1911 
 
 
 20530 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Sirretta Mdws., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 21, 1911 
 
 
 20531 
 
 rf ad. 
 
 Sirretta Mdws., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 22, 1911 
 
 
 20532 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Jackass Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 30, 1911 
 
 
 20533 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 ' Smith Mt., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 31, 1911 
 
 
 20534 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 Smith Mt., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 31, 1911 
 
 
 20535 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Troy Mdws., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 2, 1911 
 
 
 20536 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 Troy Mdws., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 2, 1911 
 
 
 20537 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Troy Mdws, Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 2, 1911 
 
 
 20538 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Jackass Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 3, 1911 
 
 
 20539 
 
 .... ad. 
 
 Jackass Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 3, 1911 
 
 
 20540 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Jackass Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 3, 1911 
 
 
 20541 
 
 .... juv. 
 
 Olancha Peak, Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 Aug. 17, 1911 
 
 
 20542 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Taylor Mdw., Sierra Nevada, Calif. 
 
 July 25, 1911 
 
 
 27386- 
 
 4cf ad. 
 
 Hume, Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 18 to 
 
 
 27414 
 
 59 ad. 
 9cf im. 
 49 im. 
 5cf juv. 
 29 juv. 
 
 
 Sept. 26, 1916 
 
 
 27415 
 
 if ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 19, 1916 
 
 
 27416 
 
 O* 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 
 27417 
 
 cf 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1916 
 
 
 27418 
 
 cf im. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 20, 1916 
 
 
 27419 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1916 
 
 
 27420 
 
 0* ad. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1916 
 
 
 27421 
 
 C? im. 
 
 Horse Corral Mdw., Fresno Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1916 
 
 Carnegie Museum, 
 
 15386 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 San Jacinto Mts., Calif., at 8000 ft. 
 
 July 14, 1895 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 15387* 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 San Jacinto Mts., Calif., at 8000 ft. 
 
 July 14, 1895 
 
 
 15388 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 San Jacinto Mts., Calif., at 8000 ft. 
 
 July 14, 1895 
 
 
 15389 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 San Jacinto Mts., Calif., at 8000 ft. 
 
 July 14, 1895 
 
 
 15390 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 San Jacinto Mts., Calif., at 8000 ft. 
 
 July 14, 1895 
 
 
 15391 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 San Jacinto Mts., Calif., at 8000 ft. 
 
 July 15, 1895 
 
 
 15392 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 San Jacinto Mts., Calif., at 8000 ft. 
 
 July 14, 1895 
 
 A. Brooks 
 
 
 cf 
 
 cf 
 
 Santa Barbara, Calif. 
 Santa Monica Mts., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1913 
 
 F. S. Daggett 
 
 8106 
 
 Nov. 24, 1915 
 
 W. 0- Emerson 
 
 627 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 24, 1889 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 5816 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 June 29, 1904 
 
 
 5817 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 June 29, 1904 
 
 
 5818 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 June 29, 1904 
 
 
 5819 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 June 29, 1904 
 
 
 5820 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 June 29, 1904 
 
 
 5890 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 July 11, 1904 
 
 
 5891 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 July 11, 1904 
 
 
 5892 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 July 11, 1904 
 
 
 5893 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 July 11, 1904 
 
 
 5894 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 July 11, 1904 
 
 
 5895 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 July 11, 1904 
 
 
 5896 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Calif. 
 
 July 11, 1904 
 
 
 5897 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Cauf. 
 
 July 11, 1904 
 
 
 6509 
 
 cf juv. 
 
 Dry Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 22, 1905 
 
 
 6510 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Dry Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 22, 1905 
 
 Type. 
 
1920] 
 
 Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 
 
 211 
 
 
 Passerella 
 
 iliaca stephensi — (Concluded) 
 
 
 Collection 
 
 No. 
 
 Sex Age 
 
 Locality 
 
 Date 
 
 J. Grinnell 
 
 6546 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Santa Ana R., San Bernardino Mta., Calif. 
 
 June 27, 1905 
 
 
 6547 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Santa Ana R., San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 27, 1905 
 
 
 6561 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Santa Ana R., San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 29, 1905 
 
 
 6732 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 16, 1905 
 
 
 6746 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 17, 1905 
 
 
 6753 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 18, 1905 
 
 
 6754 
 
 d" ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 18, 1905 
 
 
 6755 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 18, 1905 
 
 
 6772 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 19, 1905 
 
 
 6775 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif 
 
 July 19, 1905 
 
 
 6800 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 21, 1905 
 
 
 6801 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 21, 1905 
 
 
 6840 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 24, 1905 
 
 
 6874 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 27, 1905 
 
 
 7225 
 
 d im. 
 
 Sugarloaf, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 19, 1905 
 
 
 7226 
 
 d im. 
 
 Sugarloaf, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 19, 1905 
 
 
 7257 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Sugarloaf, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 22, 1905 
 
 
 7311 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 29, 1905 
 
 
 7312 
 
 9 im. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 29, 1905 
 
 
 7357 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 31, 1905 
 
 
 7358 
 
 d im. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 31, 1905 
 
 
 7627 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Santa Ana R. t San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 24, 1906 
 
 
 2943 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Mt. Waterman, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 10, 1897 
 
 
 2944 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Mt. Waterman, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 10, 1897 
 
 
 2945 
 
 C? ad. 
 
 Mt. Waterman, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 10, 1897 
 
 
 2946 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Mt. Waterman, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 10, 1897 
 
 
 2947 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Mt. Waterman, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 10, 1897 
 
 
 2969 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Mt. Waterman, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 16, 1897 
 
 
 2973 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Mt. Waterman, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 17, 1897 
 
 
 2983 
 
 9 juv. 
 
 Mt. Waterman, San Gabriel Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 18, 1897 
 
 J. E. Law 
 
 355 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 July 24, 1905 
 
 
 2235 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif 
 
 June 3, 1914 
 
 
 1424 
 
 9 
 
 Hollywood, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Feb. 22, 1912 
 
 J. & J. W. Mailliard 
 
 8095 
 
 cf ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 22, 1910 
 
 
 8096 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 24, 1910 
 
 G. F. Morcom 
 
 3415 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 9, 1886 
 
 
 3426 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 10, 1886 
 
 
 3445 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 12, 1886 
 
 
 3444 
 
 d juv. 
 
 Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 12, 1886 
 
 W. M. Pierce 
 
 233 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 May 31, 1914 
 
 
 236 
 
 d ad. 
 
 Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 May 31, 1914 
 
 
 706 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Lytle Cr., San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 31, 1915 
 
 
 853 
 
 
 Lytle Cr., San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 3, 1914 
 
 
 1007 
 
 9 ad. 
 
 Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 June 21, 1915 
 
 
 1117 
 
 
 Lytle Cr„ San Bernardino Mts., Calif. 
 
 Aug. 30, 1915 
 
 
 '1762 
 
 & "Z 
 
 Palmer's Canon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1919 
 
 C. H. Richardson 
 
 317-318 
 
 d 
 
 Piute Mts., Kern Co., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 2, 1903 
 
 H. S. Swarth 
 
 9999 
 
 d im. 
 
 Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Calif. 
 
 Sept. 9, 1914 
 
212 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 LITERATURE CITED 
 
 American Ornithologists' Union Committee. 
 
 1910. Check-list of North American birds; Ed. 3, revised (New York, Ameri- 
 
 can Ornithologists' Union), 430 pp., 2 maps. 
 1912. Sixteenth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list 
 of North American birds. Auk, 29, pp. 380-387. 
 
 Anthony, A. W. 
 
 1895. New races of Colaptes and Passerella from the Pacific coast. Auk, 12, 
 pp. 347-349. 
 
 Atjdubon, J. J. 
 
 1838. The birds of America. (London, published by the author), 4, pis. 
 
 301-435. 
 
 1839. Ornithological biography. (Edinburgh, Adam Black), 5, xl+664 pp., 
 
 93 figs, in text. 
 
 Baied, S. F. ("with the cooperation of" Cassin, J., and Lawrence, G. N.) 
 1858. Birds. Pacific Bailroad Beports, 9, lvi + 1005 pp. 
 
 Baied, S. F., Brewer, T. M., and Bidgwat, B. 
 
 1874. A history of North American birds. Land birds (Little, Brown and Co., 
 Boston), 3, 560 + xxviii pp., pis. 57-64, many figs, in text. 
 
 Beechet, P. "W. 
 
 1831. Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait. (London, 
 Colburn and Bentley), 1, xxii + 472 pp., pis. and maps; 2, iv + 452 
 pp., pis. and maps. 
 
 Belding, L. 
 
 1890. Land birds of the Pacific district. Occasional papers, Calif. Acad. Sci., 
 2, 274 pp. 
 
 Bowles, J. H. 
 
 1911. Notes extending the range of certain birds on the Pacific slope. Auk, 
 
 28, pp. 169-178. 
 
 Brewster, W. 
 
 1882. On a collection of birds lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. 
 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 7, pp. 193-212. 
 
 Bryan, F. T. 
 
 1857-58. [Beport on the road from Fort Biley to Bridger's Pass.] Appendix 
 H (pp. 455-520), of "The executive documents, printed by order 
 of the senate of the United States, first session, thirty-fifth congress, 
 and special session of 1858," 3, 572 pp. 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella 213 
 
 Bryant, W. E. 
 
 1887. Additions to the ornithology of Guadalupe Island. Bull. Calif. Acad. 
 
 Soi., 2, 6, pp. 269-318. 
 1889. A specimen of Passerella iliaca taken in California. Proa. Calif. Acad. 
 
 Sci., 2nd Ser., 2, p. 90. 
 1893. Second occurrence of the fox sparrow in California, Zoe, 3, 1893, p. 363. 
 
 Chapman, F. M. 
 
 1902. List of birds collected in Alaska by the Andrew J. Stone expedition. 
 
 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16, pp. 231-247. 
 1904. List of birds collected in Alaska by the Andrew J. Stone expedition of 
 
 1903. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 20, pp. 399-406. 
 
 Cooke, W. W. 
 
 1897. The birds of Colorado. State Agricultural College, Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station, Bull. 37, technical series, 2, 143 pp. 
 
 Cotjes, E. 
 
 1874. Birds of the Northwest: » hand-book of the ornithology of the region 
 
 drained by the Missouri River and its tributaries. XT. S. Geol. Surv. 
 
 Terr., Misc. Publ., 3, xi+791 pp. 
 1896. Merrem's work. Auk, 13, pp. 265-266. 
 
 Dawson, W. L. 
 
 1909. The birds of Washington. (Seattle, The Occidental Publishing Co.), 1, 
 xiv + 458 pp., many plates and figs in text. 
 
 Ferry, J. F. 
 
 1908. Notes from the diary of a naturalist in northern California. Condor, 
 
 10, pp. 30-44, 2 figs in text. 
 
 Fisher, A. K. 
 
 1904. Review of H. S. Swarth 's "Birds of the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- 
 zona." Condor, 6, pp. 80-81. 
 
 Gmelin, J. F., ed. 
 
 1788-1789. Linne. SyBtema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, 
 ordines, genera, species, cum charaeteribus, differentiis, synonymis, 
 loeis, (cura Jo. Frid. Gmelin, Lipsiae, Beer), 1, [x] + 1032 pp. 
 
 Grinnell, J. 
 
 1902. The Monterey fox sparrow. Condor, 4, pp. 44-45. 
 
 1908. The biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 
 
 5, pp. 1-170, 24 pis. 
 
 1909. Birds and mammals of the 1907 Alexander expedition to southeastern 
 
 Alaska. The birds. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, pp. 181-244, pi. 25, 
 2 figs, in text. 
 
 1910. Birds of the 1908 Alexander Alaska expedition, with a note on the 
 
 avifaunal relationships of the Prince William Sound district. Univ. 
 Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, pp. 361-428, pis. 32-34. 
 1915. A distributional list of the birds of California. Pacific Coast Avifauna, 
 
 11, 217 pp., 3 pla, (maps). 
 
214 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 21 
 
 Grinnell, J., and Storer, T. I. 
 
 1917. A new race of fox sparrow, from the vicinity of Mono Lake, California. 
 
 Condor, 19, pp. 165-166, 1 fig. in text. 
 
 Grinnell, J., and Swarth, H. 8. 
 
 1913. An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jaeinto area of south- 
 ern California, with remarks upon the behavior of geographic races 
 on the margins of their habitats. TJniv. Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, 
 pp. 197-406, pis. 6-10. 
 
 Henshaw, H. W. 
 
 1875. Eeport upon the ornithological collections made in portions of Nevada, 
 Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the 
 years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. Bep. Geog. Surv. West 100th 
 Merid. by George M. Wheeler, 5, pp. 120, 131-507, 977-989, pis. 
 I-XV. 
 
 1878. On the species of the genus Passerella. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 3, pp. 3-7. 
 
 Howell, A. B. 
 
 1912. Another eastern fox sparrow in southern California. Condor, 14, p. 41. 
 Kittlitz, F. H. VON 
 
 1858. Denkwurdigkeiten einer Beise naeh dem russisehen Amerika, nach 
 Mikronesien und durch Kamtsehatka von F. H. von Kittlitz. 2 vols. 
 Gotha. 
 Latham, J. 
 
 1782. A general synopsis of birds. (London, White), 1, pt. 2, pp. 417-788 
 [4-32], pis. 17-35. Published as "Vol. II." 
 
 Mailliard, J. 
 
 1901. Some winter notes from Marin County, Cal. Condor, 3, pp. 71-72. 
 1912. Passerella stephensi in Marin County, California. Condor, 14, pp. 63-67, 
 3 figs. 
 
 1918. The Yolla BoUy fox sparrow. Condor, 20, pp. 138-139. 
 
 Merriam, C. H. 
 
 1890. Annotated list of birds of the San Francisco Mountain plateau and the 
 desert of the Little Colorado Biver, Arizona. TJ. S. Dept. Agric, 
 Div. Orn. and Mam., N. Amer. Fauna, 3, 1890, pp. 87-101. 
 Oberholser, H. C. 
 
 1900. Notes on some birds from Santa Barbara Islands, California. Proc. 
 
 TJ. S. Nat. Mus., 22, pp. 229-234. 
 1912. A revision of the subspecies of the green heron (Butorides virescens 
 
 [Linnaeus]). Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., 42, pp. 529-577. 
 1918. Notes on North American birds. V. Auk, 35, pp. 185-187. 
 
 Osgood, W. H. 
 
 1901. Natural history of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agric, Bureau Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 21, pp. 
 
 1-50, pis. I-V. 
 1904. A biological reconnaissance of the base of the Alaska Peninsula. IT. S. 
 
 Dept. Agric, Bureau Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 24, 86 pp., 7 pis. 
 1909. Bevision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus. IT. S. Dept. 
 
 Agric, Bureau Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 28, 285 pp., 8 pis. 
 
1920] Swarth: Revision of Avian Genus Passerella , 215 
 
 Pemberton, J. B. 
 
 1908. Field notes from central California. Condor, 10, p. 50. 
 
 Pennant, T. 
 
 1785. Arctic Zoology, 2, pp. 188-586 + 13. 
 
 Eathbun, S. P. 
 
 1916. The Lake Crescent region, Olympic Mountains, Washington, with notes 
 regarding its avifauna. Auk, 33, pp. 357-370, pis. 19-21, 1 fig. in 
 text. 
 
 ElDGWAT, E. 
 
 1899. New species, etc., of American birds. III. Pringillidae (Continued). 
 
 Auk, 16, pp. 35-37. 
 
 1900. New species, etc., of American birds. VI. Pringillidae (Supplement). 
 
 Auk, 17, pp. 29-30. 
 
 1901. The birds of North and Middle America. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 50, 
 
 part 1, xxx + 715 pp., 20 pis. 
 1912. Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. (Washington, D. C. ; pub- 
 lished by the author), 3 + 44 pp., 53 pis. 
 
 Eilet, J. H. 
 
 1911. Descriptions of three new birds from Canada. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 
 
 24, pp. 233-236. 
 
 1912. Birds collected or observed on the expedition of the Alpine Club of 
 
 Canada to Jasper Park, Yellowhead Pass, and Mount Eobson region. 
 The Canadian Alpine Journal, special number, pp. 47-75, pi. 1. 
 
 Stephens, F. 
 
 1914. Arizona records. Condor, 16, p. 259. 
 
 Sumner, P. B. 
 
 1918. Continuous and discontinuous variations and their inheritance in Pero- 
 myscus. Am. Nat., 52, pp. 177-208, 290-301, 439-454. 
 
 SWAINSON, W. 
 
 1836 [1837]. On the natural history and classification of birds. (London, 
 Longman), 2, vi+398 pp.; many figs, in text. 
 
 SWARTH, H. S. 
 
 1911. Birds and mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska expedition. Univ. 
 
 Calif. Publ. Zool., 7, pp. 9-172, pis. 1-6. 
 
 1912. Eeport on a collection of birds and mammals from Vancouver Island. 
 
 Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 10, pp. 1-124, pis. 1-4. 
 1918. Three new subspecies of Passerella iliaoa. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, 
 pp. 161-164. 
 
 Tyler, J. G. 
 
 1913. Some birds of the Presno district, California. Pacific Coast Avifauna, 
 
 9, 114 pp. 
 
 Verrill, A. E. 
 
 1862. Notes on the natural history of Anticosti. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 
 9, pp. 132-143. 
 
216 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol.21 
 
 Vigors, N. A. 
 
 1839. Ornithology, in the Zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage. (London, 
 Henry G. Bohn), pp. 13-40, pis. 3-14. 
 
 Wheelek, G. M. 
 
 1876. Annual report upon the geographical surveys west of the one-hundredth 
 meridian. ("Washington, Government Printing Office), appendix J J 
 of the annual report of the chief of engineers for 1876, vi + 355 pp., 
 11 pis. 
 
 WlLLETT, G. 
 
 1912. Birds of the Pacific slope of southern California. Pacific Coast Avi- 
 fauna, 7, 122 pp. 
 
 Wilson, A. 
 
 1811. American Ornithology. (Philadelphia, Bradford and Inskeep), 3, pp. 
 iii-xvi + 17-120, pis. 19-27. 
 
 Transmitted April 21, 1919. 
 
PLATE 4 
 
 Fig. 1. Reading from top to bottom, the birds figured are the Shumagin fox 
 sparrow (Passerella iliaoa unalaschoensis) , Mus. Vert. Zool., no. 23282; sooty fox 
 sparrow (Passerella iliaoa fvliginosa) , Mus. Vert. Zool., no. 16253; Stephens fox 
 sparrow (Passerella iliaoa stephensi), J. Grinnell collection, no. 7311; and Yolla 
 Bolly fox sparrow (Passerella iliaoa brevicauda), H. S. Swarth collection, no. 199. 
 About one-half natural size. 
 
 The Shumagin fox sparrow and* the sooty fox sparrow illustrate the extremes 
 of coloration reached in the subspecies of Passerella iliaoa occurring on the north- 
 west coast of North America (the " Unalaseheensis group"). The Shumagin fox 
 sparrow, the northernmost race, is the palest in color of this group, the sooty fox 
 sparrow, the southernmost race, is the darkest. These extremes are linked together 
 by four other subspecies occurring at intermediate points and variously inter- 
 mediate in coloration. Color is the principal character differentiating the members 
 of this group. 
 
 The Stephens fox sparrow and the Yolla Bolly fox sparrow represent extremes 
 attained along two different lines of development followed by the subspecies 
 of Passerella iliaoa in the western United States (the "Sehistacea group"). 
 Each has an extremely large bill, but of different shapes. These subspecies also 
 differ in proportionate length of wing and tail, and slightly in color. In the 
 Stephens fox sparrow the bill is more narrow and sharp-pointed, the tail is rela- 
 tively long, and the general coloration is quite grayish. In the Yolla Bolly fox 
 sparrow the bill is broad and stubby, the tail is relatively short, and there is a 
 distinctly brownish tinge to the coloration. There are no intergrading subspecies 
 directly connecting the two forms stephensi and T>revicauda, but there are such 
 intergrades connecting each one with still another subspecies, sehistacea. 
 
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UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 21 
 
 [ SWARTH ] PLATE 4 
 
PLATE 5 
 
 Pig. 2. Meadow on the mountain side at Port Snettisham, southeastern Alaska. 
 The Townsend fox sparrow {Passerella iliaoa townsendi) was found here in fair 
 abundance, mostly in the densest underbrush. Photograph taken August 25, 1909. 
 
 Pig. 3. Tahquitz Valley (8000 feet altitude), San Jacinto Mountains, Califor- 
 nia. The trees in the middle distance are mostly Jeffrey pine and silver fir, those 
 on the higher slopes in the background, lodgepole pine and limber pine. The 
 brush covering the hillside in the foreground is chinquapin. Stephens fox sparrow 
 is an abundant summer visitant to this valley, frequenting for the most part the 
 densely matted ehaparral formed by the ehiuquapin. Tahquitz Valley is the type 
 locality of Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony. Photograph taken September 11, 
 1914. 
 
 [220] 
 
UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL, VOL. 21 
 
 I SWARTH ] PLATE 5 
 
 Fig. 2 
 
 Fig. 3 
 
PLATE 6 
 
 Pig. 4. Fort Tejon, Kern County, California. This locality is in the Upper 
 Sonoran zone, the buildings set amid hills whose slopes are covered with dense 
 chaparral. In the more level places there are many live oaks, and along the 
 streams, sycamores and thickets of willows. These are the characteristic sur- 
 roundings sought by the more northern subspecies of fox spaxrow for their winter 
 home in southern California. Fort Tejon is the type locality of Passerella megar- 
 hynohms Baird, the type specimen, a winter bird, having been taken there some 
 time prior to 1858. Fort Tejon is the type locality for other species of birds also, 
 as well as for certain mammals and reptiles, hence is a point of special interest 
 as regards the early history of zoology in California. The old fort, . itself, is the 
 adobe building at the left, under the oak trees. Photograph taken July 24, 1918. 
 
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UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL, VOL. 21 
 
 [ SWARTH ] PLATE 6 
 
PLATE 7 
 
 Fig. 5. Little Onion Valley (altitude 7500 feet), Sierra Nevada, on the Inyo 
 County side, near Kearsarge Pass, California. The scattered conifers are mostly 
 silver fir; the small trees along the stream are willow, alder and birch; the 
 chaparral on the hillsides is mostly manzanita and sage. The Yosemite fox 
 sparrow (Passerella iliaoa mariposae) is an abundant summer visitant to this 
 place. A nest was found in a manzanita bush shown in the foreground of this 
 picture. Photograph taken June 3, 1912. 
 
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UNIV, CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL, VOL, 21 
 
 [ SWARTH l PLATE 7