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Cornell University Library 
 BX5917.N8H42 
 
 Lives of the bishops of North Carolina f 
 
 3 1924 006 802 015 
 
JOHN STARK RAVENSCROFT 
 FIRST BISHOP OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
UVES OF THE BISHOPS 
 
 OF 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 FROM THE ESTABUSHMENT OF THE EPISCOPATE 
 ' IN THAT STATE DOWN TO THE DIVISION 
 OF THE DIOCESET 
 
 BY 
 
 MARSHALL DeLANCEY HAYWOOD 
 
 HiSTOBIOGEAPHEE OF THE DiOCESE OF NORTH CAEOLINA, 
 AUTHOE OF "QOVBBNOE WlUJAM TBTON AND HiS ADMINISTRATION 
 
 IN THE Province of North Carolina, 1765-1771," etc. 
 
 PUBLISHED BT 
 
 ALFRED WILLIAMS & COMPANY 
 
 Raleigh, North Carolena 
 1910 
 
copybight, 1910, 
 By Alfeed Williams & Company. 
 
 PRESSES OF 
 
 The COMitfEROiAL Printing Company 
 
 BALEIGH.N. 0. 
 
DEDICATED 
 
 TO 
 
 THE VENERABLE SOCIETY FOR THE PROPAGATION 
 OF THE GOSPEL IN FOREIGN PARTS, 
 
 IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT FOE ITS LABORS IN DISSEMINATING 
 
 AMONG OUB COLONIAL FOREFATHERS 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 OHUKCH OF EITGLAND, 
 
 TO WHICH THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THESE STATES 
 
 IS INDEBTED, UNDER GOD, FOR HER FIRST FOUNDATION 
 
 AND A LONG CONTINUANCE OF NURSING CARE 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Office of Bishop, the Anglican Church in N^oeth 
 Carolina During Colonial and Rbvolutionaet Times, 
 AND THE Foundation of the American Episcopate . 9 
 
 John Stark Ravenscroft 37 
 
 First Bishop. 
 
 Levi Silliman Ives 91 
 
 Second Bishop. 
 
 Thomas Atkinson 143 
 
 Third Bishop. 
 
 Theodore Benedict Lyman 207 
 
 Fourth Bishop. 
 
 Index 255 
 
 PORTRAITS. 
 
 page. 
 
 Bishop Ravenscroft Frontispiece. 
 
 Bishop Ives 91 
 
 Bishop Atkinson 143 
 
 Bishop Lyman 207 
 
"Patriots informed with apostolic light 
 
 Were they, who, when their country had been freed, 
 Bowing with reverence to the ancient creed. 
 Fixed on the frame of England's Church their sight, 
 And strove in filial love to reunite 
 What force had severed;" 
 
 — William Wordsworth. 
 
Office of Bishop, the Anglican Church in 
 North Carolina During Colonial and 
 Revolutionary Times, and the Founda- 
 tion of the American Episcopate. 
 
OFFICE OF BISHOP, THE AJSTGLICAE" CHUECH IIST 
 iTOETH CAEOLINA DUEHSTG COLONIAL AND 
 EEVOLUTIOISTAEY TIMES, AND THE FOUN- 
 DATION" OF THE AMEEICAISr 
 EPISCOPATE. 
 
 Were the welfare of the dead alone to he considered, history 
 would he a useless study. If just men be forgotten, and "mem- 
 ory o'er their tomb no trophies raise," they still have an all- 
 sufficient reward, and from their home on high may view with 
 complacency the scant respect paid to the deeds wrought by 
 them — 
 
 "When they passed by the gateway of this world 
 On their immortal quest." 
 
 As an inspiration to the living, however, history has a noble 
 use. It is an incentive to high thoughts and great efforts toward 
 well-doing. This is especially true of that class of history called 
 biography. The lives of the great and good in all ages may be 
 studied with profit when faithfully recorded. Hence it is the 
 purpose of the present work to tell something of four Bishops 
 who have served God and His Chiu-eh in the Diocese of North 
 Carolina. Ere we enter upon a narrative of their ministerial 
 work, however, it may be well to consider the authority by 
 which they exercised the duties of their high and sacred office. 
 
 Scriptural authority for the existence of the office of Bishop 
 was formerly conceded by all Christians ; and hence we find on 
 that subject few, if any, arguments among the vo-itings of the 
 pre-Eeformation period. The early theologians thought it use- 
 less to defend a doctrine which no one in a Christian land had 
 ever questioned. In later times, however, the validity of the 
 office of Bishop, as a distinct order in the sacred ministry, has 
 been called into question by some denominations of Christians on 
 the alleged grounds that the terms "Bishop" and "Presbyter" (or 
 priest) were synonymous in the days of the Apostles; and that, 
 
10 Bishops of ISFoeth Carolina. 
 
 after the twelve Apostles had all died, the Bishops who claimed 
 to exercise apostolic powers were in reality only presbyters. It 
 is true that the terms Bishop and Presbyter are sometimes used 
 synonymously in Holy Scriptures; yet it is equally apparent, 
 from the same high authority, that the Apostles filled up and 
 increased their own ranks by the election of associates and suc- 
 cessors in addition to those whom Christ had commissioned 
 after He sent the first twelve. From the records of the early 
 Church it also appears that the successors of the Apostles were 
 later called Bishops. In his work entitled Reasons for Being a 
 Churchman, the Eeverend Arthur W. Little quotes Theodoret, 
 a Syrian Bishop and a disciple of the great Saint Chrysostom, 
 writing about the year 440, who says : "The same persons were 
 in ancient times called indifferently Presbyters or Bishops, at 
 which time those who are now called Bishops were called 
 Apostles." There is ample authority in the Scriptures for the 
 fact that successors of the twelve Apostles were chosen to carry 
 on their work. At Christ's ascension only eleven Apostles were 
 present. After the ascension it was said of the traitor Judas : 
 "His hishoprick \i. e. apostleship] let another take," and Mat- 
 thias was chosen by lot and thereafter numbered with the re- 
 maining eleven Apostles (Acts I, 20). By force of a miracle, 
 after His ascension, Christ converted Saul, and later added 
 him to the band of Apostles under the name of Paul (Acts IX 
 and XIII). Barnabas was also added to the Apostles by divine 
 command (Acts XIII, 2-3). While Paul was before ISTero in 
 Kome the second time, he sent his Second Epistle to Timothy 
 (not one of the original twelve), whom he had ordained Bishop 
 of the Church at Ephesus, exhorting him to "stir up the gift of 
 God which is in thee by the putting on of my hands" (II Tim- 
 othy, I, 6), charging him furthermore that "the things that 
 thou hast heard of me among many witnesses, the same commit 
 thou to faithful men who shall he able to teach others also" 
 (II Timothy, II, 2). Here, then, is the scriptural beginning 
 of apostolic succession, for Christ chooses and commissions the 
 
Bishops of Xokth Carolina. 11 
 
 original twelve; after His ascension into heaven He calls Paul, 
 by a direct revelation, to the same apostleship ; Paul ordains 
 Timothy as Bishop of Ephesus, charging him that he should 
 commit the teachings which he had received "to faithful men 
 ■ft-ho should be able to teach others also." Then, too, it will be 
 remembered, Paul sent Titus (who was not one of the original 
 twelve) to Crete, charging him to "ordain elders" (i. e. presby- 
 ters) in every city (Titus, I, 5). Of Timothy's ordination as 
 Bishop of Ephesus it has been written by a former Presbyterian 
 clergyman whose studies finally led him into the Anglican 
 Church : "We care not by what name you call him — Priest, 
 Presbyter, Bishop, Suffragan, Superintendent, Kuler, Governor, 
 Evangelist, Missionary, Moderator, Primus-Presbyter, Apostle, 
 Assistant of the .Apostle, Messenger, Prelate, Angel, Antistes, 
 Princeps, Prseses, Propositus, Archon, Proestos, or Prasfect 
 (as Calvin styles James in the Church at Jerusalem) — call him 
 hy what name you please; write it in Latin, Greek or Hebrew; 
 read it forward, read it backward; it comes to the same thing: 
 Timothy succeeds to the powers and prerogatives of Paul."* 
 
 But the Apostles worked miracles, it has been said, and hence 
 no Bishop can prove the apostolic origin of his office without 
 demonstrating a similar power. "If that argument proves any- 
 thing," says Doctor Little, "it proves too much; for the early 
 Presbyters worked miracles, and the Deacons too — notably SS. 
 Stephen and Philip. Ergo, nobody can be a Presbyter or a 
 Deacon unless he can work miracles. "t 
 
 The American Episcopal Church, as every one knows, is a 
 direct, legitimate and acknowledged descendant of the ancient 
 Church of England. Concerning the early history of the 
 Church of England we cannot do better than to quote the words 
 of John Stark Ravenscroft, first Bishop of l^orth Carolina, who 
 
 "* .1 Presbyterian Clergyman Looking for the Church, by the Rev- 
 erend Flavel S. Mines, concluding volume, p. 413. 
 
 t Reasons for Being a Churchman, by the Reverend Arthur W. 
 Little (edition of 1894), p. 100, note. 
 
12 Bishops of JSToeth Cabolina. 
 
 says : "The Bishop of Eorne had, personally, little or nothing 
 to do with it up to the seventh century. It was an independent 
 apostolical church under its own Bishops. Its connection with 
 the Church of Eorne commenced with Augustine, the monk, who 
 was consecrated the first Archbishop of Canterbury, not by the 
 Bishop of Kome, but by the Archbishop of Aries, in France, 
 early in the seventh century. And I notice this not because 
 there is any real force in the objection derived from the suc- 
 cession passing through even the person of the Bishop or Pope 
 of Eorne, but in order to remove the prejudices so studiously 
 instilled into the minds of the ignorant on this subject."* The 
 same writer further remarks: "Perhaps not a single Bishop 
 who reformed from Popery in the sixteenth century received 
 his consecration by the imposition of the Pope's hands ; perhaps 
 not one in a hundred of the existing Bishops in the Latin or 
 Western Church during any Pontificate, from the rise of 
 Papacy, was thus consecrated. And it is not an unreasonable 
 or unfounded assumption that, in the wide and extended boun- 
 dary of the Western Church, the ordaining power was canoni- 
 cally transmitted, in the regular succession, from Bishop to 
 Bishop, without contracting any fancied contamination from 
 the person of the Pope."t When it was averred that the line of 
 apostolic succession in the Church of England had been broken 
 at the time that the Eeforming Bishops were excommunicated 
 by the Pope, Bishop Eavenscroft's answer was : "That the su- 
 premacy claimed by the Bishop of Eome was an usurpation, 
 and no part of his original and rightful Episcopal authority, 
 can require no proof to a Protestant; nor yet is it needful to 
 show that such of his equals, in spiritual ofiice, as had submitted 
 to this usurpation in the darkness of the middle ages, were not 
 thereby precluded from shaking off this lawless authority 
 usurped over them, and from resuming the independence of 
 
 * Works of Bishop Ravenscroft (edition of 1830), Vol. I., p. 277. 
 t IMd, Vol. I., pp. 276-277. 
 
Bishops of ]!^orth Carolina. 13 
 
 their character, and the exercise of their just and equal rights, 
 as the spread of knowledge and the investigations of inquiry 
 laid open and exposed the corruptions on which this anti-ehris- 
 tian domination was built up." * In brief, the Anglican con- 
 tention is that the Church of England, having resumed its orig- 
 inal rights, and no longer holding itself subject to foreign domi- 
 nation, could not legally be excommunicated by the Pope and 
 his Cardinals — Italians and other outsiders — any more than 
 the Church of England could issue an effective bull of excom- 
 munication against those self-same Italians or any other aliens 
 who were not within its ecclesiastical jurisdiction. And it may 
 also be mentioned that even if the apostolic succession of the 
 Church of England had been broken at the time of the Reforma- 
 tion, such defect would have been healed in the next century 
 when the three lines of English, Irish and Italian successions 
 were xmited in the consecration of Bishop Laud, afterwards 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, from whom (with his co-consecra- 
 tors) are episcopally descended aU the Bishops of the present 
 American Church. 
 
 The territory now embraced within the State of Worth Caro- 
 lina holds the proud distinction of being the cradle of the Angli- 
 can Church in America, its history antedating by a score of 
 years that of Jamestown. In 1584, when Queen Elizabeth 
 granted letters patent to the good knight Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 authorizing him to extend her dominions throughout the ISTew 
 World, he was expressly charged that in the lands settled by 
 him no law should be passed to the disadvantage of the "true 
 Christian faith now professed in the Church of England." The 
 first baptism under the authority of the Church of England in 
 America occurred on Roanoke Island in what is now Dare 
 County, I^orth Carolina, when Raleigh's explorers and colonists 
 made at that place the earliest English settlement in the western 
 hemisphere. It was there that Manteo, the "Lord of Roanoke," 
 a friendly Hatorask Indian, was converted to Christianity and 
 
 * Works of Bishop Bavenscroft (edition of 1830), Vol. I., p. 278. 
 
14 Bishops of IToeth Caeolina. 
 
 baptized iu August, 1587. Another baptism, a few days later, 
 was that of little Virginia Dare, tbe first child born of English 
 parents in America. But shortly after this, the sturdy old Eng- 
 lish sailors, who were beginning to colonize the western conti- 
 nent, were called home to take the part of their country against 
 the great Armada which had been sent by Spain to wipe out 
 Protestantism. Then it was that Drake, Grenville, Ealeigh, 
 Hawkins and Frobisher, with other adventurous sea-fighters, 
 were kept so busy in the waters surrounding Britain that they 
 could not relieve their countrymen at Eoanoke at the time prom- 
 ised. When the next English voyagers came to America, Ra- 
 leigh's colony had apparently disappeared from the face of the 
 earth, for not one of its members was ever heard of again ; but 
 the Armada had been destroyed, English vessels could now pur- 
 sue their course unmolested, and Anglo-Saxon civilization pre- 
 vailed in Iforth America. It was at Jamestown, Virginia, that 
 the English race and English Church gained their first perma- 
 nent foothold on American soil, in 1607, but it was nearly a 
 hundred years later before any effort was made to spread Angli- 
 can doctrines throughout the scattered settlements of Albemarle 
 in the northern division of Carolina. All of the Royal Govern- 
 ors of Worth Carolina,* and a great majority of those who con- 
 stituted the ruling classes in the province, were members of the 
 Church of England, and many were the faithful missionaries 
 who unselfishly labored for the moral uplift of the colonists. 
 But the Church had strong prejudices to encounter, the best 
 grounded of these being due to the fact that it was established 
 by law. In the early charters granted by the King, the Church 
 of England was legally recognized, but religious liberty was in 
 every instance guaranteed. In the first charter issued by 
 Charles II, March 24, 1663, that monarch authorized the Lords 
 Proprietors to give to religious worship by non-conformists "full 
 
 * This term does not include Governors of the undivided CJolony of 
 Carolina, for John Arehdale was a Quaker. 
 
Bishops of ISTorth Carolina. 15 
 
 and free license, liberty and authority, by such legal ways and 
 means as they shall think fit." * A year or more later, in 1665, 
 the Lords Proprietors expressly agreed that "no person or per- 
 sons . . . shall be any way molested, punished, dis- 
 quieted or called into question for any difference in opinion or 
 practice in matters of religious concernment, who do not actu- 
 ally disturb the civil peace of the said province or counties ; 
 but that all and every such person or persons may, from time to 
 time, and at all times, freely and fully have and enjoy his and 
 their judgments and consciences, in matters of religion, through- 
 out all the said province, they behaving themselves peaceably 
 and quietly, and not using this liberty to licentiousness, nor to 
 the civil injury or outward disturbance of others. "t This 
 guarantee had been authorized, in almost the same language, by 
 the second charter from King Charles to the Lords Proprietors, 
 also dated 1665. t In Locke's "Grand Model," or Fimdamental 
 Constitution of Carolina, drawn up in 1669, the ninety-seventh 
 article provided that "seven or more persons, agreeing in any 
 religion, shall constitute a church or profession, to which they 
 shall give some name to distinguish it from others." While 
 referring to Locke's constitution we may add that in the one 
 hundred and seventh section of that instrument we find a pro- 
 vision, illustrative of the Church's interest in slaves, as fol- 
 lows : "Since charity obliges us to wish well to the souls of all 
 men, and religion ought to alter nothing in any man's civil 
 estate or right, it shall be lawful for slaves, as well as others, to 
 enter themselves and be of what church or profession any of 
 them shall think best, and thereof be as fully members as any 
 freemen; but yet no slave shall hereby be exempted from that 
 civil dominion his master hath over him, but be in all things 
 in the same state and condition he was in before." 
 
 * Colonial Records of Sorth Carolina, Vol. I., p. 32. 
 t IMd, Vol. I., p. 80. 
 + Ibid. Vol. I., p. 114. 
 
16 Bishops of Woeth Carolina. 
 
 The general history of the Church of England in the province 
 of ISTorth Carolina, during the days of royal rule, is one of the 
 greatest interest; but to trace all the legislative enactments 
 made in its favor, and to tell of their provisions, would require 
 too much space for the limits of the present work. Parishes 
 were laid out in the various counties, glebes erected, and taxes 
 for ecclesiastical purposes collected from all the people — Dis- 
 senters as well as Churchmen — yet little progress was made. 
 When a church is supported in any degree at the public expense 
 and not left to its own resources, it is not likely to enjoy a 
 healthy growth; but, when dependent only upon the zeal and 
 devotion of its members, it will generally meet with success if it 
 deserves it. Hence the work of the Church of England was 
 really hindered by the well-meaning efforts of the Governor's 
 Council and Colonial Assembly, while the American Church has 
 made marvelous and merited progress since Church and State 
 were separated during the War of the Revolution. 
 
 From what has been said it must not be inferred that the 
 colonial legislature or any other civil power absolutely controlled 
 the Church in N'orth Carolina prior to the Eevolution. The 
 province was under the episcopal jurisdiction of the Lord Bishop 
 of London, who was materially aided by a great body of Chris- 
 tian workers known as the Society for the Propagation of the 
 Gospel in Foreign Parts. The right of advowson, or power to 
 recommend a clergyman for a parochial charge, seems to have 
 rested with the Governor, but it was necessary for such clergy- 
 man to be licensed by the Bishop of London before he could 
 officiate in the Established Church. The instructions to the 
 Governor of ISTorth Carolina from the Crown contained this 
 order : "You are not to prefer any minister to any ecclesiastical 
 benefice in that province without a certificate from the Eight 
 Reverend Father in God, the Lord Bishop of London, of his 
 being conformable to the doctrine and discipline of the Church 
 of England, and of good life and conversation ; and if any per- 
 son, already preferred to a benefice, shall appear to you to give 
 
Bishops of North Cakolina. 17 
 
 scandal, eitlier by Ms doctrine or manners, you are to use the 
 proper and usual means for the removal of him, and to supply 
 the vacancy in such manner as we have directed."* 
 
 By a short-sighted policy the Church of England never per- 
 mitted the consecration of any Bishop for work iu America 
 prior to the Revolution, though it is believed by many that the 
 I Reverend Richard Welton, of Pennsylvania, and the Reverend 
 ' John Talbot, of ISTew Jersey, received clandestine consecration 
 to the Episcopate by the successors of the ITon-juring Bishops 
 about the year 1722. The need of Bishops was deeply felt by 
 both the clergy and laity of the Church of England in America. 
 In a petition from the clergy of 'New Jersey and New York to 
 the Bishop of London it was said : "The expediency of Bishops 
 in the English American Colonies is a point which has been, 
 from the very beginning of this present century, frequently as- 
 serted on the one hand and generally admitted on the other."! 
 In 1738, one clergyman proposed a somewhat extensive Archi- 
 episcopal See for the Bishop of London, when he wrote a letter 
 from ISTew York to that dignitary, saying: "We heartily wish 
 that, by the good providence of God, your Lordship may be 
 appointed Archbishop of this New World, the Continent of 
 America, and the Islands Adjacent, and invested with authority 
 and a fullness of power to send Bishops among us."t On four 
 different occasions, between 1760 and 1764, Governor Arthur 
 Dobbs, of JSTorth Carolina, wrote to the Society for the Propaga- 
 tion of the Gospel and to the Board of Trade, begging that they 
 use their influence to have Bishops sent to America, with all 
 necessary episcopal powers, though the writer always took pains 
 to state that he did not wish these Bishops to have civil powers 
 in ecclesiastical courts, etc., such as they exercised in England.i 
 
 * Colonial Records of North Carolina, Vol. V., p. 1136. 
 t Early JSnglish Colonies in America, by the Bishop of London, p. 81. 
 I 76ic?, p. 74. 
 
 § Colonial Records of North Carolina, Vol. VI., pp. 222, 971, 1026, 
 1040. 
 
18 Bishops of ]M"oETn Cakolika. 
 
 As is -iN'ell known, all of these efforts came to naught, and no 
 Bishops could be secured for America until after the "War of the 
 Revolution, when the colonies had become independent States. 
 As there were no Bishops in America, the opportunity for con- 
 firmation was limited to those who could afford a voyage to 
 Great Britain. Church members were therefore usually ad- 
 mitted to the Holy Communion under the rubrical provision 
 which accords that privilege to those who are "ready and de- 
 sirous to be confirmed." 
 
 In 1762 an estimate of the population of ISTorth Carolina was 
 sent to the Lord Bishop of London as follows: White inhabi- 
 tants, 36,000; negroes, 10,000—46,000 in all. In the matter of 
 religious affiliations it was stated that the province contained 
 18,000 adherents of the Church of England ; 9,000 Presbyterians 
 and Independents; and 9,000 Quakers, German and Dutch of 
 various sects, Jews, Papists, etc.* As these statistics fall short, 
 to the number of ten thousand, of the estimated population, 
 white and black, probably only the white race was included in 
 the religious tables. The population of the entire province, 
 given as 46,000, was probably inaccurate and under-estimated; 
 for, two years earlier, Governor Dobbs had sent a statement to 
 the home government that there were within the province 80,000 
 white people, exclusive of negroes. t When the first official 
 census of the United States was taken in 1790, N^orth Carolina 
 had an aggregate population of 393,751 — ^whites, 288,204; free 
 negroes, 4,975; slaves, 100,572. The heads of families then 
 numbered a little upwards of 50,000. By this same census of 
 1790 ISTorth Carolina had a much greater population than the 
 State of ISTew York, and this, too, after Tennessee had been 
 severed from the former. 
 
 ^ot only did missionaries of the Church of England labor 
 for the white race but for Indians and negroes as well. Mention 
 
 * Early English Colonies in America, by tlie Lord Bishop of London, 
 p. 106. 
 
 t Colonial Records of North Carolina, Tol. VI., p. 223. 
 
Bishops of JM^orth Carolina. 19 
 
 lias already been made of the baptism of Manteo, on Roanoke 
 Island, ISTorth Carolina, in 1587, and also tbe provision by 
 Locke's Constitution, concerning the christianization of slaves, 
 in 1669. Writing from Chowan Precinct on July 25, 1712, the 
 Reverend Giles Rainsford said: "On June 22d, I preached at 
 Mr. Garrett's, in the upper end of Chowan, but had such num- 
 bers that I was obliged to go under a large mulberry tree, where 
 most of the people, to my great satisfaction, seemed very devout 
 the whole part of the service and very ready in their responses, 
 as also in their method of singing praises to God. Here I bap- 
 tized two girls of the age of sixteen and one boy ten, children 
 of one Mr. Adams ; and, by much importunity, prevailed on Mr. 
 Martin to let me baptize three of his negroes — two women and 
 a boy." * A few months later Mr. Rainsford wrote that on one 
 of his missionary journeys he had been captured by the Indians 
 but afterwards released. He adds : "On account of my late 
 indisposition I have been able only to catechize children and 
 baptize six negroes." We may add that this indisposition of 
 Mr. Rainsford was evidently not chronic ; for, about the end of 
 1714, he sums up a year's exploits in triumphant strains as fol- 
 lows : "I shall only add that I have brought over to the Church 
 one Patrick Lawler, on Bennett's Creek, from a rank, violent 
 papist, to a sound, orthodox believer. I have baptized upwards 
 of forty negroes in this and the neighboring government [Vir- 
 ginia] in the past year, besides (which is almost an impossi- 
 bility here) christened three children of one Peirce, a Quaker, 
 by the consent of the mother, though seemingly of that persu- 
 asion. In ISTansemond County, bordering on Carolina, I have 
 saved upwards of two hundred souls from embracing Quaker- 
 ism, by my preaching and conference among them; and have 
 made the ignorance of their great apostle, Joseph Gloster, in a 
 dispute, appear to whole multitudes, and yet their prejudice to 
 our establishment is such that I fear there is no possibility to 
 win upon them. I found myself obliged, in conscience, to con- 
 
 * Colonial Records of North Oarolmn, Vol. I., page 858. 
 
20 Bishops of jSToeth Carolina. 
 
 tinue for some time with these people by reason of their luke- 
 warmness and indiff erency to our own constitution ; but, by con- 
 stant catechizing and teaching they are becoming tolerable pro- 
 ficients in the knowledge of the Gospel." * How long the re- 
 doubtable Mr. Kainsford continued the above warfare of doc- 
 trine we are not informed; nor can we speak in detail of the 
 nximerous other missionaries sent to Carolina by the Society 
 for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Of the 
 character of two of these (Daniel Brett and John Urmstone) 
 it is a case of "least said, soonest mended." In the way of re- 
 sults, probably the greatest work done in the colonial period 
 was by the Eeverend Clement Hall, a native of England who 
 was reared in l^orth Carolina. He went back to England for 
 holy orders and returned to ISTorth Carolina about the end of the 
 year 1744 or early in 1745. He oificiated at Edenton, and held 
 services in the court-house before the completion of Saint Paul's 
 Church. In the spring of 1752 he wrote that, though sick a 
 part of the time, he had, during his ministry of seven or eight 
 years, traveled 14,000 miles, delivered 675 sermons, baptized 
 about 5,783 white children and 243 negro children — also ad- 
 ministering adult baptism to 57 white persons and 112 negroes, 
 and that he had sometimes administered the Holy Communion 
 to as many as 300 persons in one journey, besides visiting the 
 sick, etc.t Another indefatigable worker for the cause of Christ 
 was the Reverend Alexander Stewart. He was a graduate of 
 Dublin College, and held the degree of Master of Arts from that 
 institution. He came to Worth Carolina in 1754 as chaplain 
 to Governor Arthur Dobbs. Later he was placed in charge of 
 Saint Thomas's Church, in the town of Bath; but his labors 
 extended far beyond the limits of that parish. He gathered 
 into the Church's fold white people, Indians and negroes, in- 
 fants and adults. Often, when it was desired by his converts, 
 
 * Colonial Records of North Carolina, Vol. II., p. 153. 
 t Ihid, Vol. IV., p. 1315. 
 
Bishops of North Caeolina. 21 
 
 he had. occasion to avail himself of rubrical authority on that 
 point and perform the office of baptism by immersion.* One 
 of his parishioners was I^athaniel Blount, who later entered 
 the ministry and to whom we shall have occasion to refer here- 
 after as the last survivor of the colonial clergy in l^orth 
 Carolina. 
 
 In a memorial from the Lord Bishop of London to the Lords 
 of the Treasury, bx 1721, it was said : "The Bishop of London 
 was by King Charles II intrusted with providing and sending 
 ministers to the colonies and islands in America, and was [later] 
 directed by King William to apply to the Treasury for £20 to 
 each missionary to defray his passage." Schoolmasters of the 
 Church of England were aided in like manner. A list of those 
 who drew the cost of their passage to America, between 1690 
 and 1811, has been compiled by Gerald Pothergill, and was pub- 
 lished in London (1904) under the title A List of Emigrant 
 Ministers to America, 1690-1811. This valuable little work 
 contains the names of quite a number of missionaries to ISTorth 
 Carolina, vvdth the dates when they received their passage money, 
 as follows: James Adams, 1707; John Barnett, 1765; John 
 Blacknall, 1725 ; John Blair, 1703 ; Peter Blin, 1769 ; Nathaniel 
 Blount, 1773; [Daniel] Brett, 1700; Kobert Briggs, 1768; 
 Thomas Burges, 1741 ; Henry John Burges, 1768 ; Nicholas 
 Christian, 1773; James Cosgrove, 1766; John Cramp, 1767; 
 Charles Cnipples [Cupples], 1766; Eobert Cuming, 1748-1749; 
 Theodoras Swaine Drage, 1769; Daniel Earle [Earl], 1756; 
 William Fanning, 1764; Samuel Fishe [Fiske?], 1766; Heze- 
 kiah Ford, 1776; John Garzia, 1724; William Gordon, 1707; 
 Clement Hall, 1744; William Hawson, 1756; Eichard Hewitt, 
 1724; Francis Johnston, 1768; Walter Jones, 1724; Edward 
 Jones, 1769; James Macartney, 1768; John M'Dowell, 1753; 
 William Maury (school-master), 1723; G«orge Micklejohn, 
 1766 ; William MiUer, 1765 ; James Moir, 1739 ; Thomas New- 
 man, 1701 ; Charles Pettigrew, 1775 ; John Lott Phillips, 1776 ; 
 
 * Colonial Records of North Carolina, Vol. VI., pp. 315-316. 
 
■2-2 Bishops of Kobth Cakolina. 
 
 William Pow, 1748-1749; Giles Rainsford, 1716; John Reid, 
 1745; Jolin Rowan, 1747; Alexander Stewart, 1753; Charles 
 Edward Taylor, 1771; Samuel Thomas, 1702; William Toale, 
 
 1762; John Urmstons [TJrmstone], 1722; Whinston 
 
 [Winston?], 1709; John Wills, 1769; and Charles Woodmason, 
 1766. In the ahove list, Mr. Rainsford is credited to Maryland, 
 Mr. Urmstone to Virginia, Mr. Garzia to Virginia, and Mr. 
 Woodmason to South Carolina, though they are all known to 
 have labored (for a while at least) in JSTorth Carolina; on the 
 other hand, a few of those who are credited to JSTorth Carolina, 
 in this list, went to other colonies. Some of these missionaries 
 had gone from Worth Carolina to England for ordination, and 
 the above-mentioned amount of twenty pounds was paid to cover 
 the cost of their return to America. Among these were Henry 
 John Surges, Francis Johnston, Peter Blin, Edward Jones, 
 ISTathaniel Blount and Charles Pettigrew. There may have 
 been others also. One of these, Henry John Burges, was a son 
 of another clergyman, the Reverend Thomas Burges, who was 
 stationed for many years in Edgecombe County, JSTorth Caro- 
 lina. In the Colonial Records of North Carolina may be found 
 a great deal of information (letters, etc.) concerning many of 
 the above missionaries and their associates in the ministry. 
 
 Though the law creating them has been lost, it is known that 
 several parishes of the Church of England were erected in Worth 
 Carolina in 1701. These, so far as can be learned, were : Cur- 
 rituck Parish in Currituck Precinct, Saint John's Parish in 
 Pasquotank Precinct, Berkeley Parish in Perquimans Precinct, 
 Saint Paul's Parish (now of the town of Edenton) in Chowan 
 Precinct, and Saint Thomas's Parish (now of the town of Bath) 
 in Pamlico Precinct.* During ten or twelve years following 
 several new parishes were added. At the session of the Colonial 
 Assembly of 1715 (the first legislature of whose enactments we 
 
 * This precinct should not be confused with the present county of 
 Pamlico, which was not erected till 1872. Bath is now in Beaufort 
 County. 
 
Bishops of !N^oeth Carolina. 23 
 
 have any record), the province was divided into nine parishes, 
 by chapter VIII of its laws, as follows: Eastern Parish of 
 Chowan Precinct, South-west Parish of Chowan Precinct, Per- 
 quimans Parish, South-west Parish of Pasquotank Precinct, 
 iN'orth-east Parish of Pasquotank Precinct, Currituck Parish, 
 Saint Thomas's Parish, Hyde Parish and Craven Parish. The 
 names of those who were vestrymen of these nine parishes in 
 1715 are stiU preserved.* AU earlier church records in North 
 Carolina are lost, with the exception of those belonging to Saint 
 Paul's Church, in Edenton, which begin in 1701. Between the 
 year 1715 and the War of the Revolution numerous other colo- 
 nial parishes were added to those in the list above given.t 
 
 The Colonial Assembly of ISTorth Carolina legally recognized 
 the Unitas Fratrum, or Moravian Church, and passed an act, 
 chapter XIII of the Laws of 1755, authorizing the erection of 
 the parish of Dobbs by members of that communion, on the 
 tract of land called Wachovia (now in Forsyth County) which 
 had been settled by these Moravians. A few years earKer, on 
 May 12, 1749, the British Parliament had also passed an act 
 (22 Greorge, II, chapter XXX) giving legal recognition to the 
 Unitas Fratrum, and referring to that religious body as "an 
 ancient Protestant Episcopal Church which has been counte- 
 nanced and relieved by the Kings of England." This parlia- 
 mentary action was taken upon a unanimous recommendation 
 by the Bench of Bishops. Later on in the present volume it 
 will be seen that there has always been fraternization between 
 Bishops of the Episcopal Church and of the Moravian Church 
 in l^orth Carolina. Of the erection of the above-mentioned 
 parish of Dobbs in ISTorth Carolina, during the colonial period, 
 the Moravian historian, Reverend John H. CleweU, in his His- 
 tory of Wachovia, says : "In 1755 the legislature was petitioned 
 
 * Colonial Records of North Ca/roUna, Vol. II., pp. 208-209 ; State 
 Records of North Carolina, Vol. XXIII., pp. 6-8. 
 
 t For list of Colonial parishes, see "paristies," on p. 709, in index, 
 Vol. XXV. of State Records of North Carolina. In same index the 
 different parishes are classed under their own heads, 
 n 
 
24 Bishops of Wokth Gakolina. 
 
 to constitute Wachovia a separate parish. This petition was 
 granted. Benzien and Stauber were the representatives from 
 Wachovia to present the petition. Jacob and Herman Lash 
 waited on the Governor in ISTew Bern, in December, and received 
 official notice that the bill was a law. The representatives of- 
 the Bethabara congregation were graciously received by Gov- 
 ernor Dobbs. In April, 1756, the Act of Assembly was com- 
 municated to the congregation by Ranch and Angel. By this 
 act twenty men were created freeholders, and each man received 
 fifty acres of land.* In May, these twenty men were summoned 
 to Salisbury to be invested with their new powers." Alluding 
 to the experiences of this party after reaching Salisbury (the 
 county-seat of Rowan, in which Dobbs Parish was then situ- 
 ated), Doctor Clewell gives a translation of the original accoimt 
 in the Moravian records, which says : "They had a short dis- 
 cussion and all went to the court-house to elect vestrymen. A 
 herald took their names, and then made known to them their 
 duties. The vote of the freeholders was taken, and the names 
 of the vestrymen made known to the public. When this was 
 done the Chief Justice announced to the vestrymen that they 
 would have to appear at court and select two wardens. The 
 sheriff said that, as it would be a task for so many to travel to 
 Salisbury, he would himself come to Bethabara to qualify them." 
 They were qualified accordingly, and then proceeded to elect as 
 church wardens two of their number, Messrs. Lash and Wutke. 
 In closing this account, the old record says : "The organization 
 was now complete according to the wish of our hearts. We 
 thanked the Lord that it was so." 
 
 Saint Thomas's Church in the old town of Bath, Beaufort 
 County, and Saint Paul's Church in Edenton, Chowan County, 
 are the only brick buildings still used in the State of Worth 
 Carolina which were erected by congregations of the Church of 
 
 * The Moravian lands were owned by the community as a whole 
 and there were no individual free-holders. Hence it was necessary to 
 issue these grants. — M. DeL. H. 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Carolixa. 25 
 
 England prior to the Eevolution. As already mentioned, these 
 parishes were laid out in 1701, many years before the churches 
 were built. Some miles below Wilmington, on the Cape Fear 
 River, is the site of the old town of Brimswick (of which 
 scarcely a vestige now remains), and there the brick walls of 
 Saint Philip's Church are in a perfect state of preservation, 
 but all of the woodwork, roof included, has rotted away. As 
 it may interest the reader, we shall add a few words concerning 
 these ancient structures. 
 
 The erection of Saint Thomas's Church, in Bath, was begun 
 about 1734, though it was not completed until some years after 
 that date. In 1841, or thereabouts, the entire roof and gable 
 ends of this building were blown off by a heavy windstorm, but 
 the damage was repaired through the liberality of Joseph Bon- 
 ner, a gentleman of that vicinity whose family had long been 
 identified with the Church in iN'orth Carolina, one of his ances- 
 tors, Captain Henry Bonner, having been a vestryman in 
 Chowan Precinct as early as 1715. About the year 1868 the 
 woodwork of the structure fell into decay, and this was replaced 
 by William Walling, an Englishman who had settled in ]^orth 
 Carolina, and wished to show his veneration for an ancient 
 edifice by which his mother country and adopted home were so 
 closely connected. AH of the old records of this parish have 
 been lost. Underneath the building, and also around about ir, 
 are many graves, but these, for the most part, are unmarked. 
 The outside dimensions, etc., of this church (as given by the 
 Reverend Doctor Drane in his monograph included in Colonial 
 Churches in the Original Colony of Virginia) are as follows : 
 Nave length, 51 feet; nave width, 31 feet; nave height, sides, 
 14 feet ; thickness of bricks, 3 by 4% by 9 inches ; clay tiles in 
 floor, 2 by 8 by 8 inches. Saint Thomas's Church was the chief 
 scene of the labors of the great colonial missionary, Reverend 
 Alexander Stewart, to whose career we have already referred. 
 
 Saint Paul's Church, in Edenton, was begun in 1736, re- 
 placing a wooden building of earlier date. Like the church in 
 
,26 Bishops of ISTokth Cakoijna. 
 
 Bath, it remained unfinished for quite a while after its construc- 
 tion was commenced. Among the contributors towards its erec- 
 tion were the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, who gave two hun- 
 dred pounds sterling. This parish has had a longer unbroken 
 existence than any other in the State, its history long antedating 
 the erection of the present building. Its first vestrymen — who 
 were also the first ever appointed in the colony — were His Ex- 
 cellency Henderson "Walker, Governor; the Honorable Thomas 
 Pollock, President of the Provincial Council, and later Governor 
 pro tempore; William Dukinfield, a Justice of the General 
 Court and a brother of Sir Eobert Dukinfield, Baronet ; Mcho- 
 las Crisp ; Edward Smithwick, a member of the Assembly of the 
 Province; John Blount, a Justice of the General Court; James 
 Long; N"athaniel Chevin, member of the Provincial Council; 
 William Benbury; Colonel William Wilkinson, an eminent at- 
 torney; Captain Thomas Leuten, and Captain Thomas Blount. 
 These vestrymen (who were all colonists of the first consequence 
 in their day and generation) effected an organization on Decem- 
 ber 15, 1701, by electing Colonel Wilkinson and Captain Leuten 
 church wardens, and Mr. Chevin clerk of the vestry. Mr. 
 Smithwick gave an acre of land on which to erect a house of 
 worship, and the vestry at once contracted for such a structure, 
 the same to be of wood and twenty-five feet in length. On De- 
 cember 15, 1702, exactly one year after the first meeting of the 
 vestry, we find recorded in their proceedings the fact that they 
 viewed the chapel and accepted the same from the contractor. 
 It was about thirty-five years later that this chapel was replaced 
 by the substantial brick church (on a different site) which is 
 now used by the congregation in Edenton. In the monograph 
 already quoted, Doctor Drane gives the following outside meas- 
 urements, with description of interior, of Saint Paul's Church : 
 nave length, 60 feet; nave width, 40 feet and 3 inches; nave 
 height, sides, 20 feet; dimensions of bricks, 21/2 by 4 by 8% 
 inches. Saint Paul's floor was formerly tiled, and "intra-mural" 
 burials were allowed. The floor is now of wood. The silver 
 
Bishops of !N^oeth Cabolista. 27 
 
 communion service, which has been used in Saint Paul's Church 
 for generations past, was the gift of an eminent colonial Church- 
 man and statesman. Both the paten and chalice are inscribed 
 as follows: "The Gift of Colonell Edward Moseley for ye use 
 of ye Church in Edenton in the year 1725." In Saint Paul's 
 is also a larger chalice of silver which was presented by a colon- 
 ial missionary, the Reverend John Garzia, of ISTorth Carolina, 
 it being inscribed as follows: "D. D. Johannes Garzia, Eccle- 
 siae Anglicanae Presbyter." So far as the present writer knows, 
 these are the only commxmion vessels of the colonial period now 
 used in Worth Carolina, except one in the parish of Christ 
 Church, 'New Bern. Saint Paul's Church, in Edenton, was 
 the place of worship of numerous Colonial Governors, Chief 
 Justices and other high dignitaries, many of whom are now at 
 rest within its burial ground, which is historically one of the 
 most interesting places in the Southern States. The two hun- 
 dredth anniversary of the organization of Saint Paul's Parish 
 feU on December 15, 1901, but the vestry decided to hold the 
 celebration of that event somewhat earlier, during the session 
 of the Diocesan Council of East Carolina, which convened that 
 year in Edenton. The celebration was accordingly held. May 
 22-24, 1901, and the proceedings on that occasion were after- 
 wards printed, under the editorial supervision of Doctor Drane, 
 in a pamphlet entitled The Religious and Historic Commemo- 
 ration of the Two Hundred Years of St. Paul's Parish, Ederu- 
 ton. North Carolina. 
 
 Saint Philip's Church, on the Cape Fear River, in Brunswick 
 Coimty, is now in a state of ruin. Its walls, and some grave- 
 stones not far distant, are about all that is now left to mark the 
 site of the old borough of Brunswick, which was one of Worth 
 Carolina's most important tovms in colonial days. Even before 
 this parish was established the people of that vicinity had a 
 house of worship and the advantages of church services, con- 
 ducted by the Reverend Richard Marsden. In a letter written 
 from that place in February, 1736, James Murray, a member 
 
28 Bishops of ISToeth Carolina. 
 
 of tie Council under Governor Gabriel Johnston, said: "We 
 have ye best minister that I have heard in America to preach 
 and read prayers to us every 2d or 3d Sunday at least ; and, on 
 a cold day, a good fire in ye church to sit by." It was in 1741, 
 a few years after the date of this letter, that Saint Philip's 
 Parish was laid out, and the brick church (whose walls are still 
 intact) was not begun until about 1754. ""We are building a 
 very large brick church, which is nearly done," wrote the vestry 
 in 1760. It was finished a few years later, while Governor "Wil- 
 liam Tryon resided at Brunswick, and that gentleman made a 
 personal contribution of forty guineas to aid the work. The 
 walls of this church are seventy-six feet and six inches long, 
 fifty-three feet and three inches wide, and twenty-four feet and 
 four inches in height. Saint Philip's Church was probably 
 abandoned about the time of the Revolution. The parish has 
 never appeared on the rolls of the Conventions of the Church 
 in !N"orth Carolina since the foundation of the Diocese in 1817. 
 The above three churches — Saint Thomas's in Bath, Saint 
 Paul's in Edenton, and Saint Philip's on the site of old Bruns- 
 wick — are the only three brick church buildings of the colonial 
 era now standing in JSTorth Carolina. They are all in what is 
 now the Diocese of East Carolina. There are other colonial 
 parishes still existing in the State, but the original buildings 
 have in all instances been replaced by more modern ones. One 
 of these, Christ Church, at ISTew Bern, still owns a silver com- 
 munion service. Holy Bible and Book of Common Prayer, which 
 came from England prior to the Revolution. The communion 
 service is probably the same which King George presented to the 
 "Royal Chapel" (Saint Philip's Church) at Brunswick, and was 
 doubtless brought to JSTew Bern when that place became the 
 capital, thus making Christ Church the "Royal Chapel." It is 
 sterling silver and consists of two large flagons, a chalice, paten 
 and alms basin, these bearing the Royal arms of Great Britain 
 and the King's initial letters, G. R. (Georgius Rex). The Bible 
 and Book of Common Prayer are at present deposited in the 
 
Bishops of ]!^obth Carolina. 29 
 
 Hall of History in Raleigh. The Bible was printed at the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford by John Baskett, "Printer to the King's Most 
 Excellent Majesty," in 1716, while the Prayer Book came from 
 the presses of Joseph Bentham, of Cambridge, printer to the 
 University, in 1752. 
 
 Of all the zealous clergymen of the Church of England in 
 ISTorth Carolina about the time of the Revolution, none ranked 
 higher than the Reverend Charles Pettigrew, who built Petti- 
 greVs Chapel at his own expense and for many years ministered 
 there, as well as in Edenton and elsewhere throughout the prov- 
 ince. He lived in a locality where the Society of Friends had 
 a strong foothold ; and, after the Revolution, he said : "Before 
 the dissolution of the Establishment [of the Church of Eng- 
 land], I absolutely forbade anything to be collected from the 
 Quakers for me, as I would not receive it. ISTeither have I 
 taken anything for visiting the sick or baptizing during ihe 
 course of my ministry." Mr. Pettigrew was born in Pftnusyl- 
 vania on March 20, 1743. He was educated in N"oTth Carolina. 
 In early life he was a school-teacher ; but, desiring to enter the 
 ministry, he went to England in the winter of 1774-'75, and was 
 duly ordained by the Bishops of London and Rochester. He 
 returned to America on the last ship which sailed before the 
 Revolution. After the war he and other clergymen vainly en- 
 deavored to form a Diocese in Worth Carolina; and meetings, 
 with this end in view, were held in June, 1790 ; iN'ovember, 1790 ; 
 October, 1791 ; November, 1793, and May, 1794.* At the time 
 last named, Mr. Pettigrew was elected Bishop of North Caro- 
 lina, but he died (April 8, 1807) without being consecrated, and 
 it was more than a quarter of a century before the Church 
 had succeeded in its efforts to establish a diocese presided over 
 by a Bishop of its own. We do not include a separate biography 
 
 * For reprints of Journals of these early Conventions, etc., see 
 volume entitled Church History in North Carolina. 
 
30 Bishops of N^okth Cabolina. 
 
 of Mr. Pettigrew in this work, as he never was inducted into 
 the oiSce of Bishop by consecration.* 
 
 Among the workers in the earlier efforts to set up a diocese 
 in JSTorth Carolina were several clergymen who had borne an 
 active part in the operations of the American army during the 
 "War for Independence. At the beginning of hostilties, the Rev- 
 erend Adam Boyd had fought as a line officer, had entered the 
 ministry while the war was in progress (first taking Presby- 
 terian orders), and had risen to the rank of Brigade Chaplain; 
 the Eeverend Solomon Hailing had been an efficient surgeon 
 in the patriot army before entering the ministry; and the Eev- 
 erend Eobert Johnston Miller had enlisted under the American 
 standard when eighteen years old, had encountered the dangers 
 of the field at Long Island, Brandywine and White Plains, re- 
 ceiving a severe wound in the battle first named — also sharing 
 the sufferings at Valley Forge and the triumph at Yorktown. 
 Wo clergyman of the Church of England was ever an actire 
 Loyalist in Worth Carolina. Old Parson Micklejohn sympa- 
 thized with the royal cause, and was taken into custody and 
 paroled in the early stages of the war, but even he eventually 
 swore allegiance to the "Whig government and died an American 
 citizen. Another loyalist in his sympathies (though he tocik 
 no part against the American cause) was the Eeverend James 
 Eeed, of !N"ew Bern. 
 
 The Eeverend Charles Edward Taylor, a clergyman of the 
 Church of England, was one of the chaplains who officiated in 
 the JSTorth Carolina Provincial Congress, at Hillsborough in 
 August, 1775. 
 
 On April 8, 1776, the Provincial Congress of Worth Carolina, 
 at Halifax, elected as its chaplain the Reverend Hezekiah Ford, 
 a clergyman of the Church of England. This gentleman later 
 was commissioned Chaplain of the Fifth Worth Carolina Conti- 
 
 * A sketch of the life of Bishop-elect Pettigrew, written by me, will 
 be found in the Biographical History of North Carolina Vol VI 
 p. 396.— M. Del. H. , . ., 
 
Bishops of ISTorth Carolina. 31 
 
 nental Regiment, April 20, 1777, and marched northward in the 
 summer of that year. He was Special Judge Advocate in a 
 court-martial at Trenton, I^ew Jersey, on July 22, 1777, and 
 was honorably discharged a few months later, in September, 
 just prior to the time when his regimental and brigade eom- 
 mandprs, Colonel Edward Buncombe and Greneral Francis ISTash, 
 were mortally wounded at the battle of Germantown. 
 
 Another Church of England clergyman who actively sided 
 with the Americans was the Reverend Charles Cupples. In the 
 Revolutionary Assembly at Smithfield, in Johnston County, he 
 acted as chaplain, being elected to that post on May 3, 1779, 
 and serving until excused from further attendance by a joint 
 resolution of the two houses. About a year later, on April 17, 
 1780, he was also chaplain of the General Assembly which con- 
 vened at ITew Bern. iN'ot only were most of the clergymen 
 Americans of proved patriotism, but laymen of the Church of 
 England in iN'orth Carolina were the foremost leaders of the 
 revolt against King George. The same was true as to laymen 
 in other States also. In Ms work, entitled The Church for 
 Americans, Bishop Brown, of Arkansas, says: "Two-thirds of 
 the first Continental Congress, held at Philadelphia, A. D. 1774, 
 were churchmen. The same proportion obtained in the Con- 
 gress which declared our independence. Of the fifty-five actual 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence, thirty-five were 
 Episcopalians; twelve Congregationalists ; four Presbyterians; 
 three Quakers; one was a Baptist and one a Roman Catholic. 
 * * * Of the twelve generals appointed by Washington early 
 in the war, eight were his fellow Episcopalians." * 
 
 The above is a fairly good showing of the virtue of patriotism 
 for one Church — and especially so for one which has sometimes 
 been charged vsdth being so much wedded to English ideals and 
 institutions as to render itself un-American. 
 
 * The Church for Americans, by the Right Reverend William Mont- 
 gomery Brown (edition of 1899), pp. 378-379. 
 
32 Bishops of I^obth Oabolina. 
 
 Of course a communion with so numerous a membership as 
 was possessed by the Church of England in the thirteen colonies 
 was not without active partisans on both sides in the Eevolu- 
 tion, and one Loyalist who rose to eminence in the Church after 
 the war was the Eight Reverend Samuel Seabury, Bishop of 
 Connecticut and first in the succession of the American Episco- 
 pate. At one time he had been Chaplain of "the King's Ameri- 
 can Regiment," commanded by Colonel Edmund Fanning, form- 
 erly of N"orth Carolina. Doctor Seabury was elected Bishop of 
 Connecticut by the clergy of that State on March 25, 1783, and 
 was directed to proceed to England for the purpose of seeking 
 consecration; in the event that his mission to England should 
 be unsuccessful, he was instructed to go to Scotland and ask the 
 successors of the ISTon-juring Bishops in that country to perform 
 the rite. These Bishops in Scotland were of the same line of 
 succession as were the Bishops of the Church of England; but 
 the Scotch branch of the Church had no standing under the 
 civil law because the Bishops, through whom its line came, had 
 refused to swear allegiance to William and Mary after the Eng- 
 lish Revolution of 1688. Eor this reason it was also sometimes 
 called the Jacobite Church. When Doctor Seabury appeared 
 in England, the Bishops of the English Church were willing 
 to comply with the wishes of their fellow-churchmen in America, 
 and would have done so but for an act of Parliament which re- 
 quired that a candidate for consecration to a Bishopric should 
 swear allegiance to the King. Of course such an oath was out 
 of the question with a citizen of an independent American State, 
 even though this citizen may once have been a Loyalist; so 
 Doctor Seabury went to Scotland, where he was made a Bishop 
 at Aberdeen on I^ovember 14, 1784, by Bishops Kilgour, Petrie 
 and Skinner, of the above-mentioned Church of Scotland. 
 Shortly after Bishop Seabury returned to his Diocese of Connec- 
 ticut, Parliament passed an act authorizing the consecration of 
 foreign Bishops without requiring of them the oath of allegiance. 
 This left the way open for other Americans who had been 
 
Bishops of North Caeolina. 33 
 
 elected to Bishopries ; so the Eeverend William White, of Penn- 
 sylvania, and the Eeverend Samuel Provoost, of l^Tew York, then 
 crossed the seas to England, and in the Chapel of Lamheth 
 Palace, on the 4th of February, 1787, were duly consecrated by 
 the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishop of Peter- 
 borough, and the Bishop of Bath and Wells. A few years later, 
 on September 19, 1790, in the same chapel at Lambeth, the Eev- 
 erend James Madison was consecrated Bishop of Virginia by 
 the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London, and the 
 Bishop of Eochester. The first consecration in America, and 
 the only one at which Bishop Seabury ever officiated, was when 
 the Eeverend Thomas John Claggett was raised to the Episco- 
 pate as Bishop of Maryland, by Bishops Seabury, White, Pro- 
 voost, and Madison, on September 17, 1792. Thus the two 
 temporarily divided lines of apostolic succession — ^the English 
 through White, Provoost, and Madison, and the Scotch through 
 Seabury — ^were united in forming the present Episcopate of the 
 United States, for every Bishop in the American Church of 
 to-day traces his Episcopal descent from Bishop Claggett, as 
 weU as from the other Bishops above enumerated. White was 
 one of the consecrators of Bishop Eavenscroft, on May 22, 1823 ; 
 he also aided in consecrating Bishop Ives, September 22, 1831. 
 Some years later, on October 17, 1853, visiting English Bishops 
 were among the consecrators of Bishop Atkinson. So the Epis- 
 copate in Iforth Carolina has a very short descent from, and 
 close relationship with, the Mother Church of Old England. 
 
+ 
 
Bishop Ravenscroft. 
 
JOHN STAKK EAVENSCROFT, 
 FiEST Bishop of ZSTokth Caeolina. 
 
 On the roll of eminent prelates whose labors have gone far 
 toward upbuilding the American Episcopal Church, few names 
 stand out in bolder relief than that of the Eight Eeverend John 
 Staek Ravensceoft, S. T. D., first Bishop of ISTorth Carolina 
 and twentieth in the succession of the American Episcopate. In 
 his day and generation he was a strong power for promoting the 
 spread of Christianity throughout N'orth Carolina. Nor were 
 his achievements confined to one diocese, for under his influence 
 were raised up at least five future Bishops and innumerable 
 other clergy whose evangelical labors bore rich fruitage in those 
 earlier times, and are even now felt throughout countless locali- 
 ties in the Southern and Western States of the American Union, 
 as well as elsewhere. Hence in many quarters, where the name 
 of this great Bishop is comparatively unknown, his labors are 
 still indirectly having their effect, and will so continue till the 
 end of time. How marvelously potent, for good or evil, can the 
 influence of one man be made upon future generations ! 
 
 To gather up the remnants of the Church of England in 
 North Carolina and transmit its doctrines unimpaired to future 
 times was the great work of Bishop Eavenscroft's life — a life of 
 heroic self-sacrifices and toilsome privations throughout his en- 
 tire ministry, and one which is well worthy of study by those 
 who admire the virtues he exemplified. He was born on the 
 17th day of May, 1772, in Prince George County, Virginia, and 
 belonged to a family of high social station and some wealth. He 
 himself states (in an unfinished autobiography) that aU of his 
 progenitors as far back as he could trace, with the exception of 
 his maternal grandfather, were natives of Virginia. In his 
 work on Old Churches and Families in Virginia, Bishop Meade 
 alludes to the Eavenscrofts as "an ancient Virginia family, to 
 be found about Williamsburg and Petersburg, according to the 
 
38 Bishops of Noeth Carolina. 
 
 records of the House of Burgesses and the vestry-books." 
 Though Bishop Green, of Mississippi (who prepared a brief 
 memoir of Bishop Eavenscroft in 1870*), believed that the 
 name Eavenscroft was of Germanic origin — the contraction of a 
 German surname, Ravenscrofdt — he was undoubtedly in error. 
 The name Eavenscroft, just as the Bishop wrote it, is not un- 
 common in Great Britain, being found in the records of Flint- 
 shire, Cheshire, Lancashire and Sussex. 
 
 Various persons of the name of Eavenscroft lived in New 
 England and Virginia at a very early period. The ancestors of 
 Bishop Eavenscroft were residents of the Old Dominion for 
 about three-quarters of a century prior to the War of the Eevo- 
 lution, but Massachusetts was their first home in America. 
 Samuel Eavenscroft came to Boston in 1679, and almost imme- 
 diately after his arrival became a member of the artillery com- 
 pany, later holding a commission as Captain in the troops of 
 the colony. He married Dionysia Savage, a daughter of Major 
 Thomas Savage, and was the father of five children, viz., Diony- 
 sia, born April 12, 1681; Samuel, born April 12, 1682; George, 
 born March 20, 1683; Sarah, born November 20, 1686; and 
 Thomas, born June 29, 1688. 
 
 There being no house of worship of the Church of England 
 in his new home. Captain Samuel Eavenscroft attended Con- 
 gregational services for a while in the Old South Meeting House. 
 On June 15, 1686, he was one of eleven persons who took steps 
 to found King's Chapel, for services of the Church of England, 
 and was later one of its Wardens. He was held in high favor 
 by Sir Edmund Andros, the Eoyal Governor, who was a ruler 
 greatly hated by the Puritans. In the Spring of 1689, .Tohn 
 Winslow, a young New Englander, returned from a voyage to 
 the Island of Nevis, bringing with him the news that William of 
 Orange had taken possession of the throne of Great Britain in 
 the preceding year. Thereupon the inhabitants of Massachu- 
 setts rose up on April 18th and imprisoned Andros, with many 
 
 * American Church Review, January, 1871, Vol. XXII., p. 526. 
 
Bishops of x^oeth Cabollna. 39 
 
 of his adherents, including Captain Eavenscroft. It would seem, 
 however, that Eavenscroft was not a very pronounced Jacobite ; 
 for, in his capacity as church-warden, he afterwards united in a 
 loyal address to Xing William. Like men of nearly all religions 
 in that day, however, the jSTew Englanders were not disposed to 
 view vsdth friendliness those who differed with them in ecclesias- 
 tical matters; so Captain Eavenscroft decided to seek a new 
 home. "Eavenscroft talks of removing to Virginia," wrote Jus- 
 tice Francis Foxcroft, of Boston, in 1691.* Prohably the Cap- 
 tain was strengthened in this desire by the knowledge that his 
 old friend Andros was about to be entrusted with the governor- 
 ship of Virginia, to which office he was appointed in 1692. 
 
 Thomas Eavenscroft (the youngest son of Samuel) was a resi- 
 dent of Wilmington Parish, in James City County, Virginia, at 
 a later period. As already stated, he was bom in Boston on 
 June 29, 1688. After his arrival in Virginia, he became a 
 Colonel of the militia forces of that province. He was also High 
 Sheriff of James City County in 1722. In the year following, 
 he purchased a tract of land in Prince George County, called 
 Haycock's Plantation — sometimes written Maycox — and after- 
 wards removed his family to that locality. This estate took its 
 name from Captain Samuel Maycock, one of its former owners, 
 who had been killed by the Indians in 1622. An account of the 
 place will be found in The Cradle of the Republic, by Doctor 
 Lyon G. Tyler. 
 
 The above-mentioned Colonel Thomas Eavenscroft was at one 
 time a representative in the Virginia House of Burgesses, and 
 died about the end of the year 1735. He had a son, John, and 
 this young man he sent on a visit to ITew England early in 
 1735. "With him young Eavenscroft carried a letter of intro- 
 duction (February 20, 1735) from his friend and neighbor. 
 Colonel William Byrd, of Westover, to Chief Justice Lynde, in 
 
 * 'New Enffland Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. XXXIII., 
 p. 410. 
 
40 Bishops of ISTokth Carolina. 
 
 Salem, Massachusetts, in wHcii the writer said : "He is the son 
 of one of your own countrymen, Mr. Ravenscroft, who, having 
 some relatives there, has sent his son to make them a visit."* 
 After returning to his home in Virginia, John Eavenscroft mar- 
 ried Rebecca Stark.t In 1738 he was a Magistrate in Prince 
 Greorge County. He left a son, also named John, who became a 
 physician. The descent of John Ravenscroft, the younger 
 (father of Bishop Ravenscroft), from Colonel Thomas Ravens- 
 croft is shown by a deed, recorded in Brunswick County, Vir- 
 ginia, from "John Ravenscroft, late of the town of Petersburg, 
 son and heir of John Ravenscroft, late of Prince Greorge County, 
 deceased," for a tract of land, therein described, which had been 
 "patented 26 December, 1734, by Thomas Ravenscroft, grand- 
 father of the said John." 
 
 Doctor John Ravenscroft (mentioned above as the father of 
 Bishop Ravenscroft) lived on Maycock's Plantation, his pater- 
 nal estate, and there engaged in agricultural pursuits for a short 
 while. Having determined to become a physician, he studied 
 medicine in the University of Edinburgh, and graduated there 
 in 1770, his thesis (on the subject of jaundice) being entitled 
 Be Ictera. Early in 1771, immediately after returning to his 
 home in Virginia, he married his cousin, Lillias Miller.t He 
 
 * Tirgiiiia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. IX., p. 242. 
 
 t After the death of her first husband, Mrs. Rebecca Ravenscroft 
 (born Stark) married George McMurdo, who died in Galloway, Scot- 
 land, in 179S. She left several children by her second husband, and 
 one or more settled in A'irginia, among these being Charles J. Me- 
 Jlurdo. The last named had a daughter (wife of Patrick Gibson) 
 whose son, the Reverend Churchill J. Gibson, married a sister of 
 Bishop Atkinson, and was father of the Right Reverend Robert Atkin- 
 son Gibson, Bishop of Virginia. 
 
 i As to degree of blood relationship between Doctor John Ravens- 
 croft and his wife, Lillias Miller, he was her first cousin once removed. 
 Colonel Robert Boiling (among other children) had two daughters: 
 Mary Boiling, who married William Stark; and Jane Boiling, who 
 married Hugh Miller. Rebecca Stark, daughter of William Stark and 
 his wife, Mary Boiling, married John Ravenscroft and was mother of 
 Doctor John Ravenscroft, the Bishop's father. Lillias Miller, wife of 
 Doctor Ravenscroft. was a daughter of Hugh Miller and his wife, the 
 aforementioned Jane Boiling. 
 
Bishops of ^NTobth Caeolina. 41 
 
 did not remain in America, h-owever, but carried his wife and 
 his son John Stark Ravenseroft (the only child who had been 
 born to him up to that time) to Great Britain in 1772, when the 
 son was less than a year old. Doctor Ravenseroft first settled at 
 Popcastle, in Ctmiberland County, on the northern border of 
 England. After remaining there about a year, he removed his 
 family to the Scottish side of the Solway Firth, and purchased 
 an estate called Cairnsmore, in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, 
 a part of the District of Galloway. He died at Cairnsmore in 
 July, 1781, while the American Revolution was in progress, and 
 when his son was nine years old. In the meantime other chil- 
 dren had been bom to him — two sons, who died young, and sev- 
 eral daughters, to whom reference will be made later on. By a 
 deed of settlement, executed January 8, 1781, a few months 
 before Doctor Ravenscroft's death, Cairnsmore was conveyed to 
 his eldest son. In the course of a few years, Doctor Ravens- 
 croft's widow married Patrick Stewart of Borness, being the 
 second wife of that gentleman. About the year 1793, Mr. Stew- 
 art purchased Cairnsmore from young Ravenseroft, his step-son, 
 and the consideration therefor was no doubt liberal ; for, in a 
 letter to his mother, dated June 15, 1794, the young Virginian 
 "rejoiced that the sale put it in his power to insure the independ- 
 ence of his sisters." The fuU sisters of Bishop Ravenseroft were 
 Jean, who married WiUiam McKean, and died without issue; 
 and Anne, who married Alexander Craig, and left two daugh- 
 ters, both of whom died unmarried. He also had two brothers, 
 Gfeorge and Peyton Ravenseroft, but both of these died in in- 
 fancy. In addition to these, he had three half-brothers (chil- 
 dren of his mother by her second husbapd, Patrick Stewart), as 
 follows : James Stewart of Cairnsmore (born April 2, 1791 — 
 died September 19, 1877), who married Elizabeth McLeod, and 
 left descendants; Keith Stewart, Lieutenant-Commander in the 
 Royal Navy, who was born October 4, 1792, and died unmarried 
 February 23, 1822; and Stair Stewart, who was born in 1798 
 and died at the age of seventeen. To Gilbert McLeod Stewart, 
 
42 Bishops of N'oeth Caeolina. 
 
 Esq., a son of tlie above James Stewart of Cairnsmore, the pres- 
 ent writer wishes to make acknowledgments for valuable data 
 relative to the maternal connections of Bishop Ravenscroft ; and 
 is similarly indebted to Doctor William Scot, formerly of Edin- 
 burgh and now of Cape Colony in South Africa, who is a son of 
 the late Lieutenant-General Patrick George Scot and a grand- 
 son of James Stewart of Cairnsmore. Among the thirteen chil- 
 dren born to the aforementioned James Stewart of Cairnsmore 
 have been several officers in the military and naval service of 
 Great Britain, and two clergymen of the Church of England, 
 viz., the Venerable Ravenscroft Stewart, Archdeacon of Bristol, 
 and the Reverend Henry Holmes Stewart, Rector of Porthkerry, 
 South "Wales. An account of the Stewart family of Cairnsmore 
 will be found in Burke's History of the Landed Gentry, edition 
 of 1900, page 1503. 
 
 Bishop Ravenscroft's maternal grandfather, Hugh Miller, of 
 Greencrofts, Prince George County, Virginia, was a Scotchman 
 by birth and a gentleman highly esteemed in his adopted home. 
 He was a member of the Church of England, and served as a 
 vestryman of Bristol Parish from August 25, 1746, until his 
 removal from Virginia. On December 8, 1760, he was succeeded 
 as vestryman by Roger Atkinson, grandfather of Bishop Atkin- 
 son. Mr. Miller is said to have secured from the Masonic Grand 
 Lodge of Scotland the charter (September 9, 1757) for Bland- 
 ford Lodge, now ISTo. 3, of Petersburg, Virginia. The original 
 charter of this lodge is still preserved, and shows that its first 
 officers were: Peter Robertson, Worshipful Master; Samuel 
 Gordon, Senior Warden ; and James Anderson, Junior Warden. 
 Finally Mr. Miller went to England, and died in London on the 
 13th of February, 1762. His wife was Jane Boiling, daughter 
 of Colonel Robert Boiling, of Farmingdale, Prince George 
 County, a member of one of the oldest families in Virginia. The 
 founder of the Boiling family in America married (his first 
 wife) Jane Rolfe, a granddaughter of Pocahontas, the Indian 
 princess; but it was from his second wife, whose maiden name 
 
Bishops of Woeth Caeolina. 43 
 
 was Anne Stitt, that Mrs. Miller was descended. Doctor John 
 Eavenscroft himself was descended from the same line, as al- 
 ready shown. One of Hugh Miller's daughters, Anne (an aunt 
 of Bishop Eavenscroft) married Sir Peyton Skipwith, seventh 
 Baronet of Prestwould; and, after that lady died, her sister, 
 Jean Miller, became the second wife of Sir Peyton. Several 
 successive Baronets in the Skipwith family resided in Virginia, 
 and they have many descendants now living in America, though 
 the present Baronet is a British subject. 
 
 The Eavenscroft estate in Virginia, owing to bad manage- 
 ment by an attorney, did not result as advantageously to its 
 owner as had been hoped ; and hence, while in Scotland, Doctor 
 Eavenscroft was financially embarrassed for a while. Ifever- 
 theless, he left his wife and children in good circumstances. 
 John Stark Eavenscroft was given a fine academic training in 
 both Scotland and the north of England, thereby laying the 
 foundation of some further education which he later received 
 in America. A part of his school course was the study of Holy 
 Scriptures, and so well did he apply himself that in later years, 
 when he again turned his attention to these Sacred Writings, 
 after long neglect, his task was made easier by the knowledge 
 he had acquired in boyhood. While at school in England young 
 Eavenscroft had a strange experience which he afterwards re- 
 lated to the Eeverend WiUiam Mercer Green, in later years 
 Bishop of Mississippi. He was living with an aunt, who was 
 apparently in perfect health when he left her home one morning 
 to attend school. During a recess at midday he was playing 
 with some companions near a hedge, when he saw what appeared 
 to be his aunt approaching, walking on top of the hedge. Struck 
 with amazement at this latter circumstance, he gazed at her, and 
 as she approached her form melted into air. While pondering 
 on this apparition a servant came with the hurried message 
 that his aunt had died a short while before. On another occa- 
 sion during his school days, when only eight or nine years old, 
 young Eavenscroft had a narrow escape from death, an infuri- 
 
44 Bishops of North Caeolina. 
 
 ated bull tossing Lim up in the air and attempting to gore him, 
 when he was rescued by some servants. 
 
 Toward the end of the year 1788 John Stark Kavenscroft 
 (then only sixteen years old) determined to return to Virginia 
 and see what could be saved from the wreck of his father's 
 estate. In this he was successful to such an extent that he was 
 thereby placed in affluent circumstances and so remained until 
 toward the end of his life, when he met with reverses in fortune 
 in consequence of having become surety for the payment of a 
 friend's debts. It was on New Tear's day, 1789, that he again 
 reached Virginia. Being under age, his business affairs were 
 entrusted to the control of a guardian; but the gentleman who 
 filled this position made his ward liberal allowances — too lib- 
 eral, in fact, for a young man of not over-sedate habits — and 
 young Eavenscroft soon became addicted to the fashionable sins 
 of his day, though not more so than was usual with the gener- 
 ality of young men of his station in life. Being advised to study 
 law, he entered William and Mary College to obtain instruction 
 from the celebrated jurist, Chancellor George Wythe, formerly 
 a signer of the Declaration of Independence. In that same year 
 Chancellor Wythe was succeeded as Professor of Law at Wil- 
 liam and Mary by St. George Tucker. One of Mr. Tucker's 
 step-sons, John Eandolph, of Koanoke, knew Ravenscroft at 
 this time, and afterwards said that the future Bishop was known 
 among his college-mates as "Mad Jack." Mr. Randolph added 
 that this sobriquet was well given, in consequence of his vehe- 
 mence of temper, speech and manner. Another one of Ravens- 
 croft's college-mates was John Hall, afterwards a Justice of 
 the Supreme Court of North Carolina at the same time that 
 Ravenscroft was Bishop. We are imable to state with exactness 
 how long Mr. Ravenscroft remained at William and Mary, as 
 the records of that institution, together with its buildings, have 
 twice been burned since 1790 — once in 1857 and once by the 
 Federal troops in 1862. 
 
Bishops of Xorth Cabolisa. 45 
 
 After leaving college it was some time before Mr. Eavens- 
 croft was moved to mend his way of living. He was not an 
 infrequent attendant at horse races, then a favorite form of 
 outdoor sport; and afterwards confessed to a friend, with ex- 
 pressions of deep contrition, that on one occasion he had gone 
 to the race-course with the determination to horsewhip a fellow- 
 sportsman who had offended him ; and, if resisted, to shoot him 
 down. The object of his resentment was unexpectedly detained 
 from he race, and his would-be assailant ever regarded this cir- 
 cumstance as a merciful restraint by the hand of God upon the 
 terrible purpose he had formed. But all these experiences gave 
 Bishop Eavenscroft one advantage — an insight into the evU 
 ways of mankind. To one of his clergy in Xorth Carolina he 
 said: "Brother Green, I have one advantage over you; while 
 you wer? brought up in the fear of God and in ignorance of the 
 great wiekedness that is going on in the world, I know all abotit 
 the ways of sinners, and can therefore track the scoundrels in^^o 
 all their dens and hiding places and strip them of their self- 
 conceits tnd refuges of lies." 
 
 One of the many absurd stories which went the roun ds of the 
 press durng the lifetime of Bishop Eavenscroft was to the effect 
 that his conversion was brought about by overhearing one of his 
 slaves, wiom he had unmercifully beaten for attending church, 
 pray lon^ and earnestly for the master who had so despitefuUy 
 used him Upon having this story called to his attention, the 
 Bishop sdd there was not one word of truth in it — that while, 
 in his yoing manhood, he had been terribly negligent of his own 
 obligatiois to God, there never was a time when he could bring 
 himself t« interfere with the religious rights of others. 
 
 In his twenty-first year Mr. Eavenscroft was united in mar- 
 riage (8«ptember 29, 1792) with his first wife, Anne Spots- 
 wood BtuweU. This lady belonged to an old and extensive fam- 
 ily, beinf the daughter of Lewis Burwell, who resided on an 
 estate caled Stoneland, in Mecklenburg County, Virginia. Mrs. 
 Eavenscrjft is said to have been a woman of great personal 
 
46 
 
 Bishops of I^oeth Carolina. 
 
 beauty, possessing the strongest endowments, both mental ar)d 
 moral ; and she exerted a potent influence for good over her hus- 
 band's life. Though Mr. Ravenscroft was always a man of 
 honor, the rices of his day were fast gaining a hold on him w^en 
 his union with this good woman arrested their course. In later 
 years her husband spoke of her as follows : "She was a wcfman 
 of high principle and of a very independent character ; what she 
 did not approve of she would not smile upon, yet she neve:^gave 
 me a cross word or an ill-natured look in her life, and :'n the 
 twenty-three years it pleased God to spare her to me, such was 
 her discretion that, though I often acted otherwise thm she 
 could have wished me to do, and though she was faithful to re- 
 prove me, there never was a quarrel or temporary estrarfeement 
 between us." Mrs. Ravenscroft died in the year 1814. | To the 
 second Mrs. Ravenscroft (who came with her husband ti) North 
 Carolina and died in that State) later allusion will be nmde. 
 
 About the year 1793, shortly before he became of age, Mr. 
 Ravenscroft re-visited Scotland for the purpose of saling his 
 paternal estate and winding up his other business affaiffi in that 
 country, after which he came back to Virginia, haviiig deter- 
 mined to spend the remainder of his life in America It was 
 shortly after returning to Virginia that his first marnage took 
 place. At the solicitation of his wife he removed to Lmenburg 
 County, and there purchased an estate of about 2,5J0 acres, 
 which was nearer her father's home in the adjacent tounty of 
 Mecklenburg. In his new home Mr. Ravenscroft led tke life of 
 a country gentleman for many years — happy and contented for 
 a time with a course which was then considered highl;- respect- 
 able, yet ever neglectful of religious obligations. In af er years, 
 while mournfully contemplating the sins of omission vhich had 
 marked his early manhood, Bishop Ravenscroft sa:l he let 
 eighteen years pass without once opening his Bible; md that, 
 between the years 1792 and 1810, he attended public wcship not 
 more than six or seven times — and then through force o' circum- 
 stances instead of choice. 
 
Bishops of Worth Caeolixa. 47 
 
 It was about the year 1810 that ilr. Eavenscroft first began to 
 entertain some serious concern about judgment to come, and he 
 was crossed by many trials ere he triumphed over his shortcom- 
 ings. His besetting sins, he tells us, were "an impatient and 
 passionate temper, with a most sinful and hatefid habit of pro- 
 fane swearing." On his large plantation were two mills, several 
 miles apart, and on his lonely rides between these, while his 
 heart communed with itself, the awakening of his soul slowly 
 began. In recording his trials, temptations, failures and re- 
 newed resolutions for good, he later wrote: "Again and dread- 
 fully did I fall from my own steadfastness. Temptation, like 
 a mighty man that shouteth hy reason of wine, swept my strength 
 before it — carried away my resolutions as Samson did the gates 
 of Gaza. I returned to the house convinced of my own helpless- 
 ness, of my native depravity, and that to spiritual things I was 
 incompetent. I now found of a truth that in me dwelt no good 
 thing. 1 threw myself upon my bed in my private room ; I wept, 
 I prayed. Then was showed unto me my folly in trusting to an 
 arm of flesh. Then did it please the Lord to point my bewil- 
 dered view to Him who is the Lord our righteousness. Then was 
 I enabled in another strength to commit myself unto His way. 
 From that moment my besetting sin of profane swearing was 
 overcome, and to this moment has troubled me no more. But 
 much was yet to be done, which the same gracious Friend of 
 poor sinners continued to supply, and to lead me, step by step, 
 to proclaim His saving name and declare His mighty power 
 openly to the world." 
 
 After casting his eyes about for a while, seeking a Christian 
 denomination with which to affiliate, Mr. Eavenscroft (together 
 with his wife) entered a religious body called Eepublican Metho- 
 dists (a sect which afterwards passed out of existence), being 
 strongly moved to that step by personal friendship for one of the 
 preachers in that denomination, the Eeverend John Robinson, of 
 Charlotte County. At that time there was not a sufficient num- 
 ber of these Methodists to form a congregation near Mr. Eavens- 
 
48 Bishops of I^orth Caeolina 
 
 croft's home, though they arranged to have sermons delivered 
 monthly at a point eight miles away. At a later period a larger 
 number was gotten together and a congregation formed. In this 
 little flock Mr. Eavenscroft became a lay elder, and read ser- 
 mons whenever one of their preachers could not be had. After 
 successfully working three years as a layman he began to enter- 
 tain thoughts of entering the ministry. The spiritual wants 
 of the neighborhood strongly apealed to him, and yet much 
 moral courage was required to take the step he contemplated. 
 Scoffers at religion were not any more unknown in that day 
 than they are now; and Mr. Eavenscroft, in speaking of his 
 entry into the ministry, said, at a later period of his life : "Con- 
 tempt for the calling itself, manifested by wealthier and better 
 informed classes of society, which I once felt myself and now 
 witnessed in others, was a severe stumbling-block." But it took 
 more than a stumbling-block to check the purpose of a man like 
 Eavenscroft. He had stumbled before, only to rise again, and 
 had now learned to rely on strength from above in all his trials. 
 But, in a doctrinal way, he began to entertain uneasiness and 
 doubts on a question to which he had theretofore given little 
 thought: this was, whether the ministry of every Christian de- 
 nomination was valid and authorized by the Scriptures. Espe- 
 cially was he doubtful of their right to administer the Sacra- 
 ment. On stating his perplexity to the Eepublican Methodist 
 clergyman, under whom he had so long labored as a layman, 
 that gentleman — "an able and sensible, though not a learned, 
 man" — was little impressed with the importance of the point 
 raised. Of his deeper studies into the matter Mr. Eavenscroft 
 said: "Being thus left to my own resources and the Word of 
 God, I became fully convinced that the awful deposit of the 
 "Word, by which we shall all be judged, could never be thrown 
 out into the world to be scrambled for and picked up by whoso- 
 ever pleased to take hold of it ; and, though this objection might 
 in some sort be met by the manifestations of an internal call, yet 
 as that internal call could not be demonstrated to others, some- 
 
Bishops of I^obth Casolina. 49 
 
 thing more was needed which could only be found in the outward 
 delegation of authority from that source to which it was origi- 
 nally committed." * 
 
 In consequence of his non-belief in the validity and authority 
 of the ministry under which he had theretofore served, Mr. 
 Eavenscroft applied to the Republican Methodist District Meet- 
 ing for a letter of dismissal ; and this was granted "in the most 
 friendly and affectionate manner," as he himself bears witness. 
 To part with his brethren, most of them old neighbors as well as 
 personal friends, was doubtless so painful that earthly considera- 
 tions could never have moved him thereto. But he was now 
 adrift — free from affiliation with any denomination of Chris- 
 tians — and began to east about for a religious resting-place. 
 Before coming to a final decision, his most serious thought was 
 given to the claims of Presbyterianism ; but that denomination's 
 origin, he declared, could be traced no further back than the Ref- 
 ormation. Furthermore, said he, in its lines of succession it 
 even labored under the doubt as to whether it so much as had 
 the authority which mere presbyters could transmit, for it did 
 not satisfactorily appear that Calvin ever had received orders 
 of any Tcind. Moved by these considerations, Mr. Ravenscroft 
 determined to enter the American Episcopal Church, the suc- 
 cessor of the old Church of England, and to apply for holy 
 orders therein. As the reasons upon which he based his belief 
 in the unbroken line of the Episcopate of the Church of England 
 have already been set forth in the introductory chapter of this 
 work, it is not necessary to repeat them here. 
 
 Being resolved, as already stated, to apply for holy orders in 
 the church of his ancestors, Mr. Ravenscroft repaired to Rich- 
 mond, with proper credentials, and there made his wishes known 
 to the Right Reverend Richard Channing Moore, Bishop of 
 Virginia. As the canons of the Church required that the names 
 of candidates for orders should be inscribed in the books for one 
 year before advancement, Mr. Ravenscroft could not become a 
 
 * Works of Bishop Ravenscroft (edition of 1830), Vol. I., p. 18. 
 
50 Bishops of IvTorth Cakolina. 
 
 deacon at once, but Bishop Moore licensed him (February 17, 
 1816) as a lay reader, and he labored as such in the parishes of 
 Cumberland in Limenburg County, and Saint James in Meck- 
 lenburg County. On the 35th of April, 1817, in the Monumen- 
 tal Church at Eichmond, he was admitted to the office of deacon. 
 On the 6th of May following, while the Diocesan Convention of 
 Virginia was in session at Fredericksburg, he was there ordained 
 to the priesthood. At the time of his ordination he was much 
 further advanced in age than is usually the case with candidates 
 for holy orders, being forty-five years old. He had previously 
 been asked by the parish of Saint James, in Mecklenburg 
 County, to become its Rector, and this invitation he now ac- 
 cepted. Of the zeal with which he performed the duties of his 
 sacred office while in Virginia, it has been said: "His atten- 
 tion to the duties of his calling, which he suffered nothing to 
 divert, was indeed remarkable. His punctuality as a minister, 
 for instance, was so exact that during the whole time he offi- 
 ciated as deacon and priest he was never known to fail in keeping 
 an appointment. Relying, with a confidence which ultimately 
 became fatal, upon the vigor and stability of his constitution, 
 he set at naught all kinds of weather, while engaged in the 
 duties which called him from home. Even when the weather 
 was so inclement that he would not permit his servant, who 
 acted as the sexton of his churches, to accompany him, he would 
 himself take the keys and ride off five or ten miles to the regular 
 place of worship, without, perhaps, the slightest expectation of 
 meeting an individual; and sometimes, as he used to express 
 himself, would 'ride around the church, when the snow was a 
 foot deep, and leave his track as a testimony against his people.' " 
 It is needless to say that such labors as the above soon made 
 themselves felt. In his address to the Virginia Diocesan Con- 
 vention of 1818, Bishop Moore said: "I proceeded to Mecklen- 
 burg and consecrated a new church, erected by the parishioners 
 ■ of the Rev. Mr. Ravenscroft. In that place, brethren, in which 
 the Church was thought to be extinct, the friends of our com- 
 
Bishops of Noeth Cabolina. 51 
 
 munion have awakened from their slumbers. Aided by the ex- 
 ertions of their faithful and laborious minister, they have raised 
 a temple sacred to the living God. May that Saviour, whom 
 they worship with so much ardour and sincerity of heart, accept 
 their sacrifice and remember them for good." 
 
 So effective was the work of Mr. Ravenscroft in his parish 
 in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, that in 1823 he was called by 
 the Church in Iforfolk, with an offer of greater emoluments 
 (of which he was now in need, for much of his fortune had 
 been lost), but this was declined. About the same time he also 
 received a call from the Monumental Church in Richmond, as 
 Assistant Rector. This call he accepted, for his help was needed 
 by Bishop Moore, who was then filling the Episcopate and serving 
 as Rector of the Monumental Church at the same time — holding 
 the positions jointly, just as was the case with Mr. Ravenscroft 
 himself at a later time when he was both Bishop of Worth Caro- 
 lina and Rector of Christ Church in Raleigh. Desiring to re- 
 lieve Bishop Moore, and thereby enable him to discharge the 
 duties of his more important office without hindrance, Mr. 
 Ravenscroft accepted the call to Richmond ; but, before he could 
 remove to that city, he was summoned to a more important 
 post — that of Bishop of North Carolina. In describing the 
 effect upon Mr. Ravenscroft of this call to the Episcopate, the 
 Reverend William Mercer Green, who bore the notification of 
 his election to him, later said that he could -never forget the 
 solemn nature of their interview. He found him at home, with 
 his wife beside him and a Bible open before him. After the 
 usual salutations, the documents containing the certificate of his 
 election, etc., were placed in Ravenscroft's hands. Mr. Green 
 had some curiosity to witness the effect produced upon him by 
 this unexpected call, and narrowly watched the workings of his 
 countenance. For some moments Ravenscroft read and re-read, 
 as if loath to believe the startling proposition. At length a deep 
 groan relieved the awful heavings of his breast. At this sound 
 his wife looked up and cast an anxious glance at both, as if to 
 
52 Bishops of Noeth Carolina. 
 
 inquire the cause of such emotion. Not a word, however, was 
 spoken. An impressive silence reigned throughout the chamber, 
 broken only by hard and long-drawn breathings. At length, 
 after pacing the floor for a few moments, as if struggling to keep 
 down his emotions, Mr. Eavenscroft paused before Green and 
 said, in his peculiarly emphatic manner: "Brother, it must be 
 so. The hand of God is in this thing ; I see it ; and with His 
 help I will endeavor to go where He calls me." Then, putting 
 the papers into the hands of his wife, he endeavored to return 
 to his wonted strain of cheerful and edifying conversation. Mr. 
 Green (whose language we have largely used in giving this ac- 
 count) adds that there was an evident weight upon Mr. Eavens- 
 croft during the remainder of this visit, which might well cause 
 one to wonder how the "office of Bishop" could ever be the aim 
 of worldly ambition. 
 
 It was in Saint Paul's Church, in the city of Philadelphia, on 
 the 22d day of May, 1823, that the Eeverend Doctor Eavens- 
 croft was consecrated Bishop of ISTorth Carolina by Bishops 
 William White of Pennsylvania, Alexander Viets Griswold of 
 the Eastern Diocese, James Kemp of Maryland, John Croes of 
 'New Jersey, Nathaniel Bowen of South Carolina, and Thomas 
 Church Brownell of Connecticut. Divine services were con- 
 ducted on this occasion by the Eeverend William Mercer Green, 
 and the consecration sermon was delivered by Bishop Griswold. 
 The former afterwards said of Bishop Eavenscroft's demeanor 
 on that occasion : "Never, while memory retains her seat, shall 
 I forget the startling effect of his responses upon the multitude 
 that looked on. It was as though an earthquake was shaking the 
 deep foundations of those venerable walls. A breathless silence 
 reigned during the whole of the sacred ceremony; and no one, 
 it is believed, left the church that day without feeling as if he 
 could pledge himself for the sincerity and zeal of him who was 
 then invested with the apostolic office." At the time of his con- 
 secration Bishop Eavenscroft was the tenth living member of 
 the House of Bishops. 
 
Bishops of Nokth Caeolina. 53 
 
 When Doctor Ravenscroft was called to the Episcopate the 
 authorities of the Church in North Carolina frankly stated to 
 him the numerical weakness of the Diocese and its consequent 
 poverty. Such a salary as the Diocese itself could pay woxdd 
 not alone be sufficient for his support, but an arrangement was 
 made whereby he might become Eector of the parish of Christ 
 Church in Raleigh, and divide his time between the care of that 
 congregation and the performance of the duties of the Episco- 
 pate throughout the Diocese at large. In this way he might 
 draw a small amoimt from each source, and thus win a modest 
 living tiU the arrival of better days, when it was hoped that the 
 Diocese could make a more liberal provision for the maintenance 
 of its Bishop. 
 
 Before proceeding further with this narrative we shall carry 
 the reader back a few years in order to explain conditions which 
 existed in Xorth Carolina when Ravenscroft became Bishop. 
 As already stated, several efforts had been made, just after the 
 Revolution, to found a diocese — the movers in the matter even 
 going so far as to elect a Bishop (the Reverend Charles Petti- 
 grew), who, however, died without being consecrated. After the 
 failure of these early attempts no serious effort was again made 
 until 1817, though several parishes had managed to preserve 
 their existence throughout the trying period which intervened. 
 In the meantime the older clergy had all removed from the State 
 or died, and their places were not filled. The last surviving 
 clergyman of the colonial era in North Carolina was the Rev- 
 erend ^STathaniel Blount, of Beaufort County, who passed to his 
 reward in the Fall of 1816. This gentleman belonged to a family 
 which is said to have been seated in North Carolina for a longer 
 period than any other which is still extant; and its members 
 have been firm friends of the Church from the earliest dawn of 
 the State's colonial existence. Xathaniel Blount in early life 
 was brought under the spiritual influence of that splendid 
 Church of England missionary, the Reverend Alexander Stew- 
 art, minister in charge of Saint Thomas's Church, in Bath, to 
 
54 Bishops of Woeth Cakolina. 
 
 whose labors we have referred on a previous page. In 1773, the 
 young Churchman went to England and was duly admitted to 
 holy orders in Saint Paul's Church, London. Almost immedi- 
 ately after his return, he erected at his own expense a house of 
 worship, afterwards known as "Parson Blount's Chapel," but 
 now called Trinity Church. This church (which is in Choco- 
 winity, Beaufort County) is still standing, though some addi- 
 tions have been made to the original building. In the unsuccess- 
 ful efforts to establish a Diocese in 1790-'94, Parson Blount was 
 one of those engaged. When he died, in 1816, there was not left 
 surviving a single clergyman of the Episcopal Church in the 
 entire State of North Carolina. But the Church was not dead. 
 Where the earlier workers had sown, a harvest was yet to spring 
 up, and hopeful children of the Church might exclaim, "The 
 night is far spent, the day is at hand." And the new day dawned 
 in 1817. On the 24th of April, in that year, a small convention 
 was held at New Bern, and further steps were taken to set up a 
 Diocese in the State of North Carolina by drawing up a consti- 
 tution for the government of the Church, and taking other meas- 
 ures for its formation. The convention also appointed a Stand- 
 ing Committee, and invited Bishop Moore, of Virginia, to as- 
 sume Episcopal oversight of the Church in North Carolina until 
 the State could secure a Bishop of its own. At this first Dio- 
 cesan Convention in New Bern, only three clerical and six lay 
 delegates were present. The Keverend Bethel Judd, Eector of 
 Saint John's Church, in Fayetteville, was president; and the 
 Keverend Adam Empie, Eector of Saint James's Church, in 
 "Wilmington, acted as secretary. The only other clerical dele- 
 gate present was the Eeverend J. Curtis Clay, Eector of Christ 
 Church, in New Bern, while the lay delegates present were John 
 Winslow of Fayetteville, Marsden Campbell and John Euther- 
 f ord London of "Wilmington, John Stanly and John Spence "West 
 of New Bern, and Josiah Collins, Jr., of Edenton. The next 
 convention was held in Fayetteville in April, 1818, with a slight 
 increase in attendance. As Bishop Moore was sick, he could not 
 
Bishops of ]SroBTH Cabolina. 55 
 
 attend the Convention of 1818; tut was present at a convention 
 (at Wilmington) held in April, 1819, being styled in the journal 
 of that body "Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
 Dioceses of Virginia and j^orth Carolina." In the months of 
 April-May, 1820, Bishop Moore presided over the Diocesan Con- 
 vention in Edenton ; also over the two succeeding ones (both held 
 in Raleigh), April-May, 1821, and April, 1822. The secretary 
 of the conventions of 1819, 1820, and 1821, was a nephew of 
 Bishop Moore, the Reverend Gregory Townsend Bedell, who suc- 
 ceeded the Reverend Mr. Judd as Rector of Saint John's Church, 
 in Fayetteville, l^ovember 1, 1818, and there remained until the 
 Spring of 1822, when he went to Philadelphia and became Rector 
 of Saint Andrew's Church. He was the father of Bishop Greg- 
 ory Thurston Bedell, of Ohio. While in ITorth Carolina, the 
 elder Bedell did much toward building up the Church, and 
 preached the convention sermon in 1820 on "The Desolations 
 and the Restoration of Zion," this discourse being printed by 
 order of the body before which it was delivered. Doctor Bedell's 
 biography, by the Reverend Stephen H. Tyng, was published a 
 year or t^wo after his death, which occurred in 1834. 
 
 Referring to his visit to Iforth Carolina in 1819, Bishop 
 Moore addressed the Virginia Diocesan Convention in that year 
 as follows : "It will not be thought irrelevant, brethren, to notice 
 at this time my late excursion through the diocess of ITorth 
 Carolina. The Church in that State is rising in all the vigor 
 of youth. A new edifice has been lately erected in Fayetteville, 
 an ornament to the town, and a credit to the exertion of its 
 founders, which I consecrated to the service of Almighty God. 
 I confirmed in that place sixty persons, and admitted the Rev. 
 Mr. Shaw to the order of deacons. Among the list of worthies 
 who have exerted themselves in the building of the Church 
 in Fayetteville, I find the names of Cameron and Winslow, 
 the sons of two of our deceased clergy. May the spirit of 
 their fathers continue to animate their bosoms, and may the 
 children of other ministers imitate their noble, their laudable 
 
56 Bishops of N'orth Carolina. 
 
 example. Tte Church in Wilmington is also in a prosperous 
 condition. I preached in that place to pious, crowded audito- 
 ries, and confirmed one hundred and thirty-three persons. jSTew- 
 bern is also rising in importance. The congregation have deter- 
 mined to erect a new church upon the plan of that in Fayette- 
 ville. I preached in J^ewbern five times in three days, confirmed 
 fifty-two persons, and administered the Lord's Supper to a large 
 body of pious communicants. I visited Washington, Greenville, 
 and Tarborough, and preached several times in each place." 
 Though his presence is recorded in the ITorth Carolina Diocesan 
 Convention Journals, we can find no record in the Virginia 
 Journals of Bishop Moore's visitations to the conventions at 
 Raleigh in 1821 and 1822. Of his visitation to the Worth Caro- 
 lina Convention at Edenton, in 1820, he has this to say in his 
 address to the Virginia Convention of that year: "As your 
 regard for the interests of the Church must render you alive to 
 her prosperity in every section of the country, I consider it not 
 irrelevant to state to you that I have attended the Convention in 
 North Carolina, and that the Church in that Diocess holds up to 
 your view the most encouraging prospects. In Edenton, at 
 which place the Convention convened, our sittings were attended 
 by great numbers of people, some of whom had come from a dis- 
 tance of near fifty miles to witness our proceedings and attend 
 upon our ministry. In that place I ordained two deacons, and 
 admitted one gentleman to the priesthood. In that diocess, so 
 late as the year 1817, there was not a single clergyman : they are 
 now blessed with the labours of seven faithful men ; and, in the 
 course of another year, several candidates, who are now prepar- 
 ing for holy orders, will be admitted to the ministry of the 
 Word." 
 
 The members of the families of Cameron and Winslow, re- 
 fered to as sons of deceased clergymen in the extract first above 
 quoted from Bishop Moore's journal, were Doctor Thomas IT. 
 Cameron and John Winslow. Doctor Cameron was a brother 
 of Judge Duncan Cameron, of Orange County, North Carolina, 
 
Bishops of IsTobth Carolina. 57 
 
 and a son of the Reverend John Cameron, who was born in 
 Scotland, educated at the University of Aberdeen, and after- 
 wards came to Virginia, where he attained great eminence in 
 the Church. Mr. Winslow — a scion of the historic "Winslow 
 family of Massachusetts — was a son of the Reverend Edward 
 Winslow, who was bom in Boston, graduated from Harvard in 
 1741, died in New York during the Revolution, and was buried 
 under Saint George's Chapel. John Winslow was one of the 
 organizers of Saint John's Church, in Fayetteville, and its first 
 senior warden. He was also one of the six lay delegates to the 
 Convention of 1817, held in Ifew Bern, which permanently 
 organized the Diocese of N'orth Carolina. One of his sons, 
 Edward Lee Winslow, was also a devoted Churchman, and for 
 many years was Secretary of the Diocese. Another son was the 
 celebrated lawyer, Warren Winslow, Speaker of the Senate of 
 ^STorth Carolina, who for a few weeks (December 11, 18.54-Janu- 
 ary 1, 185.5) was Acting Governor of the State, and who later 
 served as a member of Congress (December 3, 1855-March 3, 
 1861), besides being in the diplomatic service of the United 
 States. 
 
 It was at Salisbury, in April, 1833, that the Convention was 
 held which elected Doctor Ravenscroft to the Bishopric. This 
 convention vras visited by a body of Lutheran clergymen and 
 laymen, who were welcomed with loving courtesy. Twenty-five 
 parishes of the Episcopal Church were at that time reported to 
 be in operation throughout the State. These were as follows : 
 Saint James's, in Wilmington; Saint John's, in Fayetteville; 
 Christ Church, in ISTew Bern; Saint Paul's, in Edenton; Saint 
 Jude's, in Orange County; Saint John's, in Williamsborough ; 
 Saint Mary's, in Orange County; Emmanuel, in Warrenton; 
 Christ Church, in Rowan County; Grace Chapel, in Pitt 
 County; Saint Mark's, in Halifax; Calvary, in Wadesborough ; 
 Christ Church, in Raleigh ; Saint Michael's, in Iredell County ; 
 Saint Peter's, in Lexington; Whitehaven, in Lincoln County; 
 Smyrna, in Lincoln County ; Saint Andrew's, in Burke County ; 
 
58 Bishops of I^obth Cabolina. 
 
 Saint Stephen's, in Oxford; Saint Peter's, in Lincoln County; 
 Saint Thomas's, in Bath; Saint Matthew's, in Kinston; Zion 
 Church, in Beaufort County; and Trinity Chapel, in Beaufort 
 County. In 1824, the churches or parishes added were Saint 
 Peter's, in "Washington; Saint Luke's, in Salisbury; Union 
 Chapel, in "Waynesboro (near where Goldsboro now stands) ; 
 and Saint Paul's, in Milton. In that year Trinity Church, in 
 Tarborough, passed out of existence. 
 
 During the entire time that he filled the Episcopate, Bishop 
 Eavenscroft never in a single instance failed to attend any ses- 
 sion of either the General Convention or the Diocesan Conven- 
 tion. The General Convention was in session three times — 1823, 
 1826, and 1829 — during his term of office, its meeting place 
 being in the city of Philadelphia in each instance. The six ses- 
 sions of the Diocesan Convention of Iforth Carolina, while he 
 was Bishop, were held at the following places and dates: Wil- 
 liamsborough in 1824, "Washington in 1825, Hillsborough in 
 1826, N"ew Bern in 1827, Fayetteville in 1828, and Salisbury in 
 1829. In the Convention of 1828, one of the lay delegates was 
 Leonidas Polk, afterwards Bishop of Louisiana ; and Thomas P. 
 Davis, Jr., later Bishop of South Carolina, was a lay delegate in 
 1829. 
 
 Though he wielded a potent influence over the spiritual lives 
 of many who afterwards became Bishops — Otey, Preeman, 
 Green, Polk, Davis, and possibly others — Bishop Eavenscroft 
 never took part in the ceremony of consecrating a Bishop; in 
 fact, only two were consecrated during his entire Episcopate, 
 these being Henry Ustick Onderdonk of Pennsylvania, and "Wil- 
 liam Meade of Virginia. 
 
 As Christ Church, in Ealeigh, was for so many years the 
 scene of Bishop Eavenscroft's labors as parish priest at the same 
 time that he filled the Episcopate, and as his remains now rest 
 beneath its chancel, we shall devote some space to a record pf 
 its early history before proceeding with this narrative. At the 
 time of the arrival of Bishop Eavenscroft, the small congrega- 
 
Bishops of JfoKTH Caeolina. 59 
 
 tion in Raleigh was sadly in need of his services as pastor. 
 Many people in that town were descended from families which 
 had been zealously attached to the Church of England before 
 the Revolution ; but these, for the most part, had drifted into the 
 several denominations which already had houses of worship in 
 the infant capital. Prior to 1817, it is said that there were not 
 in Raleigh more than half a dozen communicants of the Episco- 
 pal Church. These were occasionally ministered to by the Rev- 
 erend John Phillips, whose home was then in Tarboro. In 1821 
 and 1822, Bishop Moore, of Virginia, came to Raleigh to attend 
 the Diocesan Conventions of the State, over which bodies he pre- 
 sided by request, and baptized a number of children during his 
 visits, also administering the rite of confirmation to several 
 adults. The parish of Christ Church probably had some sort of 
 existence before 1820, but it was not regularly organized and in 
 shape to be recognized by the Diocesan Convention until 1822. 
 In that year, its lay delegates were Chief Justice John Louis 
 Taylor, William H. Haywood, Jr. (afterwards United States 
 Senator), and Doctor A. S. H. Burges, an eminent physician of 
 that day. In 1824, it was represented by Chief Justice Taylor, 
 Doctor Burges, Colonel John S. EUis, and George Washington 
 Freeman — the last named taking holy orders a short time there- 
 after, and eventually becoming Missionary Bishop of the South- 
 west. In 1825, Gavin Hogg, an eminent lawyer, was sole dele- 
 gate from the parish; in 1826, it was represented by Mr. Hogg, 
 Mr. Haywood and Judge George E. Badger, the last mentioned 
 afterwards becoming United States Senator, and also Secretary 
 of the Navy under Presidents Harrison and Tyler. In 1827, 
 Mr. Hogg was again the sole delegate from Christ Church ; and 
 in 1828, it had as its delegates Judge Badger, Gavin Hogg, and 
 young Leonidas Polk, who was later to become famous alike as 
 Bishop and General. In 1829 (the last time the Diocesan Con- 
 vention met during the Episcopate of Bishop Ravenscroft), no 
 delegate was present from Christ ChurolL 
 
 In 1823, the members of the little congregation at Raleigh 
 who had so faithfully stood by their Church throughout long 
 
60 Bishops of North Cabolina. 
 
 years of gloom, looked forward with expectant joy to the time 
 when their first Eector, in the person of the new Bishop, was to 
 take up his abode among them, and Bishop Ravenscroft paid a 
 brief visit to that city in June, almost immediately after his con- 
 secration; then he went back, for a short while, to wind up his 
 affairs in Virginia before repairing permanently to his new 
 home. Mention of his first visit to the capital of North Caro- 
 lina was made in a newspaper of that day, the Raleigh Register, 
 in its issue of July 18, 1823, in these words : 
 
 "It has already been stated in the papers that Bishop Ravenscroft 
 was expected to take up his residence in this city. We are gratified 
 in saying this is decided, and that he will remove to this place In 
 December next. On a late visit, the Bishop occupied the Presbyterian 
 Church, and preached several times. He is, as every man ought to be 
 who ministers in holy things for the spiritual edification of his fellow 
 beings, a zealous advocate for what he conceives to be the doctrines of 
 the Gospel. His style is plain, perspicious, and impressive, his voice 
 clear and distinct, and his action natural and becoming. From all we 
 have seen or heard, we have no doubt but the Bishop will greatly aid, 
 both by his preaching and example, the cause of religion in this place. 
 We have in our little city a Presbyterian, a Methodist, and a Baptist 
 Church, all of which are respectably attended. It is understood that 
 an Episcopal Church will be built so soon as arrangements can be 
 made for the purpose." 
 
 It was on December 20, 1823, that Bishop Ravenscroft became 
 a resident of Raleigh, though he had done some work in the 
 Diocese before that time. Having no house of worship in Ra- 
 leigh in which to hold services, he rented, in 1824, an abandoned 
 theatre called "The Museum," which stood on the north-east 
 corner of Fayetteville and Martin streets, and there officiated 
 for some time. Prior to the time when George W. Freeman 
 entered the ministry, that gentleman (who also taught school) 
 acted as a lay reader when Bishop Ravenscroft was absent from 
 Raleigh. Describing affairs in Raleigh, in his report to the 
 Diocesan Convention of 1824, Bishop Ravenscroft said: "The 
 services are well attended, in a building rented and fitted up for 
 the purpose ; and, under all the disadvantages of frequent inter- 
 ruptions in the regular duties of the Sabbath, from my other 
 duties to the Diocese, it is evident that the Episcopal cause is 
 
Bishops of Noeth Cabolina. 61 
 
 gaining ground; and, what is more, that the cause of religion is 
 progressing. A weekly evening lecture, at the private houses of 
 members, is respectably attended. . . . The number of 
 communicants is about twenty-five, though, from various cir- 
 cumstances, they have never all been present at one administra- 
 tion of the holy sacrament. The number of members of the con- 
 gregation, declared as such, is thirty-five." 
 
 In 1826, the congregation in Raleigh arranged for the erec- 
 tion of a wooden building on the lot where Christ Church now 
 stands. The contract therefor was awarded to Captain William 
 !N^ichols, an architect who had come to Raleigh to re-model the 
 old Capitol, which was later burned. The Raleigh Register, of 
 Xovember 1, 1826, contained this item : 
 
 "The members of the Episcopal Church in this city have purchased 
 a site on which to erect a new church, and have contracted with Jlr. 
 W. Nichols to build it. The land was obtained from William Boylan, 
 Esq., and is situated in an elevated and central part of the city, at 
 the corner of Wilmington and Edenton streets. The church will 
 front on the Capitol Square. The work will be immediately com- 
 menced ; and, from the acknowledged talents of the architect, we have 
 no doubt this church will be an ornament to the city. We regret that 
 it will not be erected with a less perishable material. It is to be a 
 frame building." 
 
 The above quoted newspaper, on Thursday, December 24, 
 1829, announced the consecration of the above building as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 "On Sunday last [December 20th] the new edifice recently erected 
 for the use of the Episcopal congregation in this city was consecrated 
 to the service of Almighty God by the Right Reverend J. S. Ravens- 
 croft, Bishop of the Diocese. The Reverend Mr. Goodman, of New 
 Bern, and the Reverend Jlr. Green, of Hillsborough, were also present 
 on the occasion. At 11 o'clock the Bishop and Clergy appeared, 
 attended by the Vestry, who repeated the 24th Psalm in alternate 
 verses as they proceeded up the aisle to the chancel, where the Bishop 
 and Clergy entered. A very excellent and appropriate sermon was 
 delivered by the Bishop to a crowded auditory from I. Kings, VI., 11 
 and 12, 'And the word of the Lord came to Solomon, saying : Concern- 
 ing the house which thou art building, if thou wilt walk in my 
 statutes, and execute my judgments, and keep all my commandments 
 to walk in them, then will I perform my word with thee which I 
 spake unto David thy father.' " 
 
62 Bishops of N'obth Carolina. 
 
 The consecration sermon, just alluded to, is still preserved, 
 being published in the collected sermons of Bishop Eavenscroft, 
 the first edition of which was issued in 1830, just after his death. 
 The above wooden church did not occupy the exact spot now 
 adorned by Christ Church. It was a little to the northward, but 
 on the same lot. 
 
 Bishop Eavenscroft continued his double duties as Bishop of 
 North Carolina and Eector of Christ Church until March, 1828. 
 Then he removed to Granville County, and the Ealeigh pas- 
 torate was turned over to the Eeverend Charles P. Elliott, a 
 South Carolinian, who served one year and was succeeded by the 
 Eeverend George W. Freeman. The clergyman last named offi- 
 ciated in Ealeigh many years, beginning in September, 1829, 
 and ending in 1840, when he gave place to the Eeverend Eichard 
 Sharpe Mason, who was Eector until his death, on the 21st of 
 February, 1874. Doctor Mason's successor was the Eeverend 
 Matthias Murray Marshall, D. D., upon whose resignation, in 
 1907, the Eeverend Milton Augustus Barber became Eector. 
 
 It was in 1833, during Doctor Freeman's pastorate, that an 
 organ was first placed in Christ Church, and there is a tradition 
 in Ealeigh that this innovation was regarded by many of the 
 natives as rank sacrilege. 
 
 On December 28,* 1848 (some years after Bishop Eavens- 
 croft's death), the corner-stone of the new Christ Church, a 
 beautiful granite edifice, was laid; and this was completed in 
 a few years, though it was some time before the tower was 
 added. On January 5, 1854, this new church was consecrated 
 by Bishop Atkinson, assisted by the Eeverend Messrs. Eichard 
 Sharpe Mason (Eector of the parish), Joseph Blount Cheshire, 
 Aldert Smedes, Fordyce Mitchell Hubbard, Aaron Frank Olm- 
 sted, and Eichard Henry Mason. The plan of the new building 
 was drawn by Eichard Upjohn, an eminent architect, who de- 
 
 *In giving date as December 28th, I follow statement in the Bishop's 
 Journal and contemporaneous newspaper accounts, though the corner- 
 stone Itself is marked December 12th. It may be that after the date 
 had been cut on the granite, the ceremony, for some cause, had to be 
 postponed until the 28th. 
 
Bishops of ]^okth Cabolina. 63 
 
 signed Trinity Chureli, Xew York, and many other sacred edi- 
 fices throughout America. 
 
 As we have digressed far enough in telling of Christ Church, 
 we shall now endeavor to speak further of the general work of 
 Bishop Ravenseroft throughout the Diocese of North Carolina. 
 
 Bishop Ravenscroft's journals are all printed in the early pro- 
 ceedings of the Diocesan Conventions,, and they recount many 
 most interesting experiences during his various visitations. One 
 entry says : "On the next day [April 27, 1825,] opportunity was 
 taken to pay a visit to Mrs. Pettigrew, the aged widow of the 
 Reverend Mr. Pettigrew, formerly Bishop-elect of this Diocese. 
 To this I was prompted as well by my own feelings as by the 
 respect conceived to be due from the Diocese at large to the relict 
 of one who was thought worthy to preside over the interests of 
 this branch of the Church of Christ, and which I felt perfectly 
 sure it would be pleased to manifest through its present repre- 
 sentative. To this venerable lady the attention thus shown was 
 most grateful, and none the less so from being altogether un- 
 looked for, while to myself it was more than gratifying, because 
 to the satisfaction arising from the performance of what is be- 
 lieved to be a duty was added the assurance that the Church has 
 yet many friends remaining in that immediate neighborhood, 
 who want only the opportunity to return again to those services 
 in which they were raised, but of which they have long been 
 deprived. They have a neat little church, in perfect repair, 
 built by Mr. Pettigrew, in which the Methodists occasionally 
 officiate, and on whose ministrations the members of the Church 
 are compelled by necessity to attend." In another Convention 
 Journal, for October 21, 1827, we find this entry: "At the con- 
 clusion of the services I administered the sacrament of holy bap- 
 tism to Turner Wilson, a qualified adult, by immersion in Eden- 
 ton Bay — this mode being preferred by him and readily assented 
 to by me, both as Scriptural and authorized by the Rubric. The 
 ceremony was witnessed by a goodly number of spectators, and 
 it is greatly to be wished that such calls were more frequent 
 
64 Bishops of KTobth Carolina. 
 
 upon our clergy, wliicliever mode shall be preferred for its ad- 
 ministration." For August 12, 1827, we find an entry by Bishop 
 Ravenscroft as follows : "I embraced the opportunity, which the 
 short distance from the place rendered favorable, to visit the 
 sister church of the Moravian brethren at Salem. To this I was 
 induced by the desire to obtain information from personal ob- 
 servation and by the wish to manifest the regard for a body of 
 Christian confessors, episcopally derived and constituted, which 
 brethren of the same family owe to each other. These motives 
 were frankly stated to their chief pastor. Bishop Benade, with 
 the presbyters and deacons present, and the wish expressed that, 
 as we were the only Episcopal Protestant Churches in the State, 
 indeed in the United States, such Christian intercourse might be 
 established between us as was calculated to extend Christian fel- 
 lowship, in every way consistent with independence as distinct 
 ecclesiastical bodies. This declaration was favorably received 
 by the Bishop and his clergy and every attention shewed me, 
 consistent with the extra services of a centenary commemoration 
 of some remarkable event in their history. I was much pleased 
 with the neatness, simplicity and uniformity of attire, and with 
 the order and decorum, extending even to the children, which 
 was exhibited by a very large congregation, and with which all 
 the services were conducted; and was most favorably impressed 
 with the fervent simplicity of manner and animated fluency of 
 address which marked the delivery of the Bishop's sermon on 
 the occasion, and I have only to regret that my ignorance of the 
 German language precluded the edification I doubt not it con- 
 tained. At the conclusion of the night service we took leave of 
 each other, with expressions of Christian regard, and with the 
 desire on my part of a more intimate acquaintance as Christian 
 brethren." The Moravian centennial anniversary, alluded to by 
 Bishop Ravenscroft in the above extract from his journal, was 
 one which fell on August 13th; but, on this occasion, it was 
 observed on the preceding day (Sunday), the reason given in 
 the Moravian church diary being that "in this town [Salem] 
 
Bishops of ISTorth Caeolina. 65 
 
 Sunday is the day most free from interruptions and Monday the 
 most disturbed." The same diary says : "An additional distinc- 
 tion of the day was the presence of the Governor of our State, 
 Mr. Burton, and of the Bishop of the Church of England in 
 ]S^orth Carolina, Mr. Ravenscroft, who came on a visit. Both 
 attended the early sendee, and accepted the invitation to the 
 Love-feast; and the latter, at his own request, took part in the 
 celebration of the Holy Communion." As to the nature of the 
 event commemorated at Salem in 1827, we quote from a mono- 
 graph by Miss Adelaide L. Fries in a work entitled A Brief His- 
 tory of the Moravian Church the following: "August 13th is a 
 special memorial day for all the communicant congregation, 
 commemorating the experiences of the Moravian settlers in 
 Herrnhut, at a communion held in Berthelsdorf, August 13 th, 
 1727. The signal blessing there received had so great an effect 
 upon them that it is considered the spiritual birthday of the 
 renewed Unitas Fratrum — the Moravian Church." 
 
 In addition to the events and personal experiences already 
 mentioned as having been recorded in Bishop Eavenscroft's jour- 
 nal, numerous other matters are there noted : how churches and 
 chapels were consecrated, and ministers ordained; how divine 
 services were held in court-houses, Masonic lodge rooms, and 
 other buildings where no religious edifices could be found — and 
 other matters of similar interest. In the proceedings of the 
 Diocesan Convention of 1828, Bishop Eavenscroft tells of the 
 ordination to the priesthood of George W. Freeman, James H. 
 Otey, and Francis L. Hawks — all names afterwards famous in 
 the annals of the American Church, the first two becoming 
 Bishops, while Doctor Hawks was one of the greatest piilpit 
 orators of the age in which he lived, besides being a distin- 
 guished historian. He was an older brother of the Eight Eev- 
 erend Cicero Stephens Hawks, Bishop of Missouri. Another 
 brother, also in holy orders, was the Eeverend "William ISTassau 
 Hawks, who faithfully labored for many years in North Caro- 
 lina ; and, at the time of his death (just after the War Between 
 
66 Bishops of Worth Carolina. 
 
 the States), was Kector of Trinity Church in Columhus, 
 Georgia. 
 
 The people of our own generation, who are often deterred by 
 a little inclemency of the weather from walking a few blocks 
 over well-paved streets to attend divine service, may well look 
 back with wonder and awe to the terrible hardships borne by the 
 clergy of the Church in the early days of the republic. In 
 activity and fiery zeal. Bishop Eavenscroft ranked second to 
 none. Some mention has already been made of the habitual 
 exposure to all kinds of weather — the scorching heat of August 
 and the deep snows of mid-winter — to which he subjected him- 
 self while in Virginia. This was repeated in North Carolina 
 after his elevation to the Episcopate, with the difference that the 
 scene of his labors was a much greater territory, for the single 
 diocese then stretched ea^st and west over five hundred mUes. 
 N'or did he confine his labors to IvTorth Carolina. ISTot until 
 after Ravenscroft's death did Tennessee have his beloved pupU, 
 James H. Otey, as its first Bishop, yet that youtig State was not 
 entirely destitute of the services of Bishops of the Church from 
 several dioceses. On June 13, 1829, by the primitive modes of 
 travel then the only ones available. Bishop Eavenscroft left his 
 home at Williamsborough, in Granville County, and journeyed 
 over the mountains into Tennessee ; thence, part of the way by 
 old-fashioned steamboats, through Kentucky to a session of the 
 General Convention which met in August of that year at the 
 city of Philadelphia, his journey (going and returning) cover- 
 ing sixteen hundred miles. At each stopping place in the scat- 
 tered settlements throughout this long and tedious journey, he 
 would proclaim the Gospel, baptize and confirm. His stentorian 
 tones must have seemed almost literally as the voice of one cry- 
 ing in the wilderness, "Prepare ye the way of the Lord; make 
 his paths straight." He was very favorably impressed with Ten- 
 nessee, and gave it credit for having within its borders a bet- 
 ter class of people than those who lived either in his native 
 State of Virginia or his adopted State of North Carolina. Said 
 
Bishops of jSTokth Caeolina. 67 
 
 lie : "The people are orderly and civil in their deportment, and 
 certainly more civilized and intelligent in their appearance and 
 conversation than the same class of men in Virginia and ZSTorth 
 Carolina. As proof of this, I met with but one drunken man in 
 Tennessee. He was a I^orthern man, a mechanic, who got into 
 the stage at Newport for Knoxville; and next day he took very 
 kindly the reproof and admonition I felt it my duty to give." 
 
 As to the nature of the "reproof and admonition" which 
 Bishop Ravenscroft gave to the above-mentioned worthy, we 
 find some record in the sketch of Kavenscroft's life by Bishop 
 Green. When the intoxicated passenger came into the coach 
 where the other travellers were pleasantly conversing, he was 
 very abusive and profane, whereupon Ravenscroft remonstrated 
 with him in a spirit of fatherly kindness and asked him not to 
 use such language. This only stirred the obstreperous individual 
 into even greater profanity, when the Bishop again courteously 
 requested him to desist from such speech. This second request 
 brought forth language more outrageous still, when Ravenscroft 
 violently brought his hand down upon the offender's shoulder 
 and in his most terrific tones exclaimed: "Utter another oath, 
 sir, if you dare, and I will throw you under the wheels of this 
 coach!" A clap of thunder, says Green, could not more effect- 
 ually have silenced the frightened creature, for he sat meekly in 
 his place during the remainder of the night's journey, occasion- 
 ally stealing timid side-glances at his formidable-looking neigh- 
 bor "to see," as Ravenscroft himself afterwards said, "whether 
 it was a human being or a grizzly bear that had so growled at 
 him and laid so huge a paw upon his shoulder." At sunrise he 
 left the coach, but first humbly apologized to the passengers; 
 then, turning to the Bishop, he said: "Sir, I particularly ask 
 your pardon, and thank you for stopping me as you did." He 
 added that he was not an habitual drinker; but, on the pre- 
 ceding day, had met with some old friends and made a fool of 
 himself. Much affected by this apology, Ravenscroft said : "My 
 friend, I freely forgive you, but remember there is One up 
 
68 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 tliere," poiiiLing heavenward, "fi-om wlioin you must yet receive 
 pardon — and strength also, if you wish to be a better man." 
 Then, giving him a cordial shake of the hand in parting, he 
 added : "I hope you will find all well at home." 
 
 During his visit to Philadelphia, in the Summer of 1829, 
 Bishop Eavenscroft underwent two surgical operations, and 
 these caused a temporary improvement in his health. 
 
 While sojourning in Tennessee in 1829, Bishop Eavenscroft 
 aided in forming a diocese out of that State. His journal says : 
 "On the first of July, deputies from the different Episcopal con- 
 gregations in Tennessee met in ISTashville, according to previous 
 notice, in order to frame a constitution for the Church, enact 
 canons, and organize a diocese. Having succeeded in forming 
 a convention, a deputation was directed to present to me a reso- 
 lution of the House of Clerical and Lay Deputies, requesting me 
 to preside over their deliberations, which was duly acknowledged 
 and acceded to on my part, and the business conducted to a 
 happy conclusion — deputies being elected to attend the ensuing 
 General Convention of the Church, and to request admission for 
 the newly organized diocese into the general union of the Prot- 
 estant Episcopal Church in the United States." 
 
 After spending some days in church work at several points in 
 Tennessee with Doctor Otey, later Bishop (who had studied the- 
 ology under him). Bishop Eavenscroft resumed his journey 
 toward Philadelphia by way of Kentucky. On two different 
 occasions, less than three days apart, he administered the rite of 
 confirmation to nearly a hundred persons in Lexington, Ken- 
 tucky, on the 26th and 28th of July, 1829. In the following 
 l^ovember. Bishop Brownell, of Connecticut, confirmed nearly 
 seventy in Lexington and Louisville. In the succeeding year, 
 the Eight Eeverend William Meade, then Assistant Bishop of 
 Virginia (and afterwards full Bishop), visited Kentucky and 
 confirmed between seventy-five and a hundred. By 1832 Ken- 
 tucky had a Bishop of its own, in the person of the Eight Eev- 
 erend Benjamin Bosworth Smith, afterwards Presiding Bishop 
 
Bishops of North Cabolina. 69 
 
 of tlie American Chureli. The aforementioiied Bishop Brownell 
 (one of the consecrators of Bishop Ravenscroft) was president 
 of Trinity College, in Hartford, Connecticut, and did much mis- 
 sionary work in the South, making several long tours for that 
 purpose. In the "Winter of 1829-'80, he went on an extended 
 journey, travelling down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to 
 New Orleans, and returned by way of Ealeigh, where he and 
 his companion, the Reverend WiUiam Richmond, of New York, 
 paid a visit to Bishop Ravenscroft during his last illness, on 
 February 25, 1830. 
 
 North Carolina Churchmen in the days of Bishop Ravenscroft, 
 as well as before and after his time, were noted for the care and 
 pains which they bestowed upon the religious instruction of 
 their slaves. Frequent reference to this class of work may be 
 found in the journals of the Diocesan Conventions, and a few 
 extracts may be of interest. In his report to the Convention of 
 1825, the Reverend Richard Sharpe Mason, then Rector of 
 Christ Church in New Bern, said : "The Rector of this Church 
 still continues his chatechetical instructions and lectures on the 
 Scriptures for the benefit of the coloured people." Alluding to 
 work among the negroes belonging to Judge Duncan Cameron, 
 in Orange County, the Reverend William Mercer Green, in 1827, 
 reported : "At Judge Cameron's the baptisms have been twenty- 
 six children, only one of which was white. The chapel erected 
 by Judge Cameron will soon be prepared for consecration. It 
 is a neat and pleasant place of worship, and reflects much credit 
 on the individual by whom it has been erected. The congrega- 
 tion here consists, for the most part, of coloured people." In 
 1830, the Reverend Thomas Wright, then laboring in Rowan 
 and Anson counties, referred to the above class of work at Salis- 
 bury in these words : "The Sunday School continues to prosper, 
 and by some of its teachers a number of black people are also 
 instructed." Of the later work of the Church for the betterment 
 of the negroes, both before and after their emancipation, we 
 shall take occasion to speak in the sketches of Bishops Ives, 
 Atkinson, and Lyman. 
 
70 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 From the indomitable energy and unflagging devotion with 
 which Bishop Kavenscrof t discharged the duties of his office, one 
 might be led to suppose that he was a strong and robust man; 
 and so he had been in his younger days, but years of toil and 
 exposure had done him some injury even before he left Virginia. 
 He was seldom a well man for any length of time after his 
 arrival in North Carolina. Yet he would never let ordinary 
 sickness interrupt his service to God. Often he would spend one 
 day in bed, racked by painful illness ; and, in less than twenty- 
 four hours, would again be in the pulpit, delivering an earnest 
 and forceful discourse. But there is a limit to all human endur- 
 ance, and he eventually fell a sacrifice to his zeal; yet no mur- 
 mur escaped him in consequence of any pain or bereavement. 
 As already stated, he resigned as Eector of Christ Church, in 
 Ealeigh, during the Spring of 1828. Shortly thereafter he 
 removed his residence to the town of "Williamsborough, in Gran- 
 ville County, where he officiated as Rector of Saint John's 
 Church for a short while. In the last-mentioned town his wife 
 died, January 15, 1829. His first wife (born Burwell), to whom 
 allusion has been made on a previous page, had died in Virginia 
 in 1814. In 1818, four years later, he married Sarah Buford, of 
 Lunenburg County, Virginia, and this lady accompanied him to 
 North Carolina, where she was greatly beloved by all classes. 
 Referring to her death, the Ealeigh Register, on January 20th, a 
 few days after that event, said : 
 
 "An acquaintance of some years with this estimable lady, during 
 her residence in this city, enables us to bear testimony to the piety 
 and virtue of the deceased. Of mild and endearing manners, and of 
 a friendly disposition, Mrs. Ravenscroft was esteemed by her neigh- 
 bors, and beloved in no common degree by her friends and connections. 
 She had no children, but her loss will be irreparable to her kind and 
 indulgent husband." 
 
 The death of Mrs. Ravenscroft was indeed a severe blow to 
 her husband — one which visibly affected the remaining months 
 of his stay on earth — but it relieved his mind of one painful 
 
Bishops of ISToeth CAKomsrA. 71 
 
 thought : he might now go hence with no anxiety concerning her 
 worldly welfare ; for practically all of his fortune was now gone, 
 and he could have left little or nothing for her maintenance and 
 support had she survived him. A touching scene occurred at her 
 burial. When the officiating clergyman was performing the last 
 rites, we are told, and was about to read the sentence of com- 
 mittal, the Bishop insisted upon doing this himself; but, when 
 he came to the words "earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to 
 dust," his voice became choked, and his whole frame was so 
 shaken by emotion that it was feared he would fall into the 
 grave. 
 
 Writing to his mother, in September, 1828, Bishop Eavens- 
 croft said: "The effects of climate, with the fatigue, exposure, 
 and mental labor inseparable from my office in the Church, have 
 made an infirm old man of me in my 57th year." 
 
 After the death of his wife. Bishop Ravenscroft disposed of 
 his landed property in Williamsborough and sent the greater 
 part of his personal effects to Fayetteville, with the intention of 
 taking up his abode in the latter town; but, before doing so, he 
 accepted an invitation to spend a few months as the guest of a 
 highly esteemed friend, Gavin Hogg, in Ealeigh. There it be- 
 came evident that the end of his earthly career was fast ap- 
 proaching, and he met death with the same fearless faith in God 
 which had so long characterized his life. Yet self-righteousness 
 and over-confidence formed no part of his character. Ten days 
 before his death, when Bishop Brownell and the Reverend Doc- 
 tor Richmond paid him the visit already alluded to, they found 
 him "humbly waiting for deliverance from pain and sin, through 
 the merits of an all-sufficient Savior." He often declared that it 
 was only as a pardoned sinner that he hoped for salvation. His 
 tranquillity itself, in his last illness, awakened in his thoughtful 
 mind the suggestion, to quote his own words, that "Satan thinks 
 himself sure of me, and therefore lets me alone." In his closing 
 hours he had every attention which loving hands could bestow. 
 He also received much spiritual comfort from the ministrations 
 
72 Bishops of ISTokth Carolina. 
 
 of tlie Reverend George W. Freeman. Once during his last ill- 
 ness he received the Holy Communion, and had arranged to do 
 so again; but, when the time appointed therefor came, he said 
 that he was not in a condition to partake discerningly and hence 
 must forego the privilege, as he held no superstitious ideas re- 
 specting the Eucharist in itself. To those who had assembled in 
 an adjoining room to partake with him, he sent the message: 
 "Though I am denied the privilege of shouting the praises of 
 redeeming love once more with them, around the table of our 
 common Lord, yet I will commune with them in the spirit." 
 
 Bishop Ravenscroft prepared for his departure from earth by 
 a systematic arrangement of his business affairs as well as spirit- 
 ual concerns. First he asked the vestry of Christ Church for a 
 burial place beneath its chancel, then secured brick and person- 
 ally instructed the workmen as to the proper manner of enclos- 
 ing his coffin in a small vault; he directed that the coffin itself 
 should be made of plain pine wood, stained black, and without 
 ornamentation of any kind; that his remains should be drawn 
 to the place of burial by his old horse, "Pleasant," led by John- 
 son, a faithful slave; that the burial service should be read by 
 the Reverend George W. Freeman, Rector of Christ Church, and 
 that no funeral sermon should be preached. These instructions 
 were faithfully carried out. Bishop Ravenscroft was not quite 
 fifty-eight years old at the time of his death, which occurred on 
 the 5th of March, 1830. In announcing that event, the Raleigh 
 Register, of March 8th, said: 
 
 ■'Died : lu this city on Friday morning last, at the residence of 
 Gavin Hogg, Esq., the Right Reverend .John Staek Ravensceoft, 
 D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in North Carolina, 
 in the o8th year of his age. During a long illness, which from the 
 first he was persuaded was a 'sickness unto death,' he manifested a 
 perfect Christian resignation to the will of God, and looljed forward 
 to his approaching dissolution with a calmness and intrepidity in- 
 spired only by an unwavering faith and a steadfast hope in the mercy 
 of God. through the atonement of Christ. Retaining his confidence in 
 the principles, which he had so ably maintained, unimpaired to the 
 last, and exhibiting in his conversation and deportment an impressive 
 
Bishops of JN'oeth Caeolika. 73 
 
 example of the power of the Gospel — in the full possession of his 
 reason, he resigned his soul unto the hands of his Redeemer and his 
 God, and thus closed his Christian course in a manner becoming the 
 eminent character which he had sustained as a Minister of Jesus 
 Christ. On Saturday evening his remains were attended by a very 
 numerous collection of the citizens to the Episcopal Church and in- 
 terred within the chancel — the burial services being performed by the 
 Reverend George W. Freeman, Rector of the Church." 
 
 The will of Bishop Ravenscroft is now filed in the records of 
 Wake County. He bequeathed his books and pamphlets to the 
 Diocese for the commencement of a library at Raleigh for the 
 use of both clergy and laity, said library to be kept in the cus- 
 tody of his successors in the office of Bishop. Certain papers, 
 sermons, etc., he left to the "Episcopal Bible, Common Prayer 
 Book, Tract and Missionary Society of the Diocese of ISTorth 
 Carolina," with instructions to publish the same if the Society 
 so desired; he also named upwards of twenty clergymen and 
 laymen in eight or ten dioceses to whom he wished copies sent, 
 as well as to every clergyman within the Diocese of ITorth Caro- 
 lina. Some family heirlooms (jewelry, etc.) which had be- 
 longed to his father he bequeathed to his mother, Mrs. Lillias 
 Stewart of Cairnsmore, near I^ewton Stewart, in Scotland, with 
 the request that she leave them to her grand-daughter, Lillias 
 Craig. To his brother-in-law, Alexander Craig, of Edinburgh, 
 he directed that five copies of his works (if they should be 
 printed) should be sent for distribution among his relatives in 
 Scotland. He also directed that a copy of the same should be sent 
 to the Honorable and Right Reverend Charles James Stewart, 
 Lord Bishop of Quebec, in Canada ; another he bequeathed to 
 the eminent American statesman, Henry Clay. Small legacies 
 and keepsakes were left to numerous friends, including two 
 of his adopted children, Alexander McHarg Hepburn and Ebe- 
 nezer McHarg Hepburn, of Lunenburg County, Virginia, the 
 latter being appointed executor, with the provision that he 
 should not be required to give bond. The Bishop's slave, John- 
 son, and even his horse, "Pleasant," were objects of solicitude 
 in his last hours, and both of these he bequeathed to his two 
 
74 Bishops of J^oeth Carolina. 
 
 adopted sons above mentioned, saying: "I believe they will be 
 kind to Johnson for my sake, keeping him from idleness and 
 vice, but suiting his labor to his infirm condition ; and that they 
 will not suffer Pleasant to be exposed to any hardship or want 
 in his old age, but will allow Johason to attend to him as he 
 has been accustomed to do." 
 
 It was also provided in the above will that should any residue 
 remain after the settlement of the estate, it should go to a fund 
 for the support of the Episcopate in North Carolina; but it is 
 not likely that the Diocese received any benefit from this pro- 
 vision as Bishop Eavenscroft was in straitened circumstances 
 at the time of his death. 
 
 As already stated, the remains of Bishop Ravenscroft were 
 interred beneath the chancel of Christ Church in Raleigh. This 
 church, at the time of his death, was a wooden building, but 
 later was moved away to give place to the present beautiful 
 granite structure. Though on the same lot, the present church 
 is not on the exact spot where the old one stood, and hence it 
 was necessary to disinter the Bishop's body in order to place it 
 beneath the chancel where it now rests, awaiting the resurrec- 
 tion — while above his mortal remains, almost daily, resound the 
 sacred services which he loved so well. 
 
 In the present Christ Church is a tablet (probably taken from 
 the old building) which in memory of Bishop Ravenscroft bears- 
 a Latin inscription as follows : 
 
Bishops of ISToeth Caeolina. 75 
 
 JOHAlSriSrES staek kavei^sceoft, s. t. d., 
 
 EcclesisB Reforms 
 
 EPISCOPUS, 
 
 et primus qui 
 
 intra Carolinse Septentrionalis Di^ces in 
 
 summo sacerdotio ornatus 
 
 Res sacras Procuravit. 
 
 ISTatus XVII. Maii, Anno Salutis MDCCLXXII., 
 
 EPISCOPATUI COlSrSECRATUS 
 
 XXII. Maii, An. Sal. MDCCCXXIII., 
 
 Obit V. Martii, An. Sal. MDCCCXXX. 
 
 The degree of Doctor of Divinity or Doctor of Sacred Theol- 
 ogy (Sacrae Theologiae Doctor) was conferred upon Bishop 
 Ravenscroft by three weU-known institutions of learning : Wil- 
 liam and Mary College (his alma mater), in Virginia; Colum- 
 bia College, in New York; and the University of l^orth Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 The death of Bishop Ravenscroft caused general sorrow ; and 
 solemn services were held in his memory throughout the Diocese. 
 Christ Church in Raleigh was draped with black, and its con- 
 gregation wore badges of mourning throughout Lent; but, in 
 accordance with his request, no funeral sermon was preached. 
 Similar action, with the addition of memorial sermons, was 
 taken by Saint James's Church in Wilmington and Saint John's 
 Church in Fayetteville. Saint Matthew's Church in Hills- 
 borough, Christ Church in 'New Bern, and Saint Peter's in 
 Washington, were also draped, while their congregations wore 
 crape badges and observed the 19th of March as a day of fast- 
 ing, humiliation and prayer, on account of the great blow which 
 had fallen on the Church. In May, 1830, a few months after 
 the Bishop's death, a Convention of the Diocese of N'orth Caro- 
 lina was held at Wilmington. That body passed suitable me- 
 morial resolutions, and directed that a committee be appointed 
 to address a letter of condolence to the aged mother of the de- 
 
76 Bishops of JSToeth Carolina. 
 
 ceased, tlien residing in Scotland. In the report of the Com- 
 mittee on the State of the Church it was said : "Since the last 
 meeting of the Convention, the members of this portion of the 
 Church of God have been called to mourn the death of their 
 beloved and venerated Diocesan. Eemoved from this scene of 
 affliction and suffering, in which he had displayed the fearless 
 and devoted zeal of an Apostle of the Lord Jesus and evidenced 
 a signal union of the evangelical graces of our holy religion 
 and the unshaken courage of a Champion of the Cross, he has 
 been translated to that rest in heaven which is prepared for the 
 Saints, and to a communion of the spirits of the just made per- 
 fect in the Church Triumphant. ... To record the bless- 
 ings which his apostolic ministry has, through the divine favor, 
 secured to this Diocese, is a task for which your committee con- 
 fess themselves incapable. His praise is emphatically in all the 
 churches. "Within this Episcopate every altar has been enlarged 
 and its votaries increased. Under his spiritual guidance many 
 wanderers have been gathered into the fold of salvation; and 
 multitudes, who were famishing for the pure fountains, have 
 drunk and been satisfied." 
 
 In a letter of condolence addressed to the mother of Bishop 
 Eavenscroft, Mrs. Gavin Hogg, of Raleigh, wrote on April 4, 
 1830, saying of the deceased : "I understand from others, better 
 qualified than I am to judge, that as a preacher he was without 
 a rival in the United States." Mrs. Hogg adds : "The Diocese 
 of ISTorth Carolina, and indeed the whole Church in the United 
 States, considered his death a great public misfortune." 
 
 In personal appearance Bishop Eavenscroft has been de- 
 scribed, by one who knew him well, as a man of lofty presence, 
 with an eye piercing and full of command. In his manner 
 (says the same account) there was an apparent austerity, which 
 sprang, for the most part, from the strength of his mental con- 
 ceptions and the forcible language in which he expressed them. 
 His features, however, were regular ; and, when he smiled, there 
 was a transitory sweetness in his look which bore a striking 
 
Bishops of ISToeth Caeolika. 77 
 
 contrast to the usual appearance of severity on his countenance. 
 In a letter written by him in 1806 he mentions his OAvn weight 
 as two hundred and twenty pounds. In height he was slightly 
 over six feet. He had heavy, overhanging eyebrows, and was 
 accustomed to call them his "dormer windows." In 1880, Mau- 
 rice Q. "Waddell, a venerable citizen of Pittsboro, Xorth Caro- 
 lina, spoke of Bishop Ravenscrof t's personal apparel as follows : 
 "His dress was plain and always made in the fashion worn by 
 gentlemen of the period of the Eevolution. His coat was of 
 black cloth, his knee-pants of the same material, and his stock- 
 ings usually deep gray in color and ribbed. In winter he wore 
 boots, reaching above the calf of his leg; but, in summer, these 
 gave place to shoes buckled over the instep. His linen was spot- 
 less ; he always wore an old-fashioned stock, pleated at the neck 
 and fastened at the back with a silver buckle. In his robes, his 
 appearance was truly apostolic, and he looked a fit companion 
 for the three hundred and eighteen Bishops of the Council of 
 Mce." * 
 
 Mr. Waddell also speaks of an occasion when Bishop Raven- 
 scroft was traveling by stage in Virginia (after he had become 
 a resident of I^orth Carolina) and became involved in a doc- 
 trinal controversy with tv.-o Presbyterian clergymen. jSTeither 
 side was convinced, but they argued from 3 o'clock in the morn- 
 ing till daylight. When the stage rolled into a town on the 
 route their dispute had grown so heated that people stopped on 
 the streets to see what the excitement in the coach was about. 
 On observing that they were thus attracting attention, the elder 
 of the two Presbyterians observed that the argument could bet- 
 ter be concluded in a less public place, adding: "I am Joseph 
 Caldwell, President of the University of ]Morth Carolina." To 
 this his fellow-traveler replied: "And I, sir, am John Stark 
 Ravenscroft, Bishop of the Diocese of I^orth Carolina." It was 
 the first time these distinguished gentlemen had ever met. Doc- 
 
 * Church Me^scnrjcr (Winston. N. C), June 29, 1880. 
 
78 Bishops of IfoRTH Carolina. 
 
 tor Caldwell had become much prejudiced against tlie Bishop, 
 whom he considered an intruder upon the ecclesiastical field in 
 ]Srorth Carolina and a proclaimer of strange doctrines. 
 
 On another occasion, says Mr. "Waddell, Bishop Eavenscroft 
 was the guest of Colonel William Polk, of Ealeigh ; and in the 
 course of a conversation the Colonel asked if it were not prob- 
 able that a man of clean living and high morality would get to 
 heaven by those means alone. "I^o, sir," answered the Bishop, 
 "he would go straight to hell." One of Colonel Polk's sons, 
 Leonidas, later became one of the greatest Bishops in the Ameri- 
 can Church. 
 
 Bishop Ravenscroft's outspoken utterances were not always 
 in keeping with the usages of polite society. At a dinner party, 
 where he was present, one of the guests was telling of some re- 
 markable occurrences which he claimed to have seen, and those 
 who heard his assertions were courteously endeavoring to con- 
 ceal their incredulity, when suddenly the company was startled 
 by the Bishop's bringing his hand down upon the table and 
 fiercely exclaiming: "That, sir, is a lie, and you "know it!" 
 
 Among the acquaintances made by Bishop Ravenscroft soon 
 after he came to ISTorth Carolina was Judge Leonard Henderson, 
 later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In his earlier years 
 Judge Henderson was one — - 
 
 "Of whom 'twas said he scarce received 
 For gospel what the church believed." 
 
 But later his views underwent a change for the better. The 
 former sentiments of the Chief Justice were known to Bishop 
 Ravenscroft though he had not heard of the happy change which 
 had taken place in the mind of that eminent jurist. Upon going 
 to Williamsborough, in Granville County, the Bishop asked who 
 composed the vestry of Saint John's Church. Among others 
 Henderson's name was mentioned. Upon hearing this, Raven- 
 scroft was not slow to express his indignation. "Why, sir. Judge 
 Henderson is a pillar in the Church," answered his informant. 
 
Bishops of North Caeolina. 79 
 
 "A pillar !" exclaimed the Bishop, "it woTild he hetter to have a 
 caterpillar !" Judge Henderson went to hear Bishop Ravenscroft 
 just once after his ministry in Williamsborough began; and, 
 when asked by a friend why he had ceased his attendance at 
 church, answered, with his nearest approach to an oath: "By 
 blood, sir, I couldn't stand it! Why that man poured the 
 whole of his sermon right down into my pew, and didn't seem 
 to have a word for anybody else." On another occasion says 
 Bishop Green (who relates the last-mentioned anecdote) this 
 same Chief Justice was called upon for a toast and responded: 
 "Gentlemen, I give you Bishop Ravenscroft — the St. Paul of 
 the South, except in being all things to aU men." 
 
 In his continuation of the elder Doctor Drane's Historical 
 Notices of St. James's Parish, Wilmington, the late Colonel 
 James G. Burr gives some personal reminiscences of Bishop 
 Ravenscroft. On one occasion, says he, the Bishop made a visi- 
 tation to that parish, and the Sunday School classes were ranged 
 around the chancel to be catechised by him. The children stood 
 trembling and abashed before his august presence; and, upon 
 noticing this trepidation, he spoke to them in so kind and gentle 
 a manner as not only to restore their self-possession but to com- 
 pletely win their confidence. Later on in the monograph just 
 quoted, it is said of Ravenscroft : "He would not tolerate the 
 least irreverence in church, it made no difference who the offend- 
 ing parties might be; whether high or low, male or female, the 
 reproof was direct, and in language too plain to be misunder- 
 stood." Irreverence in church was indeed an abomination in the 
 eyes of Ravenscroft. When he was a parish priest in Virginia 
 two young men of fashion once entered his church and pro- 
 ceeded to entertain each other in very audible whispers. After 
 bearing this for a while, Mr. Ravenscroft paused in his services 
 long enough to say that he would be glad if there were less talk- 
 ing among the congregation. This silenced the two for a few 
 moments only; and, when they resumed their conversation so as 
 to distract the attention of the worshippers, Ravenscroft pointed 
 
80 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 directly at, the offenders and said : "I will thank those young 
 men in that pew to keep silence while the Word of God is being 
 preached." Stung by this rebuke they sprang from their seats 
 and angrily left the church. Outside^ they held a consultation 
 and determined thai nothing short of a cudgelling would avenge 
 the affront they had received, so each cut a heavy stick from a 
 near-by thicket nnd waited for the object of their resentment. 
 At length the congregation was dismissed, and a little later Mr. 
 Ravenscroft made his appearance. One of the young men had 
 posted himself behind the church and there waited for his com- 
 panion to bring the offending clergyman. Upon being told by 
 the other that he wished to see him back of the church, Eaven- 
 scroft accompanied him without question. After his arrival, 
 there was an awkward pause, which was at last broken by Mr. 
 Ravenscroft himself who asked what they wished. One of them 
 then summoned up enough courage to say that he had insulled 
 them in the presence of the whole congregation and they de- 
 manded an instant apology. Upon hearing this, Ravenscroft 
 drew himself up to his full height of more than six feet and 
 thundered forth an "apology" in language to the following 
 effect: "Boys, I am ashamed of you, and you ought to be 
 ashamed of yourselves ! You are shaming your parents, too, 
 for they have taught you better than this. Jim, you are the son 
 of a good old Presbyterian elder, who would be grieved to know 
 how you have behaved. As for you. Jack, you have had church 
 training and ought to know better. What would your mother 
 think if she could see you as you are at this moment ? Go home, 
 boys, go home ! — and when you come to church again try to act 
 like Christians and behave like gentlemen." When Ravenscroft 
 had finished this outburst the two young men cast frightened 
 looks at each other, dropped their sticks, and hastily depnrted. 
 An anecdote characteristic of Bishop Ravenscroft is given 
 in the sketches by both Norton and Green. He was once holding 
 services in Virginia, and had begun saying the Creed, when he 
 observed that none of the congregation seemed disposed to join 
 
BiKIIOJ'S or XORTH C.VEOLIiv'A. 81 
 
 ill lepoaiing it. Turning his Prayer Book over on the desk 
 before him, he fixed a look of mingled surprise and trouble on 
 tho congregation, and asked: "Brethren, am I in the midst of 
 heathens or Christians ''. Can it be possible that there is no man 
 or woman present who 'believes in God the Father Almighty, 
 Z^Iaker of heaven and earth V " Then he began the Creed over 
 again, vi'hen his second rendition was fairly drowned by the 
 mingled voices of every man, woman and child present. I'7ot 
 long after this (continues Bishop Green) he endeared himself 
 to the same congregation by a little act of thoughtfulness. Just 
 after he had begun his sermon a black cloud appeared in the 
 heavens, threatening a heavy downpour of rain. Most of the 
 congregation, men and women alike, had oome from a distance 
 on horseback, and they legau looking wistfully out of the win- 
 dows at their saddles, but not one moved from a pew, so greatly 
 did they stand in awe of the formidable looking man who stood 
 before them. Observing the cause of their uneasiness, Raven- 
 scroft said, in the kindest of tones : "My friends, I shall pause 
 five minutes in my discourse to enable you to take care of your 
 saddles." The saddles v/ere tucked high and dry under the 
 church, and the members of the congregation were back in their 
 seats before the allotted five minutes had expired. 
 
 Of the many anecdotes which the last quoted writer has re- 
 corded of Ravenscroft is one of an experience which the larter 
 related when asked if he had ever lost his self-possession. Such 
 a misfortune had befallen him, he said, when the pulpit of Sf'.int 
 John's Church, in Washington City, had "run away with him." 
 It seems that the pulpit in question had small wheels under it, 
 so that it could be moved aside on communion occasions. ""When 
 I was preaching there one Sunday," said Bishop Eavenscrofr, 
 "seeing so many 'big folks' before me, I thought that I would be 
 big too, and accordingly I put a little additional powder in my 
 gun. In the middle of the sermon, when all eyes were directed 
 towards me, I unfortunately lifted my hand somewhat higher 
 than usual, which gave the pulpit a start, and away it v/ent, ap- 
 
82 Bishops or ]^J^oeth Carolina. 
 
 parontly bent on settling in the midst of the foremost pews, 
 ei-owded with ladies. It was a bare moment, however, before its 
 progress was arrested by the rail of the chancel, but during that 
 moment the church presented a singular scene, the women 
 screaming and the men springing from their seats with hands 
 uplifted to stop the strange thing." 
 
 Just after the death of Bishop Eavenscroft a school was estab- 
 lished at Fayetteville and called Eavenscroft Academy in his 
 honor. It was incorporated by chapter 147 of the Laws of 
 1831-'32. The board of trustees named in this act were Charles 
 P. Mallett, Charles Stuart, Charles T. Haigh, John "W. Wright 
 and Kobert Strange. How long the school lasted we are un- 
 able to state. Many years afterwards there was a school for 
 boys founded at Asheville and called Eavenscroft School, but 
 this has discontinued operations also. Some account of it will 
 be given later on in this work. At the time of the establishment 
 of Saint Mary's School in Ealeigh (some mention of which will 
 later be made in the sketch of Bishop Ives), its campus was 
 called Eavenscroft Grove — a name which may have been given 
 it before that time, when the same site was occupied by the 
 Episcopal School for Boys. Though the grove no longer goes 
 by that name, the Bishop's house (therein situated) which was 
 built in 1903, has been given the name "Eavenscroft" by Bishop 
 Cheshire, its first occupant. 
 
 While ISTorth Carolina has been thus honoring the memory 
 of Bishop Eavenscroft, he has not been forgotten in Tennessee. 
 In his History of the Church in the Diocese of Tennessee, the 
 Eeverend Arthur Howard ISToU says that the first church build- 
 ing erected in the Western District of that State was Eaven- 
 scroft Chapel, built by Mr. J. J. Alston near his residence, five 
 miles east of Eandolph in Tipton County. This building was 
 consecrated by Bishop Otey on the 23d of October, 1836. The 
 Alstons were from ISTorth Carolina and had then recently set- 
 tled in Tipton County. Later on in the above-mentioned work 
 Mr. Noll refers to Eavenscroft Chapel, and to Saint John's 
 
Bishops of Noeth Cakolixa. 83 
 
 Church in Maury County (the latter built by the Polks, an- 
 other family from Xorth Carolina), as two examples of planta- 
 tion churches built with the religious needs of the negro 
 slaves in view. At the Sunday morning services in these 
 churches, after aU the white communicants had received the 
 elements, it was not an uncommon sight (says the writer last 
 quoted) to see the altar-rail thronged with negroes, partaking 
 with reverence of the soul-nourishing food of the Body and 
 Blood of Christ. Eavenscroft Chapel was in ruins at the close 
 of the war, but was later restored and is still in use. From Mr. 
 ]N"oll'8 work we also learn that in the Winter of 1848-'49 Bishop 
 Otey established an institution near Columbia and named it 
 Eavenscroft College. This was afterwards closed for lack of 
 funds. 
 
 In the parlor of Saint Mary's School, at Raleigh, there is a 
 handsome full-length oil portrait of Bishop Eavenscroft, painted 
 by Jacob Eichholtz, a celebrated Philadelphia artist, who in 
 his day made portraits of many famous Americans, including 
 John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States; JSTicholas Biddle, President of the Bank of the 
 United States, and others of scarcely less note. Another oil 
 portrait of Eavenscroft (bust size) was presented by the Bishop 
 to Senator Haywood; and, after the latter's death, his children 
 gave it to the Diocese. It is now in the See House at Raleigh. 
 Another (probably the first which Eichholtz made of Eaven- 
 scroft) was owned by the late Bishop Green of Mississippi. 
 The large portrait at Saint Mary's was painted by order of 
 Charles P. Mallett, senior warden of Saint John's Church at 
 FayetteviUe, being begun in 1829 and finished in 1830. It was 
 obtained from that gentleman some years before the War be- 
 tween the States by the Rector of Saint Mary's, Reverend Aldert 
 Srnedes. 
 
 Bishop Green (before he was elevated to the Episcopate) was 
 with Ravenscroft in Philadelphia when Eichholtz painted the 
 above portraits. Wishing to get the best, several studios were 
 
84 Bishops of ISTokth Carolina. 
 
 visited. One artist was so mucli struck with Ravenscroft's ap- 
 pearance tliat he told Green he would do the work free of charge. 
 This offer was declined, however, and Eichholtz was engaged. 
 Not long afterwards Bishop Ravenscroft preached (in Christ 
 Church at Philadelphia) a sermon of uncommon power, which 
 attracted wide and favorable comment. Returning from serv- 
 ices on that occasion he asked Green, in great disgust : "Did 
 you see that rascal in church ?" In some surprise his companion 
 asked whom he meant. "Why that fellow Eichholtz," answered 
 the Bishop, "for I know he came there not so much to worship 
 God as to look at me." And it was even so, for (as the artist 
 himself afterwards said) he had seated himself in the center 
 of the Church to get the Bishop's spirit and expression as he 
 appeared in the chancel and pulpit. Those who have seen his 
 work cannot doubt that he succeeded. 
 
 In the Fall of 1830, some months after Bishop Ravenscroft 
 died, a two-volume edition of his sermons was published by the 
 Protestant Episcopal Press, 'New York, the first volume con- 
 taining a steel engraving from one of the Eichholtz portraits. 
 This work was edited by the Reverend Jonathan Mayhew "Wain- 
 wright, afterwards Provisional Bishop of New York. There is 
 also in the first volume a memoir of Ravenscroft by Walker 
 Anderson, in later years Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of 
 Florida. JSTeither the names of Wainwright nor Anderson, how- 
 ever, appear on the title page or elsewhere in the work. A 
 second edition of these sermons (without portrait) was pub- 
 lished by E. J. Hale & Company, Fayetteville, liTorth Carolina, 
 1856, the cost of issuing it being partly paid with money real- 
 ized from a bequest in the will of John W. Wright, of Fayette- 
 ville, who was for many years treasurer of the Diocese. The 
 second edition is lessened in value by some of Bishop Raven- 
 scroft's strongest doctrinal arguments being left out, notably 
 his discourse entitled The Doctrines of the Church Vindicated, 
 a reply to Doctor John H. Rice. The latter tract, though writ- 
 ten in a rather fierce spirit (perhaps justified by the attacks 
 
Bishops of I^okth CarolijSta. 85 
 
 which brought it forth), was one of the strongest arguments, 
 if not the strongest, ever made by the Bishop in support of the 
 doctrines which he proclaimed. In addition to the controversy 
 with Doctor Rice, Bishop Eavenscroft had several others, in- 
 cluding one with a Bible Society in Raleigh. With regard to 
 the latter, it was occasioned by the Bishop's conviction that the 
 Bible could not be profitably studied without a teacher. He 
 delivered a sermon, upholding his views, from the text : "And 
 Philip ran thither to him and heard him read the prophet 
 Esaias, and said. Under staudest thou what thou readest? And 
 he said, How can I, except some man should guide me?" ISTo 
 man more strongly advocated constant study of the Scriptures 
 than did Bishop Ravenscrof t ; but of such study, without intelli- 
 gent instruction, he did not approve. 
 
 In 1858 a small volume of 1.52 pages, entitled the Life of 
 Bishop Eavenscroft, by the Reverend John N. iN'orton, was 
 published in ISTew York, this being one of a series of biographies 
 of American Bishops written by that author. It is dedicated : 
 "To Josiah Collins, Esq., of Somerset Place, Lake Scupper- 
 nong, Xorth Carolina, as a Tribute of Respect for his Distin- 
 guished Abilities, and for his Devotion to the Cause of the 
 Church." 
 
 In addition to the above-mentioned memoirs of Bishop Raven- 
 scroft by Norton and Anderson, another was written many 
 years later by one of Ravenscroft's former pupils. Bishop Green, 
 of Mississippi, and published in the American Church Review 
 of January, 1871. In the fifth volume of a vvfork published in 
 1859, and entitled Annals of the American Pulpit (the Reverend 
 William B. Sprague, compiler), there is also a memoir of Bishop 
 Ravenscroft, this being based upon the sketch by Anderson, a 
 letter from the Reverend Henry M. Mason, and data furnished 
 by Edward Lee Winslow. 
 
 It would be a difficult task, even for a writer of ability and 
 discernment, to portray the personal character of Bishop Eaven- 
 scroft in a few words, and it seems a particularly hopeless under- 
 
86 Bishops of Xokth Carolina. 
 
 taking for the author of the present sketch; yet a few lines on 
 this point cannot with propriety be omitted. He was open and 
 frank in all things. To a friend in Philadelphia he declared: 
 "There is not a thought in this heart of mine that I would not 
 be willing to publish from the steeple of Christ Church yonder." 
 The lust for gold, or for power (save power to advance the king- 
 dom of Christ) found no lodgment in his breast. It was once 
 hinted to him that he might be invited to a diocese much larger i 
 than the one of which he was Bishop, and to this he replied with 
 much heat: "I would lose my right arm, sir, sooner than set 
 the first example of 'translation' in the American Episcopate." 
 1^0 Bishop ever more dearly loved the clergy under him or was 
 more loved by them in return. He often spoke of them as if 
 they were his own children. "I wouldn't give my fourteen boya 
 for your whole diocese" was his declaration to the Rector of a 
 fashionable church in ISTew York. The Bishop of Mississippi, 
 in his old age, nearly half a century after Ravenscroft had 
 passed away, alluded to a blessing which he had received with 
 almost the last breath of his beloved chief pastor, saying: "At 
 this moment those hands still seem to press the writer's head; 
 and whatever favor, either from God or man, may since have 
 come upon him, he willingly ascribes in good part to the benedic- 
 tions of that dying hour." 
 
 Among the papers of the Honorable John H. Bryan, now 
 owned by the ISTorth Carolina Historical Commission, is a letter 
 to his wife, dated at Raleigh, December 26, 1824, in which he 
 says : "I heard the Bishop deliver a sermon to-day which I 
 wish you could have also heard. He was so much affected as 
 to burst into tears and sob bitterly when he alluded to his past 
 life and merciful deliverance. He cautioned parents, and par- 
 ticularly mothers, about indulging their children in dress and 
 frivolous pleasures, and thereby vitiating their minds and cor- 
 rupting their hearts." Judge Henry Ravenscroft Bryan, of 
 ISTew Bern, ISTorth Carolina, is a son of the writer of the above 
 letter, and was given his middle name as a compliment to Bishop 
 Ravenscroft. 
 
Bishops of I^okth Cakolina. 87 
 
 Though much tenderness dwelt in his heart, there never lived 
 a man who was more fierce in the denunciation of sin than was 
 Bishop Ravenscroft. He never used soft phrases with which to 
 coax his hearers into the paths of righteousness. He regarded 
 the authority and doctrines of the church of his choice as hased 
 upon the Word of God. On one occasion a young clergyman 
 asked the Bishop to tell him, from personal experience, what 
 course of study one should map out to pursue as hest calculated 
 to promote his usefulness in the ministry, when Eavenscroft 
 pointed to the Bible and replied: "My dear boy, nearly all of 
 my studies have been confined to that ; and there are few other 
 books which influence my religious beliefs." 
 
 Bishop Ravenscroft was convinced that an Episcopate, with 
 an unbroken succession, was absolutely necessary to constitute 
 an apostolic church; and, as he could not accept the doctrines 
 of Roman Catholicism, the Moravian Church was the only one 
 then existing in America (excepting his own) whose ministry 
 and teachings he considered orthodox. "On the doctrine of 
 divine right in the ministry," he said : "I hold and teach that it 
 can be derived only from the Apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ 
 by succession in the Church, through the line of Bishops, as dis- 
 tinct from presbyters; that it is essential to the validity of the 
 Sacraments, and from its nature incapable of any gradation. It 
 is either divine right or no right at all : I therefore know noth- 
 ing of any barometrical measurement into high and low Church ; 
 higher than its source I attempt not to carry it — Slower than its 
 origin I will not degrade it, and only by its proper proofs will I 
 acknowledge it."* 
 
 Bishop Ravenscroft's fierce and sometimes ungovernable 
 temper was a source of continual mortification to himself; and 
 yet, with all of his seemingly imperious manner, he would 
 meekly receive any reproof given in good faith. To one of his 
 clergy who had written him a private letter in loving solicitude 
 about his infirmity in the above respect, he replied : "I heartily 
 
 * Worlcs of Bishop Ravenscroft (edition of 1830), Vol. I., p. 308. 
 
 VI 
 
88 Bishops of North Caeolina. 
 
 thank you . . . and shall always feel obliged by every 
 hint which may keep me on the watch against its injurious in- 
 fluence, and by every prayer which may prevail for grace to 
 enable me to direct it aright." On another occasion he said: 
 "I have much to be forgiven of God, and I have many pardons 
 also to ask of my fellow-men for my harshness of manner to- 
 wards them" — then, striking his hand upon his breast, he added, 
 "but there has been no harshness here." Indeed, the Bishop's 
 love for his fellow-men was second only to his love for God. 
 Had this not been true, he would have remained an opulent 
 planter in Virginia, enjoying earthly pleasures and caring 
 naught for endangered souls, instead of sacrificing his fortune 
 and shortening his life by never-ending toils and privations in 
 the holy cause of religion. But the ancient promise still holds 
 good, that whosoever will lose his life for the sake of Christ 
 shall find it — so when fortune, health, life itself, all were gone, 
 a brighter existence and richer inheritance remained for this 
 good and faithful servant, and in these he found the reward 
 for which he had long struggled and prayed. 
 
Bishop Ives. 
 
LEVI SILLIMAN" IVES, 
 Second Bishop of I^oeth Caeolina. 
 
 Tlie family of Ives is one of tlie oldest in America. Its 
 founder, William Ives, was bom about the year 1607, and came 
 to Xew England in the ship Truelove in 1635. As early as 
 1639 we find him recorded as one of the freemen of the colony 
 of IS'ew Haven, in what is now the State of Connecticut. He 
 died in 1648, leaving a son John. The latter was the father of 
 another John (bom 1669, died 1738), who married ilary Gil- 
 lette. John Ives, son of the last named, married Hannah Eoyce, 
 and died in 1795. He left a son John (fourth of that name in 
 unbroken descent), who was bom in 1729 and died in 1816. 
 This John (fourth) was the father of Levi Ives and grand- 
 father of Bishop Ives. 
 
 Levi Ives (father of the Bishop) lived for some years in his 
 native State of Connecticut, where he married Eanny SiUiman, 
 member of a noted 'New England family. Removing with his 
 wife and children from Connecticut about the end of the 
 eighteenth century, he settled in Lewis County, IsTew York, and 
 engaged in agricultural pursuits in the latter locality. Later he 
 became insane, and committed suicide by drowning himself in 
 a creek which ran through his farm. Of the ten children 
 bereaved by this tragic event, Levi Silliman Ives, afterwards 
 Bishop, was the eldest, and to his personal history we shall now 
 confine this sketch. 
 
 The Eight Eeverend Levi Silliman Ives, S. T. D., LL. D., 
 second Bishop of K'orth Carolina and twenty-fifth in the 
 succession of the American Episcopate, came to his Bishop- 
 ric in 1831, upon the death (in the preceding year) of the 
 Right Reverend John Stark Ravenscroft. His was a strange 
 and eventful life, devoted throughout to the service of God and 
 humanity, yet torn by varying and conflicting doctrinal beliefs — 
 in youth, a Presbyterian; in manhood, an Episcopalian; and 
 
92 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 in age, a Eoman Catholic. He was born on the 16th of Septem- 
 ber, 1797, at the town of Meriden, in the State of Connecticut. 
 It was when he was very young that his parents removed to 
 Turin, in Lewis Coimty, ISTew York, and there he spent his child- 
 hood and youth, enjoying such educational advantages as the 
 locality afforded. Later he was a student in the academy at 
 Lowville, in Lewis County. Towards the close of the War of 
 1812-'15, when little more than a youth, he served for a brief 
 period with the troops under General Pike. Eeturning to the 
 academy at LowviUe, which he had left to enter the army, he 
 resumed his studies with a view to preparing himself for college. 
 As already stated, he had been reared a Presbyterian, and he 
 now determined to enter the ministry of that denomination. In 
 1816 he became a student in Hamilton College, at Clinton, 
 'New York, then registering from Martinsburg in the same 
 State, but left this institution in less than a year, owing to 
 ill health. Shortly thereafter his doctrinal views underwent 
 their first change; and, in 1819, he began a course of study 
 for the ministry of the Episcopal Church, in which he was 
 destined to serve with marked ability until — after the lapse of 
 more than thirty years — his views underwent still another 
 change and he became a Eoman Catholic. In 1822 he was 
 ordered deacon by Bishop Hobart, of E"ew York; and, in the 
 year following, was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop White, 
 of Pennsylvania. His first charge was in a missionary station 
 at Batavia, ISTew York; afterwards he served in Pennsylva- 
 nia as Eector of Trinity Church, Philadelphia; and was later 
 Eector of Christ Church at Lancaster, in the same State. He 
 went, in 1827, to ISTew York City to become Assistant Eector of 
 Christ Church ; was afterwards Eector of Saint Luke's Church, 
 in the same place, and occupied that post when elected Bishop 
 of ISTorth Carolina in 1831. In 1825, he had been united in 
 marriage with Eebecca Hobart, a daughter of the Eight Eev- 
 erend John Henry Hobart, Bishop of ISTew York. One or more 
 children were born of this union, but none of them grew to 
 maturity. 
 
Bishops of Xokth Cabolina. 93 
 
 As has already been stated in the sketch of Bishop Raven- 
 scroft's life, contained in the present work, that great prelate 
 died on the 5th of ilareh, 1830. Two months later, in jlay, 
 the Diocesan Convention of Xorth Carolina met, but adjourned 
 without electing his successor. During the succeeding period, 
 before such successor was chosen, Bishop Bowen, of South Caro- 
 lina, was invited to exercise the duties of the Episcopate in 
 Xorth Carolina, and he consented to do so ; but to what extent, 
 if any, he labored there, does not appear. On May 19, 1831, 
 another Diocesan Convention assembled, its meeting place being 
 Christ Church, in the city of Raleigh. In that body, on the 
 following Saturday (May 2l8t), the ballot for Bishop resulted 
 in the unanimous election of the Reverend Doctor Ives. There- 
 upon the Reverend John Avery, Rector of Saint Paul's Church 
 in Edenton and President of the Convention, the Reverend John 
 R. Goodman, Rector of Christ Church in Xew Bern, and one 
 layman, Mr. "Walker Anderson (afterwards Chief Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of Florida) were apjiointed a committee to pro- 
 ceed to 'New York and formally notify Doctor Ives of his elec- 
 tion. After due consideration, this call was accepted. On Sep- 
 tember 22, 1831, the Bishop-elect was presented in Trinity 
 Church, Southwark, Philadelphia, and there duly consecrated 
 as Bishop of Xorth Carolina by the Right Reverend Williaia 
 White, Bishop of Pennsylvania, the Right Reverend Henry 
 Ustick Onderdonk, Assistant Bishop of the same Diocese, and 
 the Right Reverend Benjamin Tredwell Onderdonk, Bishop of 
 New York. 
 
 Returning to New York City after his consecration, Bishop 
 Ives remained until October, 1831, when he set out for Xorth 
 Carolina — arriving at Warrenton, in the latter State, just a 
 week later, during the same month. From a religious, educa- 
 tional and social viewpoint, in 1831, Warrenton had few, if any, 
 superiors among the towns of iDsTorth Carolina ; and, for a short 
 while after his arrival. Bishop Ives enjoyed the hospitality for 
 which that locality has always been noted. He did not tarry 
 
94 Bishops of North Cabolina. 
 
 long, however, but actively began the duties of his new office, 
 visiting various parts of the Diocese and forming the acquaint- 
 ance of the people among whom his lot had been cast. His 
 home, while in North Carolina, was part of the time in Kaleigh 
 and part in Salisbury. He also spent a good deal of his time 
 at Valle Crusis, after he had established that mountain mission. 
 
 In February, 1832, while traveling in eastern North Caro- 
 lina, Bishop Ives took occasion to pay his respects to the aged 
 widow of Bishop-elect Pettigrew — doubtless being impelled to 
 this courtesy by the same sentiments which had been entertained 
 by Bishop Eavenscroft on a previous occasion, when visiting 
 that lady, as heretofore noted. 
 
 As has already been mentioned in the sketch of Bishop Eaven- 
 scroft, the Diocese of Tennessee was organized during his visit 
 to that State in 1829, and he presided over its first convention. 
 It was not until 1834, however, that the first Bishop of Ten- 
 nessee (the Eight Eeverend James Hervey Otey) was conse- 
 crated. In the meantime. Bishop Ives faithfully labored to keep 
 up the work there begun by his predecessor. Eecounting a visit 
 paid there in the Summer of 1832, he said that he could not let 
 the subject pass without expressing his great gratification at the 
 daily increasing prosperity of the Church in Tennessee, at its 
 being sustained by so able and devoted a band of clergymen 
 (though far too small for its wants), and at the kind and 
 friendly attention he had everywhere received during a visita- 
 tion rendered by duty much shorter than he would have wished 
 to make it. While on this tour through Tennessee, Bishoi/ 
 Ives presided over the fourth Annual Convention of that 
 Diocese. 
 
 In October, 1832, Bishop Ives attended the General Conven- 
 tion of the Church in New York City, returning to North Caro- 
 lina in the month following, and stopping for a short while in 
 Eichmond on the way. Of his visit to the city last named he 
 says: "While there, in consideration of the bad health of the 
 Bishop of Virginia, I aided him in the examination of the Eev- 
 
Bishops of Xobtit Oabolixa. 95 
 
 erend John Burke, formerly a presbyter of the Roman Catholic 
 Church, who was thereupon admitted to officiate in the Pro- 
 testant Episcopal Church." The Reverend ilr. Burke, here 
 mentioned, later came to ]^orth Carolina. After teaching school 
 for a while in the town of Smithville (now called Southport), 
 in Brunswick County, he was successively Rector of Christ 
 Church in Xew Bern, and Calvary Church in Vadesboro. He 
 removed to South Carolina in 1839. Another acquisition from 
 the Roman Catholic priesthood is mentioned by Bishop Ives 
 (in his address to the Diocesan Convention of 1843) -R-hen he 
 said: "The Reverend John Fielding, a priest of the Roman 
 communion, who in the Spring of 1840, made application to 
 me to be admitted, after the required probation, to the ministry 
 of the Church, has been transferred to the Bishop of Georgia." 
 
 In January, 1833, not long after his arrival in Xorth Caro- 
 lina, Bishop Ives visited the parish of Saint James in Wilming- 
 ton, the famous Orton plantation in the same vicinity, and the 
 ruins of Saint Philip's Church on the site of the old town of 
 Brunswick. "During my visit here," he said of Wilmington, "I 
 spent a day or two at Orton, the seat of Dr. Frederick Hill, and 
 visited the walls of an ante-Revolutionary Church, situated 
 about two miles distant, amid the ruins of the old town of Bruns- 
 wick. These walls . . . are in a state of almost entire 
 preservation; and, by being newly roofed and repaired, would 
 still furnish a commodious place of public worship to the inhab- 
 itants of the neighboring settlement. My intercourse with the 
 congregation of St. James was most gratifying." 
 
 As his predecessor Bishop Ravenscroft had been before him, 
 and as all succeeding Bishops of the Diocese of Iforth Caro- 
 lina have since been. Bishop Ives was ever ready openly to 
 concede the apostolic origin of the Moravian Church. On sev- 
 eral occasions he visited the Moravian settlements in and around 
 the old town of Salem, and joined with their Bishops and other 
 clergy in conducting public worship. After speaking of a visit 
 to that community in the Summer of 1833, he adds: "I did not 
 
96 Bishops of ISTorth Carolina. 
 
 leave them wittout receiving additional strength to my former 
 convictions of their great Christian simplicity, eminent devo- 
 tion to the Savior, and love of all Christian people, especially 
 our apostolic Church." Of another visit, nine years later, he 
 remarks: "By kind invitation of the Moravian Bishop, I 
 preached in his Church at Salem. I shall not soon forget the 
 delightful fraternal intercourse I had with the brethren at that 
 place." 
 
 In 1834, the degree of Doctor of Lavs^s was conferred upon 
 Bishop Ives by the University of ISTorth Carolina, he being the ' 
 second minister of the Gospel so honored by that institution. 
 Several years before that date (in 1831) he had received the 
 degree of Doctor of Sacred Theology from Columbia College, 
 ISTew York. 
 
 In the Spring of 1835 Bishop Ives was attacked by "an alarm- 
 ing and obstinate disease," and obtained from his Diocese a 
 leave of absence which he spent in Europe. While sojourning 
 in Great Britain he made the acquaintance of many high digni- 
 taries of the Church of England. This tour abroad prevented 
 his attendance upon the General Convention of 1835, which 
 was held in the city of Philadelphia. To the Convention last 
 named the report on the State of the Church in JSTorth Carolina 
 said : "The Church in this Diocese has its peculiar grounds of 
 anxiety, in the severe and dangerous affliction of its chief pastor. 
 The Bishop is now in Europe in pursuit of health, while many 
 and unceasing prayers are offered up that the Divine blessing 
 may succeed this last measure in behalf of his health and con- 
 stitution." 
 
 The General Conventions which Bishop Ives attended during 
 the course of his Episcopate were at the following places and 
 dates : At Philadelphia in 1832, at the same place in 1838, at 
 ISTew York in 1841, at Philadelphia in 1844, at Few York in 
 1847, and at Cincinnati in 1850. He also took part in the fol- 
 lowing consecrations: George Washington Doane, as Bishop 
 of 'New Jersey, October 31, 1832; Stephen Elliott, as Bishop 
 
Bishops of Xokth Carolina. 97 
 
 of Georgia, February 28, 1841 ; John Jolms, as Assistant Bishop 
 of Virginia, October 13, 1842 ; and Carlton Chase, as Bishop of 
 Xe^- Hampshire, October 20, 1844. The above Bishop Elliot:, 
 of Greorgia, was succeeded (after his death) by the Right Rev- 
 erend John Watrous Beckwith, a native of Xorth Carolina, who 
 had been ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Atkinson. 
 
 Before a Diocese had been established in Florida, the Diocese 
 of Xorth Carolina had a parish (Christ Church) at Pensacola, 
 in that State. For many years the Rector of Christ Church, 
 in Pensacola, was the Reverend Joseph H. Saunders, who regu- 
 larly reported the state of his far southern parish to the Dio- 
 cesan Conventions of Xorth Carolina. In 1838, his report says 
 that Bishop Kemper, of the jlissionary Jurisdiction of 2iIissouri 
 and Indiana, had visited Pensacola and had consecrated Christ 
 Church — adding that Kemper was the only Bishop who had 
 visited the middle and western sections of Florida. "In January 
 last," says Saunders, referring to the year 1838, "a meeting of 
 the clergy and laity of the Church in Florida was organized, 
 the primary convention thereof held, and the necessary meas- 
 ures adopted to obtain admission into union with the General 
 Convention." The Reverend Mr. Saunders, just mentioned, 
 was father of the great Xorth Carolina historian, William L. 
 Saunders, LL.D., another one of his children being iliss Anne 
 Saunders, a most estimable lady who was connected with Saint 
 Mary's School in Raleigh at the time of her death in 1906, and 
 for twelve years prior thereto. 
 
 In his address to the Diocesan Convention of 1844, Bishop 
 Ives stated that the Reverend R. H. Wilmer, late of Virginia, 
 had become Rector of Saint James's Church in Wilmington, 
 with the Reverend George T. Wilmer, a deacon, as Assistant 
 Rector. The first of these was afterwards the famou.s Bishop 
 of Alabama, who enjoyed the distinction of being the only 
 Bishop consecrated under the authority of the "Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church in the Confederate States of America." He was 
 the author of a delightful book of reminiscences entitled The 
 
98 BisHoi's OF North Carolina. 
 
 Becciit Past from a Southern Standpoint, and his biography- 
 was afterwards written by the Eeverend Walter C. Whitaker, 
 a nntive of North Carolina. Bishop "Wilmer's father was a 
 noted clergyman of the American Church, as were many other 
 members of his family connection, including the Eight Reverend 
 Joseph P. B. Wilmer, Bishop of Louisiana. The above-men- 
 tioned pastorate, in "Wilmington, of the Reverend Richard H. 
 Wilmer was not of many months duration. 
 
 The present writer has seen a statement that Bishop Ives did 
 much religious work among the slave population of North Caro- 
 lina, and that his personal popularity greatly suffered thereby. 
 The first part of this statement cannot be denied, yet the second 
 is far from true. It has never been the policy of the Church 
 in North Carolina to withhold spiritual enlightenment from the 
 negroes, either before or after their emancipation; and, instead 
 of being a pioneer in the work. Bishop Ives only continued a 
 course of action which had been followed by his Church from 
 the beginning of its existence in North Carolina, as has already 
 been shown. When addressing the Diocesan Convention of 
 1841, concerning work among the plantation negroes. Bishop 
 Ives voiced his sentiments as follows : "Lest any should misap- 
 prehend the character and tendency of our efforts in this direc- 
 tion, I wish it distinctly understood that everything is conducted 
 with strict regard to the legal enactments on the subject and 
 under the constant supervision, in each case, of the planter him- 
 self. In reference also to our exertions hitherto, so far as we 
 can discern it, we feel warranted in affirming it to be decidedly 
 favorable to subordination." The wealthiest slave-holders among 
 the laity of the Church in North Carolina, some owning con- 
 siderably more than a thousand negroes, were almost always 
 deeply impressed with the obligations resting upon them as 
 masters, and among these we may enumerate the heads of such 
 families as Collins, Pettigrew, Burgwyn, Skinner, Cameron, 
 Smith and Bennehan. Time and again did Bishop Ives place 
 on record his approbation of their labors. The Collins and 
 
Bishops of Xokth Cabolixa. 90 
 
 Pettigrew families, being near neighbors, worshiped at Petti- 
 greVs Chapel; and another chapel was built not far distant for 
 the use of the slaves, both houses of worship being under the care 
 of the same clergyman. It would require too much space here 
 to re-print the numerous references by Bishop Ives to the efforts 
 of Josiah Collins for the betterment of the religious condition 
 of the hundreds upon hundreds of slaves on his extensive planta- 
 tions. In 1846, in an address to the Diocesan Convention, 
 Bishop Ives described a recent visit to that gentleman in the 
 following glowing language: "I went by the request of my 
 friend Josiah Collins, Esq., directly to the estate on Lake Scup- 
 pemong, which had been without stated ministerial services for 
 the greater part of the year. Here, and in the neighljoring 
 parish of Pettigrew's Chapel, I passed the remaining part of 
 the season of Lent — ^holding daily services, delivering lectures, 
 and commencing a new course of oral catechetical instruction 
 to the servants. This course is to embrace the prominent events 
 and truths of the Old and Xew Testaments, as connected with 
 man's fall and redemption; and is designed to follow the oral 
 catechism I, have already published. The services here were of 
 the most gratifying and encouraging character, fully justifying 
 all that has been said and anticipated of the system of religious 
 training hitherto pursued on these plantations. When I saw 
 master and servants standing side by side in the holy services of 
 Passion "Week, when I saw all secular labor on these plantations 
 suspended on Good Friday, and the cleanly clad multitude 
 thronging the house of prayer to pay their homage to a crucified 
 Saviour, and when I saw, on the blessed Easier mom, the mas- 
 ter, with his goodly company of servants, kneeling with reverent 
 hearts and devout thanksgivings to take the bread of life at the 
 same altar, I could not but indulge the hope that, ere long, my 
 spirit might be refreshed by such scenes in every part of my 
 Diocese — ^while I could not help believing that, had some of 
 our brethren of other lands been present, they would have been 
 induced to change the note of their wailing over imaginary 
 
100 Bishops of jSTorth Carolina. 
 
 suffering into the heartfelt exclamation : 'Plappy are the people 
 that are in such a case ; yea, blessed are the people who have the 
 Lord for their God.' Often, at such limes, have I wished for 
 the presence of my friend the good Bishop of Oxford, as I have 
 felt assured that could he but once witness what it was my 
 happiness to witness, though in too imperfect a state, his manly 
 heart would prompt him to ask instant pardon of the American 
 Church for his having spoken so harshly upon a subject which 
 he so imperfectly understood, and that he would perceive his 
 Christian sympathy would find a more natural vent in efforts 
 to remove the cruel oppressions of the factory system in his own 
 country, and his Christian indignation a much more legitimate 
 object of rebuke in the English Churchmen who have helped to 
 rivet that system upon their land." Of a visit in 1836 to Salem 
 Chapel, in Orange County, adjoining the plantation of Judge 
 Duncan Cameron (and built by that gentleman), Bishop Ives 
 wrote: "I performed service and preached to a congregation, 
 chiefly of colored persons, from the plantations of Judge Cam- 
 eron and Mr. Bennehan." In April, 1849, after speaking of a 
 visitation to Saint Paul's Church in Edenton, the Bishop says: 
 "I officiated in St. Timothy's Chapel, on the estate of Joshua 
 Skinner, Esq., whose interest in the Christian instruction of his 
 slaves deserves every encouragement. Here I confirmed eleven 
 persons." On the same page of the Bishop's journal he says: 
 "I officiated at the house of Henry K. Burgvryn, Esq., and eon- 
 firmed seven colored persons. Mr. Burgwyn is making very 
 laudable efforts to christianize his slaves, which thus far have 
 proved eminently successful." During the Episcopate of Bishop 
 Ives first began to be felt the labors of three brothers, William 
 Ruffin Smith, Richard Henry Smith and James Norfleet Smith, 
 of Halifax County, religious workers, church builders and in- 
 structors of their slaves. Nor was the work in the cities behind 
 that in the rural districts in behalf of the religious instruction 
 of the negroes. In 1832, the Reverend William D. Oairus, Rec- 
 tor of Saint James's Church in Wilmington, reported that 
 
Bishops or Xoeth Cabolina, 101 
 
 eighteen of Mb communicants were negroes. To the Diocesan 
 Convention of 1833 the same clergyman stated: "A colored 
 congregation has been organized with more than anticipated 
 success. The church edifice is relinquished to their use on the 
 night of Sunday, and the average attendance has been near three 
 hundred. The intelligent of the community ajjprove the effort." 
 To the convention la.st mentioned the Reverend -Tohn R. Good- 
 man, Eector of Christ Church in Xew Bern, reported that a 
 colored congregation had been formed in the parish and weekly 
 services were regularly held. Another report, at the same time, 
 from the Reverend Jarvis B. Buxton, Rector of Saint John's 
 Church, in FayetteviUe, ran as f ollov, s : "An exemplary sobriety 
 of deportment, observable within the African congregation, af- 
 fords pleasing evidence of the adaptation of our Scriptural 
 liturgy to the wants and apprehensions of this particular popu- 
 lation." Seven years later (to the Diocesan Convention of 
 1840) the last quoted clergyman said : "The colored population 
 continue to manifest the liveliest interest in the visitations of the 
 Bishop, and in the special services he affords them. On these 
 occasions, and for their accommodation, all the pews are re- 
 linquished by their proprietors." In May, 1832, a congregation 
 of negroes was organized at Washington, in Beaufort County, 
 by the Reverend William IT. Hawks, a native of ITew Bern, who 
 did much missionary work in the surrounding country. About 
 twelve years later the free negroes of Washington built a chapel 
 at their own expense, and Mr. Hawks there ministered to them. 
 As heretofore stated (in the sketch of Bishop Ravenscroft), the 
 Reverend Mr. Hawks was a brother of the Right Reverend 
 Cicero Stephens Hawks, Bishop of Missouri, and of the Rev- 
 erend Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D. We cannot better close 
 this account of the earlier efforts to better the religious condi- 
 tion of the negro race in ]^?'o^th Carolina, during the Episcopate 
 of Bishop Ives, than by quoting from a report on the State of 
 the Church, which was made to the Diocesan Convention of 
 1848. This report says : "The religious wants of this part of 
 
102 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 oui- population claim strongly the attention of both clergy and 
 laity. Our duty to our servants is not done by barely allowing 
 them to receive some religious instruction in vsfhatever quarter 
 they may choose to find it. The sober piety that is inspired by 
 the services of the Church — the transforming and renewing 
 power of Christ's Sacraments, conveying Divine grace in and 
 through the ministrations of the Church — furnish reason 
 enough to induce every member of it to desire and endeavor to 
 bring them into 'one fold' under the 'one Shepherd.' And surely 
 the master who calls himself a Churchman falls short of his 
 duty if he neglects to have his servants duly baptized and cate- 
 chized, and trained in all the methods of the Church by her 
 appointed ministers, for her communion. So much he may do, 
 for they are especially entrusted to him — so much he must do, 
 for on what he does depends the salvation of their souls." 
 
 An account of the Episcopate of Bishop Ives would be far 
 from complete if we failed to record what was done during that 
 period in the interest of Christian education. The most im- 
 portant of all educational work was that carried on at Saint 
 Mary's School in Ealeigh by the Keverend Aldert Smedes, 
 D. J)., formerly a resident of ISTew York, whom Bishop Ives 
 had encouraged in his inclination to come South. Through 
 the instrumentality of Doctor Smedes the doctrines of the 
 Church were spread to thousands during the decades which 
 afterwards elapsed, both under the management of himself and 
 that of his no less zealous and consecrated son, the Reverend 
 Bennett Smedes, D.D., together with their worthy successors, 
 the Eeverend Messrs. Theodore D. Bratton (now Bishop of 
 Mississippi), MclSTeely DuBose, and George W. Lay. But this 
 institution, which is now the Church's most prized educational 
 possession in Worth Carolina, grew out of an unsuccessful effort 
 to establish a church school for boys, and a review of the whole 
 matter may be studied with both profit and interest. Nor shall 
 we omit mention of the mountain mission of Valle Crusis; for 
 (though strange doctrines may for a while have been proclaimed 
 
Bishops of ISToeth Cabolixa. 103 
 
 therein) that, too, though on a smaller scale, has been the means 
 of extending Church doctrines. So, also, for a while, was 
 Trinity School in the western section of Wake County. Eavens- 
 croft School, in Asheville, was established at a later period, dur- 
 ing the Episcopate of Bishop Atkinson. 
 
 The school for boys, out of which grew the female seminary 
 now famous as Saint Mary's School, was called the Episcopal 
 School of Xorth Carolina. Almost immediately after his 
 arrival in the State, Bishop Ives began to bestir himself 
 in the matter of Christian education. To the Diocesan Con- 
 vention of 1832 he declared that, though the General Theologi- 
 cal Seminary was cherished by the Church throughout the 
 United States, it was desirable to establish within the Diocese 
 of Xorth Carolina a school for the instruction of young men 
 who intended to prepare for the ministry, and also a school for 
 boys, under the auspices of the Church. It was suggested that 
 the latter should be modeled after a successful educational insti- 
 tution at Flushing, Long Island, in the State of Xew York. On 
 motion of Mr. Gavin Hogg, this recommendation was referred 
 to a joint committee, composed of clergy and laity, as follows : 
 the Reverend Messrs. William M. Green, G«orge W. Freeman, 
 Jarvis B. Buxton and Joseph H. Saunders ; and Judge Duncan 
 Cameron, Judge Greorge E. Badger, Mr. Charles P. Mallett, and 
 Mr. Thomas P. Devereux. This committee was instructed to 
 report to the next Diocesan Convention a plan for the establish- 
 ment of a Church school, to suggest a place for its location, and 
 make any other recommendations which should be deemed 
 advisable. On December 6, 1832, on April 3, 1833, and proba- 
 bly at other times. Bishop Ives met this committee, but no im- 
 portant action was taken. On May 31, 1833, while the Dio- 
 cesan Convention was in session at Warrenton, a resolution was 
 passed, providing that the institution should be located at Ea- 
 leigh and should be called the Episcopal School of Xorth Caro- 
 lina. At the same time, the Convention pledged itself to fulfill 
 any contracts or agreements which the above committee should 
 
104 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 make. After tliese resolutions were adopted, Bisliop Ives de- 
 livered a special charge, of some length, on the importance of 
 Phristian education. In 1833, the same year in which this con- 
 vention was held, the Bishop visited the school at Flushing, 
 Long Island, and also one at Northampton, Massachusetts, to 
 familiarize himself with the workings of those institutions. The 
 Northampton school — called Eound Hill Academy — was oper- 
 ated by George Bancroft (afterwards so celebrated as a histo- 
 rian), in partnership with Josepli G. Cogswell. The latter was 
 prevailed upon to come to Ealeigh as principal of the Episcopal 
 School, and he accordingly arrived in Raleigh, in company with 
 the Bishop, November 25, 1833. In the same year, the Reverend 
 Joseph H. Saunders (then stationed in Warrenton) came to 
 Raleigh to become Chaplain of the school. On Monday, June 2, 
 1834, the school was opened. During the session of 1835-'36, 
 Mr. Cogswell resigned the office of principal, assigning ill health 
 as his reason, and was succeeded by the Reverend Adam Empie, 
 then President of "William and Mary College, in Virginia, but 
 formerly a clergyman of the Diocese of North Carolina. He it 
 was, as will be remembered, who was secretary of the Convention 
 of 1817, when the Diocese was organized, and he was president 
 of the Convention of 1823, which elected John Stark Ravens- 
 croft to the Bishopric. The return of Doctor Empie was a 
 source of great pleasure to his old associates and acquaintances, 
 and the Convention of 1836 passed the following resolution rela- 
 tive to his again becoming a clergyman of the Diocese : 
 
 "Resolved, That this Convention entertain and hereby express a 
 sincere satisfaction at the appointment, to the Rectorship of the 
 Episcopal School, of the Reverend President Empie ; and do welcome 
 his return to the Diocese and to the Convention, of which he was so 
 long a zealous and efficient member." 
 
 At the time of the arrival of Doctor Empie in Raleigh (July, 
 1836), the faculty of the Episcopal School consisted of the fol- 
 lowing members: John DeBerniere Hooper, Acting Principal; 
 the Reverend Joseph H. Saunders, Chaplain; Nathaniel Rich- 
 
Bishops of Xobth Caholixa. 105 
 
 ardson, Instructor in Mathematics; Frederick TT. Shelton, In- 
 structor in Ancient Languages; and Greorge Hood, TVriting ila=- 
 ier and Instructor in Sacred ilusic. Through the instrument- 
 ality of Bishop Ives, this school received a gift from England of 
 a full set of the publications of both the Society for the Promo- 
 tion of Christian Kno^n-ledge and the Society for the Propaga- 
 tion of the Grospel in Foreign Parts. 
 
 The Episcopal School was first incorporated by an act of the 
 Greneral Assembly which was deemed defective, and another 
 enactment (Chaper 32 of the Laws of 1835) was passed, vesting 
 the government of the school in the following Board of Trustees : 
 the Eight Reverend Levi SiUiman Ives, the Reverend ilessrs. 
 Greorge W. Freeman, William Mercer Green, and John Single- 
 tary, and Messrs. William Xorwood, Jr., Duncan Cameron, 
 Frederick J. HiU, M. D., Simmons J. Baker, M. D., Thomas P. 
 Devereux, Greorge E. Spruill, Edward L. Winslow, William H. 
 Haywood, Jr., and Charles Manly. After remaining in Raleigh 
 less than a year, the Reverend Mr. Empie returned to his old 
 home in Wilmington, and was succeeded as Rector of the Epis- 
 copal School by the Reverend Closes Ashley Curtis. The latter 
 gentleman not only possessed good attainments as an educator 
 and theologian, but was an author of high rank on botanical sub- 
 jects. 
 
 The Trustees of the Episcopal School, in 1839, reported to the 
 Diocesan Convention the erection of three buildings which in 
 the course of a few years became a part of the group of houses 
 which, ever since 1^42, has been used by Saint Mary's School. 
 This report was as follows : "By the use of funds contributed by 
 individuals, and other sums borrowed for the purpose (in the 
 whole amounting to $30,000), the Trustees of the Episcopal 
 School have purchased a beautiful site nigh to the city of Ra- 
 leigh, and have erected on it one large and handsome brick 
 house, three stories high; and two spacious wings of stone, two 
 stories high, with all necessary out-houses, oiSces, drc. The 
 buildings are very substantially built and are sufficient for the 
 
106 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 comfortable accommodation of two hundred students and the 
 number of professors necessary for a seminary of learning of 
 the highest grade." Before these buildings could be fully com- 
 pleted for use as a school, a bank, to which the trustees owed 
 $14,000, called for payment, and it was necessary to sell the 
 property to meet the indebtedness. Mr. George W. Mordecai 
 was first appointed a commissioner with power to execute the 
 necessary deeds, etc., but did not succeed in effecting a sale. 
 The matter was then referred to the Honorable John H. Bryan 
 and the Honorable William H. Haywood, Jr., as commissioners ; 
 but those gentlemen declined to serve, and were succeeded by Mr. 
 Edmund B. Freeman, who closed out the property as directed. 
 Judge Duncan Cameron becoming the purchaser. 
 
 On May 25, 1839 (before the above sale took place), the Dio- 
 cesan Convention of Worth Carolina had elected Bishop Ives, 
 Judge Duncan Cameron, and the Honorable William H. Hay- 
 wood, Jr., a committee to go to South Carolina and ascertain 
 whether that Diocese would be willing to join North Carolina 
 in establishing a Theological School in the place then occupied 
 by the Episcopal School in Raleigh. In 1840, Bishop Ives 
 reported that the committee had not gone on this mission, as 
 affairs were unsettled in South Carolina, owing to the death of 
 Bishop Bowen; furthermore, that letters had been received 
 which indicated that the latter Diocese would not be likely to 
 join in this educational undertaking. This movement to secure 
 the 'Co-operation of South Carolina was the final effort to save 
 the school at Raleigh; and, upon its failure, nothing remained 
 but to proceed with the sale of the grounds and buildings. 
 
 Reporting the sale of the Episcopal School, Bishop Ives, as 
 President of the Board of Trustees, said : "The Honorable Judge 
 Cameron, making the highest bid, became the purchaser of the 
 property at an amount covering the original purchase of the 
 land, with the interest thereon, and also the sum loaned from 
 the Episcopal fund, with the back interest. This amount having 
 been paid to the said agent [Mr. Edmund B. Freeman] and ap- 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Cabolixa. 107 
 
 plied to the removal of the aforesaid incumbrances, the proper 
 deeds were executed and the property duly conveyed to Judge 
 Cameron." 
 
 About the year 1840, the Reverend Edwin Geer and the Eev- 
 erend John A. Backhouse taught for a short while in the "East 
 Rock House" of the defunct Episcopal School. 
 
 Xot long after the sale of the land and buildings of the Epis- 
 copal School, Bishop Ives was in Xew York, and there met the 
 Reverend Aldert Smedes, a young clergyman with whom he 
 already had some acquaintance, and who was seeking a location 
 in the South for school work. Mr. Smedes had been compelled 
 by bronchial trouble to abandon his work as a parish priest. 
 He was not unknown to fame as an educator, having conducted 
 a girls' school in Xew York; but physicians had advised him 
 that a milder climate would be beneficial to his health. Bishop 
 Ives eagerly seized this opportunity for securing his services in 
 Xorth Carolina, and told him of the vacant buildings of the 
 Episcopal School at Raleigh which Judge Cameron wished to 
 rent for educational purposes. The result was that Mr. Smedes 
 came to Raleigh and opened up a school for girls, recitations 
 beginning on the 12th of May, 1842. Immediately upon the 
 establishment of this school, he gave it the name of Saixt 
 Maey's, wishing that the pure life and religious humility of 
 the Blessed Virgin might be an example to its students in the 
 years to come. On the first Sunday after Trinity in 1842 (May 
 29th), a few weeks after Mr. Smedes began this work, it is 
 recorded by Bishop Ives that he "preached to an interesting 
 assemblage of young ladies at St. Mary's School, Ravenscroft 
 Grove, Raleigh." As space will not permit us to trace the his- 
 tory of Saint Mary's from its foundation to the period (nearly 
 sixty years later) when the Church purchased it from the heirs 
 of Judge Cameron, we may well close our present reference to it 
 with a quotation from the Bishop's address to the Convention 
 of 1844, when he said : "Its prosperity and promised benefit to 
 the Church, while they call for our prayers and encouragements, 
 
108 Bishops of Nokth Carolina. 
 
 go inv to show tliat God's ways are best — that, while we wore 
 mourning for the Episcopal School, He designed in that failure 
 a greater good to the Diocese." 
 
 The failure of the Episcopal School did not prevent further 
 efforts toward male education at Kaleigh; for, in 1847, the 
 Eeverend Aldert Smedes also undertook to establish a school for 
 boys, in addition to the school for girls which he was then so 
 successfully operating. In the Bishop's address to the Conven- 
 tion of 1847, the undertaking was described as follows : "A new 
 classical school for boys, under the patronage of the Diocesan, 
 is about to be opened within six or seven miles of the city of 
 Ealeigh; and this through the instrumentality and zeal of the 
 present Eector of St. Mary's School in that city." This new 
 male academy was called Trinity School. It was west of Ka- 
 leigh about six miles; and, after the War Between the States, 
 was purchased for agricultural uses by Major William Augus- 
 tus Blount, who named his plantation Stony-lonesome. Though 
 Trinity School was an educational venture financed by the 
 Eeverend Aldert ..Smedes, it was under the immediate con- 
 trol of the Eeverend Fordyce M. Hubbard, as Eector. Mr. Hub- 
 bard was a native of Massachusetts, where he had been a teacher 
 under Doctor Cogswell in the Eound Hill Academy at North- 
 ampton, heretofore alluded to. He came to Trinity School from 
 Christ Church in ISTew Bern, ISTorth Carolina, of which he had 
 been Eector for some time. Trinity School was recognized as a 
 parish in itself, and the first report of its Eector, in 1848, stated : 
 "This school was opened nearly twelve months ago, and its con- 
 stant and gradual grovrth leaves in the minds of those who have 
 charge of it no doubt of its permanence and prosperity. The 
 aim of its teachers has been to combine thorough instruction 
 and the highest attainments in learning, with strict discipline 
 and careful training in the doctrines and duties of religion. In 
 the former respects their efforts have been rewarded with all the 
 success they anticipated. The religious education of those com- 
 
Bishops of Xokth Caeolixa. 109 
 
 mitted to them kas been conducted in the mc-thod prescribed by 
 the Church. Daily prayer is said, v.ith daily examinations in 
 Holy Scripture; fasts and festivals are duly observed, with ser- 
 mons and catechizing on Sundays. .Vll the services are cheer- 
 fully attended by the boys, and, we believe, with much advan- 
 tage." After ser^-ing as Rector of Trinity School for about a 
 year, the Eeverend 3Ir. Hubbard left that institution in 1849 to 
 accept a professorship in the University of Xorth Carolina, and 
 the Eeverend P. Teller Babbitt succeeded him in his former 
 post. In 1851, the Reverend Mr. Babbitt reported that there 
 were nineteen students at Trinity. He removed in the following 
 year to Florida. With his departure, the brief existence of 
 Trinity School came to an end. 
 
 It was in 1844-'45 that Bishop Ives first began to take steps 
 toward the establishment of a mountain mission in Watauga 
 County at a place which he named Valle Orucis. This was a 
 noble conception for the spread of religion and education 
 throughout the mountainous section of the Diocese, theretofore 
 a much neglected field ; and, had he confined Ms religious views 
 strictly to the teachings of the Holy Scriptures and Book of 
 Common Prayer, the undertaking might have met with more 
 success. Even with its early record, whereby it lost the confi- 
 dence of the Church for a time, much good has been accom- 
 plished there. In his address to the Convention of 1844, Bishop 
 Ives alluded to the mountainous section of the State, saying: 
 "Here the destitute begin to perceive and apjjreciate the eminent 
 appropriateness of our Liturgy to their condition. In many 
 instances they have confessed to me, with tears of gratitude, that 
 its use among them has opened to their minds sources of knowl- 
 edge inconceivably greater than anything which they had before 
 enjoyed. Persons, unable to read, have given as a reason for 
 becoming Episcopalians that so much of the Bible is read to 
 them in our services. Our chants, too, have found special favor 
 with them. Through the whole extent of my last visitation in 
 the mountain district, I was accompanied by three of my 
 
110 Bishops of ]!^orth Carolina. 
 
 younger clergy, who were sufficiently skilled in chanting to 
 enable them to chant the portions of our service usually per- 
 formed in this way. The effect was in the highest degree favor- 
 able, and the desire of the people to be instructed in this kind of 
 music importunate." Later the Bishop was able to announce 
 that while he was in "Watauga Valley (August, 1844), a farm 
 had been purchased and contracts awarded for the erection of 
 buildings for a missionary station. Of this farm tract, one hun- 
 dred acres were under cultivation when the land was purchased. 
 A small grist-mill and tannery were already on the place. The 
 first buildings erected under the auspices of Bishop Ives were a 
 saw-mill, a log kitchen and dining-room, a log dwelling contain- 
 ing four rooms, and a frame building (sixty by twenty feet) 
 with a room at each end for teachers, together with a large hall 
 for school purposes in the centre, all on the ground floor. Over 
 the whole, was a dormitory for boys. All these buildings, said 
 the Bishop, would be ready for use by June, 1845. The objects 
 of the Valle Crusis mission, as set forth by Bishop Ives to the 
 Convention of 1845, were as follows : to extend the gospel 
 throughout a territory, thirty or forty miles in every direction, 
 to a religiously destitute people ; to give rudimentary instruction 
 to poor children of the immediate neighborhood on terms which 
 their parents could afford; to receive into the institution young 
 men of talent from the surrounding country, on condition that 
 they should serve as teachers and catechists for a certain time 
 after graduation, under the direction of the authorities of the 
 mission ; to train boys of talent and merit for either the ministry 
 or subordinate services to the Church ; to give theological train- 
 ing to candidates for holy orders; to conduct a general school, 
 both classical and agricultural; and to maintain a model farm, 
 both as an aid in supporting the mission and as a means of 
 instructing the surrounding population in improved agriculture. 
 This was the first school in Worth Carolina where practical agri- 
 culture was taught. The farm work was under the direction of 
 a young agriculturist from the State of ISTew York. In 1846, 
 
Bishops of Xobth Cabolina. Ill 
 
 much progress was reported at Valle Orusis. Several of the old 
 railb had been replaced with new and improved buildings for 
 the same uses, and a large bam and blacksmith shop had been 
 added, besides other houses. In the classical and agricultural 
 school, twenty-eight pupils had received instruction during the 
 year, nine of these being given instruction and board free of 
 charge. There were also seven candidates for holy orders re- 
 siding there. Upon receipt of this report for 1847, the Com- 
 mittee on the State of the Church, through its chairman, the 
 Reverend Eobert Brent Drane, of Wilmington, reported that it 
 deeply sympathized with the Bishop in his wishes, and agreed 
 with him in the crrpectation of its ultimately becoming a noble 
 and permanent nursery of the Church. In 1846 the Valle Crusis 
 mission suffered a severe blow in the death of its first Hector, 
 the Reverend William Thurston. Of that faithfid servant of 
 God, Bishop Ives wrote : "As a friend, a presbyter, the Rector 
 of the School at Valle Crusis, and my associate in that self- 
 sacrificing enterprise, his simplicity, and guilelessness, and fidel- 
 ity, and unflinching toil, had not only endeared him to my heart, 
 but also made his loss a severe trial to my faith in the important 
 work (to which I felt myself so urgently called) of spreading 
 the light of life through our mountain wilds." After the death 
 of the Reverend Mr. Thurston, the Reverend Henry H. Prout 
 became head of the mission and the Reverend Jarvis Buxton 
 (son of the Reverend Jarvis B. Buxton) had charge of the 
 school. In time, the Reverend William Glenney French suc- 
 ceeded Mr. Prout as head of the mission. In addition to those 
 already mentioned in connection with Valle Crusis, quite a num- 
 ber of others lived there, at one time or another, who were either 
 then in the sacred ministry or later took holy orders. Among 
 these may be mentioned William R. Gries, William Passmore, 
 George Patterson, Frederick Fitz Gerald, Joseph W. Murphy, 
 Richard Wainwright Barber, Charles T. Bland, WUliam West 
 Skiles, and Thomas F. Davis, Jr. There were probably others 
 also. In the report of the Committee on the State of the Church, 
 
112 Bishops of North Cakolina. 
 
 for 1848, we find the announcement : "It is understood that the 
 religious honso at Valle Crusis will henceforth devote its ener- 
 gies to the instruction of candidates, or those who desire to be- 
 come candidates, for holy orders. The importance of this insti- 
 tution to the Diocese is immense, as the nursery of a future min- 
 istry. It appears to possess peculiar advantages for this work, 
 not only in the retirement, for the time being, of its students 
 from the distractions of society, and the hardy and useful dis- 
 cipline to which they are inured, but also in the great economy 
 with which the work can be conducted — your Committee being 
 informed that $50 apiece, per annum, may be made to cover all 
 necessary expenses, except those for clothing." By 1849 the mis- 
 sion at Valle Crusis had begun to drift away from the teachings 
 of the Church, and was fast becoming a feeble and undignified 
 imitation of the monastic institutions of the Church of Rome. 
 In October of that year, under the pseudonym of "A Layman of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church in North Carolina," United 
 States Senator George E. Badger issued a small booklet entitled 
 An Examination of the Doctrines Declared and Powers Claimed 
 by the Right Reverend Bishop Ives, and in this he said : 
 
 " He [Bishop Ives] has instituted at Valle Crusis a monastic order, 
 a society within the church, composed of persons bound to hlni by a 
 vow of celibacy, i)overty, and obedience, the form of which the Bishop 
 does not give us in his Pastoral, though he sets out the objects of the 
 society and the duties of the order. ITe has given to the members as 
 their peculiar dress, 'a black cassock, extending from the throat to 
 the ankles,' answering to that worn by members of the Romish Order 
 of Jesus. He allows to be placed ou the altar a pyx, In which are 
 reserved the remaining consecrated elements after a communion, a 
 practice used in the Romish Church, but disallowed and forbidden by 
 ours. Again : there is used at Valle Crusis, with the approbation of 
 the Bishop, a little manual of devotion, in which, the Bishop says, 
 were some 'expressions' which, upon being ob,1ected to, were by him 
 promptly altered. Now, these 'expressions' were prayers to the Virgin 
 Mary and the Saints; and these prayers the Bishop does not deem 
 wrong in principle, for, in a letter to one of his presbyters, he says: 
 'I feel bound, however, to say, that while I allow no prayers to the 
 Virgin Mary and Saints, it is not because they are wrong in them- 
 selves, but because they are liable to abitse.' " 
 
BlSHOI'S OF XOETH CiROLIX,\. 113 
 
 in connection with the Valle Cru.Js mission it is but jusf to 
 the clergjmftn there stationed under Bishop Ivos to add that 
 when he abandoned his Church -a few years later, not one fol- 
 lowf;d his example. Their vow of "obediencj"' did not carry 
 them that far. After the defection of its founder, the above mis- 
 sion was almost deserted for nearly half a century, though the 
 Reverend William West Skiles faithfully labored as a mission- 
 ary in that vicinity until his death, December 8, 1862. The 
 work there was revived, many years later, chiefly through the 
 instrumentality of Bishop Cheshire ; but it is at piesent situ- 
 ated within the Missionary Jurisdiction of Asheville, under 
 Bishop Homer — an enthusiast on religious education — and is 
 now daily doing the work for which it was originally founded. 
 An interesting account of the early work at Valle Crusis, by 
 Mrs. H. H. Prout, will be found in the Messenger of Rope for 
 February, 1909. 
 
 It was in the Winter of 1848-'49 that the religious practices 
 of Bishop Ives began to be at variance with the Church in 
 which he held office; but, time and again, he made jtoint-blank 
 denials when charged with fostering doctrines which he after- 
 wards admitted to have held "for years" before he openly pro- 
 fessed himself a Roman Catholic. In the early Spring of 1848 
 he had boon prostrated by a dangerous attack of fever, and 
 for many weeks he was confined to his bed at the home of 
 Josiah Collins, of Edenton. This illness prevented his at- 
 tendance upon the Diocesan Convention which assembled in 
 Wilmington during the month of May, and he spent the Sum- 
 mer recuperating, not being able (as he tells us in his journal) 
 to resume his duties until the •first of the following September. 
 Among the papers submitted to a committee which effected a 
 temporary reconciliation between the Bishop and his Diocese 
 in 1850-'.51 (after his retraction or denial of all past teachings 
 not authorized by his Church) was a letter from an Edenton 
 physician, Doctor Matthew Page, tending to show that the 
 above-mentioned attack of fever had to some extent affected 
 
114 Bishops op JSTorth Carolina. 
 
 the Bishop's mind. To the same effect was other testimony, 
 including that of Mr. Collins, at whose home the Bishop's ill- 
 ness had occurred. Said the committee's report to the Diocesan 
 Convention of 1851 : "In addition to Dr. Page's letter, they 
 [the committee] have before them statements tending to show 
 that the Bishop has for several years past been in a state of 
 mental excitement which has impaired his memory and rendered 
 quite uncertain the determinations of his judgment. An oral 
 statement, quite in detail, but which the Committee have not 
 had time to reduce to writing, was also made by Josiah Col- 
 lins, Esq., to show that the Bishop's mind has been, for several 
 years past, from an attack of fever, singularly affected, so as to 
 impair his judgment and enfeeble his memory, while other 
 powers of the mind have been rather exalted — a state of mind 
 well calculated to mislead its subject, and at the same time to 
 expose him to gross misconceptions on the part of others." 
 Accompanying this report — indeed a part of it — was a signed 
 statement by the Bishop, retracting about every religious 
 dogma he had ever advocated which was not sustained by the 
 teachings of the Episcopal Church. Later reference will be 
 made to this paper. The denials and retractions by Bishop 
 Ives of facts, which he afterwards admitted to have been true, 
 began in 1848 and ended in December, 1852, when he openly 
 avowed his conversion to the Church of Rome. Had he made 
 no concealment of his change of mind at the time it first took 
 place, openly embracing the faith of his new choice, instead 
 of attempting to establish usages in the Church which were 
 altogether repugnant to its laws — ^laws he was pledged as Bishop 
 to support — it would have been far better than was the vacillat- 
 ing course he pursued during the last four years of his Episco- 
 pate. He had as perfect a right to leave the Episcopal 
 Church as he had formerly had to enter it when he aban- 
 doned Presbyterianism in his youth; indeed, it was not only a 
 right but a duty, under the existing circumstances. Had he 
 lived at a later period he might have profited by the advice of 
 
Bishops of Xobth Cabolina. 115 
 
 the great Bishop of Alabama, Kiehard Hooker "Kilmer, who 
 said: "If you don't like the 'Reformed Church' the 'unre- 
 formed' Church has its doors open to receive you. Go home! 
 In the name of truth, sincerity and decency, so far as in you 
 lies, be what you purport to be. Use the language of the Bible, 
 and of your mother the Church, and speak not in dubious and 
 long since discarded phraseology of 'masses,' etc." 
 
 We shall now give a detailed account of the various stages of 
 controversy through which Bishop Ives and the Church passed 
 between the years 1848 and 18-52. As has already been stated, 
 after some months spent in recuperating from the fever, he 
 had sufficiently recovered by September, 1848, to resume his 
 duties. Following that time, vague rumors were afloat as to 
 practices authorized and advocated by him, especially at Valle 
 Crusis. By the time winter had passed and the month for 
 holding the Diocesan Convention had arrived Olay, 1849), the 
 Committee on the State of the Church reported to that conven- 
 tion, in part, as follows: "While the Committee find much 
 cause of thankfulness to God for these manifestations of the 
 Church's increase, they deplore the existence among its mem- 
 bers of great agitation and alarm, arising from the impression 
 that doctrines have been preached not in accordance with the 
 Liturgy and Articles of this Church, and that ceremonies and 
 practices have been introduced, either unauthorized by the cus- 
 toms of this Church or in plain violation of its rubrics." The 
 Bishop was confined to his bed by sickness when this committee 
 made its report, but lost no time in sending to the Convention 
 a written communication, which vi-as read before that body 
 by the Eeverend Cameron F. McRae, as follows: 
 
 Beethbest of the Ctebot : In the report on the State of the Church, 
 made by members of your order, reference Is made to excitement in 
 the Diocese, growing out of the idea that doctrines are promulged and 
 practices encouraged among us, more or less repugnant to the author- 
 ized doctrines and usages of our branch of the Church. As these doc- 
 trines and prac-tiees are not specified, your Bishop can address you 
 only in general terms. But he does, by way of charge, hereby address 
 
116 Bishops of ISTokth Carolina. 
 
 you and .authorize .vou, wlieu you return to your several parishes, to 
 assure ,vour people that no efforts shall be wanting on his part, so 
 long as God may give him jurisdiction in North Carolina, to hinder 
 the inculcation of any doctrine or the introduction of any practice — 
 come from whatever quarter it may — not in strict accordance with 
 the Liturgy of our Church, as illustrated and defined by those stand- 
 ards of interpretation authorized by the Church itself. 
 
 In respect to a particular question which has agitated the Diocese 
 of late, the question of auricular confession, I may here express my 
 conviction that the Book of Common Prayer, our standard of Doc- 
 trine, Discipline, and Worship, does not authorize any clergyman of 
 this Church to teach or enforce such confession as necessary to salva- 
 tion ; and that the only confession that it authorizes is the voluntary 
 confession of the penitent in accordance with the exhortation in the 
 office for the Holy Communion. L. Siiximan Ives, 
 
 Bishop of North Carolina. 
 
 This denial was explicit, to say the least, and peace reigned 
 once more — but only for a while. A few months later (August 
 8, 1849), while at Valle Crusis, Bishop Ives issued a pastoral 
 letter of eighty pages to the Church in ISTorth Carolina, saying, 
 among other things, that the disclaimer on his part, as given 
 above, was dictated from a bed of sickness, his condition not 
 admitting of his "writing or even thinking intensely" (italics 
 in original), and he now considered it humiliating to have 
 given this unnecessary assurance of his fidelity to "our branch 
 of the one Catholic Church." Of the Convention's right to 
 express its sentiments concerning his teachings he declared 
 that : "JSI'o convention, constituted as our conventions are, has 
 a right to determine what is or should be the faith, or practice 
 under the faith, of a diocese. . . . Whatever man, there- 
 fore, or body of men, take upon themselves the power of dic- 
 tation, or control, or, under any form, the chief direction, in 
 regard to the doctrine, discipline and worship of this diocese, 
 or any part of this diocese, are guilty of arrogating powers 
 committed solely to my hands, assuming a trust for which 1 
 alone am made responsible, and resisting the authority of 
 Christ and the functions of the Holy Ghost with which I only 
 am invested. They do more than this if they be clergymen — 
 
Bishops of Xokth Carolina. 117 
 
 they violate thr-ir own solemn vows of fidelity and submission." 
 He also intimates that the clergy of the former Convention 
 deserved to be dejjosed for the "crime of conspiracy" against a 
 Bishop, as the law was given for such eases by the eighteenth 
 canon of the Council of Chalcedon. In the course of this pas- 
 toral Bishop Ives refers to the clerical body under him at 
 Valle Crusis, the "Order of the Holy Cross," and sets forth 
 extracts from the constitution of that organization. There 
 was another clerical order, in Xew York — probably the "Eeclesi- 
 ologists," though he does not so designate it — whose members, 
 he said, had come to him, after the General Convention of 
 1847, for Episcopal guidance, wishing to be transferred to 
 Xorth Carolina. To these youthful clergymen he had said in 
 substance : "Young gentlemen, if you come to me as faithful 
 sons of our branch of the Church, asking my spiritual counsel 
 and guidance, I will receive you, and do all in my power to 
 encourage and strengthen your Catholic views and desires, so 
 far as they are in agreement with our Liturgy, fairly interpreted 
 by the Creeds and Councils of the primitive Church. But if 
 you have any views beyond our Church, and hope to be counte- 
 nanced in them by me, I must, at once, undeceive you by de- 
 clining any further interview." The Bishop adds : "They all 
 declared their fidelity to our branch of the Church, and I con- 
 sented to receive them." Bishop Ives dwells, in this pastoral, 
 upon the doctrines of auricular confession, private absolution, 
 the "real presence" in the Eucharist (some months later denying 
 that he meant transubstantiation thereby), prayers for the 
 dead and invocation to saints — all of which practices he ap- 
 proves, fortifying his assertions with various authorities. 
 Though he lived nearly a score of years longer, the Bishop 
 thought his earthly career was drawing to a close when this 
 letter was written for, in the course of it, he said: "This is 
 my last address to a convention of this Diocese — of which, 
 frequently recurring disease gives timely notice." 
 
118 Bishops of Noeth Cabolina. 
 
 The doctrines declared and powers claimed by Bishop Ives, 
 in the above pastoral, brought forth a shower of pamphlets in 
 reply. Mention has already been made of Senator Badger's 
 monograph. Another, entitled Auricular Confession, was put 
 forth by the Eeverend Francis L. Hawks, D.D., who wrote 
 under the pseudonym of "A Protestant Episcopalian," and 
 who incidentally mentioned that he had studied for holy orders 
 under Bishop Eavenscroft, whom Ives had cited in support of 
 some of his contentions. Doctor Hawks said that he knew from 
 Ravenscroft's own lips that he held in abhorrence the Romish 
 contentions as to transubstantiation, auricular confession, etc. 
 The learned divine and historiographer, Reverend Samuel 
 Farmer Jarvis, D.D., "with the approbation of the Bishop of 
 Connecticut," also answered in a pamphlet called A Voice from 
 Connecticut. The Reverend John H. Hanson, of Weddington, 
 New York, issued a tract called The Doctrine of Repentance, 
 in which he took issue with Bishop Ives. Another brief work, 
 Puseyite Developments or Notices of the New Yorlc Ecclesiolo- 
 gists, by a layman, was published about the society of "Eeclesi- 
 ologists'' and "dedicated to their patron, the Right Rev. Bishop 
 Ives, of !North Carolina." The Reverend Richard Sharpe 
 Mason, D.D., Rector of Christ Church in Raleigh, who had been 
 chairman of the Committee on the State of the Church, on 
 whose report the Convention at Salisbury had acted, also went 
 into print with A Letter to the Bishop of North Carolina, in 
 which — after defending the Convention's course, and exposing 
 the past inconsistencies of Bishop Ives, and his numerous eva- 
 sions—he begged him to be more open in future dealings with 
 his Diocese. "Let me beseech you," he said, "to remove, if 
 possible, our doubts and difficulties; to speak so clearly and 
 fully that hereafter we cannot mistake you." Senator Badger 
 prefaced his remarks by saying: 
 
 "If the Protestant Episcopal Church be, as Its enemies have often 
 said, but a disguised form of Romanism; if our Bishop be alone 
 responsible for the doctrine, discipline, and worship of his diocese. 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Caeolixa. 119 
 
 and therefore should have sole authority over what he is alone 
 reKponsible for; if he have, as a consequence of this authority and 
 responsibility, a right to require from his diocese implicit submission 
 to any doctrine he may think proper to teach — a right to introduce 
 amongst us ceremonies and practices not only unknown here, not only 
 unknown throughout the Church in the United States, but 'wholly 
 unauthorized by the customs of the church as established by the 
 English reformation' ; if the clergy and laity, assembled in diocesan 
 convention, have nothing to do with the doc-trines thus taught and 
 the practices thus introduced — can institute no inquiry, and can ex- 
 press no opinion respecting them ; if he may set forth at one time 
 teachiiigs different from and opposed to the teachings set forth by 
 him at another, and the members of the church must follow all his 
 fluctuations of doctrine even as the obedient vane follows the shift- 
 ings of the wind ; if, in one word, our Bishop be within his diocese a 
 sjjiritual lord and master over God's heritage, and have papal suprem- 
 acy over us, then it is high time that our actual state and condition 
 should be knov.n ; and, if these things be not so, then it is high time 
 that the church at large should be disabused, and we vindicated from 
 the suspicion of admitting such exorbitant claims, and bowing down 
 in such degrading submission." 
 
 In addition to the above pamphlets, one was published in 
 3^ew York to uphold the views set forth by Bishop Ives, this 
 being entitled The Voice of the Anglican Church on Confession, 
 and it was said that the Bishop himself had a hand in its prepa- 
 ration. To this came a reply called The Voice of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in the United States on Confession. This 
 reply, speaking of the first mentioned publication, stated : "One 
 of the Bishops of our Church is reputed to be the editor, and it 
 is said to be the precursor of several discourses which are soon 
 to emanate from the same quarter in favor of. Auricular Con- 
 fession." 
 
 In a case of differences in opinion it is somewhere written: 
 "Let's quarrel about these matters ; it will make us better friends, 
 seeing that we shaU know each other's thoughts and rights." 
 And even so it seemed, after Bishop Ives had relieved his feel- 
 ings in his pastoral letter, and after his opponents had relieved 
 theirs through the numerous pamphlets above alluded to; for, 
 when the Diocesan Convention of N'orth Carolina met in Eliza- 
 beth City, May 29-June 3, 1850, the Bishop, in his address, 
 vin 
 
120 Bishops of Noeth Carolina. 
 
 expressed regret over the fact that any of tlie expressions in his 
 pastoral letter should have seemed to indicate a lack of confi- 
 dence in the motives, truthfulness or faith of his clergy — further 
 assuring them that he had entire confidence in their affection, 
 charity and firm adherence to the faith and discipline of the 
 Church. He then went on to declare that he did not hold to 
 the doctrine of private confession and absolution "in the Eomish 
 sense," nor did he teach that the real presence of the body and 
 blood of Christ, in the Eucharist, was to be believed in the sense 
 of transubstantiation, or that the bread and wine should be 
 "reserved, carried about, lifted up or worshipped," and that 
 he considered prayers or invocations to the Blessed Virgin, 
 saints or angels "clearly derogatory to Christ and opposed to 
 God's "Word." In conclusion he made the statement : "I do not 
 teach or hold that our branch of the Catholic Church is, from 
 any cause, either in heresy or schism, or that she is destitute 
 of the sacramental system." Apparently wishing to leave no 
 means unused for the purpose of a complete reconciliation, the 
 Bishop also addressed the Convention in a note as follows : 
 
 Beethrbn of this Convention : Aware that the difficulties In the 
 Diocese, to which I have alluded in my address, still threaten the 
 peace of the same, and being anxious to do all in my power to 
 restore harmony and good will, I hereby ask of you a Committee of 
 Clergj'men and Laymen, to investigate all the circumstances connected 
 therewith, and report to a future meeting of this body. 
 
 L. SlLLIMAN IVBS, 
 
 May 31, 1850. Bishop of the Diocese of North Carolina. 
 
 This recommendation by the Bishop was adopted, and the 
 following committee was elected: the Reverend Messrs. Jarvis 
 B. Buxton, Eobert Brent Drane and Richard Sharpe Mason, 
 of the clergy, and Messrs. Augustus Moore, Josiah Collins and 
 George W. Mordecai, of the laity. The Reverend Doctor Mason 
 and Mr. Mordecai asked to be excused by the Convention from 
 serving on this committee, but their request was not complied 
 with. This about completed the preliminary efforts for recon- 
 ciliation between the Bishop and the Diocesan Convention which 
 
Bishops of ^gkth Caeolina. 121 
 
 was held in the Spring of 1850. Some months later (in October 
 of the same year) the General Convention of the Church met 
 in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, Bishop Ives being present in 
 person as representative of Xorth Carolina in the House of 
 Bishops. The clerical deputies present from ^STorth Carolina 
 were the Reverend Messrs. Richard Sharpe Mason, Jarvis B. 
 Buxton and Alfred A. Watson. Among the lay deputies was 
 only one representative from the Diocese of Xorth Carolina, 
 Mr. John S. Eaton, of the town of Henderson. In the report 
 on the State of the Church in North Carolina brief reference 
 was made to the appointment of the above committee at the 
 request of Bishop Ives, with the further statement that its in- 
 vestigations were then in progress. It was added: "The re- 
 port of the Committee will be made to the next annual [dio- 
 cesan] convention. In the meantime it is consoling to add that, 
 wliatever may be the result, the Diocese, true to the Prayer 
 Book as the embodiment of the Church mind, remains unshaken 
 on ground hitherto occupied." 
 
 In the spring of 1851 (May 30th) the Reverend Jarvis Barry 
 Buxton, Rector of Saint John's Church in Fayetteville, passed 
 from his earthly labors. During the following year a hand- 
 some edition of his sermons, with portrait, was published by 
 his son, the Reverend Jarvis Buxton, of Asheville. 
 
 The North Carolina Diocesan Convention, for the year 1851, 
 met in the months of May and June at the town of Fayette- 
 ville; and, during the session of that body, it seemed as if a 
 permanent peace with Bishop Ives could be arranged, for he 
 even surpassed his own record in the way of professions of 
 loyalty to the Church over which he presided as chief pastor. 
 In his address, after giving an account of his usual visitations 
 throughout the Diocese, and attendance upon the General Con- 
 vention in Cincinnati, as well as trips to Philadelphia, New 
 York and other Northern cities, he submitted two documents 
 which had been transmitted to him by authorities of the Church 
 of England — one from the Archbishop of Canterbury and the 
 
122 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 otlier from the Bishop and other clergy of the Diocese of Ox- 
 ford. The Archbishop's letter invited all the dioceses of the 
 American Church to join with the Church of England in cele- 
 brating the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding 
 of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign 
 Parts. Bishop Ives signified his desire that the same should 
 be accepted and that appropriate services in connection there- 
 with should also be held throughout North Carolina. We are 
 unable to find any record of such action having taken place 
 within the limits of the State. Elsewhere in America, however, 
 the anniversary was commemorated. Doctor Atkinson (after- 
 wards Bishop of North Carolina) delivered a sermon in Saint 
 Peter's Church, Baltimore, on June 22, 1851, in honor of the 
 anniversary. The other document, referred to above by Bishop 
 Ives, was dated November 22, 1850, and was a formal protest, 
 signed by the Lord Bishop of Oxford, with more than six hun- 
 dred of his clergy, and having reference to what afterwards 
 came to be known among Englishmen as "the new Italian Mis- 
 sion." The protest was called forth by the fact (to use, in part, 
 its own language) that : 
 
 "Whereas, We have seen or heard that the Bishop of Rome has 
 pretended to divide this ancient Church and Realm of England into 
 certain new Dioceses, and to appoint over them certain Bishops, to 
 whom he, tlie said Bishop of Rome, pretends to commit the cure and 
 government of the souls of all Christian people therein dwelling, con- 
 trary to the rights of this Church, and the ancient laws of this Realm 
 — Now we, the said Bishop, Priests, and Deacons, whose names are 
 hereunto subscribed, do utterly protest against any such invasion of 
 this Church and Realm ; and we do declare that the Church recog- 
 nized by law in this land is the ancient Apostolic Church thereof, 
 possessing the ancient faith, true sacraments, and a lawful ministry ; 
 and that her Bishops and Clergy are the Bishops and Clergy thereof 
 by unbroken descent from the Holy Apostles ; and that the mis- 
 sionaries of the Bishop of Rome within this land, who ai'e striving to 
 withdraw the people from the communion of the English Church, are 
 intrusive and schismatical ; and we protest before God and His 
 Church against these schismatical claims and proceedings, as also 
 against their doctrine and teaching, as being, on many points of faith 
 and practice, contrary to God's Word, and the teachings of the Univer- 
 
Bishops of Xobth Caeolisa. 123 
 
 sal <'imrf|j. . . . And we declare that the Chnrch of England did, 
 at the Reformation, raake and hath for three hundred years continued 
 its protest against the claim of the said Bishop of Rome to exercise 
 jurisdiction over the Church Universal, and over this Church of Eng- 
 land in particular, and also against the false doctrine of the Church 
 of Rome, and that we do now renew and continue the same protest. 
 And we do solemnly warn all Christian people, committed to our 
 charge, that they yield no obedience to the so-called Bishops now 
 thrust Into our land, under pain of incurring all the guUt of willful 
 schism." 
 
 In transmitting the above document to the Diocesan Con- 
 vention of Xorth Carolina, Bishop Ives declared that this action 
 by the ecclesiastical authorities of the Diocese of Oxford had 
 his "full, unreserved and hearty approval and concurrence," 
 and that it was his conscientious conviction that "our branch 
 of the Church styled the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
 United States, and standing upon the same firm basis with the 
 mother Chtirch of England, belongs to that portion of Christ's 
 body which is the most scriptural, primitive and truly Catholic 
 in its character; and that no one, embraced by holy baptism 
 within its pale, can depart from it without the grievous sin of 
 doing despite to the Holy Ghost." 
 
 At the same Diocesan Convention of Xorth Carolina above 
 alluded to (that of 18.51) the Committee, which had been ap- 
 pointed for the purpose of endeavoring to reconcile the differ- 
 ences between the Diocese and its Bishop, reported its findings. 
 This report, followed by the Bishop's own certificate of its eor- 
 rectness, was in these words: 
 
 "The Bishop said to the Committee that it might he considered 
 humillatijiK In hirri to offer to the Committee the statement he was 
 now about to make, hut a sense of duty, both to himself and to the 
 ( hur^b, compelled him to do so. That it had been at one time a very 
 favorite idea with him to bring about a union of the Roman, the 
 Greek, the Anglican, and the American Churches ; and that, in his 
 zeal for Catholi'- union, he had overlooked the difficulties in the way. 
 which he was now satisfied were insuperable. That this tendency of 
 hiH jiiind toward a union of the Churches had been greatly increased, 
 and hJK ability to perceive the difficulties In the way had been dimin- 
 ished, by a high state of nervous excitement arising either from bodily 
 
124 Bishops of North Cauolisa. 
 
 disease or a constitutional iufii-mitj-. Tliiit, iu the pursuit of his 
 favorite idea, he had been insensibly led into the adoption of opinions 
 on matters of doctrine, and to a public teaching of them, of the im- 
 propriety of which he was now fully satisfied; and, upon a review of 
 those opinions, wonders that he should ever have entertained them. 
 That this change in his views has been brought about in part by a 
 return to a more healthy condition of mind and body, but mainly 
 from having perceived the tendency of those doctrines to the Church 
 of Rome, as sad experience has shown in the cases of Arch-Deacon 
 Manning and others. That among the effects of his desire to bring 
 about this union of the Churches, he was induced to tolerate the 
 Romish notion of the Invocation of Saints, as expressed in his letter 
 to the Re^-. C. F. McRae, which expressions he now retracts and 
 would denounce as strongly as any one. That on the sub.i'ect of auric- 
 ular confession and absolution, whatever extravagancies of opinion or 
 expression he may have heretofore indulged, he now holds that con- 
 fession to a priest is not necessary to salvation ; and that he does not 
 believe in judicial absolution, or the power of the priest to forgive 
 sins. Nor does he hold that the absolution recognized by the Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Church is merely declaratory, but that the priest is 
 therein an Instrument through whom pardon is transmitted to the 
 penitent, while its efBcacy does not in any degree depend upon the 
 volition or intention of the priest. That absolution is not essentially 
 necessary to the forgiveness of sins, but that it is important when 
 practicable to obtain public absolution as contained in the ritual of 
 our Church, which is the only absolution that he holds proper, except 
 In those cases in which that is impracticable. That he had at one 
 time, under the Influences before mentioned, entertained doubts 
 whether our branch of the Church was not in a state of schism. That 
 he had never gone so far as to believe that it was, but merely enter- 
 tained doubts. He was now satisfied, beyond a doubt, that she was 
 not in schism. That he had never held the doctrine of the real pres- 
 ence in the Holy Communion, as synonymous with transubstg,ntiation, 
 but, on the contrary, had always abhorred it. He admitted that, on 
 a review of some of his writings, he had become satisfied that he had 
 exposed himself to misconstruction by the use of the term 'real pres- 
 ence,' which was in the Romish Church synonymous with transubstan- 
 tiation. But in the use of the term 'real presence,' he had in mind 
 only the spiritual presence of Christ. That the term spiritual pres- 
 ence was the only one proper to be used, as the general expression 
 'real presence' was. In the present state of the Christian world, liable 
 to be understood as asserting Christ's bodily presence in the Eucha- 
 rist — being used by the Romish Church to express its idea of transub- 
 stantlation. And that the spiritual presence of Christ in the Eucha- 
 rist is all that our Church teaches, and would recommend the use of 
 that expression instead of real presence." 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Caeolina. 125 
 
 Lnder this report was a signed endorsement by the Bishox^ in 
 the following words : 
 
 "The above is correct. L. S. Ites." 
 
 This same Committee also reported that the Bishop had dis- 
 claimed having had anythirig to do with the authorship of the 
 tract called The Voice of the Anglican Church on Confession; 
 but he admitted that, while in Xew York, on learning that such 
 a compilation had been made by two clergymen in whom he had 
 entire confidence, he determined (without verifying its quota- 
 tions) to publish it as an appendix to his sermons. When he 
 ascertained its true character, however, he immediately counter- 
 manded its publication, and regretted ever having had anything 
 to do with it. As to the "Order of the Holy Cross," that society 
 had not existed in Xorth Carolina since the Salisbury Con- 
 vention, said the Bishop; and he further declared that, from 
 his observation of past results upon the minds of young men, 
 he was satisfied that no vows ought to be taken in the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church except those expressly allowed or required 
 by its ritual. Yalle Crusis, he added, was now only a mission 
 station. 
 
 After the adjournment of the Diocesan Convention of 1851, 
 Bishop Ives continued in his ministry, performing the duties 
 of the Episcopate as though no troubles had existed between 
 him and his Church. The next Diocesan Convention met (May, 
 1852) in Eayetteville, and the Bishop was there present. In 
 his journal he gave the usual account of his visitations through- 
 out the Diocese, prefacing the same with exhortations to the 
 clergy and laity of "our branch of the Church Catholic" to be 
 faithful to the teachings of the Book of Common Prayer, which 
 he declared was based absolutely upon the teachings of Scrip- 
 tures. He added: "But do not misapprehend me. It is far 
 from my intention to teach that the Prayer Book has any truth 
 or value independent of God's Word. For my conviction is 
 that its truth and value are identical with that Word, and come 
 solely from it, as the source of all that is necessary, either to be 
 
126 Bishops of North Caholina. 
 
 believed or practiced, for the salvation of men. And further, 
 when the Prayer Book is assailed by its enemies as unscriptural, 
 I maintain that we are to go to the Scriptures for its defense." 
 Wothing of especial note happened at the above Convention, 
 but some months later (September 27, 1852) Bishop Ives ad- 
 dressed a communication to the Standing Committee of the 
 Diocese, stating that, on account of the ill health of both Mrs. 
 Ives and himself, he wished to obtain a leave of absence from 
 the Diocese for six months after the 1st of October, with an 
 advance of $1,000 on his salary, his intention being to spend 
 that time in travel. This request being granted, he placed in 
 the hands of the same committee the following communication: 
 
 I hereby authorize the Standing Committee of North Carolina, in 
 my absence from the Diocese, to invite any Bishop of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in the United States to perform Episcopal duty in 
 my place. L. Siluman Ives, 
 
 Raleigh, September 30, 1852. Bishop of North Carolina. 
 
 Shortly after writing the communication just quoted Bishop 
 Ives embarked for Europe; and, almost immediately after his 
 arrival, repaired to the city of Rome, where, on Christmas day, 
 1852, he formally renounced the Church in which he was Bishop 
 and made submission to the Pope. As has already been shown, 
 he had assigned the ill' health of himself and his wife as the 
 reason for wishing to go abroad, and had secured permission 
 to draw $1,000 in advance on his salary for traveling expenses ; 
 yet a Eoman Catholic paper published in France, L'Univers, 
 stated at the time that he had really gone to Europe with the 
 secret and pre-arranged purpose of taking the course which he 
 did. The statement in this paper — a translation of which ap- 
 peared in the Churchman and which is reproduced in Doctor 
 Seabury's work The Continuity of the Church of England — 
 was as follows: 
 
 "Dr. Ives left America some weeks ago, to go and make his solemn 
 abjuration of the errors of Protestantism at the feet of the Sovereign 
 Pontiff. Before his departure he gave his retraction into the hands 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Cabolixa. 127 
 
 of the Archbishop of New York, and participated in the sacraments 
 of the Church ; but the venerable convert wished this act to be kept 
 secret in order to procTire from Pius IX. the sweet consolation of him- 
 self receiring him into tils flock. However, considering the possibility 
 that he might be lost on his voyage. Dr. Ives gave to Archbishop 
 Hughes his abjuration in writing, furnished with the most incontesti- 
 ble characters of authenticity, in order that this document might be 
 made public in case of accident." 
 
 Ttree days before formally makiiig his submission to the 
 Pope, Bishop Ives addressed a letter to the Diocese of Xorth 
 Carolina in these words : 
 
 EoME, December 22d, 1852. 
 
 For the Conioition of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the Diocese 
 of Sorth Carolina: 
 Deae Beetheex : Some of you. at least, are aware that, for years, 
 doubts of the validity of my office as Bishop have at times harassed 
 my mind and greatlj- enfeebled my ac-tion. At other times, it is true, 
 circ-um stances have arisen to overrule these doubts and to bring to 
 my mind temporary relief. But it has been only temporary, for, in 
 spite of my resolutions to abandon the reading and use of Catholic 
 books, in spite of earnest prayers and entreaties that God would pro- 
 tect my mind against the disturbing influence of Catholic truth, and 
 in spite of public and private professions and declarations, which, in 
 times of suspended doubt, I sincerely made to shield myself from 
 suspicion and win back the confidence of my Diocese, which had been 
 well nigh lost ; in spite of all this and of many other considerations, 
 which would rise up before me as the necessary consequence of suffer- 
 ing my mind to be carried forward in the direction in which my doubts 
 pointed, these doubts would again return with increased and almost 
 overwhelming vigor — goading me at times to the very borders of 
 derangement. Under these doubts I desired temporary repose from 
 duties that had become disquieting to me, and determined to accom- 
 pany llrs. Ives, whose health demanded a change of climate, in a 
 short absence abroad. But absence has brought no relief to my mind. 
 Indeed, the doubts that disturbed it have grown into clear and settled 
 convi'-ilov K — so dear and settled that, without a violation of con- 
 science and honor and every obligation of duty to God and His 
 Church, I can no longer remain in my iwsitlon. I am called upon, 
 therefore, to do an act of self-sacrifice, in view of which all other 
 self-sacrificing acts of my life are less than nothing — called upon to 
 sever the ties, which have been strengthened by long years of love 
 and forbearance, which have bound ray heart to many of you as was 
 David's to that of Jonathan, and make that heart bleed as my hand 
 traces the sentence which separates all pastoral relation between us 
 
128 Bishops of N"okth Carolina. 
 
 and conveys to you the knowledge that I hereby resign into your 
 hands my office as Bishop of North Carolina ; and, further, that I am 
 determined to make my submission to the Catholic Church. 
 
 In addition, my feelings will allow me only to say that, as this act 
 is earlier than any perception of my own, and antedates by some 
 months the expiration of the time for which I asked leave of absence, 
 and for which I so promptly received from members of your body an 
 advance of salary, I hereby renounce all claim upon the same, and 
 acknowledge myself bound, on an intimation of your wish, to return 
 whatever you may have advanced to me beyond this 22d day of 
 December. 
 
 With continued affection and esteem, I pray you to allow me still 
 to subscribe myself, 
 
 Your faithful friend, L. Silliman Ives. 
 
 In due time the above communication was laid before the 
 Diocesan Convention which assembled in Christ Church, in the 
 city of Ealeigh, during the month of May, 1853. That body, 
 upon receipt of the Bishop's letter, elected a successor in the 
 person of the Reverend Thomas Atkinson, D. D. — ^Doctor At- 
 kinson receiving twenty out of the twenty-seven votes cast on the 
 last ballot, which occurred on May 28th. A committee was 
 also appointed to report the circumstances, connected with the 
 defection of Bishop Ives, to the next General Convention of the 
 Church. This • General Convention assembled in the city of 
 ISTew York in the month of October, 1853, and received official 
 notice, in due form, of the above matter. Before consecrating 
 a successor to Bishop Ives — -whose resignation did not fulfill, 
 in its form, the requirements of the canon law of the Church — 
 the General Convention proceeded formally to vacate his office 
 by a sentence of deposition as follows : 
 
 "Wi-iEHEAS, Levi Silliman Ives, D. D., Bishop of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in the United States, in the Diocese of North Caro- 
 lina, in a communication under his proper hand, bearing date 'Rome, 
 December twenty-second, one thousand, eight hundred and fifty-two,' 
 avowed his purpose to resign his 'office as Bishop of North Carolina' 
 and further declared that he was 'determined to make his submission 
 to the Catholic [meaning the Roman] Church' ; 
 
 "And wheeeas. There is before the Bishops of the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church in the United States, acting under the provision of 
 Canon First of 1853, satisfactory evidence that the said Levi Silliman 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Caeolixa. 129 
 
 Ives, D. D., has publicly renounced the communion of the Church, and 
 made his submission to the Bishop of Rome, as Universal Bishop of 
 the Church of God and Vicar of Christ upon earth, thus acknowledg- 
 ing these impious pretensions of that Bishop, thereliy violating the 
 vows solemnly made by him, the said Levi Silliman Ives, D. D., at his 
 consecration as a BLshop of the Church of God. abandoning that por- 
 tion of the flock of Christ committed to Ms oversight, and binding 
 himself imder anathema to the anti-Christian doctrines and practices 
 imposed by the Council of Trent upon all the Churches of the Roman 
 Obedience : 
 
 "Be it thebefoee known. That on this fourteenth day of October, 
 in the year of our Lord one thousand, eight hundred and fifty-three, 
 I, Thomas Church Brownell, D. U., LL. D., by Divine permission, 
 Bishop of the Diocese of Connecticut, and Presiding Bishop of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, with the consent 
 of a majority of the members of the House of Bishops, as hereinafter 
 enumerated, to-wit, William Meade, D. D.. Bishop of the Diocese of 
 Virginia ; John Henry Hopkins, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Ver- 
 mont ; Benjamin Bosworth Smith, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of 
 Kentucky ; Charles Pettit M'llwaine, D. D., D. C. L., Bishop of the 
 Diocese of Ohio ; George Washington Doane, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of 
 the Diocese of Xew Jersey ; James Hervey Otey, D. D., Bishop of the 
 Diocese of Tennessee; Jackson Kemper, D. D., Missionary Bishop of 
 Wisconsin and the Northwest; Samuel Allen ilc-Coskry, D. D., 
 D. C. L., Bishop of the Diocese of Michigan ; William Heathcote 
 DeLancey, D. D., LL. D., D. C. L., Bishop of the Diocese of Western 
 New York; William Rollinson Whittingham, D. D., Bishop of the 
 Diocese of Maryland; Stephen Elliott, Jr., D. D., Bishop of the 
 Diocese of Georgia ; Alfred Lee, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Dela- 
 ware ; John Johns, D. D., Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Vir- 
 ginia ; Manton Eastbum, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Massachu- 
 setts ; Carlton Chase, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of New Hamp- 
 shire ; Nicholas Hanmer Cobbs, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of 
 Alabama ; Cicero Stephens Hawks, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of 
 Missouri; George Washington Freeman, D. D., Missionary Bishop of 
 the Southwest; Alonzo Potter, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of the Diocese 
 of Pennsylvania ; George Burgess, D. D.. Bishop of the Diocese of 
 ilalne ; George Upfold, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Indiana ; 
 William Mercer Green, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Mississippi ; 
 Francis Huger Rutledge, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Florida ; 
 .John Williams, D. D., Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Connecticut ; 
 Heniy John Whitehouse, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois ; 
 and Jonathan Mayhew Wainright, D. D., D. C. L., Provisional Bishop 
 of the Diocese of New York, and in the terms of the Canon in such 
 cases made and provided, do pronounce the said Levi Silliman Ives, 
 D. D., ipso facto deposed, to all intents and purposes, from the office 
 
130 Bishops of North Cakolina. 
 
 of a Bishop of the Church of God, and from all the rights, privileges, 
 powers, and dignities thereunto appertaining. 
 
 "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy 
 Ghost — Ainen ! Thomas Church Beownell, 
 
 Bishop of the Diocese of Connecticut, and Presiding Bishop." 
 
 Speaking, many years later, of the above action by tbe Gen- 
 eral Convention in 1853, tbe Churchman, in its issue of Janu- 
 ary 15, 1881, said: "None wbo vdtnessed it will ever forget 
 the solemn scene in tbe House of Deputies wben, with both 
 Houses standing around and before him, the venerable Presid- 
 ing Bishop Brownell pronounced sentence of deposition on the 
 late Bishop of North Carolina." Three days after the above- 
 quoted sentence of deposition was pronounced, the Reverend 
 Doctor Atkinson was duly consecrated Bishop of North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 When the Diocesan Convention of North Carolina met at 
 Wilmington in 1854, a communication was laid before that 
 body from the Reverend John Murray Forbes (a convert to 
 the Church of Rome, who later returned to the Anglican faith) , 
 wherein the writer stated that he had been authorized by Doctor 
 Ives to tender a return of such money as had been advanced 
 beyond the time when he relinquished his Bishopric, this being 
 estimated by him as about $750. Thereupon the President of 
 the Standing Committee was directed to advise Doctor Forbes 
 that the Diocese made no demand upon Doctor Ives for this 
 m.oney, but left the matter for him to act upon as he might 
 deem right; and that the treasurer of the Diocese, Charles T. 
 Haigh, was authorized to receive any sums which might be due 
 it. This seems to have closed the incident, as reports of the 
 treasurer, in the several succeeding years, fail to record the 
 receipt of such money. 
 
 If, in the prime of his influence and usefulness. Doctor Ives 
 had suddenly embraced the faith of Rome when no one suspected 
 his fidelity to the Church wherein he held a Bishopric, it 
 would have been considered a great loss to the latter com- 
 
Bishops of Xobth Caeoliita. 131 
 
 munion. Coming, as it did, however, after nearly four years 
 of instability and secret evasion on his part, with well-grounded 
 suspicion and distrust on the part of his people, it resulted ia 
 benefit rather than injury to the Church from which he took 
 his departure. In the report on the State of the Church in 
 Xorth Carolina, made to the General Convention of 1853, it 
 was said: "It would be difficult to find a single person in 
 Xorth Carolina whose allegiance to the Church has been at all 
 shaken by the apostacy of her late Bishop. On the contrary, 
 it is believed that all members, having been tried, have come 
 forth stronger in the faith and stronger in love to the Church." 
 Three years later a report of the same character, to the Gen- 
 eral Convention of 1856, was made in these words : "The 
 apostacy of the late Bishop produced far less disastrous results 
 than might have been anticipated from the authority of his 
 office and the love and influence which he once personally en- 
 joyed in his Diocese. It is probable, indeed, that his open de- 
 fection, as compared with his former equivocal course, was a 
 relief rather than a blow to the Church, by putting an end to 
 paralyzing fears and jealousies, and restoring confidence and 
 affection among our own household of faith, and on the part 
 of the community towards our entire body. It is not known 
 that a single person in the Diocese has followed the example 
 set them by one once so loved and honored." This report 
 slightly errs in saying that not a single person followed the 
 example of Bishop Ives when he renounced the Anglican com- 
 munion and became a Roman Catholic. His wife took the same 
 step, as did also Mrs. Benjamin Dickens (formerly Miss Ella 
 Eaton) a lady from Xorth Carolina who went to Europe v.ith 
 Bishop and !Mrs. Ives. Mrs. Dickens was a half-sister of 
 Attorney-General William Eaton, Jr. After staying in Italy 
 a while she contracted such an aversion for Roman Catholicism 
 that she returned to Xorth Carolina, and — ^wishing to go to 
 the antipodes in religious doctrine — ^joined the Baptists. She 
 remained a Baptist for some time, and later returned to the 
 
132 Bishops of JSToeth Carolina. 
 
 Episcopal Churcli. Her second husband was Peter Hansborough 
 Bell, former Governor of tbe State of Texas, who spent his 
 last years at Littleton, IN^orth Carolina. Mrs. Bell died m 
 July, 1897, at Littleton, and her funeral services were con- 
 ducted by the Eeverend Girard W. Phelps, Rector of Saint 
 Alban's Church. 
 
 Mention has already been made of the statement, in 1850, 
 by the physician of Bishop Ives, that his mind had been affected 
 by the long attack of fever from which he had suffered, and 
 the Bishop's own statement that some of his past actions were 
 due to "a high state of nervous excitement, arising either from 
 bodily disease or a constitutional infirmity," as well as his 
 belief that he later attained "a more healthy condition of mind 
 and body." In the American Church Review, of April, 1853, 
 was a long account of the Bishop's various inconsistencies be- 
 fore he took final leave of the Church. The editor of that peri- 
 odical expressed the opinion that Bishop Ives was mentally 
 unbalanced, this opinion being based not only upon the Bishop's 
 own actions, but upon the fact that the affection was hereditary 
 in his branch of the Ives family. After stating that the Bishop's 
 own father had drowned himself in a fit of insanity, that one 
 of his father's sisters had been violently insane at times, and 
 other members of the family more or less affected, the editor 
 submitted his article to the inspection of Bishop Ives's own 
 brother (then holding the office of Probate Judge in Walling- 
 ford, Connecticut), and the latter gentleman authorized the 
 publication, along with the article, of a statement from himself 
 as follows : 
 
 WALLiiifeFOBD, CoNiir., Feb. 25th, 1853. 
 To the Rev. Me. Richardson, 
 
 Editor of the Church Review. 
 Sib : The statements which you have read to me, and which you 
 propose to publish, of a constitutional tendency to mental derange- 
 ment in my father's family, and also of certain facts iu proof of such 
 a tendency, I have no hesitation in saying are fully sustained by my 
 own personal knowledge ; i)or have I any doubts that the conduct of 
 
Bishops of Xosyh Caeolina. 133 
 
 BLshop Ives, in ias late defection to Rome, must be attributed, at 
 least in part, to that same cause, viz. : a hereditary tendency to men- 
 tal derangement, aggravated by disease and by great exdtement. 
 I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Ebesezeb H. Ives. 
 
 How long Doctor Ives remained in Eome we are unable to 
 say witli certainty. He was there in February, 18.54. Later 
 in the same year he published a volume entitled The Trials of a 
 Mind in its Progress to Catholicism. After much argument 
 and many citations to justify the course he had pursued, Doctor 
 Ives says in the conclusion of this work: 
 
 "The last year and a half of my episcopate veas, I can truly say, 
 the most trying, the most painful period of my life, although one of 
 apparent riuietness, official suc-cess, and restored confidence. After 
 the immediate effects of my convention in the Spring of 1851 (which, 
 as you wUl remember, resulted in a reconciliation between myself and 
 the disaffected part of my Diocese) had passed off, and my mind, no 
 longer pressed down by a weight of sore trial, had time to react, it 
 came up at once, and, to my own surprise, to its former level of Catho- 
 lic belief; indeed, it was like waking from a pleasant dream to a 
 frightful reality. I had ac-tually flattered myself into the belief that 
 my doubts had left me, and that I could henceforward act with a 
 quiet conscience on Protestant ground. But, on recovering from the 
 stupefaction of overmuch sorrow, I found myself fearfully deceived; 
 found that what I had taken for permanent relief of mind was only 
 the momentary insensibility of opiates or exhaustion. When I came 
 again to myself, however, I was visited with reflections which no man 
 need envy. The concessions I had made, in good faith at the time, for 
 the peace of the Church, and, as I had falsely supposed, for my own 
 peace, rose up before me as so many concessions, and cowardly ones 
 too, to the god of thix world. So that I can say, with the deepest 
 tmth, that the friendliness which greeted me, on my subsequent visi- 
 tation through my diocese, was most nnicelcome to my heart. Every 
 kind word of those who had spoken against the,truth seemed a rebuke 
 to me, every warm shake of the hand to fall like ice upon my souL 
 I felt that I had shrunk publicly from the consequences of that truth 
 which God had taught me — felt that I had denied that blessed Master 
 who had graciously revealed Himself to me. But blessed be His name 
 for that grace which moved me to "weep bitterly.' Persecution for 
 ChiTSt's sake would then have been balm to my wounded conscience. 
 And nothing, I think, but the precarious state of one whom 1 had 
 vowed to 'keep in sickness as well as health' prevented an earlier 
 avowal of my disquietude and an earlier abandonment of my diocese. 
 
134 Bishops of North Oabolina. 
 
 "For all this suffering, hov.-ever, God forbid that I should blame 
 any one but myself. Others may have acted according to their con- 
 scientious convictions ; I resisted mine, and on grounds that would 
 not bear the test of calm reflection, and how much less the light of 
 Eternity ! I ought to have known myself better ; ought to have known 
 the way of God's grace and truth better. 
 
 "And now, dear brethren, I have only to add, take warning by my 
 sufferings ; take courage by uiy blessings ; take example from Him 
 'who endureth the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the 
 right hand of God.' The scenes of earth will soon be past, and we 
 shall then feel the true force of our Lord's words, 'He that forsaketh 
 not all that he hath cannot be my disciple.' 
 
 "I have loved you well ; I have labored for you earnestly ; and now 
 I feel it to be a privilege, too great for human tongue to express, to 
 be able each day to plead In your behalf the sacrifice of a present God 
 and Savior ; yea, to plead that He may ere long, through the riches of 
 His own mercy and the power of His condescending love, make you 
 partakers of the new and unutterable joy which I now feel, when I 
 declare before God that 'I Believe One Catholic and Apostouo 
 Chukoh.' " 
 
 The death of ex-Bishop Ives occurred in the town of Man- 
 hattanville, JSTew York, on the 13th day of October, 1867. An 
 obituary notice in the New York Herald, re-printed in a Raleigh 
 paper, the Daily Sentinel, several days later (October 18th), 
 says of the closing years of his life : 
 
 "After his return to America [from the city of Eome], he became 
 Professor of Rhetoric in St. Joseph Theological Seminary, and lec- 
 tured in the convents of the Sacred Heart and the Sisters of Charity. 
 He also occasionally lectured in public, and served as an active Presi- 
 dent of a Conference of St. Vincent de Paul. About ten years ago he 
 conceived the idea of founding a home in this city for vagrant and 
 orphait children of Catholic parentage ; and, having obtained the 
 approval of Archbishop Hughes, set energetically to work to carry 
 out his design. The result of his philanthropic labors was the estab- 
 lishment of the Catholic Male Protectorate and the House of the Holy 
 Angels, two of the most deserving charitable institutions of this State. 
 They were first located in New York, but were afterwards removed to 
 Westchester County, where they are now in operation. Both were 
 under the charge and direction of the Society for the Protection of 
 Destitute Catholic Children, of which the deceased was President 
 from its incorporation till his death. Dr. Ives was a very able gentle- 
 man and eloquent speaker, and his death will be much lamented by 
 our Catholic community and by the public in general." 
 
Bishops of Xosth Cabolina. 133 
 
 About the year 1844, the Eeverend Aldert Smedes, D.D., 
 Eector of Saint Mary's School at Raleigh, engaged William 
 Hart to paint a full-length portrait of Bishop Ives. This por- 
 trait (which still hangs in the parlor at Saint Mary's) repre- 
 sents him in the act of administering the rite of confirmation 
 to a class of four girls. Another oil portrait of Ives is in the 
 Catholic Protectory at Westchester, Xew York. A very hand- 
 some engraving of the Bishop, as he appeared in his younger 
 days, is in the vestry room of Christ Church at Raleigh; still 
 another engraved likeness (much smaller) was made after he 
 renounced Anglicanism, it. being labeled "Rt. Rev. L. S. Ives, 
 Ex-Bishop of X. Carolina." The picture last mentioned is 
 reproduced in Bishop Perry's History of the American Episco- 
 pal Church. 
 
 One of the sons of the above-mentioned Doctor Smedes was 
 named Ives Smedes in honor of Bishop Ives, and usually was 
 called by the jjlayful sobriquet of "Bish," in consequence of 
 being the namesake of a Bishop. He was Adjutant of the 
 Seventh Xorth Carolina Regiment in the Confederate Army 
 and fell mortally wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville. 
 
 Among the published works of Bishop Ives were the follow- 
 ing: Humility a Ministerial Qualification (a conmaencement 
 address, June 28, 1840, to the students of the General Theologi- 
 cal Seminary), 22 pages, Xew York, 1840; The Introductory 
 Address of the Historical Society of the University of North 
 Carolina (delivered in the chapel of the University, -lune 5, 
 1844), 18 pages, Raleigh, 1844; The Struggle of Sense Against 
 Faith (sermon delivered October 2, 1844, before the General 
 Convention in St. Andrew's Church, Philadelphia), 24 pages, 
 Philadelphia, 1844; The Apostles' Doctrine and Fellowship, 
 190 pages, New York and Philadelphia, 1844; The Obedience 
 of Faith, 161 pages, Xew York, 1849 ; The Trials of a Mind 
 in its Progress to Catholicism, 233 pages, Xew York, Boston, 
 Montreal and London, 18.54. In addition to these works, and 
 possibly others. Bishop Ives was the author of a Catechism and 
 
136 Bishops of ITorth Caeolina. 
 
 a Manual of Devotion, which the present writer (not having 
 seen) cannot describe in detail. 
 
 The remains of Ex-Bishop Ives are interred in the grounds 
 of the Catholic Protectory, in Westchester County, New York, 
 where a monument, erected to the memory of himself and his 
 wife, contains the following inscription on the face : 
 
 Cineribus et Memorise 
 
 LEVI SILLIMAN IVES, 
 
 qui 
 
 quse circumspieis 
 
 auctor instituit 
 
 f autor fovit 
 
 gnaviter prseses primus rexit 
 
 vixit an LXXI. 
 
 Obiit XIII Oct. A. D. MDCCCLXVII. 
 
 In pace. 
 
 Curatores grat. anim. posuere. 
 
 LEVI SILLIMAE" IVES. 
 
 The other inscriptions are in English, the reverse side of the 
 monument containing these words : 
 
 Here repose the remains of 
 
 L. SILLIMAlSr IVES, 
 
 The zealous advocate and 
 
 first President of the Society 
 
 for the Protection of 
 
 Destitute Catholic Children. 
 
 In obedience to his dying request 
 
 his body is interred near the children 
 
 to whose welfare he devoted the ^ 
 
 last hours of his life. 
 
Bishops of ISToeth Caeolina. 137 
 
 His many sacrifices in Ids Master's 
 
 service are too well known to need 
 
 a special record here. 
 
 May lie rest in peace. 
 
 On the left side of the tomb this record appears : 
 
 LEVI SILLIMAN" IVES, LL.D., 
 
 Bom in Meriden, Conn., 
 
 September 16, 1797. 
 
 Was Bishop of the Episcopal Church 
 
 in North Carolina for 21 years. 
 
 "Was received into the 
 
 Holy Roman Catholic Church 
 
 in the City of Rome, 
 
 in the year 1852. 
 
 The death of Mrs. Ives occurred a little over four years before 
 that of her husband, and on his monument are inscribed the 
 following lines in memory of her : 
 
 REBECCA HOBART, 
 
 beloved wife of 
 
 LEVI SILLIMAN" IVES. 
 
 Bom, Febmary 6, 1803. 
 
 Died, August 3, 1863. 
 
 Was received into 
 
 the H. R. C. Church 
 
 in the City of Rome, 
 
 in the year 1853. 
 
 Judged by the results of his ministry. Bishop Ives should 
 always be remembered with kindness by members of the Episco- 
 pal Church. His labors brought hundreds into that church; 
 and, when he left it, two women went with him — one his wife, 
 and the other a temporary convert who afterwards came back to 
 the communion she had left, after spending a while with the 
 Baptists on the way. 
 
138 Bishops of Wouth Caeolina. 
 
 In view of tlie fact tliat it was not intended for humor, one 
 of the most amusing passages which, the present writer has 
 ever seen in print is an account of the defection of Bishop Ives 
 in a Roman Catholic history entitled Catholicity in the Oaro- 
 linas and Georgia, by the Eeverend J. J. O'Connell, O.S.B. 
 That work gravely states : "The return of Dr. Ives to the 
 Church was the most stunning blow that Protestantism ever 
 received in America. The manly step unsettled the faith of 
 many, if they had any. The institution never recovered from 
 the shock; it was the prophecy of its dissolution. When a 
 man of Dr. Ives's social standing, conceded abilities, blameless 
 life and learning, the pride of the aristocratic Anglican Church 
 and the foremost man among its hierarchy, laid down the in- 
 signia of a usurped office at the feet of the successor of St. 
 Peter, a blow was dealt at the head of the decaying fabric that 
 felled it to the ground like the idol in the temple of the Philis- 
 tines." Overlooking the reference to the Anglican Church as 
 a "decaying fabric" ( as such language is hardly worth noticing) 
 one may well stand appalled at "the most stunning blow that 
 Protestantism ever received in America" when Bishop Ives 
 "unsettled the faith of many" by carrying under his leadership 
 to the Church of Rome a vast multitude consisting of his wife 
 and Mrs. Dickens, the latl or half of which aforementioned 
 multitude afterwards returned to the Church which she had 
 left. 
 
 Though unable to make the Pope an offering in the shape of 
 converts. Bishop Ives seemed determined not to take leave of the 
 Vatican without depositing therein some memorial of his sub- 
 mission to papal authority; so he presented to the Holy Father 
 en episcopal signet-ring and his surplice. These relics of the 
 former Bishop are still proudly preserved in Rome, to keep in 
 remembrance the return, to the tnie fold, of a wanderer from 
 the flock of Saint Peter. 
 
 In conclusion we may say that out of the defection of Bishop 
 Ives there grew indirectly one of the greatest blessings which 
 
Bishops of Xokth C\:aoLTNA. 139 
 
 evfir came to the Diooese of Xorth. Carolina — ^in fact, to the 
 whole American Church — ^for to his vacated chair was elected 
 Thomas Atkinson, the best beloved Bishop who ever presided 
 over the Church in Xorth Carolina, and to whom the Church 
 throughout the nation largely owes the iUct that it was not rent 
 in twain by the sectional controversies which grew out of the 
 War between the States. When Bishop Atkinson had reached 
 the age of sixty-five, and the Diocese of Xorth Carolina had so 
 grown under his wise and benign leadership as to require the 
 aid of an Assistant Bishop in carrying on his good work, the 
 Reverend Doctor Lyman was chosen for that purpose in 1873 ; 
 and, at his consecration, a sermon was preached by the Right 
 Reverend Henry Champlin Lay, Bishop of East on, who (during 
 the course of his remarks) referred to Bishop Ives in terms 
 with which we may well close this sketch: "He departed, but 
 without a following, and the Diocese rallied from the blow; 
 and, to its honor, gave its undiminished confidence to his suc- 
 cessor in the deserted chair. Xone has a word or thought of 
 bitterness as he thinks of the stranger grave where now repose 
 the relics of one whom Xorth Carolina would once have duti- 
 fully enshrined — the bones of the man of God still honored for 
 many a 'saying which he cried in the word of the Lord,' in his 
 best days, against sin and folly. We respect 'the trials of a 
 mind,' disordered, we know not how much, in its hidden ma- 
 chinery. We forgive the attempted injury, and his good we 
 bury not with his bones." 
 
+ 
 
Bishop Atkinson. 
 
THOMAS ATKINSON 
 THIRD BISHOP OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
THOMAS ATKIXSOX. 
 
 Thied Bishop of Xobth C'akou^'a. 
 
 The family of Atkinson — itself one of distinction, and con- 
 necred by blood and marriage -with many of the Sou'^'s best 
 people in this and past generations- — had its origin in the shire 
 of Cumberland on the northern border of England. There was 
 bom Roger Atkinson, who left his native country and settled 
 in Virginia about the year 1745. In 17^J2, when P' ersburg 
 was erJarged, he was one of the commissioners of that tov/n. 
 For many years he served as magistrate, then a post of high 
 honor and dignity. He also filled with fidelity and zeal the posi- 
 tion of vestryniaij of Bristol Parish from December 8, 1760, 
 until his resignation on Xovember 1, 1784. It is an interesting 
 coincidence that he was elected vestryman to succeed Hugh 
 Miller, maternal grand-father of Bishop Eavenscroft. The 
 Atkinson family's principal place of worship was Blandford 
 Church, at Peiersburg, one of the most historic religious edifices 
 in the Old Dominion. To Roger Atkinson personally. Bishop 
 Meade refers as "an old ve.stryman and staunch friend of the 
 Church." Another writer tells us that Roger Atkinson was a 
 member of the first Revolutionary convention, held in May, 
 1769, at the house of Anthony Hay, in Williamsburg, Vir- 
 ginia; and, a year later, v/as one of the eighty-eight patriotic 
 gentlemen who signed the non-importation agreement at the 
 Raleigh Tavern in that town. The Atkinson estate was called 
 Mansfield, and it was located in the coimty of Dinwiddle, not 
 far from Petersburg, the county-seat. On April 21, 1753, Roger 
 Atkinson was married to Anne Pleasants (a lady whose parents 
 were members of the Society of Friends), and to this union 
 were horn six children. One of these, Robert Atkinson, was 
 bom on the 23d of October, 1771, and married Mary Tabb 
 Mayo, a member of one of Virginia's old colonial families. 
 He was the father of eleven children, one of whom was the 
 
144 Bishops of Noeth Carolina. 
 
 Eight Reverend Thomas Atkinson, our present subject. Allud- 
 ing to the family of Bishop Atkinson, in a memorial sermon 
 delivered shortly after his death. Bishop Lay said : 
 
 "His parents were Church of England people : they lived and died 
 in our communion. But in their day the Church was at its lowest 
 point of coldness and indifference. There were some able and earnest 
 men of the Presbyterian Church, especially Dr. John H. Rice and 
 Dr. Benjamin H. Rice, who labored with much success in Southern 
 Virginia in awakening men to religious earnestness. The Atkinsons, 
 while they adhered to the parish church, and there frequented the 
 Holy Communion three times a year, came under the influence of 
 these ministers, and were largely guided by them in their spiritual 
 life. Bishop Atkinson was baptized in the Episcopal Church: some 
 of the children, later born, received baptism at the hands of Presby- 
 terian ministers, and thus the family became divided. The Bishop 
 and two of his brothers remained in the Church of their fathers : 
 while three of the brothers, of whom two survive, took Presbyterian 
 orders, and have been beloved and eflScIent ministers in that com- 
 munion. The sisters are divided in like manner in their ecclesiastical 
 relations. ... It could not but be a paiu and grief to all mem- 
 bers of the family that, in anything which effected their religious life, 
 there should be difference of opinion. But no shadow ever came, by 
 reason of such difference, over the peace and happiness of their 
 homes. I doubt whether in all the land could be found a large family 
 of brothers and sisters so devoted to each other, so delighting in each 
 other's company, so sympathizing in each other's joys and sorrows, so 
 ready to seek fraternal advice, so free to utter all their minds on all 
 subjects at each other's fireside, kindly and courteously but without 
 reserve." 
 
 The Presbyterian clergymen, to whom Bishop Lay refers in 
 the above-quoted extract as brothers of Bishop Atkinson, were 
 the Reverend William Mayo Atkinson, the Reverend John 
 Mayo Pleasants Atkinson (President of Hampden-Sidney Col- 
 lege, who commanded a detachment of his students in the Con- 
 federate Army), and the Reverend Joseph Mayo Atkinson. The 
 last named gentleman settled in North Carolina and spent his 
 closing years in Raleigh, where he was greatly beloved and ven- 
 erated. Lucy Pitzhugh Atkinson, sister of the Bishop, married 
 the Reverend Chuchill J. Gibson, D.D., and was mother of the 
 Right Reverend Robert Atkinson Gibson, Bishop of Virginia. 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Cabolina. 145 
 
 The above-mentioned Bishop Lay was closely connected by 
 marriage with Bishop Atkinson, having married his niece, 
 Elizabeth Withers Atkinson, daughter of Eoger B. Atkinson. 
 
 For a genealogy of the Atkinson family, more in detail than 
 the limits of the present sketch will allow, we refer the reader 
 to a work by the Reverend Philip Slaughter, entitled A History 
 of Bristol Parish. 
 
 The Right Reverend Thomas Atkixson, D. D., LL. D. 
 {Cantab.), third Bishop of Xorth Carolina and fifty-eighth in 
 the succession of the American Episcopate, was bom on his 
 father's estate, iEansfield, near Petersburg, in Dinwiddle 
 County, Virginia, on the 6th of August, 1807. After due prepa- 
 ration in local schools he became a student at Yale. While at 
 this institution a number of his college-mates, indulging in 
 boyish dissipation, went on a spree; and, becoming boiscerous, 
 raised some disturbance, though no mischief of a serious nature 
 was perpetrated. Young Atkinson was not connected with this 
 outbreak in any way, though all of the participants therein 
 were known to him. On being summoned before the faculty, 
 he was ordered to divulge their names, and this he respectfully 
 but firmly refused to do, saying he did not deem it consistent 
 with honor to act the part of a spy or informer. He v/as then 
 given his choice between making known the names of the of- 
 fenders or leaving college. He chose the latter alternative — 
 which, it may be added, met with the entire approbation of his 
 parents. Late in life, while referring to the matter. Bishop 
 Atkinson said he had never seen cause to regret the action he 
 took on that occasion. 
 
 After leaving Yale, young Atkinson entered Hampden-Sidney 
 College, in the State of Virginia, and graduated therefrom with 
 the honors of his class, at the age of eighteen, September 28, 
 1825. In selecting a profession he made choice of the law, and 
 pursued his studies under Judge Henry St. Greorge Tucker, of 
 Winchester, Virginia. In 1828, he was licensed to practice. 
 He remained at the bar eight years, and then decided to enter 
 
146 Bishops of JSTobth Caeolina. 
 
 the sacred ministry. At Christ Church, in the city of Norfolk, 
 on ISTovember 18, 1836, he was ordered deacon by the Right 
 Eeverend "William Meade (then Assistant Bishop), and was 
 later ordained to the priesthood by the Right Reverend Richard 
 Channing Moore, Bishop of Virginia, in Saint Paul's Church, 
 iN'orfolk, May 7, 1837. During his diaconate he was Assistant 
 Rector of Chris I' Church in ISTorfolk; and, upon his elevation 
 to the priesthood, became Rector of Saint Paul's, in the same 
 city, remaining in the latter station nearly two years. About 
 the end of the year 1838 he accepted a call to Lynchburg, be- 
 coming Rector of Saint Paul's Church in that city, and re- 
 mained there until 1843. During the year last named he be- 
 came Rector of Saint Peter's Church, in Baltimore, succeeding 
 the Reverend John Prentiss Kewley Henshaw, who had resigned 
 to become Bishop of Rhode Island. Scarcely had Mr. Atkinson 
 taken up his new charge in Baltimore when he was elected 
 Bishop of Indiana. This high office he declined, and remained 
 in his Baltimore pastorate, daily growing in the love and esteem 
 of the people of that good city, and adding to the splendid repu- 
 tation he had already acquired. In 1846, he was again elected 
 Bishop of Indiana, and again he declined. The reasons for the 
 refusals of Doctor Atkinson to accept the Bishopric of Indiana 
 are interestingly given by Bishop Cheshire in his address on 
 "Bishop Atkinson and the Church in the Confederacy," de- 
 livered at the laying of the corner-stone of the Church of the 
 Holy Comforter (a memorial to Bishop Atkinson) in Charlotte, 
 North Carolina, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, August 
 6, 1909. The first refusal, in 1843, says Bishop Cheshire, was 
 a simple expression of his unpreparedness, he having come 
 into the ministry from the bar only six years before. As to the 
 renewed call, in 1846, Bishop Cheshire continues : 
 
 "This second election seemed to carry with It a strong presumption 
 of a providential call to that work, and his mind was adjusting itself 
 to what seemed an inevitable duty, when he received a letter from an 
 
Bishops of North Cabolina. 147 
 
 old Lj nchbuig friend, who for some years had been living in Indiana. 
 This friend had left Virginia because his intense dislike of slavery 
 had made him unwilling any longer to live in contact with it. Bishop 
 Atkinson himself had a strong sense of the disadvantages and evils 
 of slavery, though he was also sensible of the difficulty of finding any 
 just and practic-able means of abolishing it in the South. He had 
 freed all his own slaves who wished to be freed and to go to the free 
 States, and had kept only those who voluntarily chose to remain in 
 the South. His old friend wrote expressing the pleasure he antici- 
 pated in seeing him Bishop of Indiana, and begged him to bring his 
 family to his house, and to make his house his home there until he 
 should have leisure to make his permanent arrangements. He then 
 added that the Bishop must be prepared to live and work in a com- 
 munity where the feeling against slavery and slave owners wii.s be- 
 coming so inflamed and Ijltter, that the writer of the letter as a 
 Southern man, though opposed to slavery, found himself in a painful 
 and embarrassing position. , 
 
 "This letter caused him to decline for a second time the call to 
 Indiana. Little as he was attached to the institution of slavery, and 
 thankful as he could have been to see it justly and peacefully abol- 
 ished, he felt quite sure that, if in Indiana his friend could not live 
 in comfort on account of the state of public feeling, he could not hope 
 to be happy and contented in his work, since he would probably, as 
 time went on, find himself more and more out of sympathy with his 
 people on the great and absorbing question of the day. 
 
 "In the year 1853 the Diocese of South Carolina was to elect a 
 Bishop. There was a strong feeling in favor of electing the Rev. Dr. 
 Atkinson. But nimors had reached that State as to his feeling about 
 slavery, and prominent persons in that Diocese communicated with 
 him, asking' for an expressiou of his viev/s on the subject. He replied 
 promptly in effect that he felt slavery to be a disadvantage, though 
 he could not see how to get rid of it. But he declared that if it came 
 to a choice between slavery and the Union, he should say let slavery 
 go, and prt'^-erve the Union of the States. That is, as I remember, 
 the substance of bis reply. This letter, he said, prevented his being 
 elected Bishop of South Carolina ; and Bishop Davis was chosen. My 
 old friend General Thomas F. Drayton, told me that he was a mem- 
 ber of the South Carolina Diocesan Convention of 1853, and well 
 remembered tlie letter of Bishop Atkinson, which was made known to 
 the members of the Convention, he himself having seen and read it; 
 and he said but for that letter Bishop Atkinson would certainly have 
 been their choice for Bishop." 
 
148 Bishops op North Carolina. 
 
 So, as Bishop Atkinson afterwards remarked, he did not 
 become Bishop of Indiana because he was not sufficiently op- 
 posed to slavery; and failed of election as Bishop of South 
 Carolina because he was not sufficiently in favor of it. 
 
 In the year 1850, a controversy had arisen between some of 
 the clergy in Maryland and their Bishop, the Eight Reverend 
 William Rollinson Whittingham, as to whether a Bishop, when 
 making his visitation to a church, had the right to administer 
 the Holy Communion and perform some other acts usually 
 devolving upon the parish priest. In this absurd contention 
 by the clergy, some went so far as to maintain that a proper 
 respect for the just influence of the office of presbyter actually 
 forbade that the communion office should be turned over to the 
 Bishop. The pulpit and desk, however, they conceded might 
 properly be at the Bishop's disposal through the courtesy of 
 the priest in charge. "This controversy," says Bishop Lay, 
 "was the burning question at the General Convention of 1850; 
 and at that Convention, and in the preceding Diocesan Con- 
 vention of Maryland, it fell to the lot of Dr. Atkinson, then 
 Rector of St. Peter's, to vindicate the true ideal of the office 
 of Bishop." Commenting upon the triumph of the Bishop of 
 Maryland's contention. Bishop Lay adds in the above quoted 
 discourse (his memorial sermon on Bishop Atkinson) that, if 
 Whittingham and Atkinson had no other claim upon the 
 Church's gratitude they would deserve to be ever held in honor 
 for averting so great a calamity as that of the degradation of 
 the Episcopate. 
 
 Shortly after the year 1850, some of Doctor Atkinson's parish- 
 oners in Saint Peter's Church, Baltimore, in conjunction with 
 a number of their fellow-churchmen outside of that parish, 
 decided to build an additional house of worship and invite him 
 to become its Rector. The erection of Grace Church, on the 
 corner of Monument street and Park avenue, was the result, 
 and in this beautiful edifice Doctor Atkinson was officiating 
 when called to the Bishopric of North Carolina in 1853. 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Cabolena. 149 
 
 Some years prior to his election to the Bishopric of ISTorth 
 Carolina, Doctor Atkinson married (in January, 1828) Josepha 
 Gwinn "Wilder, daughter of .John T\"ilder, of Petershurg, Vir- 
 ginia. He Tvas survived by this lady, and also by all of his 
 children — three in number — as follows : 
 
 I. Mary Mayo Atkinson, -wife of the Eeverend D. HiUhouse 
 Buel, D.D., a clergyman who faithfully labored many years in 
 and aroimd Asheville, Xorth Carolina, in the interests of edu- 
 cation as well as religion. 
 
 U. John "Wilder Atkinson, of "Wilmington, Xorth Caro- 
 lina, a Colonel in the Confederate Army, who fought through 
 the war and was at one time confined in the military prison on 
 Johnson's Island, in Lake Erie; he has been three times mar- 
 ried and has descendants. 
 
 III. iiobert Atkinson, M.D., of Baltimore, Maryland, who 
 retired in early manhood from the practice of medicine, and 
 afterwards conducted a school for hoys ; he has been twice mar- 
 ried, and one of his children is the Reverend Thomas Atkinson, 
 at present a clergyman in the Diocese of Maryland. 
 
 In May, 1853, the Diocesan Convention of aSTorth Carolina 
 met in Christ Church at Raleigh ; and before this body was laid 
 the letter of December 32, 1852, whereby Bishop Ives made known 
 his intention of renouncing the communion of his Church and of 
 becoming a Roman Catholic. "While his letter did not accord with 
 the formalities governing the resignation of Bishops, the Dio- 
 cesan Convention resolved that his abandonment of the flock com- 
 mitted to his care and renunciation of the Anglican communion, 
 were circumstances which in themselves worked a deposition 
 from the ministry, and that the Bishopric was therefore vacant. 
 Accordingly the convention proceeded to the election of a suc- 
 cessor in the Episcopate, on May 28, 1853. The total number 
 of votes cast was twenty-seven — eighteen, or two-thirds, being 
 necessary for a choice. Those cast on the last ballot for the 
 Reverend Thomas Atkinson, D.D., were twenty. The votes 
 
160 Bishops of I^oeth Cakolina. 
 
 for the Eeverend Eiehard Sharpe Mason, D.D., were three; 
 those cast for the Right Reverend Horatio Southgate, D.D.,* 
 two; and two votes were blank. The Reverend Doctor Atkin- 
 son, having thus received the constitutional number of votes, 
 was declared elected by the clergy, said election being unani- 
 mously concurred in by the lay delegates. In referring to the 
 earlier ballots, before an election resulted, the Semi-WeeJcly 
 Raleigh Register, of June 1, 1853, said: "The clergy divided, 
 almost equally, between the Rev. Drs. Mason and Drane, the 
 distinguished Rectors of Christ Church, Raleigh, and St. James' 
 Church, Wilmington. More than thirty ballotings were had 
 among the clergy before two-thirds of their number (the consti- 
 tutional vote) united upon the Rev. Dr. Thomas Atkinson, of 
 Baltimore. Drs. Hawks and Southgate also received a respect- 
 able vote." 
 
 Upon being advised of his election, Doctor Atkinson accepted 
 the call. He said that, under the peculiar circumstances of the 
 case, he felt it to be the will of God that he should now accept 
 the high position which he had theretofore declined, though it 
 involved separation from a happy home and many dear friends 
 in Baltimore. He attended the General Convention of the 
 Church in the city of ISTew York, October, 1853, as a clerical 
 deputy from the Diocese of Maryland, while at the same time 
 his name was presented to the Convention for its consent to his 
 consecration as Bishop of ISTorth Carolina. Action to this effect 
 was postponed until Bishop Ives could be formally deposed, 
 after which the consecration of the new Bishop took place in due 
 form, October 17, 1853, in Saint John's Chapel. As much- 
 honored guests at the General Convention of 1853 were two colo- 
 nial dignitaries of the Mother Church of England, the Right 
 Reverend George Trevor Spencer, D. D., former Bishop of Mad- 
 ras, in India, and the Right Reverend George Medley, D. D., 
 
 * Though then officiating as Eector of the Church of the Advent, in 
 Boston, Doctor Southgate had formerly been Bishop over the Ameri- 
 can missions in Turlcey. 
 
Bishops of ZSTokth Caeolijs^a. 151 
 
 Bishop of Fredricton, in Canada, both of whom joined in the 
 ceremony of the lajdng on of hands when Doctor Atkinson was 
 consecrated Bishop, the American consecrators being the Right 
 Reverend Thomas Church Brownell, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of 
 Connecticut and Presiding Bishop ; the Right Reverend Charles 
 Pettit Mcllvaine, T). D., Bishop of Ohio; the Right Reverend 
 Greorge Washington Doane, D. D., LL. D., Bishoji of '!Sev; Jer- 
 sey, the Right Reverend Samuel Allen McCoskry, D. D., D. C. 
 L., Bishop of Michigan; and the Right Reverend James Hervey 
 Otey, D. D., Bishop of Tennessee. Another Bishop who received 
 his consecration during the session of the General Convention of 
 1853, at the hands of both the American and English Bishops — 
 though the personnel of his American consecrators slightly dif- 
 fered from Atkinson's — was the Right Reverend Thomas Fred- 
 erick Davis, of South Carolina, who van a native of "Wilming- 
 ton, l^orth Carolina, and a brother of the eiiiinent lawyer, Hon- 
 orable George Davis, afterwards Attorney-General of the Con- 
 federate States. A few months after the consecration of Bishops 
 Atkinson and Davis, still another native Xorth Carolinian was 
 added to the House of Bishops when the Reverend Thomas 
 Fielding Scott was consecrated Missionary Bishop of the rerri- 
 tories of Washington and Oregon, on January 8, 1854. Bishop 
 Scott's ministerial career began in Georgia, but he was born in 
 Iredell County, ISTorth Carolina, March 12, 1807. He died in 
 Xew York City on the 14th day of July, 1867. 
 
 After spending a short time in bidding farewell to his parish- 
 ioners and other friends in Baltimore, Bishop Atkinson set out 
 for IS^orth Carolina and arrived at Raleigh on Tuesday, the 8th 
 of l^ovember, 1853. He preached his first sermon in that city 
 at Christ Church on the following Sunday. On the evening of 
 the same day he delivered a sermon in the chapel of Saint Mary's 
 School, and confirmed twelve of its pupils. After laboring for 
 something more than a month in Jv'orth Carolina, Bishop Atkin- 
 son returned to Baltimore in December, and brought his family 
 to their new home. In the following month (January, 1854) he 
 
152 Bishops of N'okth Carolina. 
 
 also visited ISTew York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Richmond, 
 holding services by invitation in each of these cities. 
 
 In May, 1854, while travelling in eastern JSTorth Carolina, 
 Bishop Atkinson paid a visit to the ruins of Saint Thomas's 
 Church at Bath, the oldest house of worship in the State. Of it 
 he wrote : ''The Church at Bath is venerable from age and asso- 
 ciation, but has become so dilapidated as to approach ruin. 
 The village, once the capital of the State, and possessed of com- 
 parative population and wealth, is now nearly stripped of both, 
 and it will therefore be a serious effort on the part of the present 
 residents to put the Church in good repair; but it is one they 
 design to make, and in which they ought to be assisted by others, 
 and especially by those who, though no longer residents, are con- 
 nected with this interesting spot as their former home or that of 
 their forefathers." It may interest the reader to know that this 
 ancient edifice is now in regular use, but it was not restored 
 until some years later. The walls, being made of hard brick, 
 withstood the elements during the long years of neglect through 
 which it passed. 
 
 In the year above mentioned, during Bishop Atkinson's visit 
 to Bath, as well as elsewhere in the same section of the State, he 
 was accompanied by the Eeverend Edwin Geer, Eector of Saint 
 Peter's Church at "Washington, in Beaufort County. Alluding 
 to May 30th, the Bishop says : "That evening I parted from 
 Mr. Greer, whose pleasant society as well as useful services I had 
 enjoyed for a week. He returned to Washington. I crossed the 
 Pamlico River to Mr. Charles Crawford's, where, among others, 
 I met with his aged mother, a venerable relict of a past era and a 
 type of that class of women to whom the Church in this Diocese, 
 in that of Virginia, and of Maryland, and no doubt in many 
 others, is so much indebted — who, without the ordinary public 
 means of grace, and amid deep discouragements, htiye kept the 
 faith and carof'illy trained up their children in it On May 
 31st, at Mr. Crawford's, I baptized nine children— two white and 
 seven colored." 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Cakolina. 153 
 
 It was the privilege of Bishop Atkinson, on September 19, 
 1854, to pay a visit to the Moravian community at Salem. He 
 alluded to this town and its people in his next address to the 
 Diocesan C'onvention, saying : "This is a very interesting place, 
 because of the Moravian colony established there — a body of 
 people with whom, as Protestants and at the same time Episco- 
 palians, we have an especial affinity. Their large and flourish- 
 ing schools have been to a considerable extent patronized by the 
 members of our Church, and our kind feeling towards them 
 seems to be cordially reciprocated. Withal, the flourishing vil- 
 lage of Winston is growing up by the side of Salem, and the 
 population of the surrounding country is increasing." About a 
 year later, September 9, 1855, Bishop Atkinson again visited the 
 Moravians, and was once more received with loving hospitality. 
 On the latter occasion he preached in their church. Later he 
 expressed great admiration for their educational system. Speak- 
 ing of the Salem Academy (the oldest school for girls in ISTorth 
 Carolina) he said: "It was to me also very pleasing and encour- 
 aging to observe the flourishing condition of the School in which 
 so many of the daughters of North Carolina, and of the other 
 Southern States, have received important aid in fitting them- 
 selves for the discharge of the duties of life." And still another 
 visit to Salem, September 1, 1858, was recorded by Bishop 
 Atkinson as follows : "I preached in the Moravian Church at 
 Salem, and baptized two infants. I was received by that inter- 
 esting community with the kindness they have ever shown, not 
 to me only, but to all the ministers of our Church who have 
 visited them ; and I was gratified to learn that some of them are 
 among the largest contributors to the fund now being collected 
 for the purpose of building a house of worship for our ovsm com- 
 munion in or near their village." 
 
 In March, 1854, Bishop Atkinson included Saint John's 
 Church, at Williamsborough, in his visitations, and of it he said : 
 "The venerable Church, in which the solemn eloquence of 
 Ravenscroft had so often awed the hearts of multitudes, exhib- 
 
154 Bishops of I^okth Cabolina. 
 
 ited (when I first saw it) marks of dilapidation and decay. 
 JSTow, not only lias it been repaired and painted, but a parsonage 
 has also been purchased." 
 
 Bishop Atkinson and his family left Ealeigh and became resi- 
 dents of Wilmington in December, 1855, some Churchmen in the 
 latter place having procured for their use a handsome home, 
 besides showing many other acts of consideration and kindness. 
 In 1854 the Diocesan Convention had taken steps looking to the 
 erection of a See House at Ealeigh, but this plan was later aban- 
 doned in consequence of the Bishop's removal. 
 
 ISTot long after Bishop Atkinson had reached his new home in 
 Wilmington he was called back to Ealeigh by news of the sud- 
 den death of his greatly beloved friend, Joseph B. G. Eoulhac — 
 a gentleman of French descent — of whom he says : "ITever 
 within my acquaintance has the death of a private citizen been 
 more universally regretted than his. And well did he deserve 
 the high place he occupied in the confidence and affection of the 
 community. His flowing courtesy and delicate respect for the 
 opinions and feelings of others, continually reminded those who 
 knew him of the best qualities of the race from which he sprung, 
 and which his name indicated, yet the bluntest of men could not 
 have been more sincere, upright, and honorable than he was." 
 Another death, occurring a few years after Mr. Eoulhac's, was 
 that of the Eeverend John Haywood Parker, Eector of Saint 
 Luke's Church in Salisbury, who passed to his reward on the 
 15th of September, 1858. This also was a source of deep grief 
 to Bishop Atkinson, who (in addressing the Convention of 
 1859) feelingly referred to the loss thus sustained, and said of 
 Mr. Parker personally: "He was peculiarly qualified to be use- 
 ful as a minister, not only by piety and intelligence, but by 
 warm and tender affections, by great suavity and cordiality of 
 manner, and by a rare combination of zeal and discretion. It 
 was said by one who well knew the town in which he lived, that 
 his loss would be more deeply felt than that of any other man 
 who could be taken from it." 
 
Bishops of Xobth Cabolixa. 155 
 
 For several years prior to the outbreak of the TVar Between 
 the Spates a movement had been on foot looking to the establish- 
 iiitn* in some SoiuLcrn diocese of a university under the aus- 
 pices of the Church. The first stex^s, "with this end in vie^v, Avere 
 taken by Ei-hop Polk, who, on July 1, 1^50, addressed a letter 
 to the other Southern Bishops, setting forth the need of such an 
 institution, not only as a training school for the ministry, but 
 for the general education of young men. Bishojj Atkinson 
 attended a meeting at I*Iontgomery, .Vlabama, in Xovember, 
 1858, Trhich decided that this institution — nov/ known as the 
 University of the Sonth — should be established at Sev/tnee, in 
 the mountains of Tennessee. The corner-stone of the first build- 
 ing of this in-stitution was laid in 1860; but, shortly after this, 
 the war swept away nearly all of its assets, amounting to about 
 half a million dollars. Work was begun there ane^v, af+er tlie 
 war, by Bishop Quintard of Tennessee; and, after passing 
 through many trying vicissitudes, it is now one of the best 
 institutions of its kind in America. The University of the South 
 is the joint property of the several dioceses throughout +he 
 States of Xorth Ctirolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
 Al'dkama, Missis.sippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, Arkansas, and 
 Texas. 
 
 At a date some-.vhsjr eailier than that at which Bishop Polk 
 eonceived the idea, of establishing the University of the South, 
 steps had been (akcn in Xorth Carolina to found an educational 
 institution as a memorial to Bishop Kavenseroft. In 1854, the 
 Diocesan Convention of Xorth Carolina — ^not deterred by the 
 failure of the Episcopal School at Raleigh fifteen years earlier — 
 resolved to establish a Church school for boys. At the same time, 
 for its government, it was jtrovided that this institution should 
 be under the management of a board of trusiees, consisting of the 
 Bishop, ex officio, and three laymen to be appointed by him. To 
 serve on this board, Bishop Atkinson selected ilessrs. Henry A. 
 London, of Pittsboro, in Chatham County, Thomas Hill, of the 
 same place, and George W Mordecai, of Ealeigh. It v^as deter- 
 
156 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 mined by these gentlemen to locate the school at Pittsboro, as a 
 spacious lot and about two thousand dollars had been offered to 
 the trustees as an inducement to do so. The Reverend Jarvis 
 Buxton, of Asheville, was elected principal, though the Bishop 
 felt very reluctant to have him removed from a section where he 
 was so greatly beloved and was meeting with such marked suc- 
 cess in his sacred calling. Doctor Buxton at first accepted the 
 prineipalship, but, before he could assume the duties of his new 
 post, his parishioners at Asheville offered to establish a school in 
 that town if he would remain. This he consented to do, first con- 
 sulting the Bishop and securing his approbation of such a 
 course. It was at first intended (after Doctor Buxton decided 
 to remain in Asheville) to have schools in both Pittsboro and 
 Asheville, but the former plan was finally given up. The insti- 
 tution at Asheville — Ravenscroft School — was opened in 1856. 
 The Reverend Lucian Holmes succeeded Doctor Buxton as its 
 head-master, in 1861, and served until the doors of the school 
 were closed in 1864. An account of this institution, written by 
 Doctor Buxton himself, is given in the volume of centennial 
 addresses entitled Church History in North Carolina, published 
 in 1892. In that work. Doctor Buxton says : "At the close of 
 the Civil War and on the restoration of peace, the Ravenscroft 
 Institute was re-organized by Bishop Atkinson solely into a 
 theological school — that is, a school where postulants and candi- 
 dates only for the holy ministry were received and instructed." 
 The Reverend George T. Wilmer was the first principal of 
 Ravenscroft School after its re-organization, in 1868, but soon 
 resigned to accept a professorship in William and Mary College. 
 He was succeeded by the Reverend Francis J. Murdoch, who 
 later gave place to the Reverend D. Hillhouse Buel in the Fall of 
 1872. Says Doctor Buxton, in the above-quoted account: "In 
 1886 it was decided by the Convention to revive the plan of a 
 diocesan school for boys (the proposed one, to be located at Mor- 
 ganton, having miscarried) and t© fit up and use for that pur- 
 pose the Ravenscroft building. The erection of a separate build- 
 
Bishops OF XoETH Cakolixa. 157 
 
 ing, for the training school for the ministry, was postponed to a 
 future day." After the above institution became a high school 
 for boys, its head-masters v.r-re successively 3.1essrs. Henry A. 
 Prince, Haywood Parker, and Ronald McDonald. The gentle- 
 man last named undertook (v.-ith the approval of the Diocesan 
 Convention) to run the school as a private educational enter- 
 prise; but, not meeting with patronage sufficient to justify its 
 continuance, he finally gave up the undertaking. In 1887, Mr. 
 Johu H. Shoenberger, of Xew York (formerly of Pennsylva- 
 nia), gave the school a building costing over eight thousand dol- 
 lars, liavenscroft School is not in operation at present; but, as 
 its grounds and buildings are still owned by the Church, it may 
 be revived at some future day. It is not now in the Diocese of 
 Xorth Carolina, but in the Missionary Jurisdiction of Asheville. 
 In the period preceding the War Between the States, Bishop 
 Atkinson had faithfully carried out the policy of his Church in 
 extending spiritual enlightenment among the negroes; and, like 
 his predecessors, hi;d the hearty co-oparation of the most exten- 
 sive slave-holders of his Diocebe in this good work. In his 
 address to the Diocesan Convention of 1854, speaking of the 
 plantation of lienry K. Burg^H'vn, on the Eoanoke liiver, he 
 said : "At a little chapel on his estate, after evening prayer, L 
 preached to his slaves, who attended very numerously and vAth 
 a gratifying appearance of interest and devotion. The Rev. Mr. 
 Fitz Gerald, who lives at Mr. Burgwyn's, gives much of his time 
 and labor to this important and often neglected part of our 
 population; and, with the efBcient aid he receives from Mr. 
 Morell, now a candidate for Orders, who resides as a tutor in the 
 family, and from the excellent mistress of the household, the 
 good work seems to make gratifying progress." That Mr. 
 Josiah Collins faithfully kept up the religious work on his 
 plantation, heretofore alluded to, appears in the same journal. 
 After speaking of the incessant labors of Mr. Collins in person- 
 ally instructing his negroes, the Bishop says: "Such cares and 
 labors for their souls' good, accomplished, as in his case, by cor- 
 
158 Bishops of ISToetii Carolina. 
 
 respondent solicitude for their temporal welfare, seems to me 
 the best answer to those who revile the entire population of the 
 South, and who know so well how to do that which Burke felt to 
 be so far beyond his powers — to draw up an indictment against 
 a whole people. Perhaps the philanthropy, which thus rails and 
 is puifed up, may be less precious in the sight of God than that 
 obscure benevolence which only works and makes sacrifices." 
 To the Diocesan Convention of 1856, Bishop Atkinson reported : 
 "I appointed Mr. William Murphy some months ago to officiate 
 here [at Wilson,] together with Kocky Mount, taking charge at 
 the same time of the religious instruction of the slaves of Mr. 
 Turner Battle and his sisters. He has recently, with my con- 
 sent, agreed to serve also once a month, a new congregation at 
 Marlborough, in Pitt County. . . I preached in Rocky 
 
 Mount in the afternoon, and administered the Communion ; and, 
 in the evening, preached to the slaves of Mr. Battle and his sis- 
 ters. As an encouraging indication of increasing interest in the 
 religious instruction of slaves, I will mention that two ministers, 
 in this quarter of the Diocese, have, in the last few months, been 
 employed by masters to aid them in this part of their duty — Mr. 
 Murphy by the Battle family, and Mr. Gallagher by Mr. T. P. 
 Devereux. With Mr. Devereux, indeed, the subject has long 
 been one of deep interest and practical effort." The Devereux 
 family, of which the above-mentioned Thomas Pollock Devereux 
 was head, owned eight large plantations and about sixteen hun- 
 dred negroes. An interesting account of the workings of these 
 vast estates has been preserved in a volume (published in 1906) 
 entitled Planialton Sketches, by Mrs. Margaret Devereux, of 
 Raleigh. Even ■v\hile the War Between the States was at its 
 height, the religious instruction of the negroes was not neg- 
 lected. In one of his addresses the Bishop speaks of a visitation 
 to Christ Church in Raleigh, where, on the night of May 11, 
 1862, he "preached to a crowded and very attentive congrega- 
 tion of colored people." Later in the war-time, October 13, 1863, 
 the Bishop made a brief stay at the plantation of Mr. Peter W. 
 
Bishops of ISTorth Carolina. 159 
 
 Hairston, in Davie County, and says of this visit : "I preached 
 tf/icc- to a large body of his slaves, some of his family and a fe ?■ 
 of his neighbors being present, and administered the Holy Com- 
 munion. The care bestowed by ^Mr. and ilrs. Hairston on the 
 religious instruction of their slaves is much to be commended." 
 The Mr. Hairs*:on, here mentioned, ovsmed about two thousand 
 slaves — ^few men in the entire South having so great a number. 
 The first meeting of the Diocesan Convention of Xorth Caro- 
 lina, after che beginning of the war, was to have been held at 
 Ifew Bern ; but, as hostilities had opened in that neighborhood, 
 and many male members of the local congregation v.ere already 
 absent in the military service of the Confederacy, Bishop Atkin- 
 son changed the place of meeting to ilorganion, and it accord- 
 ingly assembled in the latter town, July 10th-12th, 1861. In his 
 annual address, the Bishop discussed at some length the political 
 situation, averring that the secession of the Southern States did 
 not, in itself, work a dissolution of the relations existing between 
 the dioceses forming the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
 United States. Should the dioceses in the seceded States form a 
 union, however (as they later did), he intimated that the Dio- 
 cese of iN'orth Carolina should join with them, and thus separate 
 from the Church in the northern dioceses. Concerning some 
 alterations he had authorized in forms of worship, he said that 
 he had added a prayer for the people of the Confederate States 
 and the soldiers gone forth to war, as well as substituting prayers 
 for the civil rulers of the Confederacy, its Congress, etc., in the 
 place of such civil officers of the United States, as the latter had 
 ceased to hold authority over the territory in which the Diocese 
 of ISTorth Carolina v/as situated. He also said: "The State is 
 always entitled to our prayers and obedience unless she under- 
 took to set aside the law of Christ, in which case v.'e must obey 
 God rather than man. But the State has a right to frame her 
 own government, and the Church in that State must sustain and 
 respect that government. If, then, we individually censured the 
 acts by which l^^o^th Carolina seceded from the American Union 
 
160 Bishops of North Cabolina. 
 
 and established a government for herself, and afterwards adopted 
 the government of the Confederate States, still, as a Church, we 
 must have acknowledged, prayed for, and obeyed that govern- 
 ment; for, as to us, its officers are 'the powers that be,' whom 
 St. Paul bids us obey. Happily, however, for our peace of mind, 
 we have had no perplexing questions of the sort to settle. By the 
 time the State acted, her citizens had become nearly unanimous 
 in the conviction that she must adopt the course which she has 
 pursued. The duty of the Church, in this Diocese, to the State, 
 is, then, clear." 
 
 As early as July 3, 1861 (a few days before the IN'orth Caro- 
 lina Diocesan Convention met at Morganton) a meeting of rep- 
 resentatives of the Southern dioceses had been held at Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama, being attended by Bishops Davis of South 
 Carolina, Elliott of Georgia, Green of Mississippi, and Rutledge 
 of Florida, together with some clerical and lay delegates. This 
 meeting was held in pursuance of a call contained in a circular 
 letter sent to the Southern Bishops from Sewanee, Tennessee, by 
 Bishops Polk and Elliott in the Spring of 1861. To this call, 
 Bishop Atkinson did not respond. Polk himself, having reluc- 
 tantly laid aside his crosier and taken up the sword, was absent 
 in the field. Of the other Southern Bishops, Cobbs of Alabama 
 had recently died, Meade of Virginia was infirm from age, Otey 
 of Tennessee was ill, and Gregg of Texas was unable to get 
 through the Federal blockade. This meeting at Montgomery 
 was more of a conference than a convention — the Bishops and 
 the delegates, both clerical and lay, all sitting together. The 
 conference agreed that it was necessary for the Church in the 
 Confederate States to organize; and also resolved that a com- 
 mittee (consisting of Bishops and both classes of delegates) 
 should prepare a constitution to be submitted to the various 
 Southern dioceses. Then the meeting adjourned to re-assemble 
 at Columbia, South Carolina, October 16th-25th, 1861. At 
 this Columbia meeting all the Southern Bishops were present 
 except General Polk. The constitution which the committee 
 
Bishops of jSTohtii Caholina. 161 
 
 had drav.n up by order of the meeting at Montgomery, and 
 which had been submitted to each Southern diocese for ratifi- 
 cation, was found to have been formally adopted by the Dioceses 
 of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, 
 Mississippi, and Texas — while Tennessee, Louisiana, Florida, 
 and the Missionary Jurisdiction of the South-v.est had been 
 prevented, owing to military occupation by United States troops, 
 from holding conventions to consider the same. Under these 
 circumstances, the Eight Reverend Stephen Elliott, of Gfeorgia, 
 Presiding Bishop, officially declared that "The Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church in the Confederate States of America" was duly 
 organized, and issued a call for "The First General Council" of 
 the same, to assemble in the city of Augusta, Georgia, Novem- 
 ber 12, 1862. It met at the appointed time and place — remain- 
 ing in session till November 22d — the Bishops present being 
 Elliott of Georgia, Johns of Virginia, Atkinson of North Caro- 
 lina, Davis of South Carolina, Lay of the Missionary Jurisdic- 
 tion of tho South-west, and Wilmer of Alabama, the last named 
 being the first and only Bishop who was consecrated under the 
 authority of the Church in the Confederate States. 
 
 In the Book of Common Prayer of the newly organized 
 Church, few changes were made. The words "Confederate 
 States" were substituted for "United States" in the prayers for 
 those in authority. Under the new constitution of the Chuieh, 
 the diocesan assemblies, both State and National, were to be 
 called "Councils" instead of Conventions. Up to and including 
 the year 1862, the meetings of the clergy and laity in North 
 Carolina were called Conventions, as formerly. In 1863, 1864, 
 and 1865, such meetings were officially designated as Councils ; 
 and, thereafter, they were again called Conventions. We may 
 add that, in the Diocese of East Carolina, the governing body, 
 from its organization, in 1883, up to the present time, has been 
 called the Diocesan Council, and this is also true of many other 
 dioceses throughout the United States. 
 
162 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 The constitution of the Church in the Confederate States 
 also provided that whenever a single State should contain 
 more than one diocese, these dioceses might he erected into 
 an Ecclesiastical Province, the governing hody of which 
 should be a Provincial Council, meeting at least once every 
 three years. This Provincial Council was to be made up 
 of all the Bishops in the State, and such representatives 
 (clerical and lay) from the several dioceses, as might be deter- 
 mined by the Diocesan Councils or Conventions. The senior 
 Bishop, in line of consecration, should preside; and, if there 
 were as many as three Bishops, they were to form a separate 
 House. This "Provincial System" is now authorized by the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, and it seems 
 a pity that North Carolina had not adopted it, for the broad 
 expanse of territory in that State has necessitated the erection 
 of three separate and distinct dioceses. Could all three of these 
 occasionally meet in joint council, it would bring together 
 Churchmen from every quarter of the State which is the com- 
 mon mother of all, and renew the happy associations which the 
 necessities of Church government have heretofore severed — 
 aside from giving a better idea of the full strength of the Church 
 throughout the State of North Carolina. 
 
 In the Confederate Book of Common Prayer, printed in Lon- 
 don, there was a curious oversight, as mentioned in the Reverend 
 John Pulton's monograph in Bishop Perry's History of the 
 Amencan Episcopal Church. In the forms of prayer to be used 
 at sea, the Vv'ords "Confederate States" were, through inadver- 
 tence, not substituted for "United States"; and hence, on the 
 Confederate cruisers, if this form of worship were used, the 
 ship's officers and crew must pray "that we may be a safe-guard 
 unto the United States of America, and a security for such as 
 pass on the seas upon their lawful occasions !" 
 
 Prior to the war, Arkansas had been part of the Missionary 
 Jurisdiction of the South-west, with the Right Reverend Henry 
 Champlin Lay as Missionary Bishop. The General Convention 
 
Bishops of 2foETH Cakolina. 163 
 
 (or Council) of the Confederate States, at its session in Augusta, 
 erected Arkansas into a separate diocese, and Doctor Lay there- 
 upon took his seat in the House of Bishops as Bishop of Arkan- 
 sas. Of the later fate of the Diocese of Arkansas, further men- 
 tion will be made in the present work. 
 
 In the course of his address to the House of Deputies in the 
 G^eneral Council at Augusta, its president, the Eeverend Chris- 
 tian Hanckel, D. D., of South Carolina, said: "'\Ye are about, 
 not to detach ourselves from the Church Catholic, but to put 
 forth a new bud from the parent stock ; indeed, by our proc&ed- 
 ings thus far, we have already developed the elements of a full, 
 perfect, and complete branch, which, I trust, may grow and 
 spread till it covers the whole land, and reach, and bless by its 
 precious influence, the remotest part of our Confederate States.'' 
 
 In the beginning of the war, after ^STorth Carolina had se- 
 ceded, but before the Diocese had by its own act withdrawn from 
 the union with the northern dioceses. Bishop Atkinson incurred 
 some adverse criticism in the South by officially giving his con- 
 sent for the consecration, in a Xorthern State (Pennsylvania) of 
 an Assistant Bishop, the Reverend William Bacon Stevens. 
 Holding that the Church and the civil government were separate 
 and distinct institutions, Bishop Atkinson's contention was that 
 as the Diocese of Xorth Carolina had not, up to that time, with- 
 drawn from the union of dioceses in the United States, ho was 
 still a Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in its old 
 form ; and, as such, bound by the canon lav/ to give his assent to, 
 or dissent from, such consecration. For reasons somewhat simi- 
 lar, he refused to join in the consecration of the Reverend Rich- 
 ard Hooker Wilmer as Bishop of Alabama (ilarch 6, 1862), 
 counseling delay in the latter ceremony until a diocesan union 
 could be perfected and a Church of national proportions duly 
 organized within the Confederacy. Alluding to this refusal on 
 his part. Bishop Atkinson addressed the Diocesan Convention of 
 1862 in these words : "It was . . . painful for me to decline 
 to take part in the consecration of Bishop Wilmer. The choice 
 
164 ' Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 made by the Diocese of Alabama I believed wise and judicious ; 
 and it ■vvonld on personal grounds, moreover, bave been very 
 gratifying to unite in the ballowed ceremonial by whicb the 
 brother thus chosen was set apart for his new and trying duties. 
 But our existing canons, providing for the consecration of a 
 Bishop, could not well, if at all, have been carried out in the 
 present state of the Church and the country, nor was this at- 
 tempted ; and our new code had not then been, and still has not 
 been, ratified. I thought it right to wait until these last were 
 adopted. In this I differed from some living Bishops of great 
 intelligence and of unquestionable zeal for the Gospel and the 
 Church, and from one, since dead, whose character I especially 
 revered and by whose judgment I have been for many years 
 greatly influenced — the late Bishop Meade. Since it was thought 
 necessary that a Bishop should be immediately consecrated for 
 Alabama, we may well rejoice that the man set apart for the 
 work should be one so well qualified to perform it to the glory of 
 God and the edification of His Church." 
 
 Bishop Atkinson's worst enemy — if enemies he had — could not 
 question his loyalty to the Confederate government, or his in- 
 terest in the spiritual welfare of its soldiery. Time and again 
 did he hold services for the Worth Carolina troops both in Vir- 
 ginia and at home. Speaking of the year 1861, he says : "The 
 month of August I spent in Virginia, preaching to the soldiers 
 in various camps, and also to congregations in several Churches 
 in Eichmond. At Yorktown, August 6th, I buried a soldier 
 from North Carolina." The Bishop also devoted some of his 
 time to religious work among soldiers in the large garrison at 
 Fort Fisher, not many miles from his home in Wilmington. 
 
 During the course of the war, at least two North Carolina 
 candidates for holy orders — Robert Walker Anderson and 
 James T. Cooke — were killed in battle. Among the Episcopa- 
 lian chaplains holding commissions in the various regiments of 
 North Carolina troops were the Reverend Alfred A. Watson (in 
 later years Bishop of East Carolina), of the Second Regiment; 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Caeolix^. 165 
 
 the Kevferend Frederick Fitz Gerald, also of the Second Kegi- 
 ment (succeeding ilr. "Watson) ; the Reverend ]\Iaurice Hamil- 
 ton Vaughan, and the Reverend Greorge Patrerson, both succes- 
 sively of the Third Regiment — ilr. Vaughan having been trans- 
 ferred thereto from the Seventeenth; the Reverend Bennett 
 Smedes, of the Fifth Regiment ; the Re\erend Matthias il. Mar- 
 shall, of the Seventh Regiment, and later Chaplain of Hosxjitals 
 at KittreU; the Reverend Aristides S. Smith, of the Eleventh 
 Regiment; the Reverend Mr. Vaughan (already mentioned), 
 and the Re-^-erend Girard V.' Phelps, of the Seventeenth Regi- 
 ment ; the Reverend Joseph W. Murphy, of the Forty-third, and 
 later of the Thirty-second Regiment ; the Reverend John Huske 
 TiUinghast,of the Forty-fourth Regiment ; the Reverend Thomas 
 B. Haughton,of the Fiftieth Regiment ; and the Reverend Edwin 
 Geer and the Reverend Francis W. HiUiard, Post Chaplains at 
 Wilmington. Others there were— such as the courageous Colonel 
 Edwin A. Osborne, of the Fourth iJforth Carolina, afterwards 
 Archdeacon of the Convocation of Charlotte — who entered the 
 ministry after the close of hostilities. Another brave soldier of 
 the same class was Major James A. Weston, of the Thirty-third 
 Regiment, who was Rector of the Church of the Ascension at 
 Hickory, Xcrth Carolina, when he died, on December 13, 1905. 
 In 1880 about haK a dozen ex-Confederate officers were Bishops 
 in the Church throughout the United States. In Bishop Atkin- 
 son's addrefjs in 1864, he refers to one of the above army chap- 
 lains as follows : "I have also had the pleasure of receiving 
 again into the Diocese the Rev. Bennett Smedes, who, although 
 happily situated in Baltimore, felt it his duty to endure peril 
 and privation in returning to his parents and his native State to 
 render service to those to whom he felt most bounden. The 
 Bishop of Maryland declining to give him Letters Dimissory 
 for this purpose, I received him without them. He first became 
 a Chaplain in the Army ; but, his health failing him in a mode 
 of life to which he was unaccustomed, he has since become the 
 Assistant of his father, the Rev. Aldert Smedes, in charge of 
 
166 BiSHOI'S OF NOKTH CAROLINA. 
 
 St. Mary's School, Ealeigli, the onerous duties of which were 
 pressing too heavily on the latter." Including the Reverend 
 Bennett Smedes, just mentioned (himself at one time a prisoner, 
 having been captured while coming South), Doctor Aldert 
 Smedes had four sons in the Confederate Army, and two were 
 killed in battle. 
 
 It must not be inferred that all the courage and devotion 
 displayed by the clergy during the war were confined to 
 camp and field; for more unflinching bravery is hard to find 
 than that which stands unappalled before the pestilence that 
 walketh in darkness and the destruction that wasteth at noonday. 
 Yellow fever, with all its attendant horrors, in 1862, visited the 
 seaport city of Wilmington, where had long been stationed the 
 Eeverend Robert Brent Drane, D. D., Rector of the parish of 
 Saint James. In recording Doctor Drane's devotion unto death, 
 amid that terrible epidemic, we cannot do better than quote the 
 account given the Diocesan Convention of 1863 by Bishop Atkin- 
 son, in these words : "Remarkable as Dr. Drane had ever been 
 for his attention to his flock, he became doubly assiduous in that 
 distressing time, and especially, as I have reason to know, to the 
 poor and friendless, carrying with his own hand, day by day, 
 the nourishment and the little comforts which they needed and 
 which he had it in his power to supply. In the midst of this 
 career of ministerial fidelity and Christian charity, he was him- 
 self stricken down ; and, after a few days' illness, borne with his 
 usual fortitude and faith, he died. Wilmington has had many 
 citizens who are honored and respected, and some of the chief of 
 these she lost in that season of pestilence, but none of the living 
 and none of the dead could have been removed vnth deeper and 
 more universal grief than followed the death of Dr. Drane. He 
 had been the Rector of St. James's Church, with but a short 
 intermission, for eight and twenty years — living among a people 
 many of whom he had baptized, not a few of whom he had mar- 
 ried, many of whom he had comforted in sickness and trouble, 
 and all of whom he had instructed in the Christian faith ably 
 
Bishops of Xokth Cabolina. 167 
 
 and successfully. Distinguished, too, as he was, for his powers 
 as a preacher, the soundness of his judgment, his unwearied dili- 
 gence as a pastor, and his consistency to principle, his loss will 
 be felt for years in his congregation and community. Xo suc- 
 cessor, whatever his qualities may be, can adequately fill his 
 place at once; for confidence, sur;h as was felt towards him, is a 
 plant of slow growth. In this body, we shall be very sensible of 
 the loss of his counsels and his labors." A worthy son and name- 
 sake of Doctor Drane is at present Rector of Saint Paul's 
 Church, an old colonial house of worship, in Edenton, North 
 Carolina, v,liere (excepting a year's service in Wilmington as 
 deacon) he has been stationed during his entire ministerial life. 
 Bishop Atkinson himself was Rector of the parish of Saint 
 James for a short while after the elder Doctor Drane died, and 
 was succeeded by the Reverend Alfred A. Watson. 
 
 During the same year that the elder Doctor Drane died in 
 Wilmington, a faithful deacon of the Church, laboring in an 
 entirely different sphere, passed away. His life was spent 
 among the mountains of Xorth Carolina, near the temporarily 
 abandoned mission of Valle Crusis. This was the Reverend Wil- 
 liam West Skiles. Of him the Bishop said : "He was a true mis- 
 sionary : humble, patient, laborious, and affectionate — not de- 
 spising the day of small things, and still less despising any 
 human soul, however rude, and ignorant, and sin-stained that 
 soul might be. Long will the dwellers in the valleys and forests 
 of that wild mountain region miss their faithful pastor, who was 
 at the same time their physician, their counsellor, and their 
 familiar friend." In 1890 there was published a Httle volume 
 entitled William West Shiles, a Sketch of Missionary Life at 
 Valle Crusis, by Susan Fenimore Cooper. 
 
 Another death among the clergy, recorded with sorrow by the 
 Bishop about the time that the Reverend Messrs. Drane and 
 Skiles passed away, was that of the Reverend George Benton, 
 formerly a missionary to Greece, who Spent the last seventeen 
 
168 Bishops of Worth Caeolina. 
 
 yeais of his life in faithful labors among the people of ISTorth 
 Carolina, chiefly at Rockfish, in Cumberland County. One of his 
 sons (born in Crete), the Eeverend Angelo Ames Benton, D. D., 
 was for some years a clergyman in the Diocese of l^orth Caro- 
 lina and a theological writer of note, his chief work being The 
 Church Cyclopaedia. The latter gentleman also attained dis- 
 tinction as an educator, being Professor of Latin and Greek in 
 Delaware College for a while, and afterwards Professor of Dog- 
 matic Theology in the University of the South, at Sewanee, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 The whole course of the war was a sore and continued trial, 
 not only to the country in general, but to the Church as well. 
 A note of sorrow, yet not of despair, is found in the Bishop's 
 address of 1862. "We are met together," he said, "to take coun- 
 sel for the Church on a dark and anxious day, both for the 
 Church and the country. The invading enemy has taken pos- 
 session of a considerable part of this State, as well as of others 
 of the Southern Confederacy, and is seeking to over-run and 
 possess the whole. In this we suffer, not only as patriots, but as 
 Churchmen. The blood of our brethren of the household of 
 faith has been shed on the field of battle. Our congregations 
 have been dispersed, our ministers driven from their Churches, 
 public worship suspended, and the slender maintenance of the 
 clergy diminished or taken away. It is a sore and grievous 
 trial, necessary, we must suppose, because it comes in the provi- 
 dence of God, but hard to bear without despondency, without 
 secret murmurings against that providence, and without bitter 
 and malignant feelings against the men who have brought these 
 calamities upon us. May we, by His grace, learn thus to bear it 
 and to inherit the blessing promised to those who suffer as Chris- 
 tians." 
 
 During the war the Church lost by sickness many old and 
 honored members — Frederick J. Hill, M. D., Edward Lee Wins- 
 low (Secretary of the Diocese), Josiah Collins, and others — 
 while countless numbers of her younger sons were slain fighting 
 
Bishops of ISToeth Caeolina. 169 
 
 the battles of the Confederacy. ISTor did laymen alone take up 
 the sword, for one great Bishop, Leonidas Polk of Loiiisiana, a 
 native Xorth Carolinian of heroic Revolutionary lineage, yielded 
 to the pressure of the times and reluctantly laid aside pastoral 
 staff to accept the command of an army corps raised to fight 
 the invaders — later being kiUed at Pine Mountain. Several 
 other Southern Bishops passed away more peacefully during the 
 progi-ess of hostilities — Cobbs of Alabama, Meade of Virginia, 
 and Otey of Tennessee, all being taken at a time when their wise 
 counsels were sorely needed. 
 
 In ITorth Carolina much damage was done to Church prop- 
 erty, nor were the clergymen themselves exempt from personal 
 indignities. The Reverend William R. TVetmore was ejected from 
 Christ Church in iN'ew Bern, and a Chaplain from the Federal 
 Army placed in his pulpit. Grace Church in Plymouth was 
 three times struck by shells and badly damaged during a bomb- 
 ardment. Saint Peter's Church in Washington, Beaufort 
 County, was burned; while Saint James's Church in Wilming- 
 ton, and other houses of worship throughout the State, were 
 taken possession of for Federal hospitals. 
 
 Toward the close of the war, Bishop Atkinson's family had 
 been removed by him to Wadesboro, in Anson County, as it was 
 thought to be a safer neighborhood than the vicinity of Wil- 
 mington. Upon the advance of some of Sherman's marauders 
 toward that village, the Bishop — being a non-combatant— de- 
 cided to remain, thinking his age and sacred office would be 
 some protection. In this he was mistaken, however; for one of 
 the soldiers held a pistol at his head, while the others robbed his 
 home of such possessions as could be carried away. Alluding to 
 this matter later, the Bishop said : "While I do not affect to be 
 indifferent, either to the outrage or to the loss I have sustained, 
 I felt at the time, and still feel, that it is a weighty counter- 
 balancing consideration that, partaking of the evils which the 
 people of my charge have been called upon to undergo, I could 
 more truly and deeply sympathize with them in their suffer- 
 ings." 
 
170 Bishops ob' W^okth Cabolina. 
 
 Never was there greater need for the people to pray for de- 
 liverance from plague, pestilence, and famine; from battle and 
 murder, and from sudden death, than at the time when the 
 War Between the States was in progress — yet even then the 
 energies of the Church were by no means paralyzed. Houses of 
 worship were dedicated, the clergymen pursued their labors 
 without murmuring at privations which were the common lot of 
 all, and the Bishop went on his visitations to the congregations 
 throughout the Diocese. In passing through Scotland l^Teck, in 
 Halifax County, where the principal crop could not be marketed 
 on account of the war. Bishop Atkinson asked whether the con- 
 gregation of Trinity Church, in view of their reverses, would be 
 able to raise the usual contributions to missions and the amount 
 necessary for the support of the parish, and received the answer 
 that their contributions to the Church would be increased, be- 
 cause there was greater need for them. One lady of that parish, 
 Mrs. Martha Clark, hearing that the Church's educational inter- 
 ests were suffering for lack of funds, sent two thousand dollars 
 to the Bishop to aid the work. Josiah Collins gave a thousand 
 dollars to finish the Church in Plymouth. The debt on Saint 
 Peter's Church in Charlotte had borne heavily on the congrega- 
 tion of that parish, and it was feared that it would be several 
 years, at least, before it could be discharged, when one member, 
 Captain John Wilkes, paid off the entire encumbrance and thus 
 enabled the Bishop to proceed with its consecration. These and 
 hundreds of other contributions, smaller in amount, but large 
 in proportion to the means of the givers, were received by the 
 Church during the terrible ordeal of war through which she was 
 passing, and enabled her to retain life until the coming of better 
 times. 
 
 Peace came to the land at last, and with it came many perplex- 
 ing problems and responsibilities — problems requiring ecclesias- 
 tical wisdom and Christian forbearance, coupled with that self- 
 respect which compels respect from others. If re-iinion could be 
 arranged with the dioceses throughout the United States on 
 
Bishops of Xorth Caeoluta. 171 
 
 terms honorable to both sides, the Southern Church was ready 
 to rejoin the Xorthem dioceses ; on the other hand, if the Xorth 
 had waited for the Southern dioceses to come back as prodigals, 
 it would still be waiting — and it is greatly to the honor of both 
 sections that the American Church ig now undivided. Xor was 
 the Southern Church in any way at the mercy of outsiders, as 
 the American Church had been at the close of the Revolution, 
 for it had a valid Episcopate within its own borders. It was not 
 altogether unlike the Church of England at the time of the 
 Reformation — many of the same Bishops being in office both 
 before and after the change took place, and able to transmit 
 their powers to successors in the Episcopate. This was the 
 status of affairs at the close of the War between the States. 
 
 As to the war which had just closed. Southern Churchmen, as 
 a class, had more cause to be embittered than was the case with 
 members of religious denominations which had no liturgy con- 
 taining a prayer for the President of the Confederate States. 
 When Portsmouth, Virginia, was ofoupied by United States 
 forces under General Benjamin F. Butler, the Reverend .John 
 H. D. Wingfleld, afterwards Bishop of Xorthem California, was 
 sent to the chain-gang, and there clad in the garb of a convict, 
 because he would not pray for the President of the United 
 States when ordered to do so by the military authorities. At a 
 somewhat earlier date, Butler's "exploits as an ecclesiastical dis- 
 ciplinarian" had also been performed in Xew Orleans, when 
 r among other acts in keeping with his character) he caused the 
 Rectoi-s of three Churches in that city to be arrested and sent 
 Xorth for likewise neglecting this prayer for the President of 
 the United States. In Xorth Carolina, the Reverend Cyrus 
 Waters was imprisoned by some subaltern authorities in the 
 United States Army during the war, "not on the ground that he 
 had committed any offense, but to deter others from offending." 
 Upon hearing of this case, the post commander at Xew Bern, 
 General Palmer, ordered his release, but the cold contracted in 
 prison soon developed into consumption, and Mr. Waters died 
 
172 Bishops of ITorth Cakolina. 
 
 from its effects, two years after the return of peace, in his native 
 State of Maryland. In Alabama, just after the war, when 
 Bishop Wilmer would not obey orders which warned him not to 
 omit the prayer for the President, every house of worship in his 
 Diocese was closed and guarded, by direction of General George 
 H. Thomas, who issued an order that "the said Richard Hooker 
 Wilmer, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Dio- 
 cese of Alabama, and the Protestant Episcopal clergy of the 
 said Diocese, be, and they are, hereby suspended from their 
 functions, and forbidden to preach or perform divine service.'' 
 Considering its source, this is probably the most remarkable de- 
 cree of its kind ever framed in America — a sentence of deposi- 
 tion passed upon a Bishop of the Church and all of his clergy 
 by an officer of the United States Army ! This absurd order was 
 later set aside by the authorities in Washington ; and, when left 
 undisturbed by military interposition. Bishop Wilmer volun- 
 tarily resumed the use of the prayer which he had declined to 
 have forced down his throat by military power. During this 
 controversy, one weak-kneed clergyman in Alabama offered to 
 use this prayer "under protest" if his church were allowed to 
 remain open. Well might Bishop Wilmer ask (as he did) how 
 much the President would be benefited by "prayers offered under 
 protest." The recollection of these, and other wrongs which 
 they had suffered, was not calculated to put Churchmen at the 
 South in a very amiable frame of mind at the close of the war, 
 yet they remembered that the injuries done their Church and 
 clergy had come from military sources and not through any 
 decrees by councils of the Church in the IsTorthern States. For- 
 tunately for the cause of Church re-union after the war, many 
 warm friendships, formed between the various Bishops from 
 both sections in ante-helium days, still existed. Only one Gen- 
 eral Convention in the ISTorth had been held during the war 
 (Wew York, October lst-17th, 1862), and, in that body, the roll- 
 call of the House of Deputies had begun, as of old, with "Ala- 
 bama," first on the alphabetical list. So far as the Journals of 
 
Bishops of Noeth Caeolina. 173 
 
 the two Houses showed, one might almost suppose that the 
 Southern Bishops and deputies had been delayed hy late trains 
 or some other commonplace cause, and were hourly expected to 
 appear and take their seats. The first General Convention, after 
 the war, met in Saint Andrew's Church, Philadelphia, October 
 4th-24th, 1865. Prior to its assembling, the Eight Reverend 
 John Henry Hopkins, of Vermont, Presiding Bishop (with the 
 approbation of his ISTorthem colleagues) had addressed a letter 
 to the Southern Bishops, urging them to come and resume their 
 places, and to see that their dioceses were represented in the 
 House of Deputies. The J^orth Carolina Diocesan Convention 
 passed a resolution favoring this re-union if it could be obtained 
 upon honorable terms. In response to Bishop Hopkins's invita- 
 tion, Bishop Atkinson and Bishop Lay proceeded to Philadel- 
 phia, their chief purpose being to confer informally with the 
 members of the Convention and ascertain whether objectionable 
 conditions wotdd be imposed upon the South as pre-requisites to 
 re-union. The two Southerners took their seats in the body of 
 the Church at the opening of the Convention; and, when their 
 presence was observed they were immediately invited to join the 
 other Bishops within the chancel — ^but this invitation they felt it 
 proper to decline. After the services, they were warmly greeted 
 by many of their brother Bishops, v/ho assured them of con- 
 siderate treatment and a friendly reception, and prevailed upon 
 them to take their seats. On questions involved in the action of 
 the Church in the Confederacy, Bishops Atkinson and Lay 
 asked to be excused from voting, being determined to let the 
 responsibility rest with those who represented the Church in the 
 iNTorth. After reviewing the case of Bishop Wilmer, the House 
 of Bishops held that his consecration was valid, though some- 
 what irregular in preliminaries (such as not obtaining consent 
 of the required number of Bishops throughout the United 
 States), and decided that he should be admitted to a seat in the 
 House of Bishops after subscribing the usual declaration. 
 Bishop Lay's own case might have raised a perplexing question. 
 
174 Bishops of North OAKOLiisrA. 
 
 but for his own sensible action. Before the war, he had been 
 Missionary Bishop of the South-west, which Jurisdiction in- 
 cluded Arkansas. Under the authority of the Confederate Chui'ch, 
 Arkansas had been severed from that part of the Missionary 
 Jurisdiction not embraced within the Southern Confederacy, 
 and erected into a separate Diocese with Doctor Lay as Dio- 
 cesan Bishop. Yet, on the rolls of the Church in the United 
 States, he was still recorded as Missionary Bishop of the South- 
 west. The General Convention stood ready to recognize Arkan- 
 sas as a Diocese, but Bishop Lay stated, in effect, that this 
 newly created diocese had been swept away by the war — that 
 two priests, without parishes and laboring in secular callings 
 for a livelihood, were all that remained of his clergy, while no 
 lay delegates could be gathered together ; hence it was impossible 
 for even the semblance of a diocesan convention to assemble 
 in Arkansas to consider the situation. Under these circum- 
 stances, he thought the only course open was for the State of 
 Arkansas to be made a Missionary Jurisdiction. This action, 
 he declared, would be no reflection upon the Church in the late 
 Confederacy, since the General Convention had expressed its 
 willingness to recognize him as Diocesan Bishop of Arkansas. 
 He was accordingly made Missionary Bishop of Arkansas ; and, 
 some years later, became Bishop of the Diocese of Easton, 
 which is that part of the State of Maryland east of Chesapeake 
 Bay. One of Bishop Lay's sons, the Reverend George, W. Lay, 
 is now a clergyman in the Diocese of North Carolina, being 
 Eector of Saint Mary's School at Raleigh. 
 
 This General Convention of 1865, at Philadelphia, however, 
 was not an uninterrupted love-feast. Several resolutions were 
 offered which came perilously near causing a permanent division 
 of the Church. Of these matters, and Bishop Atkinson's action 
 thereon, we find a full account in the History of the American 
 Episcopal Church, by the Reverend Samuel D. McConnell,D.D. 
 That writer says : 
 
Bishops of Z^oeth Cabolina. 175 
 
 "The harmouy came near being destroyed by an unexpected naeans. 
 The Honse of Bishops proposed a thanlcsgivlng service for 'the resto- 
 ration of peace and the re-establishment of the National Government 
 over the whole land.' The Bishop of North Carolina protested that 
 his people could not say that. They acquiesced in the result of the 
 war. and would accommodate themselves to it like good citizens ; but 
 they were not thankful. They had prayed that the issue might have 
 been different. They were ready to 'return thanks for peace to the 
 country, and unity to the Church,' but that was a different matter. 
 Bishop Stevens of Pennsylvania moved to substitute the Southern 
 man's words for the ones in the resolution offered. His motion was 
 carried by sixteen to seven. When the amended resolution was ofEered 
 In the House of Deputies, Horace Blnney of Pennsylvania moved to 
 restore the original phrase giving thanks 'for the re-establishment of 
 the National Government over the whole land,' and to add to it 'and 
 for the removal of the great occasion of national dissension and 
 estrangement to which our late troubles were due' (referring to 
 slavei-y). A storm of discussion at once arose, both within and without 
 the Convention. The secular press of the country took up the matter ; 
 declared that the loyalty of the Church itself was upon trial ; that it 
 dare not refuse to pass Mr. Binney's patriotic resolution ; that too much 
 tenderness had already been shown to 'unreconstructed rebels.' Dr. Ker- 
 foot, President of Trinity College, came to the rescue. He had been, 
 all through the war, a Union man in a place where his loyalty had 
 cost him something. His college [Saint James] in Maryland had been 
 well-nigh destroyed. He had tended the wounded at Antietam and 
 South Mountain, battles fought at his very door. He had been seized 
 a prisoner by General Early's order. His goods had been destroyed 
 by the Confederate soldiery. He, if any one, had the right to speak. 
 His own loyalty was beyond all question. He begged the Convention 
 to remember that it had itself invited and urged the Southern dele- 
 gates to come ; that the place to celebrate the triumph of Northern 
 arms was outside of the Church ; that not only the present but the 
 future peace of the Church was at stake; that if the Church should 
 be led by its passions now, future unity would be Impossible; that 
 'their thanksgiving for unity and peace should ascend to the throne 
 of God in such a form that all could honestly join in it.' His wise 
 and earnest argument prevailed. By a vote of twenty dioceses to six, 
 Mr. Binney's amendment was defeated, and the House of Bishops' 
 more generous terms were carried. This action settled the question 
 of reunion. The Southern Church met once more in Augusta, closed 
 out its affairs decently, and was no more." 
 
 In reporting Ms attendance upon the General Convention 
 of 1865 to his Diocesan Convention of 1866 Bisliop Atkinson 
 said tliat he learned (while in Philadelphia) that if no South- 
 
176 Bishops of I^oeth Carolina. 
 
 em Bishops and deputies had there presented themselves, there 
 would either have been no re-union of the Church, or it would 
 have been accomplished upon terms altogether distasteful, and 
 not very creditable to the South. Of the final outcome of the 
 deliberations at Philadelphia, he said: "This most auspicious 
 result must, under God, be ascribed mainly to the truly Chris- 
 tian and magnanimous spirit displayed by the great body of the 
 Bishops and other Delegates from the ISTorthern Dioceses who 
 attended that Convention. All of them had to expose them- 
 selves to prejudice, and some of them to the danger of actual 
 privation and penury for venturing to do their duty in that 
 crisis of the history of the Church. But none of these things 
 moved them, and they went forward and acted as became 
 Bishops and ministers and members of the Church of God, 
 who must give an account to Him for what they did ; and, under 
 His blessing, the result has been that none, so far as I have 
 heard, has suffered. And the character and position of the 
 Church have been immeasurably exalted in the eyes of the 
 people." When another triennial General Convention assembled 
 (in the year 1868), every Southern Bishop was in his place 
 and harmony again prevailed in the national councils of the 
 Church. 
 
 In the House of Clerical and Lay Deputies at the General 
 Convention of 1865, itforth Carolina was well represented, only 
 one lay deputy (Colonel Eobert Strange) failing to attend. 
 Those present were the Eeverend Doctors Richard S. Mason, 
 Joseph Blount Cheshire, Sr., Fordyce M. Hubbard, and William 
 Hodges, of the clergy; and Judge William H. Battle, Mr. 
 Richard H. Smith, and Doctor Kemp P. Battle, of the laity. 
 
 For the part they had taken in the General Convention of 
 1865, Bishops Atkinson and Lay received a letter of congratu- 
 lation from General Robert E. Lee, in which that incomparable 
 soldier and devout Churchman highly commended the wisdom 
 of their course. For many years General Lee and Bishop 
 Atkinson were close personal friends. 
 
Bishops of Xorth Caeoxina. 177 
 
 From February till Xovember, 1865, Bisliop Lay and his 
 family lived at Lineolnton, Xorth Carolina; and, wMle there, 
 he sometimes ad m inistered the rite of confirmation in the sur- 
 rounding country, at the request of Bishop Atkinson, in addi- 
 tion to performing other oifices in connection with the sacred 
 ministry. 
 
 During the month of October, 1865, in the lawless and de- 
 moralized period immediately succeeding the war, the Church 
 lost one of its most zealous and highly esteemed clergymen 
 under circumstances peculiarly shocking. The Reverend Rob- 
 ert A. Castleman, Rector of Saint ilark's Church in the town 
 of Halifax, was then living at Gaston, in Halifax County, and 
 went to take tea with one of his friends in the neighboring vil- 
 lage of Summit, which was within v/alking distance of his 
 home. Late in the evening he said good-night to his host, and 
 was never again seen alive by any of his friends. His family 
 becoming alarmed in the morning, a search was instituted, and 
 his body was found dead from the effects of a bidlet fired at 
 such close range that the powder had scorched his clothing. 
 Strict investigation failed to reveal the identity of his assassin, 
 who, as Bishop Atkinson said, "either bore him a gnidge — 
 the existence of which he himself did not suspect — or who mis- 
 took him for another person." The latter presumption seems 
 more likely true, as a contemporaneous newspaper account of 
 the tragedy, in speaking of Mr. Castleman, stated that he "was 
 universally beloved in his section, had no enemies, and certainly 
 no one could have slain him for the purpose of robbery." 
 
 The honorable re-union of the dioceses which had been tempo- 
 rarily separated by the war was a source of great joy to Bishop 
 Atkinson. Just before the General Convention of 1865, when 
 referring to the probable result of permanent separation, he 
 declared : "Rival congregations will be established in the same 
 town, altar will be set up against altar, and preacher inveigh 
 against preacher, until, instead of the Church being as hereto- 
 fore, the refuge of those who love peace and prefer religious 
 
17S Bishops of Wokth Carolina. 
 
 instruction and exhortation to political harangues, it will be- 
 come a den of controversy and a fomenter of political passion. 
 Similar results may be expected, in some degree, at the ITorth, 
 especially in the border. States and the great cities ; for, in these, 
 congregations with Southern sympathies, might well be organ- 
 ized. Let us, then, endeavor to forecast the future as well as 
 we can, for we are not deciding any ephemeral question. The 
 conclusion to which we shall now come is one in which our chil- 
 dren and our children's children have a deep interest as well 
 as ourselves." In this same address, the Bishop said : "During 
 the war, language was undoubtedly used by ministers and mem- 
 bers of the Church at the !N^orth which appeared to us justly 
 liable to exception ; but no act has been done by the Church, as 
 a body, of which we can complain." Indeed, the Church as a 
 body, church societies, and church members, in more favored 
 sections of the Union, were neither unmindful nor neglectful of 
 the impoverished Southern parishes after the war, and it is a 
 pleasure to record here their generosity — especially in view of 
 the fact that truth has already impelled us to tell of so many 
 wrongs coming from political and military sources. In 1866, 
 Bishop Atkinson acknowledged the receipt of twelve hundred 
 dollars from the Committee on Domestic Missions; seven him- 
 dred dollars from Church members in Louisville, Kentucky; 
 one hundred and fifty dollars from persona in Maryland; two 
 hundred and fifty dollars from the Bureau of Relief; a box of 
 clothing, for the destitute, from Cooperstown, N"ew York, and 
 another box from the parish of the Reverend James A. Buck, 
 in Maryland; also gifts of many Bibles and Prayer Books from 
 the Bishop White Prayer Book Society of Philadelphia, and 
 the 'New York Bible and Prayer Book Society. Besides these 
 donations to the Church, Bishop Atkinson mentioned that he 
 had personally received many tokens of affection, in the shape 
 of gifts, from his former parishioners in Baltimore. In 1867, 
 a friend of the Bishop's in Boston (who wished his name with- 
 held) sent a hundred dollars for the relief of destitute persons 
 
Bishops of I^oeth Cakolina. 179 
 
 in tke Diocese of !N'orth Carolina; a society of ladies in Ifew 
 York sent four hundred dollars; for the relief of the poor of 
 WJlmiTigton, irrespective of creed, the sum of eight hundred 
 dollars was sent to the Bishop from St. Louis, Missouri; one 
 hundred and thirty-five dollars came from the congregation of 
 the Eeverend Mr. Fuller, in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, through 
 Bishop Kerfoot; and one hundred and seventy-eight dollars 
 from the congregation of the Reverend Doctor Eames at Con- 
 cord, ITew Hampshire. In 1867, reference was made by the 
 Bishop to gifts (for diocesan uses) from Grace Church, in 
 Baltimore, amounting to three hundred dollars; and two hun- 
 dred and fifty dollars came from a ifirorth Carolina lady residing 
 in the same city; fifty dollars was given by the congregation 
 of the Eeverend Doctor Doane, in Albany, Xew York; and 
 upwards of five hundred dollars (through Bishop Horatio Pot- 
 ter) was donated by an association of gentlemen in the Diocese 
 of I^ew York. In 1870, gifts were acknowledged including ten 
 shares of railroad stock from John H. Swift, of Xew York; 
 three thousand dollars from the estate of Caleb Dorsey, of How- 
 ard County, Maryland; nearly six hundred dollars from the 
 congregation of Grace Church in Baltimore for Eavenscroft 
 School at Asheville; and three hundred doUars, by bequest, from 
 Miss Charlotte Hicks, of Michigan, who had died in Xorth 
 Carolina and from whose estate the Bishop said that about 
 twenty-five hundred dollars would later be paid to the Diocese. 
 These, and many unrecorded gifts in that time, as well as in 
 later years, materially aided the work of the Church, and also 
 did much to allay the fire of sectional bitterness; for, though 
 a large part of the above amounts were sent by Southerners 
 in Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri and other border States, 
 the sums of money which came from more northern localities 
 were by no means inconsiderable. ISTor were these gifts from 
 outside confined to the Episcopal Church, for other Chris- 
 tian bodies and the poor of all religious beliefs profited by 
 similar liberality. That uncompromising old Confederate and 
 
180 Bishops of Noeth Carolina. 
 
 Oalvinist, General Daniel Harvey Hill, when addressing a 
 Baltimore audience some years after the war and alluding to 
 the generosity formerly displayed by residents of that place 
 toward more Southern localities, said: "It was at this time, 
 when our whole people were shrouded with a paU of gloom and 
 anguish, and absolute starvation was imminent in many places, 
 that the generous heart of your city throbbed with one simul- 
 taneous pulsation of pity. Then both sexes, all classes and 
 conditions, friends and foes alike, forgetting political and sec- 
 tional differences, vied with one another in sending relief to the 
 afl3icted South. In the name of my countrymen, thus rescued 
 from despair and death, I invoke the blessings of Almighty God 
 upon the heads of their deliverers, whatever be their religious 
 creed or political faith ; whatever be the skies of their nativity, 
 or their opinion of the righteousness or unrighteousness of the 
 Southern cause." 
 
 Just prior to the war, the Church Intelligencer, a religious 
 newspaper, had been established in Raleigh by the Reverend 
 Messrs. Thomas S. W. Mott and Frederick Fitz Gerald, making 
 its first appearance on March 14, 1860. Later, upon the ap- 
 pointment of Mr. Fitz Gerald as Chaplain in the Confederate 
 Army, Mr. Mott conducted the publication alone till the Spring 
 of 1864. In the Fall of 1864, it was removed to Charlotte, and 
 there edited by the Reverend Messrs. Fordyce M. Hubbard and 
 George M. Everhart, who jointly had charge until April, 1866, 
 when Mr. Everhart retired, leaving Doctor Hubbard as sole 
 editor. The latter continued it a few years longer and then it 
 was forced to suspend. More than ten years later (May 10, 
 1879), the Reverend William S. Bynum began the publication 
 of the Church Messenger in Winston-Salem. He edited it some 
 months, and, in July, 1880, it was placed under a board of edi- 
 tors, consisting of several clergymen; but a few weeks there- 
 after (August 24, 1880), the Reverend Charles J. Curtis be- 
 came editor and remained in charge of it until 1882, if not later. 
 It, too, finally passed out of existence. Later a monthly publi- 
 
Bishops ot Woeth Caeolisa. 181 
 
 cation called tlie Messenger of Hope was issued at the Thompson 
 Orphanage in Charlotte. The last mentioned publication be- 
 gan its career toward the end of the year 1887, with the Rev- 
 erend Edwin A. Osborne (then superintendent of the orphanage) 
 as editor. During the years 1893 and 1894, the Reverend Scott 
 B. Rathbun was editor ; and, after his retirement, Mr. Osborne 
 again took charge. In June, 1898, when Mr. Osborne left the 
 orphanage to become Chaplain of the Second ISTorth Carolina 
 Regiment of United States Volunteers in the War with Spain, 
 the Reverend Walter J. Smith succeeded him as editor of the 
 Messenger of Hope, as well as superintendent of the institution 
 where it was published, and filled both stations for many years. 
 During the session of the Convention of the Diocese of North 
 Carolina in 1909, the Reverend Alfred R. Berkeley offered a 
 resolution (it being a substitute for one theretofore presented 
 by a committee) providing for the appointment of a special 
 committee, to confer with similar committees from the Diocese 
 of East Carolina and the Missionary Jurisdiction of Asheville, 
 whose duty it should be to take under advisement the desir- 
 ability of having one Church paper for both dioceses and the 
 Jurisdiction of Asheville. The committees were accordingly ap- 
 pointed ; and imder their recommendation the Messenger of Hope 
 (North Carolina) and the Mission Herald (East Carolina) were 
 consolidated under the name and title of the Carolina Church- 
 man, with the Reverend Thomas P. ISToe, of Wilmington, as 
 editor-in-chief. The Carolina Churchman made its first appear- 
 ance in October, 1909. This consolidation of papers occurred at 
 a later date than the time when the present history professes to 
 end, but the importance of the matter may justify this addi- 
 tional paragrai)h on the subject. 
 
 In the six years immediately following the war, the Church 
 in North Carolina lost by death a number of her leading lay- 
 men, among these being George E. Badger (May 11, 1866), 
 for many years a vestryman of Christ Church at Raleigh, and 
 formerly Judge, Secretary of the Navy, and United States Sen- 
 
182 Bishops of North Cabolina. 
 
 ator, whose reply to tlie pro-Eoman pronouncements of Bishop 
 Ives has already been mentioned. Another "shining mark" 
 struck by the arrow of death (January 15, 1870) was Thomas 
 Euffin, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of North Caro- 
 lina, a jurist of national reputation, and a vestryman of Saint 
 Matthew's Church at Hillsborough. Of these two profound 
 lawyers and devoted Churchmen it is needless here to speak, as 
 their records are written in the history of the State and Nation. 
 Yet one there was — more incessant in his labors for the Church 
 than both — who died during the same period (January 8, 1868), 
 and of whom a few words may well be said, as he never sought 
 political honors, and is not so well known to the present gen- 
 eration. This was Charles T. Haigh, of Tayetteville. He 
 had been a communicant of Saint John's Church, in that town, 
 for nearly fifty years. As early as 1836, he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Committee on Missions, and (with one year's inter- 
 mission) served thereon until his death. For many years he 
 was also treasurer of the Diocese. The Diocesan Convention 
 of 1868 passed formal resolutions in honor of his memory, and 
 Bishop Atkinson (addressing that assemblage) said of the de- 
 ceased : "A better officer could nowhere be found, and a better 
 ihan scarcely, if at all. He was an excellent specimen of that 
 type of human character which mankind everywhere respects, 
 and which certainly seems to me deserving of great respect, the 
 high-toned English gentleman — for he was thoroughly English, 
 not only in birth and education, but in taste and sympathy, and 
 in the best characteristics of that people." A few years after 
 Mr. Haigh's death, another veteran member was lost to the 
 Church when George W. Mordecai, for many years senior war- 
 den of Christ Church in Raleigh, passed away on the 19th of 
 February, 1871. Of the latter gentleman Bishop Atkinson said: 
 "He often took part in the proceedings of this Convention, 
 where no one was listened to with more respect; he was, since 
 I have known this Diocese, one of its Trustees, a leading mem- 
 ber of its Standing Committee, one of the most active, liberal 
 
Bishops of Noeth Cakolina. 183 
 
 and judicious vestrymen of his own important parish, a wise 
 and judicious counsellor to me in my official character, and the 
 friend under whose hospitable roof I mainly spent my time when 
 at Ealeigh." 
 
 As heretofore shown in these pages, the Church had labored 
 with commendable zeal to improve the religious condition of 
 slaves in ante-helium times; and, after the war, under condi- 
 tions in some respects less favorable, the work was still main- 
 tained. Owing to the evils of carpet-bag rule — when self-inter- 
 ested adventurers came South, advocating social equality and 
 seeking to inflame the negroes against their late masters and 
 best friends — the work was much retarded, yet even then pro- 
 gressed to a considerable extent. In addressing the first Dio- 
 cesan Convention which assembled after the close of the war. 
 Bishop Atkinson referred to the old and new relations existing 
 between the races in these words : "One of the chief cares and 
 labors of a good many men, and of a still larger number of the 
 women, of the South, was the welfare of the servants; and, 
 under the system of slavery in these States, the African race 
 made a progress, during the last hundred years, not only in 
 numbers and physical comfort, but a progress from barbarism 
 to civilization, from heathenism to Christianity, to which the 
 history of the world offers no parallel. But the system was no 
 doubt defective — ^better adapted to the early stage of a people's 
 progress from the savage state than that which they have now 
 reached; at any rate God, in his providence, has definitely set 
 it aside. The future of that people is very obscure; and there 
 is, in the judgment of many, great danger even of their extinc- 
 tion as a race. What, then, must we do as Christian men and 
 women? We must continue our care for them; we ought even 
 to increase it. We have surely been, in some degree, delinquent 
 in the past; let us resolve, in God's strength, not to be so for 
 the future." Referring to the same race, later on in this ad- 
 dress, the Bishop says: "We must keep in mind their general 
 
184 Bishops of Noeth Carolina. 
 
 faitMulness in the hour of trial. We must allow for occasional 
 instances of what seems to us folly, or perversity, or ingratitude. 
 We must practice towards them the apostolical injunctions 
 which are so strikingly enjoined, 'be pitiful, be courteous.' 
 Their distresses, in their new condition, are likely to be many 
 and great. Let us be ready to relieve them accordingly as 
 God has given us the means. They are, as a race, peculiarly 
 sensible of courtesy, or the absence of it. They show it abund- 
 antly themselves, and they are very much wounded when it is 
 denied to them. They feel contempt or rudeness more than a 
 serious injury. Let us inflict none of these on them. Let us 
 make them feel what is, I believe, most true — that their best 
 friends are among ourselves, and that to us they must look for 
 counsel, and aid, and protection. But, above all, let us remem- 
 ber that part of our duty in which, I fear, we have been most 
 deficient — providing for them sound religious instruction. They 
 are in great danger of falling into the hands of mischievous 
 and, sometimes, no doubt, malevolent fanatics, which would be 
 a great calamity to them as well as to us. Let us endeavor to 
 avert it by doing what is at any rate our duty — ^by giving them 
 the true doctrine of our Lord Jesus Christ, in view of the vain 
 janglings of false teachers. Let us raise up colored congrega- 
 tions in our towns, and let our clergy feel that one important 
 part of their charge is to teach and to befriend the colored 
 people; and especially to train, as far as they are permitted to 
 do so, the children of that race." 
 
 It would be difficult to find nobler utterances than those 
 above quoted, or ones better calculated to promote kind feelings 
 between the races. And, while the good Bishop thus preached 
 love and forbearance, he also realized that mixed congregations 
 were not to be considered, whatever might be the views of "mis- 
 chievous and malevolent fanatics" on the subject. He not only 
 favored separate churches for the negroes, as indicated above, 
 but, to the Diocesan Convention of 1866, he recommended that 
 these congregations should be placed under well-instructed 
 
Bishops of Kobth CABOiiiNA. 185 
 
 clergymen of their own race whenever possible. As to the edu- 
 cation of the newly freed race, he said: "The practical ques- 
 tion is not whether they shall be taught, but hy whom they shall 
 be taught. Teachers they have already, and will continue to 
 have. Shall they be such as will impart sound instruction, and 
 be under our own direction, or shall they be such as chance or 
 fanaticism ^may send? Who can doubt what should be our 
 course in this respect, whether we regard the claims of duty or 
 wisdom." Of the effect which he believed education would have, 
 in a spiritual way, he further said : "The Word of God was 
 written in order that it may be read; and to say, either by our 
 action or by our refusal to act, that a large class of the com- 
 munity shall not read it, seems very like profanity. If read, 
 it should be, as far as possible, with the commentary which 
 the Creeds and the Liturgy of the Church give, securing it 
 thereby from the fatal misinterpretations which ignorant and 
 fanatical persons attach to it." 
 
 The above recommendations in the Bishop's address were re- 
 ferred to a special committee consisting of the Keverend Fordyce 
 M. Hubbard, the Eeverend IST. Collin Hughes, Sr., the Reverend 
 William C. Hunter and the Reverend Joseph Blount Cheshire, 
 Sr., of the clergy, together with Mr. George W. Mordecai, Gen- 
 eral William R. Cox, and Mr. John H. Haughton, of the laity. 
 This committee, after taking the matter into consideration, 
 made their recommendations in a series of resolutions (duly 
 adopted by the Convention) as follows : 
 
 "Resoi-Ved, That this Convention commend the people of color to 
 the continued kindness and good will of the churchmen of this Dio- 
 cese; 
 
 "Resolved, That it is the sense of this Convention that separate 
 houses of worship should be provided, as soon as practicable, for the 
 colored people ; that there should be separate Sunday-Schools and 
 separate congregations for them ; and that the attention of the Clergy 
 of this Diocese be directed to the importance of seeking out suitable 
 colored men for Catechists, Sunday-School teachers, and Lay Readers ; 
 and giving them, as far as they may, personal instruction to fit them 
 for these positions, in the hope that, under God's providence, many of 
 
186 Bishops of North Cabolina. 
 
 them may be ultimately qualified to become the spiritual teachers and 
 pastors of their race ; 
 
 "Resolved, That we heartUy approve and earnestly recommend the 
 mental and moral training of the colored people in such a manner and 
 to such degree as the conditions of affairs may justify." 
 
 In 1868, Bishop Atkinson announced that a normal and train- 
 ing school, for the education and instruction of colored teachers 
 and ministers, had been established near Ealeigh, under the 
 superintendence of the Reverend J. Brinton Smith, D.D. The 
 institution here alluded to — Saint Augustine's School — has been 
 a strong factor in the betterment of the race for which it vs^as 
 established. Up to the present time the heads of this institu- 
 tion have aU been white clergymen of the Church. After the 
 death of Doctor Smith, in 1872, he was succeeded by the Rev- 
 erend John E. 0. Smedes, a gentleman of fine scholarship and 
 many lovable qualities. The latter gave place, in 1884, to the 
 Reverend Robert B. Sutton, who served acceptably some years 
 and then resigned his charge, owing to the infirmities of age. 
 In 1891 he was succeeded by the Reverend A. Burtis Hunter, 
 whose personal worth and administrative ability are still demon- 
 strated in the management of that excellent institution. One of 
 the features of instruction at Saint Augustine's is of an indus- 
 trial nature, among the courses there taught (in addition to 
 religious and scholastic training) being improved agriculture, 
 dairying, carpentry, brick-making, stone-masonry, weaving, 
 dress-making, laundry work, cooking, etc. Many of the build- 
 ings on the premises, including Saint Augustine's Chapel, Saint 
 Agnes Hospital, and the Benson Library, were erected by stu- 
 dents out of granite which they themselves quarried. In connec- 
 tion with the hospital is also a school for training nurses which 
 is doing good work. 
 
 In 1866, owing to ill health. Bishop Atkinson spent six 
 months in Europe, reaching England in June, and returning 
 to America in December. He was accompanied on this tour 
 by Mrs. Atkinson. In all places visited by him he was received 
 with the high consideration due his office. Before taking leave 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Caeoli>'a. 187 
 
 of Xorth Carolina, he addressed a communication to the Dio- 
 cesan Convention, asking it to take under consideration the 
 advisability of electing an Assistant Bishop, or dividing Xorth 
 Carolina into two Dioceses, hut neither of these measures was 
 adopted at that time. In the matter of the proposed election 
 of an Assistant Bishop, the Diocesan Convention which as- 
 sembled at Xew Bern, May 30th-Jime 4, 1866, decided to have 
 such an election, and adjourned to meet in special session at 
 Goldsborough in the following Xovember. Before Xovember 
 came, however, a letter was received from Bishop Atkinson — 
 then in England — stating that he had so far recovered his 
 health and vigor as to render the election of an Assistant Bishop 
 unnecessary. In consequence of this turn of affairs, the special 
 meeting at Goldsborough was not held, and it was seven years 
 before an Assistant Bishop was elected. 
 
 As already stated. Bishop Atkinson was the recipient of 
 many tokens of consideration while abroad. Almost immedi- 
 ately upon his arrival in Europe, a communication was ad- 
 dressed to him by the Archbishop of Canterbui-y, Primate of 
 All England, inviting him to take part in the consecration of 
 some Colonial Bishops of the Anglican Church. This he could 
 not do, being in Paris when the consecration took place, but a 
 similar invitation was later accepted by another American 
 Bishop, then in Europe, the Eight Reverend Henry John White- 
 house, of Illinois. 
 
 During Bishop Atkinson's European tour in 1866, he at- 
 tended (in October of that year) a congress of the Anglican 
 Church, at York, among other Americans present being Bishops 
 Whitehouse, of Illinois, and Stevens, of Pennsylvania. Bishop 
 Atkinson was also present when the Archbishop of Canterbury 
 laid the corner-stone of the Cathedral at Inverness, and thereby 
 "visibly sealed the closer union between the powerful and pros- 
 perous Church of England and its long oppressed sister in 
 Scotland." 
 
188 Bishops of I^okth Carolina. 
 
 While Bishop Atkinson was in Europe, Bishop Green, of 
 Mississippi, who was a native of Wilmington, confirmed a few 
 persons while visiting his old home; and Bishop Atkinson him- 
 self, while stopping in Baltimore, administered the same rite to 
 upwards of thirty, by request of the Bishop of Maryland. 
 
 It was on Christmas Eve, 1866, that Bishop Atkinson again 
 reached his home in Wilmington, on his return from Europe. 
 In addressing the Diocesan Convention of 1867, he once more 
 discussed the election of an Assistant Bishop. Should it turn out 
 that the Diocese could not support two Bishops, and it should 
 be thought expedient that a younger man should fill the Episco- 
 pate in ISTorth Carolina, Bishop Atkinson expressed a willing- 
 ness to resign. Of the latter step he said that — while he had 
 been assured that this woidd be painful to the Diocese, and 
 though it would certainly be so to himself personally — he was 
 willing to make the sacrifice if the interests of the Church de- 
 manded it. A sacrifice it would indeed have been thus to re- 
 sign, for Bishop Atkinson was not a man of large means. The 
 committee to which the address was referred unanimously re- 
 ported that it could not entertain for a moment such a propo- 
 sition. The report also said that a separate Diocese could not 
 then be set up, as a canon of the American Church required 
 each new diocese to contain a certain number of self-supporting 
 parishes. In this report, the committee expressed the opinion 
 that an Assistant Bishop should be chosen so soon as provision 
 could be made for his support. 
 
 In September, 1867, there was held in Lambeth Palace, the 
 seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, a Council of Bishops of 
 the Anglican Church throughout the world. At the request of 
 his Diocesan Convention, Bishop Atkinson attended the deliber- 
 ations of that august assemblage, leaving America in the Sum- 
 mer and returning in December. Speaking of the personnel 
 of this great body of Church dignitaries, he later said: "The 
 Catholic character of the Church — its adaptation to all sorts 
 and conditions of men — was made strikingly manifest when 
 
Bishops of ZSTorth Cabolina. 189 
 
 one looked around him and saw in v.hat mutually remote quar- 
 ters of the earth, in what different states of intelligence and 
 civilization, amid what varied rar-es those men lived and labored, 
 who met together for the first time in those ancient halls at 
 Lambeth to consult how they might l>est advance the kingdom 
 of Christ. There were those present who were spending their 
 stren^h and periling their lives among the most degraded 
 heathen tribes of *\.frica; others from among the savages of 
 Borneo; others accustomed to the political turmoils of the 
 democracy of America; while others, again, sat in the front 
 ranks of the peers of England. Some were of world-wide repu- 
 tation as theologians ; some were eminent for historical re- 
 search; and some distinguished for brilliant eloquence. But 
 all were agreed in accepting for their o^vn guidance, and for 
 the instruction of others, that doctrine of Christ which is plainly 
 taught in Holy Scripture and was believed by the early Church." 
 
 The above was the first of the great Lambeth Conferences, 
 which are now held about every ten years. Another assemblage, 
 organized in 1908, and with a time of meeting very close ro 
 that of the Lambeth Conference, is known as the Pan-Anglican 
 Congress. The latter body is not only composed of Bishops 
 and other clergy, but also of the laity — men and women alike. 
 
 After the close of Bishop Atkinson's duties in connection 
 with the Lambeth Conference of 1867, two of his former parish- 
 ioners from Baltimore urged him to spend the Winter as their 
 guest in Italy, but a sense of duty to his Diocese forced him 
 to decline. 
 
 To the Diocesan Convention of Xorth Carolina in 1868, 
 Bishop Atkinson again recommended the election of an Assist- 
 ant Bishop ; and, as an appendix to the Convention Journal 
 for that year, tbere was a lengthy report on the subject of 
 Bishops of the different classes, as recognized by usages in the 
 Christian Church from the earliest times down to the period 
 immediately following the foundation of the Episcopate in 
 America. In conclusion this report said that, while the Church 
 
190 Bishops of Worth Carolina. 
 
 was now in need of more Bishops, the number could not then 
 be increased in North Carolina without an amendment of ex- 
 isting canons by the General Convention. The committee mak- 
 ing this report was composed of the Eeverend Messrs. Alfred 
 A. Watson, Joseph Blount Cheshire, St., and Benjamin S. 
 Bronson from the clergy; and, from the laity, Armand J. De- 
 Rosset, M.D., and Mr. Richard H. Smith. At the Diocesan 
 Convention of 1871 there was submitted a committee report 
 asking that the General Convention be memorialized to au- 
 thorize the election of Suffragan Bishops. This report also 
 learnedly dealt with precedent and usage concerning the Episco- 
 pate in the earlier days of the Church. The committee which 
 prepared it consisted of the Reverend Messrs. Benjamin S. 
 Bronson, Joseph Blount Cheshire, Sr., and Edward M. Forbes, 
 with two laymen. General James G. Martin and Mr. Richard 
 H. Smith. When the next General Convention met, it refused 
 to authorize the election of Suffragan Bishops, but provided 
 that an Assistant Bishop might be elected in any Diocese whose 
 extent of territory made it impracticable for one Bishop ade- 
 quately to perform the duties of the Episcopate therein. Under 
 the authority thus conferred, the Diocesan Convention, at Fay- 
 etteville on May 30, 1873, elected the Reverend Theodore Bene- 
 dict Lyman, D.D., to the office of Assistant Bishop. Of Bishop 
 Lyman a separate sketch will later be given herein. 
 
 At the Diocesan Convention of 1874, the Reverend Angelo 
 A. Benton submitted a list of the old colonial parishes of the 
 Church of England in Worth Carolina; and the result of his 
 researches (compiled from legislative statutes) was printed 
 in the Convention journal for that year. At the same time a 
 committee was appointed consisting of the Reverend Matthias 
 M. Marshall, the Reverend Edward R. Rich and the Honorable 
 William H. Battle, LL.D., and charged with the duty of collect- 
 ing "as much of the colonial history in reference to the Church 
 in this Diocese as possible, and the date of the organization of 
 the older parishes, and make a report to the next convention 
 
Bishops of Xobth Caeolixa. 191 
 
 of a list of parishes in the order of their organization." The 
 same lajT^aan who moved the appointment of this committee, 
 Colonel Sewall L. Fremont, of Wilmington, later moved (mo- 
 tion being carried) that the above committee "be requested to 
 ascertain the date of the admission of the several existing 
 parishes to representation in the Convention of this Diocese, 
 and report the list, in the order of their seniority, to the next 
 Convention." The report of the latter committee, through its 
 chairman. Doctor Marshall, will be found in the journal of 
 the Diocesan Convention of 1877. In the same report is a 
 recommendation that the office of Historiographer be created. 
 This recommendation being adopted. Doctor Marshall was 
 unanimously elected Historiographer of the Diocese, and re- 
 mained in that office until May 14, 1884, when he declined re- 
 election and was succeeded by the Reverend Joseph Blount 
 Cheshire, Jr. After the latter became Bishop, the Honorable 
 John Steele Henderson, LL.D., was elected Historiographer. 
 Mr. Henderson held this position until May 13, 1909, when he 
 asked to be relieved from further service and was succeeded by 
 Marshall DeLancey Haywood, author of the present work. 
 
 A resolution was passed by the Diocesan Convention, in 1877, 
 making it the duty of the Rector of each parish throughout the 
 Diocese to write or cause to be written a history of his parish 
 for preservation in the archives of the Diocese. To the Con- 
 vention of 1878 Doctor Marshall reported a list of the parish 
 histories which had been forwarded to him, up to that date, 
 together with others which had been promised. These histories, 
 together with the ones later sent in, form a valuable manuscript 
 collection. When the Diocese of East Carolina was established, 
 all parish histories dealing with churches in that section were 
 turned over to its Historiographer, Colonel James G. Burr. 
 
 Some brief histories, relative to parishes in the three dioceses 
 throughout the State of North Carolina, have already been 
 published in pamphlet form or as articles in periodicals, and 
 among them we may mention the following: 
 
192 Bishops of North Carolina. 
 
 Historical Notices of St. James' Parish, Wilmington, North 
 Carolina, by the Eeverend Eobert Brent Drane, of Wilming- 
 ton, 1843. 
 
 Sketch of St. James's Parish, Wilmington, being the com- 
 pletion of the above mentioned work of Doctor Drane, by a 
 member of the vestry (Colonel James G. Burr), pamphlet 1874, 
 and re-published serially in the Church Messenger (Charlotte, 
 North Carolina), March 31st-May 16th, and addenda, June 
 30, 1881. * 
 
 Early Church in North Carolina, written by the Reverend 
 Robert Johnstone Miller in 1830, and published in the Church 
 Messenger, October 15, 1880. 
 
 An Historical Sketch of the Church in Edgecombe County, 
 by the Reverend Joseph Blount Cheshire, Jr., but published 
 anonymously, Church Messenger, August 31st-September 21st, 
 1880. 
 
 A Visit to Old Brunswick and the Ruins of St. Philip' a 
 Church, by Colonel James G-. Burr, Church Messenger, Sep- 
 tember 28, 1880. 
 
 St. Philip's Parish, Smithville,* by the Reverend Robert B. 
 Windley, Church Messenger, January 13th-20th, 1881. 
 
 St. John's Parish, Wilmington (anonymous), Church Mes- 
 senger, July 7, 1881. 
 
 St. Paul's Parish, Wilmington, by the Reverend Thomas M. 
 Ambler, Church Messenger, July 14, 1881. 
 
 St. Mark's Church, Wilmington (a parish made up of ne- 
 groes), by the Reverend Charles O. Brady, Church Messenger, 
 July 21, 1881. 
 
 Christ Church, Rowan County (anonymous). Church Mes- 
 senger, August 4th-August 11th, 1881. 
 
 Episcopacy in Rowan County, by the Honorable John Steele 
 Henderson, in Rumple's History of Rowan County, 1881, pages 
 378-435. 
 
 * Smithville, near the mouth of Cape Fear River, is now called 
 Southport. 
 
Bishops of Xohth Caeolixa. 193 
 
 St. James's Church, Iredell County — formerly Mills Settle- 
 ment and still earlier a part of St. ilark's Parish — (anony- 
 mous), Church Messenger, August 18, 1881. 
 
 St. Paul's Church, Edenton, by tlie Eeverend Charles M. 
 Parkman, Church Messenger, September 22d-October 6th, 1881. 
 
 St. Thomas Church, Bath, by the Eeverend Horace G. Hilton, 
 Church Messenger, Xo\^eniber 17, 1881. 
 
 A Sermon-SJcelch of the History of St. Matthew's Parish, 
 Hillsboro, by the Reverend Joseph W. Murphy, delivered Oc- 
 tober 5, 1890, and published in pamphlet 1900. 
 
 Religious and Historic Commemoration of the Two Hundred 
 Years of St. Paul's Parish, Edenton, May 22d-May 24th, 1901, 
 containing sermon by Bishop Watson, of East Carolina, and 
 addresses by Eichard Dillard, M.D., ^Mr. James R. B. Hath- 
 away, the Reverend Francis W. Hilliard, the Reverend Charles 
 A. Maison, and the Reverend Thomas M. 'N. George. 
 
 St. Paul's Church, Edenton, by Richard Dillard, M.D., North 
 Carolina Booklet, July, 1905. 
 
 St. Thomas's Church, Bath — St. Paul's Church, Edenton, 
 North Carolina, by the Eeverend Robert Brent Drane, D.D., 
 in volume entitled Colonial Churches in the Original Colony 
 of Virginia. 
 
 On April 25, 1877, occurred the death of the Reverend Aldert 
 Smedes, D.D., founder and for thirty-five years the honored 
 Rector of Saint Mary's School at Raleigh. In the year 1873, 
 Bishop Atkinson had said of him, in an address to the Diocesan 
 Convention: "If I were called upon to say vi^hat individual 
 has exerted for many years, and is now exerting, the most bene- 
 ficial influence upon the people of this State, I should feel bound 
 to express the conviction that it is not this or that statesman, 
 or this or that soldier, or this or that preacher, but the man 
 who has successfully trained up so many maidens and so many 
 matrons to be themselves useful and happy in their respective 
 spheres and to diffuse around them the incalculable benefit of 
 womanly intelligence, refinement and piety. While many ex- 
 
194 Bishops of ISTokth Carolina. 
 
 cellent persons have labored for this end, and with gratifying 
 success, he who, in my judgment at least, has accomplished the 
 most, is the Principal of St. Mary's School, Raleigh." At the 
 time of the death of Doctor Smedes a tribute was paid his 
 memory by the Bishop in these words : "I take this occasion 
 to express publicly, as my deliberate judgment, that Dr. Smedes 
 accomplished more for the advancement of the Church in this 
 Diocese, and for the promotion of the best interests of society 
 within its limits, than any other man who ever lived in it. 
 Under his care, and very much as the result of his intelligence, 
 his firmness and his tender affection for them, there went out 
 from St. Mary's School, Raleigh, Bvery year a number of young 
 girls who, in culture, in refinement, and still more in elevation 
 of moral and religious character, would compare favorably with 
 the pupils of any other institution in this country. He knew 
 not only how to teach, but how to govern, and to make himself 
 honored as well as loved; and to constrain his pupils to feel 
 that the years spent under his care were at the same time the 
 happiest and most useful of their lives. He has gone to his 
 reward, but his work remains, and will remain from generation 
 to generation." 
 
 When Doctor Smedes died, the great work in which he had 
 been engaged was taken up by his son, the Reverend Bennett 
 Smedes, D.D., who had been Assistant Rector for some years. 
 The whole of the latter gentleman's life was one of devoted self- 
 sacrifice to the interests of religious education. Under adverse 
 conditions he maintained Saint Mary's until his death, February 
 22, 1899, expending his private fortune in keeping up the work 
 rather than let the school suspend operations. In consequence 
 of these unselfish labors, Saint Mary's was held until a time 
 (just before his death) when it was purchased by the Church 
 and placed under the management of a board of trustees from 
 all three dioceses in the State of North Carolina. It was later 
 also made the diocesan school of South Carolina, which State 
 like^'.ase has a representation in its board of trustees. This noble 
 
Bishops of jSToeth Caeolijta. 195 
 
 institution is now free from its original debt; and, having sur- 
 Tived the vicissitudes of peace and war throughout so many- 
 years, without interruption, will doubtless hereafter fully meas- 
 ure up to its splendid record of by-gone times. In the darkest 
 days of the War between the States, its doors were never closed; 
 and, at one time during that period, the family of Jefferson 
 Davis found shelter within its walls, as did also one of the 
 daughters of General Robert E. Lee. 
 
 Despite the Church's ill fortune in its previous efforts toward 
 establishing schools for boys, Bishop Atkinson's interest in this 
 important subject never abated. "A complete education," said 
 he, "demands the cultivation of the moral and spiritual as well 
 as the intellectual faculties, and it is one of the functions of the 
 Church to provide this." In his address to the Convention of 
 1874 he speaks of efforts by the Reverend Benjamin S. Bronson 
 to conduct a school at Charlotte, in addition to performing his 
 duties as Rector of Saint Peter's Church in that city. This 
 school at Charlotte finally suspended; and, at a later period, 
 Mr. Bronson agreed to have the property fitted up for use as 
 an orphanage. The former school had been largely established 
 by the mimificence of the family of the late Lewis Thompson, 
 of Bertie County, and the new institution was called the Thomp- 
 son Orphanage as a memorial to him. Its doors were opened on 
 May 10, 1887, with the Reverend Edwin A. Osborne as super- 
 intendent. The latter gentleman had been Colonel of the Fourth 
 iforth Carolina Regiment in the Confederate Army, and his 
 military spirit was again awakened when the War with Spain 
 came on, so he resigned his superintendency of the orphanage 
 in June, 1898, to become Chaplain of the Second North Caro- 
 lina Regiment of United States Volunteers. After the War 
 with Spain closed he became Archdeacon of the Convocation 
 of Charlotte, which position he now holds. Upon Mr. Osborne's 
 resignation, as above, of the superintendency of the Thompson 
 Orphanage, he was succeeded by the Reverend Walter J. Smith, 
 present incumbent. Mr. Smith belongs to a Halifax County 
 
196 Bishops of North Cakolina. 
 
 family noted for its devotion to the Churcli, being a son of 
 William E. Smith, one of the three brothers whom we have 
 heretofore mentioned in the sketch of Bishop Ives. The Thomp- 
 son Orphanage has done, and is still doing, a splendid work in 
 shielding little children from want and ruin, and training them 
 up for respectable stations in the citizenship of their coun- 
 try. Two other worthy institutions of the Church at Charlotte 
 are Saint Peter's Hospital, for the white race, and the Good 
 Samaritan Hospital, for negroes. 
 
 A special committee on education, at the Diocesan Conven- 
 tion of 1875, reported efforts, which had been made in the pre- 
 ceding year, to establish an educational institution at Morgan- 
 ton, in the mountain section. At that time Bishop Atkinson 
 was not sufficiently strong to supervise work so far from 
 his home, and requested his assistant and co-laborer. Bishop 
 Lyman, to interest himself in the educational work at Morgan- 
 ton. The Wilberforce School — as this institution was called, 
 in honor of the great English Bishop of that name — proved a 
 failure, despite the able and energetic manner in which Bishop 
 Lyman sought to uphold it. Some further mention of it wiU 
 be made in the sketch of Bishop Lyman, later on in this work. 
 
 One Church school for boys met with some success in W^orth 
 Carolina for a while, though not with so great a measure as it 
 deserved. This institution — located in what is now the Diocese 
 of East Carolina — was Trinity School, at Chocowinity in the 
 county of Beaufort, not far from "Washington, the county-seat. 
 Its founder and first principal was the Reverend N". Collin 
 Hughes. About the year 1850 he established a parochial school 
 in conjunction with Trinity Parish, and it was operated in a 
 house built for its use by the vestry. Good schools were scarce 
 in that day, and a considerable number of students came from 
 other counties. Shortly before the "War between the States Mr. 
 Hughes went to Pittsboro, and then Trinity School passed into 
 other hands — suspending work during the progress of the war. 
 In 1866, Mr. Hughes returned to Beaufort County and en- 
 
Bishops of Xoeth Caeolina. 197 
 
 deavored to re-open the scliool, but met with many discourage- 
 ments. Some years later, in 1878, his son, the Reverend N'. 
 Collin Hughes, Jr., joined in the management of this institution, 
 afterwards becoming his father's successor as principal. In- 
 struction in the doctrines of the Church and general religious 
 training were always given prominence in the course of study 
 at Trinity; and, though it was not a training school for the 
 ministry, about twenty of its former pupils have taken holy 
 orders. The enrollment of students in this institution was never 
 large, but its influence for good was by no means inconsiderable. 
 In 1908 this school was closed; and, during the same year, its 
 principal, the Reverend Mr. Hughes, became Archdeacon of 
 the Convocation of Raleigh. 
 
 During the lifetime of Bishop Atkinson steps were first taken 
 toward dividing the Diocese of ISTorth Carolina by the erection 
 of a part of the State into the Diocese of East Carolina; but, 
 as this proposed measure was not carried out until two years 
 after his death, we shall treat of that subject in the sketch of 
 Bishop Lyman, hereafter to be given in this work. 
 
 Though the consecration of the Reverend Doctor Lyman, as 
 Assistant Bishop, greatly lightened the labors of the venerable 
 Bishop Atkinson, the latter continued his good work as long as 
 stren^h was given him to plead with mankind for a fuller reali- 
 zation and performance of their duties to God. When the Dio- 
 cesan Convention met at "Winston, in Forsyth County, during 
 the month of May, 1880, the aged prelate was too infirm to at- 
 tend its sessions, but sent his annual address to be read before 
 that body. This was his last message to the Church in Iforth 
 Carolina, and its closing words dealt with a phase of morality 
 which long years of personal observation moved him to empha- 
 size for the good of his people. This was the question of temper- 
 ance. In part he said: "All the taxes, of which our people 
 complain so much, are not equal to a tenth part of the burden 
 they impose upon themselves by the use — frequently the ex- 
 cessive use — of intoxicating liquors. To the same fruitful source 
 
198 Bishops of IfoETH Caeolina. 
 
 are due nine-tenths of the crimes that come before our courts 
 of justice, as we are assured by some of those who are engaged 
 in the administration of justice. How much of the misery of 
 private life is brought about by the same cause, none but God 
 himself can tell. That it is varied, bitter, widespread, all of us 
 must know, and I have reason, more and more every year, to 
 believe that it, more than any other sin, causes spiritual de- 
 cline, and final apostacy within the limits of the Church itself ; 
 that many a young man enters upon his religious course, not 
 only with sincerity but with zeal, and yet, yielding to the entice- 
 ments of the cup, falls away from the faith, withdraws from 
 religious ordinances, brings shame on the cause of Christ and 
 the honor of His Church, and ruin on his own soul. N^ow are 
 we not bound to do what we can, in order to resist this sin so 
 deadly in itself and so prolific of other sins? The Church of 
 England is exerting itself with great honor to its own spirit 
 and principles, and with great benefit to the country, in con- 
 tending with this giant adversary to all righteousness and to all 
 human happiness. Can we not do something more than we 
 have hitherto done in the same holy cause? I know that there 
 are good men who object to societies for this special purpose on 
 the ground that they interfere with the proper work of the 
 Church. To me the objection seems very futile. On the same 
 ground, missionary societies, tract societies, Bible and Prayer 
 Book societies, associations for the relief of the poor, and indeed 
 most charitable and religious organizations would have to be 
 renounced." 
 
 Bishop Atkinson filled the Episcopate for nearly thirty years. 
 During that time he took part in the consecration of ten 
 Bishops, as follows: Alexander Gregg, of Texas, October 13, 
 1859 ; Henry Champlin Lay, of the Missionary Jurisdiction of 
 the South-west (later translated to the Diocese of Easton in 
 Maryland), October 23, 1859; Charles Todd Quintard, of Ten- 
 nessee, October 11, 1865 ; John Watrous Beckwith, of Georgia, 
 April 2, 1868; "William Pinkney, of Maryland, October 6, 
 
Bishops of I^obth Caeolina. 199 
 
 1870 ; "William Bell White Howe, of South Carolina, October 8, 
 1871 ; Theodore Benedict Lyman, of Worth Carolina, December 
 11, 1873 ; Edward Eandolph "Welles, of Wisconsin, October 24, 
 1874 ; John Henry Ducachet Wingfield, of l^orthern California, 
 December 2, 1874; and Charles Clifton Penick, of Cape Palmas 
 in Africa, February 13, 1877. 
 
 In 1846, Trinity College, at Hartford, Connecticut, conferred 
 the degree of Doctor of Divinity upon Mr. Atkinson, then Eector 
 of Saint Peter's Church in Baltimore. After he became Bishop 
 he was twice honored with the degree of Doctor of Laws — by 
 the TJniversity of JKTorth Carolina in 1863, and by the great 
 English University of Cambridge in 1867. 
 
 During the course of his Episcopate, Bishop Atkinson at- 
 tended every General Convention which ever assembled except 
 the war-time session of 1863 (when no Southern Bishops were 
 present), the special session of 1875, and the session of 1880, 
 being sick when the last named was held. 
 
 Though Bishop Atkinson had been physically unable to at- 
 tend the Diocesan Convention of 1880, he later rallied, and 
 seemed, at times, in some measure to regain his usual strength and 
 health. But this improvement was only temporary, for he later 
 grew steadily weaker, and passed peacefully away at his home 
 in Wilmington, surrounded by his family and friends, on the 
 4th day of January, 1881. This event caused deep grief through- 
 out IN'orth Carolina, and was recognized as a loss to the Church 
 in general. No Bishop within the ranks of the American Epis- 
 copate had served the Church more faithfully, more lovingly, 
 more freely, more wisely; and few had met with so great a 
 measure of success. Gentle and considerate in manner, yet firm 
 of purpose and strong in action, he was an ideal Bishop — a 
 Eavenscroft without his rugged exterior, an Ives without his 
 vacillations. 
 
 A tribute both eloquent and just was paid to the memory of 
 Bishop Atkinson by Bishop Strange in an address delivered at 
 
200 Bishops of Wokth Cabolina. 
 
 the laying of the corner-stone of the Church of the Holy Com- 
 forter (a memorial to Bishop Atkinson) in Charlotte, on August 
 6, 1909.* On that occasion, when speaking of Bishop Atkinson's 
 first coming to North Carolina, of his nohle traits, and splendid 
 career, Bishop Strange said : 
 
 "We needed a wise and loving leader then ; and the good God gave 
 him to us. How noble his presence, how gracious his manners, how 
 loving his heart, how firm his will, how wise his judgment ! He knew 
 what this Church of ours is and wfaat she stands for ; and this he 
 taught in season and out ; and yet he could see the standpoint of the 
 earnest Christians outside our communion ; and he so mingled love 
 and tolerance with his presentation of the truth that he disarmed 
 their prejudice and won their respect and affection. Under his wise, 
 loving, unselfish rule, harmony and hope settled sweetly down upon 
 the Church herself, and she went forward again in her Godly work. 
 He was with us, our true friend and guide, in the stormy times of 
 war and In the dark days of reconstruction. To him more than to 
 any single man is due the fact that the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 in the Unitel States is to-day One, knowing no North and South, no 
 East and West. Two years after his death, the Church in North 
 Carolina had grown too large for the administration of any one 
 Bishop ; and so its territory was divided, and the General Convention 
 of 1883 set apart the new Diocese of East Carolina. For nearly thirty 
 years Bishop Atkinson guided the affairs of the Church In the whole 
 State ; and in those years the clergy had increased from thirty-six to 
 seventy-six, and the communicants from 1,778 to 5,889. To-day, my 
 friends, twenty-eight years from the death of Bishop Atkinson, we 
 have at work in the State three Bishops, 125 clergymen and 13,492 
 communicants." 
 
 The funeral of Bishop Atkinson was held in Wilmington on 
 January 7th. Shortly before 11 o'clock on that day, the vestries 
 of Saint James's, Saint John's, Saint Paul's, and Saint Mark's 
 Churches assembled at the Bishop's residence, and formed in 
 procession, going to Saint James's Church, where the funeral 
 services and interment were to take place. A company of forty 
 young men from the above parishes, in relays of ten at a time, 
 bore the casket from the late home of the deceased to the Church. 
 
 * For copy of this address, see the Carolina Churchman for October, 
 1909. 
 
Bishops of ISTorth Carolina. 201 
 
 The honorary pall-bearers were the following eight clergymen, 
 all clad in white surplices : the Reverend Messrs. Thomas M. 
 Ambler, George Patterson, Thomas D. Pitts, Matthias M. Mar- 
 shall, Bennett Smedes, Edward R. Rich, Benjamin S. Bronson, 
 and J. "Worrall Larmour. Officiating at the Church were 
 Bishops Lyman of ISTorth Carolina and Whittle of Virginia, 
 together with the Rector of the parish, Reverend Alfred A. 
 Watson. Bishop Lay, of the Diocese of Easton, was also pres- 
 ent; but, being a close connection of the Atkinson family, was 
 not one of the officiating clergy. After solemn and impressive 
 services, the remains of Bishop Atkinson were laid beneath the 
 chancel of Saint James's Church. Within that sacred edifice 
 has since been placed a tablet to his memory, and that of Mrs. 
 Atkinson, bearing these words : 
 
 To the Revered and Beloved Memory 
 
 of The Right Reverend 
 
 THOMAS ATKIJSTSOlSr, D.D., LL.D., 
 
 Third Bishop of ISTorth Carolina. 
 Born at Mansfield, Dinwiddle Co., Va., 
 
 Aug. 6th, A. D. 1807. 
 
 Consecrated Bishop of ISTorth Carolina 
 
 Oct. 17th, A. D. 1853. 
 
 Fell Asleep in Jesus 
 
 at Wilmington 1ST. C, Jan. 4th, 1881. 
 
 His body rests beneath this Chancel 
 in sure hope of a blissful resurrection. 
 
 JOSEPHA GWmiST ATKIISTSOIST, 
 
 his beloved and devoted wife, 
 
 fell asleep December 7th, A. D. 1887, 
 
 and reposes by his side. 
 
 In referring to the obsequies of Bishop Atkinson, a Wilming- 
 ton newspaper, the Weehly Star, of January 14th, said: "It 
 
202 Bishops of Nokth Cabolina. 
 
 was the most imposing and decorous funeral we have ever wit- 
 nessed in Wilmington. All classes and denominations partici- 
 pated in the ceremonies, anxious to do honor to one who was 
 not only great but good — one of nature's noblemen, a very- 
 prince among men." 
 
 In Bishop Atkinson's will, he bequeathed his theological 
 library and five hundred dollars in money to the Ravenscroft 
 School at Asheville ; and, before that institution closed its doors, 
 it was the purpose of the Diocese to endow in its faculty a chair 
 to be known as "The Bishop Atkinson Professorship of the Evi- 
 dences of Christianity and of Christian Doctrine." Another 
 memorial to Bishop Atkinson — in course of construction at the 
 present time — is a house of worship in Charlotte, which the 
 Reverend Francis M. Osborne is now raising funds to have com- 
 pleted. It will be known as "The Church of the Holy Com- 
 forter." Its corner-stone was laid August 6, 1909. The chancel 
 window of Saint Paul's Church, at Wilmington, is also an 
 Atkinson memorial. Some years after the War between the 
 States, the Reverend David D. Van Antwerp wrote a history 
 of the Church and dedicated it to Bishop Atkinson in these 
 words: "To the Right Reverend Thomas Atkinson, D.D., 
 LL.D., Bishop of North Carolina, whose many admirable quali- 
 ties have won for him a shining fame in the American Church, 
 this work is, by his permission, affectionately dedicated by his 
 friend and servant. The Author." For several years prior to 
 the war. Doctor Van Antwerp served as a presbyter under 
 Bishop Atkinson in the Diocese of ITorth Carolina. In the 
 See House at Raleigh is an oil portrait of Bishop Atkinson, 
 presented to the Diocese by Mrs. A. B. Andrews. 
 
 In an admirable memorial sermon on Bishop Atkinson, 
 preached before the Diocesan Convention in Christ Church, 
 Raleigh, on the 18th of May, 1881, Bishop Lay tells us of many 
 religious opinions held by the deceased, as well as of his per- 
 sonal characteristics. Said he, on that occasion: "He was 
 Anglican to the backbone. He was thoroughly convinced that 
 
Bishops of ISTorth Caeolin-a. 203 
 
 the Anglican Eeformation was necessary and lawful, and was 
 wisely conducted", so that no catholic truth whatever is denied 
 or ohscured in our formularies." From the same memorial dis- 
 course we learn that one of Bishop Atkinson's firmest convic- 
 tions, founded, as he thought, on the general consent of the 
 primitive Church, was that every baptism, by whomsoever ad- 
 ministered, where the matter and the form are used, is a valid 
 baptism, and that a person so baptized becomes thereby a mem- 
 ber of the catholic body of Christ. In Baltimore, on one occa- 
 sion, says Bishop Lay, a child was presented to Doctor Atkinson 
 (then a parish priest) for the sacrament of baptism. There 
 being some hesitancy in reply to the question as to whether or 
 not it had been previously baptized, further inquiry was made, 
 and it appeared that, shortly after the child's birth, its life 
 appeared to be in danger, whereupon the attendant physician 
 hastily applied the water and pronounced the formula. Upon 
 this statement of facts. Doctor Atkinson declared that such bap- 
 tism was valid, and declined to proceed. 
 
 Love of kindred, we are told, was a predominating trait in the 
 character of Bishop Atkinson. After specifying the stress laid 
 upon the various relationships of the Apostles and other charac- 
 ters in Holy Scriptures, he said : "I can but think it is a Chris- 
 tion duty to recognize and to value these bonds of kinship. 
 When people boast that they do not care for their relations and 
 connections more than for other people, it only proves that they 
 have cold hearts and care little for anyone but themselves." 
 Commenting upon these sentiments. Bishop Lay observes: 
 "Surely he was right in this position. It does widen our hearts 
 and broaden our sympathies thus to love our kindred. It is, 
 beyond all doubt, a restraint upon the young to know that they 
 bear a name which has never been dishonored, and that any mis- 
 deed of theirs will carry personal mortification into an extensive 
 circle of relatives and connections." 
 
 Bishop Atkinson's domestic life was singularly free from 
 affliction. The first death in his father's large family was that 
 
204 Bishops of IsToeth Cabolina. 
 
 of the eldest son, aged fifty; anotlier died at the age of sixty; 
 and the remaining brothers and sisters of the Bishop — eight in 
 number — all survived him. In all his married life, extending 
 throughout a period of fifty-three years, there was never a death 
 among his children; and his wife also survived him. Further- 
 more, while never a man of wealth. Bishop Atkinson was blessed 
 all through life with means sufficient for the needs of himself 
 and family. Well might he say, with the Psalmist, "Surely 
 goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life, and 
 I will dwell in the house of the Lord forever." And, in the 
 words of the same inspired writer, we may add : "Mark the per- 
 fect man, and behold the upright, for the end of that man is 
 peace." 
 
Bishop Lyman. 
 
THEODORE BENEDICT LYMAN 
 FOURTH BISHOP OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
THEODOEE BENEDICT LYMAIST, 
 
 FoTTETH Bishop of Nokth Cabolina. 
 
 Tlie family from wliich sprang Bishoio Lyman, of ISTorth 
 Carolina, is of English descent and one of tlie most ancient in 
 America. Eichard Lyman, of High. Ongar, in the county of 
 Essex, England (a gentleman of distinguished ancestry in the 
 mother country), was born about the year 1579 and came to 
 America in the ship Lion, which landed at Boston on ISTovember 
 4, 1631. He became a freeman of the colony of Massachusetts 
 Bay on June 11, 1633; and, in 1636, removed to Hartford, Con- 
 necticut, being one of the original proprietors of that town. He 
 died in August, 1640. His name is inscribed on one of the 
 columns of Centre Church, in Hartford, which was erected as a 
 memorial of the early settlers of that place. Before leaving 
 England he married Sarah Osborne, daughter of Roger Osborne, 
 of Halstead, in the county of Kent, and from this union has 
 descended an honored and numerous posterity in America. One 
 of their sons, Richard Lyman, was born in 1617, before his 
 father left England. After his parents settled in Hartford, he 
 remained there for some time, and then went to Northampton, 
 where he was made one of the select-men. Later still, he took 
 up his abode in Windsor, Connecticut, and was a land-owner in 
 that place. His wife was Hephzibah Ford. He died on the 
 3d of June, 1662. Among his children was Richard Lyman, 
 third of that name in America, who was born at Windsor in 
 1647. On May 26, 1675, he was married to Elizabeth Coles. 
 In the famous Falls Fight (May 18, 1676) he commanded a 
 detachment of IsTorthampton colonists. In 1696 he removed 
 from Northampton to Lebanon, Connecticut. Speaking of him 
 in connection with the latter town, his family historian says: 
 "Some of his descendants have continued to reside there until 
 the present time, but others have gone out over all the land. 
 They early emigrated to Vermont : from that State some passed 
 
208 Bishops of ISToeth Cakomna. 
 
 into Canada; others westward took their course, and onward 
 still, as new territories and States have arisen, quite to the 
 Pacific Ocean." The Eichard Lyman, last referred to, owned 
 property in Lebanon, and died N'ovember 4, 1708. Among his 
 children was a son, Jonathan, who was born on January 7, 1684, 
 and went with his father from JSTorthampton to Lebanon in 1696. 
 This Jonathan married Lydia Loomis, and died on August 11, 
 1753. He was a noted Indian fighter. His son and namesake, 
 Jonathan Lyman, was born on the 23d of April, 1712, and 
 resided in Lebanon also. He died July 28, 1792. His wife 
 was Bethiah Clark, to whom he was married on October 2, 
 1735. Among other children he had a son, William Lyman, 
 born August 12, 1738. On February 12, 1761, William married 
 Mary Parker. In his religious affiliations he was a Congrega- 
 tionalist. He died April 2, 1827. One of his sons, Asa, was the 
 father of bishop Lyman, to whose history this sketch will be 
 devoted. 
 
 The Reverend Asa Lyman, just mentioned, was born in Leba- 
 non, Connecticut, on the 24th of February, 1777. He graduated 
 from Yale in 1797, one of his class-mates being the Reverend 
 Bethel Judd, who afterwards, for a short while, was Rector of 
 Saint John's Church in Fayetteville, North Carolina, and also 
 president of the convention at ISTew Bern which reorganized the 
 Diocese of North Carolina in 1817. Mr. Lyman became a Con- 
 gregational clergyman, at times being compelled by ill health to 
 retire from the ministry and take up educational work. For a 
 while he was also engaged in mercantile pursuits, being a dealer 
 in books. A few years before his death he removed to Clinton, 
 New York, for the purpose of educating his sons at Hamilton 
 College in that place. He died at Clinton in the year 1836. His 
 wife was Mary Benedict, daughter of Aaron Benedict, and a 
 member of an old colonial family. In addition to other children 
 (including Bishop Lyman) the Reverend Asa Lyman left a son, 
 the Reverend Father Dwight Edwards Lyman, who was a priest 
 of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
Bishops of North Carolina. 209 
 
 The above facts, relative to tlie ancestry of Bishop Lyman, we 
 have gathered from a work published in 1872, entitled Genealogy 
 of the Lyman Family in Great Britain and America, by the 
 Reverend Lyman Coleman, D. D., a member of the faculty of 
 Lafayette College, in Easton, Pennsylvania. 
 
 In the account above set forth, we have spoken only of the 
 direct ancestry of Bishop Lyman, as space will not permit us to 
 go into the history of the widely divergent branches of the 
 numerous and distinguished family to which he belonged. As 
 colonists, soldiers, clergymen, scholars, philanthropists, and men 
 of affairs in general, bearers of the name had exercised a whole- 
 some influence in the communities wherein they dwelt, long be- 
 fore his own achievements added to the honors so worthily won. 
 
 The Right Reverend Theodore Benedict Lyman, D. D., 
 LL. D., D. C. L., fourth Bishop of ITorth Carolina and one hun- 
 dred and third in the succession of the American Episcopate, 
 was bom in Brighton, Massachusetts, on the 27th day of No- 
 vember, 1815. He graduated from Hamilton College, at Clin- 
 ton, New York, in 1837, being valedictorian of his class. Hav- 
 ing determined to enter the sacred ministry, he later became a 
 student at the General Theological Seminary in New York City, 
 and graduated from that institution in 1840. Immediately after 
 his graduation he removed to Maryland, and was ordered deacon 
 in Christ Church, Baltimore, September 20, 1840, by the Right 
 Reverend "William Rollinson Whittingham, who had been ele- 
 vated to the Episcopate only three days before. At Hagerstown, 
 Maryland, fifteen months later (December 19, 1841), he was 
 ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Whittingham. 
 
 Between the years 1841 and 1850, Mr. Lyman served as Rec- 
 tor of Saint John's Church at Hagerstown. While there he ren- 
 dered a great service to the cause of education by being the chief 
 co-worker with Bishop Whittingham in founding the College of 
 Saint James. In a monograph by the Reverend Hall Harrison, 
 published in Doctor Bernard C. Steiner's History of Education 
 in Maryland, there is some account of this movement. It seems 
 
210 Bishops of Noeth Carolina. 
 
 that Bishop Whittingham desired to establish an educational 
 institution for boys, and opened, in October, 1842, at Hagers- 
 town, a school called Saint James's Hall. Soon afterwards 
 there was thrown upon the market a fine country estate called 
 Fountain Eock, in "Washington County, Maryland, about six 
 miles from Hagerstown, and Mr. Lyman realized that this was 
 admirably suited for uses as a school. He communicated his 
 views to Bishop Whittingham, who determined to buy it, and 
 appointed Mr. Lyman to interest the people of Maryland (par- 
 ticularly those in Washington and Frederick Counties) in the 
 undertaking. It was also necessary to raise five thousand dol- 
 lars to start the enterprise, and this Mr. Lyman succeeded in 
 doing, after much labor. In selecting a principal for Saint 
 James's Hall, Bishop Whittingham chose the Eeverend John 
 Barrett Kerfoot, a young clergyman who had been born in Ire- 
 land and was then living on Long Island, in 'New York, where 
 he was Assistant Kector of the school conducted by the Eeverend 
 Doctor Muhlenburg, under whom he himself had been educated. 
 Mr. Kerfoot entered upon his new duties with zeal and success ; 
 and, in 1843, the Legislature of Maryland passed an act of 
 incorporation by which Saint James's Hall became the College 
 of Saint James. Mr. Lyman was one of the trustees named in 
 the act of incorporation of this college, and it conferred upon 
 him the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1856, after his removal 
 to Pennsylvania. Saint James's College had a good patronage 
 from N"orth Carolina, among the many students from this State 
 being the Eeverend Bennett Smedes, who in later years assisted 
 his father as Eector of Saint Mary's School at Ealeigh, and 
 ultimately became his successor. As to the later history of the 
 College of Saint James, it remained in operation until 1864, 
 toward the close of the War Between the States, when President 
 Kerfoot and his chief assistant, the Eeverend Joseph Howland 
 Coit, were arrested by order of General Jubal A. Early, of the 
 Confederate Army, in retaliation for the seizure by Union forces 
 of some clergymen in Virginia who were Southern sympathizers. 
 
Bishops of N'orth Cabolina. 211 
 
 After the release of the Reverend Messrs. Kerfoot and Coit, the 
 former accepted the presidency of Trinity College, at Hartford, 
 later hecoming Bishop of Pittsburg; and Mr. Coit removed to 
 New Hampshire, where he was elected Vice-Rector of Saint 
 Paul's School in Concord, eventually becoming Rector as suc- 
 cessor of his brother, the Reverend Henry Augustus Coit, when 
 that gentleman died, in 1895. After the removal of President 
 Kerfoot and Professor Coit from Maryland, the College of 
 Saint James became a grammar school, and is now in operation 
 as such. 
 
 While priest in charge of Saint John's Church at Hagers- 
 town, the Reverend Mr. Lyman declined three calls from liTorth 
 Carolina, including one from the parish of Saint James in Wil- 
 mington. In the Spring of 1850 he accepted an invitation to 
 become Rector of Trinity Church, in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 
 and there oiEciated with great success for ten years, his parish 
 growing to such an extent that a new one — Saint Peter's — had 
 to be organized. In 1860 he resigned, wishing to spend some 
 time in Europe. This resignation was not accepted, his congre- 
 gation prevailing upon him to take a two years' leave of absence 
 instead. At the end of the two years, however, he decided to 
 remain abroad for a longer period, and insisted upon relinquish- 
 ing his charge in Pittsburg, much to the regret of his parishion- 
 ers. He remained in Europe ten years, and was an efficient fac- 
 tor in building up missions of the American Church in Roman 
 Catholic countries. He also extended his travels eastward, twice 
 visiting Egypt, Syria, and the Holy Land (including Mount 
 Sinai), as well as going to other localities of interest. While in 
 Italy he had charge of a Church at Florence in the years 1860 
 and 1861. In 1862 he went to Rome, and there officiated (con- 
 jointly with another clergyman) in the household of the Ameri- 
 can Ambassador, remaining until 1863. In 1864 and 1865, he 
 travelled extensively in Europe and the Orient. Upon his re- 
 turn to Rome in the Spring of 1865, he found a new Ambassador 
 representing the United States, and was prevailed upon by that 
 
212 Bishops of I^obth Carolina. 
 
 gentleman to become Chaplain of the Embassy. This he con- 
 sented to do, and the Ambassador rented the upper apartments 
 of an old palace belonging to a Eoman prince, one of the largest 
 rooms in this building being used as a chapel. When the lease 
 expired, the owner of the palace, who occupied the lower floor 
 and was allied with the papal party, refused to re-rent it unless 
 the religious services therein were discontinued; Doctor Lyman 
 then rented a hall at his own expense, and held services in it in 
 1866-1867. In the Spring of the latter year. Cardinal Antonelli 
 formally notified the American Ambassador that these services 
 would no longer be tolerated inside the city unless conducted 
 within the privileged precincts of the Embassy. As the Pope 
 then exercised temporal sovereignty, this left Doctor Lyman to 
 choose between services in the Embassy or beyond the limits of 
 the city. Believing that separating from the Ambassador's 
 house was the surest means of rendering the services permanent, 
 he organized a congregation which worshipped in a little chapel 
 outside of the limits of Rome, and there he ministered till 1869, 
 when he resigned. Soon after he returned to America, the 
 temporal power of the Pope was abolished, and the Protestant 
 congregation oiitside the walls (then under the Reverend Doctor 
 ISTevin) was no longer hindered from entering the gates. Saint 
 Paul's Church, in Rome, was accordingly built, at a cost of about 
 $150,000, and many years later Doctor Lyman had the pleasure, 
 under happier conditions, of paying several visitations to it as 
 Bishop. And there it stands at the present time, "a witness to 
 the ancient Catholic faith, as upheld by the Reformed Anglican 
 Communion." 
 
 So wide had Doctor Lyman's reputation as a theologian 
 spread, and so well known was his interest in education, that he 
 was invited, in June, 1869 (while still abroad), to return to 
 America and become Dean of the General Theological Semi- 
 nary, in I^ew York City, but this high honor he declined. Upon 
 
Bishops of ]!^oeth Carolina. 213 
 
 his non-acceptance, the Reverend John Murray Forhes, D. D., 
 was made Dean.* 
 
 After resigning his charge at Rome in 1869, Doctor Lyman 
 again travelled in the far East, later spending some time in Eng- 
 land. He came back to America in 1870, and accepted a call to 
 become Rector of Trinity Church, in San Erancisco, California, 
 one of the strongest parishes on the Pacific coast. He was there 
 oiSciating with great success and ever-growing influence when 
 elected Assistant Bishop of l^orth Carolina in the Spring of 
 1873. As his consecration was not to take place until December 
 of that year, it gave him an opportunity to spend the Summer 
 in Europe, and he returned from this tour in good health and 
 spirits. 
 
 In the sketch of Bishop Atkinson, heretofore presented in this 
 work, there is some account of the proceedings in the Diocese of 
 JSTorth Carolina which led up to the creation of the office of 
 Assistant Bishop, and hence it is unnecessary to repeat the same 
 here. 
 
 It was on the 30th day of May, 1873, during a session of the 
 Diocesan Convention at Fayetteville, that the Reverend Doctor 
 Lyman was elected Assistant Bishop of ISTorth Carolina. Thirty- 
 four ballots were taken before the constitutional majority was 
 
 * This Doctor Forbes had been a friend of Bishop Ives, and was 
 connected, to some extent, with him after Ives became a Roman Cath- 
 olic. After enjoying success as a member of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, Doctor Forbes had himself become a Roman Catholic in 1849 
 (three years ahead of Ives), had entered the priesthood of the Church 
 of Rome, and been placed in charge of several parishes. In 1852, the 
 Right Reverend Ignatius A. Reynolds, Bishop of the Roman Catholic 
 Diocese of Charleston, in South Carolina, appointed him his theolo- 
 gian in the Plenary Council of Baltimore; and he received a similar 
 honor from the Right Reverend John Bernard Fitzpatrick, Roman 
 Catholic Bishop of Boston, when the Provincial Council of New York 
 assembled in 1854. In the latter year the degree of S. T. D. was con- 
 ferred upon him by a Vatican Decree of Pius IX. In 1859, Doctor 
 Forbes became convinced that he had taken an erroneous step in be- 
 coming a Roman Catholic, and forthwith re-entered the Church which 
 he had formerly abandoned, was restored to his priestly office therein, 
 and remained true to the Anglican communion throughout the remain- 
 der of his life. 
 
214 Bishops of ISTokth Carolina. 
 
 attained. Among other clergymen voted for were at least five who 
 afterwards became Bishops, these being the Keverend Doctors 
 Alfred A. Watson, "William Stevens Perry, George F. Seymour, 
 Hugh Miller Thompson, and John H. D. Wingfield. On several 
 of the earlier ballots, Doctor Lyman received a substantial ma- 
 jority of the votes cast, but canon law required that an election 
 should not result until one person should receive a majority of 
 the number of clergymen who were entitled to seats in the Con- 
 vention, whether they were present in person or not. On the 
 final ballot. Doctor Lyman was lacking only one vote of having 
 such majority, when the casting vote of Bishop Atkinson elected 
 him. 
 
 The consecration of Doctor Lyman as Assistant Bishop of 
 iN^orth Carolina took place in Christ Church at Raleigh on the 
 11th day of December, 1873, and was the first ceremonial of the 
 kind which ever occurred within the Diocese— Bishops Ravens- 
 croft, Ives, and Atkinson, all having been consecrated in other 
 States. The presiding Bishop at the above consecration was the 
 Eight Reverend William RoUinson Whittingham, of Maryland, 
 an aged and venerable prelate, by whom Doctor Lyman had been 
 made deacon and priest, as heretofore stated. There were also 
 present and participating in the impressive ceremonies on this 
 occasion. Bishops Atkinson and Lay — the latter having been 
 transferred from the Missionary Jurisdiction of the South-west 
 and made Bishop of the Diocese of Easton, in the State of Mary- 
 land. Bishop Lay delivered the consecration sermon — a dis- 
 course of great power, pleading for Christian unity — this being 
 afterwards published by order of the Convention. 
 
 Bishop Lyman selected Raleigh as his place of residence, and 
 purchased a large lot, with the dwelling thereon, on the north- 
 east corner of North and Wilmington Streets. The dwelling he 
 beautified and enlarged, among the additions thereto being a 
 handsome gallery, where were displayed many paintings and 
 other works of art which he had gathered during his residence 
 in various parts of the world. Being a man of wealth, he was 
 able freely to indulge his love for the fine arts, and still have 
 
Bishops of North Caeolina. 315 
 
 means left with which to help the poor and contribute to the 
 cause of religion. 
 
 At the time of Doctor Lyman's election as Assistant Bishop, 
 Christ Church was the only general house of worship in Ealeigh 
 for the white race of the Episcopal communion, and that 
 parish then labored under the disadvantage of the pews be- 
 ing owned by the various families composing its congrega- 
 tion — in fact, the Church was mainly built with funds raised 
 through the sale of pews, though these (with few exceptions) 
 have since been donated by their respective owners to the parish, 
 thus making Christ Church a free house of worship. To supply 
 the need, existing in 1874, of a church with free pews, the 
 Church of the Good Shepherd was organized in Ealeigh. The 
 plan of the building was donated by the Reverend Johannes 
 Adam Oertel, a clergyman of the Diocese who had made a study 
 of ecclesiastical architecture and had planned quite a number of 
 other churches throughout ISTorth Carolina, though his fame as 
 an artist will be more enduring — he having made a number of 
 celebrated paintings of a religious nature, some of these now 
 being owned by the University of the South at Sewanee. As the 
 Church of the Good Shepherd was attended by Bishop Lyman 
 and his household, a word or two concerning its history may be 
 of interest. It is located on the western half of a block bounded 
 by Hillsborough, McDowell, Morgan, and Salisbury Streets, 
 facing on the first-named thoroughfare, one block west of the 
 Capitol. Its first Eector, the Eeverend Edward E. Eich, in 
 making his report to the Diocesan Convention of 1874, said: 
 "This parish, which now makes its first parochial report and 
 applies for admission into union with the Convention at its 
 present session, was organized on the 25th of February, 1874, to 
 meet the imperative demand of a free church in this rapidly 
 growing city. The first services were held in 'Tucker Hall,' on 
 Quinquagessima Sunday, 1874, and have been continued regu- 
 larly ever since, with joint service during the week in Christ 
 
 xrv 
 
216 Bishops of Nobth Carolina. 
 
 Churcli. . . . The Easter offering of tlie congregation, 
 amounting to $4,135.75, was a noble beginning towards the 
 building fund of our free church, and every effort is being made 
 to swell that amount, so that we may, with the aid rendered us 
 by our friends, secure a lot and erect our Church at an early 
 day." Upon the resignation of the Keverend Mr. Eich as Rector 
 of the Church of the Good Shepherd, he was succeeded by the 
 Eeverend Robert Strange, now Bishop of East Carolina. Doctor 
 Strange later gave place to the Eeverend William Meade Clark 
 (now editor of the Southern Churchman, in Richmond) ; and, 
 the latter's pastorate being relinquished, November 30, 1891, he 
 was succeeded, in turn, by the Reverend I. McK. Pittenger, 
 D. D., present Rector of the parish. This congregation, in 
 recent years, has outgrown its original Church building (which 
 will hereafter be used as a chapel and parish house), and is 
 erecting a beautiful and spacious granite edifice which, when 
 completed, will be one of the finest buildings of its kind in 
 N^orth Carolina. It^ corner-stone (sent from the Holy Land by 
 Doctor Pittenger during his travels abroad) was laid on All 
 Saints Day, 1899, twenty-five years after the foundation of the 
 parish. 
 
 When Bishop Lyman first came to Worth Carolina he was 
 fifty-eight years old, yet strong and vigorous in physique, and 
 he set about his work with indomitable zeal and energy. Not 
 only did he labor for the welfare of the white race, but great 
 interest was also manifested by him in the spiritual and educa- 
 tional enlightenment of the negroes. Mention has already been 
 made of the Church's having established Saint Augustine's 
 School, for negroes, at Raleigh, during the Episcopate of Bishop 
 Atkinson. After a visit paid to that institution in May, 1875, 
 Bishop Lyman commented upon it as follows : "No better evi- 
 dence could be desired, than is furnished by this congregation, 
 of the eminent adaptedness of the services of our Church to our 
 colored population. The responses were full and general, the 
 singing and chanting spirited, and the behavior of the eongrega- 
 
Bishops of JSTorth Caeolina. 217 
 
 tion remarkably reverent and devotional. A liturgical service, 
 where the language is plain and simple, and where its frequent 
 repetition makes it most familiar, is just that which is specially 
 suited to this class of people, while its sober and chastening 
 spirit serves to restrain those emotional excesses into which they 
 are otherwise so liable to be drawn." 
 
 In January, 1876, Bishop Lyman visited Eandolph County, 
 where was then located Trinity College, a Methodist institution 
 of learning which has since been removed to Durham. No house 
 of worship of the Episcopal Church then being near Trinity, 
 the chapel of the college was graciously tendered Bishop Lyman 
 by the president of the institution, who, with his faculty and 
 students, attended the services in a body. Speaking of the 
 reception with which hf had met on that occasion, the Bishop 
 said : "I very highly appreciated the kind courtesy of the Presi- 
 dent, which enabled me to give the benefit of our services to 
 several members of our Church, living in the immediate neigh- 
 borhood, and who are quite remote from any of our places of 
 worship. I was glad, too, of this opportunity for manifesting 
 to our Methodist brethren how friendly are our feelings toward 
 them; and that, while ecclesiastically separated from them, we 
 entertain no other sentiments than those of Christian kindness 
 and cordiality. I can never be brought into contact with them 
 without deeply lamenting that we cannot all 'speak the same 
 thing, and be perfectly joined together in the same mind and the 
 same judgment.' May He 'who maketh men to be of one mind 
 in an house,' in His own good time, remove all grounds of mis- 
 apprehension and alienation, that so we may be drawn together 
 'in the unity of the spirit and in the bond of peace.' " 
 
 The Bishop of Tennessee, intending to be absent abroad for 
 some months during the year 1876, had invited Bishop Lyman to 
 visit the eastern part of that Diocese and perform the duties of 
 the Episcopate in his absence. In accordance with this request. 
 Bishop Lyman spent the early part of February in Tennessee, 
 administering the rite of confirmation on several occasions, be- 
 
218 Bishops of 2Tosth Cabolina. 
 
 sides holding other services. In recording that visitation, he 
 remarked: "This brief visit to a sister Diocese proved a very 
 pleasant one, and I was glad of this opportunity for manifesting 
 such fraternal relations." 
 
 Eeturning from Tennessee in February, Bishop Lyman re- 
 sumed his duties in Worth Carolina, in a few weeks going to the 
 eastern part of the State. In the latter locality he visited Saint 
 Thomas's Church in Bath — the oldest church building in N^orth 
 Carolina — and expressed great gratification at the restoration 
 of that venerable edifice, as well as at the care taken of the 
 burial ground adjacent thereto. 
 
 At the end of the Summer of 1876, Bishop Lyman went to his 
 old home in California to arrange some private business, and 
 returned to lISTorth Carolina in IsTovember. He held services at 
 numerous points throughout the Western States during his 
 absence, and came back by way of Philadelphia, ISTew York, and 
 Baltimore, also conducting religious worship on several occa- 
 sions in those cities. 
 
 Mention has already been made, in the sketch of Bishop 
 Atkinson, of the conference of Bishops of the Anglican Church 
 which he attended in 1867 at Lambeth Palace, the seat of the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. That conference resulted so satis- 
 factorily and awakened so much interest in the cause of religion 
 that it has since been held about every ten years. In 1878, 
 Bishop Atkinson was too much enfeebled in health to make the 
 trip again, but Bishop Lyman accepted the Archbishop's invita- 
 tion. Upon hearing of this, the Diocesan Convention of 1878 
 passed a resolution (offered by the Eeverend Jarvis Buxton) as 
 follows : 
 
 "Resolved, That the Convention has heard with gratification of the 
 Intention of the Assistant Bishop to attend the Conference of Bishops 
 of the Anglo-Catholic Church, called by the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, to meet at Lambeth in the month of July next ; and it would be 
 a matter of additional gratification could the Bishop of the Diocese 
 also make it his convenience to attend the same Conference, and con- 
 tribute thereto the benefit of his wise councils." 
 
Bishops of ISToeth Caeoliij-a. 219 
 
 Bishop Lyman sailed from ISTew York, June 6, 1878, on his 
 journey to the Lambeth Conference. Among his fellow-passen- 
 gers, with the same destination as his own, were Bishops Bedell 
 of Ohio, Doane of Albany, and Spalding of Colorado. After a 
 pleasant voyage, the vessel landed at Queenstown. Erom there 
 Bishop Lyman went first to Cork and afterwards to Dublin. 
 Going from Ireland to Oxford, he there participated in a mis- 
 sionary meeting in the interest of the Society for the Propaga- 
 tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. On June 24th, in Saint 
 Paul's Cathedral, he participated in the consecration of the 
 Bishops of Litchfield, ITassau, and Queensland. At this conse- 
 cration, the Archbishop of Canterbury presided. 
 
 Of his interesting experiences while abroad on the above mis- 
 sion in 1878, Bishop Lyman's journal gives a graphic account, 
 which space will not permit us to reproduce in full. Referring 
 to June 28th, he says: "On the afternoon of that day, in Can- 
 terbury Cathedral, there was a very impressive service, when 
 the Archbishop gave a warm address of welcome to the Bishops 
 from foreign lands whom he had invited to meet him on that 
 occasion. The grand old Cathedral v/ith all its memories of the 
 past, the large stone chair of St. Augustine in which the Arch- 
 bishop was seated and from which he gave his address, the long 
 line of white-robed choristers, followed by the clergy and 
 Bishops — all duly vested and passing up the venerable nave — 
 combined to make this one of the most imposing, solemn, and 
 impressive ceremonials which it has ever been my privilege to 
 witness. On the following Tuesday, July 2d, the opening ser- 
 vice of the Lambeth Conference took place in the Chapel of the 
 Palace. I felt that I was standing on a very sacred spot, when 
 I remembered that it was in this same chapel that the first 
 American Bishops, who received English consecration, were 
 admitted to the Episcopate on the 4th of February, 1787. What 
 a marvelous expansion has been witnessed since that day of 
 small things !" 
 
220 Bishops of Noeth Carolina. 
 
 In commenting on the probable effects of the Lambeth Con- 
 ference, Bishop Lyman used this language: "Whatever serves 
 to promote a better understanding, and an increase of unity, in 
 all the constituent parts of the widespread Anglican Com- 
 munion, must be a singular advantage. And in thus realizing 
 the blessings of true unity among ourselves, we are naturally led 
 to yearn more anxiously for unity, in God's good time, among 
 all the branches of the One Holy, Catholic and Apostolic 
 Church, and among all who profess and call themselves Chris- 
 tians. Such meetings as that which took place at Lambeth last 
 Summer can hardly fail to exert a powerful influence over the 
 entire body, thus represented, in restraining all doctrinal and 
 ritual divergencies, in awakening on every side a higher sense of 
 the value of unity, and in deepening, at the same time, the love 
 for those primitive and truly Catholic principles upon which 
 alone any larger and more widespread unity can be effectually 
 established." 
 
 The Lambeth Conference of 1878 adjourned on July 27th in 
 that year, with solemn services in Saint Paul's Cathedral. 
 After that, Bishop Lyman visited Leamington, Warwick Castle, 
 Stratford-on-Avon, and other places of interest. At Farnham 
 Castle, the seat of the Bishop of Winchester, he met with a num- 
 ber of other Bishops of the Anglican communion, and also with 
 Bishop Herzog of the Old Catholic Church of Switzerland — a 
 communion in close accord with the Church of England. An- 
 other Old Catholic there present was the celebrated Pere Hya- 
 cinth. From Farnham Castle, Bishop Lyman went to Wells 
 Cathedral to attend a missionary service inaugurated by the 
 Bishop of Bath and Wells; and, after that, was a guest of the 
 Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. While in England he saw for 
 the last time Bishop Joseph P. B. Wilmer, of Louisiana, who 
 died soon after returning to America. Referring to this inter- 
 view, and to Bishop Wilmer personally, he said: "At the rail- 
 way station near Great Malvern I parted from Bishop Wilmer, 
 who remained there for a day to give comfort and consolation to 
 
Bishops of I^orth Caeolina. 221 
 
 a valued friend who had lately been sorely bereaved. Little did 
 I think, when parting from my dear brother, that this would be 
 our last meeting on earth. Let me only add that I cannot but 
 esteem it a great privilege to have been thrown, so much as I 
 was, with this pure and holy man during the time of his sojourn 
 in England. It is indeed a sad loss which the Church has sus- 
 tained, in what I might almost call his translation to a better 
 world. His wonderful child-like simplicity of character, his 
 singular purity, his large-hearted generosity, his genial loveli- 
 ness, his deep devotion to the Church, and his advocacy of her 
 claims, won all hearts wherever he went during his sojourn in 
 England. Long shall I mourn his loss, as one of the truest and 
 dearest friends of my life." 
 
 In August, Bishop Lyman visited the old Abbey Church of 
 Saint Albans, and was later a guest at the handsome seat of 
 Mr. Beresford-Hope, in the county of Kent. Afterwards he 
 went to Ireland, where he was a guest at the palace of the Bishop 
 of Down and Connor, by whose invitation he preached at the 
 consecration of a handsome new church in the suburbs of Bel- 
 fast, on August 22d. He also visited the Archbishop of Armagh, 
 Primate of Ireland. From Ireland he went to Scotland as a 
 guest of the Bishop of Edinburgh. On a visit, later paid, to the 
 Bishop of Argyll and the Isles, he was placed in a seat by the 
 side of that Church dignitary during the progress of a Synod, 
 before which he delivered an address. "While in Scotland, 
 Bishop Lyman was also a guest of the Earl of Glasgow on a 
 yachting party. In the course of this cruise the Earl's yacht 
 touched at the Island of Cambrae, where the Bishop preached 
 in the Cathedral of the Isles. Going back to England, he was 
 the recipient of many more courtesies, both from Bishops and 
 other clergy, besides the laity. He also, while there, had an 
 opportunity of renewing his acquaintance with the Vicar of 
 Adderbury, who had once been one of his travelling companions 
 in Egypt and Syria many years before. Of the treatment 
 accorded himself and his brethren from America, while in Great 
 
222 Bishops of ISToeth Caeolina. 
 
 Britain, Bishop Lyraan said: "l^early every Sunday while I 
 was in Great Britain, I was preaching in one or more of the 
 parish churches, and I was greatly cheered by the warm and 
 affectionate welcome which greeted the American Bishops in 
 every part of the United Kingdom. It was quite impossible for 
 me to respond favorably to many of the invitations to preach, 
 which I was constantly receiving, or to accept one tithe of the 
 hospitality which was so generously tendered. In fact, we were 
 all treated, not like strangers, but as brethren beloved, and we 
 were welcomed with a heartiness and warmth which made us 
 feel more like kindred than as foreigners. I am sure that we 
 have all of us brought away very sweet memories of our sojourn, 
 which we shall never fail to recall with the most grateful emo- 
 tions." 
 
 After being joined by some members of his family during the 
 month of October, Bishop Lyman left England, going to France, 
 Spain, Algeria, the Island of Corsica, and Rome, which last- 
 mentioned place (as heretofore stated) had once been his home. 
 Recording his impressions of this scene of his earlier labors, he 
 said: "This visit to Rome was one of peculiar interest to me. 
 It afforded me no common satisfaction to officiate in the beauti- 
 ful church which has been erected there, and to witness the great 
 ecclesiastical changes since the day when I was ministering in 
 an humble chapel outside the gates of the city. The noble church 
 which now stands in a conspicuous spot, in the very heart of 
 Rome, has at^tracted great attention in the city; and, at all its 
 services, very considerable numbers of the Roman people are 
 seen, looking on with no ordinary interest. I trust it may not be 
 long before arrangements can be made for conducting a regular 
 Italian service within its walls, for it is only by such a service 
 that the Italian people can be led to see and understand the true 
 position of the Anglican Communion. And there is greater need 
 of this because of the multiplied so-called Protestant services 
 now held in Rome, by many varying sects, advocating, as some 
 of them do, the most extreme and fanatical opinions. If the 
 
Bishops of Nobth Cabolina. 223 
 
 only ideas of a Reformed Church are to be supplied by such 
 teachers, the very name of Protestant is likely to be brought into 
 contempt." 
 
 Going from Rome to Paris, and thence to London, Bishop 
 Lyman received a pressing invitation to spend Christmas in 
 the last-mentioned place with the Reverend Doctor Tremlett. 
 This invitation he accepted, and found, at the home of his host. 
 Bishop and and Mrs. Lay, who had just arrived from America. 
 Bishop Lay, it will be remembered, had participated in the con- 
 secration of Bishop Lyman in Raleigh six years before, and had 
 preached the sermon on that occasion. 
 
 Leaving his family in Europe and embarking for ISTew York 
 from Liverpopl on December 31, 1878, Bishop Lyman spent the 
 first few days of the year 1879 on the Atlantic Ocean, experi- 
 encing a stormy voyage, but landing safely on American soil, 
 January 11th. From ISTew York he went to Baltimore, and 
 reached his home in Raleigh on the 24th of January. Shortly 
 thereafter he went to visit and consult with Bishop Atkinson 
 in Wilmington, later setting out on his Spring visitations, which 
 were brought to a successful close. 
 
 In his journal for May 23, 1880, Bishop Lyman refers to an 
 interesting branch of the Church's work, saying : "On the even- 
 ing of the same day I took part in the service at the Church of 
 the Good Shepherd, Raleigh, when the Rev. Job Turner, a deaf- 
 mute, and Deacon of the Diocese of Virginia, rendered the ser- 
 vice into the sign language, the pupils of the Deaf and Dumb 
 Asylum being present. He also baptized a child of deaf-mute 
 parents, and afterwards preached — the baptismal service and the 
 sermon being also read by the Rector. I was much pleased to 
 learn from Mr. Turner that he expects to spend most of his time 
 in visiting the larger towns and cities of our country, holding 
 services for this very interesting class of persons, and thus 
 enabling them to enjoy occasionally the privileges of our public 
 worship." 
 
224 Bishops of Noeth Carolina. 
 
 The first official act by Bishop Lyman after the adjournment 
 of the Diocesan Convention of 1880 was on May 30tli, in that 
 year, when he ordained to the priesthood the Reverend Joseph 
 Blount, Cheshire, Jr., afterwards Assistant Bishop under him 
 and eventually his successor as Bishop of North Carolina, which 
 office he now holds. Another deacon raised to the priesthood a 
 few years later (November 15, 1885) by Bishop Lyman was the 
 Reverend Robert Strange, now Bishop of East Carolina. Later 
 still (May 24, 1891), Bishop Lyman also ordained, as priest, the 
 Reverend Junius Moore Horner, at present Missionary Bishop 
 of Asheville, in the State of North Carolina. 
 
 Upon the death of Bishop Atkinson, January 4, 1881, Bishop 
 Lyman succeeded to the full Bishopric of North Carolina 
 without additional ceremony, and presided over the Diocesan 
 Convention which assembled in Raleigh four months later, 
 in May. On the latter occasion he spoke feelingly of his past 
 associations with Bishop Atkinson, saying, in part: "From 
 the day of my entrance into this Diocese as his associate, he gave 
 me his fullest confidence, and rejoiced in every way to aid and 
 strengthen me in my work. And to me it was a great comfort to 
 enjoy the benefit of his wise counsels, and that fraternal sym- 
 pathy which he always manifested in the fullest measure. Now 
 that so great a source of strength is taken from me, and I am 
 left to carry on alone the burdens and responsibilities of this 
 widely extended Diocese, I feel that I shall not ask in vain for 
 your sympathy and prayers, your hearty and cordial co-opera- 
 tion." 
 
 In 1881, while on a visit to Detroit, Michigan, Bishop Lyman 
 went, by invitation of Bishop Harris, to Ann Arbor, and there 
 (October 16th) preached at the ordination, as deacon, of the 
 eminent author and educator, Moses Coit Tyler, afterwards Pro- 
 fessor of American History in Cornell University, at which 
 place he was advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Coxe. Pro- 
 fessor Tyler had formerly been a Congregational clergyman. 
 
Bishops of North Caeolina. 225 
 
 Some brief mention has already been made (in the sketch of 
 Bishop Atkinson) of the unsuccessful effort to establish an edu- 
 cational institution for boys, at Morganton, in Burke County. 
 This was to be called Wilberforce School, as a memorial of the 
 Right Reverend Samuel Wilberforce, Lord Bishop successively 
 of Oxford and Winchester, in England, who had died in 1873. 
 This eminent Anglican dignitary was the same Bishop of Oxford 
 of whom Bishop Ives had so often spoken in terms of admira- 
 tion in years gone by. Bishop Atkinson having urged upon the 
 Diocesan Convention of 1874 the desirability of providing re- 
 ligious educational facilities for boys, a committee was ap- 
 pointed — consisting of the Reverend Messrs. Benjamin S. Bron- 
 son, Edward M. Forbes, and Robert B. Sutton, together with 
 Messrs. William H. Hardin, and Claudius B. Denson — to take 
 the matter under consideration. At its own request, this com- 
 mittee was continued, and authorized (with the concurrence of 
 Bishops Atkinson and Lyman) to determine upon a place of 
 location for the school; also to take any other action by them 
 deemed advisable. Having been requested by Bishop Atkinson 
 to assume chief direction of the matter, Bishop Lyman person- 
 ally inspected various sites, and finally (with the unanimous con- 
 currence of the other members of the committee) selected a tract 
 of two hundred acres — called Vine Hill — a mile or two south- 
 east of Morganton. At the Court House in the latter town, on 
 July 6, 1874, Bishop Lyman addressed a mass meeting of citi- 
 zens of the vicinity. Afterwards a fund was raised by popular 
 subscription and the Vine Hill tract purchased, besides about 
 one thousand dollars being pledged to aid in erecting buildings. 
 At the Diocesan Convention of 1877, a committee was appointed 
 to take into consideration the condition of Wilberforce School, 
 this committee consisting of General William R. Cox, Colonel 
 Joseph J. Erwin,* and Colonel Thomas George Walton — the two 
 
 * As a memorial to Colonel Erwin and Ms wife, a beautiful stone 
 chapel was erected at West Durham in 1907-'08 by their son William 
 A. Erwin, a never-tiring worker in the interests of the Church. 
 
226 Bishops of I^orth Caeolina. 
 
 last named being citizens of Morganton and delegates from 
 Grace Cliurch in that town. This committee recommended that 
 some person should be appointed to solicit funds for the erection 
 of the school building; and, in accordance with this suggestion, 
 Colonel Walton was chosen for that purpose. To the Diocesan 
 Convention which met in May, 1878, Bishop Lyman reported 
 that work on the building would probably be begun by the fol- 
 lowing September. The intention of the committee, he said, was 
 to rent a house in Morganton for the temporary work of the 
 school. Early in 1879, matters looked promising, for Bishop 
 Lyman was able to announce that sufficient funds had been 
 raised to pay for the erection of the building on plans gratui- 
 tously drawn by an architect in Baltimore. During that year 
 the erection progressed as far as the windows of the second story, 
 and then ceased for lack of funds. By way of making matters 
 worse, reports began to be circulated that the building was 
 unsafe — in danger of collapsing — and a committee was ap- 
 pointed to investigate its condition. This committee consisted 
 of the Reverend Robert B. Sutton, D. D., the Honorable John S. 
 Henderson, and Colonel Roger B. Atkinson. One of these gen- 
 tlemen, Mr. Henderson, was detained from the investigation by 
 public business, but Doctor Sutton and Colonel Atkinson found 
 the building entirely safe, though unsatisfactory in some other 
 respects. At a later period Bishop Lyman tried to find some 
 person who would be willing to lease the property on easy terms, 
 complete the building, and run the school as a personal enter- 
 prise under the auspices of the Church. This effort was unsuc- 
 cessful. The final failure of the Wilberforce School movement 
 was announced to the Diocesan Convention of 1882 by Bishop 
 Lyman, in these words : "On Friday, July 29th, 1881, I met the 
 Trustees of Wilberforce School ; and, after mature deliberation, 
 and a full consideration of all the difficulties surrounding the 
 enterprise, it was resolved to go no further with the work, but 
 let the property be sold and the proceeds divided pro rata among 
 the contributors. It was a great disappointment to see this 
 
Bishops of I^okth Caeolina. 227 
 
 scheme prove unsuccessful, but the unsatisfactory character of 
 the building, and other weighty considerations, induced us to 
 adopt this course. I trust that the day is not distant when a 
 school for boys, under the auspices of the Church, may he suc- 
 cessfully established." 
 
 The failure of the efforts to establish "Wilberforce School was 
 indeed a disappointment to Bishop Lyman, who had not only 
 labored for its success, but personally was a liberal contributor 
 to the fund raised for its erection. Another zealous worker, v/ho 
 raised funds by personal appeals in New York, Maryland, and 
 other States besides E'orth Carolina, was the Eeverend Weilson 
 Falls, Rector of Grace Church in Morganton. This gentleman 
 also personally supervised a good deal of the work. JTor were 
 efforts in behalf of the school limited to Episcopalians, as Col- 
 onel Samuel McDowell Tate, and other public-spirited citizens 
 of Morganton who belonged to different 'communions, nobly 
 aided in the work by which it was vainly sought to build up a 
 useful educational institution. The trustees of Wilberforce 
 School, named in the act incorporating it (chapter 139 Private 
 Laws of 1874-'75) were the Right Reverend Thomas Atkinson, 
 the Right Reverend Theodore B. Lyman, the Reverend Benja- 
 min S. Bronson, the Reverend ISTeilson Falls, and Messrs. Wil- 
 liam R. Myers, Thomas G. Walton, Joseph J. Erwin, Kemp P. 
 Battle and Samuel McD. Tate. 
 
 While referring to the educational work which has been car- 
 ried on, from time to time, in^the interests of the Church, men- 
 tion should be made of the labors of the late Reverend Francis 
 J. Murdoch, D.D., of Salisbury. Though not conducting a 
 divinity school, this gentleman personally instructed upwards 
 of twelve candidates for orders, some of whom are now among 
 the most useful clergy of the Diocese. A private Church school, 
 for girls, under the Eeverend Francis Hilliard, of Oxford, also 
 did much good work. 
 
 In 1883, the Diocese of North Carolina was divided by sever- 
 ing therefrom a territory out of which was created the Diocese 
 
228 Bishops of North Caeolina. 
 
 of East Carolina. Wliile, as early as 1866, there was some in- 
 formal discussion as to the desirability of erecting a new dio- 
 cese, probably the first definite action with this end in view 
 had been taken at the Diocesan Convention of North Carolina 
 in May, 1868, when a special committee was appointed, con- 
 sisting of the Reverend Alfred A. Watson, the Reverend Joseph 
 Blount Cheshire, Sr., the Reverend Benjamin S. Bronson, 
 Armand J. DeRosset, M.D., and Mr. Richard H. Smith. This 
 committee issued a pamphlet of thirty-seven pages, entitled An 
 Address to the Several Dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church in the United States on the Subject of the Division of 
 Dioceses. This memorial was presented to the General Con- 
 vention by the Reverend Alfred A. "Watson, chairman of the 
 committee, but nothing seems to have come of it. At the North 
 Carolina Diocesan Convention of 1874 the Reverend Francis 
 J. Murdoch, Rector' of Saint Luke's Church in Salisbury, again 
 brought up the matter for consideration with a resolution look- 
 ing to such division. After an amendment to Mr. Murdoch's 
 resolution by General James G. Martin, the question was re- 
 ferred to a committee consisting of the Reverend Edward M. 
 Forbes, the Reverend Alfred A. Watson, the Reverend Joseph 
 C. Huske, Armand J. DeRosset, M.D., and the Honorable 
 Robert Strange. In 1875, on motion of General Martin, a 
 committee was appointed to report a plan of division, and this 
 committee consisted of the Reverend Aldert Smedes, the Rev- 
 erend Matthias M. Marshall, the Reverend Edward R. Rich, 
 General James G. Martin, and Mr. Richard H. Battle, Jr. 
 This committee recommended to the Diocesan Convention of 
 1876 that the State should be divided into two dioceses, to be 
 knovsTi respectively as the Diocese of Raleigh and the Diocese 
 of Wilmington. The chairman of this committee. Doctor 
 Smedes, died in the ensuing year. At the Convention of 1877, 
 the question of dividing the diocese was made a special order 
 for May 31st; and, on that day, a report from a majority of 
 the committee was submitted for the consideration of the Con- 
 
Bishops of ITorth Carolina. 229 
 
 vention. This report recommended that, with the consent of 
 the Bishop, a new Diocese should be established (though this 
 was not on the geographical lines adopted when the division 
 finally took place in 1883), and another committee — Reverend 
 Jarvis Buxton, Reverend Alfred A. Watson, Colonel "William 
 L. DeRosset, Judge Henry R. Bryan, and the Honorable John 
 S. Henderson — was appointed to fix other limits of the pro- 
 posed Diocese. The limits recommended by this committee 
 were also different from those eventually adopted. An ad- 
 journed meeting of this latter convention was held in Raleigh 
 during the month of September, 1877, chiefly to consider the 
 question of establishing a new Diocese. After a free discussion 
 of the matter, however, the Reverend Joseph C. Huske offered 
 a resolution (duly adopted) which indefinitely postponed action 
 in consequence of the wide diversity of opinion existing in the 
 Convention as to the wisdom of the proposed course. During 
 the sittings of this body. General Martin offered a minority 
 report, proposing a division on geographical lines different 
 from any of those theretofore suggested. His report rec- 
 ommended the establishment of a new Diocese in the eastern 
 part of the State. As the central and western section of liorth 
 Carolina would even then be too large, this minority report 
 also recommended that the General Convention should be peti- 
 tioned further to subdivide that part of the State by establish- 
 ing the Missionary Jurisdiction of Asheville, for work still 
 further west, in the mountain section. This was the course 
 pursued some years later — the Diocese of East Carolina being 
 established in 1883, and the Missionary Jurisdiction of Ashe- 
 ville in 1898. General Martin's resolution also provided that 
 all three dioceses should be under one legislative assembly, to 
 be called the Synod of the Province of Worth Carolina, and 
 that this body should be presided over by the senior Bishop 
 residing within the State. This latter plan was never adopted. 
 The proposition to divide the Diocese remained in abeyance 
 for several years, and was brought up again at the Diocesan 
 
230 Bishops of N^obth Carolina. 
 
 Convention of 1882, when the Reverend Matthias M. Marshall, 
 D.D., offered a resolution setting forth that the welfare of the 
 Church demanded a division of the Diocese, also specifying how 
 the two separate dioceses should be bounded, and instructing 
 the deputies to the ensuing General Convention to obtain that 
 assembly's sanction to the proposed change. These resolutions 
 were referred to a committee of seven, consisting of the Reverend 
 Messrs. Joseph C. Huske, Jarvis Buxton, Matthias M. Mar- 
 shall, and Benjamin S. Bronson, together with Messrs. Wil- 
 liam L. DeRosset, James S. Battle and John Wilkes. A ma- 
 jority of this committee made its report to the effect that "the 
 welfare of the Church in Worth Carolina demands a division 
 of the Diocese," but recommending boundary lines other than 
 those specified in Doctor Marshall's resolution. In the same 
 report it was provided that the deputies to the next General 
 Convention should apply to that body for authority to make the 
 change, etc. From this report one member of the committee, 
 Mr. James S. Battle, dissented on the ground that the question 
 had been brought up unexpectedly, without either consulting 
 the Bishop or obtaining the consent of the various parishes 
 throughout the Diocese for such an important change to be 
 made. Colonel William L. DeRosset, another member of the 
 committee, also dissented as to the boundaries proposed, though 
 he favored division. After a motion to postpone indefinitely the 
 consideration of this matter had been voted down, and the minor- 
 ity reports had been tabled, the report of the majority was 
 adopted by the following vote : 41 clergymen for adopting report 
 and 9 against adoption; 23 parishes for adopting report and 
 10 against adoption. Later the following resolution was 
 adopted : 
 
 "Resolved, That a committee cousisting of the Rev. Edward R. 
 Rich, the Rev. Joseph B. Cheshire, Jr., and the Rev. E. N. Joyner, 
 with A. J. DeRosset, M. D., and R. H. Battle, Jr., Esq., be appointed 
 by this Couvention to confer with the Rt. Rev. the Bishop of the 
 Diocese, in reference to the division of the Diocese of North Carolina, 
 and that they report to the next Annual Convention the result of the 
 said conference." 
 
Bishops of Nokth Oaeolina. 231 
 
 Upon motion, the Reverend Francis J. Murdoch was added 
 to the above committee. This committee found that Bishop 
 Lyman was, as he had always been, opposed to division, but 
 he said that he would not withhold his consent to such division 
 if a large majority of both orders in the Diocesan Convention, 
 clergy and laity, should express a preference for that measure. 
 At the Diocesan Convention of 1883 Bishop Lyman gave, in a 
 full and strong way, the grounds of his objections to division — 
 adding that his predecessor, Bishop Atkinson, had formerly 
 favored division, "but later, when he realized more fully the 
 many difficulties in the way, he entirely changed his opinion 
 and became fully convinced that division would be likely to 
 prove a disastrous experiment." "When the final vote was taken 
 during the latter Convention on the question of division, the 
 ballot resulted as foUows : 42 clergymen for division and 11 
 against; 29 parishes for division and 10 against. 
 
 The boundary between the dioceses was finally fixed in ac- 
 cordance with a recommendation by a committee at the above 
 Diocesan Convention of 1883. The committee at first made a 
 report to which the Reverend Doctor Cheshire, Jr., offered an 
 amendment. Leave was later obtained by this committee to 
 alter its report, and Doctor Cheshire thereupon withdrew the 
 amendment he had offered, as, in the new form, it obviated his 
 objections. Amendments as to boundary were also offered by 
 Colonel "WiUiam L. DeRosset and the Reverend William S. 
 Pettigrew, but these were voted down, after which the com- 
 mittee's report was unanimously adopted. It was in these 
 words : 
 
 "The committee appointed to report a line of division between the 
 proposed two dioceses, after considering several lines, and after a 
 conference, with the Bishop present, recommend to the Convention 
 the following line : beginning on the Virginia line at the N. E. corner 
 of Northampton, and following the east line of said county, and of 
 the counties of Halifax, Edgecombe, Wilson and Johnston, thence the 
 south line of Harnett and the west line of Cumberland and Robeson 
 to the line of the State of South Carolina." 
 
232 Bishops of North Carolis-a. 
 
 Upon recommendation by the above committee, further action 
 was taken by the Convention by the adoption of the following 
 resolution : 
 
 "Resolved, That, the General Convention assenting, a new diocese 
 be formed out of the present Diocese of North Carolina, consisting of 
 the counties of Hertford, Bertie, Martin, Pitt, Greene, Wayne, Samp- 
 son, Cumberland, and Robeson, and all the counties lying between 
 these counties and the Atlantic Ocean." 
 
 The same day that the above action was taken, Bishop Lyman 
 gave his formal consent to the same as follows : 
 
 To the Convention of the Diocese of Hiorth Carolina: 
 
 Deae Bketheen : I hereby give my canonical consent to the erec- 
 tion of a new Diocese within the limits of my present jurisdiction and 
 with such metes and bounds as have this day been agreed upon. 
 
 T. B. Lyman, 
 Charlotte, N. C, May 26, 1883. Bishop of North Carolina. 
 
 The General Convention gave its sanction to the above action, 
 and thus the Diocese of ISTorth Carolina was divided. We may 
 add that the misgivings of those good men who questioned the 
 wisdom of the course have happily been proved groundless; 
 for both the dioceses have prospered since the division took 
 place, and are nobly fulfilling their missions. From one of 
 them has also been severed the Missionary Jurisdiction of 
 Asheville. 
 
 The preliminary convention of the above new diocese was 
 held in Wilmington December 12, 1883, when it assumed as its 
 title the designation Diocese of East Carolina. Bishop Lyman 
 presided over this preliminary meeting, and was invited to per- 
 form Episcopal duties within the borders of the new Diocese 
 until a Bishop of its own could be consecrated. On December 
 13th this Convention elected the Reverend Alfred Augustin Wat- 
 son, D. D., an old and honored presbyter who was then Rector 
 of Saint James's Church in Wilmington, to the office of Bishop. 
 He was accordingly consecrated in Wilmington on April 17, 
 1884. The Presiding Bishop at this consecration was the ven- 
 
Bishops of Nouth Carolina. 233 
 
 erable and greatly beloved William Mercer Green of Mississippi, 
 then eighty-six years old, a native of Wilmington, who had 
 served the early years of his priesthood under John Stark 
 Eavenscroft, first Bishop of ISTorth Carolina. There were also 
 present at Bishop Watson's consecration (in addition to Bishops 
 Green and Lyman) Bishops ISTeely of Maine, Howe of South 
 Carolina, Seymour of Springfield, and Kandolph of Virginia, 
 the last named being Assistant Bishop at that time. About 
 twenty years after Bishop Watson's consecration, a Bishop 
 Coadjutor was given him in the person of the Eeverend Kobert 
 Strange, D.D., who succeeded to the full Bishopric of East 
 Carolina when Doctor Watson was called from his earthly 
 labors, on the 21st of April, 1905. 
 
 From the title-page of the present volume, which states that 
 these biographies run "down to the division of the Diocese," 
 which occurred in 1883, one might expect this work to close 
 with the date when such division was accomplished by the estab- 
 lishment of the Diocese of East Carolina, as above. But the 
 remainder of the life of Bishop Lyman was a period of such 
 marked interest that we shall now continue this narrative, and 
 recount such matters of note as occurred between 1883 and the 
 date of his death. 
 
 Prior to 1886, the Eight Eeverend Abram ISTewkirk Little- 
 john. Bishop of Long Island, had been exercising Episcopal 
 oversight over American Churches on the Continent of Europe. 
 In the above year he resigned this charge, and the Presiding 
 Bishop appointed Bishop Lyman to succeed him. Eequiring 
 only an occasional visit abroad, this appointment did not seri- 
 ously interfere with Bishop Lyman's duties in Worth Carolina, 
 so he accepted the proffered post. 
 
 Some months after the American Churches in Europe had 
 been committed to his charge, Bishop Lyman went abroad on 
 an Episcopal visitation, embarking from ISTew York on the 4th 
 
234- Bishops of !N'obth Cabolina. 
 
 of l^ovember, 1886. After a voyage of nine days, he landed 
 in England, where he remained less than a week and then 
 crossed the channel to France, spending some time among old 
 friends in Paris. In the latter city, assisted by the Bishop of 
 N'ew York, he consecrated the Church of the Holy Trinity. The 
 formal request to consecrate was read by the American Am- 
 bassador, Honorable Robert M. McLane, while the sentence 
 of consecration was read by the Reverend William F. Morgan, 
 D.D., Rector of the new Church. During his stay in Paris, 
 Bishop Lyman frequently oiEciated at the Church of the Holy 
 Trinity as well as elsewhere in that city. There he met his old 
 friend Pere Hyacinth, the noted reformer, and paid a visit to 
 his congregation on December 5th. Speaking of this occasion 
 he said: "The Church was filled by a large and respectable 
 congregation. I accompanied the Pere into the chancel, and 
 occupied the Episcopal chair. After a very spirited service, 
 the Pere entered the pulpit, and delivered a discourse of very 
 great eloquence and power. At the close of the service, I as- 
 cended the altar steps, and pronounced the benediction. I was 
 much gratified by this opportunity to witness the work carried 
 on by this zealous reformer, in the face of so much opposition 
 and so many discouragements. I saw a good deal of him while 
 I was in Paris, and became thoroughly convinced that his work 
 has not been properly understood, nor duly appreciated. I 
 can but hope that he will soon meet with a much larger measure 
 of sympathy, as the valuable results of his work become more 
 conspicuously apparent." 
 
 Going from Paris to Geneva, Bishop Lyman officiated in 
 the latter city on several occasions for the benefit of American 
 and English families there residing. He then went to Dresden, 
 where, in addition to the usual services, he confirmed a class 
 of fourteen in Saint John's Church. The latter Church, which 
 had been completed for some time, was consecrated by him on 
 Saint John the Evangelist's Day, December 27th. In the 
 latter services he was assisted by a priest of the Greek Church, 
 
Bishops of Woeth Cabolina. 335 
 
 the Eeverend Mr. Smirnoff and by several clergymen of tlie 
 Church of England from the neighboring Church of All Saints, 
 an English mission, where he also held services during his stay 
 in Dresden. At Mce he preached on ISTew Year's Day, 1887, 
 and laid the corner-stone of a church there on January 5th. He 
 then went to Florence, and there met many friends who had at- 
 tended services held in that place by him twenty-five years be- 
 fore, when he lived there. On going to Eome, also a former 
 place of residence, so many changes were apparent that some 
 neighborhoods in that city, with which he had once been famil- 
 iar, were difficult to recognize. After a stay of several days 
 duration in Eome, Bishop Lyman returned to England and 
 there participated in a ceremony of great interest, recorded by 
 him as foUows: "On Friday, February 4th, it afforded me 
 much gratification to be present in the Private Chapel of Lam- 
 beth Palace, and take part in the interesting service, commemo- 
 rative of the consecration, in that chapel, one hundred years 
 before, of the first Bishops of Pennsylvania and 'New York. 
 The Archbishop of Canterbury presided, and conducted the 
 service, assisted by the other Bishops present. The Epistle 
 was read by me, and the Gospel by the Bishop of London. A 
 very fitting and appropriate address was delivered by the Bishop 
 of Wew York ; and the Bishop of Eochester assisted in the com- 
 munion service. It was my privilege, while in London, to 
 share the kind hospitality of the Archbishop, and to receive 
 many courtesies from persons of prominence and distinction." 
 
 On Thursday, February 10, 1887, Bishop Lyman embarked 
 from Liverpool, on his return voyage, and arrived in ISTew York 
 on the 19th of that month. In ISTew York and Baltimore, on 
 his homeward journey, he held services, and arrived in Ealeigh 
 on March 3d. 
 
 In 1888 Bishop Lyman's health was impaired temporarily, 
 but he continued his labors whenever able. On May 6th, in that 
 year, he ordained to the priesthood, in Trinity Church, Ashe- 
 ville, a deacon with a given name calculated to recall recoUec- 
 
236 Bishops of I^obth Carolina. 
 
 tions of the first Bishop of ITorth Carolina. This clergyman, the 
 Reverend John Ravenscroft Harding, came of a family whose 
 members have borne no small part in building up the Church 
 in l^orth Carolina, being a son of the Reverend Israel Harding 
 and a nephev? of the Reverend Nathaniel Harding. Almost 
 immediately after his ordination to the priesthood, the Reverend 
 John Ravenscroft Harding was transferred to the Diocese of 
 Missouri. He is now Rector of Trinity Church in Utica, and 
 President of the Standing Committee of the Diocese of Central 
 ISTew York. 
 
 In the Summer of 1888, Bishop Lyman attended the Third 
 Lambeth Conference, this being the second gathering of the 
 kind at which he was present by invitation of the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury. He embarked from ISTew York on June 20th, 
 and reached Liverpool on the 29th. From the latter city, on 
 the day of his arrival, he proceeded to London, reaching there 
 just in time to participate in a religious service preliminary to 
 the Lambeth Conference. On the day after his arrival in Lon- 
 don, he went to Canterbury, there taking part in services at the 
 Cathedral, and also attending a garden party in the beautiful 
 grounds of the Deanery. On July 2d, in "Westminster Abbey, 
 there was a notable gathering of Bishops and other clergy, and 
 a sermon on the objects of the Conference was preached by the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. ISText day the formal opening serv- 
 ices of the business sessions were held in the Chapel of Lambeth 
 Palace, when the Right Reverend Henry Benjamin "Whipple, 
 Bishop of Minnesota, delivered a sermon. Immediately there- 
 after the business sessions began in the library of the Palace. 
 Speaking of the meeting in general. Bishop Lyman said : "We 
 had about one hundred and forty Bishops present from nearly 
 every part of the world to participate in these meetings. . . . 
 A wonderful degree of harmony and good feeling prevailed, 
 and I cannot doubt that the fruits of this great gathering will 
 long be seen in the manifestations, throughout the Church, of 
 increased unity and zeal, of mutual forbearance, and kindly 
 
Bishops of JsTobth Caeolina. 237 
 
 sympathy and love. The closing service, which V7as one of deep 
 interest and solemnity, took place in St. Paul's Cathedral, Satur- 
 day, July 28th. This was the largest of all our meetings, and 
 drew together also an immense concourse of the clergy and 
 laity. The sermon was preached by the Archbishop of York, 
 and the Holy Communion was administered to five or six hun- 
 dred persons. Thus closed this important Conference, and the 
 results of these deliberations will be felt in every part of the 
 world. It gave to all who were able to be present a very high 
 idea of the strength and dignity, the widespread activity and 
 usefulness of the great Anglican Communion." 
 
 During Bishop Lyman's stay in London he preached in Saint 
 Paul's Cathedral, in the Eoyal Chapel Savoy, and in several 
 important parish churches. In addition to many invitations 
 accepted by him from private soiirces, he (with other visiting 
 Bishops) was cordially received and hospitably entertained at 
 Cambridge, Durham, York and Lincoln, later going to Ireland, 
 where he was the guest of the Archbishops of Dublin and 
 Armagh, and of the Bishops of Cashel and Cork. Keturning 
 to England, he visited the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, 
 and preached in Gloucester Cathedral on September 23d. Early 
 in October, he left England to enter once more upon his duties 
 as Bishop of the American Churches on the Continent of 
 Europe. During the months of October, JSTovember and De- 
 cember, he visited the cities of Geneva, Dresden, Florence and 
 Rome. On December 13th, at ISTice, he consecrated the Church 
 of the Holy Spirit, a beautiful edifice whose corner-stone he 
 had laid during a former visit. From Nice he went to Paris, 
 where he twice held confirmation services in the Church of the 
 Holy Trinity, and ordained a priest. Going from Paris to 
 London, and thence to Liverpool, he embarked from the city 
 last named on January 2, 1889. About this time, the Bishop's 
 health again gave way to some extent, sleeplessness being added 
 to what he terms a "mysterious malady," but he never ceased 
 work on account of the indisposition from which he suffered. 
 
238 Bishops of ITokth Carolina. 
 
 After Bishop Lyman's return from Europe early in 1889, he 
 went about his visitations with his accustomed zeal. On Janu- 
 ary 21st, in the following year, he resigned his charge as Bishop 
 of the American Churches in Europe, saying that he did this 
 with reluctance owing to the deep interest he felt in foreign 
 work, and the great degree of personal pleasure he had experi- 
 enced in discharging the duties of that oiSce. He believed, 
 however, that, owing to his advancing years, justice to !N"orth 
 Carolina required the step. 
 
 During the Diocesan Convention of 1889, the Eeverend 
 Joseph Blount Cheshire, Jr., offered a series of resolutions set- 
 ting forth the propriety of holding the next Convention in 
 May, 1890, at Tarborough, and at the same time celebrating the 
 one hundredth anniversary of the first efforts to re-organize 
 the Church in JSTorth Carolina at that town in 1790. The reso- 
 lutions further provided that the Diocese of East Carolina 
 should be invited to participate, and a committee should be 
 appointed to confer with a similar committee from that Diocese 
 in arranging a joint celebration. These resolutions being duly 
 adopted. Bishop Lyman named, as members of the committee, 
 the Eeverend Messrs. Jarvis Buxton, William S. Pettigrew, 
 Matthias M. Marshall, and Joseph Blount Cheshire, Jr., to- 
 gether with the Honorable Kemp P. Battle, the Honorable John 
 S. Henderson, Mr. Samuel S. l^ash. Judge Frederick Philips, 
 and Mr. Charles E. Johnson. Mr. Wash was appointed a 
 special commissioner to convey a copy of these proceedings to 
 the Council of the Diocese of East Carolina. The latter body 
 passed resolutions accepting the invitation, and Bishop Watson 
 appointed as a committee, on the part of East Carolina, the 
 Eeverend Messrs. W. Collin Hughes, Eobort Brent Drane, 
 Eobert Strange, and Nathaniel Harding, together with Colonel 
 William L. DeEosset, Mr. F. E. Eose, Mr. Wilson G. Lamb, 
 Colonel John Wilder Atkinson, and Mr. DuBrutz Cutlar. In 
 accordance with arrangements made by the joint committee 
 from the two Dioceses, the celebration at Tarborough continued 
 for three days. May 16th-18th, 1890. The delegates were wel- 
 
Bishops of Noeth Oakolina. 239 
 
 corned on behalf of the people of Tarborough by Judge Frederick 
 Philips, and Bishop Lyman presided over the exercises. Many 
 valuable historical addresses were also delivered as follows : 
 "The Church in Connection with the Anglo-Saxon Kace," by 
 the Honorable Alfred Moore Waddell ; "The Church— Its Cath- 
 olic Character," by the Eeverend IT. Collin Hughes; "The 
 Church in the Province of IsTorth Carolina," by the Eeverend 
 Joseph Blount Cheshire, Jr.; "The Colonial Laymen of the 
 Church of England in J^orth Carolina," by the Honorable 
 Kemp P. Battle; "Colonial Parishes and Church Schools," by 
 the Eeverend Eobert Brent Drane; "The Conventions of 1790- 
 1794 and the Bishop-elect [Charles Pettigrew]," by the Eev- 
 erend William S. Pettigrew; "Decay and Eevival, 1800-1830," 
 by the Eeverend Joseph Blount Cheshire, Jr. ; "The First Three 
 Bishops — ^Eavenseroft, Ives and Atkinson," by the Eight Eev- 
 erend Alfred A. Watson, Bishop of East Carolina ; "Missionary 
 and Educational Enterprises," by the Eeverend Jarvis Bux- 
 ton; "The Work of the Church in Hospitals, Homes, Sister- 
 hoods, and Orphanages," by the Eeverend Thomas M. IST. 
 George; "The Church in ITorth Carolina — Its Present Condi- 
 tion and Prospects," by the Eeverend Matthias M. Marshall; 
 "Duty of the Church with reference to Unity among Chris- 
 tians," by the Eeverend Francis J. Murdoch ; and "White Haven 
 Church and the Eeverend Eobert Johnston Miller," by the 
 Eeverend Joseph Blount Cheshire, Jr. These addresses (with 
 reprints of the Journals of 1790-1794) were published in book 
 form in 1892, under the editorial supervision of the Eeverend 
 Doctor Cheshire, Jr., now Bishop, and make an interesting and 
 instructive volume of 456 pages, its title being Church History 
 in North Carolina. As early as 1882, Doctor Cheshire had 
 published a pamphlet on the early efforts to organize a diocese 
 in ]^orth Carolina, that monograph being entitled The Early 
 Conventions, held at Tawhorough* Anno Domini 1790, 1793 
 and 179 k. 
 
 * The name of this town is now Tarborough. 
 
240 Bishops of I^oeth Carolina. 
 
 Thougli the early Bishops of the Diocese used signet rings 
 which were emblematical of their office, it was not until 1890 
 that the Diocesan Convention adopted an official seal, this being 
 the same which is now in use. 
 
 On January 15, 1891, Bishop Lyman sailed from 'New York 
 to Bermuda, accompanied by one of his daughters, but re- 
 mained only a short time, reaching New York once more on 
 February 8th. Later on in that year, on May 15th, when the 
 Diocesan Convention of ISTorth Carolina was in session at Ashe- 
 ville, and while the Bishop was absent from the chair, Mr. 
 Frank P. Haywood, Jr., a delegate from Christ Church in 
 Raleigh, offered the following resolution : 
 
 "Resolved, That a committee, to consist of three clergymen and 
 two laymen, be appointed by the President of the Convention to report 
 to this Convention an approi)riate service to be held by the Church in 
 commemoration of the ordination of our Bishop to the priesthood, 
 which took place December ]Oth, 1841." 
 
 Upon the passage of this resolution the chair appointed, as 
 members of the committee, the Reverend A. Burtis Hun lev, 
 the Reverend Bennett Smedes, the Reverend Joseph W. Murphy, 
 the Honorable Joseph B. Batchelor and Mr. Frank P. Hay- 
 wood, Jr. Through its chairman, the Reverend Mr. Hunter, 
 _this committee later asked to be continued, with permission to 
 print ils report. The celebration contemplated by the above 
 resolution took place in the city of Raleigh, at both the Church 
 of the Good Shepherd and Christ Church on December 19th- 
 20th, 1891. On Saturday, December 19th, the ceremonies were 
 begun in the Church of the Good Shepherd. The choir, fol- 
 lowed by the clergy with the Bishop, entered the church, singing 
 a processional hymn. Then a beautiful service was held, in- 
 cluding an address by Bishop Lyman, reviewing his past ex- 
 periences throughout the fifty years of his ministry. The 
 music was rendered jointly by the choirs of Christ Church and 
 the Church of the Good Shepherd. At the conclusion of the 
 
Bishops of ISTorth Carolina. 241 
 
 ceremonies, the Eeverend Doctor Matthias M. Marshall, Rector 
 of Christ Church and President of the Standing Committee 
 of the Diocese, delivered an address, and closed his remarks by 
 presenting the Bishop with a beautiful Pastoral Staff, made of 
 ebony with massive silver ornamentations, this being a gift 
 from his admirers among the clergy and laity throughout the 
 Diocese. This staff is now owned by the Diocese, and is still 
 used on occasions of special ceremony by Bishop Cheshire, who 
 succeeded Bishop Lyman in the Episcopate. During the course 
 of his remarks, when presenting this staff to Bishop Lyman, 
 Doctor Marshall said : 
 
 "In an age of 'restless rationalists and self-sufficient critics,' at a 
 time when throughout the land there is such a lamentable and, as we 
 believe, dangerous depreciation of rightly constituted authority both 
 in Church and State, we desire to bear unmistakable and visible testi- 
 mony, to our reverence for your apostolic authority, and of our ready 
 and willing obedience to your godly admonitions and counsels as our 
 chief pastor, under Christ, of which this ancient symbol is a token 
 and pledge. We would have this staff first of all. Right Reverend 
 Father, to mean this. 
 
 "And again, sir — if it be not unseemly thus to speak in your hon- 
 ored presence — we would have it bear witness, after some sort, of 
 our gratitude to God for the zeal and fidelity and abundant labors, in 
 season and out of season for the spiritual welfare of all the flock over 
 which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseer, that have so conspicu- 
 ously characterized all the years of your ministry in our midst. 
 
 "We of the clergy particularly — thrown by virtue of our official 
 relations into more intimate contact with our chief pastors than are 
 others — know, as the public cannot know, the incessant anxieties and 
 constant cares and onerous responsibilities inseparable from the 
 office of a Bishop in the Church of God, especially in a Diocese so 
 large and so largely missionary as this ; and we know too, both clergy 
 and laity, how bravely and cheerfully, through good report and 
 through evil, through stress of weather, and not infrequently in 
 bodily suffering, our beloved Bishop has borne them all. 
 
 "And If, sir, now or at any time, in the near future or in the dis- 
 tant, this jubilee memorial and token of the sympathy and gratitude 
 and affection of your Diocese shall serve to lighten, by so much as a 
 feather's weight, the burden that you must needs bear to the end, we 
 shall thankfully feel that this day's doings have not been altogether 
 in vain. 
 
242 Bishops ov I^oeth Cabolina. 
 
 "And as men who have passed their 'three-score and ten' are wont 
 to lean upon staves for physical support, so, when the shadows of 
 life's declining day lengthen across your pathway, and you enter the 
 dark valley where every earthly pilgrim, high or low, must lay his 
 weary burden down, may this memorial of our love be to you the 
 grateful assurance that throughout the length and breadth of your 
 Diocese the prayers of your people will go up with your own to the 
 Good Shepherd of all the Christian fold in the tender terms of the 
 Pastoral Psalm : 'Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of 
 death, I will fear no evil ; for Thou art with me ; Thy rod and Thy 
 staff they comfort me.' Amen." 
 
 On the evening of December 19th, after the presentation of 
 the above token, Bishop Lynian opened the doors of his home 
 to callers, and some hundreds attended for the purpose of tender- 
 ing their congratulations and good wishes. Describing this re- 
 ception in its issue of December 20th, the Raleigh News and 
 Observer said: 
 
 "Yesterday evening the elegant mansion of Bishop Lyman was 
 thrown open to his friends, and became the scene of much enjoyment 
 to those who attended his reception. It was the pleasant ending of a 
 day that was memorable in his life, and which was marked by an 
 episode that gave him rare gratification. 
 
 "His numerous friends came in throngs to congratulate him on the 
 completion of fifty years' service in the ministry. Many ladies and 
 gentlemen were present, and there was a continuous stream passing 
 in and out all the evening. The number who attended was estimated 
 at four hundred. 
 
 "The beautiful picture gallery, which is so much admired, was par- 
 ticularly a scene of lovliness. Among the gentlemen we observed Hia 
 Excellency the Governor, Hon. Kemp P. Battle, Attorney-General 
 Davidson, Judge Davis, Mayor Badger, President Winston, and Gen- 
 eral W. R. Cox. Besides these were the visiting clergy, and others 
 from a distance. In the parlors the ladles were received by Mrs. 
 R. S. Tucker, Mrs. Alfred W. Haywood, Mrs. R. H. Lewis, Mrs. Pit- 
 tenger, Mrs. Hunter, Mrs. Charles Root, Miss Van Rensselaer, Miss 
 Hawkins, Miss Hinsdale, Miss Andrews, and Miss Burton. 
 
 "And after the guests had enjoyed somewhat of the social pleasures, 
 they formed their way into the apartment where Mrs. Hinsdale, Mrs. 
 Frank H. Cameron, Mrs. W. T. McGee, Mrs. W. J. Hawkins, Mrs. 
 William T. Tucker, Mrs. Thomas Badger, Mrs. Kemp P. Battle, and 
 Miss Lucy Battle took charge of them and introduced them to an 
 elegant repast. 
 
 "And so the evening wore on, until the hour when the pleasures of 
 the day were brought to a close." 
 
Bishops of ISTokth Caeolina. 243 
 
 On Sunday, December 20th (being tbe day following the 
 above ceremonies and festivities), religious services were con- 
 tinued in honor of Bishop Lyman's fiftieth anniversary, these 
 being held in Christ Church. The regular services were con- 
 ducted by the Reverend Messrs. William "Walker and I. McK. 
 Pittenger, and addresses were delivered by the Honorable Kemp 
 P. Battle, the Reverend Josph Blount Cheshire, Jr., and Mr. 
 Frank S. Spruill. After these addresses, the choir rendered 
 an anthem, and the evening's exercises were concluded with the 
 apostolic benediction by Bishop Lyman. 
 
 In the month of June, 1892, the semi-centennial of Saint 
 Mary's School was celebrated in Raleigh, though Bishop Lyman 
 (then being in New York) could not take part in it. Saint 
 Mary's was first opened on May 12, 1842 ; and, when the fiftieth 
 anniversary of that event came, May 12, 1892, it was decided 
 to postpone the celebration until commencement week, which 
 occurred in the following month. These exercises began in 
 Christ Church on June 5th with a sermon, appropriate to the 
 occasion, by the Reverend Joseph Blount Cheshire, Jr. On 
 Monday evening, at the school, a general reception to friends 
 of the institution was tendered by its Rector, the Reverend Ben- 
 nett Smedes, D.D. Tuesday evening a concert, complimentary 
 to the alumnee, was given; and the annual concert took place 
 on Wednesday evening. The regular commencement exercises 
 occurred Thursday. At this semi-centennial celebration were 
 several ladies who had been among the first pupils of the insti- 
 tution in 1842. 
 
 On June 28, 1892, Bishop Lyman (for the first time since 
 his graduation in 1837) paid a visit to his alma mater, Hamil- 
 ton College, at Clinton, ISTew York, being the oldest alumnus 
 present on that occasion. He was received with distinguished 
 honors, and presided over one of the meetings of the alumni 
 association. He was also chairman of another meeting, held 
 in the Presbyterian Church, closing these exercises with the 
 apostolic benediction. The next day the honorary degree of 
 
244 Bishops of ISToeth Carolina. 
 
 Doctor of Canon Laws was conferred on him, it being the first 
 time Hamilton College had ever given this degree. Many years 
 before, in 1856 (as already mentioned) he had received the 
 degree of Doctor of Divinity from the College of Saint James, 
 in Maryland; and the University of I^orth Carolina had con- 
 ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1887. 
 
 Bishop Lyman was twice married. His first wife, to whom 
 he was married by Bishop Whittingham on the 24th of June, 
 1845, and who was the mother of all of his children, was Anna 
 Margaret Albert, a daughter of Jacob Albert, of Baltimore. 
 This estimable lady came with her hiisband to ISTorth Caro- 
 lina, and spent the latter years of her life in Ealeigh, where 
 she died on the 13(h of April, 1889, mourned by an extensive 
 circle of friends. Her remains were carried to her former 
 home in Baltimore for interment. The six children of Bisliop 
 and Mrs. Lyman were as follows : 
 
 L Albert Benedict Lyman, M.D., LL.M. (Dublin), L. R. 
 C. S., now deceased, who resided in Baltimore, and was a 
 scholar and linguist of rare attainments, spending many years 
 in study at various European universities, and serving as a 
 Surgeon in the Eed Cross Society on the German side during 
 the Franco-Prussian War ; he married Mary Jane Buckett, of 
 Oxford, England, and left two sons and two daughters. 
 
 II. Frances Augusta Lyman, now deceased, who married 
 the Honorable William Euffin Cox, former Brigadier General 
 in the Confederate Army and afterwards Judge, member of 
 Congress, Grand Master of Masons, etc., by whom she left two 
 sons. 
 
 III. William Whittingham Lyman, of St. Helena, California, 
 who married Mrs. Sarah A. Nolan (born Amis), by whom he 
 has two sons. 
 
 IV. Theodore Benedict Lyman, of Alameda, California, who 
 has been married three times and has two daughters — one by 
 his first wife, Emily Cunningham ; and one by his second, Kate 
 O'Donnell. 
 
Bishops of ISTorth Carolina. 245 
 
 V. Augustus Julian Lyman, of Asheville, ISTorth Carolina, 
 who graduated from Trinity College, at Hartford, Connecticut, 
 and was admitted to tlie bar in the latter city, later being 
 licensed by the Supreme Court of N"orth Carolina ; he married 
 Julia Ellsworth, and has one son. His wife is a daughter of 
 the late Pinckmey "Webster Ellsworth, M.D., an eminent physi- 
 cian and Army Surgeon, who was a son of Governor Ellsworth 
 of Connecticut and grandson of Chief Justice Ellsworth of the 
 United States Supreme Court. 
 
 VI. Anna Cornelia Koma Lyinan, who married Robert L. 
 Mies, of New York, a broker and member of the Stock Ex- 
 change in that city, by whom she has three sons. 
 
 When he was nearly seventy-eight years old, February 6, 
 1893, Bishop Lyman was married to his second wife, Susan 
 Boone Robertson, of Charleston, South Carolina, this lady 
 being the daughter of Alexander Robertson, a zealous layman 
 of the Diocese of South Carolina, and at one time senior warden 
 of Saint Michael's Church in Charleston. 
 
 At the Diocesan Convention of 1893, a committee, which 
 had been appointed to take the matter into consideration, re- 
 ported a resolution (duly adopted) which set forth that, in 
 view of the growth of the Diocese, and the additional work 
 devolving upon Bishop Lyman in his old age, the oiEce of As- 
 sistant Bishop should be created. It was also resolved that, 
 after dispatching business of a general nature, this Convention 
 should adjourn to meet on the 27th of June, when an Assistant 
 Bishop should be chosen by ballot. Accordingly, on May 19th, 
 the adjournment took place, and the same body re-assembled 
 in Christ Church at Raleigh on the 27th of June. The names 
 presented for consideration, as qualified for the office of Assist- 
 ant Bishop, were the Reverend ISTathaniel Harding, the Rev- 
 erend Joseph Blount Cheshire, Jr., the Reverend Thomas M. 
 iN". George, the Reverend Francis J. Murdoch, the Reverend 
 Matthias M. Marshall, the Reverend Robert S. Barrett, and 
 the Reverend Arthur S. Lloyd. On the thirty-ninth ballot, the 
 
24G Bishops of North Caeolina. 
 
 clergy elected the Reverend Doctor Cheshire, Jr., and presented 
 him to the lay delegates as a candidate for Assistant Bishop, 
 this election being duly ratified. On October 15th, in the same 
 year, Doctor Cheshire was consecrated as Assistant Bishop of 
 North Carolina in Calvary Church in his native town of Tar- 
 borough. His father, the Reverend Joseph Blount Cheshire, Sr., 
 was then Rector Emeritus of that Church, and had actively 
 served there over fifty years. Two months later, upon the 
 death of Bishop Lyman, the Assistant Bishop became Bishop 
 of North Carolina. Though North Carolina has furnished 
 many Bishops to other Dioceses, Doctor Cheshire was the first 
 native North Carolinian ever elevated to the Episcopate within 
 the borders of the State. He was born on March 27, 1850, and 
 graduated from Trinity College, at Hartford, Connecticut. Later 
 he practiced law, and then entered the sacred ministry. Per 
 many years he was Historiographer of the Diocese, and is now 
 the highest living authority on the ecclesiastical history of 
 North Carolina. Happily for the Diocese, his maturer years 
 are blessed with robust health, and the Church wiU no doubt 
 profit by his labors for many years to come. Two of his daugh- 
 ters have volunteered to aid the Church's work in foreign mis- 
 sion fields and are now stationed in China. 
 
 As it has been stated above that Bishop Cheshire was the first 
 native North Carolinian ever elevated to the Episcopate within 
 the State, it may be of interest to add that the present Bishops 
 of all three North Carolina dioceses — Cheshire of North Caro- 
 lina, Strange of East Carolina, and Horner of Asheville — 
 are, without exception, "native and to the manner born." 
 
 During the course of Bishop Lyman's Episcopate, he aided 
 in consecrating the following Bishops: John Henry Ducachet 
 "Wingfield of Northern California, December 2, 1874; Samuel 
 Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky of Shanghai in China, October 
 31, 1877; David Buel EJiickerbacker of Indiana, October 14, 
 1883; Alfred Augustin "Watson of East Carolina, April 17, 
 1884; William Paret of Maryland, January 8, 1885; Cleland 
 
Bishops of Worth Cabolina. 247 
 
 Kinloch ITelson of Georgia (later translated to Diocese o£ At- 
 lanta), February 24, 1892; Lemuel Henry Wells of Spokane 
 in tie State of Washington, December 16, 1892 ; Jotn McKim 
 of Tokyo in Japan, June 14, 1893 ; Frederick Eogers Graves of 
 Shanghai in China, June 14, 1893; Ellison Capers of South 
 Carolina, July 20, 1893 ; and Joseph Blount Cheshire of ISTorth 
 Carolina, October 15, 1893. 
 
 When the labors of Bishop Lyman were lightened by the 
 consecration of so zealous and untiring a co-worker as Doctor 
 Cheshire as Assistant Bishop, it was hoped that this step would 
 prolong the life of the aged prelate, but these hopes proved 
 vain. In the month following Bishop Cheshire's consecration 
 he was present with Bishop Lyman at a meeting of the Board 
 of Managers of the Thompson Orphanage in Charlotte. While 
 in that city, on ISTovember 30th — ^that being Saint Andrew's 
 Day and also the time set by the President and the Governor 
 for Thanksgiving Day — Bishop Lyman delivered a sermon of 
 great force on the duty of the people not only to obey, but to 
 honor, "the powers that be" in various departments of the civil 
 governments of both State and nation. When in Charlotte, on 
 this occasion, he mentioned to his friends the fact that December 
 11th, less than a fortnight thereafter, would be the twentieth 
 anniversary of his consecration to the Episcopate, and expressed 
 the wish that special services, in commemoration of this event, 
 should be held in Raleigh, where the consecration had taken 
 place. Upon hearing this, Bishop Cheshire canceled several 
 of his own appointments and went to Ealeigh to take part in 
 the ceremony. Upon his arrival he was shocked to find the 
 venerable Bishop Lyman in a great state of bodily weakness, 
 and perceived at once that he was not in a condition to take 
 part in the approaching celebration. With his usual resolu- 
 tion, however. Bishop Lyman expressed his determination to 
 be present at the commemorative services, and at once set about 
 preparing an address which he expected to deliver. He grew 
 weaker, however, and felt forced to summon his family physi- 
 
248 Bishops of IsToeth Oakolina. 
 
 eian, who at once informed him that serious consequences might 
 result if he made this effort, and advised him to take to the 
 bed. The anniversary of the Bishop's consecration was cele- 
 brated at 8 o'clock on the evening of December 10th (the second 
 Simday in Advent) at Christ Church, where the consecration 
 had taken place in 1873. Among the Bishops and other clergy 
 present were the Eight Eeverend Joseph Blount Cheshire, the 
 Eight Eeverend Alfred A. "Watson, and the Eeverend Doctors 
 Matthias M. Marshall, Bennett Smedes, and I. McK. Pittenger. 
 "With the consent of Bishop Lyman, Bishop Cheshire requested 
 Bishop "Watson to preside. After evening prayer by Doctors 
 Smedes and Pittenger, addresses were delivered by Bishop 
 Cheshire, Bishop "Watson, and Doctor Pittenger; and Doctor 
 Marshall read a contemporaneous newspaper account of the 
 consecration which was being commemorated. On the evening 
 of the next day (the anniversary proper), Bishop Lyman gave a 
 reception at his home; but, being still confined to his bed, was 
 unable personally to receive the callers. Bishop Cheshire, hav- 
 ing determined to resume his own visitations, took leave of 
 him at the end of the evening. Eeferring to this farewell inter- 
 view, he later said: "His last words to me were of kindly per- 
 sonal regard and fatherly counsel, with assurances of his full 
 approval of whatever I might feel that the interests of the 
 Church called upon me to do when I could not consult with 
 him, together with a special request that I would, so far as pos- 
 sible, supply his place in one or two appointments which he 
 could not fulfill in person." 
 
 Bishop Lyman died on the 13th of Decemb6r, 1893, just three 
 days after the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of his 
 consecration to the Episcopate. His funeral took place on De- 
 cember 15th from Christ Church. The remains were borne from 
 his late residence to the Church on the shoulders of eight 
 students from Saint Augustine's School, "who requested the 
 honor of being the bearers of the mortal remains of him who 
 had so deeply at heart the interests of the negroes of his Diocese, 
 
Bishops of ISToeth Caeolina. 249 
 
 and especially of that institution for their education." The 
 honorary pall-bearers were the following laymen: Captain 
 John "Wilkes, Captain "William L. London, Colonel Paul B. 
 Means, Doctor E. Burke Haywood, Doctor Thomas D. Hogg, 
 Doctor Peter E. Hines, Captain Samuel A. Ashe, Mr. Charles 
 E. Johnson, Mr. Charles G. Latta, Mr. Hugh Morson, Doctor 
 Richard H. Lewis, and Mr. Eichard H. Battle. Among the 
 Bishops present were the Right Reverend Joseph Blount Chesh- 
 ire, who had become Bishop of iNorth Carolina upon Bishop 
 Lyman's death, the Right Reverend Alfred Augustin "Watson, 
 Bishop of East Carolina, and the Right Reverend Alfred Magill 
 Randolph, Bishop of Southern Virginia. The pastoral staff 
 of the late Bishop was carried before the coffin by his chaplain, 
 the Reverend Charles Carroll Quin. After the remains came the 
 family of the deceased and many friends, including Governor 
 Elias Carr and other State officers. At the entrance to the 
 church-yard, the sentences were begun by Bishop Randolph, 
 who continued the services to the lesson, which was read by the 
 Reverend Doctor Marshall, Rector of the Parish, and President 
 of the Diocesan Convention. The Creed and prayers were said 
 by Bishop "Watson. The interment took place at Oakwood 
 Cemetery, where the committal services were conducted by 
 Bishop Cheshire. Over the grave now rests a marble slab con- 
 taining this inscription: 
 
 In Memory of 
 
 The Right Reverend 
 
 THEODORE BEJSTEDICT LYMAl^, 
 
 D.D., LL.D., D.C.L., 
 
 Eourth Bishop of ISTorth Carolina. 
 
 Bom 27th ISTov., 1815. 
 
 Consecrated Bishop 11th Dec, 1873 
 
 Died 13th Dec, 1893. 
 
 "Well done, thou good and faithful servant." 
 
250 Bishops of I^oeth Cabolina. 
 
 Upon the completion of the handsome granite house of wor- 
 ship which is now being erected by the congregation of the 
 Church of the Good Shepherd, it is probable that the remains 
 of Bishop Lyman will be placed beneath its chancel. He and 
 his family were members of that Church when in Raleigh; 
 and, in his will, he left a legacy to aid in the erection of the new 
 building. He also left legacies to the Thompson Orphanage at 
 Charlotte, and to the Permanent Episcopal Fund of the Diocese 
 of N^orth Carolina. His private theological library was turned 
 over (under the terms of his will) to the Diocese, excepting 
 two hundred volumes which were bequeathed to the library of 
 Saint Augustine's School, at Raleigh. 
 
 As a true follower of the teachings of those "fishers of men" 
 whose God-given doctrines he proclaimed, Bishop Lyman may be 
 best described by the divine rule of conduct which bids us be "not 
 slothful in business; fervent in spirit; serving the Lord." He 
 came nearer to a literal fulfillment of the command "Go ye 
 into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature" than 
 any minister of God who ever lived in ISTorth Carolina. South- 
 ward from his native l^ew England, and east and west from 
 his California abode to far away Cape Hatteras in the Diocese 
 to which he was later called as Bishop, he had traversed the 
 northern continent of the New World on his sacred mission. 
 Throughout the kingdoms and empires of Europe he had trav- 
 eled, and had even labored at his calling in "the Eternal City" 
 where then reigned as temporal sovereign the head of a hostile 
 church. In Mohamedon Syria, in the ancient land of Egypt,, 
 and within the sacred city of Jerusalem, his voice had been 
 raised to bear witness of his faith. When sojourning as an 
 honored guest among the nobility of Great Britain and preach- 
 ing in the stately cathedrals of that kingdom, and sitting in 
 council vrith the Fathers of the Church from all Christendom 
 in the Congress at Lambeth Palace, he was recognized as a man 
 well worthy of his exalted ofiice. In the cabins of the poor and 
 in the rude rural chapels of more needy parts of his own Diocese, 
 
Bishops of IITobth Cabolina. 251 
 
 lie was a welcome visitor and trusted friend, who contributed 
 in no small degree to the material as well as spiritual wants of 
 the destitute and desolate. He was ever a true friend of the 
 negro, often visiting the schools as well as churches provided 
 for that race, and daily summoning the domestics of his own 
 household to join his family in prayer. From the record of one 
 of his visits to ISTew York, we learn of his preaching to con- 
 gregations of Chinese, his sermons being translated by an in- 
 terpreter. N"or were all of his journeys, particularly those in 
 the wild mountainous regions of North Carolina, free from 
 personal danger. Speaking of an experience on August 21, 
 1885, he says : "When a few miles from Brevard, in descending 
 the last mountain range, we were placed in great peril by en- 
 countering a swarm of yellow- jackets which nearly covered our 
 horses. The horses became frantic and unmanageable; and we 
 feared, every moment, a plunge over the precipice at our side. 
 But a kind Providence guarded us, and we escaped without 
 any accident or injury." 
 
 It is true that Bishop Lyman was sometimes more outspoken 
 than tactfiil. He was a man of decided opinions and did not 
 hesitate to say what he thought, whether his manner of expres- 
 sion always seemed considerate or not. Yet he was kind-hearted, 
 sympathetic, and generous with it all, and those who knew him 
 most intimately were his greatest admirers. 
 
 Though the Diocese of !North Carolina had been formed in 
 1817, it was not until May 22, 1823, that its first Bishop was 
 consecrated. Between the latter date and Bishop Lyman's death 
 about seventy years elapsed. "What wonderful changes were 
 wrought during that time! When Bishop Lyman died, many 
 congregations in N^orth Carolina had larger membership rolls 
 than did the whole Diocese when Eavenscroft came, seventy 
 years before. The Church, too, toward the end of the Episco- 
 pate of Bishop Lyman, was becoming better understood and 
 more appreciated by thoughtful members of the various Chris- 
 tian denominations; and a surpliced clergyman was no longer 
 
252 Bishops op Roeth Carolina. 
 
 a novelty. Concerning this change in the public mind, Bishop 
 Lyman himself, in his address to the Diocesan Convention of 
 1890, said: "Outside the ranks of our own communion, the 
 Church is becoming better understood, and the principles which 
 govern us more fully appreciated. "We now very rarely hear 
 the scornful charge of narrowness and bigotry. Men are more 
 willing to hear what we have to say in defense of our position 
 in regard to the historic continuity of the Church and its catho- 
 lic and apostolic character. They see that we cling to and up- 
 hold it, not because it suits our tastes and our preferences, but 
 because we truly believe in its divine organization and its divine 
 authority. And men are not willing to scoff at what they see 
 to be deep and abiding and overwhelming convictions." 
 
 After the erection of the See House or Episcopal Eesidence 
 in the grove of Saint Mary's at Ealeigh, an eastern wing to the 
 new building was added for use as a receptacle for the library of 
 the Diocese, and Bishop Cheshire gave it the name of The Bishop 
 Lyman Library, as a memorial to his predecessor in office. 
 
 During the whole course of his Episcopate, extending over a 
 period of twenty years, Bishop Lyman was never absent from a 
 single session of either the General Convention or the Diocesan 
 Convention. 
 
 Five months after the death of Bishop Lyman, the Diocesan 
 Convention of Worth Carolina met in the "twin city" of Win- 
 ston-Salem; and, in the course of its session, that body took 
 appropriate action in honor of his memory. On May 20, 1894, 
 prior to its adjournment, the Right Reverend Ellison Capers, 
 Bishop of South Carolina, delivered a memorial sermon in 
 Saint Paul's Church, at Winston, before that gathering. Re- 
 ferring to the churchmanship and doctrinal views of the de- 
 ceased, in the course of his remarks. Bishop Capers said: "He 
 came into the Protestant Episcopal Church after a full exami- 
 nation of her claims upon his conscience and his reason, and 
 he was ever the champion of her history, her doctrine, her dis- 
 cipline and worship. To him she stood four-square for the 
 
Bishops of I^okth Cakoliita. 253 
 
 truth, as it is in Jesus— a great Scriptural structure founded on 
 the Apostles and the Prophets, Jesus Christ being the corner- 
 stone. For him the Prayer Book was the symbol and law of 
 her doctrine and worship. Her constitution and canons ruled 
 his ministry. The faith of the Church of the Apostolic Age, in 
 its simplicity and fullness, was for him the ancient Catholic 
 faith, and that faith he foimd in all its integrity in the Re- 
 formed Anglican Communion, and taught in our Prayer Book." 
 In person Bishop Lyman was a man of large frame and robust 
 body, above middle height, with a general appearance decidedly 
 patriarchal, and a countenance strong yet benign. 
 
 "A combination and a form, indeed, 
 Where every god did seem to set his seal 
 To give the world assurance of a man." 
 
+ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Aberdeen, University of, 57. 
 Adams, Rev. James, 21. 
 
 Adams, , 19. 
 
 Advowson, Govea^or's right of, 16. 
 Africa, 188 ; see afso South Africa. 
 Alabama, 97, 115, 129, 155, 160- 
 
 161, 163-164, 169, 172. 
 Alameda, Cal., 244. 
 Albany, N. Y., 219. 
 Albert, Anna Margaret, 244. 
 Albert, Jacob, 244. 
 All Saints Church, Dresden, Ger- 
 many, 235. 
 Alston, J. J., 82. 
 
 Ambler, Rev. Thomas M., 192, 201. 
 American Church Review, 85. 
 Amis, Sarah, 244. 
 Anderson, James, 42. 
 Anderson, Robert Walker, 165. 
 Anderson, Chief Justice Walker, 
 
 84-85, 93. 
 Andrews, Mrs. A. B., 202. 
 Andrews, Miss Jane H., 242. 
 Andros, Governor Sir Edmund, 
 
 38-39. 
 
 Angel, , 24. 
 
 Anglican Church in Colony of 
 
 North Carolina, 11-33 ; see also 
 
 Episcopal Church. 
 Atwials of the American Pulpit, 85. 
 Ann Arbor, Mich., 224. 
 Anson County, N. C, 69, 169. 
 Antietam, Battle of, 175. 
 Antonelli, Cardinal, 212. 
 Archdale, Governor John, 14. 
 Argyll and the Isles, Bishop of, 
 
 221. 
 Arkansas, 31, 155, 162-168, 174. 
 Armada ; see Spanish Armada. 
 Armagh, Archbishop of, 221, 237. 
 Ascension, Church of the. Hickory, 
 
 N. C, 165. 
 Ashe, Captain Samuel A., 249. 
 Asheville, N. C, 82, 103, 113, 149, 
 
 156-157, 179, 181, 224, 229, 235, 
 
 240, 245-246. 
 Assistant Bishop, office of, 187- 
 
 189, 213, 245-246. 
 Atkinson, Elizabeth Withers, 145. 
 Atkinson, Rev. John Mayo Pleas- 
 
 Ruts 144. 
 Atkinson, Col. John Wilder, 149, 
 238. 
 
 Atkinson, Rev. Joseph Mayo, 144. 
 
 Atkinson, Mrs. Josepha Gwlnn 
 Wilder, 149, 201. 
 
 Atkinson, Lucy Fltzhugh, 144. 
 
 Atkinson, Mary Mayo, 149. 
 
 Atkinson, Robert, 143. 
 
 Atkinson, Dr. Robert, 149. 
 
 Atkinson, Roger, 143. 
 
 Atkinson, Roger B., 145. 
 
 Atkinson, Col. Roger P., 226. 
 
 Atkinson, Rt. Rev. Thomas, 
 third Bishop of North Carolina, 
 sketch of, 143-204; see also 33, 
 69, 97, 103, 122, 128, 139, 213- 
 214, 216, 218, 223-225, 227, 231, 
 239. 
 
 Atkinson, Rev. Thomas, 149. 
 
 Atkinson, Rev. William Mayo, 144. 
 
 Augusta, Ga., 161, 163, 175, 247. 
 
 Augustine, first Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, 12, 219. 
 
 Avery, Rev. John, 93. 
 
 Babbitt, Rev. P. Teller, 109. 
 Backhouse, Rev. John A., 107. 
 Badger, Judge George E., 59, 103, 
 
 112, 118, 181. 
 Badger, Thomas, 242. 
 Badger, Mrs. Thomas, 242. 
 Baker, Dr. Simmons J., 105. 
 Baltimore, Md., 122, 146, 148, 150- 
 
 152, 178-179, 188-189, 199, 209, 
 
 213, 218, 223, 226, 235, 244. 
 Bancroft, George, 104. 
 Baptism of Manteo and Virginia 
 
 Dare, 13-14. 
 Baptisms by immersion, 21, 63. 
 Baptists, 31, 60, 131. 
 Barber, Rev. Milton Augustus, 62. 
 Barber, Rev. Richard Wainwrlght, 
 
 111. 
 Bamett, Rev. John, 21. 
 Barrett, Rev. Robert S., 245. 
 Baskett, John, 29. 
 Batavia, N. T., 93. 
 Batchelor, Joseph B., 240. 
 Bath, N. C, 20, 25-26, 28, 53, 58, 
 
 152, 193, 218. 
 Bath and Wells, Bishops of, 33, 
 
 220. 
 Battle, James S., 230. 
 Battle, Dr. Kemp P., 176, 227, 238- 
 
 239, 242-243. 
 
256 
 
 Index. 
 
 BatOe, Mrs. Kemp P., 242. 
 Battle, Miss Lucy P., 242. 
 Battle, Richard H., 228, 230, 249. 
 Battle, Turner, 158. 
 Battle, Judge William H., 176, 
 
 190. 
 Beaufort County, N. C, 22, 58, 
 
 101, 152, 169, 196. 
 Beckwith, Rt. Rev. John Watrous, 
 
 Bishop of Georgia, 97, 198. 
 Bedell, Rt. Rev. Gregory Thurs- 
 ton, Bishop of Ohio, 55, 219. 
 Bedell, Rev. Gregory Townsend, 
 
 55. 
 Bell, Gov. Peter Hansborough, 
 
 132. 
 Bell, Mrs. Peter Hansborough, 
 
 132. 
 Benade, Rt. Rev. Andrew, Mora- 
 vian Bishop, 64. 
 Benbury, William, 26. 
 Benedict, Aaron, 208. 
 Benedict, Mai-y, 208. 
 Bennehan, Thomas D., 98, 100. 
 Benson Library, 186. 
 Bentham, Joseph, 29. 
 Benton, Rev. Angelo Ames, 168, 
 
 190. 
 Benton, Rev. George, 167. 
 
 Benzien, , 24. 
 
 Beresford-Hope, , 221. 
 
 Berkeley, Rev. Alfred R., 181. 
 Berkeley Parish, N. C, 22. 
 Bertie County, N. C, 195, 232. 
 Bethabara, N. C, 24. 
 Biddle, Nicholas, 83. 
 Binney, Horace, 175. 
 Bishops, Apostolic origin of, 9-11. 
 Bishops not sent to colonies, 17. 
 Bishop's residence, or See House, 
 
 83, 154, 202, 252. 
 Blacknall, Rev. John, 21. 
 Blair, Rev. John, 21. 
 Bland, Rev. Charles T., 111. 
 Blandford Church, Va., 143. 
 Blin, Rev. Peter, 21-22. 
 Blount, John, 26. 
 Blount, Rev. Nathaniel, 21-22, 53- 
 
 54. 
 Blount, Capt. Thomas, 26. 
 Blount, Major William Augustus, 
 
 108. 
 Blount's Chapel, Chocowinity, 
 
 N. C, 54. 
 Boiling, Jane, 40, 42. 
 Boiling, Mary, 40. 
 BoUing, Col. Robert, 40, 42. 
 Bonner, Capt. Henry, 25. 
 
 Bonner, Joseph, 25. 
 
 Borness, Scotland, 41. 
 
 Boston, Mass., 38-39, 178, 207, 213. 
 
 Bowen, Rt. Rev. Nathaniel, Bishop 
 
 of South Carolina, 52, 93. 
 Boyd, Rev. Adam, 30. 
 Boylan, William, 61. 
 Brady, Rev. Charles O., 193. 
 Brandywine, Battle of, 30. 
 Bratton, Rt. Rev. Theodore Du- 
 
 Bose, Bishop of Mississippi, 102. 
 Brett, Rev. Daniel, 20-21. 
 Brevard, N. C, 251. 
 Briggs, Rev. Robert, 21. 
 Brighton, Mass., 209. 
 Bristol, England, 42. 
 Bristol Parish, Va., 42, 143, 145. 
 Bronson, Rev. Benjamin S., 190, 
 
 195, 201, 225, 227-228, 230. 
 Bi'own, Rt. Rev. WUliam Mont- 
 gomery, Bishop of Arkansas, 31. 
 Brownell, Rt. Rev. Thomas Church, 
 
 Bishop of Connecticut, 68-69, 71, 
 
 129-130, 151. 
 Brunswick, N. C, 25, 95, 192. 
 Brunswick County, Va., 40. 
 Bryan, John H., 86, 106. 
 Bryan, Judge Henry Ravenscroft, 
 
 86, 229. 
 Buck, Rev. James A., 178. 
 Buckett, Mary Jane, 244. 
 Buel, Rev. D. HUlhouse, 149, 156. 
 Buford, Sarah, 70. 
 Buncombe, Col. Edward, 31. 
 Surges, Dr. A. S. H., 59. 
 Burges, Rev. Henry John, 21-22. 
 Burges, Rev. Thomas, 21-22. 
 Burgess, Rt. Rev. George, Bishop 
 
 of Maine, 129. 
 Burgwyn, Henry King, 98, 100, 
 
 157. 
 Burke County, N. C, 57, 95. 
 Burr, Col. James G., 79, 192. 
 Burton, Gov. Hutchins G., 65. 
 Burwell, Anne Spotswood, 45-46, 
 
 70. 
 Burwell, Lewis, 45. 
 Butler, Gen. Benjamin E., 171. 
 Buxton, Rev. Jarvis, 111, 122, 156, 
 
 218, 230, 238-239. 
 Buxton, Rev. Jarvis Barry, 101, 
 
 103, 111, 120-122. 
 Bynum, Rev. William S., 180. 
 Byrd, Col. WUliam, 39. 
 
 Cairns, Rev. William D., 100. 
 Caimsmore, Scotland, 41-42, 73. 
 Caldwell, Rev. Joseph, 77-78. 
 
Index. 
 
 257 
 
 California, 171, 199, 244, 246. 
 Calvary Church, Tarborough, 
 
 N. C, 246. 
 Calvary Church, Wadesborough, 
 
 N. C, 57, 95. 
 Calvin, John, 11, 49. 
 Cambridge, England, 199. 
 Cameron, Judge Duncan, 56, 69, 
 
 98, 100, 103, 105-107. 
 Cameron, Mrs. Francis Havi^ks, 
 
 242. 
 Cameron, Rev. John, 57. 
 Cameron, Dr. Thomas N., 55-57. 
 Campbell, Marsden, 54. 
 Canada, 73, 151, 208. 
 Canterbury, Archbishops of, 12, 33, 
 
 121-122, 187, 218-219, 235-236. 
 Cape Colony, South Africa, 42. 
 Cape Fear River, 25, 192. 
 Cape Palmas, South Africa, 199. 
 Capers, Rt. Rev. Ellison, Bishop 
 
 of South Carolina, 247, 252. 
 Cashel and Cork, Bishop of, 237. 
 Carolina Chtirchman, 181. 
 Carr, Gov. Elias, 249. 
 Castleman, Rev. Robert A., 177. 
 Catholicity in the Carolinas and 
 Georgia, by Father O'Connell, 
 138. 
 Census ; see Popoulation. 
 Centre Church, Hartford, Conn., 
 
 207. 
 Chaplains in Revolutionary War, 
 
 30-31. 
 Chaplains in Confederate Army, 
 
 163-164. 
 Chaplain in Spanish-American 
 
 War, 181, 195. 
 Charleston, S. C, 213, 245. 
 Charlotte, N. C, 165, 170, 180, 195- 
 
 196, 200, 232, 247, 250. 
 Charlotte County, Va., 47. 
 Chase, Rt. Rev. Carlton, Bishop 
 
 of New Hampshire, 97, 129. 
 Chatham County, N. C, 155. 
 Chesapeake Bay, 174. 
 Cheshire, Rev. Joseph Blount, Sr., 
 
 62, 176, 185, 190, 228, 246-247. 
 Cheshire, Rt. Rev. Joseph Blount, 
 fifth Bishop of North Carolina, 
 113, 146, 191-192, 224, 230-231, 
 238-239, 243, 245-249. 
 Chevin, Nathaniel, 26. 
 China, 246-247. 
 Chinese services, 251. 
 Chocowinity, N. C, 54, 196. 
 Chowan Precinct or County, N. C, 
 22-24. 
 
 Christ Church, Baltimore, Md., 
 
 209. 
 Christ Church, Lancaster, Pa., 92. 
 Christ Church, New Bern, N. C, 
 54, 57, 69, 93, 95, 101, 108, 169. 
 Christ Church, Norfolk, Va., 146. 
 Christ Church, Pensacola, Fla., 
 
 97. 
 Christ Church, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 84, 86. 
 Christ Church, Raleigh, N. C, 51, 
 53, 57-63, 70, 72, 75, 93, 118, 128, 
 149-151, 158, 181-182, 214-215, 
 243, 245, 248. 
 Christ Church, Rowan County, 
 
 N. C, 57, 192. 
 Christian, Rev. Nicholas, 21. 
 Church ■for Americans, by Bishop 
 
 Brown, 31. 
 Church History in North Caro- 
 lina, 29, 156, 239. 
 Church Intelligencer, 180. 
 Church Messenger, 180. 
 Church of All Saints, Dresden, 
 
 Germany, 235. 
 Church of the Ascension, Hickory, 
 
 N. C, 165. 
 
 Church of the Good Shepherd, 
 
 Raleigh, N. C, 215-216, 223, 240, 
 
 250. 
 
 Church of the Holy Comforter, 
 
 Charlotte, N. C, 146, 200, 202. 
 
 Church of the Holy Spirit, Nice, 
 
 Italy, 237. 
 Church of the Holy Trinity, Paris, 
 
 France, 234. 
 Cincinnati, O., 96, 122. 
 Claggett, Rt. Rev. Thomas John, 
 
 Bishop of Maryland, 33. 
 Clark, Bethiah, 208. 
 Clark, Mrs. Martha, 170. 
 Clay, Henry, 73. 
 Clay, Rev. J. Curtis, 54. 
 Clewell, Rev. John H., 23. 
 Clinton, N. Y., 92, 208-209, 243. 
 Cobbs, Rt. Rev. Nicholas Han- 
 mer. Bishop of Alabama, 129, 
 160, 169. 
 Cogswell, Joseph G., 104, 108. 
 Coit, Rev. Henry Augustus, 211. 
 Coit, Rev. Joseph Howland, 210- 
 
 211. 
 Coleman, Rev. Lyman, 209. 
 Coles, Elizabeth, 207. 
 Collins, Josiah, 54, 85, 98-99, 113- 
 
 114, 120, 157-158, 168, 170. 
 Colonial Churches in the Original 
 Colony of Virginia, 25, 193. 
 
258 
 
 Index. 
 
 Colorado, 216. 
 
 Colored race ; see Negroes. 
 
 Columbia, S. C, 160. 
 
 Columbia College, N. Y., 75, 96. 
 
 Columbus, Ga., 67. 
 
 Communion vessels of colonial 
 period, 27-28. 
 
 Concord, N. H., 179, 211. 
 
 Connecticut, 52, 68-69, 91-92, 118, 
 129, 132, 151, 199, 207, 211. 
 
 Confederate Cliurch, 97, 159-180. 
 
 Confirmation impossible In colo- 
 nies, 18. 
 
 Congregationalists, 31, 208, 224. 
 
 Continuity of the Church of Eng- 
 land, by Dr. Seabury, 126. 
 
 Cooke, James T., 165. 
 
 Cooper, Susan Fenimore, 167. 
 
 Cooperstown, N. Y., 178. 
 
 Cornell University, 224. 
 
 Cosgrove, Rev. James, 21. 
 
 Councils, Diocesan, 161-162. 
 
 Cox, Gen. William R., 185, 225, 
 242, 244. 
 
 Coxe, Rt. Rev. Arthur Cleveland, 
 Bishop of Western New York, 
 224. 
 
 Cradle of the RepuMic, by Dr. 
 Tyler, 39. 
 
 Craig, Alexander, 41, 73. 
 
 Craig, liillias, 73. 
 
 Cramp, Rev. John, 21. 
 
 Craven Parish, 23. 
 
 Crawford, Charles, 152. 
 
 Crawford, Mrs., 152. 
 
 Crete, Island of, 168. 
 
 Crisp, Nicholas, 26. 
 
 Croes, Rt. Rev. John, Bishop of 
 New Jersey, 52. 
 
 Cumberland County, England, 143. 
 
 Cumberland County, N. C, 168, 
 231-232. 
 
 Cumberland Parish, Va., 52. 
 
 Cuming, Rev. Robert, 21. 
 
 Cunningham, Emily, 244. 
 
 Cupples, Rev. Charles, 21, 31. 
 
 Currituck Parish, N. C, 22-23. 
 
 Currituck Precinct or County, 
 N. C, 22. 
 
 Curtis, Rev. Charles J., 180. 
 
 Curtis, Rev. Moses Ashley, 105. 
 
 Cutlar, Du Brutz, 238. 
 
 Dare, Virginia, 14. 
 Dare County, N. C, 13. 
 Davidson, Attorney-General Theo- 
 dore P., 242. 
 Davie County, N. C, 159. 
 
 ■Davis, George, 151. 
 Davis, Jefferson, 195. 
 Davis, Judge Joseph J., 242. 
 Davis, Rt. Rev. Thomas F., Bishop 
 
 of South Carolina, 58, 151, 160- 
 
 161. 
 Davis, Rev. Thomas F., Jr., 111. 
 Deaf-mute religious services, 223. 
 Declaration of Independence, 31. 
 DeLaneey, Rt. Rev. William Heath- 
 cote, Bishop of Western New 
 
 York, 129. 
 Delaware, 129. 
 Delaware College, 168. 
 Denson, Capt. Claudius B., 225. 
 DeRosset, Dr. Armand J., 190, 
 
 228, 230-231. 
 DeRosset, Col. William L., 230, 
 
 238. 
 Detroit, Mich., 224. 
 Devereux, Mrs. Margaret, 158. 
 Devereux, Thomas Pollock, 103, 
 
 105, 158. 
 Dickens, Mrs. Benjamin, 181, 138. 
 Dillard, Dr. Richard, 193. 
 Dinwiddle County, Va., 143, 145, 
 
 201. 
 Division of the Diocese, 227-233. 
 Doane, Rt. Rev. George Wash- 
 ington, Bishop of New Jersey, 
 
 96, 129, 151. 
 Doane, Rt. Rev. William Cros- 
 
 well, Bishop of Albany, 179, 
 
 219. 
 Dobbs, Gov. Arthur, 18, 20, 24. 
 Doctrines of the Church Vindi- 
 cated, by Bishop Ravenscroft, 
 
 84. 
 Dorsey, Caleb, 179. 
 Down and Connor, Bishop of, 221. 
 Drage, Rev. Theodorus Swaine, 
 
 221. 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 14. 
 Drane, Rev. Robert Brent (of 
 
 Wilmington), 79, 111, 120, 150, 
 
 166-167, 191. 
 Drane, Rev. Robert Brent (of 
 
 Edenton), 25-26, 167, 193, 238- 
 
 239. 
 Drayton, Gen. Thomas F., 147. 
 Dresden, Germany, 235. 
 Du Bose, Rev. McNeely, 102. 
 Dublin, Archbishop of, 237. 
 Dublin College, 20. 
 Dukinfield, Sir Robert, 26. 
 Dukinfield, William, 26. 
 Durham, N. C, 217, 225. 
 
Index. 
 
 259 
 
 Eames, Rev. Dr., 179. 
 
 Earl, Rev. Daniel, 21. 
 
 Early, Gen. Jubal A., 175, 210. 
 
 Early English Colonies in Ameri- 
 ca., by the Bishop of London, 
 17-18. 
 
 Eastbum, Rt. Rev. Manturn, 
 Bishop of Massachusetts, 129. 
 
 East Carolina, Diocese of, 161, 
 165, 181, 193, 196-197, 224, 228- 
 233, 238, 246, 249. 
 
 Eastern Diocese, in New England, 
 52. 
 
 Eastern. Parish of Chowan Pre- 
 cinct, N. C, 23. 
 
 Easton, Diocese of, 139, 174, 198, 
 201, 214. 
 
 Easton, Pa., 209. 
 
 Eaton, Ella, 131. 
 
 Eaton, John S., 121. 
 
 Eaton, Attorney-General William, 
 131. 
 
 Edenton, N. C, 22-24, 28, 54-57, 
 100, 113, 167, 193. 
 
 Edenton Bay, 63. 
 
 Edgecombe County, N. C, 22, 192, 
 231. 
 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, 73. 
 
 Edinburgh, Bishop of, 221. 
 
 Edinburgh, University of, 40. 
 
 Eicchholtz, Jacob, 83-84. 
 
 Elliott, Rev. Charles P., 62. 
 
 Elliott, Rt. Rev. Stephen, Bishop 
 of Georgia, 96-97, 129, 160. 
 
 Ellis, Col. John S., 59. 
 
 Ellsworth, Julia, 245. 
 
 Ellsworth, Chief Justice Oliver, 
 245. 
 
 Ellsworth, Gov. William W., 245. 
 
 Ellsworth, Dr. Pinekney Webster, 
 245. 
 
 Emmanuel Church, Warrenton, 
 N. C, 57. 
 
 Empie, Rev. Adam, 55, 104-105. 
 
 England, Church of; see Angli- 
 can Church ; see also Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Episcopal Church succeeds Church 
 of England in America, 11. 
 
 Episcopal Church, Colonial his- 
 tory of, 11-33. 
 
 Episcopal Church In the Revolu- 
 tion, 30-32. 
 
 Episcopal School of North Caro- 
 lina, 82, 103-107, 155. 
 
 Erwin, Joseph J., 225, 227. 
 
 Erwin, William A., 225. 
 
 Everhart, Rev. George M., 180. 
 
 Falls, Rev. NeUson, 227. 
 
 Fanning, Col. Edmund, 32. 
 
 Fanning, Rev. William, 21. 
 
 Farmingdale, Va., 42. 
 
 Fayetteville, N. 0., 54-58, 71, 75, 
 101, 122, 125, 182, 190, 208. 
 
 Fielding, Rev. John, 95. 
 
 Fishe [Fiske?], Rev, Samuel, 21. 
 
 Fisher, Fort, 165. 
 
 PitzGerald, Rev. Frederick, 111, 
 157, 166, 180. 
 
 Fitzpatrick, Rt. Rev. John Ber- 
 nard, Roman . Catholic Bishop, 
 213. 
 
 Florence, Italy, 211, 235. 
 
 Florida, 97, 129, 155, 161. 
 
 Flushing, N. Y., 103-104. 
 
 Forbes, Rev. Edward M., 190, 225, 
 228. 
 
 Forbes, Rev. John Murray, 130, 
 213. 
 
 Ford, Hephzibah, 207. 
 
 Ford, Rev. Hezekiah, 21, 30. 
 
 Forsyth County, N. C, 23, 197. 
 
 Fort Fisher, N. C, 165. 
 
 Fothergill, Gerald, 21. 
 
 Foxcroft, Francis, 39. 
 
 Fountain Rock, Md., 210. 
 
 Frederick County, Md., 210. 
 
 Fredericksburg, Va., 51. 
 
 Fredericton, Canada, 151. 
 
 Freeman, Edmund B., 106. 
 
 Freeman, Rt. Rev. George Wash- 
 ington, Missionary Bishop of 
 Arkansas and the Southwest, 
 58-60, 62, 65, 72-73, 103, 105, 
 129. 
 
 Fremont, Col. Sewell L., 191. 
 
 French, Rev. William Glenney, 
 111. 
 
 Friends, Society of; see Quakers. 
 
 Fries, Miss Adelaide L., 65. 
 
 Frobisher, Martin, 14. 
 
 Fuller, Rev. Mr., 179. 
 
 Gallagher, Rev. Mr., 158. 
 Galloway, Scotland, 40. 
 Garzia, Rev. John, 21-22, 27. 
 Gaston, N. C, 177. 
 Geer, Rev. Edwin, 107, 152, 165. 
 General Theological Seminary, 
 
 103, 136, 209, 213-214. 
 Geneva, Switzerland, 234. 
 George, Rev. Thomas M. N., 193, 
 
 2.39, 245. 
 Georgia, 66, 95-97, 129, 151, 155, 
 
 160-161, 198, 247. 
 Germantown, Battle of, 31. 
 
260 
 
 Index. 
 
 Gibson, Rev. Churchill J., 40, 144. 
 
 Gibson, Patrick, 40. 
 
 Gibson, Rt. Rev. Robert Atkin- 
 son, Bishop of Virginia, 40, 144. 
 
 Gillette, Mary, 91. 
 
 Gloster, Joseph, 19. 
 
 Gloucester and Bristol, Bishop of, 
 220, 237. 
 
 Goldsborough, N. 0., 58, 187. 
 
 Goodman, Rev. John R., 61, 93, 
 101. 
 
 Good Samaritan Hospital, 196. 
 
 Good Shepherd, Church of the, 
 Raleigh, N. C, 215-216, 223, 240, 
 250. 
 
 Gordon, Samuel, 42. 
 
 Gordon, Rev. William, 21. 
 
 Governor's right of Advowson, 16. 
 
 Grace Chapel, Pitt County, N. C, 
 57. 
 
 Grace Church, Baltimore, Md., 
 148, 179. 
 
 Grace Church, Morganton, N. C, 
 226-227. 
 
 Grace Church, Plymouth, N. C, 
 169. 
 
 "Grand Model" ; see Locke's Con- 
 stitution. 
 
 Granville County, N. C, 66, 70, 78. 
 
 Graves, Rt. Rev. Frederick Tem- 
 ple, Missionary Bishop of 
 Shanghai, China, 247. 
 
 Greece, 167-168. 
 
 Greek Church, 234. 
 
 Green, Rt. Rev. William Mercer, 
 Bishop of Mississippi, 38, 45, 
 51-52, 58, 61, 67, 79-81, 85-86, 
 103-105, 129, 160, 188, 233. 
 
 Greencrofts, Va., 42. 
 
 Greene County, N. C, 232. 
 
 Greenville, N. C, 56. 
 
 Gregg, Rt. Rev. Alexander, Bishop 
 of Texas, 160. 
 
 Grenville, Sir Richard, 14. 
 
 Gries, Rev. William R., 111. 
 
 Griswold, Rt. Rev. Alexander 
 Viets, Bishop of the Eastern 
 Diocese, 52. 
 
 Hagerstown, Md., 209-211. 
 Halgh, Charles T., 82. 182. 
 Hairston, Peter W., 158-159. 
 Hale & Co., Edward J., 84. 
 Halifax County, N. C, 100, 170, 
 
 195, 231. 
 Halifax, town of, 30, 57, 177. 
 Hall, Rev. Clement, 20-21. 
 Hall, Judge John, 44. 
 
 Hailing, Rev. Solomon, 30. 
 Hamilton College, N. Y., 92, 208- 
 
 209, 243. 
 Hampden-Sidney College, Va., 
 
 144-145. 
 Hanckel, Rev. Christian, 163. 
 Hanson, Rev. John H., 118. 
 Hardin, William H., 225. 
 Harding, Rev. Israel, 236. 
 Harding, Rev. Nathaniel, 236, 238, 
 
 245 
 Harding, Rev. John Ravenscroft, 
 
 236. 
 
 Harnett County, N. C, 231. 
 Harris, Rt. Rev. Samuel Smith, 
 
 Bishop of Michigan, 224. 
 Harrison, Rev. Hall, 209. 
 Hart, William, 136. 
 Hartford, Conn., 68-69, 199, 207, 
 
 211. 
 
 Harvard College, 57. 
 Hathaway, James R. B., 193. 
 Haughton, John H., 185. 
 Haughton, Rev. Thomas B., 165. 
 Hawkins, Sir John, 14. 
 Hawkins, Miss Lucy, 242. 
 Hawkins, Mrs. William J., 242. 
 Hawks, Rt. Rev. Cicero Stephens, 
 
 Bishop of Missouri, 65, 101, 129. 
 Hawks, Rev. Francis Lister, 65, 
 
 101, 118, 150. 
 Hawks, Rev. William Nassau, 65, 
 
 101. 
 
 Hawson, Rev. William, 21. 
 
 Hay, Anthony, 143. 
 
 Haywood, Mrs. Alfred W., 242. 
 
 Haywood, Dr. E. Burke, 249. 
 
 Haywood, Frank P., Jr., 240. 
 
 Haywood, Marshall DeLancey, 
 191. 
 
 Haywood, William H., Jr., 59, 
 83, 105-106. 
 
 Henderson, John Steele, 191-192, 
 226, 229, 238. 
 
 Henderson, Chief Justice Leon- 
 ard, 78-79. 
 
 Henderson, N. C, 121. 
 
 Henshaw, Rt. Rev. John Prentiss 
 Kewley, Bishop of Rhode Is- 
 land, 146. 
 
 Hepburn, Alexander McHarg, 73. 
 
 Hepburn, Ebenezer McHarg, 73. 
 
 Hertford County, N. C, 232. 
 
 Herzog, Rt. Rev. , Old Catho- 
 lic Bishop, 220. 
 
 Hewett, Rev. Richard, 21. 
 
 Hickory, N. 0., 165. 
 
Index. 
 
 261 
 
 Hicks, Miss Charlotte, 179. 
 High Ongar, England, 207. 
 Hill, Gen. Daniel Harvey, 179. 
 Hill, Dr. Frederick J., 95, 105, 168. 
 Hill, Thomas, 155. 
 Hilliard, Rev. Francis W., 165, 
 
 193, 227. 
 HUlsborough, N. C, 30, 58, 182, 
 
 193. 
 Hilton, Rev. Horace G., 193. 
 Hines, Dr. Peter E., 249. 
 Hinsdale, Mrs. John W., 242. 
 Hinsdale, Miss Margaret D., 242. 
 Histories of Parishes in North 
 
 Carolina, 192-198. 
 Historiographer, office of, 191. 
 History of the Church in the 
 
 Diocese of Tennessee, by Rev. 
 
 A. H. Noll, 83. 
 Hobart, Rt. Rev. John Henry, 
 
 Bishop of New York, 92. 
 Hobart, Rebecca, 92, 137 ; see also 
 
 Ives, Mrs. Levi Silliman. 
 Hodges, Rev. William, 176. 
 Hogg, Gavin, 59, 71-72, 103. 
 Hogg, Mrs. Gavin, 76. 
 Hogg, Dr. Thomas D., 249. 
 Holmes, Rev. Lucian, 156. 
 Holy Comforter, Church of the, 
 
 Charlotte, IS. C, 146, 200, 202. 
 Holy Cross, Order of the, 117, 
 
 125. 
 Holy Spirit, Church of the, Nice, 
 
 Italy, 237. 
 Holy Trinity, Church of the, Paris, 
 
 France, 234. 
 Hood, George, 105. 
 Hooper, John De Bemiere, 104. 
 Hopkins, Rt. Rev. John Henry, 
 
 Bishop of Vermont, 129, 173. 
 Horner, Rt. Rev. Junius Moore, 
 
 Missionary Bishop of Ashe- 
 
 vUle, 113, 224, 246. 
 Hospitals, 186, 196. 
 Howard County, Md., 179. 
 Howe, Rt. Rev. William Bell 
 
 White, Bishop of South Caro- 
 lina, 199, 238. 
 Hubbard, Rev. Fordyce Mitchell, 
 
 62, 108-109, 176, 180, 185. 
 Hughes, Most Rev. John, Roman 
 
 Catholic Archbishop, 134. 
 Hughes, Rev. N. Collin, 185, 196. 
 Hughes, Rev. N. Collin, Jr., 197, 
 
 238-239. 
 Hunter, Rev. A. Burtis, 186, 240. 
 Hunter, Mrs. A. Burtis, 242. 
 Hunter, Rev. WUliam C, 185. 
 
 Hurton, Miss Jennie, 242. 
 Huske, Rev. Joseph C, 228-230. 
 Hyacinth, Pere, 220, 234. 
 Hyde Parish, 23. 
 
 Illinois, 129, 187. 
 
 Immersion; see Baptism by im- 
 mersion. 
 
 India, 150. 
 
 Indiana, 97, 129, 146-148, 246. 
 
 Indians, Church work among, 18, 
 18-20. 
 
 Inverness Cathedral, 187. 
 
 Iredell County, N. C, 57, 151, 193. 
 
 Ireland, 218. 
 
 Ives, Bbenezer H., 133. 
 
 Ives, John (first), 91. 
 
 Ives, John (second), 91. 
 
 Ives, John (third), 91. 
 
 Ives, John (fourth), 91. 
 
 Ives, Levi, 91. 
 
 Ives, Rt. Rev. Levi Shximan, 
 second Bishop of North Caro- 
 lina, sketch of, 91-139 ; see also 
 33, 69, 82, 149-150, 182, 213-214, 
 225, 239. 
 
 Ives, Mrs. Levi Silliman, 92, 131, 
 137-138; see also Hobart, Re- 
 becca. 
 
 Ives, William, 91. 
 
 "Jacobite Church," 32. 
 James City County, Va., 39. 
 Jamestown, Va., 14. 
 Japan, 247. 
 
 Jarvis, Rev. Samuel Farmer, 118. 
 Johns, Rt. Rev. John, Assistant 
 Bishop of Virginia, 97, 129, 161. 
 Johnson, Charles E., 238, 249. 
 Johnson, a slave, 72-74. 
 Johnson's Island Prison, 149. 
 .Johnston, Rev. Francis, 21-22. 
 Johnston County, N. C, 31, 231. 
 Jones, Rev. Edward, 21-22. 
 Jones, Rev. Walter, 21. 
 Joyner, Rev. Edmund N., 230. 
 Judd, Rev. Bethel, 54-55, 208. 
 
 Kemp, Rt. Rev. James, Bishop of 
 Maryland, 52. 
 
 Kemper, Rt. Rev. Jackson, Mis- 
 sionary Bishop of Missouri and 
 Indiana, 97, 129. 
 
 Kentucky, 66, 68, 129, 178-179. 
 
 Kerfoot, Rt. Rev. John Barrett, 
 Bishop of Pittsburg, 175, 179, 
 210-211. 
 
262 
 
 Index. 
 
 Kilgonr, Rt. Rev. Robert, Scotch 
 
 Bishop, 32. 
 King's Chapel, Boston, Mass., 38. 
 Kinston, N. C, 58. 
 Kirkcudbright, Scotland, 41. 
 Kittrell, N. 0., 165. 
 Knlekerbacker, Rt. Rev. David 
 
 Buel, Bishop of Indiana, 246. 
 Knoxville, Tenn., 67. 
 
 Lafayette College, Pa., 209. 
 
 Lake Scuppernong, N. C, 85. 
 
 Lamb, Wilson G., 238. 
 
 Lambeth Conference (first), 188- 
 189. 
 
 Lambeth Conference C second), 
 218-220. 
 
 Lambeth Conference (third), 
 236-287. 
 
 Lambeth Palace, 33, 188, 218- 
 220, 235-236, 250. 
 
 Lancaster, Pa., 92. 
 
 Larmour, Rev. J. Worrall, 201. 
 
 Lash, Herman, 23. 
 
 Lash, Jacob, 23. 
 
 Latta, Charles G., 249. 
 
 Laud, Archbishop, 13. 
 
 Lawler, Patrick, 19. 
 
 Lay, Rt. Rev. Henry Champlln, 
 Missionary Bishop of the South- 
 west, Missionary Bishop of 
 Arkansas, and Bishop of Bas- 
 ton, 139, 144-145, 148, 161-163, 
 173-174, 176-177, 198, 201-203,^ 
 214, 223. 
 
 Lay, Rev. George W., 102, 174. 
 
 Lebanon, Conn., 207-208. 
 
 Lee, Rt. Rev. Alfred, Bishop of 
 Delaware, 129. 
 
 Lee, Gen. Robert B., 176, 195. 
 
 Leuten, Capt. Thomas, 26. 
 
 Lewis, Dr. Richard H., 249. 
 
 Lewis, Mrs. Richard H., 242. 
 
 Lewis County, N. T., 91-92. 
 
 Lexington, N. C, 57. 
 
 Lexington, Ky., 68. 
 
 Liberty of worship; see Relig- 
 ious liberty. 
 
 Life of Bishop Ravenscroft, by 
 Dr. Norton, 80, 85. 
 
 Lincoln County, N. C, 57-58. 
 
 Lincolnton, N. C, 177. 
 
 Liquor question, 197-198. 
 
 Litchfield, Bishop of, 219. 
 
 Little, Rev. Arthur W., 10-11. 
 
 Llttlejohn, Rt. Rev. Abram New- 
 kirk, Bishop of Long Island, 
 233. 
 
 Littleton, N. C, 132. 
 Lloyd, Rev. Arthur S., 245. 
 Locke's Constitution, or "Grand 
 
 Model," 15, 19. 
 London, Henry A., 155. 
 London, John Rutherford, 54. 
 London, William L., 249. 
 London, Bishops of, 16-17, 21, 29. 
 London, England, 42, 162. 
 Long, James, 26. 
 Long Island, N. Y., 103-104, 210, 
 
 233. 
 Long Island, Battle of, 80. 
 Loomis, Lydia, 208. 
 Louisiana, 58, 98, 155, 161, 169, 
 
 219. 
 Louisville, Ky., 68, 178. 
 Lowville, N. Y., 92. 
 Lunenburg County, Va., 50, 70, 73. 
 Lutherans, 57. 
 Lyman, Anna Cbmelia Roma, 
 
 244. 
 Lyman, Dr. Albert Benedict, 244. 
 Lyman, Rev. Asa, 208. 
 Lyman, Augustus Julian, 244. 
 Lyman, Father Dwight Bdwards, 
 
 208. 
 Lyman, Frances Augusta, 242. 
 Lyman, Jonathan, 208. . 
 
 Lyman, Jonathan, Jr., 208. 
 Lyman, Richard (first), 207. 
 Lyman, Richard (second), 207. 
 Lyman, Richard (third), 207-208. 
 Lyman, Susan Boone Robertson, 
 
 245. 
 Lyman, Rt. Rev. Theodore Ben- 
 edict, fourth Bishop of North 
 
 Carolina, sketch of, 207-258; 
 
 see also 69, 139, 190, 196-197, 
 
 199, 201. 
 Lyman, Theodore Benedict, 244. 
 Lyman, William, 208. 
 Lyman, William Whittlngham, 
 
 244. 
 Lyman Memorial Library, 252. 
 Lynchburg, Va., 146. 
 Lynde, Chief Justice, 39. 
 
 Macartney, Rev. James, 21. 
 McConnell, Rev. Samuel D., 174. 
 McCoskry, Rt. Rev. Samuel Allen, 
 
 Bishop of Michigan, 129, 151. 
 McDonald, Ronald, 157. 
 McDowell, Rev. John, 21. 
 McGee, Mrs. William T., 242. 
 Mcllvaine, Rt. Rev. Charles Pettit, 
 
 Bishop of Ohio, 129, 151. 
 McKean, William, 41. 
 
Index. 
 
 263 
 
 McKim, Rt. Rev. John, Jlission- 
 
 ai-y Bishop of Tokio, Japan, 247. 
 McLane, Robert M., 234. 
 McTjeod, Elizabeth, 41. 
 McMurdo, Charles J., 40. 
 MeMurdo, George, 40. 
 McRae, Rev. Cameron F., 115, 124. 
 Madison, Rt. Rev. James, Bishop 
 
 of Virginia, 33. 
 Madras, India, 150. 
 Maine, 129, 233. 
 Maison, Rev. Charles A., 193. 
 Mallett, Charles P., 82-83, 103. 
 Manhattanville, N. Y., 134. 
 Manly, Gov. Charles, 105. 
 Mansfield plantation, 143, 145, 201. 
 Manteo (an Indian), Baptism of, 
 
 13, 19. 
 Marlborough, N. C, 158. 
 Marsden, Rev. Richard, 27. 
 Marshall, Chief Justice, 83. 
 Marshall, Rev. Matthias Murray, 
 
 62, 165, 190-191, 201, 228, 230, 
 
 238-239, 241, 245, 248-249. 
 Martin, Gen. James G., 190, 228- 
 
 229. 
 Martin County, N. C, 232. 
 Martinsblirg, N. Y., 92. 
 Maryland, 33, 52, 129, 146, 148, 
 
 150, 152, 165, 172, 174-175, 178- 
 
 179, 188, 198, 209-211, 214, 228, 
 
 246. 
 Mason, Rev. Henry M., 85. 
 Mason, Rev. Richard Henry, 62. 
 Mason, Rev. Richard Sharpe, 62, 
 
 69, 118, 120-121, 150, 176. 
 Massachusetts, 38-39, 104, 108, 
 
 129, 207-209. 
 Maury, William, 21. 
 Maury County, Tenn., 83. 
 Maycock, Capt. Samuel, 39. 
 Maycock's ("Maycox") planta- 
 tion, 39-40. 
 Mayo, Mary Tabb, 143. 
 Meade, Rt Rev. William, Bishop 
 
 of Virginia, 37, 58, 68, 129, 143, 
 
 146, 160, 164, 169. 
 Means, Col. Paul B., 249. 
 Mecklenburg County, Va., 45, 50- 
 
 51. 
 Medley, Rt. Rev. George, Bishop 
 
 of Fredericton, 150. 
 Meriden, Conn., 92. 
 Messenger of Hope, 181. 
 Methodists, 60, 63, 217; see also 
 
 Republican Methodists. 
 Michigan, 129, 151, 179, 224. 
 Micklejohn, Rev. George, 30. 
 Miller, Anne, 43. 
 
 XVII 
 
 Miller, Hugh, 40, 43, 143. 
 
 Miller, Jean, 43. 
 
 Miller, Lillias, 40-41, 43 ; see also 
 
 Ravenscroft, Lillias ; and Stew- 
 art, Lillias. 
 Miller, Rev. Robert Johnstone, 
 
 30, 192. 
 Miller, Rev. William, 21. 
 Mills Settlement, N. C, 193. 
 Milton, N. C, 58. 
 Mines, Rev. Flavel S., 11. 
 Minnesota, 236. 
 Mission Herald, 181. 
 Mississippi, 38, 43, 86, 129, 155, 
 
 160-161, 188, 233. 
 Mississippi River, 69. 
 Missouri, 97, 129, 179. 
 Moir, Rev. James, 21. 
 Montgomery, Ala., 155, 160-161. 
 Monumental Church, Richmond, 
 
 Va., 50-51. 
 Moore, Augustus, 120. 
 Moore, Rt. Rev. Richard Chan- 
 
 ning. Bishop of Virginia, 49-51, 
 
 54-56, 59, 146. 
 Moravian Church or Vnitas Frch 
 
 trum, 23, 64-65, 87, 95-96, 153. 
 Mordecai, George W., 106, 120, 
 
 155, 182, 185. 
 
 Morell, , 157. 
 
 Morgan, Rev. William F., 234. 
 Morganton, N. C, 159, 225-227. 
 Morganton, N. C, school at; see 
 
 Wilberforce School. 
 Morson, Hugh, 249. 
 Moseley, Edward, 27. 
 Mott, Rev. Thomas S. W., 180. 
 Muhlenburg, Rev. Dr., 210. 
 Murdoch, Rev. Francis J., 156, 
 
 227-228, 231, 239, 245. 
 Murphy, Rev. Joseph W., Ill, 165, 
 
 193, 240. 
 Murphy, Rev. William, 158. 
 Murray, James, 27. 
 Myers, William R., 227. 
 
 Nansemond County, Va., 19. 
 
 Nash, Gen. Francis, 31. 
 
 Nash, Samuel S., 2.38. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn., 68. 
 
 Nassau, Bishop of, 219. 
 
 Neely, Rt. Rev. Henry Adams, 
 
 Bishop of Maine, 233. 
 Negroes, Church work among, 18- 
 
 20, 69, 98-102, 157-159, 183-186, 
 
 216-217, 251. 
 Nelson, Rt. Rev. Cleland Kinloch, 
 
 Bishop successively of Georgia 
 
 and Atlanta, 246-247. 
 
264 
 
 Index. 
 
 Nevin, Rev. Dr., 212. 
 
 New Bern, N. C, 24, 31, 54, 56-58, 
 69, 86, 93, 95, 101, 108, 159, 169, 
 171, 187, 208. 
 
 New Hampshire, 97, 129, 179. 
 
 New Haven, Conn., 91. 
 
 New Jersey, 17, 31, 52, 96, 129, 
 151. 
 
 Newman, Rev. Thomas, 21. 
 
 New Orleans, La., 171. 
 
 Newport, Tenn., 67. 
 
 Newton Stewart, Scotland, 73. 
 
 New York, 17-18, 33, 57, 75, 84-86, 
 91-94, 96, 103, 107, 110, 117-119, 
 121, 128-129, 134-136, 150-152, 
 157, 172, 178-179, 208-210, 212- 
 213, 218-219, 223, 227, 235, 240, 
 251. 
 
 Nice, Italy, 235, 237. 
 
 Nichols, William, 61. 
 
 Niles, Robert L., 245. 
 
 Noe, Rev. Thomas P., 181. , 
 
 Nolan, Sarah A., 244. 
 
 Noll, Rev. Arthur Howard, 82-83. 
 
 Non-juring Bishops in Scotland, 
 17, 32-33. 
 
 Norfolk, Va., 146. 
 
 Northampton, Mass., 104, 108, 207. 
 
 Northern California, 171, 199, 246. 
 
 Norton, Rev. Jolin N., 80, 85. 
 
 Worton's Life of Bishop Ravens- 
 croft, 80, 85. 
 
 Norwood, William, Jr., 105. 
 
 O'Connell, Father J. J., 138. 
 
 O'Donnell, Kate, 244. 
 
 Oertel, Rev. Johannes Adam, 215. 
 
 Ohio, 55, 121, 129, 151, 219. 
 
 Ohio River, 69. 
 
 Old Catholics of Switzerland, 220. 
 
 Old Churches and Pamilies in 
 
 Virgmia, by Bishop Meade, 37. 
 Old South Meeting-House, Boston, 
 
 Mass., 38-39. 
 Olmsted, Rev. Aaron Frank, 62. 
 Onderdonk, Rt. Rev. Benjamin 
 
 Tredwell, Bishop of New York, 
 
 93. 
 Onderdonk, Rt. Rev. Henry 
 
 Ustick, Assistant Bishop of 
 
 Pennsylvania, 58, 93. 
 Orange County, N. C, 56-57, 69, 
 
 100. 
 Order of the Holy Cross, 117, 125. 
 Orton plantation, 95. 
 Osborne, Rev. Edwin Augustus, 
 
 165, 181, 195. 
 Osborne, Rev. Francis M., 202. 
 
 Osborne, Roger, 207. 
 Osborne, Sarah, 207. 
 Otey, Rt. Rev. James Hervey, 
 
 Bishop of Tennessee, 58, 65-66, 
 
 68, 82-83, 94, 129, 151, 160, 169. 
 Oxford, N. C, 58, 227. 
 Oxford, England, 100, 122; see 
 
 also Wilberforee, Bt. Rev. 
 
 Samuel. 
 
 Page, Dr. Matthew, 113-114. 
 Palmer, Gen., 171. 
 Pamlico Precinct, 22. 
 Pamlico River, 152. 
 Pan-Anglican Congress, 189. 
 Paret, Rt. Rev. William, Bishop 
 
 of Maryland, 246. 
 Paris, France, 234. 
 Parish histories, 192-193. , 
 Parker, Haywood, 157. 
 Parker, Rev. John Haywood, 154. 
 Parker, Mary, 208. 
 Parkman, Rev. Charles M., 193. 
 Passmore, Rev. William, 111. 
 Pasquotank Precinct or County, 
 
 22-23. 
 Pastoral staff presented to Bishop 
 
 Lyman, 241-242. 
 Patterson, Rev. George, 111, 165, 
 
 201. 
 Penick, Rt. Rev. Charles Clifton, 
 
 Bishop of Cape Palmas, South 
 
 Africa, 199. 
 Pennsylvania, 17, 33, 52, 92, 129, 
 
 157, 163, 175, 179, 187, 209-211, 
 
 235. 
 Pensacola, Fla., 97. 
 Perquimans Parish, 23. 
 Perquimans Precinct, 22-23. 
 Perry, Rt. Rev. William Stevens, 
 
 Bishop of Iowa, 135, 162, 214. 
 Peterborough, Bishop of, 33. 
 Petersburg, Va., 37, 42, 143, 145, 
 
 149. 
 Petrie, Rt. Rev. Arthur, Scotch 
 
 Bishop, 32. 
 Pettigrew, Rev. Charles, first 
 
 Bishop-elect of North Carolina, 
 
 21-22, 29-30, 63, 94, 239. 
 Pettigrew, Mrs. Charles, 63, 94. 
 Pettigrew, Rev. Wiliam S., 231, 
 
 238-239. 
 Pettigrew family, 98-100. 
 Pettigrew's Chapel, 29, 63, 99. 
 Phelps, Rev. Girard W., 132, 165. 
 Philadelphia, Pa., 52, 58, 66-67, 
 
 83-84, 86, 92, 96, 121, 152, 173, 
 
 175-176 178, 218. 
 
Index. 
 
 265 
 
 Philips, Judge Frederick, 238-239. 
 Phillips, Rev. John, 59. 
 Phillips, Rev. John Lett, 21. 
 Pike, Gen., 92. 
 
 Pine, Mountain, Battle of, 169. 
 Pinkney, Rt. Rev. William, Bishop 
 
 of Maryland, 198. 
 Pittsburg, Pa., 179, 211. 
 Pitt Ctounty, N. C, 57, 158, 232. 
 Pittenger, Rev. I. McK., 216, 243, 
 
 248. 
 Pittenger, Mrs. I. McK., 242. 
 Pitts, Rev. Thomas D., 201. 
 Pittsborough, N. C, 77, 155-156, 
 
 196. 
 Pius IX., Pope, 127, 213. 
 Plantation Sketches, by Mrs. Dev- 
 
 ereux, 158. 
 "Pleasant," a horse, 72-74. 
 Pleasants, Anne, 143. 
 Plymouth, N. C, 169-170. 
 Pocahontas, 42. 
 Polk, Rt. Rev. Leonidas, Bishop 
 
 of Louisiana, 58-59, 78, 155, 160, 
 
 196. 
 Polk, Col. William, 78. 
 Polk family in Tennessee, 83. 
 Pollock, Acting Governor Thomas, 
 
 26. 
 Population of the colony of North 
 
 Carolina, 18. 
 Porthkerry, South Wales, 42. 
 Portsmouth, Va., 171. 
 Potter, Rt. Rev. Alonzo, Bishop 
 
 of Pennsylvania, 129. 
 
 Potter, Rt. Rev. Horatio, Bishop 
 
 of New York, 179. 
 Pow, Rev. WUliam, 22. 
 Presbyter (or priest), office of, 
 
 9-11. 
 Presbyterians, 31, 49, 60, 77, 91- 
 
 92, 114, 144. 
 Preshyterian Clergyman LooTcimg 
 
 for the Church, by Dr. Mines, 
 
 11. 
 Priest, office of; see Presbyter. 
 Prince, Henry A., 157. 
 Prince George County, Va., 37, 
 
 40, 42. 
 Protestant Episcopal Church ; see 
 
 Episcopal Church, and Anglican 
 
 Church. 
 Prout, Rev. Henry H., 111. 
 Prout, Mrs. Henry H., 113. 
 "Provincial System," 162. 
 Provoost, Rt. Rev. Samuel, Bishop 
 
 of New^ York, 33. 
 
 Quakers, 19, 29, 31. 
 Quebec, Canada, 73. 
 Queensland, Bishop of, 219. 
 Quin, Rev. Charles Carroll, 249. 
 Quintard, Rt. Rev. Charles Todd, 
 Bishop of Tennessee, 155, 198. 
 
 Rainsford, Rev. Giles, 19-21. 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 13-14. 
 
 Raleigh, N. C, 51, 55, 57, 70-71, 
 75, 93-94, 118, 125, 128, 144, 149- 
 151, 153, 155, 157, 166, 174, 180- 
 182, 193-194, 214, 216, 223, 285, 
 245, 247, 250. 
 
 Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, 
 Va., 143. 
 
 Randolph, Rt. Rev. Alfred Magill, 
 Bishop of Southern Virginia, 
 233, 249. 
 
 Randolph, John, 44. 
 
 Randolph County, N. C, 217. 
 
 Randolph, Tenn., 82. 
 
 Rathbun, Rev. Scott B., 181. 
 
 Rauch, , 24. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Anne, 41. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Anne Spotswood 
 Burwell, 45-46, 70. 
 
 Ravenscroft, DIonysia, 38. 
 
 Ravenscroft, George (son of Sam- 
 uel), 38. 
 
 Ravenscroft, George (son of 
 John), 41. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Jean, 41. 
 
 Ravenscroft, John, 38-40. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Dr. John, 38, 41-43. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Rt. Rev. John 
 Staek, first Bishop of North 
 Carolina, sketch of, 37-88; see 
 also 11-13, 33, 91, 93-95, 101, 
 104, 118, 158, 214, 238, 239, 251. 
 
 Ravenscroft, i/Illias, 40-41 ; see 
 also Miller, Llllias, and Stew- 
 art, Lillias. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Peyton, 41. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Capt. Samuel, 38. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Samuel, Jr., 38. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Sarah, 38. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Sarah Buford, 70. 
 
 Ravenscroft, Col. Thomas, 38-40. 
 
 Ravenscroft (the See House), 82. 
 
 Ravenscroft Academy, Fayette- 
 ville, N. C, 82. 
 
 Ravenscroft Chapel, Tipton 
 County, Tenn., 82-83. 
 
 Ravenscroft College, Columbia, 
 Tenn., 83. 
 
 Ravenscroft Grove, Raleigh, N. 0., 
 82, 107. 
 
266 
 
 Index. 
 
 Ravenscroft School, Asheville, 
 N. C, 82, 103, 155-157, 179, 202. 
 
 Reasons for Being a Churchman, 
 by Dr. Little, 10-11. 
 
 Recent Past, from a Southern 
 Standpoint, by Bishop Wilmer, 
 98. 
 
 Reed, Rev. James, 30. 
 
 Reld, Rev. John, 22. 
 
 Religious liberty in Carolina, 14- 
 15. 
 
 Republican Methodists, 47-49 ; see 
 also Methodists. 
 
 Revolutionary War, Church's 
 patriotism in, 30-32. 
 
 Reynolds, Rt. Rev. Charles Igna- 
 tius, Roman Catholic Bishop, 
 213. 
 
 Rhode Island, 143. 
 
 Rice, Rev. Benjamin H., 144. 
 
 Rice, Rev. John H., 84-85, 144. 
 
 Rich, Rev. Bdvrard R., 190, 201, 
 216, 228, 230. 
 
 Richardson, Rev. Mr., 132. 
 
 Richardson, Nathaniel, 104. 
 
 Richmond, Rev. William, 69, 71. 
 
 Richmond, Va., 49-50, 94, 152, 164, 
 216. 
 
 Roanoke Island Colony, 13-14, 19. 
 
 Roanoke River, 157. 
 
 Robeson County, N. C, 231-232. 
 
 Robertson, Alexander, 245. 
 
 Robertson, Peter, 42. 
 
 Robertson, Susan Boone, 245 ; see 
 also Lyman, Susan Boone Rob- 
 ertson. 
 
 Robinson, Rev. John, 47. 
 
 Rochester, Bishop of, 29, 33. 
 
 Rockflsh, N. C, 168. 
 
 Rocky Mount, N. C, 158. 
 
 Rolfe, Jane, 42. 
 
 Roman Catholicism, 12-13, 31, 87, 
 92, 94, 112-139, 211-213. 
 
 Rome, Italy, 126-128, 133, 211-212, 
 222-223, 235. 
 
 Root, Mrs. Charles, 242. 
 
 Rose, F. R., 238. 
 
 Roulhac, Joseph B. G., 154. 
 
 Round Hill Academy, Northamp- 
 ton, Mass., 104, 108. 
 
 Rowan, Rev. John, 22. 
 
 Rovi'an County, N. C, 24, 57, 69, 
 192. 
 
 Royal Chapel, Savoy, London, 237. 
 
 Royce, Hannah, 91. 
 
 Ruffin, Chief Justice Thomas, 182. 
 
 Rutledge, Rt. Rev. Francis Huger, 
 Bishop of Florida, 129, 160. 
 
 St. Agnes' Hospital, Raleigh, N. C, 
 
 186. 
 St. Alban's Abbey, England, 221. 
 St. Alban's Church, Littleton, 
 
 N. C, 132. 
 St. Andrew's Church, Burke 
 
 County, N. C, 57. 
 St. Andrew's Church, Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., 135, 173. 
 St. Augustine's Chapel, Raleigh, 
 
 N. C, 186. 
 St. Augustine's School, Raleigh, 
 
 N. C, 186, 216, 248, 250. 
 St. Helena, Cal., 244. 
 St. James's Church, Iredell 
 
 County, N. C, 193. 
 St. James's Church, Wilmington, 
 
 N. C, 57, 75, 79, 95, 97, 100, 
 
 150, 166-167, 169, 191, 200-201, 
 211, 232. 
 
 St. James's College, Maryland, 
 
 175, 209-211, 244. 
 St. John's Chapel, New York, 150. 
 St. John's Church, Dresden, Ger- 
 many, 234. 
 St. John's Church, Fayetteville, 
 
 N. C, 54-55, 57, 75, 101, 122, 182, 
 
 208. 
 St. John's Church, Hagerstown, 
 
 Md., 209. 
 St. John's Church, Maury County, 
 
 Tenn., 82-83. 
 St. John's Church, Washington, 
 
 D. C, 81. 
 St. John's Church, Williamsbor- 
 
 ough, N. C, 57, 70, 153. 
 St. John's Church, Wilmington, 
 
 N. C, 192, 200. 
 St. John's Parish, Pasquotank 
 
 Precinct, N. C, 22. 
 St. Jude's Church, Orange County, 
 
 N. C, 57. 
 St. Louis, Mo., 179. 
 St. Luke's Church, Salisbury, 
 
 N. C, 58, 154, 228. 
 St. Mark's Church, Halifax, N. 0., 
 
 57, 177. 
 St. Mark's Church, IredeU County, 
 
 N. C, 193. 
 St. Mark's Church, Wilmington, 
 
 N. C, 182, 200. 
 St. Mary's Church, Orange 
 
 County, N. C, 57. 
 St. Mary's School, Raleigh, N. C, 
 
 82-83, 102-103, 105, 107-108, 135, 
 
 151, 166, 174, 193-195, 210, 243. 
 
Index. 
 
 267 
 
 St. Matthew's Church, Hillsbor- 
 ough, N. C, 182, 193. 
 St. Matthew's Church, Kinston, 
 
 N. C, 58. 
 St. Michael's Church, Charleston, 
 
 S. C, 245. 
 St. Michael's Church, Iredell 
 
 County, N. C, 57. 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, London, 
 
 219-220 237. 
 St. Paul's Church, Bdenton, N. C, 
 
 22-23, 25-28, 57, 93, 100, 167, 193. 
 St. Paul's Church, Lynchburg, Va., 
 
 146. 
 St Paul's Church, Norfolk, Va., 
 
 146. 
 St. Paul's Church, MUton, N. C, 
 
 58. 
 St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia, 
 
 Pa., 52. 
 St. Paul's Church, Rome, Italy, 
 
 212. 
 St. Paul's Church, Wilmington, 
 
 N. C, 192, 200, 202. 
 St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., 
 
 211. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, Baltimore, 
 
 Md., 122, 146, 148, 199. 
 St. Peter's Church, Charlotte, 
 
 N. C, 170, 195. 
 St. Peter's Church, Lexington, 
 
 N. C, 57. 
 St. Peter's Church, Lincoln 
 
 County, N. C, 58. 
 St. Peter's Church, Pittsburg, Pa., 
 
 211. 
 St. Peter's Church, Washington, 
 
 N. C, 58, 152, 169. 
 St. Peter's Hospital, Charlotte, 
 
 N. C, 196. 
 St. Philip's Church, Brunswick, 
 
 N. C, 25, 27-28, 95, 192. , 
 St Philip's Church, Smithville 
 
 (now Southport), N. C, 192. 
 St. Stephen's Church, Oxford, 
 
 N. C, 58. 
 St Thomas's Church, Bath, N. C, 
 
 20, 22-25, 28, 53, 58, 152, 193, 
 
 218. 
 St Timothy's Chapel, near Eden- 
 ton, N. C, 100. 
 Salem, Mass., 40. 
 Salem, N. C, 23, 63-64, 95-96, 153. 
 Salem Academy, Salem, N. C, 
 
 152. 
 Salem Chapel, Orange County, 
 
 N. C, 100. 
 
 Salisbury, N. C, 24, 57-58, 69, 94, 
 154, 227-228. 
 
 Sampson County, N. C, 232. 
 
 San Francisco, Cal., 213. 
 
 Saunders, Miss Anne, 97. 
 
 Saunders, Rev. Joseph Hubbard, 
 97, 103-104. 
 
 Saunders, William L., 97. 
 
 Savage, Dionysia, 38. , 
 
 Savage, Thomas, 38. 
 
 Schereschewsky, Rt. Rev. Samuel 
 Isaac Joseph, Missionary Bish- 
 op of Shanghai, China, 246. 
 
 Scot, Gen. Patrick George, 42. 
 
 Scot, Dr. William, 42. 
 
 Scotland Neck, N. C, 170. 
 
 Scott, Rt. Rev. Thomas Fielding, 
 Missionary Bishop of Washing- 
 ton and Oregon, 151. 
 
 Seabury, Rt. Rev. Samuel, Bishop 
 of Connecticut, 32-33. 
 
 Seabury, Rev. Samuel, 126. 
 
 Seal of the Diocese, 8, 240. 
 
 See House; see Bishop's resi- 
 dence. 
 
 Sewanee, 160 ; see also University 
 of the South. 
 
 Seymour, Rt Rev. George Frank- 
 lin, Bishop of Springfield, 214, 
 233. 
 
 Shanghai, China, 246-247. 
 
 Shaw, Rev. Mr., 55. 
 
 Shelton, Frederick W., 105. 
 
 Sherman's Army, 169. 
 
 Shoenberger, John H., 157. 
 
 Silliman, Fanny, 91. 
 
 Singletary, Rev. John, 105. 
 
 Skiles, Rev. William West, 111, 
 113, 167. 
 
 Skinner, Rt. Rev. John, Scotch 
 Bishop, 32. 
 
 Skinner, Joshua, 98, 100. 
 
 Sklpwith, Sir Peyton, 43. 
 
 Slaughter, Rev. Philip, 145. 
 
 Slaves; see Negroes. 
 
 Smedes, Rev. Aldert, 62, 83, 102, 
 107-108, 135, 165-166, 193-194, 
 228. 
 
 Smedes, Rev. Bennett 102, 165- 
 166, 194, 202, 210, 240, 243, 248. 
 
 Smedes, Ives, 135. 
 
 Smedes, Rev. John B. C, 186. 
 
 SmimofC, Rev. Mr., 235. 
 
 Smith, Rev. Aristides S., 165. 
 
 Smith, Rt. Rev. Benjamin Bos- 
 worth, Bishop of Kentucky, 69, 
 129. 
 
 Smith, Rev. J. Brinton, 186. 
 
268 
 
 Index. 
 
 Smith, James Norfleet, 100. 
 Smith, Richard H., 100, 176, 190, 
 
 228. 
 Smith, Rev. Walter J., 181, 195. 
 Smith, William Ruffin, 100, 196. 
 Smithfield, N. C, 31. 
 Smith ville (now Southport), N. C, 
 
 95, 192. 
 Smithwick, Edward, 26. 
 Smyrna Church, Lincoln County, 
 
 N. C, 57. 
 Society for the Promotion of 
 
 Christian Knowledge, 105. 
 Society for the Propagation of 
 
 the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 3, 
 
 16, 20, 105, 122, 219. 
 Somerset plantation, 85. 
 South Africa, 42, 199. 
 South Carolina, 22, 52, 58, 93, 95, 
 
 106, 147-148. 151, 155, 160-161, 
 
 163, 194, 199, 213, 231, 233, 245, 
 
 247, 252. 
 
 ifouthern GJmrchman, 216. 
 
 Southern Virginia, 249. 
 
 Southgate, Rt. Rev. Horatio, re- 
 tired Bishop, 150. 
 
 South Mountain, 175. 
 
 Southport (formerly Smlthville), 
 N. C, 95, 192. 
 
 South Wales, 42. 
 
 Southwark, Pa., 93. 
 
 Southwest, Missionary Jurisdic- 
 tion of the, 129, 161-163, 174, 
 198, 214. 
 
 Southwest Parish of Chowan 
 Precinct, 23. 
 
 Southwest Parish of Pasquotank 
 Precinct, 23. 
 
 Spalding, Rt. Rev. John Franklin, 
 Bishop of Colorado, 219. 
 
 Spanish Armada, 14. 
 
 Spencer, Rt. Rev. George Trevor, 
 Bishop of Madras, India, 150. 
 
 Spokane, Wash., 247. 
 
 Sprague, Rev. William B., 85. 
 
 Springfield, 111., 233. 
 
 Spruill, Frank S., 243. 
 
 Spruill, George E., 105. 
 
 Stanly, John, 54. 
 
 Stark, Rebecca, 40. 
 
 Stark, William, 40. 
 
 Stauber, , 23. 
 
 Steiner, Dr. Bernard C, 209. 
 
 Stevens, Rt Rev. William Bacon, 
 Assistant Bishop of Pennsyl- 
 vania, 163, 175, 187. 
 
 Stewart, Rev. Alexander, 20-22, 
 25, 53. 
 
 Stewart, Rt Rev. Charles James, 
 Bishop of Quebec, 73. 
 
 Stewart, Gilbert McLeod, 41. 
 
 Stewart, Rev. Henry Holmes, 41. 
 
 Stewart, James, 41-42. 
 
 Stewart, Keith, 41. 
 
 Stewart, Lillias, 73, 75-76 ; see also 
 Miller, Lillias ; and Ravens- 
 croft, Lillias. 
 
 Stewart, Patrick, 41. 
 
 Stewart, Rev. Ravenscroft, 41. 
 
 Stewart, Stair, 41. 
 
 (See also Stuart.) 
 
 Stith, Anne, 43. 
 
 Stoneland plantation, 45. 
 
 Stony-lonesome plantation, 108. 
 
 Strange, Judge Robert, 82. 
 
 Strange, Col. Robert, 176, 228. 
 
 Strange, Rt. Rev. Robert, Bishop 
 of East Carolina, 199, 216, 224, 
 233, 288, 246. 
 
 Stuart, Charles, 82. 
 
 (See also Stewart.) 
 
 Suffragan Bishop, office of, 190. 
 
 Summit, N. C, 177. 
 
 Sutton, Rev. Robert B., 186, 225- 
 226. 
 
 Swift, John H., 179. 
 
 Talbot, Rev. John, 17. 
 Tarborough, N. C, 56, 58, 238- 
 
 239, 246. 
 Tate, Col. Samuel McDowell, 227. 
 Taylor, Rev. Charles Edward, 22, 
 
 30. 
 Taylor, Chief Justice John Louis, 
 
 59. 
 Tennessee, 18, 66-67, 82-83, 94, 
 
 129, 151, 155, 160-161, 169, 198, 
 
 217-218. 
 Texas, 132, 155, 160-161. 
 Thomas, Gen. George H., 172. 
 Thomas, Rev. Samuel, 22. 
 Thompson, Rt Rev. Hugh Miller, 
 
 Bishop of Mississippi, 214. 
 Thompson, Lewis, 195. 
 Thompson Orphanage, Charlotte, 
 
 N. C, 195-196, 247, 250. , 
 Thurston, Rev. William, 111. 
 Tlllinghast, Rev. John Huske, 165. 
 Tipton County, Tenn., 82. 
 Toale, Rev. William, 22. 
 Tokio, Japan, 247. 
 Tremlett, Eev. Dr., 223. 
 Trenton, N. J., 31. 
 Trials of a Mind in Its Progress 
 
 to OathoUcism, by ex-Bishop 
 
 Ives, 133, 135. 
 
Index. 
 
 269 
 
 Trinity Church, Asheville, N. C, 
 
 235. 
 Trinity Church, Chocowinity, 
 
 Beaufort County, N. C, 54, 58. 
 Trinity Church, Columbus, Ga., 
 
 66. 
 Trinity Church, New York, 63. 
 Trinity Church, Pliiladelphia, Pa., 
 
 92, 94. 
 Trinity Church, Pittsburg, Pa., 
 
 211. 
 Trinity Church, San Francisco, 
 
 Cal., 213. 
 Trinity Church, Scotland Neck, 
 
 N. C, 170. 
 Trinity Church, Tarborough, N. C, 
 
 58. 
 Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 
 
 69, 175, 199, 211, 245-246. 
 Trinity College, North Carolina, 
 
 217. 
 Trinity School, Chocowinity, 
 
 Beaufort County, N. C, 196. 
 Trinity School, Wake County, N. C, 
 
 103, 108-109. 
 Tucker, Judge Henry St. George, 
 
 145. 
 Tucker, Mrs. Rufus S., 242. 
 Tucker, St. George, 145. 
 Tucker, Mrs. William T., 242. 
 Turner, Rev. Job, 223. 
 Tyler, Dr. Lyon G., 39. 
 Tyler, Dr. Moses Coit, 224. 
 Tyng, Rev. Stephen H., 55. 
 
 Unit as Fratwm; see Moravian 
 
 Church. 
 University of Aberdeen, 57. 
 University of Edinburgh, 40. 
 University of North Carolina, 75, 
 
 96, 109, 135, 199, 244. 
 University of the South, at Se- 
 
 wanee, Tenn., 155, 168, 215. 
 University of Virginia, 75, 143- 
 
 146. 
 Union Chapel, Wayne County, 
 
 N. C, 58. 
 Upfold, Rt. Rev. George, Bishop 
 
 of Indiana, 129. 
 Upjohn, Richard, 62. 
 Urmstone, Rev. John, 20-22. 
 
 Valle Crusis Mission, Watauga 
 County, N. C, 94, 102, 109-113, 
 115-116, 125, 167. 
 
 Valley Forge, 30. 
 
 Van Antwerp, David D., 202. 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Miss Marie An- 
 toinette, 242. 
 
 Vaughan, Rev. Maurice Hamilton, 
 
 165. 
 Vermont, 129, 173, 207. 
 Vine HiU plantation, 225. 
 Virginia, 14, 19, 22, 33, 37-52, 55- 
 
 57, 66, 68, 70, 73, 94, 97, 104, 
 
 129, 152, 160-161, 165, 169, 171, 
 
 201, 210, 223, 233, 249. 
 Virginia Magazine of History and 
 
 Biography, 40. 
 
 Wachovia, N. C, 23. 
 
 Waddell, Alfred Moore, 239. 
 
 Waddell, Maurice Q., 77-78. 
 
 Wadesborough, N. C, 57, 95, 169. 
 
 Wainwright, Rt. Rev. Jonathan 
 Mayhew, Provisional Rishop of 
 New York, 84, 129. 
 
 Wake County, N. C, 73. 
 
 Walker, Gov. Henderson, 26. 
 
 Walker, Rev. William 243. 
 
 Walling, William, 25. 
 
 Wallingford, Conn., 132. 
 
 Walton, Col. Thomas George, 225- 
 227. 
 
 Warrenton, N. C, 57, 93, 103-104. 
 
 Washington, George, 31. 
 
 Washington State, 247. 
 
 Washington, D. C, 81. 
 
 Washington, N. C, 56, 58, 101, 
 169, 196-197. 
 
 Washington County, Md., 210. 
 
 Watauga County, N. C, 109. 
 
 Watauga Valley, N. C, 110. 
 
 Waters, Rev. Cyrus, 171. 
 
 Watson, Rt. Rev. Alfred Augus- 
 tln, Bishop of Bast Carolina, 
 121, 165-167, 190, 193, 201, 214, 
 228-229, 232-233, 238-239, 246, 
 248-249. 
 
 Wayne County, N. C, 232. 
 
 Waynesborough, N. C, 58. 
 
 Weddington, N. Y., 118. 
 
 Welles, Rt. Rev. Edward Ran- 
 dolph, Bishop of Wisconsin, 199. 
 
 Wells, Rt. Rev. Lemuel Henry, 
 Bishop of Spokane, 247. 
 
 Welton, Rev. Richard, 17. 
 
 West, John Spence, 54. 
 
 Westchester County, N. Y., 134- 
 136. 
 
 West Durham, N. C, 225. 
 Western New York, 129. 
 Weston, Rev. James A., 165. 
 Wetmore, Rev. William R., 169. 
 
 Whinston [Winston?], Rev. , 
 
 22. 
 
270 
 
 Index. 
 
 Whipple, Rt. Rev. Henry Benja- 
 min, Bisliop of Minnesota, 236. 
 
 WMtaker, Rev. Walter C, 98. 
 
 White, Rt. Rev. William, Bishop 
 of Pennsylvania, 33, 52, 92-93. 
 
 Whitehaven Church, Lincoln 
 County, N. C, 57. 
 
 Whitehouse, Rt. Rev. Henry John, 
 Bishop of lUinios, 129, 187. 
 
 White Plains, Battle of, 30. 
 
 Whittingham, Rt. Rev. William 
 Rolllnson, Bishop of Maryland, 
 129, 148, 209-210, 214. 
 
 Whittle, Rt. Rev. Francis Mc- 
 Neece, Bishop of Virginia, 201. 
 
 Wilberforce, Rt. Rev. Samuel, 
 Bishop of Oxford, 196, 225 ; see 
 also Oxford, Bishop of. 
 
 Wilberforce School, Morganton, 
 N. C, 156, 196, 225-227. 
 
 Wilder, John, 149. 
 
 WUder, Josepha Gwinn, 149 ; see 
 also Atkinson, Josepha Gvyinn. 
 
 Wilkes, Capt. John, 170, 230, 249. 
 
 Wilkinson, Col. William, 26. 
 
 William and Mary College, Wil- 
 liamsburg, Va., 44, 75, 104, 156. 
 
 Williams, Rt. Rev. John, Assist- 
 ant Bishop of Connecticut, 129. 
 
 Williamsborough, N. C, 57-58, 66, 
 70-71, 78-79, 153. 
 
 Williamsburg, Va., 37, 143; see 
 also William and Mary College. 
 
 Wills, Rev. John, 22. 
 
 Wilmer, Rev. George T., 97, 156. 
 
 Wilmer, Rt. Rev. Joseph Pere 
 Bell, Bishop of Louisiana, 98, 
 219-220. 
 
 Wilmer, Rt. Rev. Richard Hooker, 
 Bishop of Alabama, 97-98, 115, 
 161, 163-164, 172-173. 
 
 Wilmington, N. C, 25, 54-57, 75, 
 
 79, 95, 100, 105, 111, 150, 153, 
 
 165-167, 169, 179, 188, 191-192, 
 
 199-202, 223, 228, 232. 
 Wilson, Turner, 63. 
 Wilson, N. C, 158. 
 Wilson County, N. C, 231. 
 Winchester, Va., 145. 
 Winchester (England), Bishop of, 
 
 220. 
 Windley, Rev. Robert B., 192. 
 Windsor, Conn., 207. 
 Wingfield, Rt. Rev. John Henry 
 
 Duchachet, Bishop of Northern 
 
 California, 171, 199, 214, 246. 
 Winslow, Rev. Edward, 57. 
 Wlnslow, Edward Lee, 57, 85, 105, 
 
 168. 
 Wlnslow, John (Boston, Mass.), 
 
 38. 
 Winslow, John (FayettevlUe, N. 
 
 C), 54, 56-57. 
 Winslow, Warren, 57. 
 Winston, Dr. George T., 242. 
 Winston (?) ; see Whinston. 
 Winston, N. C, 153, 197. 
 Winston-Salem, N. C, 180, 252; 
 
 see Salem, N. C. 
 Wisconsin, 129, 199. 
 Woodmason, Rev. Charles, 22. 
 Wright, John W., 82, 84. 
 Wright, Rev. Thomas, 69. 
 
 Wutke, , 24. 
 
 Wythe, George, 44. 
 
 Tale University, 145, 208. 
 Yellow fever epidemic, 166-167. 
 York, Archbishops of, 33, 237. 
 York, England, 187. 
 Yorktown, Va., 30, 165. 
 
 [THE END.]