CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 IRRIGATION PROJECTS 
 
 OF THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Cornell University Library 
 
 TC 823.6.A4 1920 
 
 Irrigation prolects of the U.S. Reclamat 
 
 GONCONULLY RESERVOIR IN OKANOGAN NATIONAL FOREST, WASHINGTON 
 
 NATIONAL RECLAMATION OF ARID LANDS \ ^" 
 
^^ -Sf-^' 
 
 
 THE DESERT BEFORE RECLAMATION. 
 
 THE DESERT RECLAIMED 
 
Rhtvised to Xo\ ember 1, 1920. 
 
 Irrigation Pkojectts. 
 
 For convenience in answering the inquiries of the public 
 generally regarding the irrigation projects of the United States 
 Reclamation 'Service, and concerning irrigable lands which 
 eventually will be reclaimed, the following brief statement is 
 published in circular form. Detailed information as to areas 
 open to settlers may be obtained by addressing the Statistician 
 of the Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Accompanying this booklet is a tabulated statement showing 
 the reclamation projects which contain Government land open 
 to entry at the present time, the number of farm units available, 
 cost of water rights, etc. 
 
 Aeizona, Salt River Project. 
 
 The Salt River project, one of the first undertaken by the Government under 
 the reclamation law, is completed and was turned over on November 1, 1917, to 
 the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association for operation and maintenance 
 by the water users. The Government retains a lien on the lands subscribed for 
 water-right charges, but the administration of the irrigation system is in the 
 hands of the association, to which inquiries may be addressed at Phoenix, Ariz. 
 
 The lands under this project surround Phoenix, the capital of the State, and 
 are situated in Maricopa and Gila Counties. The general elevation is 1,000 to 
 1,300 feet above sea level ; the temperature ranges from 22° to 117° F. and 
 the rainfall from 3 to 10 inches. The watershed area of the Salt River is 
 6,250 square miles, and that of the Verde River 6,000 square miles. The aver- 
 age annual rainfall on the watershed area is from 10 to 20 inches, and the esti- 
 mated average run-off is 866,000 acre- feet from the Salt River at Roosevelt Dam 
 and 560,000 acre-feet from the Verde. 
 
 The valley is traversed by the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific Railroads, 
 which connect it with the towns of the State, the Pacific coast cities, and 
 eastern markets. The railroad stations and other towns are Phoenix, Mesa, 
 Glendale, Tempe, Chandler, Peoria, Gilbert, Scottsdale, Higley, Lehi, and 
 Tolleson. 
 
 The soil is an alluvial deposit of high fertility, adapted to the growth of a 
 wide variety of crops, including those of the temperate and semitropical zones. 
 The agricultural year is divided in two seasons, a summer season commencing 
 June 1 and ending September 80, devoted to the cultivation of alfalfa, garden 
 truck, sorghum, cereals, small fruits, cantaloupes, melons, etc., and a winter 
 season commencing October 1 and ending May 31 of the following year, devoted 
 principally to the cultivation of alfalfa, cereals, and citrus fruits. Irrigation 
 is carried on throughout the whole year. The growing of the long-fiber Egyp- 
 tian cotton has become a very important industry. Another leading industry 
 is dairying, which is carried on throughout the entire year. 
 
 All the lands in the project have been filed upon and can be acquired now 
 only by purchase from present owners. There has been a tendency toward the 
 cutting up of the large farms into smaller holdings, and this policy is bringing 
 new families into the valley who are making their homes on the land. There 
 has been also a marked increase in the number of cooperative organizations, 
 principally for the sale of produce. This is especially true of the Farmers' 
 Union, which endeavors to market all the crops raised by the members, and of 
 7101°— 20 2 (3) 
 
the organizations for the production and sale of cotton. There has been a 
 marked increase in the acreage planted to intensive crops, especially cotton, of 
 ■which a superior variety of long staple has been developed vi^ith success. Dur- 
 ing the season 1918-19 approximately 66,000 acres of cotton yielded a gross re- 
 turn of $210 per acre. For all crops that season the association reported a 
 gross value of $23,768,681 for 188,232 acres cropped, or $126.27 per acre. Ap- 
 proximately 205,000 acres were Irrigated. 
 
 Included among the project works is the Roosevelt Dam, which creates a 
 reservoir with a storage capacity of 1,305,000 acre-feet. Roosevelt Dam is 
 of rubble masonry 280 feet high, 235 feet long on the bottom, and 1,125 feet 
 long on top. Its purpose is to regulate the flow of Salt River and store the 
 water for future needs. When required for irrigation the water is allowed 
 to flow down the river channel from the dam for 40 miles, and is then diverted 
 by the Granite Reef Dam into two canals, one on each side of the river, which 
 carry it to the irrigable lands. This diversion dam Is a rubble concrete weir 
 38 feet high and 1,000 feet long. The distribution system includes 850 miles of 
 canals and laterals. 
 
 There have been completed and put into operation 47 pumping plants, with 
 a discharge ranging from li to 10 second-feet. A pumping plant located at 
 the junction of the Western Canal and Kyrene branch pumps water through 
 a 54-inch pressure pipe 5,930 feet long to an elevation of 40 feet and waters 
 approximately 7,500 acres of land. 
 
 A power plant located at Roosevelt generates power from stored water in the 
 reservoir and other hydroelectric power plants, the South-Consolidated, the Ari- 
 zona Falls, the Cross Cut, and the Chandler, have been built to take advantage 
 of the opportunities created by the canal system. A portion of the power devel- 
 oped is used for pumping water for irrigation, and the remainder for industrial 
 purposes. 
 
 Aeizona-Oalifornia, Tuma Project. 
 
 The Yuma project Is planned to Irrigate about 114,000 acres of land lying 
 in Yuma County, Ariz., and Imperial County, Calif. The ' irrigable area is 
 divided in three units — the Yuma Indian Reservation, comprising some 16,000 
 acres, 6,500 of which were opened to white settlers in 1910, the balance being 
 divided in 10-acre units for the Indiahs ; the Yuma Valley, comprising about 
 53,000 acres ; and the mesa lands, comprising 45,000 acres. The irrigation sys- 
 tem is completed to a point where it will serve 70,000 acres. The power and 
 pumping plants and the distribution system for the mesa unit have been de- 
 signed, and construction has been started. This unit of the project is provided 
 for in the Yuma Mesa act of January 25, 1917, which provides for the sale 
 of the lands and makes the proceeds available for the construction of the 
 irrigation works. The sale of lands in the flrst unit of the Mesa was opened 
 on December 10, 1919. 
 
 This project has a year-round growing season, a productive soil, and an 
 ample water supply. The irrigable area is from 80 to 215 feet above sea level ; 
 the temperature ranges from 22° to 118° F. The soil of the valleys is a rich 
 alluvium, and of the mesa, Fresno gravelly sand. The annual rainfall is 
 about 2.5 inches. The watershed area is 225,000 square miles, and the mean 
 annual run-off is 17,000,000 acre-feet. 
 
 Excluding the mesa, the cost of water right Is $55, $66, $75, and $90 per 
 acre. The returns per acre from crops in 1919 amounted to $134. Cotton is 
 the principal crop in the bottom lands, and alfalfa hay and seed are valuable 
 products. Grains, vegetables, citrus fruits, dates, olives, cane, corn, etc., are 
 or can be grown. The limit of public land farms is 40 acres. 
 
 (4) 
 
^^, ' #p^V^.»»9* ^fc - 'H^ 
 
 HARVESTING BARLEY IN THE YUMA VALLEY. ARIZ. 
 
 The Southern Puciflc llaUroud which crosses the project at Yuma furnishes 
 transportation facilities to Arizona towns, the Pacific coast, and eastern marlvets. 
 The project towns are Yuma, Potholes, Winterhaven, .Somerton, and Gadsden. 
 In 1914 and 1915 the Government constructed about 26 miles of standard-gauge 
 railroad, extending from Yuma along the Colorado levee to the international 
 boundary, which is the southern terminus. The primary purpose of ihe railway 
 is to protect the levees, but passengers and farm products are being carried. 
 
 This project involves the diversion of the waters of the Colorado River by 
 means of Laguna Dam, a structure of the Indian weir type, about 10 miles north 
 of Yuma, Ariz. This dam was completed in March, 1909. It is about 10 feet 
 high, 4,780 feet long, and 260 feet wide up and down stream. By a unique 
 arrangement at the head gates of the canals the waters of this muddy stream 
 are drawn ofC comparatively clear. A siphon 930 feet long, with a capacity of 
 1,400 cubic feet per second, has been constructed under the Colorado River at 
 Yuma to carry water from the main canal in California to the bottom lands of 
 the Yuma Valley in Arizona. Irrigation water was turned through this siphon 
 on June 29, 1912. The distribution system consists of 325 miles of canals. 
 
 A system of levees protects the bottom lands from overflow of the Colorado 
 River. Forty-three miles of levee have been constructed and are being main- 
 tained. 
 
 A drainage system for the reservation unit is partially completed, which re- 
 quires a pumping system to remove the surplus water during high stages of the 
 Colorado River. For tlie Yuma Viilley unit, a drainage system is under construc- 
 tion ; this requires a pumping plant at the boundary, and on December 81, 1919, 
 the pumping plant and 18 miles of main drain were completed. 
 
 (5) 
 
ALMOND ORCHARD. ORLAND PROJECT. CAUF. 
 Califobnia, Okland Pkoject. 
 
 This project was constructed for the reclamation of 20,000 acres of land 
 lying about 100 miles north of Sacramento in Glenn and Tehama Counties. 
 The transportation lines are the Southern Pacific Railroad and steamers on 
 the Sacramento River. The project is centrally traversed from north to south 
 by a concrete State highway, which is connected by good roads with all parts 
 of the project. The State highway extends from the north to the south bound- 
 ary of the State and with its laterals reaches all principal cities and towns. 
 The principal town of the project is Orland, which in 1920 had a population of 
 1,600. Greenwood, Wyo., and Malton, flag stations on the railroad, are also 
 shipping points. Within the project are ten public schools. All parts of the 
 project are reached by telephone, and some of the rural districts are served 
 with electricity for power and lighting purposes. 
 
 ' The lands, which are practically all in private ownership, are exceedingly 
 fertile. The soil is a gravelly loam, and sandy and silt loam, and with irri- 
 gation and the prevailing climatic conditions it has been demonstrated that the 
 land is excellent for the production of numerous crops, including alfalfa, al- 
 monds, English walnuts, and both citrus and deciduous fruits. The general ele- 
 vation is 250 feet above sea level, the temperature ranges from 26° to 114° F., 
 and the average annual rainfall is about 17 inches. The drainage basin covers 
 about 900 square miles. The average annual rainfall on the drainage basin is 25 
 inches, and the estimated annual run-oft' on the watershed is 541,000 acre-feet. 
 
 The project was opened by public notice May 24, 1916, with a building cost 
 of $44 per acre. Through a petition and vote of the water users in 1917, $11 
 per acre was provided for supplemental construction, this amount to be used for 
 lining the canals and laterals with concrete. 
 
 (6) 
 
A great many fine dairy cows have been brought In by the creamery com- 
 panies, banks, and others interested in the development of the industry, and 
 placed with farmers on easy terms of payment. Two creameries handle all of 
 the butter product, which averages about 4 tons daily. The dairymen are 
 organized into testing and breeding associations. The almond and orange 
 growers are affiliated with associations through which their crops are mar- 
 Ijeted. The chicken business also has assumed considerable importance, being 
 represented in 1919 by an investment of $75,000. The tendency here, as on 
 most of the projects, is toward small farms intensively cultivated, and the 
 larger holdings have been cut up into small tracts and sold to actual settlers. 
 In 1919 about 16,000 acres had been developed, with an average of 30 acres in 
 each farm. 
 
 The irrigation plan of the Orland project provides for the storage of water 
 in a reservoir controlled by East Park Dam on Little Stony Creek, about 40 
 miles southwest of Orland, Calif., and a feed canal 7 miles long connecting the 
 storage basin with Stony Creek. The diversion works for the feed canal are 
 located about 3i miles west of Stonyford. For the irrigation of lands in the 
 vicinity of Orland water is diverted from Stony Creek into the canal systems 
 at two ponts, namely. Miller Buttes, 9i miles northwest of Orland, for the 
 South Canal system, and at the north side weir, 5 miles northwest of Orland, 
 for the North Side Canal system. The South Canal system irrigates 13,000 
 acres on the south side and the North Canal system 7,000 acres on the north 
 side of Stony Creek. The stored water is conveyed from East Park in the 
 natural creek channel 41 miles to the Miller Buttes diversion and 45 miles to 
 the north side weir, where it is taken out in distribution systems comprising 
 140 miles of canals and laterals. The plan also includes a high-line canal from 
 which power may be developed for pumping. 
 
 The present limits of the Orland project may be considered as a unit of the 
 Sacramento Valley project. It may be extended by constructing additional 
 reservoirs on Stony Creek and its tributaries. The chief additional reservoir 
 sites are Millsite, on Stony Creek, near Fruto, and Stony Gorge, on Stony 
 Creek, near Elk Creek. 
 
 Colorado, Grand Valley Peo.ject. 
 
 The Grand Valley is located in the plateau region on the western slope of 
 the Rocky Mountains in western Colorado. The irrigable area of the Grand 
 Valley project Includes 50,000 acres of land, lying above the old irrigated 
 district on the north side of the valley, 40,000 acres of which will be supplied 
 by gravity canals and 10,000 acres by electrically operated pumping plants lift- 
 ing water from the main canal. Water is also supplied through the project 
 system for 8,400 acres in the Palisade and Mesa County irrigation districts. 
 
 The source of the water supply is the natural flow of the Grand River, the 
 largest stream in Colorado, from which the water is diverted, by means of 
 a diversion dam located in the canyon 8 miles above Palisade, Colo., into a 
 main canal 62 miles in length. The average elevation of the project Is 4,700 
 feet above sea level. The temperature ranges from — 15° to 100° F., and 
 the annual rainfall is about 8.5 inches. The climate is mild, with a large 
 percentage of sunshine and long growing season. 
 
 The irrigation works have been completed to furnish a dependable water 
 supply for 35,000 acres of land. All of the desirable lands for which water is 
 now available have been entered and patented and can only be acquired by 
 
 (T) 
 
purchase of relinquishment of deed from present owners. The average size of 
 the farms is about 60 acres. 
 
 The principal crops produced on the project are alfalfa, wheat, oats, sugar 
 beets, corn, potatoes, fruit, and vegetables. Apples, pears, and peaches are 
 grown successfully in parts of the valley. The crop return in 1919 averaged 
 $64.12 per acre. The soil consists of three general types — red sandy mesas, 
 sandy loam, and adobe. The red soils are deep and well drained and especiiiUy 
 adapted to the growing of fruits, and also for alfalfa, corn, and potatoes. The 
 sandy loam is an alluvial soil, very fertile, and adapted to the growing of prac- 
 tically all kinds of crops. The adobe soils are heavier and are especially 
 adapted for sugar beets and cereals. 
 
 YOUNG ORCHARD NEAR GRAND JUNCTION. COLO. 
 
 The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad connects the valley with the markets 
 of the Mississippi Valley and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The principal 
 railroad shipping points are Grand Junction, Fruita, Loma, Mack, Palisade, 
 and Clifton, all adjacent to or on the project. An electric interurban line 
 serves the portion of the project between Grand Junction and Fruita. The 
 sugar factory at Grand Junction furnishes a market for all sugiir beets s'lown 
 on the project and the local flour mill for wheat and other cerenls; local 
 canneries handle each year a large quantity of tomatoes, fruits, and vege- 
 tables. The marketing of the fruit crop is handled largely through coopera- 
 tive associations. The educational facilities are excellent on account of the 
 proximity of the project to the old settled-up district. 
 
 The engineering works include the Grand River diversion dam and 62 miles 
 of main canal, including 2i miles of concrete-lined tunnels and a number of 
 
 (8) 
 
reinforced concrete siphons. Future plans provide fcr the Installation of a 
 hydroelectric power plant to provide power for pumping to the lands above 
 the gravity canal. The diversion dam is of the roller crest type, consisting of 
 a concrete weir, upon which are placed seven movable crests consisting of large 
 steel rollers. During the low-water period the rollers are lowered to divert the 
 water into tlie main canal, and at times of flood they are rolled up on piers to 
 permit the high water to pass without damaging the adjacent railroad. 
 
 COLOBADO, TjNCOirPAHGEE PBOJECT. 
 
 Surrounding the towns of Montrose and Olathe, in Montrose County, and 
 Delta, In Delta County, on the western slope of the Rocljy Mountains, lie 100,000 
 acres of rich bottom and mesa lands comprising the Uncompahgre project. The 
 worlis for the delivery of water to the entire area are practically complete. The 
 farm units vary in size from 40 to 80 acres. The heavier soils are especially well 
 adapted to the raising of sugar beets and wheat. The entire area is adapted to 
 alfalfa, wheat, and oats, and considerable areas to the raising of potatoes and 
 onions. The range in soil from heavy adobe to light, sandy loam makes possible 
 a wide diversity of profitable crops. 
 
 The principal markets are the local mining camps and Denver, although 
 large quantities of apples, potatoes, and onions are shipped to eastern markets. 
 In 1919, 59,746 acres were cropped, producing an average return of $56.76 per 
 acre. The farmers are progressive and have splendid schools and farmers' 
 organizations. Practically the entire project Is reached by telephone and 
 rural free delivery and a considerable part of it by the power lines of a 
 local power company. During the past two years the farmers, cooperating with 
 the county commissioners, graveled 20 miles of road and are considering the 
 graveling of many additional miles. 
 
 The irrigable land lies between the elevations of 5,000 and 6,400 feet above 
 sea level. The temperature ranges from 25° below to 98° above zero. The 
 rainfall on the irrigable land is 6 to 12 inches. The Denver & Rio Grande Rail- 
 road traverses the tract, with stations at Montrose, Olathe, and Delta. 
 
 The valley is protected on the north by Grand Mesa, on the east by Vernal 
 Mesa, on the south by the San Juan Mountains, and on the west by the Un- 
 compahgre Plateau. Practically all of the surrounding mountainous area ' is 
 included in Forest Reserves and makes excellent range for live stock. 
 
 The engineering work involved the diversion of the waters of the Gunnison 
 River by means of a tunnel 30,645 feet long, with a cross section lOJ by Hi 
 feet, concrete lined where necessary, witli a capacity of 1,000 cubic feet per 
 second. The tunnel passes 2,200 feet below the summit of Vernal Mesa and 
 carries the water to the Uncompahgre Valley, where it is used to supplement 
 the flow of the Uncompahgre River and is diverted to eight lateral systems 
 supplying the project. 
 
 Idaho, Boise Pboject. 
 
 The Boise project has reclaimed 143,000 acres of sage-brush land, and in 
 addition supplies storage water to 130,000 acres of old water-right land; 
 contemplated extensions will cover 50,000 acres more of dry land. The project 
 is located in the Boise and Snake River Valleys, in Ada and Canyon Counties 
 in southwestern Idaho and Malheur County in eastern Oregon. The soil is 
 clay loam and sandy loam, and the principal products are alfalfa, small grains, 
 corn, clover seed, potatoes, apples, prunes, and small fruit. 
 
 (9) 
 
Dairying is an Important and a rapidly growing industry. A large milk con- 
 densery has been constructed recently at Nampa by the Carnation Milk 
 Products Go. 
 
 Trolley lines have been extended from the principal towns to cover portions 
 of the valley. The Oregon Short Line Railroad runs through the project, with 
 three branch lines out of Nampa extending through the project. The project 
 towns are Boise, Nampa, Caldwell, Meridian, Kuna, Bowmont, Melba, and 
 Wilder. 
 
 The general elevation of the project is 2,500 feet above sea level. The tem- 
 perature rarely goes below zero or above 100°. The winters are generally mild 
 and free from wind. The summers are long, sunshiny, and warm, and with, 
 irrigation plant growth is rapid. Four cuttings of alfalfa are commoh. 
 
 The source of water supply is the Boise River, which has a drainage area 
 of 2,610 square miles, and the mean annual run-ofE is 2,515,000 acre-feet. 
 
 The principal engineering works are as follows : Arrowrock Dam and Reser- 
 voir — the highest dam in the world, height from foundation 349 feet, length 
 1,100 feet, and reservoir capacity of 280,000 acre- feet ; a diversion dam, 8 miles 
 above Boise, where the Main Canal (capacity 2,500 second-feet) diverts from 
 the Boise River; a three-unit hydroelectric plant at the diversion dam (capac- 
 ity 2,500 horsepower), which furnished power for the construction of Arrow- 
 rock Dam, and is now leased for commercial purposes ; the Deer Flat Reservoir 
 near Caldwell, with a capacity of 177,000 acre-feet; and 1,000 miles of canals 
 and laterals. 
 
 The Boise project was put under public notice by the Secretary of the In- 
 terior on July 2, 1917. 
 
 ARROWROCK DAM. BOISE PROJECT, IDAHO, 
 (10) 
 
Idaho, Kino Hh-l Project. 
 
 This project contemplates the reclaiming of 16,200 acres of land lying in the 
 Snalse River Valley in Elmore, Gooding, Owyhee, and Twin Falls Counties. 
 The soil ranges from light to heavy sandy, loam and the principal products are 
 alfalfa, early vegetables, grain, fruit, and stock. The value of the crop pro- 
 duced In 1919 averaged $55.39 per acre. The King Hill Fruit Growers' Associa- 
 tion assists the farmers in selling the produce of the project. They own their 
 own warehouse at King Hill and handle the purchase of the necessary potato 
 sacljs, spraying material, crates, boxes, etc. 
 
 The Oregon Short Line Railroad traverses the tract and furnishes transpor- 
 tation facilities. It passes through the towns of Bliss, King Hill, Glenns Ferry, 
 and Hammett. The principal markets are Portland, Butte, Boise, and the 
 small towns in southeastern Idaho. 
 
 The average elevation of the irrigable land i=! 2,750 feet above sea level, and 
 the temperature ranges from 17° below zero to 111° F. above, although it rarely 
 goes below zero. The summers are long, sunshiny, and warm, and with irriga- 
 tion, promote rapid vegetable growth. 
 
 The source of water supply is Malad River. This river for several miles 
 above the diversion is supplied by springs which yield more than 1,000 second- 
 feet in the late summer and the project has the prior water right to 300 second- 
 feet. The length of the irrigation season is 193 days, from April 1 to October 
 10. The annual average rainfall for the past eight years is 9.35 inches. 
 
 The irrigation plan of the King Hill project provides for the diversion of 
 water from the Malad River into a flume of the Idaho Power Co. at a point 
 about 1 mile above the junction of the Malad and Snake Rivers. The water 
 is carried 4,000 feet through a flume in the canyon of the Malad and then 
 divided between the King Hill Canal and the Malad power plant. The King 
 Hill main canal is 48 miles in length and with its laterals involves 4 bridges 
 and siphons across the Snake River. Twenty-nine per cent of the length of 
 the main canal consists of structures or concrete-lined sections. 
 
 Most of the land on this project has either been filed on or is held in private 
 ownership, although good farms may be purchased at reasonable prices from 
 the settlers. 
 
 In.4H0, Minidoka Project. 
 
 The Minidoka project contains 121,500 acres, is located in south central 
 Idaho, in Cassia and Minidoka Counties, and lies on both sides of the Snake 
 River. The gravity system covers 72,500 acres, and the south side pumping 
 unit 49,000 acres. 
 
 On the gravity unit the soil varies from sand and sandy loam to clay loam. 
 On the pumping unit it is what Is locally called disintegrated lava ash, which 
 is similar to a sand loam. The soil and climate are adapted to the raising of 
 alfalfa, potatoes, sugar beets, clover seed, and small grains. The principal 
 markets are Salt Lake, Portland, and Kansas City. There has been a rapid 
 improvement in economic conditions and farming methods. Seventy per cent 
 of the farmers have sheep on their ranches. 
 
 Over one thousand of the farms are receiving electric current from the 
 Reclamation Service power system through mutual companies, which build and 
 own the distributing systems. Electricity is being used for heating many of 
 the buildings in the towns. This is a by-product of the power station that 
 has been built for pumping water during the irrigation season. 
 
 The general elevation is 4,225 feet above sea level. The winters are usually 
 mild. 
 
 (11) 
 7101°— 20 3 
 
M^^/l^ 
 
 X. >- ^ 'iC-ra. ' 3,!^ 
 
 FARM SCENE ON MINIDOKA PROJECT, IDAHO 
 
 Water-right construction cliarges on tlie gravity unit are $22, $30, $42, and 
 $56 per acre, and on the pumping unit are $56.50 and $57.50 per acre. 
 
 The engineering works include a diversion, povcer and storage dam on Snalie 
 River, about 7 miles south of Minidoka, two canal sj'stems, one on each side of 
 the river heading at the diversion dam, and three main pumping stations. 
 Additional storage is provided in Jackson Lake, Wyo., and brought down Snake 
 River at times when needed. 
 
 There are 634 miles of canals and 82 mfles of transmission lines on the 
 project. The tract is well supplied with railroad facilities by several branches 
 of the Oregon Short Line. 
 
 A State highway crosses the project, and many surfaced feeder highways 
 have been built, giving the project an excellent highway system. 
 
 The farms range in size from acreage tracts to 160 acres, and average about 
 50 acres. All of the desirable homestead land has been filed on, but good 
 farms can frequently be purchased at reasonable prices. 
 
 Several enterprising towns have grown up on the project, among them being 
 Burley with a population of 5,400, Rupert 2,400, Declo, Paul, Heyburn, and 
 Acequia. The educational institutions In both town and country are excellent. 
 High schools are maintained at Burley, Rupert, and Heyburn. At Albion, 
 about 9 miles from the project, is the State normal school. 
 
 There are two beet-sugar factories on the project, four flour mills, a potato 
 dehydrating plant, three cheese factories, and several alfalfa mills, besides 
 many smaller industries. There are also a large number of successful coopera- 
 tive associations and enterprises. 
 
 (12) 
 
Montana, Huntley Project. 
 
 This jjroject contains 32,800 acres of irrigable land, located along the 
 Yellowstone River in Yellowstone County. 
 
 The general elevation of tliis part of Montana is 3,000 feet above sea level. 
 Its climate Is delightful, and the soil varies from a heavy clay to a light sanily 
 loam, producing abundant crops when properly watered. The principal prod- 
 ucts are alfalfa, forage, cereals, sugar beets, and vegetables. 
 
 The settlers are accumulating a large number of dairy cattle, hogs, and 
 other stock. The dairy industry is increasing from year to year. There is a 
 creamery at Worden, Mont., and a Farmers' Cooperative Cheese Factory at 
 Ballatine, Mont., which are dependent upon the project for their supplii's. 
 In addition to this a considerable amount of sweet cream is shipped to Billings 
 and to other cities in the State. 
 
 The farm units vary from 40 acres to 160 acres of irrigable land, and the 
 cost of water right is $30 to $60 per acre. As the land is a part of the ceded 
 strip of the Crow Indian Reservation settlers are required to pay $4 per acre 
 to the Indians. All of the desirable homestead lands have been entered. 
 
 Two transcontinental lines of railroad — the Northern Pacific and the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy — traverse the tract its entire length, and eight towns 
 have been laid out at intervals so that no farm is more than 3 miles from a 
 shipping point. The railroads furnish excellent transportation facilities to 
 Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Omaha, Denver, and near-by cities. 
 
 Churches have been established at various points on the project. A con 
 solidated school system is in operation, the children being taken to and from 
 the schools in auto busses. 
 
 The principal towns are Huntley, Worden, Pompey's Pillar, and Ballantine. 
 
 Montana, Milk River Pkoject. 
 
 The Milk River irrigation project contemplates the irrigation of about 
 192,000 acres of land in Blaine, Phillips, and Valley Counties. The irrigation 
 plan provides for the storage of water in Sherburne and St. Mary Lakes, in 
 Glacier Park, and its diversion through a canal about 29 miles long heading 
 fibout 1 mile below the lower St. Mary Lake and discharging into the North 
 I'ork of the Milk River; thence flowing through Canada for 216 miU^s and 
 returning to the United States for the irrigation of lands on the Jlilk River 
 from above Chinook to and below Glasgow ; the storage of water in Nelson 
 Reservoir, located about 15 miles northeast of Malta ; a storage reservoir on 
 Beaver Creek about 20 miles southeast of Malta ; a storage reservoir known 
 as the Chain Lakes Reservoir, between Havre and the Canadian boundary ; 
 the diversion of water from the Milk River by three or more dams near 
 Chinook and Harlem Into canals on each side of the river, comprising the 
 Chinook division ; the diversion of water from the Milk River by a dam near 
 Dodson into two canals, the north side canal irrigating lands near Dodson and 
 Malta and the south canal conveying water to Nelson Resei-voir and irrigating 
 lands near Wagner, Malta, Bowdoin, Saco, and Hinsdale, comprising the Malta 
 Division ; and the diversion of water from the Milk River by a dam near Van- 
 dalia into a canal on the south side of the river for irrigation of lands near 
 Tampico, Glasgow, and Nashua, comprising the Glasgow Division. No power 
 and pumping works are under construction. 
 
 The average elevation of the irrigable area of the project is about 2,200 feet 
 above sea level. The average rainfall is about 13 inches. The summer tem- 
 
 (13) 
 
perature ranges from about 100° F. downward and is conducive to the growth 
 and maturing of crops. The character of the soil of the Irrigible area is 
 \ariable, being in some eases sandy loam, in other cases clay loam, and 
 sometimes heavy gumbo or adobe. The principal products are alfalfa and 
 other forage crops, grain, and vegetables, but alfalfa is becoming the leading 
 crop, and alfalfa seed is extensively raised in the vicinity of Harlem. The 
 crop return in 1919 averaged $24.93 per acre. The principal mariiets are 
 Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn., and local points. The principal towns in the 
 irrigable area are Chinook, Harlem, Dodson, Malta, Saco, Hinsdale, Glasgow, 
 and Nashua. The main line of the Great Northern Railroad traverses the 
 irrigable area for a distance of 150 miles. 
 
 The Sherburne Reservoir Dam has been nearly completed. The St. Mary 
 Canal, which ultimately will have a capacity of 850 cubic feet per second, 
 has been built to full size for the greater part of its length, although some of 
 the larger structures, which ultimately will consist of twin conduits, have 
 only one conduit installed, limiting the present capacity of the canal to one- 
 half its ultimate capacity. The canal will now deliver into Milk River 42S 
 cubic feet per second, and did deliver this quantity during 1918 and 1919 when 
 such quantity was available for diversion from the St. Mary River. The Nelson 
 Reservoir has been built to part capacity, and will now store 25,000 aere-feet. 
 The diversion dams near Dodson and Vandalia have been built and canals 
 have been constructed for the irrigation of 60,000 acres of land between Dod- 
 son and Glasgow. Water Is being delivered on a rental basis to these lands, 
 and also to the lands under private canals in the vicinity of Chinook and 
 Harlem. 
 
 Montana, Stnsr Riveb Pkoject. 
 
 This project, located in Tieton, Cascade, Lewis and Clark, and Chouteau 
 Counties, contemplates the irrigation of about 174,600 acres of land, partly 
 in Sun River Valley, but largely on the benches north of Sun River. The 
 Fort Shaw division, located in the valley from 20 to 35 miles west of Great 
 Falls, a thriving city of 35,000 people, has been in operation since 1908. It 
 comprises about 15,000 acres of irrigable land, nearly all of which is entered. 
 • The water-right charge is $36 per acre. 
 
 A portion of the lands in the Greenfields division, which is located on the 
 north side of the river, received water In 1919 for the first time. The main 
 canal from Sun River Diversion Dam, which is located near the edge of the 
 Lewis and Clark Forest Reserve, extends easterly for a distance of about 46 
 miles to the first unit of 25,000 acres which begins at lihe town of Fairfield 
 and extends toward Power a distance of 15 miles. About 3,000 acres of the 
 first unit is vacant land which will probably be opened to entry in the fall of 
 1921, the building charge for which has not yet been announced. 
 
 Partial development of storage has been provided in a reservoir of 16,700 
 acre-feet capacity on Willow Creek, and further storage on the North Fork 
 of Sun River is contemplated as soon as funds are available. 
 
 The soils are sandy loam, clay, adobe, and alluvium. There is no sage brush 
 to be cleared, and the unimproved lands are covered with a growth of native 
 pasture grasses. The principal crops are alfalfa, grain, and vegetables. The 
 alfalfa acreage is increasing each year. The crop return in 1919 averaged $42 
 per acre im the Fort Shaw Division. Dairy products are disposed of locally 
 or by shipment to Great Falls. There has been rapid recent development of 
 dairying, beekeeping, and growing of alfalfa and sweet clover for seed, 
 
 (14) 
 
The elevation of the irrigable lands is from 3,500 to 4,000 feet al)Ove sea level, 
 and tlie temperature ranges from 40° below to 100° above zero. Th(> averaj;'' 
 rainfall is about 11 inches. 
 
 The project is served by three lines of railroad, all converging in Great 
 Falls. The Oilman branch of the Great Northern passes through the entire 
 length of the Fort Shaw division. On it are located the Government town 
 sites of Fort Shaw and Simms, lots in which may be purchased at the local 
 land office at Great Falls. The Great Northern also has another branch line 
 skirling the Greenfields division on the east and north. At Power is available 
 the Kansas City-Seattle service of the Burlington system, operating over Great 
 Northern tracks. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway has a branch 
 extending from Great Falls through the western end of the Greenfields division. 
 On this branch is located Fairfield, a thriving town 4 years old, which is the 
 center of activities in this division. Banks are located on the project at Simms, 
 Oilman, Fairfield, and Power, and near by are the several large banks of Great 
 Falls and Choteau. 
 
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 FARM SCENE ON LOWER YELLOWSTONE PROJECT. MONT.-N. DAK. 
 MONTANA-NOETH DAKOTA, LOWEB YELLOWSTONE PEOJECT. 
 
 The lands under this project are located in Dawson and Richland Counties, 
 Mdnt., and McKenzie County, N. Dak. The total irrigable area, which consists 
 of 59,529 irrigable acres, occupies the lower valley of the Yellowstone River and 
 a portion of the Missouri River near the mouth of the Yellowstone River. Works 
 have already been constructed to irrigate over 42,000 acres of land. 
 
 (15) 
 
The general elevation is 1,900 feet above sea level and the temperature ranges 
 from 46° belovc to 110° above zero, although these extremes in temperature are 
 very rare. The average rainfall is 15 inches per annum. The soil is a deep 
 sandy loam with occasional small patches of gumbo, and the entire valley is 
 considered very fertile and easily cultivated. For many years it was considered 
 that only small grains could be profitably raised in this locality. However, the 
 last few years have demonstrated that stock raising is very profitable and during 
 1919 nearly 400 acres of sugar beets were cropped. The acreage in alfalfa has 
 gradually increased since the opening of the project in 1909 and there are now 
 about 10,000 acres in this crop. Garden crops and all root crops are profitable. 
 The crop return in 1919 averaged $40.82 per acre. 
 
 The Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroads have branch lines in the 
 valley, which roads meet at Sidney. The railroad towns are Intake, Burns, 
 Savage, Crane, Sidney, Fairview, Dore, and Nohle. During the construction 
 of the railroads, the growth of the towns was very rapid, but during the past 
 four years the upbuilding of the farming community has been faster than that 
 of the towns. 
 
 During the past six years water has been delivered on a rental basis. 
 
 Nebeaska-Wyoming, North Platte Peoject. 
 
 This project as completed and in active construction is composed of the Inter- 
 state, Fort Laramie, and Northport units. The water supply is diverted from 
 the North Platte River to these lands by means of two canals heading at 
 Whalen, Wyo., and extending in a general southeasterly direction paralleling 
 the valley and river course to within the vicinity of Bridgeport, Nebr., on the 
 north side and to within the vicinity of Gering, Nebr., on the south side of the 
 river. The latter canal may later be extended to cover additional lands. This 
 canal is in course of construction and covers the Fort Laramie unit. The north 
 side, or Interstate Canal, covers the Interstate unit. A third unit of the project 
 is the Northport unit, which will be watered from an extension of a large private 
 canal, the Tri-State Canal, on the north side of the river in the vicinity of North- 
 port, Nebr. Construction has now been started on this unit. The aggregate 
 Irrigable area of these units is about 251,600 acres, distributed as follows : 
 Interstate, 129,600; Fort Laramie, 107,000; and Northport unit, 15,000 acres. 
 The Fort Laramie unit may be ultimately extended to cover an additional 
 25,000 acres. The average elevation is 4,100 feet above sea level and the tem- 
 perature ranges from 30° below to 104° above zero. The average rainfall is 12 
 inches. 
 
 Storage water is provided by the Pathfinder Reservoir, having a capacity of 
 1,070,000 acre-feet, formed by the construction of the Pathfinder Dam across 
 the North Platte River about 50 miles southwest of Casper, Wyo. This dam, 
 which is one of the important structures of the Reclamation Service, is a rubble 
 masonry arch 218 feet high and 432 feet long on top.. 
 
 The principal markets for crops and live stock are Omaha, Kansas City, St. 
 Joseph, Denver, and central Wyoming. The Value of the crop return in 1919 
 on the Interstate unit averaged $45.71. 
 
 Interstate unit. — The construction work on this unit has been completed 
 and the unit has developed into a prosperous farming country. The soil is a 
 fertile, sandy loam, which is especially adapted to the growing of alfalfa, 
 cereals, and root crops. The principal crops are alfalfa, grains, sugar beets, 
 and potatoes. About two-fifths of the cropped area in 1919 was in alfalfa. 
 There are four beet-sugar factories on the project, one at Bayard, one at 
 
 (16) 
 
DIGGING 70 ACRES POTATOES. NORTH PLATTE PROJECT. NEBR. 
 
 Gering, one at Mitchell, and one at Scottsbluff. This industry has developed 
 very rapidly and is still growing. Winter feeding of cattle and sheep has 
 grown to be a profitable industry, and the extent of this activity is steadily 
 increasing. The hog-raising industry, which is steadily increasing, has also 
 been profitable. 
 
 The principal towns on this unit are Bayard, Minatare, Scottsbluff, Mitchell, 
 Morrill, and Henry, Nebr., and Torrington, Lingle, and Fort Laramie, Wyo. 
 The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad traverses the entire length of this 
 unit. 
 
 The construction charge for nearly all of the land on this unit Is $55. The 
 lands are all in private ownership or have been entered under the terms of the 
 reclamation act, but there are opportunities for purchasing lands in the various 
 stages of development. 
 
 Fort Laramie unit. — The irrigation system on this unit will ultimately fur- 
 nish water for the development of about 107,000 acres of land on the south side 
 of the North Platte River, about one-half of which is in Wyoming and one-half 
 in Nebraska. Construction work is now in progress on this unit. The soil 
 varies from a fertile sandy loam to the heavier soils, being exceptionally good 
 in some sections. The soil is especially adapted to growing of alfalfa, cereals, 
 and the root crops. 
 
 The principal towns on the unit are Gering, Melbeta, McGrew, and Haig, 
 Nebr. The Union Pacific Railroad has extended a branch from North Platte 
 as far as Haig, Nebr., and surveys have been completed for the extension of 
 this line to connect with the main line at some point in Wyoming. New towns 
 will be started along this extension. 
 
 (17) 
 
There are about 35,000 acres of vacant Government land on this unit which 
 will be made available for entry under the terms of the reclamation act upon 
 the completion of the construction vs^ork. Deeded land and assignments can 
 occasionally be purchased. 
 
 Northport district. — The owners of about 15,000 acres of irrigable land in the 
 vicinity of Northport and Bridgeport, Nebr., have organized an irrigation dis- 
 trict under the laws of the State of Nebraska and have contracted with the 
 United States Reclamation Service for the construction of the irrigation sys- 
 tem. This district is located on the north side of the North Platte River, form- 
 ing practically an extension of the Interstate unit ; the land is of similar char- 
 acter to the lands of that unit, and the results obtained may be expected to be 
 as satisfactory. 
 
 The Union Pacific Railroad crosses the district from east to west and the 
 Denver-Alliance branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy crosses it from 
 north to south with an outlet to the west over the Alliance-Casper branch of 
 this same system. 
 
 The land is practically all In private ownership, or has been entered under 
 the homestead act. Deeded land or assignments can occasionally be purchased. 
 
 Nevada, Newlands Project. 
 
 The Newlands project is located in Churchill and Lyon Counties in western 
 Nevada, 300 miles east of San Francisco, Calif., on the Ogden route of the 
 Southern Pacific Railway at an average elevation of about 4,000 feet above sea 
 level. The temperature rarely goes below zero or above 100° F. The average 
 
 OATS IN SHOCK. NEWLANDS PROJECT. NEV 
 (18) 
 
rainfall is 4 Inches with pnictieally no snow. The project, when complete, 
 will embrace 231,000 acres of Irrigable land. The soil varies from a heavy 
 adobe clay to a light sandy loam. The heavy soil is best adapted to grain and 
 sugar beets, and the lighter soils to alfalfa and fruit. 
 
 Alfalfa is the main crop on the project, and there are now about 25,000 acres 
 of this crop. Grain, potatoes, sugar beets, and all kinds of vegetables do well 
 on the project. Apples, pears, peaches, and small fruits are grown and are 
 marketed locally and in the nearby mining towns. Potatoes, celery, and canta- 
 loupes are shipped for special dining car and hotel consumption. Dairying is 
 a growing and profitable industry. The crop return in 1919 averaged $56.59 per 
 acre, 43,296 acres being cropped. Several herds of pure blood Holsteins and 
 Jerseys are now on the project, and all the grade herds are using pure blood 
 sires. Good water for domeslic use may be had anywhere on the project at 
 depths varying from 16 to 75 feet. Artet'an water may be had by boring to a 
 depth of 200 feet. In some parts of the project hot water with a temperature 
 of 185 degrees may be had at a depth of 250 feet. 
 
 The city of Fallon, situated in the center of the project has a population of 
 1,800. The city owns its own water and lighting systems. The county owns 
 the telephone system, which reaches to every part of the project. The project 
 is well supplied with churches and schools, the best high school in the State 
 being situated at Fallon. The University of Nevada is located at Reno, just 
 60 miles from Fallon. The Lincoln Highway, on which a large amount of money 
 is being spent, runs through the project from east to west for about 50 miles. 
 The project towns are Fallon, Fernley, and Stillwater, all of which are situated 
 ■in a good farming community. 
 
 A dam in the Truckee River at' Derby, Nev., diverts the water from the 
 Truckee River into a canal 31 miles long, which carries the water to Carson 
 River at Lahontan. Here a storage dam and reservoir have been built for 
 impounding the combined waters of Truckee and Carson Rivers for subsequent 
 diversion into the head of the two main canals at a point about 5 miles down- 
 stream, where the Carson diversion dam is located. A hydroelectric power plant 
 is located at Lahontan where the water from the Truckee River drops 125 feet 
 into the Carson River. This plant is leased to the Canyon Power Co., which 
 is distributing power to Fallon and neighborhood. The towns of Rochester and 
 Lovelock are also furnished power, as are the mines surrounding them. 
 
 New Mexico, Cablsbad Project. 
 
 The Carlsbad project embraces 25,000 acres of irrigable land in Eddy County, 
 in the extreme sontheastern part of the State. The project is traversed by 
 the Santa Fe Railway, which connects at the south with the Texas & Pacific 
 at Pecos, Tex. The irrigable land is about 3,100 feet above sea level, and the 
 " temperature ranges from about zero to 110° above. The average yearly pre- 
 cipitation is about 14 inches. 
 
 The soil is sandy loam of calcareous origin and is of good quality. The 
 land is generally smooth and may be easily brought under cultivation. The 
 native brush is mesquite. The two principal crops are alfalfa and cotton. 
 The average yield of alfalfa is about 8 tons per season, with maximum yields 
 of 6 tons. The average yield of cotton is about 0.6 bale per acre, with maxinmm 
 yield of from 1 to 2i bales per acre. The cotton industry has been very 
 profitable, especially during the seasons of 1916-1919. The acreage in cotton in 
 1919 was about 8,700 acres. There are four cotton gins on the project. 
 
 The average gross value of all crops for the season of 1919 was $106 per 
 acre of cropped area, or a total value of $1,988,546. The average value of tlie 
 
 7101°— 20 4 (19) 
 
HOG RANCH. CARLSBAD PROJECT. N. MEX. 
 
 cotton crop was about $164 per acre, and of alfalfa hay about $61 per acre. 
 The cost of tbe water is $55, $60, and $69 for tbe various units of the project. 
 
 Peaches, pears, apples, grapes, sweet potatoes, celery, onions, and garden 
 truck may all be grown. Indian corn, small grains, and the sorghum-head corns 
 are paying crops. The project is in the center of a large grazing country, and 
 winter feeding on the farms is increasing each year. Many of the cattle and 
 sheep men have purchased farms under the project, and the breeding of regis- 
 tered cattle and sheep on the farms is also increasing. 
 
 New Mexico-Texas, Rio Grande Pkoject. 
 
 This project contemplates the reclamation of approximately 155,000 acres of 
 land in New Mexico and Texas and 25,000 acres in the Republic of Mexico. The 
 general elevation of the land is 3,700 feet above sea level, and the temperature 
 ranges from — 5° to 105° F. The average yearly rainfall is about 10 inches. 
 The soil is rich alluvium and sandy loam and produces crops of alfalfa, corn, 
 wheat, melons, fruit, and vegetables when irrigated. 
 
 Excellent railroad facilities are provided by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railway, El Paso & Southwestern, Southern Pacific, and Texas & Pacific Rail- 
 roads. A large mileage of paved roads has been constructed and hauling costs 
 of products to near-by shipping points are small. 
 
 The Elephant Butte Dam, completed in 1915, across the Rio Grande near 
 Engle, N. Mex., is one of the largest structures of the Reclamation Service. 
 This dam contains over a half million cubic yards of masonry, is 1,400 feet long 
 on top, and will create the largest artificial lake for irrigation in the world. 
 
 (20) 
 
In addition to the storage reservoir provided to assure a sufficient water 
 supply, diversion dams have been constructed at different points in the project 
 to divert irrigation water into canal systems. 
 
 To provide adequate drainage and protect project lands against seepage, the 
 construction of 315 miles of drains is contemplated. The work already 
 accomplished is providing drainage and protection for over 60,000 acres, and is 
 approximately .50 per cent complete. Practically all project lands are in 
 private ownership. Good farm lands can be bought at reasonable prices. El 
 Paso, the principal center, has a population of approximately 78,000, and is 
 a thriving and substantially built city. Las Cruces, N. Mex., and Clint, Tex., 
 are outlying towns in the center of agricultural lands, connectwl by pood roiids 
 and railways. 
 
 
 
 
 BEARDED WHEAT READY FOR HARVEST. MESILLA VALLEY, RIO GRANDE PROJECT. 
 
 N. MEX.-TEX. 
 
 During the irrigation season of 1919 the total value of crop yield for the 
 project, not including lands in Mexico, was $3,825,107, or an average value per 
 acre of crops of $53.00. 
 
 Farm bureaus are established, one for New Mexico lands and one for Texas. 
 Both are active and helpful organizations. The chamber of commerce of 
 El Paso also maintains an agricultural department and cooperates with the 
 Reclamation Service in settlement and technical work. 
 
 NoKTH Dakota Pumping Project. 
 
 In western North Dakota the Reclamation Service is pumping water from the 
 Missouri River and delivering it to lands-which can not be reached by feasible 
 gravity systems. 
 
 (21) 
 
The Williston unit covers about 11,000 acres of bench and valley lands 
 surrounding Williston. . 
 
 The general elevation of the lands is 1,900 feet above sea level, and the teni- 
 perature ranges from 49° belovi? to 107° above zero. The soil of the bottom 
 lands is a heavy gumbo, and the bench lands are a rich sandy loam. The prin- 
 cipal crops are wheat, flax, oats, barley, alfalfa, and potatoes. Sugar beets are 
 likely to become an important crop. The acreage in alfalfa is increasing each, 
 year, and also the acreage in corn and potatoes. 
 
 Practically all the land is in private ownership, but the large farms are being 
 subdivided and land can be bought at reasonable prices. The farm unit is 
 40 to 80 acres of irrigable land, but wherever practicable the farms contain 
 a tract of grazing land which brings the area up to 160 acres. The Beclamation 
 Service has contracted to furnish electrical energy to the municipality of 
 Williston for a period of years. 
 
 The main line of the Great Northern Railroad passes through Williston, 
 which is the marketing, shipping, and distributing point not only for the 
 project, but for a large area north and south of it. A daily rural mail delivery 
 is maintained over the project. The building charge is $38 per acre. 
 
 The engineering features are unique. Dn account of the low fall of the 
 Missouri River, gravity canals were not feasible and pumping was resorted to 
 with power generated with lignite coal, deposits of which are found in this 
 vicinity on Government land. The power plant is located near one of- the coal 
 outcrops, the fuel being mined and delivered by gravity to the boilers. Electri- 
 cal energy is developed and transmitted to the various pumping stations, some 
 of which are 28 miles distant. On account of the unstable character of the 
 river banks the pumps are mounted on floating barges and connectcid to tie 
 shore by flexible pipes. The water is pumped into settling basins, from which 
 gravity canals conduct and distribute it to the lands. 
 
 The 1917 legislature passed an irrigation district law under which the 
 Williston project was organized into an irrigation district. A contract has 
 been made with the district providing for a resumption of irrigation operations 
 in 1919. The project was successfully operated in 1919 under the irrigation 
 district plan. No construction payments will be required until 1924, when 
 they will be resumed in accordance with the provisions «f the reclamation ex- 
 tension act. 
 
 Oregon, Umatilla Project. 
 
 The Umatilla project is located about 190 miles east of Portland, in Umatilla 
 County, and contains about 36,000 acres of land bordering on the Columbia 
 River immediately east of Umatilla River. Water is now available for 24,62.5 
 acres, which have practically all been filed upon. There are some railroad and 
 patented lands which may be purchased. 
 
 The land to be irrigated all lies below an elevation of 600 feet above sea 
 level. Climatic conditions are favorable for the early ripening and marketing 
 of small fruits, for which the soil is suited, as well as for deciduous fruits. 
 Alfalfa is also grown. The value of the crop return in 1919 averaged $74.83 
 per acre. Hog and poultry raising pay well, and bee, colonies are profitable. 
 Not only are the climate and soil such as to permit raising high-price crops, 
 but the transportation facilities are excellent. In addition to the Oregon- 
 Washington Railroad and Navigation Co.'s line which skirts the western end 
 of the project, and the Spokane branch running through the northern portion, 
 there is available the Columbia River which, since theCelilo Locks were com- 
 pleted, affords open navigation to Portland and Astoria. 
 
 (22) 
 
The watershed area is 2,160 square miles, the average rainfall about 9 inches 
 per annum, nnd the average annual run-off 525,000 acre-feet. The temperature 
 ranges from 37° belov? to 115° above zero. The soil is sandy loam and vol- 
 canic ash. The project town.s are Hermiston, Umatilla, Irrigon, and Boardman. 
 
 The engineering works include the diversifin of water from the Umatilla 
 River above Echo, Oreg., through a feed canal 24.5 miles long, into a storage 
 reservoir with a capacity of 50,000 acre-feet. A by-pass canal has also been 
 constructed so that water may be turned through it from the inlet canal 
 directly into the distributing system without passing through the reservoir. 
 The main canal for the west extension diverts water from the Umatilla Klver 
 about halfway between Hermiston and Umatilla for the irrigation of about 
 10,000 acres. 
 
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 CATTLE GRAZING IN ONE OF NATIONAL MEADOWS OF CRATER NATIONAL FOREST. 
 KLAMATH PROJECT. OREG. 
 
 Oregon-Cai,ifornia, Klamath Project. 
 
 This project involves the irrigation of about 141,000 acres of land lying in 
 Klamath County, Oreg., and Modoc and Siskiyou Counties, Calif. The general 
 elevation of the irrigable area is 4,100 feet above sea level, and the temperature 
 ranges from 16° below to 100° above zero. The soil is exceedingly fertile, being 
 composed of disintegrated basalt, volcanic ash, and diatomaceous earth, being 
 largely classified as Yakima sandy loam. 
 
 The principal crops grown are alfalfa, wheat, oats, barley, rye, vegetables, 
 and some deciduous fruits. The crop return in 1919 averaged $26.30 per acre. 
 The climate is especially adapted to dairying and stock raising. The markets 
 are local towns, Portland, Oreg., and Sacramento and San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 (23) 
 
Tiie principal town on the project is Klamath Falls, located on Link River, 
 and having about 5,000 inhabitants. Other towns in the valley are Merrill, 
 Bonanza, Midland, and Malin. The California Northeastern Railway, a branch 
 of the Southern Pacific road, and the Oregon-California & Eastern Railroad 
 extend through the project. The reclamation plans involve, in addition to the 
 Irrigation of the valley lands, the reclamation by drainage and future irrigation 
 of a portion of Tule Lake land which is now either swamp or lake bottom, and 
 the irrigation of the foothill lands by pumping. Practically all the uplands, 
 which include the greater part of the project, are held in private ownerstiip, 
 much being in large tracts which under the terms of the reclamation act must 
 be subdivided in tracts of not to exceed 160 acres. The public lands under the 
 project, which include a large portion of the lake areas, are at present with- 
 drawn from entry. The water-right charge for the lands now open is $30, $39, 
 and $45 per acre. 
 
 field of cabbages on belle fourche project, s. dak 
 South Dakota, Belle Foukche Peoject. 
 
 The Belle Fourche project lies from 15 to 30 miles northeast of the Black 
 Hills and extends from the diversion dam,. 2 miles below the town of Belle 
 Fourche, down the river a distance of approximately 35 miles. Eventually the 
 project may cover about 98,000 acres of land. Works have been completed and 
 the Reclamation Service is prepared to deliver water to 82,634 acres. Water- 
 right applications had been filed covering about 76,000 acres of land on June 30, 
 1920. 
 
 The soil on that portion of the project lying to the north of the Belle Fourche 
 River, and comprising about three-fourths of the project, is of a heavy clay 
 
 (24) 
 
texture, known locally as gumbo. The soil texture of the area to the south of 
 the river is of sanUy loam. Well water may be found at reasonable depths In 
 this district, but not so on the north side. 
 
 The season is from about April 15 to October 1, although killing frosts occa- 
 sionally occur two weeks later in the spring and as much earlier in the fall. 
 The temperature ranges from 30° below zero to 107° above. The precipitation 
 average for 10 years is about 14 inches, the greater portion of which falls 
 duripg the spring months. 
 
 The Belle Fourche Dam, one of the largest earthern structures of its kind, is 
 6,200 feet long, 115 feet high, and holds in storage at full capacity 203,000 acie- 
 feet of water. The main north canal is about 45 miles long and the south canal 
 about 40. 
 
 The principal towns on the project are Newell, Nisland, Fruitdale, Belle 
 Fourche, and \'ale. Deadwood and Lead are good towns in the Black Hills, 
 some 40 miles from Newell, the reclamation headquarters and the only Govern- 
 ment townsite. It is also the terminus of the Chicago & North Western Rail- 
 way. Belle Fourche is the largest town tributary to the project and is an im- 
 portant shipping point for live stock. 
 
 No public lands are available for entry. Good unimproved land can be pur- 
 chased at from $75 to $100 per acre, and improved lands at from $100 to $150 
 per acre. 
 
 The principal crops grown are alfalfa, wheat, oats, barley, corn, flax, sugar 
 beets, potatoes, and gai-den truck. All do well except corn, which makes a good 
 crop about one year in three. The crop return in 1919 averaged $34.89 per acre. 
 
 The climate and general conditions on the project are suitable for sl(Kk 
 raising and dairying, and the latter industry is increasing from year to year. 
 
 Utah, Strawberry Valley Project. 
 
 This project provides for the irrigation of about 60,000 acres of land in Utah 
 County, lying along the east and south shores of Utah Lake, in the vicinity of 
 the towns of Springville, Spanish Fork, and Payson. The Denver & Rio Grande, 
 and the Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroads pass through the middle of the 
 project, and the Salt Lake and Utah Railway, an electric interurban line from 
 Salt Lake City, passes through Provo, the county seat, as well as all the principal 
 towns on the project, terminating at Payson. 
 
 The lands have an elevation of from 4,300 to 4,600 feet, and the temperature 
 ranges from 10° below to 95° above zero. The soil is sandy loam with gravel, 
 and deep black soil in the bottom lands, and is exceedingly fertile, much of it 
 being adapted for truck gardening. The rainfall averages 14.5 inches per 
 annum, and the irrigation season is from April 15 to September 30. Alfalfa, 
 hay, cereals, sugar beets, and vegetables are grown, and a ready market for every- 
 thing raised is found in Salt Lake, which is 60 miles away, with good transpor- 
 tation facilities, and the nearby mining camps, many of which are within a 
 30-mile radius of the project. The crop return in 1919 averaged $67.50 per acre. 
 
 An ample water supply is available from the Strawberry and Spanish Fork 
 Rivers, the supply from the Strawberry River being stored in a reservoir with 
 a capacity of 250,000 acre-feet and brought through the rim of the Great Basin 
 by means of a tunnel 4 miles long. 
 
 Construction work on the project is well along, and during the irrigation 
 season of 1919 water was supplied to approximately 2,000 landowners. Prac- 
 tically all the Government land supplied with water on the project has been 
 taken up, but privately owned land can be purchased at a reasonable price. 
 
 (25) 
 
cf^r*"* '^*''i^ '»■' * ' r--^' ', ^* " ""-■■4* '» 
 
 THINNING SUGAR BEETS NEAR PAYSON, STRAWBERRY VALLEY PROJECT, UTAH. 
 
 Sugar factories have been built near tlie towns of Payson, Spanish Fork, and 
 Springville, and $12 per ton is being paid for sugar beets delivered at beet 
 dumps which the sugar companies have made, an effort to locate at convenient 
 points within the areas producing this crop. 
 
 A new power plant with equipment to develop 1,000 kilowatts was built to 
 supply power for construction purposes, and in addition is supplying power 
 to four towns on the project at a reasonable rate. This has greatly promoted 
 general development both in the towns and rural communities. 
 
 All the water is sold and measured on the acre-foot basis, and the schedules 
 of delivery are so arranged that the irrigator can get water at the time the 
 crops require it. 
 
 The Midland and Arrow Head trails pass through the project and are well 
 maintained by the State and county. 
 
 Washington, Okanogan Pko.tect. 
 
 The Okanogan project comprises about 10,000 acres of land in Okanogan 
 County. The soil is volcanic ash, sand, and gravel, and is for the most part 
 first-class apple land. Grain, hay, corn, and vegetables are grown, but the 
 main crop is apples. Practically all the products except fruit are raised be- 
 tween the tree rows of young orchards. Raw land sells for $200 to $250 per 
 acre and improved lands for $750 to $1,500 per acre. 
 
 The average elevation of the irrigable lands is 1,000 feet above sea level, and 
 the temperature ranges from 10° below to 105° above zero. On account of the 
 
 (26) 
 
possibilities of high development, the size of the farm unit has been Umltel to 40 
 acit's, and the average size of the farm is less than 20 acres. The building 
 charge is $95 per acre. This charge will be increased ti> provide for additional 
 storage and for other improvements to the present system. The lands have all 
 been filed upon and can be acquired now only by purchase from present owners. 
 The gross return for the 5,314 acres cropped during the 1919 season amounted 
 to $367.23 per acre. 
 
 The Great Northern Railroad has a branch line with daily train service 
 through the project. The project towns are Okanogan, Omak, and Riverside. 
 
 Washington, Yakima Peo.ject. 
 
 On the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains in Washington is a succession 
 of valleys in the drainage basin of Yakima River. It is estimated that with 
 stoi-age the water supply is sufficient for about 576,.')00 acres of land. The 
 present development consists of storage in several moutain lakes and the con- 
 struction of irrigation systems for the Sunnyside and Tieton units. 
 
 Sunnyside unit. — This unit comprises about 111,000 acres of land lying in 
 Yakima and Benton Counties. The irrigation system originally constructed 
 by a private organization was purchased by the Government and has been 
 extended and enlarged. The average elevation of the lands is 800 feet above 
 sea level, and the temperature ranges from 21° below to 110° above zero. It is 
 very rarely, however, that either of these extremes is reached. The soil is 
 mostly deep volcanic ash, merging in certain localities into sandy loam or 
 decomposed basalt, easily tilled, and responding readily to irrigation. The 
 principal products are forage, fruits, and vegetables, dairy and poultry products. 
 The markets are Washington cities, Alaska, and in the case of fruits the entire 
 country and foreign market. The main portion of this unit is traversed by 
 the Northern Pacific and the Oregon-Washington Railroad and Navigation Co.'s 
 lines. The towns within the boundaries of this unit, situated along the two 
 lines of railroad, are Grandview, Sunnyside, Outlook, Granger, Zillah, Mabton, 
 Byron, and Prosser. The cost of water right is from $52 to $125 per acre. 
 In 1919, 75,886 acres were cropped, the total value amounting to $12,678,247, 
 an average value of $167.07 per acre. There is no land available for homestead 
 entry at the present time, but excellent raw land may be had at $50 to $100 
 per acre, water right unpaid, and some rougher lands with paid-up water 
 rights may be had at from $60 to $100 per acre. Improved land adapted to 
 general farming brings from $150 to $400 per acre, and choice bearing orchards 
 may be had at $500 to $1,500 per acre. 
 
 Tieton unit. — The unit covers 32,000 acres of irrigable land in Yakima County 
 near the city of Yakima. The elevation is from 1,300 to 2,100 feet above sea 
 level, and the temperature ranges from 21° below to 110° above zero. The 
 soil is volcanic ash, exceedingly fertile and particularly adapted to fruit grow- 
 ing. Approximately 8,000 acres were planted to fruit trees, principally winter 
 apples, during the first years of development, and these trees are now in bearing 
 and produce very satisfactory returns. Of recent years, however, the tendency 
 has been toward more diversified farming with dairy stock, sheep, and hogs to 
 consume on the farm a large proportion of the crops. Potatoes, onions, beans, 
 and other truck crops are also profitable. The total crop value in 1919 from 26,300 
 acres was $4,053,168, an average production per acre of $154.10. The lands 
 are tributary to the Northern Pacific and the Oregon-Washington Railroad and 
 Navigation Co.'s lines. The Yakima Valley Transportation Co.'s trolley line 
 extends over a portion of this unit. The mtirkets are Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, 
 
 (27) 
 
Alaska, and eastern cities. The towns on this unit are Yakima, Naches, Oow- 
 iche, and Tieton, with a number of other shipping points on branches of the rail- 
 roads which now extend to the extreme limits of the project. The lands are 
 all in private ownership. Some very good farms are offered for sale at prices 
 ranging from $50 to $100 per acre for sagebrush land, and $150 to $400 per acre 
 for Improved farm lands. The average cost of water right is about $105 per 
 acre. 
 
 The business center of the entire Yakima project is at Yakima, a city of 
 about 18,600 population, lying between the S'unnyside and Tieton units, and 
 centrally located with reference to about 250,000 acres of land in the Yakima 
 Valley now under irrigation and some 500,000 acres that will be ultimately 
 irrigated. 
 
 Good automobile roads follow the Tieton, Naches, and Yakima Rivers to the 
 very summit of the mountains, and a large proportion of the project farmers 
 make it a point every season to spend a few days, at least, fishing, boating, or 
 simply resting at the headwaters of the streams that are the source of supply 
 of the irrigation systems. 
 
 Wyoming, Riveeton Project. 
 
 The Riverton project covers about 100,000 acres of land in Fremont County, 
 Wyo., located north of Wind River and west of the Big Horn River, and about 
 125 miles west of Casper. The average altitude is about 5,200 feet. The 
 temperature ranges from 30° below to 102' above zero. The average annual 
 precipitation is about 8 inches. 
 
 The soil ranges from a sandy loam to a heavy clay. It is well suited for 
 the raising of alfalfa, grains, sugar beets, potatoes, and vegetables. Excellent 
 crops are produced on the neighboring lands, under private irrigation. It is 
 not likely that any land on this project will be irrigated prior to 1923. 
 
 The building charge has not yet been announced. About 30 per cent of the 
 land is in private ownership and the remainder is public land, which will 
 ultimately be open for homestead entry. As the lands are a part of the ceded 
 portion of the Wind River Indian Reservation, the settlers will be required to 
 make a small payment per acre to the Indians in addition to the building 
 charge. 
 
 The water supply is ample and relatively small storage will be required. 
 The principal engineering features will be the Bull Lake and Pilot Butte 
 Reservoirs, with available capacities of about 115,000 and 30,000 acre-feet, re- 
 spectively. There will also be a concrete diversion dam and head works on 
 Wind River, at which will be diverted the Wyoming Canal, whose length will 
 be about 30 miles. 
 
 The project is now served by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad and the 
 larger part of it is tributary to the town of Riverton. A smaller portion Is 
 tributary to the town of Shoshord. As the project is developed other railroad 
 facilities will undoubtedly become available and new towns will be built in 
 the interior of the project. The markets are Riverton, Casper, and other 
 central Wyoming points, Omaha and Denver. 
 
 Wyoming, Shoshone Pkoject. 
 
 The Shoshone project is located in northern Wyoming, about 75 miles east of 
 Yellowstone National Park, and includes about 226,000 acres of irrigable lands, 
 of which about 90 000 acres lie in the Oregon Basin division. The elevation of 
 the irrigable area is about 4,500 feet above sea level, and the temperature 
 
 (28) 
 
ONIONS GROWN ON SHOSHONE PROJECT, WYO. 
 
 ranges from 32° below to 103° above, but rarely reaches either extreme. The 
 valley is well protected by mountain ranges on every side. The soil is light, 
 sandy, and clay loam. Alfalfa, vyheat, oats, barley, sugar beets, and potatoes 
 are the principal crops. The largest acreage is alfalfa, but the old fields are 
 being plowed up and planted to potatoes and sugar beets, which give excellent 
 returns. Alfalfa has always found a ready market, and there are two alfalfa 
 mills on the project where loose hay is purchased at the market price, which in 
 past years has ranged from $15 to $20 per ton. Many of the farmers are 
 engaging in dairying and stock raising. Hogs are also an important live-stock 
 industry. Bees do well and the honey is an excellent quality. The farms 
 range in size from 40 to 80 acres, most of them being of the latter acreage. The 
 crop returns on the Garland division in 1919 averaged $49.98 per acre. There 
 are only a very few vacant units on the Garland division. The first unit of the 
 Frannie division was opened in September, 1917, and the second unit in 
 October, 1919, and March, 1920, and nearly all of these farms have been 
 covered by homestead entry. The Hart Mountain division, containing 38,800 
 acres ; the WlUwood, containing 15,600 acres ; and the third unit, Frannie divi- 
 sion, containing 15,000, remain to be completed. This work will be carried 
 on as fast as funds are made available by congressional appropriation. The 
 Reclamation Service is also investigating the feasibility of the Oregon Basin 
 division, which is located about 12 miles south of the Shoshone project. This 
 division contains an area of about 90,000 acres, which can be irrigated from Sho- 
 shone Reservoir. The water supply is adequate for all of the lands in the 
 Shoshone project, as the annual run-off is about 1,132,500 acre-feet. The mar- 
 kets for the farm products are Omaha, Kansas City, Chicago, Denver, and Bil- 
 
 (29) 
 
lings, Mont. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad furnishes transporta- 
 tion. The project towns are Oody, Ralston, Powell, Garland, Frannie, and 
 Deader. Schools, churches, banks, newspapers, and manufacturing establish- 
 ments have been installed, and the project has most of the modern conveniences 
 of settled communities. An excellent city water system has been constructed in 
 both Powell and Deaver. The beets now raised are shipped to Lovell, Wyo., 
 which is located about 20 miles southeast of Powell. The Great Western Sugar 
 Co. has purchased a site near Powell and will erect buildings as soon as the 
 beet acreage warrants the construction of the factory. A potato-growers' asso- 
 ciation has been formed. The • surrounding mountains furnish an excellent 
 supply of timber, and stock may be ranged during the summer under the 
 supervision of the Forest Service. Oil has been developed in fields lying to 
 the north and also southeast of the Shoshone project, and natural gas has 
 been found on the Frannie division. Good wells of domestic water are usually 
 found at depths ranging from 30 to 100 feet. 
 
 The engineering work is unusually interesting, involving the construction of 
 Shoshone Dam, which is 328 feet high, 108 feet thick on the bottom, and only 
 200 feet long on top. The reservoir created thereby has an area of 6,600 acres 
 and a capacity of 456,600 acre-feet. Sixteen miles below a low concrete diver- 
 sion dam across Shoshone River turns the water through a concrete-lined tunnel, 
 3J miles long, into the canal system which Irrigates the Garland and Frannie 
 divisions. The canal system for the Hart Mountain division would divert direct 
 at Shoshone Dam, and for the Willwood division the main canal would take out 
 of Shoshone River about 8 miles below Corbett Diversion Dam. 
 
 INDIAN PROJECTS. 
 Montana, Blackfeet Project. 
 
 The Blackfeet project is located in the northwestern part of Montana just 
 east of the main range of the Rocky Mountains, principally on the Blackfeet 
 Indian Reservation. The irrigation of 118,500 acres is contemplated under the 
 completed project, and 48,240 acres are covered by irrigation works now con- 
 structed. The general elevation is 3,800 feet above sea level. The temperature 
 varies from 56° below to 100° above, and, although the winters are generally 
 severe, the summers are long enough to raise good root, grain, and forage crops 
 and are almost free from oppressive heat. The soil varies from gravelly loam 
 to gumbo, but is principally sandy loam. 
 
 The land under the completed works is in four units. One of 24,000 acres 
 along the Great Northern Railway in the eastern part of the reservation ; one 
 of 18,000 acres in the southeastern part of the reservation ; and two small 
 units, one on Badger Creek in the south central part of the reservation, and 
 one on Birch Creek in the very southern part of the reservation. Nearly all 
 of the land is allotted to Indians but competent Indians are now receiving 
 patents to their land and a good many irrigable units are for sale at reasonable 
 prices. The construction charge has not been announced, but water is being 
 delivered on a rental basis. 
 
 Grain and forage are the principal crops that have been successfully raised. 
 The reservation is probably one of the best stock-raising sections in the 
 country and the prospect for successfully raising and feeding forage crops on 
 the irrigable area is particularly promising. The value of the crop return in 
 1919 averaged $33.37 per acre. 
 
 As the reservation lands have not been open to entry by whites there has been 
 little development in the way of modern towns, schools, churches, etc. 
 
 (30) 
 
Montana, Flathead Pboject. 
 
 • The Flathead project Is located on the former Flathead Indian Reservation 
 and has an area of 134,500 acres. 
 
 Tlie main project lies in the Mission Valley at the foot of Flatliead Lake. 
 Other smaller units lie in the Joclio Valley and the Little Bitter Root Valley. 
 
 About 60 per cent of the land under the project was allotted to Indians before 
 the reservation was opened. The remainder of the land was entered as home- 
 steads except for a smaU amount of State land. Land belonging to Incompetent 
 and deceased Indians is placed on sale, generally twice each year, at the Flat- 
 liead Indian Agency, Dixon, Mont. No irrigable land remains subject to home- 
 stead entry. 
 
 The principal crops at the present time are grains and hay. Alfalfa and 
 sugar beets are grown successfully but as yet not extensively. The land is 
 ideal for the production of hay crops and, with the better marketing facilities 
 afforded by the new Flathead branch of the Northern Pacific Railway, dairy- 
 ing is expected to become one of the leading industries of the project. The 
 crop return in 1919 averaged $30 per acre. 
 
 Canals have been completed for 98,000 acres of the project and storage to the 
 extent of 57,600 acre-feet has been provided. Works for the completion of the 
 project have been surveyed and are under construction. 
 
 The average elevation of the irrigable area is 3,000 feet above sea level. The 
 irrigation season is from May 1 to September 30, 153 days. The average rain- 
 fall near the Mission Range is 17 inches, on parts of the project farther from 
 the mountains it is less. The range of temperature is from — 30° to 96°. The 
 winters are generally mild with little wind. There are few severe storms or 
 protracted cold spells. 
 
 The project has good roads, excellent school facilities and churches, and fine 
 mountain scenery, lakes, and streams within easy driving distance from the 
 irrigable lands. 
 
 Montana, Fort Peck Pro.tect. 
 
 The Fort Peck project is located in the northwestern part of Montana on 
 what was formerly the Fort Peck Indian Reservation. On this project 152,000 
 acres are irrigable, and the irrigation works have been completed to 16,620 
 acres. The general elevation is 2,000 feet above sea level and it has a delight- 
 ful summer climate with rather severe winters. The temperature varies from 
 40° below to 100° above zero. The soil varies from sandy loam to gumbo. 
 
 The land under irrigation is located in small units along the Great Northern 
 Railway. A major portion of the land is allotted to the Indians, many of 
 whom have received patent in fee and the land can be purchased of them. The 
 charge for water has not been announced by the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 The principal crops are alfalfa, grains, and root crops. Owing to the great 
 amount of grazing land adjoining the project there Is always a demand for 
 forage crops for winter feed. The value of the crop return in 1919 averaged 
 $23.85 per acre. 
 
 There are five good towns on the project, all provided with modern schools 
 and churches and the country is just beginning to develop. 
 
 (31) 
 
WHERE TO MAKE HOMESTEAD ENT&Y. 
 
 Homestead entries for public lands on the various reclamation projects may 
 be made at the land offices listed below. Additional information concerning 
 the reclamation projects may be obtained by addressing the statistician, United 
 States Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C, or the project managers at the 
 offices of the projects as listed below : 
 
 State. Project. Project office. Land Office. 
 
 Arizona Salt River Phoenix Phoenix. 
 
 Arizona Yuma Yuma Phoenix. 
 
 California Yuma Yuma, Ariz Los Angeles. 
 
 California Orland Orland Sacramento. 
 
 California Klamath Klamath Falls, Oreg_ Redding and SusanvUle. 
 
 Colorado Grand Valley Grand Junction 
 
 Colorado Uncompahgre ^Montrose Montrose. 
 
 Idaho Minidoka Burley Hailey. 
 
 Idaho Boise Boise Boise. 
 
 Montana Huntley Ballantine Billings. 
 
 Montana Lower Yellowstone- Savage Miles City. 
 
 Montana Milk River Malta Great Falls. 
 
 Montana Sun River Great Falls Great Falls. 
 
 Nebraska North Platte Mitchell Alliance. 
 
 Nevada Newlands Fallon Carson City. 
 
 New Mexico-— Carlsbad Carlsbad Roswell. 
 
 New Mexico— -Rio Grande El Paso, Tex Las Cruces. 
 
 North Dakota-.Williston Williston - Williston. 
 
 Oregon Klamath Klamath Falls Lake View. 
 
 Oregon Umatilla Hermiston La Grande. 
 
 South Dakota-Belle Fourche Newell Rapid City and Belle 
 
 Fourche. 
 
 Utah Strawberry Valley_.Provo Salt Lake City. 
 
 Washington Okanogan Okanogan Waterville. 
 
 Washington Sunnyside Yakima Yakima. 
 
 Washington Tieton Yakima Yakima. 
 
 Wyoming :North Platte Mitchell, Nebr Cheyenne. 
 
 Wyoming Shoshone Powell 1 Lander. 
 
 (32) 
 
PEINCIPAL IRRIGATION PROJECTS CONSTRUCTED AND INDER CONSTRUCTION 
 BY THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE IX THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 (33) 
 
RECLAMATION ACT. 
 
 GENERAL ACTS. 
 
 An Act Appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain 
 States and Territories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of 
 arid lands. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Vrvited States of 
 America in Congress assemhled. That all moneys received from the sale and disposal of 
 public lands in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kaijsas, Montana, Nebraslsa, Nevada, 
 New Mexico, North Daltota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Daljota, Utah, Washington, and 
 Wyoming, beginning with the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and one, 
 including the surplus of fees and commissions In excess of allowances to registers and 
 receivers, and excepting the five per centum of the proceeds of the sales of public lands 
 In the above States set aside by law for educational and other purposes, shall be, and 
 the same are hereby, reserved, set aside, and appropriated as a special fund in tne 
 Treasury to be known as the " reclamation fund," to be used in the examination and 
 survey for and the construction and maintenance of irrigation works for the storage, 
 diversion, and development of waters for the reclamation of arid and semlarid lands In 
 the said States and Territories, and for the payment of all other expenditures provided 
 for in this act : Provided, That in the case the receipts from the sale and disposal of 
 public lands other than those realized from the sale and disposal of lands referred to In 
 this section are insufficient to meet the requirements for the support of agricultural 
 colleges in the several States and Territories, under the act of August thirtieth, eighteen 
 hundred and ninety, entitled "An act to apply a portion of the proceeds of the public 
 lands to the more complete endowment and support of the colleges for the benefit of 
 agriculture and the mechanic arts, established under the provisions of an act of Congress 
 approved June second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two," the deficiency, if any, in the sum 
 necessary for the support of the said coileges shall be provided for from any moneys in 
 the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. 
 
 Sbc. 2. That the Secretary of the Interior Is hereby authorized and directed to make 
 examinations and surveys for, and to locate and construct, as herein provided, irrigation 
 works for the storage, diversion, and development of waters, Including artesian wells, 
 and to report to Congress at the heginnlng of each regular session as to the results of 
 such examinations and surveys, giving estimates of cost of all contemplated works, the 
 quantity and location of the lands which can be irrigated therefrom, and all facts relative 
 to the practicability of each irrigation project ; also the cost bf works in process of 
 construction as well as of those which have been completed. 
 
 Sbc. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior shall, before giving the public notice pro- 
 vided for in section four of this act, withdraw from public entry the lands required for 
 any irrigation works contemplated under the provisions of this act, and shall restore to 
 public entry any of the lands so withdrawn when, in his judgment, such lands are not 
 required for the purposes of this act ; and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby 
 authorized, at or immediately prior to the time of beginning the surveys for any con- 
 templated irrigation works, to withdraw from entry, except under the homestead laws, 
 any public lands believed to be susceptible of Irrigation from said works : Provided, That 
 all lands entered and entries made under the homestead laws within areas so withdrawn 
 during such withdrawal shall be subject to all the provisions, limitations, charges, terms, 
 and conditions of this act ; that said surveys shall be prosecuted diligently to completion, 
 and upon the completion thereof, and of the necessary maps, plans and estimates of 
 cost, the Secretary of the Interior shall determine whether or not said project is prac- 
 ticable and advisable, and it determined to be impracticable or unadvisable he shall 
 thereupon restore said lands to entry; that public lands which it is proposed to irrigate 
 by means of any contemplated works shall be subject to entry only under the provisions 
 of the homestead laws in tracts of not less than forty nor more than one hundred and 
 sixty acres, and shall be subject to the limitations, charges, terms, and conditions herein 
 provided : Provided, That the commutation provisions of the homestead laws shall not 
 apply to entries made under this act. 
 
 Sec. 4. That upon the determination by the Secretary of the Interior that any Irriga- 
 tion project is practicable, he may cause to be let contracts for the construction of the 
 same, in such portions or sections as it may be practicable to construct and complete 
 as parts of the whole project, providing the necessary funds for such portions or sections 
 are available in the reclamation fund, and thereupon he shall give public notice of the 
 lands irrigable under such project and limit of area per entry, which limit shall repre- 
 sent the acreage which, in the opinion of the Secretary, may be reasonably i-equired for 
 the support of a family upon the lands in question ; also of the charges which shall be 
 made per acre upon the said entries, and upon lands in private ownership which may 
 be irrigated by the waters of the said irrigation project, and the number of annual 
 Installments, not exceeding ten, in which such charges shall be i>aid and the time when 
 such payments shall commence. The said charges shall be determined with a view of 
 returning to the reclamation fund the estimated cost of construction of the project, and 
 shall be apportioned equitably : Provided, That in all construction work eight hours shall 
 constitute a day's work, and no Mongolian labor shall be employed thereon. 
 
 Sbc. 5.1 That the entryman upon lands to be Irrigated by such works shall, in addition 
 to compliance with the homestead laws, reclaim at least one-half of the total irrigable 
 area of his enti-y for agricultural purposes, and before receiving patent for the lands cov- 
 ered by his entry shall pay to the Government the charges apportioned against such 
 tract, as provided in section four. No right to the use of water for land in private owner- 
 ship shall be sold for a tract exceeding one hundred and sixty acres to any one land- 
 owner, and no such sale shall be made to any landowner unless he be an actual bona fide 
 resident on such land, or occupant thereof residing in the neighborhood of said land, and 
 no such right shall permanently attach until all payments therefor are made. The annual 
 Installments shall be paid to the receiver of the local land office of the district in which 
 the land is situated, and a failure to make any two payments when due shall render the 
 entry subject to cancellation, with the forfeiture of all rights under this act, as well as 
 of any moneys already paid thereon. All moneys received from the above sources shall 
 
 1 Sec. 5. Manner of payments, amended by act of Aug. 9, 1912. 
 
 (34) 
 
be paid into the reclamation fond. Registers and receivers shall be allowed the usual 
 commissions on all moneys paid for lands entered under this act. 
 
 , « 1 V; t *''® Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed to use the 
 leciamation fun* for the operation and maintenance of all reservoirs and irrigation works 
 
 works shall pass to the owners of the lands irrigated thereby, to be maintained at their 
 expense under such form of organization and under such rules and regulations as may be 
 acceptable to the Secretary of the Interior : Provided, That the title to and the manage- 
 ment and operation of the reservoirs and the works necessary for their protection and 
 operation shall remain in the Government until otherwise provided by Congress. 
 
 aBC. 7. That where in carrying out the provisions of this act it becomes necessary to 
 acquire ajiy rights or property the Seaetary of the Interior is hereby authorized to 
 acquire the same for the United States by purchase or by condemnation under Judicial 
 process, and to pay from the reclamation fund the sums which may be needed for that 
 purpose, and it shall be the duty of the Attorney General of the United States upon 
 every applicationi of the Secretary of the Interior, under this act, to cause proceedings 
 to be commencedWor condemnation within thirty days from the receipt of the application 
 at the Department of Justice. 
 
 Sec. 8. That nothing in this act shall be construed as affecting or intended to affect 
 or to in any way interfere with the laws of any State or Territory relating to the con- 
 trol, appropriation, use, or distribution of water used in irrigation or any vested right 
 acquired thereunder, and the Secretary of the Interior, in carrying out the provisions of 
 this act, shall proceed in conformity with such laws, and nothing herein shall in any way 
 affect any right of any State or of the Federal Government or of any landowner, appro- 
 pnator, or user of water in, to, or from any interstate stream or the waters thereof : 
 Provided, That the right to the use of water acquired under the provisions of this act 
 shall be appurtenant to the land Irrigated and beneficial use shall be the basis, the meas- 
 ure, and the limit of the right. 
 
 Sec. 9.2 That it is hereby declared to be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior In 
 carrying out the provisions of this act, so far as the same may be practicable and sub- 
 ject to the existence of feasible irrigation projects, to expend the major portion of the 
 funds arising from the sale of public lands within each State and Territory hereinbefore 
 named for the benefit of arid and semlarid lands within the llmts of such State or Ter- 
 ritory : Provided, That the Secretary may temporarly use such portion of said funds for 
 the benefit of arid or semiarid lands in any particular State or Terrltoi-y hereinbefore 
 named as he may deem advisable, but when so used the excess shall be restored to the 
 fund as soon as practicable, to the end that ultimately, and in any event, within each 
 ten-year period after the passage of this act, the expenditures for the benefit of the said 
 States and Territories shall be equalized according to the proportions and subject to the 
 conditions as to practicability and feasibility aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. 10. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to perform any and 
 all acts and to make such rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper for the 
 purpose of carrying the provisions of this act into full force and effect. 
 
 Approved, June 17, 1902 (32 Stat, 388). 
 
 [PiTELic — No. 170 — 63d Congkess.] 
 
 [S. 4628.] 
 
 An Act Extending the period of payment under reclamation projects, and for other 
 
 purposes. 
 
 Be it enacted Sj/ tlir Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
 Anierica in Congress assembled. That any person whose lands hereafter become subject 
 to the terms and conditions of the act approved June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and 
 two, entitled "An act appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public 
 lands in certain States and Territories to the construction of irrigation works for the 
 reclamation of arid lands," and acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto, here- 
 after to be referred to as the reclamation law, and any person who hereafter makes 
 entry thereunder shall at the time of making water-right application or entry, as the 
 case may be, pay into the reclamation fund five per centum of the construction charge 
 fixed for his land as an initial installment, and shall pay the balance of said charge in 
 fifteen annual installments, the first five of which shall each be five per centum of the 
 construction charge and the remainder shall each be seven per centum until the whole 
 amount shall have been paid. The first of the annual installments shall become due 
 and payable on December first of the fifth calendar year after the initial installment : 
 Provxded, That any water-right applicant or entryman may, if he so elects, pay the whole 
 or any part of the construction charges owing by him wjithin any shorter period : Pro- 
 vided further, That entry may be made whenever water is available, as announced by the 
 Secretary of the Interior, and the initial payment be made when the charge per acre is 
 established. 
 
 ACT SHALL APPLY TO EXISTING PIIOJBCTS. 
 
 Sec. 2. That any person whose land or entry has heretofore become subject to the 
 terms and conditions of the reclamation law shall pay the construction charge, or the 
 
 Eortion of the construction charge remaining unpaid, in twenty annual installments, the 
 rst of which shall become due and payable on December first of the year in which the 
 public notice affecting his land is Issued under this act, and subsequent installments on 
 December first of each year thereafter. The first four of such installments shall each 
 be two per centum, the next two installments shall be four per centum, and the next 
 fourteen each six per centum of the total construction charge, or the portion of the 
 construction charge unpaid at the beginning of such installments. 
 
 PENALTIES. 
 
 Sec. 3. That if anj? water-right applicant or entryman shall fail to pay any install- 
 ment of his construction charges when due, there shall be added to the amount unpaid 
 a penalty of one per centum thereof, and there shall be added a like penalty of one 
 
 2 Sec. 9 repealed by act of June 25, 1910. 
 
 (35) 
 
per centum of the amount unpaid on the first day of each, month thereafter so long as 
 such default shall continue. If any such applicant or entryman shall be one year In 
 default in the payment of any installment of the construction charges and penalties, 
 or any part thereof, his water-right application, and if he be a homestead entryman his 
 entry also, shall be subject to cancellation, and all payments made by him forfeited to 
 the reclamation fund, but no homestead entry shall be subject to contest because of 
 such default ; Provided, That if the Secretary of the Interior shall so elect, he may 
 cause suit or action to be brought for the recovery of the amount in default and 
 penalties ; but if suit or action be brought, the right to declare a cancellation and 
 forfeiture shall be suspended pending such suit or action. 
 
 IXCKEASE OF CHAKGES. 
 
 Sec. 4. That no increase in the construction charges shall hereafter be made, after the 
 same have been fixed by public notice, except by agreement between the Secretary of the 
 Interior and a majority of the water-right applicants and emtrjfmen to be affected by such 
 increase, whereupon all water-right applicants and entrymen in the area proposed to be 
 affected by the increased charge shall become subject thereto. Such increased charge 
 shall be added to the construction charge and payment thereof distributed over the re- 
 maining unpaid installments of construction charges : Provided, That the Secretai'y of 
 the Interior, in his discretion, may agree that such increased construction charge shall 
 be paid in additional annual installments, each of which shall be at least equal to the 
 amount of the largest installment as fixed for the project by the public notice thereto- 
 fore issued. And such additional installments of the increased construction charge, as 
 so agreed upon, shall become due and payable on December first of each year subsequent 
 to the year when the final installment of the construction charge under such public 
 notice is due and payable : Pro aided further. That all such increased construction charges 
 shall be subject to the same conditions, penalties, and suit or action as provided in sec- 
 tion three of this act. 
 
 OPEEATION AND MAINTENANCE^ 
 
 Sec. 5. That in addition to the construction charge, every water-right applicant, entry- 
 man or landowner under or upon a reclamation project shall also pay, whenever water 
 service is available for the irrigation of his land, an operation and maintenance charge 
 based upon the total cost of operation and maintenance of the project, or each separate 
 unit thereof, and such charge shall be made for each acre-foot of water delivered ; but 
 each acre of irrigable land, whether irrigated or not, shall be charged with a minimum 
 operation and maintenance charge based upon the charge for delivery of not less than 
 one acre-foot of water : Provided, That, whenever any legally organized water users' asso- 
 ciation or irrigation district shall so request, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby 
 authorized, in his discretion, to transfer to such water users' association or irrigation 
 district the care, operation, and maintenance of all or any part of the project works, 
 subject to such rules and regulations as he may prescribe. If the total amount of opera- 
 tion and maintenance charges and penalties collected for any one irrigation season on 
 any project shall exceed the cost of operation and maintenance of the project during that 
 irrigation season, the balance shall be applied to a reduction of the charge on the 
 project for the next irrigation season, and any deficit incurred likewise be added to 
 the charge for the next irrigation season. 
 
 PENALTIES. 
 
 SBC. 6. That all operation and maintenance charges shall become due and payable on 
 the date fixed for each project by the Secretary of the Interior, and if such charge is 
 paid on or before the date when due there shall be a discount of five centum of such 
 charge ; but if such charge is unpaid on the first day of the third calendar month there- 
 after, a penalty of one per centum of the amount unpaid shall be added thereto, and 
 thereafter an additional penalty of one per centum of the amount unpaid shall be added 
 on the first day of each calendar month if such charge and penalties shall remain unpaid, 
 and no water shall be delivered to t;he lands of any water-right applicant or entryman 
 who shall be in arrears for more than one calendar year for the payment of any charge 
 for operation and maintenance, or any annual construction charge and penalties. If 
 any water-right applicant or entryman shall be one year in arrears in the payment of any 
 charge for operation and maintenance and penalties, or any part thereof, his water-right 
 application, and if he be a homestead entryman his entry also, shall be subject to can- 
 cellation, and all payments made by him forfeited to the reclamation fund, but no home- 
 stead entry shall be subject to contest because of such arreai-s. In the discretion of the 
 Secretary of the Interior suit or action may be brought for the amounts in default and 
 penalties in like manner as provided in section three of this act. 
 
 FISCAL AGENT. 
 
 SBC. 7. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized, in his discretion, to 
 designate and appoint, under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe, tlie legally 
 organized water users' association or Irrigation district, under any reclamation project, 
 as the fiscal agent of the United States to collect the annual payments on the construc- 
 tion charge of the project and the annual charge for operation and maintenance and all 
 penalties : Provided, That no water-right applicant or entryman shall be entitled to 
 credit for any payment thus made until the same shall have been paid over to an oflicer 
 designated by the Secretary of the Interior to receive the same. 
 
 RECLAMATION REQUIREMENTS. 
 
 SBC. 8. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to make general rules 
 and regulations governing the use of water in the irrigation of the lands within any 
 project, and may require the reclamation for agricultural purposes and the cultivation 
 of one-fourth the irrigable area under each water-right application or entry within three 
 full irrigation seasons after the filing of water-right application or entry, and the recla- 
 mation for agricultural purposes and the cultivation of one-half the irrigable area within 
 five full Irrigation seasons after the filing of the water-right .application or entry, and shall 
 provide for continued compliance with such requirements. Failure on the part of any 
 water-right applicant or entryman to comply with such requirements shall rrnder his 
 application or entry subject to cancellation. 
 
 (36) 
 
LANDS NOT SUBJECT TO RECLAMATION ACT. 
 
 Sue. 9. That In all cases where application for water right for lands in private 
 ownership or lands held under entries not subject to the reclamation law shall not be 
 made within one year after the passage of this act, or witliin one year after notice issued 
 in pursuance of section four of the reclamation act, in cases where such notice has 
 not heretofore been issued, the construction charges for such land shall be increased five 
 per centum each year until such application is made and an initial installment is paid. 
 
 WITHDRAWN LANDS SUBJECT TO ENTET. 
 
 Sdc. 10. That the act of Congress approved February eighteenth, nineteen hundred 
 and eleven, entitled " An act to amend section five of the act of Congress of June 
 twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and ten, entitled 'An act to authorize advances to the 
 reclamation fund and for the issuance and disposal of certificates of indebtedness in re- 
 imbursement therefor, and for other purposes,' " be, and the same hereby Is, amend(!d 
 so as to read as follows : 
 
 " BBC. 5. That no entry shall be hereafter made and no entryman shall be permitted 
 to go upon lands reserved for irrigation purposes until the Secretary of the Interior 
 shall have established the unit of acreage per entry, and water is ready to be deliv- 
 ered for the land in such unit or some part thereof and such fact has been announced 
 by the Secretary of the Interior : Provided, That where entries made prior to June twenty- 
 fifth, nineteen hundred and ten, have been or may be relinquished, in whole or in part, 
 the lands so relinquished shall be subject to settlement and entry under the reclamation 
 law." 
 
 Sec. 11. That whenever water is available and it is impracticable to apportion opera- 
 tion and maintenance charges as provided in section five of this act, the Secretary of 
 the Interior may, prior to giving public notice of the construction charge per acre 
 upon land under any project, furnish water to any entryman or private landowner there- 
 under until such notice is given, making a reasonable charge therefor, and such charges 
 shall be subject to the same penalties and to the provisions for cancellation and 
 collection as herein provided for other operation and maintenance charges. 
 
 ADMISSION OF PKIVATD LANDOWNERS TO NEW PROJECTS. 
 
 SEC 12. That before any contract is let or work begun for the construction of any 
 reclamation project hereafter adopted the Secretary of the Interior shall require the 
 owners of private lands thereunder to agree to dispose of all lands in excess of the area 
 which he shall deem sufficient for the support of a family upon the land in question, 
 upon such terms and at not to exceed such price as the Secretary of the Interior may 
 designate; and it any landowner shall refuse to agree to the requirements fixed by the 
 Secretary of the Interior, his land shall not be included within the project if adopted 
 for construction. 
 
 DISPOSITION OF excess FARM UNITS. 
 
 SBC. 13. That all entries under reclamation projects containing more than one farm 
 unit siiall be reduced in area and conformed to a single farm unit within two years after 
 making proof of residence, improvement, and cultivation, or within two years after the 
 Issuance of a farm unit! plat for the project, if the same issues subsequent to the mak- 
 ing of such proof : Provided, That such proof is made within four years from the 
 date aa announced by the Secretary of the Interior that water is available for delivery for 
 the land. Any entryman failing within the period herein provided to dispose of the 
 excess of his entry above one farm unit, in the manner provided by law, and to con- 
 form his entry to a single farm unit shall render his entry subject to cancellation as 
 to the excess above one farm u.iit: Provided, That upon compliance with the provisions 
 of law such entryman shall be entitled to receive a patent for that part of his entry 
 which conforms to one farm unit as established for the project : Provided further. That 
 no person shall hold by assignment more than one farm unit prior to final payment 
 of ail charges for all the land held by h<m subject to the reclamation law, except opera- 
 tion and maintenance charges not then due. 
 
 ACCEPTANCE OF THIS ACT. 
 
 Sec. 14. That any person whose land or entry has heretofore become subject to the 
 reclamation law who desires to secure the benefits of the extension of the period of pay- 
 ments provided by this act, shall within six months after the issuance of the first public 
 notice hereunder afCectlng his land or entry, notify the Secretary of the Interior, in the 
 manner to be prescribed by said Secretary, of his acceptance of all of the terms and con- 
 ditions of this act, and thereafter his lands or entry shall be subject to all the provisions 
 
 Sec 15. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to perform any and 
 all acts and to make such rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper for 
 the purpose of carrying the provisions of this act Into full force and effect. 
 
 Sec 16 That from and after July first, nineteen hundred and fifteen, expenditures 
 shall not be made for carrying out the purposes of the reclamation law except out of 
 appropriations made annually by Congress therefor, and the Secretary of the Interior 
 shall for the fiscal year nineteen hundred and sixteen, and annually thereafter, in the 
 regular Book of Estimates, submit to Congress estimates of the amount of money neces- 
 sary to be expended for carrying out any or all of the purposes authorized by the rec- 
 lamation law including the extension and completion of existing projects and units 
 thereof and the construction of new projects. The annual appropriations made here- 
 under by Congress for such purposes shall be paid out of the reclamation fund provided 
 for by the reclamation law. 
 
 Approved, August 13, 1914. 
 
 (37) 
 
Homesleadei in wheat field in Pablo disliict, Flathead project. Mgnt* 
 
 (38) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking pearst Grand Valley project, Colo. 
 
 (39) 
 
(40) 
 
 WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE : 1920 
 
6AYLAM0UNT 
 
 PAMPHLET BINDER 
 
 I 
 
 I ~ 
 
 I Monuf oeturad by* 
 
 {MYLjORO BROS. Inc. 
 
 I SyrocuM, N.Y. 
 
 I Stockton, Calif.