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BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
 FROM THE 
 
 SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 Henrs ^< Sage 
 
 1891 
 
 ^,Xiz'/p xt/.^.^../f^.ay. 
 
 T 
 
 7673-2 
 
SAA^ITZLER'S 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 History of Missouri, 
 
 FROM 1541 TO 1881. 
 
 CONTRIBUTORS. 
 
 ARCHEOLOGY, - - - A. J. Conant, A. M. 
 
 HISTORY, ----- Co;.. W. F. Switzler. 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, - G. C. Swallow, LL. D. 
 
 MATERIAL WEALTH, - - R. A. Campbell, C. E. 
 
 C. K. BARNS, EDITOR AND PUBLISHER, 
 
 SAINT LOUIS, 
 1881. 
 
Enterr J acconling to Att of Congress in the year 1ST), by 
 
 CHANCY R. BAKNS, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Consi'sss at Washington. 
 
EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 The material of the present work was originally included in a 
 large and costly volume entitled "The Commonwealth, of Mis- 
 souri," the price of which placed it boyond the reach of the 
 majority of readers. Everything of permanent value in the 
 larger work has been retained in this, and all extraneous mat- 
 ter omitted ; and the work is now offered at a figure which it is 
 hoped will meet the popular demand. 
 
 Identified with the growth of our noble State for over half a 
 century, a considerable portion of the time in public life, no 
 person could have been found better qualified to write its history 
 than the distinguished gentleman whose name appears upon our 
 title-page. Col. W. F. Switzler, Editor of the Columbia States- 
 man. Blessed with a remarkable memory, and having all his 
 life given particular attention to the preservation of documents 
 and memoranda of every description relating to the history 
 and growth of Missouri, he has enjoyed unequalled advantages 
 in the preparation of the work ; advantages which have been 
 supplemented by a patriotic ardor which age cannot cool, and a 
 discriminating judgment which preserves the truth, unswerved 
 by prejudice or partisan feeling. The unvarying accuracy of his 
 record has already been the subject of much complimentary 
 remark. 
 
 The numerous mounds and other pre-historic relics found 
 within our borders indicate that Missouri was once the seat of 
 a mighty empire, of which these relics are now the only traces. 
 It has been thought proper, therefore, to precede the History by 
 
VI. KDITOIl'S T'REFACK. 
 
 an account of these ancient remains. Prof. Coa'Ant's aclmii^aMy 
 written chapters, while giving such an account, jDresent also a 
 complete epitome of the science of Archaeology. 
 
 The contributions on the Physical Geography and Material 
 Wealth of Missouri, by Prof. Swallow and R. A. Campbell, 
 added to the preceding sections, make the present work the most 
 complete picture of our State yet offered to the public. 
 
 For himself the editor claims no credit beyond that of an 
 earnest effbrt to present in an attractive and useful shape the pro- 
 ductions of the abler men whose names appear above. 
 
 Chancy R. Baens. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I —ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Fage. 
 
 Traces of Vanished Peoples. — Their World-wide Diflfiision. — Russian Earth- 
 works. — Epyptian Monuments Ancient at (he Date of Oldest Records. — A 
 Troy Still Older than the Ancient Troy of Homer. 3 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Methods of the Archoeologist. — The Shell-heaps of the Baltic. — The Buried For- 
 ests of Denmark. — The Sisterhood of Science. — The Five Geological Periods. 
 — The Ages of Stone and Bronze. — Iron in Common Use Three Thousand 
 Years Ago 7 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 No "Age of Bronze" in America. — Traditions Regarding the Mounds. — Tus- 
 carora Chronology. — The Animal Mounds of the Upper Mississippi Region. — 
 Ancient Fish Traps. — Burial, Sacrificial and Historical Mounds 12 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Archaeological Monuments of Missouri. — Their i-apid destruction. — Sites of 
 Towns and Cities. — Tlie Laboi-s of H. M. Brackenridge. — The Big Mound at 
 St. Louis. — Col. 0"Fallon"s Residence Erected on an Ancient Mound. — The 
 Mounds in Forest Park. — Evidences of a Vast Population. — New Madrid its 
 Center. — Description of Vai-ious Works 25 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 One People the Builders of these Mounds.— Cremation and Burial Mounds.— Tlie 
 Big Mound at St. Louis.— Mistaken Views.— Minute Description of the Work. 
 Stone Mounds.- Stone Sepulchres in St. Louis and Peny Counties iiS 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 •'Tlie Cave-Dwellers."— T.ales of Discoveries in Kentucky, etc.— The Caves of 
 the Ozark Mountains.— Proofs of Long Occupancy.— Skeletons and other 
 Relics Found.- The Cave-Dwellers a different race from the Mound-Builders. 47 
 
VIII. TABEE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Temple Mounds.— Growtli of Ancient Beligions Systems.— Characteristics of tiiis 
 Class of Monuments.^Tlie Great Mound at Caliokia its best Kepreseiitative 
 In North America. — Braekemidge's Description of it in 1811. — How it came to 
 be called "Monk's Mound."— The Ceremonies of the Sun-Worshippers.— 
 Other Temple Monnds. — The Indians not Descended From the Mound- 
 Builders 53 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Garderi Mounds. — The Food of the I^re-Historic Races. — Fish Probably one of 
 their Main Kesources. — Tlie use of the Ditclies within tlieii- City Walls. — 
 Domestic Animals. — Agriculture. — Keligious Systems. — Dissimilarity between 
 Northern and Southern Tribes of Indians. — Traces of Aztec Culture Among 
 the Latter. — ^Vast Numbers of the Garden Mounds. — Proofs of their Purpose. 
 — The Utah Mounds. — Interesting Discoveries. — A new Variety of Wheat 
 Grown from Kernels found Therein. — An Opening for Further Kesearches. . . 62 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Miscellaneous Works — Historical or National Festival Mounds. — Stone Struc- 
 tm'es. — Euins on the Gasconade Eiver. — Group near Louisiana, Mo. — Some 
 Indiana Eelics.— Cremation Cliambers. — Proofs of Agricultural Knowledge. 
 — Great Canals Ante-dating the Erie. — Ancient Counterparts of Modern 
 Achievements. — Our Soutliern " Bayous " of Artificial Origin 70 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Pottery. — Superiority of Pre-Historic America Wares over those of Europe. — 
 Imitations of Living Objects. — The Materials Used. — Reliquaries. — Skulls 
 Enclosed in Earthen Vessels. — Bowls with Ornamental Heads. — Probabilities 
 of Higher Art Among the Ancients.^ 79 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Crania. ^Differences Between the Skulls of the Mound-Builders and the Indians. 
 
 — Difficulties of the Subject. — Two Varieties of Crania in the same Mounds. 
 
 Principles of Classification. — Influence of Local Customs. — Peruvian Skulls. — 
 Characteristics of Missouri Specimens, etc. — The Tools of Ancient Americans. 
 — Proofs of a Knowledge of Iron 97 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Concluding Observations.— The Origin of tlie Pre-Historic Races of America.— 
 Theory of S'pontaneous Generation. — The Law Governing their Migrations.— 
 Successive jNIovements of the K ahua Race. — The Aztecs the Last Colony of 
 that People. — Opinions of Baron Humboldt. — Our own Country Probably the 
 Original Home of the Aztec Civilization.— The Indian Races of Asiatic Origin. 
 —Facilities of Immigration via. Behring's Straits. — A Personal Word. — Dry 
 Bones Clothed , , ....,, ,,,,,,,... 113 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX. 
 
 PART II.-HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Expedition of Juan Ponce De Leon In 1512, to Florida, in search of Gold and the 
 Fountain of Eternal Youth. — His Failure and Death — l^e Soto's Marvelous 
 Expedition in 1539. — A Splendid Pageant. — He Discovers the River Missis- 
 sippi in 1541. — Crosses it, and Marches into the Present Territorj' of Missouri. 
 — DeSoto's Death and Koniantic Burial 127 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 Louisiana. — French Explorations.— Acquisition of Louisiana. — Missouri a Portion 
 of the Province. — Expedition of Marquette and Joliet in 167?. — They Discover 
 the Upper Mississippi and the Mouth of the Missouri 133 
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 Discovery of the Mouth of tlie Mississippi.— La Salle and Hennepin.— Seeking a 
 Korthwest Passage to China, they Discover the Mouth of the Mississsppi and 
 Take Formal Possession of the Country in the Name of Louis XIV.— In Honor 
 of Him they Call it " Louisiana." — Missouri a Portion of it. — Letters Patent 
 to Cruzat. John Law's Company 137 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Firet Settlement in Missouri.— The French Settle Ste. Genevieve in 1735.— Its In- 
 undation in 17S5.— New Bourbon— Kenault's Searches for Gold and Silver. . . 142 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Laclede.— St. Louis.—" The Louisiana Fur Company."'— Laclede its Master Spirit. 
 —His Expedition from New Orleans in 1763.— Ste. Genevieve.— Fort de Char- 
 tres.- A Description.— Discovery by Laclede, in 1764, of the Site of St. Louis. 
 —Extracts from an Address of Hon. Wilson Primm.— Laclede's Death and 
 Burial.— What a Bubble is Fame 
 
 CHAPTER VI. . 
 
 St Louis in 1765 to 177S.— Louis St. Ange de Belle Rive moves his Garrison from 
 Fort Chartres to St. Louis.— Is Made Governor.-Pontiac; His Visit, Assassi- 
 nation and BuriaL-Termination of French Authority .-Arrival of Don Pedro 
 Piernas and Establishment of Spanish Rule—Death of St. Ange.-Francisco 
 Cruzat -Don Fernando Leyba.-Death of Laclcde.-Sale of His Property. . . 
 
 144 
 
 151 
 
X. TABLE OF CONTEXTS. 
 
 CHAPTER- VII. 
 
 Page, 
 
 St. Louis in 1778 to 1800.— 'fhc Village Fortified by a Wall of Brush and Clay.— 
 Attack of British and Indians.— Traitorous Conduct of Loyba.— His Death.— 
 Fraiwisco Criizat Again Appointed Governor.— New and Stronger Fortifica- 
 tions Erected.— Map of St. Louis as it was in 1780.— The Great Flood of 1785. 
 —Michael Perez.— Zenon Trndeau. —Census of 179'9.— Land Grants 155 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Eetrocession of Louisiana to France.— Its Purchase by the United States —1800 a 
 Notable Year.— Treaty of lldefonso.— Spain forced to Eetrocede Louisiana to 
 France.— Its Purchase by the United States.— I'reaty of 1803.— Capt. Amos 
 Stoddard.— Freneli and Spanish Land Grants Protected by Treaty, and Acts 
 of Congress ■ 159- 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Missouri as a District und«r United States Authority, 1804. — ^Amos Stoddard Suc- 
 ceeds Delassus at St. Louis. — ''Territory of Orleans." — District of Louisiana." 
 -General James AVilkinson Appointed Governor of the Latter. — Visit of 
 Aaron Burr. — Wilkinson Succeeded by Captain Merriwether Lewis. — His Sui- 
 cide. — General Benjamin Howard Succeeds Him. — A Keign of Six Days. — • 
 Captain AVilliam Clark Appointed Governor. — Four Districts Established. — 
 Statistics of Population. — St. Louis. — Interesting Facts 163 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 1803-4-5-6. — Lewis and Clark's Expedition ui5 tlie Missouri, Across the Rocky 
 Mountains, Down the Columbia, to the Pacific Ocean. — Homeward Journey. — 
 Z. M. Pike's Expedition to the Sources of tlie Mississippi and Arkansas 
 Kivers His Keturn, Military Services and Death IGS 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 1769.— First Settlements West of St. Louis.— St. Charles Settled by Blanchette.— 
 '' Commons." — Forts. — Portage des Sioux. — Indian Incident.— The Mamelles. 
 — Femme Osage, Perruque and Other Creeks. — Loutre Island. — Indian Attack. 
 — W. T. Cole.— Another Attack.— Bloody Fight with Indians.— Captain James 
 Callaway and Others Killed — Cote Sans Dessein 170 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 "The Boone's Lick Country." — Its Settlement.— Ira P. Nash visits it in 1804. 
 
 Expedition of Lewis and Clark.- In 1807 Nathan and Daniel Boone make salt 
 at " Boone's Lick."— Daniel Boone.— Popular Error Corrected.— Sketch of 
 Daniel Boone.— His Death.— Eealy Settlements in Cooper and Howard Coun- 
 ties.— Stockade Forts.— Tragic Death of Sarshell Cooper I77 
 
TAJil.l'; OK CONTENTS. XI. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Earthquakes at New jNIadricl, 1811-12.— Description of the Catastrophe.— Hon. "^^' 
 Lewis F. Linn's Letter.— The Venerable Gfodfrey Lesier, an' Eye Witness, 
 Describes it. — Keelfoot J-ake, Tennessee, a Kcsult of its Violence. — "New 
 Madrid Claims." — Acts of Cijiigress Locating and Confirming Them 183 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 1S12.— Missouri Territory Organized. — Five Counties.-— Governor William Clark. — 
 Election for Delegate to Congress and Members of the Territorial Legislature. 
 — Edward Hempstead Chosen Delegate. — Sketch of his Life and Services. — 
 First Territorial Legislature.- Census of 1814. — Euf us Easton.— John Scott.— 
 Legislatures of 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1S17 and 1818.— Application to Form a 
 State Government 187 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Three Central Counties — Howard, Cooper and Boone. — Franklin, Boonville and 
 Fayette. — The Santa Fe Trade. — " Missouri Intelligencer." — Hardeman's Gar- 
 denDesoribed. — -Town of Smithton, in Boone Cdimty, Etc., Etc 191 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 The First Steamboats. — Robert Fulton, the Pioneer Steamboat Builder. — His 
 Death in ISlo.— In 1817 the " General Pike " Lands at St. Louis.— In 1819 the 
 "Independence" Enters the Missouri Elver, Proceeds to Franklin and Chari- 
 ton, and returns to St. Louis. — Public Meeting at Franklin. — Other i^teamers 
 Navigate the Missouri During the Same Year 198 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 jlissouri as a St.ate. — Application to be Admitted into the Union. — The Beginning 
 of the Anti-Slaverj' Agitation — An Angry Debate in Congiess. — The Pi-oviso 
 Adopted by the House and Rejected by the Senate. — Congress Adjourns, Re- 
 fusing to Admit the State. — Agitation and Bitter Controvei-sies Arise. — Integ- 
 j-ity. of the Union Menaced. — The Question before the XVIth Congress. — 
 " The Mi.'^souri Conipromise " Passed. — Constitutional Convention of 1820. — 
 David Barton.— Constitution Presented to Congress.— Resistance to Admis- 
 sion.— Another Fearful Anti-Slavery Storm.— Mr. Clay with His Grand Com- 
 mittee of Tliirty Comes to the Front. — They Report a Second '• Missouri 
 Compromise," which is Adopted'.— Missouri is Admitted.— l^opular Error 
 Corrected Respecting Mr. Clay. — Questions Answered by President Monroe's 
 Cabinet • • • • 201 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 First Election for Governor and other State Officers.— Alexander McNair Elected 
 Governor. — First Legislature Under the State Constitution. — Governor 
 McNair's Message.— Supreme and Circuit Judges Appointed.— Election of 
 
XII. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 United States Senatovs.-Exciting Contest.— David Barton and Thomas H. 
 Benton Elected.— Remarkable Incidents Connected with Benton's Election.— 
 Counties Organized.— Capital Moved to St. Charles 211 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 From 1824 to 1S30.— Frederick Bates Elected Governor to Succeed Govei-nor McNair, 
 Defeating General William H. Ashley— Bates' Death.— John Miller Elected 
 his Successor.— Visit of General Lafayette to St. Louis, in lS2o.-Demonstra- 
 tions of Respect and Gratitude.-His Visit to Washington City.— Action of 
 Congress.— Grants of Land and Money.— His Return to France.— First Legis- 
 lature at Jefferson City in 1826.— Burning of the State House.— Canvass of 
 IS-iS.— Whigs and Democrats Organize.— Slavery Emancipation Programme- 
 Singular Incident Frustrates It.— Alexander Buckner Elected United States 
 Senator in 1829 in ulace of David Barton •..'. , 216 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 From 1830 to 1S40.— Cholera in St. Louis in 1832.— The Alarm it Occasioned.— 
 Deaths.— The Black Hawk War.— The First Railroad Convention in Missouri. 
 — •■Tl'.e Hetherly War."— " The Platte Purchase."— Origin of the Measure 
 and its Aeooniplishment.— Daniel Webster's Visit to St. Louis in 1837.— Recep 
 tion, Banquet and Speech.— The Florida War.— Colonel Richard Gentry 
 Raises a Regiment in Central Missouri.— Their March from Columbia.— Arri- 
 val in Florida.— Battle of Okee-cho-bee.— Colonel Gentry's Heroic Death.— 
 Bravery of the Missouri Volunteers.— Report of Colonel Zachary Taylor.— 
 Action of Missouri Legislature Thereon 223 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Fi'om 1830 to 1840 Continued.— The Mormons and the Mormon War.— Sketch of 
 Mormonism and of Jo. Smith.— " The Book of Mormon." — Its Origin. — Mor- 
 mons Settle at Independence in Jackson County — Arc Driven out and Es- 
 tablish Themselves at Far West in Caldwell County. — Description of Far 
 West and of the Mormon Temple. — The Mormons at DeWitt, Carroll County. 
 — They Organize imder Colonel G. W. Hinkle. — The Citizens Fly to Anns 
 and Elect General Congreve Jackson to Command Them. — Bloodshed Immi- 
 nent. — Judge James Earickson of Howard Negotiates a Peace. — The Mormons 
 Abandon DeWitt and go to Far West. — False Alarm at Carrollton. — Mi,ssouri 
 Militia March Against the Mormons in 1838. — Their Surrender and Dispersion. 
 -The Tragical Deaths of Jo. Smith and Parley P. Pratt. — Attempted Assas- 
 ination of Governor Lilburn W. Boggs by Porter Rockwell, a Mormon Leader. 238 
 
 CHAPTER XXH. 
 
 From 1840 to 1850.— The Elections from 1840 to 1850.— Characteristics and Enthn ■ 
 siasm of the Campaign of 1840. — Rocheport Convention. — Result of the 
 Election.— Suicide of ' Governor Reynolds.— The Great Freshet of 1844.— 
 Constitutional Convention of 1845. — The Mexican War. — " The St. Louis 
 Legion," Colonel A. R. Easton.— Public Meeting.— '-Array of the West,"' 
 
TABLE OF CONTEfNTS. XIII. 
 
 Fage. 
 General S. W. Kearney.— First Regiment Missouri Volunteers Under Colonel 
 A. W. l)oniphan.— Battles of Brazitoand Sacramento.— Triumphant Entrance 
 Into Chihuahua.— Colonel Sterling Price's Regiment.— liis Marcli to Santa 
 Fe.- Battles of Canada, El Embudo and Taos.^Colonel John Kails' Regi- 
 ment.— Battle of Santa Cruz de Resales.— Great St. Louis Fire of May 1849. 
 —Twenty-three Steamers Burned and 13,000,000 of Property Destroyed.— 
 •'The Jackson Resolutions " pass tlie Legislature.— Vote on them in Each 
 House.— Colonel Benton's Appeal From and Canvass Against Them Ex- 
 citement his Course produced 254 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 From 1S50 to 1S60. — Gubernatorial Election Returns for 1852, 1856 and 1857.— The 
 XVIth General Assembly. — Election of United States Senator. — Colonel Benton 
 beaten for United States Senator by Henry S. Geyer, a Whig. — Explosions of 
 the Steamers " Gleucoe " and "Saluda." — Meeting of the XVIIth General 
 Assenibl)' in Extra Session. — War of the FactiOiis over the Speakership. — 
 Free-soil and Slave-soil. — The Regular Session; — Another Battle over the 
 Speakership. — Sterling Price Inaugurated Governor. — The XVIIIth General 
 Assembly. — Election of United States Senator to. Succeed David R. Atchison. 
 — The Slavei'y Question and the Kansas and Nebraska Bills. — Appalling Dis- 
 aster at the Gasconade Bridge. — The Kansas-Nebraska Agitation of 1856.— 
 Missourians Cross the Border. — Bloody Collisions between the " Pro-" and 
 '• Anti-Slavei-y" Parties. — The XlXth General Assembly. — James S. Green 
 and Trusten Polk Elected United States Senators. — Governor Polk Resigns. — 
 Robert M. Stewart Ellected Governor 271 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 J8G0. — Review of Forty Tears' Progress. — Tide of Population and Settlement 
 of Southeast and Southern Missouri, along the Upper Mississippi and the 
 Missouri Valley. — TVIanufactures. — Improved Lands and their Cash Value. — 
 Revelations of the Census of 1830. — Live Stock. — Farm Products. — Domestic 
 Manufactures. — Railroad Enterprises. — Government and State Aid.^The 
 First Whistle of the Locomotive. — Telegraph Lines. — St. Louis as a Rail- 
 road Center. — Progress of Education — Our Public School System. — St. Louis 
 In 1821 and 1860. — Great Achievements and Destiny of the State 285 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 1800.— Returns of Elections from 1800 to 1870.— Presidential Election of 1S60.— 
 Unexampled Excitement attending it. — National Conventions to Nominate 
 Candidates.— Four Candidates, Douglas, Breckenridge, Bell and Lincoln, 
 Nominated— AQuadranguJar Con test. — Abraham Lincoln Elected President.— 
 ■ Gubernatorial Canvass in Missouri.— Claiborne F. Jackson, Hancock Jackson, 
 James B. Gardenhire and Sample Orr Candidates for Governor.— An Exciting 
 and Bitter Contest over the Slavery Issues.— C. F. Jackson Elected Governor. 297 
 
^;IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVr. 
 
 Page. 
 
 lSGl.--XXTst General Assembly. — C. F. Jiiukson Inaugurated Governor. — Synopsis 
 of his Iiiiiugiiral. — The Logisliiture Environed With' Embarrassing Questions. 
 -It Calls a State Convention. — Important Preliminar}' Proceedings. --The 
 Problem of Secession. — Tlie Functions of Conventions Discussed. — Daniel R. 
 Eussell, Commissioner of Mississippi, Addresses tlie General Assembly. — His 
 Mission a Failure. — " The Peace Congress" at Washington City.' — Eesohition 
 of John Hyer, of Dent, Against Coercion. — Contest for United States Senator 
 to succeed James S. Green. — A Triangular Struggle. — Waldo P. Johnson 
 Elected. — Senators Johnson and Polk Expelled from the Senate.' — A " Kelief 
 Law " Passed by the Legislature and Declared Unconstitutional by the Supreme 
 Court. — An Extra Session of the Legislature Called May 2nd, 1S62. — Extra- 
 ordinary " W'ar Measures '' Adopted. — Panic Caused by the Capture of Camp 
 Jackson. --Before-day Session of the Legislature — Burning of the Osage Rail- 
 road Bridge. — Sterling Price Appointed Major-General of the State Forces.- 
 Flight of Governor Jackson from the Capital. — He calls tlie Legislature to 
 Meet at Neosho. — A Fragment of it Assembles. — Proceedings of the Senate. 
 — Secession Ordinance Passed. — Isaac JST. Shambaugh's Circular. — Governor 
 Jackson's Message Appointing Officers of '-The State Guard."— The Neosho- 
 Cassville Legislature Adjourns to Meet at New Madrid. — The Session Never 
 Held There 303 
 
 CHAPTER XXVn. 
 
 ISCl. — The " Gamble " State Convention. — It Meets on Feb. 28, 1861. Xames of 
 
 Members Elected. — Sterling Price Elected President. — The Convention holds 
 frequent Sessions at the State Capitol and in St. Louis. — Finally Adjourns sine 
 die, on July 1, 18G3.— Luther J. Glenn, Commissioner from tlie State of Geor- 
 gia, attends the Convention. — His Reception and Address. — Address referi-ed 
 to a Committee. — Two Reports Presented.' — Neither ever Disposed of. Com- 
 mittee on Federal Relations. — Their Reports. — Action Thereon. — Committee 
 appointed to Re-convene the Convention when Necessary. — Dele'i-ates Elected 
 to the Border State Convention. — Robert Wilson elected President of the Con- 
 vention, vice Sterling Price Expelled for Disloyaltj.— Ordinance Declarino- 
 the Offices of Governor, Lieut. Governor and Secretary of State vacant 
 Adopted.— Hamilton R. Gamble Elected Govei-nor; Wilhird P. liall Lieut. 
 Governor, and Mordecai Oliver, Secretary of State.— Ordinances 'passed 
 Clianging Gubernatorial Election from August to November; also Abolisliino- 
 Certain Civil Offices, and Prescribing an Oath of Loyalty for Civil Officers" 
 and for issuing Union Defence Bonds.— Resolution adopted expellino- ster- 
 ling Price and others from the Convention.— Mr. Breokim-idge's Ema'neipa- 
 tiou Ordinance Laid on the Table.— Congressional Districts Remodelled.— Oath 
 of Loyalty for Voters, Officials, Jurymen and Attorneys Ado])ted.— The Yeas 
 and Nays.— Counnittee on Emancipation Elected.— 'I'hey Report an Ordinance 
 for the Emancipation of Slnv(?s, which is Ailopiod.- The Yeas and Naj's.- 
 Convention Adjourns Sine Die „„. 
 
TABLE OF CONTKXTS. XV. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Page. 
 ISGl.— Our Civil War. — Difficulties in Arriving at tlie Trutlis of its Historj-.— In- 
 auguration of the War. — Secession of South Carolina. — Firing on the ' Star 
 of the West," and Fort Sumter.— Tlie First Gun of the Rebellion.— Presi- 
 dent Lincoln Calls for 75,000 Troops.— Governor C. F. Jaclvson's Response. — 
 Imminence of the Crisis. — Hopes of tlie Conservative Masses. ^General Mili- 
 tary Order (No. 7) of Governor Jaclvson to Organize Camps for Drill. — Camp 
 Jackson,' — Gen."!). M. Frost's Letter to Capt. Natb'i Lj-on, Commandant of 
 tlio St. Louis Arsenal. — Capt. Lyon's Letter to Gen. Frcst D.;mundi]ig the 
 Surrender of Camp Jackson. — It Surrenders. — Particulars of the Event. — 
 Fearful Excitement. — Gen. Frost's Letter of January 24tii, ISGl, to. Gov. 
 Jackson. — Gen W. S. narne}''s Proclamation. — The Harney-Pi'ice Agreement. 
 It is Disapproved at Washington, and Gen. Harney Removed. — Gen. Lyon 
 succeeds to the Command of the Dei>artment. — Conference between Gen. 
 Lyou, Col. Blair, Gov. Jackson and Gen. Price. — What Each Party Demanded. 
 — The Conference a FaiUire. — Jaclison and Price retin-n to the Capital, 
 Burning the Bridges behind them. — Col. Thomas L. Snead's Sketch of Lyon. 
 — Gov. Jackson's Proclamation calling for 50,000 men. — Gen. Lyon marches 
 to Jefferson City. — Jackson and Price desert the Capital and Establisli them- 
 selves at Boonville. — Lyon and Bhiir occupy the Capital. — The BoonviUe 
 Fight. — The State Trooi)s Repulsed. — Lyon occupies Boonville and issues a 
 Proclamation.— The Battle of Carthage.— Col. Sigel's Retreat 344 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 18G1.— Creation of the Western Department.— John C. Fremont Appointed to its 
 Command. — He Returns from Europe to New York;, thence Goes to St. Louis 
 and Establishes his Headquarters.— He Fortifies St. Louis.— A Dilemma.^ 
 Sliall he Save Bird's Point or Reinforce Lyon. — He elects to do the former.— 
 Proclamations of Gov. C. F. Jackson, Lieut. Governor Thomas C. Reynolds 
 and Gens. Gideon J. Pillow and Jeff. Thompson, at New Madrid.— Thomp- 
 son's " Cattle on Ten Tliousand Hills. "—Fremont's Fleet sails from St. Louis 
 to Bird's Point and back again.— Lyon's Marcli from Boonville to Springfield. 
 
 Piice's March from Cow Skin Prairie towards Wilson's Creek. — The Battleof 
 
 Duo-Springs.- Rains Defeated.— Lyon Returns to Springfield.— Massing of Con- 
 federate Forces on Crane Creek, in Stone County.— Disagreement between Price 
 and McCnlloch.— Tlie Battle at Wilson's Creek; one of the Most Bloody of tlie 
 "VVar.- Death of Gen. Lyon.— Defeat of the Union Army.— Its Retreat to 
 Jlolla.— Reports of the Battle made by Major Sturgis and Gens. Sigel,McCuU 
 loch. Price and Clark.— Forty-two thousand Militia called for by Gov. Gamble. 
 —Gen. Fremont Declares Martial Law.— Provost Marshal McKinstry's " Per- 
 mit " Order.— President Lincoln Disapproves Fremont's Proclamation.— 
 "The Swamp Fox" again Proclaims.- He will' '-Hang, Draw, and Quarter." 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 Battle at Athens.- McCulloch'sProclamation of August 12th, 1861.— Price's Proc- 
 lamation. -Skirmish at Drywood.— Battle of Lexington.— Heroic Deffense of 
 Mulligan and his final Surrender.— Gen. Fremont again Severely Criticised.— 
 
 309 
 
TABI.E OF CON'J'ENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 He resolves to take the Field in Person.— Musters an army of 20,000 Men and 
 startsfor Springfield.— Price Abandons Lexington.— Maj. White's Bold Dash 
 into the Town.— Fremont's Armj' across the Osage.— The Magnitude of His 
 Plans.— Zagonyi's Brilliant Charge into Springfield.— Errors in regard to it Cor- 
 i-eeted.- Justice done the " Prairie Scouts."— Very expressive, if not elegant, 
 remark of" Old Pap." — Battle at Belmont.- Heroism of aLad. — Fremont Su- 
 perseded by Gen. Hnnter, and he by Gen. Halleck. — The Union Army returns 
 from Springfield to St. Louis.— Gen. Price's 50,000 Men and' $200,000,000 
 Proclamation.— A Kemarkable Paper.— Gen. John Pope.— Gen. Halleck as- 
 sumes Command of tlie Department.— Martial Law.— Stringent Orders 
 against Kailroad Destroyers.— Campaign Summary 393 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 18G2-1S63-1864-18G5. — Missouri Kiver as a Rampart. — Gen. Curtis Moves upon 
 Springfield, and Gen. Price Ketreats to Cioss Hollows, Ark.— Battle of Pea 
 jfiflge. — Provost Marshal General Farrar's Order about Kewspapers. — New 
 St. Louis Chamber of Commerce.- Gen. Halleck's Order to the Officers of the 
 Mercantile Library Association, and Ofticei'S of the State Univei'sity. — Courts 
 Martial at Palmyra and Columbia. — Prisoners Condemned and Shot. — Sen- 
 tences Comnuited. — The Boone County •' Standard *' Confiscated.— Gen. J. M. 
 Scliofield Succeeds Gen, Halleck —Col. II. S- Lipscomb's Fight with Col. 
 Porter's -Forces, at Cherry Grove. — Maj. John Y. Qlopper at Pierces Mill. — 
 Porter's Flight to Moore's Mill, Callaway County.— Fight at Jloore's Mill. — 
 Fight at Kirksville. — Col. Guitar's Pursuit of Porter in the Chariton Valley. — 
 Fights at Coinpton's Ferry and Yellow Creek.— Battle at Independence. — 
 Deatli of Gen. John T. Hughes. — JSattles at Lone Jack and Xewtonia. — Mili- 
 tary Executions at Macon and Palmyra. — Cine Hill and Prairie Grove. ^ 
 Battles at Springfield and Cape Girardeau. — Capture of Jeii'. Thompson. — 
 Gen. Ewing's Order No. IL — Gen. Scliofields Letter, and Gen. Bino-ham's 
 Reply. — President Lincoln's Proposed I'ardon of Gen. Price. — Col. Shelby's 
 Raid npon Boonville. — Gen. Kosecrans Assumes Oomujand of the Depart- 
 ment. — A large Confederate Force Invades the Statp and Threatens St. Louis 
 and the Capital. — Shelby and Clark Captiu'c Glasgow. — Rev. "Wm. G. Caples 
 Killed. — Brutal treatment of Maj. Wm B. Lewis by Bill Anderson. — Price's 
 Forces driven out of the State into Arkansas. — Thc'Centralia Massacre. De- 
 feat and Horrible Butchery of Maj. Jolmson by Bill Anderson's Guerrillas. 
 
 Execution in St. Louis of James 51. Utz. — Lee's Surrender. — Lincoln's Assas- 
 sination. — JefF. Davis' Capture. --Close of the War 40^ 
 
 CHAPTER xxxi;. 
 
 1SC2 to 1S70 —Missouri's Experience with tlie First Test Oathfor Voters.— Twenty- 
 second General Assembly.— Election for Judges of the Supreme Court in 
 
 November, IS63. — Nucleus of Political Parties formed The "Radicals '' and 
 
 " Conservatives." — Radical State Convention. — Its Platform, -^Committee of 
 Seventy, C. D. Drake, Chairman, visit President Lincoln.— His Reply to their 
 Addresses.— Death of Gov. Gamble.— Canvass of 1864.— State Constitutional 
 Convention of 1S65.— Charles D. Drake its blaster Spirit.— Its Proceediu"-s.— 
 Slavery in Missouri Abolished.— " Iron Clad Oatli " for Voters, Ministers 
 
TABI.E OF CONTENTS. XVII. 
 
 Page. 
 Liawj'ers and Teachers.— Ayes and Noes.— The Words '• White Male. "—The 
 " Drake " Constitution Adopted.— Ousting Ordinance.- -Registr}' Law.— 
 Twenty-fourth General Assembly.— Negro Suffrage Amendment proposed to 
 tlie Constitution.— The People reject it.— Burning of tlie I^indell Hotel.— Im- 
 peachment of Walter King.— Another Registry La-v.-Tlie Great St. Louis 
 ^'■'^•S'i 444 
 
 (CHAPTER XXXIII 
 
 1S70 to 1877.— Election Returns.— Adjourned Session of Xjs.Vtli General Assem- 
 bly.— Ratification of XVth Constitutional Amendment. — Ayes and Noes. — 
 Six Amendments to the State Constitution Proposed. — What they were and 
 the vote on eacli. — Agricultural College Located at Columbia. — TheBepubli- 
 can Party in 1870 rent by discords. — Tlie Democrats adopt tlie " Passive Pol- 
 icy " and Nominate no State Ticket. — Two Republican State Conventions 
 and two State Tickets. — The "Radicals" and "Liberals."— B. Gratz Brown 
 (Liberal) Elected Governor. — The Test-oath Abrogated and the Republicans 
 Remanded from Power. — F. P. Blair Elected United States Senator. — Tlie 
 XXVIth General Assembly. — Two more Amendments to the Constitution 
 Proposed and Ratified. — The Gun City, Cass County, Massacre. — In 1872 tlie 
 Democrats and Liberals jointly nominate a State Ticket. — Silas Woodson 
 elected Governor. — The XXVIIth General Assembly. — Louis V. Bogy chosen 
 United States Senator. — Vote of tlie People autliorized on a call for a Consti- 
 tutional Convention. — Opening of the great St. Louis Bridge. — Canvass of 
 1874. — ^Charles H. Hardin the Democratic Nominee for Governor. — The "Peo- 
 ple's" Party. — William Gentry. — Hardin Elected. — Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1875 called. — Its Proceedings. — Constitution Adopted. — Wliiskey 
 Frauds. — Canvass of 1876. — J. S. Phelps the Democratic and G. A. Finkeln- 
 burg the Republican Candidate for Governor. — Phelps Elected. — TheXXIXtli 
 General Assembly. — Burning of the Southern Hotel, St. Louis 4C5 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV, 
 
 DuATii or Sbnatok Bogy.— Elt^ctions op 187S-'70.— The Marshpield Cyclone. — 
 iMMiGRATio^r Movements.— Elections oi-- ISSO.— In'auguration op Gov. c'iut- 
 TENDEN.— New Railroads.— Rebuilding and Openingof the Southern Hotel. 480 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Old Duels — Duel between Thomas IT. Benton and Charles Lucas. — Hetwoeti 
 Thomas C. Rector and Joseph Barton —Between Thomas Biddle and Spencer 
 Pettis.— Discovery of Marquette's Remains.— A Speech by D. R. Atchison.— 
 Tables of Population.— Table showing date of Organization of Counties.... 481 
 
XVIII. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PART III -PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. Page. 
 
 Geology ^'^ 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Mines and Useful Minerals ■ "^19 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 Tlie AViiters of Missouri • "'^^ 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Piairie and 'J'iinber "^8 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Soils - • • • o-^O 
 
 PART IV.— Material V/ealth. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 "Some Preliminary Observations." — General Description of tlie State. — Bounda- 
 ries, Distances, etc. — Table of Counties, their Poyjulation, etc. — Area and 
 Topography. — Kivers, Caves. (Jiiarries and Natural Curiosities 539 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Mineral Kesources. — The Coal Measures.— Iron, Lead, Zinc, trranite Quarries, etc. 55S 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Manufacturing 577 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Agriculture. — Comparative Value of the Mineral and Agricultural Products of 
 Missouri. — Acreage and Value of Farms —Classification of Soils. — Timber 
 and Prairies. — Staple Products, etc 579 
 
Part L Archeology. 
 
 THE 
 
 ]V[oui\(i^ kr^d tl\eif Suildef ^ 
 
 —OR— 
 
 TRACES OF PI|E-HISTORIC M/N It( MISSOUI|I, 
 
 A. J. CONANT, A.M. 
 
 OF ST. L.OUIS. 
 
Man tn the Age of the Mammoth and Great Bear. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 TR*.CES of VANISH3SD PEOPLES. — THEIR WORLD-TVlDE DIFFUSION. — EUSSIAN EARTH- 
 WORKS.— EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS ANCIENT AT THB DaTK OF OLDEST EkCORDS.— A 
 
 Tkoy Still Older than the Ancient Troy of Homer. 
 
 IN all lands, whenever in the ages past the climate has been such as 
 to render it possible for man to subsist, the earth is found thickly- 
 planted with the graves of vanished peoples. Countless generations 
 have come and gone, and left no record of their lives and work, save 
 what is to be found in the few surviving monuments they have erected, 
 or the rude implements and fragmentary remains of their industry, 
 which descended with them to the tomb. The great ocean of humanity, 
 with the energy of its ceaseless flow,has oft-times, no doubt, obliterated 
 the traces of former generations, save here and there a foot-print in the 
 solid rock, or an empty shell which has been left upon the shores of time. 
 We of to-day build, sow and reap, buy and sell, and thus repeat, over 
 and over a<rain,the great drama of life, above the sepulchersof departed 
 millions, long since forgotten. How often the long eons have finished 
 their cycles and the new began-who can compute, or from whence 
 shall the data be drawn upon which such computation may be based? 
 The sacred records furnish no system of the chronology of the race, 
 nor standing- ground upon which a trustworthy one can be constructed. 
 The wisest who have essayed the task, from such sources, differ in 
 
4 AUCH^OLOGY. 
 
 their estimates more than five thousand years. The devout believer 
 in Revehition, therefore, need feel no apprehensions for the foundations 
 of his faith if it shall be proven even that man has been an inhabitant 
 of the earth for a hundred thousand years or more. 
 
 All that can be gained from history, sacred and profane, supplemented 
 with the hieroglyphic annals of Egypt and the inscribed bricks and 
 cylinders of Assyria, carries us back only about forty-four centuries. 
 Suddenly we come then to the border-land of legendary myths and 
 extravagant traditions. The thick darkness which enshrouds all beyond, 
 no one, a hundred years ago, thought possible to penetrate or dispel. 
 But within the last fifty years a new science has been added to the 
 varied departments of human knowledge and research — the science of 
 Archaeology, pure and proper, — and thousands to-day, including many 
 of the best minds in the most enlightened lands, sn-e devoting to it their 
 serious and earnest labors. 
 
 The field of exploration is the wide world, whose continents are all 
 equally rich in the monuments of the forgotten past. From the widely- 
 separated quarters of this great field, the laborers gather from time to 
 time, bringing the results of their work. All these combined are 
 throwing their focal light upon the great questions of the origin and 
 antiquity of the various races of mankind — their peculiar customs and 
 mode of life — investing them with an interest never before awakened, 
 which increases more and more, as the promise brightens of their 
 satisfactory elucidation. The number of the monuments of which we 
 speak, upon our own continent, is legion upon legion. From Nova 
 Scotia to the southern coast of Florida — from Behring's Strait to Mexico 
 and Peru — from the Atlantic to the Pacific — are to be found the sites of 
 ancient cities, or the former seats of a dense population. Europe, as 
 every one knows, is full of them. Not only on the surface of the soil, 
 but far down in the gravels of the drift, are found the remains of man 
 in companionship with the bones of huge mammals, who were buried 
 thei-e, it would seem, long before the "British Channel was scooped 
 out," In Russia, from its western border to the Pacific, from its 
 southernmost limit far north into the inhospitable regions of Siberia, 
 earthworks are found giving evidences of long occupancy, and doubtless 
 a. forced migration to the North. There, in the sepulchers of the dead, 
 they deposited the gold and silver ornaments and other treasures of the 
 departed, in which relics the more recent inhabitants have driven a 
 thriving trade. The great steppes of Asia abound with sepulchral 
 
TEACES OF VANISHED PEOPLES. 5 
 
 mounds. Nor are the deserts of Africa without their witness to the 
 existence of former generations. Her remorseless sands are the tomb 
 of many an ancient city. 
 
 Egypt, the oldest nation which has preserved a written history, has 
 also her pre-historic remains. Before the name of Athens was pro- 
 nounced, or Greece was born — when Italy was peopled with savage tribes 
 as wild and barbarous as the red men of America, — Egypt was far 
 advanced in the higher branches of knowledge, the sciences and the 
 nobler arts. Her priests even then dwelt in the palaces of the kings, 
 and issued their mandates, with his, from the throne. Those palaces 
 were colleges of learning, while the priests were the professors, who 
 not only ministered in matters of religion and worship, but devoted 
 themselves to the higher education of the young as well. 
 
 To-day, as the explorer removes the stones from her ancient structures, 
 he finds here and there one, whose inner surface is carved with curious 
 devices and inscriptions, showing that It once had a place in older and 
 demolished edifices. She had then her libraries also, in which the 
 knowledge of her sages was preserved. Tombs of the librarians have 
 been discovered, dating back at least five hundred years before Homer 
 sang in the cities of Greece, and inscribed "To the chief of books." 
 
 Long since, the line of the Pharaohs became extinct, and no prince or 
 king — 30 the prophet said — shall ever sit on h"er throne again or sway 
 the scepter over the land of the Nile. How old she seems ! And yet old 
 Egypt was of yesterday, compared with the men of the drift, the 
 reindeer period, or the pre-glacial times of Scandinavia, Scotland, 
 France, England and the Pyrenees. 
 
 These everywhere ancient monuments of which we speak, men have 
 been wont to regard with unquestioning curiosity, or at most to pass by 
 with a conjecture onlj', as Homer did, who speaks of the ancient mounds, 
 concerning which, in his day even, there was no history or tradition, and 
 who imao-ined they might be the tombs of ancient heroes. Job makes 
 more than one allusion to the monuments and "solitary mansions of the 
 dead," which awakened the curiosity of the caravans and travelers of 
 Teman, as they passed along the great thoroughfares of commerce. 
 The wild sono-s of the most ancient bards are no longer poetic myths, 
 the creations of a fervid imagination ; but their inspiration was drawn 
 from events which actually transpired. "With truth their souls were fired." 
 The poets were the nations' historians as well. Troy, with her strange 
 storv, is no longer a doubtful city. Dr. Schlieman has found her ancient 
 
» AKCH^OLOGY. 
 
 site and discovered enough, among l:er long-entombed memorials, to 
 authenticate her history ; and we may write once more "Ilium est" 
 for "Ilium fuit." 
 
 And what is most surprising of all, far down beneath the level of the 
 ground once trod by the heroes whose names Homer has given to 
 immortality, the explorer has found the ruins of another city — and he 
 thinks still another below it — concerning which the poet seems to have 
 heard no tradition. Among those deposits of an age so remote, were 
 articles of stone and bronze and precious metals, skillfully wrought, giv- 
 ing evidence of the existence of a people whose knowledge, attainments, 
 and social condition were far in advance of those of the more ancient 
 periods of stone and bronze — a civilization which could only have been 
 realized by the slow growth of centuries. 
 
 But not alone upon that glorious land, made immortal by the fiery 
 energy of Homer's matchless songs, has a resurrection morning dawned, 
 nor Egypt and Assyria with their hieroglyphic annals, hoary with age ; but 
 other lands, unknown in classic story, and the islands of the sea, are 
 giving up their long-forgotten dead. The explorers of to-day are 
 breaking down the hitherto impassable barriers of the remoter ages of 
 antiquity ; here and there we catch glimpses of the life and customs, and 
 hold converse with the tribes and peoples of pre-historic times. The 
 fast-accumulating records which have been gathered during the last 
 twenty-five years are continually enriching the libraries of every civilized 
 nation, and he who would master them all will soon find life too short to 
 do more than acquaint himself with the grand results of the multiplied 
 discoveries. The chief difficulty then, it will be perceived, in the 
 way of the present task, is one of condensation, or in other words, 
 how to select from such vast material only those facts and observations 
 which are necessary for the proper treatment of the subject we are 
 about to consider. 
 
 On account of the limits prescribed for the archaaological chapters of 
 this work compelling all possible economy of space, and also for the sake 
 of continuity, instead of burdening them with frequent references to the 
 authors consulted, I desire in the outset to make all due acknowledgment 
 of my indebtedness to those valued records of the labors of the noble 
 army of abler men who have preceded me in like investigations in this 
 department of knowledge. Chief among those which have been freely 
 consulted, are the writings of Garcillasso de la Vega, Pbof. 
 Rbfinesque, Daniel Willson, LL.D., Alexander W. Bradford, 
 
TRACES OF VANISHED PEOPLES. 7 
 
 J. W. Foster, Edward L. Clark, Wm. Pidgeon, Prof. G. C. Swal- 
 low, Sir John Lubbock, M. L. Figuieb, M. Maelot, John Evans, 
 Lewis C. Beck, H. M. Brackenridge, Jambs Adair, and others. 
 Also, aa article upon the Archaeology of Missouri, contributed by 
 myself to the last volume of Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of 
 Science. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Methods of the ARCHiEOLOGisT. — The Shell-heaps op the Baltic. — The Buried 
 Forests of Denmark.— The Sisterhood of Scibkce.— The Fivk Geological 
 Periods.— The Ages of Stone and Bronze.— Iron in common use three Tsova. \t> 
 YEARS ago. 
 
 As before remarked, in almost every land upon the surface of the 
 globe, are to be found countless monuments and memorials of vanished 
 races; sometimes structures of imposing magnitude, but oftener imple- 
 ments of war and the chase, of domestic use and personal adornment. 
 From such remains, more or less rude and defaced, it has been found 
 possible to reconstruct a pre-historic history of man's life in the most 
 remote ages of his existence ; and by their careful study we are able to 
 scrutinize his manner of life ; to look in upon his domestic scenes ; to 
 witness his ceaseless struggles for existence — his mode of burial ; and 
 to learn something of his notions of another life. Only one important 
 thing is forever lost — his language. For "we can never hear him speak." 
 Yet the history we may recover is as true and touching as any which 
 the poets sing. Nor need all this be thought incredible, for these 
 results are obtained by the simple processes of reasoning and induction 
 which we apply to the affairs of every-day life. When the traveler 
 upon our western plains stumbles by chance upon the ashes and debris 
 of a former habitation, if he finds there the fragments of a hoe and 
 sickle, he at once Infers that the former occupant was a tiller of the 
 soil; should his eye light upon a cast-off shoe of infantile propor- 
 tions, he naturally concludes that once it was the home of childhood. 
 In addition to this, should he discover charred bits of bread and other 
 articles of food, carbonized grain and fruits, along with culinary 
 articles, showing the action of fire, these facts would show what crops 
 
8 AJRCH^OLOGT. 
 
 were grown, the kind of food upon which the family subsisted, and also 
 that the dwelling was destroyed by fire. The presence of the fragments 
 of a crucifix would point to the religious belief of the former occupant. 
 
 Such is the method of the archaeologist. When he examines the huge 
 heaps of shells along the shores of the numerous arms of the Baltic 
 sea, composed of individuals of large size, select and full-grown, of 
 several species, commingled with rude implements of stone and bone, 
 with also the bones of the codfish, and compares them with the 
 diminutive specimens he is able to procure from the same waters now, 
 it is an inference most reasonable, that when these heaps were piled up 
 around the miserable huts of the ancient fishermen, the waters of the 
 Baltic were not so fresh as now. The presence of the bones of the 
 codfish gives some evidence of skill in navigation, for they must be caught 
 in the open sea. When the peat-bogs of this same country are examined, 
 they present a record reaching far back of the historic period. These 
 depressions in the natural surface of the earth — sometimes to the depth 
 of thirty feet, disclose three distinct periods of arborescent vegetation. 
 At the bottom are the stately trunks of the pine tree ; above these the 
 oak, which once grew upon the sides of the pits, and when their full 
 maturity was reached, fell inward. The oak was succeeded by the beech 
 and birch which now flourish — and have flourished during all the period 
 of history — throughout the land. The pine and oak have never been 
 known during the historic period in the native forests of Denmark. 
 In these bogs, beneath the layers of pine, are found the rude implements 
 of the ancient inhabitants. Man lived, then, when the pine forests were 
 in their glory, and at that time also piled up the shell heaps along the 
 shore ; for in these are found in great abundance the bones of a bird 
 whose food is derived from the pine. 
 
 Again : when the student of Archseology discovers — as is frequently 
 the case — the bones of extinct mammals, in situ, each bone lying by its 
 fellow in its relative position as when in life, he knows there can have 
 been no disturbance of the remains since the death of the animal. If he 
 finds also, in companionship with them, the relics of man's industry, he 
 believes that these mammals and man were contemporaneous. Should he 
 find, further, huge bones split longitudinally, and showing marks ai I 
 scratches of flint knives, which could only have been made while the bones 
 were soft, he naturally concludes that man hunted these animals for food 
 and split the bones to obtain the marrow. But the generalizations of the 
 arch^ologist are not based upon the study of such relics alone. Geology, 
 
TRACES OF VANISHED PEOPLES. 
 
 Paleontology and Archeology go hand in hand, and have well been 
 called "three sister sciences." Each of these, three related departments 
 of human knowledge is throwing its focal light with increasing luster 
 upon the great question of man's first appearance upon the earth. By 
 the light of their combined disclosures, the steps of our groping feet 
 are illumined as we travel slowly along the pathway which leads us 
 irresistibly to the night of the unknown ages, "and the mind recoils 
 dismayed when it undertakes the computation of the thousands of years 
 which have elapsed since the creation of man." 
 
 The five geological periods 
 into which the crust of the 
 earth has been divided, are 
 commonly named in the rel- 
 ative order of their age : 
 the primitive rocks, the tran- 
 sition rocks, the secondary 
 rocks, the tertiary rocks, and 
 quaternary rocks. All of 
 these are anterior to the pres- 
 ent geological period. The 
 long succession of animals 
 and plants peculiar to each, 
 is found generally to have 
 died out during the time of 
 its continuance. Judging 
 from the present order of 
 things, each period must 
 have been of long duration ; for the animals and plants with which we 
 are familiar show scarcely any alteration since their first appearance, 
 though they have existed for thousands of years. Now it is considered 
 certain by the best informed, that man existed in Europe at the 
 commencement of the quaternary period. 
 
 We are not left in doubt as to the climatic conditions of that country in 
 those remote times, which must have been similar to the polar regions of 
 the North to-day. There was no Iceland, Scotland, or Scandinavia then. 
 The whole continent was shrouded in a winding sheet of snow. Her 
 now beautiful valleys were the bottom of the sea. Enormous ice-fields 
 stretched away from mountain to mountain, and only the highest 
 elevations of the Pyrenees and Apennines were visible above the vast 
 expanse of eternal snow and ice. Yet there, during that awful winter, for 
 
 A Solitary Cave Dweller. 
 
10 
 
 AKCH^OLOGY. 
 
 which there was no promise of a coming spring, man and cotemporaneous 
 animals contrived to exist. But what a life ! To us, it would seem 
 utterly hopeless and dreary ; but for its maintenance he found abundant 
 employment for all his activities, in providing means for his daily 
 sustenance, and in his contests with the wild beasts around him for the 
 possession of the shelters of the caves and overhanging rocks. How 
 long this period continued we cannot know ; but the centuries rolled 
 on, &nd slowly the glacial period comes to an end — the ice-fields melt 
 away, the glaciers retreat to the north, and the submerged continent 
 arises from the ocean. The sunshine and the genial air of a new spring 
 morning dissipate the tears from the face of Nature, and she hastens to 
 put on her robes of green. With this dawn of another life a new 
 
 The Elephas Primigeneus. 
 
 generation of animals now makes its appearance on the earth, and very 
 different too, from those which perished during the glacial period. 
 Among them the huge mammoth (^Elephas primigeneus) -with, his 
 woolly covering and lion-like, shaggy mane ; the Siberian Ehinoceros 
 {lihinoceros tichorinus, with curious horns) and clothing of fur, so soft 
 and warm ; several species of the Hippopotamus ; the Cave Bear, of 
 prodigious size, ( Ursus spelceus} ; the Cave Lion (^Felis spelea) ; various 
 kinds of Hyenas, the Bison, the Urns, {Bos primigenus ), and the 
 gigantic Irish Elk, with enormous wide-spreading antlers, and many 
 others which need not now be mentioned. 
 
TRACES OF VAillSHED PEOPLES. 11 
 
 These huge monsters rapidlj' multiply and roam m countless multi* 
 tudes over the continent, as do the buffaloes of our western wilds 
 to-day. Hundreds and thousands gather together in their favorite 
 resorts and from some cause unknown they perish. How man could 
 successfully contend with such formidable adversaries with the rude 
 implements he was able to construct by his infantile skill, is surprising; 
 but his necessities compelled him to be victorious. Nor was he then 
 destitute of festhetic taste ; for at his leisure he carved in stone or bone 
 the outlines of the beasts he had slain in the chase. 
 
 At length the long summer ends, and another fearful winter begins. 
 Again the cold is intense ; the glaciers advance through the valleys 
 toward the south. The floods increase, the caves are submerged, and 
 man seeks a home again in the mountain ranges. The valleys are filled 
 with alluvium for hundreds of feet up the mountain sides. The centu- 
 ries roll on — how long, no one can tell, — and again another subsidence 
 of the floods, or uprising of the continent, takes place, and the glaciers 
 once more i-ecede to the north. Slowly the mountain tops are lifted 
 toward the sky, and the earth is clad again in green. 
 
 Man now returns to the former abodes of his ancestors. But what 
 a change has taken place I Many of the mighty mammals his forefathers 
 hunted on the plains are seen no more. A few solitary individuals 
 liuger ou, but soon he witnesses "the extinction and disappearance from 
 the ftice of the earth of an entire fauna of the larger animals." 
 
 From this period the Reindeer epoch, — known also as the period of mi- 
 grated animals — begins. A new civilization dawns. Polished implements 
 of stone and bone take the place of rude chips and splinters of silex. 
 Pottery is manufectured and ornamented with curious devices ; and all 
 that man does displays the awakening exercise of his sense for beauty. 
 From this time the race proceeds with slow but steady advancement. 
 How long the Neolithic, or polished stone period lasted, we have no 
 means of judging, nor when men learned tor smelt the more yielding 
 ores, and to make bronze by the alloy of copper with tin. But when 
 that great discovery was made by which he supplied himself with a 
 material so much better fitted by its superior hardness to copper for 
 cutting implements and other uses, he entered that pathway, which ends 
 only in all the glorious possibilities of the future. With this discovery, 
 the age of Bronze was ushered in. Speedily its use spread over the 
 greater part of Europe. With the age of bronze the arts and sciences 
 may be said to have had their birth. Of the time of its continuance, 
 which seems to have been long, we know but little more than we do of 
 
12 AKCH^OLOGY. 
 
 the age of stone. But nt length it seems to have been brought to a 
 sudden termination by that mightiest physical event in the history of 
 the development of mankind — the discovery of Iron. As to the time 
 when this great transition took place, history is silent ; for it was long 
 before history began. The poems of Homer and Hesiod prove that 
 iron was known and in use at least three thousand years ago. 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 No "Age of Bronze" in America. — Traditions Regarding the MonNDS. — Tuscarora 
 Chronology.— The Animal Mounds of the Upper Mississippi Region. — Ancient 
 Fish Traps. — Burial, Sacrificial and Historical Mounds. 
 
 The facts, and the conclusions they suggest, presented in the fore- 
 going chapter, are gathered mostly from the continent of Europe. 
 Each of the great geographical divisions of the globe seems to possess 
 an archseological record more or less peculiar to itself. Our own 
 continent has had no age of bronze. At the time of its discoverj^ 
 however, implements of copper, beaten out usually, but sometimes 
 smelted and cast in a mold, from the native ore, were to some extent 
 taking the place of those of stone and bone. And although the copper 
 regions of Lake Superior, for the distance of more than one hundred and 
 fifty miles along it southern shore, give evidence of long-continued 
 mining operations upon a stupendous scale, still we must believe that this 
 metal was too costly to be to any great extent the property of the masses : 
 while, even in our own times the remnants of some savage tribes may be 
 found who still point their speai's and arrows with stone. The presence 
 of the relics of such material therefore, it hardly need be said, is of no 
 value in questions of antiquity, only so far as they are found in compan- 
 ionship with the remains of extinct animals, or their age is demonstrated 
 by geological or some other irrefragable proofs. 
 
 But now, leaving all other facts and considerations bearing upon the 
 general subject of archaeology, which might be interesting and appropriate 
 in this connection, it is proper to proceed to the examination of the monu- 
 ments of our own land, among which those found in Missouri are 
 peculiarly instructive, not only as forming no inconspicuous part of the 
 one great whole, and calculated to shed much light upon the question of 
 
TRADITIONS KEGAJRCDSTG THE MOUNDS. 13 
 
 the homogeneity of the vast population which once swarmed upon this 
 continent, but also — if not their origin — at least the direction of their 
 disappearance. 
 
 In view of the magnitude of the subject, the ethnological questions 
 involved, and the evident relation of these remains to all which are 
 found in both North and South America, it has seemed to me impossible 
 to examine them iu the most profitable manner, if our examination shall 
 be circumscribed by the imaginary boundaries of the State. For the 
 reason mentioned, I have also presented, as briefly as possible, the 
 preceding statement of the results achieved by the labors of the 
 archseologists of Europe. I will now proceed to speak of some of the 
 more important monuments of this country, with such description 
 as suits my present purpose. 
 
 The statement has been often repeated by writers upon this subject, 
 that the Indians have no traditions concerning the authors or the 
 design of these monuments. This is undoubtedly true as far as the 
 degenerate remnants of the tribes of the present day are concerned. 
 Bat when the country was first discovered, and long after, here and 
 there a solitary individual was found who claimed to be a prophet, and 
 to have desceuded from a loug priestly line, and also from a race 
 superior to the Indians by whom their forefathers had been conquered 
 and enslaved. Concerning the traditions handed down from father to son, 
 they were very reticent, except under peculiar circumstances and with 
 those who gained their highest confidence and esteem. The sacred 
 treasures of their history, of which they were the preservers and 
 guardians, were not for the common masses of their own people ; much 
 less would they communicate them to strangers and foes. And when, 
 as it sometimes happened, their frigid reserve would be conquered, and a 
 narration of their legendary history elicited, it was considered more 
 wild and untrustworthy than the long lists of Manetho and Berosus, of 
 Egyptian and Assyrian dynasties, and not worth presei-ving. From 
 this cause many valuable facts have been irrecoverably lost. A few 
 only have escaped oblivion, of which the briefest possible mention cau 
 now be made. 
 
 The traditions of the Wyandot Indians, according to the account of 
 Mr. Wm. Walker, for some time Indian Agent for the Government, 
 published in 1823, are not devoid of interest. They were in substance 
 
 as follows : 
 
 Many centuries ago, the inhabitants of America, who were the authors 
 of the great works in the Mississippi Valley, were driven to the south 
 
14 AHOILEOLOGY. 
 
 by an army of savage warriors from the North. After many hundred 
 years, a messenger returned from the exiled tribes, with the alarming 
 news, that a terrible beast had landed on their shores, who was carrying 
 desolation wherever he went, with thunder and fire. Nothing could stay 
 his progess, and no doubt he would travel all over the land in his fury. 
 
 It is conjectured that this beast of thunder and fire referred to the 
 Spanish invasion of Mexico. The Tuscaroras, according to the account 
 published by Mr. David Cusick in 1827 — quoted by Prof. Rafinesque — 
 had a well-arranged system of chronology, dating back nearly three 
 thousand years. Their traditions locate their original home north of 
 the great lakes. In process of time, some of their people migrated to 
 the river Kanawag (the St. Lawrence). After many years, a foreign 
 people came by the sea and settled south of the lakes. Then follow 
 long accounts of wars, and fierce invasions by nations from the north, 
 led by confederate kings and a renowned hero named Yatatan. Many 
 years again elapse, and the king of the confederacy pays a visit to a mighty 
 potentate whose seat of empire is called the Golden City, situated south 
 of the lakes; and so on, down to the year 1143, when the traditions 
 end. In these records appear accounts of wars with various tribes, 
 given with great particularity ; migrations southward and west to the 
 Mississippi, ( called Onauweoka ) ; the names of the ruling monarchs, 
 and the order of their succession. There appear to have been several 
 dynasties of longer or shorter duration. Thus, the name Tarenyawagon 
 is borne by three successive monarchs, and Atotaro is continued to the 
 ninth. 
 
 Only a few items are here given, to indicate their character. No one 
 can examine these traditions without being convinced that they have 
 some great historic facts for their basis, however incredulous he may be 
 as to the correctness of their dates, or their pretentions to so high 
 antiquity. The limits prescribed for this essay admit of but one more 
 notice of traditions in this connection. 
 
 A chiss of works, frequently noticed by explorers, is found on the 
 upper Mississippi, chiefly in Wisconsin, — a few in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois 
 and Iowa — known as animal mounds, on account of their striking 
 resemblance to the forms of various animals, such as the Buffalo, Bear, 
 Elk, and the like, and some to the human form. These works have 
 elicited much discussion and conjecture as to their origin and purpose, in 
 which no two writers agree. Some of them are of gigantic proportions, 
 and cannot be ascribed to the present race of Indians, for the same 
 reason which preckides the idea that they were the authors of the 
 stupendous works of the more southern States. 
 
THE ANIMAL MOUNDS. 15 
 
 The traditions relating to these animal mouncls are very minute, fnll 
 and interesting, and were first published in 1853, by Mr. Wm. Pidgeon, 
 who spent several years in the examination of the various monuments in 
 Virginia, the Valley of the Mississippi and South America as well. He 
 tells us that he began these researches from motives of personal interest 
 merely, and continued them for several years, without any design of 
 publishing the results of his observations. 
 
 During his travels in the regions 
 of the Upper Mississippi, he met 
 a stranger among the red men, of 
 dignified and venerable appear- 
 ance, who had no fixed abiding 
 place, but wandered from tribe to 
 tribe, always welcomed and ven- 
 erated wherever he went j who 
 claimed to have descended from a ^'^- '•-""todon Mound. 
 
 long line of ancient prophets, he the last of the line and the last 
 of his race. He was then nearly ninety years of age. The Indians 
 called him "the Mocking Bird," because he could speak fluently 
 five different languages. By kindness, his confidence and friendshipwere 
 won, and his companionship secured during the journey of exploration. 
 He seemed perfectly familiar with all the most important works, from the 
 Ohio to the extreme north and the far west, — could draw their outlines 
 from memory, and supply any defect in the drawings of others ; and 
 could generally give a ready and lucid account of their authors and the 
 purposes for which they were constructed. Unlike many who have 
 written upon the pre-historic people of America, the author seems to have 
 had no pet theory to maintain — as that they were the ten lost tribes of 
 Israel, and the like, — but to have been a thoroughly conscientious and 
 careful observer, faithfully noting what he saw and heard. 
 
 From the seventy engravings — and accompanying descriptions — with 
 which the work of Mr. Pidgeon is illustrated, I select two or three, and 
 leave the reader to judge whether these traditions are reasonable and 
 trustworthy or not. 
 
 Many years ago, in the bed of Paint Creek, in Ross County, Ohio, 
 several deep cavities or wells were discovered, which gave rise to much 
 speculation as to their origin and purpose. I believe they have since 
 been found in many other localities. Mr. Pidgeon states that he dis- 
 covered four similar ones in the bed of a small tributary of the St. Peter8 
 river, varying in depth from eight to twelve fiet, from five to six feet in 
 
16 AUCILgEOLOGY. 
 
 diameter at the bottom and from three to five feet at the top. These 
 excavations were made in the soft slate rock which formed the bed of 
 the stream. 
 
 To the level top, or rim of the well, a thin flat rock was fitted, with a 
 round or square hole in the center, about twelve inches in diameter. 
 This opening could be closed at will, by a stone stopper perforated with 
 small holes. A short distance below the wells he found one of these 
 stoppers which fitted neatly the larger capstone of one of the wells. At 
 the time of their discovery the depth of the stream which flowed over 
 them was ten inches. Mocking-Bird informed him that these were fish 
 traps, and that many such could be found in other streams, were they not 
 so filled with mud and stones as to escape observation ; and also that 
 they were constructed and used anciently for the purpose of securing a 
 supply of fish for the winter. Large quantities of bait being deposited 
 in them in the fall, the fish would gather there in great numbers, when 
 the stopper would be placed over the mouth, which prevented their 
 escape, and then they could be taken out with a small net as desired. 
 "While it is no doubt true that the mound-builders were an agricultural 
 people, it is quite reasonable to suppose, from the fact that their most 
 extensive works are found upon the shores of lakes and banks of rivers, 
 that fish formed no inconsiderable item of their bill of fare.' 
 
 As before stated, the historian of these traditions, after the death of 
 Mocking-Bird, proceeded to investigate by careful excavation those 
 earthworks of which he had previously made only a superficial survey, 
 especially those concerning which he had received traditions. The first 
 group thus explored which I notice is represented in Fig. 2. It is 
 described as being located at the junction of Straddle Creek and Plumb 
 river, in Carroll County, Illinois. It is composed of conical mounds, 
 rings and semi-circles, with diameters varying from twelve to twenty-five 
 feet. The rings are about two feet high, and seem to have been formed 
 by throwing up the earth from within, leaving the interior in the form 
 of a basin. 
 
 The traditions concerning these works are in substance that they were 
 
 • Some writers have discredited the idea of the artificial origin of these wells or fish- 
 traps, attributing their formation to the disintegration of the rocks in which they occur, 
 owing to the unequal hardness of the strata of which they are composed, etc. But it 
 would seem that vastly more credulity is required to believe that the ordinary operation 
 of nature in various parts of the country would produce such cavities, from eight to 
 twelve feet in depth, with nice fitting covers, preforated at the center, than that they 
 are the workmanship of intelligent beings for some special purpose. 
 
BUEIAL MOUNDS. 
 
 17 
 
 constructed by a people who were accustomed to burn their dead and 
 were only partially occupied. Each femily formed a circle sacred to its 
 own use. When a member died, the body was placed in the family circle 
 and burned to ashes ; a thin covering of earth was then sprinkled over 
 the whole. This process was repeated as often as a death occurred, until 
 the mclosure was filled. The ring was then raised about two feet and 
 agam was ready for further use. As each additional elevation would of 
 necessity be less in diameter than the preceding, in the end a conical 
 mound would be the result. The darkest spots in the engraving 
 represent those which are finished ; the rings, those in various stages 
 of occupancy ; and the semi-circles those which were only begun. Similar 
 
 Fig. 2. — Burial Mounds. 
 
 works have been found in the Ohio Valley, in the more northern States, 
 west of the Mississippi and in Michigan. Upon excavating the more 
 finished mounds of the group described, they were found filled with 
 ashes, mingled with charcoal : some of them to the depth of twenty 
 inches below the surrounding surface of the soil. In this group were 
 found two mounds much larger than the others, (one is represented 
 in the engraving), shaped like the body of a tortoise, known as battle 
 mounds, and said to contain the ashes of hundreds slain in battle. Both 
 these mounds were found to be filled with ashes and charcoal like the 
 others, thus confirming their traditional history. 
 
 About two hundred and fiftj' yards south of these mounds, another 
 group of finished works was found, where the bodies were deposited in 
 the more usual manner without burning. 
 
18 
 
 AJRCII^OLOGY. 
 
 These two modes of burial, so widely different and in the same locality, 
 mark either a sudden change of cnstom or the presence of two distinct 
 races at different periods of time. Tradition asserts that there was such 
 a sudden change of mode of burial in obedience to the command of the 
 prophets, for the reason that, while the people were burning the body of 
 a great and good king, suddenly the sun (their chief deity) refused to 
 shine, although there was not a cloud in the sky. This was taken as a 
 sign of disapprobation of the custom, which gradually ceased thereafter. 
 
 It has been generally supposed that those mounds, which showed the 
 frequent or long-continued action of fire, were used for sacrificial 
 purposes only. It seems however more likely that these cinerulent 
 structures were simply the depositories of tjje bodies of the dead, and 
 this the traditions afErm. 
 
 Fig. 3. — A Royal Cemetery. 
 
 The second group noticed in this connection is more complicated 
 (Fig. 3), and presents a greater variety of forms. It is found (or was 
 in 1840) on the north side of St. Peter's river, about sixty miles above 
 its junction with the Mississippi, in what was then the Territory of 
 Minnesota. 
 
 It is thus described : The central embankment, in the form of the 
 body of a tortoise, is forty feet in length, twenty-seven in breadth, and 
 twelve in perpendicular height. It is composed in part of yellow clay, 
 
BURIAL MOUNDS. 19 
 
 brought from some distant place. The two 'pointed mounds north and 
 so\ith of this are formed of pure rod earth, covered with alhivial soil. 
 Each is twenty-seven feet in length and six in height at the largest end, 
 gradually narrowing and sinking at the top until they terminate in a 
 point. The four corner mounds were each twelve feet high and twenty- 
 five in diameter at the base. The two long mounds on the east and 
 west sides of the group were sixty feet in length, twelve feet in diameter 
 at the base, and eight feet in height. The two mounds on the immediate 
 right and left of the central effigy, were twelve feet long, four feet 
 high, and six in breadth. These were compo.sed of sand, mixed with 
 small bits of mica to the depth of two feet, covered with white clay, 
 with a thin layer of surface soil on the top. The large mound in the 
 center, south of the effigy, was twelve feet high, twenty-seven in 
 diameter, and composed of a stratum of sand two feet in depth, covered 
 with a mixture of sandy soil and blue clay. The similar work on the 
 north of the tortoise was of like formation, four feet high and twenty- 
 two feet in diameter. Thirteen small mounds whose dimensions are 
 not given, complete the group. 
 
 Only a glance at this cluster of mounds, twenty-six in number, present- 
 ing such variety of forms and peculiar arrangement, and which must have 
 required so much time and labor for their construction, is needed to con- 
 vince the observer that they were intended to perpetuate some history, 
 and that each of the hieroglyphic symbols of which the group is composed 
 had its special significance, which was well understood by the builders 
 and their cotemporaries. 
 
 But what was that history, or what event is recorded here? The 
 works themselves give no answer. Tradition asserts, that this was the 
 royal cemetery of a ruler known as the Black Tortoise, and was designed 
 to commemorate the title and dignity of a great king or potentate. The 
 tortoise-shaped central mound (a) was his tomb. The four corner 
 mounds were called Mourning Mounds. The two larger mounds (66) 
 directly north and south of the effigy were the burial places of chiefs. 
 The number interred in each is recorded in the number of small mounds 
 on each side of them — five in the northern and eight in the southern line. 
 The two long embankments (cc) at the extreme right and left of the 
 works, were known as points of honor, and are said never to occur 
 except in connection with those works which symbolize royalty. The 
 two pointed mounds (dd), and described as twenty-seven feet long, six 
 feet in width at the larger end, tapering down from the top and sides to 
 a vanishing point, are known as mounds of extinction, and tell us that he 
 
20 
 
 ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 was the last of his line. These too are never found alone, but always in 
 connection with larger worlvS. The mounds (ee) on either side of the 
 central eSgy are the burial j)laces of prophets. In these it will be 
 remembered small bits of mica were found mingled with the ashes. The 
 presence of this substance in a certain class of mounds, in localities so 
 remote from each other, from Minnesota to the Scioto Valley — some- 
 times in large circular plates, but oftener in countless smaller fragments, 
 has called forth much speculation as to its use by the ancient inhabitants. 
 It has been suggested that it may have been used for mirrors, or again 
 for ornament, or, on account of its preciousness, as a medium of com- 
 mercial transactions. But when it is remembered that it is never found 
 indiscriminately with other deposits in many mounds of the same group, 
 we may safely conclude that it was set apart for a special use. Tradition 
 says that it was sacred to the prophets, and was deposited in their tombs 
 alone ; — that they had the mysterious power of calling lire from heaven, 
 which was distributed to the minor prophets by whom the sacred fires 
 were kept perpetually burning ; that the fire used at the annual feast 
 ill their most holy places was thus received from the sun upon the 
 summit of the sacred altars. This bringing fire from heaven is found in 
 classic stories and in the traditions of many lands, as every school-boy 
 
 knows. So Zoroaster taught his 
 disciples, that the sacred fire 
 which he committed to their 
 care had been brought direct 
 from heaven. " It is possible 
 that the prophets of the ancient 
 Amedcans wore able in some 
 maimer to construct lenses from 
 plates of mica, of sufficient pow- 
 er to ignite the fuel upon the 
 sacrificial altars." i The Mexi- 
 cans in ancient times called ob- 
 sidian "the shining god," and 
 held it in high estimation. 
 
 Several works have been ob- 
 Figure 4. The one here represented 
 lowlands of the Kickapoo River in 
 Wisconsin. The central work, with radiating points, sixty feet in 
 
 sei-ved of the 
 is described as 
 
 form shown in 
 located on the 
 
 'Pidgeon. 
 
BURIAI, MOUNDS. 
 
 21 
 
 diameter and three feet in height. This is inclosed by five crescent- 
 shaped works, having an elevation of two feet, and all presenting- 
 a 1-evel suriace at the top. It is traditionally represented to have been 
 occupied only during sacrificial festivities consequent upon the offering 
 of human sacrifices to the sun, which the central mound was said to 
 represent. Upon excavating, after removing the soil from the top, the 
 central portion, for a space twelve feet in diameter, is found thickly 
 studded with plates of mica set in white sand and blue clay; and, says 
 the observer "had this surface soil been removed with care, and the 
 stratum beneath washed by a few heavy showers of rain, under the sun's 
 rays it would have presented no unapt symbolical representation of that 
 luminary." The sacred Pentagon, Fig. 5, is found in close proximity. ^ 
 
 As before stated, no class of 
 works has awaked more curiosity, 
 or elicited more nnsatisfactory spe- 
 culations, than these animal effi- 
 gies ; aiyi among these the most 
 singular and enigmatical are those 
 representing the larger animals, 
 and the hnman form on a gigantic 
 scale, and generally with such ac- 
 curacy of delineation as to leave 
 no donbt as to what particular ani- 
 mal was intended to be represented 
 by the figure. Sometimes these 
 huge representations of beasts. 
 Fig. 5.-sac,.d Pentagon. ^-^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ gfouped to- 
 
 gether in such strange and grotesque combinations as to forbid all 
 attemj)ts to discover the design of the builders in their erection. A few 
 of the most common forms are shown in the accompanying engravings. 
 
 That the mastodon is intended by figure 1 is conceded by all — as 
 far as known — who have described it. I am not aware that it has ever 
 been found outside of "Wisconsin. There it frequently occurs, either 
 
 > This is represented here because of its intimate relation to the one just described, 
 which is found associated with it. The outer circle is twelve hundred feet in diameter, 
 in the center is the sacrificial altar, upon which human sacrifices were said to have been 
 oflfered twice a year. In the spring the oldest man of the nation, willingly — so great 
 was the honor — ^presented himself as the victim. In the autumn a female was sacrificed. 
 If the day was cloudy, the offering was left upon the altar of sacriflce until the sun 
 looked down upon it, which was considered a sign that the sacrifice was accepted. ITio 
 people then repaired to the festival circle with rejoicing, where the feast was celebrated 
 
22 aBCH^OLOGY. 
 
 alone or in companionship with othor moundg. As men in all ages, in 
 their first attempts at pictoritil art, have been accustomed to delineate 
 only those objects which were most striking and with which they were 
 most familiar, we may well believe that the ancient Americans were not 
 unacquainted with this king of beasts, and that they lived in those days 
 when those gigantic animals roamed over the plains in vast numbers, 
 whose skeletons have been so often found in Missouri. 
 
 The combined figures of bird and beast as repres- 
 ented at Fig. 6 are also of frequent occurrence, parti- 
 culary in Wisconsin. The one here delineated is one 
 hundred and eighty feet in length, and forty-four in its 
 greatest breadth. The whole is composed of reddish clay, 
 but covered to the depth of twelve inches with a black 
 alluvium. It was designed to record the change in 
 title of a sovereign line of rulers. The head of the 
 beast being merged in the l^ody of the liird concedes 
 to the conqueror the right of dominion. The two 
 truncated mounds, one on each side of the beast, record 
 the extent of his Immiliation. They are altar mounds, on 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Bird and Beast, which wcrc sacrificod his descendants both male and 
 female. 
 
 The efiigy shown in Pig. 7 is unmistakably human. It memorializes a 
 hereditary chief of royal line, but who, according to tlie record, could 
 not yet have been a sovereign ruler, as no mound of honor indicating that 
 condition is found in connection with it. He was thus memorialized 
 because he fell in battle, and with him his son, whose memory is perpet- 
 uated in the truncated mound between his feet. 
 
 The amalgamation group (Fig. 8 ) is more complicated and enig- 
 matical, and but for the traditions concerning it would doubtless always 
 remain so. The beast is one hundred and eighty feet in length; the 
 human effigy perpendicular to it is one hundred and sixty. On either 
 side of the horizontal figure is a truncated work eighteen feet in diameter 
 and six feet in height. The summits of both are flat. The representations 
 of horns, which arc very distinct, are of different dimensions. The 
 main stem of the front horn is eighteen feet in length. The one 
 which inclines backward is twelve, the longest antlers are six, and 
 the shortest three feet in length. At the foot of the human elBgy 
 is attached an embankment running parallel with the horizontal fio-ure, 
 eighty feet in, length, twenty-seven in diameter and six in height. On a 
 line with this is a series of conical mounds, the largest of which is also 
 
SACKIFIOIAl, AMD IHSTOEICAL MOUNDS. 
 
 23 
 
 twenty-seven feet in diameter and six in 
 
 height. From this the others diminish on 
 
 either side and terminate in mounds eigh- 
 teen feet in diameter and three in heiarht. 
 
 The group thus described is represented 
 
 to have been erected to commemorate au 
 
 important event in the history of two 
 
 friendly nations, which were once great 
 
 and powerful, but now reduced by long- 
 continued wars against a common foe ; and 
 
 being now no longer able to maintain a 
 
 separate national existence, they resolved 
 
 to unite their forces under one title and 
 
 sovereign. One was known as the Elk 
 
 nation, the other was the Buffalo. This 
 
 work was designed as a public record and 
 
 seal of their amalgamation. This fact is 
 
 plainly expressed by the union of the head 
 
 of the Buffalo with that of the human 
 
 effigy representing the sovereign of the 
 
 Elk nation, and also by the joining of the 
 
 hand of the one with the foot of the other. 
 
 Horns appended to effigies represent warriors ; their length and 
 
 number the relative power of the two nations at the time of their union. 
 
 The BuflEalo was therefore manifestly recorded as the weaker of the 
 
 two, as his antlers 
 are seen to be 
 smaller and in a de- 
 clining position. The 
 fact is also here re- 
 corded that, when 
 the union was fully 
 consummated the na- 
 tionality of the Buf- 
 falo became extinct. 
 This is shown by 
 the presence of the 
 
 Fig. 8,-Ama.gama.,on Group. ^^^^^^ ^^ GXtinction 
 
 — ^before described — in connection with the Buffalo and terminating 
 at his hind feet. The two truncated mounds on either side of the 
 
 Fig. 7. — Human-Shaped Mound. 
 
24 
 
 AilCH^OLOGY. 
 
 animal effigy are sacrificial altars upon which appropriate sacrifices 
 were offered, not only at the time of the erection of the works, 
 but annually thereafter ; the fires of which were kept burning 
 until the smoke from both united in one column above the 
 mound. This annual sacrifice symbolized the renewal of the covenant 
 entered into when the compact was made. The seven truncated mounds 
 in a line with the embankment upon which the human figure stands, 
 (and known as a symbol of nationality) are matrimonial memorials, and 
 record the international marriasres of seven chiefs which occurred during 
 the construction of the work, and which were also a further ratification 
 of the national union here perpetuated. Upon excavating the altars, 
 after the alluvial soil was removed, a stratum of burned earth mingled 
 with ashes and charcoal was disclosed, to the depth of fourteen inches. 
 This group was found upon the northern high land of the "Wisconsin 
 River, about fifty miles from its junction with the Mississippi. 
 
 In that part of the work where the heads of the two effigies unite, an 
 oak was standing at the time of its first examination. Upon a second 
 visit it was not there, but the stump showed by its concentric annual 
 rings of growth that it was four hundred and twenty-four years old. 
 Works of this description, which occur so frequently in Wisconsin, have 
 also been observed in Northern Illinois. 
 
 Lance Head.. 
 
CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 The Archaeological Monumknts of Missouri.— Their Rapid Dbstruotion.— Sites ov 
 Towns and Cities. — The Laboks of H. M. Brackbnridge. — The Big Mound at St. 
 Louis.— Col. O'Fallon's Residkncb Erected ox an Ancient Mound.— The Mounds 
 IN Forest Park.— Evidences of a Vast Population.— Kew Madrid its Center.— 
 Description of Various "Works. 
 
 The preceding remarks upon the general subject of Archeology, with 
 the few notices of traditions concerning the ancient inhabitants of 
 America, are all that the limits of this article will permit, as well as all 
 which our present purpose demands. Nor has it seemed necessary to 
 describe those extensive and imposing worlds, which are found scattered 
 through the Central States, from the lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 especially in the Ohio Valley, consisting of walled towns, embankments 
 enclosing large areas of land, in squares, circles, octagons and the like, 
 associated with mounds of prodigious size ; for these have been so 
 often described and delineated that whatever comparison of them with 
 the monuments of Missouri may be thought desirable may be readily 
 accomplished by reference to the works of those authors, who have 
 published so many valuable descriptions of these antiquities, and which 
 are to be found in almost every public library. 
 
 That Missouri was once the home of a vast population composed of 
 tribes who had fixed habitations, dwelt in large towns, practiced agricul- 
 ture on an extended scale, with a good degree of method and skill ; who 
 had also a well-organized system of religious rites and w(jrship, and 
 whose sBsthetic tastes were far in advance of the savage tribes who 
 roamed over her prairies and hill ranges when her great rivers were first 
 navigated by the white men, is, I am confident, no difficult matter to prove. 
 Says Mr. H. M. Brackenridge, who was an extensive traveler, and a 
 man of excellent judgment, in speaking of the ancient works in the 
 Mississippi Valley: "It is worthy of observation, that all these vestiges 
 invariably occupy the most eligible situations for towns or settlements j 
 and on the Ohio and Mississippi they are most numerous and consid- 
 erable. There is not a rising town, or a farm of an eligible situation, in 
 whose vicinity some of them may not be found. I have heard a 
 surveyor of the public lands observe, that wherever any of these 
 remains were met with, he was sure to find an extensive body of fertile 
 
 land." 
 
 Although, for more than three-quarters of a century since that time. 
 
26 AKCH^OLOGY. 
 
 the waves of an advancing civilization and the hand of agriculture have 
 passed over them and utterly destroyed vast numbers, including many 
 •of the most remarkable ones, which arrested the attention of every 
 beholder, — still, any one at all familiar with those which now remain 
 would write the same things to-day. The name of the city of St. Louia 
 was once Mound City, called so on account of the number and size of 
 those ancient works which once stood upon her present site. The larger 
 of them are all demolished, while the few which yet remain are so small 
 that they would hardly be noticed save by the eye of a practical observer. 
 The same may be said of nearly all which once crowned the terraces of 
 the Mississippi along her easteru border, and those of the Missouri and 
 her tributaries. 
 
 Notwithstanding all this widespread demolition and obliteration, there 
 is doubtless now no richer field for archseologieal research in the great 
 basin of the Mississippi than is to be found in the State of Missouri. 
 As has been already stated, the most important works are found 
 located in the vicinity of extensive areas of fertile lands, and upon the 
 most eligible sites for towns and cities. The same locations would 
 naturally be the fii'st to be occupied by the pioneer settlements of our 
 own times, and these aboriginal remains would be the first to be oblite- 
 rated. It is not surprising, therefore, that the earlier notices of the 
 ancient monuments of this valley are so meagre and unsatisfactory, 
 especially when we remember the peculiar vicissitudes of a frontier life, 
 which necessitated unceasing toil and eternal vigilance : continually men- 
 aced, as the early settlements generally were, by a wily, savage foe. 
 
 It should also be remembered that until quite recently the prevailing 
 opinion concerning mounds and embankments was that they were the 
 work of the red men, and to this day they are known among the masses 
 as Indian mounds. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that multitudes have been destroyed, there 
 still remain so many vestiges of an ancient race — not only upon the 
 alluvial plains of our larger rivers, but also in the interior valleys, 
 watered by smaller streams and rivulets, and also upon the sterile slopes 
 and summits even of the Ozarks — that Missouri still presents a most 
 inviting field for the labors of the archasologist. A proper examina- 
 tion and description of them all would involve no inconsiderable 
 expenditure of time and money, and require a volume for their 
 elucidation. It cannot therefore be expected that we can do more 
 in this article than to describe the different classes of those remains — 
 with their most prominent characteristics — which are best known and 
 
AUCH^OLOGICAL MONUIVIBNTS OP MISSOURI. 27 
 
 which have been the most thoroughly explored. In carrying out this 
 design, it will perhaps best serve our purpose in the way of method 
 and convenience to consider them under the following general divisions ; 
 1st, Sites of towns or cities. 2d, Burial mounds, caves and artificial 
 caverns. 3d, Sacrificial or temple mounds. 4th, Garden mounds. 
 5th, Miscellaneous works. 6th, Pottery; and 7th, Crania. 
 
 I.— Sites of Towns or Oilies.— The early French explorers of the 
 Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and the territories through which they 
 flow, seem to have taken no notice of the ancient monuments alons: their 
 course ; or if they did, they doubtless ascribed their origin to the red 
 men, who were found occupying, in some instances works of similar 
 construction. 
 
 But when permanent settlements had been established along their 
 banks, with the consequent increase of travel, these works ere long 
 attracted the attention of the historian, and awakened an interest which 
 resulted in their more careful examination. The early writers, as they 
 became familiar with the habits and social condition of the Indians, and 
 in view of the magnitude of the structures they so frequently met with, 
 as well as the skill and herculean labors required for their erection, make 
 frequent mention of their doubts as to the ability of the Indians to erect 
 monuments of such prodigious proportions. And not until St. Louis 
 became an incorporated town, and the capital of that vast extent of 
 territory then known as Upper Louisiana, do we find any descriptive 
 accounts of the ancient works which at that time occupied the terraces 
 upon which this great city now stands. 
 
 Notwithstanding the meager and unsatisfactory character of the 
 accounts which have been preserved, still, we are thankful for the crumbs 
 of information the early observers have left us, and will endeavor to 
 make the most of them. 
 
 Mr. H. M. Brackenridge, 1 writing in the year 1811, says: "I have 
 
 1 The work of this author ( " Views of Louisiana " ) seems to have been the perennial 
 fountain from whence many subsequent wiiters upon American Arohajology, both in 
 this country and in Europe, liave drawn much of their inspiration and many of the 
 facts and germinal suggestions which they have elaborated with extended speculations, 
 and frequently without any mention of their obligation to this writer for the facts and 
 suggestions which have been so freely made use of. Mr. Brackenridge, I believe, was 
 the first American, author who alludes to the statements of Plato concerning a 
 people who had come from an island in the Atlantic, in great numbers, and oveiTan 
 Europe and Asia, and known as the Atlantides, which island was said to have been sunk 
 by an earthquake 9000 years before his time. He notes, also, a similar tradition among 
 the Komans, and thinks it possible America may have been referred to. 
 
28 AKCH^OLOGY. 
 
 frequently examined the mounds at St. Louis. They are situated on the 
 second bank, just above the town, and disposed in a singular manner ; 
 there are nine in all, and form the three sides of a parallelogram, the 
 open side towards the country being protected, however, by three 
 smaller mounds, placed in a circular manner. The space inclosed is 
 about three hundred yards in length and two hundred in breadth. 
 About six hundred yards above these is a single mound, with a broad 
 stage on the river side ; it is thirty feet in height, and one hundred and 
 fifty in length ; the top is a mere ridge of five or six feet wide. Below the 
 first mounds there is a curious work called the Falling Garden. Advant- 
 age is taken of the second bank, nearly fifty feet in height at this place, 
 and three regular stages or steps are formed by earth brought from a 
 distance. This work is much admired — it suggests the idea of a place 
 of assembly for the purpose of counselling on public occasions." 
 
 Accompanying the foregoing description is a simple diagram which, 
 as it does not seem to be the result of any actual survey, and therefore 
 of no scientific value, need not be reproduced in this connection. 
 
 Dr. Beck, who noticed them twelve years afterwards, presents in his 
 work another diagram, which seems to have been the result of more 
 careful observation, although in this, however, one of the nine, and the 
 three smaller mounds described by Mr. Brackenridge as protecting the 
 side of the parallelogram opening towards the country, are wantino-. 
 From all the information I can gather, I belieye the following plan will 
 present the true relation of the mounds here described : 
 
 
 
 Diagram of St. Louis Mounds, 
 
THE BIG MOXJND AT ST. LOUIS. 29 
 
 One of the above group undoubtedly represents the old landmark 
 known as the Big Mound, ( a representation of which as it appeared at the 
 time of its removal, ftices the first page of the present volume ), which 
 once stood at the corner of Mound street and Broadway, but which was 
 entirely demolished in 1869. This I suppose to have been the terraced 
 mound, represented by Mr. Brackenridge to have been located six hun- 
 dred yards north of the main group. The Big Mound is known to have 
 been beautifully terraced, and nothing of the kind is mentioned in con- 
 nection with those constituting the parallelogram. Nor is the Falling 
 Garden spoken of as a mound, but only as a terraced bank. For these 
 and other reasons which need not be dwelt upon, after much reflection, 
 I am persuaded that the terraced mound, afterwards known as the Big 
 Mound, was the last to disappear before the encroachments of the 
 rapidly-growing city. Be this as it may, this most interesting work will 
 be particularly described under the more appropriate head of Sepulchral 
 Caverns, when I shall be able to speak with more confidence, as I shall 
 give there the result of my own observations. There were formerly 
 many other mounds in the immediate vicinity of St. Louis, rivaling in 
 magnitude and interest those described by the authors just quoted, but 
 which escaped their notice In fact, the second terrace of the Mississippi, 
 upon almost every available commanding point of elevation, was finished 
 with them. Nineteen years ago, in a conversation with the late Col. John 
 O'Fallon, he informed me that his family residence on the Bellefontaine 
 road was erected upon one of those ancient mounds. It must have been 
 very large, although I do not recall the dimensions. He stated, further, 
 that as the summit was being leveled, preparatory to building, human 
 bones by the cart-load were disclosed, along with stone axes and arrow- 
 heads and the like, without number. He then led me to the forest west 
 of his dwelling, and called my attention to the small hillocks which 
 abounded there in prodigious numbers, which he conjectured were the 
 residence sites of former inhabitants, because of their regularity, and 
 from the fact that upon excavating them they disclosed ashes and 
 
 charcoal. 
 
 Still farther north, upon the highest points of the second terrace, I 
 have traced the remains of others which must have been quite imposing 
 before they were subjected to the leveling influence of agriculture. 
 In Forest Park, a few miles west of the city, there is a small group of 
 mounds which the park commissioners, I am happy to know, have 
 resolved to preserve. It is a pity that none of the larger ones have been 
 spared, to stand hereafter as the memorials of a people whose origin is 
 
30 
 
 ABCIMEOLOGY. 
 
 hid in the night of oblivion. But let them remain, such as they are, and 
 when future generations shall throng the green groves and shady walks 
 of that beautiful garden of their great city, these shall recall the fainting 
 echoes of another race, whose homes once clustered, in days long gone, 
 upon the banks of that great river where a statelier — can wc say happier 
 — city stands to-day. 
 
 The works thus briefly noticed are only a few of the great group of 
 large circumference, of which that king of mounds, on the fertile plains 
 across the river, known as Monk's Mound, was the radiating center. 
 That high place was a temple moimd — the holy mountain for this whole 
 region, doubtless, — and the smoke which ascended from the perpetual 
 fire of its sacred altar could be seen for many miles on every side. 
 
 But while our business now is with the ancient people of Missouri, it 
 should be borne in mind that the imaginary lines which divide us into 
 States had no existence in those other times, when a mighty people 
 dwelt upon either side of the Mississippi, outnumbering far, perhaps, 
 the present occupants ; who were homogeneous in their commercial 
 pursuits, arts and worship. They traded with the nations who dwelt by 
 the sea, and brought from thence the shells and pearls of the ocean, and 
 left them in their tombs, along with the precious wares of their own 
 handicraft, for our admiration and instruction. 
 
 But before we leave St. Louis, another work demands a notice, 
 which the following (Fig. 9), will illustrate. 
 
 This class of works 
 appears frequently in Iowa, 
 but was formerly found in 
 greatest numbers in Mis- 
 souri. The one figured 
 here was located on Eoot 
 Eiver, about twenty miles 
 west of the Mississippi. 
 The central mound is repre- 
 sented as being thirty-six 
 feet in diameter, and 
 twelve feet in height. The 
 circle inclosing it was 
 nearly obliterated. The 
 
 Ion 
 
 form the 
 four feet 
 
 were each. 
 
 one 
 
 embankments 
 hundred and 
 
 respectively three, four and five feet 
 
 which 
 forty- 
 
 m 
 
EVIDENCES OF A VAST POPULATION. 31 
 
 height, and twelve feet in diameter; and what is singular, the sum 
 of the heights of the embankments equals the vertical height of the 
 central mound, and these two amounts multiplied together, give the 
 exact length of the embankments. Sometimes works of this description 
 are built in the form of a square, with four embankments ; but of 
 whatever form, it is stated that the same relation of th* sum of the 
 heights of all the embankments to the height of the central mour.d 
 is^ always presented, and the product of these gives the length of the 
 embankments. 
 
 A group precisely similar to the one just described, and of large 
 dimensions, once stood near the village of St. Louis. Its precise 
 location cannot be learned, as it was demolished somewhere between the 
 years 1835-40. This class of mounds will be further noticed under the 
 head of Miscellaneous Works. 
 
 The evidences of a dense pre-historic population in Missouri are no- 
 where so abundant as in the southeastern counties of the State. These 
 consist of mounds of various dimensions and forms, sometimes isolated, but 
 oftener in groups of peculiar arrangement ; also embankments and walls of 
 earth inclosing large and small areas, in which may be traced the lines 
 of streets — if such they may be called — of a village or city, and 
 numberless sites of former residences. One of the largest mounds in 
 this region, is about four miles from New Madrid, and, as described in 
 1811, is twelve hundred feet in circumference, forty feet high and 
 surrounded by a ditch, five feet deep and ten feet in width. New 
 Madrid was unquestionably once the great metropolis of a vast popula- 
 tion, the remains of whose villages are everywhere met with, upon the 
 banks of the numerous bayous which abound in the several counties in 
 this portion of the State. For the reason before mentioned, one group 
 only can be particularly described. 
 
 The one selected is situated upon Bayou St. John, about eighteen 
 miles from the town of New Madrid. The bayou at this point is one 
 mile and a half in width ; its whole length may be stated in round numbers 
 to be about seventy-five miles. While, in the notices of the earlier 
 travelers, it is described as a lake with a clear, sandy bottom, it is now 
 a sluggish swamp, filled to a great extent with cypress trees. 
 
 Upon the western bank of the bayou the works to be described 
 are located. They consist of inclosures, large and small conical and 
 truncated mounds in great numbers, and countless residence sites of 
 the ancient inhabitants. From the level of the bayou to the prairie 
 land above, the ascent is by a gradual slope to a vertical height of 
 
32 AUCEL^EOLOaY. 
 
 fifteen feet. Upon this belt of sloping ground, now covered with a 
 heavy growth of timber, the works are most numerous ; Avhile from its 
 edge, westward, the level prairie (that is, the alluvial plain of the 
 Mississippi) has been under cultivation for sixty or seventy years. 
 Here, incladiog forty acres of the cultivated field and ten of the sloping 
 timber belt, ^ is an area of about fifty acres, enclosed by earthen walls 
 which may be distinctly traced for several hundred feet, but gradually 
 disappear on the western side, having been nearly obliterated by the 
 long cultivation of the field. Where it is best ijreserved in the timbered 
 land, its height was found to be from three to five feet, and fifteen feet 
 wide at the base. ^ In the centre of the western side of the enclosure 
 and close to the wall, is a mound of oblong shape, three hundred feet in 
 length at the base, and at its northern end one hundred feet wide, and 
 twenty feet high at the present time, as near as could be estimated by 
 careful stepping. The top of it slopes gradually to the south, and 
 although the plow has passed up and down its sides for sixty years, still 
 on its eastern side may be distinctly seen the evidences of a graded way 
 to its summit. Close to its northeastern side, where the mound is 
 widest, is a deep depression in the field, about ten feet in diameter. 
 Mr. Wm. M. Murphy, a farmer who has long resided in the neighbor- 
 hood, told me that when he first saw it he could not got in and out of it 
 without a ladder, and that it had since been nearly filled up by the 
 tillers of the soil with stumps, logs and earth. In the centre of the 
 enclosure stands a circular mound seventy -five feet in diameter, and 
 also twenty feet high, which upon examination disclosed nothing but 
 broken pottery. It belongs to that class usually termed residence 
 mounds. The view from its summit towards the west and south 
 commands a prospect several miles in extent ; on the north the view is 
 cut off by a heavy growth of timber, and on the east by the cypress 
 swamp. In a direct line with the two mounds thus described, partly 
 upon the edge of the cultivated field and partly upon the declivity which 
 descends toward the swamp, in the midst of a group of smaller works, 
 stands a large burial mound, twelve to fifteen feet in height, and 
 one hundred feet in diameter. Its original height could only be 
 conjectured, as it has long been occupied as a residence site by the 
 present inhabitants. The ruins of a log house are still standing upon 
 its summit. It has been the sepulchre of many hundreds, perhaps a 
 
 • It will readily be perceived that absolute accuracy of measurement would be impossible, 
 ■where the ground has been ao much disturbed by cultivation. 
 
Small vessels of Pottery, Stone Pipe, Stone Irflpfements and discoidal Stone from New Madrid, Mo, 
 
34 AJKCH^EOLOGY. 
 
 thousand individuals. The manner of interment, as far as my own 
 observations extended, was to place the corpse upon the back, with the 
 head towards the centre of the mound ; the vacant space between each 
 deposit being generally two or three feet. When the inner circle was 
 full, another would be formed outside of it. In two burial mounds in 
 this region, which were only from three to five feet in height, and fifty 
 or sixty feet in diameter, I found this process of burial continued far 
 beyond the circumference of the mound ; in which cases the graves had 
 been dug in the natural bed of the plain upon which the mound was 
 erected, and were genei-ally from three to four feet in depth. The kind 
 of pottery found in these is precisely similar to that taken from the 
 centre of the mound, and was always in the same relative position to the 
 skeleton. Three vessels were usually found with each individual. Two 
 were water jugs, and placed on each side of the head; the other, a 
 receptacle for food, rested upon the side of the chest, and was kept 
 in place by the angle of the arms, which were folded across the breast. 
 These vessels will be more particularly described hereafter. 
 
 Within the enclosure before described, beginning near the margin of 
 the bayou, extending up the side of the declivity, around the burial 
 mound, and continuing quite a distance into the inclosure, are great 
 numbers of depressions, or shallow pits in the soil, from one to three 
 feet in depth and from fifteen to thirty in diameter ; sometimes in par- 
 allel rows, and usually about thirty feet from centre to centre. In many 
 of these, forest trees of large size are still growing, and others equally 
 large are lying upon the ground in various stages of decay. Upon 
 digging into them, almost every shovelful of earth disclosed pieces of 
 broken pottery ; many of these fragments indicated vessels of large size 
 which must have had a capacity of from ten to fifteen gallons. Upon 
 joining the fragments together, the mouths or openings were found to 
 vary from three to twelve inches in diameter. They were doubtless 
 stationary receptacles of food or water, as they were so thin that it 
 would hardly seem possible they could be moved, when filled, without 
 breaking. In many of these depressions were observed large rough 
 masses of burnt clay, of the color of common brick, full of irregular 
 and transverse holes, which seem to indicate, that, before it was burned, 
 the desired form of a chimney, or oven, had been rudely made out, bv 
 intertwining sticks, twigs and grass, and the whole plastered inside and 
 out with moist clay, to the thickness of several inches, and then burned 
 until it became red and nearly as hard as the bricks now in use. At the 
 depth of about two feet, at the bottom of all which were examined, what 
 
THE NEW j^IADRED MOUNDS. 
 
 35 
 
 seemed to have been a fire-place was disclosed. The earth was also 
 burned, so as to present the color and hardness of the fragments of biick, 
 to the depth of several inches. Along with the broken pottery were 
 found, quite often, fragments of sandstone of various sizes, the larger 
 pieces with concave surfaces, and all showing that they had been used for 
 polishing or sharpening purposes, especially the smaller ones, which are 
 covered with small grooves one-eighth of an inch deep across the whole 
 length and width, and at various angles with each other, as though they 
 had long been used for sharpening some small metallic instrument or 
 graver's tool. 
 
 Abater Jugra bid Food VesaoL 
 
 Another interesting and suggestive feature of these works is worthy of 
 notice. Along the shore of the bayou, iu front of the enclosure, small 
 tongues of land have been carried out into the water, from fifteen to 
 thirty feet in length by ten to fifteen in width, with open spaces between, 
 which, small as they are, forcibly remind one of the wharves of a sea- 
 port town. The cypress trees grow very thickly in all the little bays 
 thus formed, and the irregular, yet methodical, outline of the forest, 
 winding in and out, close to the shore of these tongues of land, is so 
 marked as to remove all doubt as to their artificial origin. Although the 
 channel of the Mississippi is now from fifteen to eighteen miles east of 
 this point, there is no question that this long bayou was one of its ancient 
 beds. It is well known that at New Madrid the river has receded at the 
 rate of one mile in seventy years. With the supposition that its recession 
 has been uniform, at this rate nearly a thousand years must have passed 
 since the Mississippi deserted the banks upon which these works are 
 located. But this, could it be proven, would give us no positive testi- 
 mony concerning their age. When the river changed its course, a lake 
 
56 
 
 AECH^OLOGY. 
 
 took its place. The change therefore must haye been somewhat sudden, 
 for according to its prevailing habits, while it wears away the shore upon 
 one side it leaves a corresponding deposit of alluvium upon the other. 
 
 The numerous miniature wharves would suggest that the inhabitants 
 were fishermen and had plenty of boats of some sort, which being so, 
 these waters must have been navigable and not. filled up as now with an 
 almost impenetrable cypress forest. 
 
 While it is true that the most im- 
 portant works are all situated upon the 
 his'h ground , fifteen feet above the water 
 level, some of the smaller ones ai'e 
 located upon the intermediate declivity, 
 and near the shore of the bayou, as also 
 some of the residence sites. 
 
 If we assume their occupancy to have 
 been contemporaneous with the presence 
 of the river, they would be subject to 
 overflow by the annual floods, and the 
 Largo Water Vessel. whavvcswould bc swcpt away. It seems 
 
 probable therefore that the time when they were occupied was long 
 subsequent to the change in the course of the river. The idea of the great 
 antiquity of these works, entertained when I made the report of their 
 examination, to the St. Louis Academy of Science, I confess has since been 
 somewhat shaken, the reasons for which may appear as we proceed. I am 
 reminded however that, for the work of which these are the initial 
 chapters, a picturesque and, so to speak, a topographical description 
 of the ancient monuments of Missouri is, desired, rather than a dry 
 detail of facts with extended generalizations. Considerations therefore 
 which might otherwise be appropriate in this connection will be reserved 
 for a more fitting opportunity. 
 
 One mile south of the remains under consideration, 
 and about three hundred feet from the rnargin of the 
 bayou, is a peculiar work, in the form of an oval or 
 egg-shaped excavation, one hundred and fifty feet long 
 in its largest diameter and seventy-five feet wide and 
 about six feet deep. It is surrounded by an embank- 
 ment about eight feet in height around its northern 
 curve : on the southern end the wall is not over five 
 feet, in which is a yarrow opening, and extending from it is a curved, 
 elevated way to the swamp, in which the earth taken from the excavation 
 
 Small Drinking Vessel, 
 and Stopper. 
 
THE NEAV MADRID MOUJTDS. 37 
 
 seems to have been deposited, until a circular mound or wharf was raised 
 about twenty feet in diameter and five feet high in the centre. The same 
 opening and elevated way is seen at the northiern end, extending to the 
 water. It is doubtless an unfinished work, but its purpose cannot be 
 conjectured. 
 
 Aboiit eight miles, in a southeasterly direction, from the works upon 
 Bayou St. John, upon what is known as West Lake, is another exten- 
 sive group almost identical with those described above, differing chiefly 
 in this, that they are covered throughout with a heavy growth of timber ; 
 and the residence sites are found covering a much larger space, and in 
 prodigious numbers ; while in the center of the group is an open space 
 of several acres which seems to have been made perfectly level, contain- 
 ing no elevations or depressions whatever save what may have been 
 produced by the uprooting of timber. 
 
 The aboriginal remains thus briefly described are only small groups of 
 the multitudinous works with which this whole region abounds, and in 
 many instances are still covered with the primeval forests. 
 
 They seem to increase in number and size as we approach the town 
 of New Madrid, where they appear in structures of much greater magni- 
 tude, one of which has been already noticed. Their character at this 
 place would seem to indicate that here was the seat of government and 
 commercial metropolis of a dense population, which occupied a large extent 
 of territory, embracing not only New Madrid county, biit also the 
 counties of Mississippi, Scott, Perry, Butler, Pemiscot, Scotland, 
 Madison, Bollinger and Cape Girardeau, all of which contain the same 
 class of works, and wrhose authors were the same people. Further 
 explorations, I have no doubt, will disclose their presence in other 
 counties adjoining. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Onr Pkople the Builbeks of these Mounds.— Cremation and Burial Mounds.— 
 The Big Mound at St. Louis.— Mistaken Views.— Minute Description ov the 
 "Work.- Stone Mounds.— Stone Sepulchers in St. Loins and Perry Counties. 
 
 Notwithstanding the variety of form presented in the multitudinous 
 structures throughout the continent of North America, the comparison 
 of many of their most prominent -characteristics makes it reasonably 
 certain that one people were the authors of them all. While many of 
 them in the order of their age belong to periods more or less remote, 
 reaching back many hundreds and perhaps thousands of years, many 
 others are comparatively recent. Taken as a whole, the thoughtful 
 observer will see, in this diversity of configuration and grouping, that 
 natural order of growth which might be looked for in the slow develop- 
 ment of a national life, whether generated among the people themselves 
 or helped forward by occasional and accidental impulses from without. 
 It seems highly probable that there were two slowly-moving streams of 
 mignition from the north ; the most important one on the east of the 
 Mississippi, the other through the territories lying west of the river. 
 This southward movement of a vast people seems to have been arrested 
 in the valley of the Ohio for a long period of time. Otherwise the fact 
 can hardly be accounted for that here occur the most stupendous monu- 
 ments of their industry and skill, and also the most strildng evidences 
 of the stability and repose of their national life. Here the mound- 
 builders reached the highest stage of civilization they ever attained this 
 side of Central America and Mexico. The movement upon the western 
 side of the river, while it had its source in the one great fountain-head 
 at the north, does not seem to have been so well defined in all its 
 characteristics, notwithstanding the fact that the population in Mis- 
 souri at one time was as great, and, we have reason to think, greater 
 than in Ohio. The cause may have been that they never enjoyed a 
 season of repose and exemption from war to such a degree as to render it 
 possible for them to devote the time and concentrate their energies upon 
 their internal afi"airs to the extent which resulted in the more advanced 
 civilization of the eastern tribes. There seems to have been one prevail- 
 ing system of religion among them all, which was based upon the 
 worship of the heavenly bodies. This remark applies not only to 
 people of North America, but to the ancient iijhabitants of the southern 
 
CREMATION AND BUEIAL MOUNDS. 39 
 
 continent as well. The temple mounds in both, though built of different 
 materials, are the same in form and purpose. 
 
 While the oneness of their forms of worship of itself proves nothing 
 as to the unity of their origin, still, when taken in connection with the 
 fact of their constant intercourse, and the identity of so many rites and 
 customs among them all, it is believed no extended argument is needed, 
 as before stated, to prove that, whatever may be the relative age of the 
 groups of works found in different localities, they were all built by one 
 people. In view of the foregoing it ought not to be surprising if, as we 
 trace the history of their development as recorded in their remains, we 
 find here and there traces of a radical change in some of their customs. 
 The one we have now to consider is a most important and significant one, 
 which relates to the disposition of their dead. This has already been 
 noticed (see p. 17, fig. 2), as illustrated in the two cemeteries in Carroll 
 Count}', Illinois, with traditional reasons for the substitution of mound 
 burial for cremation. Many able writers upon American antiquities have 
 given much attention to the numerous class of works which have usually 
 been denominated sacrificial mounds. 
 
 These are desciibed as presenting upon excavation a basin-shaped 
 cavity of varying dimensions : frequently paved with stones, and con- 
 taining ashes and charcoal, which are sometimes mingled with various 
 implements and ornaments, all showing the action of fire. To my own 
 mind the evidences are almost conclusive that these should be denom- 
 inated Cremation Mounds ; and that up to a certain period this was the 
 usual, and perhaps, universal, method of disposing of the remains ot 
 departed friends. The size of the mound would then indicate the rank 
 of him whose body was thus consumed therein. Upon no other hypothe- 
 sis can we account for the earth being heaped upon the so-called altars 
 while the fires were yet burning, leaving some portions of the wood 
 yet unconsumed. At length this practice ceased and mound burial took 
 its place. The latter custom seems to have been the one imiversally 
 practiced by the mound-builders of Missouri. 
 
 While cremation mounds occur in Iowa and Wisconsin, if any exist in 
 Missouri they are yet to be discovered. But here even the mode oi 
 burial was not uniform throughout the State, nor always in the same 
 locality even. One class, in the bayou St. John group, has already been 
 described. It is to be remembered that in these no implements what- 
 ever were found with the interments — nothing save the earthen vessels 
 for food and drink. Occasionally a flint spear and arrowhead would be 
 disclosed, but in such relations that I have no doubt their presence w»» 
 
40 AKCHJEOLOGY. 
 
 accidental. These mound.s I believe to have been the ordinary burial 
 jjlace.s of the people. In others, as was the case with the one upon 
 which the O'Fallon mansion stands, great numbers of stone axes, arrow- 
 points, and the like abound. 
 
 In the one case, only those domestic utensils were deposited which 
 minister to the comfort of their domestic life ; in the other, those which 
 served them in war and manly activities. Nor does this seem strange, 
 when we remember the belief, so common among mankind in certain 
 stages of civilization, that those pursuits to which the individual was 
 devoted in this life are continued in the life beyond the grave ; conse- 
 quently, if he had been a great hunter or mighty in war, it would be 
 most natural to deposit with him, in the tomb, his arms. But if the 
 nation were at peace, and unused to the arts of war, his friends would 
 think only of a necessary supply of food and drink ; hence vessels of 
 pottery would be the sole accompaniments of his journey. 
 
 Should the idea here advanced be substantiated by future investigation, 
 that cremation was once the prevailing custom and that at some period it 
 was discontinued and mound-burial adopted in its place, then it would 
 seem altogether probable that Southeast Missouri was peopled at some 
 time subsequent to that event, and therefore the works so abundant there 
 are more recent than those of the Ohio Valley. 
 
 Another class of sepulchral mounds, whose occurrence is somewhat 
 rare, has been observed more particularly in the Western Central States. 
 Generally they are of large dimensions and contain a chamber or vault, 
 which is sometimes rudely finished with stone. The floor is usually 
 on a level with the natural surface of the soil, upon which the dead were 
 placed, in a reclining posture. The most conspicuous example of this 
 class is the one known as the Big Mound, which once stood at the corner 
 of Mound street and Broadway in St. Louis, but which, as before stated, 
 was removed in 1869. A representation of it, as it appeared, is given 
 in our frontispiece. 
 
 Of all sepulchral mounds thus far examined, this was the kinc. If 
 its magnitude, or rather the size of the vault within it has any signifi- 
 cance, it would seem to have been the tomb of the most holy prophets 
 or of the royal race. The statements concerning its dimensions are 
 widely different. According to one observer, it was four hundred feet 
 in length, two hundred feet wide at the base and over fifty feet hio'h. 
 According to Mr. Brackenridge, it was one hundred and fifty feet in 
 length and thirty in height. The latter figures are probably not far from 
 the truth. 
 
THE BIG MOUND AT ST. LOUIS. 41 
 
 These discrepancies are not difEcult of explfmation when it is remem- 
 bered that in its construction, advantage was taken of the highest point 
 of the terrace, and when the streets were cut tlirough it, on its northern 
 and southern ends, the grade was nearly twenty feet lower than the top 
 of the terrace upon which it was erected. A casual observer, therefore, 
 ■would be likely to take the whole as artificial, whereas more than one- 
 half, as it then appeared, was of fluviatile origin. The dividing line 
 between the natural ground and the mound; proper is shown in the 
 engraving. It is about midway between the level of the street and the 
 top of the mound. 
 
 The demolition of this ancient landmark was an event which awakened 
 much interest among the citizens, who gathered in crowds, from day 
 to day during the many weeks occupied by its removal. Numerous 
 and conflicting accounts were published at the time concerning it, with 
 any amount of speculation and hasty conclusions. Some of them have 
 been perpetuated in one recent work, at least, upon the pre-historic 
 races of America ; on which account I think it proper to say that the 
 statements which follow are based upon personal and careful examination 
 of the work during the process of its removal, until its destruction 
 was accomplished. 
 
 This mound, as is well known, was used by the Indians as a burial 
 place, and only about sixty years since, it was visited by a small band, 
 who disinterred and carried away the bones of their chief who had been 
 buried there. But their interments here, as was their unvarying 
 custom, were near the surface. I have observed the same in other 
 localities, sometimes not more than eighteen inches from the top of the 
 mound, — as was the case with some I examined in Washington County, 
 on the banks of the Missouri. On account of this it is not difficult to 
 distinguish the Indian burials from those of the Mound-builders. Had 
 this fact been better understood, we would have been spared many erro- 
 neous statements, as well as hasty generalizations upon articles taken 
 from the mounds, which were attributed to their builders, but which, 
 in fact, were deposited by the Indians ; and many of them even, subse- 
 quent to their first acquaintance with our own race. A striking example 
 of this occurred during the removal of the "Big Mound." Near the 
 northern end, and about three feet from the surface, two skeletons were 
 discovered very near each other, one evidently that of a male, the other 
 a female. With the larger of the two were found the spiral spines of 
 two conch shells, much decayed, nine ivory beads of an average size, as 
 near asrl can recollect, one inch in length and nearly one-half in 
 
42 AIICIM50L0GY. 
 
 diameter, an ivory spool with short shaft but very wide flanges, which 
 were much broken around the edges, and two curious articles of copper, 
 about three inches in length and about half as wide, resembling some- 
 what in shape the common smoothing iron of the laundry. The under 
 side, which was concave, showed the marks of the mould in which they 
 were cast. The upper side, which was much corroded, showed traces 
 of an elaborate finish in the way of engraving. From the center of the 
 finished upper side an arm projected at a right angle, about five-eighths 
 of an inch in continuous width and two-eighths in thickness at its junc- 
 ture, which tapered to a thin edge. 
 
 Embedded in the verdigris with which they were encrusted were plainly 
 visible the marks of a twisted string just like ordinary wrapping twine, 
 which had been clumsily tied about them, and upon which the beads had 
 been strung. All the above articles were about the head and neck of the 
 skeleton, and had evidently been interred with the possessor just as lie 
 wore them in life. 
 
 I have been thus particular in the account of this "big Indian" and his 
 treasures — for such he undoubtedly was — because these articles of copper, 
 and the ivory spool, which must have been turned in a lathe, (and I 
 must include also the pieces of cloth found with them, which however I 
 did not see) have been taken as the exponents of the state of the arts 
 among the Moimd-builders, and have been made the sxibject of the most 
 extravagant statements. Although I was not present when these articles 
 were taken out, they were placed in my hands a short time afterward, 
 by the person who unearthed them, who also kindly gave me portions of 
 the skull, the larger bones of the legs, and a lock of hair! from the head 
 of both the sachem and his squaw, which are still in my possession. 
 
 But the most interesting feature of this trul}' great structure is the 
 sepulchral chamber which it once contained. By what means the 
 ponderous mass of earth which formed its roof was sustained, the mound 
 itself furnished no clue, for it had long ago fallen in and crushed almost 
 to atoms the already decayed bones of the skeletons lying upon the 
 floor. The original length of the chamber could only be conjectured, as 
 portions of the mound had been removed when the street was cut 
 through upon the southern end, as seen in the engraving. It could be 
 traced, however, for seventy-two feet. For this distance the sides were 
 perfectly smooth and straight, and sloped outwardly a few degrees from 
 the perpendicular, and the marks of the tool by which the walls were 
 Ijlastered could be plainly seen. One circumstance, which was very 
 puzzling for a while, was the curious appearance of the surface of the 
 
THE BIG MOUND AT ST. LOUIS. 43 
 
 walls. They were covered with a complete network of black lines, 
 interlacing and crossing each other with all sorts of beautiful and fanciful 
 complications, resembling more than anything else the delicate tracery of 
 a frosted window pane. Upon careful examination, these proved to be 
 the remains of rootlets from the trees which once grew upon the surface 
 above; which, finding easy ingress along the face of the wall, had thus 
 covered its surface, but were now completely carbonized. 
 
 The manner of its construction seems to have been thus : The surface 
 of the ground was first made perfectly level and hard ; then the walls 
 were raised with an outward inclination, which were also made perfectly 
 compact and solid, and plastered over with moist clay. Over these a 
 roof was formed of heavy timbers, and above all the mound was raised 
 of the desired dimensions. ^ The bodies had all been placed in a direct 
 line, upon the floor of the vault, a few feet apart, and equidistant from 
 each other, with their feet towards the west. These were disclosed, 
 several at a time, as the laborers detached long, vertical sections of 
 earth by the simultaneous use of crowbars inserted at the top. Mingled 
 with the black deposit which enveloped the bones, were beads and shells 
 in prodigious numbers, though in no instance were both deposited with 
 the same individual. 
 
 The beads, so called, are the same as are found in the mounds of Ohio, 
 and evidently cut, as Dr. Foster thinks, from the Busy con, from the 
 Gulf of Mexico. They are small discs perforated in the center by drill- 
 ing. From the many specimens in my possession in various stages of 
 their manufacture, the conclusion is warranted that the hole was first 
 drilled and the edges rounded afterwards. Many of these seem to have 
 been out from the common mussel-shells which are abimdant in this region. 
 The small sea shells {Marginella apicina), were only found with a few 
 skeletons, possibly five or six at the southern end of the vault, and with each 
 one from four to six quarts, all of which were pierced with small holes 
 near the head, by which they were undoubtedly strmig together. With 
 the majority, however, only the perforated buttons were found, but in 
 such numbers that the. body from the thighs to the head must have been 
 covered with them. 
 
 Beino- very desirous of securing, if possible, a perfect skull, or at 
 least the fragments from which one might be reconstructed, and as all 
 
 • Although not a vestige of wood was discovered when it was removed, in a work 
 across the river, more recently destroyed, which contained a similar vault, were found 
 sticks of red cedar, much decayed, but In such positions as showed that they had been 
 the supports of the superincumbent earth. 
 
44 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGY. 
 
 which were thrown out by the excavators were in small pieces which 
 crumbled at the toiich, I besran a careful excavation with a common 
 kitchen knife near the feet of a skeleton, following the spinal column to 
 the head. My work was soon interrupted however by the crowd of 
 eager boys from the neighboring schools, who scrambled for the beads 
 which were thrown out with every handful of earth, with such energy 
 that I was lifted from my feet and borne away. By the aid of a burly 
 policeman, however, I was able to finish my excavation, but without 
 being able to secure what was so much desired. The bones were so much 
 decayed, when the roof fell in, that all the larger bones were crushed, 
 and only small fragments of the skull could be obtained, and of course 
 no cavity corresponding to its shape remained from which a plaster cast 
 might have been taken. 
 
 The last visit to the mound was most interesting of all. The 
 night before, the workmen had made a vertical cut directly across 
 the northern end of the small portion of the work which yet remained. 
 
 * V* 
 
 *? >■ 
 
 Cross-Section of the Big Mound at St. Louis. 
 
 What was there revealed is well represented in the engraving. The 
 sloping walls were of compact yellow clay, the intermediate space filled 
 with blue clay in a much looser condition, in perfect agi'cement with the 
 idea of its having fallen in from above by the decay of its support. Here 
 too, at the northern end, I conjectured, was the entrance to the sepul- 
 
STONE MOUNDS. 45 
 
 cher, for the reason that here the walls were about eight feet in height, 
 from six feet to eight feet apart, whereas the first measurements at the 
 top, when the walls were discovered, showed a diameter of eighteen feet. 
 
 Here, then, was an artificial sepulchral tomb, whose dimensions we 
 may safely state to have been from eight to twelve feet wide, seventy- 
 five feet long, and from eight to ten feet in height, in which from twenty 
 to thirty burials had taken place. If any other deposit had been made 
 with the dead, save the before-mentioned beads and shells, the tomb must 
 have been desecrated by some savage who had no re£;ard for its sacred 
 character, for not a vestige of anything else was disclosed at the time of 
 its demolition. 
 
 Another evidence of a large aboriginal population is furnished by the 
 stone mounds which are very numerous in certain localities, particularly in 
 those counties through which flow the Osage and the Gasconade rivers. 
 Not being so conspicuous as the others already noticed, they would not 
 be likely to attract the attention of ordinary travelers, and may therefore 
 be found covering a much larger area than is at present known. These 
 are simple heaps of stones, of such size as could be conveniently carried 
 from the ravines where they are found to the highest elevations — the spots 
 usually chosen for their erection. I have seen them in groups on a con- 
 tinuous line running back from the very brow of a precipitous escarpment 
 two hundred and fifty feet above the Gasconade, which swept majestically 
 below. In fact, those commanding elevations, no matter how difficult of 
 access, from whence the view of the surrounding landscape was most 
 €xtended and lovely, seem to have been the ones most preferred. The 
 Ozark Hills, clothed with the primeval forests, are full of them. They 
 are o-enerally considered more recent than the earthen tumuli. In all 
 that I have opened nothing Avas discovered which shed any light upon 
 their history, save a few human teeth and the- smallest bits of the larger 
 bones, which proved them to be burial mounds. It is stated by Adair 
 that some of the nomadic tribes of Indians thus disposed of their dead, 
 and as they passed and re-passed those graves, from year to year each man 
 of the tribe was accustomed to add another stone to the heap which had 
 been raised above them. In agroup of seven, I observed one which showed 
 some skill in masonry ; one of the walls was built up with a smooth face 
 about three feet in height, in which the joints were beautifully broken, 
 although there was no evidence of mortar having been used. 
 
 In this connection should be noticed still another class ; the most note- 
 worthy examples of which, were discovered about the year 1818, in the 
 town of Fenton, about fifteen miles from St. Louis. These were stone 
 
46 ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 graves or cists, each inclosing a single skeleton, or the dust of one — as all 
 were in a crumbling condition there. Not one of the many examined 
 exceeded fifty inches in length. They were built of six flat stones, single 
 slabs forming the bottom, top, sides, and ends. 
 
 According to Dr. Beck, of Gazetteer fame, much discussion was elicited 
 at the lime and many communications appeared in the newspapers. The 
 chief point upon which it all centered was the shortness of the graves. 
 As was the case in Tennessee, a few years since, it was considered as 
 proving the former existence of a race of pigmies. But the fact that in 
 some of them the leg bones were observed lying parallel with and along- 
 side of the bones of the thigh, accounted for the shortness of the graves ; 
 and this, taken along with the well-known custom practiced by some 
 tribes, of suspending their dead in the branches of trees until the bones 
 were denuded of flesh and afterwards depositing them in their common 
 burying place, was regarded as a sufficient answer to all the pigmy spec- 
 ulations. 
 
 About one hundred yards from the ancient burying ground at Fenton 
 were once a number of mounds, and remains of an extensive fortification, 
 which also attracted the attention of the curious in those early days. 
 And if files of the old Missouri Gazette of , sixty years ago could be 
 found, no doubt many interesting facts would be recovered which are 
 now forgotten. Similar stone graves are found in Perry County, seventy- 
 five miles from St. Louis. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 " Thb Cave-Dwellers." — Tales of Discoveries in Kentucky, etc. — Thk Caves of 
 THE Ozark Mountains. — Proofs of long Occupxnct. — Skeletons and other 
 Kelics Found. — The Cave-Dwellkrs a Different Eace from the Mouni>- 
 Builders. 
 
 To the general student of Ethnology and Archseology, no one depart- 
 ment of antiquarian research has yielded grander or more satisfactory 
 results than those which have rewarded the explorers of the caves and 
 I'ock-shelters of some of the mountain chains of the old world. Concern- 
 ing the relative age of the earthen structures of the vast alluvial plains 
 of America there may be much difference of opinion. But in his 
 occupancy of the caves of Europe, primeval man has so inscribed the 
 records of his early life and presence, during those geologic changes 
 which he witnessed, in the succession of the glacial and diluvial epochs, 
 that they are sometimes as sharply delineated and legible as are those 
 of the various orders of animal life' in the stratified rocks By these 
 faithful chronographs of the childhood of the race, we are carried back 
 irresistibly to a period so remote, that the cave-dwellers from Mount 
 Hor, who joined the confederate kings, and were so signally overthrown 
 by Abram in the plains of Sodom, were but of yesterday. 
 
 In America, this field is comparatively unexplored, or perhaps we had 
 better say, is undiscovered. Indeed, it may be that we have nothing 
 here which shall he found to correspond to or compare with the drift 
 period and bone-caves of Europe. It is true we find, in the eai-ly tales 
 of border life in Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee, accounts which 
 must contain some elements of truth, of caverns filled with human bones ; 
 others whose walls are pictured and sculptured with strange devices, of 
 animals, known and unknown ; and representations of the heavenly 
 bodies ; and others still, containing mummied corpses, embalmed and 
 wonderfully preserved, clad in robes of feather-work like those of Peru- 
 vian fabric which so filled the Spanish conquerors with admiration. But 
 alas I these were long since destroyed. Then, they had little or no 
 scientific value, consequently there was no motive for their serious 
 examination, or preservation. 
 
 Still, however, we may indulge the not unreasonable hope that others 
 may yet be discovered, whose disclosures shall be equally precious. In 
 this hope we are the more encouraged by the fact that the few which 
 have been noticed and described, furnish indubitable proof that they 
 
48 
 
 ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 were once the favorite resorts, for burial purposes, of some pre-historic 
 race. When the stones shall be rolled away from the doors of the sep- 
 ulchral caverns in the limestone hills of Missouri, the long-forgotten 
 ■dead may again come forth re-vivified, rehabilitated, and the Ozark 
 Mountains may yet disclose materials for a chapter in the life of her 
 primitive people, which shall equal in interest the records of the mounds. 
 The Ozarks, thanks to their sterile slopes, have preserved their sacred 
 
 Among ihe Ozarks, 
 
 treasures well. They are honeycombed with caves, some of unknown 
 extent. Their openings may be seen in the precipitous bluffs along the 
 ■Gasconade Eiver, in great numbers, on either side, or the majestic arches 
 ■of their openings span the divides where the smaller hill ranges meet. 
 Do these numerous caves and channels evidence an ancient system of 
 drainage, in operation long before the Gasconade had asserted its "right 
 of way " and scooped for itself a course through the rocks by its cease- 
 less flow? ^ 
 
 In these caves the ancient dead were buried and the funeral feasts 
 were celebrated. The deep deposit of rich nitrogenous earth in the 
 
 • See Sir Charles Lyell's remarks upon the Valley of the Meuse, "Antiquity of Man,' 
 p. 73. 
 
THE CAVli; DWELLERS. 49 
 
 larger chambers, and the bones of various animals, birds, and mussel 
 shells — the refuse of the funeral feasts, — the alternate layers of ashes and 
 charcoal mingled with earthy matter, containing human bones in different 
 degrees of preservation, tell of oft-repeated visits and recurrence of the 
 funei-al rites. 
 
 What little we have learned from the few thus far explored makes ns 
 only the more eager to examine still further the records they contain. 
 A description of one must serve our present purpose. The one selected 
 is in Pulaski County, and is one of the many famous saltpetre caves so 
 often mentioned in the early annals of the State, with which the coimtry 
 of the Gascouade abounds. The opening is in the face of a perpen- 
 dicular limestone bluff which extends along the river for many miles. 
 While the scenery of this whole region is very beautiful, the view from 
 the moiith of some of the caves is enchanting. Standing in the shadow 
 of one of their lofty arches, the eye is charmed with the peculiar beauty 
 of the landscape spread out before it. The Gasconade flowing far below, 
 the stately trees which fringe its banks and mark the course of its long 
 graceful curves, until it loses itself in the dim outlines of the Ozarks, 
 which swell and roll away until their opalescent hues melt into the mel- 
 low light of the autumn sky, — all conspire to awaken the liveliest 
 feelings of respect and admiration for a people whose aesthetic taste was 
 so refined and tender as to lead them to select a place so charming for 
 the long repose of their loved ones. But poetry and science have but 
 little in common : one must end where the other begins. So turning my 
 back upon the beautiful scene, and repressing all compunctions for the 
 sacrilege we are about to commit, the impatient workmen are directed 
 to begin the labor of cutting a trench one hundred and seventy-five feet 
 long, through the deposit at the bottom of the cave. At the end of this 
 distance the perpetual gloom begins. Here the torches are brought into 
 requisition, by whose dim light, as the laborers proceed with their work^ 
 the sectional notes and measurements are taken. 
 
 The whole surface of the deposit seems to have been much disturbed, 
 to the depth of from eighteen inches to two feet. It is composed of 
 earth and ashes, mingled profusely with broken pottery, fragments 
 of human bones and flint-chips. Below this, the deposit is hard and 
 compact. Selecting a point about midway from either end of the trench, 
 we proceed to make more critical examinaticm. Continuing the excav- 
 ation to the depth of six feet, the natural deposit at the bottom is 
 reached, composed of a tough reddish clay, which contained nothing 
 but decayed mussel shells. All above this showed the continual 
 4 
 
50 AKCH^OLOGY. 
 
 occupancy of the cave during its deposition. A vertical section at the 
 point above named, disclosed the following strata : 
 
 Alluvium, mingled with ashes, bits of pottery, etc 18 inches. 
 
 Stratum of different colored ashes 2 " 
 
 Clay and dark Alluvium 2% " 
 
 Ashes 'A " 
 
 Alluvium 3 " 
 
 Mixture of Ashes and Clay 3 " 
 
 Pure Ashes }i " 
 
 Alluvium Zyi " 
 
 Pure Ashes, mingled with Charcoal 4 " 
 
 Alluvium, " " " 7 " 
 
 Ashes 3 " 
 
 Alluvium, mingled with Charcoal 20 " 
 
 At the depth of about two feet, the first skeleton was reached, lying 
 upon its back, with head towards the east. All the small bones were 
 thoroughly decayed. About six feet north of this, another skeleton was 
 disclosed, evidently buried in a sitting posture. This was so much 
 decomposed that only a few of the thicker portions of the skull could 
 be secured. Near this was also found the skeleton of a very aged 
 female, the skull in a better state of preservation. In companionship 
 with these was a flint spear-head of the rudest pattern, as were all the 
 implements of stone — which were not numerous — which the deposit 
 contained. With the exception of the rude spear-head, their presence 
 seemed to have been accidental, and this also may have been so. 
 Among the most interesting relics, were articles of bone, such as awls, 
 scrapers, and the like, and occasionally one made from the inner sux-face 
 of a shell, with a sharp edge. 
 
 What was most surprising was the prodigious number of mussel 
 shells which were continuous through the whole deposit, decreasing in 
 size and more decayed as we descended, until their whole substance was 
 a chalky paste. These are still abundant in the river below. Inter- 
 muigled with the alluvium and ashes, as far as the excavation extended, 
 were skulls and bones of fishes, deer, bear, mud-turtle and wild 
 turkey. The skulls were always broken, no doubt to obtain the brains, 
 which have always been esteemed a great delicacy among the civilized 
 and savage as well. While, for purposes of ethnological study, a more 
 detailed description of the crania contained in this cave would be 
 instructive, and other particulars here suggested might be properly 
 enlarged upon, still, enough has been stated to indicate the desirable- 
 ness of a more thorough exploration of this comparatively new class 
 
THE CAVE DWELLERS. 
 
 51 
 
 of antiquities. But keeping in mind that we have more to do in these 
 chapters with the traces of the aboriginal inhabitants of Missouri than 
 with lengthy generalizations upon the facts they disclose, we can only 
 hint at one or two conclusions. 
 
 Bone Innplemenls. 
 
 Here was the burial place of a people who were not insensible to 
 those beauties with which nature around them was glorified, and who 
 sought those places with the most lovely surroundings in which to deposit 
 the remains of their friends. Here were laid to rest from time to time 
 the old and young, the aged matron, and the child, the fragments of 
 whose thin, paper-like skulls suggested many thoughts of maternal love 
 and tears of sorrow. The vast numbers of shells, and bones of beasts 
 and birds, bear witness to the oft-repeated funeral feasts beside the new- 
 made graves of the departed, and point to a belief in a life continued in 
 another world. "Who they were, or when they lived, it is not our 
 province now to try to answer. The Indians, it is well known, regarded 
 these gloomy caverns with superstitious fear, for in them they believed 
 
52 AKCH^OLOGY. 
 
 the great Manitoii dwelt. In view of this fact, so well attested by early 
 writers, the idea that they were the occupants becomes a matter of grave 
 doubt. The skulls thus far examined, are also wanting in those peculiar 
 and generally very marked characteristics which are so evident in the 
 crania of the mounds. With this allusion to a question so interesting, 
 we must leave its discussion to a future occasion, when we may reason- 
 ably hope to be able to continue it in the light of more extended 
 information. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Temple Mounds— Growth of Ancibnt Keligious Ststbms— Characteristics of this 
 Class of Monuments.— The Great Mound at Cahokia, its best representativb 
 IN North America.— Brackkneidge's Description op it in 1811.— How it camk to 
 be called "monks' mound."- the ceuemoniea op the sun-"worshippers.— other 
 Temple Mounds.— The Indians not descended prom the Mound-Builders. 
 
 Although the propriety of some of the mound-classifications of the 
 earlier writers has sometimes been questioned, no doubts are entertained 
 as to the purpose of those which have been denominated Temple Mounds. 
 In treating of this class, we enter at once upon a field almost as vast as 
 the two continents of America, For, whatever may have been the 
 material used in their construction, whether stone, or earth alone, or 
 both combined, they present such uniform characteristics, so identical in 
 evident purpose and design, that they link together by one prevailing 
 system of religious worship, of which they are the striking exponents, 
 unnumbered tribe.? and peoples, scattered up and down the two continents 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Reason as we may, the more they are 
 studied, and considered in their relation to other groups and classes with 
 which they are found associated, we can hardly escape the conviction 
 that they point to one common origin. 
 
 Before yielding a hasty assent to a general conclusion, a proper caution 
 would suggest the possibility of accounting for this uniformity of struc- 
 ture by other and natural considerations. It is well known that barbaric 
 tribes in all lands and times have manufactured their first implements of 
 war and the chase from stone and bone, and have learned, by means of 
 some hint which Nature, perhaps, afforded, to fashion rude vessels of clay 
 for domestic use. It is also true that their petitions and adorations have 
 been addressed to the same class of imaginary beings, or objects and 
 active forces whose effects they were accustomed to behold around them ; 
 among which the heavenly bodies appear to have occupied a conspicuous 
 place, particularly during some stages of their progress from barbarism 
 to a higher life. 
 
 Possessed of the same faculties, appetites and passions, inheriting the 
 same necessities, meeting always the same difficulties in their struggles 
 for existence, it is not surprising that rude nations have ever followed the 
 same paths in all the activities of their wild, infantile life. Indeed, it 
 would be surprising if they had not. From these and similar considera- 
 tions it may be thought that the identity of form, structure and relation. 
 
54 AKCH^OLOGY. 
 
 and also apparent oneness of purpose which characterize the Temple 
 Mounds, demonstrate only the operation of a universal law, in the 
 progress of a people from a state of barbarism through the slow stages 
 of its developement towards a higher civilization. The sun and moon 
 have been woi-sliiped iu ages and countries widely separated, and by 
 nations between which there could never have occurred any possible 
 communication. 
 
 Man never has attained by intuition or philosophy that knowledge of 
 the unity and perfections of the Supreme Being which Revelation presents : 
 and wanting that knowledge, he naturally worships those visible objects 
 which are most conspicuous and which most inspire his reverence, 
 especially those which, he conceives, exert the greatest influence upon 
 his life and destiny. But when each nation starts out for itself in the 
 path of a progressive civilization, the prevailing forms of worship, being 
 subjected to the same influences which mould the national polity, must 
 necessarily, under the new impulse, become also materially changed, or 
 as has sometimes happened, disjilaced altogether, by a system entirely 
 new. From this point, the forms of Nature-worship would cease to be 
 identical, and each resultant system become thereafter more and more 
 divei'gent ; and long periods of time must neoessaril}' be required for the 
 working out, of a complicated and well arranged system of poptdar 
 religion which should be able to enforce the ready obedience and subjec- 
 tion of a vast people to its mandates, and enlist the energies of the 
 nation in the erection of their most imposing structures, for no other 
 purpose than the observance of their religious rites and ceremonies. Such 
 structures, among the memorials of an ancient people, are very inter- 
 esting and instructive, from the fact that religion has ever exerted such 
 controlling influence in the establishment and perpetuity or decline of 
 countless nations, whose history has been preserved. 
 
 They are the records, therefore, of more than the religious faith and 
 practice of a particular people ; but, because of the leavening influence 
 of religious ideas when crystallized into systematic forms, they become the 
 interpreters of many things which otherwise woidd never be understood. 
 
 It will readily be seen, therefore, in the light of the foregoino-, that 
 the Temple Mounds of America are invested with an interest and 
 importance outside of their purely religious character ; and which is 
 greatly enhanced by the fact that wherever they are found, alon<y with 
 them invariably occur the most striking evidences of the former presence 
 of a numerous population, whose civil and social condition was separated 
 by a vnde gulf from that of the red race who occupied their ancient seats 
 
TEIiIPLE MOUNDS. 55 
 
 when America was discovered ; and whose government was so well 
 established and enduring, as to render it pos^sible for vast numbers to 
 be employed for a series of years in their erection. 
 
 Temple Mounds, according to Squier and Davis, "are distinguished 
 by their great regularity of form and general' large dimensions. They 
 consist chiefly of pyramidal structures, truncated, and generally have 
 graded avenues to their tops. In some instances they are terraced or 
 have successive stages. But whatever their form, whether round, oval, 
 octangular, square or oblong, they have invariably flat or level tops."^ 
 
 "The summits of these structures were probably crowned with 
 temples, but having been constructed of perishable materials, all traces 
 of their existence have disappeared. The truncated pyramidal form, 
 which often rises to no great height, was obviously the foundation for 
 such structures. In the works at Aztalan, Wisconsin, we trace the out- 
 lines of this form of mounds at the angles of the bastions, and this may 
 be said to be their northern limit. They are not recognized on the 
 southern slope of Lake Erie, and are seen at onl}' three points in Southern 
 Ohio, viz: Marietta, Newark and Chillicothe. 
 
 "The stupendous mound at Cahokia in Illinois, with its graded way, 
 its terrace and level summit, was the best representative of this class. ^ 
 In Kentucky they are not rare ; the great mound near Florence is of this 
 character, and that near Claiborne — fifty feet in height — has a level 
 summit with a gradual slope on the east, and a succession often terraces 
 on the west. In this class, too, must be included the great mound at 
 Seltzertown, Mississippi, and most of those in the Gulf States. 
 
 'Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 173. Smithsonian Contributions to 
 Knowledge. 
 
 '' When he wrote this, Dr. Foster was under the impression that this great work was 
 destroyed. While he was mistaken, it is understood to be for sale, and may soon be 
 reclioned among the things that were, provided some railway shall be constructed near 
 enough to render its huge mass — containing several million cubic yards of earth — 
 desirable to elevate its grade. What a graceful thing it would be for the State, or 
 National Government to purchase it and decree its perpetual presei-vation! Men of 
 science all over the world and in all future time would be so thankful for such an act. 
 Thus the Government of Denmark has done with her antiquities. Whether either of 
 our great political parties could be persuaded to assume such a tremendous responsibility 
 is very doubtful. Our legislators are so conscientious and so intent upon " retrenchment 
 and reform, "that the expenditure of a few hundred dollars for the preservation of the 
 stupendous work which must have occupied the ceaseless labor of thousands of men 
 through a life-time to erect, would be a precedent too dangerous to think of— such an 
 act might shake the foundations of the Kepublic. Ko partizan would dare favor such a 
 proposition, lest it should be followed by his speedy consignment to a political grave 
 from which there could be no resurrection. 
 
56 AECILEOLOGY. 
 
 "In Mexico nnd Centra] America, we see the culmination of this form 
 in the Teocallis, which, were faced with flights of steps and surmounted 
 b}' temples of stone." ^ 
 
 The identification of some of the mounds in their enumeration as 
 Temple Mounds, by the authors above named, I cannot but regard as 
 lacking confirmation. Indeed the evidences derived from my own obser- 
 vations arc conclusive that some of them belong to quite another class. 
 Those of the " truncated pyramidal form which often rise to no great 
 height," were doubtless crowned with the residences of the chiefs and 
 rulers. These are often found in groups. I have counted seven or eight 
 very near each other, a few feet in height, with flat or level tops : the 
 central one generally larger .thau those around it, which tradition affirms 
 was occupied by the dwelling of the chief. The others of the group were 
 erected from time to time for residence sites for his sons, as they came to 
 man's estate and had families of their own. In all which I have excavated, 
 nothing was disclosed but fragments of pottery. 
 
 The only structures which can with certainty be identified as Temple 
 Mounds are those whose perfect model is seen in the Teocallis of Mexico 
 and South America. 
 
 In whatever groujs they are found, they are the most imposing. 
 Generally oblong, with one or more stages, and ascended by graded 
 avenues. Such was one of the large mounds at St. Louis, and I am 
 disposed to believe that the beautiful Falling Garden was an unfinished 
 work of this class, whose three stages, about fifteen feet each in height, 
 were finished, but the elevated work which was to crown the whole was 
 wanting. 
 
 The great Cahokia Mound is the best representative of this class to be 
 found in North America. This wiis examined by Mr. Brackenridge in 
 1811-12. His interesting description of it, along with the numerous 
 works of smaller dimensions with which the American Bottom is filled, — 
 or was in his day — may well be quoted entire in this connection : 
 
 "To form a more correct idea of these, it will be necessary to give the 
 reader some view of the tract of country in which they are situated. 
 The American Bottom is a tract of rich alluvial land, extending on the 
 Mississippi, from Kaskaskia to the Cahokia Eiver, about eighty miles in 
 length and five in breadth ; several handsome streams meander through it ; 
 the soil is of the richest kind, and but little subject to the efiects of the 
 Mississippi floods. A number of lakes are interspersed through it, with 
 
 ' Foster's Pre-Historic Eaces, etc., p. 186. 
 
THE GREAT MOUND AT CAHOIOA. 57 
 
 fine high banks ; these abound in fish, and in autumn are visited by 
 millions of wild fowl. 
 
 "There is perhaps no spot in tlie western country, capable of being 
 more highly c\iltivated, or of giving suppoH to a more numerous 
 population, than this valley. If any vestige of ancient population were 
 to be found, this would be the place to search for it ; accordingly this 
 tract, as also the bank of the river on the western side, exhibits proofs 
 of an immense population. If the city of Philadelphia and its environs 
 were deserted, there would not be more numerous traces of human 
 existence. 
 
 "The great number of mounds, and the astonishing quantity of human 
 bones everywhere dug up, or found on the surface of the ground with 
 a thousand other appearances, announce that this valley was at one 
 period filled with habitations and villages. The whole face of the bluff, or 
 hill which bounds it on the east, appears to have been a continued burying 
 ground. But the most remarkable appearances are two groups of mounds 
 or pyramids, the one about ten miles above Cahokia, and the other 
 nearly the same distance below it, which in all exceed one hundred and fifty 
 of various sizes. The western side also contains a considerable number. 
 
 "A more minute description of those above Cahokia, which I visited in 
 the fall of 1811, will give a tolerable idea of them all. I crossed the 
 Mississippi at St. Louis, and after passing through the wood which 
 borders the river, about a half a mile in width, entered on an extensive 
 plain. 
 
 "In fifteen minutes I found myself in the midst of a group of mounds, 
 mostly of a circular shape and at a distance, resembling enormous haystacks 
 scattered through a meadow : one of the largest, which I ascended, was 
 about two hundred paces in circumference at the bottom, the form nearly 
 square, though it had evidently undergone considerable alteration from 
 the washing of rains ; the top was level, with an area sufficient to contain 
 several hundred men. The prospect from this mound was very beautiful ; 
 looking towards the bluffs, which are dimly seen at the distance of six 
 or eight miles, the bottom at this place being very wide, I had a level 
 plain before me, bound by islets of wood, and a few solitary trees : to 
 the right the prairie is bounded by the horizon ; to the left, the course 
 of the Cahokia may be distinguished by the margin of wood upon its 
 banks, and crossing the valley diagonally S. S. W. Around me, I 
 counted forty-five mounds or pyramids, besides a great number of small 
 artificial elevations : these mounds form something more than a semi- 
 circle, about a mile in- extent, the open space on the river. 
 
58 AECH^OLOGY. 
 
 "Pursuing my walk along the bank of the Cahokia, I passed eight 
 others in the distance of three miles, before I arrived at the largest 
 assemblage. When I reached the foot of the principal mound, I was 
 struck with a degree of astonishment not unlike that which is experienced 
 in contemplating the Egyptian Pyramids. What a stupendous pile of 
 earth ! To heap up such a mass must have required years, and the labor 
 of thousands. It stands immediately on the bank of the Cahokia, and 
 on the side next it, is covered with loft}^ trees. Were it not for the 
 regularity and design which it manifests, the circumstances of its being 
 on alluvial ground, and the other mounds scattered around it, we would 
 scarcely believe it the work of human hands. 
 
 "The shape is that of a parallelogram standing from north to south ; on 
 the south side there is a broad apron or step, about halfway down, and 
 from this another projection iuto the plain, about fifteen feet wide, which 
 was probably intended as an ascent to the mound. By stepping around 
 the base I computed the circiimference to be at least eight hundred 
 yards, and the height of the mound about ninety feet. The step or 
 apron has been used as a kitchen-garden by the monks of La Trappe, 
 settled near this, and the top is sowed with wheat. Nearly west there 
 is another of a smaller size, and forty others scattered through the 
 plain. Two are also seen on the bluff at the distance of three miles. 
 Several of these mounds are almost conical. As the sward had been 
 burnt, the earth was perfectly naked, and I could trace with ease any 
 unevenness of surface, so as to discover whether it was artificial or 
 accidental. 
 
 "I everywhere observed a great number of small elevations of earth to 
 the height of a few feet, at regular distances from each other, and which 
 appeared to observe some order; near them I also observed pieces of 
 flint and fragments of earthen vessels. I concluded that a populous 
 town had once existed here, similar to those of Mexico described by the 
 first conquerors. The mounds were sites of temples or monuments to 
 gTeat men. 
 
 " It is evident this could never have been the work of thinly-scattered 
 tribes. If the human species had at any time been permitted in this 
 country to have increased freely, and there is every probability of the 
 fact, it must, as in Mexico, have become astonishingly numerous. The 
 same space of ground would have sufficed to maintain fifty times the 
 number of the present inhabitants, with ease, their agriculture having no 
 other object than mere sustenance. Among a numerous population, the 
 power of the chief must necessarily be more absolute, and where there 
 
CEKEMONIES OF THE SUN-WOKSHIPPEES. 59 
 
 are no laws, degenerates into despotism. This was the case in Mexico, 
 and in the nations of South America. A great number of individuals 
 were at the disposal of the chief, who treated them little better than 
 slaves. The smaller the society, the greatei- the consequence of each 
 individual. Hence, there would not be wanting a sufficient number of 
 hands to erect mounds or pyramids." 
 
 The largest mound of the Cahokia group, thus described by Bracken- 
 ridge, is now known as Monks' Mound, on account of its having been 
 occupied in early days by a colony of monks of the order of La Trappe. 
 This prodigious temple site, as before remarked, is the best represent- 
 ative of its class in the United States, not only on account of its vast 
 size, but also because it is the most finished model of all similar works 
 which can with any degree of certainty be determined as temple mounds. 
 The Teocallis of Mexico and the regions further south, though finished 
 Tvith stone, are of the same form, with graded ascents, or flights of steps, 
 leading to the broad stage, or level top, at one end of which rose 
 another elevation, upon which stood the most holy temple and sacred 
 altars. 
 
 Upon these burned the perpetual fire, to be extinguished only at the 
 close of the year, and rekindled by the sun himself, as his rising beams 
 were concentrated by the high priests, when the new year began. This 
 event was always observed with the greatest solemnity. 
 
 When the sacred flame expired upon the altars, with the dying year, 
 the whole land was filled with gloom, and the fire upon every domestic 
 hearth must be extingrushed also. Then the people sat down in awful 
 suspense to watch for the morning. Possibly their father, the sun, 
 might be angry with his children, and veil his glory behind the clouds at 
 the coming dawn. Then as they thought of their sins and bewailed 
 their transgressions, their fears were expressed in loud lamentations. But 
 as the expected dawn — the momentous time — approaches, all eyes are 
 turned towards the holy mount where the now fireless altars stand. At 
 length the eastern sky begins to glow with a golden light which tells 
 them that their god is near, and, while they watch, he rolls in splendor 
 from behind the eastern hills, and darts his fiery beams upon the sacred 
 place where holy men are waiting to ignite anew the sacrificial fires. 
 Nor do they wait in vain, for soon the curling smoke and the signal 
 flames are seen by the breathless multitude which fill the plains below, 
 and then one long, glad shout is heard, and songs of joy salute the 
 bright new year. Swift-footed messengers receive the new-lit fire from 
 
60 ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 the hands of the priests, quickly it is distributed to the -waiting throng 
 and carried exultingly to their several homes, when all begin the joyful 
 celebratiou of the feast of the Sun. 
 
 The peaceful tribes who once dwelt in this region of the Mississippi 
 Valley, upon either shore, found no quarries of stone of easy cleavage, 
 or which could be wrought with their simple tools for the erection of 
 their edifices. Doubtless wood was the only material at their command, 
 or possibly sun-dried brick. The dust of their temples is gone with that 
 of their builders ; their altars are crumbled — the sacred fire is extin- 
 guished, which the sun shall nevermore rekindle. But the proud monu- 
 ment of their national solemnities still rears aloft its majestic form in the 
 midst of a vast alluvial plain of exhaustless fertility — a grand memorial 
 of days more ancient than the last migration of the Aztec race to the 
 plains of Auahuac, who found there the very same structures, which 
 they appropriated and by which they perpetuated the worship of the 
 land of their fathers as well as that of the people whom they subjugated. 
 It is not unreasonable to suppose that when, from its elevated summit, 
 the smoke of the yearly sacrifice ascended in one vast column heaven- 
 ward, from the great work above described, that it was the signal for 
 simultaneous sacrifices from lesser altars throughout the whole length of 
 the great plain, in the centre of which it stands, and that the people 
 upon the Missouri shore responded with answering fires from those 
 high places which once stood ujjon the western bank of the river, but are 
 now destroyed. 
 
 Here, we may well believe was the holy city, to which the tribes made 
 annual pilgrimages to celebrate the national feasts and sacrifices. But 
 not here alone ; for this vast homogeneous race, one in arts and worship, 
 had the same high and holy places, though of less imposing magnitude, 
 in the valley of the Ohio, in Alabama, and Mississippi. 
 
 In south-east Missouri, at New Madrid, is a similar work, surrounded 
 by a ditch ten feet in width and five in depth. It is twelve hundred feet 
 in circumference and forty feet in height. Among the ruins of almost 
 every ancient town Ij'ing back from the river, upon bayous and smaller 
 streams, may be found the oblong Temple-mound, which is always the 
 highest work of the group, and commands a view of the whole. 
 
 There are some who profess to believe that the Indians are the degen- 
 erate sons of the authors of these extensive and complicated works. But 
 when it is remembered that their languages, which are divided into many 
 groups, present very few affinities which are common to all, and the 
 dialects into which these groups are further divided are, many of them. 
 
THE MOUND-BUILDEES. 61 
 
 so distantly related as to show that the various tribes must have been 
 separated from the parent stock in times very remote ; and when we 
 take into the account also, the wonderful unity of the race of the mounds, 
 as displayed in their works and worship, and the vast extent of territory 
 they occupied, it will be seen that such a supposition involves an antiquity 
 of the red race, which its most ardent defenders will find difficult to 
 harmonize with the recognized facts. 
 
 To my own mind the evidence is clear that the two peoples were as 
 distinct as the Greeks and Romans. That the exodus of the mound- 
 builders occupied long periods of time, is altogether probable, and com- 
 prised several distinct migrations, to the south and southwest, which were 
 brought about by the continued encroachments of the more warlike and 
 savage hordes from the north and northwest. Here and there, no doubt, 
 small bands were enslaved or absorbed by their conquerors, who adopted 
 some of the customs of the subjugated race, particularly those pertaining 
 to their worship, the traces of which are often well defined, — the practice 
 of which was continued by a few Indian tribes as late as the beginning of 
 the present century. 
 
 If the views here presented are correct, it will be apparent that the 
 Temple-mounds are invested with an interest peculiar to themselves, in 
 as much as they give us an insight to the social and political condition of 
 the ancient inhabitants of the State of Missouri and the Mississippi 
 Valley, which can be gained from no other class of works. It will also 
 be perceived that we have barely entered upon a most interesting field of 
 research, which will well repay a careful and thorough examination. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Garden MouNns.— The Food ov thb Pre-histokic Eaoes.— Fish Probablt one op their 
 Main KEsonRCEs.— The Use of the Ditches within their City Walls.— Domestic 
 Animals.— Agriculture.— Keligious systems.— Dissimilarity between Northeen 
 AND Southern Tribes of Indians.— Traces of Aztec Culture among the Latter. — 
 Vast Numbers op the Garden Mounds.- Proofs op their Purpose.— The "Utah 
 Mounds.— Interesting Discoveries. — Anew Variety or Wheat grown from Ker- 
 nels found Therein. — An Opening for Further Researches. 
 
 The foregoing evidences of an ancient people swarming in prodigious 
 numbers throughout the vast territory in which these works abound, and 
 who had their permanent dwellings in towns and cities which were well 
 arranged and constructed with no mean skill, suggest the most interest- 
 ing question, How did they subsist? The importance of this question is 
 realized when we remember that it lies at the foundation of their whole 
 social fabric ; and in fact, once determined, the answer becomes one of 
 the chief exponents of their physical condition, intellectual capacity and, 
 in a good degree, of their moral status as well. Many of the staple arti- 
 cles of food upon which all civilized nations depend for subsistence are 
 only to be procured by intelligent labor, guided by a plan and forethought 
 which are the result of a more or less extended observation of nature's 
 laws. 
 
 Here were large cities ; then here also must have been trade and com- 
 merce of some sort. Merchandise may not have been bartered for gold 
 and silver, but more likely — as was the case with the Peruviana — the 
 products of the field, the fold, or the chase, were exchanged for those 
 of the workshop and domestic handicraft. Again : their means of sup- 
 port must have been so certain and reliable, and withal so abundant, that 
 large numbers of the people could be employed continuously upon those 
 monuments of their industry which they have left behind for our admira- 
 tion. The probability that fish formed no inconsiderable item of their 
 food supply has already been suggested. The name of our great river, 
 which it is thought has come down to us from their time— JNemesi-sipu, 
 which means Eiver of Fish — if it be true, bears witness to this. The 
 prodigious shell heaps along the southern coast, from Florida to the 
 mouth of the Mississippi, may also be noticed as evidence of the fact 
 that they were not unskillftd fishermen. These accumulations of 
 the refuse of their kitchens have often proved peculiarly interesting 
 and instructive, inasmuch as they abound in numerous relics which. 
 
TOWNS OF PEE-mSTOKIC AMERICANS. 63 
 
 under other circumstances would have been destroyed. The shell heaps 
 of the Baltic coast are complete zoological museums of the fauna 
 of the period when they were formed, containing, as they do, the 
 bones of many animals long since extinct in those regions, and pre- 
 senting also the bones of the few domestic animals which were the com- 
 panions of man in that remote period. 
 
 The most important sites of the towns of the pre-historic Americans 
 
 are found upon the shores of lakes or banks of rivers, and generally 
 
 though not always— contiguous to, or upon extensive areas ot fertile 
 land. We are not compelled to suppose, however, that they were always 
 influenced by agricultural considerations in the location of their permanent 
 homes, for the ruins of some towns have been observed upon the sandy 
 beaches of lakes, and where, too, there was no fertile land near, which 
 was suitable for agricultural purposes. It is, therefore, natural to sup- 
 pose that the inhabitants of towns so situated Were fishermen. 
 
 The wide, deep ditches on the inside walls of some of their enclosures 
 have called forth much speculatipn as to their purpose. It has generally 
 been assumed that the walls which enclosed their towns were erected 
 for defensive purposes. But the puzzle has been about the location 
 of the ditch along the base of the wall within the enclosures. According 
 to all our notions of warfare, the ditch — to serve any defensive purpose 
 — should have been outside the walls. Moreover, many of the walled 
 towns were so situated in valleys, which were overlooked by the near 
 hills which surrounded them, as to be totally incapable of defense in any 
 kind of known warfare. The theory, therefore, that this inside ditch 
 was one of their means of defense, seems hardly satisfactory. I have 
 somewhere met with the statement that there was a tradition to 
 the eflfect that the ditches were receptacles for water, or rather, 
 artificial channels for water conducted from the natural streams near 
 which the towns were located, thereby furnishing the inhabitants with a 
 constant and flowing supply. Without stopping to discuss the question, 
 it may be remarked that the idea seems altogether probable, and their 
 construction for such a purpose a very natural thing to do, while the 
 control of the stream, by gates and locks, would require no greater en- 
 gineering skill than they have displayed m their more durable works. 
 They would also have been specially adapted to the culture of fish, or 
 they may have been the receptacles for their winter's supply. Speculative 
 as the above may appear, it is certainly as rational as the notion that 
 the inside ditch contributed in any way to their defense against the 
 attacks of their foes. 
 
64 ABCILfEOLOGY. 
 
 Whiit sort of domestic animals, if any, were reared by the ancient 
 inhabitants of Missouri, we have no knowledge ; but there can be very 
 little doubt that game was abundant and that they were successful in the 
 chase. There is satisfactory evidence that the huge Mastodon was their 
 cotemporary whose bones are so abundant in our alluvial plains ; and also 
 that he was conquered and slain by their seemingly feeble weapons. I 
 have myself exhumed from the ruins of one of those towns fragments of 
 the vertebral column of the buffalo. 
 
 However all this may have been, concerning their agricultural skill, 
 we are not left to conjecture ; and we may confidently assert that their 
 main depeiidence for subsistence was upon the labors of thehiisbandman. 
 They worshipped the sun, and invoked his benign influence upon the 
 occurrence of the great annual festival when their crops were sown in the 
 spring ; and when these were gathered, in the autumn they offered up 
 the first fruits to him as lord of the harvest. 
 
 That this was their custom we may with confidence assume ; nor is it, 
 indeed, mere assumption. The largest of these structures — the Temple 
 Mounds — are found to be precisely similar in form and character to those 
 of Mexico ; and the Spanish historians have given the fullest accounts of 
 the manner in which their religious exercises were performed upon their 
 summits, or in the temples which crowned the Teocallis. And as the be- 
 lief prevails that the builders of these were of the same race as the Mound- 
 builders, and probably their descendants, it becomes almost certain that 
 structures of the same form in both countries were erected for the same 
 uses and ceremonies. If it be true, as we believe, that when tlie great 
 majority of the race of the Mound-builders had been destroyed, or driven 
 from their habitations in the Mississippi Valley, some of whom are 
 known to have migrated to the south west^ — some remnants of the tribes re- 
 mained, and were absorbed by their conquering successors, then we might 
 expect to find some of the customs of their fathers still practiced by those 
 who were left behind ; and more particularly, those pertaining to their 
 religious rites and manner of providing for their siibsistence. The 
 student of the history of the red men cannot fail to notice the fact that 
 a few of the southern tribes possessed traits and customs peculiar to 
 themselves, and in which they differed widely from those of the north 
 and east. The former had a complicated and well-arranged system of 
 religious worship, with the perpetual fire of the altars ; also a line of 
 priests or prophets, who enjoined seasons of rigorous fasting, and con- 
 ducted the exercises upon the occasions of their festivities. The former 
 can scarcely be said to have had any religious system or belief. Mr. 
 
ANCIENT METHODS OF AGEICULTIIRE. 65 
 
 Adair has given a detailed account of the religious rites and ceremonies 
 which were once practiced by a few southern tribes among whom he re- 
 sided for many years ; and so impressed was be with their imposing and 
 multifarious ceremonials that he believed they must have derived their 
 system from the Jews. 
 
 The dissimilarity between the tribes of the south and those of other lo- 
 calities was equally striking in their manner of house-building, sports 
 and games. The former had fixed habitations, in towns with streets and 
 public squares, and a love of home, with various other characteristics 
 which belong to a higher civilization than the nomadic tribes of red men 
 ever possessed. 
 
 But perhaps in no one thing was the dissimilarity more strongly ex- 
 pressed than in the methods of agriculture. The author quoted above 
 speaks of having seen deserted cornfields seven miles in extent,, and we 
 know that they raised quite a variet}'^ of crops, and in abundance, chief 
 among which was maize. Among the now numerous and roving tribes we 
 discover only a methodless and scanty agriculture. 
 
 The ancient garden beds supposed to belong to the Mound-builders, 
 which in some instances are several hundred acres in extent, have fre- 
 quently been noticed in several of the Western States, These are said 
 to have been laid out in straight parallel rows or drills across the fields ; 
 but as none have been found in Missouri, as fkr as I am informed, they 
 need not be dwelt upon in this connection. 
 
 There are evidences of tilling the soil, of quite a novel character, which 
 still exist in prodigious numbers, not only in Missouri but also in other 
 regions west of the Mississippi. I have heard of very few east of that 
 river. These works consist of low circular elevations, generally two or 
 three feet ab0ve the level of the natural surface of the soil, with diame- 
 ters varying from ten to sixty feet ; all are round, or nearly so, sloping 
 off o-ently around the edges. All that I have seen among the Ozark hills 
 are composed of black alluvial soil, and disclosed, when excavated, no 
 implement or relic of any sort. Their presence may always be detected 
 in cultivated fields when covered with growing crops, by the more luxuri- 
 ant growth and deeper green of the vegetation. They abound in all the 
 little valleys among the flinty hills of the Ozarks.frora Pulaski County, 
 Missouri, to the Gulf of Mexico, and westward to the Colorado in 
 Texas, and as far north as Iowa. Their sijze in the hilly regions seems 
 to have been determined by the amount of rich vegetable mold which 
 could be scraped together in a given spot. Eesidence sites they could 
 not have been, or they would have contained some relic of stone or bone, 
 5 
 
6-6 AUCIL^OLOGY. 
 
 or fragment of pottery, or at least the ashes of the family fire. To 
 enable the reader to form some idea of their prodigious numbers, I can 
 do no better than give the remarks of Prof. Forshey, as quoted by Dr. 
 Foster, in his "Pre-historic Races of the United States," -which I take it, 
 refer to the same class. 
 
 Saj's Prof. Forshey : "In my geological reconnoisance of Louisiana, 
 in 1841-2, I made a pretty thorough report upon them. I afterwards 
 gave a verbal description of their extent and character before the New 
 Orleans Academy of Sciences. These mounds lack every evidence of 
 artificial construction, based on other human Vestiges. They are nearly 
 all round, none angular, and have an elevation hemispheroidal, of one foot 
 to five feet, and a diameter from thirty feet to one hundred and forty 
 feet. They are numbered by millions. In many places in the pine forests, 
 they are to be seen nearly tangent to each othe"r as far as the eye can 
 reach, thousands being visible from an elevation of a few feet. On the 
 gulf marsh margin, from the Vermillion to the Colorado, they appear 
 barely visible, often flowing into one another, and only elevated a few 
 inches above the common level. A few miles interior they rise to two 
 and even four feet in height. The largest I ever saw were perhaps 
 one hundred and forty feet in diameter and five feet high. These 
 were in Western Louisiana ; some had abrupt sides, though they 
 are nearly all of gentle slopes." He further states that he "encount- 
 ered hundreds of these mounds between Galveston and Houston, and 
 between the Red river and Ouicita ; that they wei'e so numerous as to 
 forbid the supposition of their having been the foundations of human 
 habitations ; that the burrowing animals common to the region piled 
 up no such heaps ; and finally, that the winds, while capable of 
 accumulating loose materials, never distribute them in the manner 
 above mentioned." In conclusion he adds : " In utter desperation I cease 
 to trouble myself about their origin and call them inexplicable mounds." ^ 
 
 Fom all that can be learned about them, I see no reason to doubt that 
 they were erected for agricultural purposes, and have therefore pre- 
 sumed to name them Garden Mounds. 
 
 It would seem perfectly natural, in a sterile country, and where the in- 
 habitants had few materials for artificial fertilization, to gather into 
 
 • The Professor adds, that " there is ample testimony that the pine trees of the present 
 forests ante-date these mounds." What the testimony is he does not say. If they are the 
 work of the Indians, then we must believe them to have been vastly more numerous than 
 any other facts hitherto known would lead us to suppose. 
 
GAEDEN MOUNDS. 67 
 
 heaps the thin .vegetable mold upon the surface, thus increasing its 
 richness and capacity for retaining moisture. But the question may be 
 asked, why should the same practice be necessary in the prairies and 
 bottom lands, the richness of which is proverbial and inexhaustible. 
 For the iinswer, we are not left to conjecture. 
 
 In the rich lowlands of the west, the chief difficulty is too much mois- 
 ture, especially in seasons of unusual rain-fall. This, the corn-raisers in 
 the American bottom know from repeated experience. Hence, acres of 
 corn are often utterly ruined in such seasons, when planted upon low and 
 level fields which have not ample artificial or natural drainage : when, 
 had the earth been raised a few inches even in drills or mounds, such as 
 have been described, a good crop would have been secured. An intelli- 
 gent Iowa planter informed me that he had often seen this demonstrated 
 in corn-fields which were filled with these mounds. The low ground be- 
 tween them, if the reason were unusually rainy, would yield no returns, 
 while upon the mounds themselves the crop would be excellent. From 
 these considerations, there can be but little doubt that the garden mounds 
 were raised for the better cultivation of maize, which was doubtless the 
 staple article of ancient husbandry. But we are not to suppose, however, 
 that this was the only kind of grain known to the pre-historic Americans ; 
 for evidence is not wanting that, in some sections at least, they cultivated 
 wheat, and deposited it, along with those articles which were deemed 
 most precious, in the tombs of their loved ones. Thus — thanks to their 
 affectionate care in the disposition of the dead, — it has been preserved 
 for hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years ; and, like the few small 
 grains in the hand of the Egyptian mummy, when brought forth to the 
 sunlight and moisture, has germinated and ripened, and furnished 
 us with a variety unknown before. 
 
 From an interesting account of certain mounds in Utah, communicated 
 by Mr. Amasa Potter to the Eureka Sentinel, of Nevada, as copied by 
 The Western Review of Science and Industry, I make the following 
 extracts : 
 
 " The mounds are situated on what is known as the Pay son Farm, 
 and are six in number, covering about twenty acres of ground. They 
 are from ten to eighteen feet in height, and from 500 to 1,000 feet 
 in circumference." "The explorations divulged no hidden treasure so far, 
 but have proved to us that there once undoubtedly existed here a more 
 enlio-htened race of human beings than that of the Indian who inhabited 
 this country, and whose records have been traced back hundreds of 
 years." "While engaged in excavating one of the larger mounds, we 
 
G8 AKCH^EOLOGY 
 
 discovered the feet of a largo skeleton, and carefully •removing the hard- 
 ened earth in which it was embedded, we succeeded in unearthing a large 
 skeleton without injury. The human framework measured six feet, six 
 inches in length, and from appearances it was undoubtedly that of a male. 
 In the right hand was a large iron or steel weapon, which had been buried 
 with the body, but which crumbled to pieces on handling. Near the 
 skeleton we also found pieces of cedar wood, cut in various fantastic 
 shapes, and in a state of perfect preservation; the carving showing that 
 the people of this unknown race were acquainted with the use of edged 
 tools. We also found a large stone pipe, the stem of which was inserted 
 between the teeth of the skeleton. The bowl of the pipe weighs five 
 ounces, and is made of sandstone ; and the aperture for tobacco had the 
 appearance of having been drilled out." " We found another skeleton 
 near that of the above mentioned, which was not quite as large, and must 
 be that of a woman. There was a neatly carved tombstone near the 
 head of this skeleton. Close by, the floor was covered with a hard 
 cement, to all appearances a part of the solid rock, which, after patient 
 labor and exhaustive work, we succeeded in penetrating, and found it 
 was but the corner of a box, similarly constructed, in which we found 
 about three pints of wheat kernels, most of which was dissolved when 
 brought in contact with the air. A few of the kernels found in the 
 center of the heap looked bright, and retained their freshness on being 
 exposed. These were carefvilly preserved, and last spring planted and 
 grew nicely. We raised four and a half pounds of heads from these 
 grains. The wheat is unlike any other raised in this country, and pro- 
 duces a large yield. It is the club variety ; the heads are very long and 
 hold very large grains." " We find houses in all the mounds, the rooms 
 of which are as perfect as the day they were built. All the apartments 
 are nicely plastered, some in white, others in red color. Crockery ware, 
 
 cooking utensils, vases — many of a pattern similar to the present age - 
 
 are also found. Upon one large stone jug or vase can be traced a per- 
 fect delineation of the mountains near here for a distance of twenty 
 miles. We have found several millstones used for grinding corn, and 
 plenty ef charred com-cobs, with kernels not unlike what we know as 
 yellow dent corn. We judge from our observations that those ancient 
 dwellers of our country followed agriculture for a livelihood, and had 
 many of the arts and sciences known to us, as we found molds made of 
 clay for casting different implements, needles made of deer-horns, and 
 lasts made of stone, and which were in good shape. We also found 
 many trinkets, such as white stone beads and marbles as good as made 
 
THE UTAH MOUNDS. 69 
 
 now ; also small squares of polished stones resembling dominoes, but for 
 what use intended we cannot determine." 
 
 The above accomit we see no reason to discredit, and can only wish 
 that the examinations had been more thorough and the account more 
 explicit as to dimensions of rooms and other details. From what is 
 stated, however, we conclude that the authors of these works could not 
 have belonged to the present Indian race, but were undoubtedly of the 
 mound-bnilding people of the Mississippi Valley. It is, at least, a most 
 interesting discovery, and they may belong to a series of structures 
 which shall yet reveal the history of their migrations. That there were 
 two if not three, distinct and widely separated southward movements, 
 inpoint of time, of the pre-historic race, has already been suggested ; and 
 the Utah mounds may belong to that class which upon further investiga- 
 tion shall furnish the clue to one of the routes pursued, and lead to its 
 demonstration. Should the conjecture as to their authorship be verified, 
 a new chapter of unusual interest in the history of the Mound-builders 
 will be opened for our perusal ; and we may reasonably hope for much 
 valuable information concerning the character and extent of their agri- 
 culture, their esthetic taste, and their knowledge of the industrial arts ; 
 and we may find that, in most respects, their=social condition was in no 
 wise inferior to that of Mexico and Peru. The wood-carving, plastered 
 and tinted .walls, painted vases, and the presence of that most precious 
 of all cereals, wheat, are new and striking evidences of a higher social 
 state than we have hitherto thought possible, whose luxury aud refine- 
 rhent were but the presage of a nobler civilization which found its 
 realization and full development in Central and South America, or by 
 some dire calamity was overwhelmed and destroyed. 
 
CHAPTEE IX 
 
 Miscellaneous TVokks,— Historical or National Festival Mounds. — Stone Struc- 
 tures.— Kuins ON THE Gasconade Kiver. — group near Louisiana, Mo. — Some Indiana 
 Relics.— Cremation Chambres.— Proofs op AEcniTECTURAL Knowledge. — Great 
 Canals Ante-dating thic Erie.— Ancient Counterparts of Modern Achievbments. 
 — Our Southern "Batous" of artificial Origin. 
 
 The works to be described under the head of Historical, or ISTational 
 Festival Mounds have already been noticed. A representation of one 
 of this class is given on page 30. (Fig. 9.) It consists of three 
 embankments placed in a triangular form, enclosing a central mound 
 which is also enclosed by a circle of small elevation. The ends of 
 the embankments do not meet, however, but narrow openings are 
 left at the lines of intersection, and in these openings are found small 
 truncated mounds. Sometimes, we are told, the group is composed 
 of two parallel walls, but oftener of three, in triangular position 
 as just described ; while some have been seen which had four embank- 
 ments arranged in the form of a square ; all, however, containing the 
 central mound with its enclosing circle. 
 
 These groups have generally been thought to be defensive works. As 
 far as known, none have been seen south of Missouri, but it is said they 
 frequently occur in the States of Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana, and some in 
 Illinois. In the latter two States the usual form is square, while in Iowa 
 and Missouri the triangular arrangement is most frequent. As the walls 
 are generally ©f no great height, they are among the first to be leveled 
 by the plough. But, of whatever form or size, there seems always to 
 have been observed in their construction a fixed rule in the relative size 
 of the several parts, whose uniformity invests them with an interest 
 peculiar to themselves. The group figured on page 30, though found in 
 Iowa, was selected for description because this form is said to have been 
 of most frequent occurrence in Missouri. 
 
 It will be remembered that the embankments which form the sides of 
 the triangle were each one hundred and forty-four feet in length, and 
 respectively three, four and five feet in height, and twelve feet in diame- 
 ter. The sum of the heights of the embankments is twelve feet, which 
 13 the exact height of the central mound. These multiplied to"-ether 
 equal the length of the embankments — one hundred and forty-four feet. 
 In all which have been described, the same relation of the several parts 
 is observed. The embankments are always of equal lenoth, but never 
 
HISTOKICAL OR NATIONAL FESTIVAL MOUNDS. 71 
 
 of the same height, while the sum of the heights — whether the group ia 
 composed of three or four — always equals the height of the central 
 mound, and the product of both gives the length of the embankments. 
 The tradition concerning them is, that they were erected to perpetuate 
 the union of two or more tribes ; the number forming the compact is 
 recorded by the number of embankments, and their relative power by 
 the height of each. The circle in the center of the enclosure was known 
 as the festival circle, and the small mounds in the angles, or openings, 
 were matrimonial mounds. To these works the confederated tribes 
 made annnal visits, to celebrate the event of their [union with singing, 
 dancing and feasting, and a great variety of festive games, which were 
 performed within the enclosure. The national union thus celebrated was 
 further cemented on these occasions by intermarriages among the mem- 
 bers of the different tribes, which took place at the matrimonial mounds. 
 The central mound was known as the union mound, and on festival occa- 
 sions was occupied conjointly by the chiefs and prophets of each nation, 
 who presided during the celebration. Concerning the relative age of 
 this class of works nothing is known, and though the tradition above 
 given may be regarded as having no weight or importance, it is quite 
 clear that all conjecture concerning them is equally valueless. 
 
 The early writers upon the antiquities of Missouri make frequent men- 
 tion of the ruins of buildings which were constructed of unhewn stone, 
 and whose walls were said to have been built up with creditable skill and 
 strength, though without durable mortar, if indeed any were used. 
 
 Of this kind of structure, the examples are very rare east of the Mis- 
 sissippi. Whether any are now to be foUnd in any good degree of preser- 
 vation is quite doubtful. I will present, therefore, such facts concerning 
 them as can be gleaned from the most trustworthy accounts of early 
 writers. The first to be noticed are thus described by Mr. Lewis C. 
 Beck, who, after speaking of the pine timber which abounded fifty or 
 sixty years ago along the Gasconade river, and the saw mills erected 
 upon its banks by which the lumber was prepared for the St. Louis 
 market, o-oes on to state that " near the saw mills, and at a short dis- 
 tance from the road leading from them to St. Louis, are the ruins of an 
 ancient town. It appears to have been regularly laid out, and the dimen- 
 sions of the squares, streets, and some of the houses can yet be discov- 
 ered. Stone walls are found in different parts of the area, which are 
 frequently covered by large heaps of earth. Again, a stone work exists, 
 as I am informed by Gen. Ashley, about ten miles below the mills. It 
 
72 AUCH^OLOGY. 
 
 is on the west side of the Gasconade, and is about 25 or 30 feet square ; 
 and, although at present in a dilapidated condition, appears to have been 
 built with an uncommon degree of regularity. It is situated on a high 
 bald cliff, which commands a fine and extensive view of the country on 
 all sides. From this stone work is a small foot-path running a devious 
 course down the cliff to the entrance of a cave, in which was found a 
 quantitj' of ashes. The mouth of the cave commands au easterly view. 
 
 "It would be useless at this time to hazard an opinion with regard to 
 the uses of this work, or the beings who erected it. In connection with 
 those of a similar kind which exist on the Mississijapi, it forms an inter- 
 esting subject for speculation. They evidently form a distinct class of 
 ancient works, of which I have, as yet, seen no description." 
 
 Another group, de3crii)ed by the same author, was located about two 
 miles southwest of the town of Louisiana. " They are built of stone, with 
 great regularity, and their site is high and commanding, from which I am 
 led to infer that they Avere intended for places of defence. Works of a 
 similar kind are found on Buffalo creek, and on the Osage river. They 
 certainly form a class of antiquities entirely distinct from the walled 
 towns, fortifications, barrows, or mounds. The regularity of their form 
 and structure favors the conclusion that they were the work of a more 
 civilized race than those who erected the former — a race familiar with 
 the rules of architecture, and perhaps with a perfect system of warfare." 
 The description of those works located near Louisiana is accompanied 
 by a ground-plan or diagram made by the Eev. S. Giddings, a former 
 clergyman of St. Louis, of which Fig. 1 is an exact copy. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DIAGKAM. 
 
 a, 6, c, d. outer wall, 18 inches in thickness; length, 56 feet; breadth, 22 feet. The 
 walls are built of rough, unhewn stone, and appear to have been constructed with 
 remarkable regularity. 
 
 ^ is a chamber three feet in width, which was no doubt arched the whole way, as 
 some part of the arch still remains. It is made in the manner represented at 3, and is 
 seldom more than five feet above the surface of the ground : but as it is filled with 
 rubbish it is impossible to say what was its original height. 
 
 i!* is a chamber four feet wide, and in some places the remains of a similar arch still 
 remain. 
 
 (? is a chamber 12 feet in width, at the extremity of which are the remains of a furnace. 
 
 H is a large room with two entrances, I and K. It is covered with a thick growth of 
 trees. The walls are at present from two to five feet in height. One of the trees in the 
 work is two feet in diameter. 2 is a smaller work about 80 rods due east from the former. 
 
 A and C are two chambers without any apparent communication with S. 
 
 JB is a room nearly circular, with an entrance. 
 
 In the apartment (?, human bones have been found. 
 
I. — Ancient Works near Louisiana, Mo, 
 
74 AJJCILIIOLOGY. 
 
 The stone edifices thus described seem to have been peculiar to Mis- 
 souri alone, as I find no notices of existing similar works in any other 
 locality, unless those described by Mr. Brown In his Western Gazetteer 
 were such. Those were found near the town of Harrisonville, Franklin 
 Co., in the State of Indiana. They were located on the neighboring 
 hills, northeast of the town. The ruins of quite a number were observed, 
 all of which, it is stated, were built of rough, unhewn stone. The walls 
 were levelled nearly to the foundations, and covered with soil, brush and 
 full-grown trees. Mr. Brown informs us that "after clearing away the 
 earth, roots and rubbish from one of them, he found it to have been 
 anciently occupied as a dwelling. It was about twelve feet square. At 
 one end of the building was a regular hearth, on which were yet the 
 ashes and coals of the last fire its owners had ever enjoyed, for around 
 the hearth were the decayed skeletons of eight jjersons, of different ages, 
 from a small child to the head of a family. Their feet were all pointing 
 towards the hearth, which fact suggests the probability that they were 
 murdered while asleep." The bottom lands in this region are said to 
 have abounded in mounds similar to those described elsewhere, and con- 
 taining human bones, implements of stone, and a superior article of glazed 
 pottery. A skull taken from one of them was found pierced with a fliint 
 arrow wliich was still sticking in the wound, and was about six inches 
 long. The stone dwellings described by Mr. Brown were evidently of 
 inferior construction to those of Missouri. The authors of the latter 
 showed no mean skill in architecture ; while the rough and ruder walls 
 of the Indiana structures, their diminutive size, along with the fact of 
 the whole family lying together on the floor, would indicate a social con- 
 dition but little removed from barbarism. Whether their builders 
 belonged to the race of the mounds in the valleys near, is not certain, 
 and the means of deciding the question are doubtless destroyed. 
 
 Upon a recent visit to the site of the works near Lousiana, Mo., 
 described by Mr. Beck, I found only a confused heap of stones, the walls 
 thrown down and the stones scattered in every direction. The view from 
 the summit of the hill where the building once stood was very extensive 
 and lovely. Mr. Levi Pettibone, now ninety-seven years of ao-e, and 
 Mr. Edwin Draper, — both gentlemen having resided in the neigborhood 
 of the work for nearly half a century — confirmed the account o-iven by 
 Mr. Beck, in every important particular.' 
 
 1 Mr. Stillman, the obliging and gentlemanly proprietor of the Laclede Hotel at Lou- 
 isiana, also gave me much valuable information. He stated that formerly there existed 
 
STONE STRUCTUKES. 75 
 
 In the February number of the Western Review of the present year, 
 appears quite a lengthy article, by Judge E. P. West, containing an 
 account of the examination of several mounds near the Missouri river' 
 which contained "biu'ied chambers, or vaults^ built of stone, compactly 
 and regularly laid." The stones, which are imdressed on the inside, are 
 laid horizontally, and apparently have been selected with great care, the 
 walls presenting, when the earth is removed, a smooth inner face. The 
 chambers were generally of uniform size, being about eight and one half 
 feet square and four feet in height. Each had an opening, or doorway, 
 towards the south, two and a half feet in width. The walls were about 
 eighteen inches in width at the top, and five feet at the base. Some are 
 described as containing " a large quantity of burnt human and animal 
 bones, burnt clay, wood ashes and charred wood, all intermingled and 
 extending entirely over the floor, at one point to the depth of eight 
 inches." Judge West seems to favor the opinion that they were used for 
 dwellings, before the dead were interred in them. This was possibly the 
 case ; but the commingled mass of burnt bones, charred wood, and 
 burnt clay to the depth of several inches, would point to funeral rites by 
 cremation. A house eight and a half feet square and four feet high 
 would be a very confined habitation for a family of ordinary size. It 
 seems more in consonance with the facts as stated to suppose them to 
 have been furnaces for consuming the dead by burning. The Judge 
 computes their age to be about two thousand years. Other and similar 
 structures have been described to me, and the localities of their sites 
 named, by respectable persons who claimed to have opened them, of 
 much laro^er dimensions than any above described, and which are stated 
 to have contained large quantities of human bones and implements of 
 stone. One, I was told, contained a vault at least one hundred and fifty 
 feet in length, fifty feet wide and above twelve feet in height. Another, 
 
 upon his land, at a distance of about half a mile from the work described, a stone heap 
 of quite large dimensions, similar in its appearance to those noticed in a previous chap- 
 ter and conjectured to have been of Indian origin. Havfng occasion to use the stones 
 for the walls of a cistern, he caused them to be removed. At the bottom of the pile he 
 found a level floor, composed of flat stones of various sizes, but joined together, as he 
 expressed it, as closely and evenly as any mason could do it to-day. From these, and 
 similar facts, I am led to believe that possibly many of those which appear outwardly to 
 be simply piles of stones loosely thrown together, and which are to be counted by 
 thousands upon the hills in various parts of the State, may be the remains of the uu- 
 cemented walls of ancient habitations. And this conviction receives additional strength 
 from the fact that recent explorations of many earthen mounds have disclosed a vault, 
 walled and arched with stone,— some of large dimensions,— with contents similar to 
 those of Utah. 
 
76 ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 much smaller, was beautifully arched with stone. At the time the nar- 
 rator saw it, it was cleared of the decayed skeletons and was used as a 
 dairy-house. The two just mentioned were in Missoiiri, and distant 
 from each other one hundred and fifty miles. Again the question recurs 
 Who built them ; and whence their architectural skill and knowledge? 
 
 Says Dr. Foster: "A broad chasm is to be spanned before we can 
 link the Mound Builders to the North American Indians." There are 
 some who attempt to do this, but the difficulties which beset the task are 
 insurmountable to those who have examined, with any degree of thorough- 
 ness, the evidences of the vastly superior civilization of the people who 
 erected the stone structures found in Missouri, to that of the North 
 American Indians, during any known period of their history; and to 
 such, the- belief that they were the authors of the multitudinous monu- 
 ments of the Missouri and jMississippi valleys, becomes altogether 
 improbable. But if all this is inconclusive of the proposition we main- 
 tain, what shall be said of the ancient canals, some of which still remain, 
 the indubitable evidences of an extended inland communication between 
 lakes, rivers and bayous, and also of an industry, enterprise and skill 
 which would be creditabe to the scientific engineers of our own times? 
 In many of the great achievments of this age of ours we are only recov- 
 ering the knowledge and wisdom of the long-forgotten past. 
 
 When Gov. Clinton, of New York, first proposed the construction of 
 the Erie Canal, the idea was greeted with scorn and derision ; and as the 
 work progressed it was characterized as "Clinton's Ditch," the opposers 
 of the scheme little dreaming that it was to become the great channel for 
 the commerce of the nation ; connecting, as it does, the great chain of 
 lakes in the far Northwest with the Atlantic Ocean. And not until a 
 thousand freighted boats began to pour the rich treasures of the prairies 
 into the lap of the East, was the far-seeing wisdom of its projector fully 
 vindicated. Then men began to point to it with boasting congratulation, 
 as an evidence of the rapid and surprising progress which we of the 
 nineteenth century were achieving. But alas for human pride ! we are 
 but slowly learning agam what other nations, who lived in the mornino- 
 of the historic period, knew, and the world had long ago forgotten. 
 
 Again, when the French began the Suez Canal, "all the world won- 
 dered "at the grandeur of the enterprise. But they soon found that 
 they were only clearing out the sands of three or four thousand years' 
 accumulation from the old pathway of the commerce of the Pharaohs, 
 who had built the canal when Egypt was the storehouse of the nations. 
 These came through the canal to her door, in great ships laden with the 
 
SOUTHEKN "BAYOUS" OF AETIFICIAl, ORIGIN. 77 
 
 riches of the Orient, which they exchanged for corn, and then sailed 
 back from the Nile, and through the Red Stea to their homes again. 
 But at length the scepter departed from the throne of the Pharaohs ; the 
 temple colleges, to which the philosophers of Greece resorted for instruc- 
 tion six hundred years before Christ, were closed, and crumbled in decay 
 — the desert' sands swept over their ruins; the canal was filled and 
 forgotten through all the long dark ages. At length commerce revives, 
 and men begin to dig canals again, with vain-glorious pride. 
 
 It is with nations as with individuals who are taken with some deadly- 
 disease, from whicli they barely escape with their lives. Though their 
 strength returns, their memory is utterly oblivious to all they have ever 
 learned from books, and so they must begin with the alphabet once more. 
 Nations have their deadly maladies from which few recover, and for those 
 which do, how long and unpromising is the tutilage of their second child- 
 hood. History is repeated here. The pre-historic people of Missouri 
 were not only great in populous towns, in their agriculture, in their huge 
 piles of earth and embankments and buildings of stone, but they, too, 
 were canal-builders. With surprising skill they developed a system of 
 internal navigation, so connecting the lakes and bayous of the southern 
 interior of the State, that the products of thfe soil found a ready outlet 
 to the great river. The remains of these artificial water-courses have 
 been frequently alluded to by travelers who have seen them, but never 
 thoroughly explored. Dr. G. C. Swallow, while at the head of the 
 Oeoloo-ical Survey, called attention to them, and described one which was 
 " fifty feet wide and twelve feet deep." For the fullest description of 
 this class of works, I am indebted to Geo. W. Carleton, Esq., of 
 Oayoso ; who, in response to a note of enquiry, — in addition to many 
 interesting facts concerning a great number of ancient structures in 
 Pemiscot County, — kindly furnished the following account, which I give 
 
 in his own words : 
 
 "Besides our Mounds, we can boast of ancient canals. Col. John H. 
 Walker informed me that before the earthquakes, these canals — we call 
 them bayous now — showed very plainly their artificial origin. Since the 
 country has become settled, the land cleared up, the embankments along 
 those water courses have been considerably leveled down. One of these 
 canals is just east of the town of Gayoso. It now connects the flats of 
 Bio- Lake with the Mississippi river. Before the bank crumbled off, 
 takinf in Pemiscot bayou, it connected this bayou with the waters of Big 
 Lake? Another stream, that Col. Walker contended was artificial, is 
 what we now call Cypress Bend Bayou. He said that it was cut so as to 
 
78 AECILaiOLOGY. 
 
 connect the waters of Cushion Lake with a bayou running into Big Lake. 
 Cushion Lake lies in the northern part of Pemiscot county. The canal 
 was cut from the flats of the lake on the south side, about three miles 
 into Big Lake bayou. By this chain of canals, lakes and bayous, these 
 ancient mound-builders and canal-diggers could have an inland naviga- 
 tion from the Mississippi river at Gayoso, into and through Big Lake 
 bayou and the canal into Cushion Lake, through Cushion Lake and a 
 bayou into Collins Lake or the open bay, thence north through a lake 
 and bayou some eight miles, where another canal tapped this water course 
 and run east into the Mississippi river again, some five miles below the 
 town of Kew Madrid. Col. Walker, in referring to these water-courses, 
 spoke of them only as canals. They show even now a huge bank of 
 earth, such as would be made by an excavation, on the side opposite to 
 the river, so that in case of overflow the water from the river would not 
 wash the excavated dirt back into the canal." ^ 
 
 Although in the foregoing account the present depth and width are not 
 given, from it and from the reports of others, there can be no doxibt that 
 the ancient inhabitants had constructed with a skill which would do no 
 discredit to our own engineers, a system of connecting canals which 
 must have been necessitated by an extended internal trade, and which 
 required boats of respectable dimensions. The evidences of work of 
 such magnitude as canals, widen the "broad chasm" which is to be 
 spanned before we can link the Mound-builders to the North American 
 Indians, until it becomes an impassable gulf. 
 
 ^Iii reply to a subsequent note of inquiry as to the length of this water-course, in- 
 cluding canal and bayou, Mr. Carlton estimates it to be about seventy miles. 
 
CHAPTEE X. 
 
 POTTERT.— Superiority of Pre-Historic American Warks over Those of Burofe.— 
 Imitations of Living Objects.— The Materials Used.— Reliquaries. — Skulls En- 
 closed IN Earthen "Vessels. — ^Bowls with Ornamental Heads. — PRosABiLiTiEa 
 of Higher Art Among the Ancients. 
 
 The number of vessels of pottery which have been taken from the 
 mounds in Missouri is prodigious, and almost endless in variety. In an 
 instance which fell imder my own observation, nearly, if not quite, one 
 thousand pieces were obtained from a single burial mound ; and these 
 were of various sizes and great diversity of form and workmanship. 
 Some of the most characteristic ex- 
 amples will be presented as we pro- 
 ceed. The skill displayed by the 
 pre-historic Americans in everything 
 they manufactured from common clay 
 is vastly superior to that of the 
 ancient civilizations of Europe, to 
 which, in other respects many strik- 
 ing similarities may be traced. 
 
 From the fact that few articles 
 which are the products of human 
 ingenuity and skill are more enduring 
 than earthen-ware, this class of anti- 
 quities, to the archseologist, is very 
 interesting and instructive. The skill 
 and taste displayed in its various im- 
 itative forms, in outline and deco- 
 ration, give us an insight into some 
 
 phases of the domestic life, social condition and sesthetic taste of ancient 
 peoples, which can be derived from no other source. Fragments of 
 pottery, to the archaeologist, therefore, are the imperishable leaves of a 
 book, inscribed by the truthful hand of humanity, iu legible characters, 
 with the precious records of those feelings and tender sentiments which 
 are recorded nowhere else, and which need no translation. Their value 
 is enhanced so much the more by the fact that we possess specimens of 
 these records from every quarter of the globe, and coeval with the remotest 
 civilizations. 
 
 Fig. I. 
 
80 
 
 AECH.EOLOGY. 
 
 Fie, 2. 
 
 The siiccessful attempts of the ancient Americans to imitate the forms 
 
 of beasts and birds, which they saw every day around them, evince a 
 
 contemplation, observation and afiectionate communion with nature which 
 
 fills us with surprise. 
 
 The drinking vessel molded into the 
 
 form of an owl, a representation of 
 
 which is given in Fig. 1, seems, by 
 
 its frequent occurrence in the mounds, 
 
 to have been a favorite model. The 
 
 most common form is the universal 
 
 gourd-shaped water jug ( Fig. 2 ). 
 
 These are of various fiizes, the largest 
 
 being from eight to ten inches high, 
 
 and the largest diameter not exceeding 
 
 eight inches. Sometimes the body of 
 
 the jug is more globular on the top 
 
 than this figure shows. Fig. 3 presents 
 
 a form of water jug' which, as far as 
 
 my own observatiou extends, is much 
 
 more rare than the preceeding. The engraving was made some years 
 
 ago ; I have since seen a sufBcient number to prove that the recoufstructiou 
 
 of the neck is correct. Fi'om the greater size of the neck I am led to 
 
 believe that it was an ordinary drinking-vessel ; while the form repre- 
 sented in Fig, 2 is more properly that of a 
 water-cooler, which, when filled, was hung up 
 until the water was reduced in temperature 
 by its slow evaporation through the pores 
 of the vessel, after the manner of the in- 
 habitants of the American tropics at the 
 present time. 
 
 In reference to the superiorit}' of the skill 
 displayed by the Mound-builders in the ce- 
 ramic arts, to the corresponding civilization 
 of ancient Europe, I can not do better than 
 quote the words of Dr. Foster, i 
 
 "In the plastic arts, the Mound-builders 
 attained a perfection far in advance of any 
 samples which had been found characteristic 
 
 of the Stone, and even the Bronze Age of Europe. We can readily 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 ' Pre-historic Eaces of the United States, p. 236. 
 
POTXEKY. 81 
 
 conceive that, in the absence of metallic vessels, pottery would be em- 
 ployed as a substitute, and the potter's art would be held in the hijjhest 
 esteem. From making useful forms, it would be natural to advance to 
 the ornamental. Sir John Lubbock remarks that ' few of the British 
 sepulchral urns, belonging to the ante-Roman times, have upon them 
 any curved lines. Representations of animals and plants are almost entiixly 
 wanting.' They are even absent from all the articles belonging to the 
 Bronze Age in Switzei'land, and I might almost say in Western Europe 
 generally, while ornaments of curved and spiral lines are eminently char- 
 acteristic of this period. The ornamental ideas of the Stone Age, on 
 the other hand, are confined, so far as we know, to compositions of 
 straight lines, and the idea of a curve scarcely seems to have occurred to 
 them. The most elegant ornaments on their vases are impressions 
 made by the finger-nail, or by a cord wound round the soft clay." 
 
 " The commonest forms of the Mound-builders' pottery represent kettles, 
 cups, water-jugs, pipes, vases, etc. Not content with plain surfaces, they 
 frequently ornamented their surfaces with curved lines and fret-work. 
 They even went farther, and moulded images of birds, quadrupeds, 
 and of the human form. The clay, except for their ordinary kettles, 
 where coarse gravel is often intermixed, is finely-tempered, so that it 
 did not warp or crack in baking,— the utensils, when completed, having a 
 yellowish or grayish tint." 
 
 In the group of vessels shown in Fig. 4, while the human faces and 
 heads of birds are crudely expressed, we find much to admire in the 
 tasteful forms of the birds themselves. The flow of their outline, so to 
 speak, evinces a degree of refinement of feeling which could only result 
 from a culture, of the sense for beauty, which must have required a long 
 time for its realization. It will be noticed that the mouths or openings 
 were, on all, made at the back side of the head. This seems to have 
 been the uniform practice, whether the head of the vessel was that of 
 man, beast or bird. Sometimes the vessels with vertical openings, as 
 of h and I, are fitted with covers of the same material, with projecting 
 knobs on the top for handling them. Sometimes, again, the smaller jugs, 
 or bottles as they should be called, have nicely-adjusted ^to|)|>frs, as 
 shown at i. These latter bottles are made of much finer material, and 
 while they are generally quite thin, they are so well baked that they 
 seem to be almost as tough and strong as our own ware. On page 23 
 of the Eighth Annual Report of the Trustee^ of the Peabody Museum, 
 a representation of two of these stoppers is given ; one of which is the 
 same as shown at i (Fig. 4). They are described as "two articles 
 6 
 
Fig. 4- Varieties of Drinking Vessels from Southeast 
 
 Missouri, a and b Front and Back View »f same Vessel. ? Small 
 
 Bottle and Stoppeft 
 
POTTERY. 
 
 83 
 
 carved from a hard clay slate and carefully smoothed. Their use is 
 problematical, but they so closely resemble lip ornaments as to suggest 
 that they were such." These are now in the " Swallow Collection " of 
 the museum. In its transportation from Missouri to Massachusetts, the 
 report informs us, many of the articles were so broken as to make their 
 reconstruction impossible. When I had the pleasure of examining this 
 collection, some years since, these stoppers were then attached to the 
 bottles with which they were found. The smaller bottle of the two, 
 Professor Swallow informed me, when taken from the mound, contained 
 a red liquid. 
 
 Some, of the i-epresentations of the human figure are executed with a 
 good degree of fidelity to niitui'e, through all the members ; showing 
 that the artist had studied carefully his model, and had evidently labored 
 to tell the truth as he saw it. Some of the human figures have an ex- 
 pression so striking and individual that we can hardly believe that they 
 
 are not portraits. This becomes more prob- 
 able when we examine the animal represent- 
 ations, or rather the heads of birds, with 
 which the pottery is very often ornamented ; 
 particularly those of the different varieties 
 of ducks, in which we observe in the shape 
 of the head, line of neck, etc., the nicest 
 distinctions in particular varieties, which ai-e 
 expressed with remarkable skill. This will 
 be apparent when we come to the consider- 
 ation of Food Vessels. 
 
 In the annexed group (Fig. 5) are four 
 varieties. In one, the head of the homed owl 
 is skillfully joined to the body of the vessel. 
 Another form of jug, which is of less frequent 
 occurrence than the gourd-shape, is, as 
 shown in the cut, supported by four and sometimes three hollow bulbous 
 leo-s. The two human figures are coarsely executed, except the heads. 
 They usually represent a hump-backed female figure in a sitting position, 
 and the legs, when they are suggested, bent under the body, with arms 
 resting upon the knees. They are simple water-jugs, having the month 
 alwavs in the occipital region of the head. Occasionally one is met wiih 
 which is grossly indelicate. The vessels representing the human figure 
 vary much in size. Some are so small that their capacity is not greater 
 than two fluid ounces. The larger are from four to ten inches in height 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
84 
 
 ARCHEOLOGY. 
 
 iind hold from one to four pints. This is, however, a proximate esti- 
 mate, but can not be far wrong. 
 
 Some of the smaller images are, of all that I have seen, altogether the 
 most artistic and expressive. They have been by some supposed to be 
 idols, but there is no evidence whatever, that I have seen, which favors this 
 supposition. They all have au orifice through which the cavities could 
 Refilled, which is constructed precisely like the commonest jugs ; while 
 their relative position in the mounds, in compaiaionship with other ves- 
 sels, is conclusive to my own mind that the}' were used as receptacles of 
 some precious articles of domestic use ; such as medicines, ointments, and 
 ■the like. And again, there is very 
 iittlein all -we know concerning this 
 poeple that would favor the idea 
 that they had anj' idols, unless it 
 may have been symbolic represent- 
 ations of the heavenly bodies, 
 which we know were the chief 
 objects of their worship. In ad- 
 dition to all this, they made images -^ 
 of beasts, as we shall see, whicli -^^j 
 were unquestionably humorous car- 
 icatures. 
 
 The most elegant and artistic specimens of pottery which have been 
 taken from the mounds in Missouri were qiiite recently discovered. 
 Some vessels now in the museum of the St. Louis Academy of Science 
 are very suggestive of the pottery of Ancient Egypt, and indeed, in their 
 decorative forms, and coloring of black, red and white figures, are not 
 greatly inferior to Etruscan art.^ 
 
 The material of these articles is much finer than that of the common 
 ware, which in the larger vessels, having a capacity of several gallons, is 
 generally mixed with sand, and the medium sizes with pounded shells ; 
 while the finest seems to be composed of a light-colored, very fine- 
 grained, yellowish clay — porhajis mixed with gypsum. The different 
 varieties of ware, the different . .i.-rials of which they are composed, 
 and the diversity of tastes displa , eil :> their decoration, would "suggest 
 a division of labor" among several classes of skilled artisans and artists. 
 
 Fig. 6. Two Views. 
 
 ' The St. Louis Academy of Science, under the supervision of the Archasological 
 Section, will soon publish a series of plates of these decorated jugs and vases, drawn 
 on stone and printed in/ac simile colors, with descriptive text by F. F. Hilder. 
 
POTTERY. 
 
 85 
 
 This was probably the case ; for, as is well known, however common the 
 articles manufactured may be as to their uses, in everything which 
 comes from the hand of the skillful there is a finish or refinement of 
 treatment which is never seen in the work of the unpracticed hand. The 
 annexed engraving (Fig. 7) represents a jug, about 
 nine inches in height, of a light yellowish color, orna 
 mented around the neck with red and black lines, and 
 around its greatest diameter with curved lines in red, 
 white and black. It is very symmetrical in form, with 
 a bottom sufficiently flat to cause it to stand firmly. 
 I have exhumed one similar in shape and color, but 
 differently ornamented. Around the largest circumfer- 
 ence were six red circles ; close to these, and on the inside, 
 are white circle.s. Within these again, is a red circle, and in each of the 
 spaces thus enclosed by the circles, is a white cross with arms of equal 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 length. The stripes are about three-tenths of an inch in width. This 
 combination of color and form has a striking and not unpleasing effect. 
 The knowledge and feeling evinced by the combination and contrast of 
 
86 AECH^OLOGY. 
 
 angles and circles, in colors, is certiiinly quite remarkable. The colors 
 of the stripes weie mixed with some sort of article which preserved them, 
 and gave them a lustrous or varnished appearance, which they still to 
 Bome degree retain. 
 
 In the next group (Fig. 8) are presented a few of the endless forms 
 of the more common utensils. They are interesting as showing the 
 constant tmd active presence of the inclination to beautify whatever 
 vessel they manufactured. There are very few that are not ornamented 
 in some manner. Some have the edges indented or dotted, as with the 
 point of a stick or the finger-nail, while others have the rim slightly 
 enlarged and marked with a spiral line, which gives the edge a beaded 
 appearance. Some of these bowls and pans have a very familiar look as 
 to their form. 
 
 This class of pottery, as well as the ordi- 
 nary jugs, are usually of dark gray and well 
 baked, the clay, as before stated, having been 
 tempered with pounded shells. 
 
 In a previous chapter, describing the mode 
 
 of burial in one of the mounds near West 
 
 Lake, it was stated that with the skeletons 
 
 were usually found two or three vessels, one 
 
 •^ Fie, 9 
 
 or two jugs near the head, and a food-vessel 
 
 in the bend of the arms, which were folded across the breast. The 
 forms of food-vessels here presented are those most frequently found 
 in that position. In some of them I have observed a very small pot, 
 not much larger than a hen's egg : in some instances containing a 
 bone. In others carbonized fruit, resembling wild grapes, has been found ; 
 in others, again, the soft remains of muscle shells, thoroughly decayed. 
 The jugs and bowls which were interred with the corpse, no doubt, con- 
 tained food and drink, for the pui'pose of sustaining the traveler during 
 the long journey he was supposed to have entered upon. These pots 
 suggest many interesting reflections concerning their faith and notions 
 of a future life. 
 
 The fox-ms represented in the preceding group are the simplest of all 
 but not more frequent than those which are much more ornamental. 
 Vessels in the form of the muscle-shell, and holding fully one pint, are 
 by no means unfrequent ; and again a fish or frog will be used as a 
 model. The two presented in Fig. 9 are quite common. Sometimes 
 the legs and feet of the frog are well defined, but folded along the sides 
 of the body. Usually, when a fish is represented, it is done by simply 
 
POT'i'ERY. 
 
 87 
 
 moulding the head, tail and fins upon the side of the dish, but occasion- 
 ally the exact form of the fish is represented, scales and all. In such 
 cases, the orifice is in the side, and furnished with a tube which projects 
 :»n inch or two, for convenience in use as a drinking-vessel. In one in- 
 stance, which came under my notice, the body of a man lying upon the 
 back was represented, with legs and arms rudely made out, and the tube 
 projecting from the stomach. 
 
 Fig. 10. Cooking VeGsela. 
 
 Their imitative faculties, as illustrated in their pottery, were certainly 
 remarkable, and to give an adequate idea of the variety of their work in 
 the subjects which might be chosen for illustration would require more 
 space than is allotted to this essay. We proceed, therefore, to consider 
 their cooking utensils. Some of the more frequent forms are grouped 
 together in Fig. 10. 
 
88 
 
 vVPcCH^OLOGY. 
 
 AVhile these vessels were doubtless for ';onimon, every-day use, some 
 of them are really quite artistic nnd gi'aceful. The three larger ones 
 (fl, b, c) are particularly so. The forms and ornamentation of the others 
 seem to be more experimental, and jserhaps transitional, as though the 
 maker varied a little from his usual manner jnst to see how they would 
 look. The one at g, howevei-, is a much bolder innovation, and is 
 finished as there shown, with six hemispheroidal projections. It will 
 be observed that all have two or move handles, by which they were 
 probably suspended over the fire by passing through them gi'een twigs, 
 
 which they covered with moist clay to 
 prevent them from burning. Examples 
 might be multiplied, ad infinitum almost, 
 of this class of vessels, but the above are 
 sufficient to illustrate the inventive powers 
 of their authors in this direction, as well 
 as their constant striving to gratify their 
 cesthctic feeling in the manufacture of those 
 fragile articles which were designed for 
 the commonest uses. 
 
 Fig. 11 represents a pot very similar to 
 a, of the preceding gronp, but entirely 
 unique in this, that it contained the npper 
 portion of a human skull and one vertebra. It was taken from a mound 
 near New Madrid, by Prof. Swallow, who tells us that the vessel must 
 have been moulded around the skull, as it could not be removed without 
 breaking the pot. It is now in the Peabody Museum. The top of the 
 slaill is shown in the engraving. This is certainly a curiosity. Nothing 
 like it has been found in any other burial mound here or anywhere else, 
 as far as known. 
 
 It may be remembered, however, in this connection, as before re- 
 marked, that small pots have frequently been found in the larger pans, 
 and which contained a deca3fed shell or fragment of bone. These were 
 very likely, valued relics or charms which were buried with their pos- 
 sessor. 
 
 In Herbert Spencer's "Principles of Sociology, "i in the chapter upon 
 Idol-Worship and Fetich-Worship, the ibllowing interesting statements 
 occur, which seem quite ijertinent in this connection : 
 
 "Facts, already named, show how sacrifices to the man recently dead 
 
 Fig. II. 
 
 1 Popular Science Monthly for December, 1S75, p. 15S. 
 
POTTEEY. 89 
 
 pass into sacrifices to his preserved body. We have seen that to the 
 corpse of a Tahitian chief daily ofFeriiigs were made on an altar by a 
 priest ; and the ancient Central Americans performed kindred rites before 
 bodies dried by artificial heat. Tliat, along with a developed system of 
 embalming, this grew into mummy-worship, Peruvians and Egyptians 
 have furnished proof. 
 
 " Here the thing to be observed is that, while, believing the ghost of the 
 dead man to have gone away, these peoples had confused notions, either 
 that it was present in the mummy, or that the. mummy was itself con- 
 scious. Among the Egyptians, this was clearly implied by the practice 
 of sometimes placing their embalmed dead at table. The Peruvians, 
 who by a parallel custom betrayed a like belief, also betrayed it i(i other 
 ways. By some of them the dried corpse of a parent was carried round 
 the fields that he might see the state of the crops. 
 
 " How the ancestor, thus recognized as present, was also recognized as 
 exercising authority, we see in the story given by Santa Cruz. When 
 his second sister refused to marry him, ' Huayna Capac went with pres- 
 ents and oflferings to the body of his father, praying him to give her for 
 his wife, but the dead body gave no answer, while fearful signs appeared 
 in the heavens.' 
 
 " The primitive idea that any property characterizing an aggregate inheres 
 in all parts of it, implies a corollary from this belief. The soul, present 
 in the body of a dead man preserved entire, is also present in preserved 
 parts of his body. Hence the faith in relics. Ellis tells us that, in the 
 Sandwich Islands, bones of the legs, arms, and sometimes the skulls, of 
 kings and principal chiefs, are carried about by their descendants, under 
 the belief that the spirits exercise guardianship over them. The Crees 
 carry bones and hair of dead persons about for three years. The Caribs, 
 and several Guiana tribes, have their cleaned bones distributed among the 
 relatives after death. The Tasmauians show ' anxiety to possess them- 
 elves of a bone from the skull or the arms of their deceased relatives.' 
 The Adamanese ' widows may be seen with the skulls of their deceased 
 pailners suspended from their necks.' This belief in the power of relics 
 leads in some oases to direct worship of them. Erskine tells us that the 
 natives of Lifu, Loyalty Islands, who ' invoked the spirits of their 
 departed chiefs,' also 'preserve relics of their dead, such as a finger 
 nail, a tooth, a tuft of hair, and pay divine homage to it.' Of the New 
 Caledonians, Turner says: 'In cases of sickness, and other calamities, 
 they present ofierings of food to the skulls of the departed.' Moreover 
 we have the evidence furnished by conversation with the relic. Lander 
 
90 
 
 AKCII.^iOLOGY. 
 
 says : ' In tlie private fetich hut of the King Adolee at Badagry, the 
 skull of that monarch's father is prese7-ved in a clay vessel placed in the 
 earth.' He 'gently rebukes it if his success does not happen to answer 
 his expectations.' 
 
 Fig. 12. Bowls With Ornamental Heads. 
 
 " Similary, Catlin describes the Mandans as placing the skulls of their 
 dead in a circle. Each wife knows the skull of her former husband or 
 
POTTEEY. 91 
 
 child, 'and there seldom passes a day that siie does not visit it, with a 
 dish of the best cooked food. There is scarely an hour in a pleasant 
 day, but more or less of these women may be seen sitting or lying bj' 
 the skull of their child or husband, talking to it in the most pleasant and 
 endearing language that they can use (as they were wont to do in former 
 days) and seemingly getting an answer back.' 
 
 " Thus proi)itiation of the man just dead leads to propitiation of his 
 preseiwed body or a preserved part of it ; and the ghost is supposed to 
 be present in the part as in the whole." 
 
 From the foregoing remaiks and array of facts presented by Mr. 
 Spencer, there can be but little doubt that the presence of the skull in 
 the earthen vessel from the New Madrid mouiid is due to a belief in the 
 presence of the soul in the relics of the departed, and which seems to 
 have been a common belief among many savage and uncivilized nations. 
 
 In the next group (Fig. 12) are presented a few of the most com- 
 mon varieties of another and quite distinct class of bowls. They are 
 peculiar in this : the bodies of the vessels ar« entirely devoid of orna- 
 mentation. From the edge of the lip on one side projects a small handle : 
 on the opposite side is moulded the head of sopae beast or bird, and quite 
 often a human head is represented. 
 
 The thing to be specially noticed is the diversity of form in the heads 
 of the ducks. So faithfnlly are the distinctive features of the diiFerent 
 varieties delineated, that those at all familiar with them must believe that 
 the artist, according to the best of his skill, conscientiously copied 
 nature. The beautifnl curve of the neck, and its union with the outline 
 of the vessel itself, couid not possibly have been accidental. 
 
 The best which these ancient workmen could do is so far inferior to the 
 art of our own times, that it is not easy for us to appreciate the difficulties 
 they must have overcome, their many failures, the long time necessary for 
 the acquisition of those habits of observation, and the development of 
 the skill of hand sufficient to enable them to express themselves as cred- 
 itably as they have done in all their imitative work. In the class of ves- 
 sels under consideration, examples decorated with the human head and 
 features are by no means rare. If the credit given them for conscien- 
 tious observation of nature, and skill in expression of what they saw, is 
 not an over-estimate, then we may believe that, in their delineation of the 
 human face, they also copied nature with a sufficient degree of accui-acy 
 to warrant us in the idea that in their work we have at least character- 
 istic likenesses of themselves. In the examples presented in Fig. 13, 
 there is wanting that refinement of feeling and realistic portraiture which 
 
92 
 
 AKCH^^OLOGY. 
 
 nrc displayed in the preceding representations of animal heads ; but still 
 sufficient individuality to make them very interesting, and, as before re- 
 marked, to impress us with the belief that they too were copied from 
 life. 
 
 In the examples thus far given of the pottery of the Missouri Mound- 
 builders, the aim has been 
 to show the leading varieties 
 and mode of decoration. 
 The subject is by no means 
 exhausted ; in fact, almost 
 every mound opened discloses 
 some new variety, and I have 
 seen many other specimens 
 of their ware entirely dif- 
 ferent in form — some of them 
 are beautifnlly decorated — 
 but which are now scattered 
 among jorivate collections, 
 and therefore not available 
 for illustration here. There 
 is one other curious form of 
 drinking vessel which should 
 be noticed. It has elicited 
 much speculation as to what 
 it was intended to represent. 
 Several of this variety have been found in the Missouri mounds, unmis- 
 takably representing the same animal, but no two alike. The general 
 figure of this "what is it " is shown in the engraving. It has four clumsy 
 legs, a thick body, the usual drinking neck projecting 
 from the hack, and a swinish head. Sometimes they 
 are made of very fine and finely-tempered yellowish 
 clay,- 
 
 Fig. 13. Bowls With Human Heads. 
 
 -the larger ones of the usual material of the dark 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 gray ware, with a capacity of from one to two pints. 
 The light-colored and finer ones are decorated with 
 scroll-work made ont with red and white lines. Some 
 of the larger ones have human faces moulded upon the sides of the 
 body, midway between the legs. In some instances the head proper 
 has the eyes of a human face and the snout turned up to such an 
 extent as to completely obstruct the front line of vision, which, with 
 its half-human expression, make it very grotesque. If the ho*^ were 
 
POTTEEY. 93 
 
 indigenous to America, it would at once be pronounced a represen- 
 tation of that animal. The nearest approach to it which is native here, 
 is the peccary, or Mexican hog, but that has no tail, while on one 
 example of this figure a tail was well represented ; and as it would have 
 been too easily broken in the natural position it was curled up on the 
 hip. Some have pronounced it the hippopotamus. To my own eye it 
 is intensely hoggish. But whatever was intended to be represented by 
 it, — hog or hippopotamus, — it introduces a disturbing factor into the 
 question of chronology which may require some time to adjxist ; unless 
 we can credit La Vega's statement in his Royal Commentaries of Peru, 
 that the ancient Peruvians who dwelt in the mountains had hogs similar 
 to those which the Spaniards introduced. Again, if the model after 
 which these were moulded was the common hog, which was introduced 
 by the first white settlers in this region, why is it that they took no 
 notice of any other animal or bird which the earliest settlers brought 
 with them, or why do we not find in companionship in the mounds some 
 other human vestigia of European origin ? For the present we can only 
 state the facts, with the questions which they suggest, and wait for further 
 developments. 
 
 Writers upon American archseology have been able to find no evidence 
 that the Mound-builders knew anything about the use of the potter's 
 wheel ; but it is difijcult to believe that some of the finest of their work 
 could have been so gracefully and symmetrically moulded by ordinary 
 manipulation, and without some mechanical appliances 
 and adjustments, by which a uniformity of action and 
 pressure would be brought to bear upon the whole 
 mass. Without discussing the question, however, I 
 desire simply to call attention to two discoveries, which 
 at first sight may seem unimportant, but after all may 
 have some value, should they stimulate further and 
 more careful observation in this direction. The first 
 is represented in the engraving, Fig. 15, and was taken from a New 
 Madrid mound by Prof. Swallow. "It is one-half of a rough ball of 
 burnt clay, about 3.5 inches in diameter, and shows the impression of 
 the skin and finger-marks of the hands that moulded it. This mass was 
 perforated through the center, as shown in the figure giving a section of 
 it."^ It had perhaps been designed to be fashioned into a vessel of some 
 
 I llighth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum. 
 
it± ARCH^'EOLOGY. 
 
 sort, but hv some menns burnt before the design was carried ont. The 
 jierforalioii would suggest that it had been attached to a stick or spindle 
 for convenience in handling. The other article is much more suggestive. 
 It belongs to that class of implements usually denominated spindle-whorls. 
 They are found scattered over the whole eountf-y, at least wherever the 
 principal woiks of the Monnd-buildcrs are to be seen. This was taken 
 from a mound about eighteen miles from New Madrid. When I attempted 
 to wash it, I discovered that it had not been hardened in the fire, but 
 
 only sun-dried, as it fell into fragments under 
 the action of the water. With great care, these 
 were collected and glued together again. It is 
 about 2.5 inches in diameter, and three-fourths 
 of an inch in thickness at the periphery. Both 
 sides are concave. The most interesting fact about 
 it is this : It has around the outer edge a rudi- 
 mentary groove, as T-epi'esented in the engraving. 
 Fig. 16. I can only wish the groove had been 
 deeper. But as it was unburnt, I am led to be- 
 lieve that the article was unfinished ; and that 
 had it been, it would have furnished some evidence that the maker was 
 not unacquainted with the use of the pulley, or potter's wheel. 
 
 The necessity for condensation demands that here our consideration of 
 this part of our subject should end. The variety and beauty of many of 
 the objects of their fictile skill are very suggestive, and furnish much 
 material for extended generalization. But a remark or two must suffice 
 in this connection. To suppose that all this taste and feeling — this close 
 observation of nature and fidelity in delineation, displayed in the pottery 
 of the Mound-builders, found no expression in any other direction, and 
 was expended upon their domestic utensils alone, is simply incredible. 
 Very different must have been the homes of a people furnished with 
 such tasteful articles, from those miserable huts which the nomadic 
 Indians constructed for their habitations ; and it is quite likely that in 
 their dress as well as their dwellings they evinced the same ideas of taste 
 and convenience which we perceive in their domestic utensils. In some 
 of their human efiigies we do find the manner of arranging the hair dis- 
 tinctly delineated, and we may yet discover those which shall furnish us 
 with correct representations of their mode of dress. Indeed I have seen 
 one vessel with figures of men rudely painted in outline upon its sides, 
 who were clad in a flowing garment, gathered by a belt around the 
 waist, and reaching to the knees. In this connection I may mention the 
 
ENGEAVED SHELLS. 
 
 95 
 
 engraved shells which have frequently been found with skeletons, both 
 in Missouri and Illinois. One of the most interesting is represented 
 in Fig. 17,^ which gives also the natural size. When taken from the 
 mound, the shell was quite soft and brittle, and easily cut with the finger- 
 
 
 
 
 Fie. 17. 
 
 nail. The outer edge was much broken or worn away, as shown in the 
 engraving. The design was enclosed by six circular lines, portions of 
 which still remain. On one side were two perforations, designed doubtless 
 for the string by which it was suspended from the neck. All similar 
 shells that I have seen are so perforated. It seems quite evident from 
 the picture that it memorializes the victory of the individual represented 
 as standing over an enemy who lies on his face at his feet. The victor, 
 
 » Tor the photograph of which this is an accurate copy, I am indebted to the late 
 Captain Whitley. 
 
SQ AIICH2E0L0GT. 
 
 it will be observed, holds in his right hand a weapon or symbol of 
 authority, with which he seems to be pressing the prostrate figure to the 
 earth. Many of the accessories are unintelligible. While the whole 
 work is very crude, and the figures out of all proportion, there is here 
 and there an outline which shows earnest endeavor ; as the leg of the 
 standing figure, for example, in which also the action is so well expressed 
 as to suggest that, by an imiJetuous onset, he has just felled his antago- 
 nist to the ground. The artist seems to have had most difficulty with the 
 eye, or rather, has made no attempt at imitating that organ. 
 
 There is now in the museum of the St. Louis Academy of Science a 
 similar shell, upon whicli is portrayed, in a creditable manner, the figure 
 of a spider. I have also been shown another by Dr. Eichardson, from 
 a mound in Illinois, almost precisely like it, and difiering only in a small 
 symbolic device, which is carved upon the back of each. Engraved 
 shells are generally found upon the breast of the skeleton, or in such 
 a position as shows that they were originally placed there, and also 
 where they were probably worn during life. According to Mr. Pidgeon, 
 the spider emblem is perpetuated in the mounds far to the north. He 
 describes one which he saw in Minnesota, about sixty miles above the 
 jxmction of the St. Peters river with the Mississippi, which covered 
 nearly an acre of ground. Upon ascending its highest elevation, he 
 tells us, it was very evident that the spider was intended to be repre- 
 sented by it. I bring these facts together for the benefit of future 
 observers, without speculating as to their significance, further than to 
 ventiwe the remark that they point to a great difi'usiou of one people, or 
 their migration from the north, southwardly along the Mississippi valley. 
 
CHAPTEE XI. 
 
 Crania.— DirpKRENCES Between the Skulls of the Mound-Builders and the Indians. 
 — DirpicuLxrEs of the Subject.— Two Varieties ok Crania in the same Mounds.— 
 Principles of Classification. — Influence of Local Customs.— Peruvian Skulls.— 
 Characteristics op Missouri Specimens, etc.- The Tools op Ancient Americans. 
 — ^Proofs of a IInowledge of Iron. 
 
 To the common observer, the unnumbered stars which shine nightly 
 in the firmament above utter no voice, and give no sign concerning their 
 physical condition, their individual motions, or relative distance from 
 ea«h other. All seemingly sweep on together with undeviating regular- 
 ity — differing only in the intensity of their light. But when the appliances 
 of modern science are brought to bear upon the facts within our grasp 
 concerning them, and their dim rays are gathered up by the spectroscope, 
 the faint star becomes a fiery orb and the theatre of the conflict of forces 
 of prodigious power. The sun is seen to be a fiery, fluid mass, in whose 
 atmosphere are ceaseless storms of flaming elements and tempestuous 
 cyclones, which burst forth on every side with awful grandeur and incon- 
 ceivable velocity. 
 
 Alike unintelligible to a common observer, in their ethnic relations, 
 would be a collection of skulls brought together from diflTerent lands, as 
 throwing any light upon the long history of the different races of man- 
 kind. Some would appear shorter, rounder or more irregular than 
 others, but the same general features which characterize them all — ^with 
 the exceptions named — would be about all that would be specially 
 noticed. But when viewed in the resultant light of all the study which 
 has been bestowed upon them, and the cautious inductions of the wisest 
 ethnologists, they become vocal with revelations of transcendant interest. 
 We are not to suppose, however, that there are no great and decided 
 variations in the crania of a particular race, for these are as widely differ- 
 ent as the varying expressions of the human face, and yet all the while 
 presenting certain broad distinctions and characteristics by which the 
 particular race to which they belong may generally be determined. 
 
 Says Dr. Foster: " While the individual variations in the crania of a 
 particular race are so great as to present intermediate gradations from one 
 extreme to another, thus forming a connecting link between widely sepa- 
 rated races, yet, in a large assemblage of skulls derived from a particular 
 race, there is a general conformation, a predominant type ; which appears 
 7 
 
98 ARCfl^OLOGY. 
 
 to have been constant as far back as human records extend ; to have 
 been unaffected by food, climate, or personal pursuits ; and which has 
 been regarded amoug the surest guides in tracing national afBnities. 
 Hitherto, our knowledge of the mound-builders' crania has been exceed- 
 ingly scant — restricted to less than a dozen specimens — which, if authen- 
 tic, clearly indicate for the most part the Indian type. The results of 
 my observations have led me to infer that the mound-builders' crania were 
 characterized by a general conformation of jiarts, which clearly separated 
 them from the existing races of man, and particularly from the Indians of 
 North America." 
 
 While the number of authentic skulls from the mounds has been 
 greatly multiplied since the above was written, not much has yet been 
 done in the way of classification, measurement and tabulation, so as to be 
 available for serious study. But enough has been already determined to 
 show how premature were the broad generalizations of Dr. Morton — and 
 others who accepted his opinions — deduced from the few examples of the 
 crania of the mounds which he was able to add to his large collection of 
 other types from all parts of the world. While questioning some of his 
 conclusions with which he sums up the results of his long-continued 
 labors, no contrary deductions can detract in the slightest degree from the 
 inestimable value of his labors and splendid contributions to ethnological 
 science. While many, in view of more extended observations and discov- 
 eries since his time, will withold their assent to the proposition, "that 
 the American nations, excepting the polar tribes, are of one race and one 
 species, but of two great families, which resemble each other in physical, 
 but differ in intellectual character," all will heartily subscribe to the 
 statement of Dr. Daniel Wilson that, "following in the footsteps of the 
 distinguished Blumenbach, Dr. Morton has the rare merit of having 
 labored with patient zeal and untiring energy, to accumulate and publish 
 to the woi'ld the accurately observed data which constitute the only true 
 basis of science. His Crania Americana is a noble monument of well- 
 directed industry ; and the high estimation in which it is held, as an ac- 
 curate embodiment of facts, has naturally tended to give additional 
 weight to his deductions." 
 
 Nor was this great naturalist less mistaken in his opinion as to the 
 mode of burial practiced by the aborigines of the American continent. 
 He tells us "that from Patagonia to Canada, and from ocean to ocean, 
 and equally in the civilized and uncivilized tribes, a peculiar mode of 
 placing the body in sepulture has been practiced from immemorial time. 
 This peculiarity consists in the sitting posture." That this was not the- 
 
CRANIA. 09 
 
 universal, nor even the most common mode of burial, those who have 
 read the foregoing accounts of explorations in burial mounds in various 
 parts of the continent, have already seen. 
 
 He found some difficully at first in reconciling the peculiarities of the 
 long and flattened Peruvian skulls with the round-headed type of the red 
 Indian, but finally decidqd that these were only variations of the same 
 type produced by artificial pressure in infancy. But the evidence is 
 abundant and convincing that there was one race in Peru — probably older 
 than the Inca race — with which this peculiarity was not artificial, but con- 
 genital, and the skull of the adult retained thi-ough life the strangely 
 elongated shape with which it entered the world. Dr. Wilson further 
 remarks in this connection: "The comprehensive generalization of the 
 American cranial type, thus set forth on such high authority, has exer- 
 cised an important influence on subsequent investigations relative to the 
 aborigines of the New World, It has, indeed, been accepted vdthsuch 
 ready faith as a scientific postulate, that Agassiz, Nott, Meigs, and other 
 physiologists and naturalists adopted it without question, and have rea- 
 soned from it as one of the few well-determined data of ethnological sci- 
 ence. It has no less efl"ectually controlled the deductions of observant 
 travellers." 
 
 With such examples before us, a becoming modesty should character- 
 ize the conclusions of those laborers in the same great field, who at best 
 may only hope to contribute a page or two to the volume of truth which 
 be has bequeathed to his followers. 
 
 The caution with which we should proceed in every step of our inves- 
 tigations becomes all the more imperative on account of the difficulties 
 which meet the observer at the very threshold of his enquiries. One of 
 the diflScuIties has been already suggested, which is the small number of 
 skulls concerning which there can be no doubt whatever, that they be- 
 longed to the race of men who erected the mounds. While it was the 
 custom of the Indian tribes to bury their dead in the mounds which they 
 found ready made, yet their interments may generally be easily distin- 
 guished from those of the race of the mounds themselves by the shallow- 
 ness of the graves, which are usually near the surface. Still, for the want 
 of close observation among cranial collectors, and attention to this fact, 
 much confusion has been the result. Another perplexity is caused by 
 the fact that in the same burial moimd are sometimes found — at least in 
 Missouri — two entirely difierent classes of skulls, with distinctions al- 
 most as strongly marked as those which pertain to the Caucasian and Ne- 
 groid types, whose position in the moimd and companionship in the 
 
JOO AECH^OLOGY. 
 
 way of implements and utensils invest neither class with any distinct- 
 ive claim over the other, ns being the individuals for whom the memorial 
 WHS erected. But, not to specify further, it may be remarked that so 
 great are the perploxlties caused by these disturbing elements, in the minds 
 of some, that they have been led to question whether we are justified in 
 assuming that we have a predominant cranial type of the Mound-building 
 race, with characteristic conformations so constant as to distinguish them 
 from all others, wherever found, so that they may be relied on as sure 
 guides in our investigations. 
 
 Assenting, as I do, to the conclusions of such distinguished naturalists 
 as Wilson and Foster, to the effect that we are justified in assuming that 
 the crania from localities so far asunder as Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio 
 and Missouri, present a " similarity of type in those crania, apart from the 
 similarity in weapons of warfare, pottery, personal ornaments and earth- 
 works, which would indicate a homogeneous people distributed over a 
 wide area," yet, to present representative specimens of the skulls which 
 have been collected from the mounds which are scattered over such an 
 extended territory, along with the necessary descriptions, measurements 
 and illustrations as would be requisite for scientific accuracy and induc- 
 tion, would extend our investigations far beyond the limits of the pres- 
 ent essay. We must content ourselves, therefore, with such illustrations 
 and considerations as are more general in their character, but sufficiently 
 specific and particular, it is hoped, to make them of some scientific value, 
 at least in clearing the way somewhat for other observers. 
 
 For convenience in the study of ethnic relationships, craniologists have 
 recognized three distinct classes of skulls under which all are grouped. 
 The principle upon which this classification is made, is based simply upon 
 the relation of the breadth to the length of the skull. Taking the length 
 of a skull to be one hundred, when the breadth is less than seventy- 
 three to one hundred, it is called Dolicocephalic, or long head; those 
 whose proportions are from seventy-four or seventy-nine to one hundred 
 are termed Orthocephalic, or regularly formed ; those skulls whose pro- 
 portions are from eighty to eighty-nine to one hundred are called Brachy- 
 eephalio, or short heads. It may be remarked with reference to the 
 classification of skulls, that some have been found in Europe presenting 
 such phenomenal characteristics that another class has been proposed, 
 called Scephocephalic. But, as it is quite likely that the peculiar elonga- 
 tion of those classed under this head may have been produced by artificial 
 means, they need not be dwelt upon here. Concerning the skull known 
 as the "^Scioto Mound SkixU", which was taken by Squire and Davis from 
 
0RA]S1A. 101 
 
 a mound in the Scioto valley, and figured and described in their great 
 work, Dr. Morton says it is "perhaps the most admirably formed head 
 of the American race hitherto discovered. It possesses the national 
 characteristics in perfection, as seen in the elevated vertex, flattened 
 occiput, great interparietal diameter, ponderous bony structure, salient 
 nose, large jaws and broad face." This sknll was regarded by the 
 discoverers as the one of all otlners concerning which there could be no 
 doubt that it belonged to the race of the mounds ; and other eminent 
 writers have accepted the opinion of the finders. Dr. Poster, however, 
 (because of its decided Brachycephalic form doubtless), says that "any 
 comparative anatomist will instantly recognize it as of the Indian type."^ 
 
 As far as my own observation goes, I am persuaded that those ethnol- 
 ogists who have taken one specific form as the type, rejecting all others 
 which do not closely resemble it, do not make sufficient account of the 
 wide extent of territory in which they are found, the length of time 
 which must have passed while the civilization of the race was being 
 developed, nor the influence of local habits and customs in modifying the 
 estoological conditions of the individual members of communities isolatied 
 as they must have been for a long series of years ; nor of the recognized 
 fact that "individual variations in the crania of a particular race are so 
 great as to present intermediate gradations all the way from one extreme 
 to another, thus forming a connecting link between widely separated 
 races." The burial mounds of Missouri present well-defined Brachy- 
 cephalic specimens, often flattened in the occipital region, as well as the 
 longer and more symmetrical Orthocephalic type ; and sometimes both 
 are observed iu one mound. The assumption, therefore, that the one or 
 the other is the exclusive typal form, cannot be maintained ; nor on such 
 a narrow basis can these seemingly wide divergencies in the shape of 
 individual skulls be satisfactorily explained. We may safely conclude, 
 therefore, that the idea that one uniform constant type prevailed during 
 the centuries of the occupancy of the Mound-builders of the vast con- 
 tinent of America, through all its fixed communities, is a sweeping 
 assumption which finds no support from the history of other races of 
 men, nor from the facts which the mounds disclose. 
 
 The influence of local customs, as exhibited in the different manner of 
 flattening the skull by related tribes of Indians, is a case in point. 
 
 1 It should be remembered that very many other considerations enter into the account 
 in determining the class to which certain skulls belong besides the proportion of 
 breadth to length. This, however, is the first and most important, and the one which I 
 shall chiefly consider 
 
102 AEOH^OLOGY. 
 
 Included under the general name of Flatheads, are at least twenty 
 different tribes. With some, the head of the child is strapped to the 
 cradle-board until its transverse diameter is enormous, when seen in 
 front or from behind, while the longitudinal diameter is only about half 
 as great. In others the skull is shaped by winding a deer-skin cord 
 around the head, beginning just above the ears and winding in such a 
 manner that a uniform pressure is brought to bear upon the skull, forcing 
 it upward until it assumes a tapering form, almost terminating in a point 
 at the vertex. In others again, the pressure is so applied as to press 
 back the frontal bone to such a degree that the forehead is almost entirely 
 obliterated. Concerning the origin of these diverse customs among 
 affiliated tribes we need not stop to enquire. They are sufficient to 
 
 prove that peculiar practices, affecting 
 the shape of the skull in contrary ways, 
 do originate in communities dwelling 
 near each other, and are persisted in, 
 notwithstanding their constant famili- 
 arity with the different customs of their 
 neighbors. It is not surprising then, 
 we repeat, that mounds a thousand 
 miles from each other, or the same 
 
 k'\,tlJIJI/>''' '\^f mounds even, should disclose cranial 
 -' ^^^^Wl ^^^''"^™ forms presenting distinct and contrast- 
 
 iiig characteristics. 
 ^. . , „. ,„, „, „ o , , .. . The skull represented in Fio;. 1, it 
 
 Fig. I. Front View of Skull from Bayou Sf. John Mound. ' t) ' 
 
 will be observed, is very globular in 
 shape, with transverse diameter almost equalling the longitudinal, as 
 will be apparent by comparing the front with the side view which is 
 represented in the next engraving. Fig. 2. From the supercilliary 
 ridges, which are prominent, the line of the forehead ascends almost 
 vei-tically to a great height, and then sweeps in a well-rounded curve to 
 the apex, from whence it suddenly slopes off in an almost straight line 
 to the occipital protuberance. The squamosal suture is exceptionally 
 straight. The chief point to be noticed in the shape of this slaill, is the 
 evidence of artificial flattening seen in the almost straight line from the 
 occipital protuberance to the top of the skull. With few exceptions, all 
 the crania from the Missouri mounds which I have seen are more or less 
 flattened in the occipital regions. Sometimes the pressure seems to have 
 been applied to the right, or to the left of the occipital protuberance, 
 and occasionally directly to the back of the head, and so low down that 
 
CKANIA. 
 
 103 
 
 the line of the skull from the foramen magnum to the apex of the lamb- 
 doidal suture is almost vertical. And yet I cannot believe that this 
 artificial conformation was designed. The absence of any sort of 
 uniformity in the extent to which it was carl-ied, as well as the indis- 
 criminate application of the pressure to any part of the occipital regions, 
 would suggest that it resulted solely from the method of treating the 
 infant during the first year or two of its existence. The custom of the 
 North American Indian nomads, of strapping tlie infant to a board or 
 basket, for convenience in carrying, and from which it was removed but 
 seldom until it was at least one year old, need hardly be mentioned. 
 There is evidence that certain semi-civilized nations so treated their 
 children as to produce an abnormal shape of their skulls. One reference 
 must suffice for illustration. Garcel- 
 lasso de la Vega^ in speaking of the 
 manner in which the Peruvian in- 
 fants were reared, tells ns that all 
 classes, rich and poor, "bred up their 
 children with the least tenderness 
 and delicacy that was possible ; for 
 as soon as the infant was born they 
 •washed it in cold water. Their arms 
 they kept swathed and bound down^ 
 for three months, upon supposition 
 that to loose them sooner -would 
 weaken them ; they kept them always 
 in their cradle, which was a pitiful 
 
 kind of a frame, set on four legs, one of which was shorter than the rest, 
 for convenience in rocking ; the bed was made of a sort of coarse knit- 
 tino- which was something more soft than the bare boards, and with a 
 strfng of this knitting they boimd up the child on one side and the other 
 to keep it from falling out. When they gave them suck they never took 
 them into their lap or arms, for if they had used them in that man- 
 ner, they believed they would never leave crying, and would always 
 expect to be in arms, and not lie quiet in their cradles ; and, therefore, 
 the mother would lean over the child, and reach it the breast, which they 
 did three times a day, that is, morning, noon and night, and unless it 
 were at these times, they never gave it suck." He tells us in the previ- 
 ous chapter that they were not weaned until they were two years of 
 
 Fig. 2. Side View. 
 
 1 Ro3'al Commentaries of Peru, Chap. 12. 
 
104 
 
 AKCIL^OLOGT. 
 
 age. Some of the Peruvian skulls present a flattened occiput so similar 
 to those of the mounds that it is highly probable this formation was 
 produced by the same means, that is by fastening the infant to the cradle 
 either upon its back, or with the head turned more or less to the one side 
 or the other, in which position it remained until the head became 
 flattened in the region of its contact with the bard bed, thereby receiving 
 a form which it ever afterwards retained. 
 
 The sluill represented in Fig. 3, when viewed from the front, shows 
 much the same globular form of the brain-case as the preceding ones 
 (Figs. 1 and 2). The vertical view, however, is very different. The 
 flattened portion is more lateral, the pressure having been brought to 
 bear upon the right side of the occiput. 
 
 Fig. 3 
 
 These decidedly Brachycephalic skulls are very far from conforming to 
 the Mound-builders' type for which Dr. Foster contends. Those rep- 
 resented in his work, taken from mounds in Illinois and Indiana, and 
 undoubtedly authentic, are Orthocephalic or regularly formed. Nor do 
 they present this abnormal deformity of the occiput which characterizes 
 the large majority of those from Missouri. I regret that circumstances 
 forbid the reproduction here of the many cranial forms which are ne- 
 cessary to properly illustrate this part of our siibject. But as those 
 figured above, according to the Doctor's views, shoidd be regarded as 
 belonging to the Indian type, I transcribe what he says concernino- 
 their peculiarities of form : " The Indian possesses a conformation of 
 skull which clearly separates him from the pre-historic Mound-builder, 
 
CRANIA. 105 
 
 and such a conformation must give rise to different mental traits. His 
 brain, as compared with the European, according to George Combe, 
 differs widely in tlie pi-oportions of the different parts. The anterior 
 lobe is small, the middle lobe is large, and the central convolutions on 
 the anterior lobe and upper surface are small. The brain-case is box- 
 like, with the corners rounded off; the occiput extends up vertically ; 
 the frontal ridge is prominent ; the cerebral vault is pyramidal ; the 
 interparietal diameter is great ; the supercilliary ridges and zygomatic 
 arches sweep out beyond the general line of tiie skull; the orbits are 
 quadrangular ; the forehead is low ; the cheek-bones high ; and the jaws 
 prognathous. His character, since first known to the white man, has 
 been signalized by treachery and cruelty." "He was never known volun- 
 tarily to engage in an enterprise requiring methodical labor ; he dwells 
 in temporary and movable habitations ; he follows the game in their 
 migrations ; he imposes the drudgery of life upon his squaw ; he takes 
 no heed for the future. To suppose that such a race threw up the strong 
 lines of circumvallation and the symmetrical mounds which crown so 
 many of our river-terraces, is as preposterous, almost, as to suppose that 
 they built the pyramids of Egypt." 
 
 In the examples I have given, many of the above traits of the Indian 
 skull are wanting. The anterior lobe is not small ; the brain-case is not 
 box-like, nor is the cerebral vault pyramidal ; the forehead cannot be said 
 to be low, nor are the orbits quadrangular, or the jaws prognathous. 
 Still, in some other particulars there is a striking conformity to the Indian 
 portraiture. For example, the supercilliary ridges and zygomatic arches 
 in the second example " sweep out beyond the general line of the skull." 
 They are decidedly of the short-head type, and were it not for the de- 
 rangement of the general outline by artificial means in infancy I imagine 
 they would correspond in a striking manner to the Scioto Mound skull, 
 which Foster believes to belong to the red race. The occipital and lat- 
 eral depression shown in the vertical view, Fig. 3, is by no means 
 confined to the skulls of the Missouri mounds, but is found in Peru. If 
 the reader will consult Morton's Crania Americana, Plates B and C, he 
 will find skulls with the identical characteristics of the one at Fig. 3. 
 They occur in the mounds of the upper Mississippi region, and in Ten- 
 nessee. In Harper's Magazine of December, 1876, is a valuable arch- 
 seological article by Dr. Jones, in which I find the engraving of a skull 
 whose resemblance to Fig. 3 is so striking that I reproduce them both 
 side by side. The thing to be noticed is the general outline in which the 
 similar depression is shown. In the Tennessee skull — assuming that 
 
106 
 
 AECILiEOL,0&T. 
 
 the same point of view is taken in both — the zygomatic arches are 
 searcely seen, while in that from Missouri they bulge out far beyond 
 the general outline. 
 
 "While, as before remarked, the majority of the skulls found in the 
 Missouri mounds possess the characteristics shown in the examples here 
 given ; some which occur more rarely are so strikingly diiferent that they 
 can not by any reasonable theory be classed with them. While exploring 
 a mound in southeast Missouri, before referred to as having been the 
 burial-place of many hundreds, two skeletons were found lying beside 
 each other, so decayed that the bones could scarcely be handled at all 
 without crumbling to pieces. The skulls were entire when passed up to 
 me from the excavation. They were so peculiar that I was filled with 
 
 Skull from Mound in Tennessea. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 SkutI from Mound in Southeast Missouri. 
 
 astonishment the moment I saw them. One crumbled to dust in a few 
 moments after its exposure to the air, and fell from my hands, along with 
 the earth with which it was filled, like all others, which are — as well as 
 bowls and small-necked water-jugs — always densely packed with the loam 
 which covers them. I proceeded to a more careful examination, as I 
 suspected an intrusive burial. With much painstaking I was able to pre- 
 serve the upper portion of the second skull, which was a duplicate of the 
 one destroyed. The outline of this fragment is well represented in the 
 engraving. Both skeletons were lying upon the back, with the head 
 toward the center of the mound, with the usual drinking vessels close to 
 the head, and a food-vessel in the angle of the folded arm upon the 
 breast. It will be seen at a glance that the forehead is annihilated ; the 
 frontal sinus is quite prominent, which, along with the almost horizontal 
 
CEA2^IA. 
 
 107 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 line of the frontal bone, makes this part of the skull resemble that of a 
 beast more than a human head ; and yet I am quite sure that its form 
 was perfectly natural, for I could detect no indication of an artificial de- 
 pression in any part of it. The frontal bone was curved backward, on each 
 side of the occiput, and from the foramen magnum, or from the bottom of 
 the brain-case to the apex, was one graceful curve. It might be suggested 
 — as has been done in the case of the Neanderthal skull — that these were 
 the skulls of idiots. But whoever they were, they were buried with 
 tender care, and in the belief 
 that they would enjoy an- 
 other life beyond the grave 
 in companionship with the 
 many hundreds of others 
 who were provided with the 
 necessary food and drink to 
 sustain them during their 
 long journey. As so large 
 a portion of the skull is wanting, it is perhaps useless to generalize upon 
 so small a fragment.^ Still I can but record my own strong conviction 
 that we have here no idiotic anomaly, but characteristic examples of a 
 race of men entirely distinct from those who piled up the mounds in 
 sontheast Missouri. Much evidence is gathered from widely separated 
 localities upon the American continent, which suggests more than the 
 probability that it was once inhabited by a race of men whose origin 
 must ever be hid in the night of oblivion, and the date of whose occu- 
 pancy may not be far from that of the Paleolithic races of Europe. 
 
 The same configuration has been found in the bone caves of Brazil, 
 and in companionship with extinct animals. Dr. Lund thinks they were 
 contemporaneous. In some which he describes, the peculiarities which 
 characterize them are "in excessive degree, even to the entire disappearance 
 of the forehead." The same form appears in the sculptures on the most 
 ancient monuments of Mexico, as also in the bas-reliefs of Uxmal and 
 Copan, in Central America. " Humboldt and Bonpland," says Foster, 
 "were the first to draw attention to this remarkable configuration of 
 skull. The former, as far back as 1808, thus stated : "This extraordinary 
 flatness is found among nations to whom the means of producing arti- 
 ficial deformity are totally unknown, as is proved by the crania of Mex- 
 
 1 For the distinguishing traits of idiotic sltulls, consult Humphrey's Treatise on the 
 Human Skeleton, p. 233. 
 
108 AUCILEOLOGY. 
 
 ican Indians, Peruvians, and Atures." Pentland, Cuvier, Gall and 
 Tiedeman believed this strange cranial form to be congenital. Rogers 
 and Tschudi both were convinced of the former existence of an Autoch- 
 thonous race in Peru with this peculiarity of skull, and " state that it is 
 seen in the foetus of Peruvian mummies." Dr. Lapham has observed 
 what seems to be the same type, in Wisconsin. In a private note to Dr. 
 Foster he says, concerning two skulls found at Wauwatasa: "The pe- 
 culiar characteristics indicating a low grade of humanity, common to 
 both, are a low forehead, prominent superciliary ridges, the zygomatic 
 arches swelling out beyond the walls of the skull, and especially the 
 prominence of the occipital ridge. The anterior portion of these skulls, 
 besides being low, are much narrowed, giving the outline, as seen from 
 above, of an ovate form. It seems quite probable that men with skulls 
 of this low grade were the most ancient upon this continent, that they 
 were the first to heap up those curiously-shaped mounds of earth which 
 now so much puzzle the antiquary ; that they were gradually superceded 
 and crowded out by a superior race, who, adopting many of their cus- 
 toms, continued to build mounds and bury their dead in mounds already 
 built. Hence we find Mound-builders' skulls with this ancient form, 
 associated with others of more modern type. The discovery of these 
 skulls, with characteristics so much like those of the most ancient of the 
 pre-historic types of Europe, would seem to indicate that if America 
 was peopled by emigration from the Old World, that event must have 
 taken place at a very early time — far back of any of which we have any 
 record." The occurrence of skulls with this unique and congenital con- 
 figuration, in both continents of America, from Wisconsin to Peru, 
 and many of them associated with those ancient structures whose authors 
 are unknown to history or tradition, are facts not to be overlooked or 
 lightly considered in tracing the ethnic distinctions of the pre-historic 
 inhabitants of the, so-called. New World. They are certainly very 
 suggestive, and invite the serious study of future observers. 
 
 There are certain facts which have been noted from time to time, 
 which fit into none of the popular theories concerning the state of the 
 arts of the Mound-builders. It has been stated, and often repeated, that 
 they had no knowledge of smelting or casting metals, yet the recent 
 discoveries in Wisconsin of implements of copper cast in molds — as well 
 as the molds themselves, of various patterns, and wrought with much skill 
 — ^prove that the age of metallurgical arts had dawned in that region at 
 least. 
 
OKAIOA. 109 
 
 -And again : what shall be said concerning the traces of iron imple- 
 ments which have been discovered from time to time in the mounds, but 
 more frequently at great depths below the surface of the soil. Though 
 accounts of such discoveries are generally from reliable sources, they 
 iiave latterly received no attention, and alwaj'S have been considered as 
 so much perilous ware which no one cared to handle. The pecuhar 
 ovate form of skull with the retreating forehead, as has just been shown, 
 points to the presence, in remote times, of a race of men entirely dif- 
 ferent from that to which the authors of many of the earthworks of the 
 Mississippi valley belonged. This form has been traced to Mexico and 
 Peru. When the Spanish conquerors pillaged those countries and laid 
 waste their beautiful cities, tbey observed vast structures and ancient 
 temples built of hewn stone, with consummate skill. When they ques- 
 tioned the Aztec and Inca races concerning their origin they could give 
 no answer but this : they were here when our fathers came ; they belonged 
 to a people of whose history we know nothing. The Incas copied these 
 ancient models in the great structures which they erected. But with 
 what tools did they perform such wonders — were they of copper only? 
 So we are told ; or copper alloyed with tin. It is said they had some 
 secret method of making it hard as iron, but none of the copper tools 
 which have been found confirm the statement. Mountains of stone were 
 wrought into dwellings and temples of the gods ; huge walls were cut 
 from the solid rocks ; the mountains themselves divided into galleries 
 and fortifications rising one above the other, connected here and there 
 by artificial breastworks, but generally cut out of the strata of the 
 mountain and left standing, one solid mass of stone. Common dwell- 
 infs built of enormous slabs of stone seven feet wide and twelve feet 
 long are met with. Porphyry, basalt and marble yielded alike to their 
 magic touch, like clay in the hands of the potter. Vitreous obsidian 
 was utilized by the excellence of their tools and the delicacy of their 
 manipulation. Plates and cylinders of exquisite thinness they made of 
 this fragile substance for ornaments for their women. 
 
 The dexterity of these ancient lapidaries in cutting the hardest stone 
 is amazing. And it is difficult to conceive how, Avithout cutting imple- 
 ments equal, at least, to our own in hardness, such delicate and such stu- 
 pendous works could have been executed. And to the question whether 
 they possessed a knowledge of working iron, the wise man will hesitate 
 Jono- before he answers in the negative. It should be remembered, too, 
 how quickly — unless under most favoring conditions — iron corrodes to 
 dust and leaves scarcely a trace behind. The piles of the Swiss lake- 
 
110 AECH^OLOGY. 
 
 dwellings, the cedar posts of the mounds, may endure for ages, while 
 iron — so hard, and more precious than gold in the advancement of the 
 world's civilization, — speedily melts away before the gentle dews and air 
 of heaven. 
 
 The idea that there once existed on this continent a race anterior to, 
 and entirely distinct from, that which immediately preceded the red men, 
 is no new and fanciful conjecture, but one which was held by the earliest 
 and most cautious observers of the antiquities of America ; and we may 
 yet be forced to adoj)t their conclusions, not only upon this point, but 
 also their opinions as to the state of the arts in those remote times. 
 
 According to Morse, the geographer: "In digging a well in Cincin- 
 nati, the stump of a tree was found in a sound state, ninety feet below 
 the surface ; and in digging another well, at the same place, another 
 stump was found !it ninety-four feet below the surface, which had evident 
 marks of the axe ; and on its top there appeared as if some iron tool 
 had been consumed by rust." 
 
 Says Priest : " We have examined the blade of a sword found in Phil- 
 adelphia, now at Peale's Museum, in New York, which was taken out 
 of the ground something more than sixty feet below the surface. The 
 blade is about twenty inches in length, is sharp on one edge, with a 
 thick back, a little turned up at the point, with a shank drawn out three 
 or four inches long, which was doubtless inserted in the handle, and 
 clinched at the end." 
 
 "Twelve miles west of Chillicothe, on Paint Creek, are found the 
 remains of a furnace, ten or twelve feet square, formed of rough stones, 
 surrounded by cinders, among trees of full size. There are, at this 
 place, seven wells situated within the compass of an acre of land, re"-- 
 ularly walled up with hewn stone, but are now nearly filled up with the 
 accumulating earth of ages. Eight miles further up the creek, a small 
 bar of gold was taken out of a mound, which sold in Chillicothe for 
 twelve dollars. A piece of cast iron, we are further told, was taken 
 from a circular embankment in Circleville." 
 
 From the distinguished antiquary, Mr. Atwater, who was present 
 when a large mound near Circleville was removed, we learn that in addi- 
 tion to the skeletons it contained, along with stone implements, was 
 found "the handle, either of a small sword or large knife, made of elk's 
 horn; around the end, where the blade had been inserted, was a ferrule 
 of silver, which, though black, was not much injured by time; though 
 the handle showed the hole where the blade had been inserted, yet no 
 iron was found, but an oxide, or rust, remained, of similar shape and 
 
CKANIA. Ill 
 
 size." With another skeleton, in the same mound, was found a large 
 plate of mica, three feet in length by one and one-half in width, and one 
 inch and a half in thickness. On this was a plate of iron thoroughly 
 oxydized, which crumbled to dust when disturbed by the spade, but 
 resembled a plate of cast iron. This was doubtless a mirror. Both 
 bodies had been burned, and mingled with the bones and implements 
 were quantities of charcoal and ashes. The same author thinks that 
 some of the supposed iron knives which have been discovered in the 
 mounds may have been steel instead. The "huge iron weapon" found 
 in the hand of the skeleton in the Utah mound before described, which 
 crumbled to dust on exposure to the air, will be remembered. But here 
 I must desist from further consideration of the question — -for the present 
 at least — as to the extent of the knowledge and uses of iron among the 
 ancient Americans, as I am not aware of any relics of this metal having 
 been found among the antiquities of Missouri, save those made of native 
 ore. But, as similar notices of its occurrence in the mounds and on 
 ancient levels, far below the present surface of the alluvial plains, are 
 abundant in all the current antiquarian literature of the last half century, 
 I felt that the subject was too important to be passed over in silence, 
 especially as I had reason to suspect that those remote dwellers upon 
 this continent, whose peculiar form of skull has been noticed by Hum- 
 T)0Tar,Trot™,>-:, JLapham and many others, and lastly by myself in Missouri, 
 were not unacquainted with the uses of iron and other metallurgical arts. 
 That these were the opinions of that distinguished scholar and states- 
 man, William Wirt, the following quotation from his writings will show. 
 After speaking of the various relics of vanished races, among which he 
 mentions "iron and copper, buried in a soil which must have been undis- 
 turbed for ages," he proceeds to say : "The mighty remains of the past, 
 to which we have alluded, indicate the existence of three distinct races* 
 of men, previous to the arrival of the existing white settlers. The 
 monuments of the first or primitive race, are regular stone walls, wells 
 stoned up, brick hearths found in digging the Louisville canal, nineteen 
 feet below the surface, with the coals of the last domestic fire upon them, 
 medals of copper and silver, swords and other implements of iron. Mr. 
 Flint assnres us that he has seen these strange ancient swords. He has 
 also examined a small iron shoe, like a horse-shoe, encrusted with the rust 
 of ages, and found far below the soil, and the copper axe, weighing about 
 two pounds, singularly tempered and of peculiar construction." The 
 second race, he thinks, were the authors of the mounds, who, in time, 
 were succeeded by the Indians. 
 
112 AKCH.a:OLOGY 
 
 A few weeks siace I received, in a private letter from Prof. Tice, the 
 distinsruished meteorologist, an interesting account of the discovery, in 
 one of the interior comities in Illinois, of the corroded remains of some 
 sort of cutting implement of iron or steel. As I have not his communi- 
 cation at hand at this moment, I cannot give the details ; but as I recall 
 the statement, it was found several feet below the surface, in a gravelly 
 river bank which had been washed away by the floods and thus exposed, 
 and under such circumstances as to convince intelligent observers who 
 saw it, and the bed from whence it was taken, that it was of great 
 antiquity. "What shall we say to these numberless and constantly 
 recurring notices of the discovery of traces of iron? The journey of 
 De Soto across the continent has been made to do good service in 
 explaining the presence in the mounds of metal implements, as well as 
 the immense defensive structures in some of the Southern States, which 
 were thought to be beyond the skill of the ancient inhabitants. A topo- 
 graphical representation of all of the supposed routes of his journeyings 
 would resemble a western railway chart. Had De Soto lived till now, 
 and traveled incessantly, like the Wandering Jew, he could not have 
 accomplished all that has been placed to his credit. Again, the bold 
 Norsemen, under Eric the Red, and other adventurers on the ocean, 
 whose ships, bj' adverse winds or favoring gales, were driven to these 
 far off shores,— colonies of Welsh, Malayans — and the lost ten tribes of 
 Israel — all have been marshaled by different authors in the interest of 
 their particular theories, and made to do duty in explaining the inexpli- 
 cable problems of our antiquities. In regard to the question thus touched 
 iipon, as well as many others equally perplexing, is it not better to sift 
 and garner the grains of truth we have, and with childlike receptivity 
 wait for greater light ? 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Concluding Observations.— The Origin op the Pre-Historic Races op America.— 
 Theory op Spontaneous Generation. — ^The Law Governing their Migrations. — 
 Successive Movismbnts of the Nahua Race. — The Aztecs the last Colony of 
 that People. — OpiNiONa op Baron Humboldt.— Our own Country probably the 
 Original Home of the Aztec Civilization. — The Indian Races op Asiatic Ori- 
 gin. — ^Facilities op Immigration via. Bkhring's Straits. — A Personal Word. — Dry 
 Bones Clothed. 
 
 A proper completion of our investigations demands a brief notice ot 
 the current opinions which relate to the origin, migrations and the ulti- 
 mate fate of the race whose relics and monuments have been considered 
 in the preceding pages. By whatever theory we may be pleased to 
 adopt as to the manner in which was fir.st peopled, we are carried back 
 irresistably to times so remote that w^e rise from our study of this sub- 
 ject with the conviction that the origin of the first inhabitants of 
 this continent must ever remain hidden in the darkness of oblivion. 
 
 None of the many theories, some of which seemed quite probable at 
 first view, have withstood the test of later investigations. One nation 
 after another — European or Asiatic — has been put forward, as entitled to 
 the honor of having been first in the field with its peopling or civilizing 
 colonies ; prior to whose coming, it was assumed, this continent must 
 have been a desolate waste, without inhabitants, or, in the latter case, at 
 best, the home of wild and barbarous tribes. Another theory, which is 
 maintained by a few distinguished writers, is based upon the hypothesis 
 of spontaneous generation ; the natural sequence of which is that the abo- 
 riginal inhabitants of America were Autochthons ;» or in other words, that 
 
 man in common with the plants and lower orders of animals— made his 
 
 appearance on the earth spontaneously, when, in the fullness of time, it 
 had reached that condition which presented all those favoring and con- 
 current circumstances which made his appearance a natural necessity. 
 
 The spontaneous generation hypothesis is still so far from being verified, 
 that the question of an autochthonous population need not be discussed ; 
 
 •Humboldt suggestively asks, " Did the nations ot the Mexican race, in their migra- 
 tions to the south, send colonies towards the east, or do the monuments of the United 
 States pertain to the Autochthone nations? Perhaps we must admit in North America, 
 as in the ancient world, the simultaneous existence of several centers of civilization, of 
 which the mutual relations are not known in history." Personal Narrative, Vol. VI., p. 
 322. 
 
 8 
 
114 AUCELEOLOGT. 
 
 inasmuch, also, as what we have to consider farther, relates to the ancient 
 people of Missouri ; who, whatever may have been their origin, were so 
 far removed in time from the parent stock, and changed in their physical 
 and social condition by their evident subsequent commingling with the 
 Indian tribes, that they furnish us with few, if any, facts which can be re- 
 lied on as sure guides in conducting us to the origin of their national life. 
 
 We must take them, therefore, as we find them, and in the light of such 
 facts as we have been able to gather, and, applying also the mysterious, 
 yet well-established law which seems ever to have controlled the migra- 
 tory movements of the various nations of both hemispheres, deduce such 
 conclusions as we may be justified in doing concerning their own migra- 
 tions and their ultimate fate. 
 
 The student of ancient history will observe that the migrations of rude 
 and semi-civilized nations have generally, if not always, been from north to 
 south. The exceptions to this, which are exceedingly rare in proportion 
 to the vast number of known movements of tribes and peoples in this 
 direction, it is believed may readily be accounted for by some local and 
 temporary cause — as stress of war, for example — which turned them for 
 a time from their normal course. The constancy of the operation of this 
 law — the causes of which are yet the subject of much learned specula- 
 tion — I shall assume without stopping to illustrate it by quoting 
 the numerous examples with which the pages of history abound, further 
 than to give the opinion of one distinguished naturalist in its support. 
 Says Von Hellwald,i "If we seek, however, to establish for historical 
 events a basis in geographical relations — that is to say, if we carefully 
 compare them together, analyzing the former and investigating their pos- 
 sible causes, st\;dying the latter and deducing as far as possible the 
 resulting consequences — we shall find that certain generally valid laws, 
 which resolve in the simplest manner many an unexplained riddle, are 
 evolved from such a study through the remarkable correspondence of 
 facts. Thus, in reference to the migrations of mankind, it seems to 
 result from the geographical structure of the continent that, as by virtue ot 
 an historical laio we are not to look for men of comprehensive- and 
 deeply penetrating intellect in Lapland or Malta, in Bosnia or Asturias ; 
 80, conformably with a strict geographical law, the direction of the migra- 
 tory stream will be found always to lie in the axis of the greatest longitudi- 
 
 ^ The American Migration, by Frederic Von Hellwald^an admirable essay. Some of 
 his facts and dates I have adopted. 
 Smithsonian Eeport, 1866. 
 
OEIGIN OF THE PKE-HISTOKIG KAOES. 115 
 
 nal extension of the continent. In fact, no example from history informB 
 lis that the Tchapogires, Tunguses, Jakoots or people from the banks of 
 the Amour, have ever descended into the Deccan or Malacca; that the 
 Ethiopians have ever migrated into Sennegambia, or the Finns into 
 Greece. As a new proof how much nations and men depend on geo- 
 graphical circumstances, and even when they believe themselves guided 
 by their own will, merely obey a great natural law, the fact is of much 
 significance that the American tribes form no exception to this general 
 rule ; for here, also, the procession of the migratory races is in the longer 
 axis of the continent, namely, from north to south. 
 
 "That America, as well as Europe and Asia, was already inhabited 
 before this great migration, and in many parts possessed of an ancient 
 civilization, admits of no doubt. Occasional traditions of those early 
 periods of cultiu-e have penetrated to us, and I cannot forbear soliciting 
 the attention of the learned world to this legendary cycle of America, 
 which is certainly worthy in many respects of a critical scrutiny ; for to 
 judge from so much as is yet known, the inquiry cannot but yield inter- 
 esting and valuable disclosures respecting the cosmogonic views of the 
 American aborigines and the general tondencv of their ideas ; perhaps 
 endow even the historian here and there with a fact of value. But to 
 determine, from our present knowledge of the mystical traditions of 
 these races, which of the tribes in America may have been the oldest, 
 Seems to me as impossible as superfluous. 
 
 "Upon this soil multitudes of nations have moved and have sunk into 
 the night of oblivion, without leaving a trace of their existence ; without 
 a memorial, through which we might have at least learned their names. 
 Those nations only, which by tradition, written records, monuments, 
 or whatever other means, first guaranteed the remembrance of their own 
 existence, belong to the domain of history ; and history which, to be true, 
 accepts nothing but what is actually known, points to those as the primi- 
 tive races which first transmitted a knowledge of themselves; time 
 begins for us when the chronology of such nations takes its rise. But 
 all these so-called aboriginies might be only the remainder of previously- 
 existing races, of whom, again, we know not whether they were indeed 
 the first occupants of the land. In truth we meet in America, at more 
 than one point, with traces of a rich civilization, proceeding demonstra- 
 tively from much earlier epochs than the tribal migration itself; as, for 
 example, in upper Peru, the gorgeous structures of the Aymaras, near 
 Tiahuanco, on the beautiful shores of Lake Titicaca ; the mysterious 
 monuments of Central America, between Chiapas and Yucatan, of which 
 
i 1 6 ARCI-L^OLOGY. 
 
 tliei buildings of Palenque constitute the most celebrated representative ; 
 the earth and stone works of a jjeople distinct from the above, on the 
 banks of the Mississippi and the Ohio." 
 
 in speaking of the migratory movements of the American tribes, it 
 must be remem.beied that several distinct expeditions of the same people, 
 at times more or less remote from each otlier, are often spoken of as one 
 migration ; for example, the race which bore the name of Nahuatlacas, 
 Was composed of seven tribes ; namely, the Xochimilcos, Chalcas, Te- 
 panicas, Tlahuicas, Colhuas, Tlaxcaltecas and Aztecs. All these tribes 
 spoke the same language, and, issuing from the same region far to the 
 liorth, appeared in Mexico at successive periods, following each other in 
 the order named. The Aztecs, renowned in the history of the Conquest, 
 were the last to arrive. Some time prior to the commencement of the 
 Christian era — many think not less than a thousand years must be 
 assumed — the mysterious Nahoas, or Nahuas, appear in Mexico. Con- 
 cerning their origin little is known, and none have been able to penetrate 
 the clouds of obscurity which envelop their history. This much, however, 
 is established, namely, that all the Toltec and the later Aztec, or more 
 properly Nahuatl tribes, were only branches of the great Nahna family, 
 and all spoke dialects of this ancestral race. This is a most important 
 and significant fact, as affinities of language are considered among the 
 most certain guides in ethnological investigations. But little more is 
 known concerning the original Nahuas than to suggest the probability 
 that they were the authors of some of the stone structures in Northern 
 Mexico, and the builders of a few, and those the most ancient, mounds 
 of the Mississippi Valley. With the advent of the Toltec domination in 
 the coimtry previously occupied by their NahuatP ancestors, the thick 
 darkness begins to be dissipated, and the dawn of ancient American 
 feistory is ushered in. 
 
 The learned and able interpreter of the monuments and hieroglyphic 
 annals of ancient Mexico, the Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg, regards 955 
 yekrs before Christ as the earliest reliable date which can be established 
 iti the Nahuatl language. Although the TolteC tribes did not make their 
 appearance on the scene simultaneously, but at different times, and pos- 
 sibly by different routes, as was the case with the Aztecs who succeeded 
 tliem, their active occupancy began in the seventh century of our era, or, 
 to speak more accurately, in the year 648. Clavigero, however, who is 
 albne in his opinion among early writers, fixes the date at 596. This 
 
 ' Pronounced " Know-all"; and according to de Bourbourg, It has the same meaning. 
 
OBIGES" OF THE PRE-HISTORIO EACES. 117 
 
 people, after the lapse of about four hundred years, having been almost 
 destroyed by famine, pestilence and civil wars, were succeeded by a more 
 bai-barous, though neighboring tribe, known as Chichimecs, who ailso 
 have been supposed by some to have belonged to the same Nahua family, 
 bat whose peculiar language is now considered as convincing proof that 
 they were from a separate and distinct stock, although they had been 
 more or less influenced by association with their Toltec neighbors, and 
 had adopted some of their arts and customs. Of course it should be 
 remembered that the large territory of Mexico was occupied conjointly by 
 many other pre-Toltec tribes besides the Nahuas, but whose languages 
 were so radically different, so entirely wanting in linguistic affinities with 
 the Nahuatl tongues, — among which may be mentioned the Almecs and 
 the Otomi, whose speech was monosyllabic, — that they must be regarded 
 as more ancient than the Nahuas even. But the reign of the Chichimecs 
 was short. A tribe of immigrants, known as the Acolhuas, took up their 
 residence with the Chichimecs, and the union resulted in the kingdom of 
 Acolhuan. This kingdom was scarcely established when the great and 
 last migrations we have to notice took place. The seven Nahuatla- 
 cas tribes, as before noticed, arrived upon the scene, the Aztecs bringing 
 up the rear, after a longer interval than the others. This celebrated 
 people, who, iu the year 1090, had left their home in the mysterious 
 Aztlan, after various wanderings and delays in their southward journey, 
 finally reached the table-lands of Mexico somewhere between the years 
 1186 and 1194, and took possession of the cities which the Chichimecs 
 in turn abandoned, following in the path of the Toltecs, who had fled 
 from these same seats less than two hundred years before. Adopting 
 and improving upon the civilization of their predecessors, the Aztecs 
 foimded that kingdom whose magnificence and power filled the Conquer- 
 ors with wonder. They displayed a bravery and heroic devotion in the 
 defense of their rulers and their native land which awakens our liveliest 
 sympathies, and the admiration of the civilized world ; and their final 
 and pitiless destruction has left a dark stain upon the character of their 
 destroyers, which no excuses in the interests of religious zeal can 
 diminish, nor the glory of their daring deeds efiace 1 
 
 In the preceding and incomplete outline sketch of the leading branches 
 of the Nahua family, with some account of their migrations, I have called 
 attention to those facts only which seemed necessary to a more explicit 
 statement of what has been incidentally assumed throughout these 
 investigations. 
 
 From my point, of view then, no theory is admissible which does not 
 
118 AKCHJEOLOGY. 
 
 contemplate the migrations of the various tribes which appeared at dif- 
 ferent times upon the table lands of Mexico, during a period of two 
 thousand years or more, as the movements of the different branches of 
 the one Nahua race, whose ancient seats must, be sought for in the great 
 alluvial plains of the Mississippi valley. Their precise location may 
 never be discovered ; it is, however, quite probable that the unknown 
 Aztlan, the Huehuetlapalan of the Aztecs (who, as has been shown, 
 were the last to leave their primitive home), may yet be identified. At 
 the commencement of my study of the antiquities of America, I accepted 
 without question the views of distinguished early writers upon this 
 subject, which I have since found no reason to reject during all my 
 subsequent inquiries. And had I at any time been disposed to embrace 
 opposite conclusions, I should have felt great diffidence in suggesting 
 them, which to me would savor of presumption, thus to place myself in 
 opposition to the mature convictions of the great men who have devoted 
 years of patient labor in this direction, of whose names I need men- 
 tion but one. Among the learned in all lands, the opinions of Humboldt, 
 upon any subject which engaged the attention of his powerful intellect, 
 commimd the most respectful consideration. The rare opportunities 
 whicli he enjoyed, during his extended travels and prolonged stay on this 
 continent, at a period, too, when many of the antiquities were in a better 
 state of preservation and therefore much more intelligible and instructive 
 than now, give great weight to his conclusions concerning the ancient 
 races of America. In speaking of the races under consideration, he 
 says: "The very civilized nations of New Spain, the Toltecs, the 
 Chichimecs, and the Aztecs, pretended to have issued successively, from 
 the sixth to the twelfth century, from three neighboring countries situa- 
 ted toward the north, and called Huehuetlapalan or Tlepallan, Ama- 
 quemacan, and Aztlan or Teo-Alcolhuacan. These nations spoke the 
 same language, they had the same cosmogonic fables, the same propensity 
 for sacerdotal congregations, the same hieroglyphic paintings, the same 
 divisions of time, the same taste for noting and registering everythino-. 
 The names given by them to the towns built in the country of Anahuac 
 were those of the towns they had abandoned in their ancient country. 
 The civilization on the Mexican table-land was regarded by the inhabit- 
 ants themselves as the copy of something which had existed elsewhere 
 as the reflection of the primitive civilization of Aztlan. Where, it may 
 be asked, must be placed that parent land of the colonies of Anahuac, 
 that officina gentium, wliich, during five centuries, sends nations toward 
 the south, who understand each other without difficulty, and recognize 
 
OEIGESr OF THE PEE-HISTOEIC KACES. 119 
 
 each other for relations? Asia, north of Amour, where it is nearest 
 America, is a barbarous country ; and, in supposing (which is geograph- 
 ically possible) a migration of southern Asiatics by Japan, Tarakay 
 (Tchoka) , the Kurile and the Aleutian isles, from southwest toward 
 the northeast (from 40 to 55 deg. of latitude), how can it be believed 
 that in so long a migration, on a way so easily intercepted, the remem- 
 brance of the institutions of the parent country could have been pre- 
 served with so much force and clearness I The cosmogonic fables, the 
 pyramidal constructions, the system of the calendar, the animals of the 
 tropics found in the catasterim of days, the convents and congregations of 
 priests, the taste for statistic enumerations, the annals of the empire held 
 in the most scrupulous order, lead us toward oriental Asia ; while the 
 lively remembrances of which we have just spoken, and the peculiar 
 physiognomy which Mexican civilization presents in so many other 
 respects, seem to indicate the existence of an empire in the North of 
 America, between the 36th and 42d degree of latitude. We cannot re- 
 flect on the military monuments of the United States without recollecting 
 the first coiintry of the civilized nations of Mexico." On a preceding 
 page he also mentions the fact that " the cotuitry between the 33d and 
 41st degrees of latitude, parallel to the mouth of the Arkansas and 
 the Missouri, is considered by the Aztec historians as the ancient dwel- 
 ling of the civilized nations of Anahuac." The views here expressed, 
 and which all succeeding investigations have tended to verify, carry us 
 back to very remote times, far beyond any authentic history or tradition, 
 when America was peopled by rude tribes of a low grade of humanity, 
 but which, nevertheless, possessing within themselves the germs of a 
 civilization which slowly through the ages evolved a progressive 
 national life, at length resulted in the establishment of the fixed com- 
 munities in North America, whose skillful hubsandry, arts, commercial 
 enterprise and original and complex system of religion we have already 
 contemplated. All of those, however, were but the broad beginning — 
 the prophecy of that higher development which found its fulfillment in 
 the more sumptuous civilizatiovi in the rich valleys of Central and South 
 America. The territory occupied by the Mound-builders is too large, 
 the evidences of a dense population throughout its length and breadth 
 too numerous, to permit us to suppose that its occupancy was of short 
 duration. There is also too wide a difference in the respective ages of 
 many of the mounds : some are manifestly hoary with age, while others 
 are of recent date. 
 
 While we believe, therefore, that a period of many centuries must 
 
120 ABClLfEOLOGT 
 
 have elapsed during the extension of a people so numerous over the vast 
 area which they inhabited, and the erection of so many structures as are 
 still to be seen, it is equally clear from my stand-point that we must also 
 believe that all facts, when rightly considered, point to a gradual disap- 
 jjearance towards the south, and at diiferent periods of time, which may 
 be found to correspond to the knoAvn dates of the migrations of the Aztec 
 tribes. As these occurred at times more or less remote from each other, 
 it is altogether probable that, to different causes must the separate 
 migrations be ascribed. Some tribes, as the ruins of their military forts 
 and encampments show, retreated slowly before the encroachments of an 
 invading force. Other sites seem to have been abandoned deliberately, 
 without any attempt at defence ; or perhaps the impulse which set them 
 in motion may have been the captivating accounts they had received 
 of the glory and riches of the distant land to which their brethren had 
 departed years before. "While long lines of military defence may be traced 
 here and there across the continent at the north, and along the eastern 
 plains of the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio, very few have been 
 observed upon the western side of the Mississippi, at least in Missouri, 
 and those are of small dimensions. I am led to infer that, however 
 sudden may have been their abandonment, it was voluntary, and that the 
 ancient Missourians were the last to leave the country. While it may be 
 impossible to decide whether they were the Aztecs themselves, or a 
 remnant of that tribe which was left behind, I cannot forbear to express 
 my own inclination to the latter opinion ; in which case they may have 
 proceeded no further than the regions about the Gulf, where they became 
 amalgamated with the Indians, who may have intercepted them in the 
 journey, and by whom, as a tribe, they were exterminated. That some 
 such event did take place, as before stated, many facts would induce us 
 to believe. Many of their customs survived them, in the practices of 
 the more southern tribes, when the country was first occupied by the 
 Europeans, which point strongly in this direction. Among these tribes the 
 Natchez will be remembered, whose arts, worship, sacerdotal system and 
 customs were very similar, and in many respects identical with those of 
 Mexico. This identity of customs, worship, etc., I had intended to discuss 
 more at length, and also presentthe factswhich bear upon the question, but, 
 as I have already transcended my limits, I must desist. It seems to me 
 to be established, that the ancestors of the Indian tribes came to America 
 by way of Behring's Straits. These are frozen over every year as late as 
 April, according to Professor Henry, who further states that "intercourse 
 at present is constant, by means of canoes, in summer between the Asiatic 
 
ORIGIN OP THE PKE-HISTOBIG RACES. 121 
 
 and Ainericau aides. As ajaother fact relating to the same question, we 
 may state that, while the Asiatic projection near Behring's Straits is 
 almost a sterile, rocky waste, the opposite coast presents a much more 
 inviting jjppearance, abounding in trees and shrubs. Moreover, the 
 climate, when we pass southward of the peninsula of Alaska, is of a genial 
 chijracter, the temperature continuing the same as far down as Oregon. 
 The mildness of the temperature, and the descent of the isothermal line, 
 or that of equal temperature, along the coast, are due to a great current 
 called the Gulf Stream of the Pacific, which carries the warm water of the 
 equator along the eastern coast of Asia, thence across the opposite coast 
 of America, and along the latter on its return to the equator. The 
 action of this current, which does not appear to have been considered by 
 the ethnologist, must have had much influence in inducing and deter- 
 mining the course of the migration." He adds "that the present 
 inhabitants of the countries contiguous to Behring's Straits on the two 
 sides, in manners, customs, and physical appearance, are almost identical." 
 It is believed that the hypothesis we maintain, which holds that the 
 southern portions of this continent were peopled by tribes who had their 
 origin in more northern regions, and who, in some cases at least, were 
 driven from their ancient homes by mongrel hordes who made their 
 appearance by way of Behring's Straits, is the only one which harmonizes 
 the many otherwise inexplicable facts which continually confront the 
 student of the antiquities of America. No other theory will satisfactorily 
 explain the presence in the same mounds of skulls of such different and 
 contrasting types, and which are so frequently met with in the tumuli 
 of Missouri. 
 
 In bringing our work to a close, I beg leave to say that, in the prepar- 
 ation of the foregoing chapters, it has been my aim to present the subjects 
 treated of in a form as attractive and popular as I was capable of, and in 
 a manner in keeping with the historical character of the work in which 
 they appear. If, to the scientific reader, I may seem at times to have 
 expressed my views with a warmth and enthusiasm not always appropri- 
 ate to scientific inqidries, my desire to invest with all possible interest, to 
 the general reader, a subject which might ordinarily be considered dry and 
 unattractive, must be my apology. Having for fifteen years devoted all 
 the time which could be spared from the labors of my profession to archse- 
 ological studies, and especially the antiquities of ray native land, the 
 enthusiasm which I felt at the outset has been intensified rather than di- 
 minished, at every step of the journey. Indeed, the results which have 
 been attained already are of such absorbing interest as to arouse the 
 
122 AJJCH^OLOGY. 
 
 enthusiasm of every stiident of these antique memorials ; and the zeal of 
 the antiquary receives a fresh imjjulse from time to time, as he grapples 
 ^yith those questions whicli relate to the origin of the different races of 
 men, their modes of development, the routes of their migrations and the 
 like ; as also, while he labors to construct a pre-historic history from the 
 ashes of forgotten cities, the debris of former habitations, and the 
 mouldering relics which ancient tombs disclose. 
 
 It is related in sacred story, of an old prophet, that he was set down 
 in a valley of dry bones, and told to pass by them round about, and 
 behold they were very many, and very dry. But, at the sound of his' 
 prophetic voice, there was a noise and shaking and coming together, bone 
 to his bone, the flesh and skin covered them again, and there stood up 
 an exceeding great army. So the scientist to-day passes up and down 
 the valleys, and among the relics and bones of vanished peoples, and as 
 he touches them with the magic wand of scientific induction, these ancient 
 men stand up on their feet, revivified, rehabilitated, and proclaim with 
 solemn voice the story of their nameless tribe or race, the cotemporan- 
 eons animals, and the physical appearance of the earth during those 
 pre-historio ages. 
 
 The Christian scientist, pursuing his investigations regardless of all 
 dogmatic theories concerning divine revelation, and bringing, at last, all 
 right results of his work to the subjective light of that old record which 
 thus far they have only served to glorify, discovers now and then the 
 golden key by which tlie sublime and occult truths condensed in its sen- 
 tentious statements may be unlocked, and the long aeons understood, 
 which are comprehended in the evening and the morning of the creative 
 days. 
 
Part II. History. 
 
 Si^^oeid^L ^§iil^ca 
 
 MISSOURI, 
 
 — BT — 
 
 Col. W. F. Switzler, 
 
 Editor Missouri Statesman, 
 
 COLOMBIA. 
 
"1 see here one State that is capable of assuming the great trust of being the middle, 
 main, the mediator, the common center between the Pacific and Atlantic — a State of 
 vast extent, of unsurpassed fertility, of commercial facilities such as are given to no 
 other railroad State on the Continent — a State that grapples hold upon Mexico and 
 Central America on the south, and upon Eusslan and British America on the north, and 
 through which is the thoroughfare to the Golden Gate of the Pacific." — Wa. H. 
 Sbwabd. 
 
INTRODUCTION.: 
 
 CxEVERAL histories of Missouri, more or less elaborate, iiave ap- 
 y~J peared since the close of our civil war. Whence, therefore, the 
 necessity for another ? With as much reason it might be asked, Why 
 more than one history of the war itself, or of the country and people 
 and institutions affected by it? What good reason can be given for 
 more than one history of the United States ? After one was issued, and 
 received it may be with more or less favor by the thoughtful and read- 
 ing people of our country, what consideratioW justified the publication 
 of a second, and of a third, or of a still greater number? 
 
 Reasons as various, perhaps, as the minds which conceive them would 
 be assigned for the appearance of a multiplicity of historic works in 
 regard to the same country, and it is needless to trace them here. 
 
 Tw^o leading considerations justify, if they do not demand, other his- 
 tories of Missouri than those now before the public : 1. The materials, 
 not unlike the wealth and resources of the State, are inexhaustible — ^the 
 field of exploration, discovery and discussion without limit. 2. Even 
 if to a large extent the same events, records, traditions and reminis- 
 ■cences are brought to view in each, and are made the subjects of 
 •comment and criticism, their j)resentation by different writers will be 
 from different points of view, each disclosing new and valuable truths, 
 and each essential to the fullest development of their just influence on 
 mankind. 
 
 No great and important truth attains its full strength, or to the fullest 
 measure exerts its vital force on human destiny, unless it be faithfully 
 presented in all its phases ; and no single mind, no difference how cultured 
 and analytical it may be, will be fouud equal to the task of exhausting 
 its virtues. 
 
 The plan and scope of the History of Missouri now presented, differ in 
 some particulars from any History which precedes it. Where some of 
 these waste their strength in amplification, and in diffusiveness of style, 
 this seeks to be terse, crisp and perspicuous. Where others dazzle the 
 reader with the adornments of speech, and leave him to grope his way 
 amid copious illustrations which are mere pictures of fancy, this subordi- 
 nates everything to clearness and accuracy of statement, and to an honest 
 •effort to chronicle the truths of history and not the imaginings of the 
 writer. 
 
126 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 In the sketch which follows, Missouri will be considered under four 
 general heads : 1, Pkovince ; 2, District ; 3, Tereitokt and 4, State. 
 As a Province, embracing the period from the date at which the first 
 European set foot on its soil, in 1541, to 1804, when it became a part 
 of the "District of Louisiana." As a District, from 1804 to 1812, when 
 it was organized as a Territory. As a Territory, from 1812 to 1821, 
 when it was admitted into the Union as a State. As a State, from 1821 
 to the present time. 
 
 Missouri has had a wonderful history. Within the memory of some 
 of its oldest inhabitants now living, it was a part of the District of 
 Louisiana, without population and almost without government, a wild 
 waste of forest and prairie, the home of the Indian and buffalo, to which 
 the arts of civilized life were almost unknown. 
 
 In less than three-quarters of a century it ranks in population as the 
 fifth in the sisterhood of thirty-eight States which compose the American 
 Union, and boasts a taxable wealth of six hundred million dollars. 
 
 The following words from ex-Governor Brown's Inaugural Address 
 ( 1870 ) have lost nothing of their truth, their force or freshness : 
 
 " In all the elements of population, wealth, area, fertile soils, inexhaustible mines 
 and manufacturing enterprise, the State of Missouri is an empire in itself. Devastated 
 by armies, checked in production, girded by railways, it has yet risen, since the last 
 census, from being the eighth to the position of the iiftli in importance in the Union. 
 Tor this large growth, with its attendant prosperity, we are deeply indebted to an 
 immigration that has given us ;lic assiu-ance of sympathy by casting its lot in our 
 midst. 
 
 " To the young men and women of the land we can extend the broadest welcome; 
 to the denizens of older States we can promise that the swiftest rewards shall await 
 upon labor; and to those of foreign countries, the scholar, the skillful artisan, and 
 the husbandman, we can assure hospitality and employment. Thus, and thus only, 
 will the recital of the next census be made to transcend by Jar the marvel of the 
 last. Thus, too, we may secure the means of a development of field and mine, of 
 trade and manufacture, somewhat commensurate with our infinite promise. Thus 
 will the burden of debt transform itself into a necessity for reduced taxation. Thus 
 will wealth be diffused into the equal life of all. In the old days of Haroun 
 Alraschid, we read of genii that had the power to build up splendid palaces in a 
 single night ; but in these times the genii who construct great States are the master 
 motives that direct the tides of a vast moving population, and be convinced that 
 none are so strong as love, and peace, and freedom." 
 
The Capitol at Jefferson City. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 IxPEDiTioN OF Juan Ponce de Leon in 1512, to Florida, in Search of Gold and the: 
 Fountain of Eternal Youth.— His Failure and Death.— De Soto's Marvelous 
 Expedition in 1539. — A Splendid Pageant.— He Discovers the Eiver Mississippi 
 IN 1541 — Crosses it, and Marches into the Present Tekhitory of Missouri. — 
 De Soto's Death and Romantic Burial. 
 
 ¥he first European who set foot on the territory now embraced in the 
 State of Missouri, accompanied Hernando de Soto in his wonderful 
 expedition in 1541-2 in search of mines of gold and silver, and 
 which resulted, among other things, in the discovery of the Mississippi 
 river. 
 
 This expedition, therefore, one of the most extr/iordinary of which 
 hi.=itory gives an account, cannot properly be ignored in a work of 
 this character : for, to the discovery of that river and to the explorations 
 along its banks in search of the precious metals, are we indebted for the 
 first settlements of the white man in our great State. 
 
 In connection with it, and as embracing ''events which cast their 
 shadows before" in the disclosure of the Mississippi river and the occu- 
 jjancy of the Province of Missouri, it would be thrillingly interesting to 
 trace, did the limits of this sketch allow, the course of Spanish adven- 
 ture in the early years of the sixteenth century, directed toward Central 
 America, and leading in time to the discovery, by Vasco Nunez, of the 
 Pacific Ocean, and to the conquests of Peru and Mexico. 
 
128 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 While these adventures were prosecuted, it seems not to have beeu 
 forgotten that there were regions to the north, and on the Atlantic coast, 
 worthy of the marvelous enterprise and insatiable cupidity of the 
 Spaniards. 
 
 In demonstration of this statement, Juan Ponce de Leon, an old 
 comrade of Christopher Columbus and a Spanish navigator who had 
 amassed great wealth by the subjugation of Porto Kico, one of the West 
 India islands, having heard of mines of gold and precious stones and a 
 fountain of eternal youth at the North, determined to possess them. 
 Already rich, he desired to be richer; already old, he coveted the vigor 
 ■of youth. Enchanted by the marvelous stories of untold wealth, and by 
 the legend of bubbling waters of which whosoever drank should never 
 ■die, he fitted out three ships at Porto Rico in March, 1512, and set sail 
 for the new El Dorado. After a delay of more than a month in leisurely 
 sailing over this delightful sea, touching here and there at different 
 islands, the adventurers finally crossed the old Bahama channel which 
 lies between Cuba and the Bahama islands ; they discovered the eastern 
 ■coast of Florida and landed near the present site of St. Augustine. It 
 happened to be Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniards Pascua de 
 Flores. "Pascua" is the same as the old English "Pash" or Passover, 
 and Pascua de Flores is the "Holy-day of flowers." 
 
 In honor of the day of the discovery, and because of the beautiful 
 flowers and luxurious groves which covered the shore, and birds of song 
 which made melody in the trees, Leon called the country Florida, and 
 took possession of it in the name of Spain. 
 
 Having discovei-ed and possessed a land so fair to look upon, with a 
 sky of Italian beauty above it and a placid sea washing its flowery 
 shores. Ponce de Leon was convinced that the mines of gold and the 
 wonderful fountain which had been the subjects of his thoughts by day 
 and of his dreams by night were now within his grasp. For more than 
 a month, therefore, he diligently sought them by cruising along the 
 coast on both sides of the Peninsula and among the adjacent islands. 
 Whether it was one or the other, whether it was trading with the Indians 
 or fighting them — or penetrating "the deep-tangled wild wood" of the 
 main land, — his eager eyes glistened with the expectation of the great 
 discovery. Patiently and persistently he pursued his explorations, 
 searching for gold on the banks of every stream, drinking the waters of 
 «very spring, and bathing in every fountain. 
 
 Neither coveted mines of wealth nor fabled fountain of eternal youth 
 were found ; and this gay old cavalier, broken in spirit by disappoint- 
 
EXPEDITION OP PONOE DE LEON. 
 
 129 
 
 ment and bereft of his fortune, retired to the Island of Cuba to die of 
 an arrow-wound received in one of his fights with the Indians. 
 
 Notwithstanding the failure which attended the expedition of Leon, 
 marvelous stories continued to reach Spain of inexhaustible mines of 
 gold in all the country north of the Gulf of Mexico, and various 
 expeditions were projected to discover them. But their object was 
 gold, not youth-restoring waters which gurgled from the fabled fountains 
 in the new woi'ld. 
 
 Among those whose cupidity and curiosity were excited was Hernando 
 de Soto, who had been with Pizzaro in the conquest of Peru in 1533. 
 De Soto had returned to Spain from this conquest with a fortune of five 
 hundred thousand dollars; met a flattering reception from the emperor 
 Charles V, and made a magnificent display at court. 
 
 Although every previous exjjedition to Florida had resulted in disaster, 
 the conviction was strongly entertained among adventurous Spaniards 
 that niines of boundless wealth existed 
 in that country. L)e Soto shared 
 this conviction, and determined to 
 stake his life and fortune upon it. 
 Being successful in inspiring others 
 wit-h confidence in his plans, in- 1538 
 he collected a numerous band of Span- 
 ish and Portuguese cavaliers, and, de- 
 siring to make a lavish display of his 
 wealth, clothed them in gorgeous 
 suits, of armor of knightly pattern, and 
 at their head appeared before the king 
 of Spain. A respectful audience 
 being granted, he petitioned the king 
 for permission to take possession of °° ^°"'" 
 
 Florida at his own cost, and that to this end a commission as Adelantado 
 be issued to hirn. His requests were complied with. 
 
 The news of his intentions excited throughout Spain and Portugal the 
 greatest enthusiasm, and hundreds of gentlemen of position and wealth 
 flocked to his standard, eager to share his perils and successes. 
 
 Collecting and splendidly equipping a noble and heroic band of six 
 or seven hundred men — some historians say a thousand, — twenty-four 
 ecclesiastics and twenty ofiScers, he sailed from San Lucar in April 1538, 
 with a fleet of nine vessels, which carried, in addition to his men, two or 
 three hundred horses, a herd of swine, and a number of blood-hounds — 
 9 
 
130 
 
 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 the latter seemingly an indispensable force in all Spanish attempts at 
 conquest and colonization. 
 
 After stopping at Santiago de Cuba, and then at Havana, perfecting 
 arrangements for the expedition, the fleet finally left the latter place for 
 Florida, and in May, 1539, anchored in Tampa Bay. 
 
 With very little delay, De Soto, organizing anew the most gaudily- 
 attired pageant which ever proposed to march through the unbroken 
 forests of a new world, entered upon his wonderful expedition into the 
 interior, determined, notwithstanding the bloody resistance of the 
 Indians, and failures to discover mines of gold, to succeed or perish in 
 the eifort. 
 
 ii«j^flBiffwy» 
 
 His route was through the country 
 already made hostile by the violence 
 of the Spanish invader Narvaez. 
 Yet on and on the stern and in- 
 trepid De Soto wandered, through 
 tangled forests and over deep mo- 
 nor precious stones, nor cities rich in 
 treasure and merchandise, until, April 25th, 1541, he reached the banks 
 of the Great Eiver of the West — the Mississippi — and thus achieved 
 immortality. 
 
 Fleet of the Cacique. 
 
 rasses, finding neither gold 
 
DE SOTO'S FAILIIRE AND BEATH. 131 
 
 The point at which De Soto first saw the Mississippi was not far from 
 the 35th parallel of latitude, at the Lower Chickasaw Bluffs, a few miles 
 below Memphis. 
 
 His arrival awakened much curiosity and fear among the Dacotah 
 tribe of Indians, who inhabited the western bank. Therefore a great 
 multitude of them, armed with bows and arrows, and richly painted, and 
 gaily decorated with tall plumes of white feathers, their chiefs sitting 
 under awnings as magnificent as the natives cbuld weave, came rowing 
 down the river in a fleet of two hundred canoes, bringing to the delighted 
 Spaniards gifts of fish, and loaves of bread made of the persimmon. 
 
 Desirous to cross the wide and rapid stream, De Soto was compelled 
 to construct eight boats for the purpose. This delayed him over a 
 month. After the boats were completed, the expedition crossed without 
 difficulty or opposition, and pursued its way north along the west bank of 
 the river, into the region now known as New Madrid in our own State. 
 At this point, therefore, and at this time, the first European set foot 
 on the soil of the territory now known as Missouri. 
 
 Thence the expedition marched successively southwest and northwest 
 till it reached the highlands of White River, the western limit of his 
 explorations, De Soto then proceeded south to the present site of Little 
 Rock, and to the Hot Springs in Arkansas, and spent his third winter on 
 the banks of a stream which may have been the Washita, the White or 
 the Arkansas. The accounts do not agree. 
 
 In March or April, 1542, he marched to the Mississippi, where he was 
 attacked with a fever. Overcome by hardships, disappointment and 
 disease, De Soto died. May 21, 1542, at a place called Guacoya, and 
 priests chanted over his body the first requiem ever heard on the waters 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 To conceal his death from the Indians, who believed him the son of 
 the Sun, who could not die, he was wrapped in a mantle, and in the 
 stillness of midnight all that was mortal of Hernando De Soto was sunk 
 in the middle of the stream. 
 
 The discoverer of the Mississippi slept beneath its waters. He who 
 had crossed the Atlantic and a large part of the continent in search of 
 gold and silver and precious stones, found nothing so remarkable as his 
 own burial. After his death his successor, Moscoso, led the survivors of 
 bis army, in 1543, in boats, down the stream to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Such was the first visit of Europeans into the country now known as 
 Missouri, and into the great Avestern valley of North America. 
 
 These adventurers came primarily for the purpose of gi-atifying their 
 
132 
 
 HISTOKY OF IVUSSOURI. 
 
 love of gold, and for conquest and colonization. How strange and mel- 
 ancholy their ftiiUire I They came splendidly and gorgeously equipped, 
 with richly-caparisoned horses, their riders glittering with burnished 
 steel, scarlet plumes and silks of gaudy hue. They founded no settlement 
 and left no traces of civilization. Indeed so fruitless of good and so full 
 of disaster was this expedition, although entered upon with wondrous 
 pomp and pageantry, that for more than a century after its close the 
 West remained utterly unknown to the white man. 
 
 Burltl of Da Sow. 
 
CHAPTER II.- 
 
 L0U18IANA. — FKKNCH EXPLORATIONS. — ACQUISITION OF LOUISIANA.— MlSSOUni A PORTION 
 
 OF THE Province.— ExPKDiTios of Marquette and Joliet in 1673. — They Discover 
 THE Uppek Mississippi and tub Mouth of the Missouri. 
 
 As the portion of country now known as Missouri formed a part of 
 Louisiana, which was purchased from France by the United States in 
 1803, during the administration of Mr. Jefferson, it lies directly in the 
 tx-ack of our "Sketch," to mark the origin and progress of the French 
 power in North America. ^ 
 
 ' The vast region known as " Louisiana " was claimed by France by right of discovery 
 -and settlement. 
 
 November 3, 1762, by a secret treaty between the French and Spanish kings, the 
 former ceded to the latter that part of the Province of Louisiana which lay on the 
 Western side of the Mississippi river, including the Island and city of New Orleans on 
 the Eastern. (See "Annals of the West," p. 122.) 
 
 The war which was waged between France and England for the possession of the 
 country In the valleys of the St. Lawrence and Ohio, and which commenced in 1754, 
 was terminated by the Treaty of Paris, February 10, 1763. By this treaty France ceded to 
 Great Britain, Canada with all its dependencies, as well as the Island of Cape Breton, 
 and other islands and coasts in the gulf and river St..Lawrence — the parties also stipu- 
 lating that in order to establish an enduring peace and remove forever all subjects of 
 dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the conti- 
 nent of America, that the confines between their dominions should be fixed irrevocably 
 by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi, from its source to the river 
 Iberville, thence along the middle of that stream, and the lakes Maurepas and Pont- 
 chartrain, to the sea — the navigation of the Mississippi being equally free to both 
 nations. 
 
 October 1, 1800, the secret treaty of St. ndefonso was made between Napoleon, as 
 First Consul, and the King of Spain, whereby the latter re-transferred to France the 
 Province of Louisiana, which by the treaty of November 3, 1762, had been ceded by 
 France to Spain. 
 
 January 11, 1803, Mr. Jefferson appointed Eobt. E. Livingston and James Monroe 
 ministers to France, and Charles Pinckney and James Monroe ministers to Spain, with 
 full authority to agree upon treaties for " enlarging and more effectually securing our 
 rights and interests in the river Mississippi, and in the territories eastward thereof." 
 Neither at that time nor for months afterwards did Mr. Jefferson or the ministers 
 appointed have any idea of purchasing Louisiana west of the Mississippi. They only 
 wanted New Orleans and the Floridas. But Napoleon, then about to renew his wars 
 with England, proposed, through Marbois, his Minister of the Ti-easury, to Mr. Living- 
 ston and Mr. Monroe, to sell to the United States Louisiana entire ; and the American 
 negotiators, transcending the letter of their instructions, agreed to pay ^15,000,000 
 therefor. Although this agreement was unauthorized and wholly unexpected, Mr. 
 Jefferson, as President, ratified it; and Congress was at once convened to consider it. 
 That body met on the 17th of October, 1803, and on the 21st the treaty was ratified. 
 (See " American State Papers," Vol. H., pp. 525-583. Also "Annals of the West," 
 pp. 528-529.) 
 
134 HISTORY OF SnSSOUKI. 
 
 Spain, France and England were the three great colonizing powers 
 which with great activity and various success projected expeditions of 
 discovery and settlement in this division of the continent. And one 
 surprising coincidence is true of them, namely, the Spaniards planted 
 their first colony east of the Mississippi on the barren sands of Florida ; 
 the French, their first in the icy and inhospitable region of Quebec, and 
 the English, at Jamestown, in Virginia, a State in no way remarkable for 
 its fertility, and at Plymouth, in Massachusetts, "a stern and rock-bound 
 coast." 
 
 From these feeble and unpromising settlements radiated the conquests 
 and colonics of the three great nations we have named. 
 
 The Spaniai-ds, although at this period less enlightened than the 
 French, had the advantage of larger experience ; and therefore their 
 colonial policy was not based on theory or fancy. The English were 
 characterized by more fixedness of purpose and greater perseverance 
 than either of their rivals, and yet the French, by their superior aptitude 
 in assimilating with the savages, and adroitness in winning their confi- 
 dence, had a clear advantage over both. 
 
 While therefore the English were planting along the coast of the 
 Atlantic, some of the most flourishing colonies of the New World, the 
 French were penetrating the Indian tribes who inhabited the northern 
 interior of the continent, navigating in bark canoes the mighty rivers, 
 and coasting the shores of the boundless lakes of the country. They 
 displayed remarkable enterprise and address, and although beset on all 
 sides by great and singular perils, accomplished extensive explorations. 
 
 We cannot follow the French colonies into Canada, along the shores 
 of the St. Lawrence, and of Lakes Erie, Huron and Ontario ; but this 
 Historic Sketch would be incomplete did we not refer to the expedition 
 in search of the Upper Mississippi in 1673, by James Marquette and 
 Sieur Joliet. 
 
 "Just at this period," said Hon. Thomas C. Reynolds, of St. Louis, 
 in an address in that city, at the two-hundredth anniversary of the dis- 
 covery of the Upper Mississippi, September 17, 1873 — "just at this 
 period, when the missionary mind of Canada was excited on the subject 
 of the mysterious river to the 'South Sea,' there landed, at Quebec, on 
 September 20, 1666, a young Frenchman from the picturesque old cathe- 
 dral city of Laon, in the beautiful and fertile region which lies to the 
 north of Paris. This famed municipality had existed since the times of 
 the Romans ; his family was the most ancient in it ; and as modern re- 
 search has shown how wondrously the towns of Gaul, especially those 
 
EXPEDITION OF MAEQUKI'TE AND JOLIET. 135 
 
 which were under the immediate protection of Christian Bishops, pre- 
 served their institutions intact even under the rule of the conquering 
 Franks, it needs no great stretch of the imagination to believe that the 
 patrician Marquettes of Laon were the descendants of Celtic nobles whom 
 the profound policy of ancient Rome attached to her standards by leaving 
 them in control of their ancestral territories under her almost nominal 
 supremacy. These Marquettes were a martial race ; three of them died 
 in the French army, which aided our ancestors in the war of our own 
 revolution ; and when James Marquette enlisted under the banner of the 
 cross, he naturally assigned himself to that order to which its soldier- 
 founder gave the military title of the Company of Jesus. As chivalric 
 courage descended to him through his father's house, so fervent devotion 
 M'as his birthright from his mother, Rose de la Salle, kinswoman of John 
 Baptiste de la Salle, founder of the educational order of the Brothers of 
 the Christian Scliools. He was twenty-nine years of age when his feet 
 first touched American soil. » * » From all the contemporary 
 accounts of the expedition it is evident that Father Marquette was its real 
 leader, its very soul. But, as an ecclesiastic, he could not take command 
 of an armed force, however small ; as an ambassador of Christ, to foreign 
 heathen nations, he could not act as the agent of a king of France. It 
 was accordingly arranged that the Sieur Joliet, a native of Canada, should 
 command the expedition, and that Marquette should accompany it as its 
 missionary. The choice of Joliet was a wise and happy one." 
 
 On the 17th of May, 1673, these two French missionaries, together 
 with five boatmen, left the strait connecting Lakes Michigan and Huron, 
 called Michilimackinac (or Mackinac) in two bark canoes in search ot 
 the Great River of the West. In Marquette's simple language he says : 
 " We were embarking on a voyage the duration of which we could not 
 foresee. Indian corn, with some dried meat, was our whole stock of 
 provisions. With this, we set out in two bark canoes, M. Joliet, myself 
 and five men, firmly resolved to do all and suffer all for so glorious 
 an enterprise." Joyously they sped their way down Lake Michigan and 
 through Green Bay into Fox River, and crossed the Portage (carrying 
 their canoes) to the westward-flowing river, the "Ouisconsin" (Wis- 
 consin). 
 
 The Indians endeavored to dissuade them from pursuing their perilous 
 journey; told them of tribes still more savage than themselves, of fright- 
 ful monsters that infested the great river, and of a demon who stopped 
 the passage and engulphed all who dared approach. Nevertheless 
 they launched on the broad Wisconsin, rowed slowly down its current 
 
136 
 
 HISTOKT OF MISSOURI. 
 
 amid its vine-clad isles, and its countless sand-bars. No sound broke the 
 stillness ; no human form appeared ; and at last, after the lapse of seven 
 days, on the 17th of June, 1673, they happily glided into the great river 
 — the Wisconsin joining the Mississippi Eiver a few miles below what is 
 now known as Prairie dn Chien. Joy that could find no utterance in 
 words filled the grateful heart of Marquette. The broad river of the 
 Conception, as he named it, now lay before them, stretching away hun- 
 dreds of miles to an unknown sea.^ 
 
 It was on this day and at this spot the Upper Mississippi was first seen 
 by Europeans, Surrendering their frail bark to the swift current of the 
 river they descended to the mouth of the Illinois, and then to the mouth 
 of the Missouri, called by Marquette Pekitanoui, that is, "Muddy 
 Water. "2 
 
 Thus we have seen that De Soto, Marquette and Joliet were the first 
 Europeans who entered the territory now forming our great State ; the 
 two last the first white men, for a period of one hundred and thirty-two 
 years, after DeSoto, to float upon the Mississippi ! 
 
 Leaving the mouth of the "Pekitonoui," Marquette and Joliet de- 
 scended the Mississippi, passing the present site of St. Louis without 
 taking the least notice of it, to the mouth of the Ohio, and as far down 
 as the mouth of the "Arkamsas," or Arkansas. From the last point they 
 returned to the north and reached Green Bay in September of the same 
 year, without the loss of a man or any serious accident. 
 
 1 Shea's " Discovery of the Mississippi Valley," p. 29. 
 
 'In Shea's "Discovery of the Mississippi Valley," there is a note on this word, to the 
 effect that "Pekitanoui," or Muddy Water, prevailed till Marest's time (1712), ahout 
 which period it was called " Missouri," from the fact that a tribe of Indians known as 
 Missouris inhabited the countrj^ at its mouth, the same country being now embraced 
 within the limits of St. Louis County. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Discovery op thk Mouth of the Mississippi.— La Salle and Hennepiit.— Seeking a 
 Northwest Passage to China They Discover the Mouth ok the Mississippi and 
 Take Formal IPossession of the Country in the Name op Louis XIV. — In Honor 
 OF Him They Call it " Louisiana."— Missouri a Portion of it.— Letters Patent 
 TO Cruzat. — John Law's Company. 
 
 "While the simple-hearted and true Marquette," says Peck in the 
 "Annals of the West," "was pursuing his labors of love in the West, two 
 men differing widely from him and each other, were preparing to follow 
 in his footsteps, and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him and 
 Joliet. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin." La Salle 
 was a native of Normandy ; was brought up by the Jesuits, and a man of 
 enterprise and intelligence. For some cause, about which it is unneces- 
 sary to inquire, he lost his patrimony in his native country, and about 
 1670 reached Canada very poor. 
 
 Sharing the conviction which prevailed among scientific men of that 
 period, that there was from the great lakes a north-west passage to 
 China and Japan, La Salle, about the time of the return of Marquette, 
 was busy in organizing au ex23edition to discover it. He was not only 
 ambitious to establish his own fortune and reputation, but zealous for 
 the honor of his nation to signalize the French name by the splendor of 
 the achievement. 
 
 Frontenac was then governor-general of Canada, and to him La Salle 
 unfolded his plans and applied for assistance. Frontenac deeply sympa- 
 thized with his views, and advised him to visit Louis XIV, then reigning 
 sovereign of France, make known his embryo but gigantic scheme, and 
 solicit the royal patronage and protection. He did so ; received the 
 King's favor and a tender of assistance, with letters patent and important 
 discretionary powers. 
 
 On the 14th of July, 1678, La Salle, with Tonti, an Italian, and about 
 thirty men, sailed from Rochelle, France, for Quebec in Canada, arriving 
 safely in September. Preparations were at once made for the contem- 
 plated western expedition, the design of which was to discover the 
 Mississippi, and to follow it to its source as well as to its supposed 
 entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. In this enterprise La Salle and party 
 were joined by Louis Hennepin, who was a Franciscan friar, and a man 
 very ambitious to become a great discoverer, but who withal possessed 
 the weakness of exaggerating his own powers and exploits. 
 
138 HISTOEY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 The limits of this " Sketch" forbid our following step by step the vary- 
 ing fortanes of these explorers. Suffice it to Suy, that after leaving Fort 
 Frontenac in November, 1678, about eighteen months were spent in 
 explorations on the northern lakes, along the coasts of the rivers, and 
 among the tribes of Indians which inhabited the country now embraced 
 by the States of Wisconsin and Illinois, during which they encountered 
 many hardships and perils. At the lower end of Lake Erie they built a 
 small vessel called the Griffin; and near the present site of Peoria, on 
 the Illinois river, a fort, which from their disappointments they named 
 Greve-Goeur, or Broken Heart. 
 
 In oi'der more expeditiously to explore the northern and southern 
 country. La Salle finally adopted this programme : That Father Henne- 
 pin should ascend the Mississippi to its source ; that Tonti should remain 
 at Greve-Goeur, while he should descend the Mississippi to its mouth. 
 Accordingly, Hennepin embarked, on the 28th of February, 1680; and 
 having passed down the Illinois into the Mississippi, ascended the 
 latter as high as the Falls of St. Anthony — so named by him in honor of 
 his patron saint. Shortly after he was taken prisoner by the Sioux 
 Indians, robbed of his property, and carried 200 miles to their village. 
 But he soon made his escape, and returned to Canada by the way of the 
 Wisconsin ; and thence sailed immediately for France, where in 1684 
 he published an account of his travels. ^ 
 
 La Salle, after visiting Canada for additional supplies and to perfect 
 arrangements for his great expedition, returned to Greve-GoRur . ■ Tarry- 
 ing at this fort but a short time, he, accompanied by about twenty French- 
 men, eighteen Indians, and ten Indian women to act as servants for their 
 Jazy mates, descended the Illinois river to the Mississippi, where he 
 arrived on the 6th of February, 1682. On the 13th of the same month 
 he commenced his downward passage, and on the 5th of April accom- 
 plished the grand purpose of the expedition by the discovery of the three 
 mouths or passages, through which the great river discharges its waters 
 into the Gulf of Mexico ; — one of those channels deepened at this time 
 by Capt. Eads, by his system of jetties. 
 
 1 L. 0. Beck's Gazetteer, 1823, p. 51. "Annals of the West " by J. M. Peck, 1850, pp. 
 40-41. The volume published by Hennepin he called "A Description of Louisiana." 
 Thirteen years after its appearance he issued it in a new and enlarged form, with the 
 title "New Discovery of a Vast Country Situated in America, Between New Mexico and 
 the Frozen Ocean." In this edition Hennepin claims to have violated La Salle's instruc- 
 tions and to have gone down the Mississippi to its mouth before ascending it. But this 
 is a shameful imposture, for he took the account of his pretended descent from the work 
 of Le Olercq, published in 1691. 
 
LA SALLE'S EXPEDITION. 139 
 
 Three days afterwards, that is on April 9th, 1682, La Salle, by a 
 ceremony of great pomp, took formal possession of the country in the 
 name of Louis XIV, the reigning King of France, in honor of whom he 
 called the country Louisiana. 
 
 About three leagues from the confluence of the great middle outlet 
 ■with the Gulf, on a dry spot above the reach of inundations. La Salle 
 prepared and "planted a cross, with the arms of France, amid the solemn 
 chants of hymns of thanksgiving, and in the name of the French King 
 took possession of the river, of all its branches, and the territory watered 
 by them, and the Notary drew up an authentic act, which all signed with 
 beating hearts; and a leaden plate, with the arms of France and the 
 names of the discoverers, was, amid the i-attle of musketry, deposited in 
 the earth." The leaden plate bore this inscription : "Louis le Orand, 
 Hoi de France et de Navarre, liegne ; le Neuvieme Avril, 1682." 
 Standing near the planted cross. La Salle proclaimed with a loud voice, 
 that "in the name of the most high, mighty, invincible and victorious 
 Prince, Louis the Great, by the grace of God, King of France and of 
 Navarre, fourteenth of the name, this 9th day of April, 1682," he took 
 possession of the country of Louisiana, comprising almost indefinite 
 limits and including, of course, the present territory of Missouri. 
 
 After this discovery La Salle returned to Canada, then to France, and 
 in July, 1684, under the patronage of the King, sailed from Eochelle for 
 America with twenty-four vessels, four of which were specially designed 
 for the re-discovery ( from the Gulf of Mexico ) of the mouth of the 
 Mississippi and the settlement of the far-famed Louisiana. But La 
 Salle's vessels sailed far beyond the Mississippi, landed on the coast of 
 Texas ; quarrels arose among his party, and on the 20th of March, 1687, 
 La Salle was assassinated by Duhant, one of his men, and buried on a 
 branch of the Brazos. He was shot from ambush, in the head, and died 
 within an hour. Thus perished La Salle, the first French explorer of 
 the Mississippi to its mouth. He was illustrious for his courage, enter- 
 prise, perseverance and misfortunes. He was one of the greatest adven- 
 turers of the age in which he lived, and his discoveries were extensive 
 and of importance to the French nation. He was the first European 
 who established permanent colonies along the Mississippi, and opened 
 the way for the settlement of Illinois, Missouri and Louisiana.^ 
 
 By right of the discovery thus made, and in virtue of the ceremonies 
 indicated, was the foundation laid for the claim of France to the Missis- 
 sippi Valley, according to the usages of European powers. 
 
 1 "Annals of the West," pp. 41-54. 
 
140 HISTOKY OF MISSOUBI. 
 
 Singularly enough, for a long period after the discovery of the Missis- 
 sippi by De Soto in 1541, the French settlements along that stream, all 
 of which were projected in the interest of gold and silver mining, were 
 confined altogether to the east bank. Finally, however, in the year 1705, 
 just a century preceding the well-known expedition of Lewis and Clarke 
 up the same river, the French organized a prospecting party for the 
 Missouri Eiver, which they ascended to the mouth of the Kansas. It 
 is not recorded that this expedition, the first in chronological order ever 
 made up the Missouri Eiver, resulted in the discovery of any of the 
 precious metals. 
 
 About this period it is known that the wars in Europe rendered it 
 necessary that France should husband all her resources, and to a large 
 extent withdi-aw attention and supplies of men and money from the 
 colony of Louisiana. Determined, if possible, to keep the colony out of 
 the hands of his enemies, Louis XIV, as a dernier ressort, on September 
 14th, 1712, conveyed it by charter or letters patent to Anthony Cruzat, 
 a man of reputed intelligence and great force of character, and withal of 
 immense wealth and credit. The letters jaatent bore date September 
 14th, 1712, and granted to Cruzat, Counsellor of State, etc., the ex- 
 clusive privilege of the commerce of Louisiana, for fifteen years. This 
 embraced the whole country on both sides of the INlississippi and now 
 included in the States of Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas and 
 Missouri. It was also provided in this charter that the "edicts, ordi- 
 nances, customs of Paris, etc., were to be observed for laws in the said 
 country of Louisiana." Therefore, the customs of Paris, etc., whatever 
 they were, in connection with the common or civil law, constituted the 
 laws of the province, with such modifications as were necessary to adapt 
 them to a new and distant country. 
 
 The first governor under Cruzat was M. de la Motte, who arrived and 
 assumed the reins of power in 1713. Inexhaustible mines of gold and 
 silver, prolific in yield beyond the historic richness of Peru and Gol- 
 conda, opened themselves to the enchanted fancy of this Frenchman. 
 Vast sums were expended to discover the priceless deposits, but in vain. 
 A five years' experience, singularly marked by disappointment and dis- 
 aster, induced Cruzat in 1717 to return his patent to the King. 
 
 Following this in quick succession, the colony of Louisiana was trans- 
 ferred (1717) to the Company of the West, of which the celebrated 
 John Law was the master spirit. Law was an adventurous Scotchman, 
 whose financial speculations attained the acme of human folly in the 
 disastrous explosion of the bank which he was authorized to establish in 
 
JOHN LAWS' COMPANT. 141 
 
 connection with the Company, a bank whose worthless notes were in 
 circulation to an amount exceeding two hundred millions of dollars. The 
 expected income from the commerce, lands and mines of Louisiana occu- 
 pied the place of United States bonds and coin as capital, and constituted 
 the foundation of its credit. It was declared a royal bank, and its shares 
 rose to twenty times their par value. Thousands of capitalists rushed 
 to the stock board, the "Mississippi Bubble" was soon inflated, and in 
 1720 bursted, leaving the deluded speculators penniless. 
 
 Amos Stoddard, in his excellent and very instructive Historical Sketch 
 of Louisiana, very justly remarks : 
 
 " The Mississippi scheme was no less bold in its conception than disastrous In its con- 
 sequences. It seized within its grasp the bank, the mint, all the trading companies, and 
 all the revenues of the Idngdom. The object was to employ this vast capital in opening 
 the rich mines of Louisiana, and in cultivating its fertile soil, in can-ying on the whole 
 ■commerce of the nation, and in managing its revenues. The company created three 
 hundred thousand shares, at five hundred livres each; all of which were sold in market, 
 and before the completion of the sales they arose to an enormous height. The amount 
 of stock thus created, without taking the rise into calculation, amounted to sixteen 
 hundred and seventy-seven millions Ave hundred thousand livres; or three hundred and 
 ten millions six hundred and forty-eight thousand, one hundred and forty-eight dollars! 
 
 " Such indeed was the phrenzy of speculation that the whole nation, clei-gy and laity, 
 peers and plebeians, princes and statesmen, mechanics and even ladies, employed their 
 wealth in purchasing. these shares." 
 
 Overwhelmed by irretrievable ruin, the charter of the Company of the 
 AVest was surrendered to the Crown in 1731. Nevertheless, the enter- 
 prise of Law was uot an unmixed evil. It quickened the tide of immi- 
 gration of miners, mechanics and agriculturists to the territories of 
 Illinois and Missouri, and settlements for the first time began to dot both 
 banks of the Mississippi. The cultivation of tobacco, indigo, rice and 
 silk was introduced, the lead mines of Missouri were opened, in the hope 
 of finding silver; and in Illinois the culture of wheat was commenced. 
 
 It is proper to remark that, although the country included within the 
 present limits of Missouri excited the attention of the French in conse- 
 <juence of its mineral resources, their settlements were generally confined 
 to the east bank of the Mississippi. When, however, by the treaty of 
 Paris, 1763, the Mississippi became the boundary between the possessions 
 of England and France, many of the French inhabitants, preferring their 
 old to their new masters, crossed the river and commenced new settle- 
 ments ; for it should be recollected that, although the territory west of 
 the Mississippi was ceded to Spain in 1762, the fact was not known to 
 the colonists until two years afterwards, to-wit : April 21st, 1764. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 First Settlkment in Missouri.— The French Settli! Ste. Genevieve in 1To5.— Its 
 Inundation in 1785.— New Bourbon.— Renault's Searches for Gold and Silver. 
 
 "While all historians agree, we believe, as to the place of the first 
 permanent settlements in the territory now known as the State of 
 Missouri — to-wit : that they were made at Ste. Genevieve and New 
 Bourbon, — there is an embarrassing conflict of authority as to the date 
 of them. Mr. Lewis C. Beck fixes them in his Gazetteer, published in 
 1823, page 214, in the autumn of 1763, while others believe them to have 
 occurred at an earlier period. 
 
 For example : A letter from Hon. Gustavus St. Gem, dated Ste. 
 Genevieve, Mo., September 18th, 1873, and addressed to the writer of 
 this " Sketch," says : 
 
 " I find, in looking over the old papers of my grandfather, in possession of my sister, 
 Mrs. Menard, and carefully preserved tiy her as precious family relics, that my great- 
 grandfather purchased of Mr. Gabouri a hovise with lot of two arpents of land, in the 
 'Post of Ste. Genevieve of the Illinois,' on the 29th day of December, 1754, thus show- 
 ing that the town had evidently been settled several, nay, many years before the date of 
 his purchase. There is, in my opinion, no correct data, written or of record, fixing the 
 exact time when the place was settled ; but we have it here by tradition that the first 
 white inhabitants came over here from Kaskaskia about the year 1735. Kaskaskia was 
 then the metropolis of the West, with a population estimated at 6,000 souls. It was 
 from Kaskaskia that Ste. Genevieve, St. Louis, Kahokia, St. Charles, Portage des Sioux 
 and other early settlements, for many years obtained their supplies of goods and 
 merchandise, and it was the opulent and proud inhabitants of Kaskaskia, who gave the 
 derisive names of Misere to Ste. Genevieve, Pain Court (short of bread) to St. Louis, 
 Vide Poche (empty pocket) to Carondelet, Pouilleux (lousy) to the people of Kahokia, 
 etc. The town or ' post ' of Ste. Genevieve was located by its first settlers in the river 
 bottom three miles south or south-east of its present site. It was completely inundated 
 in 17S5, Vannee des grandes eaux^ when the inhabitants were driven for safety to the 
 elevations, and founded the present town. So the town now dates from the year 1785. 
 New Bourbon was settled only after the French revolution of 1789, by Eoyalists who fled 
 from France and exiled themselves at this place two miles south of Ste. Genevieve, and 
 called their settlement New Bourbon, after that detestable dynasty which kept France 
 under an iron rule and crushing tjTanny for so many long centuries. But the place 
 never thrived, and, like the Bourbons, there is nothing left of it except a few land- 
 marks. The settlers of New Bourbon were Camille Delassus and Mr. Demunn, of the 
 awAenne noblesse." 
 
 Whether the first settlement at Ste. Genevieve be fixed at the tradi- 
 tional period of 1735 or at a later date, it is unquestionably true that it 
 was made in the interest of gold and silver mining, and long before the 
 
FEKST SETTLEMENT m MISSOTJKI. 143 
 
 purchase of Louisiana. As early as 1720, Renault, a son of a celebrated 
 iron founder of France, established himself at Fort Chartres, about ten 
 or fifteen miles above Ste. Genevieve, on the opposite bank of the 
 Mississippi. He left France in 1719, vnth two hundred artificers and 
 miners provided with tools and whatever else was necessary to accom- 
 plish his object. In his passage he touched at the Island of St. Domingo 
 and purchased five hundred slaves for working the mines ; and, entering 
 the Mississippi, pursued his voyage up that river to New Orleans, which 
 he reached some time in 1720, and soon afterward proceeded on his way 
 to Fort Chartres. From this point he dispatched parties of miners to 
 "prospect" for the precious metals, and they crossed the river to the 
 west bank and explored what is now Ste. Genevieve County. These 
 expeditions were prosecuted with great diligence, as is proven by the 
 fact that many of Renault's old mines, overgrown with trees and covered 
 with moss, have been since discovered. 
 
 Failing to find either gold or silver, as all previous explorers had 
 failed, but discovering lead ore in abundance, he established rude 
 furnaces for smelting it, and conveyed it on pack horses to Fort Chartres,. 
 thence to France via New Orleans in boats. 
 
 In 1785, about twenty years after the founding of St. Louis, the great 
 flood destroyed the old town or "post" of Ste. Genevieve, and the site 
 of the present town was established. After this was done, the new 
 town experienced a large influx of population from the east side of the 
 Mississippi, and it became a very important village. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Laclede. — St. Louis.—" Teie Louisiana Fur Company." — Laclede its Master Spikit. — 
 His Expedition fkom New Orleans in 1763.— Ste. Genevieve.— Fort de Chartres. 
 —A Description.— Discovery by Laclede, in 1764, of the Site of St. Louis.— 
 Extracts from an Address of Hon. Wilson Primm.— Laclede's Death and Burial. 
 — ^What a Bubbls is Fame! 
 
 The prediction is not unfrequent that St. Louis is destined to become 
 the great city of the continent. Certainly it is at this time the great 
 commercial and manufacturing metropolis of the Mississippi Valley, and 
 in the enjoyment of advantages of geographical position and enterprise 
 which secure it a proud future. 
 
 From whatever point of view it may be contemplated St. Louis has a 
 marvelous history. Much of it has been written ; much of it remains 
 to be written. Replete as it is with thrilling interest from the earliest 
 period of its existence to the present time, and embracing events, tra- 
 ditions and reminiscences sufficient of themselves to fill a volume, the 
 limits of this Sketch compel the omission of much jDroperly belonging to 
 its histoiy. 
 
 St. Louis was founded by Pierre Laclede Liguest, or as he is most 
 commonly called, Pierre Liguest Laclede, on the 15th of February, 1764. 
 Mr. Elihu H. Shepard, in his "History of St. Louis," says he " was born 
 in Bion, France, near the base of the Pyrenees Mountains, the line 
 between France and Spain, in the year 1724. He was about five feet 
 eleven inches in height, of very dark complexion, had black, piercing and 
 expressive eyes, a large n6se and expansive forehead." Also that " he 
 was a merchant of no ordinary mind. Others have acquired vastly larger 
 estates, but no one has excelled him in pushing forward commercial 
 enterprises in person, and planting the seed of a city in more fertile soil, 
 and cultivating it with greater success. His scrutinizing eye and sound 
 judgment directed him to the point on the block of Main street, in front 
 of the spot where the Merchants' Exchange was afterwards located, as 
 the best place to sell goods on the west side of the Mississippi, in 1764. 
 More than a century has since elapsed, and it is the best place yet. On 
 this celebrated block, on which Barnum's Hotel now stands, and on 
 which other elegant structures unite to cover the whole block, Mr. 
 Laclede erected his dwelling house and store. He left a host of friends 
 to lament his loss, speak his praise, and enjoy his labors : but no widow 
 to shed a tear, or child to inherit his property or his name. His history 
 
SrORTS or THE FRENCH OCCUPATION. 
 
LACLEDE'S EXPEDITION. 145 
 
 Tvhile in Missouri, however, lives, and must live as long as the city he 
 founded retains its name." 
 
 During the year 1763, Laclede obtained from M. D'Abbadie, then 
 Director-General as well as civil and military commander of Louisiana, 
 a monopoly of the "fur trade with the Indians of Missouri and those 
 west of the Mississippi above the Missouri, as far north as the river St. 
 Peters." This company was organized as the firm of Laclede, Maxeut 
 & Co., but was popularly kiiown as "The Louisiana Fur Company." 
 Its leading object was the prosecution of the traffic in furs, then 
 believed to promise very large rewards. With a view of accomplishing 
 the designs of the Company, an expedition under the leadership of 
 Laclede, was organized in New Orleans, for the purpose of establishing 
 a permanent trading post at some point north of the then existing 
 settlements. This expedition, accompanied by a little band of trappers, 
 mechanics and hunters, left New Orleans in rude and clumsy boats, on 
 the third day of August, 1763, and proceeded on their weary way up 
 the river. Three months afterwards^November 3d — they reached Ste. 
 Genevieve, then a place of considerable importance, where they hoped 
 to find temporary accommodations for themselves, and houses in which to 
 store their goods. 
 
 Louis XV had already signed the treaty of peace by which was ceded 
 to Great Britain the immense region comprising what are now the two 
 Canadas, the gi'eat watery expanse of the Northern Lakes, and the rich 
 domains of Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and East Louis- 
 iana to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The Mississippi river thus became the boundary between the French 
 and British possessions, with its navigation declared free to the two 
 nations. At this time the French establishments were principally on the 
 east side of the river. The little village of Ste. Genevieve alone was on 
 the western side ; and in this Mr. Laclede could scarcely find a house of 
 sufficient size to store a fourth of his cargo. 
 
 Moreover, M. D'Abadie, the Director-General of Louisiana, had re- 
 ceived orders to deliver up the territory on the east side of the river to 
 Great Britain, so that the British authorities might be expected at any 
 moment to take possession of it. In the midst of these difficulties, 
 Laclede was greatly relieved by the offer of M. Villiers, the commander 
 of Fort de Chartres, to allow him the use of it until its surrender. He 
 gladly accepted the offer, and lost no time in apportioning his men and 
 distributing his flotilla along the river, so as to render them most effective 
 either for defense or trade. 
 10 
 
146 HISTORY OF 3USS0UBI. 
 
 At this period the French Colony, established sixty years before iti 
 Illinois, was in a prosperous condition, Fort Chartres being its seat of 
 power. This fort was originally built by the French in 1720, for defense 
 against the Spaniards, and in 1756 was rebuilt in view of hostilities 
 between England and France for the possession of the country on the 
 Ohio. It was less than a mile from the Mississippi river, on the east or 
 EHnois shore of that river and about fifteen miles above Ste. Genevieve ; 
 and possessed every convenience for officers and men, as well as maga- 
 zines for munitions and stores. 
 
 It was an irregular quadrangle, the sides of the exterior polygon being 
 490 feet in length. The walls, which were of stone, were two feet two 
 inches thick, and at proper intervals were pierced with loop and port- 
 holes for small arms and cannon. In truth at that time it was the best 
 built and most convenient fort in North America. 
 
 By gradual encroachments the Mississippi river, many years previously, 
 reached and undermined the west wall ; while those portions which 
 escaped inundation were removed by the inhabitants of Kaskaslda, a 
 town on the river below and nearly opposite Ste. Genevieve, for building 
 purposes. More than twenty years ago trees three feet in diameter stood 
 on the site of the fort — now a ruin in the midst of a dense forest. ^ 
 
 In an address delivered by Hon. Wilson Primm, in St. Louis, on the 
 15th of February, 1847, at an anniversary celebration of the founding 
 of that city, he said : 
 
 " Fort de Chartres, one of the chain of military posts established by France upon the 
 line of her frontier, was surrendered to the English as eai-ly as the year 1765, some two 
 years after the treaty, and some seventeen months after the foundation of St. Louis. In 
 the meantime, and until 1768, the province of Louisiana, which really belonged to Spain, 
 remained under French laws and French jurisdiction. Fort de Chartres, established in 
 the American Bottom, a short distance above Kaskaskia, was garrisoned by French 
 troops, and had become to the Province of Upper Louisiana, a nucleus, around which, 
 under the protection of the French Government, numerous villages and settlements, on 
 both sides of the Mississippi, had sprung into existence. 
 
 '■'■St. Ange de Belle Bive was the French commander at Fort de Chartres, and surren- 
 dered it to Capt. Stirling, who had been appointed to take possession of it. This trans- 
 fer of possession from the French to the English control, was not pleasant to a race of 
 men whose tastes, habits, religion and feelings, were so much at war with those of their 
 new master; and it is not a matter of surprise that the descendants of those who battled 
 against the British Crown, in many a well-fought field, should leave their altars and 
 fu-esides, and seek, as they did, upon the western side of the river, an abiding place 
 where naught should recall to their minds the idea of subjection to a national, if not a 
 natvual foe. 
 
 1 "Annals of the West," pp. 688-90. 
 
LACLEDE'S EXPEDITION. 147 
 
 " It was dviring this state of the political and social aspect of the country, and whilst 
 l^rance was de facto governing the Province of Louisiana, that the first movement was 
 made which resulted in the establishment of St. Louis. In 1762, ]Mr. D' Abadie was Director 
 General and Civil and Military Commandant of the Province of Louisiana under the 
 French Government. Invested with powers of almost a vice-regal character, he had 
 control in Louisiana of all that pertained to governmental functions. The upper 
 portion of Louisiana was but little known, its vast resources were unexplored ; but to 
 enterprising men, there was enough known to warrant an undertaking such as the 
 Founder of St. Louis originated. 
 
 " The lead trade, which was mostly concentrated at Ste. Genevieve, and the commerce 
 in oils and peltries, which was in a measure monopolized by the neighboring small 
 settlements and villages, still left abundant room for the development of the resouices 
 and capabilities of the upper Missouri and Mississippi rivers, and the countries border- 
 ing upon them. 
 
 •'In Pierre Llguest Laclede was found a combination of the qualities which were 
 required for such an undertaking. But we are leit to deplore that, in the history of such 
 a man, we can only start with the record of an act eventful in our annals, and say that 
 at a fitting time, he had been sent forth as the moving cause of great and wonderful 
 results. It was in view of the productive capacities and the resources of Occidental 
 Louisiana, or rather of the Illinois, as this region was then called, that Laclede obtained 
 from Mr. D'Abadie, in behalf of himself and others, the exclusive privilege, and the 
 'necessary powers to trade with the Indians of the Missouri and those west of the 
 Mississippi, above the Missouri, as far north as the river St. Peters.' 
 
 "In the beginning of February, 1764, Laclede left the Fort de Ohartres for his point 
 of destination, taking with him the men whom he had brought from ISTew Orleans, a few 
 from Ste. Genevieve, and some from the Fort and its neighborhood. On his route, 
 passing through the town of Kaholda, then called ^ Notre Dame des Kahokias,' he engaged 
 several families to go with him to his proposed establishment. 
 
 " On the 15th of Februaiy, 1764, Laclede and his party landed at the spot now occupied 
 by oirr city, and proceeded to cut down trees and draw the lines of a town, which he 
 named St. Louis, in honor of Louis XV, of France, a town which subsequently became 
 the capital of Upper Louisiana and which is now the commercial capital of Missouri. 
 
 "I can not, in justice to my audience, and on such an occasion, speak of the physical 
 aspect of the country more than to say that St. Louis was then a wilderness, tenanted 
 by the prowlers of the forest and surrounded by untutored and savage bands of Indians, 
 and that for long afterwards, the beasts of the forest afforded nourishment, and rude 
 huts on the ground and scaffoldings in the trees afforded shelter and protection, to the 
 generous and daring people who jaist exposed the bosom of our soil to the genial influ- 
 ences of social industry. 
 
 "In the year 1765, the Fort de Chartres was abandoned by the French troops, osten- 
 sibly because of the unhealthiness of its position, but really, because of its surrender to 
 Captain Stu-ling, imder the provisions of the Treaty of Paris. 
 
 "Mr. St. Ange de Belle Kive, the French commander of that fort, upon the surrende)-, 
 removed with his officers and troops to St. Louis on the 17th of July, 1765; and tVom 
 that time, henceforth, the new establishment was considered as the capital of Upper 
 Louisiana. Immediately upon his arrival, St. Ange assumed the reins of government. 
 Whence he derived his authority is unknown, for Mr. p'Abadie, about that time, had 
 died and his functions were exercised by Mr. Aubry, at New Orleans. The inhabitants 
 of St. Louis submitted to his authority without a murmur, for they had always been 
 accustomed to the mild and liberal policy of the French power; and even then, perhaps, 
 the secret of their transfer to Spain had been studiously concealed from them. 
 
1^ HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 "The mildness of the form of government, tlie liberal spirit with which grants of 
 valuable lands were made, in connection with the advantages which the trade of the 
 country presented, soon attracted immigration from the Canadas and Lower Louisiana. 
 Settlements were formed along the Missom-i and Mississippi rivers; and as early as 1767, 
 Vide Poche, afterwards called Oarondelet, in honor of the Baron de Carondelet, was 
 founded by Delor de Tregette. In 1776, Florissant, afterwards called St. Ferdinand, in 
 honor of the King of Spain, was founded by Beaurosier Dunegant; and in 1769, ies 
 Peiites Cotes, now St. Charles, was establised by Blanchette Chasseur; and numerous 
 other small settlements sprang up on the borders of the two rivers before named, and in 
 the interior of the country." ' 
 
 JSTearly two years after the Declaration of American Independence ; 
 that is, on June 20, 1778, and on his return from a business trip to New 
 Orleans, Laclede died at the mouth of the Arkansas river, aged fifty- 
 four years, and was there buried. ^ His grave has, no doubt, long since 
 been washed into the river. After Laclede's death his residence became 
 the property of the late Col. Auguste Chouteau, who enlarged the house 
 and beautified the o;i-ounds, makino' them the admiration of strangers and 
 the pride of citizens. This historic mansion was pulled down, and the 
 
 ' The following beautiful and appropriate ode, written by John P. Shannon, Esq., and 
 freely distributed among the people on. the occasion of tlie anniversary celebration at 
 which Judge Primm's address was delivered, deserves a place in history: 
 
 Through forest arches— ancient woocls — Their souls on ang-els* pinions borne 
 Breasting the hurrying river's floods, Might, in the dark and dusk-hrowed Even, 
 Long time agone, a venturous crew Like perl'ume, be exhaled in Heaven . 
 Paddled their dancing birch canoe, ****** 
 From forest aisle — from hill and dell, Lo, now I where rolls that rushing flood. 
 Their welcome was the savage yell, And where„the dim and shallow wood 
 That told of talcs of slaughter rife, Once twined its summer swaying arms, 
 The tomahawk and scalping knife — ' Mid spring-time bloom and winter stonuB, 
 The sudden shout— the wild sui-prise — A city rears its stately head — 
 The dusky forms and gleaming eyes, A fitting tribute to the dead : 
 That from the bank, the grove, the bush, A monument, on which wc read 
 Came like the lightning's deadly rush, The daring of the great Laclede, 
 Telling of bloody scenes to be. Who, with a small but gallant band, 
 Ere the red man bowed or bent the knee. Like brothers, voyaged hand in hand- 
 How the lone mother's straining ear. Stemmed the wild river's virgin swell 
 In those gone days, was bent to hear With manly. arms and stout " cordelle y " 
 The husband's step, who, all day long, And in its cradle rocked the child, 
 With hardy foot and sinews strong, Since grown a giant, stout and wild. 
 Tracked through the woody plains the bear, ****** 
 The buffalo, and fierce cougar! Three cheers, then, for the Pioneerl 
 The brother, sister, child and sire No heart to whom his fame is dear. 
 Watched long and well the signal fire. Will dare refuse this humble meed— 
 With beating hearts— for, ere the mom, "All honor to our sire, Laclede I " 
 
 ^ The spot where Laclede was buried is about 200 yards back from the west bank of the 
 Mississippi river, on the second bench, so-called, just above the town of Napoleon, in 
 a deep, heavy grove of timber, in a light sandy soil, and on that account the place be- 
 came a famous grave yard for sixty or seventy years. There is no stone to distinguish 
 one grave from another; Laclede's grave, therefore, cannot be identified. No doubt, 
 moreover, it was long since washed into the Mississippi river. — [Hon. J. F. Darby of 
 St. Louis. 
 
WHAT A BUBBLE IS FAJIE. 149 
 
 magnificent garden divided into city lots, more than thirty-five years ago ; 
 October, 1841. 
 
 It will not be unprofitable to pause at this point and contemplate the 
 remarkable fate of the discoverers of the Mississippi and of the founder 
 of St. Louis — men whose names are historic and immortal. And yet 
 behold their last resting places. There is a melancholy romance about 
 them all. No monumental marble or column of brass or even the rudest 
 head-stone bears testimony that "here lies" the distinguished of earth. 
 DeSoto, a comrade of Pizarro and one of the conquerors of Peru, a man 
 of immense wealth, and the first European whose eyes ever gazed upon 
 the mightiest river of the continent, was stealthily buried at midnight 
 in its waters. Marquette, after returning from his expedition to dis- 
 cover the Upper Mississippi, having been nearly exhausted by the great 
 hardships of his voyage, remained to recuperate his health at the mission 
 of St. Francis Xavier, on Green Bay, until September, 1674. Partially 
 recovering, he went upon his mission among the Illinois Indians, 
 but being again taken ill on his way, was compelled to spend the 
 winter in a miserable open cabin on the Chicago river. Sufliciently 
 recovering, in the spring of 1675 he proceeded to his mission. After- 
 wards, returning along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, he became 
 conscious that death was at hand. Observing an eminence near the 
 mouth of a small river, he caused his companions to land, and there, on 
 that desert coast, May 18, 1675, but thirty-eight years of age, he ended 
 his last expedition and was buried. Two years afterwards, the Indians 
 disinterred his bones, and placing them in a rude box of birch bark, 
 brought them, convoyed by over twenty canoes, to Mackinaw and 
 reinterred them in the middle of the Mission Church. The missionaries 
 abandoned that post in 1706, burning down their church. Another was 
 afterward erected on its site, but that, too, has disappeared. It is not 
 known what became of the bones of Marquette ; and thus the last resting- 
 place of the discoverer of the Upper Mississippi is now as unknown as 
 that of his fore-runner in its exploration, the gallant De Soto, whose 
 corpse was buried in its southern waters. 
 
 And Joliet, the companion of Marquette in all his great and singular 
 perils and successes, what of him? After his return he seems to have 
 fallen back into his original obscurity, and became again a trader with 
 the Indians. The French Government rewarded his services by the gift 
 of the island of Anticosti, and all that is known of him is that after 
 
150 
 
 HISTOKY OF itISSOUEI. 
 
 various vicissitudes of fortune lie died, as it is vaguely expressed, "some 
 years prior to 1737." 
 
 No less melancholy was the fate of Laclede, whose name is rendered 
 immortal by the founding of St. Louis. Buried in a common graveyard 
 at the mouth of the Arkansas, with no stoue to distinguish the place of 
 his sleeping dust from the graves of others, his bones long siuce were 
 invaded by the insidious currents of the Mississippi on whose banks he 
 founded one of the great cities of the continent, and were washed into 
 that stream to join the remains of its great discoverer. 
 
 Some Early Inhabitants 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 St. Louis in 1765 to 1778.— Louis St. Ange db Belle Rive Moves His Garrison from 
 Fort Chartres to St. Louis.— Is Made Governor. — Pontiac; His Visit, Assassi- 
 nation AND Burial. — Termination of French Authority.— Arrival of Don 
 Pedro Piernas and Establishment op Spanish Kolb— Death of St. Ange.— 
 Francisco Cruzat,— Doi; Ferdinando Leyba.— Death op Laclede.— Sale op His 
 Property. 
 
 Events of thrilling interest occurred in the early history of St. Louis. 
 In order to rescue some of the most important of them from oblivion, 
 and to pei-petuate them in enduring form, we resume in this chapter the 
 historical thread at the point of time where it is abandoned by Judge 
 Primm's address. 
 
 After the surrender, in 1765, of Fort Chartres to Capt. Stirling, by 
 Louis St. Ange de Belle Rive, the latter moved his small garrison of 
 troops to St. Louis, the recognized capital of Upper Louisiana. Regard- 
 ing him as a gentleman of great personal worth, and an officer of sound 
 discretion and justice, the people of St. Louis, in some form of expres- 
 sion, designated him as their governing head. Whence the authority 
 thus to distinguish him, his tenure of office, and duties, are unknown; 
 certain it is, however, their confidence was not misplaced, for he admin- 
 istered the responsible trust with wisdom and success. There can also 
 be no doubt that he acted with the approbation of M. Aubry, Command- 
 ant-General of jSTew Orleans, and that officer delegated to him the 
 authority to make grants of the royal domain, hoping for the retro- 
 cession of the country to France, when the grants would be legalized by 
 confirmation. Grants of land were accordingly made — among them, two 
 to Laclede, August 11, 1766 — and recorded in a book called Livre 
 Terrien. These embraced the block on which Barnum's Hotel now 
 stands, and the other the tract on wliich the old Chouteau stone miU 
 stood until it was pulled down. 
 
 St. Ange was an inveterate enemy of the English and of English 
 domination, and a warm friend of Pontiac, the great chief of the Ottawas 
 and the "big brave" of Western savages. Indeed, the French, in all 
 their efforts at settlement and colonization in the northern and western 
 interior of the continent, made efforts to conciliate the Indians, and gave 
 evidence of superior powers in this direction. Their habits of life and 
 thought ; their free and easy manners, vivacity of spirit and fondness 
 for display, qualified them for assimilating with the Indians and made 
 them favorites among them. 
 
152 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 About the time of the founding of St. Louis the fame of Pontiac was 
 at its climax. His name was on every tongue, and was as famiKar 
 from the Mississippi to the Atlantic and along the Northern Lakes 
 as the name of any of the great captains and statesmen of our ovm 
 day. His prowess in war and distinguished natural abilities enabled 
 him to form a confederation of many of the Indian tribes of the West to 
 resist the encroachments of the English. This fact, together with the 
 distinction he won in the ambuscade and defeat of Braddock near Pitts- 
 burg (1755), and the massacre at Michilimacldnak, invested his name 
 with a romance which excited ever3rwhere intense curiosity to behold the 
 great chieftain. 
 
 During the reign of St. Ange, and in the year 1769, this curiosity was 
 gratified so far as it existed among the inhabitants of St. Loiiis. In 
 response to an urgent invitation from his old friend, St. Ange, the great 
 Ottawa chieftain made him a visit and was received with every mark of 
 respect. He was invited to share his quarters at the house of Madame 
 Chouteau, where the principal citizens of the town met him and wel- 
 comed him warmly again and again. 
 
 About this time it became evident that all his plans of warfare, well- 
 matured and flattering as they seemed in their inception, and sxipported 
 by one of the most powerful nations of Europe, had collapsed. His 
 allies among the Indian tribes had forsaken him, and his most trusted 
 friends among the French counseled him to bury the tomahawk and go 
 to war no more. Crushed in spirit by insupportable disappointment, 
 Pontiac sought to drown his sorrows as other great minds, civilized and 
 savage, had often attempted to drown theirs — in strong drink. Debauch 
 after debauch followed. In spite of the kind entreaties of his old friend 
 St. Ange, Pontiac persisted in drunkenness. He had fallen to rise no 
 more. 
 
 Very soon he made a visit to Cahokia, dressed in his richest robes and 
 adorned with eagle's feathers and sparkling beads. The observed of all 
 observers, he was received warmly. Stupefied by whiskey, he finally 
 wandered unobserved into a thicket near the village, where he was assass- 
 inated by a Kaskaskia Indian, at the instigation of an English trader, the 
 consideration paid being a barrel of whiskey. His remains were brought to 
 St. Louis by St. Ange, and with m\ich pomp and military display were 
 buried near the tower at the intersection of Walnut and Fourth streets, 
 where they yet rest — ^tradition itself not being able to point out the pre- 
 cise spot. Reposing near them is also the sleeping dust of his dear 
 friend St. Ange de BeUe Eive, without a slab or epitaph to mark the place 
 
TEKMHSTATION OF PKENCH AUTHOKITY. 153 
 
 of its sepulture. Houses are built where both were buried, and but few 
 even among the best read know, that these remains repose in the midst 
 of the great city. ^ 
 
 Scarcely had the excitement occasioned by the tragic death of Pontiac 
 subsided before intelligence of the arrival at New Orleans of Don 
 Alexander O'Reilly reached St. Louis, producing a thrill of horror. 
 O'Reilly had been made Commandant-General of Louisiana, and landed 
 at New Orleans with three thousand men to enforce his authority. After 
 suppressing threatened resistance to his landing, and executing several 
 of the ringleaders of the meditated revolt and imprisoning others, he 
 proclaimed the supremacy of the Government of Spain in New Orleans 
 and extended the Spanish authority to Upper Louisiana. The latter was 
 accomplished by sending to St. Louis, in 1770, Lieutenant-Governor Don 
 Pedro Piernas, to whom St. Ange delivex'ed possession of the country. 
 Notwithstanding the French inhabitants trembled for their safety and peace 
 on the accession of Piernas, and shed tears when they saw the French 
 flag lowered and the flag of Spain take its place, the mild and prudent 
 sway of the new Governor soon reconciled them to the change. Governor 
 Piernas remained in power for five years, at the end of which time he 
 left for New Orleans amid the tears and benedictions of the people. 
 
 During his stay, he and St. Ange sustained towards each other the 
 most amicable and confidential relations. He appointed St. Ange a 
 captain of infantry, appointed a surveyor ( Martin Duralde) to establish 
 the boundaries of all his land grants, and in a public manner confirmed 
 them, that they might not rest upon a precarious tenure. In Septem- 
 ber, 1774, St. Ange died at his quarters at Madame Chouteau's house, 
 then situated on the block between Chestnut and Market and Main and 
 Second streets. Before dying, he made his will in which was shown 
 that his ruling passion, honesty, was strong in death. Declaring him- 
 self a good Catholic, and commending his soul "to God, the blessed 
 Virgin, and to the saints of the Celestial Court," he appointed his friend, 
 Pierre Liguest Laclede, his executor — directing in his will that the bill 
 for his board should be paid to Madame Chouteau ; that he owed for 
 twenty-five cords of wood, and an account at his tailors. He also 
 ordered that masses be said for the repose of his soul, and that five 
 hundred livres be paid out of his estate to the Catholic Church. 
 
 Piernas was succeeded, in 1775, by Francisco Cruzat. He made a 
 mild and amiable Governor, followed very much the policy of his prede- 
 
 1 Ellhu H. Shepard's "Early mstory of St. Louis," p. 18. 
 
154 mSTOKY OF mSSOURL 
 
 cesser, and lived in the same house — one of the first built in St. Louis — 
 situated on the comer of Main and Walnut, and belonging to Laclede. 
 
 Cruzat's successor was a drunken, avaricious, feeble-minded Spaniard, 
 by the name of Don Ferdinando Leyba, who came to St. Louis in 1778. 
 Dining the early part of his administration the sad news of Laclede s death 
 reached St. Louis, occasioning universal regret. Antoine Maxent, his 
 partner, holding a high appointment in New Orleans, under the King of 
 Spain-, by showing claims upon Laclede for a great amount, got posses- 
 sion of his large landed and personal property, the most of which was 
 sold for an insignificant sum at the church door, according to the usages 
 of the times. The whole square where Bamum's Hotel now stands was 
 a small portion of his large property, and was the heart of the little 
 town. It was sold for three thousand dollars, Augusta Chouteau being 
 the purchaser ; and some years afterward was built upon it the celebrated 
 Chouteau Mansion, which at one time was the palace of the town. The 
 sale took place in 1779. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 St. Louis in 1778 to 1800.— The Village Fortified by a Wall of BRUisH and Clay.— 
 Attack op British and Indians.— Traitorous Conduct of Lbyba. -His Death.- 
 Francisco Cru2at Again Appointed Governor.— New and Stronger Fortifications 
 Erected.— Map of St. Louis as it was in 1780.— The Great Flood op 1785.— Michael 
 Perez.— Zenon Thodeau.— Census of 1799.— Land Grants. 
 
 During the administration of Leyba (1778) war was declared between 
 Great Britain and her American colonies. The Indians were incited to 
 hostilities and became allies of the English, and throughout the Western 
 country the colonies sufl'ered all the horrors of a savage warfare. Spain 
 sympathized with the colonies, a circumstance which caused the inhab- 
 itants of St. Louis to dread an attack from the barbarous tribes of 
 Indians by whom they were surrounded. Col. George Eogers Clark, 
 under the authority of Virginia, captured the settlements of Cahokia, 
 Kaskaskia and other villa,ges near St. Louis, and early in 1779 started on 
 an expedition against St. Vincents (now Vincennes) on the Wabash, then 
 held by the English under Lieut. Governor Henry Hamilton, from 
 Detroit. The post was captured and its commander taken prisoner. 
 
 Alarming rumors becoming prevalent that an attack on St. Louis was 
 meditated by the British at Michilimackinack, attention was directed to 
 the defenseless condition of the town and efforts were at once made to 
 fortify it. Therefore a wall of brush and clay, five feet in height, with 
 three gates for ingress and egress, was built encirchng the town, the 
 extremes terminating at the river. They also built a small fort, called 
 La Tour, which aftei-wards was used for a prison, and was located on 
 Fourth street near Walnut. At each of the gates a piece of ordnance 
 was stationed and kept in constant readiness for use. 
 
 After the completion of the rude and hastily-built fortifications nothing 
 for months was heard of an attack. Winter came and passed without 
 indications of hostilities. But these peaceable appearances were decep- 
 tive, for the sequel showed that preparations for the meditated blow were 
 secretly in progress. Inspired by Canadians in the employment of fur 
 traders and under the leadership wf the British oflicer in command of 
 Fort Michilimackinac, numerous bands of Indians, composed of Ojibways, 
 Wimiebao-os, Sioux, and other tribes, numbering in all nearly 1500, had 
 gathered on the eastern shore of the river, a little above St. Louis, and 
 arraugements were consummated for a general attack on the settlement 
 on the 26th of May. 
 
15G HISTOKY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 The day previous — May 25, 1780 — was the festival of Corpus Christi, 
 which AFas celebrated by the Cathohc inhabitants with religious ceremonies 
 and rejoicing, and a large number of the citizens left the inclosure of the 
 town and scattered about the prairie — men, women and children — gath- 
 ering strawberries. A portion of the Indians crossed the river on that 
 day, but fortunately did not make the attack. On the following day, the 
 whole opposing force silently glided across the river and landed in that 
 portion of it now called "Bremen." They then took a circuitous course 
 back of the village, hoping to find some of the inhabitants at work in 
 their fields. Near where the Fair Grounds are now situated, they 
 came to what was, and is yet, known as " Cardinal Spring " and surprised 
 two Frenchmen, one after whom the spring waS called, and John Baptiste 
 Riviere. Cardinal was killed and Riviere was taken prisoner and carried 
 to Chicago. The few other citizens outside the fortifications, seeing the 
 approach of the Indians, hastily retreated towards the upper gate, which 
 course led them nearly through a portion of the hostile force. Rapid 
 volleys were fired at the fleeing citizens, and the reports speedily spread 
 the alarm in the town. Arms were hastily seized, and the men rushed 
 bravely towards the wall, opening the gate to their defenseless comrades. 
 There was a body of militia in the town from Ste. Genevieve, which had 
 been sent up, imder the command of Silvia Francisco Cartabona, some 
 time before, when the apprehension of an attack prevailed. This com- 
 pany, however, behaved shamefully, and did not participate in the defense, 
 many of them concealing themselves in the houses while the fight was in 
 progress. The Indians approached the line of defense rapidly, and when 
 at a short distance, opened an irregular fire, to which the inhabitants 
 responded with light arms and discharges of grape-shot from their pieces 
 of artillery. The resistance made was energetic and resolute, and the 
 savage assailants seeing the strength of the fortifications and dismayed 
 by the artillery, to which they were unaccustomed, finally retired, and 
 the fight came to a close. When they had left the vicinity, search was 
 made for the bodies of the citizens who had been Idlled on the prairie, 
 and between twenty and thirty lives Avere ascertained to have been lost. 
 Several old men and women were among the victims, and all the bodies 
 had been horribly mutilated by their murderers. ^ 
 
 During the attack. Governor Leyba so conducted himself as to satisfy 
 the people of St. Loi\is that he was a traitor and a coward. In a state of 
 debauch he locked himself in his house and permitted the inhabitants of 
 
 ' See Eeavis' " Future Great City." 
 
TKAITOKOUS OOITOUCT OF LEYBA. 157 
 
 the besieged village to defend themselves as best they could. His treach- 
 erous conduct was reported in full to Galoez, then Governor of Louisiana, 
 and Leyba was removed from office and Francisco Cruzat again placed in 
 command. Leyba, universally execrated, and his memory covered Avith 
 obloquy and reproach, died the same year of poison administered by his 
 own hand. 
 
 After the removal and death of Leyba and until the arrival of his 
 successor, Cruzat, the lieutenant of Leyba, one Silvio Francisco Carta- 
 bona, exercised the functions of Lieutenant-General. 
 
 During the administration of Cruzat the town was regularly fortified. 
 To this end he established half a dozen or more stone forts, nearly cir- 
 cular in shape, about fifty feet in diameter and twenty feet high, connected 
 by a stout stockade of jDOSts. The fortifications, as extended and im- 
 proved by Cruzat, were quite pretentious for so small a settlement. On 
 the river bank, near the spot formerly occupied by the Floating Docks, 
 was a stone tower, called the "Half Moon," from its shape, and west- 
 wardly of it, near the present intersection of Broadway and Cherry 
 street, was erected a square building called " The Bastion," and south of 
 this, on the line of Olive street, a circular stone fort was situated. A 
 similar building was built on Walnut street, intended for a fort and 
 prison. There was also a fort near Mill Creek ; and east of this another 
 circular fort near the river. The strong stockade of cedar posts con- 
 necting these forts was pierced with loop-holes for small arms. 
 
 A reference to the preceding map of St. Louis, as that village was 
 known in 1780, will show the course of the stockade of posts, the situation 
 of the forts or towers and bastions, the location and size of Chouteau's 
 pond and mill, and other interesting objects.^ The efficiency of this 
 well-devised line of defenses was not suujected to the test of another 
 attack, for although during the continuance of the Revolutionary war, 
 and even after the treaty of peace in 1783, other settlements on 
 the Mississippi and Missouri rivers had to contend against the savages, 
 St. Louis was not again molested. 
 
 1 The author of this History first saw St. Louis in 1826 ; has resided in the State ever 
 since, and often saw both the pond and mill. The pond (lake it deserved to be called) 
 was a beautiul sheet of water of about 100 acres. It has been filled up graduaUy, and 
 almost all of it since 1863. The old stone mill was torn down since 1863, and its site is 
 now nearly covered by a substantial building of brick, partly sheathed with iron, and used 
 for an ice house, and a store for the sale of agricultural machinery and tools. It is about 
 300 feet westwardly from the southern half of the Central Market. The railroad grounds, 
 tracks and sheds adjoin it; and the Union Depot is located partly on the old shore and 
 partly on the bed of the pond. 
 
158 HISTOEY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 The next ii:ost notable event, in chronological order, in the history 
 of St. Louis, occurred in 1785, whereby the inhabitants experienced a 
 serious alarm and loss of property, owing to a sudden and extraordinary 
 rise in the Mississippi river. The American Bottom was covered with 
 water, and Cahokia ami Kaskaskia were threatened with complete inunda- 
 tion by the angry flood. Most of the buildings in St. Louis were then 
 situated on Main street, and the rise of the waters above the steep banks 
 spread general dismay. The flood subsided, however, nearly as rapidly 
 as it had risen, averting the necessity of abandoning the houses, which 
 had been commenced. The year received the name of "L'annee des 
 Grandes Eaiix," or "the j'ear of the great waters." No rise in the 
 river equal to this has since occurred, except the great floods of 1844 
 and 1851, well remembered by many who will read these pages. 
 
 In the year 1788, Cruzat was succeeded by Manuel Perez as com- 
 mandant-General of the post of St. Louis and of the West Illinois 
 country. His administration embraced a period of five years and was 
 very satisfiictory to the people, and prosperous. The population of St. 
 Louis and neighboring settlements reached nearly 1200, while that of 
 Ste., Genevieve was about 800. He brought about a settlement of 
 friendly Indians in the vicinity of Gape Girardeai.], where he gave them 
 a large grant of land. Thej' consisted of Shawnees and Delawares, two 
 of the most powerful tribes east of the Mississippi river, and the object 
 was to oppose through them the Osage Indians, a strong Missouri tribe 
 who were constantly making incursions on the young settlements. This 
 scheme is said to have operated satisfactorily. 
 
 In 1793, Perez was succeeded by Zenon Trudeau, who also became 
 popular, and instituted various measures for the encouragement of immi- 
 gration. Trade, the chief of which was the traflic in furs, received a new 
 impetus ; and in their efforts to increase exchanges with Indian tribes, 
 traders became more energetic and daring in their excursions and traveled 
 long distances into the interior westward, and forced their rude boats up 
 the Missouri never before visited. St. Louis improved in appearance, 
 and new and neat buildings began to supplant, in many places, the rude 
 log huts of earlier years. 
 
 Trudeau closed his oflScial career in 1798, and was succeeded by 
 Charles Dehault Delassus de Delusiere, a Frenchman by birth, but a 
 gentleman who had been many years in the service of Spain. One of 
 the many popular measures of his administration was the order that a 
 census be taken of the Upper Louisiana settlements, from which we 
 extract the following, showing the population of the places named in the 
 
LAND GEAlirrS. 159 
 
 year 1799: St. Louis, 925; Carondelet, 184; St. Charles, 875; St. 
 Ferdinand, 276 ; Marius des Liard, 376 ; Meramec, 115 ; St. Andrew, 
 393 ; Ste. Genevieve, 949 ; New Bourbon, 560 ; Cape Girardeau, 521 ; 
 New Madrid, 782; Little Meadows, 72. Total, 6,028. Total number 
 of whites, 4,948 ; free colored, 197 ; slaves, 883. It wiU be seen from 
 these figures that St. Charles then nearly equaled St. Louis in popula- 
 tion, while Ste. Genevieve exceeded it. 
 
 CHAPTEE YIII. 
 
 Ketrocbssion of Louisiama to Fbancb. — Its Pubchasb bt the United States. — ^1800 
 A Notable Year. — Treaty of Ildbfonso. — Spain Forced to Ebtrocedb Louisiana 
 TO France.— Its Purchase by the United States.— Treaty of 1803.— Capt. Amos 
 Stoddard, — French and Spanish Land Grants Protected by Treaty, and Acts 
 of Congress. 
 
 The year 1800 was one of great events in Europe, events of such 
 magnitude upon the destiny of nations as to influence the political cur- 
 rents of America. With iron hand of power, guided by a wily diplo- 
 matic policy. Napoleon Bonaparte, jealous of the growing importance of 
 Spain and England in the new world, forced the former power into the 
 treaty of Ildefonso (October 1, 1800) by which she ceded to France all 
 her territory known as Louisiana west of the Mississippi, in consideration 
 that the Prince of Parma, who was a son-in-law to the King of Spain, 
 should be established in TiTScany. 
 
 Accordingly, in July, 1802, the Spanish authorities were directed to 
 deliver possession to the French commissioners, but the act was not con- 
 summated until December 20, 1803, when M. Laussat onbehalf of France, 
 was placed in control. The supremacy of England on the high seas at 
 this period practically prevented France from instituting any possessory 
 acts by transferring troops to the newly-acquired territory, and she wisely 
 resolved to accept the offer of the United States and sell the vast terri- 
 tory to that Gover-jment. This famous purchase, accomplished during 
 the administration of President Jefferson, was formally concluded on the 
 30th of April, 1803 ; and on the 17th of October of the same year, 
 Congress met to consider the subject, and on the 21st of October ratified 
 the treaty. In December following, M. Laussat, who had just received 
 control of the Province from the Spanish authorities, transferred it to 
 
160 XIISTOKT OF MISSOURI. 
 
 tlio United States, represented ;rt New Orleans for that purpose by Gov- 
 onior Claiborne and General "Wilkinson, the commissioners appointed. 
 The sum of money paid by the United States for the territory acquired 
 was about $15,000,000.^ The agent of France for receiving possession 
 of Upper Louisiana from the Spanish authorities was Amos Stoddard, a 
 captain of artillery in the service of the United States. He arrived in 
 St. Louis in March, 1804, and on the 9th of that month Charles Dehaiilt 
 Delassus, the Spanish commandant, placed him in possession of the ter- 
 ritory, and on the following day he transferred it to the United States. 
 
 This memorable event created a wide-spread sensation in St. Louis and 
 the yo\mg to^^viis in the vicinity. Most of the people were deeply attached 
 to the old Government, and although they were in sympathy with the 
 vigorous Republic which had sprung into existence in the East, and to 
 some extent appreciated the promise of its future, yet it was with feelings 
 of regret and apprehension that they saw the banner of the new Govern- 
 ment imfurled in place of the well-known flag, of Spain. There were, 
 however, many of the citizens of St. Louis who rejoiced at the transfer, 
 and their anticipations of its prosperous influence on their town were 
 speedily realized, for business generally became more animated, while 
 the population rapidly incretised by an energetic and ingenious class ot 
 settlers from the East and other points, mostly representatives of the 
 Anglo-Saxon race, alw.iys the most successful in urging forward the 
 pi'osperity and development of a country. 
 
 During the popular administration of Delassus, mentioned in the 
 preceding chapter, there was a large influx of immigrants into the 
 villages and contiguous settlements of Upper Louisiana. This influx 
 was followed by a frenzied sjoirit of speculation. A mania for land 
 grants seized all classes, and every character of device was adopted to 
 gratify it. It was not the healthful spirit of industry and of genuine 
 progress ; and therefore lands were sought, not for the purpose of culti- 
 vation and improvement, but to realize immense profits by their sale. 
 Many were very grasping in their desires and obtained grants for 
 immense tracts of the wild domain. For example : James Mackay, for 
 a time a Spanish oflScer, in command at St. Charles, obtained from 
 Delassus a grant of thirty thousand acres ; Francis Savier, eight thousand 
 eight hundred acres ; Maturin Bouvet, because while worldng a salt-pit 
 the Indians had robbed him of a few inconsiderable articles, twenty 
 arpents square. Two large grants were made for distillery purposes, and 
 
 ' See note ou page 87. 
 
LAIID GRANTS. 
 
 161 
 
 then a third to supply' fuel for the distilleries, after which there was no 
 more whiskey imported into the province of Upper Louisiana. Home 
 production was equal to home consumption. One of these grants was 
 made to Colonel Auguste Chouteau, who biiilt the first distillery in 
 St. Louis. 
 
 Delassus at Home. 
 
 It is worthy of remark and remembrance that the French and Spanish 
 governments conveyed lands by grants, and never by sales, and with 
 certain ofScial formalities (now known among us as "red tape") which 
 required months to accomplish. 
 
 From the Mississippi river to New Mexico the country was a wilder- 
 ness of almost boundless extent, and a part of the royal domain. There- 
 fore ia grant of a few thousand acres, more or less, was a matter of com- 
 parative IndiflFerence ; for with such an inexhaustible wealth of territory 
 a few thousand acres seemed to the entire body what a grain of sand was 
 to the ocean's beach. 
 11 
 
162 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 To determine the metes and bonnds of the Various grants made, sur- 
 veys extended far into the wilderness in everj' direction, thus exposing 
 those engaged in them to the attacks of hostile Indians. During one of 
 these surveys, Maturin Bcnivet, before mentioned as the recipient of a 
 grant, while accompanying a surveying party to establish the lines of 
 his twenty arpeiits square west of Ste. Genevieve, was taken prisoner by 
 a band of Osages, subjected to horrid tortures, and then burned at 
 the stake. 
 
 Owing in some cases to defective proof of transfer, in others to indef- 
 inite description of the local situation and boundaries, and in others to 
 insufficient or doubtful evidence of inhabitation, cultivation or possession, 
 these grants, notwithstanding treaty stipulations and acts of Congress 
 intended to confirm and quiet titles, have proven a fruitful source of 
 pi-otracted and costly litigation. By the treaty between France and the 
 United States for the purchase of Loiiisiana, and ratified by Congress in 
 October, 1803, our Government agreed, in consideration of the territory 
 lying west of the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, to protect each 
 inhabitant of the ceded provinces in his property, franchises and religion. 
 
 Congress, in fulfillment of that treaty, on June 13, 1812, passed an 
 act confirming in fee simple, absolute on that day, to the inhabitants of 
 St. Louis and other villages according to their several rights, "the town 
 or village lots, out-lots, common-field lots and commons, in, adjoining 
 and belonging to the several towns or villages of Portage des Sioux, 
 St. Charles, St. Louis, St. Ferdinand, Village-a-Robert, Carondelet, 
 Ste. Genevieve, New Madrid, New Bourbon, Little Prairie and Arkansas 
 in the Territory of Missouri, which lots have been inhabited, cultivated 
 or possessed prior to the 20th day of December 1803," The courts have 
 ruled that imder this act it is not necessary that the claimant of an out- 
 lot should have had, either under the French or Spanish authorities, or 
 from the United States, any written recognition of his title, or any public 
 survey. Its effect was, to confirm to each man what he had lawfully 
 possessed under the former Government. By act of January 27, 1831, 
 the United States relinquished to the inhabitants of the villages men- 
 tioned, all the right, title and interest of the United States in and to the 
 lots confirmed to them by the act of 1812, to be held by them in full 
 property according to their several rights therein. ^ 
 
 It is also provided by the act of June 13, 1812, that all town or 
 village lots, out-lots or common field lots, included in the surveys 
 
 1 See Brightly's Digest, p. 551. 
 
LAJsTD GKANTS. 163 
 
 authorized under it, which are not rightfully owned or claimed by any 
 private individuals, or held as commons belonging to such towns or 
 villages, or that the President of the United States may not think proper 
 to receive for military purposes, shall be reserved for the support of 
 schools in the respective towns or villages mentioned. And by the act 
 of January 27, 1831, tlie United States relinquished all their right, title 
 and interest in these school reservations ; and provided that they should 
 be disposed of, or regulated for said purposes, as directed by the State 
 Legislature. 
 
 Many of these towns and villages are now possessed of school funds 
 independent of and in addition to the general school funds of the State, 
 and these laws show from whence they are derived. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Miesoum AS a Distbict Under Onited States Authokittt, 18M.— Amos Stoddard 8oo- 
 
 CKEDS DeI,A881J8 AT ST. tOUIS. — " TBRBITORY OF ORLEANS." — " DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA." 
 
 — General James Wilkinson Appointed Governor of the Latter. — Visit of Aaron 
 Burr. — Wilkinson Succeeded by Captain Mehbiwbtheb Lewis.— His Suicide. — 
 General Benjamin Howard Succeeds Him.— A Reign of Six Days.- Captain 
 William Clark Appointed Governor. — Four Districts Established. — Stitistios 
 of Population.— St. Louis.— Interesting Facts. 
 
 On the 10th of March, 1804, Amos Stoddard, a captain of artillery 
 in the United States Army, succeeded Delassus, the Spanish Com- 
 mandant at St. Louis ; and the authority of the United States in 
 Missouri dates from that day. 
 
 On the 26th of March, 1804, some two weeks after Stoddard assumed 
 the functions and prerogatives formerly vested in the Spanish Lieutenant- 
 Governor, Congress passed an act dividing Louisiana into two parts — 
 the "Territory of Orleans" (since 1812 the State of Louisiana) and the 
 "District of Louisiana," the latter popularly known as "Upper Louis- 
 iana." The District of Louisiana embraced all that portion of the old 
 Province of Louisiana north of "Hope Encampment," a place on the 
 Mississippi river nearly opposite the Chickasaw Bluffs. It therefore 
 included the vast extent of country now known as Missouri, Arkansas, 
 Iowa and Minnesota, and all the western regiou to the Pacific Ocean, 
 south of the forty-ninth degree of north latitude, not claimed by Spain. 
 
164 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 . The territory now embraced by the State of Missouri being included 
 in the "District of Louisiana" thus defined, Missouri is denominated 
 in this chapter, a "District." 
 
 By the act of Congress of March 26, 1804, the executive power of the 
 Grovernment in the Territory of Indiana was extended over that of 
 Louisiana, the Governors and Judges of the former being authorized to 
 enact laws for the new District. General William Henry Harrison, then 
 Governor of Indiana, instituted the authority of the United States under 
 the provisions of this act, his associates being Judges Griffiu, Vanderberg 
 and Davis. The first courts of justice were hold during the ensuing winter 
 in the old fort near Fifth and Walnut streets, St. Louis, and were called 
 Courts of Common Pleas. On the 3d of March, 1805, by another act of 
 Congress the District was regularly organized into the Territory of 
 Louisiana, and President Jefferson immediately appointed General James 
 Wilkinson, Governor, and Frederick Butes, Secretary. Governor Wilk- 
 inson, with Judges R. J. Meigs and John B. C. Lucas, of the Superior 
 Court, formed the Legislature of the Territory — quite a small legislative 
 body for so large an extent of country. 
 
 The executive offices were in the old Government building on Main 
 street, near Walnut, just south of the Public Square, called Xa Place 
 d'Armes. Here General Wilkinson was visited, in 1805, by Aaron Burr, 
 when the latter was planning his daring and ambitious conspiracy. 
 When Wilkinson was appointed, there were in each of the Districts of 
 St, Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, and Cape Girardeau, a civil and 
 military Commandant, as follows : Colonel Meigs for the first. Colonel 
 Hammond for St. Louis, Major Seth Hunt for Ste. Genevieve, and Col- 
 onel T. B. Scott for the last-named place. These officers were superseded 
 by the organization of courts, and the names of the districts subsequently 
 became those of counties. This system of legislation was maintained 
 for several years, with occasional changes in officers. 
 
 In 1807 Governor Wilkinson was succeeded in the subernatorial office 
 by Captain Merrivvether Lewis of the celehi'uted expedition of Lewis and 
 ■Clark. In Septemberj 1809, while passing through Tennessee on his 
 way to Washington on official business, he committed suicide, at the ao-e 
 of thirty-five, by shooting himself with a pistol. After his death 
 President Madison appointed General Benjamin Howard, of Lexino-ton 
 Kentucky, Governor of the Territory, whose first legislative act was 
 Bigned October 25, 1810, and his last October 31, of the same year. 
 Governor Howard resigned his office to accept a Bi-igadier-Generalship 
 of Rangers in the war of 1812, and, after serving with great credit in 
 
STATISTICS OF POPULATION., : 165 
 
 three campaigns, died in St. Louis, on the 18th of September, 1814!. 
 Howard County was named in honor of him. 
 
 On the resignation of Governor Howard in 1810, Captain William 
 Clark, of the well-known expedition of Lewis and Clark, was appointed 
 his successor. He remained Governor till the admission of the State 
 into the Union in 1821, and died in St. Louis in 1838. 
 
 The settled portions of Missouri, for the purposes of local government, 
 were divided in 1804 into four districts, as follows : 
 
 1. The district of Ga'pe Oirardeau, including all the territory between 
 Tywappity Bottom and Apple Creek. In 1804 its population was 1,470 
 whites and a few slaves. 
 
 2. The district of St. Genevieve, including all the territory from 
 Apple Creek to the Merameo river. Population, 2,350 whites and 520 
 slaves. 
 
 3. The district of St. Louis, including all the territory between the 
 Meramec and Missouri rivers. Population, 2,280 whites and 500 slaves. 
 This district contained the villages of St. Louis, Carondelet and St. 
 Ferdinand, (now Florissant) with several settlements extending into the 
 present territory of Franklin County. St. Louis contained about 180 
 houses and a population of 1,080. Carondelet, between 40 and 50 houses 
 and a small population consisting chiefly of Canadian-French. St. Ferd- 
 inand, 60 houses. The largest and most populous settlement in the 
 St. Louis District was near the Missouri river, in the northwestern 
 portion of the present county of St. Louis, and was known as 
 St. Andrews. 
 
 4. The district of St. Charles, including all the inhabited territory 
 between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Population, 1,400 whites 
 and 150 slaves. It contained two villages — St. Charles and Portage-des- 
 Sioux — the inhabitants of which were French Creoles and Canadians. 
 Femme Osage was a large settlement of Anglo-American familiesw 
 
 The total population of the district of Louisiana at the period of the 
 cession in 1803-4 was 10,120— of which 3,760 were French, including a 
 few Spanish families; 5,000 Anglo-Americans and 1,270 blacks, who, 
 with very few exceptions, were slaves. 
 
 In the excellent Historical Sketch of Louisiana by Captain Stoddard, 
 these statistics of population are given as well as many other interesting 
 particulars of St. Louis at the time of the transfer to the United States. 
 According to the same authority, the village (see map) then consisted 
 of two long streets running parallel to the river, with a number of others 
 intersecting them at right angles. There were some houses, however, 
 
166 HISTOKT OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 on the line of the present Third street, which was known as "La ruedes 
 Granges," or The Street of Barns. The church building, from which 
 Second street then derived its name, was a structure of hewn logs, some- 
 what rude and primitive in appearance. West of Fourth street there 
 was little else but woods and commons, and the Planters' House now 
 stands upon a portion of the space then used for pasture. 
 
 There was no post-ofBce, and indeed no need for one, as there were 
 no official mails. Government boats ran occasionally between New 
 Orleans and St. Louis, but there was no regular communication. The 
 principal building was the Government house on Main street near 
 Walnut. As peltries and lead continued to be the chief articles of export, 
 the cultivation of the land in the vicinity of the town progressed but 
 slowly. There was but one baker in the town, Le Clerc, who lived on 
 Main street between Walnut and Elm ; three blacksmiths : Delosier, 
 on Main near Morgan, Rencontre, on Main near Carr, and Valois, 
 also on Main near Elm. Dr. Saugrain was the only physician. He lived 
 on Second street and owned the property now known as "The People's 
 Garden." Two little French taverns, both on the corners of Main and 
 Locust, one kept by Yostic, and the other by Landreville, were the only 
 places of "entertainment" in the village, and these were chiefly patron- 
 ized by hunters and boatmen. Merchants were numerous, but they held 
 their goods at fabulous prices. Sugar and cofiee, when sold at all, 
 brought two dollars per pound and everything else in proportion. The 
 principal merchants and traders were August Chouteau, who resided on 
 Main street between Market and Walnut; Pierre Chouteau, who resided 
 on the corner of Main and Washington avenue, and had the whole square 
 encircled with a stone wall — (he had an orchard of choice fruits, and his 
 house and store were in one building — the store being the first story and 
 the family residence the second) ; Manuel Lisa, who lived on Second 
 street, corner of Spruce, (a part of the building is now occupied as a 
 boarding-house) ; Labbadie and Sarpy, on Main, between Pine and 
 Chestnut ; Roubidoux, who lived at the corner of Elm and Main — (a part 
 of the house is still standing) ; and Jacques Clamorgan, corner of Green 
 and Main — ^the foundry of Gaty, McCune & Co. stands on part of what 
 was his property. 
 
 It must not be understood that a merchant at that time approximated 
 at all in his business relations to the merchant of to-day, A place 
 occupying but a few feet square would contain all his goods ; and, indeed, 
 during the period of the first growth of St. Louis, a merchant kept all 
 his goods in a chest or box, which was opened whenever a purchaser 
 
mTERESTING B'ACTS. 
 
 167 
 
 First Iron Works in St. Louis. 
 
 would appear. Sugar, coffee, gunpowder, blankets, paint, spice, salt, 
 knives, hatchets, guns, kitchen-ware, hunting-shirts, and every variety 
 of coarse dry goods, were stored together.^ 
 
 A post-office was found to be a necessity for the new people who were 
 filling up the country, and one was established in 1804 — Rufus Easton, 
 postnaaster. The beginning of the new age of St. Louis was fairly 
 inaugurated July 12th, 1808, when Mr. Joseph Chariess, official pi-inter 
 of the Territory, established the Missouri Gazette, the first journal west 
 of the Mississippi, a sheet not lai-ger than a royal octavo page, as is 
 verified by many facsimile copies still extant. This journal was the 
 
 » "Edwards' Great West," p. 280. 
 
168 HISTORY OF snssouRi. 
 
 germ of tlie present Missouri RepublicUn, one of the largest in circula- 
 tion and most influential journals of the country. 
 
 On the 9th of November, 1809, the town of St. Louis was first incor- 
 porated, ui^on the petition of two-thirds of the taxable inhabitants and 
 under the authority Of an Act of the Territory of Louisiana, passed the 
 previous 3'ear. 
 
 In 1811, the town is described as containing 1,400 inhabitants, 1 
 printing office, 12 stores, 2 schools — 1 French and 1 English — and the 
 merchandise and imports of the town were valued at about $250,000. 
 Peltries, lead and whiskey made a large poi-tion of the currency. During 
 the spring of 1811, the first market was built on Center Square (La 
 Place d'Armes ), which was between Market and Walnut, Main and the 
 river. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 1803-4-5-6. — Lewis and Clark's Expedition up the Missodri, Across the Rockt Mouk- 
 TAtMS, Down the Colombia, to the Pacific Ocean. — Homeward Journet. — Z. M. 
 Pike's Expedition to the Souhces of the Mississippi and Arkansas Eivers.— His 
 Ebturx, Military Services and Death. 
 
 Very soon after the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, President Jefferson 
 projected an expedition to explore the country from the Mississippi to 
 the Pacific Ocean, and recommended to Congress as its commander 
 Merriwether Lewis, his private secretary. In company with Captain 
 William Clark, of the American Army, he set out in the summer of 1803, 
 and encamped for the winter on the bank of the Mississippi, opposite 
 the mouth of the Missouri. Their company was comjoosed of nine youno- 
 men from Kentucky, fourteen soldiers, two Canadian boatmen, an inter- 
 preter, a hunter, and a negro servant of Captain Clark. They had a 
 keel-boat, fifty-five feet long, accompanied by two open boats, called 
 pirogues. On the 16th of May, 1804, they left their encampment and 
 began their ascent of the Missouri river. Some twenty miles up the 
 river they came to the little French village of St. Charles. Passino- the 
 mouth of the Osage, the first large tributary of the Missouri, they pro- 
 ceeded on their journey till they reached the Kansas. Indians of the 
 same name occupied its banks ; a small tribe, reduced to three hundred 
 
LEWIS AND CLAUK'S EXPBBITION. 16^ 
 
 Varriors, for they had been unable to withstand the fire-arms with which 
 their enemies, the Sioux and Iowas,had been supplied by the European 
 traders. Higher up, they came to the great estuary of the Platte, 
 coming from sources far in the West, and rolling a more rapid stream 
 than the Missouri itself. This river was occupied by considerable tribes 
 of Indians : the Pawnees, Ottoes and Kites. Above the Platte, Lewis 
 and Clark had a conference with fourteen of the Ottoe and Missouri 
 Indians. The grand chief, whose name in English signifies Little Thief, 
 was unfortunately absent ; but Big Horse, White Horse, and Hospitality, 
 held a most amicable conference. 
 
 By the time the expedition reached a point sixteen hundred miles above 
 the mouth of the Missouri, at latitude forty-seven, and very near the 
 present geographical center of Dakota, the symptoms of winter thick- 
 ened, and Lewis and Clark determined to stop, build a fort and remain 
 till spring, when they would be ready to start for the head waters of 
 the Missouri, and from thence discover a passage through the Rocky 
 Mountains to the Pacific ocean. They called the fort Fort Mandan, in 
 compliment to the Mandan tribe of Indians among whom they now were. 
 
 On April 7, 1805, the party left Fort Mandan, thirty-two strong, in 
 six canoes and two large pirogues. Continuing to ascend the river, in 
 due time they reached the mouth of the Yellowstone, where three 
 nearly equal streams concur ; to these were given the names of Jefferson, 
 Madison, and Gallatin, then President, Secretary of State, and Secretary 
 of the Treasury of the United States. They ascended the Jefferson, the 
 northermost of the three, to its source. Having, in August, procured 
 horses and a guide from the Shoshone Indians, they traveled through the 
 mountains until September 22, when they entered the plains of the 
 western slope. On October 7 they embarked in canoes on the Koos- 
 koosy, a left branch of the Columbia, and on November 15 reached the 
 mouth of that river, having traveled more than four thousand miles from 
 the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri. They passed their third 
 winter in an entrenched camp on the south bank of the Columbia. On 
 March 23, 1806, they began to reascend the Columbia on their home- 
 ward jouniey ; and leaving their boats on May 2, they made a difficult 
 journey on horseback across the mountains to the Missouri river, upon 
 which they re-embarked August 12, and reached St. Louis September 
 23, 1806, after an absence of two years and four months. Congress 
 made grants of land to the men of the expedition and to their chiefs. ^ 
 
 > American Cyclopedia, Vol. X, p. 386. 
 
170 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI, 
 
 Among the events of 1805, 1806 and 1807 are the expeditions of 
 Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, who was born in New Jersey in 
 1779. The first, in 1805, to the sources of the Mississippi; and the 
 second, in 1806-7, to the sources of the Arkansas, Kansas, Platte and 
 Pierre Jaune rivers, and into the provinces of New Spain. The 
 ^'journals " of travel kept by Pike were prepared for the press and 
 issued with an atlas of maps and charts, in Philadelphia, in 1810, and 
 are exceedingly interesting. In connection with the explorations of 
 Lewis and Clark they furnished the first reliable information of the 
 resources of Louisiana, and of the value of that purchase. After their 
 appearance all complaints ceased as to the amount paid by the United 
 States for that acquisition. 
 
 Lieutenant Pike rose to the rank of Brigadier-General in the war of 
 
 1812, and was killed during the attack upon York (now Toronto) in 
 
 1813. The county of Pike, in this State, was named in honor of him. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 1769.— First Settlbment8 West of St. Louis.— St. Charles Settled bt Blanchbtte.— 
 "Commons." — Fobts.— Pokxaqe des Sioux. — Indian Incident. — The Mamelles. 
 — ^Femmb Osage, Perruque and Other Creeks.— Loutre Island.— Indian Attack. — 
 "W. T. Cole.- Another Attack.— Bloody Fight with Indians.— Captain James 
 Callaway and Others Killed.— Cote Sans Dessein. 
 
 In 1769, (five years after the founding of St. Louis,) the first settle- 
 ment in what is now St. Charles County, and indeed in all northern 
 Missouri, was made. During that year, Blanchette, surnamed "The 
 Hunter" — Chasseur, built his log hut on the hills now occupied by the 
 flourishing city of St. Charles, by which name, however, the place was 
 not known till 1784, it being called previous to this Les Petites Cotes 
 (Little Hills). 
 
 Blanchette located St. Charles by the establishment of a military post 
 under the authority of the Governor of Upper Louisiana. His house 
 was built near a little stream in the upper part of the city, which form- 
 erly bore Blanchette's name, but which is now known as "Factory 
 Branch." At this spot was also erected the Government House and 
 prison. Blanchette was Commandant until his death, in 1793, when he 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENTS WEST OP ST. LOXIIS. 171 
 
 was succeeded by Don Carlos Tayon, who resigned in 1802. His 
 ■successor was Don Santiago Mackay, who was also commandant of the 
 post of St. Andre, and retained both commands until the change of 
 Government ia 1803. This post, afterwards called the "District of 
 St. Charles," embraced all the territory between the Missouri and 
 Mississippi rivers to the Pacific ocean ; and this magnificent area, includ- 
 ing at this time a dozen States and Territories, was under the control of 
 a single individual, in whom all military and civil authority was vested. 
 The villagers, many of whom engaged in agricultural pursuits, received, 
 with others, each a grant from the Government of a lot 120x150 feet 
 ( French measure ) in the village, for residence, and a field at a con- 
 venient distance for farming purposes. These fields were 1 arpent 
 ( 192^ feet) wide, and 40 arpents ( 7,800 feet) long, containing about 
 34 acres, and each fanner had one or more granted him, according to 
 the number of his family, or his ability to work them. Thej' were to 
 be had free on the condition of their being worked, and were laid ofi^ 
 adjoining each other, to save the .expense of fencing. Twenty, thirty, 
 and sometimes more were inclosed by one fence, which was built and 
 kept in repair at the common cost of those whose land it protected. 
 These inclosures, one or more of which were to be found near every 
 French village, were known as "common fields" or "commons." Besides 
 these grants to individuals, there were others to the villagers as a com- 
 munity, also called "commons" or "commune lands," which were not 
 cultivated, but used in common by the villagers as pasture for their 
 stock, and also furnished them wood and lumber. These "commons" 
 have long since been sub-divided and sold, or leased for long terms, 
 thus passing into the hands of individuals. 
 
 The progress of the settlement at St. Charles was extremely slow, for 
 in 1781 there were only six or seven houses in the village, and in 1791 — 
 ten years afterwards — the number had only increased to some twelve to 
 fourteen, at which last mentioned date the "Commons" were for the first 
 time inclosed. 
 
 The Indian wars, massacres, and adventures which attended the first 
 settlement of the State west of the Missouri river occurred principally 
 in St, Charles County. Here the liangers were raised and forts built, 
 and it was in this county that Black Hawk made his first efforts against 
 the white population. Among the forts built in St. Charles County 
 durino- the war of 1812, was Boone's Fort, in Darst's Bottom. It was the 
 largest and strongest of the entire list and was built by Daniel M. Boone, 
 a son of the celebrated hunter and pioneer. There were also erected in 
 
172 HISTOET OF JOSSOXIRL 
 
 the county, Howell's Fort, on Howell's Prairie ; Pond Fort, the site of 
 which is a short distance southeast of the present town of Wentzville ; 
 White's Fort, on Dog Prairie ; Kountz's Fort, on tlie old Boonslick 
 road and eight miles west of St. Charles; Zumwalt's Fort, near the 
 present village of O'Fallon, and Castlio's Fort, near Howell's Prairie. 
 
 Kennedy's Fort was near the present town of Wright City, in Warren 
 County, and Callaway's Fort was a short distance from the present town 
 of Marthasville and near the Missouri river. Wood's Fort was built around 
 the big spring which influenced afterwards the location of the present 
 town of Troy, in Lincoln County. Clark's Fort was four miles north 
 of Troy, and Howell's Fort, near the present site of Cap-au-Gris. 
 Fort Clemison was on Loutre Island. The forts were all built after the 
 same general plan, viz : In the form of a parallelogram, with block- 
 houses at the four corners, and the intervening spaces filled with log 
 cabins and palisades. They would not have withstood the fire of artillery, 
 but afforded ample protection against rifles and muskets. None of 
 them, however, were attacked by the India-ns, for their number and 
 convenient locations, with the constant watchfulness of the Rangers, 
 afforded the savages no opportunity of doing any serious damage.^ 
 
 At this point it may be interesting to note the origin of a few of the 
 local names of Eastern Missouri : 
 
 Portage des Sioux, founded soon after St. Charles, is an old French 
 village on the Mississippi, and on the Missouri side, a short distance 
 below the month of the Illinois. Captain Pike's expedition to the 
 sources of the Mississippi, on which he sailed from St. Louis in a keel- 
 boat, on Friday the 9th of August, 1805, stopped on the Sabbath after- 
 wards and spent the day opposite this place, where the Mississippi and 
 Missouri rivers are less than a mile apart. The village of Portage des 
 Sioux derived its name from the following circumstance : The Sioux 
 and Missouris, two hostile tribes of Indians, were seeking to destroy 
 each other. The Sioux descended the Mississippi in their canoes on a 
 pillaging expedition against the Missouris, who, apprised of their object, 
 laid in ambush — became "bushwackers " — at the mouth of the Missouri 
 river, intending to take their enemies by surprise and capture their entire 
 naval squadron. The Sioux, cunning and strategic in war, instead of 
 descending to the mouth of the Missouri, "rounded to" and disembarked 
 at the Portage, took their canoes on their backs, crossed the narrow 
 peninsula to the Missouri river at a point some distance above the 
 
 ' "Pioneer Families in Missouri," p. 95. 
 
FIEST SETTLEMENTS WEST OF ST. LOUIS. 
 
 173 
 
 ambuscade of their enemies, accomplished their object, and retui-ned 
 undiscovered with their spoils — leaving the Missouris long and anxiously 
 waiting for them at the mouth of the stream. 
 
 A few miles west of the route taken by the Sioux on this expedition 
 and about twenty miles from the confluence of the Missouri and 
 Mississippi rivers are the Mamelles, the termination of the bluffs of the 
 two rivers, and called by this name from their remarkable resemblance 
 to the human breasts. From this elevation, about one hundred feet 
 above the surrounding plain, the visitor can survey a landscape among 
 the most romantic and beautiful in the world. 
 
 'Fenxme Osage ( Osage Woman ) , a creek which rises on the border 
 of Warren County and runs nearl}'- east through St. Charles into the 
 jNIissouri river, took its name from the fact that the body of an Osage 
 squaw, supposed to have been drowned, was found in the creek by a 
 French pioneer. Another version is that an Osage woman was found at 
 the ci'eek on its first discovery by the French. Hence the name. 
 ■ JRerruque Creek ( Wig Creek ) derives its name from an accident 
 which happened to one of the early French adventurers whose wig 
 became entangled in the branches of a tree in crossing the creek. 
 
 Cuivre Creek ( Copper Creek ) . The origin of this name is not 
 known. There is no copper in that region and nothing that indicates its 
 existence there. It has been suggested that the correct name is Cuvre, 
 \Yhich means a fish pool, but nothing certain is known on this point. 
 
 Dardenne: According to some of the old settlers, this name is a 
 corruption of Terre d'Inde, pronounced Tare Den (Turkey Land), so 
 <;alled on account of the abundance of wild turkeys found in its vicinity 
 in early times. However, this is imaginary. In the American State 
 Papers, mention is made of several claimants to land in Missouri of the 
 name of Dardenne, although there is no grant to any one of that name 
 in St. Charles County. Marais Croche: Crooked Swamp or Lake — 
 from its shape. Marais Temps Clair : Clear Weather Swamp or Lake. 
 At this lake there was once a Kickapoo village, and the name of the 
 principal chief, or Big Injun, was Fair Weather; in French, Temps 
 Glair. This village, in 17 — , was nearly depopulated by small-pox, and 
 was immediately afterwards abandoned by the few survivors. The lake 
 takes its name from the Indian chief. 
 
 In 1807 a few American families located on Loutre Island, (in the 
 Missouri river a few miles below the present town of Hermann,) at that 
 time, with the exception of the small French settlement at Cote Sans 
 JDessein, the "Far West" of the new world. Many exciting incidents 
 
174: HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 by flood and field are connected with its history, among them the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 III July, 1810, <i band of Pottawatomie Indians made a hostile incur- 
 sion into this ishmd and stole a number of horses, a species of property 
 for which the Pottawatomies had a singular weakness. The event 
 occasioned great excitement, and recapture and retribution were at once 
 resolved upon. To achieve them a company of six men, composed of 
 Samuel and William T. Cole, Temple, Patton, Murdock, and Gooch, 
 was organized. They entered upon the pursuit and followed the Indians 
 to Bone Lick, a branch of Salt River, and within the present limits 
 of Ealls County, where they came upon them. The fugitives scattered 
 in the woods and escaped. That night they stealthily approachec? 
 the camp of their pursuers, surprised and attacked them, killing 
 Temple, Patton and Gooch at the tirst onset. Spencer creek being 
 near by, Murdock, in the darkness, slipped under the bank, leaving 
 William T. Cole to contend with two Indians who engaged him — one in 
 the rear, one in front. The former stabbed him near the shoulder ; from 
 the latter Cole wrenched his knife, and then killed him, and from the 
 other Indian made his escape in the darkness of the night. 
 
 In March, 1815, the Sac and Fox Indians stole some horses from the 
 settlers in the neighborhood of Loutre Island. Captain James Callaway, 
 with Lieutenant Jonathan Riggs and fourteen men, pursued them to a 
 bend of Loutre Creek, about twelve miles above Prairie Fork, and near 
 the present town of Danville, where they found the horses guarded only 
 by a few squaws. These fled to the woods on the approach of Callaway's 
 men, who' secured the horses without trouble. Returning by the same 
 route they traveled in reaching the camp, the party was attacked by the 
 Indians in ambush, at the crossing of Prairie Fork. Parker Hutchings, 
 Frank McDerniid and James McMuUin wei'e in the advance, leading the 
 recovered horses. After reaching the opposite shore of the creek the 
 Indians fired upon them, and the three men were killed. At the first 
 sound of firing, Callaway, who, with the balance of the company was 
 in the rear, spurred his horse forward into the creek, and had nearly 
 reached the opposite shore, when he was fired upon. His horse was 
 instantly killed, while he received a slight wound in the left arm, and 
 escaped immediate death by the ball lodging against his watch, which 
 was torn to pieces. He sprang from his dead horse to the bank, and 
 throwing his gun into the creek, muzzle down, he ran down the stream a 
 short distance, then plunged into the water and commenced swimming, 
 when he was shot in the back of the head, — the ball passing through 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENTS WEST OF ST. LOXJIS. 175 
 
 and lodging in the forehead. His body sank immediately and was not 
 scalped or mutilated by the Indians. In the meantime, Lieutenant Rio-o-s 
 and the rest of the men were hotly engaged and forced to retreat, 
 fighting as they went. Several were wounded, but none killed. 
 
 The following day a company of men returned to the scene of the 
 fight for the purpose of burying the dead. The bodies of Hutchings, 
 McDermid, and MciMullin had been cnt to pieces and hung on the sur- 
 rounding bushes. The remains were gathered up and buried in one 
 grave, near the spot where they were killed. 
 
 Captain Callaway's body was not found until several days after his 
 death, when, the water of the creek having receded, it was discovered 
 by Benjamin Howell, hanging to a bush in the stream several hundred 
 yards below the scene of the fight. The body was wrapped in blankets, 
 and, buried on the side of an abrupt hill overlooking Loutre Creek. 
 Several months afterward the grave was walled in with rough stones, and 
 a flat slab laid across the head, on which was engraved: "Capt. Jas. 
 Callaway, March 7, 1815." The slab had been prepared in St. 
 Charles County, by Tarleton Goe, a cousin of the dead ranger.^ Calla- 
 way County was named in honor of the memory of James Callaway. 
 
 As early as 1808 the French settled Cote Sans Dessein, now called 
 Barkersville, on the Missouri river, in the present territory of Callaway 
 County, and two miles below the mouth of the Osage. Its name (sig- 
 nifying " a hill without design ") is derived from an isolated limestone 
 hill, some 600 yards long, and very narrow, standing in the bottom, 
 which, it is thought, some convulsion of nature separated from the 
 Osage bluffs, on the opposite side of the river. Cote Sans Dessein was 
 once a village of considerable importance, contained a small blockhouse, 
 and during the war of 1812 was the scene of some hai'd-fought battles 
 with the Indians, in which were exhibited many instances of woman's 
 bravery and determination. A Frenchman named Baptiste Louis Eoi, 
 two other men, and two women, successfully withstood a protracted and 
 determined siege by the Indians.* 
 
 • " Pioneer Families of Missouri," pp. 98-9. 
 
 ' During this siege tlie women moulded bullets and cut patches for the men who were 
 kept busy in firing upon the assailants. The consequence was that a good many of them 
 were killed, which so exasperated the remainder that they determined to take by storm 
 or to destroy by fire the block-house. The storming process failing, they fastened com'- 
 bustible matter to their arrows, and, lighting it, shot their missiles into the roof; as often 
 as this was done the women extinguished the blaze by the careful use of portions of the 
 small supply of water in the building. It was with appalling interest the heroic band 
 
176 HISTORY OF MISSOXmi. 
 
 observedthis supply rapidly lessening as the savage mcendiaries repeated their efforts to 
 fire the roof. But the women determined to " hold the fort " and continued to apply the 
 water. Finally, however, the supply was exhausted, the last drop was gone, and the 
 blocli-house blazed above their heads. One of the women produced a pan of milk and 
 extinguished the flames. Very soon another arrow of fire set the roof ablaze and a de- 
 moniac yell arose from the savage foe. Even Koi himself looked aghast and trembled 
 with fear, for he knew of no other means of averting the perils of the awful crisis. But 
 ■" hold the fort" was the maxim of the women, and Just in the nick of time Madame Koi 
 produced from the urinal a fluid that again extinguished the flames, and saved the gar- 
 rison. When, long after the war, this achievement was talked over in St. Louis, some 
 young men united in the expense of procuring a rifle of fine finish as a present to Mon- 
 sieur Louis Baptiste Boi in testimony of his gallant defense of Cote Sans Dessein. Some 
 of them also suggested playfully that a silver urinal ought to be presented to Madame 
 Eoi for the distinguishing part she bore in the perilous defense of the block-house. 
 Unfortunately, as it aftenvards proved, this suggestion came to the ears of Monsieur Eoi. 
 When, therefore, the committee waited on him with the rifle and asked him to accept it, 
 he is reported to have replied as follows : "Gentlemen : — It is afuzee of beautiful pro- 
 portions — containing very much gold in de pan, and silver on his breeches; he is a very 
 gentleman gun for kill de game. I tank you. I shall not take him. Some gentlemen have 
 consider to give ma chere amie one urinal silvare! I tell you, sare, I take care of dem tings 
 myself — go to h — 11 avee votre dam long gun! I shall not take him ! ! Go to h — U, any- 
 body, by d— n sight! ! !" And with this expression of resentment for the freedom that 
 the young men had unwittingly taken in the discussion of the affair, he departed with 
 manly indignation, in perfect keeping with his admirable character. 
 
CHAPTEE XII. 
 
 "The Boone's Lick Country."— Its Settlement,— Ira P. Nash Visits It in 1804,— 
 Expedition of Lbwis and Clark.— In 1807 Nathan and Daniel M. Boone Make Salt 
 At "Boone's Lick."— Daniel Boone.— Popular Error Corkectbd.— Sketch of 
 Daniel Boone.— His Death.— Early Settlements in Cooper and Howard Coun- 
 ties. — Stockade Forts, — Tragic Death of Sarshell Cooper. 
 
 The next settlement west of St. Louis anterior to 1812, of any con- 
 siderable size, was in 1810 by a colony of about one hundred and fifty 
 families, chiefly Kentuckians, on the rich alluvial lands in the Missouri 
 bottom about Franklin, in what is now Howard County.^ 
 
 The fact is very well authenticated, however, that even at an earlier 
 day a few Americans had visited the same region of country, but not 
 for the purposes of permanent settlement, A recent publication * 
 apparently prepared with much care, and certainly very valuable, 
 discloses the fact that the first Americans who ever set foot within the 
 present limits of Howard County were Ira P. Nash, ( afterwards the 
 founder of Nashville on the Missouri Eiver, in Boone County, ) a Deputy 
 United States Surveyor, Stephen Hancock and Stephen Jackson, who 
 came up the Missouri River in February, 1804, and located a claim on 
 the public lands, within the present limits of Howard County, nearly 
 opposite the mouth of Lamine Creek — doubtless the same land after- 
 wards occupied, in part, by the celebrated "Hardeman's Garden." 
 They employed their time in surveying, hunting and fishing until the 
 March following, when they returned to their homes on the Missouri 
 Eiver, about twenty-five miles above St. Charles. In July of the same 
 year, Ira P. Nash, accompanied by another party — William Nash, 
 James H, Whitesides, William Clark and Daniel Hubbard — returned 
 and surveyed a tract of land near the present site of Old Franklin, 
 opposite where Booneville now stands. On this expedition Nash 
 informed his companions that when in the country the previous spring, 
 he concealed and left in a certain hollow tree a surveyor's compass, 
 
 1 Organized January 23, 1816, and called Howard in honor of General Benjamin 
 Howard, who was a Bepresentative in Congress from the Lexington (Kentucky) district 
 from 1807 to 1810, and who, in October of the latter year, was appointed Governor of 
 Missouri Territory, to succeed Governor Merriwether Lewis. He died in St. Louis, 
 September 18, 1814. (See Chapter IX.) 
 
 .Levens and Drake's "History of Cooper County." 
 12 
 
178 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 which he sought and found as represented, thus verifying the fact that 
 he had previously visited the same region. 
 
 Between the first and second visits of Nash ; that is to say, on the 7th 
 of June, 1804, Lewis and Clarit, on their expedition across the Rocky 
 Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, camped for the night with their boats at 
 the moutli of the Bonne Femme ("Good woman") creek in Howard 
 County, a few miles below the present city of Boonville. Remaining at 
 the same place the next day, they explored the country and came down 
 the river bottom as far as the mouth of the Moniteau, a creek which 
 empties into the Missouri at the present town of Rocheport, (^Roche 
 Porte, "point of rocks,") where they foimd a high bluff from which 
 projected a point of rocks covered with hieroglyphic paintings, but the 
 rattlesnalies which abounded there deterred them from making a more 
 critical examination. 
 
 During the summer of 1807, Nathan and Daniel M. Boone, sons of the 
 celebrated hunter and frontiersman, Daniel Boone, together with three 
 other men, Goforth, Baldridge and Manly, left the Femme Osage Creek 
 settlement in St. Charles County, where the elder Boone lived, and came 
 up to Howard County with their kettles to manufacture salt, at what was 
 afterwards known as "Boone's Lick." In the fall of the same year they 
 shipped it down the river in canoes made of hollow sycamore logs, the 
 ends of which were made water proof by being closed with boards and 
 daubed with clay. 
 
 The country above Cedar Creek, which now forms the boundary line 
 between Callaway and Boone Counties, and which was regarded as the 
 western boundary of the district (afterwards the county) of St. Charles, 
 was called the "Boone's Lick Country" from its first settlement; and 
 this from the circumstance that Nathan and Daniel M. Boone, as early as 
 1807, manufactured salt at "Boone's Lick" in Howard County, as above 
 stated. 
 
 The popular conviction is, and it has found expression in various 
 forms in carelessly-prepared newspaper articles, that the old Kentucky 
 pioneer, Daniel Boone, made a settlement at an early day within the 
 present limits of Howard County, and manufectured salt at what was 
 known as "Boone's Lick," and that from this circumstance an undefined 
 region in that part of the State was called "The Boone's Lick Country." 
 The truth is, there is no evidence that old Daniel Boone ever owned or 
 worked the salt springs ; certainly none that he ever resided, even 
 temporarily, in Howard County. It is probable, and yet the evidence 
 of even this is not conclusive, that while Commandant (in 1800 to 1804) 
 
DANIEI. BOONE. 179 
 
 of the Femme Osage District, under the Spanish Government, he may 
 have gone on a hunting expedition into the territory of Howard County, 
 iind discovered the salt springs existing there. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is unquestionably true that Boone County, organized 
 November 16, 1820, was called Boone in honor of his name. 
 
 Daniel Boone was born in Exeter Township, Bucks County, Pa., 
 July 14, 1732,1 }^,^^J jj^s the merit of entering and exploring Kentucky 
 and Missouri at a very early day. On the 1st of May, 1769, he set out 
 with five companions from his farm on the Yadkin, in North Carolina, 
 for Kain-tuck-ee, for such was its Indian name, and in June following 
 found himself on the banks of a river flowing westward toward the 
 Mississippi — the Kentucky River. Years afterwards, losing his lands in 
 Kentucky by reason of a defective title, and hearing from some hunters 
 of the wondrous fertility of the country west of the Mississippi River 
 a'.id of the great abundance of game, he finally resolved to emigrate 
 and settle there. 
 
 Mr. J. M. Peck fixes the period of his emigration to Missouri in 1 795 ; 
 Perkins, in his "Western Annals," in 1797, and Mr. Thomas J. Hinde, 
 in the "American Pioneer," in the same year; Timothy Flint, in 1798. 
 
 At that period, and for several years after, the district of Louisiana, 
 which embraced Missouri, belonged to Spain | and Colonel Boone, soon 
 after his arrival, renounced his allegiance to the Government of the 
 United States and became a Spanish subject. His first residence in 
 Missouri was in the Femme Osage settlement, in the District of 
 St. Charles, about forty-five miles west of St. Louis, and about twenty- 
 five miles above St. Charles, on the Missouri River. On June 11, 1800, 
 Delassus, Lieutenant-Governor, appointed him Commandant or Syndic 
 of Femme Osage District, which office he accepted. He retained this 
 command, which included both civil and military duties ; and he continiied 
 to discharge them with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of all 
 concerned, until the transfer of the government to the United States 
 in 1804. 
 
 Colonel Boone received from the Spanish Governor, Delassus, a grant 
 of 1,000 arpents of land in the Femme Osage District. Subsequently a 
 
 'The date of Boone's birth is not certainly known, and different biographers give 
 different dates. Bogant gives February Hth, 1735, as the date of his birth, and his 
 biographer, O. B. Hartley, (who wrote in 1865) gives the same date. Keverend J. M. 
 Peck gives February, 1735. Another account gives 1746. The family record in the 
 handwriting of Daniel Boone's uncle, James, who was a schoolmaster, gives July 
 14th, 1732. 
 
180 
 
 HISTOEY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 grant of 10,000 arpents was made to him, by reason of an agreement 
 with l}im, which he fulfilled, to bring into Upper Louisiana one hundred 
 families from Virginia and Kentucky. In order to confirm this grant it 
 was necessary to obtain the signature of the direct representative of the 
 Spanish Crown, at that time residing at the city of New Orleans. 
 Neglecting to comply with this requisition, his title was declared 
 invalid. His title to the first grant of 1,000 arpents was also declared 
 worthless, but it was subsequently confirmed by special act of Congress 
 
 The House in which Daniel Boone died. 
 {The first stone dwelling-house erected in Missouri.) 
 
 On March 18th, 1813, the old pioneer lost his wife — Rebecca Bryan — 
 by death. Her remains were interred on the summit of a beautiful 
 eminence commanding the Missouri River and about one mile southeast 
 of the town of Marthasville, in Warren County. 
 
 On the 26th of September, 1820, the old hero himself died at the 
 residence of his son, Major Nathan Boone, on Femme Osao-e Creek, in 
 St. Charles County, aged 88 years. The house in which he died is a 
 tvvo-story stone, the tirst of its character erected in Missouri, and is yet 
 standing, some six miles from the Missouri River. 
 
 He Was buried in a cherry coflin which he had prepared and kef)t 
 ready for several years, his remains being interred by the side of his 
 wile. Great respect was rendered the memory of the old pioneer, as was 
 evidenced by the large concourse of people who attended his funeral, and 
 by the adjournment, for a day, of the Missouri Legislature, then in 
 session. 
 
COOPEK AND HOWAKD COXJNTIES. 181 
 
 In 1845 the citizens of Frankfort, Kentucky, having established a 
 new cemetery, and being about to dedicate it, resolved to inter in it the 
 remains of Daniel Boone and his vv^ife. Obtaining consent of the 
 sm-viving members of the family, a committee wassent to Marthasville, 
 Missouri, their remains exhumed July 17th, 1845, and on the 20th of 
 August, 1845, re-interred in the new^ cemetery. The ceremonies were 
 deeply interesting and largely attended. Honorable John J. Crittenden' 
 delivered the address on the occasion ; and Mr. Joseph B. Wells, of 
 Missouri, also made a speech. 
 
 In 1808, William Christie and John G. Heath came up from St. Louia 
 and manufactured salt at what was known as "Heath's Salt Lick," in 
 what is now Blackwater Township, Cooper County. For many years 
 afterwards Mr. Heath made salt at the same springs. 
 
 In the spring of 1808, Colonel Benjamin Cooper and family, consist- 
 ing of his wife and five sons, moved to the neighborhood of " Boone's 
 Lick," in Howard County ; built a cabin, cleared a piece of land, and 
 commenced arrangements for a permanent settlement. Governor Merry- 
 wether Lewis, then Governor of the Territory, hearing of Cooper's 
 adventure, sent him an order to remove with his family to some place 
 below the mouth of the Gasconade, as in the event of an Indian war he 
 could not be protected in his far-off home. He thereupon abandoned 
 his settlement and located at Loutre Island, where he remained till 1810. 
 In February of that year. Colonel Benjamin Cooper, wife and sons, 
 with many others, chiefly from Madison County, Kentucky, left Loutre 
 Island for the "Boone's Lick (Country," traveling through the trackless 
 forest on the north side of the Missouri River, and arriving in safety in 
 March. The females belonging to these families — Colonel Benjamin 
 Cooper's excepted — did not arrive till the following July or August. 
 
 All of those who accompanied Cooper on this expedition settled in 
 Howard County, except Stephen and Hannah Cole, with their families, 
 who crossed the Missouri River where Old Franklin now stands, in 
 canoes, and settled in what is now Cooper County, near the present site 
 of Booneville. 
 
 In the spring of 1812, it became evident that some more efficient 
 means should be adopted to protect these frontier settlements from the 
 threatened hostilities of the warlike tribes of Indians by which they 
 were surrounded. They were chiefly disturbed by the Pottawatomies, 
 who were the champion horse-thieves of the frontier. Of more warlike 
 and bloody intent were the Foxes, lowas, and Kickapoos, whose hostili- 
 ties exposed the lives of the settlers to great and constant perils. Living 
 as these pioneers did, beyond the organized jurisdiction of any county, 
 
182 
 
 mSTOKY OF JVUSSOURI. 
 
 they were a protection and government to themselves ; and for two 
 years, unaided by territorial authority, they had sustained the conflict 
 with the Indians with dauntless heroism. 
 
 Nevertheless, in 1812, they resolved, in the midst of thickening 
 dangers, to erect five stockade foits, for their protection. 
 
 Four of these forts were erected in the present limits of Howard 
 County, and all named in honor of some leading man of the "settlements." 
 There was Cooper's Fort in the bottom prairie near Boone's Lick Salt 
 Works, nearly opposite the i:)resent town of Arrow Rock; Kincaid's 
 Fort, only a mile above the site on which Old Franklin was afterwards 
 built; Fort Hempstead, one mile north of Franklin; Cole's Fort, two 
 miles cast of Booneville, north of the road to Rocheport, and on the 
 Cooper side ; and Head's Fort, a few miles north of Rocheport and near 
 the present crossing of the Old St. Charles road on the Moniteau, a large 
 stream which for some distance from its mouth forms the boundary 
 between the cotmties of Boone and Howard. 
 
 The commanders of these forts wore Captain Stephen Cole, after 
 whom Cole County was named ; William Head and Sarshell Cooper — 
 Cooper County being called in honor of the latter. 
 
 Cornfields, which were cultivated in con)mon, stood near these forts. 
 Sentinels kept guard around them, while others plowed the fields ; and 
 if danger was seriously apprehended, horns were blown as signals to 
 rally to the forts. Frequent deaths occurred at the hands of the savages, 
 sometimes by oiitrigjit assassinations under the cover of night, at other 
 times in conliic.'ts in field or forest. 
 
 At diiferent times and places the following well-known settlers were 
 killed by the Indians, namely : Sarshell Cooper, Braxton Cooper, Jr., Jona- 
 than Todd, Wm. Campbell, Thos. Smith, Sain'l JMcMahan, Wm. McLane, 
 William Gregg, John Smith, James Busby, Joseph W. Still, and Joseph 
 Brown, a colored man. Of the murdei-s committed — says "Peck's 
 Annals of the West," — none excited so deep a feeling as the tragic end of 
 Captain Sarshell Cooper, who was killed at his own fire-side in Cooper's 
 Fort, April 14, 1814. It was on a dark and stormy night, when the 
 winds howled through the adjacent forest, that a single warrior crept to 
 the wall of ('aptain Cooper's cabin, which formed one side of the fort, 
 and made an opening between the logs, barely sufficient to admit the 
 muzzle of his gun, which he discharged with fatal efi'ect. Captain Cooper 
 was sitting by the fire, holding his youngest child in his arms, which 
 escaped unhurt ; his other children lounging on the cabin floor, and his 
 wife engaged in domestic duties. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Earthquakes at New Madrid, 1811-12.— Description of the Catastrophe.— Hon. Lewis 
 F. Linn's Letter.— The Venerable Godfrey Lesier, an Eye Witness, Describes 
 IT.— Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, a Result of its Violence.-" New Madrid Claims." 
 —Acts op Congress Locating and Confirming Them. 
 
 Four remarkable events occurred near the close of the year 1811 ; 
 namely, the battle of Tippecanoe, November 7 ; the building of the 
 " New Orleans," the first steamboat constructed west of the AUeghanies ; 
 the burning of the Richmond Theater, December 26 ; and the great 
 earthquakes at New Madrid, December 16, the latter of which will ren- 
 der New Madrid imperishable in history. 
 
 This place lies about seventy miles below the mouth of the Ohio, and 
 was one of the old Spanish Forts. It was settled as early as 1780. 
 Seven years after, it was laid out by General George Morgan of New 
 Jersey on an extensive scale. In consequence of some obstacles to his 
 designs, created by the Spanish Government, and the fact that no stone 
 for building or other purpose could be found, he finally abandoned it 
 and retired from the country. Nevertheless, it grew to be a town of 
 considerable importance and population. 
 
 The first shock of the earthquake at New Madrid was felt on the 
 morning of December 16, 1811, about two o'clock, and was repeated at 
 intervals, with decreasing violence, for several weeks. The center of its 
 violence was near the settlement of Little Prairie, twenty-five or thirty 
 miles below New Madrid. During the night of December 16th a flotilla 
 •of flat boats, laden with provisions for the southern trade, was at anchor 
 some miles below the town, and the boatmen describe the phenomenon 
 us one of terrific grandeur. 
 
 Although there have been many exaggerations of the character and 
 extent of this catastrophe, it is admitted by all that the undulations of 
 the earth upheaved the waters of the great river and much of the coun- 
 try adjacent, filling every living creature with indescribable horror. The 
 ducks, geese, swan and other aquatic fowls that were quietly resting in 
 the eddies of the Mississippi gave evidence of the wildest tumult in 
 screams of alarm. A loud roaring sound, which has been likened to sub- 
 terranean thunder, was accompanied by hissing as if of escaping steam 
 from a pipe, and attended by violent agitation of the adjacent shores. 
 
 Sandbars and the points of islands were swallowed in the bosom of 
 
184 HISTOEY OF MISSOXIRI. 
 
 the deep, while the tall cotton-woods crashing against each other and 
 tossing their giant branches to and fro, disappeared in the voracioxis abyss. 
 
 The earth on shore in many places opened in wide fissures, and, 
 quickly closing again, threw jets of water discolored by mud, charcoal 
 and sand, to a considerable height. Traces of these fissures, and of the 
 heaps of sand with which they covered the country, are plainly visible to 
 this day. 
 
 This appalling catastrophe invaded the country inland, on both sides 
 of the Mississippi. Hon. Le^vis F. Linn, in his letter, February 1, 
 1836, to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce says that 
 after the subsidence of tbe principal commotion, " hills had disappeared, 
 and lakes were found in their stead ; and immerous lakes became ele- 
 vated ground, over the surface of which vast heaps of sand were scattered 
 in every direction, while in many places the earth for miles was sunk 
 below the general level of the surrounding country. One of the lakes 
 formed on this occasion is sixty or seventy miles in length, and from 
 three to twenty in breadth. In sailing over its surface in the light canoe, 
 the voyager is struck with astonishmentat beholding the giant trees of the 
 forest standing partially exposed amid a waste of waters, branchless and 
 leafless. But the wonder is still further increased on casting the eye on 
 the dark blue profound, to observe cane brakes covering its bottom." 
 
 The venerable Godfrey Lesier, but recently deceased, and a resident 
 of New Madrid at the time of the earthquake and an eye-witness of the 
 scene, in 1871 fully describes it in a letter to Professor A. D. Hagar, 
 State Geologist of Missouri. Speaking of the remarkable fissures made 
 by the earth's undulations, he says: "Wide and long fissures were left, 
 running north and south parallel with each other for miles. I have seen 
 some four or five miles in length, four and a-half feet deep on an average, 
 and about ten feet wide. After this, slight shocks were felt at intervals 
 until January 7th, 1812, when the country was again visited by an earth- 
 quake, equal to the first two in violence, and characterized by the same 
 frightful results. Then it was that the cry, 'sauve qui peuif wcose 
 among the people, and all but two families left the country, abandoning 
 all their property, consisting of cattle, hogs, horses, and portions of 
 their household efi'ects. 
 
 " Besides these long and narrow fissures, they were sometimes forced 
 up to a considerable height in an oval or circular form, makino- lar^e 
 and deep basins, some of them one hundred yards across, and deep 
 enough to retain water during the driest season, aflfording good watering 
 places for stock. 
 
EARTHQUAKES AT NEW MADRID. 185> 
 
 " The damaged and up-torn part of the country was not very extensive, 
 embracing a circumference of not more than oAe hundred and fifty miles, 
 taking the old town of Little Prairie, now called Car\ithersville, as the 
 center. A very large extent of country on either side of White Water, 
 called here Little River, also on both sides of the St. Francis River, in 
 this State and Arkansas, and also on the Reelfoot Bayou, in Tennessee, 
 was sunk below the former elevation about ten feet, thus renderin"- that 
 region ot country entirely unfit for cultivation. 
 
 " It is a remarkable fact, and worthy of notice, that so few casiialties 
 occurred during those terrible convulsions. Among the citizens there 
 were but two deaths, both victims being women. One, Mrs. Lafont, 
 died from fright while the earth was shaking and rocking. The other, 
 Mrs. Jarvis, received an injury from the fall pf a cabin log, from which 
 she died a few days after." 
 
 A correspondent of the New York World, writing from Cairo (111.,) 
 in February, 1877, says of Reelfoot Lake : 
 
 Near Union City, in Tennessee, and near the southwestern confines of Kentucky, is 
 Reelfoot Lake. Here the roof of a mighty cavern was shaken do-wn by the earthquake of 
 1811-12. Loftj'- forest trees, the tallest that tower above the lowlands, disappeared with 
 the land on which they grew, and a sea, broader and deeper than that of Galilee, was 
 outspread in crystal clearness in the midst of the lowlands. Duoks and geese flock its 
 surface, and trout abound in the modern lake that had never reflected the sun's face in 
 its fathomless depths, till the bridge of soil and trees and cane were broken down by the 
 earthquake's resounding footsteps. 
 
 Where the railway from Nashville to Hickman, Ky., on the Mississippi, crosses that 
 from Mobile to Cairo and Chicago, stands the town of Union City. It is ten miles from 
 this lake. It has been stated that when heavy locomotives and heavily-laden trains 
 come rushing by, hotels and station-houses quake, candlesticks are shaken from mantels 
 and tables, and that hollowness in which the forest disappeared which bridged Reelfoot 
 Lake, extends, it has been alleged, beneath the town and railway. The water of this 
 lake is not that of the Mississippi. It is of crystal brightness and clearness, such as 
 distinguishes the river in the depths of Mammoth Cave, while the great river above 
 ground, bearing alluvium from northwestern mountains, is tawny in its yellowness and 
 impervious to vision. When the earthquake of 1811-12 was most violent and the night 
 was of extraordinary darkness, the Mississippi flowed backward, and flatboats in the 
 vicinity of Hickman drifted backwards forty miles towards Cairo. A mighty volume of 
 the river's flood-tide receded into measureless caverns beneath the country's surface, 
 and nowhere were the lowlands submerged. 
 
 The losses sustained by the inhabitants residing within the circuit of 
 the earthquake at once received the sympathies of the American people. 
 No sooner, therefore, did Congress convene than the great earthquake 
 was felt in that body, and so keenly and with such undiminishing power 
 that before the vibration subsided the earthquake elevated one territorial 
 judge to the bench, delivered the Supreme Court of the United States 
 
IS6 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 of three decisions, passed six acts of Congi'ess, and pronounced ten 
 opinions of attorn ej-generals. 
 
 Among the most important acts of Congress was that of February 17, 
 1815, for the relief of the inhabitants who sustained losses of real estate, 
 an act which originated the "New Madrid Claims." This was a short act 
 of three sections, and providing that any person owning lands in the 
 county, as it was known on the 10th of November, 1812, and whose 
 lands were materially injured by the catastrophe, were authorized to 
 locate a like quaiatity on any of the public lands of the territory of 
 Missouri, no location, however, to embrace a larger number of acres 
 than six himdred and forty. 
 
 Many of the locations were made on the most fertile lands in Boone, 
 Howard and other counties ; and in many instances without regard to the 
 linos and angles of the public surveys. Land pirates and speculators 
 infested the country, and, taking advantage of the wants of the sufferers 
 by the earthquake, bought up and speculated on their "claims." Many 
 claims were manufactured by fraud and perjury, and sustained by what- 
 ever proof was needed to establish them, so that in the end the aggi-egato 
 area of the claims was no doubt larger than the entire surface of New 
 Madrid County. 
 
 Swamp near New Madrid, 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 1812.— Missouri Territory Organized.— Five Countiks.— Governor William Clark.— 
 Election for Delkgate to Congress and Members op the Territorial Legisla- 
 ture—Edward Hempstead Chosen Delegate.- Sketch of His Life and Sehvicbs.- 
 First Territorial Legislature.— Census of 1814.— Rufus Easton.- John Scott.— 
 Legislatures of 1813, 1814, 1816, 1816, 1817 and 1818.— Application to Form a State 
 Government. 
 
 On the 4th day of June, 1812, Missouri w*as organized by Congress 
 into a Territory, with a Governor and General Assembly — the latter to 
 meet annually in the town of St. Louis. The legislative power of the 
 Territory was vested in a Governor, Legislative Council, and House of 
 Representatives. The Governor had an absolute veto. The Legislative 
 Council consisted of nine members, and held their office for five years. 
 The House of Representatives nominated eighteen citizens to the 
 President of the United States, and out of that number he selected nine 
 councilors, with the approval of the Senate, to form the Legislative 
 Council. The House of Representatives consisted of members chosen 
 by the people every two years, one Representative being allowed for 
 every five hundred white males. The first House of Representatives 
 consisted of thirteen members, and, under the act of Congress, the 
 number of Representatives could never exceed twenty-five. The judicial 
 power of the Territory was vested in a superior court, inferior courts, 
 and justices of the peace. The Supei-ior Court consisted of three judges, 
 who held their offices for four years, and had original and appellate 
 jurisdiction, in civil and criminal cases. By the same act the Territory 
 was authorized to send one territorial delegate to Congress. 
 
 On October 1st, 1812, Governor Clark issued a proclamation, as 
 required by the act of Congress, reorganizing the districts — so-called 
 theretofore — into five counties, viz : St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Gene- 
 vieve, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid, and ordering an election to be 
 held on the second Monday in November following for a delegate to 
 ■Congress and members of the Territorial House of Representatives. 
 
 The first Territorial Governor appointed by the President was William 
 ■Clark — of the expedition of Lewis and Clark — ^who entered upon his 
 iluties in July, 1813, and continued to hold the office till the admission 
 of the State in the Union in 1821.i 
 
 • Gtovemor Clark died in St. Louis on September 1st, 1838. 
 
188 HISTORY OF Missoimr. 
 
 At the first election for delegate to Congress in November, 1812, there 
 were four candidates — Edward Hempstead, Eiifus Easton, Samuel 
 Hammond and Matthew Lyon, the first of whom was successful. 
 
 Edward Hempstead, thus chosen the first Territorial Delegate to Con- 
 gi'ess from Missouri, deserves more than a passing notice, He was a 
 man of ability, patriotism and irreproachable life, public and private, 
 and illustrated his brief career in Congress — for he refused to serve a 
 second term — ^by introducing and influencing that body to pass the act of 
 June 13, 1812, confirming to the people of the District of Louisiana 
 titles to their lands claimed by virtue of the Spanish grants, noticed more 
 at length in a former chapter. By the same act the several towns and 
 villages of the District had confirmed to them, "for the support of 
 schools," the village lots, out-lots, or common-field lots held and enjoyed 
 by them at the period of the cession of Louisiana to the United States 
 on April 30, 1803. 
 
 The estimated value in 1876 of the real estate thus secured to the city 
 of St. Louis, for school purposes, was $1,252,895.79 — yielding an 
 income during that year of $52,855.75. To Colonel Thomas F. Riddick, 
 who originated the proposition, and who, in 1813 rode on horseback all 
 the way to Washington City to aid in iniluencing Congress in its favor, 
 and to Edward Hempstead, who carried it through Congress, the people 
 of St. Louis and other towns and villages in Missouri are indebted for 
 these magnificent grants of land. 
 
 Such benefactors ought not to be forgotten. Edward Hempstead 
 was born in New London, Connecticut, June 3, 1780 ; received a 
 classical education from private tutors, and having studied law, was 
 admitted to the bar in 1801. After spending three years in Rhode 
 Island, practicing his profession, he removed in 1804 to the Territory 
 of Louisiana, traveling on horseback, and tarrying for a time at 
 Vincennes, Indiana Territory, He traveled on foot from Vincennes to 
 St. Louis, carrying his scanty wardrobe in a bundle, and first settled in 
 St. Charles in 1805, and soon after removed to St. Louis, where he 
 resided the balance of his life. In 1806, he was .appointed Deputy- 
 Attorney-General for the districts of St. Louis and St. Charles, and in 
 1809, Attorney-General for the Territory of Upper Louisiana, which 
 office he held untill 1811, and he was the first delegate in Congress from 
 the Western side of the Mississippi River, representing Missouri 
 Territory from 1811 to 1814. After his service in Congress, he went 
 upon several expeditions against the Indians, was elected to the 
 Territorial Assembly and chosen Speaker. He was a man of ability. 
 
MISSOURI TEBKITOKY OEGAJSTIZED. 189 
 
 pure and without reproach, and his loss was deeply lamented by all who 
 knew him. He died in St. Louis, August 10, 1817. 
 
 The first General Assembly under the act of June, 4, 1812, held its 
 first meeting in the house of Joseph Robidbux, between Walnut and 
 Elm streets, St. Louis, on the 7th of December, 1812, the following 
 being the members of the House ; 
 
 St. Charles — John Pitman and Eobert Spencer. 
 
 St. Louis — David Music, Bernard G. Farrar, William C. Carr and Bichard Caulk. 
 
 Ste. Genevieve — George Bullet, Eichard S. Thomas and Isaac McGready. 
 
 Cape Qirardeau — George F. Bollinger and Spencer Byrd. 
 
 New Madrid — John Shrader and Samuel Phillips. 
 
 The oath of ofiice was administered by John B. C. Lucas, one of the 
 Territorial Judges. William C. Carr was elected Speaker, and Thomas 
 F. Riddick, Clerk, pro tern. Andrew Scott was elected permanent 
 Clerk before the close of the session. 
 
 The House of Representatives then proceeded to nominate eighteen 
 persons, from whom the President of the United States, with the Senate, 
 was to select nine for the Council ; and out of the number thus named 
 the President and Senate chose the following : 
 
 St. Charles — James Flaugherty and Benjamin Emmons. 
 St. Louis — ^Augusta Chouteau, Sr,, and Samuel Hammond. 
 Ste. Genevieve— John Scott and James Maxwell. 
 Cape Girardeau— yfWW&m Neeley and Joseph Cavenor. 
 New Madrid— J os%ph. Hunter. 
 
 On June 3, 1813, Frederick Bates, Secretary of the Territory and 
 Acting Governor, issued his proclamation announcing the names of the 
 Legislative Council chosen by the President and Senate, and fixing the 
 first Monday in July following for the meeting of the Legislature. 
 
 Before the meeting of this body, William Clark ( in July, 1813) 
 assumed the duties of the Executive office. 
 
 No proceedings of the Legislature were officially published, in any 
 form, yet portions of them appeared in the Missouri Oazttte. The 
 Legislature passed laws regulating and establishing weights and measures, 
 the office of Sheriff, mode of taking the census, fixing permanently 
 seats of Justice in the counties, compensation to members of the 
 Assembly, crimes and punishments, forcible entry and detainer, establish- 
 mo- courts of common pleas, incorporating the bank of St. Louis, and 
 organizing the county of Washington from a part of Ste. Genevieve.^ 
 
 The second session of the General Assembly began in St. Louis, on 
 the 6th day of December, 1813. The Speaker elect of the House, was 
 
 ' Territorial Laws, Vol. I, pp, 225-290. 
 
100 HISTORY OF IVnSSOtTRI. 
 
 George BiiUett, of Ste. Genevieve County; the Clei-k, Andre-w Scott; 
 Door-keeper, AVilliam Sullivan. Vacations having occurred, several 
 new members had been elected. Israel McGready appeared from the 
 new county of Washington. Samuel Hammond was President of the 
 Legislative Council. 
 
 The Journal of the House, but not of the Council, is to be found in 
 the Gazelle. After passing various laws, among them one to regulate 
 elections, one for the suppression of vice and immorality on the Sabbath, 
 one creating the offices Territorial Auditor and Treasurer, and County 
 Surveyor, one concerning public roads and highways and one regulating 
 the fiscal affairs of the Territory, the Assembly adjourned, sine die, 
 on the 19th of January, 1814. The boundaries of the counties of 
 St. Charles, Washington, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid, were defined 
 and the county of Arkansas created.^ 
 
 The enumeration of the free white male inhabitants of each county, 
 taken under the Act of the Legislature, early in 1814, is as follows : 
 
 Arkansas 827. New Madrid 1548. 
 
 Cape Girardeau 2062. Ste. Genevieve 1701. 
 
 Washington 1010. St. Louis 3149. 
 
 St. Charles 109G. Total 11,392. 
 
 Allowing an equal number of white females, and 1,000 slaves and free 
 blacks, and the population of the Territory was 25,000. The census of 
 1810, by the United States, gives 20,845 of all classes. 
 
 Edward Hempstead, who had discharged his duty faithfully as a 
 Delegate to Congress, declined a re-election. The candidates for his 
 successor were Rufus Easton, Samuel Hammond, Alexander McNair and 
 Thomas F. Riddick. The aggregate votes from all counties ( excepting 
 Arkansas) was 2,599, of which Mr. Easton had 965; Mr. Hammond, 
 746 ; Mr. McNair, 853 ; and Mr. Riddick, ( who had withdravra his 
 name previous to the election), 35. Rufus Easton was elected. 
 
 The apportionment, under the census of 1814, increased the numbei 
 of Representatives in the Territorial Legislature, to twenty-two. 
 
 The first session of the second General Assembly, commenced in 
 St. Louis, on the 5th of December, 1814. Twenty Representative? 
 were present the first day. James Caldwell, of Ste. Genevieve County, 
 was elected Speaker, and Andrew Scott, Clerk. The Council chose 
 William Neely, of Cape Girardeau County, President. The County 
 of Lawrence was organized from the western part of New Madrid and 
 the corporate powers of St. Louis, as a borough, enlarged. 
 
 Territorial Laws, Vol. I, pp. 191-338. 
 
MISSOUKI TEERITOKY ORGANIZED. 191 
 
 It appears from the journal of the House, in the Gazette, that James 
 Maxwell, a member of the Council from the County of Ste. Genevieve,, 
 and Seth Emmons, member elect of the House of Representatives from 
 the County of St. Louis, had died, and measures were adopted to fill 
 the vacancies. 
 
 The Territorial Legislature commenced its annual session in November,, 
 
 1815. Only a partial report can be found in the Gazette. The County 
 of Howard was organized, at this session, from the western portion of 
 St. Louis and St. Charles Counties, and embraced all that portion of the 
 State north of the mouth of the Osage nnd south of the dividing ridge 
 between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The session continued 
 until January 26th, 1816, when it adjourned. 
 
 The Territorial Legislatiire of Missouri commenced again in December^ 
 
 1816, and continued until February 1st, 1817, Among the acts passed, 
 was one to encourage the "killing of wolves, panthers and wild cats" ; twO' 
 or three lotteries were chartered ; a charter granted for an academy at 
 Potosi ; and a board of trustees incorporated for superintending schools 
 in the Town of St. Louis. This was the starting point in the school 
 system of that city. The old " Bank of Missouri " was chartered and 
 soon went into operation, and by autumn, 1817, the two banks, "St. 
 Louis" and "Missouri," were issuing bills. The one called St. Louis, 
 went into operation in 1814. [See Territorial Laws, Vol. 1, pp. 489-553.} 
 
 The Territorial Legislature commenced a session in December, 1818, 
 During this session the Counties of Jefferson, Franklin, Wayne, Lincoln,. 
 Madison, Montgomery, Pike, Cooper, and three counties in the southern 
 part of Arkansas, were organized. In the next year (1819) the Territory 
 of Arkansas was formed into a separate Territory.^ 
 
 So rapid had been the increase of population and the number of 
 organized coimties, that the Territorial Legislature of 1818-19 made 
 application to Congress for the passage of a law by that body authorizing 
 the people of Missouri to organize a State Government, and an act was 
 accordingly introduced during the same year for that object. John 
 Scott was the delegate from Missouri, he having been chosen at the 
 election of 1817 over Kufus Eastou. [For a history of the proceedings 
 of Congress on this subject, see chapter xvir.] 
 
 1 "The Annals of the West," by J. M. Peck, pp. 759-61. 
 
CHAPTEK XV. 
 
 Three Central Counties— Howard, Cooper and Boone.— Franklin, Booneville and 
 Fayette.— The Santa Fe Trade.—" Missouri Intelligencer."— Hardeman's Garden 
 Described. — Town of Smithton, in Boone County, Etc., Etc. 
 
 Next ill importance and population to the settlement of St. Louis, and 
 chronologically next to St. Charles, Femme Osage and Loutre Island, 
 was the settlement of the three central counties of Howard, Cooper and 
 Boone. 
 
 Howard County was organized January 23, 1816, and included all that 
 part of the State noith of the Osage River, and west of Cedar Creek, 
 and the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and Missouri Eivers. 
 It then embraced the territory since divided into 31 counties, 19 north 
 and 12 south of the river, besides parts of 9 others. The act organizing 
 the county located the seat of justice at Cole's Fort, where the first 
 court was held July 8th, 1816. The officers of the court, which under 
 the territorial laws discharged the duties now incumbent on the County 
 and Circuit Courts, were David Barton, judge; Gray Bynum, clerk; 
 John J, Heath, circuit attorney; and Nicholas S. Burckhartt, Sheriff. 
 John Monroe was appointed coroner, and the Legislature appointed 
 Benjamin Estell, David Jones, David Kincaid, William Head and Stephen 
 Cole commissioners to chose the county seat, which was first located at 
 Cole's Fort. On June 16th, 1816, they chose Franklin, to which place 
 it was removed in 1817, and remained there until transferred to Fayette 
 in 1823. 
 
 The to>vn of Franklin — now better known as " Old Franklin," to dis- 
 tingiush it from the newer town of the same name, two miles back from 
 the river on the bluff — ^was laid off opposite Boonville, in what was then 
 called "Cooper's Bottom" in the fall of 1816^ — the same year Howard 
 OoiTuty was organized. Franklin was laid off on fifty acres of land 
 donated by different individuals. The Public Square contained two 
 acres, and its principal streets were eighty-seven feet wide. It grew 
 rapidly and very soon became a populous and thrifty place, commandino- 
 a lucrative trade, and for the whole of the "Boone's Lick Country," was 
 the center of wealth and fashion. Indeed for many years Franklin was 
 the most important and flourishing town in the State west of St. Louis. 
 Its early achievements in commerce and wealth during the palmy days 
 of the Santa Fe trade and the Boone's Lick salt works, achievements 
 
rEANKljrN"ANI> FAYETTE. 193 
 
 wMch -were accomplislied even long before Cooper's Fort, lOncaid'sFort 
 and Fort Hempstead were lost from view, would fill a volume. 
 
 A United States land office — Thomas A. Smith Eeceiver, Charles 
 Carroll Eegister— was located there at which the first land sales west 
 of Saint Louis were held in November, 1818. Great crowds of citi- 
 zens and speculators attended this sale, and lands in every part of the 
 district were sold at that time. 
 
 Among those who, in its palmiest days, resided in Franldin may be 
 mentioned : Hamilton E. Gamble, Abiel Leonard, Lilburn W. Boggs, 
 Nicholas S. Burckhart, Ben. H. Eeeves, C. F. Jackson, Ch. Carroll, 
 T. A. Smith, Drs. James H. Benson, G. C. Hart, N. Hutchinson, and 
 John J. Lowry ; Ben. Holladay, A. J. Williams, Eichard Gentry, David 
 Todd, W. V. Eector, Giles M. Samuel, Moss Prewitt and many others 
 whose names are historic, and who, although dead, yet speak in the annals 
 of the State. 
 
 The first newspaper established west of St. Louis was the "Missouri 
 Intelligencer," which was established in Franklin, by Nathaniel Patton, 
 in April, 1819, where it continued to be published till the removal of the 
 seat of justice to Fayette, in 1823, when it was removed to that place. 
 In 1835, Mr. Patton moved the printing materials to Columbia, where he 
 commenced the publication of " The Patriot" which was succeeded in 
 1843 by the ^^Missouri Statesman," by Wm. F. Switzler and John B. 
 Williams. The press — a small hand-press of wooden frame, iron bed, 
 platen and joints, known among "the craft" as the Eamage — on which 
 the "Intelligencer" was printed was presented, some years ago, to the 
 Mercantile Library Association of St. Louis, by Wm. F. Switzler, where 
 it can be seen. Some of the walnut printers' stands used in the 
 ^'Intelligencer" office in 1819, and with Mr. Patton's name upon them, 
 are still in daily use in the "Statesman" oflice at Columbia. 
 
 On the 28th of May, 1819, the first steamboat which ascended the 
 Missouri as high up as Franklin, the "Independence," Captain Nelson, 
 reached that place after a twelve days' voyage from St. Louis. 
 
 About three years after the removal of the county seat to Fayette, the 
 Missouri began to make serious encroachments upon the river front of 
 Franklin, and year after year house after house, and street after street 
 yielded to the insidious waters. By 1832 it became evident that the 
 town — or what remained of it — must either be moved to a less exposed 
 location or be washed into the stream. During that year, therefore, the 
 town was re-located on a bluff two miles from the river, and called 
 New Franklin, and many of the houses of the old town moved to it. 
 13 
 
194 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Just above the mouth of the Lamine River, in Howard County, and 
 five miles above Old Franklin, there was from about 1820 to 1835 a lovely 
 and famous retreat known as "Hardeman's Garden" — a vine-clad and 
 rose-covered bower, very similar to the renowned "Tower Grove" of 
 that public benefactor, Henry Shaw, of St. Louis. 
 
 A Home on the Missouri. 
 
 The founder of this celebrated garden, John Hardeman, was a Korth 
 Carolinian by birth; born in 1776, removed in 1817 to Carondelet, 
 Missouri, from Williamson County, Tennessee, and two years afterward 
 to Howard County. He was a gentleman of wealth and culture, and 
 studied and practiced law in his native State. But, being passionately 
 fond of agricultural and horticultural pursuits, he abandoned his pro- 
 fession and determined to establish in the wilds of Missouri and on the 
 rich alluvial lands in "Cooper's Bottom" the most splendidly-equipped 
 farm and garden west of the Alleghanies. Ambitious to excel in this 
 
HAHDEMAN'S GAHDEU. 
 
 195 
 
 attractive industry, he purchased several hundred acres of land, and on 
 a chosen spot immediately on the Missouri Eivcr laid off ten acres in an 
 exact square for a botanic garden, sparing neither expense nor labor in 
 adorning it with fruits, flowers and shrubs, indigenous and exotic. Ser- 
 pentine walks, paved with shells, conducted the admiring visitor through 
 this charming court of Flora, where, amid zeph3rrs of the richest per- 
 fume, flowers of the most beautiful hue greeted the eye and fruits of 
 the most delicious flavor tempted the hand. 
 
 No doubt BjTon was endeavoring to convey some idea of such a spot 
 when his rich fancy gushed forth in this beautiful rhapsody : 
 
 *' Know ye the land of the cedar and vine. 
 Where the flowers ever blossom, the beams ever shine; 
 Whei'e the light wings of Zephyr, oppressed with perfume. 
 Wax faint o'er the gardens of Gul in her bloom ; 
 Where the citron and olive are the fairest of fruit, 
 And the voice of the nightingale never is mute ; 
 Where the tints of the earth and the hues of the sky. 
 In color though varied, in beauty may Vie." 
 
 But "Hardeman's Garden" is gone ! And he, to whose genius and 
 cultivation it was indebted for the adornment and brilliance which made 
 the forest bloom and blossom as the rose, is also gone — having, in 1829, on 
 his way home from Old Mexico, died of yellow fever in New Orleans.^ 
 And the gay and cheerful groups who once threaded its labyrinthian 
 paths, enchanted by the songs of birds and made happy in the midst 
 of cultivated magnificence, are to be seen nO more. Not a tree, or 
 shrub, or vine, or flower of the Garden remains. All are gone — even 
 the very spot on which this Elysium was located ! It, as well as the once 
 flourishing town of Franklin, has fallen a victim to the treacherous cur- 
 reints of the river, whose banks they once adorned. 
 
 Of Franklin scarcely a vestige is left, for its very foundations were 
 years ago undermined by the waters of the river and washed away. The 
 site of its main business street, where, in the heyday of its prosperity 
 and glory and power, the long caravans for Santa Fe formed in line of 
 march, or busy merchants, adventurers, traders and speculators con- 
 gre<yated to grasp the wealth of this new world, is a half a mile or 
 
 1 Hon. G. O. Hardeman, one of the members of the Legislature from Franklin County 
 (1877), is a son of John Hardeman, He informs the writer that the farm and garden 
 remained a part of his father's unsettled estate for many years— the garden, and best 
 portions of the farm, having disappeared in the Missouri River years before the remain- 
 ing land was sold in 1865 to Dr. Kingsbury of Howard County. 
 
196 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 more from the present shore. Nothing remains of the town except the 
 grave- yard, originally located in the rear of it in a grove of stately 
 cotton-woods, where arc interred the remains of many of those who 
 early sought fame and fortmie in the wilds of the Boone's Lick — this 
 hallowed spot alone has escaped the mad whirl-pools and insidious 
 eddies of the Missouri. 
 
 Population of Howard County in 1821, 7,321 ; in 1876, 17,815. 
 
 On the return of Colonel Ben. Cooper and others from Loutre Island 
 in February, 1810, to Howard County,^ two of the party — Hannah Cole 
 and Stephen Cole — crossed the river and settled on or near the spot on 
 which Boonville now stands. The families of these two pioneers con- 
 sisted of seventeen persons, and these at that time were the only white 
 persons living within the present limits of Cooper County. Their only 
 neighbors, south of the river, were the Sauk and Fox Indians, the for- 
 mer of whom, with their chief, Quashgami, occiipied the country on the 
 Moniteau Creek in the south part of what is now Cooper County. 
 
 In 1811 others came from " Cooper's Bottom" in Howard County and 
 settled near Hannah and Stephen Cole, and during the foUovdng year 
 built Cole's Fort, about one and a-half miles east of Boonville, and on 
 what is now known as "the old fort field." 
 
 Cooper County was organized December 18th, 1818, and was named 
 in honor of Sarshell Cooper, whose tragic death ou the night of April 
 14th, 1814, is elsewhere noticed. 
 
 Booneville was located on land first settled upon and owned by Mrs. 
 Hannah Cole. The original plat was made by Captain Asa Morgan and 
 Charles Lucas, August 1st, 1817, and was called Booneville by Judge 
 J. B. C. Lucas in honor of the great pioneer. 
 
 Charles Lucas was a son of Judge Lucas, and was killed by Colonel 
 Benton in a duel on Bloody Island, September 27th, 1817, aged twentv- 
 five years. Booneville became the county seat August 13th, 1819, and 
 was incorporated February 8th, 1839. The first election held May 3d, 
 1839, made Marcus Williams, Sr., Mayor; J. Eice, President of the 
 Board, and William Shields, J. L. Collins, Jacob Wyan, David Andrews, 
 Charles Smith, J. S. McFarland, and J. H. Malone, Councilmen. The 
 first court was held at the house of William Bartlett, Esq., March 1st, 
 1819, David Todd presiding, William M. McFarland, Sheriff, and 
 Robert C. Clark, Clerk. 
 
 ' See preceding chapter. 
 
BOONE COUNTY 197 
 
 The first Court-House — a small two-story brick — was completed in 
 1823, on the same spot on which the present Court-House, which was 
 built in 1840, now stands. 
 
 Population of Cooper Comity in 1821, 3,483 ; in 1876, 21,356. 
 
 The first settlement, in what is now Boone County, was made in 
 1812-13, at what a few years afterwards was called "Thrall's Prairie," 
 by John Berry and Reuben Gentry; the latter the father of Colonel 
 William Gentry, of Pettis County, who was a candidate for Governor in 
 1874. In 1815, immediately following the treaty by which the Indians 
 relinquished all their country in Missouri Territory, north of the river, 
 Robert Hinkson, "William Callaham, William Graham, Eeuben and Henry 
 Cave located along the old "Boone's Lick" trail, or old St. Charles 
 Road, leading from St. Louis to Old Franklin, which was made by 
 Benjamin Cooper and others in 1810. In 1816, Augustus Thrall, 
 Dr. George B. Wilcox, Tyre Harris, Overton Harris, Anderson Woods, 
 William Leintz, the Wilhites and others settled on what is now Thrall's 
 Prairie, in the western part of the county. 
 
 The years 1817 and 1818 witnessed a great influx of population to the 
 "Boone's Lick Country," as all Central Missouri was then familiarly 
 called. These early settlers were mainly from Kentucky (principally 
 Miadison County), Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina. The county 
 was organized from Howard, November 16th, 1820, and named in honor 
 of Daniel Boone. The county seat was first located at Smithton. one mile 
 west of the present Columbia Court-House, and named in honor of 
 General T. A. Smith, receiver of the land office at Franklin, and one 
 of the proprietors of the town site. 
 
 On July 23d, 1819, the following advertisement was published in th« 
 Missouri Intelligencer, at Franklin, giving notice of the wants of the 
 Trustees of Smithton : 
 
 The Trustees of Smithton wish immediately to contract for building a Double 
 Hewed Log House, shingled roof and stone chimneys, one story and a half high, 
 in that town. Timber and stone are very convenient. They will also contract for 
 DIGGING and WAiLiNG a WELL. The improvements to be finished by the flret t* 
 November next, when payment will be made. 
 
 Taylor Berbt, ) 
 Tnlv23 1819 Richakd Gent&t, V Trustees. 
 
 ■^ ' ■ David Todd, J 
 
 The first county court was held February 23d, 1821 j the firat circuit 
 court, at Smithton, beneath the branches of a sagar ma-ple, on Aprii 
 
19g HISTORY OF iUSSOUKI. 
 
 2d, 1821 : David Todd, Judge ; Roger N. Todd, Clerk ; Oveitoa Harris, 
 Sheriff; Hamilton R. Gamble, Circuit-Attorney. 
 
 The county seat was removed from Smith ton to Columbia, November 
 15th, 1821, on account of a failure to find water in the former place 
 by digging wells. 
 
 The first circuit court held in Columbia, was December 7th, 1821. 
 
 Nashville, on the Missouri River, was laid off in 1821, on a Spanish 
 grant of land owned by Ira P. Nash ; and Rocheport in 1825 — the latter 
 town on a New Madrid claim. 
 
 Population of Boone County in 1821, 3,692 ; in 1876, 31,923. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Thb First Steamboats. — Robert Fulton, the Pioneer Steamboat Builder. — His 
 
 DEATH IN 1815. — In 1817 THE "GENERAL PiKE" LAND3 AT ST. LOUIS. — lN 1819 THE 
 
 " Independence " enters the Missouri River, Proceeds to Franklin and Chakiton, 
 AND Returns to St. Louis. — Public meeting at Franklin. — Other Steamers 
 
 NAVIGATE the MISSOURI DURING THE SAME YKAB. 
 
 The invention of steam as a propelling power is an honor claimed by 
 various nations ; but the first extensive employment of it, and the most 
 valuable improvements made upon the steam engine, the world indis- 
 putably owes to the Americans and English. 
 
 Inseparably connected with the invention of steamboats and the great 
 revolution they effected in the commerce of the world is the name of 
 Robert Fulton, a celebrated American engineer and inventor, who was 
 born near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1765. At the early age of seven- 
 teen he evinced remarkable genius as a painter of portraits and landscapes, 
 and opened a studio in Philadelphia. Afterwards he visited London, 
 where he pursued his art under the tuition of his celebrated country- 
 man, Benjamin West. While in England he made the acquaintance of 
 the Duke of Bridgewater and Lord Stanhope, through whose influence 
 and encouragement he turned his attention to mechanics, and developed 
 those remarkable powers which culminated in the invention of the 
 steamboat. He afterwards visited Paris, and Bonaparte, then First 
 Consul of France, appointed. a commission to examine the Torpedo, a 
 subniarine vessel he had invented for naval warfare. In 1801 several 
 experiments were made with it in the harbor of Brest. 
 
THE FIEST STEAMBOATS. 19-U 
 
 Receiving in Paris but little encouragement, he returned in 1806 to 
 the United States, and, being supplied with the necessary funds by 
 Robert Livingston, who had been American ambassador at Paris, Fulton 
 in 1807 conclusively proved that steam could be successfully applied to 
 the propulsion of vessels on water. His first boat was the Clermont, 
 which made regular trips between New York and Albany at the rate of 
 five miles an hour. Very soon this speed was increased by improved 
 machinery. Other boats followed, both on the northern and western 
 rivers, exciting the admiration and wonder of the people. 
 
 In the midst of his great achievements Fulton died February 24, 1815. 
 
 Within three months after the death of Fulton ; that is in May, 1815, 
 the steamboat £lnterprise. Captain Henry M. Shreve, made a trip from 
 New Orleans to Louisville. She left New Orleans on May 6th, and 
 reached Louisville on the 31st of the same month, making the passage 
 in twenty-five days. 
 
 The first steamboat which ascended the Mississippi above the mouth 
 of the Ohio, was the General Pihe, Captain Jacob Reid, which landed 
 in St. Louis at the foot of Market street, August 2, 1817, and was 
 hailed by the citizens with demonstrations of joy. 
 
 The next was the . Constitulion, Captain R. T. Guyard, which arrived 
 October 2, 1817. There were several arrivals during the year 1818. 
 
 The Independence, Captain John Nelson, from Louisville, Kentucky, 
 was the pioneer steamboat in the navigation of the Missouri, and the 
 first to enter that stream. Colonel Ellas Rector and others of St. Louis 
 had chartered her to go up the Missouri as high as the town of Chai'iton, 
 now a deseited town two miles above Glasgow, near the mouth of the 
 Chariton River. She left St. Louis May 15, 1819, and arrived at 
 Franklin, Howard County, on May 28th, occasioning the wildest excite- 
 ment and the greatest joy among the people. 
 
 The following were some of the passengers on the Independence: 
 Colonel Elias Rector, Stephen Rector, Captain Desha, J. C. Mitchell j 
 Dr. Stewart, J. Wanton and Major J. D. Wilcox. 
 
 Immediately after its arrival at Franklin, a public dinner was given 
 the passengers and officers of the boat. A public meeting was then 
 held, of which Asa Morgan was elected President, and Dr. N. 
 Hutchinson, Vice-President. 
 
 Numerous toasts were offered and speeches were made by Colonel 
 Elias Rector, General Duff Green, Captain Nelson, Dr. J. H. Benson, 
 C. J. Mitchell, Major Thomas Douglass, Stephen Rector, Lilburn W. 
 Boggs, John W. Scudder, Benjamin Holliday, Dr. Dawson, Augustus 
 
200 HISTORY OF inSSOUKI. 
 
 Storrs, N. Patten, jr., Miijor J. D. Wilcox, Dr. J.J. Lowry, Major 
 Richard Gentry, Joseph B. HoTVjird and Lewis W. Jordon. 
 
 The Independence continued her voyage np to Chariton, as per contract, 
 retnrned to St. Louis on the 5th of June and took freight for Louisville. 
 
 The St. Louis Enquirer of the 9th of June, 1819, made the following 
 remarks relative to the first attempt to navigate the Missouri by steam 
 power : " The passage of the steamboat Independence, Captain Nelson, 
 up the Missouri to Franklin and Chariton, is an era in the history of that 
 noble river, and has called forth the most lively feelings of joy and 
 triumph all over the country. By referring to the head of Steamboat 
 Intelligence, it will be seen that the banks of the river were visited by 
 crowds of citizens to witness this great event, and to testify their joy and 
 admiration." 
 
 In 1818 the Goverment of the United States projected the celebrated 
 Yellowstone Expedition, the objects of which were to ascertain whether 
 the Missouri River was navigable by steambonts, and to establish a line 
 of forts from its mouth to the Yellowstone. The expedition started from 
 Plattsburg, New York, in 1818, under command of Colonel Henry 
 Atkinson. General Niithan Ranney, a well-known citizen of St. Louis, 
 recently deceased, was an attache of this expedition. Also Captain Wm. 
 D. HubboU, now (1877) a citizen of Columbia, Missouri. It arrived at 
 Pittsburg in the spring of 1819, where Colonel S. H. Long, of the Topo- 
 graphical Engineers of the United States Army, had constructed the 
 Western Engineer, a small steamer to be used by him and his scientific 
 corps in pioneering the expedition to the mouth of the Yellowstone. 
 
 In 1874, General Ranney presented to the Missouri Historical Society 
 the following historical memorandum for incorporation in the scrap-book 
 of the association : 
 
 "In 1818-19, Major Long, of the United States Topographical Engineers, built a 
 steamboat at Pittsburg for exploring the Western waters to the Tellowstone River. The 
 boat was christened the Western Engineer. On its stern, (') running from the keel, was the 
 image of a huge serpent, painted black, with mouth red and its tongue the color of a live 
 coal. The steam exhausted from the mouth of the serpent, which led the Indians to look 
 upon it with astonishment and wonder. They shw in it the power of the Great Spirit, 
 and thought the boat was carried upon the back of the great serpent. Many were afraid 
 to go near it, and looked upon the machinery of the craft with especial awe. The boat was 
 in command of Ijieutenant Swift, though his name in no wise applied to the traveling 
 capacity of the steamer. As a means of exploration she proved a success. She was a 
 side-wheeler, and the first boat to ascend the Upper Missouri." 
 
 1 Other autborities, and we beliave them correct, say the image of the eerpent'i bead projected tsa» 
 the prow inetead of the ■tern of the Teasel. 
 
FmST STEAMBOATS UP THE MISSOURI. 201 
 
 This boat arrived in St. Louis, June 8, 1819, and on the 21st of tiie 
 same montii, in company with the Government steamers Expedition^ 
 Captain Craig; Thomas Jefferson, Captain Orfort, and R. M. Johnson, 
 Captain Colfax, and nine keel boats, (^) left on tlieir long and perilous 
 voyage. Their entrance into the mouth of the Missouri River was 
 signalized by music, waking the echoes of the forest wilds, and by the 
 streaming of flags in the breeze. 
 
 It was the intention of those in charge of the expedition, out of respect 
 to ex-President Jefferson, who had done so much to acquire Louisiana, 
 to award the honor of the first entrance to the steamer bearing: his name : 
 but an accident to her machinery caused a temporary delay, and there- 
 fore the entry was made by the Exjpedilion, which slowly steamed her 
 way to Fort Belle Fountain, situated about four miles from the mouth of 
 the river. 
 
 Afterwards they proceeded- on their voyage ; the Jefferson, however, 
 near Cote Sans Dessein, being wrecked on a snag and lost. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Missouri as a State. — Application to bb admitted into the Union. — The beginning 
 OP THE Anti-Slavery Agitation.— An Angry Debate in Congress. — The Proviso 
 Adopted by the House and Eejectbd by the Senate.— Congress Adjourns, 
 refusing to admit the State.— Agitation and bitter Controversies Abisb. — 
 Integrity of the Union Menaced. — The Question befobb the XVIth Congress. — 
 "The Missouri compromise" passed.— Constitutional Convention of 1820.— David 
 Barton. — Constitution Presented to Congress. — Resistance to Admission. — 
 Another Fearful Anti-Sl.4very Storm. — Mr. Clay with his Grand Cowmittkb 
 op Thirty combs to the Front. — Thby Report a Second " Missouri Compromise," 
 which is Adopted. — Missouri is Admitted. — Popular Error Corrected Hesfectino 
 Mr. Clay. — Questions Answered by President Monroe's Cabinet. 
 
 One of the most interesting and instructive periods in the history of 
 Missouri is that which succeeded the application of the Territorial Legis- 
 lature of 1818-19 to admit the State into the National Union. Questions 
 of the gravest moment engaged the attention of two consecutive sessions 
 of Congress, and excited the people to an alarming degree. Indeed, 
 "The Missouri Question " was fruitftil of such violent and bitter discus- 
 
 • The keel boats had been fitted out with wheels and masts by Aaron Sutton, the father 
 of Jiichard D. Sutton, now a well-known citizen of St. Louis. 
 
202 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 sions in the National Legislature, and so convulsed the country, that for 
 a time the Republic itself was in imminent peril. 
 
 In order that those who read those pages may have a proper appre- 
 htSnsion of the gravity of the occasion, and of the questions discussed 
 and decided, it is proper that a clear and faithful synopsis of the pro- 
 ceedings of Congress, which cut so prominent a figure in the history of the 
 State, should appear in this volume. 
 
 John Scott, having at the general election in 1817 been elected to 
 succeed Mr. Easton, was the delegate of the Territory in Congress ; 
 and although under the Constitution he could not vote, he frequently and 
 ably exercised the privilege of debate. 
 
 On February 15, 1819,^ the House resolved itself into a committee 
 of the whole (Mr. Smith, of Maryland, in the chair,) on the bill to 
 authorize the people of the Missouri Territory to form a Constitution and 
 State Government, and for the admission of the same Into the Union on 
 an equal footing with the original States. During the progress of the 
 ■discussion which followed, Mr. Tallmadge of New York moved to amend 
 the bill by adding to it the following proviso : 
 
 " And Provided, That the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be 
 prohibited, except for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been fully 
 convicted ; and that all children born within the said State, after the admission thereof 
 into the Union, shall be free at the age of twenty-five years." 
 
 The introduction of this amendment and the exciting debate which 
 followed, produced a profound sensation in Congress and throughout the 
 country, especially in Missouri; and it may be referred to as the 
 commencement of the anti-slavery and pro-slavery agitation which for 
 forty years thereafter distracted our public councils. 
 
 During the debate, the proviso was supported in speeches by Mr. 
 Taylor of New York and others, and opposed by Mr. Clay of Kentucky, 
 Mr. Barbour of Virginia and others. The debate, which was quite 
 ■exciting, involved two questions chiefly, as did all subsequent discussions 
 nf the subject in both Houses of Congress. On the one hand it was 
 maintained with great spirit and persistency, that the resolutions of the 
 House of Eepresentatives of 1790, in response to the first petition 
 presented asking the abolition of slavery, had adversely settled the 
 question of Constitutional power over the institution ; that in the 
 admission of Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama 
 
 * Benton's Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, Vol. VI., p. 333. 
 
MISSOURI AS A STATE. 203 
 
 no attempt was made either to revive the slavery agitation or to impose 
 a similar restriction, and that in each of them negro slavery existed ; 
 that Congress had no Constitutional right to prescribe to any State the 
 details of its government, any further than that it should be republican 
 in its form ; and that such power, if exercised, would be nugatory, since, 
 once admitted into the Union, the people of any State have the 
 unquestioned right to amend their Constitution, etc. On the other 
 hand it was as strongly contended that while it might be true, and was 
 true, that Congress had no Constitutional authority to interfere with 
 slavery in the thirteen original States, it had full power to inhibit it in 
 the Territories ; that Congress had the right to annex conditions to the 
 admission of any new State into the Union ; that admission or refusal 
 to admit was within the discretion of Congress ; that slavery was 
 incompatible with our Republican institutions, and that free and slave 
 labor could not co-exist. 
 
 The question being put on the proviso of Mr. Tallmadge, it was 
 adopted, 79 to 67, and so reported to the House, which proceeded on 
 February 16th to its consideration. 
 
 Debate followed, Mr. Scott of Missouri being among those who 
 addressed the House in opposition to the proviso, maintaining that the 
 proposed restriction was not only a badge of inequality among States 
 theoretically equal, but inconsistent with the treaty stipulations under 
 which Louisiana (of which Missouri was a part,) was acquired. Louisi- 
 ana from its earliest colonization, had tolerated and recognized negro 
 slavery on both sides of the Mississippi. Not only this, but the 
 governments of both France and Spain had sustained African slavery ; 
 and in the transfer of Louisiana the treaty of cession secui'ed to the 
 inhabitants of the Province of which Missouri was then a part, protection 
 and enjoyment of their property. 
 
 Mr. Tallmadge of New York — author of the amendment — followed 
 Mr. Scott, controverting his fundamental propositions of law and policy, 
 rJt'bt and duty; and a division being demanded, a vote was taken on the 
 first member of the proviso ending with the word "convicted," and it was 
 adopted : ayes 87 ; nays 76. The second member, being the remainder 
 of the proposition, then passed — ayes 82 ; nays 78. The bill was then 
 ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, 97 to 56. 
 
 On the 17th of February, 1819, the bill was taken up in the Senate, 
 and referred to a committee. Having been reported to the Senate, that 
 body on the 27th proceeded to vote, first, on a motion to strike out the 
 latter member of the amendment — all after the word "convicted" — which 
 
204 HISTORY OF mSSOXIRI. 
 
 passed: yeas 31, nays 7; and, secondly, on a motion to strike out the 
 first dause, (or remainder) of the restriction, which also passed, yeas 22, 
 nays 16 — thus by the two votes rejecting the entire proposition. 
 
 On March 2d the House refused, 76 to 78, to concur in the Senate 
 amendment striking out the Tallmadge proviso, and the bill was returned 
 to the Senate ; and the Senate refusing to recede and the House to concur^ 
 the bill was lost, and on the 3d of March 1819 the xvth Congress 
 adjourned sine die. 
 
 This left the two Houses geographically divided : the one free and 
 north, the other slave and south, and the same division extended itself 
 with electric speed to the States and the people. It was a period of 
 deep apprehension, filling with dismay the hearts of the steadiest 
 patriots. It would be nine months before Congress would sit again. 
 The agitation, great as it was, was to become greater .ind fiercer, and the 
 wisest could not forecast its consequences. The movement to put the 
 anti-slavery restriction on Arkansas, also at that time asking admission 
 into the Union as a State, and the close and equivocal votes on the 
 question in Congress, greatly aggravated "The Missouri Question," and 
 seemed to menace the Slave States with total exclusion from the Province 
 of Louisiana. Hence the fearful storm of controversy which succeeded 
 the adjournment, and marred the deliberations of the next Congress. 
 
 The xvith Congress convened December 6th, 1819. On the 29th, 
 Mr. Smith, of South Carolina, presented to the Senate the memorial of 
 the Legislative Council and House of Representative of the Missouri Terri- 
 tory, praying to be admitted into the Union as a separate and independent 
 State, signed by David Barton, Speaker of the House, and Benjamin 
 Emmons, President of the Council, which was referred to the Committee 
 on the Judiciary. 
 
 On January 25th, the House, having on the previous day refused, 88 
 to 87, to postpone the bill to await the action of the Senate on the same 
 subject, went into committee of the whole on the bill authorizing the 
 people of the Missouri Territory to form a Constitution and State 
 Government, etc. ; and from day to day, with an occasional recess, 
 remained in committee discussing the bill and proposed amendments 
 until February 19th, when the House took up the bill from the Senate for 
 the admission of Maine. This had been so amended as to connect it 
 with "The Missouri Question," by the adoption, February 17th, on the 
 motion of Honorable Jesse B. Thomas, Senator from Illinois, of the, 
 following : ^ 
 
 1 Benton's Abridgement of the Debates of Congress, vol. VI, p. 451. 
 
"MISSOUBI COMPEOMISE." 205 
 
 And be it purther enacted, That in all that teiTitory ceded by France to the 
 United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and 
 thirty minutes north latitude {^excepting only such part thereof as t's] included within the 
 limits of the State contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, other- 
 wise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
 shall be and is hereby forever prohibited : Provided always, That any person escaping 
 into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any State or Territory 
 of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the 
 person claiming his or her labor or services as aforesaid." 
 
 This amendment was adopted by the Senate on February 17 ; yeas 34, 
 nays 10, and became the basis of the "Missouri Compromise ;" modified 
 afterwards by striking out the words in italic and embraced in brackets. 
 On ordering the bill to a third reading in the Senate the vote stood, 
 ayes 24, noes 20. After its passage it was not sent to the House until 
 March 2 ; and during the interval between its adoption by the Senate 
 and its report to the House, the latter body was engaged in one of the 
 most important and exciting debates which ever occurred in the American 
 Congress. It was during this great debate, and on February 8, 1820, 
 that Mr. Clay, of Kentucky, at that time Speaker of the House, 
 addressed the Committee of the Whole for four hours in one of the most 
 eloquent and masterly speeches of his life against the right and expedi- 
 ency of the proposed restriction. What a loss to mankind that the 
 fipeech was not reported ! 
 
 On the same day the bill and amendments were reported from the 
 Senate, the House (March 2d) took them up, and by a vote of 134 to 42 
 concurred in the amendment, which struck out the slavery restriction 
 on the State of Missouri, and inserted the clause inhibiting slavery in 
 the territory north of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes north latitude. 
 
 And so, all the amendments being concurred in, the bill was passed by 
 the two Houses — the "Missouri Compromise," so-called then and so 
 recognized now, constituting Section 8 of "An act to authorize the people 
 of the Missouri Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, 
 and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing 
 with the original States, and to prohibit slavery in certain territory." 
 Approved 6th March, 1820. ^ 
 
 Under the act of Congress the people of Missouri, then organized into 
 fifteen counties, were authorized to hold an election on the first Monday, 
 and two succeeding days of May, 1820, to choose representatives to a 
 State Convention, which was to meet at the seat of government ( then 
 St. Louis) on Monday, June 12th of the same year. When thus 
 
 ' Territorial Laws, vol. I, pp. 628-31. 
 
206 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 nssembled they were authorized (1.) to adjourn to any other place in 
 the Territory; (2.) to determine by a majority of the whole number 
 elected whether or not it was expedient at that time to form a Constitu- 
 tion ; (3.) if expedient, to proceed to discharge the high trust, and 
 (4.) or if more expedient to provide by ordinance for electing representa- 
 tives to another convention who should perform that duty. 
 
 The election was held in May, and the following are the names of the 
 members elected to the Convention, and the counties they represented : 
 
 Cape GHrardeau— Stephen Byrd, James Evans, Richard S. Thomas, Alexander Buckner, 
 Joseph McFerron. 
 
 Cooler— Robert P. Clark, Robert Wallace, Wm. Lillard. 
 
 Franklin — John G. Heath. 
 
 Moward^Nioholas S. Burkhartt, Duff Green, John Ray, Jonathan S. Findlay, Ben]. 
 H. Reeves. 
 
 Jefferson — ^Daniel Hammond. 
 
 Lincoln — Malcolm Hemy. 
 
 Montgomery — Jonathan Ramsey, James Talbott. 
 
 Madison — Nathaniel Cook. 
 
 New Madrid — Robert D. Dawson, Christopher G. Houts. 
 
 Fike — Stephen Cleaver. 
 
 St. Charles — Benj. Emmons, Nathan Boone, Hiram H. Baber. 
 
 Ste. Genevieve — John D. Cook, Henry Dodge, John Scott, R. T. Brown. 
 
 St. Louis — David Barton, Edward Bates, Alexander McNair, Wm. Rector, John C. 
 Sullivan, Pierre Chouteau, Jr., Bernard Pratte, Thos. F. Riddick, 
 
 Washington — John Rice Jones, Samuel Perry, John Hutchings. 
 
 Wayne — Elijah Bettis. 
 
 In all forty-one representatives, who met in what was then known as 
 the "Mansion House," ( now "Denver House," ) on the corner of Third 
 and Vine streets, St. Louis, and concluded their labors by signing the 
 Constitution they formed on the 19th July. David Barton was elected 
 President of the Convention, and Wm. G. Pettis, Secretary. Mr. Barton 
 was one of the ablest and most remarkable men Missouri ever produced. 
 On the admission of the State into the Union, he was elected to the 
 United States Senate, and served with distinction in that body from 1821 
 to 1831, and died a lunatic at the house of Wm. Gibson, one mile east 
 of Boonville, September 28th, 1837, and was buried in Walnut Grove 
 Cemetery, at Boonville. 
 
 The Constitution which the convention formed took effect from the 
 authority of the body itself, no provision having been made to submit 
 it to a vote of the people. It was a model of perspicuity and states- 
 manship, and withstood all efforts to supplant or materially amend it 
 until the celebrated "Drake Convention" of 1865. 
 
"MISSOUEI COMTROMISE." 207 
 
 The second session of the xvith Congress met November 13th, 1820, 
 and on the 16th, Mr. Scott, delegate from Missouri, laid before the 
 House a manuscript copy of the Constitution of the State, which wa» 
 referred to a select committee — William Lowndes of South Carolina, 
 John Sergeant of Pennsylvania, and Samuel Smith of Maryland. On 
 the 23d Mr. Lowndes made a report from the committee, accompanie(J 
 by a preamble and resolution, the former reciting the title of the act of 
 Congress of March 6th, 1820 ; the fact that a convention was held and a 
 constitution formed pursuant thereto, and that said constitution "is 
 republican, and in conformity with the provisions of said act;" and the 
 latter to admit the State into the Union on an equal footing with the 
 original States. 
 
 A debate at once arose, which continued for some three weeks, in 
 which a fierce resistance was made to the admission of the State, 
 chiefl3' on the grounds, first, because the Constitution sanctioned slavery, 
 and, second, because in the article defining the legislative power of the 
 General Assembly there was this injunction : 
 
 " It shall be their duty, as soon as may be, to pass such laws as may be necessary to 
 prevent free negroes and mulattoes from coming to, and settling in this State, under any 
 pretext whatsoever." 
 
 It was maintained that this clause, which was the fourth of the thirty- 
 sixth section of the third article of the Constitution, authorized the 
 Legislature to prohibit the emigration of free people of color into the 
 State, it being held that the latter was a breach of that clause in the 
 Federal Constitution which guarantees equal privileges in all the States 
 to the citzens of every State, of which the right of emigration was one. 
 
 But the real point of objection with many was the slavery clause, and 
 the existence of slavery in the State, which it sanctioned and seemed 
 to perpetuate. 
 
 On December 11th, on motion of Mr. Baldwin of Pennsylvania, the 
 preamble offered by Mr. Lowndes was stricken out — 87 to 65 — and on 
 the 13th, the House refused — 93 to 79 — to engross the resolution and 
 order it to a third reading, which was equivalent to its rejection. 
 
 In the Senate the application of the State shared a similar fate. On 
 the second day of the session the question was referred to a select com- 
 mittee — William Smith of South Carolina, James Burrill of Ehode 
 Island, and Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina, who, on November 29th, 
 reported a resolution in favor of the admission of the State into the 
 Union. 
 
'208 HISTORY OF :sassoxxRi. 
 
 After a two weeks' debate in the Senate, quite similar in spirit and 
 argument to the debate in the House, Mr. Eaton of Tennessee (Decem- 
 ber 11th) offered an amendment to the resolution, which was agreed to 
 by a rising vote, as follows : 
 
 '■'■Provided, That nothing herein contained shall he so construed as to give the assent of 
 ■Congress to any provision in the Constitution of Missouri, if any such there he, which 
 ■contravenes that clause in the Constitution of the United States which declares that ' the 
 citizens of each State shall he entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in 
 the several States.' " 
 
 After which the resolution, as amended, was adopted — yeas 26, 
 nays 18. 
 
 On the 29lh of January, 1821, on motion of Mr. Clay of Kentucky, 
 the House, in Committee of the Whole, took up the resolution and 
 <;aveat or proviso, from the Senate. After various unsuccessful attempts 
 to amend it, and an animated debate of three days on the evils of slavery, 
 the rights of the South, the balance of power, the nature of the obliga- 
 tions and benefits of the Union, etc., the Committee — 75 to 73 — agreed 
 to report the resolution to the House ; and the question then being on 
 agreeing to the amendment reported from the Committee of the Whole, 
 the vote in the House was : yeas 79, nays 88. Not agreed to. A second 
 resolution to the same effect afterwards passed the Senate and was again 
 rejected by the House. 
 
 The perils of the situation being great and imminent, and anxious to 
 make a last effort to settle this distracting question, Mr. Clay (February 
 22d) moved that a committee of twenty-three, a number equal to the 
 number of States, be appointed to act jointly with a committee of the 
 Senate, to consider and report "whether it be expedient or not to make 
 provision for the admission of Missouri into the Union on the same footino' 
 as the original States, and for the due execution of the laws of the United 
 States, within Missouri ; and, if not, whether any other, and what pro- 
 vision, adapted to her actual condition, ought to be made a law." 
 
 This motion was adopted by a majority of nearly two to one — 101 to 
 55 — and the committee of twenty-three, with Mr. Clay as chairman, 
 was then chosen. 
 
 The Senate (February 24th), by a vote almost unanimous — 29 to 7 
 
 agreed to the joint resolution and appointed seven of its members on the 
 joint committee. 
 
 On Monday, February 26th, the committee reported to each House 
 the following : 
 
'; MISSOURI COMPEOMISE." 209 
 
 liesolved, by the Senate and Souse of Mepresentatives of the United States of America, in 
 Congress assembled : That Missouri shall be admitted into this Union on an equal footing 
 with the original States, in all respects whatever, upon the fundamental condition, that 
 the fourth clause of the twenty-sixth section of the third article of the constitution 
 eubmitted on the part of said State to Congress, shall never be construed to authorize 
 the passage of any law, and that no law shall be passed in conformity thereto, by which 
 any citizen of either of the States in this Union, shall be excluded from the enjoyment 
 of any of the privileges and immunities to which such citizen is entitled under the Con- 
 stitution of the United States : Provided, that the Legislature of said State, by A solemn 
 PUBLIC ACT, shall declare the assent of the said State to the said fundamental condition, 
 and shall transmit to the President of the United States, on or before the fourth Monday 
 m November next, an authentic copy of the said act; upon the receipt whereof, the 
 President, by proclamation, shall announce the fact; whereupon, and without any 
 ■further proceeding on the part of Congress, the admission of the said State into the 
 Union shall be considered as complete. 
 
 The resolution was considered in the House without delay, and, after 
 a brief debate, was adopted — yeas 86, nays 82 — and ordered to be sent 
 to the Senate for concurrence. All attempts to amend it in the Senate 
 were voted down, and on February 28th, the resolution passed — ^yeas 28, 
 nays 14, a vote of two to one.^ 
 
 The reason of referring it to the President to announce the fact, by 
 proclamation, that Missouri had complied with the condition of the 
 resolution, and was thereby admitted, was for the purpose of preventing 
 the question of admission, in any shape whatever, from coming before 
 Congress and the country again, imperiling the harmony of both and 
 the perpetuity of the Federal Union. 
 
 Nothing now remained to secure the complete and final admission of 
 the State except its compliance with the conditions of the resohition 
 of Congress ; and, therefore, in furtherance of this purpose. Governor 
 Clark, by proclamation, convened the Legislature in special session in 
 St. Charles on the 4th of June, 1821. 
 
 On the 26th of the same month,^ the Legislature adopted "A Solemn 
 Public Act," declaring the assent of the State to the fundamental 
 condition of admission ; without delay transmitted to the President an 
 authentic copy of the same, and on August 10th, 1821, President 
 Monroe, by proclamation,* announced the admission of Missouri into 
 this Union to be complete ; and the State from that day took rank as the 
 twenty-fourth of the American Republic. 
 
 1 Benton's Abiidgment of the Debates of Congress, Vol. VI, p. 711. 
 
 » Territorial Laws, Vol. 1, pp. 758-9. 
 
 * Benton's Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, Vol. VH, p, 129, 
 
 14 
 
210 HISTOBY OF MISSOUBI. 
 
 Thus the portentous struggle of two years and a half came to an 
 auspicious close, and "glad tidings of great joy" were proclaimed to 
 the people. 
 
 All who would correctly understand the remarkable history of 
 Missouri's admission into the Union, should specially note the fact that 
 the great event was the joint achievement of two "Compromises," 
 neither of which separately was able to accomplish it, namely : First, 
 the Thomas Proviso of March 6, 1820 — better known as "The Missouri 
 Compromise" — which, while it admitted Missouri as a slave State, at 
 the same time forever inhibited slavery in all the territory north of 36 
 degrees 30 minutes north latitude ; and Second, the " Clay Compromise," 
 of March 2d, 1821, whereby the unexpected and continued opposition 
 to her admission with the Constitution she presented was conciliated, 
 and the admission of the State completely effected (August 10th, 1821) 
 on the "fundamental condition" that said State by a solemn public act 
 should declare that no law will ever be adopted by her General Assembly 
 by which any citizen of either of the States of the Union should be 
 excluded from any of the privileges to which such citizen is entitled under 
 the Constitution of the United States; in other words, that Missouri 
 expunge from her Constitution of June 19th, 1820, the clause making it 
 the duty of the Legislature to pass such laws as may be necessary to 
 prevent free people of color from emigrating to and settling in the State. 
 
 While it is true, therefore, that Mr. Clay performed great and signal 
 services in the adjustment of the Missouri Question, and is the author 
 of the compromise which finally admitted the State into the Federal 
 Union, it is not true, as many have supposed, that he was the author of 
 the territorial line of 36 degrees 30 minutes incorporated in the Act of 
 March 6th, 1820, nor was Missouri admitted under that act. On the 
 contrary, as has been plainly shown, she was not admitted until August 
 10th, 1821, by proclamation of President Monroe, and upon the "Funda- 
 mental Condition" of the Clay Compromise, reported by the Grand 
 Committee of Thirty, which was the keystone of the symmetrical arch. 
 
 So great was the excitement which the discussion of this subject en- 
 gendered throughout the country, and such was the gravity and import- 
 ance of the constitutional question involved, that, immediately upon the 
 passage of the bill conditionally admitting Missouri into the Union, 
 President Monroe required of each member of his cabinet — consistino' of 
 J. Q. Adams, Secretary of State; Wm. H. Crawford, Secretary of the 
 Treasury; Jno. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War; Samuel L. Southard, 
 Secretary of the Navy ; John McLean, Postmaster General, and Wm. 
 
"MISSOURI COMPROMISE." 211 
 
 Wirt, Attorney General — to give his opinion in writing, to be filed in 
 the Department of State, on the following interrogatories : 
 
 " Has a Congress a right, under the powers vested in it by the Constitution, to make a 
 regulation prohibiting slavery in a Territory?" 
 
 "Is the 8th section of the Act which passed both houses on the 3d inst., for the 
 admission of Missouri into the Union, consistent with the Constitution?" 
 
 According to extracts from the Diary of John Quincy Adams, who was 
 President Monroe's Secretary of State, dated March 3d, 5th and 6th, 
 1820, it is established, first, that it was unanimously agreed by the 
 cabinet, in answer to the first question, that Congress had the power to 
 prohibit slavery in the Territories ; and, second, that they differed only, 
 as they assigned their reasons, in thinking the 8th section of the 
 Missouri bill consistent with the Constitution. President Monroe, having 
 received an affirmative answer in writing from all of his cabinet, to the 
 two questions, approved the bill on March 6th, 1820. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 First EiiBCTiON fob Governok and other State Officers. — Alexander MoNaib 
 Elected Governor.— First Legislature Under the State Constitution.— Gov- 
 ernor McNair's Message.— Supreme and Circuit Judges ArroiNTSD.— Election of 
 United States Senators.— Exoitinq Contest.— David Barton and Thomas H. 
 Benton Elected.— Remarkable Incidents Connected with Benton's Election.— 
 Counties organized.— Capital Moved to St. Charles. 
 
 In anticipation of the admission of the State into the Union with the 
 constitution and form of government adopted by the convention on the 
 19th of July, 1820, the General Assembly was required to meet in 
 St. Louis on the third Monday in September of that year. A general 
 election was also ordered to be held on Monday, August 28th, for the 
 election of a Governor, a Lieutenant-Governor, a Representative for the 
 residue of the xvith Congress, and one for the xviith ; Senators and 
 Representatives to the General Assembly, and Sheriffs and Coroners. 
 The number provided by t^ie Constitution for the first legislature was 
 fom-teen Senators and forty three Representatives. 
 
212 HISTOKT OF MISSOtTRI. 
 
 Although, as was seen in the last chapter, the State was not admitted 
 until August 10th, 1821, the election was held and the General Assembly 
 met pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution. 
 
 For Governor there were two candidates, namely, William Clark (who 
 for eight years had been Governor of the Territory), and Alexander 
 McNair. The total vote of the State was 9,132, as follows: ForMcNair, 
 6,576 ; Clark, 2,556 ; McNair's majority, 4,020. For Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor there were three candidates, with the following result : William H. 
 Ashley, 3,907 ; Nathaniel Cook, 3,212 ; Henry Elliott, 931 ; Ashley's 
 majority over Cook, 695. 
 
 John Scott was elected without opposition to both Congresses, and at 
 the time was Territorial Delegate. He was born in Hanover County, 
 Virginia, in 1782 ; graduated at Princeton College in 1805 ; moved with 
 his parents to Indiana, and soon after graduation settled at Ste. Gene- 
 vieve, Missouri; was delegate to Congress, from Missouri Territory, 
 from 1817 to the admission of the State in 1821, and a Representative of 
 the State in Congress to 1827. He died in Ste. Genevieve in 1861, aged 
 79 years. He was a man of education and talents, and made his mark 
 in the public councils. 
 
 The General Assembly elected in August met in the " Missouri Hotel," 
 corner of Main and Morgan streets, St. Louis, on Monday, September 
 19th, 1820, and proceeded to organize by the election of James Caldwell 
 of Ste. Genevieve, Speaker, and John MoArthur, Clerk, of the House. 
 William H. Ashley, Lieutenant-Governor, President of the Senate ; 
 Silas Bent of St. Louis, President pro tern. 
 
 In his message, Governor McNair congratulated the General Assembly 
 and the people upon the auspicious change which had been accomplished 
 in the political condition of the State ; and claimed that the Constitution, 
 in spite of a few imperfections, incident to its human origin, was a states- 
 man-like instiument and did honor to its framers and to the infiint State 
 for which it had been framed. He anticipated the full admission of tiie 
 State into the Federal Union, without serious delay or difficulty, not- 
 withstanding the resistance with which the proposition met in both 
 houses of Congress ; and in contemplation of the event, and of the 
 approaching Presidential electioii, reminded the General Assembly that 
 it would be necessary for them to make provision for the choice of three 
 electors- to represent the State in the electoral college. 
 
 Among the first duties of the Legislature were the election of two 
 United States Senators and the appointment of three Supreme and four 
 Circuit Judges. 
 
FJDKST ELECTION OF STATE OFFICEES. 213 
 
 The Supreme Judges appointed, each to hold his office until sixty-five 
 years of age, were Mathias McGirk, of Montgomery County, who 
 resigned in 1841 ; John D. Cook, of Cape Girardeau, who resigned in 
 1823 ; and John E. Jones, of Pike, who died in April 1824. 
 
 Governor McNair, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 made the following appointments : 
 
 For Secretary of State, Joshua Barton; State Treasurer, Peter Didier^ 
 Attorney-General, Edward Bates; Auditor of Public Accounts, "Wnu 
 Christie, all of St. Louis. Each of them resigned the following year. 
 
 During the same session of the Legislature, David Barton and Thomas 
 H. Benton were elected United States Senators, but were not admitted 
 to their seats until the first Monday of December, 1821, because the 
 State was not admitted into the Union until the 10th of August, 1821, 
 at which time, as has been shown, she was admitted upon the proclama- 
 tion of President Monroe. 
 
 The contest for United States Senator was attended by great excitement, 
 and some interesting incidents of unusual occurrence. We are indebted 
 to the Honorable John F. Darby, of St. Louis, for many interesting facts 
 connected with the contest, which we propose to recite. David Barton 
 was an exceedingly popular candidate, and was elected on the first ballot 
 by a unanimous vote of both Houses. For the remaining Senator there 
 were several aspirants: Thomas H. Benton, John B. C. Lucas, Henry 
 Elliott, John R. Jones and Nathaniel Cook. The balloting continued 
 through several days without success, and the excitement that prevailed 
 has not been excelled by any Senatorial election which has since occurred 
 in this or any other State. There is no evidence, however, of the 
 employment of any of the modern appliances which, in the form of 
 corrupt intrigues, manipulations and slush money, are now used to 
 secure seats in the American Senate. In the embarrassing dilemma ia 
 which the Legislature found itself, several active and influential members, 
 with the hope of opening a way of escape, importuned David Barton to 
 aid them in bringing the contest to a close by intimating whom he would 
 prefer as his colleague. Barton fixed upon Benton, although he had not 
 been prominently mentioned as a candidate. It was found, however, that 
 so great was the unpopularity of Benton at that time it was impossible to' 
 elect him, although the active support of his friends was supplemented 
 by the able and powerful support of David Barton. Judge Lucas, who 
 had been Land Commissioner and afterwards Chief Justice of the 
 Superior Court, under the Territorial Government, and a man of 
 acknowledged ability, was Benton's most formidable opponent, and we 
 
2U HISTOKY OF IVnSSOtlRI. 
 
 might add, his most inveterate personal enemy, for on September 27th, 
 1817, Benton had killed his son, Charles Lucas, United States Attorney 
 for Missouri, in a duel on Bloody Island. 
 
 There was a Frenchman by the name of Marie Philip LeDuc, who was 
 a member of the Legislature from St. Louis Counfy. He was connected 
 with some of the most powerful and influential families in the city, 
 having been Secretary of Don Carlos De Lussus, the last Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Upper Louisiana at the time of the transfer of that 
 Territory to the Government of the United States. LeDuc had assev- 
 erated that he would lose his right arm before he would vote for 
 Thomas H. Benton for United States Senator. 
 
 Nevertheless, the contest was so close and the popular interest so 
 intense that the friends of Benton, including David Barton, selected 
 LeDuc as the objective point of the tremendous influences which they 
 sought to vvield in the accomplishment of Benton's election. Some of 
 Benton's friends consisted of the earliest and most influential settlers of 
 St. Louis ; for example, Colonel Auguste Chouteau, the patriarch and 
 founder of the town with Laclede, aided by such men as Bernard Pratte, 
 Sylvester Labadie, George Sarp3% and others — all gentlemen of intelli- 
 gence, wealth and social position. 
 
 They called on LeDuc, and knowing that the darling project of his 
 legislative ambition was to secure the confirmation by Congress of the 
 French and Spanish land claims, informed him that if Lucas was elected 
 to the Senate no one of these claims ever would be confirmed, but that 
 Benton was their ardent and unswerving friend. It was a tremendous 
 struggle with LeDuc, and the argument and importunities with him 
 occupied the entire night, he about the break of day yielding and 
 consenting to vote for Benton. 
 
 Yet it was ascertained that even with his vote one more was lackin<»'. 
 and Benton's friends bethought themselves of the dernier ressort of 
 bringing to the joint session a sick member, who was confined to his bed 
 in an upper room of the hotel in which the Legislature sat. No time 
 was to be lost lest Daniel Kails, one of the representatives from Pike 
 County, who was a friend of Benton, should die before the election. 
 Therefore, as soon as the two houses assembled, the friends of Benton 
 carried a motion to resume the balloting. The sick member up stairs, 
 unable to raise himself in bed, and indeed too ill to be lifted into a chair, 
 was brought down on his bed to the dining room where the joint session 
 was held — ^brought down by four negro men, one at each corner of the 
 bed, and when his name was called voted for Thomas H. Benton, and 
 
DANIEL KAILS. 215 
 
 elected him. Mr. Ralls died in a few days, and for his vote for Benton, 
 the last oiBcial act of his life, the Legislature complimented him by 
 calling Ealls County, which was organized during that session, after his 
 name. 
 
 Daniel Ealls was a aative of Virginia, emigrated with his father, 
 (Nathaniel W. Ralls,) when quite young, to Kentucky, and settled in 
 what is now Bath County. From there he moved to the Territory of 
 Missouri in October 1817 ; lived in the County of St- Louis one year, 
 and in October, 1818, moved to, settled and improved a farm near the 
 town of New London, where he resided in 1820, when he died. His 
 remains were interred near the city of St. Louis, but at what spot his 
 sou, Colonel John Ralls, now a citizen of Ralls County, has never been 
 able to learn. 
 
 Acts organizing the following counties were passed at this session : 
 Boone, Callaway, Chariton, Cole, Gasconade, Lillard, ( which was 
 changed to Lafayette in 1834,) Perry, Ralls, Ray and Saline. 
 
 Among the acts also passed at this session was one fixing the seat of 
 government at St. Charles until October 1st, 1826, when it was moved 
 to Jefferson City. 
 
 On December 9th, 1822, the town of St. Louis was incorporated as a 
 city, with a mayor and nine aldermen. Population, 4,800. 
 
 "Wm. Carr Lane was elected Mayor, and therefore was the first mayor 
 of the city. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Fkom 1824 TO 1830.— Frederick Bates Elected Governor to Succeed Governob 
 McNair, Defeating General William H. Ashley.— Bates' Death.— John Miller 
 Elected his Successor.— Visit of General Lafayette to St. Louis in 1825,— Dem- 
 onstrations or Kespect and Gratitude. — His Visit to Washington City. — Action 
 OP Congress.— Grants of Land and Money, — His Return to France. — First Leg- 
 islature AT Jefferson City in 192t),— Burning of the State House. — Canvass of 
 1828.— Whigs and Democrats Organize.— Slavery Emancipation Programme,— 
 Singular Incident Frustrates It,— Alexander Buckneb Elected United States 
 Senator in 1829 in place of David Barton. 
 
 As the oiBciiil term of Governor McNair drew to a close, and the 
 general election in August, 1824, approached, public attention was di- 
 rected to the choice of his successor. The presidential election of that 
 year also excited more or less interest, and the people of the State for 
 the fii-st time gave earnest heed to national politics. Owing to a multi- 
 plicity of candidates for the Presidency — Adams, Clay, Jackson, and 
 Crawford — it was thought probable from the first that the electoral col- 
 lege would fail to make a choice, and that therefore the election would 
 devolve (as it did) upon the House of Representatives. Hence the 
 canvass for member of Congress, Missouri having but a single repre- 
 sentative, was the center of much interest. The result was the election 
 of John Scott, he receiving 5,031 votes, George Strother 4,528, Robert 
 Wash 1,125. Whole number of votes cast, 10^684. 
 
 For Governor, to succeed McNair, there were two candidates — ^Fred- 
 erick Bates and William H. Ashley. Each had strong and earnest 
 friends who were confident of success. Mr. Bates was an old citizen of 
 St. Louis and had filled acceptably many positions in the Territory, City 
 and State ; and among them the office of Lieutenant-Governor. General 
 Ashley was the well-known leader of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 
 a man of daring intrepidity, who had advanced with unflagging industry 
 a great enterprise into the remotest regions of the West, and who there- 
 fore had invested his character with much of the romance of a cavalier. 
 Mr. Bates was elected^ but died of pleurisy, very suddenly, August 1st, 
 1825, after which Abraham J. Williams of Columbia, i President of the 
 
 1 Mr. Williams was a bachelor, and one of the merchants of Columbia. Some years 
 before his death he bought and improved a farm — now known as the Payne or Jen- 
 nings Farm — six miles south of Columbia on the Providence road. He died on this 
 farm December 30, 1839, aged 58 years, and was buried in the old grave-yard in Colum- 
 bia, where his tomb is yet to be seen. 
 
VISIT OF GENERAL LAPAYETTE. 217 
 
 Senate and 6x-officio Governor, served as Governor until the special 
 election in September to fill the vacancy. There were several candi- 
 dates for Governor to succeed Governor Bates, the most prominent of 
 whom were General John Miller, Judge David Todd, Williajm G. Carr, 
 and Colonel Eufus Easton. A very excitintr and bitter canvass followed, 
 during which the political antecedents and personal characters of the 
 several aspirants were criticised, misrepresented, denounced and eulo- 
 gized with relentless vigor and enthusiasm. The vote stood: Miller, 
 2,380: Carr 1,470, Todd 1,113. Whole number of votes cast 4,963. 
 Population of the State 62,000. 
 
 General Miller was elected Governor and Colonel Beiyamin H. Keeves 
 of Howard County, Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 The Legislature of 1824-5 was the first revising session under the 
 Constitution. Previous to its assembling, the entire code had been 
 revised with great care by Henry S. Geyer, Speaker of the House of 
 Representatives, and Eufus Pettibone, one of the Judges of the Supreme 
 Court, who had been appointed for that purpose. Very few changes in 
 the revision of these distinguished citizens were made by the General 
 Assembly, and the laws were published in two volumes by authority of, 
 an act passed February 11th, 1825. 
 
 The most notable event in Missouri in 1825, was the visit of the 
 Marquis de Lafayette to St. Louis. Accompanied by his son, George 
 Washington Lafayette, and on an invitation from the President of the 
 United States, he arrived in this country in 1824, after an absence of 
 forty years. He came to revisit the friends and comrades with whom hC; 
 associated during our revolutionary struggle, and to gaze once more upon 
 the scenes of his youthful exploits. He visited each of the twenty-four, 
 States of the Union, and was everywhere received with cordial demon- 
 strations of honor and gratitude. Indeed, his journey from State to 
 State was a triumphal march — an ovation, for he was everywhere hailed, 
 as the Nation's guest. "To the survivors of the Revolqtipn" — says. 
 Colonel Benton — "it was the return of a brother ; to the new generation, 
 born since that time, it was the apparition of an historical character, 
 familiar from the cradle. He visited every State in the Union, doubled 
 in number since, as the friend and pupil of Washington, he had spilt his; 
 blood and lavished his fortune for their independence. Many were the 
 happy meetings he had with old comrades, survivors for near half a 
 century, of these early hardships and dangers. Three of his old associates, 
 (Adams, Jefferson and Madison,) he found ex-Presidents, enjoying the 
 respect and affection of their country, after having reached its highest 
 
218 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 honurs. Aiiotlier, and the last one that Time would admit to the 
 Presidency, (Mr. Monroe,) now in the Presidential chair, and inviting 
 him to re-visit the land of his adoption. Many of his early associates 
 seen in the two Houses of Congress, many in the State Governments, 
 and many more in the walks of private life, patriarchal sires, respected 
 for their characters and venerated for their patriotic services." 
 
 He visited the national capital and was received in both Houses of 
 Congress, then in session, with distinguished marks of respect and 
 gratitude. To these, Congress added something more substantial than 
 wordy testimonials of regard — rewards for long past services and sacrifices. 
 
 During our Revolutionary struggle, Lafayette expended out of his own 
 fortune, in six years, from 1777 to 1783, the sum of 700,000 francs 
 ($140,000.) He equipped and armed a legiment for our service, and 
 freighted a vessel to us, loaded with arms and munitions of war. 
 
 In testimony of the appreciation in which these services and sacrifices 
 were held by the American people, and as a grateful remembrance of 
 them, Congress, during his visit in 1824, made an appropriation for his 
 benefit of two hundred thousand dollars in money, and twenty -four 
 thousand acres of land in Florida. 
 
 Having visited New Orleans, Lafayette, on invitation of the citizens, 
 came to St. Louis, reaching Carondelet on the 28th of April, 1825, and 
 the next morning came up to the city. He was tendered a most enthu- 
 siastic reception, as many of the citizens were not only of the same 
 nationality, but all were familiar with his name and fame. He landed 
 opposite the old Market House, where half the town were assembled 
 awaiting his arrival and received him with cheers, took his seat in a 
 carriage, accompanied by William Carr Lane, Mayor, Stephen Hemp- 
 stead, an officer of the Revolution and father of Edward Hempstead, and 
 Colonel Auguste Chouteau, one of the companions of Laclede. Apart 
 from private hospitalities, a splendid banquet and ball were given the 
 distinguished visitor at the Mansion House, then the prominent hotel, 
 and situated on the northeast corner of Third and Market streets. After 
 dinner he visited INlissouri Lodge No. 1, of Ancient Free and Accepted 
 Masons, of which fraternity he had long been a member, and was received 
 by about sixty brethren and welcomed by the late Archibald Gamble. 
 Both Lafayette and his son were elected honorary members of that Lodge. 
 
 Lafayette was at this time sixty-eight years of age, but still active and 
 strong. 
 
 The next morning he left for Kaskaskia, and was escorted to the boat 
 by crowds of citizens who manifested their esteem, and respect by the 
 
LEGISLATUKE AT JEFJFEKSON CITY. 219 
 
 wildest demonstrations of enthusiasm, cheer after cheer followin"- him as 
 the boat left the shore. 
 
 Returning to Washington during the session of Congress, the frigate 
 "Brandywine," just completed, was appointed to convoy him back to 
 France — a very befitting compliment, as the vessel was named after the 
 stream on whose banks Lafayette fought his first battle (September 11, 
 1777), and was wounded, in the cause of American Independence. 
 Lafayette died May 20, 1834, leaving one son and several daughters. 
 
 On November 20, 1826, the Legislature for the first time met in Jeif- 
 erson City, and it was numerically the fourth general assembly. At the 
 time of the admission of Missouri into the Union, Congress granted four 
 sections of land for the location of the seat of government. The Con- 
 stitution fixed the location of the capital upon the Missouri River within 
 forty miles of the mouth of the Osage. At the first session of the 
 Legislature, commissioners were appointed who, after a tedious examin- 
 ation, selected the present site of Jefierson City, which Major Elias 
 Bancroft laid off into lots in 1822. The first sale of lots took place in 
 May, 18.23, under the supervision of Major Josiah Ramsey, Jr., Captain 
 J. P. Gordon and Adam Hope, Esq., trustees on the part of the State. 
 At this time there were but two families residing in the place. Major 
 Josiah Ramsey, Jr., and Mr. William Jones. This year (1823) the 
 building of a brick State-house was let to the lowest bidder, Daniel 
 Colgan, and afterwards transferred to James Dunnica, of Kentucky, who 
 built the capitol at the bid of $25,000. The State-house was completed at 
 the time stipulated in the contract, and the Legislatttre assembled for the 
 first time in the new State capitol on Monday, November 20, 1826, as 
 before stated. The building was a rectangular brick structure, two stories 
 hio^h, without any architectural beauties. The Representatives occupied 
 the lower story, the Senators the upper. An anecdote is told of a Repre- 
 sentative who presented his credentials to the Secretary of the Senate. 
 "This belongs to the Lower House," said the Clerk. "Where is that?" 
 asked the gentleman. "Down stairs." "Why," said the man, "I saw 
 them fellows there, but I thought it was a grocery." 
 
 On Wednesday night, November 17, 1837, the State-house, which 
 occupied the same site now occupied by the Governor's Mansion, acci- 
 dentally caught fire and was consumed, with all the records in the ofiSce 
 of the Secretary of State. The whole of the furniture of the oflice and 
 about one-half of the State Library were destroyed, involving a loss that 
 could not be replaced. The bonds, original acts of the Legislature, and 
 
220 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 other important State records — the accumulations of seventeen years in 
 that important office — were suddenly swept away. The building was of 
 l)rick, erected at a cost of $25,000, and was designed originally for the 
 Governor's residence when the capitol, then in progress of construction 
 on Capitol Hill, should be completed. 
 
 The Legislature met a few days after the fire and held its sessions in 
 the Cole County Court-house, the same stone buildmg now used as a 
 court-house. The Representatives occupied the present court-room, and 
 the Senators the second story, which was at that time unobstructed by 
 partitions. In 1840, the Legislature and the State officers took posses- 
 sion of our present Capitol. 
 
 The present State Capitol was commenced in 1838, and occupied by the 
 Legislature of 1840-41, and cost about $350,000. The stone for the 
 building was taken from the biuifs near by, along the line of the Pacific 
 Railroad, in front of the city. The limestone for the pillars was from 
 Callaway county. Mr. Stephen Hills, afterwards architect of the State 
 University at Columbia, was the architect of the Capitol, which is one of 
 the most substantial and beautiful buildings in the West. 
 
 Ou December 29, 1826, the Legislature re-elected Thomas H. Benton 
 United States Senator for six years ; and thrice afterwards he was re- 
 elected to the same office, which he filled thirty consecutive years, from 
 the organization of the State government in 1821 to March 4, 1851. 
 
 Of the State Senate at this session, Felix Scott was chosen President 
 pro tern., and J. S. Langhorn, Secretary; of the House, Alexander 
 Stewart was made Speaker and Samuel C. Owen, Clerk. Forty-six acts 
 were passed, among them acts organizing Jackson and Mariou Counties. 
 Also a memorial to Congress for the selection of 25,000 acres of lands 
 donated for "A seminary of learning." Adjourned January 3d, 1827. 
 
 Political parties did not assume definite form in Missouri until the 
 Presidential and State elections of 1828. During this canvass, national 
 issues and national leaders occupied much of the public attention, and 
 the people vei^^ naturally disclosed their Whig or Democratic predilec- 
 tions by avowals of confidence in Adams or Jackson. 
 
 Early in the year — sometime in January — the friends of Jackson met 
 in Jefferson City, aud nominated an electoral ticket of three, to be 
 supported by the Jackson party at the Presidential election on 
 November 3d. Dr. John Bull of Howard, Benj. O'Fallon of St. 
 Louis, and Ralph Dougherty of Cape Girardeau, were nominated. 
 During the month of March following, the Whigs, or Adams party, met. 
 in JeflFerson City for a similar purpose, and placed on their electoral 
 
SLAYEKY EMANCIPATION PROGEAMME. 221 
 
 ticket Behj. H. Reeves of Howard, Joseph C. Brown of St. Louis, aud 
 John Hall of Cape Girardeau. 
 
 Not ouly did the Presidential election of 1828 divide and distract the 
 people of Missoxiri, but the State, Congressional and Legislative elec- 
 tions as well. 
 
 For Governor, various distinguished members of the Adams party 
 were spoken of, and for a time some of them were candidates; but 
 John Miller, then the Chief Executive of the State, was the only candi- 
 date who continued in the field till the election. Of course he was re- 
 elected. The canvass for Lieutenant-Governor was closely contested by 
 five candidates, and Daniel Dunklin was the successful aspirant. For 
 Kepresentative in Congress there were three candidates — Edward Bates, 
 Whig, and Wm. Carr Laue and Spencer Pettis, Democrats, the two latter 
 of whom so equally divided the strength of the party that the election of 
 Bates was inevitable if both continued in the field. Finally, the ques- 
 tion as to which of the two should retire was submitted to Colonel Ben- 
 ton. He, without hesitation, decided that Lane should withdraw and 
 Pettis continue before the people ; and the fact being proclaimed by 
 bandbills throughout the State — for at that time there were no lines of 
 telegraph and but few newspapers — Pettis was elected. The Adams 
 party polled 3,400 votes and the Jackson party 8,272 — the total vote of 
 the State being 11,672. 
 
 Notwithstanding the virulence with which the canvass of 1828 was 
 prosecuted, and the slavery agitation which attended the admission of 
 the State into the Union, . and from which the people had scarcely 
 emerged, there seems to have been in the minds of some leading 
 men on both sides a growing repugnance to the institution of slavery, 
 and they desired to rid the State of it by gradual emancipation. That 
 they did not fully disclose their purposes during the incipient stages of 
 this canvass and organize an effort to achieve success, are referable — 
 according to recently-discovered testimony— to a very singular and 
 interesting incident. 
 
 At the February session, 1877, of the Missouri Historical Society, 
 Hon. Albert Todd, of St. Louis, presented an autograph letter written 
 toy Hon. John Wilson, formerly a distinguished lawyer and politician of 
 Fayette, Missouri, (but for many years a citizen of San Francisco, Cali- 
 fornia, where he died in his eighty-seventh year, February 2, 1877,) to 
 Hon. Thomas Shackelford, of Glasgow, Howard County, wherein he 
 records the first effort made in this State for the destruction of slavery, 
 ^it being in the year 1827 or 1828, and by Thomas H. Benton, David 
 
222 lUSTOBY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 Barton and others, including himself, — and the curious cause of its 
 failure. The following is a portion of the letter: 
 
 " Tn 1827 (I believe it may have been in 1828) I was one of those who attended a private 
 meeting in that good old State, when about twenty of us, claiming at least to be party 
 leaders, about equally representing every district of the State, of about equal numbers of 
 Democrats and Whigs. Colonel Benton and Judge Barton were present, the two latter, 
 however, not being on speaking terms. One object that brought us together was to 
 consider how we should get rid of slavery in Missouri. "We unanimously determined to 
 urge upon all candidates at the approaching election, and resolutions were drawn up and 
 printed (in secret) and distributed amongst us, with an agreement that on the same day 
 these resolutions, in the shape of memorials, were to be placed before the people all over 
 the State, and both parties were to urge the people to sign them. Our combination, too, 
 then had the power to carry out our project. Unfortunately, before the day arrived it 
 was published in the newspapers generally that Arthur Tappan of New York had enter- 
 tained at his private table some negro men, and that, in fact, these negroes had rode out 
 in his private carriage with his daughters. Perhaps it was not true, but it was believed in 
 iUssouri, and raised such a furor that we dare not nor did not let our memorials see the 
 light! And, as well as I can call to mind, of the individuals who composed this secret 
 meeting, I am the only one left to tell the tale ; but for that story of the conduct of the 
 great original fanatic on this subject we should have carried, under the leadership of 
 Barton and Benton, our project, and began in future the emancipation of the colored 
 race that would long since have been followed by Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, North 
 Carolina, Tennessee, etc. Our purpose further, after we got such a law safely placed on 
 the statute book, was to have followed it up by a provision requiring the masters of 
 those who should be born to be free to teach them to read and write. This shows you 
 how little a thing turns the destiny of nations." 
 
 These are new and deeply interesting facts, well calculated to arrest 
 the attention of reflecting men, as affording another illustration of the 
 truth that a leaf sometimes changes the incipient course of great 
 streams. 
 
 The vith General Assembly met November 17, 1828. George Bolin- 
 ger, of Cape Girardeau, — after whom Bolinger County was called — was 
 elected President pro tern, of the Senate ; John Thornton, of Clay, 
 Speaker of the Hou.se, and James H. Birch, of Howard, Chief Clerk. 
 Governor Miller, in his message, made a synoptical statement of the 
 financial affairs of the State, and informed the Legislature that seventy- 
 two sections of lands for a seminary of learning had been selected. 
 
 The viith General Assembly convened in November, 1829, and on 
 the first ballot Alexander Buckner was chosen United States Senator in 
 place of David Barton. The vote stood: Buckner, 34; John Miller, 27 ; 
 W. H. Ashley, 2. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 From 1830 to 1840.— Cholera in St. Louis in 1832.— Thk Alarm it Occasioned.— Deaths. 
 —The Black Hawk War.— The First Railroad Convention in Missouri.— "Thb 
 Hethehly War."—" The Platte Purchase,"- Origin of thb Measure and its 
 Accomplishment. — Daniel Webster's "Visit to St. Louis in 1837.— Reception, 
 Banquet and Speech.— The Florida War.— Colonel Richard Gentry Raises a 
 Regiment in Central Missouri.— Their March from Columbia. — Arrival in 
 Florida. — Battle of Okee-cho-dkb. — Colonel Gentry's Heroic Death. — Bravery 
 OP the Missouri Volunteers.- Report of Colonel Zacuary Taylor. — Action of 
 the Missouri Legislature thereon. 
 
 Nothing in the previous history of the city of St. Louis occasioned 
 more consternation and ahirm, not only in the city itself but in all the 
 region of country whose trade it commanded, than the appearance there, 
 in the summer of 1832, of the Asiatic cholera. The news of the deso- 
 lation which this dreadful scourge of the human race had caused in 
 the cities of Europe, and those on our Atlantic seaboard, had reached 
 the people of the " Far West," and they stood in awe of its appearance 
 among them. Finally it came, first attacking a soldier at JeflFerson Bar- 
 racks ; but its advent was not without warning. The pestilence had 
 previously invaded New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and the Southern 
 cities. The first indication of its presence in St. Louis was followed by 
 the enforcement of sanitary measures to arrest its progress. All un- 
 healthy matter, everything which could contribute to render the air 
 impure, was removed by order of the city authorities. But it was of 
 little avail. "The abomination of desolation" nestled on the wings of 
 the breeze, and alike set at defiance the ripest professional skill and the 
 strictest sanitary ordinances. First visiting the outskirts of the city, it 
 invaded the most populated streets, carrying death to the homes of the 
 rich and the poor alike, and swelling the daily interments in the church- 
 yards alarmingly. 
 
 The population of the city at that time, including those who had fled 
 the town to escape the pestilence, was 6,918. Yet the number of deaths 
 for two weeks or more was from twenty to thirty per day, destroying 
 about four per cent, of the population during the five weeks of its con- 
 tinuance. ^ 
 
 > The pestilence re-appeared in St. Louis in the summer of 1836, and again in 1840. 
 During the latter year the mortality reached, some days, as high as 160 deaths— the total 
 number during its prevalence, more than 4,000 ; among them, two eminent physicians 
 of the city, Drs. Hardage Lane and Thomas Barbour. 
 
224 HISTOEY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 The Black Hawk War occurred during the same year, (1832) — called 
 "The Black Hawk War" because the Indians engaged in it were led by 
 Si brave by the name of Black Hawk.'^ Whatever maybe his designation 
 ill the public mind, he never was a chief either by Indian authority or 
 by recognition of the United States. He cannot rank in intelligence or 
 heroism with Pontine or Tecumseh, for he showed no special intellectual 
 ■power; was simply a desperate savage, and fought only for revenge. 
 
 In 1832 several tribes on the northwestern frontier, who had made 
 common cause with the British in 1812, became restless and appeared 
 bent on hostilities. These tribes were the Sacs, Foxes and Winnebagoes. 
 After the peace of 1815 they maintained their intercouse with the 
 British in Canada, the consequence of which was the influence over them 
 by the United States was greatly weakened. In fact, in 1816, Black 
 Hawk, having gathered around him a small band of disaffected spirits, 
 refused to attend the negotiations of that year, went to Canada, proclaimed 
 ■himself a British subject, and received presents from that quarter. 
 
 They were therefore in no state of mind to recognize the obligations 
 •of the treaties of 1815, 1822 and 1825, or properly to appreciate the 
 efforts of the United States to maintain peaceable relations with them, 
 .Moreover the Sacs and Foxes possessed no -original right, even in con- 
 templation of Indian ideas of justice, to any portion of the Eock River 
 country or any other portion of Illinois. They were simply intruders 
 on the country of the Santeaurs and lowas. 
 
 Nevertheless, blinded by prejudice and fired by a spirit of revenge for 
 imaginary wrongs, the Sacs and Foxes claimed the right to occupy a 
 part of the country on Rock River, although by a treaty made "with the 
 chiefs, warriors and head men of the Sac and Fox tribes" at Fort Arm- 
 strong, [Rock Island,] on September 3d, 1822, the country for a 
 valuable consideration was tranferred to the United States, and had been 
 settled by its citizens. 
 
 Frequent collisions with the inhabitants were the consequence. In 
 1831 these aggressions were so serious, and preparations for open hostil- 
 ities so threatening, that a considerable force of Illinois militia were 
 called into the field. This formidable array alarmed the savages into an 
 agreement to retire to their own lands west of the Mississippi. 
 
 It was not long however before a party of the same Indians committed 
 a flagrant outrage, almost under the guns of Fort Crawford, upon a band 
 vof friendly Menomonie Indians encamped in the villao'e of Prairie du 
 
 1 "Ma-ka-tai-me-slie-kia-kiali " or Black Hawk. 
 
THE BLACK HAWK WAR. 225 
 
 Chien. Twenty-five of these friendly Indians were wantonly murdered 
 and many others wounded. 
 
 Fearing that the Sacs and Foxes would renew their attacks upon the 
 settlements on our frontier, and determined that the murderers ofthe 
 Menomonies should be surrendered or captured for punishment, on the 
 7th of March, 1832, Brigadier-General Atkinson was ordered to ascend 
 the Mississippi with a large detachment of the regular troops at Jefferson 
 Barracks to chastise the Indians, who, under Black Hawk and the 
 Prophet, had violated their treaty with the United States by removing 
 east of the Mississippi, and invading with fire and seal ping-knife the 
 unprotected frontier settlements of Illinois. 
 
 To the demand for the surrender of the murderers of the Menomonies, 
 no attention was paid ; on the contrary, the murderers and their adherents 
 under Black Hawk re-crossed the Mississippi, and in hostile array 
 established themselves on Eock River. This was in May, 1832. 
 
 A bloody engagement near Dixon's Ferry on the 14th of the month 
 rendered peace hopeless. Keokux was the legitimate chief of the tribe ; 
 but, although he controlled a majority, the temptations of war and 
 plunder were too strong for those who followed the track of Black Hawk. 
 
 The proximity of these hostilities to the Missouri frontier caused 
 Governor John Miller to adopt precautionary measures to avert the 
 calamities of an invasion which seemed imminent. Therefore, in May, 
 1832, he ordered Major-General Richard Gentry, of Columbia, Missouri, 
 (of whom James S, Rollins, Caleb S. Stone and Calvin L, Perry were 
 Aids-de-Camp,) to raise without delay one thousand volunteers for the 
 defense of the frontiers of the State, to be in readiness to start at a 
 moment's warning. 
 
 Accordingly, on the 29th of May, 1832, orders were issued by 
 General Gentry to Brigadier-Generals Benjamin Miens, commanding the 
 seventh, Jonathan Riggs, eighth, and Jesse T. Wood, ninth brigade, 
 third division, to raise the required quota, the first named four and each 
 of the last three hundred men, each man "to keep in readiness a horse 
 with the necessary equipment and a rifle in good order, with an ample 
 supply of ammunition," etc. 
 
 Five companies were at once raised in Boone County and others in 
 Callaway, Montgomery, St. Charles, Lincoln, Pike, Marion, Ralls, Clay^ 
 
 1 Several companies were ordered out in Clay; marched northward to the Iowa lit e, 
 and thence into the Grand Eiver country. They were absent about four weeks. It is 
 not known to the writer who commanded them. Two companies were raised in EaUs* — 
 one commanded by Captain Kichard Matson, was in active service ; the other, John 
 Balls in command, was held in reserve, but was never ordered into service. 
 15 
 
226 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 and Monroe. Two of them, Captain John Jamison's of Callaway and 
 Captain David M. Hickman's of Boone, in July, 1832, were mustered 
 into service for thirty days and j^laced under command of Major Thomas 
 W. Conyers, with orders to march to the moiith of the Des Moines and 
 to range from thence to the head waters of Salt River and on towards 
 the main Chariton. This detachment, accompanied by General Gentry 
 in person, at once took up the line of march for the northern frontier ; 
 arrived at Palmyra July 10th, and at Fort Pike five days afterwards. 
 This fort was built by Captain Richard Mace, of the Ralls County "Volun- 
 teer Rangers," and was situated ten miles from the mouth of the Des 
 Moines, in what is now Clark County. 
 
 Finding "the wars and rumors of wars" much exaggerated, and that 
 no hostile Indians had crossed into Missouri, General Gentry ordered 
 work to be discontinued on Fort Matson, sixty-five miles from Fort Pike 
 and within eight miles of the Chariton, and left for Columbia, where he 
 arrived on the 19th of July. Major Conyers' detachment was left at 
 Fort Pike, (to quote General Gentry's report to the Governor,) with 
 "something like 40 barrels of flour, 2 hogsheads of bacon, 4 barrels of 
 whiskey and 100 bushels of corn." 
 
 On August 5th, Major Conyers' command was relieved by two other 
 companies under Captains Sinclair Kirtley, of Boone, and Patrick Ewing, 
 of Callaway. Colonel Austin A. King marched the detachment to Fort 
 Pike and conducted those who were relieved to their homes. Major 
 Conyers was retained in command of the Fort. In September the 
 Indian troubles having seemingly subsided, all the troops on the 
 northern frontier were mustered out of service; and thus ended "The 
 Black Hawk War" in Missouri.^ 
 
 But it did not thus, or at this time, end in Illinois. For nearly a year 
 afterwards it was continued at various points in the territory now 
 occupied by the States of Iowa and Illinois, till the decisive battle on 
 the Mississippi near the mouth of Bad-ax River, August 2d, 1832, when 
 the troops under Generals Atldnson, Dodge, Henry, Posey and Alexan- 
 der overtook and defeated Black Hawk with great slaughter, entirely 
 broke his power and ended the war. While the battle waxed warm 
 Black Hawk stole off up the river, but on the 27th of August, 1832, 
 he was captured by two Winnebagoes and delivered to the United States 
 officers at Prairie du Chien. He was well treated and carried iu triumph 
 
 ) For most of the facts here detailed the writer Is Indebted to the orders as recorded at 
 the time by Major J. S. EoUins, aid-de-camp to General Gentry, in a book kept for 
 that purpose, and which he now has in his possession. 
 
FIRST R^VILBOAD CONVENTION. 227 
 
 • through a great part of the United States, after which he was permitted 
 to return to his people. 
 
 Black Hawk died at the village of his tribe on the Des Moines River, 
 in Iowa, October 3d, 1838, aged about 70 years. 
 
 About 1835, the railroad mania seized upon the older States, on the 
 Atlantic seaboard, and in due time attacked the Western States. Other 
 portions of this volume record what has been accomplished in this 
 direction since that time ; snffice it to say, in this place, that the first 
 railroad convention ever held in Missouri assembled in the Court-Honse 
 in St. Louis on April 20th, 1836, from the proceedings of which we make 
 this extract : 
 
 "St, Louis, Saturday, April 23, 1836. 
 
 "The Convention met pursuant to adjournment. 
 
 " The President (Dr. Samuel Merry) proceeded to appoint a committee, in accordance 
 with the provisions of the last resolution adopted yesterday, to memorialize Congress for 
 land, and appointed the following gentlemen: Messrs. J. S. Rollins, Edward Bates, 
 and H. R. Gamhle. 
 
 " The following propositions, upon the subject of routes, etc., ordered on yestei-d.ay 
 to be engrossed, were taken up, read and agreed to, 
 
 " 1st. It is now expedient to adopt measures for the construction of a railroad from 
 St. Louis to Fayette, with the view of ultimately extending the road in that general 
 direction as far as public convenience and the exigences of trade may require. 
 
 "Also, a railroad from St. Louis, in a southwestern direction, to the valley of Bellevue, 
 in Washington County, so as to traverse the rich mineral region in that part of the State, 
 with a view to its indefinite extension in that dii'ection, when and as far as public interest 
 may require. 
 
 "And, also, a branch from some convenient point on the last-mentioned road, to the 
 MeiTimac Ironworks in Crawford County, with a view to its ultimate extension through 
 Cooper County to a point on the Missouri River in Jackson County. 
 
 " 2d. That the proposed railroad from St. Louis to Fayette ought to cross the Mis- 
 souri River at the town of St, Charles, and thi"Ough or within one mile of the several 
 towns of Warrenton, Danville, Fulton and Columbia, the said towns being points most 
 acceptable to the people of the counties through which the road is proposed to pass." 
 
 MEMBERS OP THE CONVENTION. 
 
 From St. Louis County — Edward Tracy, Major J. B. Brant, Colonel John O'Fallon, 
 Dr. Samuel Merry, Aa-chibald Gamble, M. L. Clark, Colonel Joseph C. Laveille, Thorn- 
 ton Grimsley, H. S. Geyer, Col. Henry Walton, Lewellyn Brown, Henry Von Phul, 
 George H. McGunnegle, Colonel B. W. Ayres, Pierre Chouteau, Jr., and Hamilton R. 
 Gamble. 
 
 From Lincoln County- — Colonel David Bailey, Hans Smith, Emanuel Block, Benjamin 
 W. Dudley and Dr. Bailey. 
 
 From Washington County — ^Dr. J. H. Relfe, Philip Cole, John S. Brickey, Jesse II. 
 McUvaine, Myers H. Jones, James Evans and W. C. Reed. 
 
 From Cooper CoaniJ/— Benjamin E. Ferry, N. W. Mack and Dr. William II. Trigg. 
 
 From Warren County — Carty Wells, Nathaniel Pendleton and Ii-vin S. Pitman. 
 
228 HISXOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 From St. Charles County -TLdward Bates, Moses Bigelow, William M. Campbell, and 
 W. L. Overall. 
 
 From Montgomery County — Dr. M. M. Maughs, S. C. Kuby and Nathaniel Dryden. 
 
 From Boone County — Dr. James W. Moss, John B. Gordon, John W. Keiser, David M. 
 Hickman, James S. KoUins, William Hunter, R. W. Morris and G-ranville Branham. 
 
 i'Yom Howard County — Dr. John Bull, Major Alphonso Wetmore, Weston F. Bli'Ch, 
 Joseph Davis, General John B. Clark, T. Y. Sterns and John Wilson. 
 
 From Jefferson County— Ja-mes S. McCutchen. 
 
 This eonveiition, as will be seen by the lines of railroad projected, 
 foreshadowed the system of roads as now existing in the State, and 
 inaugurated the net-work of intercommunication which at this day 
 encompasses the whole State. 
 
 The memorial to Congress for a grant of land, in aid of the railroads 
 mentioned, was written after the adjoiiriiment of the Convention by 
 Hon. J. S. Rollins, of Boone, was afterwards signed by Messrs. Bates 
 and Gamble, and is the fii-st memorinl on that subject ever transmitted to 
 Congress from Missouri. 
 
 In the month of June, 1836, a band of desperadoes, comi^osed prin- 
 cipally of men by the name of Hetherly, living in that part of Carroll 
 County then known as the " Upper Grand Eiver Country'," and now 
 included in Mercer and Grundy Counties, availed themselves of a pre- 
 text to cany on their nefarious profession of stealing Indian horses and 
 plunder the few pioneers who had ventured to seek homes in that fine 
 portion of Missouri. This family could be classed neither as wholly 
 civilized no.r savage. Early in the month of June of the year mentioned, 
 a number of Indians of the Iowa tribe made a friendly incursion into 
 Missouri for the purpose of hunting along the State border. As soon as 
 they arrived, the Hetherlys began to steal Indian ponies. Taking with 
 thom James Dunbar, Alfred Hawkins, and a man named Thomas, they 
 managed to capture a lot of ponies and escaped with them. The Indians 
 followed in pursuit and overtook the desperadoes in the forks of Grand 
 River. A skirmish ensued. In the conflict Thomas was killed by the 
 Indians and the others escaped. A difficulty now broke out between the 
 <lesperadoes themselves, to which James Dunbar and the Hetherlys were 
 parties. The Hetherlys apprehended, if arrested, that Dunbar would 
 turn State's evidence against them, and therefore resolved upon his 
 murder, which was accomplished. The Hetherlys, availing themselves 
 of the alarm consequent upon the approach of the Indians, fled to the 
 settlements near the Missouri River, with the report that the Iowa Indians 
 were making a murderous and thieving incursion on the frontier settle- 
 ments, and that they were fleeing from them for life. 
 
"THE IIETHEELY WAR." 229 
 
 Brigadier-General James T. V. Thompson, (then of Ray,) command- 
 ing the militia force in the district, ordered out several companies and 
 moved toward the scene of trouble. Among these were two companies 
 from Clay, commanded respectively by Captains David R. Atchison and 
 Smith Crawford, the former of which was well-known as the "Liberty 
 Blues." There was also a battalion under the personal command of 
 Colonel Shubael Allen, who, in 1817 planned and constructed the first 
 bridge across the Kentucky River, at Frankfort. He died in Clay 
 County, January 18, 1841. 
 
 At the period of this difficulty with the Hetherlys, Carroll County, as 
 then constituted, did not contain a population of more than fifteen 
 hundred. The whole county was scoured by the military, and no hostile 
 Indians found, whereupon, the falsity of the alarm being discovered, 
 the soldiers returned home. 
 
 The depredations and murders were subsequently traced to the 
 Hetherlys, and a warrant for their arrest was issued by Jesse Newlin, 
 a Justice of the Peace, living at Knavetown, now Springhill, in 
 Livingston County, and placed in the hands of Lewis N. Rees, then 
 Sheriff of Carroll County. On the 17th of July, 1836, the arrest was 
 made, and the whole gang brought before Jesse Newlin. After several 
 days' examination, the Hetherlys, together with Alfred Hawkins, were 
 found guilty of the murder of Dunbar, and on the 27th of July, the 
 parties so charged wei-e given over to the Sheriff of Ray Cotmty for safe 
 keeping, till the October term of the Carroll Circuit Court, with the 
 exception of the old man Hetherly and wife and their daughter, Ann 
 Hetherly, who gave bond for their appearance. At the October term, 
 a true bill for the murder of Dunbar was found against them, and the 
 case set for the March (1837; term of the court. At the March term 
 some' of the Hetherlys turned States' evidence ; a nolle prosequi was 
 entered and the Hetherlys dismissed, whereupon they turned witnesses 
 against Alfred Hawkins, who was found guilty and sent to the peni- 
 tentiary for ten years. 
 
 The affair was known as the Hetherly war, and occasioned great 
 excitement at the time. The Hetherlys were known and dreaded for 
 their notorious character by all who traveled in the Grand River country. 
 Old Mrs. Hetherly was a sister to the notorious Kentucky brigands, Big 
 
 and Little Harp.^ 
 
 The accomplishment, in 1836, of what is known as the "Platte Purchase" 
 deserves special mention in this place. Intelligent and inquisitive citizens 
 
 1 See Alex. C. Blackwell's History of Carroll County, 1876. 
 
230 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 have often propounded the inquhy, without having it answered — ^When, 
 where and by whom was the suggestion first made that Missouri, a State 
 already among the hirgest in territorial area in the Union, should extend 
 her boundary so as to embrace what is now known as the "Platte 
 Purchase?" The idea originated in the summer of 1835, at a regimental 
 militia muster at Dale's farm, three miles from the town of Liberty, in 
 Clay County. 
 
 After the morning parade and during the recess for dinner, the citizens 
 present were organized into a mass meeting, which was addressed, among 
 others, by General Andrew S. Hughes, who came to Clay from Mont- 
 gomery Co., Kentucky, in 1828, and who soon" afterward was appointed 
 Indian Agent by President John Quincy Adams. General Hughes was 
 a lawyer by profession, a gentleman of acknowledged ability, and in wit 
 and sarcasm almost the equal of John Eandolph. ^ At this meeting, and 
 in this public address, he proposed the acquisition of the Platte country ; 
 and the measure met with such emphatic approval that the meeting 
 proceeded at, once, by the appointment of a committee, to organize an 
 effort to accomplish it. The committee was composed of the following 
 distinguished citizens : William T. Wood, now Judge of the Lexington 
 Circuit ; David R. Atchison, ex-United States Senator ; A. W. Doniphan, 
 a distinguished lawyer of Richmond, Missouri, and commander of "Don- 
 iphan's Expedition ; " Peter H. Burnett, afterwards one of the Supreme 
 Judges of California, and Edward M. Samuel, afterwards President of 
 the Commercial Bank in St. Louis, and who died there in September, 
 1869 — all of them, at the time of the appointment of this Committee, 
 residents of Clay County. 
 
 An able memorial to Congress was subsequently drafted by Judo-e 
 Wood, embracing the facts and considerations in behalf of the measure, 
 which all the Committee signed, and it was forwarded to our Senators 
 and Representatives at Washington. 
 
 Pursuant to the prayer of this memorial, in 1836 a bill was introduced 
 into Congress by Senator Benton, and ardently supported by his colleague. 
 Senator Linn, namely, an act to extend the then existing boimdary of 
 the State so as to include the triangle between the existing line and the 
 Missouri River, then a part of the Indian Territoiy, now comprisino- the 
 counties of Atchison, Andrew, Buchanan, Holt, Nodaway and Platte 
 and known as the "Platte Purchase." The difficulties encountered were 
 
 1 Greneral Andrew S. Hughes died while attending Court at Plattsburg, Missouri 
 December 14th, 1843, aged 54 years. 
 
DANIEL AOIBSTEK'S VISIT TO ST. LOUIS. 231 
 
 three-fold: 1. To make still larger a State which was already one of 
 the largest in the Union. 2. To make a treaty with the Sac and Fox 
 tribes of Indians whereby they were to be removed from lands which had 
 but recently been assigned to them in perpetuity. 3. To alter the 
 Missouri Compromise line in relation to slave territory and thereby con- 
 vert free into slave soil. Notwithstanding these difficulties, the two iSrst- 
 mentioned serious and the last formidable, the act was passed and the 
 treaties negotiated, and in 1837 the Indians removed west of the Missouri 
 River, thus adding to our State a large body of the richest land in the 
 world. 
 
 The advent of no distinguished personage into St. Louis, since the 
 visit of Lafayette in 1825, occasioned such a sensation as the visit of 
 Daniel Webster in 1837. It was hoped that he would be accompanied 
 by another of the great statesmen of the country, Henry Clay, whose 
 name, like his own, was honored in all lands as a synonym of spotless 
 patriotism and genuine eloquence. The friends and admirers of both 
 were very numerous in St. Louis, and their respect for them fell little 
 short of adoration itself; so that the expectation of a visit excited in the 
 public mind a delirium of excitement and joy. But Mr. Clay, on account 
 of an important business engagement, could not come. 
 
 In anticipation of Mr. Webster's arrival, a public meeting was held, 
 and presided over by Robert Wash, one of the Judges of the Supreme 
 Court, which passed resolutions and appointed committees to secure such 
 a reception of the distinguished visitor as befitted his fame and the 
 rising importance of the city of St. Louis. 
 
 As soon as it was ascertained that the steamer Robert Morris, on which 
 Mr. Webster was a passenger, had passed the mouth of the Ohio, the 
 committee of reception and many citizens proceeded on the //. L, Kenney 
 down the river to meet him, which they did a little below Jejferson 
 Barracks. The Kenney came alongside of the liobert Morris, which the 
 committee boai-ded, and were introduced to the great statesman. As 
 soon as the steamer hove in sight of the city the national flag was dis- 
 played from the Court House ; and on the steamboats at the levee, and 
 dwellings and places of business throughout the city, the star-spangled 
 banner was displayed and gaily kissed the breeze. 
 
 The liobert Morris landed at the foot of Market street, where admiring 
 thousands were gathered to welcome the great "Expounder of the Con- 
 stitution," together with his wife and daughter. On landing, the distin- 
 guished guests were conducted to the " National Hotel," corner of Third 
 
232 HISTOEY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 and Market streets — now " St. Clair Hotel " — -where they spent several 
 days, and where they were visited by large numbers of the leading 
 citizens of the city and country, who vied with each other in efforts to 
 make their stay agreeable. 
 
 The day after his arrival a sumptuous banquet, or in popular Western 
 parlance, a "barbecue," was tendered him by the citizens, in a woodland 
 near the spot where Lucas Market now stands, and west of Ninth street, 
 then a beautiful grove of timber of natural growth, belonging to Judge 
 J. B. C. Lucas. The objects of this banquet were to afford the people 
 a sight of the great patriot and orator, and to hear him speak. 
 
 The late Colonel Charles Keemle, as marshal of the day, and numerous 
 assistants, escorted the procession and Mr. Webster to the grove, where 
 General William H. Ashley presided as President, and Messrs. Richard 
 Graham, William Carr Lane, John B. Sarpy, John Perry, James Clemens, 
 Jr., and James Russell, as Vice-Presidents. Mr. Webster made a speech 
 of more than an hour's duration — a political and financial speech — 
 distinguished for statesmanship and massive eloquence, and which elicited 
 frequent outbursts of applause. It was published in the newspapers at 
 the time, and the writer of this well recollects reading it. 
 
 There were about five thousand persons present, many of them from 
 the surrounding country — a concourse which outnumbered the entire 
 population of the city of St. Louis at the time of the visit of LaFayette,. 
 twelve years previous. 
 
 The Florida or Seminole War grew out of the opposition of the Sem- 
 inole Indians to their removal from Florida west of the Mississippi River. 
 This attempt was first made in 1835, but the Seminoles were unwillino- 
 to relinquish their lands, and rallying under the leadership of their great 
 chief, Osceola, organized a determined resistance to the efforts of the 
 general government. In May, 1836, the Creeks joined the Seminoles and 
 the war spread into Georgia. The Creeks were soon conquered and sent 
 beyond the Mississippi. The Seminoles continued the war, and as often 
 as defeated in the open field would take refuge in the swamps and ever- 
 glades, where it was difficult for the United States soldiers to follow 
 them. In October, 1837, Osceola was captured by General Jessup, and 
 sent a prisoner to Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, where he died of a 
 fever. Nevertheless, the war continued for several years, and Mis- 
 sourians took part in it. 
 
 Sometime in the fall of 1837, and during the administration of Gov- 
 ernor Boggs, the President of the United States, Mr. Van Buren, asked 
 Colonel Benton, one of our Senators in Congress, whether Missourians 
 
THE FLORIDA WAR. 23 S'' 
 
 could be induced to travel so far as the swamps of Florida and assist in 
 chastisiug the Seminole Indians. Colonel Benton answered: "The' 
 Missourians will go wherever thtir services are needed," and went imme- 
 diately to Joel E. Poinsett, tlien Secretary of War, and urged him to 
 issue an order for raising volunteers in Missouri for that purpose. The 
 Secretary being assured of a favorable response, issued a requisition on 
 Governor Boggs, for two regiments of mounted volunteers. The following 
 is a copy (made from the original) of the letter of the Secretary of War 
 to Colonel Richard Gentry, of Columbia: 
 
 War Depaktment, September 8th, 1837. 
 Sir : — ^You ai-e hereby informed that a regiment of six hundred volunteers from the 
 State of Missouri will be accepted by this Department, for service in Florida, during the 
 next campaign against the Seminoles, provided they can be raised by you iu season to 
 reach Tampa Bay by the middle of October, or the 1st of November, at latest. General 
 Atkinson has been instructed to dispatch an officer of the army to muster these troops 
 into the service, and to render such other aid as may be necessary to expedite their 
 movements towards Florida. 
 
 Veiy respectfully, your most obedient servant, 
 
 J. E. POIKSETT. 
 CoLONra. Gentbt, Columbia, Boone County, Missouri. 
 
 The first regiment was raised chiefly in Boone and neighboring coun- 
 ties by Colonel Gentry, of which he was elected Colonel, John W. 
 Price, of Howard, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Harrison H. Hughes, also of 
 
 Howard, Major; Parks, of Ray, Quartermaster, and William 
 
 McDaniel, of Marion, Commissary. The regiment was composed of the 
 following companies : 
 
 From Boone County : Captains John Ellis and Thomas D. Grant ; 
 Callaway, Captain William H. Russell ; Howard, Captain Congreve Jack- 
 son ; Chariton, Captain James Flore; Ray, Captain John Sconce; 
 Jackson, Captain Jas. Chiles ; Marion, Captain John Curd. 
 
 Four companies of the second regiment were also raised and attached 
 to the first. Two of these companies were composed of Delawai-e and 
 Osage Indians. 
 
 On October 6, 1837, Col. Gentry's regiment left Columbia for the field 
 of danger and duty, but before taking their departure were presented by 
 the ladies of Columbia with a beautiful regimental flag, the presentation 
 address being made by Miss Lucy Wales, a very cultivated and accom- 
 plished lady, at that time preceptress of Columbia Female Academy. 
 This flag was borne by the regiment throughout the campaign in Florida, 
 and floated at its head in battle, and after its return to Missouri was 
 
234 HISTOKY OF inSSOXIRI. 
 
 delivered to the -widow of Colonel Gentry, October 26tli, 1842, by 
 Captain William Henry Russell, and it is now in tlie possession of the 
 family. 
 
 After the regiment left Columbia, they marched by land to Jefferson 
 Barracks, below St. Louis, where they were detained for several days and 
 were addressed by Hon. Thomas H. Benton. They were there mustered 
 into service by General Henry Atkinson, the commander of this depart-, 
 ment. They were taken by boats from there to Jackson Barracks, New 
 Orleans, from which point they were transported in brigs across the gulf 
 to Tampa Bay, Florida. 
 
 Mr. Elihu H. Shepard, in his "Early History of St. Louis and Mis- 
 souri," says, on the voyage they were overtaken by a violent storm and 
 several of the vessels stranded. Many horses were lost, but no lives, 
 and they disembarked on the 15th of November at the place of desti- 
 nation. On the 1st of December they received orders from General 
 Zacbary Taylor, then commanding in Florida, to march to Okee-cho-bee 
 Lake, one hundred and thirty-five miles inland by the route traveled, 
 in the vicinity of which the whole force of the Seminoles was said 
 to have collected, under their four most redoubtable leaders, Sam Jones, 
 Tiger Tail, Alligator and Mycanopee, prepared for battle. 
 
 Having reached the Kissemmee River, seventy miles distant, the 
 cavalry scouts captured several Indians who were guarding grazing stock, 
 by which the Colonel learned the Indians were near at hand ; and 
 immediately crossing the river, he formed the Missouri volunteers in 
 front and advanced, supporting them at a proper distance by the regular 
 army on either flank. 
 
 The Indians appeared to have noticed all the surroundings of the place, 
 and commenced the attack at the point afl"ording them the best position 
 for prolonging a battle, and continued it with a pertinacity they seldom 
 exhibit. 
 
 Colonel Gentry fought on foot, as did all his command, and had 
 repulsed the Indians after several hours of severe fighting. He was 
 gradually pushing them across a swamp, and had nearly reached the dry 
 soil, when a bullet pierced his abdomen, inflicting a fatal wound. He 
 knew its extent, yet he stood erect an hour afterward, and cheered his 
 men to victory ; until at last being compelled to yield, he was borne from 
 the fight and expired the same night. 
 
 The fall of their leader did not relax the exertions of the Missourians. 
 They made good all their Senator had said of them, and continued to 
 fight several hours longer, imtil the Indians were entirely vanquished. 
 
COLONEL GENTRY'S HEROIC DEATH. 235 
 
 The loss in killed and wounded was one hundred and thirty-eight, most of 
 whom were Missourians. 
 
 There being no further service required of the Missourians, they were 
 returned to their homes early in 1838, and the name and fame of Colonel 
 Gentry placed where it will never perish. His remains, as well as those 
 of Captain Vanswearingen, and Lieutenants Brooke and Center, 6th 
 Regular United States Infantry, were afterwards brought to Jefferson 
 Barracks and buried, the Government of the United States erecting over 
 them a suitable monument. The County of Gentry , organized February 
 12th, 1841, was named in honor of his memory. ^ 
 
 The official report to the War Department by General Zachary Taylor, 
 U. S. A., in regard to the battle of Okeechobee, occasioned much excite- 
 ment and adverse criticism in Missouri, because it was claimed that he 
 not only did great injustice to the Missouri volunteers under Colonel 
 Gentry, but that on one occasion he treated Colonel Gentry himself with 
 a degree of insulting hardship and violence wholly unmerited by that 
 gallant officer. Therefore, during the session of the Legislature of 
 1838-9, a special committee was appointed, David R. Atchison, chair- 
 man, to investigate the facts and make report of them to the General 
 Assembly. This committee caused about twenty of the officers of the 
 
 ' The following is a copy of a letter from Brigadier General Henry Atkinson, U. S. 
 Army, to Mrs. Ann Gentry, widow of Colonel Gentry, in regard to the receipt and in- 
 terment of his remains : 
 
 St. Louis, 7th May, 1839. 
 
 Mt Deak Madam : — ^I have the satisfaction to inform you that I have received the 
 remains of the late Major General Gentry, your laniented husband, from Florida, 
 mingled in the same box with the remains of Captain VanSwearingen and Lieutanants 
 Brooke and Center, 6th Regiment U. S. Infantry. The whole will be this day taken from 
 the box and placed in a suitable coffin and carried to the Episcopal Church, where at 
 half past two o'clock, the funeral service will be performed by the reverend clergy ; after 
 which all appropriate military honors will take place, by the military and civil author- 
 ities of the city. The remains will then be taken to Jefterson Barracks, where they wiU 
 be deposited for final intei-ment as soon as the 6th Regiment returns to that post. It is 
 intended to inter aU the remains in the same grave, over which a monument, with suit- 
 able inscriptions, will be erected. 
 
 I hope this disposition of the remains of Major General Gentry, will be agreeable to 
 you and your family. It would now be difficult, if not impossible, to designate the sep- 
 arate remains of either individual ; therefore, should you wish to have the General's bones, 
 it would be impossible, I think, to select them. 
 
 With the kindest regards, madam, I am most respectfully. 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 H. Atkinson, Brigadier General U. S. Army. 
 Mrs. Gentry, relict of the late Major General Gentry, Columbia, Mo. 
 
236 HISTORY OF MISSOUBI. 
 
 Missouri Volunteers, who had served in the Florida campaign, to be 
 examined before them, among whom were individuals who were engaged 
 during the battle in every part of the line, and others who were posted 
 at the baggage on the opposite side of the swamp. After the examina- 
 tion of these witnesses, Mr. Atchison made a report, in which it was 
 maintained that General Taylor's report did the Missouri troops great 
 injustice ; among other reasons because it charged that the Missouri 
 Volunteers mostly broke and fell back to the baggage, and that the 
 repeated efforts of his Aids could not rally them. Mr. Atchison's report 
 states, in substance, that the battle commenced between nine and ten 
 o'clock A. M., December 25th, 1837; that the Missouri Volunteers first 
 attacked the enemy, led the charge, and bore the brimt of the battle 
 along the whole line; that they had to march through a deep, miry 
 swamp for about half a mile in order to approach the Indians, who were 
 concealed in the edge of the hummock ready to receive them, on ground 
 which they had chosen and prepared for that purpose ; that the Indians 
 were protected by the heavy timber and thick underbrush , while the Volun- 
 teers, mostly unsupj)orted by the Regulars, were exposed in open line, 
 uncovered, in the swamp, standing up to their knees in mud and water, 
 when they received the first deadly fire of the enemy. Nevertheless, they 
 fought bravely till the heat of the battle was over, and it was principally 
 by their fire that the Indians were first dispersed. Although a large 
 number of the Volunteers were killed or wounded by a concealed enemy, 
 they heroically stood their ground or pressed forward to the attack, until 
 the hummock was taken and the victory gained. None of the witnesses 
 examined knew of any attempt on the part of General Taylor's staff to 
 rally the Volunteers, or of any necessity for such attempt ; and the fact 
 is established that after the heat of the battle was over, a considerable 
 portion of the Volunteers, instead of being dispatched in pursuit of the 
 retreating enemy, were, by order of the Regular ofilcers, detailed to 
 make a causeway across the swamp, upon which to carry out the dead 
 and wounded. To the committee it was manifest that General Taylor 
 entertained strong prejudice against the Volunteers, and a most contempt- 
 uous opinion of that description of troops, and they reported it probable, 
 that, owing to this prejudice, he could not do justice to the Volunteers 
 from Missouri. Also, that "Colonel Gentry fell at the head of his troops, 
 in a manner worthy of the commander of Volunteers, and the conduct of 
 the Volunteer officers and soldiers generally was such as ought to have 
 elicited praise and commendation, instead of censure and reproach." 
 
ACTION OF THE ^USSOUEI LEGISLATURE. 237 
 
 The committee concluded their report by recommending the adoption 
 of the following joint resolutions : 
 
 1st. Sesolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives, that the conduct of the 
 Missouri Volunteers and spies, in the Florida campaign, was such as only could be 
 ■expected from good soldiers and brave men, 
 
 2d. Besolved, that so much of Colonel Z. Taylor's report of the battle of Okeechobee, 
 which charges that the Missouri Volunteers and spies mostly broke and fell back to the 
 'tiaggage, and that the repeated efforts of his staff could not rally them, is proved to be 
 unfounded, not to say intentionally false, and that so much of said report which states 
 that the Regular troops were joined by Captain Gilliam and Lieutenant Blakey with a 
 few men, but not until they had suffered severely, is incorrect in this,— that Gilliam and 
 Blakey were in advance of the Regular troops during the most of the fight and never in the 
 rear. 
 
 3d. Besolved, that so much of said report, which states that the Missouri Volunteers 
 and spies behaved themselves as well or better than troops of that discription usually 
 do, is not so much a compliment to them, as a slander upon citizen soldiers generally, 
 
 4th. Besolved, that Colonel Taylor, in his report of the battle of Okeechebee, has done 
 manifest injustice to the Missouri Volunteers and spies, and that said report was not 
 founded upon facts as they occurred. 
 
 5th. Besolved, that a commanding officer who has wantonly misrepresented the 
 conduct of men who gallantly sustained him in battle, is unworthy a commission in ,the 
 Army of the United States. 
 
 6th. Besolved, that the Governor of the State be required to lay before the President of 
 the United States, the evidence reported to this House, in relation to the conduct of the 
 Missouri volunteers and spies in the Florida campaign, and Colonel Z. Taylor's report 
 of the battle of the Okeechebee, and that he solicit on the part of this State a court of 
 inquiry into the conduct of the Missouri volunteers and spies, and the truth of said 
 report. 
 
 7th. Besolved, that the Governor of the State be required to lay before the President 
 of the United States, a statement of facts relative to the treatment of the spies under 
 Colonel Morgan and Captain Sconce: 1st , as it regards the fact of the organization of 
 said command into a spy battalion, under the order of Colonel Taylor. 2d. His subse- 
 quent acknowledglement and recognition of said corps. 3d. The performance of 
 arduous duty by the officers of said battalion under the requisition of Colonel Taylor. 
 4th. Their subsequent discharge as privates and the pay that they received as such. 
 5th. The necessity of adopting some course to obtain redress. 
 
 The resolutions passed both houses of the Legislature unanimously, 
 and there the matter rested, no court of inquiry having been called by 
 the President of the United States to investigate the truth of Colonel 
 Taylor's report. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 From 1830 to 18i0 Continued.— Thb Mormons anp the Mormon "War.— Sketch of 
 mormonism and of jo. smith.— "the book of mormon" — its origin. — m0rm0n9 
 Settle at Independence in Jackson County.— Are Driven Out and Establish 
 Themselves at Far "West in Caldwell County. — Description of Fab West and 
 
 OF THE MOIIMO.V TeMPLE. — THE MORMONS AT DeWiTT, CaKROLL COUNTY. — THEY 
 
 Organize Under Colonel G. W. Hinkle.— the Citizens Fly to Arms and Elect 
 General Congkeve Jackson to Command Tiiem. — Bloodshed Imminent.— Judge 
 James Earickson of Howahd Negotiates a Peace. — The Mormons Abandon 
 DeWh't and go to Far "West. — False Alarm at Carrollton. — Missouri Militia 
 March Against the Mormons in 1838. — Their Surrender and Dispersion. — The 
 
 Tragical Deaths op Jo. Smith and Parley P. Pratt Attempted assassination 
 
 OF Governor Hlburn "W. Boggs by Porter Kockwell, a Mormon Leader. 
 
 Unquestionably one of the most striking features in the history of 
 modern fanaticism is the progress of Mormoiiism in the United States. 
 That an uneducated youth, without wealth or social standing, indeed 
 without the prestige of common morality, and in fact notorious only for 
 a "fiagrant and dissolute life, should excite a revolutionary movement in 
 the religious world, and be able to operate on the public credulity by 
 means of the most absurd pretensions to the divine and prophetic 
 character, and that too in an age boastful of its intelligence, is a paradox 
 difficult to be accounted for on any known laws of the human mind. 
 
 Joe Smith, their prophet, priest and king, assumed to act by divine 
 appointment, and cliiimed that his mission "was of both a temporal and 
 spiritual character. He was to radically and essentially change all the 
 features of divine vjrorship, and herald the millennial reign of Christ on 
 earth. In addition to this he was to establish a temporal kingdom, in 
 •\vhich "the Saints" were to reign, and crush the unbelieving world 
 beneath their righteous rule. When he came to Missouri, in 1831, it 
 was claimed that the foundations of this kingdom were laid at Indepen- 
 dence, which Smith named "The New Jerusalem." From this nucleus 
 it was to be extended by a series of supernatural incidents and brilliant 
 conquests, more miraculous, dazzling and complete than the rapid march 
 of the Moslem prophet under his crescent banner. 
 
 To accomplifih his designs, he proposed to concentrate all the Indian 
 tribes of the West, and incite them to avenge the wrongs they had 
 suffered at the hands of their white oppressors. The blood-thirsty 
 Comanches, the cruel Sacs and Foxes, still smarting under the defeat 
 and capture of their celebrated chieftain, Black Hawk ; the Winnebagoes, 
 the Pawnees, the Omahas, and all the wild tribes of the deep valleys 
 
" THE BOOK OF MORMON." 239 
 
 and lofty crags of the Rocky Mountains, were to hear the voice of the 
 prophet, heed his counsel, and subordinate all their savage energies to 
 the establishment of Mormon supremacy on the American Continent. 
 
 "The Book of Mormon" ( a copy of -which, once the property of Jo. 
 Smith's mother, is now before the writer ) contains a pretended history 
 of the ancient aborigines of the country, from whom it is claimed the 
 modern tribes have descended. This "Book" was to be used for the 
 conversion of the Indians. From the pages of this blundering fiction 
 the red man was to be taught of his high origin ; of an ancestry which 
 had peopled a vast continent, and established a civilization even superior 
 to that of their European enemies who had robbed them of their homes 
 and hunting grounds. 
 
 The truth is, there is something so remarkable about this strange 
 infatuation and its pretensions as to justify, in this place, a brief reference 
 ■to the history of Joseph Smith, the founder and apostle of Mormonism. 
 He was born December 23d, 1805, at Sharon, Windsor County, Vermont, 
 and in 1815, removed with his father and family to Palmyra, Wayne 
 County, New York. A few years afterwards, many revivals of religion 
 occurred in Western New York, and Smith professed to have become 
 seriously impressed on the subject. In April, 1820, while praying in 
 the woods, he pretends to have received his first remarkable vision and 
 revelation, and asserts that God appeared to him in the forest, and, 
 like Mohammed's Gabriel, informed him that his sins were forgiven ; 
 that all of the then existing denominations of Christians were in error 
 and enemies of the Covenant of Grace, and that he was the chosen of 
 God to reinstate his Kingdom, and re-introduce his Gospel on earth. 
 Three years afterwards, Smith fearfully backslided ; became oblivious of 
 his pretended revelation and conversion, and relapsed into his old 
 habits of swearing, swindling and drunkenness. Nevertheless he 
 pretends that about this time ( September 21st, 1823 ) an angel came 
 to him while in bed and revealed to him the existence and preservation 
 of the history of the ancient inhabitants of the American continent, 
 eno-raved on plates of gold, and directed him where to find them. The 
 next day he obeyed the angelic injunction and discovered the gold 
 plates, in a stone box, buried in a hillside — "Cumorah" — between 
 Manchester and Palmyra, New York. He attempted to take them, but 
 the devil and his angels prevented him for a time, by hostilities waged 
 with carnal weapons, but they were finally vanquished and retreated. The 
 an"-el of the Lord then safely delivered to him the plates — ^plates of gold, 
 bell-shaped, seven by eight inches in size and six inches thick, and 
 
240 
 
 HISTORY OF ]\riSSOUEI. 
 
 fastened through the ends with rings. Tlie engraving below represents 
 ■one of the plates. 
 
 These plates, as can be seen, contained all kinds of characters, arranged 
 lin columns like Chinese writing, and presented a singular medley of 
 Greek, Hebrew and all sorts of hieroglyphics, with sundry figures of 
 iialf-moons and stars, the whole ending in a rude representation of the 
 Mexican zodiac. He at once set about translating them ; but in July, 
 1828, the translation was suspended in consequence of Martin Harris, 
 •one of the scribes, stealing 118 pages of manuscript, which have never 
 been recovered. In April, 1829, the translation was resumed, Oliver 
 ■Cowdery, whom John the Baptist came to the earth and ordained, acting 
 :a3 clerk. The ensuing year the "Book of Mormon" was published as a 
 revelation from Heaven. 
 
 
 
 <> '' y^^ 
 
 The Book of Mormon, 
 
 Mr. Thurlow Weed, late of the Albany (N. Y.) Journal, says in a 
 letter published in the N. Y. Herald of July 29, 1858, that "the original 
 impostor, Joe Smith, come to the writer only thirty-two years ago with 
 the manuscript of this Mormon Bible to be printed. He then had but 
 ■one follower, a respectable and wealthy farmer of the town of Macedon, 
 who offered himself as security for the printing. But after readino- a 
 few chapters, it seemed such a jumble of unintelligible absurdities that 
 we refused the work, advising Harris not to mortgage his farm and beo-- 
 ^ar his family. But Joe crossed over the way to our neighbor, Elihu F. 
 Marshall, and got his Mormon Bible printed." 
 
THE MOKMONS AT ESTDEPENDENOE. 241 
 
 Without going farther into the history of this wonderful delusion, 
 there is very good evidence for the statement that the real author of the 
 " Book of Mormon " was Solomon Spalding, a Presbyterian clergyman 
 of Ashford, Connecticut, who graduated at Dartmouth in 1785, and was 
 ordained and preached for tliree or four years. Relinquishing the ministry, 
 he engaged in mercantile business in Cherry Valley, New York, when, in. 
 1809, he moved to Conneaut, Ohio, and finally, in 1814, to Amity, Penn- 
 sylvania, where he died in 1816. He wrote several novels, which he was in 
 the habit of reading to his friends in manuscript, among them (in 1810-12) 
 a romance of the migration of the ten lost tribes of Israel to America, 
 maintaining the hypothesis that the American Indians are descended from 
 the Hebrews. 
 
 Mr. Spffliding intended to publish this fiction in book form, and placed 
 it before his death in a printing office in Pittsburgh, with which Sidney 
 Kigdon was connected, who copied it. The book was never published, 
 and the original manuscript was returned to Spalding. After the appear- 
 ance of "The Book of Mormon," Mr. Spalding's widow recognized its 
 paternity, and on May 18th, 1839, in a card in the Boston Journal, 
 published a statement in regard to its history. ^ 
 
 Having made a number of converts, Smith in 1831 moved to Kirtlaud, 
 Ohio, and during the same year miide a visit to Missouri in search of a 
 location for "Zion " ; found it at Independence, Jackson County ; named 
 the place "The New Jerusalem," and returned to Kirtland. 
 
 In 1832 Smith returned with many followers to Jackson County. They 
 -entered several thousand acres of land, mostly west of Independence, 
 j^rofessed to own all things in common, though in reality their bishops 
 and leaders owned everything (especially the land titles) and established 
 a "Lord's Storehouse" in Independence, where the few monopolized the 
 trade and earnings of the many. They published The Evening Star, 
 (the first newspaper in the county) in which appeared weekly install- 
 ments of " revelations " promising wonderful things to the faithful, and 
 denouncing still more wonderful things against the ungodly Gentiles. 
 The result was that the Gentiles threw the press and type into the 
 Missouri Eiver, tarred and feathered the Bishop and two others, on the 
 public square at Independence, and otherwise maltreated the Saints, 
 who retaliated upon their adversaries, "smiting them hip and thigh" at 
 every o-ood opportunity. On October 31st, 1833, a deadly encounter 
 took place two miles east of Westport, in which two citizens and one 
 
 •1 See American Cyclopedia, 1875, Vol. xi, p. 833. 
 16 
 
242 
 
 HISTOEY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 Mormon were killed. The Mormons routed their enemies, and, elated 
 with victory, determined to utterly destroy that wicked place, Independ- 
 ence, which had been the scene of their sorest trials. A "revelation " 
 ordered the work of destruction and promised victory. They marched 
 during the night, and soon after daylight of November 2d, arrived one 
 mile west of the town ; but the Gentiles pouring in from all quarters, 
 met them at that point, and forced them to lay down their arms and to 
 agree to leave the county with their families by January 1st, 1834, on 
 the condition that the owner should be paid for the loss of the Star 
 printing office, which was agreed to. 
 
 Leaving Jackson, they flocked into Clay, Carroll and other counties 
 
 north of the river, but 
 chiefly into the new 
 county of Caldwell, 
 where John Whitmcr 
 and a few others had 
 selected a site for a 
 new town and lands 
 for a new home of the 
 Saints. The town was 
 called "Far West," 
 and Joe Smith and 
 his chief officers locat- 
 ed there, and assured 
 their followers that it 
 would soon become 
 one of the mighty 
 
 Joe Smith's House. ... /* j.i i i 
 
 ■■ Cities of the world. 
 
 The old town site is now in the midst of a corn field, which constitutes 
 part of a tract of land belonging to Col. Calvin F. Burns, of St. Joseph, 
 and is situated about eight miles southwest of Hamilton and about the 
 same distance southeast of Cameron. About, half a mile west of the 
 town is the burying-ground of the Mormons. It is now included within 
 the limits of a farm owned by Mr. Peter L. Boulton, a brother of Judo-e 
 Jesse A. Boulton of Boone County. Here are some two or three hun- 
 dred graves, all more or less obliterated, with scarcely an occasional rude 
 headstone to mark the presence of a once sacredly-guarded, but lono-- 
 forsaken and forgotten village of the dead. Kut perhaps the most inter- 
 esting relic of the times of which we write is the former residence of 
 Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet, and founder of the Church of Jesus 
 
FAR WEST AND THE MORMON TEMPLE. 243 
 
 Christ of Latter Day Saints. We give a faithful picture as it now standa 
 to-day. It is a rude, old-fashioned, one-story frame buildingj with two 
 rooms, situated about a quarter of a mile southwest of the temple site, 
 which was in the middle of the town. An \inusually large and clumsy 
 stone chimney at the noith end of the building is its distinguishing 
 characteristic. Otherwise the structure is an exceedingly ordinary and 
 common-place building, suggestive of anything rather than the residence 
 of the founder of a mighty sect whose wonderful rise and progress con- 
 stitute an era in the history of Missouri. 
 
 Under the influence of their missionaries, who were canvassing all 
 the Eastern States and many parts of Europe, the young city of Far 
 West promised much. Converts settled all over the county, and 
 especially along the streams and belts of timber. Farm houses sprang 
 up as if by magic, and the wilderness was in a few months transformed 
 into an industrious and promising community. Their settlements 
 extended into Livingston, Daviess and Clinton Counties, but Far West, 
 their only town, was their commercial center, and became their county 
 seat. In 1837, the Mormons began work on what was intended to be 
 one of the most magnificent temples in the United States. 
 
 The town was laid out in blocks 396 feet square, and the streets were 
 on a grand scale. The four principal avenues were each 132 feet wide, 
 and all the others 82J feet wide. These diverged at right angles from 
 a public square in the center, designed as the site of a grand temple, 
 which, however, was never built. In 1837, the cellar under the 
 prospective temple was dug. The excavation, 120 by 80 feet in area, 
 and 4 or 5 feet deep, was accomplished in about one-half of a day, 
 more than 500 men being employed in the work, with no other means 
 of removing the earth than hand-barrows. It is generally believed 
 that on the 4th of July following, which was duly observed as a national 
 holiday, the comer-stone of the temple was laid. This, however, is a 
 mistake. 
 
 The prosperity of the Mormon settlement had drawn thither many good 
 and industrious men, and also many desperadoes and thieves, who soon 
 obtained full sway in their councils. They boldly declared that "the 
 Lord had given the earth and the fullness thereof to His people," and 
 that they were "His people," and consequently had the right to take 
 whatsoever they pleased from the Gentiles. In pursuance of this 
 declaration, bands of the more lawless of them strolled about the 
 country, taking what they pleased. As they largely outnumbered the 
 Gentiles, aud as the county officers were mostly Mormons, they were 
 
244 HISTOBY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 enabled to act with impunity until their lawless course excited the indig- 
 nation of the other settlers, who, not being able to obtain justice in a 
 lawful manner, also resorted to mob violence ' and retaliation in land, 
 nulil many a dark and unlawful deed was perpetrated on both sides. 
 
 It will be a matter of interest to many to know that among the 
 Mormon residents at Far West was the widow of Morgan, the so-called 
 exposer of the mysteries of Masonry, whose sudden disappearance 
 from his home in New York, in the year 1826, created the suspicion of 
 his having been abducted and murdered by certain over-zealous members 
 of the craft. The excitement in that day, in reference to this mythical 
 murder, was of a sufficiently grave and extensive character to result 
 in the inauguration of a short-lived party in national politics, the 
 leading characteristic of which was its opposition to Free Masonry. 
 
 The Mormons not only had a sad experience in the counties of Jackson 
 and Caldwell, but also in Carroll, in the neighborhood of DeWitt, near 
 the Missouri Elver. During the summer of 1838, a citizen of this village, 
 by the name of Root, then a merchant there, and now a banker in Quincy, 
 
 Illinois, sold a large number of lots to G. W. Hinkle and 
 
 Murdock, whom it was afterwards discovered were Mormon leaders, who 
 came to Carroll county to establish a settlement of their order. De Witt 
 being a good landing on the river, they regarded it as a convenient point 
 from which to forward goods and immigrants to Far West. No sooner 
 was it known that these new comers were Mormon leaders, coming into 
 the co\mtry with the view of planting a colony, than great excitement 
 arose in the sparse settlements then existing there. The settlers became 
 alarmed for their own safely, and in July, 1838, a public meeting was 
 held in Carrollton, which was addressed by Dr. W. W. Austin, Alex. C. 
 Blackwell, Rev. Abbot Hancock, Rev. Sarohel Woods, Hiram Wilcoxson 
 and others. No deiinite measures were adopted at this meeting, but at 
 another held a. few days afterward, it was with difficulty that portions of 
 the people were restrained from making an immediate advance on the 
 Mormon settlement at DeWitt. Assistance from neighborino- counties 
 was proffered to expel the Mormons from Carroll, and it was finally de- 
 termined that their expulsion was a necessity. A committee of citizens 
 was appointed, of which Sarchel Woods was made chairman, to notif}' 
 Col. Hinkle of the course the people intended to pursue. Accordingly, 
 on the following Monday, the committee visited DeWitt, where they mot 
 Col. Hinkle and a large number of his adherents. On being informed of 
 their mission, Col. Hinkle drew his sword, and, defiantly flourishing it the 
 air, threatened extermination to those who should attempt to disturb the 
 
MOKMON DIFFIOULTIES. 245 
 
 peace of himself and the Samts. To all of which the chairman, Rev. 
 Sir. Woods, replied: "Colonel, put up your sword. I am an old 
 pioneer, have heard the Indians yell, the wolves howl and the owls hoot, 
 and am not alarmed at such demonstrations." 
 
 Before decisive measures were adopted for the expulsion of the 
 Mormons at DeWitt, troubles broke out in Daviess County, and the 
 people of Carroll were called upon for aid. During the existence of 
 these troubles, and while the attention of the people was directed to the 
 suppression of disorders in Duviess, Mormon recruits, by land and by 
 water, poured into the town of DeWitt, and their wagons and tents 
 completely filled the grove of timber below the town. An attack on this 
 encampment and settlement was fixed for the 21st of September, 1838, 
 and on that A&y, about 150 aimed men bivouacked near the town. 
 A conflict between the forces ensued, during which several scattering 
 volleys were fired, but no serious casualty occurred. Nevertheless, a 
 laughable incident happened to a Mr. Williams, who was struck in the 
 mouth by a passing ball. Williams was of the Gentile force and an 
 inveterate tobacco chewer, who was in the habit of always keeping a 
 large quid between his under lip and teeth. A ball from the gun of one 
 of the Saints entered the right side of his lip, and coming out on the 
 left, carried with it the huge quid of tobacco, without breaking the skin 
 in front of the mouth. The Mormons finally evacuated their works and 
 fled to some log houses, in which they were comparatively safe from 
 attack. The Carroll County forces likewise returned to their camp to 
 await re-inforcements. Troops from Ray, Howard and Clay Counties 
 soon arrived. Hiram Wilcoxson, who had been sent to Jackson County 
 for a piece of artillery, arrived in due time with it on a wagon, and it 
 was properly mounted ready for service. By this time the attacking 
 force had increased to four or five hundred men. Congreve Jackson, of 
 Howard County, was chosen Brigadier-General ; Ebenezer Price, of 
 Clay, Colonel; Singleton Vaughn, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Sarchel 
 Woods, Major. Thus ofllcered, the brigade, after ten days' discipline, 
 were preparing for an assault upon the Mormon force. 
 
 Before the line of battle was formed and the onslaught made, however, 
 Judo-e James Earickson and William F. Dunnica, two influential and 
 reputable citizens of Howard County, reached General Jackson's camp 
 and asked permission to intercede, with the view of adjusting the troubles 
 without bloodshed. After a long parley, it was finally agreed that Judge 
 Earickson might make the Mormons this proposition : That the citizens 
 of Carroll County would purchase from the Mormons, at first cost, their 
 
246 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 lots in DeWitt, and one or two tracts of land joining the town ; that the 
 Mormons should pay for all the cattle killed by them belonging ,to 
 citizens ; that the Mormons should load their wagons during the night 
 and he ready to move by ten o'clock next morning, and that they agree 
 to make no further attempt on their part at a settlement in Carroll 
 County. Judge Eaiickson very properly thcmght the terms of pacifi- 
 cation rather stringent ; but as they were the best that could be obtained 
 from the excited citizens, agreed to undertake the mission. He accord- 
 ingly waited upon Colonel Hinkle and informed him of the object of his 
 visit, and of the terms upon which a peaceful and bloodless settlement 
 could be made. Colonel Hinkle was indignant, and expressed a 
 determination to die on the hill rather than accede to such terms. Judge 
 Earickson expostulated. Hinkle protested, the interview resulting in 
 Earickson agreeing to remain during the night and hear his final answer 
 in the mornin<r. 
 
 o 
 
 A little after dark, Colonel Lyman Wight reached DeWitt with about 
 a hundred Mormons. Their comino; strenjjthened Hinkle's conviction 
 that he could "hold the fort." Nevertheless, Judge Earickson called a 
 council of the principal Mormons and informed them of the perils with 
 which they were threatened. If one citizen of Carroll County should 
 be killed, a hundred would fly to arms to avenge his blood. In the event 
 of hostilities, so exasperated would be the peojDle that he would not be 
 responsible for the safety of the women and. children. Colonel Hinkle 
 becoming better informed of the dangers which threatened him, began 
 to consider more dispassionately the force of the arguments, but Lyman 
 Wight was opposed to any terms,' and wanted to "fight it out on that 
 line if it took all summer." 
 
 The forces under Jackson were determined to carry the Mormon posi- 
 tion at all hazards the next morning ; and before Judge Earickson re- 
 turned next morning, Jackson's forces were in line and ready to advance. 
 Despairing of peaceable settlement, a messenger was about to leave to 
 notify Judge Eaiickson of the determination of the opposing force, and that 
 all non-combatants must be moved by the Mormons to a place of safety. 
 Just at this time, Judge Earickson made his appearance with the intelli- 
 gence that Colonel Hinkle had accepted the terms, and that if commis- 
 bioners should be sent to DeWitt to settle the manner in which the 
 property would be paid for, they would be received in friendship. 
 Commissioners were accordingly appointed — -W. W. Austin, A. Hancock, 
 A. C. Blackwell, Col. Vaughn, David Walker, and Benjamin Cooper 
 on the part of the citizens ; and James Earickson, William D. Swinney, 
 and W. F. Dunnica of Howard County, to represent the Mormons. 
 
MISSOURI MTLITIA AOT) THE MORMONS. 247 
 
 In conformity to the agreement, the Mormons without delay loaded 
 their property on wagons, and a long procession filed out of town for Far 
 West, in Caldwell County — men, women, and children casting a sorrow- 
 ful look behind them as they left forever the spot on which they hoped 
 to build a large and prosperous city. 
 
 In less than a week the commissioners met at Glasgow and were ready 
 to make a final settlement of all questions pertaining to the property. 
 They were about proceeding to business, when a messenger reached them 
 from Messrs. Joseph Dickson, Hiram Wilcoxson and others of CarroUton, 
 bearing a letter to the effect that on the arrival of Col. Hinkle at Far 
 West, the Mormon leaders of that place set aside his agreement, and 
 avowed a determination to maintain possession of their property in 
 Carroll County. The commissioners at once left Glasgow and reached 
 CarroUton at midnight, it having been reported^ — which, however, turned 
 out to be untrne — that a Mormon force was moving from Far West 
 southward ; and CarroUton, being unprotected, everything was in confusion 
 there. Apprehending an attack upon the town, the merchants had 
 packed their goods and books and sent them to places of safety. Many 
 families were preparing to leave, and had moved their furniture and 
 other household effects and concealed them in the adjacent woods. Col. 
 William Claude Jones was endeavoring to organize two companies for 
 home protection, but his efforts, in consequence of the demoralization 
 which prevailed, were in vain. 
 
 Peace was finally restored. Whether the commissioners ever carried 
 out the object of their appointment and adjusted the property balances 
 between the citizens and the Mormons at De Witt, is not recorded.^ 
 
 In 1838 the discord became so great, and the clamor for the expulsion 
 of the Mormons from the State so imperative, that Governor Boggs 
 issued a proclamation, ordering Major-General David R. Atchison to 
 call out the militia of his division to put down the insurgents and enforce 
 the laws. He called out a part of the 1st brigade of the Missouri State 
 Militia, under command of General Alexander W. Doniphan, who 
 proceeded at once to the seat of war. The militia were placed under 
 the command of General John B. Clark, of Howard County. The 
 Mormon forces, numbering about 1,000 men, were led by G- W. Hinkle. 
 The first skirmish took place at Crooked River, in the south-western 
 part of the county, where David Patten— "Captain Fear-not," as he 
 caUed himself — the leader of the Danite Band or United Brothers of 
 
 » A. C. ElackweU's History of Carroll County, 1876. 
 
248 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Gideon, was killed. But the principal engagement was fought at 
 Haughn's Mills, five miles south of the present site of Breckenridge. 
 The Mormons of the eastern portion of tho county had concentrated 
 there and entrenched themselves in the mill and in the blacksmith shop, 
 where the militia, numbering about 125 men, attacked and captured 
 them. One militia man was wounded and 18 of the Mormons killed — • 
 some of them after their surrender, — and their bodies were thrown into 
 a neighboring well on a farm owned at that time by Haughn. This land' 
 is now the property of James C. McCrary, Esq., of Kingston, to whom 
 it was sold for a St. Louis part}', by Nathan Cope, Esq., of Kingston. 
 It was about fifteen and a half miles east of Far "West. This bloody 
 and sepulch;-al well was filled up by Charles Eoss, Esq., now a resident 
 of Kingston, who arrived on the spot just ten days after the tragic 
 occurrence. 
 
 When the militia appeared at Ear "West, October, 1838, where the 
 piincipal Mormon forces were gathered, Joe Smith surrendered, agreeing 
 to General Doniphan's conditions, viz. : That they should deliver up 
 their arms, surrender their prominent leaders for trial, and the remainder 
 of the Mormons should, with their families, leave the State. 
 
 The leaders were taken before a court of inquiry at Eichmond, Judge 
 Austin A. King presiding. He remanded them to Daviess County, to 
 await the action of the grand jury on a charge of treason against the 
 State, and murder. The Daviess County jail being poor, they were 
 confined at Liberty. Indictments for various offenses — treason, murder, 
 robbery, receiving stolen goods, arson, resisting legal process, etc.,. 
 — were found against Joe Smith, Hyram Smith (Joe Smith's brother), 
 Sidney Eigdon, Lyman Wight, G. W. Hinkle, Caleb Baldwin, Parley 
 P. Pr.att,i Liiman Gibbs (the basket-maker), Maurice Phelps, King 
 Follett, Wm. Osburn, Arthur Morrison, Elias Higbee, J. Worthington, 
 W. Voorheis, Jacob Gates and others. Sidney Eigdon was released on 
 a writ of habeas corpus. The others requested a change of venue, and 
 Judge King sent their cases to Boone County for trial. On their way to 
 Columbia, under a military guard, Joe Smith effected his escape. It is 
 claimed, and generally believed, that the guard was bribed. 
 
 On July 4th, 1839, P. P. Pratt and perhaps others, while the citizens 
 of Columbia were attending some sort of an old-fashioned Fourth 
 of July celebration on the opposite side of the town, knocked down 
 
 1 Pratt was a Mormon Elder and a man of education. In 1856 he met a tragic death 
 near Fort Gibson, For an account, of it see conclusion of tliis chapter. 
 
TEAGICAL DEATH OF JOE SMITH. • 249 
 
 John M. Kelly, the jailor, when he opened the door to serve them with 
 dinner, and escaped. Gibbs and some others were tried before David 
 Todd, Circuit Jndge, and acquitted. Hon. J. S. Rollins of Boone, and 
 General A. W. Doniphan of Clay, defended them. The indictments 
 were dismissed against all the others, by Circnit Attorney James 
 M. Gordon, at the August term of the Court, 1840. In connection 
 with the removal of the remainder of the Mormons, and according to 
 • the terms of the surrender, there were many terrible scenes. Many of 
 tlie Moi'mons were poor, and bad invested their all in lands from which 
 they were about to be driven. Valuable farms were traded for an old 
 wagon, a horse, a yoke of oxen, or anything offered that would fur- 
 nish means of transportation. In many instances conveyances of lands 
 were demanded and enforced at the muzzle of the pistol or the rifle. At 
 this time there were about 5,000 inhabitants in Caldwell County, nearly 
 4,000 being Mormons, most of whom went to Nanvoo (meaning "The 
 Beautiful"), in Illinois, where they afterwards built a magnificent temple. 
 In July, 1843, Jo. Smith pretended to receive a "revelation" author- 
 izing polygamy. When the " revelation " became public, considerable 
 indignation was felt in Nanvoo, and serious disturbances occurred, the 
 ultimate result of which was that the Prophet and his brother Hyram, 
 William Richards and John Taylor, were arrested on a charge of treason 
 against the State and lodged in the Carthage, Illinois, jail. A short 
 time after, it began to be rumored that some of the State officials were 
 really desirous the two Smiths should escape, whereupon an armed mob 
 of about one hundred men was organized, and near sunset was seen ad- 
 vancing stealthily, in single file, from the Niuivoo road, in the direction 
 of the jail. AiTiving at the jail, a conflict ensued with the guard during 
 which several shots were fired. The guard was repulsed, and the vic- 
 torious mob forced their way to the front door of the prison, and into the 
 lower room. There was no hesitation ; the excited and determined crowd 
 instantly poured in a dark and threatening mass up the stairway which 
 led to the room where the prisoners were confined. A volley was fired 
 throuo-h the door, one shot of which inflicted a wound on Hyram Smith 
 from which he instantly expired. The door was now forced, and the 
 infuriated mob precipitated itself into the room, shouting and firing 
 volley after volley. The contest was too fierce to continue long. Taylor 
 was severely, and it was thought at the time, mortally wounded. The 
 Prophet, Jo. Smith, was armed with a six-barreled pistol, with which he 
 defended himself with a bravery inspired by desperation. Three times 
 did he discharge his weapon, and every shot was effectual, wounding one 
 
250 HISTOBY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 of his assailants moi'tally and two others slightly. A volley from the 
 mob finally brought him lifeless to the floor. 
 
 Thus fell (June 27th, 1844 ) a martyr to licentiousness and ambition, 
 the most corrupt, successful and wicked impostor of modern times. 
 After Jo. Smith's death the "Council of Twelve Apostles" imanimously 
 elected Brigham Young as his successor. 
 
 Parley P. Pratt, heretofore mentioned as escaping from the Columbia, 
 Missouri, jail on July 4th, 1840, was a man of education, an author and a 
 poet, and a Mormon elder of great influence among the "Saints." His 
 violent death near Fort Gibson in 1856, was as tragic as Smith's, and 
 under circumstances of thrilling interest. In the spring of 1856, Pratt 
 seduced from her home the wife of Mr. H. H. McLean, a merchant of 
 San Francisco, to make her his seventh wife. After her flight, the deserted 
 husband sent his two children, a very interesting boy and girl, to his 
 father-in-law in New Orleans. Some time afterward, the mother left 
 Salt Lake, went to her parents in New Orleans, professed repentance and 
 regret, and promised amendment, and by these means obtained possession 
 of the children, and fled back to Utah with them. On discovering this, 
 the doubly-injured father started in pursuit. He came to New York, 
 heard of Pratt there and tx-aeked him thence to St. Louis. There he 
 lost him. Then he left for New Orleans, where he heard that his wife 
 and children were going through Texas to Salt Lake : so he started 
 to Texas. In his search he learned that his wife had assumed the name 
 of Mrs. H. P. Parker. While traveling through Texas he contrived to 
 intercept some letters which he found bearing the superscription of Mrs. 
 Parker. Although written in cipher, Mr. McLean succeeded in discover- 
 ing the key, and found the letters were from Pratt, and contained a 
 request that the caravan with which Mrs. McLean and her children were 
 traveling should go to the neighborhood of Fort Gibson, in the Cherokee 
 nation. McLean started for Fort Gibson, assuming the name of John- 
 son. He made known his secret to the ofScers of the fort only. Here 
 his vigilant and energetic pursuit of the fugitives was soon rewarded. 
 He captured not only his wife and children, but the Mormon "Saint" 
 who, in the name of religion, had enticed them from their home. The 
 United States Marshal took them before Commissioner John B. Ogdea 
 for trial. The case awoke intense excitement at the time, and the 
 populace clamored for vengeance on the wretch who had deliberately 
 plotted the ruin of a prosperous and happy family. 
 
 The cyphered letters were produced in court, and Mr. McLean told 
 such a pathetic story of his wrongs that Pratt only escaped lynohino- by 
 
ATTEMPTED ASSASSIXATION OP GOV. BOGGS. 251 
 
 being concealed in the jail, i^ven the complainant himself became so 
 enraged at one time during the trial, that, in the very court to which he 
 had come for justice, he clutched his pistol to shoot Pratt then and there. 
 Early next morning, the Mormon elder wa^ dismissed, and left the place 
 secretly, but McLean watched and pursued him, overtook him on the 
 road, and killed him in his tracks. With his children McLean returned 
 to New Orleans, and the wife having meanwhile become a raving maniac, 
 was sent to an insane asylum. 
 
 It was this event, combined with the apprehended appointment of new 
 territorial officers by the Grovernment, and a desire to possess the 
 valuable property of the train, that is reported to have led to the 
 horrible massacre of more than one hundred Arkansas immigrants at 
 Mountain Meadow, Utah, on September 15th, 1857, and for participation 
 in which crime John D. Lee was tried, and on March 23d, 1877, shot to 
 death on the very spot of the bloody slaughter. He lived with the 
 Mormons during their residence at Far "West. 
 
 The conduct of Governor Boggs in taking measures forcibly to drive 
 the Mormons from the State in 1839, greatly exasperated them, and 
 some of the leaders determined upon his assassination. With this view, 
 Porter Rockwell, one of their number, came to Independence, the place 
 of Governor Boggs' residence, in 1841, and under a false name engaged 
 himself to groom a horse for Mr. Ward, where he remained for sev- 
 eral months reconnoitering the situation and waiting for an opportunity 
 to accomplish his diabolical purpose. Finally it came. Rockwell, 
 as it was alleged and believed at the time, armed himself with a pistol, 
 and stealthily made his way after night to the residence of Governor 
 Boo'o's in the suburbs of the town, and, while the Governor was sitting 
 in his family room with his back to a window, fired through it at the 
 head of his unsuspecting victim. Fortunately, the bullet did not pen- 
 etrate the skull, and although it inflicted a stunning and dangerous 
 wound, it did not prove fatal. 
 
 Circumstances strongly pointing to Rockwell, alias Brown, as the 
 would-be assassin, he was arrested on the charge, but the grand jury of 
 Jackson County failed to find an indictment against him for this offence, 
 but did indict him on the charge of attempting to break jail while under 
 arrest, and in prison awaiting the action of the grand jury. Under a 
 change of venue to Clay County, he was afterwards tried and acquitted, 
 and left for Xauvoo, and now lives in one of the Southern Counties of 
 Utah. Geo. W. Dunn, of Richniond, then circuit attorney, now circuit 
 judge, prosecuted Rockwell, and Col. A. W. Doniphan defended him. 
 
252 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 Some years after this event Governor Boggs moved to Napa City, 
 California, where he now resides. 
 
 By the act of Congress of March 6th, 1820, to authorize the people 
 of Missouri Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, it 
 •was provided that thirtj'-six sections or one entire tovraship of land 
 (46,080 acres), -which should be designated by the President of the 
 United States, shall be reserved for the use of a seminary of learning, 
 and vested in the Legislature of said State to be appropriated solely to 
 the use of such seminary by the Legislature. The President having 
 designated the lands mentioned, in conformity to the act of Congress, 
 the General Assembly, on December 31st, 1830, passed an act making 
 provision for the sale of the seminary lands, after six months' previous 
 notice in the several newspapers published in the State ; upon the 
 condition, however, that the same should not be sold for a less price than 
 two dollars per acre. Land districts were established, and sales of the 
 public and seminary lands were made at Independence, Palmyra and 
 Benton, during the fall of 1831. By an act passed January 17th, 1831, 
 80 acres of the seminary lands adjoining Independence, Jackson County, 
 were laid off in lots and annexed to said town. And in December, 1832, 
 said lots were offered for sale, to the highest bidder ; on the condition, 
 however, that no lot of one acre or less should be sold for less than 
 $10.00, nor any lot of more than one acre, for less than $5.00, per acre. 
 Sales of the seminary lands in the various districts were also made in 
 1833, and after May 1st, 1835, by private entry, in the same manner, at 
 the same price, and under the same regulations as the United States 
 lands were then disposed of, at private sales. The commissioners 
 appointed to superintend the sales of the seminary lands were obligated 
 by law to pay into the State Treasury all moneys received by them from 
 said sales, the Treasurer to keep the same as a distinct fund for the 
 purposes for which said lands were accepted by the State. 
 
 The moneys arising from the sales of seminary lands, and on deposit 
 in the State Treasury, having reached, independent of expenses, the 
 sum of about $70,000, the Legislature of 1838-9 entered upon the 
 responsible duty of providing by law for the location of a State 
 University, or seminary of learning, and for its institution, government 
 and support. Accordingly, by an act approved February 8th, 1839,' 
 five commissioners were appointed to select a site for the State. 
 
 ' Introduced by Hon. James S. Eollins, a member of the House from Boone County. 
 
STATE TINTVEESITY. 253 
 
 University, the said commissioners being Peter H. Burnett of Clay, 
 Chancey Durkee of Lewis, Archibald Gamble of St. Louis, John G. 
 Bryan of Washington, and John S. Phelps of Greene. The act 
 provided the site should contain at least fifty acres of land, in a compact 
 form,- within two miles of the county seat of the county of Cole, 
 Cooper, Howard, Boone, Callaway or Saline. 
 
 It was made the duty of the commissioners to meet in the city of 
 Jefferson on the first Monday of June, 1839, and thereafter at such times 
 as they might appoint at the coimty seat of each county mentioned, to 
 receive conveyances of land and siibscription.s of money, to be void if 
 the University was not located at the county seat of the county in which 
 they were made. 
 
 After visiting all the county seats and receiving bids as aforesaid, the 
 ■commissioners were to return to the seat of government and open the 
 bids; "and the place presenting most advantages to be derived to said 
 University, keeping in view the amount subscribed and locality and 
 general advantages, shall be entitled to its location." 
 
 In three of the six counties mentioned, to-wit, Boone, Callaway and 
 Howard, the contest for the location of the University was very spirited 
 and exciting. With a view of arousing the people to the importance of 
 the subject, frequent public meetings were held in each township, and 
 addresses made by the most influential and popular orators. Subscrip- 
 tions of land and money were freely and generally made, and on the 
 24th of June, 1839, the commissioners met at Jefferson City, opened all 
 the bids, and located the University of Missouri at Columbia, in the 
 county of Boone, the bid of said county amounting to $117,921, or 
 $18,767 larger than any other county. The following is a copy of the 
 :award : 
 
 " The commissioners appointed by law to select a site for the State tTniversity have 
 -agreed unanimously in the choice of Boone County for its location. Given under our 
 iiands at the City of Jefferson this 24th day of June, in the year 1839. 
 
 John Gang Bryan, Ch. Dukkee, 
 
 Archibald Gamble, Peter H. Burnett, 
 John S. Phelps. 
 
 The comer stone of the University edifice at Columbia was laid on the 
 4th of July, 1840, with imposing ceremonies, and an address by Hon. 
 James L. Minor, then and now (1877) an honored citizen of Jefferson 
 •City. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 From 1S40 TO 1850.— The Elections from 1840 to 1850.— Characteristics and Enthusiasm 
 OF THE Campaign of 1840. — Eocheport Convention.— Result of the Election. — 
 Suicide of Governor Reynolds. — The Great Freshet of 1844. — Constitutionai. 
 Convention of 1845.— The Mexican War.—" The St. Louis Legion." Colonel A. K. 
 Easton.— Public Mef.ting.- " Army op the West," General S. W. Kearney. — First 
 Eegimknt Missouri Volunteers Under Colonel A, W, Doniphan,- Battles of 
 Brazito and Sacramento,— Triumphant Entrance Into CHiHifAHUA.— Colonel 
 Sterling Price's Regiment. — His March to Santa Fe. — Battles op Canada, 
 El Embudo and Taos.— Colonel John Balls' Regiment. — Battle of Santa Cruz Db 
 Kosales, — Great St. Louis Firk of May 1849. — Twenty-three Steamers Burned and 
 153,000,000 of Property Destroyed. — " The Jackson Resolutions " Pass the Legis- 
 LATUBE.— Vote on them in Each House.— Colonel Benton's Appeal from and 
 Canvass Against Them. — Excitement his Course Produced. 
 
 For the sake of conciseness and convenience, we give in tabular form 
 below a record of the various elections held in the State from 1840 to 
 1850: 
 
 Election of 1840 — For Governor — / 
 
 Thomas Beynolds, Democrat 29,625 
 
 JohnB. Clark, Whig 22,212 
 
 Keynolds' Majority over Clark 7,413 
 
 M. M. Marmaduke elected Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Whole number of votes cast 51,837 
 
 Total population of the State in 1840 381,102 
 
 Total population of St. Louis in 1840 16,469 
 
 Election for President, 1840 — 
 
 Martin Van Buren, Democrat 29,760 
 
 Wm. H Harrison, Whig 22,972 
 
 Van Buren's Majority 6,788 
 
 Election of 1844 — For Governor — 
 
 John C. Edwards, Democrat 36 978 
 
 Charles H. Allen, Independant 31 357 
 
 Edwards' Majority over Allen 5 621 
 
 James Young elected Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Whole number of votes cast 78 335 
 
 Election for Presidcit, 1844 — 
 
 James K. Polk, Democrat 41,369 
 
 Henry Clay, Whig 31I25I . 
 
 Polk's Majority over Clay 10 Ug 
 
PEESIDENTIAI. CAilPAIGN OF 1840. 255 
 
 Election of 1848 — For Governor — 
 
 Austin A. King, Democrat 48,921 
 
 James S. Rollins, Whig , 33,968 
 
 King's Majority over Rollins. 14,953 
 
 Thomas L. Price, elected Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Whole number of votes cast , 82,889 
 
 Election for President, 1848 — 
 
 Lewis Cass, Democrat 40,077 
 
 Zachary Taylor, Whig 32,671 
 
 Cass's Majority over Taylor 7.406 
 
 The Presidentiiil canvass of 1840, Martin Van Buren of New York 
 being the Democratic, and William Henry Harrison of Ohio the Whig 
 candidate, excited unexampled interest and enthusiasm in every State in 
 the Union. In the closely contested States the people seemed to abandon 
 all business, and devote their entire time and energies to the pending 
 election. Mass conventions of imprecedented numbers were held, in 
 some instances remaining in session for several days, which were addressed 
 by distinguished speakers whose object seemed to be to influence the 
 popular enthusiasm and carry the election by music, banners, proces- 
 sions and stump oratory. Some of the Whig out-door meetings in the 
 Ohio Valley numbered a hundred thousand and were addressed by 
 General Harrison in person.' At these monster assemblages miniature 
 log cabins and veritable coons and hard cider were displayed, and cam- 
 paign songs sung, exciting the wildest enthusiasm ; so that the contest 
 took the name of the " Log Cabin, Coon Skin and Hard Cider Campaign." 
 
 To counteract the influence of these meetings and the party para- 
 phernalia employed to captivate the masses, the friends of Mr. Van Buren 
 held their conventions also, and, invoking the name and influence of 
 "Old Hickory," who ardently supported him for the presidency, adopted 
 hickory boughs and the chicken-cock as their party emblems, the former 
 gracefully waving and the latter defiantly crowing everywhere. 
 
 The Whigs and Democrats of Missouri caught the prevailing en- 
 thusiasm and conducted the canvass with unusual spirit. Mass con- 
 ventions, accompanied by the splendid pageantry of processions, brilliant 
 banners and martial music, to say nothing of political discussions 
 unexcelled in fervid eloquence, abounded everywhere. The State was 
 wild with excitement, and many and interesting and graphic . are the 
 scenes which our older citizens are able to recall of the campaign of 
 1840. 
 
256 HISTORY OF MISSOIIEI. 
 
 The most memorable, because the largest and most elaborately 
 prepared convention of the contest in Missouri, was the Whig conven- 
 tion, held at Rocheport, in Boone County, in June of that year. Its 
 place of meeting was on the hill east of the town, in a dense grove of 
 sugar trees, where three speakers' stands were erected, and where for 
 three days and nights the friends of "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" held 
 high carnival, and bid defiance to the absent hosts of VanBuren and 
 Johnson. During its session, the assembled thousands were addressed 
 by Chilton Allen of Kentucky, Fletcher "Webster ( a son of Daniel 
 Webster), General A. W. Doniphan, James H. Birch, Abiel Leonard, 
 James S. Rollins, Colonel John O'Fallon, James Winston, George C. 
 Bingham and others. 
 
 Nevertheless, the Democrats — as usual — carried the State, electing 
 Thomas Reynolds Governor over John B. Chirk, and the VanBuren 
 ■over the Harrison Electors, by about 7,500 majority. John Miller and 
 John C. Edwards were also elected to Congress over E. M. Samuel and 
 George C. Sibley. 
 
 The xith General Assembly met November 16th, 1840, and organized 
 by electing Sterling Price Speaker of the House, by a majority of 14. 
 
 The xiith General Assembly met in November, 1842, M. M. Marm- 
 aduke, Lieutenant-Governor, being President of the Senate, andHampton 
 L. Boon^, Secretary. Sterling Price was re-elected Speaker. Lewis 
 F. Linn was re-elected to the United States Senate, but did not long: 
 survive the election, for on October 3d, 1843, he died suddenly at 
 his residence in Ste. Genevieve, aged 48 years. Governor Reynolds 
 appointed David R. Atchison to fill his place. 
 
 In February, 1844, the State was startled by the intelligence that on 
 Friday morning the 9th of that month, in his office in the Executive 
 Mansion in Jefferson City, Governor Reynolds committed suicide by 
 shooting himself through the head with a rifle. After breakfasting with 
 his family as usual, except that for the first time in his life he asked a 
 blessing at table, he went into his office in the northern wing of the 
 Mansion, locked the door and closed the shutter, where he was discovered 
 a few minutes afterwards, by one of the servants, lying on the floor dead 
 and weltering in his own blood. A rifle, with a string tied to the trio-o-er, 
 was lying beside him, with the end of the string clenched in his right 
 hand. The ball entered his forehead between the eyes, and he died almost 
 instantly. For several months he had been in very poor health, but was 
 much better within the previous week, yet his illness and domestic 
 troiibles had affected his mind to a considerable extent and seated a 
 
THE GKEAT FEESHET. 257 
 
 deep melancholy upon him. The following note, addressed to Colonel 
 W. G. Minor, in the Governor's own handwriting, was found on his table 
 sealed with a wafer : 
 
 " In every situation in which I have been placed, I have labored to discharge my duty 
 faithfully to the public. But this has not protected me for the last twelve mouths from 
 the slanders and abuse of my enemies, which has rendered my life a burden to me. I 
 pray God to forgive them and teach them more charity. 
 
 " My will is in the hands of Jas. L. Minor, Esq. Farewell. 
 
 " February 9, 1844. Th. Reynolds." 
 
 Governor Reynolds was a native of Kentucky, and previous to his 
 removal to Fayette, Howard County, in 1828, resided in Illinois, where 
 he was elevated to the Supreme bench. In Missouri he was successively 
 a member of the Legislature, Speaker of the House, Circuit Judge and 
 Governor, which offices he filled with marked ability, for he was a man 
 of far more than ordinary talents. 
 
 A most remarkable and disastrous rise in the Missouri, Mississippi 
 and Illinois Rivers occurred in 1844. About the 8th or 10th of June, 
 the river commenced to rise rapidly at St. Louis, while intelligence was 
 received of the rising of the Illinois and Missouri rivers. The levee was 
 soon covered, and by the 16th the curbstones of Front street were under 
 water, and the danger to property and business became quite alarming. 
 At first it was regarded as merely the usual "June rise," but the continued 
 expansion of the flood soon convinced the inhabitants of its unprecedented 
 and alarming character, Illinoistown and Brooklyn (now known as 
 East St. Louis) were nearly submerged, the occupants of the houses 
 being driven to the upper stories. The American Bottom was a turbid 
 sea. The town of Naples, Illinois, was inundated, boats plying in the 
 streets ; and from all places on the rivers came intelligence of heavy 
 losses of stock and property, and the surface of the Mississippi was 
 nearly covered with immense masses of drift, trees and other substances 
 torn from the shores. 
 
 All the lowlands along the Missouri River were overflowed and many 
 farms were mined. Houses, bams and fences were swept away, and in 
 many instances human lives were lost. In others, human beings clung 
 to floating dwellings or immense piles of drift-wood, and some of them 
 were rescued by passing boats or by aid improvised specially to save 
 them. The front streets of many of the towns were completely 
 submero-ed. As reports reached St. Louis that the inhabitants of the 
 17 
 
268 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 towns and villages, and other places on the rivers, were in danger, active 
 measures were taken for their relief. Captain Saltmarsh, of the steamer 
 Monona, particularly distinguished himself by offering the use of his 
 boat gratis. Between four and five himdred persons in St. Louis and 
 vicinity were driven from their homes, and great distress prevailed. To 
 procure means to alleviate this, a meeting of citizens was held in front 
 of the Court-IIouse, and several committees appointed to obtain sub- 
 scriptions, and quite a large amount was collected. The river reached 
 its greatest height in St. Louis on the 24th of June, when it was seven 
 feet seven inches above the city directrix. A few days before this, the 
 glad intelligence was received that the Upper Missouri and Illinois were 
 falling, but the effect was not immediately evident in St. Louis, and the 
 water did not reach the city directrix in its abatement until the 14th of 
 July. The rise of 1844 obtained a greater elevation than any previous 
 similar event. The great flood of 1785, known as L'annee des Orandes 
 Eaux, was surpassed, as were also the floods of 1811 and 1826. 
 
 At the August election of 1845, sixty-six members were chosen by 
 the people to a convention to remodel the Constitution. Eepresentation 
 under the old Constitution, which allowed each county at least one 
 representative, and limited the whole number to one hundred members 
 in the lower branch of the General Assembly, had become very unequal. 
 Chiefly to remedy this irregularity, but at the same time for other 
 purposes, the convention was called. 
 
 It convened at Jefferson City, on November 17th, 1845, and organized 
 by the election of Eobert W. Wells as President; Claiborne F. Jackson, 
 Vice-President : and R. Walker, Secretary. The following is a list of 
 members of the Covention : 
 
 1st District.— Edwin D. Eevitt and John D. Coalter. 
 
 2d. — ^Ezra Hunt and James O. Broadhead. 
 
 3d.— Joshua Gentry and Thomas L. Anderson. 
 
 4th. — James S. Green and James L. Jones. 
 
 5th.^John C. Griffin and Moses H. Simonds. 
 
 6th.— Joseph B. Nickel and James M. Fulkerson. 
 
 7th.-^onathan M. Bassett and Robert M. Stewart. 
 
 8th.— John E. Pitt, Daniel Branatetter, Thompson "Ward, and Roland Brown. 
 
 9th,— William Y. Slack and Hiram Wilcoxson. 
 
 10th. — Claiborne F. Jackson and Lisbon Applegate. 
 
 11th. — Hancock Jackson andElias Kincheloe. 
 
 12th. — David M. Hickman and JohnF. Stone. 
 
 13th. — Benjamin Young and A. O. Forshey. 
 
 14th.— Eobert W. Wells and James W. Morrow. 
 
THE MEXICAN WAE. 259 
 
 15th. — Charles Jones and Joseph B. Wells. 
 
 16th.— James Farquhar, Philip Pipkin, William B. Pannell, and William M. Davis. 
 
 17th. — Thomas M. Horine and Corbin Alexander. 
 
 18th.— David Porter and Franklin Cannon. 
 
 19th. — Abraham Hunter and Eobert Gibbony. 
 
 20th.— John Bnford and Theodore P. Tong, 
 
 21st, — ^Thomas B.Neaves and Burton A.James. 
 
 22d, — ^William C. Jones and Benjamin F. Massey. 
 
 23d, — Eobert E. Acock and Samuel H. Bunch. 
 
 24:th. — John McHenry and Aaron Finch. 
 
 25th.— Duke W. Simpson, Nathaniel C, Mitchell, Thompson M. Ewing, and Samuel 
 
 H. Woodson. 
 26th. — ^M. M. Marmaduke and William Shields. 
 27th.— F. W. G. Thomas and Charles M. Brooking. 
 2Sth — William M. Campbell, Frederic Hyatt, Trusten Polk, Miron Leslie, Joseph 
 
 Foster and Uriel Wright. 
 
 The convention, as will be readily seen by the above, viras composed 
 of some of tbe most able and distinguished men of the State. 
 
 It continued in session from November 17th, 1845, to January 14th, 
 1846, during whicli time the whole organic law was reviewed and in 
 many material respects remodeled. The convention adopted — ayes 49, 
 nays 13 — a new constitution, and submitted it to the people for their 
 ratification or rejection. During the canvass it was very generally dis- 
 cussed by the newspapers and candidates ; and finally, at the August 
 election, rejected by about 9,000 majority, the whole number of votes 
 cast being about 60,000. 
 
 The annexation of Texas was the alleged cause of the declaration of 
 war by Mexico against the United States in April 1846 ; but the more 
 immediate cause of it was the occupation by the American army of the 
 disputed territory lying between the rivers Nueces and Rio Grande. 
 
 The declaration of war by Mexico was soon followed by a counter- 
 declaration by the American Congress, that " a state of war exists between 
 Mexico and the United States." Soon after this counter-declaration, the 
 Mexicans crossed the Rio Grande in strong force, headed by their famous 
 Generals Arista and Ampudia, and on the 8th and 9th of May, at Palo Alto 
 and Resaca de la Palma, were met and repulsed with great slaughter by 
 General Taylor, of the "Army of Occupation." This fact created great 
 excitement in St. Louis and the surrounding country. Volunteers 
 flocked to the standard of the United States, and the " St. Louis Legion," 
 a military organization under command of Colonel A. R. Easton, quickly 
 prepared for the field of action. In the meantime supplies were being 
 raised for them by liberal subscriptions all over the city. At a public 
 
260 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 meeting, Colonel J. B. Brant subscribed $1,000, and James H. Lucas, 
 Bryan MuUanphy, Boujamin Stickney and many others made generous 
 additions to the amount already donated. In a few days the " Legion " 
 departed for the seat of war, under the command of Colonel Easton. 
 Piior, however, to the tinal farewells, they received a grand public 
 ovation, which clearly demonstrated the deep interest of all the citizens 
 in their welfare. 
 
 About tlie middle of May, 1846, Governor Edwards of Missouri called 
 for volunteers to join the " Army of the West," — an expedition to Santa 
 Fo — under command of General Stephen W. Kearney. Corps of 
 mounted volunteers were speedily organized, and early in Jime began to 
 arrive at Fort Leavenworth, the appointed rendezvous. By the 18th of 
 the montli, the full complement of companies to comiDose the first reg- 
 iment having arrived from the counties of Jackson, Lafayette, Clay, 
 Saline, Franklin, Cole, Howard and Callaway, an election was held, which 
 resulted in the choice of Alexander W". Doniphan, Colonel; C. F. Ruff, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel ; and William Gilpin, Major. 
 
 The battalion of light artillery from St. Louis was commanded by 
 Captains R. A. Weightman and A. W. Fischer^ with Major M. L. Clark 
 as its field officer ; battalions of infantry from Platte and Cole Counties 
 commanded by Captains Murphy and W. Z. Augney, respectively; 
 " Laclede Rangers," from St. Louis, Captain Thomas B. Hudson — in all, 
 1,658 men, 16 pieces of ordnance (12 six-pounders and 4 twelve-pound 
 howitzers), imder the command of General Kearney. We cannot follow 
 this command through the great solitudes between Fort Leavenworth and 
 Santa Fe, which place it reached on August 18th ; nor in its heroic and 
 successful descent upon Chihuahua under the command of Colonel Doni- 
 phan, — General Kearney having left for the Pacific coast. Suffice to say 
 tha,t the battles of Brazito and Sacramento will ever be remembered in 
 history for the valor displayed by the "Army of the West" from Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 The battle of Brazito, or "Little Arm" of the Rio Del Norte, 
 December 25th, 1846, on a level prairie bordering on that stream, was 
 very disastrous to the Mexicans. Colonel Doniphan commanded the 
 Missouri troops in person, numbering only about 800 men. The 
 Mexicans, under General Ponce de Leon, mustered, cavalry and artillery, 
 
 1,100 strong. The Mexicans were defeated with a loss of 61 killed 
 
 among whom was their General^five prisoners, and 150 wounded. The 
 Americans had eight wounded, none killed. Two days after the battle 
 of Brazito, that is, on Sunday, December 27th, 1846, the United States 
 
TEIUMPHANT ENTKANCE INTO CHIHUAHUA. 261 
 
 forces under command of Colonel Doniphan took possession of the city 
 of El Paso, in the department of Chihuahua. 
 
 On the 28th of February, 1847, Colonel Doniphan, with 924 men 
 and ten pieces of artillery, fought and vanquished in the pass of the 
 Sacramento, 4,000 Mexicans imder Major- General Jose A. Heredia, 
 aided by General Garcia Conde, former Minister of "War in Mexico. 
 The battle lasted more than three hours, resulting in a Mexican loss of 
 304 men killed on the field, 40 prisoners, (among whom was Brigadier- 
 General Cuilta,) and about 500 wounded. Also, 10 pieces of artillery, 
 $6,000 in specie, 50,000 head of sheep, 1,500 head of cattle, 100 mules, 
 20 wagons, etc. The American loss was one killed — Major Samuel C. 
 Owens of Independence — and 11 wounded; among the latter, severely, 
 J. S. Fleming, of Columbia. 
 
 Colonel Doniphan did not, like Hannibal after the battle of Cannas, loiter 
 on the plains of Italy, when he might have entered Rome in triumph, 
 but immediately followed up his success. Therefore, early on the 
 next morning, (March 1st, 1847,) he dispatched Lieutenant -Colonel 
 D. D. Mitchell with 150 men, under Captains Eeid and Weightman, and 
 a section of artillery, to take formal possession of the city of Chihuahua, 
 the capital, and occupy it in the name of the Government. On the 
 approach of this force the Mexicans fled from the city, leaving it 
 undefended, and Colonel Mitchell entered it without the slightest 
 resistance. On the morning of the next day. Colonel Doniphan, with 
 all his military trains, the merchant caravan, and colors gaily glittering 
 in the breeze, triumphantly entered the city to the tune of "Yankee 
 Doodle" and "Hail Columbia," and tired in the public square a national 
 salute of 28 guns.^ 
 
 Early in the summer of 1846, Hon. Sterling Price, a member of Con- 
 gress from Missouri, resigned, and was designated by President Polk to 
 command another regiment of Volunteers from Missouri, to reinforce the 
 "Army of the West." This force consisted of a full mounted regiment, 
 one mounted extra battalion, and one extra battalion of Mormon infantry. 
 The complement of men was soon raised, consisting of companies from 
 the counties of Boone,* Benton, Carroll, Chariton, Linn, Livingston, 
 
 1 " Doniphan's Expedition," by John T. Hughes, p. 316. 
 
 'The number of troops ordered from Boone County, was seventy-four. Eighty-three, 
 however, were raised. A few of the volunteers from Boone had previously gone with 
 Doniphan's expedition, under Captain Eogers, from Callaway. The following are the 
 names of the officers of the Boone company : Captain, Samuel H. McMillin; First Lieu- 
 tenant, William B. BoyaU; Second Lieutenant, Kobert B. Todd ; Third Lieutenant, George 
 
262 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 Monroe, Randolph, Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis; and about the first 
 of August rendezvoused at Fort Leavenworth. Notwithstanding the 
 President had named Sterling Price as a suitable commander of this (the 
 2d) regiment, many of the volunteers thought, if he commanded at all, 
 it ought to be bj virtue of their free suifrages, choosing him as Colonel. 
 An election was accordingly held. Sterling Price was elected Colonel, 
 and D. D. Mitchell, Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 
 With this force. Colonel Price took up the line of march for Santa Fe, 
 over the same route pursued by Kearney and Doniphan, and on Septem- 
 ber 28th, three days after General Kearney's departure for California, 
 arrived in very feeble health. 
 
 On January 24, 1847, Colonel Price encountered the enemy at Canada, 
 numbering about 2,000 men, under Generals Tofaya, Chavez and 
 Montaya, and repulsed them with a slight loss on both sides. The 
 Mexicans retreated toward Taos, their stronghold. He again encountered 
 them at El Embudo on the 29th, totally routing them. On February 
 3d, he found the Mexicans and Indians strongly fortified at Taos, and 
 on the following day engaged them with shot and shell, the battle 
 raging from early morning until night, when the Mexicans struck their 
 colors. The total loss of the enemy in the three engagements is 
 estimated at 282 killed. Price's loss, 15 killed and 47 wounded — 
 among the former Captain Burgwin, of the dragoons, a gallant officer, 
 whose remains were afterwards exhumed and interred at Fort Leaven- 
 worth, September 22d, 1847. 
 
 In August, 1847, Governor Edwards made another requisition for one 
 thousand men, to consist of infantry, to be ready to march close in the 
 rear of Colonel Price's command. It was raised in an incredibly short 
 time, and chose Major John Dougherty, of Clay, for Colonel ; but before 
 the receipt of marching orders, the President countermanded the order 
 under which the force was mustered. 
 
 E. Lackland, The company left Columbia on July 20th, 1846. On the day of their 
 departure they were presented with an elegant flag by the ladies of Boone County, the 
 presentation address being made by Colonel Samuel A. Young, and responded to by 
 Lieutenant Kobert B. Todd, in the presence of a large concourse of citizens. 
 
 Returning from the war. Captain McMillin's company arrived in Columbia on Septem- 
 ber 22d, 1847, having been absent about fourteen months. They were appropriately and 
 enthusiastically received. On October 9th, 1847, a public dinner was given them when 
 a procession was formed and a display of military made, and an address of •welcome 
 delivered by Dr. John J. Atkinson, which was replied to by Mr. James P. Flemino- 
 one of the volunteers. 
 
 W. B. Eoyall, Second Lieutenant, has been in the U. S. Army ever since, and is now 
 Lieutenant-Colonel of the 3d Cavalry, IT. S. A. 
 
BATTLE OP SANTA CKUZ DE KOSALES. 263 
 
 "Campbell's Gazetteer of Missouri," in its article on Ealls County, 
 (p. 464) says that a company of mounted volunteers was raised in Ralls, 
 by authority of Governor Edwards, to serve during the Mexican War. 
 It was commanded by Captain Wm. T. Lafland, mustered into the United 
 States sei'vice at Independence, Missouri, about May, 1847, and served 
 during the entire war. They operated as far into the Mexican States as 
 El Paso, Chihuahua, and Santa Cruz De Resales, at which latter place, 
 March 16th, 1848, this and six other companies of the 3rd regiment of 
 Missouri Mounted Volunteers, Colonel John Ralls ^ commanding, and 
 two companies ot United States Dragoons under the command of Major 
 Beal, also the Santa Fe Battalion under the command of Major Walker, 
 constituting a force of about six hundred men, fought a battle with the 
 Mexicans under General Freas, who were in the town and sheltered by 
 breastworks. The engagement lasted from nine o'clock a. m. until about 
 sundown, when the place was charged, and the Mexicans defeated with a 
 loss of three hundred and thirty killed, many wounded, and a large 
 quantity of arms and ammunition, wagons, teams, etc. The United 
 States troops and volunteers then occupied the town, the Mexicans having 
 surrendered a large number of prisoners, who were released the next 
 day on parole. 
 
 In a few days after this battle, all the American forces returned to 
 Chihuahua, where they remained until the close of the war, except seven 
 companies of the 3d Regiment, who were stationed at Santa Cruz de 
 Rosales, and occupied that post until the end of the war. In July, 1848, 
 these companies were ordered to Independence, Missouri, and mustered 
 out in October, 1848. The other three companies of that regiment were 
 stationed at Taos, in New Mexico, during their term, and never joined 
 their regiment until they were mustered out with it at Independence, 
 Missouri. These three companies had been under the command of Major 
 Reynolds, who died on his return, in October, 1848, at Fort Mann, below 
 the crossing of the Arkansas River. 
 
 May, 1849, will long be remembered as the month of the great fire 
 in the city of St. Loiiis. On the evening of the 19th of that month, a 
 fire broke out on the steamer "White Cloud," lying on the wharf 
 between Vine and Cherry streets, and set at defiance every effort to 
 an-est its progress. The flames very soon communicated to four other 
 
 ' Son of Daniel Ealls, by whose vote on his death-bed, in the Legislature of 1820, 
 Colonel Benton was first elected to the United States Senate. See page 168. 
 
264 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 boats lying contiguous. By the action of the fire, the "White Cloud" 
 became loosened from her fastenings, and drifted out into the stream 
 and among the other steamers in port. In a short time the spectacle 
 presented itself of twenty-three boats on fire. The immense conflagra- 
 tion was a mile in length. The levee being covered with combustible 
 materials — bales, barrels, boxes, etc., — the fire reached the city and 
 whole blocks were swept away. The area of the burnt district will be 
 understood by the statement that Front street, from Locust to Market, 
 was entirely destroyed, with the exception of two or three houses on 
 Commercial street. Between Commercial and the levee, there was not 
 one left. In this immense conflagration there were twenty-three steam- 
 boats, three barges and one canal boat destroyed, whose total value 
 with their cargoes Avas estimated at $439,000. The whole value of 
 property destroyed amounted to over $3,000,000. 
 
 The xvith General Assembly, which convened at the capitol Decem- 
 ber 25, 1848, — Thomas L. Price, President of the Senate, Alexander M. 
 Kobinson, Speaker of the House — made a i-ecord which will not soon be 
 forgotten. Not that there was anything unusual in the internal improve- 
 ment, bank, educational, revenue or taxing policy it adopted, but that it 
 was distinguished, and will only be remembered, for breaking up the 
 great deep of public feeling in the State by the passage of the " Jackson 
 Kesolutions," a proceeding which professed to have been inspired by the 
 introduction of the famous Wilmot-Anti-Slavery Proviso into the pre- 
 ceding Congress. 
 
 As the passage of these Resolutions occasioned a serious breach in the 
 dominant political party in the State, and gave rise to the most exciting 
 and acrimonious public discussions up to that time known in its history, 
 it is proper the record should be preserved in this enduring form. 
 
 "The Wilmot Proviso," so called because introduced into the previous 
 Congress by Hon. David Wilmot, a member of the House from Pennsyl- 
 vania, interdicted the introduction of slavery into the recently-acquired 
 territories. The Proviso revived with much violence, in Congress and 
 out of Congress, the slavery agitation. The people of the Southern 
 States were much alarmed for the security of their "peculiar institution," 
 and felt the keenest apprehensions that by the future admission of new 
 States, devoted forever to free soil, they would lose their dominance in 
 the National Legislature, and thus become an easy prey to the designs 
 of the Abolitionists. It was quite natural that a large portion of the 
 people of Missouri, without regard to political party distinctions, should 
 
" THE JACKSON RESOLUTIONS." 265 
 
 share these convictions with varying degrees of intensity. Some, it is 
 true, were so wedded to the institution of slavery that rather than 
 abandon it in Missouri, even through the process of gradual emancipation, 
 or submit to an act of Congress prohibiting it in the territories, they 
 seemed willing to abandon, and even to adopt measures to disrupt, the 
 National Union itself. 
 
 The agitation of the vexed question in the xvith General Assembly 
 was inaugurated by the introduction, January 1, 1849, by Carty Wells, 
 a Democratic Senator from Marion, of a series of resolutions, seven in 
 number, on the subject of the power of Congress over slavery in the 
 territories, the nature and object of the Federal Government, and the 
 Wilmot Proviso ; which was referred to the Senate Committee on Federal 
 Relations. 
 
 On January 15th, Claiborne F. Jackson, Senator from Howard, 
 reported from this committee to the Senate the following, being a modi- 
 fication of the series introduced by Mr. Wells, namely : 
 
 RESOLUTIONS ON THE SUBJECT OP SLAVERY. 
 
 "Besolved, by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri : That the Federal Constitution 
 was the result of a compromise between the conflicting interests of the States which 
 formed it, and in no part of that instrument is to be found any delegation of power to 
 Congress to legislate on the subject of Slavery, excepting some special provisions, having 
 in view the prospective abolition of the African slave trade, made for the securing the 
 recovery of fugitive slaves; any attempt, therefore, on the part of Congress to legislate 
 on the subject, so as to aflFect the institution of slavery in the States, in the District of 
 Columbia, or in the Territories, is, to say the least, a violation of the principles upon 
 which that instrument was founded. 
 
 2. That the Territories, acquired by the blood and treasure of the whole nation, 
 ought to be governed for the common benefit of the people of all the States, and any 
 organization of the Territorial governments, excluding the citizens of any part of the 
 Union from removing to such Territories with their property, would be an exercise of 
 power, by Congress, inconsistent with the spirit upon which our federal compact was 
 based, insulting to the sovereignty and dignity of the States thus affected, calculated to 
 alienate one portion of the Union from another, and tending ultimately to disunion. 
 
 3. That this General Assembly regard the condur.t of the Northern States on the 
 subject of Slavery as releasing the slave-holding States from all further adherence to 
 the basis of compromise fixed on by the act of Congress of March 6th, 1820; even if such 
 act ever did impose any obligation upon the slave-holding States, and authorizes them 
 to insist upon their rights under the Constitution ; but for the sake of harmony and for 
 the preservation of our Federal Union, they will still sanction the application of the 
 principles of the Missouri Compromise to the recent territorial acquisitions, if by such 
 concession future aggressions upon the equal rights of the States may be arrested and 
 the spirit of anti-slavery fanaticism be extinguished. 
 
 4. The right to prohibit slavery in any Territory, belongs exclusively to the people 
 thereof, and can only be exercised by them in forming their Constitution for a, State 
 Gtovernment, or in their sovereign capacity as an Independent State. 
 
266 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 5. That in the event of the passage of any act of Congress conflicting with the prin- 
 ciples herein expressed, Missouri will be found in hearty co-operation with the slave- 
 holding States, in such measures as may be deemed necessary for our mutual protection 
 against the encroachments of ISTorthern fanaticism. 
 
 6. That oui- Senators in Congress be instructed and our Eepresentatives be requested 
 to act in conformity to the foregoing resolutions." 
 
 On the 26th of January, the resolutions were taken up in the Senate, 
 severally read, and acted upon separately. Eesolution No. 1 was passed : 
 yeas 24, nays 6 ; the nays being, John H. Bean of Maoon, William 
 M. Campbell of St. Charles, Miron LesUe and Alton Long of 
 St. Louis, Preston B. Reed of Callaway, and James S. Rollins of 
 Boone. No. 2 was passed — yeas 25, nays 5, Mr. Bean changing Ms vote 
 to aye. No. 3 was passed — ^yeas 23, nays 7, Mr. James M. Gate wood 
 of Henry, voting with nays as on No, 1. No. 4 was passed — yeas 23, 
 nays 6 ; the nays being the same as on No. 1. Nos. 5 and 6 : the vote 
 same as on No. 4, as follows :^ 
 
 Ayes — ^Messrs. Abernathy, Burns, Chiles, Edwards, Ellison, Flournoy, Hancock, 
 Hudspeth, Jackson, Jones of Cooper, Jones of Franklin, Jones of Newton, Nickel, 
 Norris, Owens, Polk, Price, Priest, Stewart, "Wells, Williams, Woolfolk and Wyatt — 23. 
 
 N'oes — Messrs. Bean, Campbell, Leslie, Long, Eeed and Rollins — 6. 
 
 Absent — ^Messrs, Gatewood and White — 2. 
 
 Absent on Leave — Messrs. Burtis and Lowe — 2. 
 
 The resolutions having passed the Senate were reported to the House 
 for its concurrence, and referred to the Committee on Federal Relations. 
 On the 26th of February, George C. Bingham,* from a majority of said 
 committee, namely : George C. Bingham of Saline, Isaac N. Jones of 
 Andrew, Henry M. Woodyard of Lewis, and H. B. Duncan of Mercer, 
 reported a substitute for the Senate resolutions, in which there was a 
 reiteration of the patriotic sentiments of Washington as to the sacredness 
 of the duty to cherish an immovable attachment to the National Union ; 
 to watch for its preservation with jealous anxiety, to discountenance even 
 the suggestion that it could in any event be abandoned, and indignantly 
 to frown upon the fir^t dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion 
 of the country from the rest. The resolutions conceded the Constitu- 
 tional authority of Congress to inhibit slavery in the Territories but 
 believed that in excercising such power they should have a due regard to 
 the rights and interests of every section of the Union, and should be 
 
 > (See Senate Journal, 1848-9, pp. 175, 176.) 
 
 ^ Well known as the distinguished Missouri artist, and Adjutant-General during Gover- 
 nor Hardin's administration. 
 
" THE JACKSON EESOLUTIONS . " 267 
 
 governed by the same wise and patriotic spirit of compromise which 
 actuated the framers of the Constitution. They denied the power of 
 Congress to enact laws affecting the institution of slavery as it exists in 
 any of the States of the Union, and denounced all attempts by persons, 
 factions or parties, to interfere with the internal policy or institutions of 
 any of the States of which they are not citizens, as unwarrantable 
 intermeddling with matters over which they had no legitimate control. 
 
 Benjamin F. Robinson of Polli, from a minority of the same com- 
 mittee, made a report recommending the adoption of the Senate 
 (Jackson) resolutions. 
 
 On March 5th, the House proceeded to consider the reports from the 
 committee, whereupon Mr. Jones of Andrew offered, as a substitute 
 for the Senate resolutions, those reported by Mr. Bingham from a 
 majority of the committee. Rejected — ayes, 62, nays, 20; the nays 
 being Messrs. W. H. Bailey of Callaway, D. W. Baker of Montgomery, 
 George C. Bingham of Saline, Thomas E. Birch of Clinton, Joseph 
 Bogy of St. Francois, J. P. Campbell of Lafayette, M. S. Cerre of 
 St. Louis, H. B. Duncan of Mercer, John W. Fitzhugh of Henry, 
 I. N. Jones of Andrew, Robert H. Jordan of Cedar, William Newland 
 of Ralls, David E. Ferryman of Washington, John C. Price of Dade, 
 Walter Robinson of Monroe, S. T. Rhodes of Marion, Thomas G. 
 Sweatnam of Clay, Wm. F. Switzler of Boone, Benjamin Thompkins of 
 Cooper, H. M. Woodyard of Lewis — 20, all Whigs except Mr. Jones. 
 Various other substitutes were offered and rejected. 
 
 On the next day ( March 6th ) a vote was taken on the adoption of the 
 Senate resolutions, each separately. No. 1 was adopted — ayes 59, 
 nays 25. No. 2 — 63 to 21. No. 3 — 57 to 27. No. 4 — 62 to 20. 
 
 No. 5 53 to 29. No. 6 — 52 to 27. Messrs. Bailey, Balder, Birch, 
 
 Bogy, Cerre, Duncan, C. H. Gregory of Osage, I. N. Jones of Andrew, 
 E. W. McNeil of Bates, Newland, P. T. Oliver of Randolph, Ferryman, 
 Rhodes, Sweatnam, Switzler, Thompkins and Woodyard voted against 
 all the resolutions from first to last. Messrs. Gregory and Jones, 
 Democrats ; the balance Whigs. Mr. Bingham voted against the 1st, 2d, 
 3d and 4th resolutions, and was absent when the vote was taken on the 
 5th and 6th. Messrs. Orson Bartlett of Stoddard and J. C. Price of 
 Dade, voted for the 2d and against the balance. Messrs. Campbell and 
 Fitzhugh voted for the 4th and against the balance. Mr. Isaac N. Lewis 
 of Clark voted against the 1st, for the 2d and 3d, was absent when the 
 vote was taken on the 4th, and voted against the 6th. Mr. G. W. Poage 
 of Daviess was absent when the vote was taken on the 4th, and voted 
 
268 HISTORY OF MISSOTIRI. 
 
 against the balance. Messrs. T. F. Eisk of St. Louis (Democrat), 
 Edwin French of Schuyler and James Walker of New Madrid (Whigs), 
 voted for the 1st, 2d and 4th, and against the 3d, 5th and 6th. Mr. 
 Robinson of Monroe voted for the 2d and 4th, and against the rest. 
 Messrs. Charles Simms of Van Buren (now Cass) and A. B. Tinsley 
 of Audrain (Democrats), voted for the 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th, against 
 the 5th, and were absent when the vote was taken on the 6th. Messrs. 
 T. Bass of Taney, John Bretz of Buchanan, William T. Cole of 
 Morgan, James C. Goode of Adair, M. C. Hawkins of Camden, 
 C. B. Hinton of Franklin, Robert H. Jordan of Cedar, T. J. Kirk 
 of Livingston, Samuel Melugin of Jasper, Joseph Sale of St. Louis, 
 G-. A. Shortridge of Macon, R. B. Taylor of Lawrence and W. L. 
 Walton of Gasconade (Democrats), and Simeon Connelly of Knox, 
 James Livingston of Grundy, and J. B. Greer of Johnson (Whigs), 
 were absent on all the ballotings. 
 
 On the final adoption of the resolutions as a whole, the vote stood — 
 ayes 53, nays 27, as follows : ^ 
 
 Axes — ^Messrs. AuU, Ballou, Bowles, Brookman, Caruthers, Chilton, Clardy, Cock, 
 Oomptou, Crenshaw, Dames, Dyer, Edmonston, Enloe, Ewing, Foster, Pristoe, Frost, 
 Gibson, Gwinn, Halbert, Harbin, Harris, Henderson of Pike, Henderson of Pulaski, 
 Henson, Heyer, Hicks, Higgins, Horner, Howell, Johnson, McAfee, Miller, Morelock, 
 Montgomery, Neaves, Richardson, Roberts, Robinson of Polk, Sayers, Shelby, Smith of 
 DeKalb, Smith of Howard, Smith of Jackson, Thompson, Vanderpool, Walton of St. 
 Louis, Welsh, Wilkerson, Wommack, Woodward, and Mr. Speaker Robinson of 
 Platte— 53. 
 
 Noes — Messrs. Bailey, Baker, Bartlett, Birch, Bogy, Campbell, Cerre, Duncan, 
 Fitzhugh, Gregory, Jones, Lewis, Kewland, Oliver, Ferryman, Poage, Price, Risk, 
 Robinson of Monroe, Rhodes, Simms, Sweatnam, Switzler, Tinsley, Tompldns, Walker, 
 and Woodyard — 27. 
 
 Absent — ^Messrs. Bingham, French, Jordan, McNeil, Melugin, Sale, and Saunders — 7. 
 
 Sick — ^Messrs. Bass, Cole, Hinton, Kirk, Shortridge, and Taylor — 6. 
 
 All the nays were Whigs, except Messrs. Gregory, Jones, Risk, and 
 Tinsley. Among the ayes may be mentioned the following gentlemen, 
 who have attained distinction in the State : E. B, Ewing of Ray, John 
 B. Henderson of Pike, Alexander M. Robinson of Platte, Reuben 
 Shelby of Perry, and others. Mr. Ewing died a few years ago a much- 
 esteemed citizen and Judge of the Supreme Court. Mr. Henderson was 
 a prominent Union man during our civil war, and United States Senator 
 of distinguished abilities. Mr. Robinson was Speaker of the House at 
 
 > See House Journal, 1848-9, p. 283. 
 
" THE JACKSON RESOLUTIONS." 269 
 
 the time the resolutions were adopted, aud Mr. Shelby attained that 
 distinction afterwards. 
 
 So persistent and uncompromising was the opposition of the minority 
 to the resolutions, that they resisted a supplementary one introduced by 
 Mr. Ewing of Ray, instructing the Secretary of State to transmit copies 
 of them to each of onr Senators and Representatives iu Congress and to 
 the Executive of each of the several States, with the request that the 
 same be laid before their respective Legislatures. This resolution was 
 adopted — ayes 59, nays 20. 
 
 The discussion in the Legislature aud in the public prints which pre- 
 ceded the passage of these resolutions, and which immediately followed 
 among the people of the State, occasioned very great excitement, 
 threatening not only the accustomed repose and fellowship of the people, 
 but the disruption of political parties. 
 
 The popular ferment was much increased by the subsequent course of 
 Colonel Benton. He opposed the resolutions, appealed fiom the Legis- 
 lature to the people, and on the 26th of May, 1849, in the hall of the 
 House at Jefferson City, opened a canvass against them which set the 
 State ablaze. He maintained that the spirit of nullification and disunion, 
 of insubordination to law, and of treason, lurked in the Jackson Resolu- 
 tions, especially in the fifth; that they were a mere copy of the Calhoun 
 Resolutions offered in the United States Senate February 19th, 1847, 
 and denounced by him at the time as fire brands and intended for disunion 
 and electioneering purposes. He could see no difference between them 
 but in the time contemplated for dissolving the Union, Mr. Calhoun's 
 tending "directly" and the Jackson-Missouri Resolutions "ultimately" 
 to that point. He maintained they were in conflict with the Missouri 
 Compromise of 1820, and with the resolutions passed by the Missouri 
 Legislature February 15th, 1847, wherein it was declared that "the 
 peace, permanency and welfare of our National Union depend upon a 
 strict adherence to the letter and spirit " of that compromise ; also 
 instructing our Senators and Representatives in Congress on all questions 
 which may come before them in relation to the organization of new 
 Territories or States, to vote in accordance with its provisions. He 
 denounced them as entertaining the covert purpose of ultimately dis- 
 rupting the National Union, and of misleading the people of Missouri 
 into co-operation with the slave holding States for that purpose. 
 
 In prosecuting his appeal from the Legislature to the people, 
 'Colcmel Benton made an extensive canvass during the spring and summer 
 in 1849, during which he delivered some of the ablest and most exhaust- 
 
270 HISTORY OF MISSOUEl. 
 
 ive speeches of his lonc^ public life ; and if they were at times embittered 
 by personal invective and denunciation, it will not now be denied by his 
 most inveterate enemies, or the opponents of his views, that they were 
 relieved by an ardent patriotism and a far-reaching statesmanship. 
 
 It is not to be inferred, however, that Col. Benton prosecuted this 
 canvass, able and distinguished as he was, without strong opposition and 
 resistance, for all (;ver the State there were gentlemen of great ability 
 and influence who controverted his positions and denounced his course. 
 Among the most distinguished and talented of his opponents, gentlemen 
 who ably addressed the people in various places in condemnation of his 
 views of public duty and policy, and of his refusal to obey the instructions 
 of the Legislature, we may mention James S. Green, David R.Atchison, 
 James H. Birch, Louis V. Bogy, John B. Clark, Sr., Trusten Polii, 
 Claiborne F. Jackson, Robert M. Stewart, Carty Wells, Robert E. 
 Acock, William Claude Jones, and others — men whom it must be 
 admitted had a strong hold upon the public confidence and wielded im- 
 mense power in the State. 
 
 The next chapter will more definitely disclose the progress of the 
 campaign — for it extended into the next decade — and the results of it. 
 
CHAPTEE XXIII. 
 
 From 1850 TO I860.— GUBBRNATORiAl Election Returns for 1852, 1856, and 1867.— The 
 xviTH Gbneral asskmbly.— Election of United States Senator.— Colonel Benton 
 
 BEATEN for UNITED STATES SENATOR BY HENRY S. GeYER, A WHIG. — EXPLOSIONS OF 
 
 THE Steamers ''Glbncoe" and "Saluda." — Meeting op the xviith General 
 Assembly in Extra Session. — ^War op the Factions over the Speakership. — 
 Free-Soil and Slave-Soil. — The Kegular Session. — Another Battle over the 
 Speakership.— Sterling Price Inaugurated Governor.— The xviiith General 
 Assembly.— Election of United States Senator to succeed David R. Atchison.— 
 The Slavery Question and the Kansas and Nebraska Bills.— Appalling Disaster 
 AT the Gasconade Bridge. — ^The Kansas-Nebraska Agitation of 1856. — Missourians 
 Cross the Border. — Bloody Collisions between the "Pro-" and "Anti-Slavery" 
 Parties. — The xixth General Assembly. — Jambs S. Green and Tkustbn Polk 
 ELECTED United States Senators. — Governor polk resigns. — Robt. M. Stewart 
 elected Governor. 
 
 Election of 1852 — For Qovemor — 
 
 Sterling Price, Democrat 46,245 
 
 James Winston, Whig 32,784 
 
 Price's majority over Winston • 13,461 
 
 Wilson Brown elected Lieutenant-Grovemor, 
 
 Whole number of votes oast 79,029 
 
 Total population of the State in 1860 682,044 
 
 suction for President, 1852 
 
 ■Franklin Pierce, Democrat - 38,353 
 
 Winfield Scott, Whig 29,984 
 
 Pierce's majority over Scott 8,369 
 
 Eltction of 1856— .For Governor— 
 
 Trusten Polk, Democrat 46,993 
 
 Kobert C. Ewing, American 40,589 
 
 Thomas H. Benton, Independent ••• 27,618 
 
 Polk's majority over Ewing 6,404 
 
 Hancock Jackson elected Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Whole number of votes cast 115,200 
 
 Election for President, 1856 — 
 
 James Buchanan, Democrat 58,164 
 
 Millard Fillmore, American • ^^'624 
 
 Buchanan's majority over Fillmore 9,640 
 
 Special Mlection, 1857— For Governor— 
 
 Kobert M. Stewart, Democrat 47,975 
 
 James S. Kollins, Whig ^^'^^ 
 
 Stewart's majority overEoDins 334 
 
272 IIISTOEY OF MISSOXIKI. 
 
 In a former chapter we recorded Colonel Benton's entrance into the 
 United States Senate. In this we shall record his exit from that body, 
 after a service of thirty consecutive years. 
 
 On December 30th, 1850, the XVith General Assembly met at the 
 Capitol: Thomas L. Price (Democrat;, Lieutenant-Governor, President 
 of the Senate; R. R. Eees, Secretary; Nathaniel W. Watkins (Whig), 
 Speaker of the House; George W. Houston, Clerk. Austin A. King, 
 Governor. 
 
 Receipts into the State Treasury for the two years ending September 
 30th, 1850, $787,088.71 ; Expenditures, $532,585.82. Amount of State 
 debt, exclusive of surplus revenue deposited with the State, $922.26— the 
 exact amount of the State bonds then outstanding. 
 
 As an outgrowth of " Benton's Appeal " from the Jackson Rei^olutions, 
 noticed in the last chapter, and of the agitation which followed on the 
 subject of slavery, nullification and secession, unexampled interest was 
 awakened at this . session of the General Assembly in regard to the 
 «leotion of United States Senator. Colonel Benton's term was soon to 
 expire, and he was a candidate for re-election. His speeches to the peo- 
 ple in justification of his " Appeal," while marked by signal ability and 
 power, were at the same time characterized by the bittei'est denunciation 
 and the most caustic invective — elements of oratory in which he was a 
 master, and which under the circumstances were well calculated to stir 
 popular feeling from its profoundest depths. 
 
 Hence, during the Legislative canvass of 1850, which was to result in 
 a judgment upon the issues he presented, the whole State flamed with 
 intense excitement. 
 
 One of the immediate consequences of his "Appeal" and remarkable 
 canvass to expoiind and defend it, was a division of the political party to 
 which Colonel Benton belonged, and which for thirty years had adhered 
 to his fortunes with a loyalty seldom exhibited in the career of any pub- 
 lic man. 
 
 The Whigs, at all times in a minority in the State, claimed to occupy 
 a position of "armed neutrality" touching the distracting questions 
 which threatened the unity and power, if not the very existence of their 
 Democratic opponents. It is not to be denied, however, that, quite 
 naturally, they sought to foment the prevailing discord, and, in reference 
 to the Jackson Resolutions themselves, sympathized with Colonel Benton. 
 Their representatives in both branches of the General Assembly, as we 
 have seen, had opposed them by speech and vote at the time of their 
 adoption, and for similar reasons to those afterwards presented by Colonel 
 Benton in his warfare upon them. 
 
ELECTION OP UNITED STATES SENATOE. 273 
 
 The interest culminated in the election of U iiited States Senator ; and 
 its culmination found the Legislature divided into three political parties — 
 Anti-Benton Democrats (or "Hards"), Benton Democrats (or "Softs"), 
 and "Whigs. And the Whigs themselves were to some extent divided 
 into Benton and Anti-Benton Whigs, designations which attached to the 
 one segment or the otiier according to the intensity of its pro-slavery 
 or anti-slavery sentiments. 
 
 The joint convention to choose a United States Senator met on 
 January 10, 1851, and from day to day till the 22d. Its deliberations, 
 and the debates of which they were fruitful, were not well calculated to 
 allay the excitement of the previous State canvass, or to harmonize the 
 discordant elements which for the first time in thirty years had disturbed 
 the serenity of the Democratic sky. In these discussions the Anti-Bentou 
 members — fierce, aggressive and unyielding — ^were led by such men as 
 Claiborne F. Jackson, Robert M. Stewart, John F. Benjamin, Ferdinand 
 Keunett and Lewis W. Robinson ; while the friends of Benton — sharing 
 the spirit of their great leader, were defiant, heroic and immovable — 
 rallied to the onset with such chieftains as John D. Stevenson, Miron 
 Leslie, Thomas A. King, Charles Jones, George W. Miller and Charles 
 Sims. The Whigs, the wily Whigs, — reinforced by increased numbers 
 over any former Legislature, self-poised, and on the alert for opportunity 
 — occasionally emerged from ambuscade headed by James O. Broadhead, 
 Joseph B. Crockett, William Newland, James Winston, N. W. Watkins, 
 Robert A. Hatcher, John P. Campbell, Benjamin Tompkins and others. 
 
 The war of the factions raged furiously, each "wing" of the Demo- 
 cratic party preferring the success of the Whigs to the success of the 
 opposing division in their own party. Finally — exhausted by the labors 
 and excitement of the conflict, weary of the long and frequent and 
 stormy caucuses at night and ballotings by day, and the fruitless efforts at 
 conciliation and compromise — a portion of the line of each of the 
 opposing forces gave way, and victory perched upon the banner of the 
 Whigs. The ballotings reached the fortieth, and on that ballot Henry 
 S. Geyer, of St. Louis, Whig, and an eminent lawyer of pronounced 
 abilities, was elected United States Senator for six years from March 4, 
 1851 ; the vote being H. S. Geyer, 80 ; i Thomas H. Benton, 55 ; B. F. 
 Stringfellow, 18 ; scattering, 4. 
 
 This defeat terminated the career of Colonel Benton as a Senator from 
 Missouri — a career embracing a period of six Roman lustrums, and 
 
 » Mi. Geyer died at his residence in St. Louis, of disease of the heart, on Saturday, 
 March 5, 1859. 
 18 
 
274 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 one which, whatever faults he had, was distinguished by great and 
 important services to the country, and by a patriotism and statesmanship 
 which render his 
 
 'One of the few, the immortal names, 
 That were not horn to die." 
 
 During the year 1851, forty-five miles of the St. Louis and Pacific 
 railroad^from St. Lonis to Washington — were put under contract, and 
 about one thousand laborers placed upon the track. 
 
 Two steamboat explosions occurred during the spring of 1852, which 
 are worthy of record, — the first at St. Louis, on Saturday, April 3d, and 
 the second at Lexington, on Friday, April 9th. The first, the Glencoe, 
 having on board a large number of passengers, had jnst arrived from 
 New Orleans, and at eight o'clock in the evening was effecting a landing 
 at the foot of Chestnut Street. Before she had entirely succeeded in 
 landing, and while the deck hands were hauling in the boat with the 
 hawser at the capstan, two of the boilers exploded with terrific force, 
 tearing the boat almost into fragments. The whole front of the cabin, 
 as far back as the wheels, was literally torn to pieces and fell with a crash 
 on the deck below. The steamer Cataract, which was lying alongside, 
 suffered severely, her upper works and a portion of the ladies' cabin 
 being demolished. A portion of the flue of one of the boilers of the 
 Glencoe was thrown with great velocity, and penetrated; the "texas" of 
 the Western World. A short time after the explosion, the Glencoe "ws^a 
 discovered to be on fire ; when the hawser which held her to the levee 
 became detached and the boat floated down the stream, her decks reveal- 
 ing, amid the glare of the flames, the horrible sight of human beings 
 eagerly looldng for safety, and the still more horrible sight of the scalded 
 and injured, vrith outstretched arms imploring for help. Many were 
 rescued and many more were lost. 
 
 On Friday, April 9th, an appalling disaster occurred at Lexington 
 landing, to the steamer Saluda, laden with Mormon emigrants destined 
 for Utah. The river was swollen from spring rains, and the current 
 thickly studded with floating ice. For two or three days the steamer had 
 fruitlessly attempted to stem the flood and round the point at Lexinoton. 
 About nine o'clock in the morning, the captain of the Saluda, Francis T. 
 Belt, impatient of the delay, ordered on an extra pressure of steam for a 
 final effort. The furnaces were filled with glowing inflammables ; the 
 guards crowded with passengers eagerly watching the result. The signal 
 was given for starting the engine ; when, at the second revolution of tht 
 
SEVENTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 275 
 
 wheels, both boilers exploded simultaneously, with fearful effect, tearing 
 away all the boat forward of the wheels, causing her to sink immediately. 
 Captain Belt and Jonathan F. Blackburn, the second clerk, were standing 
 between the chimneys on the hurricane roof, and were blown over the 
 warehouses on the shore and half way up the bluff. Both were Icilled 
 outright. The iron safe, weighing 500 or 600 pounds, and Tvith a dog 
 chained to it, was bloAvn from the office over the warehouses, and fell near 
 the body of (Japtain Belt. Josiah Chancy, second engineer, was also 
 blown ashore and died. Charles Labarge and Lewis Garrett, pilots, were 
 blown in an opposite direction into the river and killed or drowned. 
 Heavy fragments of machinery fell at incredible distances from the boat. 
 It was never known how many lives were lost by the explosion, but eighty 
 throe persons were buried from the wreck at Lexington. Among the lost, 
 was James N. McAIister, aged eighteen, a son of Brightbeiry McAlistcr 
 of Columbia, en route from that place to Liberty, Missouri, with the 
 household goods and carpenter's tools of his father, who had contracted 
 to aid in the erection of William Jewell College. 
 
 On August 30th, 1852, in pursuance of a proclamation by Governor 
 Kuig, the xviith General Assembly met in special session, for the purpose 
 of considering the subject of internal improvements, and of passing such 
 measures as would make available, speedily and economically, the grant 
 of lands made by Congress to aid in the construction of the Pacific and 
 of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroads. 
 
 Deeply exciting a.s was the subject of internal improvements generally, 
 and great as was the particular interest everywhere felt in the early 
 completion of our railroads, nothing could obscure the light of the cam[)- 
 fires of the political factions, or smooth the ragged edge of their conflicts. 
 Fresh from the turbulence of the State canvass, which had closed on the 
 first Monday of the month, the Senators and Representatives of tlie 
 people, supplemented by a large and active lobby, assembled at the 
 capital, and at the very threshhold confronted the questions of Benton 
 and anti-Benton, Free-soil and Slave-soil, Whig and Democrat, Haid 
 and Soft. Therefore, a most bitter and protracted struggle ensued in ihe 
 oro-anization of the House, during which the special objects for which the 
 session had been called were entirely forgotten. Political caucuses were 
 held nightly by the three parties into which the members were divided, 
 each plotting and counter-plotting to gain the mastery over the other.s. 
 The bone of contention was the Speakership of the House, and, subor- 
 dinately, the various clerkships. 
 
276 
 
 IIISTOEY OF MISSOtTRI. 
 
 Robert E. Acock of Polk, was the nominee of the Anti-Bentons for 
 Speaker; Chailes Sims, of Cass, of the Beutoiis, and Samuel H. 
 Woodson, of Jackson, of the Whigs. After two days' ballotthig and 
 nineteen ballots, Colonel Acock was withdrawn and C F. Jackson, Anti- 
 Eenton, of Howard, was pat in his place. On the 26th ballot the vote 
 stood: Sims 44, Wood^fon 39, Jackson 37, scattering 6 ; after which 
 Jackson was withdrawn and Acock again placed in front of the Anti- 
 Benton column. Four more ballots disclosed a similar result, when an 
 adjonrimient was carried till the next day — Thursday. On re-assembling, 
 Joseph A, Hay, Whig, of Lewis, offered the following resolution, which 
 the chairman decided out of order : 
 
 Hesolved, That a veil be hung over the portr<ait of Colonel Benton, now hanging in the 
 Representative Hall; that Glaib Jackson be requested to absent himself from the 
 House, and that the members drink no more grog till a Speaker is elected. 
 
 And thus the conflict raged, the "Jackson Resolutions" being the 
 real element of discord : the Benton Democrats avowing the purpose to 
 expunge them from the Journal; the xVnties to keep them there; the 
 Whigs securely poised on the pedestal of "armed neutrality." 
 
 On the 31st ballot, Mr. Sims was withdrawn and A. C. Marvin, Benton 
 Democrat, of Henry substituted, but still no choice was made. Francis 
 P. Blair, Jr., of St. Louis was then offered by the Benton men as "an 
 olive branch of peace." The result was war, a fierce renewal of hostil- 
 ities between the belligerent factions, and the substitution of J. W. 
 Kelly, of Holt, for Mr. Blair, and of Abram Hunter, of Scott, for Colonel 
 Acock. Still no choice. Finally, on Saturday afternoon, by resolution 
 offered by William O. Manpin of Saline, a Whig, Dr. Reuben Shelby, 
 of Perry, a Benton Democrat, was made Speaker for the extra session 
 only—thus for the time tiding over the shoals and quicksands of the 
 intestine feud. The clerkships were divided between the three parties. 
 
 After passing resolutions accepting the grant of lands from Conoress 
 to aid in the construction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph and other 
 railroads in the State, and bills to expedite the building of the North 
 Missouri railroad, the Legislature adjourned on the 25th of December, 
 only two days before the time fixed by law for the meeting of the recrular 
 session. 
 
 The regular session of the xviith General Assembly met on Monday, 
 December 27th, 1852. The struggle for the Speakership was again 
 
 renewed with increased violence. The Anti-Benton leaders C. F. 
 
 Jackson, R, M. Stewart, J. F. Benjamin, Ferdinand Keunett and others 
 
STEKLISTG FKIOE mAUGlTRATED GOVEENOE. 277 
 
 —threw themselves into the breach ; -while Frank P. Blair, B. Gratz 
 Brown, John D. Stevenson, Walter B. Morris and others directed the 
 action of the friends of Benton. The old Whig leaders,— James O. 
 Broadhead, Thomas Allen, Jsoph B. Crockett, Samuel H. Woodson, 
 Charles H. Hardin and others — marshaled the Wliig forces. 
 
 For Speaker, the Anti-Bentons nominated James H. Brittou, of 
 Lincoln ; the Bentons, J. W. Kelly of Holt ; the Wliigs, William Newland 
 of Ralls. After various ballotings,and many changes of candidates, and 
 bitter debate, Reuben Shelby, of Perry, the Speaker of the extra session, 
 was re-elected. 
 
 Governor King, in his farewell message, congratulated the State on our 
 "growing prospects," assuring the General Assembly that "our march is 
 onward and upward to that high destiny which we believe awaits our 
 noble State in the future." The taxable wealth of the State was placed 
 at $112,465,653.75. It is now (1877), in round numbers, six hundred 
 millions ! 
 
 Sterling Price and Wilson Brown, the newly-elected Governor and 
 Lieutenant-Governor for four years, were duly inaugurated, and the 
 business of legislation commenced. After a stormy session — storms in 
 both Houses over the Jackson Resolutions, and the questions of slavery, 
 secession and disunion — a final adjournment was voted on the 24th of 
 February. 
 
 The xviiith General Assembly met December 25th, 1854. On the 
 5th ballot, William Newland, of Ralls (Whig), was elected Speaker, and 
 Samuel A. Lowe, of Benton, Chief Clerk. The irrepressible "Jackson 
 Resolutions," the powers of Congress over slavery in the territories, and 
 the Kansas and Nebraska bills, claimed much attention during this 
 session, the animus of the discussion foreshadowing to many the terrible 
 catastrophe in which our national ti-oubles culminated in 1861. 
 
 On the 5th of January, 1855, the two Houses met in joint session for 
 the purpose of electing a United States Senator to succeed David R, 
 Atchison, whose term expired March 4th, 1855 ; and the following 
 nominations were made: D. R. Atchison (anti-Benton), Thomas H. 
 Benton, and A. W. Doniphan (Whig). The ballottings generally were 
 about as follows : Atchison 56, Benton 40, Doniphan 59. On the 
 twenty-fifth ballot Atchison was withdrawn and William Scott, of the 
 Supreme Court, nominated ; but the voting was the same. Finally, 
 Scott was displaced by Sterling Price, then Governor of the State, with 
 thesame result; whereupon Atchison was again placed upon the tapis. 
 
2'^^ HISTOKY OF MIS30XJEI. 
 
 After forty-one unsuccessful ballots, the joint session, 88 to 63, adjourned 
 until again convened by concurrent resolution of the two Houses. On 
 M;irch Sth, the Legislature adjourned to meet on the first Monday of the 
 ensuing November. It met on that day and adjourned sine die on 
 December 13th, but without holding a joint session. Hence no United 
 States Senator was elected. During the joint sessions above mentioned, 
 long and angry debates arose on the slavery question in all its political 
 phases, which were distinguished by great ability and at times by great 
 violence. When it is recalled that these discussions were chiefly con- 
 ducted on behalf of the Anti-Benton Democrats by Messrs. Robert M. 
 Stewart, Lewis V. Bogy, George C. Medley, A. L. Gilstrap, William C. 
 Price and John W. Eeid ; on behalf of the Benton Democrats by P. P. 
 Blair, B. Gratz Brown and John D. Stevenson ; and for the Whigs by 
 James S. KoUius, A. W. Doniphan, Albert Todd, S. M, Breckinridge, 
 Joseph Davis, Henry T. Blow, George W. Goode, C. H. Hardin, C. C. 
 Zeigler and Robert Wilson — it cannot be questioned that legislative bodies 
 rarely exhibit more genuine statesmanship and true oratory. 
 
 On November 1st, 1855, one of the most appalling disasters occurred 
 at the new railroad bridge across the Gasconade River, resulting in the 
 instant death of a large number of well-known citizens and the serious 
 wounding of many others. The Pacific Railroad having been completed 
 from St. Louis to the State Capital, a distance of 125 miles, a celebration 
 of the great event was resolved upon, by an excursion over the road, 
 and a grand public dinner in the State House. At nine o'clock, 
 therefore, of the day named, a train of ten passenger cars, crowded with 
 guests specially invited to participate in the commemorative festivities 
 of the occasion, left the depot at St. Louis, and at twelve o'clock reached 
 the Gasconade River, twelve miles above Hermann and forty miles below 
 Jefterson City. The bridge across the Gasconade was in six spans, two 
 of 120 feet each, two of 140 and two of 92 — the abutment spans beino- 
 each 130 feet. The abutments were of stone, 32 feet high, and the five 
 piers were also of stone. The piers and abutments were completed, 
 but the superstructure of the bridge was not finished. In order, however 
 to serve the purpose of comnaemorating the opening of the road, the 
 contractors for the superstructure had undertaken to build the scaflbldino- 
 on which to rear it, of such strength as to pass the excursion train in 
 safety. This was sought to be accomplished by the erection of trestle- 
 work on piles and mud-sills, in the line of the intended structure, the 
 piles being about 14 feet apart and stay-braced longitudinally and 
 
GASCONADE BKIDGE DISASTEK. 279 
 
 traversely. The embankment ou the east side not being complete, 
 trestle-work some 80 feet in length was built, between the finished bank 
 and the finished abutment. The approach to the bridge from the east 
 (from St. Louis) was on a curve of near 1,500 feet radius, which 
 terminated at the end of the bank, there being some 80 feet of tangent 
 line before coming to the bridge. The excursion train, some 600 feet 
 long, came to the bridge by this approach. When the engine reached 
 the first pier, the forward part of the train covering the first span of 
 130 feet, the span gave way, thus precipitating the engine, baggage car 
 and several passenger cars to the watery abyss below, some 30 feet, 
 causing an immense loss of life and the utter wreck of the cars. The 
 President of the road, the late Hudson E. Bridge of St. Louis, and 
 Thomas S. O'SuUivan, Chief-Engineer, together with a number of 
 employes of the road, were on the locomotive at the time of the 
 catastrophe, and all were killed except Mr. Bridge, who miraculously 
 escaped unhurt. Among the well-known citizens who were also killed 
 and whose unexpected and deplorable death spread a pall of gloom and 
 lamentation over the city of St. Louis, were Reverend Dr. Bullard, of 
 the Second Presbyterian Church ; Reverend John Teasdale of the Third 
 Baptist Church; E. Church Blackburn, a well-known lawyer, and chair- 
 man of the City Council ; Mann Butler, author of a History of 
 Kentucky ; Henry Chouteau, of the firm of Chouteau & Valle ; Calviu 
 Case, owner of a line of omnibusses, E. C Yosti, of the firm of Shields & 
 Yosti ; E. B. Jeffries, member of the Legislature from Franklin County, 
 and many others. So frightful and appalling was this disaster, that no 
 train, even at this distance of time, crosses the Gasconade without its 
 horrors being recalled. 
 
 The people of Missouri took unusual interest, in 1854-5-6, in the 
 organization of the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and were moved 
 by the most intense excitement. The region of country embraced in 
 tliese Territories formed a part of the Louisiana purchase, and extended 
 westward from Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota, to the summit of the 
 Rocky Mountains, and from the parallel of thirty-six degrees thirty 
 minutes north latitude to British America. Very little was known of 
 this vast domain, except that it was a region of great fertility ; yet, even 
 previous to 1854, the tide of emigration was pouring into it, and it 
 became necessary to provide organized governments for the security and 
 protection of the people. 
 
 In December, 1852, Hon. Williard P. Hall, of Missouri, introduced a 
 bill into the United States House of Representatives, to organize the 
 
280 
 
 HISTORY OF inSSOXIRI. 
 
 Territory of Platte, wliich was designed to embrace the country above 
 mentioned. Having been referred to the •Committee on Territories, that 
 committee, in February, 1853, reported a bill to establish a Territorial 
 Government in the Territory of Nebraska. As this bill did not contem- 
 plate a repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, whereby slavery was 
 inhibited in all the country north of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes, it 
 was opposed in the House by the entire Southern delegations ; and the 
 only Senators from the South who voted for it were those from Missouri.^ 
 On January 16th, 1854, the sulyect again came before the Senate, when 
 Senator Dixon, of Kentucky, gave notice that whenever the Nebraska 
 bill should be called up, he would move an amendment to the effect that 
 the Missouri compromise line of thirty-six degrees thirty miiiutes north 
 latitiide, forever prohibiting slavery or involuntary servitude north of said 
 line, should not be so construed as to apply to the Territory contemplated 
 by the act, or to any other Territory of the United States ; but that the 
 citizens of the several States or Territories should be at libert}^ to take and 
 hold their slaves within any of the Territories or States to be formed 
 therefrom. That is to say, in plain and terse language, that the Missouri 
 Compromise should be repealed. The announcement of this amendment 
 in Congress was immediately followed by the most intense excitement 
 throughout the country. Indeed, the introduction, in 1 848, of the Wilmot 
 Proviso did not startle or stir up the people in a greater degree. 
 
 On January 23d, 1854, Senator Douglas, of Illinois, reported from 
 the Committee on Territories a bill which provided for the oro-anizatioii 
 of the region of country embraced by Mr. Hall's bill — known as the 
 Platte country, from the Platte Kiver, which flows through it — into two 
 Territories, namely, Kansas and Nebraska. Senator Douglas' bill con- 
 tained the following, among other provisions : 
 
 ^' Section 21. And be it further enacted, That, in order to avoid misconstruction, it is 
 hereby declared to be the true intent and meaning of this act, so far as the question of 
 slavery is concerned, to carry into practical operation the following propositions and 
 principles, established by the compromise measures of 1850, to-wit : 
 
 s'J^Vst.— That all questions pertaining to slavery in the Territories, and in the new 
 States to be formed therefrom, are to be left to the decision of the people residiag therein 
 through their appropriate representatives, 
 
 " Second.— Th?it all cases involving title to slaves and questions of personal freedom 
 are referred to the adjudication of the local tribunals, with the right of appeal to the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 " Third.— T:ha,t the provisions of the Constitution and laws of the United States im 
 respect to fugitives from service, are to be carried into faithful execution in all the 
 ' organized Territories,' the same as in the States." 
 
 ' David E. Atchison and Henry S. Geyer. 
 
THE SLAVERY QUESTION. 281 
 
 The section of the bill -which prescribed the qualifications and 
 naode of election of a delegate to Congress from each of the Territories 
 was as follows : 
 
 "The Constitution and all laws of the United States, which are not locally inapplicable, 
 shall have the same force and effect within the said Territory as elsewhere in the United 
 States, except the section of the act preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the 
 Union, approved March 6th, 1820, which was superseded by the principles of the legislation 
 of 1850, commonly called the Compromise Measures, and is declared inoperative." 
 
 On the next day after the introduction of this bill, the discussion of it 
 opened in the Senate and continued with great ability through several 
 weeks ; those engaged in the discussion being divided by the designa- 
 tions pro-slavery and anti-slavery. On February 6th, Hon. S. P. Chase, 
 a Senator from Ohio, moved to strike out so much of the bill as declared 
 the Missouri Compromise of 1820, "superseded" by the compromise of 
 1850, but the motion was defeated. On February 15th, Mr. Douglas 
 moved to strike out the clause objected to by Mr. Chase, and insert the 
 following : 
 
 " Which being inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by Congress with 
 slaveiy in the States and Terx'itories, as recognized by the legislation of 1850 (commonly 
 called the Compromise Measures,) is hereby declared inoperative and void; it being the 
 true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any Territory or State, 
 nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to foi-m and 
 regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution 
 of the United States." 
 
 This amendment embodied what was afterwards called, in Congress 
 and the country, the doctrine of squatter sovereignity. It was at once 
 adopted by the Senate ; but Mr. Chase and others, not having full faith 
 in the fidelity of the declaration that it was not the true intent and mean- 
 ing of the act to legislate slavery into any Territory or State, nor to 
 exclude it therefrom, moved to add, after the words " United States," the 
 following : 
 
 " Under which the people of the Territories, through their appropriate representatives, 
 may, if they see fit, prohibit the existence of slavery therein." 
 
 Mr. Chase's amendment was voted down, and the bill passed-^ayes 37, 
 nays 14 ; — and being reported to the House, after a fierce debate in that 
 body it also passed — ayes 113, nays 100; and on May 31st, 1854, 
 received the approval of President Pierce and became a law. 
 
 The Territory of Kansas now became the theater of a bitter war 
 between the contending parties ; one side strenuously maintaining that 
 
282 
 
 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI, 
 
 slavery should be prohibited by her organic law, the other as stoutly that 
 it should be established and protected. 
 
 The people of Missouri shared in the general excitement, and during 
 the State canvass of 1854, and especially during the Presidential election 
 of 1856, evidenced the wildest excitement. Whether the new State should 
 admit slavery or prohibit it now depended upon the vote of the people. 
 Wherefore both parties, free-soil and slave-soil, from the States north 
 and south, rushed into the Territory in order to secure a majority. Angry 
 controversy succeeded in Missouri. Antagonisms of opinion everywhere 
 prevailed. At times these approached scenes of violence and bloodshed ; 
 and good men of all parties stood in awe of the consequences, not only 
 as they might affect the peace and prosperity of the commonwealth, but 
 the repose and perpetuity of the republic itself. The triangular contest 
 for the presidency, a legitimate outgrovvth of the repudiation of the 
 Missouri Compromise by the Territorial act of May 31st, 1854, precip- 
 itated upon the country, and upon the people of Missouri in a perilous 
 degree, the bitter waters of the slavery agitation — agitation of the 
 powers of Congress over the institution in the Territories, of the question 
 of squatter sovereignity, and the kindred issues of nullification and 
 secession. Apprehensive that Kansas would become a free State, and 
 that Missouri, a slave State, would in the future occupy the position of a 
 slave peninsula jutting out into a sea of free soil, with Illinois and Iowa 
 on the one side and Kansas and Nebraska on the other, many of our 
 citizens, especially on the Kansas border, became seriously alarmed for 
 the safety of their slaves, and in the excitement of the conflict were 
 induced, without authority of law, to cross over into Kansas with arms 
 and with ballots to coerce the new State into the Union with a pro-slavery 
 constitution. Meanwhile the friends of free soil in the north and emi- 
 gration societies in the New England States, projected active measures 
 to fill the new State with anti-slavery settlers. Violent collisions of 
 course followed, and bloodshed was often imminent. The struggle between 
 the hostile parties in Kansas and on the Missouri border resulted in a 
 series of desultory but bloody encounters, some of which assumed the 
 proportions of battles. Large and fiercely-excited public meetings were 
 held in Missouri, and at times, in some localities, a reign of intolerance 
 and proscription prevailed. This was intensified in that portion of the 
 State bordering on Kansas ; and in one instance resulted, April 14th, 
 1855, at Parkville, Missouri, in the destruction of the Industrial 
 Luminary newspaper, owned and published by George S. Park and 
 W. J. Patterson, whom a public meeting threatened to throw into the 
 
THE SLAVERY QXJESTION. 283 
 
 Missouri Eiver if found in that town three weeks from that day, and 
 to hang if they went to Kansas to reside. 
 
 In November, 1854, an election was held in Kansas, which resulted in 
 the choice of a pro-slavery delegate to Congress ; and in the general 
 Territorial election of the following year the pro-slavery party also 
 triumphed, and their delegates thus chosen assembled at Lecompton and 
 formed a constitution permitting slavery. Whereupon the anti-slavery 
 or free-soil party, declaring the election to have been carried by fraud- 
 ulent votes, assembled at Topeka, to form a constitution excluding 
 slavery, and organized a rival government. Civil war broke out between 
 the factions ; and from the autumn of 1855 until the final settlement of 
 the question, during the military governorship of John W. Geary, of 
 Pennsylvania, the Territory was the scene of constant turmoil and vio- 
 lence. Not to attempt a recital of these scenes, or a statement in detail 
 of all that occurred, suffice it to say that the anti-slavery party finally 
 triumphed, and Kansas, and Nebraska also, came into the Union asafree 
 State ; and on that basis peace was permanently established. 
 
 It is due to the truth of history to say, that in the final adjustment of 
 these questions in Congress, Stephen A. Douglus, of Illinois, and James 
 S. Green, who was elected in January 1857, to succeed Colonel Benton 
 in the United States Senate, played a prominent part. Senator Green 
 antagonized the views of Mr. Douglas in that body, and, as the 
 acknowledged leader of the j^ro-slavery party, maintained his ground 
 with an ability and eloquence rarely, if ever, excelled in the American 
 Senate. Coming into that body during the pendency of the question of 
 the admission of Kansas with the Lecompton Constitution, he supported 
 the policy of Mr. Buchanan's administration in speeches distinguished not 
 only by great perspicuity of style, but power of argument, which called 
 forth the commendations of even those who did not share his convictions. 
 
 The xixth General Assembly met December 29th, 1856. Robert C. 
 Harrison, Speaker, James H. Britton, chief clerk. On January 12th, 
 1857, the two houses met in joint convention to elect two United States 
 Senators. James S. Green, (Anti-Benton) received 89 votes ; Thomas 
 H. Benton, 33; Luther M. Kennett, (Ameriean) 32. Mr. Green was 
 elected for the short term. To succeed Senator Geyer, Trusten Polk, 
 (Governor elect) received 101 ; T. H. Benton, 23 ; Hamilton R. Gamble, 
 (American) 34. Polk was elected for the long term, ending March 4th, 
 1863. Governor Polk resigned the executive chair to accept the United 
 States Senatorship ; and, until the special election in August, 1857, to 
 
284 
 
 HISTOKY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 fill fhe vacancy, Hancock Jackson, Lieutenant-Governor, discharged the 
 duties of Governor. One of the most brilliant and notable gubernational 
 canvasses ever made in the State occurred in 1857, between James 
 S. Eollins, of Boone, Whig, and Robert M. Stewart of Buchanan, 
 Democrat. Stewart was successful by a majority of only 334 votes. 
 
 Scene in Central Miasouri. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 1860.— Review Of Forty Years' Progress.— Tidti ok 'Population and Settlement in 
 Southeast and Southern Missouri, Along the Upper Mississippi, and the Mis- 
 souri Vallky.-Manopaotures.— Improved Lands and Thbir Cash Value,— 
 Revelations of the Census of 1860.- Live Stock.— Farm Products.— Domestic 
 Manufactures.— Railroad Enterprises.— Government and State Aid.~The first 
 Whistle of thk Locomotive.— Telegraph Llses.— St. Louis as a Railroad 
 Center.— Progress of Education.— Our Puislic School System,— St. Louis in 1821 
 AND 1S60.— Great Achibvemknts anp Df.stiny of the State. 
 
 I860 — Teu and thirty years hiive elapsed since Missouri was admitted 
 into the Union ; and at the period at which we now pause to contem- 
 plate the State, we are on the eve of the bloody and fratricidal civil war 
 into which, during the following year, our country was unhappily 
 plunged. Of the war itself— its causes, events and consequences — we 
 shall speak in subsequent chapters. But before invoking the pen of 
 history to record the prominent events of the war, as they more directly 
 concern the commonwealtli of Missouri, we diverge at this point to mark 
 the progress we have made in population and wealth, and to chronicle 
 what we have accomplished during the preceding forty years in the varied 
 interests and industries which distinguish the civilization of our time. 
 
 Radiating from the earlier centers of settlement — St. Louis being the 
 chief or pivotal point from which emigration spread out like a great fan 
 — ^the tide of population and colonization flowed along the valleys of our 
 larger rivers, and thence inland until it covered the whole State. And it 
 is worthy of record and remembrance as something remarkable, and yet 
 as a fact which can be accounted for on well known laws of pioneer life, 
 that after the settlements on the western bank of the Mississippi, below 
 St. Louis, no considerable settlements in Southeast or Southern Mis- 
 souri were made for a number of years ; and these for the most pnvt 
 were projected to discover and develop mines of silver and lead. Per- 
 manent settlements for agricultural purposes were not contemplated ; 
 whereas the settlements on the west bank of the Mississippi above St. 
 Louis, and on both sides of the Missouri, made many years after, were 
 chiefly inspired by a purpose to cultivate the soil. Some of them, it is 
 true, were made in the interest of the fur trade, which in the earlier 
 history of the State was an important and lucrative industry. 
 
 Marking the tide of colonization as we see it disclosed in our early 
 history, it is found that more than half a century elapsed, after the settle- 
 ment of Ste. Genevieve, before the couutry nowembraced.by the second 
 
2^^ HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 tier of coimlies in Southeast Missouri was settled. For examples: 
 What is now liiiown as Bollinger County, near as it is to Ste. Genevieve 
 and the first settlements on the Mississippi, and Stoddard, Butler, 
 Wayne, Madison, Crawford, etc, were not even partially reclaimed from 
 the dominion of the Indian and buffalo until the year 1800, and some of 
 them at a much later period. Stoddard was not settled until after the 
 admission of the State into the Union in 1821, and was not organized as 
 a county until 1835. Its population as late as 1840 was only about 
 8,000; 1860 about 8,000, and in 1876, 10,883- What is now Butler 
 County was a favorite hunting ground for the Indians, and it was not 
 until about the year 1800 that a few white men, as huntei's rather tbau 
 settlers, built cabins there to prolong their visits to the territory. Tlie 
 region of country known as Wayne contained very few white settlers at 
 the time of the declaration of war in 1812, and was not organized as a 
 county until 1818, and then was called, from her vast territory, " the 
 State of Wayne," and now "the Mother of Counties." Population in 
 1820 only about 1,500; in 1876, 7,006. As early as 1722 or '23 there 
 was a small settlement in what is now Madison County, at Mine La 
 Motte lead mines, which were discovered a few years previous by a 
 Frenchman whose name they bear. The Indians and Spaniards worked 
 these mines as early as 1765-70. To aid in the development of the 
 mines ajid the colonization of the country, in the year 1800 the Spanish 
 government granted 5,000 arpents of land to fifteen French families 
 "for settlement and cultivation". About this time a few American fam- 
 ilies, from Tennessee, North Carolina, Kentucky and Virginia, settled 
 about the mines, but the Indians were so numerous and troublesome 
 that they could not till the soil to any extent. In 1818, Madison County 
 was formed of portions of Ste. Genevieve and Cape Girardeau, and in 
 1820 contained only about 2,000 inhabitants; in 1876, 8,750. It is a 
 county of mines, and quite a number of iron banks are found in it. St. 
 Francois County was almost unknown to the white man previous to 
 1800; was not organized until 1821, and in 1830 did not contain 3,000 
 inhabitants; in 1876, 11,621. Miners of lead first settled Washington 
 County; and although organized in 1813 it did not contain more than 
 3,000 inhabitants seven years afterwards ; in 1876,13,100. Jefferson 
 and Franklin, from their proximity to St. Louis, were settled at an early 
 period. 
 
 The fertile lands in the region of country bordering on the Mississippi, 
 above St. Louis — now embraced by the counties of Lincoln, Pike, Kails, 
 Marion, Lewis and Clark — attracted an agricultural population, and 
 
EEVEEW OF FOKTY TEAKS' PEOGEESS. 287 
 
 were settled with a view to permanency of location, and for the develop- 
 ment of the arts and industries of the husbandman. With the exception 
 of Lincoln county, all the settlements were made after the close of the 
 war of 1812. In order that some idea may be formed of the progress 
 since made in this region of the State, it is proper to note that in 1821 
 its aggregate population was only about 8,000, whereas in 1860 the six 
 counties named, greatly reduced as they had been in area by that time, 
 contained about 84,000 souls. 
 
 Eeturning to the mouth of the Missouri river, and traversing 
 that stream to Ithe western boundary of the State, we find that 
 with the exception of the settlements in St. Louis, St. Charles, 
 Howard, Cooper and Boone counties, and a small settlement at Loutre 
 Island, the entire region was under the bloody sway of the Indians 
 until after the peace of 1815. Colonization then rapidly followed, 
 and the star of empire took its course inland to various portions of the 
 State ; so that years anterior to 1860 the tide of conquest and coloniza- 
 tion overspread the commonwealth from the Kansas border to the 
 Mississippi, and from Iowa to Arkansas. ^ 
 
 This statement is verified by the fact that at the time of the 
 admission of Missouri into the Union in 1821, the State contained only 25 
 organized counties, with a total population of 70,647 ; whereas nine 
 years afterwards the population was twice as great, being 140,304, and in 
 1860 had reached the grand aggregate of one million one hundred and 
 eighty-two thousand and twelve C 1,182,012) souls, and 113 counties. 
 As the territorial area of the State is 65,350 square miles, each of the 25 
 counties in 1821 contained an average of 2,614 square miles; the 113 in 
 1860 an average of only 578.46 square miles. 
 
 We come now to contemplate the progress and condition of the State 
 from another and more interesting point of view. 
 
 If in 1821 there was a manufactory of any considerable size in the 
 State, or capital to any respectable amount invested in the production 
 of any of the fabrics of utility or ornament worn, er the implements or 
 machinery used by man, the writer is uninformed of the fact. But m 
 1860, according to the returns of the Federal census, the number of 
 manufactories in the State was 2,800, with a capital of $20,500,000, 
 consuming annually fuel and raw material worth $24,000,000, and 
 "employing more than 2,000 hands— the annual product reaching the 
 large sum°of $43,500,000. 
 
 We have no available means at hand of ascertaining either th& 
 number of acres of improved land in the State or the cash value of the 
 
288 
 
 HISTOET OF MISSOURI. 
 
 farms in 1821 ; but in 1860, although the State had only been organized 
 ten and thirty years, it contained 6,246,871 acres of land redxTced to the 
 nses of tlie husbandman and 13,737,938 acres unimproved, the aggregate 
 value of which was $230,632,126, to which for value of farming 
 implements $8,711,508 must be added. Not to weary the reader with 
 statistics, which after all convey information embodied in no other 
 forms of speech, it will be profitable to study the remarkable and valuable 
 disclosures of the following table of the animals and productions of the 
 State in 1860: 
 
 ANDVLALS— 1860. 
 
 Horses 361,874 
 
 Working oxen 166,588 
 
 Mules and asses 80,941 
 
 Sheep 937,44.5 
 
 Milk cows 345,243 
 
 Swine 2,354,445 
 
 Total value of live stock $53,693,673 
 
 AGBIOXILTIIRAL PEODUCTS— 1860. 
 
 BaSHELS. 
 
 Wheat 427,586 
 
 Oats 3,680,870 
 
 Barley 228,502 
 
 Grass seed 55,713 
 
 Eye 44,263 
 
 Irish potatoes 1,990,850 
 
 Buclrwheat 182,292 
 
 Feas and Beans 107,999 
 
 Indian Corn 72,892,157 
 
 Sweet potatoes 355,102 
 
 Clover seed 2,216 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 Wool 2,069,778 
 
 Hops 2,265 
 
 Silk cocoons 127 
 
 Beeswax and honey 1,685,173 
 
 pomrns. 
 
 Butter 12,704,837 
 
 Flax 109,237 
 
 Maple sugar 142,430 
 
 Eice 9,766 
 
 Cheese 259,633 
 
 Flaxseed 4,656 
 
 Tobacco 25,086,196 
 
 Cotton 100 bales. 
 
 Hay 401,070 tons. 
 
 Hemp 19,268 tons. 
 
 GALTjONS. 
 
 ■Wine 27,827 
 
 Cane molasses 22,305 
 
 Sorghum molasses 776,101 
 
 Maple molasses 18,289 
 
 EECAPITULATION. 
 
 Capital invested in manufactures $ 20 
 
 Value of fuel and raw material used 24, 
 
 Annual product of manufactures 43 
 
 Value of land — improved and unimproved 230 
 
 Value of farming implements 
 
 Value of live stock 53 
 
 Value of orchard products , 
 
 Value of garden products 
 
 Value of home made manufactures j 
 
 Value of animals slaughtered 9 
 
 Total cost of railroads ( about ) 42 
 
 Number of newspapers and periodicals 
 
 Total annual circulation ( copies ) 30 
 
 ,500,000 
 ,000,000 
 500,000 
 ,632,126 
 ,711,508 
 ,693,673 
 810,975 
 346,405 
 ,984,262 
 844,449 
 500,000 
 173 
 ,000,000 
 

 1 w *.jd 
 
 
 o 
 
 S5 
 
 
 
EAILKOAD ENTEEPKISES. 289 
 
 Wonderful activity was developad in 1835-6-7, in the older States 
 north and east, in the projection and building of lines of railroad. It 
 seemed, indeed, to be a mania; and it attacked our people with no 
 inconsiderable force, awaking public attention to their want of improved 
 means of intercommunication and their value as agencies of development. 
 The railroad convention held in St. Louis in April, 1836, elsewhere 
 noted as the first ever held in the State, and the incorporation of 
 numerous railroad companies by the legislature of 1836-7, were out- 
 growths of the popular feeling on the subject. 
 
 It will not be unprofitable to note in this place the several railroad 
 lines, if, indeed, some of them can be truthfully called lines, projected 
 at this session and seriously urged upon the attention of the people and 
 tax-payers of the various localities : (1) Bailey's Lauding Eailroad, 
 beginning at Troy, in Lincoln county, thence to Bailey's Landing on the 
 Missouri river ; capital stock $50,000. (2) Carondelet and St. Louis, 
 Railroad, for horse or locomotive engines; capital $100,000. (3) 
 Florida and Paris Eailroad, from Florida, in Monroe County, to Paris, 
 in the same county ; capital, $100,000. (4) Hannibal, Paris, and Grand 
 liiver Railroad from Hannibal to the mouth of Grand Eiver, in Chariton 
 County, via Florida and Paris in Monroe and Huntsville and Keytesville, iu 
 Randolph and Chariton. (5) Liberty Railroad, from Liberty, in Clay 
 County, to the Missouri river; capital $25,000. (6) Livingston and 
 Independence Eailroad, from Livingston, on the Missouri river in Jackson 
 County, to Independence, in the same county; capital $100,000. (7) 
 Louisiana and Columbia Railroad, from Louisiana in Pike County to 
 Columbia, in Boone, thence to Eocheport; capital $1,000,000.^ (8) 
 Marion City and Missouri River Eailroad, from Marion City, on the Mis- 
 sissippi river in Marion County, toBoonville, on the Missouri river, via 
 Palmyra, Marion College, New York (in Shelb}' county), and New 
 Franklin in Howard county; capital $600,000. (9) Mine a LaMotte 
 and Mississippi Eailroad, from Mine a LaMotte, in Madison County, to 
 a point on the Mississippi river not lower down than Pratte's 
 Landing; capital $300,000. (10) Monticello and LaGrange Eailroad, 
 
 > The track of this road was surveyed, Hon. J. S. Eollins of Columbia assisting in the 
 field work and being one of the managers of a ball given in G-entrj' s Hotel in Columbia 
 to commemorate the completion of the survey. Col. A. B. Chambers, at that time 
 editor of the Salt Siver Journal, published at Bowling Green, and subsequently of the 
 St. Louis Bepublican; and Edwin Draper, Phineas Block, and John S. McClune, of Pike 
 County, and J. S. Eollins, Bichard Gentry, Sinclair Kirtley, Wm. Cornelius and David 
 M. Hickman, of Boone, were great friends of the enterprise. 
 
 19 
 
290 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 from LaGrange to Monticello in Lewis County; capital $100,000. (11) 
 PajTiesville and Mississippi Railroad, from Paynesville, in Pike County, 
 to the Mississippi at Jackson's Landing ; capital $50,000. (12) Roche- 
 poi-t Railroad, from Rocheport to Columbia, in Boone County ; capital 
 $150,000. (13) Mineral Railroad, from St. Louis to Caledonia, in 
 Washington Country, wa Potosi; capital $2,000,000. (14) St. Charles 
 Railroad, from St. Charles to a point on the Mississippi nearly opposite 
 Grafton; capital $100,000. (15) Southeastern Railroad, from New 
 Madrid to Commerce, in Scott County; capital $200,000. (16) St. 
 Louis Railroad, from St. Louis to the Missouri river; capital $500,000. 
 (17) Southern Railroad , from Caledonia, in Washington County, to Cape 
 Girardeau on the Mississippi, via Iron Mountain, Mine a LaMotte and 
 Jackson; capital $1,000,000. (18) Washington and Ste. Genevieve 
 Railroad, from Washington to Ste. Genevieve ; capital $ . 
 
 Such was the formidable array of railway enterprises projected at the 
 session of the General Assembly of 1836-7. All of them were railroads 
 on paper, and really had no other existence than in the acts incorporating 
 them. The companies possessed neither credit, money, bonds nor lands, 
 all of great utility in the construction and equipment of lines of rail- 
 way, and some of them of indispensible value. Nevertheless the several 
 charters, although then and now dead letters on the statute books, were 
 not without wholesome influence on the people and future legislatures. 
 The Louisiana and Columbia and the St. Louis and Bellevue charters 
 were almost literally copied, in 1848-9. and in 1850-51 in the acts incor- 
 porating the Hannibal and St. Joseph and the St. Louis and Iron Moun- 
 tain railways. The same pen drafted both of the former, the Columbia 
 and Louisiana charter in 1836-7, and the Hannibal and St. Joseph in 
 1848-9 — namely, that of Hon. J. S. Rollins, of Columbia, who prepared 
 the latter charter at the request of Hon. Robert M. Stewart, who is 
 regarded as the father of the road, and was its first president. 
 
 Sixteen years elapsed after the St. Louis Railroad Convention of 1836 
 before the "iron horse" and the steam whistle were heard west of the 
 Mississippi on a Missouri railroad. Meanwhile, however, not being able, 
 owing to their great cost, to construct any part of the numerous lines of 
 railroads chartered, and intelligently alive to the value and importance 
 of improved methods of intercommunication, the people of many of the 
 counties constrncted rock, gravel, or plank roads. Indeed, the plank 
 road mania in Missouri succeeded the railway mania, and, laro-ely proving 
 a failure, intensified the feeling in favor of more enduring and rapid 
 means of transportation, although more costly. 
 
EATLBOAD ENTEBPEISES. 291 
 
 The Pacific Railroad Charter was approved March 12, 1849; and in 
 May following, surveys commenced ; and on July i, 1850, the groimd 
 was broken as initatory to the work of construction, on which occasion 
 Hon. Luther M. Kennett, then Mayor of the city of St. Louis, cast the 
 first shovel of earth on the new track. In December, 1852, the road 
 was opened to Cheltenham for passengers, five miles; in 1853, to 
 Franklin (now called "Pacific"), in 1855, to Jefferson City, and in 
 1865, to Kansas City, 283 miles distant from St. Louis. 
 
 The starting of the Pacific road was closely followed by the Hannibal 
 and St. Joseph, North Missouri, Iron Mountain, and the Southwest 
 Branch of the Pacific, now knownas the St. Louis & San Francisco. All 
 these roads received a large amount of aid from the State, and the Han- 
 nibal & St. Joseph, Pacific, and Southwest- Branch, large grants of 
 land from the general government, namely, to the Pacific road, 127,000 
 acres ; to the Southwest Branch, 1,040,000 acres ; and to the Hannibal 
 & St. Joseph, 600,000 acres. And State aid — bonds of the railroad 
 companies guarranteed by the State — as follows : 
 
 Pacific Railroad - - $7,000,000 
 Iron Mountain - - - 3,600,000 
 
 Southwest Branch - $4,500,000 
 North Missouri - - 4,350,000 
 
 Hannibal & St. Joseph - - $3,000,000.1 
 
 Lines of telegraph are built along the track of each of these roads, and 
 ef all others in the State. The first line of telegraph which connected 
 St. Louis with the East, reached East St. Louis on Dec. 20, 1847. 
 
 No system of railroads in the world embraces a larger and richer ter- 
 ritory than that which has a common and natural center in St. Loni.s. 
 Probably no city in the world now (1877) sends through freight and 
 passenger trains over a greater extent of railway mileage than St. Louis. 
 This is mainly due to the fact that St. Louis is nearer the geographical 
 center of the United States than any other large commercial city, a 
 point from which radiating lines extend one to two thousand miles east, 
 west and south, and five hundred miles north. These roads carry pas- 
 sengers without change of cars, or freight without breaking bulk, from 
 five hundred to two thousand miles. 
 
 As a significant fact bearing upon this subject, it may be mentioned 
 that a late examination of the yards and depots, in and about the city, 
 
 ' For many of the facts in regard to railroads, see Chapter 11, Annual Eeport of the 
 State Board of Agriculture for 1875, by Geo. C. Pratt, of Columbia, Secretary of tlic 
 Board of Kailroad Commissionees. 
 
^^^ HISTOKY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 showed the presence of cars from one hundred and sixty-two railroads 
 and twenty-three States. The trunk-lines centering in St. Louis as a 
 teiminal point, send daily trains of cars over routes aggregating 25,640 
 miles ill length, or more than the circumference of the globe. No city 
 in America or Europe has a wider field of railroad connection than 
 this. 
 
 The fifteen trunk-lines radiating from St. Louis send over their roads 
 daily (counting both ways) not less than three hundred passenger and 
 freight trains, containing in the aggregate more than four thousand cars. 
 A careful but approximate estimate gives to this service for 1876 the 
 transportation of 8,000,000 tons of' freight, and more than 3,000,000 
 passengers. 1 
 
 But productions of the field, pasture, garden and orchard; progress 
 in manufactures ; in railroad and telegraph lines ; in the development of 
 mineral deposits unexcelled in quantity and richness in the world, nor 
 yet increased population and taxable wealth, are not all we have accom- 
 plished during the last ten and thirty years now passing under review. 
 
 No less rapid and gratifying than the growth of the State has been that 
 of the system of public education. The first utterance of the people on 
 the subject, in the constitution of 1820, and iu each of the constitutions 
 adopted since that period, was unmistakably in favor of a system of 
 public instruction that shall afibrd the blessings of knowledge to all the 
 children of the State, the poor as well as the rich. And if the systems 
 enacted from time to time by our legislators, and the policy of some who 
 were high in official authority, have not at all times reached the greatest 
 measure of attainable good in this direction, it has certainly not been for 
 the lack of the most emphatic injunction by the people in the organic 
 laws of the State. 
 
 More than thirty years elapsed after the organization of the State 
 government, although each Legislature was biennially confronted with 
 the constitutional provision that "schools and the means of education 
 shall forever be encouraged in this State," before a law was passed ap- 
 propriating any portion of the taxes paid by the people to educational 
 purposes. During the whole of this period our public school system 
 rested for its maintenance solely on the small revenues annually accruino' 
 from the interest on the State and township school funds, and the volun- 
 tary sums paid teachers by parents or guardians. From this and 
 other causes iucident to a new and sparsely settled State, the system of 
 
 iHand-Book of the Missouri Pacific Eailway, 1877, by J. L. Tracy. 
 
PKOGKESS OF EDUCATION. 293 
 
 popular education languished. School-houses were often nothing more 
 than log huts, unplastered and unceilod, with chimneys constructed of 
 sticks, mud and straw, and without school furniture, unless long, back- 
 less benches, made of inverted puncheons, and a wide plank fastened to 
 the wall for a writing desk, can be called " furniture." 
 
 Happily, however, a few years before the war, and during the session 
 of the General Assembly of 1852-3, ' a law was passed against tremen- 
 dous opposition appropriating 25 per cent, annually of the State revenue 
 to common-school purposes, which being added to the annually accruing 
 interest from the other school funds before mentioned, was distributed 
 to the several counties according to the number of children of the school 
 age, to be faithfully applied to the maintenance of the free public 
 schools. This law imparted a new impulse to the cause of education in 
 the State; so that, as the official statistics show, while in 1853, at the 
 twelfth apportionment, the amount distributed for the support of common 
 schools was only about $65,000, the next year it reached in round num- 
 bers, $172,000 ; and at the nineteenth apportionment, in 1860, the sum of 
 $262,000. Also that — while in 1856 there were only about $33,000 raised 
 (partly by self-imposed tax) to build and repair school houses, $380,000 
 paid teachers ; 302,126 children reported and 98,000 taught — in 1859 
 more than $192,000 were raised for school houses, $691,000 paid teachers, 
 385,639 children reported and 171,000 taught during the year. 
 
 The summary of the school apportionments, from the first in 1842 to 
 the thirty-first in 1877, inclusive, and for which we are indebted to the 
 last report of Hon. R. D. Shannon, State Superintendent of Common 
 Schools, will be read with interest and can be studied with profit, as 
 follows : 
 
 First, in 1842 $ 1,999 60 Eleventh, in 1852 f 58,411 08 
 
 Second, in 1843 6,043 80 Twelfth, in 1853 65,425 83 
 
 Third,inl844 11,892 42 Thirteenth, In 1854 172,565 32 
 
 Fourth, in 1845 16,481 70 Fourteenth, in 1855 178,089 60 
 
 Fifth, in 1846 23,720 02 Fifteenth, in 1856 217,674 40 
 
 Sixth, in 1847 48,770 74 Sixteenth, in 1857 240,287 74 
 
 Seventh, in 1848 56,959 20 Seventeenth, in 1858 245,280 64 
 
 Eighth 'in 1849 59,456 01 Eighteenth, in 1859 254,951 12 
 
 Ninth, in 1850. 27,751 52 Nineteenth, in 1860 262,234 52 
 
 Tenth, in 1851 69,895 20 1861 Nothing. 
 
 1 See section 1, article 11, of school law, approved February 24th, 1853, Session Acts 
 1852-3, p. 151, said section being the following : " Hereafter twenty-five per centum of 
 the State revenue shall be annually set apart and become State school moneys, and 
 should be distributed annually for the support of organized school townships." 
 
294 
 
 HISTORY OF MISHOUEI. 
 
 1862 Nothing. Twenty-fourth, in 1870 $517,159 99 
 
 1863 Nothing. Twenty-fifth, in 1871 339,567 82 
 
 Twentieth, in 1864 $169,685 56 Twenty-sixth, in 1872 365,681 80 
 
 1865 Nothing. Twenty-seventh, in 1873 351,876 41 
 
 Twenty-first, in 1866 42,698 81 Twenty-eighth, in 1874 410,269 28 
 
 1867 Nothing. Twenty-ninth, in 1875 466,305 52 
 
 Twenty-second, in 1868 263,726 54 Thirtieth, in 1876 470,120 61 
 
 Twenty-third, in 1869 308,369 43 Thirty-first, in 1877 539,697 71 
 
 The appropriations from the revenue fund were first made in 1854, 
 being one-fourth of the State revenue collected from November 1st, 
 1853, to January 31st, 1854, and afterward, by another act of the Leg- 
 islature, 25 per cent, of the revenue collections, proper, as follows : 
 
 First,iul854 $74,178 57 1866 Nothing. 
 
 Second, in 1855 108,962 01 1867 Nothing. 
 
 Third, in 1856 119,353 33 Eighth, in 1868 $217,011 10 
 
 Fourth, in 1857 143,488 38 Ninth, in 1869 218,740 64 
 
 Fifth,inl858 165,626 75 Tenth, in 1870 228,629 64 
 
 Siith, in 1859 194,026 88 Eleventh, in 3871 243,197 33 
 
 Seventh, in 1860 203,732 82 Twelfth, in 1872 255,475 11 
 
 1861 Nothing. Thirteenth, in 1873 215,669 90 
 
 1862 Nothing. Fourteenth, in 1874 254,770 55 
 
 1863 Nothing. Fifteenth, in 1875 310,809 49 
 
 1864 Nothing. Sixteenth, in 1876 311,552 25 
 
 1865 Nothing. Seventeenth, in 1877 365,515 80 
 
 In 1821, St. Louis, compared to what it now is, was a straggling 
 village without commerce, without manufactures, without regular 
 steamboat communication, without rail or rock roads, without telegraphs, 
 without street cars or gas, without schools, and with the common wooden 
 flat for ferry crossing, instead of the magnificent tubular bridge which 
 now spans the Mississippi. In 1821, her total population was about 
 12,000; in 1860, nearly 200,000; and in 1880, more than 350,000. 
 In 1821, there were only 429 tax-payers in the city of St. Louis, the 
 taxable wealth of no one of whom was larger than $20,000, very few of 
 them as high as $10,000, and a large majority of them under $5,000. 
 The total taxes levied for that year in the city was $3,823.80. For the 
 fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1860, the city of St. Louis paid into the 
 State Treasury taxes and licenses to the amount of $932,027.33 In 
 1872, the tax-rolls exhibit the names of 400 tax-payers, only 29 short of 
 the list of 1821, no one of whom pays on assessed valuations of less 
 than $50,000, several of them over a million, and all of them too-ether 
 more than sixty millions. 
 
DESTINY OF THE STATE. 
 
 295 
 
 From these meagre beginnings, behold the colossal proportions we 
 have attained as a State, our wonderful achievements in the arts, iu 
 commerce, in wealth and population, and in all the varied industries 
 which distinguish the civilization of our eventful era. Mark the potential 
 influences which have opened the rich fountains of individual and incor- 
 porated enterprise ; which have vivified and expanded the fields of 
 knowledge ; which have quickened the spirit, by enlarging the means, 
 of State and international commerce. 
 
 Neither at the time of the settlement at Ste. Genevieve, nor for 
 several years after the acquisition of Louisiana by Mr. Jefl^erson, was the 
 steamboat known ; and therefore no steam vessel of any kind navigated 
 any of the waters of the world. Even as late as the war of 1812, 
 railroads for the transportation of freight and passengers had not been 
 invented ; and the electric telegraph, as a means of communicating 
 intelligence, did not occur to the wildest fancy for a generation afterward. 
 Now the telegraph encircles the globe, scaling the highest mountains 
 and spanning the deepest and broadest seas, annihilating intervening 
 space and bringing continents together, and making next-door neighbors 
 every kindred and tongue, nation and tribe on the face of the earth. 
 Missouri then had not a mile of railway. Now it has more than three 
 thousand miles ; and the shrill whistle of the locomotive is heard on its 
 mountain tops and reverberating with mellowed music along its richest 
 valleys. 
 
 In 1821, Missouri was a frontier State, unknown even by name to a 
 large majority of the people of our own seaboard. Now it contains a 
 population of two millions of people, owning a taxable wealth of nearly 
 six hundred millions of dollars ; is entitled to fifteen votes in the electoral 
 college, and in the number of its inhabitants proudly ranks as the fifth 
 State in a sisterhood of thirty-eight States. 
 
 Who, then, can doubt or deny that Missouri has achieved, and is 
 achieving, a distinguished destiny? 
 
 It can now be truthfully said of it, there is no speech nor language 
 where its voice is not heard. Its line is gone out through all the earth, 
 and its words to the end of the world. It possesses more of the elements 
 of wealth and prosperity than any other State, old or new, inland or 
 seaboard ; and, blessed with a wise administration of its government and 
 the smiles of a gracious Providence, will become one of the cherished 
 spots of earth, consecrated as the home of religion and liberty, and the 
 keystone of the arch of an indestructible Union. 
 
296 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 We cannot more befittingly portray the influence whicli Missouri ia 
 destined to exert in the moral and political regeneration of our country 
 than by quoting the glowlug lines of Bryant : 
 
 "Who shall place 
 A limit to the giant's unchained strength, 
 Or cui'b his swiftness in the forward race? 
 Far, like the comet's way through infinite space, 
 Stretches the long, untraveled path of light. 
 Into the depths of ages ; we may trace 
 Afar, the brightening glory of its flight, 
 'TUl the receding rays are lost to human sight. 
 

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CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 I860,— Returns of Elections from 1860 to 1870,— Presidential Elkction ot I860.— 
 Unexampled Excitement attending it. — National Conventions to Nominate^ 
 Candidates.— ?"0UR candidates, Douglas, Bkeckenridqe, Bell and Lincoln, 
 nominated— A Quadrangular Contest. — Abraham Lincoln elected President. — 
 Gubernatorial Canvass in Missouri. — Claiborne F. Jackson, Hancock Jackson, 
 James B. Gardbnhire and Sample Orr candidates for Governor. — An Excitino 
 AND Bitter Contest over the Slavery Issues.— C. F. Jackson elected Governor, 
 
 Elbction of 1S60— For Goveknor— 
 Claiborne F Jackson, Douglas 
 
 Democrat • 74,446 
 
 _ Sample Orr, American 64,583 
 
 Hancock Jackson, Brecken- 
 
 ridge Democrat 11,415 
 
 James B. G-ardenhire, Kepub- 
 
 lioan 6,135 
 
 Jackson's majority over Orr, 9,863 
 Thomas C. Keynolds elected 
 
 Lieutenant Governor. 
 Whole number of votes cast for 
 
 Governor 158,579 
 
 Total population of State in 
 
 1860 1,182,012 
 
 Election for President— 1860— 
 Stephen A. Douglas, Demo- 
 crat 58,801 
 
 John Bell, Union 58,372 
 
 John C. Breckemidge, Demo- 
 crat 31,317 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, Eepublican 17.028 
 Douglas' majority over Bell... 429 
 Douglas' majority over Ereck- 
 
 enridge 27,484 
 
 Whole number of votes cast for 
 
 President 165,518 
 
 Election of 1864— for Governor— 
 Thomas C. Fletcher, Republi- 
 can 71,531 
 
 Thomas L. Price, Democrat 30,406 
 
 Fletcher's majority over Price 41,125 
 Whole number of votes cast.. 101,937 
 Election for President— 1864— 
 Abraham Lincoln, Republican 71,676 
 Geo. B. McClellan, Democrat 31,626 
 Linooln'smajorityoverMcClel- 
 
 lan 40,050 
 
 For constitutional convention 89,215 
 Against constitutional conven- 
 tion 51,422 
 
 Majority for convention ■ 
 
 37,793 
 
 Election op 1865— on New- 
 Constitution — 
 
 For new constitution 43,670 
 
 Against new constitution 41,808 
 
 Majority for new constitution 1,862 
 
 Election of 1866— State Superin- 
 tendent OF Public Schools — 
 
 T. A. Parker, Republican 62,187 
 
 John F. Williams, Democrat 40,958 
 
 Parker's majority over Williams 20,859 
 Total number of votes cast. . . . 104,775 
 
 Electio'n OF 1868— Fob Governor— 
 Joseph W. McClurg, Republican 82,107 
 John S. Phelps, Democrat.... 62,780 
 
 McClurg's majority over Phelps 19,327 
 Whole number of votes cast 144,887 
 
 Suffrage Amendment to the Con- 
 stitution — 
 Against striking out the word 
 
 "white" 74.053 
 
 For striking out the word 
 
 "white" 55,236 
 
 Majority against negro suffrage 18,817 
 
 Election for President— 1868— 
 
 U. S. Grant Republican 85,671 
 
 Horatio Seymour, Democrat. . . ,59,7S8 
 
 Grant's majority over Seymour 25,888 
 
298 HISTOET OF MISSOmil. 
 
 In some respects tbe Presidential election of 1860 was the most 
 remarkable in the history of the Republic ; remarkable for the events 
 which preceded and attended, as well as those that followed it. It is 
 desthied, therefore, long to live in onr public annals with the freshness 
 and vigor of a new event. 
 
 It had been immediately preceded by the most notable and exciting, 
 if not the most important political proceedings in Congress, and among 
 the people, which up to that period had occurred since the adoption of 
 the Constitution. Among these may be mentioned, as of the greatest 
 significance, the renewal with unexampled violence of the slavery agitation, 
 the repeal of the Missouri compromise of 1820, the Kansas-Nebraska 
 controversy, the passage of the Personal Liberty bills by several of the 
 northern States, the John Brown raid at Harper's Ferry in Virginia, 
 and the belligerent and disunion utterances of various distinguished and 
 trusted leaders of the South. 
 
 While the popular excitement occasioned by these events was at its 
 height, the Presidential canvass of 1860 was opened. In the number of 
 the parties to it, and the character of the gentlemen composing the 
 tickets presented for the support of the American people, the canvass 
 was a faithful reflex of popular sentiment ; for while it is true the slavery 
 question was the chief issue in the struggle, it assumed a multiplicity of 
 forms, and separated the people of the United States into four grand 
 divisions, each represented by its national convention and nominees for 
 President and Vice President. It was, therefore, a quadrangular contest ; 
 and could not fail, on account of the inflammable nature of the questions 
 discussed and the highly respectable character of the tickets presented, 
 to excite the profoundest interest in every State in the Union. 
 
 As this contest greatly influenced the course of political events in 
 Missouri, it is proper that a summary of the proceedings of the several 
 National Conventions should be given at this point. 
 
 The Democratic party was the first to march from its tents to the 
 open field, and to organize for the struggle. As early as April 
 23d, its National Convention met in the great hall of South Carolina 
 Institute, in the city of Charleston. About six hundred delegates 
 representing thirty-two States, assembled. On the second day, Caleb 
 Cushing, of Massachusetts, was chosen permanent president — a selection 
 which was very befitting and significant under the circumstances, and 
 one that gave universal satisfaction to the violently -discordant elements 
 which were now brought face to face in close contact. 
 
 All through the immediately preceding years, in Congress, in the 
 
DEMOCBATIC NATIONAL C0NT:ENTI0N. 299 
 
 public press and in the primary assemblies of the people, and notably 
 in many of the conventions to elect delegates, there had been premon- 
 itions of the coming storm which threatened the imity and success of the 
 Democratic organization, a venerable political fabric whose foimdatious, 
 it was claimed, were laid by Jefferson sixty years before. 
 
 Mr. Gushing made an able, a powerful address to the convention, and 
 as conciliatory in spirit as the rugged character of the issues it was called 
 upon to confront would justify. Yet he was bold and uncompromising 
 in his hostility to the policy, as he understood it, of the Eepublicans, the 
 most formidable enemy of the party in whose hame his utterances were 
 delivered. He declared it to be the mission of the Democratic party 
 to "reconcile popular freedom with constituted order," and to maintain 
 " the saci-ed reserved rights of the sovereign States ;" that the Republi- 
 cans were "laboring to overthrow the Constitution," and "to produce in 
 this country a permament sectional conspiracy — a traitorous sectional 
 conspiracy of one-half of the States of the Union against the other 
 half;" and that, " impelled by the stupid and half insane spirit of faction 
 and fanaticism, they would hurry our land on to revolution and to civil 
 war." He declared it to be the " high and noble part of the Democratic 
 party of the Union to withstand — to strike down and conquer" these 
 "banded enemies of the Constitution." 
 
 To these utterances there was an universal response of approval in the 
 convention. Nevertheless, when that body came to construct its plat- 
 form of principles, serious bickerings arose on the subject of slavery ; and 
 on the evening of the fourth day of its session, three reports were pre- 
 sented from the committee on resolutions : the majority report by Wil- 
 liam W. Avery, of North Carolina ; the minority report by H. B. Payne, 
 of Ohio, and a resolution endorsing the Cincinnati platform of 1856, 
 without alteration, by Ben. F. Butler, of Massachusetts. These reports 
 were debated amidst a tempest of excitement for several days. The 
 vote bein"' finally taken, Mr. Butler's resolution was rejected by an 
 emphatic majority, and the minority report — the Douglas platform — 
 adopted. This result disrupted the convention. Most of the southern 
 or ultra pro-slavery delegates withdrew, organized in Military Hall 
 by choosing James A. Bayard, of Delaware, as president, and pi-oceeded 
 to adopt the resolutions presented by Mr. Avery from the majority of 
 the committee— the anti-Douglas platform. Without nominating a Pres- 
 idential ticket, they adjourned to meet in Richmond, Virginia, on Monday, 
 June 11th. Assembling at that place on that day, they adjourned 
 to Baltimore, with the view of re-entering the convention, which had 
 
300 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 adjourned to meet in that city on June 18th, and defeating, if possible, 
 the nomination of Mr. Douglas. 
 
 No sooner had the convention re-assembled in Baltimore, Mr. Gushing 
 again in the chair, than bitter controversy arose as to the admission of 
 the " seceders," as they were called, to seats. This question greatly 
 disturbed the harmony and good feeling of the body, and threatened 
 (let it be settled as it might) to rend the convention in ijieces. 
 
 On the fourth day of the session, the committee to whom the subject 
 had been referred made two reports : the majority recommending the 
 admission of the Douglas delegates, in place of the " seceders," from 
 Louisiana and Alabama, and parts of delegations from other States. The 
 minority report was against the admission of any new delegates. 
 
 On Fridajs June 22, the majority report was adopted, and this occa- 
 sioned another explosion. The whole or parts of the delegates from 
 Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Maryland, California, Delaware, 
 and Missouri withdrew, and on the following morning a majority of the 
 Massachusetts delegates, headed by Mr. Gushing himself, the president, 
 also withdrew. On the retirement of Mr. Gushing, David Tod of Ohio, 
 one of the vice-presidents, was called to preside, whereupon the con- 
 vention proceeded to the nomination of a Presidential ticket. On the 
 second ballot, of the 194J votes cast, Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, 
 received 181J, and was declared the nominee for President ; James 
 Fitzpatrick of Alabama was nominated for Vice-President ; but declining, 
 the national committee filled the vacancy with Herschel V. Johnson of 
 Georgia. 
 
 At noon on Saturday, June 23, the " seceders," new and old, met in 
 the hall of Mar3'land Institute, and permanently organized by the elec- 
 tion of Mr. Gushing as president — he thus having the honor of presidino- 
 over both conventions. A platform having been previously'- adopted, and 
 nothing remaining except the nomination of a Presidential ticket, the 
 business of the convention proceeded with the utmost harmony. For 
 candidate for President, the ballot stood : John G. Breckenrido-e of 
 Kentucky, 81 ; Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, 24. Joseph Lane, of 
 Oregon, was nominated for Vice-President. Then the convention ad- 
 journed. 
 
 And thus ended the two national nominating conventions of the 
 Democratic party in 1860. From these focal centers of political 
 excitement there went out with electric speed, to all parts of the Union 
 a wave of bitterness which threatened to engulf the entire party in 
 disaster, and to involve the country in the throes of civil revolution. 
 
NATIONAL COITV^NTIONS. 301 
 
 The week succeeding the adjournment of the Democratic conventions 
 at Charleston, a National Convention of the Constitutional Union party, 
 composed almost entirely of the old Whig and American parties, met in 
 the First Presbyterian Church in Baltimore. Although this convention 
 was highly respectable for its numbers and talents, and very enthusiastic 
 in its deliberations, there were ten of the States not represented, 
 namely : California, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, New Hampshire, 
 E,hode Island, Oregon, South Carolina and Wisconsin. John J. 
 ■Crittenden of Kentucky, chairman of the National Constitutional Union 
 •committee, called the convention to order, and on his motion Washington 
 Hunt, of New York, was made permanent president. The proceedings 
 of this body were very harmonious. After adopting with great 
 unaminity and enthusiasm, as its platform, " The Constitution of the 
 
 COUNTKY, THE UnION OF THE StATES, AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE 
 
 Laws," the convention proceeded to ballot for candidates for President 
 and Vice-President. Two hundred and fifty-four votes were cast. John 
 Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, were nominated 
 for President and Vice-President. The cou=vention adjourned on the 
 second day, and the night succeeding a grand ratification meeting was 
 held in Monument Square, in Baltimore, which was addressed by some of 
 the most distinguished orators of the country. 
 
 During the following week the representatives of the Republican party 
 met in the Wigwam in Chicago. George Ashmun, of Massachusetts, 
 was made permanent president. A platform composed of seventeen 
 resolutions was adopted, which sought to make explicit declarations upon 
 the subject of slavery, at that time largely occupying public attention. 
 This platform declared each State had the absolute right of the control 
 and management of its own domestic concerns ; that the new dogma that 
 the Constitution of its own force carries slavery into the territories of 
 the United States was a dangerous political heresy, revolutionary in its 
 tendency, and subversive of the peace and harmony of the country ; that 
 the normal condition of all the territory of the United States is that of 
 freedom, and that neither Congress, nor a territorial legislature, nor any 
 individuals, have authority to give legal existence to slavery in any terri- 
 tory of the United States ; and that the re-opening of the African slave 
 trade, under cover of our national flag, aided by perversions of judicial 
 power, was a crime against humanity and a burning shame to our country 
 and age. Abrahain Lincoln, of Illinois, and Hannibal Hamlin, of 
 Maine, were made the nominees for President and Vice-President, and 
 the convention adjourned with nine cheers for the ticket. 
 
302 
 
 niSTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 This quadrangular contest for the Presidency — substantially only trian- 
 gular in Missouri — deeply moved our people, and engendered a bitter- 
 ness of party spirit and a popular turbulence unknown to former 
 elections. On account of their comparative numerical weakness, the 
 Republicans of the State did not play a very prominent part in the 
 passing drama. But the war between the Douglas and Breckenridge 
 "wings" of the Democratic party was fierce beyond measure, and 
 exceedingly personal. Taking advantage of these intestine feuds in the 
 dominant party in the State, the friends of Bell and Everett hoped not 
 only to carry their State ticket in August, but their Presidential electors 
 in November ; and to this end directed the best powers of their organiz- 
 ation. Their policy was to foment the prevailing discord and thus 
 achieve a triumph over both "wings" of their opponents. Before the 
 August election, however, the Douglas and Breckenridge Democrats, 
 notwithstanding each had a candidate for Governor in the field, 
 agreeing to disagree in regard the Presidential nominees, united in the 
 support of a common State ticket, and elected C. F. Jackson governor 
 over Sample Orr by nearly ten thousand majority. Still the Presidential 
 canvass was prosecuted with great vigor and enthusiasm, resulting in 
 November in the choice of the Douglas over the Bell electors by only 
 429 votes. 
 
 It was quite natural that Missouri, being the only border slave-holding 
 State west of the Mississippi river, and lying contiguous to Kansas, 
 should be deeply involved in the agitation and interested in the settle- 
 ment of the territorial complications connected with the subject of 
 slavery. Her people were very largely emigrants from, or descendants 
 of, Kentucky, Virginia, and other southern States, and therefore very 
 naturally sympathized with the people of those States in the mainten- 
 ance of their peculiar institution. Nevertheless much of the leaven of 
 an intelligent conservatism pervaded the popular mind, and as a people 
 they were not, in the language of Governor Stewart's last message, "to be 
 frightened from their propriety by the past unfriendly legislation of the 
 North, or dragooned into secession by the restrictive legislation of the 
 extreme South." Yet they were fearfully agitated by the slavery issues 
 of the times, and quite a large number of their public men were appar- 
 ently ready for the adoption of extreme if not revolutionary measures. 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 1861.— XXIST Genkral Assembly.— C. F. Jackson Inaugurated Govfirnoh.— Synopsis off 
 HIS Inaugural.— The Legislature Environed With Embarrassing Questions.— It 
 Calls a State Convention.— Important Preliminary Proceedings. — The Problem 
 OF Secession.— The Functions of Conventions Discussed.— Daniel R. Russell, 
 Commissioner of Mississippi, Addresses the General Assembly.— His Mission a 
 Failure. — "The Peace Congress" at Washington City.— Bbsolution of John 
 Hyer, of Dent, Against Coercion.— Contest for Dnited States Senator to Suc- 
 ceed Jambs S. Green. — A Triangular Struggle. — Waldo P. Johnson Elected. — 
 Senators Johnson and Polk Expelled prom the Senate.- A " Relief Law " Passed 
 *BY THE Legislature and Declared Unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. — An 
 Extra Session of the Legislature Called May 2, 1861.— Extraordinary " War 
 Measures " Adopted. — Panic Caused by the Capture of Camp Jackson. — Before- 
 day Session op the Legislature. — Burning of the Osage Railroad Bridge. — 
 Sterling Price Appointed Major-Gknehal Of the State Foroes.—Flightof Gov- 
 ernor Jackson from the Capital. — He Calls the Legislature to Meet at Neosho. 
 — A Fragment op it Assembles. — Proceedings of the Senate.— Secession Ordi- 
 nance Passed. — Isaac N. Shambaugh's Circular. — Governor Jackson's Message 
 Appointing Officers of '• The State Guard."— The Neosho-Cassville Legislature 
 Adjourns to Meet at New Madrid. — The Session Never Held There. 
 
 The Twenty-first General Assembly met in Jefferson City on December 
 31st, 1860, under peculiarly embarrassing circumstances. Ten days 
 before it convened. South Carolina had passed an ordinance of secession, 
 and before the 20th of January four other southern States — Mississippi, 
 Florida, Alabama and Georgia — added to the complications and difficulties 
 of the situation by following South Carolina's example. But these were 
 not all of the embarrassments which environed the Legislature. The 
 preceding national and state canvass, discussed more at length in the last 
 chapter, resulted in returning to the Legislature representatives of the 
 four political parties or fragments of parties into which the people were 
 divided. Three of these were of nearly equal strength in the General 
 Assembly, and neither of them singly had controlling power in either 
 branch. The Senate consisted of 33 members, divided as follows : 
 Breckenridge Democrats, 15 ; Douglas Democrats, 10 ; Union or Bell- 
 Everett men, 7; Republicans, 1. The House, containing 132 members, 
 was divided as follows : Breckenridge Democrats, 47 ; Union or Bell- 
 Everett men, 37 ; Douglas Democrats, 36 ; Republicans, 12. 
 
 ■The exciting character of the public questions which divided and dis- 
 tracted the people, and the fearful imminence of a bloody civil war, 
 were well calculated to agitate the curreuts of legislation, and so deeply 
 to disturb them as to render their outflow historical. No one need 
 marvel, therefore, that the proceedings of the xxist General Assembly 
 
304 HISTORY OF aUSSOURI. 
 
 were of the most turbulent character, and withal of unusual importance 
 to the people. The outgrowth of a revolutionary period, they left their 
 impress upon the State, and were of such significance and import as to 
 justify a brief historical summary in this place. 
 
 The Legislature was organized by the election of John McAfee, of 
 Shelby, as Speaker of the House, the vote being: John McAfee, 77; 
 Marcus Boyd, of Greene, 43 ; Thomas L. Price, of Cole, 4 ; Samuel Hyer, 
 Jr., of Dent, 1. Mr. McAfee was a representative of the extreme 
 pro-slavery wing of the Democratic party. Thomas H. Murray, 
 (Douglas Democrat), of Benton, was elected Chief Clerk. Warwick 
 Hougli, of Cole — now one of Supreme Court Judges — was chosen 
 Secretary of the Senate. 
 
 On January 4th, 1861, Claiborne F. Jackson, of Howard, who had 
 been elected, as a Douglas Democrat, Governor Stewart's successor, was 
 inaugurated as Governor. While Governor Stewart's farewell message 
 •concluded with a thrilling appeal for the maintenance of the Union, in 
 which he depicted the horrors of secession, revolution and war, Governor 
 Jackson's inaugural insisted ( as did his celebrated resolutions of 1849 ) 
 tiiat the destiny of the slave-holding States in this Union is one and the 
 same ; that it will be impossible to separate Missouri's fate from that of 
 her sister States who have the same social organization ; that in the event 
 of a failure to reconcile the conflicting interests which now threaten the 
 ■disruption of the existing Union, interest and sympathy alike combine 
 to unite the fortunes of all the slave-holding States ; that Missouri 
 will not shrink from the duty which her position upon the border 
 imposes, but determine her "to stand by the South" ; that the State was 
 in favor of remaining in the Union so long as there was any hope of 
 maintaining the guarantees of the Constitution ; and that he was utterly 
 opposed to the doctrine of coercion, in any event, as loading to consolid- 
 ation and despotism. Believing that Missouri was entitled to a voice in 
 the settlement of the questions then pending in the country, he recom- 
 mended the immediate call of a State convention "that the will of the 
 people may be ascertained and effectuated" — adding, "it may soon 
 become necessary to send delegates to a convention of the southern 
 States, or of all the States." 
 
 No time was lost by the Legislature in entering upon the consider- 
 ation of Governor Jackson's recommendation in regard to calling 
 a State convention ; for on January 6th, on motion of Samuel 
 B. Churchill, a Senator from St. Louis, the committee on Federal 
 Eelations was instructed to report a bill for that purpose. Three days 
 
THE QUESTION OP SECESSION. 305 
 
 thereafter a bill was reported to both Houses, as the joint work 
 of the committee of both Houses ; and, after debate and amendments in 
 each House, it finally passed — ^in the House (yeas 105, nays 18,) on 
 January 17th ; in the Senate (yeas 30, nays 2,) on the following day. 
 
 During the pendency of the bill some proceedings were had of sufficient 
 importance to merit special mention, that they may be reclaimed, im- 
 perfectly and partially it may be, from the great sea of forgetfiilness in 
 which too many of the transactions of our public bodies are engulfed. 
 
 In the House, on January 14th, Mr, Virginius Eandolph, of St. 
 Charles, (Union-Bell-Everett), proposed so to amend the bill as to 
 provide, for taking the sense of the people at the time of electing dele- 
 gates, whether any action of the Convention relative to a separation of 
 the State from the Federal Union should be finally submitted to them at 
 the polls for their ratification or rejection. 
 
 This was one form, but not the most direct, of circumventing the efforts 
 of those who would hastily and inconsiderately sever the ligament which 
 bound the State to the Union, and thus plunge it into the bloody vortex 
 of secession and civil war. Yet it was a tender to the extreme men in 
 the Legislature, of "the rugged issue," and they so accepted and 
 opposed it. 
 
 Not satisfied with the comparative indirectness of the method proposed 
 by Mr. Eandolph, and inspired by the discussion which supervened to a 
 bolder step, Mr. Alfred T. Lacey, of Cape Girardeau, (also Union-Bell- 
 Everett) , on the 16th of January, offered the following substitute for 
 Mr. Kandolph's amendment: 
 
 Sec. 10. But said Convention, when so assembled, shall have no power to alter or 
 change the existing relations of the State of Missouri with the Government of the United 
 States or any State thereof, until the act, ordinance or resolution making such change 
 be submitted to the people of this State and approved by a majority of the qualified voters 
 voting at said election. 
 
 This brought the House directly to confront two important questions : 
 
 1, The consideration of the two theories, each widely differing from 
 
 the other, of the nature and functions of conventions, and of the authority 
 of the General Assembly, in the act creating them, to restrict or in any 
 manner to, control their action; 2. — ^The policy of the State seceding 
 at that time from the Union. 
 
 The general conception of a convention is, that it is a body of dele- 
 gates, chosen by the voters of a State, to perform certain legislative 
 duties connected with the enactment of the fundamental law — that is, 
 20 
 
306 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 to amend, remodel, or form anew a constitution for the government 
 of the constituency it represents. In the general definition of a conven- 
 tion here given, the term "delegates" is employed in its legal sense, as 
 distinguished from the term "representatives," which is defined by Lord 
 Brougham to be a body of persons, chosen by the people, to whom the 
 power of the people is parted with, and who perform the part in the 
 government which, but for this transfer, would have been performed by 
 the people themselves.^ But the convention proposed to be authorized 
 by the act before the Missouri Legislature was not intended to frame, 
 amend, or put in operation what is popularly known as a constitution, 
 but "to consider the then existing relations between the government of 
 the United States, the people and governments of the different States, and 
 the government and people of the State of Missouri ; and to adopt such 
 measures for vindicating the sovereignty of the State and the protection 
 of its institutions, as shall appear to them to be demanded." (See 
 section 5 of the Act.) Nevertheless the two general theories of conven- 
 tions were discussed ; First, that the convention called would be a 
 strictly representative body, acting for and in the name of the sovereign 
 people, and would be possessed, by actual or constructive transfer, of all 
 the powers inherent in the people; and therefore its action could not be 
 restricted by the law calling it together : Secondly, that the convention 
 would be a collection of delegates appointed by the people, through the 
 agency and by the adoption of an act of the General Assembly, to 
 perform certain determinate functions and duties, which are defined in 
 the commission under which it convenes. 
 
 Mr. Lacey's substitute propounded the latter theory, and hence immedi- 
 ate steps were taken to dispose of it unfavorably ; and with this view 
 Mr. John C. Watkins (Breckenridge Democrat), of Ste. Genevieve, 
 moved to lay it on the table, which was disagreed to — yeas 47, nays 68. 
 After which it was adopted — yeas 81, nays 40 — ^the vote politically 
 classified being: Yeas — Union-Bell-Everett, 27; Douglas Democrats, 
 23 ; Breckenridge Democrats, 18 ; Republicans, 12. JVays — Union-Bell- 
 Everett, 3 ; Douglas Democrats, 12 ; Breckenridge Democrats, 25 ; 
 Republicans, none. 
 
 On January 16th, Mr. John D. Stevenson (Republican), of St. Louis, 
 introduced a substitute for the entire bill, entitled an act makino- 
 application to Congress for the call of a convention to proijose amend- 
 ments to the Federal Constitution. It was preceded by a preamble which 
 
 'JamesooV "Constitutional Convention," p, 290. 
 
PASSAGE OF THE CONVENTION BILL. 307 
 
 recited, amoiig other things, that the application of the Legislatures of 
 two-thirds of the States to Congress for tlae call of a convention for the 
 purposes mentioned, is a means provided in the fifth article of the Con- 
 stitution for the redress of all grievances within the Union ; and, having tlie 
 fullest confidence in this peaceful mode of settling national difficulties, 
 therefore it was proposed to enact, (1) that the General Assembly make 
 application to Congress for the call of said convention ; and, (2) upon 
 the passage of this act the Governor of the State should transmit copies 
 of the same to the governors of the several States, to be laid before their 
 respective Legislatures, and a like copy to each of our Senators and 
 Representatives in Congress, to be presented to their respective Houses. 
 
 Mr. Stevenson addressed the house at great length in explanation and 
 defense of the bill, and in vindication of the principles of the party that 
 elected Mr. Lincoln to tlie presidency ; predicting that Mr. Lincoln 
 would adminster the government according to the Constitution and in a 
 manner that would maintain the rights of the South. 
 
 The vote being taken, the substitute was rejected — ^yeas 12, nays 105 ; 
 those voting for the substitute being Messrs, John C. Cavender, Felix 
 Coste, Randolph Doehn, John Doyle, Meyer Friede, R. M. Hanna, 
 Madison Miller, George M. Moore, N. G. Murphy, James W. Owens, 
 George Partridge and John D. Stevenson-^ all from St. Louis, and 
 Republicans, except Mr. Murphy, Douglas-Democrat, of Dunklin, and 
 Mr. Owens, TJnion-Bell-Everett, of Franklin. 
 
 The original bill, as rejjorted from the Committee on Federal Relations 
 and as afterwards amended by the Flouse, -was then adopted — yeas 105, 
 nays 18 ; the nays being Messrs. Stephen C. Allen, of Harrison ; John 
 C. Cavender, of St. Louis; Felix Coste, of St. Louis; Wm. J. Devol, 
 of Crawford ; Randolph Doehn, of St. Louis ; John Doyle, of St. Louis ; 
 W. C. Duvall, of McDonald; Meyer Friede, of St. Louis; James M. 
 Gordon, of Boone; R. M. Hauna, of St. Louis; W. K. Harmau, of 
 Newton ; Madison Miller, of St. Louis ; George M. Moore, of St. Louis ; 
 James W. Owens, of Franklin; George Partridge, of St. Louis ; James 
 Peckam, of St. Louis; Wm. S. Pollard, of Caldwell; and John D. 
 Stevenson, of St. Louis. Republicans — Cavender, Coste, Douhn, 
 Doyle, Friede, Hanna, Miller, Moore, Partridge, Peckam and Stevenson 
 ■p-11. Douglas Democrats — Allen . and Duvall — 2. Breckenridge 
 Damocrats — Harman — 1. Union-BeU-Everett — Devol, Gordon, Owens 
 and Pollard — 4. 
 
 The bill was immediately reported to the Senate, where Mr. C. H. 
 Hardin (Union-Bell-Everett), from the Boone and Cidlaway district, and 
 
308 
 
 HISTOKY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 J&0vernor of the State in 1874-76, iatroduced an amendment to strike 
 'o-at the 10th section, inserted in the House bill on motion of Mr. Lacy, 
 :and insert the following: 
 
 "Sec. 10. No act, ordinance or resolution of said Convention shall be deemed to be valid 
 'to change or dissolve the political relations of this State to the Government of the United 
 States or to any other State, until a majority of the qualified voters of this State, voting 
 mpoa the question, shall ratify the same." 
 
 Mr. Hardin, in explanation of hi,s amendment, maintained that the 
 section, as it stood in the House bill, was a very awkward affair. He 
 desired a plainer provision on the subject ; one which, could not be 
 misunderstood or misinterjDreted. He was quite anxious to make it sure 
 that any action of the convention changing the relations between 
 Missouri and the Government of the United States should be submitted 
 to the people and receive their sanction before becoming valid. And if 
 the House shared his desires and convictions on the subject, (and from 
 its action he supposed it did,) there would be no delay in concurring in 
 the amendment if the Senate adopted it. 
 
 Considerable debate ensued, participated in by M. M. Parsons, of 
 Cole; M. C. Goodlett, of Johnson; Charles Jones, of Franklin; John 
 Scott, of Buchanan:; Samuel B. Churchill, of St. Louis; Hobert Wilson, 
 of Andrew, and others, during which the authority of a legislature to 
 limit the powers o'f a Convention was denied and affirmed, and the policy 
 •of a more explicit declaration on the subject than the House bill pro- 
 vided, was discussed. Mr. Churchill was prominent in the maintenance 
 ■of the doctrine that the General Assembly had no power over the acts 
 of the convention ; that that body when it assembled could do as it 
 pleased, and that all the enactments of the Legislature could at best be 
 but advisory. The vote being taken on Mr. Hardin's amendment, it 
 was adopted by a very close vote — yeas, 17 ; nays, 15 — as follows : 
 
 Teas — B. J. Brown, of Eay; Joshua Chilton, of Shannon; Eobert G. Coleman, of 
 St. Louis; F. T. Frazler, of Greene; John Gullett. of Lawrence; Westley Halliburton, 
 ■of Sullivan; Charles H. Hardin, of Callaway ; John Hyer, of Dent; Thomas C. Johnson 
 
 ■of St. Louis; H. W. Lyday, of ; W. B. Morris, of St. Louis; M. M. Parsons, of 
 
 ■Cole ; K. L. Y. Peyton, of Cass ; James S. Kains, of Cedar ; Preston P. Eaid, of Audrain • 
 J. T. V. Thompson, of Clay; and Miles Vernon, of Laclede — 17. 
 
 Nays.— Thornton P. Bell, of Saline ; Luke Byrne, of New Madrid ; Samuel S. Churchill, 
 
 of St. Louis; Thomas E. English, of Cape Girardeau; Wm. S. Fox, of • M. 5. 
 
 Goodlett, of Johnson ; MajoT Horner, of Eandolph; Charles Jones, of Franklin- J. H, 
 McHvaine, of "Washington; Thomas Monroe, of Morgan; William Newland, of Ealls- 
 
 Joseph O'Neil, of St. Louis; John Scott, of Buchanan; Samuel H. Stewart, of -• 
 
 and John Wilson, of Andrew. — ^15. 
 
 Absent on leave. — H. C. Wright, of Warren. 
 
A SECESSIONIST ENVOY EEOM MISSISSIPPI. 30.9 
 
 The bill as amended then passed the Senate — ^yeas, 30; nays, 2;- 
 Messrs. Gullett and Morris.^ It was, without delay, reported to the 
 House, where the same evening, on motion of Mr. George G. Vest, of 
 Cooper, the Senate amendment was taken up and concurred in nem. con. 
 
 During the afternoon sessions of the Senate and House — Janiiary ISth^ 
 1861 — a communication was received from Governor Jackson, informing^ 
 each body that Hon. Daniel E. Russell, who had been appointed a 
 Commissioner from the State of Mississippi, was then in Jefferson City, 
 desirous of executing the trust with which he had been charged by that 
 commonwealth; to-wit : to inform the people of Missouri "that the 
 Legislature of Mississippi had passed an act calling a convention of 
 the people of that State to consider the present threatening relations of 
 the northern and southern sections of the United States, aggravated' 
 by the recent election of a President upon principles of hostility to the 
 States of the South, and to express the earnest hope of Mississippi that 
 Missouri would co-operate with her in the adoption of efficient measures 
 for the common defense and safety of the slave-holding States." Gov- 
 ernor Jackson concluded his communication with the assurance that Mr. 
 Russell would embrace "the earliest oppoi-tunity " to confer with the 
 General Assembly in regard to the important objects of his mission ;r 
 whei-eupon Mr. Churchill offered a concurrent resolution, which passed 
 both Houses without delay, the same evening, appointing committees of 
 each House to wait upon the Commissioner and inform him that he was-' 
 invited to address the members of the General Assembly that evening in 
 the hall of the House of Representatives. The following committee was 
 appointed under the resolution ; Senate — Samuel S. Churchill, of St. ■ 
 Louis, R. L. Y. Peyton, of Cass, and Robert Wilson, of Andrew. ' 
 House — George G. Vest, of Cooper ; Alfred T. Lacey, of Cape Girardeau j 
 J. P, Ament, of Marion ; DeWitt C. Ballou, of Benton, and A. H. 
 Conrow, of Ray. 
 
 A very large audience assembled in the hall of the House to hear Mr. 
 Russell. As Mississippi had formally seceded from the Union some ten 
 days previously, there could be no mistaking the object of Mr. Russell's 
 mission, nor what was meant when he in the name of his State expressed 
 the hope, in various and artful forms of speech, that Missouri would 
 co-operate with her in the adoption of efficient measures for the common 
 defense and safety of the slave-holding States. "Efficient measures" 
 were but milder words for secession and war ; and to prepare the General 
 
 »See Senate Journal, p. 96. 
 
310 HISTOKY OP MISSOUEI. 
 
 Assembly and people of Missouri for both events, and to take such 
 action as to precipitate them, were evidently the objects of Mr. Eussell's 
 mission. 
 
 But the adoption by both branches of the Legislature, only a few 
 hours previous to the delivery of his address, of the act calling a State 
 Convention, with an explicit provision that no ordinance of secession 
 could be valid unless submitted to a vote of the people of the State and 
 ratified by them at the polls, did not to any remarkable extent brighten 
 the prospects of such a consummation, how devoutly soever some may 
 have desired it. In short, Mr. Eussell's "mission" was a failure, and, 
 to a large extent, his address also. 
 
 "The Peace Congress," as it was called, which was proposed to be 
 held in Washington City, on February 4th, 1861, attracted much 
 attention and elicited much favorable comment in Missouri ; its object 
 being to agree, if possible, upon some plan of adjustment of existing 
 difficulties, so as to preserve the honor and equal rights of the slave- 
 holding States, and avert the threatened storm of secession and war. 
 
 On January 29th, Mr. Thomas C. Johnson, of St. Louis, introduced 
 into the Missouri Senate a joint resolution appointing as Commissioners 
 to said Convention or "Congress" the following distinguished citizens: 
 Waldo P. Johnson, of St. Clair; A. W. Doniphan, of Clay; John D. 
 Coalter, of St. Charles, and Aylett H. Buckner, of Pike. Said Com- 
 missioners "always to be under the control of the General Assembly, 
 except when the Convention shall be in session, during which time they 
 shall be under the control of the Convention ;" a very unique provision, 
 and one which at the time of its introduction caused people to put on 
 their studyiug-caps. Amendments were at once proposed to the sub- 
 stance, but not to the phraseology of the resolution. Mr. Parsons, of 
 Cole, moved to add the name of David K. Atchison, and Mr. Johnson 
 that of Ferdinand Kennett ; whereupon Mr. Scott moved to strike out 
 Ferdinand Kennett and insert N. W. Watkins. Mr. Scott's motion 
 failed — yeas, 11 ; nays, 16. Mr. Parsons' passed, 17 to 10, and the 
 resolution as amended was agreed to. Being reported to the House for 
 its concurrence, Mr. Aikman Welch, of Johnson, moved to strike out 
 the Commissioners named by the Senate and insert the following, viz : 
 Willard P. Hall, of Buchanan ; John F. Eyland, of Lafayette ; Sterling- 
 Price, of Chariton ; John B. Henderson, of Pike ; John D. Coalter, of 
 St, Charles, Hamilton E. Gamble, of St. Louis, and Ferdinand Kennett, 
 of St. Louis. After discussion, Mr. Welch's amendment, together with 
 the original resolution from the Senate, was (_on motion of Mr. McAfee 
 
ANTI-OOEECION EESOLUTIONS. 311 
 
 the Speaker), to the surprise of everybody, laid on the table — yeas, 57 ; 
 nays, 50. On the following day, however, on motion of Mr. Ament, of 
 Marion, the vote was reconsidered, 75 to 30, and the substitute of Mr. 
 Welch disagreed to, 49 to 61 ; after which the original resolution, having 
 been amended in phraseology, was again laid on the table. On the 
 following day, on motion of Mr. Nat. C. Claiborne, of Jackson (now of 
 St. Louis), Messrs. Waldo P. Johnson, John D. Coalter, A. W. Don- 
 iphan, Harrison Hough, and A. H. Buckner, were appointed Commis- 
 sioiiers, and the Senate concurred. The gentlemen appointed left 
 without delay for Washington City, and met "The Peace Congress," of 
 which Ex-President John Tyler, of Virginia, was elected President. 
 
 As a part of the legislative war-history of the State, the following 
 resolutions, introduced into the Senate, March 9th, 1861, by John 
 Hyer, of Dent, are inserted here, together with the vote on each : 
 
 1 . Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, as follows : That our 
 Senators In Congress be instructed, and our Eepresentatives be requested, to oppose the 
 passage of all bills or acts granting supplies of men or money to coerce the seceded 
 States into submission or subjugation. 
 
 2 . Sesolved, That should any such acts or bills be passed by the Congress of the United 
 States, our Senators are instructed, and our Representatives requested, to retire from 
 the halls of Congress. 
 
 3 . Besolved, That the Governor of this State is hereby requested to transmit to our 
 Senators and Eepresentatives in Congress, respectively, a copy of these resolutions. 
 
 The question being on the passage of the resolutions, Mr. English 
 called for a division of the question, and the first resolution was agreed 
 to by the following vote, the ayes and noes having been demanded by 
 Mr. Halliburton : 
 
 .4j/es.— Messrs. Bell, Byrne, Chilton, Churchill, English, Goodlett, Gullett, Halli- 
 burton, Hardin, Horner, Hyer, Lyday, Monroe, O'Niel, Stuart, and Vernon — 16. 
 
 Noes. — Messrs. Morris and Newland — 2. 
 
 Absent on ieaue.— Messrs. Coleman, Fox, Johnson, Jones, McIlYaine, Parsons, Peyton, 
 Kains, Kead, Scott, Thompson, Wilson and Wright— 13. 
 
 Sick. — ^Mr. Frazier — 1. 
 
 The question then being on agreeing to the second resolution, it was 
 a«^reed to by the following vote, the ayes and noes having again been 
 demanded by Mr. Halliburton : 
 
 .4i/es.— Messrs. Brown, Byrne, Chilton, Churchill, English, Goodlett, Halliburton, 
 Hardin, Horner, Hyer, Lyday, Monroe, CNeil, Stuart and Vernon— 15 
 Noes. — ^Messrs . Bell, Morris and If ewland— 3 . 
 
 Msent ^Mi-. Gullett. 
 
 Absent on leave and sick. — As before. 
 
312 HISTORT OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The question then being on agreeing to the third resolution, it waa 
 agreed to. No action was ever had upon the resolutions in the House. 
 
 The contest for United States Senator during this session of the Leg- 
 islature was attended with unusual interest and excitement, a condition 
 largely due to the embarrassments and perplexities of the national situ- 
 ation and the triancrular nature of the contest itself. There were, as we 
 have already seen, three political parties represented hy an almost equal 
 number of members in the Legislature, neither of the divisions, unaided 
 by one of the others, possessing the numerical strength to electa Senator 
 or control legislation. 
 
 The joint session met on Wednesday, March 13, 1861, and, with vary- 
 ing fortunes, the several aspirants and their friends waged fierce battle 
 till the Monday following ; at which time, on the 15th ballot, Waldo P. 
 Johnson, a Breckenridge Democrat, was declared elected for the term of 
 six years from March 4, 1861, the time at which James S. Green's term 
 expired. 
 
 During the ballotings a large number of distinguished citizens, repre- 
 senting the different subdivisions into which the people of the State were 
 politically divided, were voted for without success. Prominent among 
 these were James S. Green, of Lewis, Breckenridge Democrat and 
 incumbent of the office ; A. W. Doniphan, Union-Bell-Everett, of Clay; 
 John S. Phelps, Douglas Democrat, of Greene; Thomas B.English, 
 Douglas Democrat, of Cape Girardeau ; Robert Wilson, Union-Bell- 
 Everett, of Andrew ; with scattering votes for Willard P. Hall, John B. 
 Henderson, William Scott of the Supreme Court, Sterling Price, Robert 
 M. Stewart and others. The whole number of votes cast vibrated 
 between 145 and 156, and the vote for Mr. Green from 68 on the first 
 ballot to 76 on the eighth, which was the highest vote he received. The 
 successful candidate, Mr. Johnson, was not voted for till the 14th ballot, 
 the first cast on Monday morning. A. W. Dcmiphan's smallest vote was 
 25. His largest (on the 11th ballot) was 43. The final ballot, the 15th, 
 stood: Johnson 87, Doniphan 36, English 28. Whole number of votes 
 cast 146. Necessary to a choice 74. ^ 
 
 1 On December 10th, 1861, Solomon Foote, of Vermont, offered a resolution to the U. 
 S. Senate, expelling Mr. Johnson from that body for sympathy with and participation 
 in the rebellion against the Government of the United States, which was referred to the 
 Judiciary Committee. On January 10th. 1862, Lyman Trumbull, of Illinois, chairman, 
 made a report from the committee in favor cf the resolution of expulsion, and it was 
 adopted— yeas 35, nays none. (See Congressional Globe, p. 263.) On December 18th, 
 1861, Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, introduced a resolution expelling Trusten 'Polk, 
 
A "RELIEF LAW." 
 
 313 
 
 Much angry debate preceded the election of United States Senator, as 
 angry debate and sectional rancor at all periods of our history, and in 
 every place, attended the discussion of the slaveiy question. While the 
 debate was pending in the State Senate, Mr. Churchill, of St. Louis, re- 
 called the fact that he had heard Hon. James S. Green charged with being 
 a secessionist, and believing him misrepresented, he had telegraphed to 
 him at Washington, and the following was his reply : 
 
 Washikgton, Jan. 29, 1861. 
 Dear Sir: You are right; my remarks in the Globe prove it. I am for every effort, even 
 that of Crittenden, but when we fail to get justice and security, I am for separation. 
 Let us now have permanent adjustment or pacific division. 
 
 James S. Gkeen. 
 
 The financial stringency of the times, added to the fact that the country 
 was rapidly approaching the perilous verge of civil war, induced the 
 Legislature — ^March 7, 1861, — to pass a "Relief Law," which provided 
 (1) that all executions issued upon any judgment by a court of record 
 should be returnable to the second term of said court after the date of the 
 execution; (2) all executions already issued from any court of record 
 should be returnable to the second term after the date of writ ; (3) all 
 executions issued by justices of the peace should be returnable twelve 
 months after date, and (4) uo property should be sold by virtue of any 
 execution until within fifteen days of the return day therefor ; the law 
 to remain in force until January 1, 1863. The bill passed the House — 
 ayes 89, nays 26; the Senate — ayes 17, nays 9. Notwithstanding these 
 large majorities in both Houses in favor of it, the "Eelief Law" was 
 very shoi't-lived, for on the 26th of the same month the Supreme Court, 
 in the case of Wm. S. Boxley vs. Richard H. Stephens, decided it 
 unconstitutional and void. 
 
 After a much disturbed and stormy sitting, the first session of the 
 Twenty-first General Assembly adjourned sine die on March 28, 1861. 
 
 It was not long, however, before it was reconvened jn extra session by 
 proclamation of Gov. Jackson, dated April 22, "for the purpose of 
 enactinf such laws and adopting such measures as may be deemed 
 necessary and proper for the more perfect organization and equipment 
 
 also a Senator from Missouri, for the same reasons given in the case of Mr. Johnson. It 
 was referred to the Judiciary Committee, and on January 10th, 1862, Lyman TrumbuU, 
 of Illinois, chairman, reported in favor of it to the Senate, and it was adopted— yeas 36, 
 nays none. (See Congressional Globe, p. 264.) The vacancies thus occurring were filled . 
 by Lieut. Governor Willard P. Hall, in the absence of Gov. Gamble, by the appointment 
 if Eobert Wilson, of Andrew, and John B. Henderson, of Pike. 
 
314 
 
 HISTOKY OP MISSOmil. 
 
 of the militia of the State, and to raise money and such other means as 
 may be required to place the State in a proper attitude of defence." 
 Pursuant to this proclamation the Legislature convenea in extra session 
 at the Capital on May 2, 1861, and adjourned on the 15th, to the third 
 Monday in September following. 
 
 Gov. Jackson's message was a brief, but serious and momentous paper. 
 It recited the fact that since the adjournment in March, events affecting 
 the peace and safety of the country had transpired almost with the 
 rapidity of thought, and of a nature well calculated to awaken, in the 
 bosom of every patriot, the most gloomy apprehension. That these 
 events indicated but too plainly that our whole country, its constitution 
 and laws, were in imminent danger of disorder and destruction. He 
 dwelt upon the nature and object of the Federal Constitution and the 
 Union of the States of which it was the bond; on "the progress of 
 the fanaticism, sectionalism aud cuijidityof the Northern States, culmin- 
 ating in the triumph of a purely sectional faction;" on the dangerous 
 and monstrous perversions of authority by President Lincoln, and of 
 the fidelity to the Constitution and the Union preserved by the people 
 of Missouii, and the many and great injuries to which, for the sake of 
 peace, they had submitted. He concluded by reciting that the interests 
 and sympathies of Missouri are identical with those of the slave-holding 
 States, "and necessarily unite our destiny with theirs." Therefore 
 he recommended the policy of "arming our people and placing the 
 State in an attitude for defense ;" of revising and rendering more efficient 
 the militia law, and the adoption of a good system of drill and discipline, 
 " for the protection of our people against the aggression of all assailants." 
 
 The session of the Legislature, although brief, and from its commence- 
 ment to conclusion seriously embarrassed by extraordinary excitement, 
 and apprehensions for the personal safety of its members, was not 
 unfruitful of very important proceedings. In the midst of fearful wrang- 
 lings, wide-spread terror on account of the capture of Camp Jackson, and 
 a turbulence illy fitted to promote deliberation or harmony, the Leois- 
 lature passed an act suspending the apportionment of the State school 
 money for 1861 ; one to authorize counties to loan money, not exceeding 
 $30,000 each, to the State; to authorize the banks of Missouri to issue 
 one, two and three dollar notes to the amount of one million five 
 hundred thousand dollars in lieu of the same amount of larger notes ; 
 to authorize the Governor to purchase or lease David BaUentine's foundry 
 at Boonville for the manufacture of arms and munitions of war; to 
 authorize the Governor to appoint one major-general, who in time of 
 
EXTKAOKDrNAKY WAE MEASUEES. 
 
 315 
 
 insurrection, invasion or war shoulcl command the entire military force in 
 the field ; to authorize the Governor, whenever in his opinion the security 
 and welfare of the State may require it, to take possession of the railroad 
 and telegraph lines within the State ; to place twenty thousand dollars at 
 the disposal of the Governor to maintain the peace and safety of the 
 State, and — having just heard of the capture of Camp Jackson — a short 
 act with a long preamble, the preamble reciting that information had 
 been received "that the City of St. Louis had been invaded by the 
 citizens of other States, and a portion of the people of said city were 
 in a state of rebellion against the laws of the State," etc. , therefore 
 enacting that the Governor be authorized "to take such measures as 
 in his judgment he might deem necessary or proper to repel such invasion 
 or put down such rebellion." Certainly a vei-y short, but sweeping 
 delegation of authority. Also an act of more than two hundred sections, 
 supplemented by about fifty "Articles of War," to provide for the 
 organization, government, and support of the military forces (called in the 
 act the "Missouri State Guard") of the State. Also an act author- 
 izing the Governor to borrow one million of dollars to arm and equip 
 the militia of the State to repel invasion and protect the lives and 
 property of the people. i The act also created a "Military Fund," to 
 consist of all the money then in the treasury or that might thereafter be 
 received from the one-tenth of one per cent, on the hundred dollars 
 levied by the act of November 19, 1857, to complete certain railroads ; 
 also the proceeds of a tax of fifteen cents on the hundred dollars of the 
 assessed value of the taxable property of the several counties in the 
 State, and the proceeds of the two mill tax heretofore appropriated for 
 educational purposes. All these various funds were diverted from their 
 original uses and made to contribute to the "Military Fund." 
 
 The "Missouri State Guard" bill was before the Legislature, and 
 encountering serious resistance, at the time news was received of 
 the attack on Camp Jackson by Capt. Lyon, and of its surrender to his 
 command. The intelligence so excited that body, — if indeed "excitement" 
 be not too tame a word to typify the panic and convulsion which ensued 
 
 that in less than fifteen minutes the act had passed, and was in the 
 
 hands of the Governor for his approval. This commotion had scarcely 
 been all.ayed before a new and greater cause of excitement arose. About 
 11 o'clock on the night of May 10th (the night succeeding the capture of 
 Camp Jackson) the whole city of Jefferson was aroused by the ringing of 
 
 ipassed the House May 10th, 1861— Yeas 96, Nays 9. (Page 52.) 
 
316 HISTOEY OP MISSOUBI. 
 
 bells and shouts of men summoning the Legislature to the Capitol. They 
 hurriedly assembled there, went into secret session to consider the 
 demands and perils of the crisis, and thus continued until past 3 o'clock 
 in the morning. 
 
 The immediate cause of this panic, and of the extraordinary session 
 of the Legislature after midnight, was the reception late that night of a 
 telegram, asserted afterwards to be bogus, stating that 2,000 Federal 
 troops would leave St. Louis that night for Jefferson Cit}^ to capture the 
 Governor, State officers, and members of the Legislature. ^ To prevent 
 the anticipated raid upon the State Capital, the railroad bridge across the 
 Osage river, some forty miles distant, was burned, by order of Gov. 
 Jackson, as is supposed. The next day 12,000 kegs of powder were 
 sent off in wagons to safe places in the neighboring country, and secreted, 
 and the money in the State Treasury was moved out of town to prevent 
 its capture. 
 
 The condition of affairs being better known the next day, because the 
 truth was better understood, comparative quiet was restored. 
 
 By virtue of the power vested in him by one of the acts of the 
 Legislature, above named. Gov. Jackson appointed Sterling Price Major 
 General of the "State Guard." 
 
 On the day before the final adjournment, Mr. George G. Vest, of 
 Cooper — now a well-known lawyer and politician of Sedalia, Mo. — made 
 the following report to the House of Representatives, from the Committee 
 on Federal Relations (House Journal, pp. 73, 74 and 75) : 
 
 • 
 
 Wliereas, yVe have learned with astonishment and indignation, that troops in the 
 service of the Federal Government have surrounded and taken prisoners of war, the 
 encampment of State militia lately assembled near the city of St. Louis, in pursuance 
 of law, and by command of the Governor, for the purpose alone of militaiy instruction; 
 and whereas, the United States troops aforesaid, assisted by a mob armed under Federal 
 authority, have also murdered with unparallelled atrocity, defenseless men, women and 
 children, citizens of Missouri, lawfully and peacefully assembled : N'ow, therefore, 
 
 Besolved by the Mouse of Bepresentatives, the /Senate concurring therein: That we, the 
 representatives of the people of Missouri, in General Assembly convened, do hereby 
 protest to the civilized world, and especially our sister States against this illegal, 
 
 ' Both Houses met in "extraordinary session" at 11 : 30 o'clock p. M. on May 10th, 1861. 
 — 67 Eepresentatives answering to their names. ISTumber of Senators not stated. The 
 following communication from Gov. Jackson was read to each House (House Journal 
 p. .'55; Senate Journal, p. 77) : 
 To the Senate and House of Bepresentatives. 
 
 I have received information that two regiments of Mr. Blair's troops are now on the 
 ■way to the Capital. 0. F. Jackson. 
 
MIDNIGHT SESSION OP THE LEGISLATURE. 
 
 317 
 
 unchristian and inhuman violation of our rights by the capture of our militia, 
 assembled under the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of this State, 
 and the murder of our defenseless people . 
 
 Sesolved, 2nd. That whilst Missouri has been loyal to the Government, struggling for 
 its reconstruction, and is now sincerely desirous of au honoiable adjustment of existing 
 difficulties, she has received as reward for her fidelity, frora persons assuming to act under 
 Federal authoiity, unparalleled insult and wrong. An armed despotism, under infuri- 
 ated partizan leaders, has been inaugurated in our midst, controlled by no law butpassion, 
 and actuated by the deepest hate against the people of Missouri and their institutions. 
 Our railroads are now under military occupation. The steamboat C. E. Hilman, 
 engaged in transporting goods from the City of St. Louis to the city of Nashville, has 
 been seized by Government ti'oops within the jurisdiction of this State, and the cargo 
 taken out. The Capital of the State is openly threatened with capture, and our session 
 is now being held in the midst of armed citizens hastily assembled for defense. 
 
 Sesolved, 3rd. That It is the unquestioned constitutional right of the State to arm, equip 
 and organize her militia for defense against aggression from any quarter; and the 
 attempt by Capt. Lyon, acting, as he says, under authority from Washington, to use the 
 exercise of this right as an excuse for his conduct, evinces but too clearly a disposition 
 upon the part of the authorities at Washington to disregard and trample upon the sacred 
 rights of the people of Missouri. 
 
 Besolved, 4th. That the charge of Capt. Lyon, in his letter to Gen. Frost, that the 
 proceedings of the State authorities or of this Genei-al Assembly, at any time, furnished 
 a pretext for the course pursued by him Is entirely gratuitous and false . 
 
 Besolved, 5th. That the Governor of the State be hereby directed to make demand of 
 the President of the United States, whether these outrages have been authorized by the 
 Government, and for the immediate retuin of the arms, camp equipage and other 
 property belonging to this State, lately taken from our military near St. Louis, and for 
 the unconditional release of our State troops. 
 
 Besolved, 6th. That the Governor be requested to take Instant action by calling forth 
 the militia of the State, for the purpose of defense; and that the people of Missouri 
 should rally as one m.an to perish, if necessary, in defending their constitutional rights. 
 
 Besolved, That the Governor be requested to furnish a copy of the foregoing preamble 
 and resolutions to the President of the United States, and to the Governor of each of 
 the States. 
 
 The resolutions were read a first and second time, and unanimously 
 adopted by the following vote, Mr. Eandolph, of St. Charles, demanding 
 the ayes and noes • 
 
 Ayes — Messrs. Abernethy, Abington, Allen, Ashbaugh, Austin, Ballon, Blount, 
 Bohannon, Boyd, Brown, Buford, Byrd, Campbell, Cloud, Conrow, Cunningham, 
 Daugherty, Deatherage, Duvall, Eads, Fetters, Freeman, Gordon of Boone, Gordon of 
 Lafayette, Graves, Green, Hagan, Hale, Hall, Hand, Hardin, Harman, Harris of Marion, 
 Headlee, Hyer, Jennings, Johnson, Jones, Lacey, Lawspn of Platte, Lipscomb, Maughs, 
 McConnell, McHhany, Meriwether, Moore of Chariton, Moore of Laclede, Murphy, 
 NeiU, Parcels, Porter, Powell, Price, Bandolph, Kathbun, Ehodes, Eichardsonof Linn, 
 Eichardson of Miller, Eiley, Roberts of Schuyler, EusseU, Shambaugh, Shultz, Steele, 
 Swink, Vance, Vest, Walker of Cedar, Walker of Cooper, Waltman, Watkins, Weatherf ord, 
 Welch of Lincoln, White, Williams of Daviess, Williams of Hickory, Williams of Phelps, 
 Wyatt, and Mr. Speaker— 79. 
 
 Noes— None. 
 
318 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Absent — Messrs. Arnold, Bailey, Baiighman, Beall, Breoli, Briscoe, Bums, Caldwell 
 of Perry, Caldwell of Ralls, Cavender, Dale, Devol, Doehn, Dorrls, Doyle, Ellis, 
 Freide, Gatewood, Giddings, Graham, Hanna, Harris of Boone, Harris of Montgomery, 
 Ilickox, Kennedy, Lathim, Maguire, Miller, Moore of St. Louis, Morgan, Owens, Part- 
 ridge, Peckham, Pollard, Robinson, SchoU, Sexton, Sheffield, Spedden, Stevenson, 
 Taylor, Tutt, Welch of Johnson, and "Woodside — i4. 
 
 The unanimity with which these resolutions passed the House — yeas 
 79, nays none — ^leaves on record not only a testimony to the prevailing 
 feeling of the hotir, but to the extraordinary excitement by which the 
 Legislature and the people were stirred. 
 
 The Legislature having adjourned to Monda}', September 16th, Gov. 
 Jackson and a majority of the State officers abandoned the State Capital, 
 believing that if they remained there longer they would be arrested as 
 prisoners of war by the militia forces of the United States. 
 
 On September 26th, 1861, at Lexington, Gov. Jackson issued a 
 proclamation convening the General Assembly in extra session at the 
 Masonic Hall in Neosho, Newton County, on the 21st of October 
 following. This official act was performed notwithstanding he was 
 then a fugitive from the Capital of the State, and the State Convention, 
 on the 31st of July, had declared his seat vacant, together with those of 
 the members of the Legislature, and on the same day had invested 
 Hamilton R. Gamble with all the powers and duties of Governor of 
 Missouri. 
 
 Gov. Jackson's proclamation recited that the Federal authorities had 
 for months previous, 
 
 " — in violation of the Constitution of the United States, waged a ruthless war upon 
 the people of the State of Missouri, murdering our citizens, destroying our property, 
 and as far as in their power lay, desolating our land. I have in vain endeavored to 
 secure your constitutional rights by peaceable means, and have only resorted to warwheu 
 it became necessaiy to repel the most cruel and long-continued aggressions. War now 
 exists between the State of Missouri and the Federal Government, and a state of war 
 is incompatible with the continuance of our Union with that government. Therefore, 
 for the purpose of giving to the representatives of the people of Missouri an oppoi'- 
 tunity of determining whether it be proper now to dissolve the constitutional bond which 
 binds us to the Government of the United States, when all other bonds between us are 
 broken, I, Claiborne F- Jackson," &e. 
 
 How many memhers of the Legislature, or which of them, responded 
 to the proclamation, will perhaps never be fully known, because (1) the 
 roll of the Senate, on assembling, was not called, and (2) the proceeding's 
 of the House have not been found, and of coui'se have not been published. 
 
 On January 21st, 1862, Isaac N. Shambaugh, a Representative in the 
 
ISAAC N. SHAMBAUGH'S OIECULAR. 31? 
 
 Legislature from Dekalb County who responded to Gov. Jackson's 
 call, published an address to his constituents in which he said t^ 
 
 "It is doubtless known to most of you that the House of Representatives of our 
 State consists of 133 members, and that in order to constitute a qtiorum constitutionally 
 competent to the tx-ansaction of any business, there must be present at least 67 members 
 of the House and 17 members of the Senate. Instead of this there were present at the 
 October Session (at Neosho) but 39 members of the House of Eepresentatlves and 10 
 members of the Senate. A few days afterward, when we had adjourned to Cassville, 
 one additional Senator and five additional Representatives made their appearance ; and 
 these being all that were at any time present, it need scarcely be added that all the- 
 pretended legislation at either place was a fraud, and not only upon the State, but 
 upon the Government of the Confederate States, as well as the United States." 
 
 Mr. Shambaugh also says in his address that the Journal of neither 
 House gives the names or the number of the members present, nor the 
 names of the members who voted upon the passage of any bill, but 
 simply states that the bill was passed, &c. In the House, Mr. Sham- 
 baugh was the only member who voted against the secession ordinance 
 and the other measures which followed its train. 
 
 The proceedings of the Senate, which were captured in Alabama by 
 the 49th Missouri Infantry "Volunteers, and which were printed by order 
 of the 23d General Assembly, confirm Mr. Shambaugh's statement. 
 According to this publication " the Senate " met on October 21st, 1861^ 
 and on motion of Mr. Goodlett, Mr. Vernon was called to the chair 
 The body adjourned from day to day without attempting to do anything 
 until the 28th except (on motion of Charles H. Hardin, of Callaway,) 
 to request the President of the Senate to appoint messengers to bring to 
 the Senate absent members, and (on motion of M. M. Parsons, of Cole,) 
 to request Maj. Gen. Sterling Price to furnish the messengers with "the 
 necessary outfit." 
 
 On Monday, October 28, on motion of James S. Rains, John T. Crisp, 
 of Johnson County, was elected Secretary, and John T. Tracy, of Cole, 
 Assistant Secretary; James McCoun, of Johnson, Enrolling Clerk, and 
 M. E. Johnson, Sergeant-at-arms. 
 
 A short message from Gov. Jackson was read, in which are briefly 
 recounted "a series of outrageous acts" committed by "a brutal soldiery 
 with the connivance of government officers " — concluding with the state- 
 ment that " it is idle to speak of preserving the mere paper bonds of 
 union with a government whose licentious rulers have cut into shreds 
 all other bonds between us." In view of these considerations, and of 
 
 » See " The Eebellion Eecord," Supplement, by Frank Moore, p. 54. 
 
S20 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOUBI. 
 
 the sympathy manifested towards us by the Confederate States, he 
 reoommendcd the passage of an ordinance of secession and an act of 
 provisional union with the Confederate States. Also the passage of a 
 law authorizing an election to be held for Senators and Representatives to 
 the Confederate Congress ; and an act authorizing the Governor to have 
 engraved, and from time to time issued, bonds of the State of Missouri, 
 
 not exceeding dollars. 
 
 The message being read, on leave, Mr. Goodlett introduced a bill 
 entitled "An act to dissolve the political connection between the State 
 of Missouri with the United States of America," which was read a 
 first time, rule suspended, read a second and third time and passed, 
 a,ll the Senators voting in the afSrmative except Mr. Hardin, the Sena- 
 tor from Callaway. Adjourned until 2 o'clock p. m. On re-assembling 
 at 2 o'clock, Mr. Peyton moved that the House be requested to return 
 the above bill. Passed : very soon after which the bill was returned by the 
 Plouse, by the hands of Mr. Murray, chief clerk, who at the same time 
 roported the passage by the House of "An act declaring the ties heretofore 
 existing between the State of Missouri and the United States of America 
 <3issolved," which was at once taken up, amended, adopted, and reported 
 to the House for its concurrence. The House at once concurred ; and 
 therefore, so far as this body could effect it, the ligament which bound 
 Missouri to the Federal Union was severed and the State floated out into 
 the turbulent sea of the Confederate States Government. After the 
 passage of an act notifying the Provisional Government of the Confeder- 
 ate States of America, the Senate adjourned to meet at Cassville, Barry 
 -Coimty, on Thursday October 31st, 1861. A session was held there 
 accordingly, meeting from day to day till the Thursday evening following, 
 (November 7th,) when it adjourned. Quite a number of bills and resolu- 
 tions were passed, copies of which appear in full in the "Appendix" to the 
 published Journal. ,;^They need not be transcribed here, nor epitomized. 
 It is, however, worthy of record in this place that on November 2d, by 
 ■consent of the Senate, Mr. Goodlett offered the following resolution : 
 
 Besol'vei by the Senate, the House of Eepresentatives concurring therein, That 
 Senators and members of the House be requested to sign a copy of the rolls of the Acts 
 of Secession and of Annexation, and the same be filed by the Secretary of the Senate in 
 the office of the Secretary of State, 
 
 — which was agreed to. Also that on Monday morning, November 4th, 
 the President of the Senate laid before that body the following commuui- 
 'Cation from the Governor : 
 
OFFICERS OF "THE STATE GUAED." 321 
 
 Oassville, Mo., November 4, 1861. 
 To the President of the Senate: 
 
 Sir : Since your last session, I have appointed Sterling Price Major General 
 of Missouri State Guards, and have also appointed the following named gentlemen 
 brigadier generals of the same, viz. : N. "W. Watkins, in the first division; Thomas A. 
 'Harris, in the second division ; John B. Clark, in the third division ; "W. Y. Slack, in the 
 fourth division ; A. E, Steen, in the fifth division; M.M. Parsons, in the sixth division; 
 J. H. McBride, in the seventh division; James S.Eains, in the eighth division; and very 
 respectfully ask the advice and consent of the Senate to the same. 
 
 Respectfully, C. F. .Taokson.' 
 
 AH of the appointments were confirmed in secret session. After the 
 transaction of many matters of legislation, touching the organization, 
 government and support of the militia forces of the State, to encourage 
 enlistments, &c., the Senate adjourned, November 7th, 1861, tomeetat 
 New Madrid on the first Monday in March, 1862. 
 
 That session was never held. 
 
 'Gov. Jackson died at a farm house on the Arkansas river, opposite Little Eock, Dec. 
 6, 1862, of cancer of the stomach. After the close of the war his remains were 
 exhumed and brought to Saline County, and reinterred there in the family burying 
 ground of Dr. Wm. B. Sappington, his father-in-law. 
 
 21 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 1861.— The "Gamble" State CJonvention.— It meets on Feb. 28, 1861.— Names of 
 Members Elected.— Sterling Price Elected President.- The Convention holds 
 
 FREQUENT SESSIONS AT THE STATE CAPITOL AND IN ST. LOUIS. — PiNALLT ADJOURNS 
 
 SINE DIE, ON July 1, 1863.— Luther J. Glenn, Commissioner from the State of 
 Georgia, attends the Convention. — His' Reception and Address. — Address 
 
 RBFERBBD TO A COMMITTEE. — TWO EBPORTS PRESENTED, — NEITHER EVER DISPOSED 
 
 OF. — Committee on Federal Relations. — Their Reports. — Action Thereon. — 
 Committee appointed to Re-convene the Convention when Necessary. — Dele- 
 gates Elected to the Border State Convention. — Robert "Wilson Elected 
 President of the Convention, vice Sterling Price, expelled for Disloyalty. 
 — Ordinance declaring the Offices of Governor, Lieut. Governor and Secretary 
 OF State vacant Adopted.— Hamilton R. Gamble Elected Governor; Willard 
 P. Hall, Lieut. Governor, and Mordecai Oliver. Secretary of State. — Ordinances 
 passed Changing Gubernatorial Election from August to November; also 
 Abolishing Certain Civil Offices, and Prescribing an Oath of Loyalty for 
 Civil Officers, and for issuing Union Defence Bonds. — Resolution adopted ex- 
 pelling Steeling Price and Others from the Convention.— Mr. Breckinridge's 
 Emancipation Ordinance Laid on the Table. — Congressional Districts 
 Remodeled. — Oath of Loyalty for Voters, Officials, Jurymen and Attorneys 
 Adopted. — The Yeas and Nays.— Committee on Emancipation Elected. — They 
 Report an Ordinance for the Emancipation of Slaves, which is Adopted. — The 
 Yeas and Nays.— Convention Adjourns Sine Die. 
 
 The bill which passed the General Assembly early in January, 1861, 
 calling a State Convention, provided for the election, on Monday, Feb- 
 ruary 18th, 1861, from each Senatorial district, of three times as many 
 delegates as said district was entitled to members in the State Senate 
 and that the delegates thus chosen should meet in Convention in 
 Jefferson City on the 28th of, the same month — 
 
 " — to consider the then existing relations between the government rf)f the United 
 States, the people and the governments of the different States, and the government and 
 people of the State of Missouri; and to adopt such measures for vindicating the 
 sovereignty of the State and the protection of its institutions as shall appear to them 
 to be demanded." 
 
 « 
 The 10th Section of the bill, under the circumstances of its adoption, 
 was one of more than ordinary import and sig^iificance, and is in the 
 following words : 
 
 " No act, ordinance, or resolution of said Convention shall be deemed to be valid to 
 change or dissolve the political relations of this State to the Government of the United 
 States, or any other State, until a majority of the qualified voters of this State, voting 
 upon the question, shall ratify the same." 
 
 This section was introduced as an amendment to the original bill by 
 Charles H. Hardin, then a Senator from the Boone and Callaway district. 
 
THE GAMBLE STATE CONVENTION. 323 
 
 and in 1874-'76, Governor of the State. It was adopted in the Senate 
 hy a very close vote — ^j-eas 17, naj'S 15. 
 
 The bill having become a law, Governor Jackson, in conformity with 
 its requirements, directed the sheriifs of the several counties to give 
 notice of the election of delegates on Monday, February 18th, 1861. A 
 very active, and in some localities a very exciting canvass ensued, wherein 
 the issue was made for and against the passage by the Convention of an 
 ordinance declaring in favor of the immediate secession of Missouri from 
 the Union — said ordinance, of course, to be submitted to the qualified 
 voters for their ratification or rejection. During this canvass the then 
 existing relations between Missouri and the government of the United 
 States ; the question of slavery and secession ; the rights of the States, 
 the authority of the Federal government to coerce a State, and the duly 
 of ^Missouri in the existing crisis, were very exhaustively discussed by the 
 candidates for the Convention and by the public press. The election 
 resulted in the choice of a large majority of delegates opposed to 
 secession, and in disclosing a popular preponderance of some eighty 
 thousand votes in favor of the Union. It cannot be denied that this 
 result greatly disappointed many of the most prominent advocates of 
 the Convention. Thej-^ hoped and expected that the people of the State 
 would respond to their extreme views by electing to the Convention a 
 majority of delegates who would declare it the duty of the State to 
 co-operate with South Carolina by following her out of the Union. 
 
 On Thursday, February 28th, 1861, the Convention assembled in the 
 court house in Jefferson City, and the following gentlemen presented 
 certiticates of election : 
 
 1st District.—St. Charles, etc.— K. B. Frayser, J. G. Waller, and Dr. G. T. Bast. 
 2d District. — Pike, etc. — Jno. B. Henderson, G. W. Zimmerman, and Eobt. Calhonn. 
 3d District. — Boone, etc. — Warren Woodson, Ell E. Bass, and Joseph Flood. 
 4«ft District.— Ma.Tion, etc.— Wm. J. Howell, Jno. T. Redd, and J. T. Matson. 
 ath District. — Lewis, etc.— E. K. Sayer, Heniy M. Gorin, and N. F. Givens. 
 mh District. — ^Howard, etc. — Wm. A. Hall, Sterling Price, and Thos. Shackelford. 
 7th District. — Macon, etc. — Frederick Rowland, Jos. M. Irwin, and John Foster. 
 Sth ZHstrict. — Livingston, etc. — Alex. M. Woolfolk, Jacob Smith, and William JacksOn. 
 ^th District, — ^Daviess, etc. — Jacob T. Tindall, James JIcFerran. and J. S. Allen. 
 10th District. — Ray, etc. — G. W. Dunn, R. D. Ray. and J. H. Birch. 
 11th District.— Andrew, etc.— Bobt. Wilson, Prince L. Hudgins. and Ellzy Vanbuskirk. 
 12th IHstrict. — Buchanan, etc. — ^Willard P. Hall, Robt. M. Stewart, and E. W. Donnell. 
 I'Ath District. — Clay, etc. — ^A. W. Doniphan, James H. Moss, and E. H. Norton. 
 Vkth District. — Jackson, etc. — J. K. Sheeley. Abram Comingo, and Robt. A. Brown. 
 loth IHstrict.— "Bunion, etc.— Akeman Welch, A. C. Marvin, and O. G. Kidd. 
 IQth DisJrtcf.— Lafayette, etc.— J. F. Philips, Samuel L. Sawyer, and Vincent Mar- 
 maduke. 
 
324 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 • nth District. — Dade, etc. — J. J. Gravelly, jSTelson McDowell, and J. R. Chenault. 
 
 I8th District. — Newton, etc. — A. S. Harbin, R. W. Crawford, and M. H. Ritchie. 
 
 19th District. — Green, etc. — Sample Orr, Littleberry Hendriclcs, and R. W. Janiiison. 
 
 '20th District. — Polk, etc. — M. W. Turner, J. "W. Johnson, and W. L. Morrow. 
 
 '21st District. — Franklin, etc. — Amos W. Maupin, Chas. D. Eitzen, and Zackariah Isbell. 
 
 'J2cl Distj-ict.—TexsiS, etc.— W. G. Pomeroy, V. B. Hill, and Jno. Holt. 
 
 23d District. — Washington, etc. — C L. Ranldn, M. P. Cayse, and Joseph Bogy. 
 
 Mth District. — Kipley, etc. — Samuel C. Collier, Philip Pipkin, and W. T^ Leeper. 
 
 25th District.— Nsiv Madrid, etc.— Harrison Hough, R. A. Hatcher, and 0. Bartlett. 
 
 2Gth District. — C. Girardeau, etc. — IST. W. Watkins, James C. Noell, and Dr. J. R. 
 MoCormick. 
 
 27th District. — Cole, etc. — J. Proctor Knott, J. W. McClurg, and John Scott. 
 
 28th District. — Cooper, etc. — Win. Douglass, J. P. Ross, and Charles Drake. 
 
 29«ft District. — St. Louis — Sam. M. Breckenridge, John How, Dr. M. L. Linton, 
 Hudson E. Bridge, Thos. T. Gantt, Hamilton R. Gamble, John F. Long, Uriel Wright, 
 Ferdinand Meyer, Henry Hitchcock, Robt. Holmes, James O. Broadhead, Sol. Smith. 
 Isador Bush, and John H. Shackelford. 
 
 In all ninety-nine members ; who proceeded upon the evening of the 
 aecoud day to permanently organize by the election of the following 
 officers : For President, Mr. Broadhead nominated Sterling Price, of 
 Chariton County. Mr. Hatcher, of New Madrid, nominated Nathaniel 
 W. Watkins, of Cape Gix'ardeau. The vote stood: Price 75; Watkins 
 15. Mr. Price, who was regarded as a decided Union man, having 
 received a majority of all the votes cast, was declared duly elected 
 President of the Convention. 
 
 Robert Wilson, of Andrew, also a Union delegate, was elected Vice- 
 President ; Samuel A. Lowe, of Pettis, Secretary; Robert A. Camp- 
 bell (at this time a distinguished lawyer and politician of St. Louis), 
 Assistant Secretary ; C. P. Anderson, of Moniteau, Door-keeper ; B. 
 W. Grover, Sergeant-at-Arms. 
 
 On the second day of the Convention, no important business havino- 
 been transacted, it adjourned to meet in Mercantile Library Hall, in the 
 City of St. Louis, on Monday, March 4th. The Convention met pursu- 
 ant to adjournment ; continued in session until Friday, March 22d, when 
 it adjourned until the third Monday in December following ; but before 
 the arrival of that day a majority of the committee charged with the 
 duty of convening the Convention prior to the third Monday in December, 
 at such place as they thought the public exigencies required, notified the 
 members to assemble at Jefferson City on July 22d. 
 
 The Convention met pursuant to this notification, remained in session 
 until the 31st of the month, and adjouraed until the third Monday in 
 December. 
 
 It was however reconvened in Mercantile Library Hall, St. Louis, by 
 
AN INVITATION TO SECEDE. 325 
 
 a proclamation of Governor Gamble, ou October 10th, and after a 
 session of eight days adjourned subject to call of the Governor. 
 
 On Monday, Jime 2d, 1862, it met again, at Jefferson City, in 
 response to a proclamation of Governor Gamble, and on the 14th of the 
 month adjourned until July 4th, 1863. 
 
 Previous to that day, however. Governor Gamble, by proclamation, 
 reconvened the body at Jefferson City, on June 15th, 1863. After 
 remaining in session until July 1st it adjourned sine die. 
 
 On the first day of the session of the Convention in St. Louis, March 
 4th, 1861, Mr. Gamble, of St. Louis, offered a resolution, which was 
 adopted, for the appointment of a committee of seven, to be called the 
 Committee on Federal Relations, which shall consider and report on the 
 relations existing between the government of the United States, the 
 government and people of the different States, and the government and 
 people of this State ; and that all propositions or resolutions that may 
 be introduced by any member, touching the relations of Missouri with 
 the Federal government, shall be referred to said committee. The Presi- 
 dent appointed the following gentlemen members of the committee, viz. : 
 Hamilton R. Gamble, of St. Louis; John B. Henderson, of Pike; John 
 T. Redd, of Marion; William A. Hall, of Randolph; Jacob T. Tindall, 
 of Grundy; A. W. Doniphan, of Clay; Willard P. Hall, of Buchanan; 
 N. W. Watkins, of Cape Girardeau ; Hai-risori Hough, of Mississippi ; 
 Samuel L. Sawyer, of Lafayette ; William Douglass, of Cooper ; John 
 R. Chenault, of Jasper ; and William G. Pomeroy, of Crawford. 
 
 Luther J. Glenn, Commissioner from the State of Georgia, being in 
 attendance upon the Convention, Mr. Redd, of Marion, moved the 
 appointment of a committee of three to wait upon him, and inform him 
 the Convention would receive him at 12 o'clock that day, and hear what 
 he may choose to communicate in regard to the object of his mission. 
 This motion was adopted — yeas 62, nays 35. Mr. Glenn briefly 
 addressed the Convention in the name of the State of Georgia; sub- 
 mitted the ordinance of secession adopted by that State, and earnestly 
 uro'ed Missouri to pass a similar ordinance and unite with her in forming 
 a Southern Confederacy. A large number of citizens were present in 
 the lobby, and by mingled applause and hisses testified their pleasure 
 or dissatisfaction. These demonstrations continued for some time, and 
 were with difficulty subdued by the presiding officer. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Henderson, of Pike, a committee of seven — 
 Henderson, Birch, Howell, Stewart, Wright, Marvin and Knott — was 
 appointed, to whom was referred the communications made by Mr. 
 
326 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Glenn, said committee, being required to report such action as they may 
 deem a respectful and suitable response on the part of this State. 
 
 A large number of resolutions, presented by various members of the 
 Convention, were introduced and referred to this committee. On March 
 21st, Mr. Henderson, Chairman, presented a report in writing from a 
 majority of the committee, embracing a long and earnest argument 
 against secession and in favor of the maintenance of the Union, and 
 concluding with a series of resolutions which declared in substance that 
 so far as the communication made to the Convention by Mr. Glenn 
 asserts the constitutional right of secession, it meets with their disappi-oral ; 
 that whilst they reprobated, in common with Georgia, the violation of 
 constitutional duty by no rthern fanatics, they could not approve the 
 secession of Georgia and her sister States, as a measure beneficial either 
 to Missouri or to themselves ; that in their opinion a dissolution of the 
 Union would be ruinous to the best interests of Missouri ; hence no 
 effort should be spared on her part to preserve its continued blessings, 
 and she will labor for an adjustment of all existing differences on a basis 
 compatible with the interests and honor of all the States; and that the 
 Convention exhorts Georgia and the other seceding States to desist from 
 the revolutionary measures commenced by them, and unite their voice 
 with ours in restoring peace and in cementing the Union of our fathers, 
 
 Mr. Birch, of Clinton (of the same committee) , offered a series of resolu 
 tions as a substitute for the resolutions of the majority, declaring that, 
 whilst denying the legal right of a State to secede from the Union, we 
 recognize, in lieu thereof, the right of revolution, should sufficient reason 
 arise therefor ; that whilst, in common with the State of Georgia, we deplore 
 and reprobate the sectional disregard of duty and fraternity so forcibly pre- 
 sented by her commissioner ,we do not despair of future justice, nor will we 
 despair until our complaints have been unavailingly submitted to the north- 
 ern people ; that the possession of slave property is a constitutional right, 
 and as such, ought to be recognized by the Federal government ; that, 
 if it shall invade or impair that right, the slave-holding States should 
 be found united in its defence, and that in such events as may legiti- 
 mately follow, this State will share the danger and destiny of her sister 
 slave States, and that the president of the Convention communicate to 
 each of the seceding States a copy of its resolves. 
 
 Oh motion of Mr. Welch, of Johnson, the reports of the majority and 
 minority were laid on the table, and by a vote of 56 to 40 were made 
 the special order for the third Monday in December following. Here they 
 slept a sleep that knew no waking, for neither report was eter . heatd 
 of afterwards. 
 
AGAINST SECESSION, EE VOLUTION AND WAS,. 327 
 
 Intensfe interest was felt in the Convention and among the people of the 
 State, not to say of the whole Union, in the report which the committee 
 on Federal Relations was expected to make. This committee was 
 composed of some of the oldest and most sagacious statesmen belonging 
 to the body, and their report was looked to as denoting the position 
 which Missouri would assume in regard to the embarrassing complications 
 besetting the whole country. No unnecessary delay therefore was had 
 in its presentation. On the ninth of March, Mr. Gamble, chairman of 
 the committee, presented a report from the majority. It was a short but 
 incisive, statesmanlike and conservative paper, and was designed to allay 
 popular apprehension and excitement,' and plant Missouri irrevocably 
 against secession, revolution and war. The opinions and wishes of the 
 committee were summarized in the following resolutions : 
 
 1. Sesolved, That at present there is no adequate cause to impel Missouri to dissolve 
 her connection with the Federal Union, but on the contrary she will labor for such an 
 adjustment of existing troubles as wUl secure the peace, as well as the rights and 
 equality of all the States. 
 
 2. '^Besolved, That the people of this State are devotedly attached to the institutions 
 of our country, and earnestly desire that by a fair and amicable adjustment, all the 
 causes of disagreement that at present unfortunately distract us as a people, may be 
 removed, to the end that our Union may be preserved and perpetuted, and peace and 
 harmony be restored between the North and South. 
 
 3. Resolved, That the people of this State deem the amendments to the Constitution 
 of the United States, proposed by the Hon. John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, with the 
 extension of the same to the ten-itory hereafter to be acquired by treaty, or otherwise, a 
 basis of adjustment which will successfully remove the causes of difference forever from 
 the arena of national politics. 
 
 4. Sesolved, That the people of Missouri believe the peace and quiet of the country 
 will be promoted by a convention to propose amendments to the Constitution of the 
 United States, and this Convention therefore urges the Legislature of this State to take 
 the proper steps for calling such convention in pursuance of the flfth article of the 
 Constitution, and for providing by law for an election of one delegate to such conven- 
 tion from each electoral district in this State. 
 
 5. Besolved, That in the opinion of this Convention, the employment of military 
 force by the Federal government to coerce the submission of the seceding States, or the 
 ■employment of military force by the seceding States to assail the government of the 
 United States, will Inevitably plunge this country into civil war, and thereby entirely 
 extinguish all hope of an amicable settlement of the fearful issues now pending before the 
 country ; we therefore earnestly entreat, as well the Federal government, as the seceding 
 States, to withhold and stay the arm of military power, and on no pretence whatever 
 bring upon the nation the horrors of civil war. 
 
 6. Hesolved, That when this Convention adjourns its session in the city of St. Louis, 
 it will adjourn to meet in the hall of the House of Representatives at Jefferson City, on 
 the third Monday of December, 1861. 
 
 7. Besolved, That a committee of be elected by this Convention, a majority of 
 
 which shall have power to call this Convention together at such time prior to the third 
 Monday in December, and at such place as they may think the public exigen,cies require, 
 
328 msTOKY OF Missomir. 
 
 and the survivors or survivor of said committee shall have power to fill any vacancies 
 that may happen in said committee by death, resignation, or otherwise, during the 
 recess of this Convention. 
 
 Mr. Eedd, of Marion, on behalf of himself and Mr. Hough, of 
 Mississippi, presented a minority report in which he maintained that the 
 Anti-Slavery people of the North were actuated by a single cohesive 
 principle — bitter hostility to the slave institutions of the Southern States 
 and hatred to slave-holders ; that political demogogiies and sensation 
 preachers had employed the politics, press, pulpit, books, literature and 
 schools of the North for the purpose of inflaming and strengthening the 
 prejudices against Southern institutions and Southern men. He main- 
 tained that they had violated the compact which united them to their 
 sister States of the South ; that by that compact they had covenanted to 
 deliver up fugitive slaves found within their borders ; that they had 
 violated this by failing to enact laws providing for their delivery, by 
 refusing the master aid and permitting their lawless citizens to deprive 
 him of his property by mob violence ; and when Congi'ess interposed for 
 his relief by the Fugitive Slave Law, they trampled it under foot and 
 nullified it by deliberate State legislation. Also that they have permitted 
 their citizens to invade the soil of the Southern States, steal the slaves, 
 and incite them to insurrection ; and when the felon has been indicted 
 and demanded, they have refused to give him up. This Anti-Slavery 
 party, through its chosen leader, proclaimed the dangerous heresies that 
 our government cannot continue as our fathers made it, part slave and 
 part free ; that it must become all one or all the other ; that an 
 irrepressible conflict is progressing between freedom and slavery, 
 and that it must continue until the public mind rests in the belief that 
 slavery is in the ]pyiocess of extinction, and that hereafter the slave 
 property of Southern men shall be taken away from them by Con- 
 gressional legislation, if they take it with them into the territories, the 
 common property of all the States. That, deaf to the warning voice and 
 remonstrances of the people of the South, they have elevated to the 
 Presidential chair a leader who endorses their doctrines, thus placing the' 
 Federal government in the hands of the enemies of the South, and 
 dissolving the Union. The rvjport concludes with four resolutions : the. 
 first, inviting the States of Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, Arkansas and Deleware, to send commissioners to meet iu 
 convention those appointed by Missouri, at Nashville, Tennessee, on 
 day of next, to agree upon a basis of settlement, by- 
 constitutional amendments that will preserve the Union, and afford an 
 
AGAmST SECESSION, REVOLUTION AND WAR. 329 
 
 adequate guarantee for the preservation of their slave institutions and 
 the constitutional rights of their citizens ; the second, naming the 
 commissioners to represent Missouri; the third, appointing a com- 
 missioner to visit each of the States above named ; the fourth, directing 
 the Missouri commissioners to said convention, as a basis of settlement, to 
 present the resolutions known as the " Crittenden Compromise." 
 
 The resolutions from the committee on Federal Relations being under 
 consideration, Mr. Moss, of Clay, moved to amend the fifth of the 
 majority (Gamble) series by adding the following; 
 
 And further. Believing that the fate of Missouri depends upon a peaceable adjustment 
 of our present difficulties, she will nevei" countenance oi"'aid a seceding State in making 
 war on the general government, nor will she furnish men or money for the purpose of 
 aiding the general government in any attempts to coerce a seceding State. 
 
 Which was rejected — yeas 30, nays 61 ; — after which the first resolution 
 of the Gamble series was adopted — yeas 89, nays 1 : Mr. Bast, of 
 Montgomery. The second resolution was adopted — yeas 90, nays 0. 
 Third resolution — yeas 90, nays 4: Broadhead, Hill, Hitchcock and 
 How. For the fourth resolution of the committee, Mr. Gamble ofiered 
 the following substitute ; 
 
 4. Mesolved, That the people of Missouri believe the peace and quiet of the country 
 will be promoted by a convention to propose amendments to the Constitution of the 
 United States, and this Convention therefore urges the Legislature of this State, and the 
 other States, to take the proper steps for calling such a convention in pursuance of the 
 fifth article of the Constitution ; and for providing by law for an election by the people 
 of such number of delegates as are to be sent to such convention. 
 
 Adopted — yeas 83, nays 9 ; Brown, Chenault, Doniphan, Hatcher, 
 Hill, Hough, Hudgins, Redd and "Watkins. The fifth resolution coming 
 up for consideration, several amendments were proposed. Mr. Shackel- 
 ford, of Howard, offered the following — afterwards changed in phrase- 
 ology at the suggestion of Mr. Gamble — as an addition to the fifth 
 resolution, which was adopted 57 to 36 ; 
 
 And ia order to the restoration of harmony and fraternal feeling between the different 
 sections, we would recommend the policy of withdrawing the Federal troops from the 
 forts within the borders of the seceding States where there is danger of collision between, 
 the State and Federal troops. 
 
 The question then recurring upon the adoption of the original fifth 
 resolution, as amended, it was agreed to — yeas 89, nays 6 ; Broadhead, 
 Bridgei Bush, Eitzen, Hitchcock and How, — the fifth resolution as 
 adopted being as following ; 
 
330 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 5. Besolved, That in the opinion of this Convention, the employment of military force 
 by the Federal government to coerce the submission of the seceding States, or the 
 employment of military force by the seceding States to assail the Government of the 
 United States, will inevitably plunge this country into civil war, and thereby entirely 
 extinguish aU hope of an amicable settlement of the fearful issues now pending before 
 the country; we therefore earnestly entreat, as well the Federal government as the 
 seceding States, to withhold and stay the arm of military power, and on no pretense 
 whatever bring upon the nation the horrors of civil war. And in order to the restor- 
 ation of harmony and fraternal feeling between the different sections, we would recom- 
 mend the policy of withdrawing the Federal troops from the forts within the borders of 
 the seceding States where there is danger of collision between the State and Federal 
 troops. 
 
 The sixth resolution was adopted — ^yeas 76, nays 19. 
 
 Nmnerous amendments having been introduced to the seventh resolu- 
 tion, it, together with the amendments, was referred to the committee 
 on Federal Relations, who, through Mr. Gamble, reported the following 
 siibstitute, which was adopted nem. con: 
 
 7. Resolved, That there shall be a committee, consisting of the President of this 
 Convention, who shall be ex-ofHcio chairman, and seven members, one from each 
 Congressional District of the State, to be elected by this Convention, a majority of 
 which shall have power to call this Convention together at such time prior to the third 
 Monday In December next, and at such place as they may think the public exigencies 
 require ; and in case any vacancy shall happen in said cCmmittee by death, resignation, 
 or otherwise during the recess of this Convention, the remaining members or member of 
 eaid committee shall have power to fiU such vacancy. 
 
 Said committee was made to consist of the following members : Sterling 
 Price, chairman; Thomas T. Gantt, J. T. Matson, J. T. Tindall, Eobert 
 Wilson, J. Proctor Knott, J. W. McClurg and James R. McCormack. 
 
 During the pendency of the resolutions from the Committee on Federal 
 relations, one of the most able and exhaustive debates of the Convention 
 occurred — a debate which took a wide range and embraced discussions of 
 the origin, structure, and object of the Federal Constitution ; the rights 
 ot the States and of the People; secession, nullification and revolution, 
 coercion, and the causes which it was claimed by the extremists justified 
 Missouri in withdrawing from the Federal Union and throwing herself 
 into the embrace of the Southern Confederacy. This debate is a valuable 
 contribution to the political literature and learning of our State, and, 
 fortunately, was reported and published in full by order of the Convention 
 in the volume of its proceeeiugs. Among, those who prominently 
 participated in these discussions, by the delivery of able arguments in 
 enforcement of their views, the following may be mentioned : Sroadhead, 
 Birch, Breckenridge, Doniphan, Foster, Dunn, Gamble, Gantt, Hall of 
 
THE BOEDER STATE CONTENTION. 331 
 
 Randolph, Hall of Buchanan, Henderson, Hitchcock, Hudgins, Linton, 
 Moss, Norton, Orr, Redd, Shackelford and Wright. 
 
 It is not important at this time, and perhaps improper in this place, 
 to review all the resolutions adopted. To record them, and the action 
 of the Convention thereon, must suffice. Nevertheless, two of them, 
 even at this remote period of time, will attract the attention of intelligent 
 readers : the first and fifth, — the first containing the explicit declaration 
 that there was no adequate cause to impel Missouri to dissolve her con- 
 nection with the Federal Union ; the fifth, wherein the Convention took 
 unmistakable ground against the employment of military force by the 
 Federal government to coerce the seceding States, or the employment of 
 military force by the seceding States to assail the government of the United 
 States. This was at that period of our civil war the position generally 
 occupied by the Union men of all the border slave States ; that is to say, 
 that whilst they were opposed to secession and in favor of the mainten- 
 ance of the Federal Union, as the palladium of our liberties and the 
 richest heritage of our fathers, they were at the same time opposed to 
 coercion by the general government against the seceding States or the 
 employment of military force by the States against the general govern- 
 ment. 
 
 This doctrine was, at that incipient stage of the war, sought to be 
 justified and defended on the ground that an attempt by military force, 
 by either side, to coerce the other, would inevitably plunge the country 
 into the bloody vortex of revolution and war. Therefore, with the 
 earnest hope and patriotic purpose of averting the calamities of civil 
 war, the Union men of Missouri, and of Kentucky, Tennessee and other 
 slaves States, entreated the Federal government, even after the secession 
 of South Carolina and other States, to withhold and stay the arm of 
 military power. It is due to the truth of history, however, to say that 
 after the firing upon Fort Sumter and the culmination of the rebellion — in 
 short, after the question unmistakably became one of arms, and no 
 lono-er one of argument or diplomacy,— they assumed more extreme 
 
 o 
 views 
 
 Mr. Gamble reported, from the Committee on Federal Relations, a 
 resolution in favor of the election, by the Convention, of seven delegates 
 
 one from each Congressional district — to attend the Border State 
 
 Convention proposed by the State of Virginia, to be held at an early day, 
 for the pui-pose of devising some plan for the adjustment of our national 
 difficulties ; which, after voting down several amendments, was adopted — 
 yeas 93, nays 3,— and the following named gentlemen were elected as 
 
332 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 delegates : Hamilton E. Gamble, of St. Louis ; John B. Henderson, 
 of Pike ; William A. Hall, of Eandolph ; James H. Moss, of Clay ; 
 William Douglass, of Cooper ; Littleberry Hendricks, of Greene ; and 
 William G. Pomeroy, of Crawford. 
 
 On the call of a majority of the Committee, the Convention met in 
 Jefferson City, on Monday, July 22d, 1861, and was called to order- 
 by Mr. Wilson the Vice-President — the President, Sterling Price, 
 having since the adjournment made his place vacant by accepting the 
 position of Major General in the Confederate army or State Guard. 
 Kobert Wilson, Vice-President, was elected to fill the vacancy, and 
 Akeman Welch, of Johnson, was chosen Vice-President. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Broadhead, of St. Louis, a committee of seven, 
 one from each Congressional district, was elected by the Convention for 
 the purpose of reporting what action was necessary to be taken by the- 
 Convention in the present condition of public affairs in Missouri. The 
 following named gentlemen were elected as members of the Committee : 
 
 James O. Broadhead, of St. Louis; William A. Hall, of Eandolph; 
 Willard P. Hall, of Buchanan ; William Douglass, of Cooper ; Little- 
 berry Hendricks, of Green, and Joseph Bogy, of Ste. Genevieve. 
 
 On the fourth day of the session, Mr. Broadhead, chairman of the 
 Committee, made a report reciting that the brief interval since the 
 adjournment of the Convention, on the 22d of March, had been filled 
 with the most startling events; that "the horrors of a civil war, inau- 
 gurated by the most gigantic and causeless rebellion of which modern 
 history affords any example," had visited the State; that the Governor 
 and other high officers of State had deserted the Capital and formed a 
 conspiracy to dissolve the connection of Missouri with the Federal 
 Government, and in conjunction with a large portion of the members of 
 the Legislature, had attempted, through the forms of legislation, to 
 establish a military despotism over the people. The Committee, there- 
 fore, recommended that certain amendments to the Constitution be 
 ordained as follows: 1. That the offices of Governor, Lieutenant 
 Governor, Secretary of State, and members of the General Assembly 
 should be vacated. 2. That the three first officers named should be 
 appointed by the Convention, and continue in office \intil the first Monday 
 in August, 1862, when a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Secretary 
 of State should be elected by the qualified voters of the State. 3. That 
 the Supreme Court should consist of seven judges, four of whom should be 
 appointed by the Governor to be chosen by this Convention, and 
 should hold their offices until the first Monday of August, 1862, when 
 
STATE OFFICES VACATED. 333 
 
 .four judges of tte Supreme Court should be elected by the people. 
 
 The Committee also recommended the adoption, b^' the Convention, of 
 an ordinance repealing "certain odious laws" enacted by the last Legisla- 
 ture, namely, the militia law, the law to create a militia fund to arm the 
 State ; also a joint resolution to suspend the apportionment of the State 
 school money for the year 1861, &c. ; also the revival and re-enaotmeut, 
 in full force, of the volunteer militia law of December 31st, lb59. 
 
 The report having been submitted and ordered to be printed, Hamilton 
 E. Gamble, of St. Louis, was by a vote of the Convention added to the 
 Oommittee. 
 
 The report of the committee of seven, now made to number eight by 
 the addition of Mr. Gamble, and thereafter known as "the committee of 
 eight," was re-committed to said committee, on motion of Mr. Broadhead, 
 for the purpose of enabling it to perfect their report. On the next day 
 & new report was presented, differing in no niaterial respect from the 
 other except by the substitution of the first Monday of November, 1861, 
 for the first Monday of August, 1862, as the day of the election, and the 
 omission of the proposed amendment to the Constitution providing for 
 the additional judges of the Supreme Court. The committee supple- 
 .mented this second report by an ordinance, submitting the action of the 
 Convention to a vote of the people at an election to be held on the first 
 Monday of November, 1861. 
 
 The report of the committee of eight coming up for consideration, the 
 first clause of the ordinance, providing for certain amendments to the 
 Constitution, viz. : declaring the offices of Governor, Lieutenant Governor 
 and Secretary of State vacated, was adopted — ^yeas 56, nays 25. The 
 clause vacating the offices of the General Assembly was also adopted — 
 yeas 52, nays 28. The clause providing for the appointment, by the 
 •Convention, of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Secretary of State, 
 was adopted — ^yeas 54, nays 27. The remaining portions of the ordinance 
 were then adopted by substantially the same vote, and the ordinance as a 
 whole by yeas 73, nays 0. 
 
 By this action the Convention vacated the places of the State officers 
 named, and provided for their appointment ; and of the members of the 
 General Assembly, and provided for their election; repealed "certain 
 .odious laws " named, and provided for submitting the action of the 
 Convention to a vote of the people. 
 
 On the 31st of July, 1861, the Convention proceeded to the appoint- 
 ment of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Secretary of State, in 
 place of Claiborne F. Jackson, Thomas C.Eeynolds, and Benj. F. 
 
334 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Massey, whose seats had been declared vacant. For Governor, Mr. 
 Hall, of Randolph, nominated Hamilton R. Gamble, who was elected, 
 69 members voting for him — 8 excused from voting and 20 absent. 
 Those who were excused from voting were Eli M. Bass, of Boone ; 
 George Y. Bast, of Montgomery ; Robert B. Frayzer, of St. Charles ; 
 Prince L. Hudgins, of Andrew; Phillip Pipkin, of Jefferson; Joseph G. 
 Waller, of Warren ; Warren Woodson, of Boone; and Uriel Wright, 
 of St. Lonis.i Willard P. Hall, of Buchanan, was elected Lieutenant 
 Governor, and Mordecai Oliver, of Greene, (now a well known lawyer of 
 St. Joseph,) Secretary of State. 
 
 After the adoption of an address to the people of the State, presented 
 by Mr. Gamble from the committee appointed to prepare it, the Con- 
 vention adjourned. 
 
 Another session of the Convention was held in Mercantile Library 
 Hall, in the City of St. Louis, commencing on October 10th, 1861, in 
 response to a proclamation by Gov. Gamble. A communication from 
 the Governor having been read to the Convention, that body proceeded 
 to the election of a Doorkeeper and Sergeant-at-Arms. To the first 
 named office, Henry C. Warmoth (since Governor of Louisiana) was 
 elected, and to the last Josiah H. Alexander. Mr. Hendricks, from the 
 Committee on Elections, reported an ordinance changing the time of 
 holding the gubernatorial election, and the election submitting to a vote 
 of the people the action of the Convention, from the first Monday of 
 November, 1861, to the firstMonday of August, 1862, and for continuing 
 in office until that time the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Secretary 
 of State appointed by the Convention — which was adopted — yeas 43, 
 nays 1 (E. R. Sayre, of Lewis). Afterwards Mr. Wright, of St. Louis, 
 obtained leave to record his vote in the negative. 
 
 Mr. McFerran, from the Committee on Civil Officers, reported an 
 ordinance abolishing certain offices, reducing salaries, and providing an oath 
 to test the loyalty of civil officers in this State. It abolished the offices of 
 Board of Public Works, State Superintendent of Common Schools, 
 County School Commssioner, State Geologist and Assistant State 
 Geologist, and provided that the clerks of the respective County 
 Courts should discharge the duties of County School Commissioners. 
 Also that the salaries of all civil officers should be reduced 20 per cent, 
 during the year ending Sept. 30th, 1862. Also that each civil officer in this 
 State, including County Court clerks, within sixty days after thepassao-e 
 
 iSee Journal of Proceedings, page 25. 
 
OATH OF LOYALTY FOR CIVIL OFFICERS. 335 
 
 of the ordinance, should take an oath "to support the Constitution of 
 the United States and of this State, and that he will not take up arms 
 against the government of the United States, nor the provisional govern- 
 ment of this State, nor give aid or comfort to the enemies of either, 
 during the present civil war." Also that the offices of all persons 
 failing to take, subscribe andfile said oath within the sixty days mentioned, 
 should be declared vacant ; and any civil officer who should falsely take said 
 oath or wilfully violate it shall be deemed guilty of perjuiy and punished 
 accordingly. 
 
 An amendment by Mr. Broadhead, vacating the offices of judges of 
 Supreme, Circuit and Probate Courts, sheriffs and clerks, clerks of 
 Courts of Record, Recorders of deeds, Registers of lands, State Auditor, 
 Treasurer and Attorney General, and providing that the Governor should 
 fill most of the vacancies so created, failed to pass — yeas 10, nays 40. 
 
 Mr. McFarren ofiered an amendment, by way of a new section, pro- 
 viding that any person whomsoever, who shall take and subscribe the 
 oath provided in the ordinance, and file the same in the office of Secretary 
 of State or in the office of any county clerk in this State, within the 
 sixty days mentioned, "shall be exempt from arrest or punishment for 
 offences previously committed against the provisional government of this 
 State, or giving aid or comfort to its enemies in the present civil war." 
 The governor was also directed to furnish a copy of the ordinance to the 
 President of the United States, and request him, in the name of the 
 people of Missouri, by proclamation, to exempt all persons taking said 
 oath from all penalties they might have incurred by taking up arms against 
 the United States, or giving aid or comfort to its enemies in the present 
 civil war. The amendment was agreed to. The yeas and nays were not 
 called. 
 
 The vote finally being taken, the first and second sections — abolishing 
 the Board of Public Works and the office of State Superintendent of 
 Public Schools — ^were adopted. The third section — abolishing the office 
 of County School Commissioner — ^was adopted; yeas 27, nays 23. The 
 fourth section was adopted — abolishing the offices of State and Assistant 
 State Geologists. The fifth section — reducing the salaries of all civil 
 officers 20 per cent. — was rejected ; yeas 24, nays 29 ; but afterwards 
 the vote was reconsidered and the section passed by yeas 28, nays 22. 
 The sixth section — prescribing an oath for each civil officer in the State, 
 includingclerks of the County Courts — ^was adopted ; yeas 37, nays 15. 
 The seventh section — prescribing the oath for County Court clerks — 
 and the eighth, providing amnesty for any person whomsoever who may 
 
336 HISTORY OF MISSOURI 
 
 take, subscribe and file the oath of loyalty according to the ordinance, 
 were passed by the following vote : 
 
 YEAS^John S. Allen, of Harrison ; James H. Birch, of Clinton ; Joseph Bogy, of Ste. 
 Oenevieve; Samuel M. Breckenridge, of St. Louis; Hudson E. Bridge, of St. Louis;' 
 WilliamDouglass, of Cooper; Charles D.Eitzen, of Gasconade; JohnD. Foster, of Adair;' 
 Thomas T Gantt, of St. Louis ; Joseph J, Gravelly, of Cedar ; > Willard P. HaU, of 
 Buchanan; John B. Henderson, of Pike; Littlebeny Hendricks, of Greene;' Henry 
 Hitchcock, of St. Louis; Robert Holmes, of St. Louis;' John How, of St. Louis; Joseph 
 M. Irwin, of Shelby; Z. Isbell, of Osage;' William Jackson, of Putnam; Robert W. 
 Jamison, of Webster ; James W . Johnson, of Polk ; William T. Leeper, of Wayne ; 
 M. L. Linton, of St. Louis;' John F. Long, of St. Louis; James R. McCormack, of 
 Perry; iJvrelson McDowell, of Dade ; James McFerran, of Daviess ; Ferdinand Meyer, of 
 St. Louis; James C. ISToell, of Bollinger; Sample Orr, of Greene; John F. Phillips, of 
 Pettis; William G. Pomeroy, of Crawford; John H. Shackelford, of St. Louis;' Sol. 
 Smith, of St. Louis;' Robert M. Stewart, of Buchanan;' EUsy Van Buskirk, of Holt; 
 Greorge W. Zimmerman, of Pike ; ' — 37. 
 
 Nats — James O. Broadhead, of Pike; Isador Bush, of St. Louis; William A. Hall, 
 of Randolph; William J. Howell, of Monroe; Asa A. Marvin, of Heniy;' Amos W. 
 Maupin, of Franklin; Phillip Pipkin, of Jefferson; Frederick Rowland, of Macon; 
 E. R. Sayre, of Lewis; Jacob Smith, of Linn; Jacob T. Tindall, of Grundy;' W. W. 
 Turner, of Laclede; Aikman Welch, of Johnson ; ' A. M. Woolfolk, of Livingston, 
 and Robert Wilson (the President,) of Andrew.' — 15. 
 
 It was on this day, October 16th, 1861, and in the ordinance adopted 
 by this Convention, that test oaths of loyalty for civil officers and 
 ■citizens were first authoritatively promulgated in Missouri. 
 
 After passing an ordinance to provide for the organization of the 
 Missouri State IMilitia — ^yeas 43, nays 8, — and for the issuing of "Union 
 Defence Bonds" (better known as "Military Defence Warrants") — ^yeas 
 37, nays 14, — the Convention, after a session of eight days, adjourned. 
 
 On Monday, June 2d, 1862, in obedience to a proclamation by Gov. 
 Gamble, the Convention re-assembled at Jefferson City for the purpose 
 of dividing the State into Congressional districts, so that the number of 
 representatives to which Missouri was entitled might be elected, and for 
 the transaction of other necessary business. John H. Shanklin, of Grundy, 
 member elect to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Jacob T. 
 Tindall, who fell at the head of his regiment at the battle of Sbiloh, 
 on the 2d day of April, 1862, took his seat as a member of the 
 Convention. Elder Thomas M. Allen, of Boone, was appointed Chap- 
 Iain, after which the President laid before the Convention a message 
 from Gov. Gamble, which was read. 
 
 Mr. Stewart, of Buchanan, introduced a resolution, which was referred 
 
 ■> Since deceased. 
 
O 
 
 
 O 
 
 5 
 5 
 
Sl^EKLING PRICE AOT) OTHERS EXPELLED. 337 
 
 to the Committee on Elective Franchise, declaring that ail men, whether 
 civilians or soldiers, who have been found in arms against the govern- 
 ment of the United States, and all neutrals who have given them aid or 
 comfort, be disqualified to vote. 
 
 Mr. Bridge, of St. Louis, oifered a resolution declaring vacant the 
 seats of Sterling Price, of Chariton, late President of the Convention ; 
 and of John R. Chenault, of Jasper ; Robert W. Crawford, of Lawrence ; 
 V. B. Hill, of PuUiski ; Robert A. Hatcher, of New Madrid (at this 
 time [1877] a member of Congress from the4th Missouri district) ; W. W. 
 Turner, of Laclede; N. W. Watkins, of Cape Giraideau, and Uriel 
 Wright, ut' St. Louis ; — which was referred to a select committee, consist- 
 ing of Messrs. Bridge, Allen, Bush, Calhoun, Eitzen, Gravelly and 
 Isbell; who, on the 6th of June, made a report that they were satisfied 
 that Messrs. Price, Crawford and Hill had taken up arms against the 
 government of the United States and the provisional government of 
 Missouri ; that Mr. Wright had left the State and espoused the rebel 
 cause, and given it aid and comfort by public speeches and othei-wise ; 
 that Messrs. Chenault and Hatcher had removed from the State; that 
 N. W. Watiiins had accepted a commission as a Brigadier General from 
 C. F. Jackson, late Governor of this State, for the purpose of organizing 
 and equipping troops for the State service, and for some time had been 
 absent from the State, although previously he had thrown up his com- 
 mission ; that Mr. Turner, during the recess of the Convention, 
 committed criminal acts, and was then a fugitive from the State. The 
 committee therefore recommended the expulsion of Messrs. Price, Craw- 
 ford, Hill, Wright and Turner, and that the seats of Messrs. Chenault, 
 Hatcher and Watkins be declared vacant ; also that the name of each 
 o-entleman mentioned be struck from the rolls of the Convention. Mr. 
 Pipkin, of Jefferson, moved to strike the name of N. W. Watkins from 
 the resolution. Negatived — yeas 12, nays 55. Similar attempts were 
 made, but they were unsuccessful, to except Messrs. Chenault and Wright 
 from the effect of the resolutions, after which they were unanimously 
 adopted. 
 
 Mr. Breokenridge, of St. Louis, presented an ordinance for submitting 
 to a vote of the people of the State certain amendments to the constitu- 
 tion and a scheme for the gradual emancipation of slaves ; to wit : for 
 the abolition of the first and second clauses of the 26th section of the 3d 
 article of the constitution — the first, forbidding the legislature to pass 
 law& Ibc riie amauoipation of slaves without the consent of their owners, 
 or without paying a full equivalent for them ; the second, forbidding the 
 
3H8 HISTORY OF MiSSOtJEI. 
 
 legislature to pass laws to prevent bona fide emigrants to this State, or 
 actual settlers therein from bringing from any State or territory of the 
 United States persons deemed to be slaves therein, so long as any persons 
 of the same description are allowed to be held as slaves by the laws 
 of this State. Mr. Breckenridge's ordinance also provided : 
 
 Sec. 2. That all Negroes and Mulattoes who shall be born in slavery in this State 
 from and after January 1st, 1865, shall be deemed and considered slaves until they 
 shall arrive at the ag'e of twenty-five years and no longer, unless sooner permanently 
 removed from the State; provided always, that it shall be the duty of the General 
 Assembly of the State, at its flrst regular session after this ordinance sliall take effect, or 
 as soon thereafter as may be practicable, to provide by law for the payment to the 
 owner of those Negroes and Mulattoes who would but for this ordinance have been born 
 slaves for life, a full equivalent for their value at the expiration of their term of service, 
 and also to provide by law for the removal to such place or places beyond the limits 
 of this State, may be designated by the General Assembly, at the expense of the State, 
 of such persons as they arrive at the age of twenty Ave years ; and also to address a 
 memorial to the Congress of the United States announcing the acceptance by the State 
 of Missouri of the oflFer made in the resolutions recommended for adoption by the 
 President of the United States, approved April, 1862, and asking a fulfillment of the 
 pledge therein contained to aid those States which should provide by law for the 
 emancipation of slaves, in bearing the burdens thereby incurred. 
 
 The third section made it the duty of the owner of any Negro or 
 Mulatto born in this State after January 1st, 1865, to deliver within six 
 months after his or her birth, to the clerk of the proper county, to be 
 recorded in a book provided for the purpose, a paper duly signed, stating 
 the name, age and sex of said Negro or Mulatto, and the name and 
 rei*idence of the owner thereof; and failing in this said owner should 
 forfeit all claim for compensation as provided in section 2, for said 
 Negro or Mulatto so not registered. Also that after the ordinance should 
 go into effect, no slave should be brought into this State. It also 
 provided that on the first Monday of August, 1864, an election should 
 be held at which the ordinance should be submitted for ratification or 
 rejection of the legal voters of the State. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Hall, of Randolph, the ordinance offered by Mr. 
 Breckenridge was laid on the table by the following vote : yeas 52, nays 
 19. 
 
 Mr. Broadhead, from the Committee on Congressional Districts, 
 reported an ordinance dividing the State into nine Congressional Districts, 
 which, after the adoption of several amendments, passed nem con. 
 After passing an ordinance repealing all ordinances heretofore passed by 
 the Convention, submitting its action to a vote of the people ; an 
 ordinance defining the qualifications of voters and civil officers : yeas 42, 
 
OATH OF LOYALTY FOR VOTEBS, ETC. 339 
 
 nays 27 ; an ordinance continuing the present provisional government in 
 office until the first Monday in August, 1864, and until their siiccessors 
 are elected and qualified : yeas 45, nays ^1 ; an ordinance to enable 
 citizens of this State, in the military service of the United States or the 
 State of Missouri, to vote ; an ordinance in relation to assessors and 
 collectors and for the payment of certain accounts ; an ordinance amend- 
 ing the Constitution so that after July 1, 1862, all general elections should 
 take place on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, and 
 be held biennially, the convention adjourned on the 12th day of its ses- 
 sion— June 14th, 1862. 
 
 The first section of the ordinance defining the qualifications of the 
 voters and civil oflicers iu this State, adopted June 10, 1862, pro-rided 
 that no person should vote at any election thereafter held in the State, 
 under the Constitution and laws thereof, whether State, county, 
 township or municipal, who should not previously take an oath in form 
 as follows : 
 
 "I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm as the ease may be) that I will support, 
 
 protect and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the 
 State of Missouri, against all enemies or opposers, whether domestic or foreign ; that I 
 will bear true faith, loyalty and allegiance to the United States, and will not, directly or 
 indirectly, give aid or comfort, or countenance, to the enemies or opposers thereof, or of 
 the provisional Government of the State of Missouri, any ordinance, law or resolution of 
 any State Convention or Legislature, or of any order or organization, secret or other- 
 wise, to the contrary notwithstanding ; and that I do this with a full and honest deter- 
 mination, pledge and purpose, faithfully to keep and perform the same, without any 
 mental reservation or evasion whatever. And I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I 
 have not, since the 17th day of December, A. D. 1861, wilfully taken up arms, or levied 
 war, against the United States, or against the provisional Government of the State of 
 Missouri, so help me God." 
 
 This was the second test oath for voters ever adopted in the State, 
 and it passed the convention as follows : 
 
 Yeas— Messrs. J. S. Allen, of Harrison; Joseph Bogy, of Ste. Genevieve; Samuel M. 
 Breckenridge, of St. Louis ; Hudson E. Bridge, of St. Louis ; Isidor Bush, of St. Louis ; 
 William Douglass, of Cooper; Charles, D. Eitzen, of Gasconade ; Willard P. Hall, of 
 Buchanan; Littleberry Hendricks, of Greene; Henry Hitchcock, of St. Louis; Robert 
 Holmes, of St. Louis; John How, of St. Louis ; Joseph M. Irwin, of Shelby; Z. Isbell, 
 of Osage; "William Jackson, of Putnam; Robert W. Jamison, of Webster; James W. 
 Johnson, of Polk; Christopher G. Kidd, of Henry; William T. Leeper, of Wayne; M. 
 L. Linton, of St. Louis; JohnF. Long, of St. Louis; Asa C. Marvin, of Henry; Joseph 
 W. McClurg, of Osage ; James R. McCormack, of Perry ; James McFerran, of Daviess, 
 Ferdinand Meyer, of St. Louis ; Sample Orr, of Greene; John F. Philips, of Pettis; 
 William G. Pomeroy, of Crawford ; Charles G. Rankin, of Jefferson ; Thomas Scott, of 
 Miller; John H. Shackelford, of St. Louis; John H. Shanklin, of Grundy Co.; Jacob 
 
340 tttS'l'ORY OP MISSOURI. 
 
 Smith, of Linn; Sol. Smitb, of St. Louis; Robert M. Stewart, of Buchanan; Aikman 
 Welch, of Johnson; Alexander M. Woolfolk, of Livinsgton and Ellzy Van Buskirk, of 
 Holt— 39. 
 
 Nays— Messrs. Eli E. Bass, of Boone; George Y. Bast, of Montgomery; James H. 
 Birch, of Clinton; B. A. Brown, of Cass; Robert Calhoun, of Audrain; Milton P. Cayce, 
 of St. Francois; A. W. Doniphan, of Clay; R. W. Dbnnell, of Buchanan; Charles 
 Drake, of Moniteau ; George W. Dunn, of Ray; Robert B. Frayzer, of St. Charles; 
 Joseph Flood, of Callaway; William j. Howell, of Monroe; Piinoe L. Hudgins, of 
 Andrew; Vincent Marmaduke, of Saline; James T. Matson, of Ralls; Nelson McDowell, 
 of Dade; James H. Moss, of Clay; Phillip Pipkin, of Jefferson; Robert D. Bay, of 
 Carroll; James P. Boss, of Morgan; Frederick Rowland, of Macon; E. K. Sayre, 
 of Lewis; James K. Slieeley, of Jackson; Joseph G. Walker, of Warren; "Warren 
 Woodson, of Boone, and George W. Zinnnerman, of Lincoln — 27. 
 
 A similar oath was prescribed for all persons who should be elected or 
 ajjpointed to any civil officein this State, and for all jur3'men and attorneys. 
 The oath prescribed for jurymen and attorneys was adopted — ^yeas 36, 
 nays 33. 
 
 On Monday, Jnne 15, 1863, pursuant to a proclamation from Gov. 
 Gamble, the convention re-assembled and held its last session in 
 JefFoison City. This proclamation recited that " the subject of eman- 
 cipation has for sometime engaged the public mind, and it is of the 
 highest importance to the interests of the State that some scheme oi 
 emancipation should be adopted. The Geneial Assembly, at its late 
 session, being embarressed by constitutional limitations upon its power, 
 failed to qdopt any measure upon the subject of emancipation, but 
 clearly indicated a wish that the convention should be called together to 
 take action upon the subject." Therefore Gov. Gamble convened the 
 convention " to consult and act upon the subject of emancipation of 
 slaves, and such other matters as may be connected with the peace and 
 prosperity of the State." 
 
 Credentials of newly elected members were presented as follows : 
 Solomon R. Moxley, of Lincoln ; Charles D, Drake, of St. Louis ; 
 Eohert T. Prewitt, of Howard; William Boker, of Laclede; Smith O. 
 Schofield, of Buchanan ; Claudius P. Walker, of McDonald ; William J. 
 
 Duvall, of ; William H. McLean, of Cape Girardeau ; Henry J. 
 
 Deal, of Mississippi ; William Bonnifield, of Jackson, andH. J. Linden- 
 bower, of Greene. 
 
 A message from Gov. Gamble was read, laid on the table and ordered 
 to be printed. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Henderson, of Pike, a committee of nine, one from 
 each Congressional district, was elected by the Ccmvention, as follows-: 
 1 — H. E. Gamble, of St. Louis; 2 — Isador Bush, of St. Louis; 
 
EMANCIPATION OF SLAVES. 341 
 
 3— Joseph Bogy, of Ste. Genevieve; 4 — M. H. Kitchey, of Nevrton ; 
 5— John F. Philips, of Pc-ttis ; 6— A. Comingo, of Jackson ; 7— Willurd 
 P. Hall, of Biu-hfinan ; 8— William A. Hall, 6f Kandolph ; 9— John B. 
 Henderson, of Pike. To this committee all ordinances on the subjec' 
 of emancipation stood referred. 
 
 Mr. Gamble, Chairman of the Committee on Emancipation, reported 
 an ordinance to provide for certain amendments to the Constitution and 
 for emancipation of slaves ; to-wit : That the first and second clauses of 
 the 26th section of the 3d article of the Constitution are hereby 
 abrogated ; that slavery shall cease to exist in Missouri on July 4th, 
 1876, and ail the slaves within the State on that day are hereby declared 
 free; that all slaves thereafter brought into the State and not then 
 belonging to citizens of the State shall be free ; that all slaves removed 
 by consent of their owners to any seceded State after its secession, and 
 brought into this State, shall be free, and that the General Assembly shall 
 have no power to pass laws to emancipate slaves without consent of their 
 owners . 
 
 Mr. Bush, of St. Louis, presented a minority report from tne same 
 committee, and submitted an ordinance abrogating the same clauses of 
 the Constitntion, but declaring slavery shall cease in the State January 
 1, 1864; provided, however, that said slaves and their issue thereafter 
 boin shall become indentured apprentices to their owners or their repre- 
 sentatives, and as such held to service and hibor until July 4, 1870. 
 Also that the legislature shall pass laws regulating the relations between 
 said appi'entices and their masters ; to provide, as far as necessary for 
 the education, apprenticing and snpport of those who shall become free 
 under this ordinance, and against the importation of any Negro or 
 Mulatto ; that no future assessment of slave property shall be made in 
 the State, and taxes now assessed against said property shall not be 
 collected. Also that on the first Monday in August, 1863, an election 
 
 shall be held at the several places of voting in this State, at which 
 this ordinance shall be submitted for the ratification or rejection of the 
 
 people . 
 
 The majority report coming up for consideration, Mr. Drake, of St. 
 Louis, moved to strike out "July 4, 1876," and insert "January 1, 1874." 
 Negatived — yeas 18, nays 65. Mr. Gravelly, of Cedar, offered an 
 amendment making it the duty of the legislature, at its first session after 
 the passage of this ordinance, to devise means for ascertaining the number 
 of slaves belonging to loyal citizens, and to appropriate and pay to such 
 citizens $300.00 for each slave freed by the ordinance. Agreed to — 
 
342 HISTORY OF MISSOXJKI. 
 
 yeas 43, na.ys 40. A large number and great variety of amendments to 
 the ordinance pending, and new ordinances as substitutes, were intro- 
 duced, debated and disposed of, most of them being disagreed to; until, 
 June 29, iVIr. Broadhead, of St. Louis, introduced a substitute for 
 section 2, anil it was agreed to — yeas 55, nays 30. Without specially 
 noting the action of the Convention on the various propositions sub- 
 mitted, suffice it to say that on July 1st, and on the fifteenth day of the 
 session, the ordinance as amended was passed (yeas 51, nays 30,) as 
 follows : 
 
 Be it Ordained by the People of the State of Missouri in Convention Assembled: 
 
 Section. 1. The first and second clauses of the '26th section of the 3d article of the 
 Constitution are hereby abrogated. 
 
 Sec. 2. That slavery and involuntary servitude, except fOr the punishment of crime, 
 shall cease to exist in Missouri on the 4th day of July, 1870, and all slaves within the State 
 at that day are hereby declared to be free; Provided, however, that all persons emanci- 
 pated by this ordinance shall remain under the control, and be Subject to the authority 
 of their late owners or their legal representatives, as servants during the following 
 period, to-wit: — Tliose over forty years, for, and during their lives: those under 12 years 
 of age until they ai-rive at the age of 23 years, and those of all other ages until the 4th 
 day of July, 1876. The persons, or their legal representatives, who, up to the moment of 
 the emancipation were the owners of the slaves thus freed, shall, during the period for 
 whioii the services of such freed men are reserved to them, have the same authority 
 and control over the said freed men for the purpose of receiving the possession and 
 gei'vices of the same, that are now held absolutely by the master in respect to his slave. 
 ■ — Provided, however, that after the said 4th day of July, 1870, no person so held to service 
 shall be sold to a non-resident of, or removed from the State of Missouri, by authority 
 of his late owner or his legal representatives. 
 
 Sec. 3. That all slaves hereafter brought into this State, and not now belonging to 
 citizens of this State, shall thereupon be free. 
 
 Sec. 4. All slaves removed, by consent of their owners, to any seceded State after the 
 passage by such State of an act or ordinance of secession, and hereafter brought into 
 this State by their owners, shall thereupon be free. 
 
 Sec. 5. The General Assembly shall have no power to pass laws to emancipate 
 slaves without the consent of their owners. 
 
 Sec. 6. After the passage of this ordinance no slaves in this State shall be subject 
 to state, county or municipal taxes. 
 
 The vote on the passage of the above ordinance, by yeas and nays, was 
 as follows : 
 
 Yeas. — J. S. Allen, of Harrison; Eli E. Bass, of Boone; Joseph Bogy, of St, Gene- 
 vieve; S. M. Breckenridge, of St. Louis; J. O. Broadhead, of St. Louis; H. E. Bridge, 
 of St. Louis; Kobert Calhoun, of Audrain; M. P. Cayce, of St. Francois; A. W.Don- 
 iphan, of Clay; Wm. Douglass, of Cooper; Robert B. Frayzer, of St Charles; John D. 
 Foster, of Adair; H. E. Gamble, of St. Louis; Thos. T. Gantt, of St. Louis; Henry N. 
 Gorin, of Scotland ; Wm. A. Hall, of Randolph; John B. Henderson, of Pike; Henry 
 
HAMILTON K. GAMBLE'S BESIGNATION. 343 
 
 Hitchcock, of St.Louis; KobertHolmes, of St. Louis; John Holt, of Dent; John How, 
 of St. Louis; Wm. J. Howell, of Monroe; Jos. L. Irwin, of Shelby; Wm. Jaokson, 
 of Putnam; J. W. Johnson, of Polk; C. G. Kidd, of Henry; John F. Long, of St. 
 Louis; A. C. Marvin, of Henry; J. R. MoOormack. of Perry; Nelson McDowell, of 
 Dade; James McFerran, of Daviess ; W. H. McLane, of Oape Girardeau ; Solomon K. 
 Moxley, of Lincoln ; W. G. Pomeroy, of Crawford; Roht. T. Prewitt, of Howard; C. 
 G. Kankin, of Jefferson ; M. H. Ritchey, of Newton; E. K. Sayre, of Lewis; Thomas 
 Soott, of Miller ; Thos. Shackelford, of St. Louis ; James K. Sheeley, of Jackson; John 
 H. Shanklin, of Grundy Co.; Jacob Smith, of Linn; Sol. Smith, of St. Louis; Aikman 
 Welch, of J>)hnson; "Warren Woodson, of Boone; G. W. Vaubusldrk, of Holt.— 51. 
 
 Noes — Wm. Baker, of Laclede; Orton Bartlette, of Stoddard; Geo. Y. Bast, of Mont- 
 gomery; Jas. H Birch, of Clinton; Wm. Bonnifleld, of" Jackson; Isador Bush, of St. 
 
 Louis; Henry J. Deal, of Mississippi; Wm- J. Devol, of ; G. W. Drake, of 
 
 Moniteau; Chas.D. Drake, of St. Louis; G- W. Dunn, of Ray; Chas. D. Eitzen, of 
 Gasconade; Harrison Hough, of Mississippi; Q, Isbell, of Osage; Robt. W. Jamison, of 
 Webster; Wm. T. Deeper, of Wayne; H.J. Lindenbower, of Gi'eene; J. T. Matson. of 
 Ralls; J. W. McClurg, of Camden; Ferdinand Meyer, of St.Louis; W. L. Morrow, of 
 Dallas; Sample Orr, of Greene; Robert D. Ray, of Carroll; James P. Ross, of Morgan; 
 Smith O. Schofield, of Buchanan ; R. M. Stewart, of Buchanan ; Claudius P. Walker, of 
 McDonald; J. G. Waller, of Warren; A. M. Woolf oik, of Livingston; Robert Wil- 
 son (Pres't), of Andrew. —30. 
 
 Haniiltou R. Gamble having tendered his resignation as Governor of 
 the State, on motion of Mr. Comingo, it yv&a resolved that his resigna- 
 tion be returned to him with the request that he continue to exercise tiie 
 powers and discharge the duties of the office of Governor until the first 
 Monday inNovomber, 1864, and untilhis successor is elected and qualified. 
 Yeas 47, nays 34. To which Gov. Gamble, on July 1, 18B3, 
 responded in a comiiuinication to the Convention in which he with- 
 drew his resignation. 
 
 Wednesday, July 1, 1863, the Convention, after having held various 
 sessions since February 28, 1861, adjourned sine die. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 1S61 — Our Civil War.— Difficulties in Akbivinq at the Truths OF its Histort.— 
 Inauguration ofthk War. — Srchssion of South Carolina.— Firin'g on the ''Star of 
 THE "West" and Fort Sumiek.— The First Gun of the Rebellion. — President 
 Lincoln Calls for 75.000 Troops.- Gov. 0. F, Jackson's Response.— Imminence of 
 the Crisis. — Hopes of the Conservative Masses.— Genkral Military Okdek (No. 7) 
 OP Gov. Jackson i'o Okganizk Camps for Drill.- Camp Jackson.— Gen. D. M. 
 Frost's Lettbr to Capt. Nath'l Lyon, Co.mmandant of the St. Louis Arsenal.— 
 Capt. Lyon's Lettish to Gen. Frost .Demanding the Surrender op CampJackjon — 
 Capt. Lyon and Col. F. P. Blaih March against Camp Jack,son.— It Surkendhrs. — 
 Particulars of the Kvknt.— Fearful Excitement. — Gen. Frost's Letter of 
 January 2iTH, 1861, to Gov. Jackson.— Gen. W. S. Harney's Proclamation.- The 
 Harney-Price Agreement. — It is disapproved at Washington and Gen. Harney 
 removed. — Gen. Lyon succeeds to the Command of the Dkpartment. — Conference 
 between Gen. Lyon, Col. Blair, Gov. Jackson and Gen. Price.- What each party 
 
 DEMANDED.— JTHE t'ONFElSENCE A FAILURE.— JaCKSON AND PRICE RETURN TO THE 
 
 Capital, Bur.ning the Bridghs behind i'hkm. — Col, Thomas L. Snead's sketch of 
 Lyon.— Gov.- Jackson's Proclamation calling for 50,000 men. — Gen. Lyon marches 
 to Jefferson (;ity. — Jackson and Price desert the Capital and establish 
 themselves at Boonville.— Lyon and Blair occupy the Capital.— The Boonvillb 
 FiGH I'. — The State Troops Repulsed.— Lyon occupies Boonville and issues a 
 Proclamation. — The Battle of Carthage. — Col. Sigel's Rei'reat. 
 
 Previous chapters have disclosed mtiiiy of the important proceedings 
 of Congress and of the Legislature, and events State and National, which 
 immediately preceded our late civil war, and by which that dire calamity 
 was precipitated upon the country. In this record we have seen popular 
 frenzy and sectional rancor growing f)Ut of our federal relations, and have 
 contemplated with alarm the imminent peril of the Union of the States. 
 We have seen the deliberations of the Federal Congress, and of State 
 Legisintures, and of popular assemblies of the people, fearfully distracted 
 by the conflicts of opposing opinions, and by heart-burnings and jealous- 
 ies calculated to incite an appeal to the arbitrament of the sword. We 
 have traced the measures of conciliation propo.sed tiirough various instru- 
 mentalities to avert the bloody issues of civil war, and have marked with 
 the deepest concern how impotent they all proved in the end to stay 
 the surging tide of popular reason dethroned. 
 
 We therefore now come to the culmination of the disorder ; to the clash 
 of arms itself; to that period in the State's history in which all argument 
 and entreaty, all appeals to an intelligent patriotism, all invocation of the 
 blessed memories and maxims of a noble ancestry were hushed in the dia 
 and obscured by dust of battle. 
 
ouK crvn^ WAB, 345 
 
 "Within the limits allowed in this " Sketch" it will be impossible to 
 make a full record of the war history of the State, and therefore it 
 will not be attempted. An account, necessarily brief, but, it is hoped, 
 non-partisan and correct, of the most important war-events occurring in 
 the State from the inception of the rebellion in 1861, to its close in 1865, 
 must suffiice. Minor occurrences, although they may have inspired others 
 of tremendous import, and tiresome details, must be omited. The salient 
 points of history will be recorded, we trust, faithfully, succinctly, reli- 
 ably. History will not be knowingly manufactured. That which exists 
 or has existed, events which actually transpired during the war, will claim 
 attention ; for the true province of a historian is to chronicle the known, 
 not the unknown ; the true, not the false ; and to" discharge this function 
 in a manner that shall be equally just to all men. 
 
 To accomplish it, however, is no easy task, for the difficulties to be 
 met and overcome are both numerous and formidable. All wars, and 
 especially all civil wars, are outgrowths of misunderstandings and ill- 
 blood ; and the contemporaneous records of their conflicts by land and sea 
 are more or less discolored by the bitter waters of personal rancor and 
 injustice. Conflicts of arms in all civil wars are remarkably fruitful of 
 conflicts of statement ; and therefore it is often difficult, even for the 
 most candid and impartial, to evolve the truth out of antagonisms which 
 so largely partake of the sensational and the personal. 
 
 We believe it will not be seriously questioned that the overt act of 
 the war, the initial step of the Rebellion, was South Carolina's. That 
 State was the first to pass an ordinance of secession, and this she did as 
 early as December 20th, 18(70. In less than a half hour afterwards, the 
 telegraph having flashed the news to Washington^ ail her representatives in 
 Cono'ress, except two, left the hall. On the 24th, only four days after the 
 passage of the secession ordinance, the Arsenal at Augusta, Georgia, and 
 on the 3d of January, Fort Pulaski, on Cockspur Island, at the mouth 
 of the Savannah River, and Fort Jackson, nearer the city of Savannah, 
 were taken possession of by the insurgents. National defenses in Alabama 
 and North Carolina shared the same fate. On the 9th of January, 1861, 
 the Star of Ike West, laden with government supplies for Fort Sumle.r, 
 and with the national colors flying at her mast-head, and while nearing 
 the fort in Charleston harbor, was fired upon by State troops from a 
 masked battery on Morris Island. In a few days afterwards, Forts St. 
 Philip and Jackson, below New Orleans, and commanding the approach 
 to that city, and the Federal garrison at Baton Rouge, were seized by the 
 State authorities. Warlike demonstrations thus followed each other in 
 
346 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 rapid succession, occasioning the wildest excitement among the people 
 of Miss(niri and the wliole conntry. 
 
 This excitement culminated on the 12th of April ; for it was during 
 tlie darkness of that eventful morning that Lieutenant H. S. Farley, by 
 order of Gren. G. T. Beauregard, fired a signal gun from a battery on^^ 
 James Island, and sent a shell of fire through the black night to explode 
 immediately over Fort Sumter. It was a shot of fearful portent, whose 
 full augury the wisest in the land could not interpret. 
 
 It was the first gun of the Rebellion, the signal for cannonading the 
 Fort itself, which immediately commenced with shot and shell from the 
 batteries on Sullivan's Island, Fort Moultrie, Cummings's Point, and 
 Morris Island. After a heroic and tinavailing resistance, and a terrific 
 bombardment for thirty-six hours, during which over three thousand 
 shot and shell vvere hurled at the Fort, Major Anderson capitulated with 
 his assailants, surrendered Fort Sumter to their possession, and evac- 
 uated it. 
 
 Thib event caused a profound sensation throughout the Union. From 
 the lakes to the gnlf, and from the rivers to=the sea, the wildest excite- 
 ment seized upon the people. They were frenzied. All were equally 
 moved by the portentous event — the Union men by indignation, the 
 Secessionists by exultation. In the midst of the wide-spread and tiniver- 
 sal commotion. President Lincoln, within twenty-four hours after the 
 National Flag was lowered in Charleston harbor, issued a proclamation 
 (April 15, 1861), calling forth " the militia of the several States of the 
 Union, to the aggregate number of 75,000, to suppress combinations in 
 South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi. Louisiana, and 
 Texas, too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial 
 proceedings," " to maintain the honor, the integrity, and existence of 
 our national Union and the perpetuity of popular government," and "to 
 repossess the forts, places and property which have been seized from the 
 Union." Simultaneousl}' with this proclamation, the Secretary of War 
 (Simon Cameron), by authority of law,i issued a telegram to the gover- 
 nors of all the States, excepting those mentioned in the President's pro- 
 clamation, requesting each of them to detail from the militia of the State 
 the number of men designated in a table accompanying the requisiton, to 
 serve as infantry or riflemen for a period of three months. 
 
 Missouri's quota was fixed at four regiments, which Gov. Jackson was 
 requested to furnish. The following was his scornful and defiant reply: 
 
 'See Act of Congress of February 28, 1795. 
 
IMMINENCE OF THE CRISIS. 347 
 
 Executive Department of Missouri, ) 
 Jefferson City, April 17, 1861. ) 
 To the Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C. : 
 
 Sir: — Your dispatch of the 15th inst., making a call on Missouri for four regiments of 
 men for immediate service, has been received. There can be, I apprehend, no doubt 
 but these men are intended to form a part of the President's army to make war upon 
 the people of the seceded States. Your requisition, in my judgment, is illegal, uncon- 
 stitutional, and revolutionary in its objects, inhuman and diabolical, and cannot be 
 complied with. Not one man will the State of Missouri furnish to carry on such an 
 unholv crusade. C. F. Jackson, 
 
 Governor of Missouri. 
 
 Very similar in language and sentiment were the responses of the other 
 five of the eight slave-holding States included in the call — Virginia, North 
 Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Arkansas. The exceptions were 
 Maryland and Delaware, whose answers to the requisition, while not di- 
 rect and outright refusals to comply, were more conciliatory in spirit, 
 and yet did not comply, or promise to comply. 
 
 It was quite evident our national affairs were rapidly tending towards 
 a great and momentous crisis, unparalelledin our history, and that we were 
 on the precipitous verge of a bloody civil war. Many indeed there were, 
 among our public men of acknowledged wisdom and sagacity, who al- 
 ready "smelled the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains and the 
 shouting." Nevertheless, so disastrous to all our best interests a civil war 
 was believed to be, and therefore distasteful to good men of all parties, 
 that high hopes were entertained, especially among the conservative 
 masses of the border slave-states — Missouri included — that by some agen- 
 cy or other, they scarcely knew how or what, the threatened storm of 
 flagrant war would be avoided. Many Union men, therefore, truly loyal 
 to the Constitution and government of the United States, and having no 
 sympathy whatever with the effort to destroy them, persisted in their 
 endeavors to prevent a collision of arms between the military forces of 
 the States and Nation. Hence they were reluctant to abandon their orig- 
 inal and anomalous position of armed neutrality and non-coercion, hoping 
 and trusting that, if the shedding of fraternal blood could be postponed, 
 even for a short period longer, the Union would be saved and the re- 
 pose of the republic preserved. 
 
 They claimed, in the language of Millard Fillmore, to have stood "like 
 a x-ock in the midst of the ocean, against which the surges of secession 
 beat in vain. Not moved by terror or srduced by an unholy ambition, 
 they formed a rampart for the protection of the Constitution." Their 
 policy was one of fidelity to the Union, and of conciliation and peace. 
 
348 msTOKY OF msaouKi. 
 
 distinguished by unceasing efforts, amid a storm of obloquy and reproach 
 and misrepresentation, to prevent their respective States from madly flying 
 from their orbits and plunging the country into the voracious abyss of 
 aiiarcliy and revolution. 
 
 The itnmiaence of the crisis induced Gov. Jackson, who unquestionably 
 sympathized with the Secessionists, to convene the General Assembly in 
 extra session on May 2d, 1861. It was a very important and notable ses- 
 sion of that body, the proceedings of which are recorded and reviewed in a 
 previous chapter — Chapter XXVI. Of even date with the governor's 
 proclamation (April 22, 1861), the following general military order was 
 issued by Warwick Hough, then Adjutant-general of Missouri, now one 
 of the judges of the State Supreme Court : 
 
 Headqtjaktehs Adjutant General's Oppice, Mo. 
 Jefpekson Citt, April 22, 1861. 
 
 (Genekai. Orders No. 7-) 
 
 I. To attain a greater degree of efficiency and perfection in organization and discipline 
 the commanding officers of the several military districts in this State, having four or 
 more legally organized companies therein, whose armories are within fifteen miles of 
 each other, will assemble their respective commands at spme place to be by them sever- 
 ally designated, on the 3d day of May, and to go into an encampment for the period of six 
 days, as provided by law. Captains of companies not organized into battalions will 
 report the strength of their companies immediately to these Headquarters, and await 
 further orders. 
 
 II. The Quartermaster General will procure and issue to the Quartermasters of Dis- 
 tricts, for those commands not now provided for, all necessary tents and camp equipage, 
 to enable the commanding officers thereof to carry the foregoing orders into effect. 
 
 TTT . The Light Battery now attached to the Southwest Battalion, and one company of 
 mounted riflemen, including all officers and soldiers belonging to the First District, \vill 
 proceed forthwith to St. Louis, and report to Gen. D. M. Frost for duty. The remaining 
 companies of said battalion will be disbanded for the purpose of assisting in the 
 organization of companies upon that frontier. The details in the execution of the 
 ioregoing are entrusted to Lieutenant Colonel JohnS. Bowen, commanding the Bat- 
 talion. 
 
 IV. The strength, organization, and equipment of the several companies in the 
 Districts will be reported at once to these Headquarters, and Division Inspectors will 
 furnish all information which may be servicable in ascertaining the condition of the 
 State forces. 
 
 By order of the Governor, Warwick Hough, 
 
 Adjutant General of Missouri. 
 
 Pursuant to this order, the military encampment of " Camp Jackson," 
 at Lindell's Grove, iii the western suburbs of the city of St. Louis, wag 
 organized on the 3d of May, 1861, by Daniel M. Frost, a Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral of the Missouri Militia, and a .graduate of the United States Military 
 
CAMP JAOKsoit. 349 
 
 Academy at West Point. Its object was stated to be to attain greater 
 efficiency in organiziition and military drill, and doubtless this was its 
 more immediate design ; but the conviction soon became general in 
 United States military circles that there were ulterior purposes in view,, 
 known only, or chiefly, to Gov. Jackson and Gen. Frost, and their con- 
 fidential advisers. These purposes, it was strongly suspected, and by some 
 verily believed, embraced the seizure of the United States Arsenal at St. 
 Louis, with its large supply of valuable munitions of war, and the mili- 
 tary control of the State in the interest of those who, notwithstanding 
 the overwhelming auti-secession vote of the people at the Convention 
 election in February, would link the fortunes of Missouri to the Southern 
 Confederacy. 
 
 It is true these ulterior purposes were disavowed, and that in token 
 of the loyalty of the Camp and its commanders, the Stars and Stripes 
 floated over them. Yet Captain Nathaniel Lyon, of the United States 
 array, who had recently supplanted Maj. William Henry Bell, as com- 
 mandant of the Arsenal, and Col. (afterwards Major-General), Frank P. 
 Blair, Jr., and other leading Unionists, looked with suspicion upon the 
 sentiments of Gov. Jackson's inaugural, and particularly the more recent 
 and pronounced avowals of his message to the extra session of the Legisla- 
 ture, when considered in the light of his i-espoii^e to the requisition of the 
 Secretary of War (Cnmeron). Added to all this testimony was the seiz- 
 ure of the United States Arsenal at Liberty, in the county of Clay, April 
 20th, 1861, by order of Gov. Jackson, and the fact that two of the streets 
 or avenues formed by tents of Camp Jackson, were called "Davis" and 
 "Beauregard," in compliment to two of the most prominent leaders of 
 the Rel)ellion. Also, about the time of the seizure of the Liberty Arsenal, 
 Captain Lyon was informed that cannon and mortars in boxes marked 
 " marble," and shot and shell in barrels, had been landed at the St. Louis 
 wharf, from the steamer J. G. Swan, and hauled to Camp Jackson on 
 wagons or drays. To satisfy , himself as to the truth of the report, as 
 well as to make a reoonnoisance of the camp. Captain Lyon disguised 
 himself in ladies' clothes, and closely veiled, rode unsuspected in a car- 
 riat^e around it, and became convinced that vigorous measures were called 
 for with promptness. * 
 
 •Oapt. Lyon wore the dress, shawl and bonnet of Mrs. Andrew Alexander, a daughter 
 of the late Gov. George Madison of Kentucky, whose bravery was conspicuous at French- 
 town on the river Kaisin, during the War of 1812. A colored man named Wm, KobertB 
 drove the carriage, and Oapt. J. J. Witzig wa» Lyon's guide. 
 
350 HISTOKY OF MlSSOUKt. 
 
 Soon after the command of the St. Louis Arsenal was assumed by Capt. 
 L^'on, it was reported to Gen. Frost that it was his intention at an early- 
 day to attack Camp Jackson ; and so rapidly did these reports finally 
 come to him, that, on the morning of May lOth, Gen. Frost addressed 
 Capt. Lyon the following note : 
 
 HEADQUA.KTEKS, CAMP jACKSON, 
 
 Missouri Militia., May 10, 1861. ( 
 Capt. N. Lyon", Commanding United States Troops in and about St. Louis A7-$enal: 
 
 SiK : I am constantly in receipt of information that you contemplate an attack upon 
 my camp, whilst I understand that you are impressed with the idea that an attaclc upon 
 the Arsenal and United States troops is intended on the part ol the militia oi Missouri. 
 I am greatly at a loss to know what could justify you in attacking citizens of the United 
 States who are in the lawful performance of duties devolving- upon them under the 
 Constitution, in organizing and instructing the militia of the State in obedience to her 
 laws, and therefore have been disposed to doubt the correctness of the information I 
 have received. 
 
 I would be glad to know from you personally, whether there is any truth in the 
 statements that are constantly pouring into my ears. So far as regards any hostility 
 being intended towards the United States, or its property or representatives by any 
 portion of my command, or as far as I can learn (and I think I au) fully informed), of 
 any other part of the State forces, I can positively say that tlie idea lias never been 
 entertained. On the contrary, prior to your taking command of the Arsenal. I proferred 
 to Maj. Bell, then in command of the very few troops constituting its guard, the services 
 of myself and all my command, and, if necessary, the wliole power of the State, to 
 protect the United States iu the full possession of all lier property. Upon General 
 Harney's talcing command of this Department, I made the same proffer of services to 
 him, and authorized his Adjutant General, Capt. Williams, to communicate the fact 
 that such had been done to the War Department. I have had no occasion since to 
 change any of the views I entertained at that time, neither of my own volition, uor 
 through orders of my constitutional commander. » 
 
 I trust that after this 'explicit statement we may be able, by fully understanding each 
 other, to keep far from our borders the misfortunes which so unhappily affect our 
 common country. 
 
 This communication will be handed to you by Colonel Bowen, my Chief of Staff, who 
 will be able to explain anything not fuUy set forth in the foregoing. I am, sir. 
 Very respeotfutly your obedient servant. 
 
 Brigadier General D. M. Fkost, 
 Gommanding Camp Jackson, M. V. M. 
 
 Capt. Lyon, it was reported at the time, and we suppose it is true, 
 refused to receive this communication from Gen. Frost; at all events it is 
 not questioned that on the very day of its date, and perhaps at the very 
 hour, he was in the midst of active preparations to march upon the camp 
 and to demand its surrender. About the time of the investment of his 
 camp, between two and three o'clock, p. m,, Friday, May 10th, 1861, 
 Gen. Frost received from Capt. Lypn the following : 
 
tHE CAPTtiRJi OF CAMP JACKSON. 351 
 
 Headquaeteks United States Troops, ) 
 St. Louis, Mo., May 10, 1861. ) 
 Gen. D. M. Frost, Gommanding Camp Jackson; 
 
 Sir: Your command is regarded as evidently liostile tawards the Government of the 
 United States. 
 
 It is, for tlie most part, made up of those Secessionists who have openly avowed their 
 hostility to the General Goveriiment, and have been plotting at the seizure of its prop- 
 erty and the overthrow of its authority. You are openly in communication with the 
 so-called Southern Confederacy, which is now at war with the United States, and you 
 are receiving at your camp, from the said Confederacy, and under its flag, large supplies 
 of the material of war, most of whicli is loiown to be the property of tlie United States. 
 These extraordinary preparations plainly indicate none other than the well known 
 purpose of the Governor of this State, under whose orders you are acting, and whose 
 purpose, recently communicated to the Ijegislature, has just been responded to by that 
 body in the most unparalleUed legislation, having in direct view hostilities to the 
 General Government, and co-operation with its enemies. 
 
 In view of these considerations, and of your failure to disperse in obedience to the 
 
 proclamation of the President, and of the imminent necessities of State policy and 
 
 warfare, and the obligations imposed upon me by instructions from Washington, it is 
 
 my duty to demand, and I do hereby demand of you an immediate sui-render of your 
 
 command, with no other conditions than that all persons surrendering, under this 
 
 demand, shall he humanely and kindly treated. Believing myself prepared to enforce 
 
 this demand, one-half hour's time, before doing so, will be allowed for your compliance 
 
 therewith. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 N. Lyon, 
 
 Gapt. 2d Infantry, Gommanding Troops 
 
 Gen. Frost could not, and did not, mistake the purport of thit, 
 communication, nor under-estimate the power of the armed force then 
 on the march for his encampment and in sight of his tents. Capt. Lyon's 
 command nnmbered between six and seven thousand men and about 
 twenty pieces of artillery. They marched, according to the Missouri 
 Republican s account, " at quick time up Market street, and on arriving 
 near Camp Jackson, rapidly surrounded it, planting batteries upon 
 all the heights overlooking the camp. Long files of men were stationed 
 in platoons at various points on every side, and a picket guard established 
 coverino' an area of say two hundred yatds. The guards, with fixed 
 bayonets and -muskets at half cock, were instructed to allow none to 
 pass or re-pass within the limit thus taken up.^ By this time an immense 
 
 ' The regiments of Missouri Volunteers under Colonels Blair, Boernstein and Franz 
 Sigel were formed on the north and west sides of the camp; the regiment of Col. Nich- 
 olas Schuttner with a company of United States Regulars and a battery of artillery, 
 under Lieut. Latlirop. were drawn upon the east side; and a company of Regulars 
 under Lieut. Saxton, and a battery of heavy guns were on the north side. Capt. Lyon's 
 staff consisted of Franklin A. Dick, (Provost Marshal General of Missouri, under Gen. 
 S. R. Curtis), Samuel Simmons, Bernard G. Farrar and Maj. H. A. Conant. 
 
352 HISTOHY OF MISSOXJKI. 
 
 crowd of people had assembled in the vicinity, having gone thither in 
 C!irii:iges. bii<rgies, rail cars, baggage wagons, on horseback and on foot. 
 Numbers of men siezed rifles, shot-guns, or whatever other weapons 
 they could lay hands upon, and rushed pell-mell to the assistance of the 
 Stite troops, but were, of course, obstructed in their design. The 
 hills, of which there are a number in the neighborhood, were literally 
 hlnck with people — hundreds of ladies and children stationing themselves 
 with the throng, but as they thought, out of harm's way." 
 
 Immediately on receipt of Capt. Lyon's demand for surrender — the 
 Missouri Republican of May 11th, 1861, says — "Gen. Frost called a 
 hasty consultation of the officers of his staff. The conclusion arrived at 
 was about as follows : The Brigade was in no condition to make resistance 
 to a force ao numerically sujierior. With but a few pieces of small 
 calibre, and with less than a dozen rounds of cartridges for his command, 
 a battle must necessarily be of short duration and of but one result— 
 the total route and defeat of the State troops. To have withstood an 
 attack would have been sheer recklessness and cruelty to the men of 
 Gen. Frost's command. In short, the Brigade was not by any means in 
 a war condition. Gen. Frost stated, moreover, that he had no war to 
 wage upon the United States or its troops; that he was only acting in 
 cheerful obedience to the order of his superior officer, and in compliance 
 with the laws of the State; that he had anticipated no conflict, and 
 would not willingly jeopardize the lives of his men in anything that 
 might be construed into hostility to the United States Government. 
 Only one course was to be pursued, and that was quickly agreed upon, 
 viz : a surrender. 
 
 "The demand of Capt. Lyon was accordingly agreed to. The State 
 troops were therefore made prisoners of war, but an offer was made 
 to release them on condition that they would take an oath to support the 
 Constitution of the United States, and would swear not to take up arms 
 against the Government. These terms were made known to the several 
 commands, and the opportunity given to all who might feel disposed 
 to accede to them to do so. Some eight or ten men signified their wil- 
 lingness; but the remainder, about eight hundred, preferred, under the 
 circumstances, to become prisoners. (A number of the troops were 
 absent from the camp in the city, on leave.) Those who declined to 
 take the prescribed oath said that they had already sworn allegience to 
 the United States and to defend the Government, and t© repeat it now 
 would be to admit that they had been in rebellion, which the.v would not 
 concede." 
 
FERDSTG ON THE CKOAVD. 353 
 
 "The prepai-ations for surrender and for marching, as prisoners, under 
 escort of the Arsenal troops, occupied an hour or two. The Brigade 
 was then formed in line headed by Gen. Frost and his staff, on horseback, 
 and with colors flying and drums beating, marched through the wood 
 skirting the road up to an opening that hud been made in the fence near 
 the turnpike. Here a halt was made for some reason, and the opportunity 
 was improved by a large crowd of excited citizens to draw near the 
 officers of the staff and salute them with cheers. The men appeared 
 dejected and rather sad, but evidently were not conscious of having done 
 anything cowardly. One of the officers achieved a volley of deafening 
 huzzas by riding up to a fence and hacking away at it with his sword, 
 breaking and bending it so as to render it entirely useless. It was a 
 very handsome sword, costing $100, and was a recent present from some 
 military friends. This example was followed by others amidst shouts of 
 applause, 
 
 "About half past five, the prisoners of war left the grove and entered 
 the road, the United States soldiers enclosing them by a single file 
 stretched along each side of the line. A halt was ordered and the troops 
 remained standing in the position they had deployed into the road in. 
 The head of the colunm at the time rested opposite a small hill on the 
 left as you approach the city, and the rear was on a line with the 
 entrance to the grove. Vast crowds of people covered the surrounding 
 grounds and every fence and house-top in the vicinity. Suddenly the 
 sharp reports of several fire-arms were heard from the front of the 
 column, and the spectators that lined the adjacent hill were seen fleeing in 
 . the greatest dismay and terror. It appears that several members of 
 one of the German companies, on being pressed by the crowd and 
 receiving some blows from them, turned and discharged their pieces. 
 Fortunately no one was injured, and the soldiers who had done the act were 
 at once placed under arrest. Hardly, however, had tranquility been 
 restored when volley after volley of rifle reports were suddenly heard from 
 the extreme rear ranks, and men, women and children were beheld, 
 running wildly and frantically away from the scene. Many, while naming, 
 were suddenly struck to the sod, and the wounded and dying made the 
 late beautiful field look like a battle ground. The total number killed and 
 injured is about twenty-five. It was reported that the Arsenal troops 
 were attacked with stones, and a couple of shots discharged at them by 
 the crowd before they fired. 
 
 ■23 
 
354 HisTOKT OF anssouKi. 
 
 "The most of the people exposed to the fire of the soldiers, were 
 citizens with their wives and children, who were merely spectators, and 
 who took no part in any demonstration whatever. The firing was said to 
 have been done by Boernstein's company and at the command of an 
 oiBcer. As night closed in and hid the ghastly horrors of the scene, 
 a German regiment took possession of the blood-stained camp and the 
 tents of the State soldiers. By citizens of St. Louis, and especially 
 those who have lost friends by the occurrence of yesterday, the events 
 will not be easily forgotten. 
 
 " The United States troops are now in possession of Camp Jackson, 
 with all the equipage, tents, provisions, &c. The prisoners of war are, 
 we believe, at the Arsenal. 
 
 " It is almost impossible to describe the intense exhibition of feeling 
 which was manifested last evening in the city. All the most frequented 
 streets and avenues were thronged with citizens in the highest state of 
 excitement, and load huzzas and occasional shots were heard in various 
 localities. There was very little congregating on the street corners. 
 Everybody was on the move, and rapid pedestrianism was turned into 
 account. Thousands upon thousands of restless human beings could be 
 seen from almost any point on Fourth street, all in search of the latest 
 news. Imprecations, loud and long, were hurled into the darkening air, and 
 the most unanimous resentment was expressed on all sides at the manner 
 of firing into the harmless crowds near Camp Jackson. Hon. J. K. 
 Barret, Major Uriel Wright and other speakers addi'essed a large and 
 intensely excited crowd in front of. the Planters' House, and other well 
 known citizens were similarly engaged at various other points in the city. 
 Amid the noise and confusion it was impossible to obtain even the 
 substance of the speeches delivered. 
 
 "All the drinking saloons, restaurants and other public resorts of simi- 
 lar character, were closed by their proprietors almost simultaneously at 
 dark ; and the windows of private dwellings were fastened, in fear of a 
 general riot. Theaters and other public places of amusement were 
 entirely out of the question, and nobody went near them. Matters of 
 graver import were occupying the minds of out citizens, and everythin" 
 but the present excitement was banished from their thoughts. 
 
 " Crowds of men rushed through the principal thoroughfares, bearino- 
 banners and devices suited to their several fancies, and by turns cheerino- 
 and groaning. Some were armed and others were not armed, and all 
 seemed anxious to be at work. A charge was made on the gun store of 
 H. E. Dimick on Main street, the door was broken open, and the crowd 
 
A EEMAKKABLE LETTER. 355 
 
 secured fifteen or twenty guns before a sufficient number of police could 
 be collected to arrest the proceedings. Chief McDonough marched down 
 ■with about twenty policemen, armed with muskets, and succeeded in dis- 
 persing the mob and protecting the premises from further molestaticra. 
 Squads of armed policemen were stationed at several of the most public 
 corners, and the offices of the Missouri Democrat and Anzeiger des Wes- 
 tens were placed under guard for protection." 
 
 Gen. Frost's command were marched to the Arsenal between Blair's 
 and Boernstein's regiments, and remained there that night prisoners of 
 war. Next day (Saturday) they were released, each one of them — Capt. 
 Emmet McDonald, excepted, who refused — subscribing the following 
 parole : 
 
 St. Lotjis Arsenal, May 11, 1861. 
 "\Ve, the undersigned, do pledge our words as gentlemen that we will not take up arms 
 nor serve in any military capacity against the United States, dming the present civil 
 war. This parole to be returned upon our surrendering ourselves, at any time, as pris- 
 oners of war. While we make this pledge with the full intention of observing it, we 
 hereby protest against the justice of its exaction. 
 
 The history of the capture of Camp Jackson would not be complete 
 without the transcript of a letter from Gen. Frost to Gov. Jackson, dated 
 January 24th, 1861, (captured with other Confederate records in Ala- 
 bama by the 49th Missouri Volunteers) . Although the letter was written 
 more than three months before Lyon's march upon the camp, it discloses 
 the purposes of Gen. Frost, and those in authority in Misssouri at that 
 time, and the concealed sympathies with their designs of Maj. Bell, then 
 comxnandant of the Arsenal. Gen. Frost's letter is a remarkable paper, 
 and pours a flood of light upon events transpiring previous to the 
 inauguration of flagrant war in Missouri. It is as follows : 
 
 St. Louis, Mo., January 24, 1861 . 
 His Excellency, O. F. Jackson, Governor of Missouri : 
 
 Deab Sik: I have just returned from the Arsenal, where I have had an inten'iew 
 with Major Bell, the commanding offloer of that place. I found the Major everything that 
 you or I could desire. He assured me that he consider.ed that Missouri had, whenever 
 the time came, a right to claim it as being upon her soil. He asserted his determiniitinn 
 to defend it against any and all irresponsible mobs, come from whence they might, but at 
 the same time gave me to understand that he would not attempt any defease against the 
 proper State authorities. 
 
 He promised me upon the honor of an officer and a gentleman that he would not suf- 
 fer any arms to he removed from the place without first giving me timely information, 
 and I in return promised him that I would use all the force at my command to prevent 
 him being annoyed by irresponsible persons. 
 
356 HISTORY OF MISSOUET. 
 
 I at the same time gave liira notice that if aiTairs assumed so threatening a character 
 as to render it unsafe to leave tlie place in its comparatively unprotected condition, that 
 I might come down and quarter a proper force there to protect it from the assaults of 
 any persons whatsoever, to which he assented. In a word, the Major is with us, where 
 lie ought to be, for all his worldly wealth lies here in St. Louis (and it is very large) , and 
 then, again, his sympathies ai'e Avith us. 
 
 I shall therefore rest perfectly easy, and use all my influence to stop the sensationists 
 from attracting the particular attention of the government to this particular spot. The 
 telegraphs you i-eceived were the sheerest '■'■canards^'' of persons who, without discre- 
 tion, are extremely anxious to sliow their zeal. T shall be thoroughly prepared with the 
 proper force to act as emergency may require. The use of force will only be resorted to 
 when nothing else will avail to prevent the shipment or removal of the arms. 
 
 The Major informed me that he had arms for forty thousand men, with all the appli- 
 artees to manufacture munitions of almost every kind. 
 
 This Arseiial, if properlj' looked after, will be everything to our State, and I intend to 
 look after it, very quietly, however. I have every confidence in the word of honor 
 pledged to me by the Major, and would as soon think of doubting the oath of the best 
 man in the community. 
 
 His idea is, that it would be disgraceful to him. as a military man to surrender to a 
 miob., whilst he could do so without compromising his dig'nit.y, to the State authorities. 
 Of comrse I did not show him your order, but I informed him that you had authorized 
 me to> aict as I might think proper to protect the public property. 
 
 He desired that I would not divulge his j)eculiar views, which I promised not to do, 
 except to yourself. I beg, therefore, that you will say nothing that might compromise 
 hira eventually with the general government, for thereby I would be placed In an awk- 
 ward position, whilst he would probably be removed, which would be unpleasant to our 
 interests. 
 
 Grimsley, as you doubtless know, is an unconscionable jackass, and only desires to 
 make himself notorious. It was through him that McLaren and George made the mis- 
 take of telegraphing a falsehood to you. 
 
 I should be pleased to hear whether you approve of the course I have adopted, and if 
 not, I am ready to- take any other that you, as my commander, may suggest. I am, 
 sir, most truly Tour obedient servant, 
 
 D, M. Fkost, 
 
 The capture of Camp Jackson, and the consequent unfortunate col- 
 lision between some of the Union troops and the people, but notably 
 the blood-shed which followed, occasioned a profound sensation and the 
 wildest excitement throughout the State. Nothing equal to it in the in- 
 tensity of the popular delirium occurred during the war. The most sen- 
 sational and exaggerated reports flew on the wings of the wind, of the 
 brutal murder of defenseless men, women and children, by an infuriated 
 soldiexy ; of their unprovoked attack with Miuie rifles and fixed bayonets, 
 Tipon the unoffending spectators of Frost's surrender, and of heartless and 
 eriminal outrages too horrid to be recorded here. In truth these reports 
 not only occasioned great coiisternation in the Legislature then in session 
 at the Capital, but set the State ablaze, and iDrecipitated the people for a 
 time into the giddy whirl of an unreasoning frenzy. 
 
GBN. HAENEY'S PROCLAMATION. 357 
 
 We have seen, in a former chapter, how the startling and rapidly- 
 occurring events passeded the Military Bill through the General Assembly, 
 providing for men aud money to arm the State. Had we space, we might 
 note the impromptu uprising of the people in many localities, with such 
 arms as they could hastily gather, to avenge the terrible and wholesale 
 slaughter (as the first reports falsely stated it), of women and children in 
 the streets of St, Louis, by a brutal and licentious Abolition mob, armed 
 with U. S. muskets and commanded by German cut-throats. But it is 
 not necessary. Suffice it to say that, two days after the capture of Camp 
 Jackson, Brigadier-General Wm. S. Harney, commandant of the depart- 
 ment, returned to St, Louis from Washington, and on that day (May 12, 
 1861) , issued a proclamation to the people of Missouri and St. Louis, city 
 in which he deprecated " the deplorable state of things existing," and as- 
 sured the people " he would carefully abstain from the exercise of any 
 unnecessary powers," and only use " the military force stationed in this 
 District in the last resort to preserve the peace." He trusted he would 
 " be spared the necessity of resorting to martial law, but the public peace 
 must be preserved, and the lives and property of the people protected." 
 He also exhorted the people to "pursue their peaceful avocations, 
 to observe the laws and orders of their local authorities, and to abstain 
 from the excitements of public meetings and heated discussions," 
 
 Two days afterwarda (May 14, 1861), Gen. Harney issued a second 
 proclamation "to the People of the State of Missouri," in which he de- 
 nounced the "Military Bill," passed by the recent Legislature, as " an- 
 indirect secession ordinance, ignoring even the forms resorted to by other 
 States," and unconstitutional and void. H« also alluded approvingly to 
 the capture of Camp Jackson, maintaining that the camp had been " or- 
 ganized in the interests of the secessionists," "the men openly wearing 
 the dress and badge distinguishing the army of the so-called Southern 
 Confederacy ; " and that it was "a notorious fact that a quantity of 
 arms had been received into the camp which were unlawfully taken from 
 the United States Arsenal at Baton Rouge, and surreptitiously passed up 
 the river in boxes marked 'marble.' " Also that " no government iu the 
 world would be entitled to respect that would tolerate for a moment such 
 openly treasonable preparations ;" adding : "It is but simple justice, 
 however, that I should state the fact that there were many good and loyal 
 men in the camp, who were iu no manner responsible for its treason- 
 able character." The proclamation, which was one of considerable 
 length, concluded as follows : 
 
358 HISTOET OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Disclaiming, as I do, all desire or intention to interfere in any way with the preroga- 
 tives of the State of Missouri, or with the functions of its Executive or other authorities, 
 yet I regard it as my plain path of duty to express to the people, in respectful but at the 
 same time decided language, that within the field and scope of my command and au- 
 tliority, the '■'■supreme law'''' of the land must and shall be maintained, and no subterfuges, 
 whether in the forms of legislative acts or otherwise, can be permitted to harrass or op- 
 press the good and law-abiding people of Missouri. I shall exert my authority to protect 
 their persons and property from violations of every kind, and I shall deem it my duty 
 to suppress all unlawful combinations of men, whether formed under pretext of military 
 organization or otherwise. Wm. S. Habnet, 
 
 Brig. G-en. U. S. Army, Commanding. 
 
 It nras quite evident from the tenor of both of Gen. Harney's proclama- 
 tions, that it was bis purpose to pursue apolicy of conciliation and peace, 
 and to avert the horrors of civil war, provided these objects could be 
 attained and the authority and unity of the National Government 
 preserved, aud not otherwise. He was ready for the field, but anxious 
 for peace. 
 
 With the view of preserving the public peace and maintaining the 
 supremacy of the laws and the unity of the republic, Gen. Harney held a 
 conference with Gen. Sterling Price,i of the Missouri State Guard, in St. 
 Louis, on May 21st, 1861, which resulted in the adoption of an 
 agreement that imposed certain important duties and responsibilities on 
 each party signing it, and on the authorities aud people they claimed 
 respectively to represent. It was as follows : 
 
 St. Louis, May 21, 1861. 
 
 The undersigned, officers of the United States Government, and of the Government of 
 the State of Missouri, for the purpose of removing misapprehensions and allaying public 
 excitement, deem it proper to declare publicly that they have, this day, had a personal 
 interview in this city, in which it has been mutually understood, without the semblance 
 of dissent on either part, that each of them has no other than a common object equally 
 interesting and important to every citizen of Missouri — that of restoring peace and good 
 order to the people of the State in subordination to the laws of the General and the State 
 G-overnments. 
 
 It being thus understood, there seems no reasons why every citizen should not con- 
 fide in the proper officers of the General and State Goverments to restore quiet; and, as 
 the best means of offering no counter influences — ^we mutually recommend to all persons 
 to respect each other's rights throughout the State, making no attempt to exercise un- 
 authorized powers, as it is the determination of the proper authorities to suppress all 
 unlawful proceedings which can only disturb the public peace. 
 
 Gen. Price, having by commission full authority over the Militia of the State of Mis- 
 souri, undertakes, vnth the sanction of the Governor of the State, already declared, to 
 direct the whole power of the State oiHcers to maintain order within the State among the 
 
 ^.Gen. Sterling Price died in St. Louis, of chronic diarrhea, Sept. 29th, 1867, aged 58 
 years. 
 
GEN. HAENEY BEHOVED. 359 
 
 people thereof; and G-en. Harney publicly declares that this ohject being thus assured, 
 he can have no occasion, as he has no wish, to make military movements vifhich might 
 otherwise create excitements and jealousies, which he most earnestly desires to avoid. 
 
 We, the undersigned, do therefore mutually enjoin upon the people of the State to at- 
 tend to their civil business, of whatsoever sort it may be ; and it is to be hoped that the 
 unquiet elements, which have threatened so seriously to disturb the public peace, may 
 soon subside and be remembered only to be deplored. 
 
 WM. S. Haenet, Brig. Gen. Commanding. 
 
 Sterling- Price, Maj., Gen. M. S. G. 
 
 Of even date with the above compact and declaration, and as a part 
 of it, Gen. Harney issued the following proclamation : 
 
 To the People of the State of Missouri: — ^I take great pleasure in submitting to you the 
 above paper, signed by General Price, commanding the "forces of the State, and by my- 
 self on the part of the Government of the United States. It will be seen that the united 
 forces of both Governments are pledged to the maintenance of the peace of the 
 State, and the defense of the rights and property ofallpersons, without distinction of party. 
 This pledge, which both parties are fully authorized and empowered to give, by the Gov- 
 ernments which they represent, will be, by both, most religiously and sacredly kept; and 
 if necessary to put down evil disposed persons, the military power of both Governments 
 will be called to enforce the terms of the honorable and amicable agreement which has 
 been made. I therefore ask of all persons in this State, to observe good order, and re- 
 spect the rights of their fellow-citizens, and give them the assurance of protection and 
 secui'ity in the most ample manner. Wm. S. Habnet, 
 
 Brig. Gen., Commanding. 
 
 The authorities of the National Government at "Washington did not 
 approve the Harney-Price agreement, and therefore it was short-lived and 
 fruitless of results — except to precipitate the removal of Gen. Harney 
 from the command of the Department, a step which was evidently con- 
 templated some days anterior to the consummation of this agreement. 
 He assumed the command of the Department on the 12th of May, and on 
 the 21st entered into the peace arrangement with Gen. Price. Although 
 the order superseding him was dated the 16th of May, five days before 
 the arrangement, it did not reach him until the 31st — ten days after its 
 publication. Capt. Lyon succeecied Gen. Harney in command. 
 
 Previous, however, to his supersession, and in testimony of his good 
 faith in carrying out the arrangement entered into with Gen. Price, Gen. 
 Harney issued orders for the withdrawal of the Federal troops (German 
 Beo-iments) from the different encampments in the suburbs of St. Louis. 
 Col. Shutter's regiment left for Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, on Tues- 
 day, May 28th. Col. Bcernstein's regiment, stationed near the Reservoir, 
 and at Bissell's Point, for the purpose of stopping Missouri river boats, 
 was ordered to the Barracks. Col. Sigel's regiment remained at the 
 
360 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Arsenal, and it was the iutention to send Col. Blair's the next week to 
 Virginia. And Gov. Jackson and Gen. Price, in the spirit of the 
 arrangement, disbanded the State troops at Jefferson City and St. Joseph, 
 and ordered them homo, there to drill and receive military instrnction. 
 
 The removal of Gen. Harney and the appointment of Gen. Lyon to 
 the command defeated the execution of the Harney-Price arrangement, 
 and, as it turned out, left all the terrible issues of the times to be settled 
 by the arbitrament of the sword. 
 
 It is very true that on the 11th of June, a second conference was held 
 in St. Louis between the military authorities of the National and State 
 Governments, with the riew of averting the calamities of war and 
 preserving the peace of the people. But it resulted in nothing, except 
 in the more vivid disclosure of the terrible truth that their differences 
 were irreconcilable by any means known to the councils of peace. This 
 interview was held at the Planters' House, between Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, 
 Col. Frank P. Blair, Jr., and Maj. H. A. Conant, on the one side, and 
 Gov. C. F. Jackson, Gen. Sterling 'Price and Col. Thomas L. Snead, 
 Private Secretary of Gov. Jackson (afterwards Gen. Price's Chief of 
 Staff), on the other. The interview lasted six hours. Gov. Jackson, 
 according to his representation of the interview, as found in his procla- 
 mation of the next day, submitted to Gens. Lj'on and Blair this propo- 
 sition : — 
 
 That I would disband the State Guard, and break up its organization ; that I woul(3 
 disarm all the companies which had been armed by the State ; that I would pledge myself 
 not to attempt to organize the militia under the Military Bill ; that no arms or muni-- 
 tions of war should be brought into the State; that I would protect all citizens equally 
 in all their rights, regardless of their political opinions; that I would repress all Insur- 
 rectionary movements within the State; that I would repel all attempts to invade it, 
 from whatever quarter, and by whomsoever made ; and that I would thus maintain a 
 strict neutrality in the present unhappy contest, and preserve the peace of the State. 
 And I further proposed that I would, if necessary, invoke the assistance of the U. S. 
 troops to carry out these pledges. All this I proposed to do upon condition that the 
 Federal Government would undertake to disarm the Home Guards which it has illegally 
 organized and armed throughout the State, and pledge itself not to occupy with its 
 troops any localities in the State, not occupied by them at this time. 
 
 This proposition was rejected by Gens. Lyon and Blair, they demand- 
 ing, according to Gov. Jackson's proclamation above quoted — 
 
 Not only the disorganization and disarming of the State militia, and the nullificatioa 
 of the Military Bill, but they refused to disarm their own Home Guards, and insisted 
 that the Federal Government should enjoy an unrestricted right to laove and station its 
 troops throughout the State, whenever and wherever that might, in the opinion of its 
 
GEN-. LYON. 361 
 
 officers, be necessary, either for the protection of the "loyal subjects" of the Federal 
 Government, or for the repelling of invasion; and they plainly announced that it -was 
 the intention of the Adnainistration to take military occupation, under these pretexts, 
 of the whole State, and to reduce it, as avowed by General Lyon himself, to the -'exact 
 condition of Maryland." 
 
 This finnl effort at conciliation huving faifed, Gov. J.^oksou and his 
 associates left for Jefferson City that night,i burning the railroad bridges 
 
 ' During the summer of 1877, a New York correspondent of the Cincinnati Enquirer 
 met Col. Tlios. L. Snead, now a citizen of New York, who gave this account of Gen. 
 Lyon and of the Lyon-Jackson interview : "Lyon," said Col. Snead, "was the greatest 
 man I ever saw. That has been my statement everywhere. I felt it and said it the day 
 we held that memorable interview of six hours with him at the Planters' House, St. 
 Louis. He was Jeff. Davis over again, but not as narrow and prejudiced as Davis. He 
 was Davis, however, in intensity and tenacity, and about of the weight and leanness of 
 Davis. We were to hold that interview in order to see if war could be prevented. I 
 am the only survivor of it. Claib. Jackson and Sterling Price were the ablest politi- 
 cians of Missouri ; Price at the head, after the death of Col. Benton. I was the Gover- 
 nor's (Jackson's) Secretary. Lyon came there with Frank Blair, Jun., and Gen. Conant. 
 The latter was afterward killed. Price was a successful military officer and Major Gen- 
 eral in the war with Mexico. Lyon was nothing but a little Captain of artillery. But 
 such was his clearness, force and real genius, that he met those old politicians at every 
 point, conceding nothing, but never discourteous, his reason and his will equal. The 
 whole party felt him to be the master mind, and the Federal historians do not err when 
 they put him down as the greatest man they produced; — greater than any produced on 
 both sides west of the Mississippi Biver. 
 
 "Lyon advanced into tliat room, a little, red-bearded, red-haired, precise, positive, 
 plain man. He sat down and crossed one leg over the other stiffly, and his face was 
 serious and stern. He spoke each word separate from the other, pronouncing the little 
 words like my and to with as much emphasis as the longer words. He raised his right 
 arm automatically as the convei'sation proceeded, and bi-ought it down with a jerk, the 
 fore-finger extended, yet never speaking higher or lower than at first. "We felt the sense 
 of war and government in all his bearing. 
 
 " 'I shall take small part in this conference,' said Lyon. 'Mr. Blair is familiar with 
 this question, and knows the views of my Government, and has its full confidence. 
 "What he has to say will have my support.' 
 
 "Yet in half an hour he took the case out of Blair's mouth and advanced to the front, 
 and Frank Blair was as dumb as he had been. The United States never could have been 
 typified by a more invincible mind and presence. It was three o'clock when the meeting 
 broke up. The last attempt Jackson made was to have both sides agree not to recruit 
 troops in Missouri. Lyon arose : 41, 
 
 " 'Eather than agree that my government shall concede to your government one iota 
 of authority as to one man to be recruited, one inch of soil of this State to be divided 
 in allegiance or neutralized between my government and. your government, I will see 
 you, sir, (pointing to Price), and you, sir, (pointing to Jackson), and myself and all 
 of us, under the sod!' Then, taking out his watch, stiffly, he said, 'You shall have 
 safe conduct out of my lines for one hour. Meantime, you can get your dinner. It is 
 now three o'clock. ' " We took our dinner in haste and left St. Louis by an express train, 
 and if we had not burned the bridges behind us, by George! he would have caught us» 
 sir, before we could reach Jefferson City, for he marched at once." 
 
362 HISTOEY OP MISSOURI. 
 
 behind them, and cutting the telegraph wires. On the next day 
 (June 12), Gov. Jaclison issued a proclamation callhig into active ser- 
 vice fifty thousand State militia "for the purpose of repelling invasion 
 and for the protection of the lives, liberty and property of the citizens 
 of this State," earnestly exhorting "all good citizens of Missouri to rally 
 under the flag of their State for the protection of their endangered homes 
 and firesides, and for the defense of their most sacred rights and dearest 
 liberties." He also advised the people " that your first allegiance is due 
 to your own State ; and that you are under no obligation, whatever, to 
 obey the unconstituHo7ial edicts of the military despotism which has en- 
 throned itself at Washington, nor submit to the infamous and degrading 
 sway of its wicked minions in this State. No brave and true-hearted 
 Missourian will obey the one or submit to the other. Else, then, and 
 drive oiit ignominiously the invaders who have dared to desecrate the 
 soil which your labors have made fruitful, and which is consecrated by 
 your homes." 
 
 This proclamation was the signal for civil war in Misteouri, and 
 immediately after its publication active military movements within the 
 State begun. 
 
 General Lyon at once prepared to march upon Jefferson City. Ori 
 Thursday the 13th of June — the day after the proclamation of Govenor 
 Jackson was issued — two companies of regulars, the secoud battalion 
 of the first regiment of Missouri volunteer infantry, and one section of 
 Totten's light artillery, left St, Louis on the steamer latan; and the 
 steamer J. C. Swan left the wharf with the first battalion of the first 
 regiment under the command of Colonel F. P. Blair, and other sections 
 of Totten's battery and a detachment of pioneers, together with General 
 Lyon and staff, numbering fifteen hundred men, for the Capital of 
 Missouri. All needed camp equipage, ammunition and provisions for a 
 long march, together with wagons and horses, accompanied the expedi- 
 tion. 
 
 On Saturday evening at 3 o'clock, June 15th, they disembarked at 
 JeflTerson City and took possession of the town. No resistance was 
 offered, for on the Thursday previous Governor Jackson, General Price 
 and other officers left on the steamer White Cloud for Boonville, never 
 to return. Captain Kelly's company left on the railroad on Friday, 
 burning the bridge at Gray's creek behind them. Five companies of 
 Colonel Blair's regiment, one company of regulars and one company of 
 artillery, entered the city. The regulars landed first and immediately 
 took possession of the heights near the Penitentiary, and a part of 
 
THE BOONVILLE FIGHT. 363 
 
 Colonel Blair's regiment marched to the Ciipitol, took possession of the 
 building, and hoisted the national flag. The balance of the troops, with 
 the artillery, remained on the boats. 
 
 Colonel Henry Boerustein was appointed to the command of Jefferson 
 City, who on the 17th issued a proclamation "to the citizens of Cole 
 Connty and the adjacent counties of Missouri." 
 
 On Sunday, June 16th, Gen. Lyon re-embarked his troops on the 
 steamers A. McDowell, latan and Oity of Louisiana, and set sail for 
 Boonville, whither Jackson and Price had gojne, and where they had 
 collected, short as the time was, a military force estimated at three or four 
 thousand. For the most part they were badly armed, and many of them 
 wholly without arms, and without officers, training or organization ; and 
 with but a single piece of artillery, a six pounder. In the midst of these 
 hasty preparations to fight the first battle of the rebellion in Missouri, 
 Gen. Price was prostrated by serious illness, and on Simday left, on the 
 Willie Cloud, for his residence in Chariton County. 
 
 Gen. Lyon's command steamed up the river, and, landing one mile 
 below Providence, a small shipping point on the river in Boone Coimty, 
 stopped for the night. Early next morning he resumed his course up 
 the river, reaching Rocheport about 6 o'clock a. M., where he learned 
 that the State troops, under Gov. Jackson and Col. John S. Marmaduke, 
 of Saline, were preparing to receive him some six miles below Boon- 
 ville, on the Cooper side. The propriety of attacking Gen. Lyon's 
 command or of risking a battle was seriously questioned by Jackson and 
 Price, on account of the badly armed and disorganized condition of the 
 raw recruits who had rallied to their standard. But the State troops 
 were "full of fight" and would listen to none of the counsels of prudence, 
 which oftimes is the better part of valor. Thei-efore they left Boonville 
 and their only piece of ordnance, and under the command of Col. John 
 S. Marmaduke marched to meet the advancing column under Lyon and 
 Blair. This column had disembarked from their boats at Rocheport, 
 with six pieces of artillery, and pursuing their way in the direction of 
 Boonville, encountered the State troops about midway between that place 
 and Rocheport. Reaching the brow of the ascent on which Col. Marmaduke 
 and Gov. Jackson had formed their line of battle, Capt. Totton opened 
 the en<:»'a"-ement by throwing a few nine-pounder explosives into their 
 ranks, while the infantry filed oblique right and left and commenced a 
 terrific volley of musketry, which was for a short time well replied to, 
 the balls flying thick and fast and occasionally wounding a soldier of 
 Lyon's command. Col. Marmaduke was posted in a lane running 
 
364 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 towards the river from the road alona: which the army of the United 
 States were advancing, and in a brick house ( Adams' ) on the northeast 
 corner of the junction of the two roads. A couple of bombs were 
 thrown through the east wall of the house, scattering the State troops in 
 all directions. The well-directed fire of the German infantry, Lieut. Col. 
 Schaeffer on the right, and Gen. Lyon's company of regulars and part of 
 Col. Blair's regiment on the left of the road, soon compelled Col. Mar- 
 maduke's command to fallback into a field of wheat, where they again 
 formed in line just on the brow of the hill. They then advanced 
 some twenty steps to meet the United States troops, and for a short time 
 the cannon were plied with great rapidity and efiect. Just at this junc- 
 ture the State forces opened a galling fire from a grove on the left 
 of Lyon's center, and from a shed beyond and still further to the left. 
 
 The skirmish now assumed the magnitude of a battle. The com- 
 mander, Gen. Lyon, exhibited the most remarkable coolness, and 
 j)reserved throughout that undisturbed presence of mind shown by 
 him alike in camp, in private life, or on the field. "Forward on the 
 extreme right." " Give them another shot, Capt. Totten," echoed above 
 the roar of musketry clear and distinct from the lips of the General ^ 
 who led the advancing column. Lyon's force was 2,000 in all, but not 
 over 500 participated at any one time in the battle. The State troops 
 numbered, perhaps, 1,500; not all of whom, however, were engaged 
 in the conflict. 
 
 The last encounter ended the engagement, and the State troops 
 retreated in great disordei' — so much so that the Boonville battle is often 
 called in Missouri "the Boonville Baces." 
 
 The number of killed and wounded on each side was greatly exagger- 
 ated at the time. According the most authentic accounts accessible to 
 us, there were two men killed on the Federal side — nJacob Kiburtz, 
 commissary of Company B, Second Regiment, and M. N. Coolidge, of 
 Company H, First Regiment. Nine men were wounded, but few of 
 them severely. One man was also missing who was known to have been 
 badly shot. On the State side only two wei-e killed — Dr. William 
 Quarles, of Boonville, and Frank E. Hulen, of Pettis, son of Taylor 
 Hulen, of Boone Coiinty, and the brother of Mrs. James Duncan of 
 Columbia. A son of Dr. McCutchen, of Boonville, died of his wounds 
 the Monday after the battle. 
 
 The Federal forces marched to Boonville and took quiet possession of 
 "Camp Vest" and the city. At "Camp Vest" there were found one 
 thousand two hundred shoes, twenty or thirty tents, quantities of 
 
LYON OCCUPIES BOONVILLE AND ISSUllS A PEOCLAMATION. 365 
 
 ammunition, some fifty guns of various patterns, blankets, coats, carpet 
 jsaoks arid two secession flags. 
 
 On the day after reaching Boonville (June 18th, 1861), General 
 Lyon issued a proclamution "to the people of Missouri," in which 
 he re-assured them that it was his intention to use the force under his 
 command for no other purpose than the maintenance of the authority of 
 the General Government and the protection of the rights and property 
 of all law-abiding citiezens. He also made it known that "the State 
 authorities, in violation of an agreement with General Harney, on the 
 21st of May last, had drawn together and organized upon a large scale 
 the means of warfare, and having made declaration of war, they aban- 
 doned the Capital, issued orders for the destruction of the railroad and 
 telegraph lines, and, proceeding to this point, put into execution their 
 hostile purposes toward the General Government." He also denied, in 
 order to counteract the influence of the misrepresentations of the secession 
 leaders, "that the Government troops intended a forcible and violent 
 invasion of Missouri for purposes of military despotism and tyranny," 
 and gave notice to the people of this State, that he should scrupulously 
 avoid all interference with the business, rights and property of every 
 description, recognized by the laws of this State, and belonging to law- 
 abiding citizens ; but that it was equally his duty to maintain the 
 paramount authority of the United States with such force as he had at 
 his command, which would be retained only so long as opposition should 
 make it necessary, and that it was his wish, and should be his purpose, to 
 ■devolve any \inavoidable vigor, arising in this issue, upon those only 
 who provoked it. 
 
 Governor Jackson left Boonville on horseback for Arrow Kock, 
 Saline County. A few days afterwards he was at Syracuse, on the 
 Pacific railroad, with a military force of six hundred men. At this point 
 he was scented by General Lyon, who dispatched a Federal force of a 
 thousand men under Captain Totten to capture and bring him back to 
 Boonville ; but the Governor, hearing of their approach, left with his 
 troops about sunrise, en route for Arkansas to join Colonel Ben. Mc- 
 ■CuUooh. General Price, on partially regaining his health, went to 
 Lexington, thence to Southwest Missouri. 
 
 Civil war was now fairly inaugurated in Missouri, and military move- 
 ments progressed rapidly. Federal troops poured into the State, and the 
 work of organizing new regiments within its borders was entered upon 
 Tvith enthusiasm and success. The Union forces garrisoned the city of 
 :St. Louis, Hermann, Jefferson City, Rolla, the terminus of the south- 
 
366 HISTOKT OF MISSOURI. 
 
 west branch of the Pacific raih-oad, Boonville and Bu'd's Point, opposite 
 Cairo. They held the entire State north of the Missouri river, the 
 southeast portion between the Mississippi river and a line drawn south- 
 ward from the State Capital to the Arkansas border, and all the railroads 
 and navigable rivers in the State. 
 
 General Lyon remained in Boonville until July 3d, 1861, on which 
 day he left with his forces for the southwest, reaching Springfield on the 
 6th, where his command was increased by the addition of the troops un- 
 der Maj, Sturgis. On the day before Lyon arrived at Springfield (July 
 5th), a sharp engagement — the next in chronological order after the bat- 
 tle at Boonville — took place at Carthage, Jasper county, between the 
 Federal forces under Col. Franz Sigel and the State troops in command 
 of Gov. Jackson, Gen. James S. Rains, of Jasper, and Gen. M. M. 
 Parsons, of Cole. The following account of the engagement, apparently 
 the most authentic at command, is taken from the Missouri Republican 
 of July 11th. 1861 ; and is based upon information received from Lieut. 
 M. Tosk, of the artillery attached to the 3d Missouri Volunteers, and 
 who acted as Col. Sigel's adjutant during the fight. He came to St. 
 Louis as the bearer of dispatches to the commander of the St. Louis Ar- 
 senal, and traveled day and night from " the seat of war" : — 
 
 On Friday morning last, at 5 o'clock, a scouting party, sent out by Col. Sigel, encount- 
 ered, about two miles distant from Carthage, a picket guard of the State troops, who 
 were attacked and were taken prisoners. VTith all dispatch Col. Sigel prepared to go 
 forward, expecting to meet the State troops some distance west of Carthage. About 
 half past nine o'clock, the meeting took place in an open prairie, seven miles beyond 
 Carthage. Lieut. Tosk estimates the numbers of the opposing army at five thousand, 
 chiefly cavalry, but supplied with a battery of five cannon — four six pounders and one 
 twelve pounder — while Col. Sigel's command consisted of his own regiment of two bat- 
 talions, and Col. Salomon's detached regiment, with several pieces of artillery, under 
 command of Major Backoff. Col. Sigel's regiment had six hundred men, and Col. Sal- 
 omon's five hundred. The State troops were commanded by Generals Parsons and Kains. 
 Maj. Backoff, under the direction of Col. Sigel, opened the fire, which continued briskly 
 for nearly two hours. In less than an hour the twelve pounder of the State troops was 
 dismounted, and soon afterward the whole battery was silenced. The superior arms of 
 the Federals enabled them to maintain a situation of comparatively little danger. The 
 State troops, whom for convenience we shall call " Jackson's men," twice broke 
 their ranks, but were raUied and held their position very well, considering the destruct- 
 ive discharges against them, until their guns gave out, when their column was again 
 broken. 
 
 At this juncture, about fifteen hundred of the cavalry started back with the intention 
 of cutting off Sigel's transportation train, seeing which movement a retreat was ordered, 
 and word sent immediately for the wagons to advance as quickly as possible. By keeping 
 up the fire with the infantry and bringing the artillery in range whenever practicable, 
 Col. Sigel managed to retard the progress of Jackson's cavalry, and eventually to fall 
 
THE BATTLE OF OAETHAGE. 367 
 
 back almost unobstructed to the baggage train, which was some three and a half mlleB 
 from the scene of the first engagement. 
 
 By asMUlul movement, the wagons were placed in the center of the column in such a 
 manner that there were artillery and infantry forces both in front and rear. Jackson's 
 troops then retreated and endeavored to surround the entire column by taking a position 
 upon some high bluffs or hills overlooking the creek. There was but one road leading 
 across this stream, and to progress at all, without further retreating in the direction of 
 Carthage, it was necessary to cross the elevation where the cavalry were mainly posted. 
 
 Major Backoff ordered two of the artilleiT- pieces in front to oblique to the left and two 
 to the right, and at the same time a similar movement was made from Col. Sigel's bat- 
 tallions. This was a maneuver to induce Jackson's men to believe that Sigel was seeking 
 to pass out on the extremes of their lines, and to out-flank the cavalry. It was followed 
 by a closing up to the right and to the left by the forces on the bluffs, when, on 
 reaching a point three hundred and fifty yards from the cavalry, the four pieces were 
 ordered to transverse oblique, and immediately a heavy cross-fire was opened with can- 
 ister. At the same time the infantry charged at double quick, and in ten minutes the 
 State troops were scattered in every direction. Ten rounds of canister were fired from 
 each of the cannon, together with several rounds by the infantry. 
 
 This was about five o'clock in the evening, and the engagement, with the maneuvering, 
 had occupied in the neighborhood of two hours. Jackson's cavalry were poorly mounted, 
 being armed chiefly with shot-guns and common rifles. They had no cannon on the 
 bluffs or hills, and were consequently able to make little or no resistance to the attacks 
 of Col. Sigel. Forty-five men and eighty horses were taken, belonging to Jackson's 
 troops, and there were also captured sixty double-barreled shot-guns and some revolvers 
 and bowie knives. Our informant states that one of the prisoners, on being asked how 
 many had been killed on his side, estimated the loss at from two hundred and fifty to 
 three hundred. 
 
 Lieut. Tosk says that it is undeniable that the ofHcers of Jackson's troops displayed 
 great ability in their maneuvers, showing great strategic skill, but that the men were raw 
 and undisciplined, their inexperience in the art of war leading them continually into- 
 danger. K'otwithstanding their losses, the State troops still held their position so far as 
 to cut off Sigel's advance over the creek, and that officer was compelled to order a 
 retreat in the direction of Carthage, Jackson's men follovsdng and surrounding the 
 column on three sides. During the retreat, firing by the infantry was kept up, and in 
 this way the cavalry was kept at some distance. Sigel's command got back to Carthage 
 at half past 6 o'clock, and at once undertook to enter the woods about a mile distant. 
 This movement was strongly and desperately resisted, Jackson's men feeling that once 
 in the timber they could do nothing, being on horseback. An effort to rally the cavalry 
 to a charge was made, which brought the whole of the infantry into action. After some- 
 hard fighting, Col. Sigel got his men into the woods, and so covered his retreat as to 
 force the State troops to relinquish the fight for the night. The latter returned to Car- 
 thage with the evident intention of renewing the battle in the morning. Lieut. Tosk, 
 without any positive information on the subject, thinks that in this last engagement 
 near Carthage, Jackson's men must have suffered a loss of not less than two hundred 
 killed.' He says that during the whole day the loss on the Federal side was but eight, 
 killed and forty-five wounded, though we understand that the dispatches of Gen. Sigel, 
 to Col. Harding, at the Arsenal, place the number of killed at twenty-four. 
 
 Colonel Sigel, notwithstanding the great fatigue of the day —his men being in action 
 nearly twelve hours, and suffering severely from the heat and from the lack of water 
 
 I Doubtless an over-estimate. 
 
368 
 
 HISTOKY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 — ordered his men to press on in retreat from Carthage. A forced inarch was made to 
 Snrcoxie, in the southeast corner of Jasper county (Carthage being the county seat), 
 a distance of twelve or fourteen miles. There they went into camp at 3 o'cloclc Sat- 
 urdaj'' morning. In tlie afternoon of the next day the reti'eat was continued to Mt. 
 Vernon, La'wi'ence county, sixteen or eighteen miles east of Sarcoxie, where Sigel tools 
 a stand, and where his headquarters were located when Lieut. Tosk left, which was 
 at four o'clock on tlie evening of the 7th. 
 
 The next important engagement between the Federal and State forces 
 occurred at Wilson's Creek on August 10th, Gen. Nathaniel Lyon 
 commanduig the former and Gen. Ben. McCulloch the latter, and durine; 
 ■which Gen. Lyon was killed. It was one of the most bloody and desper- 
 ately-contested battles of the campaign in Missouri. Of this and other 
 interesting historical facts in the next chapter. 
 
 
 UK. 
 
 A River Scene. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 1861.— Creation op theWkstekn Departmekt.— John C. Fremont Appointed to its Com- 
 mand. — Hk Returns i-rom Europe to New York; thence Gobs to St. Louls and 
 Establishes his Headquarters.— He Tortieies St. Louis.— A Dilemma.— Shall he 
 Save Bird's Point or Reinforce Lyon?^Hb elects to do the former.— Proclama- 
 tions OF Gov. 0. F, Jackson.— Lieut. Qoveknob Thomas C. Reynolds and Gens. 
 <jideon J. Pillow and Jeff. Thompson, at New Madrid. — Thompson's " Cattle on 
 Ten Thousand Hills."— Fremont's Fleet sails from St. Louis to Bird's Point and 
 back again. — Lyon's March from Boonville to Springfield. — Price's March from 
 ■Cow Skin Prairie towards "Wilson's Creek. — The Battle of Dug's Springs. — Rains 
 Defeated.— Lyon Returns to Springfield.— Massing of Confederate Forces on 
 Crane Creek in Stone County.— Disagreement between Price and McCulloch. — 
 The Battle at Wilson's Creek; one of the Most Bloody op the "War. — Death of 
 iGen. Lyon. — Defeat of the Union Army. — Its Retrjeat to Roll a. — Reports of the 
 Battle made by Major Sturgis and Gens. Siegel, McCulloch, Price and Clark 
 — Forty-two Thousand Militia called for by Cfov. Gamble.- Gen. Fremont 
 Declares Martial Law.— Provost Martial McKinstry's "Permit" Order. — 
 President Lincoln Disapproves Fremont's Proclamation.—" The Swamp Fox" 
 AGAIN Pkoclaims.— He will " Hang, Draw and Quarter." 
 
 On July 6, 1861, the Western Department was created, and comprised 
 the State of Illinois and the States and Territories "west of the Mississippi 
 and east of the Rocky Mountains, including Ne"w Mexico, — headquarters 
 at St. Louis. Previous to the establishment of the Department, as we 
 saw in the last chapter, Gen. W. S. Harney, and afterwards Gen. 
 Nathaniel Lyon, was in command, at St. Louis, of the National forces in 
 Missouri ; and the latter remained in command until the creation of the 
 "Western Department and the appointment of Maj. Gen. John C. Fre- 
 mont as its commander. 
 
 At thebreaking out of the war, Fremont, who "will be remembered as 
 • a son-in-law of Senator Benton, and the candidate of the Republican 
 party for the Presidency in 1856, was absent from the country in JEurope. 
 On May 14, 1861, notwithstanding his absence, he was commissioned a 
 Major-General of volunteers, and, receiving notice of the fact, at once 
 departed for the United States and arrived at Boston on the 27th of 
 June, bringing with him a large assortment of arms for the Union troops. 
 On July 6th, 1861, he was appointed to the command of the Western 
 Department, for which, while in New York, he made arrangements for 
 over 20,000 stand of arms and a large quantity of munitions of war. 
 The bloody battle and Federal defeat at Bull Run, occurring on July 21st, 
 while he was yet in New York, he left for St. Louis, where he arrived 
 on the 26th of July, and where he found Colonel Chester Harding, Gen. 
 24 
 
370 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 Lyon's Adjutant-General, in command. General Fremont established 
 his head-quarters at the large and splendid residence of the late Colonel 
 Jqshua B. Brant, on Chouteau Avenue, where, with a good deal of the 
 "pomp and circumstance of glorious war" he entered upon the discharge 
 of his duties. 
 
 His short administration of the affairs of the department has beent 
 severely criticised, and perhaps in some respects justly. It certainly 
 was not brilliantly successful, if successful at all. It is claimed, how- 
 ever, that he found much disorder prevailing in the department ; that the 
 arms ordered in New York had been diverted for the use of the Army of 
 the Potomac ; that he had little money at his command, and that the 
 military authorities at Washington, on account of the disastrous defeat 
 at Bull Run, were so absorbed with the defences of the National Capi- 
 tal as to be unable to give needed attention to the exposed condition of 
 the Western Department. 
 
 Being without money, General Fremont made application to the sub- 
 treasurer at St. Louis, who had $300,000 in his vaults, to supply his 
 wants. That officer refusing, Fremont avowed his purpose to seize 
 $100,000 by military force, whereupon the sub-treasurer yielded to his 
 demands ; and with these funds he secured the re-enlistment of many of 
 the Home Giiards, or three-months' men, whose terms had recently 
 expired. He also proceeded, by the erection of numerous and costly 
 fortifications, to place the city of St. Louis in a position of successfui 
 defence against any probable attack. 
 
 Very soon, as the exigencies of the campaign in Missouri appeared to 
 him, Fremont was placed in a dilemma, and compelled to choose between 
 the safety of Cairo and Bird's Point and the reinforcement of General 
 Lyon in the Southwest. General Gideon J. Pillow was reported to be 
 preparing, with a large number of Confederate troops, to advance upon 
 Cairo and Bird's Point, while General Hardee was pushing into the inter- 
 ior of Missouri to annoy General Lyon's flank and rear. In addition to 
 this, Lieutenant Governor Thomas C. Reynolds — Governor C. F. Jack- 
 son being absent on an urgent visit to Richmond, Virginia, — elated with 
 the Confederate success at Bull Run (or Manassas) issued a long 
 proclamation at New Madrid, on July 31,^ in which he announced that 
 "The sun which shone in its full mid-day splendor at Manassas is about 
 
 1 About the same time, and also. from New Madrid, General Gideon J. Pillow issued 
 a proclamation to the people of Missonf i, announcing his presence in the State with his 
 army, at the request of Governor Jackson, to aid as allies in " placing our down-trodden 
 sister on her feet ", etc. See Behellion Eecord, Vol. 2, p. 442. 
 
PEOCLAMATION OF GOVEENOR EETNOLDS. 371 
 
 to rise upon Missouri"; that he had intended to await Governor Jack- 
 son's returti to Missouri before he (R.) should enter the State, but on 
 consultation with Major-General Polk and General Pillow they had all 
 come to the conclusion that substantial reasons counselled his presence 
 here. He added: "War dissolves all political unions. The Lincoln 
 Administration, by an open war upon our State, commenced by the per- 
 fidious capture of Camp Jackson, has dissolved the Union which, under 
 the Constitution of the United States, connected Missouri with the 
 country still under Mr, Lincoln's sway. Its acts fully justify separation 
 on the part of our State, or revolution on the part of individual citizens. 
 The Lincoln government and its partisans have distinctly announced their 
 intention to decide by force the future destiny of Missouri ; their oppo- 
 nents, always willing to accept the decision of the people, are nevertheless 
 compelled to meet the issues tendered by the enemies of her sovereignty. 
 The wish of her people to remain under the same government with that 
 sisterhood of Southern commonwealths to which she has belonged is 
 clear from the conduct of her oppressors ; had they not felt certain of 
 defeat in a reference of the question to her people, they would never 
 have resorted to force to retain her in the Northern Union." For these 
 reasons Lieutenant-Governor Reynolds maintained that the bond which 
 united Missouri to the North had been virtually broken, and that every 
 citizen of the State was fully relieved of obligation to regard it. 
 Alluding to the State Convention which began its sessions in JefFers(m 
 City on February 28th, 1861, he said it was called into existence by the 
 Legislature merely as an advisory body, to present to the people, at the 
 proper time, the question of separation from the North ; that it had been 
 virtiially dissolved by the acts of the enemy in banishing and imprison- 
 ino- many of its members, thus giving the minority the appearance of a 
 majority of the body ; that its present session was held amid foreign 
 bayonets, and its members admitted by passes from the local instrument 
 of the Lincoln despotism ; and that, reduced to a mere rump, it might 
 become a convenient tool of foes, but its acts could not decide the destiny 
 of Missouri. He concluded by a call upon the citizens of Missouri to 
 "rally as one man to the standard of the State," and as an incentive 
 thereto declared that the people of the lower Mississippi Valley wcro 
 "about to rush with gleaming bowie knives and unerring rifles to aid us 
 in drivin*' out the abolitionists and their Hessian allies ;" that the road to 
 peace and internal security was only through union with the South, and 
 that the Confederate forces under General Pillow had entered Missouri, 
 
372 HISTOEY OF MISSOXIEI. 
 
 on invitiUion of Governor Jackson, to aid in expelling the enemy from 
 the State. 1 
 
 On the clay after the issuing of this proclamation, Brigadier-General 
 Jeff. Thompson, Commandant of the Missouri State Guard of the first 
 military district, headquarters at Bloomfield, Stoddard County, issued a 
 characteristic pronunciamento, in which he exhorted the people of Mis- 
 souri to strike while the iron was hot ; to leave their plows in the 
 furrow, their ox to the yoke, and rush like a tornado upon their invaders, 
 and sweep them like a hurricane from the face of the earth ; adding : 
 "We have plenty of ammunition, and the cattle on ten thousand hills 
 are GUI'S." Ten thousand! Just nine thousand more than the Psalmist 
 claimed as the Lord's.^ The following is the full text of Thompson's 
 remarkable proclamation : 
 
 MISSOUEIANS ! STRIKE TOR TOUR FIRESIDES AND YOUR HOMES ! 
 
 LITAKT DiSTKICT MO . STATE GUA 
 
 Bloomfield, Mo, August 1, 1861 
 
 Headquarters 1st Military District Mo. State Guards, \ 
 
 To the People of Missouri : 
 
 Having been elected to command the gallant sons of the First Military District of 
 Missouri in the second war for independence, I appeal to all whose hearts are with us, 
 immediately to take the field. By a speedy and simultaneous assault on our foes, we can. 
 Mice a hurricane, scatter them to the winds, while tardy action, like the gentle south 
 wind, will only meet with northern frosts, and advance and recede, and like the seasons, 
 will be like the history of the war, and will last forever. Come now! Strike while the 
 iron is hot ! Our enemies are whipped In Virginia. They have been whipped in Mis- 
 souri. Gen. Hardee advances in the center, Gen. Pillow on the right, and Gen. McCul- 
 looh on the left, with twenty thousand brave Southern hearts to our aid. So, leave your 
 plows in the furrow, your ox to the yoke, and rush like a tornado upon our invaders and 
 foes, to sweep them from the face of the earth, or force them from the soil of our State! 
 Brave sons of the First District, come and join us! We have plenty of ammunition, 
 and the cattle on ten thousand hills are ours. We have forty thousand Belgian muskets 
 coming; but bring your guns and muskets with you, if you have them; if not, come 
 without them. We will strike our foes like a southern thunderbolt, and soon our camp- 
 fires will Illuminate the Merimac and Missouri. Come, turn out ! 
 
 j:eff. THOMPsoivr, 
 
 Brigadier General Commanding. 
 
 Jtebellion Eecord, Vol. 2, pp. 465-57. 
 
 2 Anecdote. — ^A short time after the publication of this proclamation. Gen. Thomp- 
 ison, being in great need of beef cattle for his troops and not one on the " ten thousand 
 hills" coming at his call, seized upon the only cow of a widow in the vicinity and was 
 in the act of driving her to his camp. The widow went to him and protested : " Wliy, 
 General, is it possible you intend to rob a widow of the only cow she has in the world, 
 when,, as you have said in your proclamation, the cattle on ten thousand hills are 
 yours? " The General, who always enjoyed a joke, retreated from the widow and her 
 cow. 
 
FREMONT'S FLEET SAILS FKdM ST. LOUIS. 373 
 
 More than this : Governor Claiborne F. Jacltson, having returned from 
 Eichmond, issued a " thunderbolt " in a proclamation published at New Mad- 
 rid on August 5th, called by him the "Declaeation of Independence 
 OF THE State of Missouri," in which, after reciting various usurpations 
 and outrages by the Federal military and civil authorities against the 
 people and government of Missouri, he declared, " in their name, by their 
 authority and on their behalf," that "the political connection heretofore 
 existing between said States and the people and government of Missouri, 
 is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that the State of Missouri, as 
 a Sovereign, Feee and Independent Republic, has full power to levy 
 war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all 
 other acts and things which independent States may of right do."^ 
 
 Several weeks previous to General Fremont's assumption of the com- 
 mand of the Western Department, the battle of Carthage had been 
 fought, and the Union forces compelled to retreat, while General Lyon's 
 command in the vicinity of Springfield was seriously menaced by a Con- 
 federate force at least 50,000 strong, under the command of Generals 
 Price, McCulloch, Pearce and McBride. Cairo and Bird's Point were 
 also threatened. In the dilemma which presented itself. General Fre- 
 mont, believing himself unable to save both, elected to secure the safety 
 of Bird's Point, and therefore to leave General Lyon and his little army 
 to take care of themselves as best they might. 
 
 About the 1st of August, a great fleet of eight steamers was ordered 
 to the wharf at St. Louis to convey the troops down the river, and 
 umisual activity in military circles prevailed. The fleet, Captain Bart 
 Able in charge, consisted of the City of Alton, the flag transport, with 
 General Fremont and staff on board, Louisiana, D. A. January, G. W. 
 Graham, Empress, War Eagle, Jenny Deans and Warsaw. With this 
 fleet, and a formidable array of infantry and artillery, General Fremont 
 steamed down to Bird's Point and steamed back again, there being no 
 
 iThe Missouri Statesman, (Columbia), of August 23, 1881, referring to this proclama- 
 tion, said : It not only declares Missouri out of the Union, but goes a kangaroo leap 
 beyond and declares It an Independent Kepublic — a nation of itself, with full power to 
 levy war and conclude peace, to contract alliances, regulate commerce, make treaties 
 with foreign nations and the Indian tribes, coin money, grant letters of marque and 
 reprisal, and do all other acts and things which independent nations may perform. 
 Not only out of the Union ; not only severed from her connection with and allegiance 
 to the federal constitution, but riding out upon the world's ocean, isolated and alone, 
 recognized by no power, known by no power, claimed by no power, a fugitive among 
 the nations. And all this, too, without a vote of her people, legislature or convention— 
 the radical transfiguration being consummated by the fiat of Governor Jackson alone I 
 
374 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Confederate force there, Pillow's demonstration proving to be a menace 
 only. Bird's Point, which many now believe was never in danger, was 
 saved. And Bird's Point cost the country Lyon ! Had it been a point 
 of gold, which it was not, instead of a poiat of sand, which it was, it 
 would have been dearly purchased with the life of such a soldier as 
 Lyon and the loss of such a battle as Wilson's Creek. 
 
 After the battle at Boonville, on the 18th of June, 1861, General 
 Lyon, with a force nambering near three thousand men, four pieces of 
 artillery and a long baggage train, left that place on July 3d, 1861, in 
 pursuit of the State troops, who were reported to have fled to Syracuse 
 and beyond. General Lyon was mounted on an iron-gray horse, and 
 was accompanied by a small body-guard of ten butchers of St. Louis, 
 who were all remarkable for their large size, strong physique, and fine 
 horsemanship. 
 
 At Grand Eiver, a branch of the Osage, in Henry County, which he 
 reached on July 7th, he was re-inforced by three thousand troops from 
 Kansas, commanded by Major S. D. Sturgis. When within eighty miles 
 of Springfield, Lyon received intelligence of Sigel's battle at Carthage, 
 and he determined to change his course and march to his relief. Not- 
 withstanding the intense heat of the weather and the fact that his in- 
 fantry was overcome by fatigue, early on the morning of the 10th of 
 July the army marched from their encampment, on the south bank of the 
 Osage, and pursued their way among the steep hills, deep gorges, and 
 trackless forests which lay before him. After a march of some fifty 
 miles, a messenger from General Sigel brought him definite information 
 of his desperate encounter at Carthage with the Confederates, and of his 
 arrival in safety at Springfield. Therefore, Lyon, marching leisurely, 
 accomplished the distance (thirty miles) to Springfield in the next two 
 days. In camping near that place he prepared for oflfensive war against 
 the superior and constantly-increasing force of his enemies. Conscious 
 of the perils which environed him, he repeatedly asked General Fremont 
 for reinforcements, but received no reply. Patiently he waited for them, 
 but they came not. He prepared as best he could to resist the threat- 
 ening dangers. 
 
 On the 25th of July, 1861, General Sterling Price began to move his 
 command from its encampment on Cowskin Prairie, in McDonald 
 County, towards Cassville, in Barry County, at which place it had been 
 agreed between Generals McCulloch, Pearce and Price their respective 
 commands, together with the troops under General McBride, should 
 concentrate, preparatory to a forward movement on Springfield. On the 
 
LYON'S MABCH FEOM BOONYILLE TO SPBINGfEELD. 375 
 
 29th, the junction was eflfected with McCuUoch and Pearce. The com- 
 bined armies were then put under miirching 6rders ; the first division, 
 General McCuUoch, of Texas, commanding ; the Second Division, General 
 Eearce, of Arkansas, and the Third Division, General Steen, of Missouri, 
 leaving Cassville on the .1st and 2d of August, taking the road leading to 
 their abjective. point — Springfield. General Price, of Missouri, with the 
 greater portion of his infantry, accompanied the Second Division. A 
 few days afterward, a regiment of Texas Rangers, under command of 
 ■Colonel Greer, joined the enbattled hosts who were moving to attack 
 Lyon. Brigadier-General James S. Eains, a well-known politician of 
 Jasper County, Missouri, commanded the advance guard of the Southern 
 army, his force consisting of six companies of mounted Missourians. On 
 Friday, August 2, he encamped at Dug Springs, on the Springfield road, 
 and about five miles beyond Crane Creek, where he encountered the 
 Union forces, under General Lyon, and where the battle of Dug Springs 
 was fought. 
 
 Near the close of the month of July, General Lyon was informed of 
 the concentration of the Southern troops at Cassville, and of their 
 intention of marching upon his camp. Therefore, large as their force 
 was in comparison with his own, he determined to go out and meet them ; 
 and, late in the afternoon of the 1st of August, his entire army (5,500 
 foot, 400 horse, and 18 guns), led by himself, moved toward Cassville, 
 with the exception of a small force left behind to guard the city.-^ They 
 bivouacked that night on Cave Creek, ten miles south of Springfield, and 
 moved forward at an early hour in the morning, excessively annoyed by 
 heat and dust, and intense thirst, for most of the wells and streams were 
 dry. At Dug Springs, in Stone. County, nineteen miles southwest of 
 Springfield, they halted. They were in an oblong valley, five miles in 
 length, and broken by projecting spurs of the hills, which formed wooded 
 
 'Lyon's force at this time consisted of five companies of the First and Second 
 Regulars, under Major Stuvgis; five companies of the First Missouri Volunteers, Lieut- 
 enant-Colonel Andrews; two companies of the Second Missouri, Major Osterhaus; 
 three companies of the Third Missouri, Colonel Sigel; Fifth Missouri, Colonel Salomon; 
 First Iowa, Colonel Bates; First Kansas, Colonel Deitzler; Second Kansas, Colonel 
 Mitchel; two companies First Regular Cavalry, Captains Stanley and Carr; three 
 companies First Regular Cavalry (recruits), Lieutenant Lathrop; Captain Totten's 
 Battery, Regular Artillery, six guns, 6 and 12-pounders; Lieutenant Dubois' Battery, 
 Regular Artillery, four guns, 6 and 12-pounders ; Captain Schaelfer's Battery, Missouri 
 "Volunteer Artillery, six guns, 6 and 12-pounders. General Lyon gave the most 
 important secondary commands to Brigadier-General Sweeney, Colonel Sigel, aud 
 Major Sturgis. 
 
376 HISTORY OF MISSOUBI. 
 
 ridges. Soon after halting, they discovered, by clouds of dust at the' 
 other extremity of the valley, that a large body of men were there and 
 in motion. These were Confederates, under General James S. Eains. 
 A battle-line was formed by the National troops, and in that order the 
 little army moved forward toward the enemy, led by a company of 
 regular infantry, under Captain Steele, supported by another of the 
 Fourth Regular Cavalry, under Captain Stanley, which held the advanced 
 position on the left. Owing to the ridges in the valley, the real force of 
 each party was easily concealed from the other, and afforded opportunities 
 for surprises. And so it happened. While the vanguard of the Union 
 troops was moving cautiously foi-ward, followed by the main body, and 
 skirmishers were exchanging shots bi'iskly, a large force of Confederates 
 suddenly emerged from the woods, to cut off Steele's infantry from> 
 Stanley's cavalry. The latter (about a hundred and fifty strong) imme- 
 diately drew up his men in proper order, and when the foe was withiu 
 the range of their Sharp's carbines, they opened a deadly fire upon them. 
 The latter numbered nearly five hundred. They returned the fire, and 
 a regular battle seemed about to open, when a subordinate officer in 
 Stanley's command shouted "Charge !" and twenty -five horsemen dashed 
 in among the Confederate infantry, hewing them down with their sabers. 
 Stanley could do nothing better than sustain the irregular order ; but 
 before he could reach them with reinforcements, the Confederates had 
 broken and fled in the wildest confusion. "Are these men or devils — 
 they fight so?" asked some of the wounded of the vanquished, when the 
 conflict was over. When this body of Confederate infantry fled, a large 
 force of their cavalry appeared emerging from the woods. Captain 
 Totten brought two of his guns to bear upon them from a commanding 
 eminence, with such precision that his shells fell among and scattered 
 them in great disorder, for their frightened horses became unmanageable. 
 The whole column of the Confederates now withdrew, leaving the valley 
 in possession of the National troops. Thus ended the battle of Dug 
 Springs. Lyon's loss was eight men killed and thirty wounded ; and 
 that of the Confederates was about forty killed, and as many wounded. i 
 
 Pursuit was instituted the next morning, but none of Eains' force was 
 found. At the encampment at Curran, in Stone County, twenty-six miles 
 from Springfield, Lyon determined to return to that place, which he 
 reached on August 6th. Aft6r the concentration, near Crane creek, in 
 the- northera part of Stone County, of the entire Confederate force, 
 
 '"The Civil "War in America," Lossing, Vol. 11, pp. 45-6. 
 

 « ASHIXGTOX UKlVEUSlTr, ST. LOUIS. 
 
DISAaEEEMENT BETWEEN PKICE AHHD McCULLOCH. 377 
 
 intelligeuce was received by them that Lyon's army, which had defeated 
 Eains at Dug Springs, M'as immensely superior in numbers to their own ; 
 and therefore a disagreement arose among some of the Confederate oflS- 
 cers as to the policy of a further advance toward Springfield, General 
 McCulloch coimseled a retrograde and General Price a forward move- 
 ment. Price's officers and men agreed with him and were "eager for the 
 fray." Price asked McCulloch, as he was unwilling to advance, to loan 
 him arms for the destitute portions of his command, that he taight ad- 
 vance without him. He refused. And thus the embarrassing disagree- 
 ment continued till the evening of the day (August 4th, 1861), when an 
 order was received by McCulloch from Major-General Leonidas Polk,, 
 ordering just that which Price desired — an advance upon Lyon. A 
 council was at once held, in which McCulloch agreed to march upon 
 Springfield, provided he would be granted the chief command of the 
 army. Price, to whom in right and justice the chief command belonged, 
 anxious to encounter Lyon and defeat and drive him from the State, con- 
 sented to the terms of the imperious Texan, remarking that he was "not 
 fighting for distinction, but for the defence of the liberties of his coun- 
 try," and that "he was willing to surrender his command and his life, if 
 necessary, as a sacrifice to the cause. "^ A little after midnight, there- 
 
 ' " Gath " (George Alfred Townsend), a correspondent of the Cincinnati Enquirer^ia 
 the summer of 1877, met in New Yorlc city Colonel T. L. Snead, Chief of Staff of Sterling 
 Price, who was in every pitched battle fought by the armies of Kansas and Missouri. 
 He is a St. Louis man, and was an editor and amateur politician. Colonel Snead said 
 that he possessed a chest full of papers and reports, and could write the only accurate 
 statement, and correct many prevailing errors and misapprehensions, of the battle of 
 Wilson's Creek. He was Price's Adjutant there, as Mcintosh, of Georgia, was Bea 
 McCulloch's. Mcintosh was a better soldier than McCulloch, who was indecisive and 
 faint of confidence. Price was a fine old officer, who had never lost a battle, and felt 
 like all Missourians, that the place to fight Lyon was Missouri, and not to fall back ta 
 Arkansas. McCuUoch commanded the Confederate army proper of only 3,000 men. 
 Price commanded the Missouri State Guard, which the others considered militia, of 8,- 
 
 000 men. The Confederate Government, including Jefi'. Davis, seemed indifierent about 
 Missouri, and did not regard her as having properly seceded. Price was a Major-Gen- 
 eral, McCulloch only a Brigadier. The latter hesitated about marching upon Spring- 
 field, and was inclined to return to Arkansas. One day Price rode up on his horse; he 
 had a loud voice and a positive address, and always spoke to McCulloch as if he consid- 
 ered the latter an inferior. " Do you mean to march into Missouri and attack Lyon. 
 General McCulloch? " " I have not received permission from Mr. Davis to do so, sir," 
 answered McCulloch. " My instructions leave me in doubt whether I will be justified 
 in doing so." " Now, sir," said Price, still ina loud, imperious tone j " I have commanded 
 in more battles than you ever saw, General McCulloch. I have three times as many 
 troops as you. I am of higher rank than you are, and I am twenty years your senior in 
 age. I waive all these things. General McCulloch, aiid if you will march into Missouri 
 
 1 will obey your orders, and give you the whtle command and all the glory to be won 
 
378 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 fore, on, Sunday, August 4(h, they took up the line of marcb, which was 
 continued to Wilson's Creek, ten miles southwest of Springfield, which 
 they reached on the 9th. Here they encamped, and determined at nine 
 
 ithere." McCulloch said he was then expecting a dispatch from Mr. Davis, and would 
 take Price at his word if it was favorable. The dispatch came, and the army advanced, 
 with McCulloch in supreme command. After McCulloch had advanced awhile he 
 again grew irresolute, and instead of moving on Springfield direct, he halted out on 
 Wilson's Creek, twelve miles or so south of that city. Price rode up to him one day and 
 found him making diagrams with a stick on the ground. Price bawled out, " General 
 McCulloch, are you going to attack Lyon or not? " McCulloch said that he was unde- 
 cided. "Tlien," cried Price, "I want my own Missoiwi troops, and I will lead them 
 against Lyon myself if they are all killed in the action, and you. General McCulloch, 
 may go where in the devil you please! " McCulloch was thus exasperated into prom- 
 ising an attack. It was arranged to move on the very night that Lyon moved, and by 
 tliree columns, upon Springfield. Price was to take one column, McCulloch a second, 
 and General Clarlc a third. In anticipation of this movement, McCulloch drew in his 
 pickets, and seeing some clouds and threatening weather arising, lie ordex'ed the troops 
 to lay on their arms, and did not again advance his pickets. This led to the complete 
 surprise effected in' the morning by Lyon ; and it also saved Sterling Price from annihi- 
 lation; for, had Price moved with his column on the road laid down for him, he would 
 iiave met Lyon's army and been extirpated. At four o'clock on the morning of the bat- 
 tle — the 10th of August, 1861 — McCulloch rode over to Price's headquarters, which 
 were pitched in a sort of a cow-yard by a small farm house down in a hollow. McCul- 
 loch was back on a hill. While Price, McCulloch and Shead were taking breakfast at 
 tiie earliest dawn, a man cajne in from the front, where Kains was posted, and said he 
 Siad an important message. The Yankees were advancing, full 30,000 sti-ong, and were 
 •on Kains' line already. " Oh, pshaw," said McCulloch, after a minute, " that's another 
 ■of Rains' scares." They went on eating until a second man came in, and again reported 
 that the Federals were not more than a mile away, and right on Kains' column as they 
 lay on their arms. McCulloch again said that it was nonsense ; but Price was excited. 
 He thundered out to Snead: " Order my troops, sir, under arms and in line of battle 
 at once, and have my horse saddled! " He had hardly spoken the words when this lit- 
 tle group of men looked up from the cow-yard where the hills were rising line on line 
 before them, and in the clear morning perspective they saw Totten's battery unlimbered 
 on the top of a hill less than three-quarters of a mile distant, and, before he had thrown 
 the first shot, Sigel's battery in the rear also pealed out, and the balls from those two 
 cajmon crossed each other right over the hollow where Price's troops were lying. The 
 surprise was perfect. General McCulloch hastened back to his headquarters and put 
 his troops in motion against Sigel. In a very little while Sigel was wiped out. Price 
 meanwhile had to encounter Lyon. The contest was spirited and deadly, and the 
 ■weather like fighting in a furnace. Price's columns were reeling before Lyon's attack, 
 when he sent Colonel Snead back to ask McCullooh if he could spare him a battalion of 
 Missourians which were not properly in McCulloch's command. McCulloch then put 
 himself at the head of this Missouri column, with certain other troops, and came back 
 over the field to Price's relief. It was this reinforcement which caused the death of 
 Lyon, as Colonel Snead believes; for, seeing fresh troops advancing on :the rebel side, 
 Lyon waved liis sword and led the counter-attack, and was shot dead. Colonel Snead 
 said that it seemed to him but a few minutes after Lyon fell befoi-e the battle stopped 
 on both sides. 
 
BATTLE OF WILSON'S CKEEK. 379 
 
 o'clock that night to march in four separate columns against Springfield, 
 surround the city, and begin a simultaneous attack at daybreak. A 
 threatened storm and the darkness of the night caused General McCul- 
 loch to countermand the order to march, and Saturday morning found 
 the entire army, consisting of 5,300 effective infantry, fifteen pieces of 
 artillery and 6,000 cavalry ^ with a large number of unarmed horsemen, 
 encamped upon the field. But the night was neither too dark nor 
 stormy for General Lyon. His perils were immineut and extreme, and 
 his responsibilities to the Union cause in Missouri very embarrassing. 
 His little army was in front of a largely superior and constantly-increas- 
 ing force, which was marching to attack him. Abandoned to bis fate by 
 the department commander and the authorities at Washington, he was 
 reduced to the extremity, in the midst of fearful odds against him, either 
 of retreating northward or of risking a battle Under such disadvantages. 
 He chose the latter alternative, and waited not a moment to put his 
 resolve into execution. Therefore, at five o'clock p. m., of August 9th, 
 he marched in two columns from Springfield, making a detour to the 
 right, and, notwithstanding the almost impenetrable darkness and the 
 prevailing storm, atone o'clock in the morning arrived in view of the 
 Confederate guard-fires. Here the columns halted and lay on their arms V 
 till the dawn of day, when they formed in battle-line and advanced to 
 to the bloody encounter which ensued. Lyon's effective force was 5,200 
 men, infantry and cavalry, and three batteries of 16 guns. ^ 
 
 1 General McCuUoch's army consisted of the First Division, commanded by himself; 
 the Second Division, by General Pearce, of Arkansas, and the Third Division, General, 
 Steen. The Missouri troops were vinder command of MaJ'or-General Sterling Price, and 
 were as foUows : The Advance Guard, six companies, under Brigadier- General Eains; 
 First Brigade, Colonel Kichard Hanson Weightman, and other divisions and brigades 
 under Brigadier-General William Y. Slack, of Chillioothe (formerly of Boone County) ; 
 Brigadier-General John B. Clark, Sr., of Howard County; Brigadier-General J. H. 
 McBride, of Greene County and Brigadier-General Monroe M. Parsons, of Cole. All 
 arms of the service were represented among the Missouri troops — infantry, cavalry and 
 a,rtillery. (See official reports of Gens. McCuUoch, Price and Clark in the " Rebellion 
 Record," Vol. 2, pp. 506-11.) 
 
 ■' Lyon's column consisted of three brigades, commanded respectively by Major S. D. 
 Sturgis, Lieutenant-Colonel Andrews and Colonel Deitzler. Major Sturgis' Brigade 
 was composed of a battalion of regular infantry, under Captain Plummer ; Captain Tot- 
 ten's light battery of six pieces, a battalion of Missouri volunteers, under Major Oster- 
 haus. Captain Wood's company of mounted Kansas volunteers, and a company of regu- 
 lar cavalry, under Lieutenant Oanfleld. Lieutenant-Colonel Andrews' brigade consisted 
 of Captain Steele's battalion of regulars, Lieutenant Dubois' light battery of four pieces, 
 and the First Missouri Volunteers. Deitzler's brigade was composed of the First and 
 Second Kansas and First Iowa Volunteers, and two hundred mounted Missouri Home 
 
380 HTSTOKY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 The two columns of the Federal army were commanded by Lyon and 
 Sigel, and their attack at daylight npon the Confederate forces was a 
 complete surprise, for McCulloch, not apprehending a march upon his 
 camp through such a night of darkness and storm, had withdrawn his 
 advanced pickets. 
 
 The ofScial reports, from officers on both sides, of the battle which 
 ensued — a battle which takes rank among the most terrible and bloody 
 in the annals of the Rebellion — are before us ; and from these, discard- 
 ing all irresponsible newspaper accounts of it, this narrative is chiefly 
 constructed. 
 
 General LyOn having been killed in the midst of the engagement, 
 Major S. D. Sturgis succeeded to the command, and made I'eport on 
 August 20th, 1861, to General Fremont, commandant of the Western 
 Department. According to Major Sturgis' report, the Federal forces in 
 command of Lyon — the other column being under Sigel — formed a 
 line of battle at daylight, closely followed by Totten's battery, sup- 
 ported by a strong reserve, and with skirmishers in front. Driving in 
 the enemy's out-posts, a ravine was crossed and a high ridge gained, 
 where a considerable force of the enemy's skirmishers came in view. 
 Major Osterhaus' battalion was deployed to the right, and two companies 
 of the First Missouri Volunteers, under Captains Yates and Cavender, 
 were deployed to the left — all as skirmishers. Very severe firing ensued, 
 and it became evident Lyon's column was approaching the Confederate 
 stronghold, where they intended giving battle. A few shells from Cap- 
 tain James Totten's battery cleared the front ; and the First Missouri 
 and the First Kansas moved forward, supported by the First Iowa and 
 Totten's battery. The Second Kansas, Captain Fred. K. Steele's 
 battalion and Lieutenant John V. Dubois' battery, were held in reserve — 
 the latter to the left and rear of Totten's guns, so as to bear upon a 
 powerful battery of the enemy iu front, and on the opposite side of 
 Wilson's Creek, and thus occupy a position to sweep the entire plateau 
 upon which the advancing Federal column was formed. The Confeder- 
 ates now rallied in large force near the foot of the slope, opposite Lyon's 
 left wing, and along the slope in his front and to his right in the ddrection 
 of the crest of the main ridge, running parallel to the creek. During 
 this time. Captain Plummer, with four companies of infantry, had moved 
 
 Guards. SigeVs eolumn consisted of the Third and Fifth Missouri Volunteers, one 
 ■^company of cavalry, under Captj^in Carr, another of dragoons under Lieutenant Far- 
 rand, of the First Infantry, and a company of recruits, with a light battery of six guns, 
 under Lieutenant Lathrop. 
 
BATTLE OF "WILSON'S CBEEK. 381 
 
 down a ridge about five hundred yards to Lyon's left, and reached its 
 abrupt terminus, where a large force of infantry, occupying a corn-field 
 in the valley, arrested his further progress. At this moment, from a high 
 point about two miles distant, and nearly in Lyon's front, and from which 
 Colonel Sigel was to have commenced his attack, an artillery fire was 
 ■opened, which was answered from the opposite side of the Valley and at 
 a greater distance from Lyon — the line of fire of the two batteries being 
 nearly perpendicular to that of Lyon's colurtin. Lyon's whole line now 
 advanced with enthusiasm upon the Confederate position ; and the firing, 
 which up to this time had been spirited, increased to a continuous roar 
 of musketry. Totten's battery, by piece and by section, as the nature of 
 the gi'ound and woods would permit, came into action, and played upon the 
 opposing force with great effect. After a fierce engagement of half an 
 hour, during which Lyon's troops gave way two or three times in more 
 or less disorder, but always to rally again and press forward with increased 
 vigor, the Confederates retired in the utmost confusion, leaving Lyon in 
 possession of the position. Meanwhile, Captain Plummer, who bad been 
 ordered to move forward on the left, encountering overpowering resist- 
 ance from the large force of Confederate infantry in the corn-field in his 
 front, was compelled to fall back ; but at this moment, Lieutenant 
 Dubois' battery, supported by Captain Steele's battalion, opened upon 
 the enemy in the corn-field a terrific fire of shells, which, with great 
 slaughter and much disorder, drove him from that position. A momen- 
 tary cessation of fire along nearly the whole line ensued, except on the 
 extreme right, where the First Missouri was still engaged with a superior 
 force attempting to turn the Federal right. General Lyon, informed of 
 this movement, ordered the Second Kansas to the support of the First 
 Missouri ; and it reached them in time to prevent the Missourians from 
 being destroyed by the overwhelming numbers against which they were 
 unflinchingly holding their position. During this time Captain Steele's 
 "battalion, which had been detailed to the support of Dubois' battery, 
 was brought forward to the support of Totten's. Scarcely had these 
 dispositions been made, when the Confederate force again appeared in 
 laro-e numbers along Lyon's entire front, and marching towards each 
 flank. The battle was at once renewed, and became general and almost 
 inconceivably terrific along the whole line ; the Confederate troops often 
 in three or four ranks, lying down, kneeling, and standing — the lines 
 sometimes approaching within thirty or forty yards of each other, as 
 -charges upon Totten's battery were made. Every available Federals* 
 battalion was now brought into action, and for more than an hour the 
 
382 HISTOKY OF MISSOUBI. 
 
 battle raged with unabated fury, and great slaughter on both sides. The 
 conflict was equally balanced, and victory seemed to perch, first upon the 
 standard of one army and then upon the other. 
 
 Early in this desperate and hotly-contested engagement. General Lyon, 
 observing that considerable disorder prevailed among some of the Union 
 troops, led his horse along the line on the left of Totten's battery and 
 endeavored to rally them. While doing so his horse was killed, and he 
 received a wound in the leg and one in the head. Major Sturgis dis- 
 mounted one of his orderlies and tendered the horse to General Lyon, 
 which he mounted, and, swinging his hat in the air, called to the troops 
 nearest him to follow. The Second Kansas gallantly responded, headed 
 by Colonel Mitchell, who in a few minutes fell, severely wounded. 
 About the same time, a fatal ball was lodged in General Lyon's breast, 
 inflicting a mortal wound. ^ Lyon was killed ! And the day was lost ! 
 But a galaxy of great men was in embryo on that stricken field — Schofield, 
 Sturgis, Granger, Elliott, Osterhaus and Lyon. From it arose after- 
 wards six major-generals and thirteen brigadiers, and from Captain 
 
 iFrom George Alfred Townsend's paper, "Annals of the "War," in the Philadelphia 
 Weekly Times of August 4, 1877:" "It was near nine o'clock, and Lyon, for the fijst 
 time doubtful, yet brave, led on the last attack, riding his horse in between the First 
 Kansas and the First Iowa regiments. (Captain F. J. Herron of Dubuque, Iowa, 
 who on January loth, 1861, in the tender of his company, "Governor's Grays," tO' 
 the Government of the United States, afforded the first evidence of the volunteer spirit 
 in the nation,) saw his horse fall, and says that it seemed to sinli down as if vitally 
 struck, neither plunging nor reeling. Lyon then walked on, waving his sword 
 and hallooing, and he fell only about twenty yards distant from Herron, who was 
 marching at the side of his company. Lyon had worn a white felt hat and only 
 his old Captain's uniform. As he left his dead horse and limped along — for he 
 had now been wounded in the leg— he looked stunned and white; but with an 
 impulse of high spirit, he raised his sword and cried, "Come on!" Then he showed 
 blood on the side of his head, from another wound, and was also shot through the body, 
 and he dropped . The butcher, (one of his body guard) into whose arms he fell, says 
 that he gasped : "Lehman, I 'm going." He fell about one hundred yards in advance 
 of his dead horse. Herron looked into his livid face, the precious breath still feeling at 
 ■ his lips, the great lion heart striking its own knell. It was but an instant, yet an everit- 
 ful one in any young man's life. Herron's look was only for an instant; he stepped 
 back beside his company, and the battle went on— Sturgis concluding it. The regiments 
 Lyon led on advanced about 400 yards beyond his body, and the battle ended before 
 eleven o'clock; the First Iowa, First Missouri and First Kansas Regiments filing the last 
 volleys in support of Totten's battery— volleys so murderous that the victorious rebel 
 army was dismayed and the Union retreat secured. More than 120 of each side lay on 
 the beaten field, on the high plateau of the Ozark. 
 
 "Ifothing I ever saw was more impressive than Lyon's death," says Herron. "He 
 was the greatest character ever seen west of the Mississippi. His equal never arose to- 
 succeed him." 
 
DEFEAT OF THE UNION AEMT. 383 
 
 Herron's own company of the First Iowa there were thirty-seven com- 
 missioned officers in the service two years afterwards. 
 
 After the death of Lyon, Major Sturgis succeeded to the command. 
 The Confederates had just been repulsed and left the field, and for twenty 
 minutes there was another lull in the storm. Sturgis summoned his 
 principal officers for consultation. Lyon's column had been dreadfully 
 shattered, and its leader killed. Tor nearly thirty hours they had been 
 without water, and a supply could not be had short of Springfield, ten or 
 twelve miles away. Their ammunition was well nigh exhausted, and,^ 
 should the enemy make this discovery through a slackening of their 
 fire, annihilation seemed inevitable. The great questions, then, were: 
 ""Where is Sigel?" and "Is retreat possible?" Sigel had not been 
 beard from ; his silence was ominous, and the loss of his column was 
 then unknown. If he had retreated, nothing was left to Sturgis but to 
 do likewise — ^if possible. 
 
 The consultation of officers was suddenly brought to a close by the ad- 
 vance of a heavy column of infantry from the hill where Sigel' s guns had 
 been before. They wore a dress, much resembling that of Sigel's 
 brigade, and carried the American flag. Mistaking them for Sigel's 
 men, Sturgis' line was formed for an advance, with the hope of forming 
 a junction with him. They were in easy range of Dubois' battery, but 
 were permitted to move down the hill, to the covered position at the 
 foot of the ridge on which the Union troops were posted, and from which 
 they had been fiercely assailed befoie; when suddenly, from a hill in 
 Sturgis' front, a battery began to pour into his lines shrapnell and 
 canister. At this moment the Confederates displayed their true colors, 
 and at once commenced along the entire Union lines the fiercest and most 
 bloody engagement bf the day. Totten's battery in the centre, supported 
 by the lo was and regular troops, was the main object of attack. The 
 Confederates could frequently be seen within twenty feet of Totten's 
 battery, an4 the smoke of the opposing lines was often so intermingled 
 as to appear made by the same guns. It was at times a fight almost 
 muzzle to iihuzzle, and great slaughter was the result. Notwithstanding 
 the utter rdrit of the Confederate front, and their seeming intention to 
 fly the leld,; they did not do so, but held it. Finally, therefore, the 
 Federal; fbrces were ordered to withdraw, to retreat; and the whole 
 column moved slowly to the high open prairie, about two miles from the 
 battle-ground, thence to Springfield, which place they reached about five 
 o'clock that afternoon. On their way they were joined by a portion of 
 
384 mSTOKY OF inSSOIIEl. 
 
 Sigel's shattered forces. Total Federal loss — killed, 223 ; wounded, 
 721 ; luissing, 292/ 
 
 Thus far we have chiefly noted, according to Major Sturgis' report, the 
 part performed in the bloody drama of Wilson's Creek by Lyon's com- 
 mand. What of Sigel's column? The answer is short. He encountered 
 the Confederates on their right and rear, had a bloody fight, was repulsed, 
 and compelled to retreat. According to his report, he arrived within a 
 mile of McCulIoch's camp at daybreak, and on his left planted four pieces 
 of artillery, while the infantry advanced towards the point where the 
 Fayetteville road crosses Wilson's Creek, and the two cavalry companies 
 extended to the right and left to guard his flank. He ordered the artillery 
 to beo-in their fire against the camp of the enemy, (Missonrians), which 
 was so destructive that they were seen leaving their tents and retiring in 
 haste toward the northeast of the valley. Meanwhile, the Third and 
 Fifth Missouri Infantry had quickly advanced, passed the creek, and 
 traversing the camp, formed almost in the centre of it. As the enemy 
 made his rally in large numbers before him, about 3,000 strong, consisting 
 •of infantry and cavalry, he ordered the artillery to be brought forward 
 from the hill and formed there in battery across the valley, with the 
 Third and Fifth to the left, and the cavalry to the right. After an 
 effectual fire of half an hour, the enemy retired in some confusion into 
 the woods and up the adjoining hills. The firing toward the northwest 
 was now more distinct ; and it increased, until it was evident that the 
 main corps of General Lyon had engaged the enemy along the wbple 
 line. To give the greatest possible assistance to him, Sigel left his 
 position in the camp and advanced toward the northwest, to attack the 
 enemy's line of battle in the rear. Marching forward, Sigel's column 
 strack the Fayetteville road, and pursuing it to Sharpe's farm, planted 
 artillery on the plateau and the two infantry rigiments on the right and 
 left, across the road, whilst the cavalry extended on its flanks. The 
 
 'Lyon's body was placed in an ambulance to be moved from the field, but in the 
 hurry of departure it was left. From Springfield, a surgeon with attendants was sent 
 back for it, and General Price sent it to the town in his own wagon. In the confusion 
 of abandoning Springfield, the next morning, it was again left behind, when, after being 
 carefully prepared for burial by two members of Brigadier-General Clark's staff, it was 
 delivered to the care of Mrs. Mary Phelps (wife of Hon, J. S. Phelps, a former member 
 of Congress from Missouri, the present Governor of the State, and a staunch Union man) , 
 who caused it to be buried. A few days afterward it was disinterred and sent tq^^t. 
 liouis, and from there it was conveyed to Eaatford, Connecticut, his native place, where, 
 on September 4th, 1861, it was re-interred with military honors in the family graveyard, 
 in the presence of 15,000 people. 
 
RETBEAT TO EOLLA. 385 
 
 filing in the noi-thwest, which was the direction of Lyon's column, and 
 which had incessantly roared for an hour, had then almost entirely ceased. 
 Presuming that Lyon had repulsed the Confederates, and that his forces 
 were coming up the road, Lieutenant Albert, of the Third, and Colonel 
 Salomon, of the Fifth, notified their regiments not to fire upon the troops 
 coming in that direction, while Sigel gave the same caution to the 
 artillery. Very soon, and very unexpectedly, two Confederate batteries 
 opened their fire upon them — one in front, on the Fayetteville road, and 
 the other upon the hill upon which Sigel supposed Lyon's forces were 
 in pursuit of the enemy, whilst a strong column of infantry, supposed to 
 be the Iowa regiment, advanced from the Fayetteville road and attacked 
 Sigel's right. Consternation and frightful confusion, of course, ensued. 
 The cry, " They (Lyon's troops) are firing against us," spread like wild 
 ^re through Sigel's ranks, and his artillery and infantry could hardly 
 be induced to serve their guns, until it was too late. The enemy arrived 
 within ten paces of the muzzles of Sigel's cannon, killed the horses, 
 turned the flanks of the infantry, and forced them to fly. The Union 
 troops were throwing themselves into the bushes and by-roads, retreating 
 as well as they could, followed and attacked incessantly by large bodies 
 of Arkansas and Texas cavalry. In this retreat Sigel lost five cannon, 
 of which three were spiked, and the colors of the Third, the color-bearer 
 having been wounded, and his substitute killed. The total loss of the 
 two regiments, the artillery, and the pioneers, in killed, wounded and 
 missing, amounted to 892 men. 
 
 After the arrival of the Federal troops at Springfield, the command 
 was entrusted by Major Sturgis to Colonel Sigel, who ordered a retreat 
 from that place, which commenced on the night of the memorable 10th 
 of August, to EoUa, Phelps County, the terminus of the Southwest 
 Branch Railroad, and 125 miles distant. The retreating army reached 
 Holla on the 19th of August, safely conducting a Government train five 
 miles in length and valued at $1,500,000. Here " Camp Good Hope " 
 was established. 
 
 Thus much for the Federal account of the battle of Wilson's Creek ; 
 ai^d although it does not materially differ from the Confederate narrative 
 of the same engagement, in a spirit of fairness to all concerned, we will 
 now epitomize the latter. 
 
 According to General McCulloch's report. General Lyon attacked his 
 
 force on the left, and General Sigel on his right and rear, from which 
 
 points batteries opened upon them at daylight. The Missourians un^er 
 
 Generals Slack, Clark, McBride, Parsons and Eaius, were nearest the 
 
 25 
 
386 HISTOKY OF MISSOXIRI. 
 
 position taken by General Lyon with his main force ; they were instantly 
 turned to the left, and opened the battle with an incessant fire of small 
 arms. Woodruff opposed his battery to the battery of the enemy under 
 Captain Totten, and a constant cannonading was kept up between these 
 batteries daring the engagement. Hebert's regiment of Louisiana Vol- 
 unteers, and Mcintosh's regiment of Arkansas Mounted Riflemen, were 
 ordered to the front, and after passing the battery (Totten' s), turned to 
 the left and soon engaged the enemy with the regiments deployed. 
 Colonel Mcintosh dismounted his regiment, and the two marched up 
 abreast to a fence around a large corn-field, where they met the left of 
 the enemy already posted. A terrible conflict of small-arms took place 
 here. The opposing force was a body of regular United States Infantry, 
 commanded by Captains Plummer and Gilbert. 
 
 Notwithstanding the galling fire poured on the regiments of Hebert 
 and Mcintosh, they leaped over the fence, and gallantly led by their 
 Colonels, drove the enemy before them, back npon the main body. Dur- 
 ing this time, the Missourians under General Price were gallantly attempt- 
 ing to sustain themselves in the centre, and were hotly engaged on the 
 sides of the height upon which the enemy were posted. Far on the 
 right Sigel had opened his battery upon Churchill's and Greer's regi- 
 ments, and had gvadualh' made his way to the Springfield road, upon 
 each side of which the enemy was encamped, and in a prominent positioH 
 he established his battery. 
 
 General McCulloch at once rapidly marched from the front and right, 
 to the rear, two companies of the Louisiana regiment, and ordered Colo- 
 nel Mcintosh to bring up the rest. Reid's batterj' had already opened 
 upon Sigel's and occasioned confusion among them. The Louisianans 
 gallantly charged among the guns and swept the cannoniers away. Five 
 of Sigel's guns were captured, and his command completely routed and 
 put in rapid retreat. Some companies of the Texan regiment and a por- 
 tion of Colonel Major's Missouri Cavalry pursued, and in the pursuit 
 captured Sigel's last gun and killed and took prisoners many of bis 
 troops. Having thus cleared his right and rear. General McCulloch 
 turned his attention to the centre, where the Union troops imder General 
 Lyon were pressing upon the Missourians under General Price, having 
 driven them back. To this point Mcintosh's regiment under Lieuten- 
 ent-Colonel Embry, and Churchill's regiment on foot, Gratiot's regiment 
 and McRae's battalion were sent. The terrible fire of musketry was 
 now kept up along the whole side and top of the hill, upon which Lyon's 
 force was posted. Masses of infantry fell back and again rushed for- 
 
BEPOKTS OF THE BATTLE. 387 
 
 ward. The summit of the hill was covered wilh the dead and wounded, 
 both sides were fighting with desperation for the daj^ 
 
 At this critical moment, when the fortunes of the day seemed to be at 
 the turning point, two regiments of General Pearce's brigade were 
 ordered to march from their position (as reserves), to support the centre. 
 The order was obeyed with alacrity, and General Pearce gallantly rushed 
 with his brigade to the rescue. The battle then became general, and 
 probably no two opposing forces ever fought with greater desperation ; 
 inch by inch the Union troops gave way, and were driven from their posi- 
 tion ; Totten's battery fell back; and Missourians, Arkansans, Lousian- 
 ians and Texans pushed forward. The incessant roll of musketry was 
 deafening, and the balls fell as thick as hail stones ; nevertheless the 
 Confederate column pressed forward, and with a terrific yell broke upon 
 the enemy, driving them back and strewing the ground with their dead. 
 Nothing could withstand the impetuosity of the final charge, which broke 
 the line of the Federal troops so that they could not again be rallied. The 
 battle lasted six hours and a half. ^ 
 
 General Sterling Price, in his report, after reciting the fact that Gen- 
 eral McCuUoch was with him at his quarters when the news of Lyon's 
 attack was received, states that he instantly rode toward General Rains' 
 position, at the same time ordering Generals Slack, McBride, Clark and 
 Parsons to move their infantry and artillery rapidly forward. He had 
 ridden but a few hundred yards when he came suddenly upon the main 
 body of the enemy, commanded by General Lyon in person. The 
 infantry and artillery, to the number of 2,036 men, came up immediately 
 and engaged Lyon. A bloody conflict then ensued, which was conducted 
 with ihe greatest gallantry and vigor on both sides for more than five 
 hours, when the Union forces retreated in great confusion. The victory 
 was dearly bought, by the loss of many skillful officers and brave men. 
 Colonel Richard Hanson Weightman fell mortally wounded on the field, 
 at the head of his brigade, and wounded in three places. He died just 
 as the victorious shout was raised upon the air. Here, too, died Colonel 
 Ben. Brown, of Ray County, President of the Missouri Senate. One of 
 General Price's aids, Lieutenant-Colonel George W. Allen, of Saline 
 County, was shot down while communicating an order. 
 
 Brigadier-General Slack's division sufiered severely. He himself fell 
 
 1 This battle is variously known as Wilson's Creek, Springfield and Oak Hill. Gen- 
 eral McOuUoch in his official report of it calls it '■ Oak Hill." Believing " "Wilson's 
 Creek " the more appropriate name, we adopt it. 
 
B88 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 dangerously wounded at the head of his column. Of his regiment of in- 
 fantry, under Col. John T. Hughes, ' consisting of about 650 men, 36 were 
 killed, 76 wounded, .many of them mortally, and thirty were missing. 
 Among the killed were C. H. Bennet, Adjutant of the regiment ; Captain 
 Blackwell, and Lieutenant Samuel S. Hughes, (brother of John T.). 
 Colonel Kives' squadron of cavalry, (dismounted), numbering some 234 
 men, lost four killed, and eight wounded. Among the former were 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Austin, and Captain Engart. Brigadier-General 
 Clark was also wounded in the leg. His infantry (200 men) lost, in 
 killed, seventeen, and wounded, seventy-one. Colonel Burbridge was 
 severely wounded. Captains Farris and Halleck, and Lieutenant Has- 
 kins, were killed. General Clark's cavalry, together with the Windsor 
 Guards, were under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel James P. 
 Major, who did good service. They lost six killed, and five wounded. 
 
 Brigadier-General McBride's division (605 men), lost twenty-two 
 killed, sixty-seven severely wounded, and fifty-seven slightly wounded. 
 Colonel Foster and Captains Nichols, Dougherty, Armstrong and Mings, 
 were wounded while gallantly leading their respective commands. 
 
 General Parson's brigade, 256 infantry and artillery, — under command 
 respectively of Colonel Joseph Kelly, of St. Louis, and Captain Guibor, 
 — and 406 cavalry, Colonel Brown, lost, the artillery, three killed, and 
 seven wounded ; the infantry, nine killed, and thirty-eight wounded ; 
 the cavalry, three killed, and two wounded. Colonel Kelly was wounded 
 in the hand. Captain Coleman was mortally wounded, and died. 
 
 General Rains' division was composed of two brigades. The first, under 
 Colonel Weightman, embracing infantry and artillery, 1,306 strong, lost, 
 not only their commander, but thirty-four 'Others killed, and 111 
 wounded. The Second Brigade, mounted men-, Colonel Cauthorn com- 
 manding, about 1,200 strong, lost twenty-one killed, and seventy-five 
 wounded. Major Charles Rogers, of St. Louis, Adjutant of the brigade, 
 was mortally wounded, and died the day after the battle. 
 
 The forces of Missouri State Guard consisted of 5,221 officers and 
 men. Of these no less than 156 died upon the field, while 517 were 
 wounded. The total Confederate loss in the engagement, as reported by 
 ©eneral McCuUoch, was 265 killed, 800 wounded, and thirty missing. 
 
 Brigadier-General John B. Clark, (Senior), for fifty years past a well 
 
 I- A native of Howard Comity, a graduate of Bonne Femme Academy, in Boone Coun- 
 ty, and the author of "Doniphan's Expedition." At the opening of the war and for 
 many years before, he was a citizen of Clinton County. He was Idlled in a charge oa 
 Independence, Mo., on Aug. 11th, 1863. 
 
EEPOKTS OF THE BATTLE. 389 
 
 known lawyer and politician of Fayette, Missouri, and commandant of a 
 division of tiie Missouri State Guard, also made a report. His command 
 consisted of one regiment of infantry, commanded by Colonel J. Q. Bur- 
 bridge and Major John B. Clark, (Jr. ),^ with 376 men, rank and file, 
 and one battalion of cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel James P. 
 Major, with 250 men, rank and file. Eeceiving, while at breakfast, am 
 order from General Price to form his command upon the crest of the hill 
 under which he was encamped. General Clark immediately dispatched 
 Colouel Richard H. Musser, (of Brunswick) , one of his staff, to Colonel 
 Major, who was encamped a mile and a half distant, to report his com- 
 mand at his headquarters immediately, which was done. General Clark 
 moved about 300 yards, when he discovered the enemy strongly posted 
 in his front, upon the heights, engaging the commmand of Brigadier- 
 General "W. Y. Slack, upon whose left his forces of infantry were formed. 
 In a few minutes after, Colonel Kelly, of General Parson's command, 
 formed upon his left, and rapidly following came the command of 
 General J. H. McBride, who formed upon the left of Colonel Kelly, and 
 commanded a flank movement upon the right of the enemy. In this 
 position the entire line, led by General Price in person, advanced in the 
 direction of Lyon's forces, under a continuous and heavy fire of artillery 
 and musketry, until they approached near enough to make their rifle guns 
 effective, when they returned the enemy's fire with such terrific effect as 
 to drive him from his position, and cause him to make a rapid retrograde 
 movement. Heavy cannonading was then heard immediately in the rear 
 of Clark's command, which seemed to be directed at his line, producing a 
 momentary confusion, and a suspension of the pursuit until General Mc- 
 Culloch came up and employed a portion of the force against the batteries 
 in the rear. General Parson's battery now moved forward in line with 
 the remaining column on the right, and upon the left of General Slack. 
 General Pierce, with a portion of the Arkansas troops, also came up and 
 formed on the left of the line. After rapidly advancing a short distance 
 in the direction in which the Union troops had retired, they were again 
 found in great force and opened a brisk fire. An incessant fire of artillery 
 and small arms ensued, and was continued on both sides for about aa 
 hour, when the Federal forces fled with consternation and confusion. 
 The First battalion of Clark's cavalry was attacked upon the rear, 
 and so hotly pressed that Colonel Major was forced to retire under cover 
 
 I A son of General Clark, and at this time (1877), member of Congress from the Elev^ 
 entb District. 
 
390 mSTOBY OF MISSOUBI. 
 
 of the woods to form his line. After forming, he marched in the direc- 
 tion he had been ordered, when large bodies of rebel horsemen, who had 
 been cut off from their companies, rushed through and divided his force, 
 leaving Major with but a single company. Nevertheless, Colonel Major, 
 aided by Colonel Casper W. Bell (of Brunswick), Assistant- Adjutant 
 General, and Captain Joseph Finks (now Clerk of the Circuit Court of 
 Howard County), one of Clark's aids, succeeded in gathering some 300 
 mounted men and attacked the forces in the rear, commanded by Gen- 
 eral Sigel, capturing 157 prisoners and killing 64 men. 
 
 The news of the Federal defeat at Wilson's Creek, and of the death of 
 Lyon, reached General Fremont on the 13th of August. It greatly grat- 
 ified and emboldened the secessionists, and in a corresponding degree 
 depressed and rendered indignant the friends of the Union. Neverthe- 
 less, Governor Gamble, realizing the imminence of the crisis and the 
 need for a larger force in the field to protect the lives and property of 
 the citizens of the State, issued a proclamation on August 24th, calling 
 into service 42,000 men of the militia — 10,000 cavalry and 32,000 
 infantry, — to serve for six months, " unless peace in the State be sooner 
 restored." And such was the spirit of disorder and turbulence in the 
 State, that General Fremont, on the 30th of August, inaugurated anew, 
 and to our people, an untried remedy for the lawlessness which prevailed 
 and the almost absolute impoteucy of the civil authority. He declared 
 Martial Law, and appointed J. MoKinstry, Major U. S. A., Provost- 
 Marshal-General of the State. In his proclamation he stated that the 
 lines of the Army of Occupation extended from Leavenworth, in Kansas, 
 by way of the posts of Jefferson City, Rolla andlronton, to Cape Girard- 
 eau on the Mississippi river. He also declared that all persons within 
 those limits, taken with arms in their hands, should be tried by court- 
 martial, and if found guilty, should be shot ; that the property, real and 
 personal, of all persons in Missouri, who should be proven to have taken 
 an active part with the enemies of the Government in the field, should 
 be confiscated to the public use, and their slaves, if they had any, 
 should be thereafter declared free men ; and that all persons engaged in 
 the destruction of bridges, railway tracks, and telegraphs, should suffer 
 the extreme penalty of the law. All persons who, by speech or corres- 
 pondence, should be found guilty of giving aid to the insurgents in any 
 way, were warned of ill consequences to themselves ; and all who had 
 been seduced from their allegiance to the National Government were 
 required to return to their homes forthwith. The declared object of the 
 proclamation was to place in the hands of the military authorities the 
 
MARTIAL LAW IN ST. LOUIS. 391 
 
 power to give instantaneous effect to existing laws, while ordinary civil 
 authority would not be suspended where the law should be administered 
 in the usual manner. 
 
 Of even date with this proclamation, was an order from the Provost- 
 Marshal-General (McKinsti-y"), to this effect: 
 
 [Okdek Nq. 107. ] 
 Office of Provost Marshal, St. Louis, Mo., August 30, 1861. 
 It appearing to this Department, by satisfactoi-y evidence, that individuals are daily 
 leaving this city for the purpose of treasonably communicating vvith the enemy, and 
 giving them information, aid and comfort, in violation of law, it is hereby directed that, 
 from and after this date, all persons ai-e peremptorily forbidden to pass beyond the lim- 
 its of the City and County of St. Louis, without first obtaining a special permit from 
 this office. All ferry, steamboat and railway officers and agents, and all other carriers 
 of passengers, are hereby forbidden to sell or ti-ansfer any tickets entitling the holder to 
 go beyond the limits of this county, to any person, or to carry, or allow to be carried, 
 any person not exhibiting a permit from this office. J. McKinstrt, 
 
 Major U. S. A., Provost Marshal. 
 
 The proclamation of martial law, and the rigid enforcement of this 
 order, greatly embarrassed the transactions of commerce and business, 
 and the egress of the people from the county of St. Louis. In fact, it 
 afforded the people at large, of both sexes, and of all opinions and sympa- 
 thies, conclusive evidence that war existed in the State. For the pur- 
 pose of preserving in an enduring form a specimen of the "permit" or 
 pass required by the order, the following is a copy of one issued to the 
 author of this "sketch," he desiring to return from St. Louis to his 
 home in Columbia : 
 
 Office op Pkovost Marshal, St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 1st, 1861. 
 Permission is granted to Wm. F. Switzler to pass beyond the limits of the City and 
 County of St. Louis, to go to Columbia, Mo. J. McKinstrt, 
 
 Major U. S. A., Provost Marshal. 
 
 Description of Person: Name, Wm. F. Switzler; age, forty-two ; height, five feet 
 ten inches ; color of eyes, gray ; color of hair, sandy. It is understood that the within 
 named and subscriber, accepts this pass on his word of honor that he is and vriU be ever 
 loyal to the United States ; and if hereafter found in arms against the Union, or In any 
 way aiding her enemies, the penalty will be death. Wm. F. Switzler. 
 
 The confiscation and manumitting portions of General Fremont's pro- 
 clamation occasioned no little excitement and alarm in the State ; and 
 these were greatly augmented when, on the 12th of September, he caused 
 to be executed under his own hand, and published, deeds of manumission 
 to Frank Lewis and Hiram Reed, two slaves belonging to Colonel 
 Thomas L. Snead, General Sterling Price's Chief of Staff. So extraor- 
 
392 HISTORY OF MISSOIIRI. 
 
 dinary, indeed, was this portion of the proclamation, that it met with 
 President Lincoln's prompt disapproval ; and he at once, (Sep. 2) , wrote 
 to General Fremont to modify the clause relative to the confiscation of 
 property and the liberation of slaves, for its non-conformity to the act 
 of Congress passed on the 8th of August, 1861. Fremont preferring that 
 the President make the order of modification himself, he did so on the 
 11th of September. 
 
 No sooner did General Jefi". Thompson, (who by this time had 
 acquired the soubriquet of "The Swamp Fox"), meet with Fremont's pro- 
 clamation of martial law, than he (September 2d) issxied from " Camp 
 Hunter " a counter-irritant — a hrutum fulmen — in his peculiar grandilo- 
 quent diction, in which he declared "to all whom it may concern" "that 
 for every member of the Missouri State Guard or soldier of our allies, 
 the armies of the Confederate States, who shall be put to death in pur- 
 suance of the said order of General Fremont, I will hang, draw and 
 quarter a minion of said Abraham Lincoln." Also that "if this rule is 
 to be adopted, (and it must first be done by our enemies,) I intend to 
 exceed General Fremont in his excesses, and will make all tories that 
 come within my reach rue the day that a different policy was adopted by 
 their leaders. Already mills, barns, warehouses and other private 
 property have been wastefully and wantonly destroyed by the enemy in 
 this district, while we have taken nothing except articles strictly contra- 
 band or absolutely necessary. Should these things be repeated, I will 
 retaliate ten-fold, so help me God 1 " 
 
CHAPTEE XXX. 
 
 Battle at Athens. — McGulloch's Proclamatiom ov August 12, 1861. — ^Price's Procla. 
 MATiON. — Skirmish at Drywood. — Battlb of Lexington. — Heroic Dbfknsb or Mul- 
 ligan AND HIS riNAL SURRENDBR.~GbN. FREMONT AGAIN SEVERELY CRITICISED.— HB 
 
 resolves to takb thb field in person.— musters an army ot 20,000 men and 
 starts fob Springfield. — Prick Abandons Lexington. — Maj. "White's Bold Dash 
 INTO THE Town- — Fremont's Army across the Osage. — The Magnitude of His 
 Plans.— Zagonyi's Brilliant charge into Springfield.— Errors in regard to it 
 Corrected. — Justice done the "Prairie Scouts." — ^Vbky expressive, if not ele- 
 gant, REMARK OF " OLD pAP." — BATTLE AT BELMONT. — HEROISM OF A LaD. — FREMONT 
 
 Superseded by Gen. Hunter, and he by Gen. Halleck. — The Union Army re- 
 turns FROM Springfield to St. Louis.- Gen. Price's 50,000 Men and $200,000,000 
 Proclamation. — A Eemarkablb Paper. — Gen. John Pope. — Gen. Halleck assumes 
 Command of the Department. — aIartial Law. — Stringent Orders against 
 Railroad Destroyers.— Campaign Summary. 
 
 August 5th, 1861, quite a battle took place at the village of Athens, in 
 Clark County, Missouri, on the right bank of the Des Moines River, 
 about twenty miles northwest of Keokuk, Iowa, between some eight 
 hundred (some say as high as 1,800) Secessionists, mostly cavalry, under 
 command of Colonel Martin E. Green, (a brother of Honorable James S. 
 Green,) of Lewis County, and some four hundred Union Home Guards of 
 Clark County, assisted by two companies of United States volunteers from 
 Keokuk. The Home Guards were commanded by Colonel David Moore, 
 of Clark Couuty. The Secessionists had two pieces of artillery, a nine 
 and a six pounder. The Union forces had no cannon. Colonel Green 
 commenced the attack at 9 o'clock A. m. The fight continued with 
 much bravery on both sides, for about an hour, when the secessionists 
 retreated, leaving nine dead upon the field, besides many wounded. The 
 Union men lost three killed and eighteen wounded, several dangerously. 
 
 Contrary to the general expectation of both armies, McCulloch and 
 Price did not pursue their victory at "Wilson's Creek by following Sigel in 
 his retreat upon RoUa. McCulloch, however, contented himself with 
 issuing a proclamation to the people of the State, dated August 12th, 1861, 
 in which he recited that he had been called by Governor Jackson " to assist 
 in driving the National forces out of the State and in restoring the peo- 
 ple to their just rights," that he had come to "give the oppressed an 
 opportunity of again standing up as freemen and uttering their true sen- 
 timents," and that "the true sons of Missouri," together with his force, 
 had "gained over the mercenary hordes of the North a great and signal 
 victory." He also called upon "the true men of Missouri" to rise up and 
 
394 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 rally around his standard, promising if they did so to redeem the 
 State, and declaring that "Missouri must be allowed to choose her own 
 destiny — no oaths binding your consciences.'* 
 
 Soon after the issuing of this proclamation, his assumptions and de- 
 portment becoming oiFensive to Genei'al Price and his soldiers, aliena- 
 tion ensued, and McCuUoch abandoned Missouri to its fate and with his 
 army left its borders. 
 
 On the 20th of August, ten days after the battle of Wilson's Creek, 
 General Price issued a proclamation to the people of the State, in which 
 he informed them that his army had been organized under the laws of 
 the Commonwealth for the maintenance of the rights, dignity, and honor 
 of Missouri, and was kept in the field for these purposes alone ; that a 
 glorious victory had just been achieved over " the well-appointed army 
 which the usui-per at Washington has been more than six months gather- 
 ing for their subjugation and enslavement"; and that all good citi- 
 zens were invited to return to their homes and the practice of their 
 ordinary avocations, with the full assurance that they should be protected 
 in person and property. He also warned "all evil-disposed persons" who 
 might " support the usurpations of any one claiming to be provisional or 
 temporary governor of Missouri," or who should in any other way give 
 aid or comfort to the enemy, that they would be held as enemies and 
 treated accordingly. 
 
 In response to the call of General Price, the citizens of Missouri in 
 large numbers flocked to his standard, and in a few weeks he had gath- 
 ered a formidable force. With this force, about the close of August, he 
 moved (in a curve bending far towards Kansas) in the direction of Lex- 
 ington on the Missouri Eiver. En route, at Drywood Creek, in Vernon 
 County, and about fifteen miles from the eastern border of Kansas, he 
 had a skirmish on the 7th of September with some Kansas-Union 
 troops under Colonel James H. Lane, drove them across the line and 
 pursued them to Fort Scott. Eesuming his march he reached Warrens- 
 burg, Johnson County, September 11th, and immediately moved 
 towards Lexington, and encamped the same night within a few miles of 
 the city. 
 
 Lexington occupied an important position ; it commanded the approach 
 by water to Fort Leavenworth, and was now brought into great prominence 
 as the theatre of a desperate struggle. Advised of General Price's 
 movement towards it, and appreciating its strngetic value as a frontier 
 position. General Fremont ordered a small force there to take charo-e of 
 the money in the bank and to garrison the place. This force was 
 
SIEGE OF LEXIKGTOm 395 
 
 increased from time to time, during Price's northward march, until the 
 number of Union troops was nearly 3,000, commanded by Colonel 
 James A. Mulligan, of the "Irish Brigade" of Chicago — the force being 
 composed as follows : 
 
 Irish Brigade, (33d HI.,) Colonel J. A. Mulligan 800 men- 
 
 Home Guards, Colonel White 500 " 
 
 Thirteenth Missouri, Colonel Peabody 840 " 
 
 Fu-st Illinois Cavalry, Colonel J. M. Marshall 500 " 
 
 'Total 2,640 " 
 
 In anticipation of Price's attack, Colonel Mulligan threw up entrench- 
 ments on Masonic College Hill, an eminence which comprised about fifteen 
 acres adjoining and northeast of the city, and overlooking the Missouri 
 River. On this hill was a large brick building erected by the Masons for a 
 college, which Mulligan occupied for military purposes. His first line ot 
 works was in front of this building ; outside of his embankments was a 
 broad and deep ditch, and beyond this were pits into which, in case of 
 charge or ordinary advance, his assailants, foot or horse, might fall. 
 Outside of the fortifications the ground was also skillfully mixed with 
 gunpowder and suitable trains. But Mulligan's men had only about 
 forty rounds of ammunition each, and six small brass cannon and two 
 howitzers, the latter of which were useless because of the lack of shells. 
 
 At early dawn on September 12th, General Price drove in the Union 
 pickets, and, taking position within easy range of the college building, 
 opened a cannonade from four different points with Bledsoe's Battery, 
 which in the absence of that officer, who had been wounded at Drywood, 
 was commanded by Captain Emmitt McDonald, and with Parson's Bat- 
 tery, under Captain Guibor. The assault and defense were kept up dur- 
 Ino- the entire day, when Price, after sunset, finding bis ammunition and 
 his famished men — thousands of whom had not eaten or slept for thirty- 
 six hours — were nearly exhausted, withdrew to the Fair Grounds to await 
 the arrival of his wagon train and re-inforcements. 
 
 Mullio-an's men immediately resorted to the trenches, to complete their 
 preparations for a siege. 
 
 Havino-, on the 10th, dispatched a courier to Jefferson City, asking for 
 re-inforoements, he was now anxiously expecting them, wlaile his men 
 worked night and day to strengthen their fortifications. But his courier 
 
 I General Sterling Price In his report of the battle estimates Mulligan's force at be- . 
 tween 3,000 and 4,000. 
 
396 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 was captured on the way, and of course no relief came.^ Yet bravely 
 and hopefully Mulligan's men woi'ked on until, on the morning of 
 the 18th, General Price, who had been reinforced, and now had 
 in command a force variously estimated at from 15,000 to 25,000 
 men, began a final attack upon Mulligan's works, which resulted in cut- 
 ting off the communication of the besieged garrison with the city, stop- 
 ping their supply of water, seizing a steamboat laden with stores, and 
 occupying the fine residence of Colonel Thomas B. Wallace, which 
 commanded the position of the Union forces. This residence was 
 destroyed during the fight. 
 
 The siege and assault and heroic resistance continued for fifty-two 
 hours.* During the forenoon of the 20th, General Price ordered from the 
 factory of McGrew Brothers, near the steamboat landing, bales of hemp ; 
 and with these, wetted so as to resist hot shot, movable breastworks, two 
 bales deep, were constructed, behind which, as an advance was made up 
 the hill, the Confederate forces opened a terrific fire upon Mulligan's 
 men, and pressed up within ten rods of the works, along a line of forty 
 yards in length. From this device of the Confederates there was no 
 escape, and Mulligan looked with alarm on the steadily approaching and 
 impenetrable rampart, along the crest of which ran an incessant sheet of 
 flame. Farther resistance was madness. Retreat was impossible. The 
 supply of water was cut ofi", excepting that which, during a passing 
 shower of rain, was caught in camp blankets aild wrung into camp 
 dishes. The stench of the killed horses and mules within the intrench- 
 ments was insufi"erable. The doom of the garrison was sealed ; and on 
 the afternoon of the 20th, Major Becker, of the Home Guards — Colonel 
 White having been killed — raised a white flag, the firing ceased, and the 
 siege of Lexington ended. 
 
 About 3,000 men laid down their arms and surrendered as prisoners 
 of war .2 The loss in killed and wounded on either side, considering the 
 
 • Lieutenant Eains, of the Ii'ish Brigade, with twelve men, had been dispatched on the 
 steamer "Sunshine," but forty miles below Lexington it was captured and those on 
 board made prisoners. 
 
 2 At the beginning of the siege, General Price sent a summons to Colonel Mulligan to 
 surrender, to which he replied : " If you want us, you must take us." 
 
 3 The visible fruits of the victory, which fell into the hands of General Price, were 
 six cannon, two mortars, over 8,000 stand of infantry arms, a large number of sabres, 
 about seven hundred and fifty horses, -wagons, teams, ammunition, and $100,000 worth 
 of commissary stores. Also, " the great seal of State, and the public records, which had 
 been stolen from their proper custodian, and about $900,000 in money of which the bank 
 
 ^ of this place had been robbed, and which I have caused to be returned to it." See Gen- 
 eral Price's report to Governor Jackson, September 23d, 1861. 
 
FKEMOKT TAKES THE FIELD IN PEESON. 397 
 
 numbers engaged and the desperate character of the conflict, was incon- 
 siderable — forty killed and one hundred and twenty wounded on the Union, 
 and twenty killed and seventy-five wounded on the Confederate side. 
 Among the Union wounded, by a ball through the calf of the leg, and a 
 flesh wound on the right arm, was Colonel Mulligan ; and Colonel Mar- 
 shall, by a ball in the chest. 
 
 In the desperate and protracted assault upon Lexington, the following 
 forces bore a conspicuous part : Bledsoe's, Clark's, Kelly's, and Parsons' 
 batteries, and the divisions and smaller commands, respectively, under 
 General James S. Eains, Colonel Congreve Jackson, Colonel Eives, Gen- 
 eral McBride, General Thomas A. Harris, General Steen, Colonel Boyd, 
 Major Winston and Colonel Green. 
 
 The fall of Lexington was a serious blow to the Union cause in Mis- 
 souri, and, as in the case of "Wilson's Creek, General Fremont was 
 severely censured for failing to re-inforce it. He was assailed with 
 charges of incapacity, extravagance in expenditure, and a penchant for 
 grandiloquent proclamations and display.^ 
 
 Feeling very keenly the losses of Lyon and the battle at Wilson's 
 Creek, and the surrender of Lexington, General Fremont, apprehend- 
 ing that General Price would now march to Jefferson City, or seek to 
 establish himself somewhere on the Missouri River in the center of the 
 State, avowed a determination to take the field in person, with the hope 
 of circumventing and destroying Price before McCulloch, who had been 
 gathering troops in Arkansas, could return to his aid. With this view, 
 on the 27th of September, he put in motion, for Southwest Missouri, an 
 army of more than 20,000 men, (of whom 5,000 were cavalry), 
 arranged in five divisions, under the command of Generals David Hunter, 
 John Pope, Franz Sigel, J. McKinstry and H. Asboth, and accompa- 
 nied by eighty-six pieces of artillery, many of which were rifle cannon. 
 On the 28th of September, Fremont, with his famous body-guard, under 
 Major Charles Zagonyi, a Hungarian, had reached Jeflferson City, where 
 he sought to adopt vigorous measures not only to forestall Price's 
 expected march to the Capital, but to drive him from the State. 
 
 On the 30th of September, Price abandoned Lexington, marching 
 south towards Arkansas, but leaving a guard of five hundred men there, 
 
 »One of the Union papers of the State (the Missouri Statesman), commenting at the 
 time on the fall of Lexington, said : "It ought by this time to be very appai-ent to Gen- 
 eral John Charles Fremont, and other band-box Generals, that the Kebels are not to be 
 « driven in dismay from the State ' by dress parades on sunshiny afternoons, high-sounding 
 proclamations, freeing negroes, and orders from the Provost Marshal." 
 
398 
 
 HISTOET OF MISSOURI. 
 
 in charge of the officei'-prisoners (the private soldiers had been paroled) 
 taken at Mulligan's surrender. On the 16th of October, by a bold dash, 
 Major Frank J. White, of the "Prarie Scouts," a cavalry force of one 
 hundred and eighty-five men, surprised the guard, took seventy of them 
 prisoners, and dispersed the rest, releasing the Union prisoners, and 
 marched to join Fremont, who by this time had reached Warsaw, on 
 the Osage River. Recent heavy rains had so swollen the stream that its 
 passage for so large an army was very difficult. Sigel, who led the 
 advance, crossed in a single flat-boat, but this was inadequate for the 
 transportation, to the opposite shore, of 30,000 troops, baggage trains, 
 cavalry horses, and nearly one hundred heavy guns. Therefore, under 
 the direction of Captain Pike, of the engineers, a rude, strong bridge 
 was constructed, over which the entire army and its accompaniments 
 passed in safety, and moved on in the direction of Springfield, by the 
 way of Bolivar. 
 
 General Fremont's plan was reasonably magnificent in its proportions, 
 to-wit : To capture or disperse the forces of Price, march to Little 
 Rock and take it, and so completely turn the position of the Confeder- 
 ate forces under Polk, Pillow, Thompson, and Hardee, as to cut oif their 
 supplies from that region, and compel them to retreat ; when a flotilla of 
 gun-boats then in preparation near St. Louis, in command of Captain 
 Foote, could easily descend the river and assist in military operations 
 against Memphis, which, if successful, would allow the army to push on 
 and take possession of New Orleans. "My plan is, New Orleans 
 straight," he wrote, Oct. 11th, 1861, from Tipton, to his wife, who was 
 then in Jefferson City. "It would precipitate the war forward, and end 
 it soon and victoriously." ^ All the while, however, Fremont was appre- 
 hensive of interference with his plans, by orders from Washington ; for he 
 knew that the Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, and the Adjutant- 
 General, E. D. Townsend, were en route from St. Louis to overtake him. 
 
 When within about fifty miles of Springfield, Fremont ordered for- 
 ward to that place the combined Cavaliy forces — about three hundred 
 strong — of Major Charles Zagonyi, of his "Body Guard," and Major 
 Frank J. White, of the "Prairie Scouts," (led by the former) to recon- 
 noiter the Confederate position there, and, if possible, to capture it. 
 Major Zagonyi executed the order with great intrepidity and heroism, 
 rendering his brilliant charge one of the most notable events of the cam- 
 paign in Missouri. And yet no event of the war has been more misrep- 
 
 ' See '' The Civil "War in America,'' by Lossing. Vol. 2, p. 79. 
 
ZAGOirn'S BKILLIANT CHAEGE INTO SPRINGFIELD. 399 
 
 resentated and exaggerated, chiefly in two respects ; (1) as to the num- 
 ber of Confederates at Springfield, and (2) the injustice done the squad- 
 ron of "Prairie Scouts" belonging to Major White's command. These 
 exaggerations, for the most part, owe their paternity to the vain- 
 glorious reports made at the time by Major Zagonyi himself, and which 
 without contradiction, so far as we know, have gone into all previous 
 histories of the event as true. The truth — not stopping to point out in 
 detail the inaccuracies of other accounts — is substantially as follows : 
 
 On October 24, 1861, after Major White's return from Lexington, 
 he was ordered by General Sigel to reconnoiter in the vicinity of Spring- 
 field, and if advisable to attack the Confederate force in camp there. 
 Although suffering from a severe illness, and unable to mount his horse, 
 Major White (himself in a carriage) immediately pushed forward his 
 command; and on the evening of the same day (24th) was overtaken 
 by Major Zagonyi, with the "Body Guard," who, under orders from 
 General Fremont, took command of the combined force. When within 
 a few miles from Springfield the next day, (25th) Major Zagonyi cap- 
 tiK-ed some Confederate foragers from whom he learned, but it was untrue, 
 that the Confederate force garrisoning the town numbered between 2,000 
 and 3,000 infantry and cavalry. Nevertheless he dashed forward rapidly, 
 leaving Major White very ill in his carriage, under escort of a lieutenant 
 and five men. ^ The Confederates, 400 or 500 cavalry and 150 infantry — 
 and not 2,200 men, as stated by Major Zagonyi, nor 1,200 as claimed by 
 Major White — ^were encamped about one mile west of Springfield, on 
 the Mount Vernon road, and were in command of Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Lee Cloud, of Webster County, in the absence of Colonel Frazer. 
 
 Notice of Zagonyi' s approach was received by them almost simultane- 
 ously with his appearance, and therefore it may be said it was a com- 
 plete surprise. Delivering encouraging words to his officers and men, 
 Zagonyi led the charge. He said: "Let the watchword be, the Union 
 
 ' WTien Major White was near the borders of Springfield, he and his escort were sur- 
 rounded and captured by two companies of Confederate cavahy. Major White broke 
 his sword in preference to surrendering it, but gave up his papers and other effects. He 
 remained a prisoner during the fight, which commenced within an hour after his capture ; 
 and when the Confederate stragglers retreated from Springfield, they took Major White 
 with them, and encamped for the night twelve miles distant, at the house of a Union 
 man. Watching his opportunity, he communicated "the situation" to the host, who 
 secretly sent a message to some Home Guards in the vicinity. These came, surrounded 
 the house, and took Major Wliite's captors prisoners, and released him and his escort. 
 Next morning he returned to Springfield in charge of those, as prisoners, who the eve- 
 ning previous had held him as a prisoner. 
 
400 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 and Fremont; draw sabers! B/ the right flank — qiiick trot — march!" 
 and away dashed Zagonyi and his men with a shout, down a lane, under 
 the fire of the Confederates, with which on the north side it was lined. 
 At the first dash a large number of the Confederates — one eye-witness 
 says a third — ran and scattered in every direction, the remainder stand- 
 ing their ground. 
 
 In the first charge Zagonyi swept by the Confederate camp, and 
 scattering an intervening rail fence, passed into the enclosure where the 
 Confederates were, and formed his men in a ravine about two hundred 
 yards from them. Here again he charged with drawn sabres in handsome 
 style, some of his men breaking through the Confederate line, and being 
 made prisoners, owing to the fact that the Confederates were formed in 
 an almost impenetrable thicket of scrubby haw trees, and immediately 
 in their rear was a strong fence. This charge was repulsed with con- 
 siderable slaughter. Zagonyi, falling back again to the ravine and reform- 
 ing his men, repeated the charge a second and third time, with the 
 same result. In these several charges the "Prairie Scouts," (Major 
 White's men), although completely ignored in Major Zagonyi's official 
 reports, did gallant service inider the immediate command of their senior 
 Captain, Charles Fairbanks, and Lieutenant Connelly, the latter of whom 
 was killed on his horse by a shot from the gun of a youth only fourteen 
 years of age, John Wickersham, of Lebanon. 
 
 The Union loss in the engagement was : Zagonyi's "Body Guard," 15 
 killed, 27 wounded and 10 taken prisoners,^52 ; White's "Prairie 
 Scouts," killed, wounded and prisoners, 33 ; total 85. The Federal 
 dead, with five Confederates, were turned over to the citizess of Spring- 
 field for burial, and at eight o'clock that night, the Confederates, not 
 deeming it prudent to remain in the vicinity, left for Price's headquarters 
 at Neosho. 
 
 Zagonyi also left Springfield the same night, deeming it unsafe to 
 remain, and fell back until he met Sigel's advance, between Springfield 
 and Bolivar. 
 
 As already stated, on the first charge of Zagonyi, quite a large number 
 of the mounted Confederates sought safety in flight, and at once pro- 
 ceeded to Price's army, then stationed at Neosho, reporting to " Old 
 Pap " that the remainder of the force had been killed or captured, they 
 only being left to tell the tale. Price at once ordered Colonel Rives 
 with all his cavalry to proceed to Springfield to retrieve the disaster. 
 
 When the Confederates under Colonel Cloud reached Price's outposts, 
 from the Zag«nyi charge, and reported the true condition of afiuirs to 
 

 o 
 to 
 
 a 
 
HEROISM OF 4 LAD. 4=01 
 
 General McBride, that officer ordered one of the majors who was en- 
 gaged in the fight to proceed at once to General Price and report to 
 him. The officer met General Price on the prairie near Neosho, and 
 stated to him that instead of a defeat, it was a victory, and that they had 
 prisoners, arms and horses to show for it. " Old Pap " was in his car- 
 riage, and when he heard this statement dropped his head on his breast 
 in thought for a moment, when he brought down his fist on his knee with 
 the laconic expression "Damn a man with six legs/" alluding to the 
 frightened stragglers who had the four legs of their horses in addition to 
 their own, on which to escape. 
 
 About the time of the order of his supercession, Fremont directed 
 General U. S. Grant, then at Cairo, to execute some co-operating move- 
 ments. On September 6th, hearing of the invasion of Kentucky by 
 General Leonidas Polk, of Mississippi, Grant took possession of Padu- 
 cah, and, a half mile below the town, threw across the Ohio river an 
 immense pontoon bridge. Having thus closed an important gateway of 
 supplies for the Confederates in interior Kentucky and Tennessee, he 
 determined to cut off reinforcements from Polk to Price by the way of 
 Columbus. With this view he menaced Columbus by attacking Belmont 
 (Nov. 7, 1861), a small village opposite on the Missouri shore. This he 
 did successfully, by the wooden gunboats Tyler and Lexington, and by 
 cavalry and infantry on shore. The fighting was desperate, both sides 
 displaying great gallantry. 
 
 The total loss (as reported at the time) on the Federal side, in killed, 
 wounded, missing and prisoners, was 717 ; of whom 91 were killed, 278 
 wounded, 206 missing, and 142 taken prisoners. The Confederates ac- 
 knowledged a loss of 350 in killed alone, and many himdred in wounded 
 and missing. 
 
 Many acts of heroism on both sides were related, among them that of 
 a mere youth, a little boy, who was attached to Tappan's Arkansas Eeg- 
 iment, and ca.rried two mimic flags, one in each hand. The regiment 
 was driven to the water's edge, and the Federals poured in a terrific 
 volley, killing many, who fell into the river, and such as were not in- 
 stantly killed met a watery grave. Among those struck was the little 
 boy who bore the flags. Giving one last hurrah, which was out short by 
 the ebbing flood of his young life, he waved the flags over his head, 
 tottered into the river, and was seen no more. The incident was wit- 
 nessed by a whole regiment crossing the river at the time, and there was 
 not one member of it who did not shed a tear at the sight. 
 26 
 
402 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI.. 
 
 Although Fremont's army arrived safely at Springfield at the begin- 
 ning of November, the month previously closed up gloomily for his 
 administration of the department. There was deep dissatisfaction every- 
 where — at Washington aud in Missouri. Even his old and fast friends, 
 and the friends of his father-in-lav? (Colonel Benton) , the Blairs — ^Frank 
 P. Blair and his brother Montgomery — could sustain him no longer. 
 
 The national administration at Washington had sent the Secretary of 
 War and Adjutant General to Missouri to make personal observations of 
 his army and to look into the affairs of his Department. These officers 
 overtook Fremont, October 13th, at Tipton, the then western terminus 
 of the Pacific railroad. Their personal interview "was courteous and 
 candid. On their retitrn to Washingion, the Adjutant General made a 
 very unfavorable report of the condition of affairs in Missouri, which 
 increased and intensified the dissatisfaction with Fremont ; and the con- 
 sequence was that an order was issued, which reached him at Springfield 
 by special courier on November 2d, relieving him of his command, and 
 directing that he turn over the Department to General David Hunter, 
 then some distance in the rear. At the time of its receipt, Fremont was 
 amid active arrangements for making a direct " forward movement " upon 
 Price, who, first going to Neosho to protect Governor Jackson's se- 
 cession legislature, pushed on to Pineville, McDonald county, in the 
 extreme southwestern corner of the State. Notwithstanding the 
 order relieving Fremont, one hundred and ten of his officers requested 
 him, as General Hunter had not arrived, to lead the army against Price, 
 who, it was reported, reinforced by McCulloch, was moving on Spring- 
 field with 40,000 men to give him battle. With this request he prom- 
 ised to comply, provided General Hunter did not reach them by sunset 
 of that day. Hunter failed to do so. Fremont issued marching orders, 
 and the entire army was alive with preparations for the movement ; but 
 at midnight Hunter arrived, was informed of Fremont's plans, which he 
 disapproved and countermanded, and the Union forces laid upon their 
 arms. Five days afterwards, Hunter himself was superseded, and Ma- 
 jar-General Henry Wager Halleck was appointed to the command of the 
 Dfepartment. 
 
 On November 4th, Fremont and his staff left Springfield for St. Louis, 
 and the army about the middle of the month commenced a retrograde 
 march, followed by a large number of Union refugees. 
 
 It was untrue that Price and McCulloch had marched from Pineville to 
 give battle to Fremont. But after the Federal army left Springfield, the 
 
GENERAL PRICE'S PEOCLAMATION. 403 
 
 Confederates under these two generals returned to the interior counties 
 of the Southwest, and from time to time occupied different points, as the 
 best means for subsistence and recruiting were presented. The near 
 approach of winter seemed to forbid extensive military operations, and 
 the campaign was practically ended for the season on both sides. 
 
 Near the close of the month of November, from his headquarters at 
 Neosho, Newton county, General Price issued "To the people of Central 
 and North Missouri" a remarkable proclamation, in the form of an 
 Extra Missouri Army Argus, a paper which was occasionally issued by 
 officers of his command, on a printing press and materials which accom- 
 panied the army. It was melodramatic in style, and an importimate and 
 stirring appeal for fifty thousand men. In fact it was much more 
 than this — a virtual promise to all who should rally to his standard and 
 suffered losses of property in consequence, that he would indemnify 
 them "with interest" when he came in possession of the State, out of 
 " two hundred million dollars' worth of Nortbern means in Missouri 
 which could not be removed." 
 
 This extraordinary paper is here copied in full, just as it was originally 
 issued : 
 
 PKOCLAMATIOSr. 
 
 To the People of Central and North Missouri: 
 
 Fellow-Citizens : In the month of June last I was called to the command of a 
 handful of Missourians, who nobly gave up home and comfort to espouse, in that gloomy 
 hour, the cause of your bleeding country, struggling with the most causeless and cruel 
 despotism known among civilized men. When peace and protection could no longer be 
 enjoyed but at the price of honor and liberty, your Chief Magistrate called for fifty 
 thousand men to drive the ruthless invader "from a soil made fruitful by your labors 
 and consecrated by your homes ". 
 
 To that call less than five thousand responded ; out of a male population exceeding two hun- 
 dred thousand men, one in forty only stepped forward to defend with their persons and their 
 lives, the cause of constitutional liberty and human rights! 
 
 Some allowances are to be made on the score of a want of military organization ; a 
 supposed want of arms ; the necessary retreat of the army southward ; the blockade of 
 the river, and the presence of an armed and organized foe. But nearly six months have 
 now elapsed; your crops have been tilled, your harvests have been reaped, your prepar- 
 ations for winter have been made; the army of Missouri, organized and equipped, 
 fought its way to the river. The foe is Still in the field; the country bleeds, and our 
 people groan under the inflictions of a foe, marked with all the characteristics of bar- 
 barian warfare — and where now are the fifty thousand to avenge our wrongs and free our 
 country ? Had fifty thousand men flocked to our standard, with their shot guns in their 
 hands, there would not be a Federal hireling in the State to pollute our soil. Instead of 
 ruined communities, starving families, and dessolated districts, we should have had a people 
 blessed with protection, and with stores to supply the wants and necessities and com- 
 forts of life. Where are those fifty thousand men? Are Missourians no longer true to 
 
404 HISTORT OF MISSOURI. 
 
 themselves? Are they a timid, time-serving, craven race, fit only for svibjectionto a des- 
 pot? Awake, my countrymen, to a sense of what constitutes the dignity and true great- 
 ness of a people ! A/w« men have fought your battles. A few men have dared the dan- 
 gers of the battle-field. A few men have borne the hardships of the camp— the scorch- 
 ing suns of summer, the privations incident to our circumstances— fatigue, and hunger, 
 and thirst— often without blankets, without shoes, with insufficient clothing, with the 
 cold wet earth for a pillow— glad only to meet the enemy on the field, where some paid 
 the noblest devotion known among men on earth to the cause of your country and your 
 riglits with tlieir lives. 
 
 But whore one has been lost on the field, three have been lost by diseases induced by 
 privation and toil. During all these trials we have murmured not; we ofi'ered all we 
 had on earth at the altar of our common country— our own beloved Missouri— and we 
 only now ask our fellow-citizens— our brethren, to come to us and help us to secure what 
 we have gained, and to win our glorious inheritance from the cruel hand of the spoiler 
 and the oppressor. Come to us!— brave Sons of Missouri— rally to our standard. I must 
 have fifty thousand men!— I call upon you, in the name of your country for fifty thous- 
 and men! Do you stay at home to take care of your property? Millions of dollars 
 have been lost because you stayed at home! Do you stay at home for protection? 
 More men have been murdered at home than I have lost in five successful battles! Do 
 you stay at home to secure terms with the enemy? Then I warn you, the day may soon 
 come when you may be surrendered to the mercies of that enemy, and your substance 
 be given up to the Hessian and the jayhawker! I cannot, I will not attribute such mo- 
 tives to you, nry countrymen. But where are our Southern-rights friends? 
 
 ■yVe must drive the oppressor from our land. I must have 50,000 men. ITow is the 
 crisis of your fate — now the golden opportunity to save the State! ISTow is the day 
 of your political salvation ! The time of enlistment of our brave band is beginning 
 to expire. Do not tax their patience beyond endurance. Do not longer sicken theii- 
 hearts by hope deferred. They begin to enquire, " 'Where are our friends?" Who shall 
 give them answer? Boys and small property holders have, in the main, fought the bat- 
 tles for the protection of your property. And when they ask, " Where are the men for 
 whom we are fighting?" how shall I — how can I explain? Citizens of Missouri, I call 
 upon you by every consideration of interest, by every desire of safetj'-, by every tie that 
 binds you to home and country, delay no longer. "Let the dead bury the dead." Leave 
 your property to take care of itself. Commend your homes to the protection of God, 
 and merit the admiration and love of childhood and womanhood, by showing j'our- 
 selves MEN", the sons of the brave and free who bequeathed to us the sacred trust of free 
 institutions. Come to the army of Missouri, not for a week or month, but to free your 
 country. 
 
 " Strike, till each armed foe expires, 
 Strike for your altars and your fires, 
 Strike for the green graves of your sires — 
 God and your native land." 
 
 The burning fires of patriotism must inspire and lead you or all is lost — lost, too, just 
 at the moment when all might be forever saved. Numbers give strength. Numbers in- 
 timidate the foe. Numbers save the necessity, often, of fighting battles. Numbers 
 make our arms irresistible. Numbers command universal respect and insure confidence. 
 We must have men, 50,000 men! Let the herdsman leave his folds. Let the farmer 
 leave his fields. Let the mechanic leave his shop. Let the lawyer leave his office till' we 
 restore the supremacy of the law. Let the aspirant for office and place know they will 
 be weighed in the balance of patriotism and may be found wanting. If there be any 
 
HAXLECK ASSmVEES COMMAND OF THE DEPARTMENT. 405 
 
 craven, crouohing spirits, who have not greatness of soul to respond to their country's 
 call for help, let them stay at home, and let only the brave and true come out to join 
 their brethren on the tented field. 
 
 Come with supplies of clothing and with tents, if you can procure them. Come with 
 •your guns of any description that can be made to bring down a foe. If you have no 
 arms, come without them, and we will supply you as far as that is possible. Bring cook- 
 ing utensils, and rations for a few weeks. Bring blankets, and heavy shoes, and estra 
 bed clothing, if you have them. Bring no horses to remain with the army except those 
 necessary for baggage transporation. We must have 50,000 men. Give me these men, 
 and by the help of God, I will drive the hireling bands of theives and marauders from 
 the State. But if Missourians fail now to rise in their strength, and avail themselves of 
 this propitious moment to strilse for honor and liberty, you cannot say that we have not 
 done all we could to save you. 
 
 You will he advised in time at what point to report for organization and active service. 
 Leave your property at home. What if it be taken — all taken? We have $200,000,000 
 WOKTH OF Northern means in Missouri which cannot be removed. When we 
 are once free the amount loill indemnify every citizen who may have lost a dollar by adhesion 
 to the cause of .his country. We shall have our property or its value, with interest. But in 
 the name of God and the attributes of manhood, let me appeal to you by considerations 
 infinitely higher than money ! Ai-e we a generation of driveling, sniveling, degraded 
 slaves? Or are we men, who dare assert and maintain the right which cannot be sur- 
 rendered, and defend those principles of everlasting rectitude, pure and high, and 
 sacred like God, their author? Be yours the office to choose between the glory of a fi-ee 
 country and a just government, and the bondage of your children ! I will never see the 
 chains fastened upon my country ! I will ask for six and a half feet of Missouri soil In 
 which to repose, but vrill not live to see my people enslaved ! 
 
 Do I hear your shouts ! Is that yom- war cry which echoes through the land! Are 
 you coming! Fifty thousand men! Missouri shall move to victory with the tread of a 
 giant! Come on my brave boys, fifty thousand heroic, gallant, unconquerable Southern 
 men I We await your coming, 
 
 STEBLING PEICE, 
 
 Major General Commanding. 
 
 The earnestness with which this call was made, and the inducements 
 presented to incite a favorable response to it, aroused mauy of the citi- 
 zens of the State to fly to Price's staudand. To prevent their joining 
 him. General John Pope was ordered to reconnoitre the country west oi 
 Jefferson City and south of the Missouri river ; and it was in this region, 
 on the west side of Blackwater creek, in Johnson county, about the middle 
 of December, that Colonel Jeff. C. Davis and Major Lewis Merrill captured 
 a large body of them. 
 
 When General Halleck, November 9, 1861, was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the Department of Missouri,^ he had but a few days previous 
 reached Washington City, on the call of the President, from California. 
 On the 19th he took the command, with headquarters in St. Louis, and 
 
 1 It included Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas, and that por- 
 tion of Kentucky west of the Cumberland Kiver. 
 
406 HISTOEY OP MISSOURI. 
 
 proceeded to establish the most perfect discipline in the army, and to 
 adopt measures designed to overcome the secessionists, and to protect 
 the persons and property of Union citizens, and the railways and bridges 
 of the State from the depredations of roving bands of "bushwhackers". 
 The city of St. Louis being crowded with Union refugees from the dis- 
 turbed sections of the interior, on December 12th he issued an order of 
 assessment upon certain wealthy " southern " citizens for feeding and 
 clothing them. On the 23d December, he declared martial law in St. 
 Louis, and two days afterwards, by proclamation, extended it to all the 
 railroads and the country adjacent to them. The last order was inspired 
 by the destruction, on the 20th of December, of about 100 miles of the 
 North Missouri railroad by (it was charged) returned soldiers from 
 Price's army and citizens acting in preconcert. The order fixed the pen- 
 alty of death for the crime, and required the towns and counties along 
 the line of any road thus destroyed to repair the damages or pay the 
 cost of the repairs. 
 
 During the year 1861, in addition to those already noticed, quite a 
 large number of raids, surprises and skirmishes — some of them assuming 
 the proportion of battles — -occurred on both sides of the Missouri river. 
 But the limits of tliis sketch forbid a detailed account of them ; and a 
 brief mention, in chronological order, must suffice as a close of our account 
 of the military campaign of 1861. 
 
 May 14, Potosl, 'Washington County. July 10, Monroe Station, Hannibal and St. 
 Joseph Kaih-oad. July 17, Fulton, oi- " Overton's Bun." August 20, Moreton, Mlssis- 
 Rippi County. September — , Bennett's Mills. September 10, Norfolk. September 17, 
 Blue Mills Landing. September 20, Glasgow raistakej a second Little Bethel aftaii-. 
 September 25, Osceola. October 13. Shanghai. October 13, Lebanon. October 15, 
 Linn Creek. October 15. Big Kiver Bridge. October 21. Frederickto-vvn. Novembers, 
 Piketon. November 10, Little Blue. November 11, Clark's Station, Paoiflo railroad. 
 December 28, Mt. Zion Church, Boone County. 
 
 Thus closed the campaign in Missouri in 1861. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 1862-1863-1864-1865 — MiSSOUBl Kiver as a Rampart.— General Curtis Moves upon Spring- 
 field, AND General Price Retreats to Cross Hollows, Ark.— Battle of Pea Bidge. 
 — Provost Marshal General Farrar's Order about ifEwsPAPERs. — New St. Louis 
 Chamber of Commerce.— General Halleck's Order to the Officers of the Mer- 
 CAjsTiLB Library Association, and Officers of the State University.— Courts 
 Martial at Palmyra and Columbia.— Prisoners Condemned and Shot. — Sentences 
 Commuted. — The Boone County "Standard" Confiscated. — General J. M. Scho- 
 FiELD Succeeds General Hallbck.— Colonel H. S. Lipscomb's Fight with Colonel 
 Porter's Forces, at Cherry Grove. — Major Jno. Y. Cloppbr at Pierce's Mill.— 
 porter's Flight to Moore's Mill, Callaway County.— Fight at Moore's Mill. — 
 Fight at Kirksville. — Colonel Guitar's Pursuit of Porter in the Chariton 
 Valley.— Fights at Compton's Ferry and Yellow Creek.— Battle at Indepen- 
 dence. — Death of General Jno. T. Hughes. — Battles at Lone Jack and Nbwtonia. 
 — Military Executions at Macon and Palmyra.— Cane Hill and Prairie Grove.- 
 Battles at Springfield and Cape Girardeau. — Capture of Jeff. Thompson. — 
 General Ewing's Order No. 11.— General Schofield's Letter, and General 
 Bingham's Reply. — ^President Lincoln's Proposed Pardon of General Price.— 
 Colonel Shelby's Raid upon Boonville. — General Rosecrans Assumes Command 
 op the Department. — A large Confederate Force invades the State and threat- 
 ens St, Louis and the Capital.- Shelby and Clark Capture Glasgow,— Rev. 
 Wm. G. Caples killed.— Brutal treatment of Major Wm, B. Lewis by Bill 
 Anderson.— Price's Forces driven out of the State into Arkansas.— The Cen- 
 tbalia Massacre.— Defeat and Horrible Butchery of Major Johnson by Bill 
 Anderson's Guerrillas.— Execution in St, Louis of James M, Utz,— Lee's Suk- 
 rendek. — Lincoln's Assassination. — Jeff. Davis' Capture.— Close of the war. 
 
 During tlie year 1861, as we have seen — that is, from the capture of 
 Camp Jackson in May till the fight at Mount Zion Church, in Boone 
 County, late in December, not less than sixty skirmishes and battles 
 occurred in the State between the Federal and Confederate forces. 
 More than half' of these conflicts, and all of those which assumed the 
 proportions of pitched battles, occurred on the south side of the Missouri 
 River, because, throughout the war, for prudential and very apparent 
 reasons, the Confederates did not peril the safety of their troops by organ- 
 izing them in large bodies north of that stream. Therefore, the large 
 armies of both sides, and the bloodiest battles, were south of it. Hence 
 the Missouri River was a greater protection to the people north of it, 
 from the desolations and untold horrors of the mighty conflict, than a 
 military force of one hundred thousand men could have been. 
 
 Nevertheless, the first year of the war, the continued presence of 
 lar^e or fragmentary armies, recruiting or organized, and in hostile array, 
 with their oflF-hand and sharp collisions or more premeditated battles, 
 and the anTy conflicts of opinion between the people themselves, seri- 
 
408 HISTORY OF JVnSSOUEI. 
 
 ously periled the peace of the State and affected disastrously every 
 department of industr}'. 
 
 Although military operations were conducted' on a large scale in other 
 States, and were anticipated in the southwestern portion of our own, the 
 commencement of the year 1862 found Missouri comparatively quiet. 
 
 Eelieved, by the withdrawal of the Federal army from Springfield , of 
 immediate danger, and encouraged by the promise of reinforcements 
 from Arkansas under General Mcintosh, General Price concentrated 
 about 12,000 men at Springfield, with the intention of remaining there 
 all winter. But General Halleck very seriously interfered with this pur- 
 pose by massing his forces at Lebanon, in Laclede County, under the 
 command of General Samuel E.. Curtis, and composed of the troops of 
 Generals Asboth, Sigel, Davis and Prentiss. On February 11th, in the 
 midst of very inclement weather, this force moved upon Springfield in 
 three columns, and on the night of February 12-13, General Price folded 
 his tents and retreated to Cassville with his whole army. Curtis closely 
 pursued him to Cassville, and still southward, across the Arkansas line 
 to Cross Hollows, thence to Sugar Creek near a range of hills called 
 "Boston Mountains," where Price — reinforced by McCuUoch — delivered 
 battle, and was defeated, February 20th. ^ He again retreated to Cove 
 Creek where on the 25th he halted, thus leaving Missouri with no large 
 organized Confederate force within its borders. 
 
 Notwithstanding these repeated repulses and retreats, it was evident 
 that General Price was preparing for a great and decisive battle. Occu- 
 pying a strong position amid the defiles of the "Boston Mountains," and 
 rapidly increasing in numbers behind the sheltering hills. Price became teo 
 formidable for further pursuit; and therefore Curtis, realizing that pru- 
 dence was the better part of valor, retraced his steps and fell back from 
 Fayetteville to Sugar Creek, not far from Bentonville, Benton County, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Very soon Curtis received the intelligence that Price and McCuUocb 
 had been re-inforced, March 2d, by General Earl Van Dorn, but recently 
 appointed commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, and also by 
 General Albert Pike, the lawyer-poet of Arkansas, at the head of a con- 
 siderable body of Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw and other Indians 
 
 1 Some of Curtis' cavalry, under Colonel Ellis and Majors McOonnell, Wright and 
 Bolivar, made a charge on a Louisiana brigade under Colonel Hubert, supported by tvsfo 
 regiments of infantry under Colonel John S. Phelps, the present Governor of Missouri, 
 and Colonel Heron, and Captain Hayden with his Dubuque battery. The fight was 
 Bharp and short, defeating the Confederates. 
 
BATTLE OF PEA KIDGE. 409 
 
 the Confederate force aggregating alsout 25,000 men, as follows : McCul- 
 loch's (Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas troops,) 13,000; Pike's Indians, 
 with white troops in same command, 4,000; Price's Missouri troops, 
 8,000. Total, 25,000.^ Force under Curtis, as per report of that 
 officer, 10,500 men, including cavalry and infantry, 49 pieces of artillery 
 and one mountain howitzer. 
 
 Van Dorn was one of the most courageous and daring of the Confed- 
 ate officers, and his arrival was hailed with demonstrations of the liveliest 
 joy. He assumed the chief command, and at oiace adopted vigorous 
 measures for offensive action, with the view of driving Curtis back across 
 the Missouri border. His presence inspired the whole Confederate army 
 with enthusiasm, and they were " eager for the fray. " At the head of 
 willing troops, Van Dorn marched rapidly on Curtis' encampment, and 
 by the dash and celerity of his movements placed the Federal army in 
 great and imminent peril. Early on the morning of March 6th, 1862, 
 he marched vigorously to the attack, and there succeeded one of the 
 most skillfully fought, desperate and sanguinary battles of the war ; 
 and one which, with the laurel wreath of victory resting with fickleness 
 first on this standard, then on that, continued with vai-ying fortune 
 through three entire days. Victory was finally awarded to the Union 
 side, but after a loss of 1,351 in killed, womided and missing, the divis- 
 ion commanded by Colonel E. C. Carr suffering the greatest. Among 
 the Federal dead was Colonel Hendricks of the 25th Indiana. The loss 
 of the Confederates has never been officially reported, but it must have 
 been large. Among the killed were Generals Ben. McCulloch and Mcin- 
 tosh and General Wm. Y. Slack, of Chillicothe, Missouri. The latter was 
 found on the field mortally wounded, and was carried by Federal soldiers 
 to a hospital, but lived only four hours. Colonels Conley and Rives of 
 Missouri were also killed. McCiiUoch and Mcintosh were buried at Fort 
 Smith. General Price was wounded in the arm below the elbow by a 
 
 minie ball. 
 
 Thus ended the battle of Pea Ridge, sometimes called the battle of 
 Elk Horn Tavern. Each party conceded that the other displayed the 
 greatest gallantry ; but the Union side charged, and the other denied, 
 that the Indians employed under Pike were guilty of the savage atrocity 
 
 1 Curtis in his official report estimatea the numher " at least 30,000 or 40,000." 
 Taylor's KebeUion Kecord, vol. 4, p. 417. An officer of Price's army, in a letter to 
 Honorable George C. Vest places it at 30,000 to 35,000. The 25th Missouri was gallantly 
 led in this battle, on the Union side, by Colonel John S. Phelps, the present Governor 
 of the State. 
 
410 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of scalping and otherwise mutilating the bodies of the wounded Federal 
 dead upon the field. 
 
 After the battle, Van Dorn withdrew to the interior of Arkansas; 
 and Curtis, after resting his army on the field, marched leisurely south 
 and reached Batesville on May 6th. 
 
 From the bloody field of Pea Kidge we return to Halleck's headquar- 
 ters in St. Louis, and resume our narrative. 
 
 Earnest protests having been made against tlie injustice of the assess- 
 ments on wealthy Southern sympathisers by General Halleck's "Order 
 No. 24," of December 12th, 1861, he appointed a new board of assess- 
 ors to revise the lists and make such modifications as they deemed proper 
 and right. 
 
 On January 8th, 1862, Bernard G. Farrar, Provost-Marshal General, 
 issued the following order in regard to the newspapers published in the 
 State : 
 
 Office of the Peovost Marshal Genekal, ") 
 
 Depaktmbnt of the Missotjei, [■ 
 
 [General Order No. 10.] St. Louis, January 8, 1862. J 
 
 It is hereby ordered that from and after this date, the publishers of newspapers in the 
 State of Missouri, (St. Louis city papers excepted,) furnish to this office, immediately 
 upon publication, one copy of each issue for inspection. A failure to comply with this 
 order mU render the newspaper liable to suppression. 
 
 Local Provost Marshals will furnish the proprietors of newspapers with copies of 
 this order, and attend to its immediate enforcement. 
 
 Bernard G. Farrak, 
 Provost Marshal General. 
 
 On the same day on which this order was issuea, much excitement 
 was occasioned in the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce by the refusal of 
 a majority of the members, who were Southern sympathisers, and who 
 had just elected officers reflecting their own views of the war, to admit a 
 number of Union men as members. In consequence of their action, the 
 Union members withdrew from the Chamber and a Union Chamber of 
 Commerce was established. 
 
 This event inspired General Halleck to the issue of an order (No. 81, 
 January 26th, 1862), requiring the officers of the Mercantile Library 
 Association and of the Chamber or Chambers of Commerce to subscribe 
 and file in the office of the Provost-Marshal General, within ten days, 
 the oath prescribed by Article 6 of the Convention Ordinance of Octo- 
 ber 16th, 1861. (See page 335.J In default of doing so, said officers 
 
PEISONEBS COKDEMNED TO BE SHOT. 411 
 
 would be deemed to have resigned ; and in the event of their exercising 
 the functions of their several offices without having taken the oath, they 
 would do so at the peril of arrest and punishment. The same order for- 
 bade the display of secession flags in the hands of women or on carriages 
 in the vicinity of the military prison in McDowell's College — the car- 
 riages to be confiscated and the offending women arrested. ' 
 
 On the 4th of February a similar order was issued to the presidents 
 and directors of all railroads in the State, and to the president, profes- 
 sors, curators and other officers of the State University at Columbia — 
 declaring in regard to the University that " this institution having been 
 endowed by the government of the United States, its funds should not 
 be used to teach treason or to instruct traitors." The same order 
 required all clerks, agents and civil employes in the service of the United 
 States to take the oath prescribed by Act of Congress, approved August 
 6th, 1861 ; and recommended that all clergymen, professors and teach- 
 ers, and all officers of public or private institutions for education or 
 benevolence, and all engaged in business and trade, who were in favor 
 of the perpetuation of the Union, voluntarily to take the convention 
 oath, in order that their patriotism might be known and recognized. * 
 
 At a military commission which convened at Palmyra pursuant to 
 special order No. 97, and dated December 27th, 1861, from General 
 Halleck's headquarters — Colonel John Groesbeck, Thirty-Ninth Ohio 
 Volunteers, President — the following persons were arraigned and tried 
 on the charge of bridge, railroad and car burning on the North Missouri 
 Railroad, on the night of December 20th and 21st, 1861, and being 
 found guilty were condemned "to be shot to death at such time and 
 place as the Major-General Commanding the Department shall direct," 
 namely : John C. Thompkins, Wm. J. Forshey, John Patton, Thomas 
 M. Smith, Stephen Stott, George H. Cunningham, Richard B. Crowder 
 and George M. Pulliam. General Halleck approved the finding of the 
 court, thus condemning to death the prisoners at a time and place there- 
 after to be designated by him, and deputed General B. M. Prentiss to 
 notify them of his decision and warn them to prepare for the execution. 
 The time and place were never designated. Hence the condemned men 
 were never "shot to death," for on February 20th, 1862, General Halleck 
 issued an order. No. 44, in which he declared that "in consideration of 
 the recent victories won by the Federal forces, and of the rapidly increas- 
 ino- loyalty of the citizens of Missouri, who for a time forgot their duty to 
 
 1 "Betellion Kecord," Vol. 4, p. 52. 
 1 "EebeUion Record," Vol. 4, p. 129. 
 
412 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 their flag and country, the sentences of John C. Thompkins, Wm. J. 
 Porshey, John Patton, Thomas M. Smith, Stephen Stott, George H. 
 Cunningham, Richard B. Crowder and George M. Pulliam, heretofore 
 condemned to death, are provisionally mitigated to close confinement in 
 the military prison at Alton. If rebel spies again destroy railroads and 
 telegraph lines, and thus render it necessary for lis to make severe exam- 
 ples, the original sentences against these men will be carried into exe- 
 cution . ' ' 
 
 A similar commission, Colonel Lewis Merrill, of "Merrill's Horse," 
 president, pursuant to special orders No. 160, of February 20th, 1862, 
 sat in Columbia, in March of the same year, and tried James Quiesen- 
 berry, James Lane and William F. Petty, on the charge of railroad and 
 bridge burning on the North Missouri railroad, on the night of December 
 20-21, 1861, found them guilty and sentenced them to be shot at such 
 time and place as the General commanding the department shall desig- 
 nate ; in the meantime to be confined in Alton military prison. Nor 
 were those men ever shot ; but on recommendation of the commission, 
 the sentence was mitigated by General Plalleck in the cases of Quiesen- 
 berry and Lane to final release on condition of their taking the oath of 
 allegiance and giving bond in the sum of $2,000 each, for future loyalty 
 to the government. Petty was also finally released. 
 
 The same commission, at the same sitting, tried Edmund J. Ellis, of 
 Columbia, editor and proprietor of " The Boone County Standard," 
 for the publication in said paper of information for the benefit of the 
 enemy, and encouraging resistance to the Government of the United 
 States, and inciting persons to rebellion against the same. Ellis was 
 found guilty and sentenced to banishment from Missouri during the war, 
 and that his printing materials be confiscated and sold, all which was 
 done. 
 
 Early in April, General Halleck left for Corinth, Mississippi, leaving 
 Major-General John M. Schofield in command of the greater part of the 
 State J and on June 1st he assumed command of the entire Department 
 of Missouri, establishing his headquarters at St. Louis. On July 22d, 
 Governor Gamble, desiring to repress the numerous guerrilla outbreaks 
 in the State, authorized General Schofield, whom he appointed Brigadier- 
 General of the Missouri Militia, to organize the State Militia into com- 
 panies, regiments and brigades, and to call such portion of it into active 
 service in the field as might be required to put down all the marauders 
 and secure the peace of the State and the safety of the people and their 
 propeity. Measures were at once adopted by him to accomplish these 
 objects. 
 
KAJOK CLOPPEK AT PIERCE'S MILL. 413 
 
 Our limits forbid that we should follow the guerrilla bands of the State 
 under Porter, Cobb, Poiudexter, Quantrel, Coffee and others, or to note 
 the active steps taken by the Union troops ixnder various commanders to 
 circumvent their designs and capture or drive them from the State. 
 
 After a series of desultory sldrmishes, north and south of the Missouri 
 River — at Silver Creek, Howard County, January 15th, between the 
 Uniou forces under Major Hunt of " Merrill's Horse," Major Hubbard 
 of the First Missouri, and Major Torrence ot the First Iowa, and South- 
 ern troops under Colonel Poindexter ; at New Madrid, New Madrid 
 County, February 28th, between General John Pope and Jeff. Thompson ; 
 at Neosho, Newton County, April 22d, between Major Hubbard and 
 Colonel Stainwright's regiment of Indians ; at Rose Hill, Cass County, 
 July 10th, between Captain Kehoe and Lieutenant Wright and Colonel 
 "W. C. Quantrel ; north of Keytesville on the Chariton River, Chariton 
 Couuty, July 30th, between Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander M. Woolfolk 
 and eighty guerrillas— we come to the extraordinary pursuit of, and 
 brilliant skirmishes and bloody fights with, the partisan bands of seces- 
 sionists led by Colonel Jo. C. Porter. ^ 
 
 This band was first encountered the latter part of June, at Cherry 
 Grove, in Schuyler County, by Colonel H. S. Lipscomb with about 450 
 State Militia, who, after repulsing them in a sharp fight, pursued them 
 to New Ark, Knox County, where the pursuit was abandoned. Next 
 they were discovered in a heavy ambuscade at Pierce's Mill on the 
 south side of the Middle Fabius, Scotland Couuty, where Major John Y. 
 Clopper, with a detachment of "Merrill's Hoi-se," made three unsuccess- 
 fiil charges to dislodge them. Reinforced by Major Rogers, the object 
 was accomplished, after heroic resistance by Porter's men. Driven from 
 their ambush. Porter's men retreated souih, and in less than twenty-four 
 hours were at Novelty, Knox County, sixty-four miles distant. Still 
 pursuing a southern direction, they swept by Warren, Marion County, 
 thence CJuly 22nd) to Florida, in Monroe, where they surprised and fired 
 upon a small detachment of Federal troops under Major H. C. Caldwell 
 of the Third Iowa (now on the Supreme Court Bench of Arkansas,) and 
 dashed on to the heavily timbered region about Brown's Spring, ten 
 miles north of Fulton, Qallaway County. Hearing of their encampment 
 there, Colonel Odon Guitar, of the Ninth Missouri State MiHtia, left 
 Jefferson City on Sunday morning, July 27th, with about 200 men and 
 
 1 Colonel Porter, 3d Missouri Cavalry, C. S. A., died February 18, 1863, and was buried 
 about eight miles from Little Kock, Arkansas. 
 
414 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 two pieces of artillery ^ for the purpose of attacking them. On Saturday 
 (the day before) LieLiteiiant-Colonel "W. F. Shaffer, of "Merrill's Horse," 
 left Columbia with about 100 men, and, taking Sturgeon in the way, was 
 there joined by Major Clopper with a hundred more. Major Caldwell, 
 with a detachment of the Third Iowa and a part of Colonel J. M. Glover's 
 regiment, also left Mexico ; and the two colunms, believing Porter to be 
 encamped there, marched for Mt. Ziou Church, in the northeast part 
 of Boone County. Not finding him, on Monday, July 28th, they pur- 
 sued their way into Callaway County, until, about 2 o'clock p. m., they 
 heard Guitar's cannon four or five miles distant; for, before their arrival 
 on the field, Guitar had furiously engaged the enemy in the thick under- 
 brush and heavy timber near Moore's Mill. Shaffer and Caldwell hastened 
 to the scene of conflict, and arrived in time very materially to aid in 
 achieving the victory so heroically wrung from men who fought with 
 desperation to the last. Many were killed and wounded on both sides. 
 After the fight at Moore's Mill, the forces under Porter and Alvin Cobb 
 retraced their steps and retreated north, joining a large body of troops 
 under J. A. Poindexter near Kirksville, the county-seat of Adair, 
 where, on August 6th, General John H. McNeil, with detachments of the 
 Ninth Missouri State Militia under Captain Leonard, and of " Merrill's 
 Horse" under Lieutenant-Colonel Shaffer, attacked the joint force, 
 numbering from 1,500 to 2,000 men, completely routing them. Porter 
 and Poindexter reached Kirksville a few hours before their pursuers, and, 
 ordering the citizens to evacuate the town, posted their troops in the 
 court house, seminary, stores and private residences, the better to 
 protect them in the coming battle. The Missouri /Statesman of August 
 22d, 1862, giving an account of the battle, derived from persons who 
 participated in it, says that — 
 
 Colonel McNeil, approaching from the eastern side of town, drew up his forces 
 before it. Not knowing the exact position of the enemy, he ordered ten men of 
 Merrill's Horse to charge thi-ough the town and discover their places of concealment. 
 They obeyed the order, and the rebels, in their eagerness, fired upon them from houses, 
 stables, and other places affording them pi-otection from the missiles which were shortly 
 to be poured upon the town. Captains Samuel A. Garth and Reeves Leonard, of 
 Guitar's regiment were tlien ordered to get their men in line and malje another charge. 
 The captains, getting their men in motion, charged through the centre of the town, 
 attacliing the rebels in their strongholds and at every step routing and pursuing them 
 with great slaughter. They and their men behaved with the greatest coolness and 
 bravery; and when the rebels saw their determination and courage they fled precipi- 
 tately to the brush on the western side. Captain Henry N. Cook, of Guitar's Regiment, 
 
 'Parts of companies A, Captain Reeves Leonard; B, Captain Saml. A. Gai-th; C, 
 Captain John D. McFarlane; G, Captain Thomas B. Reed; L, Captaia H. N. Cook. , 
 
FIGHTS AT COMPTON'S FEKKY Ami THELLOW CBEEK. 415 
 
 was also in the engagement. He and his company made a furious charge on some 
 houses in the northern part of the towTi, and acting with undaunted hravery, captured 
 and killed a great many rebels. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Shaffer commanded a detachment of Merrill's Horse, which 
 rendered gallant and efficient services. 
 
 Whilst the Federal troops were posted in selected portions of the town, the artillery 
 was plajdng with terrific effect. Houses were riddled and torn to pieces, and the fleeing 
 rebels, when they could escape, sought safety in the woods. 
 
 In three hours the town was in possession of McNeil, and the force of 
 Porter and Poindexter in full retreat toward the Chariton Eiver. The 
 rebel loss in the battle — killed, wounded and prisoners — was between 
 200 and 300.i McNeil's loss, eight killed and a large number wounded. 
 
 Colonel Guitar, having returned to Jefferson City from Moore' s Mill 
 on account of serious illness, immediately entered upon preparations for 
 the pursuit of Porter, and on Friday, the 8th, landed from a steamer at 
 Glasgow a considerable force. Continuing the pursuit, he overtook 
 Porter at 9 o'clock on Monday night, at Compton's Ferry on Grand Eiver 
 in Carroll County. A portion of Porter's men had crossed before his 
 arrival, but a large number, with all their baggage, horses, wagons, etc, 
 were yet to cross. Guitar ordered his troops, portions of his own regi- 
 ment and portions of " Merrill's Horse" under Major C. B. Hunt, to 
 charge, which they did, at the same time opening upon the demoralized 
 and fleeing guerillas with two pieces of artillery. The effect was terrible. 
 Many, in their eagerness to escape, threw away their guns and plunged 
 on their horses into the river, but many of the horses became unman- 
 ageable and returned to the shore from whence they started. Some were 
 drowned. A large number of prisoners, all their baggage, together with 
 a great number of hoi'ses, mules, guns and wagons, were captured. 
 Poindexter continued hurriedly in a northern direction, crossing the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad at Utica on Tuesday morning. Near 
 here he was intercepted and driven back by General B. F. Loan, In his 
 retreat south, Guitar met him, on the 13th, at Yellow Creek in Chariton 
 County, again routing him, and scattering and breaking up his band. 
 Guitar then returned with his command to Jefferson City.* 
 
 ^ After the battle at Kirksville, seventeen prisoners were condemned to death, and 
 shot by order of Colonel McNeil, for violation of their parole; they having been 
 caught in arms after taking the oath of allegiance. Among the number was Lieutenant- 
 Colonel McCulloch, second in command under Poindexter, who met his fate courage- 
 ously, giving the order himself for the executioners to Are. 
 
 '' After the several engagements at Moore's Mill, Kirksville, Compton's Ferry and 
 Yellow Creek, Governor Gamble promoted Colonel Guitar to Brigadier-General of 
 Enrolled Missouri Militia. 
 
41 B HISTORY OF anSSOtTRI. 
 
 The next eiigagement of any considerable interest in tlie State was at 
 Independence, before the break of day on the morning of Monday, Au- 
 gust 11th. The town was gaiTisoned by battalions of Missouri Infantry 
 and Cavalry under Lieutenant-Colonel J. T. Buell, Seventh Missouri 
 Volunteer Cavalry, about 450 strong. The Rebel forces, in command of 
 General John T. Hughes, of Clinton County, (author of " Doniphan's 
 Expedition," and an old school-fellow of the writer,) numbered 600 to 
 800 men, and, entering town by the Harrisonville and Big Spring roads, 
 commenced a vigorous attack, and were in almost every part of town be- 
 fore the Federal force had any notice of their approach. One portion of 
 Hughes' command at once suiTounded Colonel Buell's headquarters, 
 thus cutting him off from communication with his men, another por- 
 tion attacked the provost-guard at the jail, while the larger portion took 
 possession of the gardens, orchards, fields and buildings which com- 
 manded the camp. The Federal forces fought with daring courage, and 
 the same is true of their assailants; but completely surprised and 
 taken at disadvantage, and enfiladed on all sides, as many of them as 
 were able to do so retreated from the streets into the pasture of Hon. 
 Samuel H. "Woodson, and formed behind a stone fence. It was here 
 that General Hughes was shot dead from his horse, leading his men to a 
 desperate charge. Colonel Buell, observing that his camp was evac- 
 uated, and that further resistance was useless, ran up a white flag and 
 surrendered the post. The loss was heavy on both sides. 
 
 The united forces of the Rebel commanders — Coffee, Hunter, Tracy, 
 Jackman and Cockerhills — attacked Major Foster with 800 State Militia, 
 at Lone Jack, a small village in the southeastern corner of Jackson 
 County, on August 16th, defeating him and capturing two piece of artil- 
 lery.^ The loss on each side was about fifty killed and from seventy-five to 
 one hundred wounded. Among thewounded was Major Foster. Hearing 
 
 'Among the remarkable incidents of the battle, the following Is worthy of record: 
 When the Federal forces had fallen back and taken refuge in a large hotel, and were 
 pouring from its windows a death-fire upon the Confederates, causing them to lie down 
 and take shelter behind the plank fencing that surrounded the hotel, news came to the 
 head-quarters of General Coffee that his men had exhausted their cartridges. Volun- 
 teers were called for, to risk their lives in that terrible storm of minie balls, and supply 
 the soldiers behind the fencing with the needed ammunition. David E. Boulton, a son of 
 Judge Jesse A. Boulton, of Boone County, responded; and filling a carpet sack with the 
 deadly missiles, mounted his fine charger (named " Sterling Price") , and dashed forward 
 on his mission. He sat on his horse and distributed the cartridges amid a storm of 
 bullets, coming out unscathed. 
 
MELITAET EXECUTIONS AT MACON AJSTD PALMYRA. 417 
 
 of the approach of General James G. Blunt, the Rebels, 3,000 strong, 
 immediately commenced a retreat south under cover of ttie night. ^ 
 
 On September 13th, 1862, at Newtonia, a small village about twelve 
 miles east of Neosho, the county seat of Newton Count}', a desperate en- 
 gagement occurred between a large body (about 5,000) of Kansas, Wis- 
 consin, Missouri and Indian troops — infantry, cavalry and artillery — under 
 the command of General F. Salomon, and a Confederate force of 8,000 
 or 10,000, under Colonels Cooper and Jo. Shelby, in which the Union 
 forces were repulsed and compelled to retreat back to Sarcoxie, a dis- 
 tnnce of fifteen miles. Large numbers were killed and wounded on 
 both sides. ^ 
 
 At this point we make a divergence from the record of skirmishes and 
 battles between contending forces in the field, and from the pursuits, re- 
 treats, surprises and captures to which we have been giving attention, 
 to two of those atrocities which unhappily blacken the history of the 
 civil war in Missouri. Personally, and for the fair fame of the State, we 
 would prefer to omit them altogether, and allow the insetting tide of 
 oblivion to conceal them from mortal memory forever. But justice to 
 " the truth of history" demands that the facts be recorded in regard to 
 them, and we will not shrink from the duty. 
 
 One of these atrocities was the execution, at Macon, Mo., on Friday, 
 the 25th of September, 1862, often Rebel prisoners, on the triple charge, 
 of treason, perjury and murder; and the other the execution, at Pal- 
 myra, Mo,, on Saturday, October 18th, 1862, of a similar number to 
 expiate the abduction and probable murder, by some of Porter's band, 
 of one Andrew Allsman, a Union citizen of Marion County. 
 
 On the day previous to the execution at Macon, 144 prisoners, who had 
 been confined in the " Harris House," in that place, were sent by rail- 
 road to St. Louis for imprisonment during the war. The ten retained 
 h9,d been condemned by General Lewis Merrill, or by a drum-head 
 court-martial, to be " shot to death," because, as it was claimed, " each 
 one of them had for the third time been captured while engaged in the 
 robbing and assassination of his own neighbors," and therefore were the 
 most depraved and dangerous of the gang. It was also charged, and 
 we take it for granted established by competent proof, that " all of them 
 had twice, some of them three, and others had four times made solemn 
 oath to bear faithful allegiance to the Federal Government, to never take 
 
 1 General Blunt's report, »'Eebellioii Kecord," "Vol. 5, p. 582. 
 » See reports of General F. Salomon, Colonel George H. Hall (of St. Joseph), Colonel 
 4th CavahyM. S.M., and General Jas. S. Kaius, "Eebellion Becord," Vol. 5, pp. 620-22. 
 27 
 
418 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 up arms in behalf of the Eebel cause, but in all respects to deport 
 themselves as true and loyal citizens of the United States." And it was 
 further charged that " every man of them had perjured himself as often 
 as he had subscribed to this oath, and at the same time his hands were 
 red with repeated murders." The names of the condemned men were 
 Frank E. Drake, Doctor A. C. Rowe, Elbert Hamilton, William Searcy, 
 J. A. Wysong, J. H. Fox, Edward Riggs, David Bell, John H. Oldham 
 and Jas. H. Hall. 
 
 The ceremonies attending their execution were exceedingly impressive. 
 On the morning of the 25th the condemned were separated from their 
 comrades and confined in a freight car on the Hannibal and St. Joseph 
 railroad, and were at the same time informed of the doom that awaited 
 them. The next day Reverend Doctor R. W. Landis, Chaplain of the 
 cavalry regiment known as " Merrill's Horse," was present to attend to 
 the spiritual interests of the condemned. He called on them on the 
 evening of the 25th, and found them all deeply penitent and apparently 
 making earnest preparations for death. They confessed they had 
 wronged the Government, wronged the State, wronged their neighbors 
 and themselves, yet they declared they were not wholly responsible for 
 their own acts. They had been led into evil — so they pleaded — through 
 the influence of others. 
 
 The prisoners spent most of the night in prayer. Next morning 
 urgent appeals were made to General Merrill , who was present in Macon, 
 to spare their lives ; to have them tried by the civil courts ; to imprison 
 them till the end of the war; but he did not modify their sentence. 
 One of these appeals came in the shape of a letter, written by the young- 
 est of the ten — about twenty or twenty-one years of age — and simply 
 claimed mercy for the writer. It was received early on the morning of 
 the execution, and as the General was still in bed, the note was placed 
 in the hands of his Adjutant. The following is a verbatim copy : 
 
 " general for god sake spare my life for i am a boy i was perswaded do what i have 
 done and forse i will go in service and figt for you and stay with you douring the war i 
 wood been figting for the union if it had bin for others. 
 
 "J. A. Wysong." 
 
 At 11 o'clock, A. M., the procession was formed, and the silent multi- 
 tude, civil and military, moved at the signal of the muffled drum, toward 
 the field of execution near the town. 
 
 The executioners were detailed from the Twenty-third Missouri In- 
 fantry, and numbered sixty-six men. They marched six abreast, with a 
 
MTLITABY EXECUTIONS AT MACON AND PALMYRA. 419 
 
 prisoner in the rear of each file. A hollow square, or rather parallelo- 
 gram, was formed on a slightly declining prairie a half mile south of the 
 town. The executioners formed the south line of this square, the bal- 
 ance of the Missouri Twenty-third the east and west lines, and Merrill's 
 Horse the north. The executioners were divided off into firing parties 
 of six for each prisoner, leaving a reserve of six that were stationed a 
 few paces in the rear. General Merrill and staff were stationed close 
 within the northeast angle of the square. The firing parties formed a 
 complete line, but were detached about two paces from each other. 
 Each prisoner was marched out ten paces in front, and immediately 
 south of his six executioners. 
 
 This order having been completed, the prisoners were severally blinded 
 with bandages of white cloth, and were then required to kneel for the 
 terrible doom that awaited them. At thiS' time every tongue was silent, 
 and nothing was more audible than the heart-throbs of the deeply moved 
 and sympathizing multitude. At a signal from the commanding 
 officer, Kev. Dr. Landis stepped forward to address the Throne of Grace. 
 His prayer was the utterance of a pitying heart, brief and impressive. 
 It was an earnest appeal for pardoning mercy for those who were about 
 to step into the presence of God and Eternity. And then followed the 
 closing scenes of this bloody drama. The prisoners remained kneeling, 
 while sixty muskets were pointed at their palpitating hearts. The sig- 
 nal is given and the fatal volleys discharged, and the ten doomed men 
 make a swift exit from time to eternity I' The bodies of five of the 
 deceased were claimed by their respective friends ; the balance were 
 interred by nailitary direction. 
 
 Wha:tever may be said to excuse, extenuate, or justify this execution, 
 what can be pleaded to mitigate the horrible butchery at Palmyra a few 
 weeks thereafter? The record of that event is, briefly, that on the 
 occasion, a short time previous, of Porter's descent upon Palmyra, he 
 captured, among other persons, an old resident and a Union man by the 
 name of Andrew Allsman. He had formerly belonged to the Third Mis- 
 souri Cavalry, though too old to endure the more active duties of the 
 service. He was therefoi-e detailed as special or extra Provost-Marshal's 
 guard ; and being an old resident and widely acquainted with the people 
 and localities of the county, he was frequently called upon to give infor- 
 mation touching the loyalty of men, and the way to different places ; often 
 accompanying scouting parties into the surrounding country. He there- 
 
 I D. S. Washbume was on the same day executed at Hiintsville. 
 
420 HISTOKY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 fore became specially obnoxious to the " Southern element" in Marion 
 County, and encountered the bitter hatred of the guerrillas and bush- 
 whackers. All other prisoners captured by Porter were released but 
 him, and nothing having been heai'd of him, it was supposed, and is yet 
 sui)posed, for he has not since been seen — he was murdered by them. 
 
 Soon after the capture of Allsman, General John McNeill garri- 
 soned Palmyra with Federal troops, and issued and had published in the 
 papers the following order : 
 
 Palmtba, Mo., October 8, 18G2. 
 ■Joseph C. Porter : — Sir : Andrew Allsman, an aged citizen of Palmyra, and a non- 
 COmbatant, having been carried from his home by a band of persons unlawfully arrayed 
 against the peace and good order of the State of Missouri, and which band was under 
 your control; this is to notify you that unless said Andrew Allsman is returned unharmed 
 to his family within ten days from date, ten men who have belonged to your band, 
 and unlawfully sworn by you to carry arms against the government of the United States, 
 and who are now in custody, will be shot as a meet reward for their crimes, among 
 which is the illegal restraining of said Allsman of his libei'ty, and, if not returned, pre- 
 sumably aiding in his murder. Your prompt attention to this will save much suffering. 
 
 Yours, etc., W. K. Strachan, 
 
 Provost Marshal General District N. E. Missouri. 
 Per order of Brigadier General commanding McNeill's column. 
 
 A duplicate in writing of this notice was placed in the hands of the 
 wife of Colonel Porter, at her residence in Lewis County, in addition to 
 its wide circulation in the newspapers. Yet the ten days elapsed, and 
 no tidings came of the absent (and perhaps murdered) Allsman. There- 
 fore on the day previous to the day of execution, ten prisoners were 
 selected to render the forfeit of their lives, at the musket's muzzle, for 
 the continued and unexplained absence of a man for whose capture, im- 
 prisonment, or death — as the case might be — they were not responsible. 
 The names of the prisoners so selected were as follows 
 
 Willis Baker, Thomas Hurnston, Morgan .Bixler and John Y. McPheeters, of 
 Lewis County; Herbert Hudson, John M. Wade and Marion Lair, of Ealls County; 
 Captain Thomas A. Sydnor,of Monroe County; Eleazer Lake, of Scotland County, and 
 Hiram Smith, of Lewis County. ^ 
 
 Most of the condemned men received the solemn announcement with 
 composure or indifference. Eev. James S. Green, of Palmyra, remained 
 
 1 It has been reported and occasionally published in the newspapers since the war, 
 that Hiram Smith, of Lewis County, was not one of those originally selected for this 
 
 sacrifice; that he — a young lad of seventeen, and an orphan without relatives 
 
 volunteered to take the place of Mr. Humphreys, of Knox, an old man with a wife and 
 eight children, and that finally Smith was substituted for Humphreys and suffered death 
 in his stead. This remarkable story oii full investigation is found to be wholly 
 untrue. 
 
MZLITAEY EXECUTIONS AT MACON AND PALSIYKA. 421 
 
 with them duruig the night, as spiritual adviser, endeavoring to point 
 the way to that "better country" where they would hear of war — its 
 rigors and injustice and scenes of blood — no more forever. 
 
 Teh Palmyra Courier gives this account of the closing drama : 
 
 A little after eleven o'clock, A. m., three Government'-wagons drove to the jail. One 
 contained four and the others three rough board coffins. The condemned men were 
 conducted from the prison and seated in the wagons — one upon each coffin. A sufficient 
 guard of soldiers accompanied them, and the cavalcade started for the fair grounds 
 (half a mile east of the town), and driving within the circular amphitheatrical ring, 
 paused for the final consummation of the scene. 
 
 The ten coffins were removed from the wagons and placed in a row, six or eight feet 
 apart, forming a line north and south, about fifteen paces east of the central pagoda oi 
 music-stand in the centre of the ring. Each coffin was placed upon the ground with 
 its foot west and head east. Thirty soldiers of the Second M. S. M. were drawn up in 
 a single line, extending north and south, facing the row of coffins, leaving a space 
 between them and the coffins of twelve or thirteen paces. Eeserves were drawn up in 
 line \ipon either flank. 
 
 The arrangements completed, the doomed men knelt upon the grass between their 
 coffins and the soldiers, while the Reverend B. M. Ehodes offered up a prayer. At the 
 conclusion of this, each prisoner took his seat upon the foot of his coffin, facing the 
 muskets, which in a few moments were to launch them into eternity. They were nearly 
 all firm and undaunted. Two or three only showed signs of trepidation. 
 
 The most noted of the ten was Captain Thcs. A. Sydnor, of Monroe County, whose 
 capture at Shelbyville, in the disguise of a woman, we related several weeks since. He 
 was now elegantly attired in a suit of black broad-cloth, with white vest. A luxurious 
 growth of beautiful hair rolled down upon his shoulders, which, with his fine personal 
 appearance, could not but bring to mind the handsome but vicious Absalom. There 
 was nothing especially worthy of note in the appearance of the others. One of them, 
 Willis Baker, of Lewis County, was proven to be the man who last year shot and killed 
 Mr. Ezeklel Pratte, his Union neighbor, near Willlamstown, in that county. All the 
 others were rebels of lesser note, the particulars of whose crimes we are not familiar 
 with. 
 
 A few minutes after one o'clock, Colonel Strachan, Provost-Marshal General, and the 
 Kev. Mr. Khodes, shook hands with the prisoners. Two of them accepted bandages 
 for their eyes — all the rest refused. A hundred spectators had gathered around the 
 amphitheatre to witness the impressive scene. The stillness of death pervaded the 
 
 place. 
 
 The officer in command now stepped forward and gave the word of command: 
 "Keady; aim; fire!" The discharges, however, were not made simultaneously — 
 probably through want of a perfect previous understanding of the orders and of the 
 time at which to ftre. Two of the rebels fell backward upon their coffins and died 
 instantly. Captain Sydnor sprang forward and fell with his head toward the soldiers, 
 his face upward, his hands clasped upon his breast, and the left leg drawn half way up. 
 He did not move again, but died instantly. He had requested the soldiers to aim at his 
 heart, and they obeyed but too implicitly. The other seven were not kiUed outright; 
 so the reserves were called in, who dispatched them with their revolvers. 
 
 The lifeless remains were then placed in coffins, the lids, upon which the name of 
 each man was written, were screwed on, and the direful procession returned to town t>y 
 the same route that it pursued in going. 
 
 Friends came and took seven of the corpses. Three were buried by the military in 
 the public cemetery. The tragedy was over. 
 
422 HISTOKT OF MISSOTJRI. 
 
 The great battle at Cane Hill, near Fayetteville, Arkansas, on Sunday, 
 December 6th, 1862, between the Confederate troops under General 
 Thomas Hindman of Arkansas, and General John S. Marmadiike of Mis- 
 souri, and the Federal forces commanded by General James G. Blunt of 
 Kansas, in which the former were defeated, was the last great engage- 
 ment of the year in which Missourians participated. Among the Confed- 
 erate killed was General Steine, Brigadier- General Missouri State Guard. 
 The following is a brief official report of General Blunt to Major-Gen- 
 eral S. R. Curtis, Commandant of the Department of Missouri : 
 
 Praieie Geove, December 10, 1862. 
 Major General S. B. Curtis: The enemy did not stop in their flight until they had 
 crossed the Boston Mountains, and are probably ere this across the Arkansas river. 
 The enemy's Icilled and wounded is between 1500 and 2000 — a large proportion of 
 them killed. One hundred of their wounded have died since the battle, and a large 
 proportion of the others are wounded mortally, showing the terrible effects of my 
 artillery. My casualties will be about 200 wounded. Most of the wounded will 
 recover. The enemy have left their wounded on my hands, and most of their dead, 
 unoared for. They are being buried by my command. Hindman admitted his force 
 to be 28,000. Major Hubhard, who was a prisoner with them all day of the fight, 
 counted twenty regiments of infantry and twenty pieces of artillery. They had no 
 train with them, and muffled the wheels of their artillery in making their retreat. 
 Four oassions filled with ammunition were taken from the enemy. The Twentieth 
 Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, in addition to those mentioned yesterday, suffered 
 severely in charging one of the enemy's batteries, which they took, but were unable 
 to hold. 
 
 James G. Blunt, 
 
 Brigadier General. 
 
 On the night of December 20th, 1862, some of the returned soldiers 
 from Price's army, aided by citizens, destroyed or rendered useless for 
 the time about one hundred miles of the North Missouri (now St. Louis, 
 Kansas City and Northern) railroad. Commencing a few miles south of 
 Macon, (then called Hudson,^) they burned the bridges, water tanks, 
 ties and piles of wood, and tore up the rails for many miles, and 
 destroyed the telegraph. 
 
 1863. — The third year after the rebellion, 1863, was opened by an attack, 
 January 8th, by General John S. Marmaduke, on the Federal stockade 
 forts at Springfield, under General E. B. Brown, commander of the 
 Southwestern department of Missouri. General Brown being severely 
 wounded in the action, turned over the command to Colonel B. Crabb, 
 who reported to General Curtis as follows : 
 
 I Called Hudson in honor of the late Thomas B. Hudson, of St. Louis, one of the 
 early presidents of the North Missouri Kailroad. 
 
CAPTUEE OF JEFF. THOMPSON. 423 
 
 SpkinGfibld, January 10, 1863. 
 
 Major ffeneral Curtis ; — General : The enemy attacked us on the 8th. They were 
 ahout 5000 to 6000 strong, with three pieces of artillery, under command of Marmaduke, 
 Burbridge, Shelby, McDonald, and others. They fought from one o'clock until after 
 dark, with desperation, but were repulsed at every advance. 
 
 General Brown was severely wounded in the left arm near the shoulder, about 5 
 o'clock p. M. He turned the command over to me. 
 
 The enemy withdrew to a safe distance under cover of darkness. On the morning of 
 the 9th, they made demonstrations, in full force, from another point. We made such 
 preparations to meet them as we had at our command, but fioally they concluded 
 discretion was the better part of valor, and retreated. 
 
 They divided their forces. One portion went to Sand Spring — the other went on 
 the Kock Kiver road. We did not have force sufficient to follow. 
 
 Reinforcements of enrolled militia arriving during the day and night, I sent, early 
 this morning, what force could be spared to follow them, and harrass their rear, and 
 report their movements. General Brown was " constantly In the front, superintending 
 every movement. By his coolness and bravery, he has endeared himself to all under 
 Ms command. 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 B. Crabb, Colonel Commanding. 
 
 The Cavalry, (M. S. M.), engaged in the fight on the Union side were 
 commanded by Colonel Edward S. King, of Jefferson City, and Colonel 
 G-eorge H. Hall, of St. Joseph, both of whom charged the Confederates 
 ■with great bravery on their advance to the town. A battalion of cavalry 
 in charge of Lieutenant-Colonel Pounds, 14th M. S. M., also did efficient 
 service. In the detailed official report of Colonel Crabb, honorable 
 mention is also made of Lieutenant Hoffman, of Backhoff's First Mis- 
 souri Light Artillery, Lieutenant-Colonel Cook and Captains Landes, 
 Blue, Vanmeter and Stonaker, and Lieutenant Wilson, of the 18th Iowa 
 Infantry, Lieutenant Root of the 19th Iowa, and Colonel Sheppard of the 
 72d E. M. M. Doctor S. H. Mercher mustered some 300 convalescents — 
 the " Quinine Brigade" — from the hospitals, and Captain C. B. McAfee, 
 (.a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1875 from Greene County, 
 and the law partner of Governor Phelps,) organized about 100 soldier* 
 who had recently been discharged, and engaged in the fight. Captains 
 Blue and Vanmeter were killed. The General loss was fourteen killed 
 and 144 wounded. Confederate loss not known. 
 
 On Sunday morning, April 26th, Federal John H. McNeill, then sta- 
 tioned at Cape Girardeau, having first received and declined a demand 
 to surrender, was attacked by a large Confederate force under Generals 
 Marmaduke and Burbridge, which was repulsed. 
 
 During the last week in August, Colonel R. G. Woodson, 3d Cavalry, 
 M. S. M., with a force of about 600 strong, moved from Pilot Knob to 
 Greenville, thence by rapid marches to Pocahontas, Arkansas. When 
 
424 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 within four miles of the latter place he ascertained that General Jeff. 
 Thompson, "the Swamp Fox," — he who had " cattle on ten thousand 
 hills," — was therewith little or no force. Being very desirous to cap- 
 ture him, Colonel Woodson ordered Captain Gentry, of the 2d Cavalry, 
 M. S.M.,to hasten with all possible dispatch, with the advance, and 
 surprise and arrest him, which he did, finding Thompson quietly sitting 
 in his office tracing a map of Southeast Missouri, having no idea there 
 were Federal troops within a hundred miles of him. General Thompson 
 accompanied by his staff officers — who were also captured, viz : Captain 
 Eeuben Kay, Adjutant General, Captain Robert McDonald, Assistant 
 Adjutant General, and Dr. Marcus Train, Surgeon — were sent under 
 guard to St. Louis, and committed to Gratiot prison. 
 
 On the 25th of August, General Thomas Ewing, of the 11th Kansas 
 Infantry Volunteers, and at this time, (1877), a Democratic member of 
 Congress from the 12th Ohio district, issued the following order : 
 
 [General Orders No. 11.] 
 
 Headquarters District of the Border,") 
 Kansas City, Mo., August 25, 1863. / 
 
 First — All persons living in Cass, Jackson, and Bates Counties, Missouri, and in that 
 part of Vernon included in this district, except those living within one mile of the 
 limits of Independence, Hickman's Mills, Pleasant Hill, and Harrisonville, and exceijt 
 those in that part of Kavv Township, Jackson County, north of Brush Creek and west of 
 the Big Blue, embracing Kansas City and Westport, are hereby ordered to remove from 
 their present places of residence within "fifteen days from the date hereof. 
 
 Those who, within that time, establish their loyalty to the satisfaction of the com- 
 manding officer of the military station nearest their present places of residence, will 
 receive from him certificates stating the fact of their loyalty and the names of the 
 witnesses by whom it can be shown. All who receive such certificates will be permitted 
 to remove to any military station in this district, or to any part of the State of Kansas, 
 except the counties on the eastern border of the State. All others shall remove out of 
 this district. 
 
 Oificers commanding companies and detachments serving in the counties named, will 
 see that this paragraph is promptly obeyed. 
 
 Second — All grain and hay in tlie field, or under shelter, in the district from which the 
 inhabitants are required to remove within reach of military stations, after the 9th day of 
 September next, will be taken to such stations and turned over to the proper officers 
 there; and report of the amount so turned over made to district headquarters, specify- 
 ing the names of all loyal owners and the amount of such produce taken from them. 
 All grain and hay found in such district after the 9th day of September next, not conve- 
 nient to such stations, will be destroyed. 
 
 TTiird — The provisions of General Orders No. 10, from these headquarters, will be at 
 once vigorously executed, by officers commanding in the parts of the district, and at the 
 stations, not subject to the operations of paragraph First of this Order,— and especially 
 in the towns of Independence, Westport, and Kansas City. 
 
 Fourth — Paragraph 3, General Orders jSTo. 10, is revoked as to all who have borne 
 arms against the government in this district since August 20th, 1863. 
 
 By order of Brigadier General Ewing. H. Hannahs, Adjutant. 
 
GENERAL EWnSTG'S " OKDER NO. 11.' 425 
 
 As might reasonably have been expected, the publication of so extra- 
 ordinary an order from a military ccommander occasioned the wildest 
 excitement and alarm among the people whom it was intended most 
 directly to affect. The guerrilla warfare which had previously raged 
 within the condemned district had already driven many of the people out 
 of it, yet the enforcement of the order depopulated the farming territory 
 of the three counties. Many and sad, therefore, were the scenes of 
 wretchedness which it occasioned. These have been transferred to can- 
 vas and rendered immortal by George C. Bingham, " the Missouri 
 Artist," in his celebrated painting, entitled "Order No. 11." 
 
 As the Federal military authorities, and especially Generals Schofield 
 and Ewing, were savagely abused for giving the order, it would seem but 
 sheer justice that they be heard in their own defence. And that defence 
 consists of a letter from General Schofield, written at West Point, N. Y., 
 on January 25th, 1877, in reply to one of the previous 31st December, 
 from General Ewing, Lancaster, Ohio. In this letter General Schofield 
 says, in substance, that he took command of the department of the 
 Missouri in May, 1863, and assigned General Ewing to command the 
 "district of the border." That a savage guerrilla warfare had raged 
 there for two years, which had nearly depopulated the farming districts 
 on the Missouri side, and that all farmers who remained were, whether 
 they sympathized with the guerrillas or not, mere furnishers of supplies 
 and temporary shelter for these outlaws. Civilization and humanity alike 
 demanded the prompt suppi-ession of this border war, whatever might be 
 the means necessary to suppress it. There were only two methods of 
 stopping it. One was to largely increase the military force in the district, 
 which was impracticable, because of the necessity of sending reinforce- 
 ments to Grant's army at Vicksburg. The other was to remove the few 
 remaining farmers from the Missouri border, whose crops and stores 
 furnished the guerrillas with subsistence. The fiendish massacre at Law- 
 rence in August, 1863, by Quantrell and his band, made immediate 
 action absolutely imperative. He says it is wholly a mistake to charge 
 that the order was issued in revenge for that massacre, as its issuance was 
 contemplated and discussed some time before the massacre occurred. 
 He says the order was an act of wisdom, courage and humanity, by 
 which hundreds of innocent lives were saved and a disgraceful and bar- 
 barous warfare brought to a summary close. Not a life was sacrificed, 
 uor any great discomfort inflicted in executing it. The necessities of all 
 the poor people were provided for, and none were permitted to suffer. 
 
 General Schofield adds that, when the order was issued, he went to the 
 
426 HISTORY OF lUSSOURI. 
 
 border, and after personal observation approved it, and then sent it, with 
 his approval, to President Lincoln, and that humane pi'esident never 
 uttered a word of dissent as to the wisdom, justice or humanity of that 
 policy. He says he does not write to vindicate his own conduct or to 
 shift the responsibilities, but that it is only justice to General Ewing, who 
 has been censured for issuing the order, to say that the responsibility for 
 its execution belongs to President Lincoln, to himself and to General 
 Ewing in proportion to their respective rank and authority. 
 
 General Schofield's letter having appeared in the St. Louis Daily 
 JRepublican, of February 21st, 1877, Hon. George C. Bingham, an old 
 citizen of Jackson County, and a strong Union man during the war, 
 the next day replied to it, and the reply, at the request of members of 
 the Missouri legislature, (then in session,) from the counties of Jackson, 
 Cass, Bates and Vernon, was published in the same paper of February 
 26th. Mr. Bingham says that General Schofield had exercised a caution, 
 characteristic of all great military commanders, in allowing nearly four- 
 teen years to transpire before venturing upon the defence of a measure 
 which, for heartless atrocity, has no parallel in modern annals ; but that he 
 would discover there are those yet surviving who will be able to confront 
 him in this prudently delayed effort to subordinate history to the service 
 of tyranny. General Schofield ventures to assert that "the order was 
 an act of wisdom, courage and humanity, by which the lives of hundreds 
 of innocent people were saved and a disgraceful conflict brought to a sum- 
 mary close." That " not a life was sacrificed, nor any great discomfort 
 inflicted in carrying out the order," and that "the necessities of all the 
 j3oor people were provided for, and none were permitted to suffer." 
 Never did an equal number of words embody a greater amount of error. 
 Never was a robbery so stupendous more cunningly devised or success- 
 fully accomplished, with less personal risk to the robbers. As an act of 
 purely arbitrary power, directed against a disarmed and defenceless 
 population, it was an exhibition of cowardice in its most odious and 
 repulsive form. As outraging every principle of justice and doing vio- 
 lence to every generous and manly sentiment of the human heart, its 
 title to be regarded as an act of humanity can only be recognized by 
 wretches destitute of every quality usually embraced under that appella- 
 tion. It did not bring a "disgraceful conflict to a summary close." It, 
 indeed, put an end to the predatory raids of Kansas "red legs and jay- 
 hawkers," by surrendering to them all that they coveted, leaving nothino' 
 that could further excite their cupidity; but it gave up the country to 
 the bushwhackers, who, until the close of the war, continued to stop tho 
 
GEN. SCHOFIELD'S LETTER AJSTO GEN. BINGHAM'S REPLY. 427 
 
 stages and rob the mails and passengers, and no one wearing the Federal 
 nniform dared to risk his life within the desolated district. Mr. Binff- 
 ham says he was in Kansas City when the order was being enforced, and 
 affirms, from painful personal observation, that the sufferings of its 
 imfortunate victims, in many instances, were such as should have elicited 
 sympathy even from hearts of stone. Bare-footed and bare-headed 
 women and children, stripped of every article of clothing, except a scant 
 covering for their bodies, were exposed to the heat of an August sun 
 and compelled to struggle through the dust on foot. It is well known 
 that men were shot down in the very act of obeying the order, and their 
 wagons and effects seized by their murderers. Large trains of wagons, 
 extending over the prairies for miles in length, and moving Kaiisasward, 
 were freighted with every description of household furniture and wear- 
 ing apparel belonging to the exiled inhabitants. Dense columns of 
 smoke arising in every direction marked the conflagration of dwellings, 
 many of the evidences of which are yet to be seen in the remains of 
 seared and blackened chimneys, standing as melancholy monuments of a 
 ruthless military despotism which spared neither age, sex, character nor 
 condition. There was neither aid nor protection afforded to the banished 
 inhabitants by the heartless authority which expelled them from their 
 rightful possessions. They crowded by hundreds upon the banks of the 
 Missouri River, and were indebted to the charity of benevolent steam- 
 boat conductors for transportation to places of safety, where friendly aid 
 could be extended to them without danger to those who ventured to 
 contribute it. It was true, as represented by General Schofield, that 
 a savage guerrilla warfare had been waged for two years in the counties 
 embraced by the order, but it was not true that the counties were nearly 
 depopulated by the guerrillas, or that the few remaining farmers were 
 furnishers of supplies for these outlaws. The largest portion of those 
 eno-aged in this warfare were the well-known "jay-hawkers and red-legs" 
 of Kansas, acting under the authority of no law, military or civil, yet 
 carrying on their nefarious operations under the protection and patronage 
 of General Ewing and his predecessors from the State of Kansas. The 
 others, constituting the more determined and desperate class, were 
 chiefly outlawed Missourians, known as bush-whackers, and claiming to 
 act under Confederate authority. Their numbers, however, were at all 
 times insignificant in comparison with the Federal troops stationed in 
 these counties. As the inhabitants had all been disarmed by Federal 
 military authority, they were powerless to resist these outlaws, and, as 
 General Schofield admits, were compelled to yield to their demands. 
 
428 HISTOKY OF JUSSOIIRI. 
 
 Yet they were not mere furnishers of supplies to these outlaws. Onth& 
 contrary, the supplies furnished by them to the Federal forces, if properly 
 estimated, would reach twenty, if not fifty times the amount forced from 
 them by bushwhackers. Yet the coimties had not, at the date of the 
 order, been nearly depopulated. The inhabitants possessed fertile and 
 valuable lands. Many of them had become wealthy, and all possessed 
 comfortable homes, from which neither the tyranny of their military 
 rulers nor the frequent depredations of Kansas "red-legs" and Con- 
 federate bushwhackers had succeeded in expelling them. The sweeping 
 and indiscriminate order, therefore, operated in all its diabolical and 
 ruinous force upon a population quite as numerous as then inhabited an 
 equal number of any other border counties of our State. General 
 Schoiield ungenerously attempts to make President Lincoln jointly respon- 
 sible with himself and General Ewing for the execution of this order. 
 It is evident however that the assent and approbation of the President 
 were predicated solely on the representations of his General, and not 
 iipon the actual facts relating to the matter, of which he could have had 
 110 personal knowledge. 
 
 To this reply of Mr. Bingham, neither General Schofield nor General 
 Ewing made response, and upon this record, therefore, "Order No. 11" 
 invokes the judgment of history. 3iiB 
 
 During the months of July and August, 1863, on what authority — if 
 any — we know not, the report became quite general in Federal military 
 circles in Missouri that General Sterling Price, who, at the inception of 
 the rebellion, was known to have been a strong and outspoken Union 
 man, had become weary of the unpromising conflict ; indeed, Avas willing 
 to abandon the Rebel cause and return to his home in Chariton County 
 and spend the remainder of his life in peace. ^ Believing it at least prob- 
 
 • Hearing of these reports, as connected wth alleged efforts by himself to secure a 
 pardon for his father, General Edwin W. Price, who the year previous had returned 
 from the army and taken the oath of allegiance, published the following letter: 
 
 Farm Place,. Chaeiton County, Mo..\ 
 July 29, 1S63. ' J 
 
 Editor St. Louis Bepublican: Tour issue of the 27th instant, contains an article copied 
 from the Fulton Telegraph, in which it is stated that I have been circulating in South- 
 western Missouri, a petition to President Lincoln, asking for the pardon of Major Gen- 
 eral Price, my father. Upon the strength of that article and a vivid imagination, the 
 St. Louis Union indulges in an editorial to which my attention has been called, saying 
 that " he (General Price) is penitent, and desires to abandon the rebel cause, return 
 home and spend the remainder of his days in peace-" 
 
 I have passed unheeded several articles of a similar character, which have appeared 
 fiom time to tinie in different eastern publications within the past year, and I would 
 
PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S PROPOSED PARDON OF GEN. PRICE. 429 
 
 ■able the report was substantially true, and desiring to open the way for 
 ■General Price's safe return, provided subsequent events disclosed a 
 desire on his part to do so, the Hon. James S. Rollins, of Colnmbia, 
 vokmtarily wrote to President Lincoln, informing him of the prevalent 
 reports, and asking a pledge from him that Price would be pardoned if he 
 returned, as above, to the State. The following is President Lincoln's 
 reply, now for the first time given to the public : 
 
 Executive Mansion, \ 
 
 Washington, D. C, August, 1863. J 
 Son. James S. JJoHins:— Tours in reference to General Sterling Price, is received. 
 If he voluntarily returns and takes the oath of allegiance to the United States before 
 the next meeting of Congress, I -will pardon him, if you shall then wish me to do so. 
 
 Yours truly, A. Lincoln. 
 
 As General Price did not return to the State, nor abandon the Rebel- 
 lion until the close of the war, President Lincoln was never called upon 
 to redeem his promise of pardon. 
 
 After General Blunt, in September, 1863, had driven the Confederate 
 forces under Gen. W. L. Cabell, and the Creek chief Standwatie, into 
 the Choctaw reservation, and taken possession of Fort Smith, these forces 
 remained in the Indian country for a time for the purpose of obtaining 
 supplies of food. These supplies running low as the autumn advanced, a 
 part of Cabell's command, under Colonel Jo. Shelby, undertook a raid 
 into Missouri. A little east of Fort Smith, they crossed the Arkansas 
 River, and swept rapidly northward into Southwestern Missouri, 
 to " Crooked Prairie, " where, on October 1st, they were joined 
 by a considerable force under Colonel Coffee, thus increasing the 
 •entire body 2,500 men. Expecting to meet at Boonville a large number 
 of recruits, Shelby made a rapid march to that place, but was disap- 
 
 treat this report in the same manner, but for the fact that it implies a correspondence 
 between General Price and myself which would place me in the attitude of having 
 violated my obligations to the Federal authorities. I therefore beg leave to state that' 
 the above report, as well as all others purporting to come from me concerning the 
 probable " desires " or •» intentions " of General Price are unquestionably false. 
 
 As regards the " penitence " of General Price, and his desire to return home upon a 
 pardon from President Lincoln, I know nothing, having had no communication with 
 Mm since my return from the Southern army. And so far as the matter of "petition" 
 is concerned, it is sufficient to state that not only have I not been in Southwestern Mis- 
 souri for more than a year and a half, but no "petition" of that character has ever been 
 cureulated in my own part of the State by the knowledge of myself or any other "son of 
 the old man's." I claim to be a private citizen, living a quiet, retired life, and it is not 
 at all agreeable to me to have my name paraded before the public in such articles as allu- 
 ded to above. Yours Truly, Edwin "W. Pkice. 
 
430 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 pointed ; and after his men had plundered the stores and many residen- 
 ces of $100,000 worth of propert}', beat a hasty retreat. Near Arrow 
 Kock, however, General E. B. Brown, on the 12th and 13th of October, 
 encountered him with a force of militia, repulsing his troops in disorder, 
 and occasioning him a loss of about 300 men, killed, wounded and pris- 
 oners, with all his artillery but one gun.^ 
 
 1864 — Military operations in Missouri during the year 1864 degenerated 
 for most part into a savage and merciless guerilla warfare. Roving bands 
 of "bushwhackers," thieves and murderers infested the State on both sides 
 of the Missouri river, and the Union troops ^ of the various districts 
 were kept busy in the efi'ort, in many localities imsuccessful, to suppress 
 them and preserve the peace and protect the lives and property of the 
 people. No important battles were fought. 
 
 Late in January, General Rosecrans arrived in St. Louis, as commander 
 of the Department, and actively entered upon his duties. The first 
 formidable danger he was called to confront was General Price's raid 
 into the State in September and October, — a raid inspired by the des- 
 peration of the crisis, and one which proved to be the dying throe of the 
 Confederate cause in the State. Nevertheless, the raid occurred under 
 circumstances seemingly favorable to its success. Missouri had been 
 stripped of troops for sei*vice elsewhere, and the friends of "the South," 
 and the bands of guerillas, especially in the western and river counties, 
 were bold and defiant. 
 
 Receiving information early in September, from Genera] C. C. Wash- 
 burne, at Memphis, of Price's meditated invasion from Northern Arkan- 
 sas, with a formidable force. General Rosecrans sent the information to 
 "Washington, and Halleck telegraphed to Cairo, directing A.J. Smith, 
 then ascending the Mississippi river, with about six thousand troops, 
 infantry and cavalry, destined to reinforce Sherman in Northern Geor- 
 ,gia, to be halted there, and, with his command, be sent to St. Louis, to 
 reinforce Rosecrans. The strengthening of the troops in Missouri was 
 timely, for Price soon crossed the Arkansas river, joined Shelby, and, 
 with about twenty thousand men, entered Southeastern Missouri between 
 the Big Black and St. Francis rivers, and pushed on to Pilot Knob, more 
 than half way to St. Louis from the Arkansas border, almost without a 
 show of opposition. Rosecrans had only about six thousand five hun- 
 dred mounted men in his Department when this formidable invasion 
 
 ' Lossing's "Civil War." Vol. 3, p. 218. 
 
 2 Cbiefly Missouri State Militia and Enrolled Jlissouri Militia. 
 
A LARGE C02SnFEDERATE EOBOE ESTVADES THE STATE. 431 
 
 began, and these were scattered over a country four hundred miles in 
 length, and three hundred in breadth, with only a partially organized 
 force of infantry and dismounted men, guarding from the swarming <ruer- 
 rillas the greater depots, such as Springfield, Pilot Knob, Jefferson City, 
 Rolla and St. Louis, and the railway bridges. These were concentrated 
 as quickly as possible, after ascertaining the route and destination of 
 Price ; yet so swiftly did that leader move that when it was seen that 
 St. Louis was probably his first and chief objective, only a single brigade 
 was at Pilot Knob, (which is connected with the former place by a rail- 
 way) to confront him. This was commanded by General Hugh S. 
 Ewing, who had for defenses only a little fort and some rude earth-works. 
 But he made a bold stand ; fought Price and his ten thousand men gal- 
 lantly, with his little force of twelve hundred ; repulsed two assaults, 
 and inflicted on the Confederates a loss of about one thousand men. 
 His own loss was about two hundred. His foe, with his superior force, 
 soon took positions to command his entire post ; so Ewing spiked his 
 guns, blew up his magazine, and, finding his chosen line of retreat 
 northward, by way of Potosi, blocked, fled westward during the night 
 toward Rolla, where General McNeil was in command, and had just been 
 reinforced by cavalry under General Sandborn. 
 
 At Webster, Ewing turned sharply to the north, and pushing on, struck 
 the Southeastern Railway at Harrison, after a march of sixty miles in 
 thirty-nine hours, with an accumulating encumbrance of refugees — 
 white and black. There his exhausted troops were struck by a heavy 
 force, under Shelby, which had been chasing him. Ewing's ammunition 
 was short, but he held his ground for thirty hours, when the Seven- 
 teenth Illinois Cavalry, under Colonel Beveridge, sent by General 
 McNeil from Rolla, came to his relief. Shelby was driven off, and 
 Ewing and Beveridge marched leisurely to Rolla. 
 
 General A, J. Smith's Infantry, between four and five thousand 
 strong, were in St. Louis. Soon, eight regiments of the enrolled mili- 
 tia of the State arrived, and these were associated with six regiments of 
 Illinois one hundred day's men, whose term of service had expired, but 
 who patriotically went to the assistance of Rosecrans. Meanwhile, the 
 troops in the central portion of the State were concentrated at the cap- 
 ital, Jefferson City, by General Brown, who was reinforced by General 
 Fisk with all available troops north of the Missouri River. The Union 
 citizens in that region cordially co-operated with the military, and 
 before Price turned his face in that direction, the capital was well forti- 
 fied. The invaders advanced by way of Potosi to the Meramec River; 
 
432 HISTOKY OF MISSOUEt. 
 
 crossed it, and took post at Richvvoods, within forty miles of St. Louis, 
 when after remtiining a day or two, and evidently satisfied that an 
 uttempt to take that city would be very hazardous, he burned the bridge at 
 Moselle, and then marclied rapidly in the direction of Jefferson City, 
 followed by General A. J. Smith and his entire command. Price 
 burned bridges behind him, to impede his pursuers, and appeared before 
 the Missouri capital on the 7th of October, just after Generals McNeil 
 and Sandborn, with all the mounted' men they could muster, had 
 reached there by a forced march from Eolla. 
 
 A slight resistance was offered to Pi'ice at the crossing of the Little 
 Moreau River, four or fire miles below Jefferson City, Avhen the Federals 
 fell back, and the Confederates enveloped the city in a semi-circnlar line 
 nearly four miles in length, the wings resting on the Missouri. Discov- 
 ering the defences which the troops of Brown and Eisk and the citizens 
 had thrown up. Price sent his trains westward and followed with his 
 whole army. 
 
 As early as Thursday, September 29th, it was made known to the cit- 
 izens of Jefferson City, that the military authorities i-egarded the city 
 and oapitol as in imminent danger, from the long contemplated and then 
 progressing rebel raid into the State. The three companies of Citizen 
 Guards, organized a week or two liefore to meet an apparently tem- 
 porary emergency', from which only a city guard had thus far been 
 detailed, were called in a body into active service ; and all able- 
 bodied men, white and black, residing in the city, or found in the city 
 belonging in the neigborhood, or brought in public conveyances, were 
 pressed into service, and set to work digging rifle pits, and building or 
 completing fortifications. Military forces began to concentrate there 
 from the country west of Jefferson City, and General Fisk's command 
 from the Northwest was ordered there. On Thursday, October 5th, in 
 view of imminent danger, strong guards were placed over the com- 
 missary and other military stores, and military forces stationed at the 
 outer defences. General Fisk's forces came in seasonably, and Generals 
 McNeil and Sanborn, from RoUa and Springfield, with some three or 
 four thousand men and some artillery, arrived just in the nick of time. 
 Cavalry had been sent to guard the fords and ferries on the Osage, who, 
 if they could not prevent the Eebels from crossing, could at least retard 
 their progress and give warning of their approach. On Wednesday, the 
 railroad bridge across the Osage Eiver, nine miles east of Jefferson Citv, 
 was burned. The force, numbering, it was estimated, about two 
 hundred and fifty, with two pieces of artillery, before firinrj- the biido-e, 
 
THE COJSnFEDERATES THREATEN ST. LOUIS AJSTD THE CAPITAi. 433 
 
 captured a company of Gasconade militia, stationed at the east end of 
 the bridge, and drove off a squad who were guarding it on the west — 
 just men enough to invite an attaclc, and not enough to afford protection 
 against a force it was well known could be easily sent there from the 
 Rebels, known to occupy the road at points below. 
 
 On Thursday afternoon, October 5th, the ball opened at Prince's Ford, 
 on the Osage River, where the great body of the Rebels crossed. A 
 part of the First M. S. M., under Major Mullins, were stationed at the 
 ford, and some pickets belonging thereto, who had been sent across the 
 Osage, were cut off, and four, of them, in attempting to swim the river, 
 were drowned. Three of his command were also killed in the skirmish 
 at the ford. 
 
 The cavalry forces at the ford consisted of Major A. W. Mullins' com- 
 mand of the First M. S. M., about two hundred of Colonel J. J. 
 Gravelly's regiment, the Eighth M. S. M., and Colonel John F. Phil- 
 ipis' regiment, the Seventh M. S. M. After the skirmish at the ford, 
 the Federals fell back and rested for the night near Green C. Berry's 
 farm, about four miles from the city; and near the next farm beyond 
 (James Gordon's), skirmishing was resumed the next morning, the Fed- 
 eral forces gradually retiring till they reached the city. The Federal 
 artillery then took position at the fortifications on the ridge south of the 
 city (near Cook's, which overlooks the city,), and thence commenced to 
 shell the enemy, who occupied the ridge about a mile southeast of that 
 point. Some part of the Sixth Cavalry, M. S. M., under Major Edward 
 S. King, and Colonel Gravelly's command, the Eighth M. S. M., were 
 eno-aged. The latter suffered the most severely. Late in the afternoon 
 the Rebels planted a piece or two of artillery on the ridge east of the 
 city and south of Shott's farm, from which they fired a few times ; which 
 elicited a prompt response from the Federal battery planted east of the 
 o-riiveyard. The Rebels were evidently moving westward ; whether pre- 
 paratory to an assault in force on the south and west next morning, or 
 not, could not be known. If this was their purpose, then the little tights 
 on Friday were only feelers. Their camps on Friday night extended 
 from about two and a half miles of the city to five or six miles beyond. 
 Generals Price and Shelby lodged at Mr. "Wallendorff's, about three 
 miles southwest of the city. On Saturday morning they sent their trains 
 westward, leaving the capital untouched. 
 
 General Pleasonton arrived at Jefferson City on the day after Price 
 left; assumed chief command, and sent General Sandborn with his cav- 
 alry in pursuit of the fugitive, with instructions to delay his march so 
 2S 
 
434 HISTOKY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 that General Smith might overtake him. Sandborn struck his rear-guard 
 at Versailles, and ascertained that Price was marching directly on Boon- 
 ville. Shelby's cavalry quickly enveloped Sandborn, who made a timely 
 retreat, and, falling back a short distance, to California, was overtaken 
 there by Smith's Cavalry, imder Colonel Catherwood, with needed sup- 
 plies. In the meantime re-inforcements from the Federals were coming 
 from St. Louis. General Mower had followed Price out of Arkansas, 
 and struck the Mississippi at Cape Girardeau, after a fatiguing march of 
 three hundred miles in the space of eighteen days. His army was so 
 worn, man and beast, that Rosecrans sent steamboats to Cape Girardeau 
 for them, and they were taken to St. Louis, whence the infantry were 
 conveyed up the Missouri on steamboats, while the cavalry, fifteen hun- 
 dred strong, under General Winslow, marched to Jefferson City by land. 
 Price was now moving toward Kansas with a heavy force in pursuit. 
 The Federal Cavalry, with Pleasonton in immediate command, led in 
 the chase. As the Confederates marched westward they found more 
 sympathizers and became bolder. Price sent Generals Jo. Shelby and 
 John B. Clark, Jr., to attack Glasgow, on the Missouri River in Howard 
 County, then (October 8, 1864,) garrisoned by a part of the Forty- 
 third Missouri, and small detatchments of the Ninth Missouri State 
 Militia ' and Seventeenth Illinois Cavalry, under command of Colonel 
 Chester Harding. Most of Harding's force was posted in rifle pits on the 
 north side of town, and in the City Hall and other large brick buildings 
 on one of the business streets. Early on the morning of the 8th October 
 the soldiers and citizens were awakened by the thunder of artillery from 
 the opposite, or Saline County shore, manned by Shelby's command. 
 Shells and shot fell here and there in the town, endangering the lives of 
 men, women and children more than the lives of the soldiers. Reverend 
 William G. Caples, a distinguished Methodist minister and a r-esident of 
 Glasgow, was mortally wounded by one of these shots, in front of his 
 house, and died on the 11th. During the cannonading Genei-al Clark's 
 cavalry crossed the river below and enveloped the town on the east, and 
 his artillery opened fire upon the Federal camp on that side of the town. 
 Glasgow was literally between two fires, and while the surging storm of 
 battle raged, while Harding heroically sought to defend, and Shelby and 
 Clark to reduce the place, some miscreant applied the torch to the City 
 
 1 After the promotion of Colonel Guitar to the office of Brigadier-General of Missouri 
 Enrolled Militia, Lieutenant-Colonel John F. WilliamSyof the 9th M. S. M.,was made 
 Colonel of the regioient and did gallant service. Colonel Williams is now a well-kwown 
 ]a-\\'yer and politician of Macon, and was Speaker of the House of Representatives of 
 the 28th General Assembly. 
 
SHELBY AND CLAUK CAPTURE GLASGOW. 435 
 
 Hall, and, the flames communicating with adjacent buildings, churches, 
 stores and family residences were destroyed. 
 
 Colonel Harding finally surrendered to the opposing force, after which 
 the Confederates evacuated the place, recrossed the river and marched to 
 join Price's main column, then on its way west.^ This temerity would have 
 been punished by a serious if not fatal blow upon Price's main body, had 
 not the pursuing General, Smith, been detained at the Lamine River on 
 account of the destruction of the railway bridge at the crossing on his 
 route. There he was overtaken by General Mower, when, with a few 
 days' provisions and in light marching order, he pushed on directly west- 
 ward toward Warrensburg, while Pleasonton, with his cavalry, including 
 that under "W inslow, was sweeping over the country northward to the 
 Missouri River, in the direction of Lexington, which Price's advance 
 reached on the 20th of October. Blunt, who had come out of Kansas, 
 had been driven back to Independence, near the western border of Mis- 
 souri, by Price, and the ranks of the latter were being increased by re- 
 cruits. 
 
 General Price left Lexington when Pleasontofi's advance, under McNeil 
 and Sanborn, reached that place on the evening of the 20th of October, 
 and was moving rapidly westward. At Little Blue Creek he struck 
 Blunt's Kansas troops, then under General Curtis, who had just assumed 
 command of them. After a sharp contest of a few hours, Curtis, hard 
 pressed on front and flank by a superior force, fell back to the Big Blue 
 Creek, where he took a strong position and awaited an attack. Mean- 
 
 1 After the abandonment of Glasgow, the guerrilla chief Bill Anderson and his hand 
 of outlaws came at night to the house of VV'illiam B. Lewis, In the vicinity, and in the 
 presence of his family, and of Mrs. Clark, mother of the Bebel General John B. Clark, 
 Jr., and of Mr. Dabney Garth, brother-in-law of Sterling Price, both connected by mar- 
 riage >vith Mr. Lewis, subjected their victim to the grossest and crudest indignities. He 
 was knocked down with the butts of heavy pistols, bruised and battered while helpless 
 on the floor, his clothes slashed open, his flesh pricked with knives, and his body singed 
 with the flash of pistols fired within a few inches of his face. In their savage cruelty 
 the villains stuck the muzzles of their pistols into the mouth of their unresisting victim 
 and threatened to blow his brains out, accompanying their threats with ribald oaths and 
 imprecations. 
 
 All this was done partly to wreak their fury on a Union man, and partly to extort 
 money from him. Mr. Lewis, who was a wealthy citizen, gave his tormentors $1,000, 
 which was all the money he had in the house, and was then permitted to go in the 
 streets under guard and borrow as much more as he could from his neighbors. Ander- 
 son demanded $5,000 for his ransom, and this sum, by the active aid of neighbors and 
 personal friends, he was enabled to raise. It was paid over to his greedy persecutors, 
 and he was released. Next day he escaped from the town, together with several other 
 citizens, and made his way to Boonville. 
 
^36 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 while, Pleasonton, -with all his cavalry, had pushed on after Price with 
 great vigor. When he reached the Little Blue, October 20th, he found 
 tlie bridge destroyed and the Confederate rear-guard prepared to resist 
 his pass.'ige with strong force. They were soon driven, and Pleasonton 
 pressed on to Independence, then held by the enemy. He captured that 
 place at 7 o'clock in the evening, by a brilliant charge, by which he drove 
 the Confederates and seized two of their guns. 
 
 Instead of twenty-three thousand recruits, which had been promised 
 him, the Confederate leader had not received over six thousand ; and he 
 felt the necessity of getting out of Missouri, and beyond the grasp of 
 iis pursuers, as quickly as possible. He fled rapidly southward, and 
 passed into Arkansas, not, however, without receiving some parting- 
 blows. ^ 
 
 On Friday, September 23, 1864, a train of fourteen wagons, four 
 Government wagons and the remainder pressed from citizens for the 
 oecasion, started from Sturgeon, in Boone County, to Rocheport, under 
 escort of about seventy men of the Third Missouri State Militia, under 
 Captain McFadin. The wagons were loaded principally with subsistence 
 stores, with some ammunition, clothing and private property. The 
 escort and train stopped near sun-set about seven miles northeast of 
 Eooheport, at a pond near the roadside, in order that the horses might 
 be watered. While here the escort and train were suddenlj' charged 
 upon by about one hundred and fifty guerrillas,, under Bill Anderson and 
 George Todd. The escort was put to flight and the train captured, 
 I'obbed of everything the guerrillas could carry oS, and then burned. 
 Eleven Federal soldiers were found dead on the ground, and three 
 negroes. 
 
 Emboldened to deeds of danger and to outlawry and plunder on a 
 larger scale, the gueri'ilias of Missouri committed many other outrages 
 during the fall. Among these, the wholesale butchery at Gentralia, on the 
 North Missouri Railroad, in Booue County, by Bill Anderson and his men, 
 ©n Tuesday, September 27th, stands forth with colossal and fearful hor- 
 ror. Bill Anderson was one of the most daring, bloodthirsty and 
 revengeful guerrillas of the western border, and had under his command 
 on this occasion a force of several hundred weli armed and well mounted 
 men, among whom were George Todd, David Pool, Holtclaw and John 
 Thrailkill, the latter a former resident of Warren Countjs Kentucky, 
 and alii of them the most desperate revolver fighters ever known in 
 
 ^ For the greater part of the record of Price's Raid, the author acknowledges his 
 indebtednes&toLossing's "Civil War in America," Vol. 3, pp. 276-80. 
 
THE CENTKALIA JMUkSSACBE. 4:37 
 
 the history of guerrilla warfare. On the night previous to the mnssa- 
 cre at Centralia, the whole band camped on M. G. Suigleton's farm, some 
 three miles southeast of that place, their number being variously esti- 
 mated at from 200 to 400. Early on Tuesday morning, small squads of 
 them made their appearance in Centralia, pressing horses and commit- 
 ting other depredations. An eye-witness of subsequent events, and a 
 gentleman who not only had opportunities of knowledge, but capacity to 
 write an account of what transpired, on the next day furnished for the St. 
 Louis Republican a vivid (and we have no doubt a truthful) narrative of 
 the bloody scene. We adopt his account, chiefly, in making up this 
 record. About ten o'clock a. m., from seventy-five to one hundred of 
 Anderson's men came into town and commenced an indiscriminate plunder 
 of the stores of J. W. Ball and Thomas S. Snead, then the railroad ngent. 
 They also seized all dry goods and other property in the depot, breaking 
 open boxes, trunks, etc., and appropriating whatever suited them. 
 About eleven o'clock the four-horse stage-coach arrived from Columbia, 
 with eight or nine passengers, among them James H. Waugh, Sheriff of 
 the county, Henry Keene, John M. Samuel, James R. Hume, Lewis 
 Sharp, Columbus Hickam, Boyle Gordon, Mr. Cole, the driver, and the 
 Hon. James S. Rollins. When within about two hundred yards of the 
 depot, eight or ten of the guerrillas dashed up on their horses, ordered 
 the stage to halt, dismounted, opened the doors of the coach and 
 deynanded to know whether there were any Federal soldiers in the stage. 
 On being answered in the negative, they then said, "Owi! xoiih your 
 pochet-books," and simultaneously placed a revolver, cocked, against tho 
 breast of each one of the passengers. These gentlemen, being unarmed, 
 surrendered their pocket-books, together with all the money they had. 
 The robbers then returned to several of them some of their papers, but 
 kept the money and other valuables. In the meantime, the stage horses, 
 four in number, belonging to William J. Jordon of Columbia, were taken 
 off by the guerrillas, one of them demanding to know the name of Major 
 Rollins. Fortunately for him, he gave a fictitious name. Rev. Mr. Johnson, 
 a Southern Methodist minister, and by this means no doubt saved his 
 life, as every one believed that they would have killed him instantly had 
 they known him. (The passengers after being robbed, went to the hotel 
 of Mr. Snead, and remained there until what follows occurred.) About 
 the usual time, half past eleven o'clock, the passenger train from St. 
 Louis came in sight. Immediately the guerrillas, commanded by 
 Bill Anderson, formed into lines near the track, and as the train 
 approached the depot, conmienced throwing ties and other obstruo- 
 
438 HISTOKY d'F JIISSOUEI. 
 
 tions across the road, and also firing upon the engineer. From fifty to 
 one hundred shots were fired at him, none of them taking effect, except 
 slightly wounding one of the firemen. The train being stojiped, the 
 guerrillas rushed into the cars with pistols coclied, demanding the 
 pocket-books and money of all the passengers (men, women and child- 
 ren) , all of which were promptly delivered or secreted npon the persons 
 of the ladies. They also got quite a number of gold watches and other 
 valuable articles from the passengers. They also robbed the express 
 safe, broke open the boxes filled with dry goods, clothing, etc., and also 
 the trunks of the passengers, and rifled them of everything valuable. 
 There were twenty-three Federal soldiers on board the train. These 
 they put under guard, marched them into the town, placed them in lines, 
 and at the word "fire," commenced murdering them. Several of them 
 attempted to escape, and begged for their lives, but they gave no heed to 
 their entreaties and shot most of them dead in their tracks, although, as 
 the train approached, white flags were seen flying from many of the car 
 windows. Nearly all of the soldiers were shot through the head, and 
 two of them brutally scalped. They burned also the depot building with 
 all its contents, with six box cars standing near the depot. After mur- 
 dering the soldiers, plundering the passengers and the citizens of the 
 town generiilly, they set fire to the box car next to the locomotive, put 
 the engine in motion, and without passenger or officer on, started the 
 train up the road toward Sturgeon. It ran about three miles, when 
 from some cause it stopped, and the four passenger cars and baggage 
 car were entirely consumed. Their work of destruction being com- 
 pleted, they mounted their horses and left the town with savage yells, in 
 the direction of their camp. All these men were splendidly mounted 
 and equipped, and most of them had Federal army overcoats and some 
 of them were dressed in Federal uniform, with four or five revolvers 
 each. They were nearly all of them young men, stout and athletic, and 
 ranging from eighteen to thirty years of age. Never in any country 
 was there a moi'e abandoned set of desperadoes. 
 
 The passengers in the train left, some in buggies, some in wagons, 
 and others on foot up the railroad and to their respective places of des- 
 tination . 
 
 The saddest part of the story is yet to be told. After the above occur- 
 rences had transpired at Centralia, Major Johnson, with a part of his 
 battalion of mounted inftmtry, of Colonel Kurtzner's 39th regiment of 
 Missouri volunteers, got to Centralia about three o'clock in the afternoon. 
 He had from one hundred and fiftj'' to one hundred and seventy-five men ; 
 
DEFEAT AND HOKEIBLE BUTCHERY OF MAJOR JOHNSON. 439 
 
 sixty, under the command of Captain Smith, Company A, of Adair 
 County, Lieutenant Moore ; thirty-eight men, under the command of 
 Captain Thies, of Hannibal, Lieutenant Stafford, of Clarke County, 
 killed. Company H ; fifty men under the command of Lieutenant Jaynes, 
 of Shelby County, Company G. Major Johnson's men were rather 
 poorly mounted, armed with rifled muskets and bayonets, but no revolv- 
 ers. Centralia is situated in the open prairie, about two miles from timber. 
 Upon his arrival there. Major Johnson determined to give the guerrillas 
 battle, and marched his men out in a southeastern direction, on the prairie, 
 towards the timber, where the enemy was encamped.^ They soon made 
 their appearance, when Major Johnson's command, being armed with long 
 guns, were ordered to dismount. The engagement at once commenced, 
 and the horses of Johnson's command becoming immanageable, broke 
 and fled, (many of them") leaving the soldiers on foot in the open prairie. 
 The guerrillas, being finely mounted and heavily armed, with three or 
 four revolvers each, charged vehemently, producing still greater confu- 
 sion and rushing down upon the soldiers in the open prairie, shot them 
 down in every direction. Those who remained moimted, finding them- 
 selves overborne by numbers and the great advantage of superior horses 
 and arms, retreated, the guerrillas in pursuit. Many of them were over- 
 taken and killed. They were followed up to within a mile and a half of 
 Sturgeon, in the open prairie, directly along the railroad, and the whole 
 road and prairie from Centralia was literally strewed with the dead, as 
 all who were overtaken were killed and robbed. 
 
 As above stated, Major Johnson had in his command from one hun-. 
 dred and fifty to one hundred and seventy-five men. Of these one 
 hundred and thirty -nine were killed, and some four or five wounded. 
 These do not include the twenty-three soldiers taken from the cars and 
 killed. Major Johnson himself was killed, also Captain Smith, and some 
 other officers. The guerrillas had two killed and three wounded. 
 
 Sixty-eight of Johnson's men' were killed on the field, immediately 
 after their first and only fire. The remainder — seventy-one — were killed 
 on the prairie, in various places, as they were attempting to escape on 
 foot or on horseback. 
 
 After the slaughter and the retirement of the guerrillas, the dead bodies 
 were gathered up by the citizens and brought to Centralia and placed on 
 the platform of the depot. Many of them the same evening were taken 
 to Mexico on a train, for burial. Seventy-nine were interred in a single 
 long trench or grave, near the railroad track in the eastern part of Cen- 
 
 iThe statement has been often made that Major Johnson,'s men marched from Centra- 
 US, displaying a black flag. The statement is untrue. 
 
440 HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 tralia. Some years afterwards this trench was enclosed by a plank fence, 
 and at the head of it was placed a limestone monument fifteen feet high, 
 on the base of which was this inscription : 
 
 The remains of Companies "A," "G" and "H," Thirty-ninth Regiment Missouri Vol- 
 unteer Infantry, who were killed in action at Centralia, Missouri, on the 27th day of Sep- 
 tember, 1864, are interred here. 
 
 Since the close of the war the remains were disinterred, taken to the 
 National Cemetery at Jefferson City, and re-buried there in one common 
 grave. 
 
 After the dreadful massacre at Centralia, and the subsequent burning of 
 the town of Danville, and the destruction by fire of the depots at New 
 Florence, High Hill and Eennick, Bill Anderson and a large portion of 
 his men made their way to Ray County, where, on the 27th of October, 
 just one month after the slaughter at Centralia, Anderson was killed in 
 a fight near the little village of Albany, some ten or twelve miles southwest 
 of Richmond. On the day previous, Lieutenant-Colonel S. P. Cox, of 
 the Thirty-third Enrolled Missouri Militia, then of Richmond, learning 
 where Anderson was, made a forced march to encounter him. About a 
 mile northeast of Albany he came in contact with his pickets and drove 
 them through the village into the woods beyond. Here Colonel Cox 
 dismounted his men, threw an infantry force into the forest, and sent 
 forward a cavalry advance, who soon engaged Anderson's guerrillas, and 
 fell back, whereupon Anderson and his men, about 300 strong, raised 
 the Indian yell and 'came in full speed upon Cox's lines, shooting and 
 yelling all the while. Anderson and one of his men, supposed to have 
 been Captain Rains, son of General James S. Rains, charged through 
 the lines. In this charge Anderson was killed, falling some fifty steps in 
 Cox's rear, having received a ball in the side of the head. Rains 
 made his escape, and their forces retreated at full speed, being completely 
 routed. Cox's cavalry pursued some two miles, finding the road stained 
 with blood. Cox had four men wounded, but none killed. The troops 
 of the command consisted of a portion of the Fifty-first Regiment 
 Enrolled Missouri Militia under command of Major Grimes, and a portion 
 of the Thirty-third Enrolled Missouri Militia, from Daviess and Caldwell 
 counties. Upon the body of the brigand Anderson was found $300 in 
 gold, $150 in Treasury notes, six revolvers and several orders from 
 General Price. ^ The following are two of these orders : 
 
 'Dangling from hoth sides of the bridle of Anderson's saddle horse were several scalpa 
 of human heads. This statement has been often denied, but it is true. Anderson waa 
 buried in the old cemetery north of Eichmond, and his remains yet repose there. 
 
JACKSON JEFFERSON SHOT TO DEATH, 441 
 
 [Special Order.] 
 
 Heauquarteks Abmt op Missouri, ! 
 BoONViLLE, October 11,1864. [" 
 "Captain Anderson, with his command, will at once proceed to the North side of the 
 Missouri River, and permanently destroy the North Missouri Railroad, going as far east 
 as practicable. He will report his operations at least every two days. 
 "By order of Major-General Price. "Maclean, 
 
 "Lieutefiant-Colonel, and A. A. G." 
 
 "October 16, 1864. 
 To Officer in charge of Ferryboat: 
 
 "Captain Anderson, with his command, will be crossed to the other side of the river, 
 after which the ferryboat will await orders on this side. 
 "By order of Major-General Price, Maclean?', 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel, and A. A. G." 
 
 On the same day on -which Bill Anderson was Mlled, near Albany, in 
 Kay County, October 27th, 1864, and in the bottom below the* Pattee 
 House, St. Joseph, Jackson Jefferson, of Boone County, a private in 
 Company B, (Captain James A. Adams, of Columbia,) Ninth Missouri 
 State Militia, was " shot to death" by order of Court- Martitd, for kill- 
 ing, by a blow from a club, another Union soldier. Lieutenant Hard- 
 ino-, Provost-Marshal, commanded the detail of twelve men who acted as 
 executioners. Reverend Mr. Hagerty acted as spiritual adviser ; Doctor 
 Bruner as surgeon. A rude coffin had previously been placed in the 
 center of the hollow squai-e formed by the soldiers, and as the procession 
 came to the opening, the guard was inarched to the western side of the 
 square, the prisoner being conducted to his coffin. Lieutenant Harding 
 then read the findings and sentence under which the execution was to 
 take place, and manifested considerable emotion as he did so. The 
 entire crowd was much affected by the solemnity of the scene, and many 
 shed tears. The prisoner kneeled beside his eoffin with Mr. Hagerty, 
 who offered an affecting prayer, the prisoner himself praying audibly. 
 The prayer ended, he bid farewell to those around him, and kneeling 
 again by his coffin, was blindfolded, he assisting to adjust the blind. 
 Being blindfolded, he first crossed his arms, but quickly threw them to 
 his side, and straightened himself on his knees. The guard of twelve, 
 detailed from the Forty-third Eegiment, were divided into two squads 
 of six, each squad commanded by a Sergeant. The word was given, 
 "Ready! aim ! fire ! " aud with one report the missiles of death were 
 sent to do their work, and Jackson Jefferson fell back, dead, not moving 
 a muscle. The shots were well aimed, two striking on the chin and 
 almost cutting off the neck, while another entered the center of the 
 breast, and another struck the left shoulder^ The body aud effects of 
 
442 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 the deceased were turned over to an old acquaintance and neighbor, 
 William O. Blanchai-d, of Boone County, who sent them to his widowed 
 mother in that conntj'. 
 
 Early in December, 1864, General Rosecrans was relieved of the com- 
 mand of the Missouri Department, and General Granville M. Dodge, of 
 Iowa, appointed to succeed him. 
 
 The military operations in Missouri for the year 1864 were closed by 
 the execution, in the old jail yard of St. Louis, (on the site of which now 
 stands the Laclede-Bircher Hotel) on Monday, December 26th, 1864, of 
 James M. Utz. He had been tried by a Military Commission, of which 
 Colonel W. A. Barstow, of the Third Regiment of Cavalry, Wisconsin 
 Volunteers, was president, and found guilty of "being a spy," " recruit- 
 ing men for the Rebel army," and "carrying correspondence to Rebel 
 enemies," and condemned to be hanged by the neck until dead, at such 
 time and place as the General commanding the Department, (then 
 General G. M. Dodge), might direct. General Dodge approved the 
 sentence, and ordered it to be carried into execution at the time and 
 place above stated, and it was done — Lieutenant-Colonel Gustavus 
 Heinrichs, Superintendent and Inspector of Military Prisons, officiating 
 al the solemn scene. Utz was born and raised near Bridgeton, St. 
 Louis County, and at the time of his execution was twenty-six years old. 
 
 We have not space for an account of the closing conflicts of the rebel- 
 lion in 1865. Suffice it to say, that on the 29th day of March, a terrific 
 struggle of three days began between the two great armies before Peters- 
 burg, Virginia, at the close of which Lee's army was compelled to evac- 
 uate that place. On the night of April 2d, the Confederate forces and 
 the members of the Confedei'ate Government fled from Richmond, and 
 on the following morning that cit}', as well as Petersburg, was entered 
 by the Federal army. The warehouses of the Confederate capital were 
 fired by the retreating soldiers, and a large part of the city was reduced 
 to ashes. At length, on the 9th of April, finding escape from the hot 
 pursuit of the Federal troops* impossible, Lee surrendered what remained 
 of the Army of Northern Virginia, about 26,000 men, to Grant, at Appo- 
 mattox Court-house. This was the death-blow to the rebellion, and after 
 four years of blood-shed, devastation and sorrow, the Civil War in 
 THE United States was at an end. 
 
 On the 4th of April, President Lincoln, who had been at the headquar- 
 ters of Grant for more than a week, made his appearance in Richmond, 
 and, in the mansion of Jefferson Davis, the retreating President of the 
 Southern Confederacy, publicly received many army officers and citizens. 
 
CLOSE OF THE WAS. 
 
 443 
 
 In the midst of the public rejoicing North and South over the return 
 of peace, the Nation was called to lament the assassination, in Ford's 
 Theatre in Washington City, on the night of April 14th, of President 
 Lincoln, by John Wilkes Booth. 
 
 On May 10th, near the village of Irwinsvillc, Georgia, Jefferson Davis 
 was captured by General Wilson's Cavalry, and conveyed as a prisoner 
 to Fortress Monroe, and kept in confinement until May, 1867, when he 
 was taken to Richmond to be tried on a charge of treason. He was ad- 
 mitted to bail, Horace Greeley, of the New York Tribune, becoming one 
 of his bondsmen. After remaining untried for a year and a half, the 
 case was finally dismissed by the authorities of the United States. 
 
 A Song of Peace. 
 
CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 1862 TO 1870.— Missouri's Experience with the First Test Oath for Voters. — Twenty- 
 second General Assembly. — Election eor Judges of the Supreme Court in Novem- 
 ber, 1863.— Nucleus of Political Parties formed.— The '' Radicals'- and " Conser- 
 vatives." — Radical State Convention.— Its Platform.— Committee of Seventy, C. 
 D. Drake, Chairman, visit President Lincoln. — His Reply to their Addresses. — 
 Death of Govbrxor Gamble.— Canvass of 1884.— State Constitutional Contention 
 of 1865. — Charles D. Drake its Master Spirit.— Its Proceedings.- Slavery in 
 Missouri Abolished. — "Iron Clad Oath" for Voters, Ministers, Lawyers ani> 
 TeaChbrs.—Ayes and Nays.— The Words " White Male."— The "Drake" Consti- 
 tution adopted. — Ousting Ordinance.— Registry Law.— Twenty-fourth Gbnekai. 
 Assembly.— Negro Suffrage Amendment proposed to the Constitution. — The 
 People reject it.— Burning of the Lindell Hotel.— Impeachment of Walter King. 
 — Another Registry Law.— The Great St. Louis Bridge. 
 
 It would perhaps be very difficult at this period of time distinctly to 
 recall the political issues which divided the people of Missouri in the 
 election of 1862. In no proper sense of the term was there a political 
 canvass, for we were in the midst of a bloody civil war, with guerilla 
 and other outrages prevailing on every hand, and a test oath for voters, 
 for the first time in our history confronting the people at the polls. 
 Being an "off-year" in politics, there was neither a President nor Gov- 
 ernor to be elected, but only members of Congress, and of the General 
 Assembly, and county officers. Very little general attention was given 
 to the subject, until a few weeks before the election, which occurred on 
 the first Tuesday in November. The question of Secession, which in 
 some form or other so largely engrossed the public mind at the last 
 election, cut no figure in this, for it was overwhelmed beneath the waves 
 of a bloody revolution. All the candidates for every office professed 
 loyalty to the Union, their chief differences arising in regard to the 
 emancipation of slaves — whether emancipation should be gradual or 
 immediate, with pay to the owner or without it, or whether it should be 
 adopted in either form. The emancipationists, in some form, carried 
 both branches of the Legislature — the House by a large majority. 
 
 For several reasons, the vote in the State was small, largely on account 
 of the oath for voters, prescribed by an ordinance of the Convention,^ 
 requiring as a condition precedent to suffrage that each voter swear that 
 he would support, protect and defend the Constitution of the United 
 States and of this State against all enemies and opposers, and true 
 
 1 Passed June 1 0th, 18C2. 
 
THE TWENTY-SECOND GENEEAL ASSEMBLY. 445 
 
 allegiance bear to the same, and tliat he had not since the 17th of 
 December, 1861, -wilfully taken iip arms or levied war against the United 
 States or the Provisional Government of Missouri. 
 
 The Twenty-second General Assembly met in Jefferson City on 
 December 29th, 1862. For Speal5:er of the Hovise there were two candi- 
 dates, each the nominee of a previous caucus, namely, L. C. IMarvin, 
 emancipationist, of Henry, and Joseph Davis, conservative, of Howard. 
 Vote — Marvin, 67 ; Davis, 42. The successful candidate voted for Mr. 
 Lincoln m 1860, and was a well-known Universalist minister. The 
 emancipationists elected all the officers of the House, from Speaker to 
 pages. Eenewed impulse was given the policy of immediate emancipa- 
 tion by the proclamation of President Lincoln, issued on the 1st of 
 January, 1863. Chief Clerk of the House, W. C. Gantt, of St. Louis ; 
 of the Senate, I. V. Px'att of Linn, late Colonel of the Eighteenth 
 Missouri Volunteer Infantry. Colonel Pratt was in the battle of Pitts- 
 burg Landing, where he was taken prisoner and retained as such in 
 Southern prisons for more than six months. President of the Senate, 
 Lieutenant-Governor Willard P. Hall. Governor Gamble's message 
 congratulated the people that the treasonable schemes of the last Legis- 
 lature of the State to make war upon the Federal Government were 
 thwarted by the very body, the State Convention, created to execute 
 them ; on the arrangement by which the State Militia were paid, armed 
 and equipped by the Federal Government ; on the last year's military 
 operations in the State, and on the present condition of the State military 
 establishment. The number of volunteers from the State then in the 
 service of the United States, nearly all of whom were in distant fields, was 
 27,491. Number of State Militia for the war, under the Governor's 
 arrangement with the President, after all casualties, and after the dis- 
 banding of battallions, 10,540, showing that the State had in service 
 for the war 38,031 men. This was a large number to be furnished by the 
 loyal men of a State where so many of the young men were engaged in 
 rebellion against the Government. The militia enrolled and organized 
 was seventy-five regiments or 52,056 men, making a grand total of 
 90,084. The Governor's statement of the State debt was $27,737,000, of 
 which $700,000 consisted of Defense Warrants, authorized by the State 
 Oonvention. Much of the message was devqted to the recommendation 
 of the policy of gradual instead of immediate emancipation. 
 
 For the proceedings of the General Assembly in regard to the election 
 of United States Senators for the unexpired terms of Trusten Polk and 
 Waldo P. Johnson, expelled, see page 450. 
 
446 HISTOKT OF MISSOURI. 
 
 On Tuesdajs November 3, 1863, an election was held for three Judges, 
 it that time a full bench, of the State Supreme Court. The canvass, 
 notwithstanding the bloody and rapidly-occurring events of our civil war, 
 attracted universal attention and awakened the liveliest interest among 
 the people. Its inauguration, issues and incidents will long remain an 
 nteresting and suggestive chapter of our political annals. 
 
 During the pi-eceding State election little or nothing remained of pre- 
 dously existing national political parties. The mad torrents of civil war 
 had svvept them away. New issues and new combinations, with new ob- 
 jects, arose, affording another of the many examples of the pregnant 
 truth that "political parties make strange bed-fellows of us all." It 
 was during the judicial canvass of 1863 that the nuclei of the present 
 political parties of the State were formed ; the one known as "Conserva- 
 tive," the other as " Eadioal," and now known as "Democratic" and 
 " Eepiiblican." Each was, and still is, a new party with an old name — 
 new in its organization, new in its measures of policy, and new in its 
 elements. All the ante-bellum issues had gone down in the bloody vortex 
 of fratricidal war. Elements hitherto antagonistic, now coalesced on 
 the living issues of an all-absorbing present. Voters who in no previous 
 canvass had acted together, then, as now, forgetting all past differences 
 in regard to i^ublic questions no longer practically important, because 
 settled, occupied the same platform and marched to the polls under the 
 same banner. Members of all the old parties were found in the new. 
 Old Democrats and old Whigs became " Radicals " or " Conservatives," 
 as in their judgment duty to the country demanded. Therefore, during 
 the notable canvass of 1863, as in every canvass in Missouri and in the 
 Nation since that period, voters known as Whigs, Democrats, Confed- 
 erates, Federals, Southern men, Union men and Republicans were found 
 in one or the other of the new organizations, each vicing with the other— 
 but it must be admitted, not at all times on a footing of perfect equality 
 as to the honors of office — to advance a common cause. 
 
 The " Radical," or as it was often called, the " Republican" — some- 
 times "Charcoal" — State Convention assembled in front of the Capitol 
 in Jefferson City on September 1, 1863, and proceeded in a body to the 
 Fair Grounds, where it was organized by the election of Judge Robert 
 W. Wells, of Cole, as Px-esident. The following committee on platform 
 was appointed: C. P. Johnson, Emil Pretorins, Albert Jackson, S. H. 
 Boyd, B. Bruns, C. A. Winslow, A. L. Gilstrap, William W. Edwards. 
 After which it was agreed that one additional member for each Cono-res- 
 sional District be added to the committee, selected by the delegations 
 
EADICAIi STATE CONVENTION.— ITS PLATFOEM. 447 
 
 themselves, and the following were chosen : H. A. Clover, Judge James 
 W, Owens, W. T. Leeper, J. B. Clark, of Ddde, L. C. Marvin, Judge 
 Charles Carpenter, R. M. Stewart, Joseph E, Winchell, Frederick 
 Muench, W. E. Penick. 
 
 Of the one hundred and thirteen coimties in the State, forty-four were 
 unrepresented. Fifteen counties were represented by but one person 
 each ; six by but two ; eight by but three, nine by but four, &c. St. 
 Louis county furnished one hundred and seven ; Franklin county forty- 
 nine ; Moniteau forty-four ; Cole thirty-seven ; St. Chailes thirty-one ; 
 Pettis twenty-eight ; Miller and Johnson twenty-four each. The Ger- 
 mans were largely represented in the body, there being present two hun- 
 dred and forty-three German delegates. 
 
 During the retirement of the Committee on Platform , the Convention 
 was addressed at great length, in a bitter speech, by the Hon. Charles 
 D. Drake, of St. Douis. 
 
 The platform reported by the Committee and adopted by the Conven- 
 tion denounced the military policy pursued in the State, and the dele- 
 gation by the General Government of military powers to a provisional 
 State organization, the whole tendency of which, it was maintained, wag 
 to throw back our people under the control of pro-slavery and reaction- 
 ary influences, and to paralyze the Federal power in suppressing the re- 
 bellion. It also most heartily endorsed the principles first enunciated 
 by General Fremont in his proclamation of freedom of August 31st, 
 1861, and afterwards sanctioned and embodied in the President's procla- 
 mations of September 22d, 1862, and January 1st, 1863. The fifth res- 
 olution of the series was a long and solemn arraignment of the Provis- 
 ional (Gamble) Government of the State, as untrue to the loyal people, 
 as having usurped and exercised power for sinister ends ; as having im- 
 prisoned loyal men for expressing sentiments in opposition to the State 
 Government ; as having disarmed the loyal population in disturbed dis- 
 tricts arid tolerated avowed and enrolled disloyalists everywhere ; as 
 having refused to permit enlistments into the United States volunteer 
 forces by disqualifying orders ; as having used persistent efforts to have 
 removed from command officers displaying energetic action in the sup- 
 pression of the rebellion, and to have suspended all orders levying 
 assessments against disloyalists, finally refusing to co-operate in their ex- 
 ecution ; as having enrolled, commissioned and brought into active ser- 
 vice known and avowed disloyalists, etc., etc. The platform also de- 
 manded immediate emancipation in Missouri, and a constitutional enact- 
 ment for the disfranchisement of all those who had taken up arms 
 
448 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 or levied war against the Government, or adhered to the enemies thereof, 
 ill the present rel)ellion. It also demanded (resolution eight) of the 
 General Assembly that it call a Convention of the people to take into 
 consideration the grievances under which the State labored, and to 
 redress the wrongs which had been inflicted upon it by usurped authority ; 
 and declared that, if the General Assembly should refuse so to do, such 
 measures should be taken as would elicit the voice and the action of the peo- 
 ple of the State. The ninth resolution, like the conclusion of the eighth, 
 was of immense significance in declaring "that conventions are in the 
 nature of sovereign remedies, applied by the people for the redress of 
 grievances ; that they are extra constitutional, and while the custom has 
 been to signify the will of the people for such call through their General 
 Assembly, yet in the default of action on the part of the General Assem- 
 bly, or in case of their refusal to obey instructions, nothing can dero- 
 gate from the right of the people to act in their capacity." 
 
 In two supi^lementary resolutions, the Convention requested Governor 
 Gamble and Lieutenant-Governor Hall to vacate their positions, and 
 urged President Lincoln to remove General Schofield from command of 
 the department. 
 
 After nominating as candidates for Judges of the Supreme Court Henry 
 A. Clover, Arnold Krekel and David Wagner, and ajjpointing a com- 
 mittee of seventy, Charles D. Drake, Chairman, to visit President Lin- 
 coln and present to him their grievances, the Convention adjourned. 
 
 This committee made the pilgrimage to Washin'gton pursuant to 
 instructions, and on the 30th of September presented to the President 
 an address, and on the 3d of October four supplementary addresses, in 
 which were ably and fully stated the several matters whereof they com- 
 plained in regard to the military policy of the National administration, 
 and of General Schofield and Governor Gamble, touching Missouri. 
 The platform of the Convention presents a fair epitome of the addresses 
 of the Committee. On the 5th of October President Lincoln replied in 
 writing to the several addresses. These papers, framed for a common 
 -object, consisted of the things demanded, and the reasons for demand-, 
 ing them. The things demanded, as epitomized in the President's reply, 
 were : 
 
 J^rst, That General Schofield should be relieved, and General Butler be appointed as 
 ■Commander of the Military Department of Missouri; 
 
 Second, That the system of Enrolled Militia in Missouri should be broken up, and 
 national forces substituted for it, and 
 
 Third, That at elections, persons might not be allowed to vote who were not entitled 
 by law to do so. 
 
COMMITTEE OF SEVENTY VISIT PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 449 
 
 President Lincoln did not doubt that Union men in Missouri had suf- 
 fered wrong, but the case as presented by the Committee failed to con- 
 vince him that General Schofield, or the Enrolled Militia, was responsible 
 for that suffering and wrong. The whole could be explained on a more 
 charitable, and he thought, on a more rational hypothesis. He said : 
 
 We are in civil war. In such cases there always is a main question ; but in this case 
 that question is a perplexing compound— Union and Slavery. It thus becomes a ques- 
 tion not of two sides merely, but of at least four sides, even among those who are for 
 the Union, saying nothing of those who are against it. Thus, those who are for the 
 Union with, but not without slavery — those for it without, but not with — those for it with 
 or without, but prefer it wit}i, and those for it with or without, but prefer it without. 
 
 Among these again is a subdivision of those who are for gradual, but not for immediate, 
 and those who are for immediate, but not for gradual extinction of slavery. 
 
 It is easy to conceive that all these shades of opinion, and even more, may be sincerely 
 entertained by honest and truthful men. Yet, all being for the Union, by reason of 
 these differences, each will prefer a different way of sustaining the Union. At once, 
 sincerity is questioned, and motives assailed. Actual war coming, blood grows hot, and 
 blood is spilled. Thought is forced from old channels into confusion. Deception breeds 
 and thrives. Confidence dies, and universal suspicion reigns. Each man feels an im- 
 pulse to kiU his neighbor, lest he be killed by him. Eevenge and retaliation follow. 
 And all this, as befoie said, may be among honest men only. But this it not all. Every 
 foul bird comes abroad, and every dirty reptile rises up. These add crime to confusion. 
 Strong measures deemed indispensible, but harsh at best, such men make worse by mal- 
 administration. Murders for old grudges, and murders for pelf, proceed under any cloak 
 that will best cover for the occasion. 
 
 These causes amply account for what has occurred in Missouri, without ascribing it to 
 the weakness or wickedness of any General. 
 
 In short, after carefully examining all the charges against General 
 Schofield, President Lincoln expressed his disbelief of them and declined 
 to remove him from command. He also declined to break up the sys- 
 tem of Enrolled Militia in the State and substitute National troops for 
 them. In regard to elections, he concurred with the Committee, and 
 directed General Schofield accordingly, adding in President Lincoln's 
 peculiarly terse and pointed style : 
 
 The Eadicals and Conservatives each agree with me in some things and disagree in 
 others. I could wish both to agree with me in all things ; for then they would agree 
 with each other, and would be too strong for any foe from any quarter. They, however, 
 choose to do otherwise, and I do not question their right. I, too, shall do what seems 
 to be my duty. I hold whoever commands in Missouri or elsewhere responsible to me, 
 and not to either Eadicals or Conservatives. It is my duty to hear all, but, at least, 
 I must, within my sphere, judge what to do and what to forbear. 
 
 President Lincoln's response, as a matter of course, very materially 
 cooled the ardor and excited the opposition of the Eadicals, and in a 
 corresponding degree quickened the enthusiasm and elicited the approval 
 29 
 
450 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of the Conservatives. What is of far more vahie than either, however, 
 is the fact that subsequent events in Missouri demonstrated the consum- 
 mate wisdom — for it was nothino; less— of the President's course. 
 
 The Conservatives held no State Convention, but united in the sup- 
 port of Barton Bates, of St. Charles, William V. N. Bay, of St. Louis, 
 and John D. S. Dryden, of Marion, for Supreme Court Judges; and 
 during the canvass, in the articles of their editors and the speeches of 
 their orators, antagonized the policy enunciated in the several resolu- 
 tions of the Radical Platform, notably and with emphasis the sentiments 
 of the eighth and ninth resolutions, as revolutionary and subversive of 
 all legal government. The election resulted in the choice of Bates, 
 Bay and Dr^'den, the Conservative candidates — as follows: Bates, 
 47,229 ; Bay, 47,180 ; Dryden, 47,171 ; Clover, 46,548 ; Krekel, 46,346 ; 
 Wagner, 46,385. Bates' majority over Clover, 681; over Krekel, 883; 
 over Wagner, 844. Whole number of votes cast, 93,777. 
 
 On November 13th, 1863, the General Assembly being in adjourned 
 session, a joint convention was held to elect a United States Senator to 
 fill out the unexpired terms of Trusten Polk and Waldo P. Johnson, 
 expelled, the vote being, for the term expiring March 3d, 1867, (ballot 
 32d) B. Gratz Brown, 74 ; James O. Broadhead, 66 ; H. M. Voorhees, 2. 
 For the term expiring March 3d, 1869, John B. Henderson, 84; John 
 S. Phelps, 42 ; Ben. Loan, 7 ; William A. Hall, 3 ; James O. Broadhead, 
 1 ; H. M. Voorhees, 1. 
 
 Governor Gamble having died January 31st, 1864, in the 67th year of 
 his age, Lieutenant-Governor Hall succeeded to the ofiice. His mantle 
 could not have fallen on an abler or more patriotic citizen. Few men 
 have ever lived or died with a more spotless reputation than Hamilton 
 R. Gamble. Eminent and profound in his profession as a lawyer, a just 
 Judge, a sincere Christian and an able man, he left a record behind 
 him, personal, professional and official, which the wisest and best of 
 earth might covet. His era was eventful and his career illustrious ; 
 yet his last days were the most useful to his country. To Governor 
 Gamble, more than to any other man in Missouri, were the people of 
 this State indebted for whatever of prosperity and peace the war left 
 them. Opposed in principle, and from the beginning, to the Rebellion, 
 characterizing it as utterly causeless and indefensible, he consistently 
 pursued his way, often amid storms of falsehood, obloquy and reproach ; 
 but always jealous of the peace of the people and laboring with ardent 
 patriotism for the restoration of law and order. 
 
 The Presidential campaign of 1864 was prosecuted in Missouri, by 
 
STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 
 
 451 
 
 both sides, in the midst of the intolerance, intimidation and violence 
 more or less incident to all civil wars. A general canvass was not 
 attempted, for the prevalence of armed men, the raids and outrages of 
 predatory bands of guerrillas, and the bitter feeling engendered by the 
 war, tended to repress the ardor of political orators and the importunities 
 of political candidates. 
 
 The jjroposition to hold a State Constitutional Convention having been 
 adopted by the people at the November election, 1864, by about 29,000 
 majority, the delegates (66) chosen to that body assembled in Mercantile 
 Library Hall, in the city of St. Louis, on Friday, January 6, 1865, as 
 follows : 
 
 William B. Adams Danville. 
 
 Adam J. Barr Richmond. 
 
 Alfred M. Bedford Charleston. 
 
 David Bonham Empire Prairie. 
 
 George K. Budd St. Louis. 
 
 Harvey Bimce Boonville. 
 
 Isidor Bush. St. Louis. 
 
 Kobert L. Childress Marshfleld. 
 
 Hem-y A. Clover St. Louis. 
 
 Kives C. Cbwden Halfway. 
 
 John H.Davis Hall's Ferry. 
 
 Samuel T. Davis New Madrid. 
 
 Isham B. Dodson Kirksville- 
 
 William D'Oench St, Louis- 
 John H. Ellis Chillicothe. 
 
 John Esther Lebanon. 
 
 Ellis Gr. Evans Cuba. 
 
 Chauncey T. Filley St. Louis. 
 
 John W. Fletcher DeSoto- 
 
 William H. Folmsbee Gallatin. 
 
 Emory S. Foster Warrensburg. 
 
 Fred. M. Fulkerson Marshall- 
 John W. Gamble Mexico- 
 Archibald Gilbert Mt. Vernon. 
 
 Samuel A. Gilbert Weston- 
 
 Abner L. Gilstrap Macon City. 
 
 Joel M. Grammer Cassville. 
 
 Moses P. Green Hannibal. 
 
 Thomas B. Harris Concord. 
 
 David Henderson Dent Court House. 
 
 Ethan A. Holcomb Keytesville. 
 
 John H. Holsworth Long Branch. 
 
 The Convention was organized on the second day of its session by the 
 election of Arnold Krekel as President; Charles D. Drake, Vice- 
 President; Amos P. Foster, Secretary; Thomas Proctor, Assistant 
 Secretary ; H. J. Stierlin, Door-keeper ; John W. Stevens, Sergeant-at- 
 Arms, and L. L. Walbridge, Phonographic Reporter. 
 
 The act of the General Assembly, approved February 13th, 1864, 
 authorizing the Convention to assemble, provided (section 5) that after its 
 oro-anization it should proceed to consider, first, such amendments to 
 
 Willis S. Holland Calhoun. 
 
 Benjamin F. Hughes Sedalia. 
 
 Joseph F; Hume California. 
 
 George Husmann Hermann. 
 
 Wyllys King St. Louis. 
 
 Eeeves Leonard Fayette. 
 
 Moses L. Linton St. Louis. 
 
 John F. McKeraan Osage City. 
 
 Arcibald M. McPherson Altenberg. 
 
 John A. Mack Springfield. 
 
 Alexander H. Martin Troy. 
 
 Ferdinand Meyer St. Louis. 
 
 James P. Mitchell Primrose. 
 
 William A. Morton Liberty. 
 
 Andrew G. Newgent Kansas City. 
 
 Anton p. Nixdorf Pleasant Farm. 
 
 James W. Owens Washington. 
 
 Dorastus Peck Ironton. 
 
 Jonathan T. Eankin Greenfield. 
 
 Philip J. Koher Lebanon. 
 
 Gustavus St. Gem Ste. Genevieve. 
 
 Eli Smith Smithton. 
 
 Knight G, Smith Princeton. 
 
 George P. Strong St. l^ouis. 
 
 James T. Sutton Coldwater. 
 
 John E. Swearingen Independence. 
 
 William F» Switzler Columbia. 
 
 George C. Thilenius Cape Girardeau. 
 
 Lewis H. Weatherby Maysville. 
 
 Jeremiah Williams Kingston. 
 
 Eugene Williams Memphis. 
 
*52 HISTOKY OP MISSOURI. 
 
 the Constitution of the State as might be by them deemed necessary for 
 the emancipation of slaves; second, such amendments to the Constitu- 
 tion of the State as might be by them deemed necessary' to preserve in 
 purity the elective franchise to loyal citizens, and such other amendments 
 •as might be by them deemed essential to the promotion of the public 
 •good. 
 
 The first object which engaged the attention of the members of the 
 'Convention was emancipation ; and before the appointment of the usual 
 standing committees, or the special committee of five on emancipation, 
 'several ordinances were introduced to provide for it. Said committee 
 teving been appointed, with Mr. Strong of St, Louis, Chairman, ^ all the 
 ordinances were referred to it ; and on the fifth day of the Convention 
 (January 11th) Mr. Strong reported from the Committee the following 
 ordinance and recommended its adoption : 
 
 AN ORDINANCE ABOLISHING- SLAVEKT IN MISSOURI. 
 
 Be it ordained by the People of the State of Missouri, in Convention assembled: 
 That hereafter, in this State, there shall be neither slavery, nor Involuntary servitude, 
 except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted ; and 
 all persons held to service or labor us slaves are hereby declared free. 
 
 As it was generally known the ordinance would be reported on that 
 day, quite a large number of the military, officers and soldiers, then in 
 the city, and citizens, crowded the hall of the Convention ; and these 
 were supplemented by "the Hutchinson Family," celebrated vocalists 
 from New England, then visiting the city. It was an imposing array, 
 rendered quite suggestive by the fact that the Hutchinson Family were 
 invited on the platform to favor the Convention and its visitors with a 
 patriotic song. They of course complied. 
 
 Various amendments, all of which were rejected, were oflfered to the 
 ■ordinance ; and the vote being taken, it was adopted by yeas and nays as 
 •follows : 
 
 Ates— "W. B. Adams, of Montgomery ; A. M. Bedford, of Mississippi; David Bonham, 
 ■of Andrew; George K.Budd, of St. Louis; Harvey Bunce, of Cooper; Isidor Bush, of 
 St. Louis; E. L. Childress, of Webster; Henry A. Clover, of St. Louis; E. 0. Oowden, 
 ■of Polk; Samuel T. Davis, of New Madrid; John H. Davis, of Nodaway; IshamB. Dod- 
 son, of Adair; William D'Oench, of St. Louis; Charles D. Dralse, of St. Louis; John H. 
 EUis, of Livingston ; John Esther, of Laclede ; Ellis J. Evans, of Crawford ; Chauncey I. 
 Filley, of St. Louis; J. W. Fletcher, of Jefferson; William H. Folmsbee, of Daviess; 
 Emory S. Foster, of Johnson; F. M. Fulkerson, of Saline; John W. Gamble, of Audrain; 
 Archibald Gilbert, of Lawrence; Abner L. Gilstrap, of Macon; Moses P. Green, of 
 
 ' The Journal fails to show who were the other members. 
 
SLAVERY IN MISSOURI ABOLISHED. 453 
 
 Marion; J. M. Grammer, of Barry; David Henderson, of Dent; E. A. Holcomb, of 
 Chariton; John H. Holdsworth, of Monroe; "W. S. Holland, of Henry; R. F. Hughes, 
 of Pettis; J. F. Hume, of Moniteau; G-eorge Hussman, of Gasconade; Wyllis King, of 
 St. Louis; R. Leonard, of Howard, M. L. Linton, of St. Louis; J. F. McKernan, of 
 Cole; E. F. McPherson, of Perry; John A. Mack, of Green; A. H. Martin, of Lincoln; 
 Ferdinand Meyer, of St. Louis ; James P. Mitchell, of Lewis ; A. G. Newgent, of Jack- 
 son; A. P. Nixdorf, of Miller; James W. Owens, of Franklin; D. Peck, of Iron; J. T. 
 Rankin, of Dade; Philip Rohrer, of Cedar; G. St- Gem, of St. Genevieve;K. G. Smith, 
 of Mercer; Eli Smith, of Worth; George P. Strong, of St. Louis; Joseph T. Sutton, of 
 "Wayne; JohnB. Swearingen, of Jackson; J. 0. Thilenius, of Cape Girardeau; S. B. 
 TVeatherby, of Buchanan; Jeremiah Williams, of Caldwell; Eugene Williams, of Scot- 
 land; Arnold Kiekel, of St. Charles — 60. 
 
 Nays— Samuel A. Gilbert, of Platte; Thomas B. Harris, of Callaway ; William A. 
 Morton, of Clay; William F. Switzler, of Boone — i. 
 
 Absent — A. J. Barr, of Ray; James F. Rogers, of Putnam— 2. 
 
 The emancipation of the slaves in Missouri was thus in law accomplished 
 — an emancipation which as a practical fact existed for some time pre- 
 vious. 
 
 On the day of the final vote on the ordinance, and while it was pend- 
 ing, Mr. Smith, of Mercer, offered the following resolution, which was 
 adopted : 
 
 Besolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the Chair, whose duty it shaU be 
 to ascertain whether there is any member, or members, elected to this Convention who 
 have, in any way, identified themselves in favor of the Rebellion, and report as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 The Committee appointed was as follows : Smith, of Mercer, Weath- 
 erby, Folmsbee, Martin and Leonard. The object of this movement, 
 as it was interpreted at the time by many of the people, was to "weed 
 out" of the Convention, through the instrumentality of this Committee, 
 and on the pretence of their disloyalty to the Union, a few refractory 
 and irrepressible members who were suspected, and that not without 
 reason, of "disloyalty" to the extreme measures of a majority of the 
 
 body. 
 
 The Convention was not long in session before it became apparent that 
 mere "amendments" to the organic law would not be satisfactory ta 
 its leadino- spirits, prominent among whom, and abler than any of those 
 who shared his convictions, stood Mr. Drake, of St. Louis,^ but that the 
 entire organic law would be thoroughly remodeled and a new constitution 
 
 1 Charles D. Drake was the Ajax Tel^mon of the Convention, and left upon the Con- 
 stitution the impress of his spirit and ability. Owing to this fact the body was known 
 as "the Drake Convention," and the Constitution as "Drake's Constitution," and th» 
 disfranchising portions of it as the "Draconian Code." 
 
454 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 submitted for the ratification or rejection of the people at the polls. The 
 purpose to inaugurate reforms so sweeping, was a source of regret to 
 many of the most honored and able citizens of the State. They seri- 
 ously questioned, in the first place, the authority of the Convention, under 
 the law calling it into existence, and which simply delegated the power 
 of amendment, to frame and submit an entire new instrument. More- 
 over, their convictions were quite clear and decided that delegates fresh 
 from scenes of bitter strife and popular turbulence, chosen in the midst 
 of civil war, and holding their sessions while it was in progress, were illy 
 fitted for that dispassionate consideration and statesmanlike judgment 
 demanded by the gravity of the crisis. 
 
 Nevertheless, the Convention proceeded with its wholesale work of 
 reform, and through the agency of various committees evolved new pro- 
 visions in every article of the fundamental law. Of course it will not be 
 expected that a tithe of these will be brought to view in this sketch. 
 Some of them, however, are of such significance, as showing the temper 
 and purposes of the Convention, that they merit brief record in this 
 volume. Prominent among these is the article on "the risrht of 
 suffrage." This subject, concerning most vitally the liberties of the 
 people, and directly affecting their right to participate at the polls in the 
 choice of those wiio were to make, administer and expound the laws for 
 their government, elicited the earnest attention of the Convention, and 
 was the source of the most angry and exciting debate. Early in the session, 
 a special committee " on Elective Franchise" — Bonham, Folmsbee, Clover, 
 Foster, Evans, Adams and Drake — was appointed, and to them every pro- 
 position and ordinance on the subject were referred. And these were very 
 numerous; and all of them, in some form or olher, and in provisions 
 more or less sweeping, disclosed the purpose to hedge in the ballot-box 
 by expurgatory oaths as tests of loyalty. It is needless to follow the 
 devious trail of the vaiious amendments proposed in the Committee of the 
 Whole and in the Convention ; or to attempt a synopsis of the protracted 
 debate. Suffice it to say, that on the 29th of March, on motion of Mr. 
 Bonham, the article (Article II) on the "Right of Sitffrage," as 
 amended, was engrossed for a third reading, — ^yeas 29 ; nays 8, the 
 third section of which is as follows : 
 
 Section 3. At any election held by the people under this Constitution, or inpursn- 
 ance of any law of this State, or nnder any ordinance or by-law of any municipal cor- 
 poration, no person shall be deemed a qualified voter who has ever been in armed 
 hostility to the United States, or to the lawful authorities thereof, or to the Government 
 of this State; or has ever given aid, comfort, countenance or support to persons engaged 
 in any such hostility; or has ever, in any manner, adhered to the enemies, foreign or 
 
THE " IRON-CLAD OATH." 455 
 
 domestic, of the United States, either by contributing to them, or by unlawfully sending 
 within their lines money, goods, letters or information; or has ever disloyally held com- 
 munication with such enemies ; or has ever advised or aided any person to enter the 
 service of such enemies ; or has ever, by act or word, manifested his adherence to the 
 cause of such enemies, or his desire for their triumph over the arms of the United States, 
 or his sympathy with those engaged in exciting or carrying on rebellion against the 
 United States ; or has ever, except under overpowering compulsion, submitted to the 
 authority, or been in the service of the so-called "Confederate States of America"; or 
 has ever left this State and gone within the lines of the armies of the so-called "Confed- 
 erate States of America," with the purpose of adhering to said States or armies; or has 
 ever been a member of, or connected with, any order, society or organization inimical 
 to the Government of the United States, or to the Government of this State; or has ever 
 been engaged in guerrilla warfare against loyal inhabitants of the United States, or in 
 that description of marauding commonly known as "bushwhacking"; or has ever know- 
 ingly and willingly harbored, aided or countenanced any person so engaged; or has 
 ever come into or left this State for the purpose of avoiding enrollment for or draft into 
 the military service of the United States; or has ever, with a view to avoid enrollment 
 lu the militia of this State, or to escape the performance of duty therein, or for any other 
 purpose, enrolled himself, or authorized himself to be enrolled, by or before any officer, 
 as disloyal, or as a Southern sympathizer, or in any other terms indicating his disaffec- 
 tion to the Government of the United States in its contest with rebellion, or his sympathy 
 with those engaged in such rebellion ; or, having ever voted at any election by the peo- 
 ple in this State, or in any other of the United States, or in any of their Territories, or 
 under the United States, shall thereafter have sought or received, under claim of 
 alienage, the protection of any foreign government, through any consul or other officer 
 thereof, in order to secure exemption from military duty in the militia of this State, or 
 in the army of the United States ; nor shall any such person be capable of holding, in 
 this State, any office of honor, trust or profit under its authority; or of being an officer, 
 councilman, director, trustee or other manager of any corporation, public or private, 
 now existing, or hereafter established by its authority; or of acting as a professor or 
 teacher in any educational institution, or in any common or other school; or of holding 
 any real estate or other property in trust for the use of any church, religious society or 
 congregation. But the foregoing provisions in relation to acts done against the United 
 States shall not apply to any person not a citizen thereof, who shall have committed 
 such acts while in the service of some foreign country at war with the United States, 
 and who has, since such acts, been naturalized, or may hereafter be naturalized, under 
 the laws of the United States; and the oath of loyalty hereinafter prescribed, when taken 
 by any such person, shall be considered as taken in such sense. 
 
 Section four made it the duty of the General Assembly to provide 
 by law for a registration of the names of the qualified voters of the 
 State, and section five that after this system should have been established 
 the oath indicated in the third section should be taken and subscribed by 
 the voter at such time of his registration. Any person declining to take 
 said oath should not be allowed to vote, or to be registered as a qualified 
 voter. The taking thereof should not be deemed conclusive evidence of 
 the riwht of the person to vote or to be registered as a voter ; but such right 
 mio-ht, notwithstanding, be disproved. It also provided that all evidence 
 for and against the right of any person as a qualified voter should be heard 
 
456 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 and passed upon hy the registering officer or officers, and not hy thejudgesof 
 election. The registering officer or officers were required to keep a register 
 of the names of persons rejected as voters, and the same to be certified 
 to the judges of election ; and they were to receive the ballot of any such 
 rejected voter offering to vote, marking the same, and certifying the vote 
 thereby given as rejected ; but no such vote should be received unless the 
 party offering it should take, at the time, the oath of loyalty. 
 
 During the pendency of the third section in Committee of the Whole 
 on January 27th, Mr. Switzler, of Boone, offered an amendment, which 
 on the 29th of March was renewed in the Convention by Mr. Bush of 
 St. Louis, to strike out the word " ever" and insert the words " since 
 the 17th December, 1861," the object and effect of which were very 
 materially to abridge the disfranchising sweep of the section. The 
 friends of this amendment — numerous among the people, but few and 
 far between in the Convention — maintained that the pr-egnant words, 
 "who has ever," violated the plighted honor of both the State and 
 Nation — in this, that on the 3d of August, 1861, Governor Gamble made 
 proclamation to those who at the call of Governor Jackson took up arms 
 against the Government, that if they would voluntarily return home to 
 the peaceful pttrsuit of their occupations he would afford them security, 
 and that they should not be molested. This proclamation was endorsed 
 by President Lincoln, who pledged that the National Government would 
 cause the promise to be respected. The " Gamble" Convention, by an 
 Ordinance passed October 16th, 1861, in the name and by the authority 
 of the people of Missouri, became a party to this arrangement, 
 "respected" the promise, and provided that all who by the 17th 
 December, 1861, took the oath set out in the ordinance should be 
 "exempt from arrest or punishment for offences previously committed." 
 This amnesty was proclaimed by the highest authority in the State and 
 nation, by the Governor, by the Convention, and by the President of the 
 United States. It was claimed that the third section disregarded and 
 violated this faith, and sought to dishonor the State by committing it ta 
 a breach of its solemn word. Nevertheless, the amendment, when it was 
 renewed in the Convention by Mr. Bush, was (on motion of Mr. Drake) 
 laid on the table — yeas 34, nays 11 ; the nays being Bedford, Bush, 
 D'Oench, Esther, Gilbert of Platte, Husmann, Linton, Meyer, Rohrer, 
 Switzler, and Mr. President (Krekel).^ 
 
 Not only were disqualifications provided for voters, and for those who 
 
 ' Journal of the Convention, page 200. 
 
THE AYES AND NOES. 457 
 
 might hold or aspire to hold any office of hoflor, trust or profit under 
 the authority of this State, or of any corporation, or as professor or 
 teacher in any educational institution, or in any common or other school, 
 but the 9th section went beyond this and invaded the religious, charita- 
 ble, social and business relations of the people, and sought to provide an 
 expurgatorial oath for ministers of the gospel, attorneys and teachers in 
 our schools, male and female. Under that section, no person was per- 
 mitted to practice law, •' or be competent as a bishop, priest, deacon, 
 minister, elder, or other clergyman of any religious persuasion, sect, 
 or denomination, to teach, or preach, or solemnize marriages, unless 
 such person shall have first taken, subscribed, and filed said oath." 
 
 When the section was before the Convention, Mr. Folmsbee, of Daviess, 
 moved to amend it by the insertion of the words "to teach or preach," 
 and the amendment was adopted, April 1st, as follows: 
 
 Ates — ^Messrs. Adams, Bonham, Bunce, Childress, Davis of Nodaway, Dodson, Ellis, 
 Esther, Evans, Folmsbee, Gilbert of Lawrence, Holcomb, Holdsworth,, Holland, Hume, 
 Leonard, Kankin, Koher, Smith of Mercer, Smith of Worth, Sti-ong, Sutton, Weatherby, 
 Williams of CaldweU, and Willians of Scotland — 25. 
 
 Noes — Messrs. Barr, Drake, Fulkerson, Gamble, Henderson, King, Linton, McPherson, 
 Swearingen, and Switzler — 10. 
 
 Absent with leave — ^Messrs. Bush, Fletcher, Foster, Gilbert of Platte, Hughes, Husmann, 
 Morton, Newgent, St. Gem, and Thilenius — 10. Absent without leave — ^Messrs. Bedford, 
 Budd, Clover, Davis of New Madrid, D'Oench, FiUey, Gilstrap, Grammer, Green, 
 McKernan, Mack, Martin, Meyer, Nixdorf, Owens, and Mr. President — 16. Sick — ^Messrs. 
 Cowden, Mitchell, and Peck — 3. 
 
 Finally, all efforts to defeat the second article or to mollify its rigors 
 having been exhausted, it was read a third time on the 1st of Api-il, and 
 adopted — yeas 30, nays 7 — as follows : (Journal, p. 212). 
 
 Ayes — ^Messrs. Barr, Bonham, Bunce, Childress, Clover, Davis of Nodaway, Dodson, 
 Drake, Esther, Folmsbee, Fulkerson, Gamble, Gilbert of Lawrence, Henderson, Hols- 
 worth, Holland, Hume, King, Leonard, McKernan, McPherson, Mack, Smith of Mercer, 
 Smith of Worth. Strong, Sutton, Swearingen, Weatherby, Williams of CaldweU. and 
 Williams of Scotland— 30. 
 
 Noes — Messrs. Bedford, Bush, Holcomb, Linton, Meyer, Bohrer, and Switzler— 7. 
 
 Absent with leave — Messrs. Evans, Fletcher, Foster, Gilbert of Platte, Hughes, Hus- 
 mann, Morton, Newgent, St. Gem, and Thilenius — 10. Absent without leave — Messrs. 
 Adams, Eudd, Davis of New Madrid, D'Oench, Ellis, Filley, Gilstrap, Grammer, Green, 
 Martin, Nixdorf, Owens, Rankin, and Mr. President — 14. iSick — Messrs. Cowden, 
 Mitchell, and Peck. — 3. 
 
 The following is the 2d section of the article on the "Executive 
 Department : " 
 
458 
 
 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Section 2. The Governor shall be at least thirty-five years old, a white male citizen 
 of the United State ten years, and a resident of the State of Missouri seven years, next 
 before his election. 
 
 When under consideration on March 8th, Mr. Holland, of Henry, — now 
 a citizens of Marshall, Mo. — moved to strike out the words "white male," 
 the eflect of which would have been to make any citizen, of any color or 
 sex, eligible to the office of Governor. On the next day, the question 
 being on the adoption of the amendment, Mr, Switzler of Boone de- 
 manded the ayes and noes, and the vote being taken, stood as follows : 
 
 Ayes— Messrs. Budd, Bush, D'Oench, Drake, Ellis, Evans, Filley, Foster, Gilbert of 
 Lawrence, Holcomb, Holland, Husmann. King, Linton, McKernan, McPherson, Meyer, 
 Wixdorf, Owens, Eohrer, St. Gem, Thilenius, WiUiams of Caldwell, Williams of Soot- 
 land, and Mr. President — 25. 
 
 Noes— Messrs. Bonham, Biinoe, Childress, Clover, Cowden, Davis of New Madrid, 
 Davis of Nodaway, Dodson, Fletcher, Polmsbee, Fulkerson, Gamble, Henderson, Holds- 
 worth, Hume, Mack, Martin, Newgent, Peck, Rankin, Smith of Mercer, Strong, Sutton, 
 Sweariugen, and Switzler — 25. 
 
 Absent with leave — Messrs. Adams, Bedford, Esther, Gilbert of Platte, Gilstrap, Gram- 
 mer. Green, Hughes, Morton, Smith of Worth, and Weatherby— 11. Absent without leave 
 — Messrs. Ban- and Leonard. Sick — Mr. Mitchell. 
 
 So the amendment was rejected, the vote being a tie — 25 to 25. 
 
 On an amendment proposed by Mr. Husmann, of Gasconade, March 
 11th, to strike out the words "white male" in sections 3 and 5 of the 
 article on "Legislative Department," whereby any person, male or 
 female, black or white, if otherwise qualified, would be eligible to a seat 
 
 in either branch of the General Assembly, the vote was likewise a tie 
 
 21 to 21. 
 
 In the interests of brevity, the proceedings of the Convention in regard 
 to other subjects— the vacating of the seat of Thomas B. Harris, of Cal- 
 laway, on charges of disloyalty ; the ordinances in regard to railroad 
 indebtedness ; for vacating certain civil offices in the State and filling the 
 same anew by appointment of the Governor ; and the provisions for put- 
 ting the Constitution iuto force — are omitted. i Suffice it to say that an 
 election was appointed on the 6th of June, 1865, to ascertain the sense 
 of the people in regard to the adoption or rejection of the Constitution, 
 it being at the same time provided that at said election no person should 
 
 'Notwithstanding the violence with which the Constitution was assailed on account of 
 many objectionable features, it was not wholly destitute of wise and valuable provis- 
 ions. The article on " Education," for example, the enemies of the Constitution them- 
 selves now agree, provided a broad foundation for our system of public instruction 
 high, low and intermediate. ' 
 
THE "DRAKE" CONSTITUTION ADOPTED. 459 
 
 be allowed to vote " who would not be a qualified voter according to the 
 terms of this Constitution, if the second article thereof were then in 
 force." That is to say, no person should be allowed to vote on the ques- 
 tion of adoption or rejection unless he should have previously taken the 
 oath indicated by the third section of the second article. 
 
 On April 8th, the question then being on the final adoption of the Con- 
 stitution, Mr. Drake demtmded the ayes and noes tliereon ; and the vote 
 being taken stood as follows : 
 
 Axes — ^Messrs. Adams, Barr, Bonham, Budd, Bunce,: Childress, Davis of Nodaway, 
 Dodsoa, Drake, Ellis, Esther, Evans, Filley, Folmshee, Fulkerson, Gamble, Gilbert of 
 Lawrence, Henderson, Holoomb, Holdsworth, Holland, Hume, King, Leonard, McKer- 
 nan, MoPherson, Mack, Martin, Peck, Kankin, Smith of Mercer, Strong, Sutton, Swear- 
 ingen, Weatherby, Williams of Caldwell, Williams of Scotland, and Mr. President — 38. 
 
 Noes — ^Messrs. Bedford, Bush, D'Oench, Fletcher, Foster, Gllstrap, Green, Husmann, 
 Linton. Meyer, Kohrer, Smith of Worth, and Switzler — 13. 
 
 Absent with Leave — Messrs. Gilbert of Platte, Hughes, Morton, Newgent, Nixdorf and 
 St. Gem — 6. Absent without Leave — Messrs. Clover, Davis of New Madrid, Grammer, 
 Owens and Thilenius — 5. Sick — Messrs. Cowden and Mitchell — 2. 
 
 So the Constitution was finally adopted, and on i\[onday, Api'il 10th, 
 1865, the Convention adjourned sine die. 
 
 The canvass which succeeded was one of great bitterness. Although 
 the war was practically over — the Confederate armies having surren- 
 dered and the Federal troops occupied Richmond, Petersburg and all the 
 strongholds of the Rebellion ; and just before the close of the canvass, 
 the President of the Confederate States, Jefferson Davis, was a prisoner 
 — fragmentary guerrilla bands continued in existence, to the detriment of 
 the peace and safety of various sections. Battalions of State Militia 
 were kept in the field in many counties to hold these bands in check and 
 to punish them for disorders. Nevertlieless, a spirit of unrest and 
 malevolence, of hatred and ill-will, prevailed among the people, and the 
 character of the issues discussed, to say nothing of the acerbity of the 
 discussions themselves, was not calculated to reduce "the ragged edge" 
 of the canvass. Tens of thousands of tax-payers of the State, many of 
 whom were old and honored citizens and non-combatants during the war, 
 and men of education and influence, were disfranchised by the third sec- 
 tion, and denied the privilege of the ballot in the decision of the great 
 issue before the State— that issue being the adoption or rejection of an 
 oro-anic law which was to govern them and their children after them. On 
 the other hand, it was stoutly maintained that citizens who had attempt- 
 ed to destroy their government ; who had either by overt acts of rebellion, 
 committed treason, or in words and sympathy had given aid and 
 
460 HISTOKY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 comfort to the insurgents, had forfeited the privilege of the ballot — the 
 more extreme devotees of this view maintaining that their only remain- 
 ing right was the right to pay taxes, work the roads, and hold their 
 peace. Only 85,478 votes (including soldiers' votes) were cast at the 
 election, as follows: For the new Constitution, 43,670; against it, 
 41,808. Majority for the Constitution, 1,862. The announcement of 
 this vote was accompanied by a proclamation of Governor Fletcher, 
 officially declaring that the new Constitution would take effect on July 
 4th, 1865. 
 
 The General Assembly met in Jefferson City on November 1st, 1865, 
 — Andrew J. Harlan, of Andrew, Speaker of the House — and proceeded 
 to enact a registry and other laws to enforce the provisions of the new 
 Constitution. The registry law was very stringent, and its enforcement 
 occasioned many scenes of disorder and violence, and great excitement 
 in the State. 
 
 The attempt to enforce the ordinance properly known as "the 
 ousting ordinance " — for vacating certain civil offices, was attended with 
 difficulty and unpleasant collisions. David Wagner and Walter E. 
 Lovelace were appointed Judges of the Supreme Court in place of Wm. 
 V. N. Bay and John D. S. Dryden. The latter gentlemen believed 
 there was no legal validity in the ordinance, and declined to vacate their 
 places. Governor Fletcher issued an order to expel them from the 
 bench, and they were taken from their seats by the police of St. Louis 
 City, and escorted as prisoners to the office of Recorder Wolff, A. W. 
 Mead, the Clerk of the Court, also declining to yield his office, with the 
 records and papers, was also summarily ejected. 
 
 That portion of the ninth section of the second ai'ticle of the Consti- 
 tution, in regard to ministers of the gospel, lawyers and teachers, was a 
 fruitful source of turbulence and trouble, and many indictments were 
 found and arrests made for refusal to take "the iron-clad oath " pre- 
 scribed. So great was the popular clamor against the voters', ministers', 
 lawyers' and teachers' oath, that in December, 1866, a movement was 
 set on foot in St. Louis by leading Republicans, prominent among whom 
 were E. Gratz Brown and Carl wSchui'z, which had for its object univer- 
 sal amnesty and universal enfranchisement. This movement rapidly 
 acquired volume and strength, and very soon was felt throughout the 
 State. In his annual message to the Twenty-Fourth General Assembly, 
 which convened in Jefferson City on the 2nd of January, 1867, Gov- 
 enior Fletcher recommended an amendment to the Constitution, striking 
 out the ninth section of the second article. 
 
NEGKO SUFFRAGE A3IENDMENT PKOPOSED TO CONSTITUTION". 461 
 
 During this session, and on January 15th, Charles D. Drake, Eepub- 
 lican, was elected to the United States Senate for six years from the 
 fourth of March ensuing, the vote being — Senate : Charles D. Drake, 
 23 ; F. P. Blair, 6 ; N. Holmes, 3. House : Charles D. Drake, 86 ; F. 
 P. Blair, 33 ; Ben. Loan, 3 ; Henry T. Blow, 3 ; H. M. Voorhees, 1 ; 
 John S. Phelps, 1. 
 
 It was at this session of the Legislature that an amendment to the 
 Constitution was submitted to the people, on the first Tuesday in 
 November, 1868, proposing to strike the word "white" from the 
 eighteenth section of the second article, whereby negro suffrage would be 
 inaugurated in Missouri. The proposition originated in the Senate, and 
 was submitted to that body by Mr. Winters, of Marion, on the 12th of 
 February. On Monday February 25th, it passed the Senate, as follows : 
 
 Ayes — Messrs. Adams, Boardman, Bouham, Bruera, Cavender, Clark, Conrad, Ellis, 
 Evans, Ewell, Goebel, Harbine, Headlee, Hubbard, Human, Parks, Kea, Shelton. and 
 Winters— 19. 
 
 Noes — ^Messrs. Dodson, Filler, Holland, King, Morse, Spaunhorst, and 'Williams— 7. 
 
 Absent or not voting — ^Messrs. Deal, Fish, Graham, McCormack, Keed, Eidgley, and 
 Townsley — 7. 
 
 On Tuesday, February 26th, in the Senate, Messrs. Fisher, Ridgely 
 and Townsley obtained leave to record their votes on the proposition of 
 Mr. Winters, passed the day before, during their absence. They voted 
 Aye. 
 
 On Monday, March 4:th, the constitutional amendment from the Senate 
 being under consideration in the House, Mr. Orrick, of St. Charles, pro- 
 posed not only to strike out the word "white," but also the word 
 "male" ; thus seeking to commit the body not only to black male suf- 
 frage, but also to female suffrage, black and white. Rejected — 39 to 51. 
 
 On Thursday night, March 7, the subject again came up in the House, 
 and the amendment passed — ayes 74 ; nays 46 — as follows (Conserva- 
 tives in italic) : 
 
 Ates — ^Messrs. Akard, Bennett, Betz, Birch, Blodgett, Branscombe, Brook, Brown of 
 Dallas, Brown of Daviess, Bulkley, Burch of Jasper, Buzick, Oartmel, Cosgrove, Dall- 
 ineyer, DeLand, Downey, Drum, Eppstein, Esteb, Ewing, Ferrell, Finkelnburg, Free- 
 man, Goodson, Hargrove, Harper, Hathaway, Hewitt, Hickman, Hombeak, Hoskinson, 
 Howard, Howe, Hume, Jaquith, Jerome, Jewett, Jones, Kidwell, Kuhl, Laughlin, 
 Ircaming, Ledergerber, Long, McElhinney, McGinnis, McMillen, Mitchell, Mailings of 
 Oreen, MuUins of Linn, Orrick, Payne, Pond, Pyle, Quinn, Einker, Bollins, Eountree, 
 Schneider, Schulenburg, Shafer, Stafford, Thompson, Valle, "Walker, Waters, Weinrich, 
 Whittaker, Wilkinson, Wolbrecht, Wyatt and Mr. Speaker— 74. 
 
462 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The follow in<r are the names of those who voted in the negative : 
 
 "o 
 
 Messris. Alexander, Applegate, Beal,_Bo£ri/, Boon, Britton, Cannon, Childress, Cockerill, 
 Cole, Oolman, Drummond, Eagle, JEUis, Ellison, Eubanks, Farrar, Fletcher, Fox, Griffin, 
 Muff, Key, Lawson, Legg, Linder, Lyman, McBride, MoMurtry, Martin, Monks, Keville, 
 Kiggs, Ritchie, Robertson, Byland, Scott, Smelser, Smythe, Steele, Sutton, Taylor, Fan 
 Wagoner, Waide, White of Cole, White of Randolph, 'Williams, Wolf and Zevely — 46. 
 
 On the 13th of March, the Legislature adjourned till the first Tuesday 
 in January, 1868. 
 
 At the general election during the latter year, the proposed amend- 
 ment striking out the word "white" was defeated, the vote being — 
 against striking out, 74,053 ; for striking out, 55,236. Majority against 
 negro suffrage, 18;817. 
 
 On Saturday night, March 31, a great calamity befell St. Louis and 
 the whole country in the loss, by fire, of the old Lindell Hotel, which 
 was first opened to the public October 19, 1863. It was be3'ond all 
 comparison the finest hotel that had, up to that time, been built west of 
 iS'ew York. We avail ourselves of a description of the building and fire 
 which appeared in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of April 12, 1877 : 
 
 The Lindell Hotel consisted of two parallel buildings of brick, extending east and west 
 the length of the whole front, with a space of forty-flve feet between them, and con- 
 nected in the center and at both ends by wing buildings running north and south, leav- 
 ing between them two courts. The outer-connecting buildings and the two flanks 
 extended the full depth of the lot, about 300 feet. The southern or principal front was 
 divided into live compartments, with a profusion of ornament on each. 
 
 The Lindell was six stories high, exclusive of both basement and attic, equivalent to 
 two stories more. The heigth from sidewalk to cornice was 112 feet. The basement 
 extended under the entire building, and comprised the laundries, the bake rooms, the 
 store rooms, the coal vaults and ash holes. 
 
 On the first floor were the gorgeous offices, with their variegated marble floors, the 
 saloons, the billiard rooms, the grand hall for the Board of Trade, public and private 
 ofllces, and various other necessary rooms. The other stories were reached by two 
 grand staircases, running up the entire heigth of the building. Each step was twelve 
 feet long, and the walls were of walnut, handsomely carved and beautifully ornamented. 
 
 On the second floor were dining rooms, public and private parlors, reading and writ- 
 ing rooms, club rooms, and public reception rooms. On the remaining stories were 
 the sleeping rooms and rooms en suite. Some idea of the size of the establishment may 
 be gained from the fact that the gentlemen's dining-room was 116 feet by 44 feet, and 
 none of the private parlors were less than 16 by 17 feet, while the whole structure, from 
 basement to attic, had the enormous number of 530 rooms. The brick in the buildinf 
 would have paved a space of thirty-eight acres, while more than 35,000 feet of out stone 
 were in the fronts. Seven hundred and forty tons of cast and wrought iron were used 
 and 8,240 pounds of copper for gutters. There were 810 windows and 650 inside doors. 
 The plate glass used would cover an acre, and the flloors seven acres. The wash-boards 
 
BURNING OF THE LINDELl, HOTEL. 463 
 
 laid in a line would reach thirteen miles, while if a boarder desired to walk before 
 breakfast, he might travel a mile and three-quarters without retracing his steps or going 
 over the same ground twice. Thirty-two tons of sash-weights were used, 16,000 feet 
 of gas-pipe, 120,500 pounds of lead and 30,000 pounds of iron pipe to supply the water ; 
 87,700 feet of steam-pipe for heating, and thirty-two miles of bell-wire were in position. 
 The actual cost of the building was $950,000, which, with the ground, valued at #326,400, 
 makes the whole value $1,276,400; not to speak of furniture, $500,000 worth of which 
 was imported, making the total worth of the establishmekt $1,759,000. 
 
 How the fu-e originated was never certainly discovered. One account declares it to 
 have come from a defective flue, while another finds its origin in a bursted gas-pipe. 
 Another still attributes it to the carelessness of a servant girl, who left a gas-jet turned 
 on, and allowed a room [in the sixth story] to become filled with gas, which exploded 
 on lighting a match, and thus set fire to the building. Be this as it may, nothing is cer- 
 tain, but that on the evening of Saturday, March 31, 1867, the inmates of the house per- 
 ceived a strong smell of smoke, Mr. Bart Able, among others, carefully traversed the 
 halls and corridors, everywhere smelling the signs of fire, until he traced the scent to a 
 bath-room on the sixth floor in the northwest corner. Here he procured an axe, broke 
 in the plastering, and the flames burst forth. This appears to have been the first dis- 
 covery of the lire in the building, though it is stated that persons outside, squares away, 
 smelled the burning pine and paint before the fire became known to anybody in the 
 house. 
 
 The alarm was first given at 8 o'clock p. m., though it excited very little feeling in 
 the hotel, the guests finishing their suppers at their leisure, having ample confidence in 
 the abundant facilities on every hand for the extinguishment of the fiames. The build- 
 ing was provided with tanks of water on the roof, and with hose on every floor, but at 
 the moment of need, the tanks were empty and the hose were useless. The engines 
 were sent for, and arrived in good time, but owing to the breaking out of the fire in the 
 upper stories they could do nothing. The flames soon began to appear at the windows 
 in the fifth and sixth stories, and though efibrts were made to get the hose up through 
 the center of the building, they proved utterly abortive, and after a few ineffectual 
 attempts, the hope of saving the building was abandoned, and the firemen directed 
 their attention to saving all the property they could. It was even found that there was 
 not an adequate head of water in the reservoir, and this fact also operated against the 
 firemen. The waiters and employes of the hotel were called on to assist in removing 
 property, but these gentry turned their attention with wonderful unanimity to saving 
 tliemselves and their own effects, and could not be induced to help save the hotel 
 furniture. 
 
 A very few minutes after the fire was discovered, it burst out of the roof, as well as 
 out of all the windows of the two upper stories, and swept round the cornices in wild 
 magnificence. After gaining a start, it seemed to develop its strength everywhere at 
 once, since although the fire started in the western end of the building, the eastern end 
 was the one first destroyed. It was fortunate for the city at large that the evening 
 was unusually stiU, since a strong wind blowing from any direction would have infalli- 
 bly caused the destruction of several blocks of buildings. As it was, some damage was 
 done by the falling of the walls. The conflagration was one of the most splendid on 
 record. The whole interior of the building was one mass of flame, which, after the fall 
 of the roof, shot up several hundred feet into the air, and was visible to a distance of 
 thirty miles from the city. There were no lives lost, though the panic was extreme, 
 and for awhile rumors of persons being burned to death were frequent. Losses by indi- 
 vidual boarders of jewels, clothing, furniture and similar effects were, in some cases, 
 quite serious. 
 
404 HXSTOKY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 On the gToiiiid floor were a large number of fashionable stores, the stocks of whicli 
 were damaged by water or removal, or was entirely destroyed by fire. The Young 
 Men's Christian Association also occupied rooms on the ground floor, and when the fire 
 broke out a prayer meeting was in progress. It is almost needless to say it did not con- 
 tinue long, for even then, while the benediction was being pronounced, the flames were 
 curling round the cornices. 
 
 On May 15th, 1867, the State Senate assembled in the Capitol as a high 
 court of impeachment for the trial of Walter King, of liny, judge of the 
 fifth judicial circuit, for misdemeanors in office. He was found guilty, 
 by a vote of twenty -three to eight, and deposed. 
 
 The Twenty-fourth General Assembly re-assembled at the Capitol on 
 Tuesday, January 7th, 1868, and during its session adopted a new i-egistry 
 law more stringent in its provisions than the one it was enacted to supplant. 
 Under it the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 was authorized to appoint a superintendent of registration in each Sena- 
 torial district, every year in which a general election should occur. As 
 the Supreme Court of the United States, January 14th, 1867, in the case 
 of John A. Cummings vs. the State of Missouri, had pronounced the test 
 oath unconstitutional, the new registry law, providing for a more rigid 
 enforcement of the celebrated " Third Section," occasioned renewed and 
 wide-spread dissatisfaction among the conservative citizens of the State, 
 Therefore, the next ensuing State canvass was distinguished by great 
 bitterness and party feeling, culminating on some occasions in scenes of 
 personal violence. 
 
 The Twenty-iifth General Assembly convened on January 6th, 1869. 
 During the preceding State canvass the new registry law had done its 
 work well and to the entire satisfaction of its friends. Hence the Senate 
 was composed of twenty-five Republicans and nine Democrats, and the 
 House of ninety-two Republicans and thirt^'-five Democrats ; a Republican 
 majority of sixteen in the Senate, fifty-seven in the House, and seventy- 
 three on joint ballot. 
 
 On January 19th, Carl Schurz, Republican, was elected to the United 
 States Senate for six years from March 4th, 1869 — the vote being : Carl 
 Schia-z (R.) 114; John S. Phelps (D.) 44. 
 
 On October 27th the foundation of the eastern pier of the grand 
 tubular steel bridge at St. Louis was laid, afibrding an earnest of the 
 vigorous prosecution, till completed, of the work on one of the costliest 
 and most valuable railroad bridges in the world — a structure which will 
 remain a memorial through all time of the genius and enterprise of James 
 JB. Eads. 
 
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CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 1870 TO 1877.— Election Ebtukns.— Adjourned Session of X X Vttt General Assembly.— 
 Ratification op XVth Constitutional Amendment.— Ayes and Noes.— Six Amend- 
 ments to the State Constitution Proposed. — ^What they were and the vote on 
 EACH. — Agricultural College Located at Columbia. — The Republican Party in 
 
 1870 RENT BY discords. — THE DEMOCRATS ADOPT THE "PASSIVE POLICY" AND NOMI- 
 NATE NO State Ticket.— Two Republican State Conventions and two State Tick- 
 ets.— The " Radicals" and " Liberals."— B. Gratz Brown (Liberal) Elected Gov- 
 ernor.— The Test-oath Abrogated and the Republicans Remanded From Power.- 
 
 F. P. Blair elected United States Senator.- The XXVIth General assembly.— 
 Two more Amendments to the Constitution Proposed and Ratified.— The Gun 
 City, Cass County, Massacre.— In 1872 the Democrats and Liberals jointly nomi- 
 nate A State Ticket. — Silas "Woodson elected Governor. — ^The XXVIIth General 
 Assembly. — Louis V. Bogy chosen United States Senator.— Vote op the People 
 authorized on a call for a Constitutional Convention.— Opening of the great 
 St. Louis Bridge. — Canvass op 1874 — Charles H. Hardin the Democratic Nom- 
 inee FOR Governor. — The " People's" Party.— AVilliam Gentry.— Hardin elected. 
 —Constitutional convention op 1875 called. — Its Proceedings.— Constitution 
 Adopted. — Whiskey Frauds.- Canvass op 1876.— J. S. Phelps the Democratic and 
 
 G. A. FlNKELNBURG the REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE FOR GOVBRNOR.— PHELPS ELECTED. 
 
 — The SXIXth General Assembly. — Burning op the Southern Hotel, St. Louis. 
 
 blkction for governok, x870. 
 
 B. Gratz Brown, Literal 104,374 
 
 Joseph W. McClurg, Kepublican 63,336 
 
 Brown's majority over McClurg ^ 41,038 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS. 
 
 No. 1 — ^Abolishing District Courts : 
 
 Yeas 137,874. 
 
 Nays 7,389 
 
 Majority 180,485 
 
 No. 2 — ^Abolishing oath of loyalty for jurors : 
 
 Teas 133,702 
 
 Nays 10,809 
 
 Majority 122,883 
 
 No. 3— Abolishing double liability of stoclcholders in private corporations : 
 
 Teas 131,470 
 
 Nays 1 1 0,790 
 
 Majority 120,680 
 
 No. 4— Abolishing oath of loyalty for voters : 
 
 Yeas ••.- 127,643 
 
 Nays 16,283 
 
 Majority 111,360 
 
 30 
 
^&Q HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 No. 5 — Abolishing certain disctualifications to hold office on account of race, color, o* 
 previous condition of servitude, and on account of former acts of disloyalty : 
 
 Yeas 123,418 
 
 Nays 18,005 
 
 Majority 105,413 
 
 No. 6 — ^In relation to education, prohibiting the General Assembly, counties, cities, 
 towns, townships, school districts or other municipal corporations from making appro- 
 priations in aid of any creed, church, or sectarian school: 
 
 Yeas 126,118 
 
 Nays 10,789 
 
 Majority 115,329 
 
 FOR StrPKEME JtTDGE. 
 
 David "Wagner (no opposition) 164,547 
 
 ELECTION FOR PRESIDENT^ — 1872. 
 
 U. S. Grant, Kepublioan 119,195 
 
 Horace Greeley, Independent 151,434 
 
 Charles O'Conor, Democrat 2,42& 
 
 Greeley's majority over Grant 32,238 
 
 ELECTION FOR GOVERNOR — 1872. 
 
 Silas Wooc'aon, Democrat ; 156,714 
 
 John B. Henderson, Kepublican 122,272 
 
 "Woodson's majority over Henderson 35,442 
 
 ELECTION FOR GOVERNOR — 1874. 
 
 Charles H. Hardin, Democrat 149,666 
 
 William Gentry, Peoples' 112,104 
 
 Hardin's majority over Gentiy 37,462 
 
 "Whole number of votes cast 261,670 
 
 For holding Constitutional Convention 111,299 
 
 Against holding Constitutional Convention Ill ,016 
 
 Majority for convention 28^ 
 
 SPECIAL ELECTION — ^1875. 
 
 For New Constitution ^ ,,. 91,205 
 
 Against New Constitution.. i. 14,517 
 
 Majority for constitution 76,688 
 
 ELECTION FOK PRESIDENT — ^1876. 
 
 Samuel J. Tilden, Democrat 202,687 
 
 E. B. Hayes, Kepublican 144,398 
 
 Peter Cooper, Greenback 3,498 
 
 Tilden's majority over Hayes 68,289 
 
 "Whole number of Votes cast .- 356,583 
 
BATIFICATION OF THE XVth CONSTITUTIONAL AHENDldENT. *67 
 
 ELECTION FOR GOVBRNOK — 1876. 
 
 John S. Phelps, Democrat 199,580 
 
 G. A. Finkelnburg, Kcpublican ^ 147,694 
 
 J. P. Alexander, Greenback 2,962 
 
 Phelps' majority ovex Finkelnburg 51,886 
 
 The adjourned session of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly — Joseph 
 W. McClurg, Governor — which met on January 5th, 1870, and adjourned 
 on March 25th following, deserves to be specially noticed because of the 
 work accomplished in several directions. Governor McClurg, who in his 
 message had recommended the ratification of the xvth amendment to 
 the Constitution of the United States, passed by Congress on February 
 27th, 1869, transmitted to the General Assembly, on January 7th, 1870, 
 a duly attested copy of it from William H. Seward, United States 
 Secretary of State, as follows : 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied at 
 abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous con- 
 dition of servitude. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legisla- 
 tion. 
 
 Immediately on its being read in the Senate, Mr. Bruere of St. Charles 
 introduced a joint resolution ratifying it, which was adopted by the 
 following vote : 
 
 Ayes — Senators Blodgett, Brown, Bruere, Clark, Conrad, Davis, Dodson, Evans, Fil- 
 ler, Gottschalk, Graham, Harbine, Headlee, McMillan, Eidgley, Eogers, Shelton, Todd-, 
 Vandivert, Waters, and Williams — 21. 
 
 Noes — Senators Essex, Morrison, and Morse — 3. 
 
 Absent — Senator Roseberry — 1. Absent with leave — Senators Birch, Buckland, Car- 
 roll, Cavender, Human, Eea, EoUins, Eeed and Spaunhorst — 9. ' 
 
 The resolution was immediately reported to the House, where, on 
 motion of Mr. Waters, it was taken up, rules suspended, read three 
 times and passed by the following vote : 
 
 Ates — Messrs. Akard, Alsup, AUred, Baker, Becker, Benefiel, Bittman, Bohn, Bore- 
 man, Brewster, Browning, Bruihl, Byrne, Clark, Courtright, Crumb, Cundiff, Davis. 
 Denny, Dibble, DoUe, Elliott, Ellison, Eno, Enoch, Fassen, Ferguson, Ferrell, Freeman, 
 Gibbs, Gibson, Glenn, Gladney, Hackman, Harper, Hayes, Hayward, Heeley, Howe, 
 Ittner, Jennings, Johnson, Jones of Laclede, Keeney, Kirkham, Laughlin, Lombar, 
 Magner, McGinnis, McLane, Mitchell, Moore, Mullings, Munch, Nalle, Neal, Norris, Pyle, 
 Peck, Powell, Pulitzer, Quigley, Eice, Eiek, Bobertson, Eoberts. Eoever, Eountree, 
 Euark, Eussell, Schulenberg, Simmons, Smith, Southard, Stauber, Stinson, Steele, 
 'Thompson, Todd, Vickers. Waters, Weinrich, Yankee, Young, and Mr. Speaker — 86. 
 
468 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOmil. 
 
 Noes— Messrs. Adams, Albert, Bennett, Bogy, Bowles, Brown of Howard, Burton, 
 Byrns of Jefferson, Caldwell, Campbell, Claiborne, CoUey, Harris, Hoffman, Hurt, Key, 
 Knott. Leeper, Marchand, McElvain, McMichacl, Miller^ Murphy, Neely, Phelan, Phil- 
 lips, Eequa, Salisbury, Salyer. Sebastian, Sides, Sloan, Waide, aud Warner — 34. 
 
 Absent — Messrs. Donegan, Garth, Jones of Nodaway, King, Lawson, McKernan, 
 Ming, Sm3'the and Webb — 9. Absent with leave — ^Messrs. Brown of Callaway, Klaine and 
 Manville — 3. Sick — ^Messrs. Surge, Price, Keed, Snidow, Walser and Winchester — 5. 
 
 According to a proclamation of Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State of 
 the United States, dated March 30th, 1870, said amendment was ratified 
 by the Legislatures of the following States on the days mentioned : 
 
 Nevada March 1, 1869. 
 
 West Virginia March 3, 1869. 
 
 North Carolina March 5, 1869. 
 
 Louisiana March 5, 1869. 
 
 Illinois March 5, 1809. 
 
 Michigan March 8, 1869. 
 
 Wisconsin March 9, 1869. 
 
 Massachusetts March 12, 1869. 
 
 Maine March 12, 1869. 
 
 South Carolina March 16, 1869. 
 
 Pennsylvania March 26, 1869. 
 
 Arkansas March 30, 1869. 
 
 New York i April 14, 1869. 
 
 Indiana May 14. 1869. 
 
 Connecticut May 19, 1869. 
 
 Florida June 15, 1869. 
 
 New Hampshire July 7,1869. 
 
 Virginia October 8, 1869. 
 
 Vermont October 21, 1869. 
 
 Alabama November 24, 1869. 
 
 Missouri Januaiy 10, 1870. 
 
 Mississippi January 17, 1870. 
 
 Ehode Island January 18, 1870. 
 
 Kansas January 19, 1870. 
 
 " Ohio January 27, 1870. 
 
 Georgia February 2, 1870. 
 
 Iowa February 3, 1870. 
 
 Nebraska February 17. 1870. 
 
 Texas February 18, 1870. 
 
 Minnesota February 19, 1870 
 
 At the date of the proclamation there were thirty-seven States, (Colo- 
 rado having since been added,) of which thirty, more than the requisite 
 constitutional majority of three-fourths, ratified the amendment declaring 
 that the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States 
 or by any State on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 During this session of the Legislature, six amendments to the Consti- 
 tution of the State were submitted to the people of Missouri for their 
 ratification or rejection at the general election to be holdeu on Tuesday, 
 November 8th, 1870, as follows : 
 
 1. Abolishing district courts. Passed the Senate — ayes 22, noes 7. 
 House — concurred in, nem. con. Vote of the people — ^yeas 137,874, noes 
 7,389. Majority, 130,485. 
 
 2. Abolishing oath of loyalty for jurors. Passed the Senate — ayes, 
 28 ; noes, none. House — ayes 81 ; noes, 28. Vote of the people — ^yeas, 
 133,702 ; noes, 10,809. Majority, 122,883. 
 
 1 New York withdrew her consent to the ratification January 5, 1870. " Ohio had pre- 
 viously rejected the amendment. May 4, 1869. New Jersey first Rejected the amendment, 
 but on February 21, 1871, subsequent to the date of the proclamation of the Secretary 
 of State, ratified it. California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Oregon and Tennessee 
 rejected it and never rever.'^ed the rejection. 
 
SIX AMENDMENTS TO THE STATE CONSTITUTION PEOPOSED. 469 
 
 3. Abolishing double liability of stockholders in private corporations. 
 Passed the Senate — ayes, 22 : noes, 1. House — concurred in, nem. con. 
 "Vote of the people— ayes, 131,470; noes, 10,790. Majority, 120,680, 
 
 4. Abolishing oath of loyalty for voters. Passed the Senate — ayes, 
 25 ; noes, 5. House— ayes, 89 ; noes, 17. Vote of the people— ayes, 
 127,643; noes, 16,283. Majority, 111,360. 
 
 5. Concerning the right to hold office and abolishing certain disquali- 
 fications on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude, and 
 on account of former acts of disloyalty. Passed the Senate — ayes, 24 ; 
 noes, 4. House — ayes, 87 ; noes, 23, Vote of the people, ayes, 128,418 ; 
 noes, 18,005. Majority, 105,413. 
 
 6. In relation to education. Passed the Senate — ayes, 21 ; noes, 7. 
 House — ayes, 73; noes, 7. Vote of the people — ayes, 126,188; noes, 
 10,789. Majority, 115,329. 
 
 m 
 
 After an exciting contest of several years, the State Agricultural College 
 was located during this session of the Legislature at Columbia, with the 
 School of Mines and Metallurgy at KoUa, Phelps County. Its location at 
 Columbia, the seat of the State University, was a proposition to which 
 Hon. James S. Rollins, Senator from the Boone district, addressed his 
 best powers ; and to his zeal and abilitj'' the County of Boone is chiefly 
 indebted for its accomplishment. The bill passed the Senate — ayes, 18 , 
 noes, 6 ; and the House, ayes, 79 ; noes, 41. 
 
 The questions of universal amnesty and enfranchisement, of the repeal 
 of the Missoiiri iron-clad oath for voters, jurymen, ministers, lawyers, 
 teachers, etc., were rapidly sowing the seeds of discord and disintegra- 
 tion in the Republican party in the State, dividing it into two "wings" — 
 as they were called— Radical and Liberal ; the former maintaining the 
 extreme and the latter the more magnanimous policy in regard to those 
 who by word or deed, or both, had had complicity with the rebellion. 
 Owing to tlie test-oath prescribed by the " Drake " constitution and the 
 very stringent registry laws passed to enforce it, the Democrats were in 
 an almost hopeless minority at the polls, and therefore had little or 
 no voice in the direction of public affairs. Every department of the 
 State government, and the county and municipal governments as well, 
 were controlled by Republican officials. Hoping to gain the ascendency 
 in the State, wholly, if possible, partially at all events, through a repeal 
 of the constitutional and legal barriers which interposed between them 
 and party dominance in the State, the policy of the Democrats was, first, 
 to divide, then to conquer their enemies. And no way seemed so hopeful 
 
470 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of favorable results as "the passive policy" — or, as it was popularly 
 called, "the possiim policy" — which signified the withdrawal of the 
 Democratic party, as an organized and distinct force, from the canvass of 
 1870, and the co-operation of its members individually with the Liberal 
 "wing" of the Republicans, as allies. Therefore, on March 18th, the 
 Democratic members of the Legislature, at that time few and far between, 
 held a caucus at Schmidt's Hotel in Jefferson City, and adopted the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 Whereas, It is understood that the Democratic State Central Committee desire an 
 expression of opinion from the Democratic members of the xxvth General Assembly 
 of this State, as to the policy of calling a Democratic Convention ; therefore be it 
 
 liesolved, That in our opinion it is inexpedient to call a Democratic State Convention, 
 or to nominate candidates for State officers at the ensuing November election. 
 
 The policy here indicated seemed to meet with the general acquiescence 
 of the Democrats of the State ; and on the 13th August, the Democratic 
 State Central Committee — D. H.Armstrong, Chairman — issued an address 
 in which it was endorsed, and the conviction that a general ticket for 
 State officers ought not to be nominated enforced by a variety of reasons 
 -^among them that the dominant party were divided by factions, coteries 
 and cliques, and that one segment of them had inaugurated a movement 
 of considerable promise to remove the suffrage restrictions which had 
 doomed the Democrats to defeat and a tyrannical reign. To escape from 
 these the committee believed it best to nominate no State ticket, and 
 none was nominated. 
 
 The work of discord and disintegration in the Republican party pro- 
 ceeded, and reached its climax in the State Nominating Convention which 
 met in the hall of the House in Jefferson City on August 31st. On the 
 third day of the session, Carl Schurz, Chairman of the Committee on 
 Resolutions, made a majority report comparatively liberal in its character, 
 the minority report chiefly differing from it in regard to enfranchisement. 
 This was the rock on which the Convention split ; and it is deemed of 
 sufficient historical interest to be brought distinctly to view by the repro- 
 ductiou of the resolutions of the two platforms : 
 
 MAJOKITY OE LIBERAL (OR BROWN) PLATFORM. 
 
 4th. That the time has come when the requirements of public safety, upon which 
 alone the disfranchisement of a large number of citizens could be justified, has clearly 
 ceased to exist, and this Convention, therefore, true to the solemn pledges recorded in 
 our National and State platforms, declares itself unequivocally in favor of the adoption 
 of the Constitutional Amendments commonly called the suffrage and office-holding 
 amendments, believing that under existing circumstances the removal of political disa- 
 
THE TWENTY-SnCTH GBNEBAL ASSEMBLY. 471 
 
 biHties, as well as the extension of equal political rights and privileges to all classes of 
 citizens, without distinctions, demanded by every consideration of good faith, patriotism 
 and sound policy, and essential to the integrity of Republican institutions, to the welfare 
 of the State, and to the honor and preservation of the Kepublicaa party. 
 
 MINOKITT OR RADICAL (OR M'CLTIRG) PLATFORM. 
 
 3rd. That we are in favor of re-enfranchising those justly disfranchised for partici- 
 pation in the late rebellion, as soon as it can be done with safety to the State, and that 
 we concur in the propriety of the Legislature having submitted to the whole people of 
 the State the question, whether such time has now arrived; upon which question we 
 recognize the right of any member of the party to vote his honest convictions. 
 
 The two reports being before the Convention, the report of the 
 minority was adopted — ayes 349, noes 342 — v^hereupon about two hun- 
 dred and fifty delegates, friends of the majority report, headed by Mr. 
 Schurz, withdrew, amid great excitement, to the Senate Chamber, organ- 
 ized a separate Convention, and nominated a full State ticket with B. 
 Gratz Brown as a candidate for Governor. The other Convention (the 
 "Radical,") also nominated a full ticket, headed by Joseph W. McClurg 
 for Governor, at that time the incumbent of the office. 
 
 The election, which was held on November 8th, resulted in the choice 
 of the Brown or Liberal ticket by over forty thousand majority, and the 
 return to the Legislature of a majority of members opposed to the 
 "Hadicals." Legislature: Senate — Democrats, 13 ; Fusion, 3 ; Liberal, 
 6 ; Republicans, 12. House — Democrats, 77 ; Fusion, 12 ; Liberal, 20 ; 
 Republicans, 24. Total number of members, 138 — majority, 70. The 
 "Fusion" candidates for House and Senate were elected by the imited 
 votes of Democrats and Liberals. All were Conservative, and nearly 
 all pledged to a call of a Constitutional Convention and other measures 
 supported by the Democrats. 
 
 The election of 1870 forms an important and notable epoch in the 
 history of the State. It marks the period at which the Republicans, 
 who had for eight years been the governing party, surrendered power to 
 others — power which they have not since been able to regain. 
 
 The xxvith General Assembly met at the Capitol on January 4th, 1871 
 — Joseph J. Gravelly ,1 Lieutenant-Governor, President of the Senate. 
 Robert P. C.Wilson, Democrat, of Platte, was elected Speaker of the 
 House, the vote being — Wilson 84 ; Hosea G. MuUins, Fusionist, of 
 Greene, 50 ; Wilson's majority 34. Cyrus H. Frost, Liberal, of Phelps, 
 was elected Speaker pro tern. 
 
 B. Gratz Brown, Liberal, was inaugurated Governor, who recom- 
 
 ' Died at his residence in Cedar County, Mo., on the , 1872. 
 
472 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 mended in his message the consideration of the subject of calling a Con- 
 stitutional Convention, the amendment of the registration laws so as to 
 make them conform to the liberal provisions of the constitutional 
 amendments ratified by the people, the better regulation of the railroads, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 There being a vacancy in the United States Senate occasioned by the 
 resignation of Charles D. Drake — who had received the appointment of 
 Chief Justice of the Court of Claims at Washington City — a Democratic 
 caucus (Henry J. Spaunhorst, a Senator from St. Louis, chairman,) 
 was held to nominate a candidate. The names of John S. Phelps, Silas 
 "Woodson, Frank P. Blair, Jr., and Samuel T., Glover were presented to 
 the caucus, the first ballot resulting in the nomination of Mr. Blair, as 
 follows: Blair, 52; Glover, 16; Phelps, 13 ; Woodson, 10. The two 
 Houses met in joint convention on the 16th, and Mr. Blair was elected, 
 as follows : Blair 102, John B. Henderson 58, John F. Benjamin 5.^ 
 Necessary to a choice, 84. Mr. Blair was a member of the House from 
 St. Louis County. 
 
 An adjourned session of thexxvith General Assembly was held, com- 
 mencing on December 6th, 1871, and continuing until April 1st, 1872, 
 during which two constitutional amendments were submitted to the peo- 
 ple for their ratification or rejection at the November election, 1872, 
 namely : 
 
 1. Increasing the number of Supreme Court Judges from three 
 to five, fixing their terms of ofiice at ten years, and providing that two 
 additional judges shall be elected at the general election in 1872, and one 
 judge at each general election every two years thereafter. Ratified by 
 the people in November, 1872 — ayes, 221,143; noes, 15,230. Majority, 
 205,913. 
 
 2. Providing that no part of the public school fund shall ever be 
 invested in the stock or bonds or other obligations of any other State, or 
 of any county, city, town or corporation ; that the stock of the Bank of 
 the State of Missouri, held for school purposes, and all other stocks 
 belonging to any school or imiversity fund, shall be sold in such manner 
 and at such time as the General Assembly shall prescribe ; and the pro- 
 ceeds thereof, and the proceeds of the sales of any lands or other prop- 
 erty which belong or may hereafter belong to said school fund, may be 
 invested in the bonds of the State of Missouri, or of the United States, 
 and that all county school funds shall be loaned upon good and snfiSlcient 
 
 1 Died in Washington City, March 8, 1877. 
 
THE GUN CITY MASSACEE. 473 
 
 unincumbered real estate security, with personal security in adclition 
 thereto. Ratified by the people in November, 1872— ayes 231,228 ; noes 
 8,197. Majority, 223,031. 
 
 During the afternoon of Wednesday, April 24th, 1872,thei-e occurred 
 at Gun City, in Cass County, a bloody infraction of the public peace 
 growing out of the exasperated feelings of the people of that county 
 against certain officials who were charged with complicity in the fraudu- 
 lent issue of railroad bonds, which imposed heavy burdens upon the tax- 
 payers. Giin City is a small station on the line of the Missouri, Kansas 
 and Texas Eailroad, about midway betAveen Harrisonville and Holden, 
 and eleven miles from either place. When the eastern-bound train 
 reached Gun City, having on board about thirty passengers, among 
 whom were James C. Cline, Thomas E. Detro, J. C. Stephenson and 
 General Jo. Shelby, the engineer discovered obstructions piled upon 
 the track. These were rails, logs and rocks in a sort of breastwork. 
 Before the engineer could reverse the engine or whistle "down breaks," 
 a murderous volley of bullets and shot were poured in and around the 
 locomotive. The cab was fairly riddled, but fortunately no one was 
 seriously injured. The train came to a stand not far from the barricade, 
 where seventy or eighty armed men, each wearing a mask, rushed to the 
 locomotive, and with loud oaths and threatening gestures, in which the 
 cold muzzles of pistols played a prominent part, compelled the engineer 
 and fireman to hold up their hands and step back into the tank of the 
 locomotive, where they were placed under guard while the mob proceeded 
 with their mtirderous work. They at once commenced a terrible fusilade 
 into and around the captured train. Loud cries were made for Cline, 
 who responded by stepping from the baggage car on to the platform, and 
 into the midst of the yelling multitude, who riddled him with bullets, 
 killino- him on the spot. They then rushed into the train, breaking in 
 the doors and smashing in the windows, and, threatening to burn the 
 train, pounced into the cars among the terrified passengers. "Where's 
 the bond robbers ? " "Turn out the bond thieves!" they shrieked, as 
 they rushed into the cars. Perceiving Judge Stephenson, one of the 
 county judges who made the issue of the bonds, they shot him down in 
 the car, and dragged him by the hair and collar out into the grass. Mr. 
 Detro was the next victim. He was found in the mail car and shot and 
 severely wounded, and in that condition dragged out and thrown on to 
 the roadside, where he was allowed to bleed to death. The gang then 
 called for General Joe Shelby, who sat coolly in his seat and replied : 
 "Here I am ; if you want me come and get me." They finally concluded 
 they did not want him. 
 
474 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Stephenson was one of the judges of the late County Court of Cass 
 County that made a fraudulent issue of bonds in the name of that 
 county. Cline was County Attorney, and. was implicated in the swindle, 
 while Detro was one of Cline's bondsmen. Both Stephenson and Cline 
 had been indicted and were under heavy bonds to answer for the offences 
 connected with the bond swindle with which they were charged. 
 
 Governor Brown at once ordered Captain Phelan's Company from 
 Kansas City to Cass County, and dispatched Adjutant-General Albert 
 Sigel to the scene of the massacre to gather the facts. A commission, 
 consisting of John F. Philips, of Sedalia, and F. M. Cockrell, of 
 Warrensburg, was also authorized by the Governor to visit the county 
 for the purpose of uniting all good citizens in support of the Executive 
 in enforcing the laws. No further disturbance occurred, and the guilty 
 parties were never discovered. 
 
 On August 2 1st, 1872, the Democratic and Liberal Republican State 
 Conventions met in separate chambers in the Capitol, and through the 
 medium of committees of conference communicated with each other. 
 The result of the conferences gave the Democrats one of tlie two Presi- 
 dential Elect()vs-at-Large, six of the thirteen District Electors, the Gov- 
 ernor, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney-General, and the four Judges of the 
 Supreme Court — "the lion's share" ; and the Liberal Republicans the 
 Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State and Register of Lands. As 
 per arrangement, each convention, holding sessions separately, made the 
 nominations allotted to it, and afterwards the whole ticket was ratified 
 amidst the greatest enthusiasm by both conventions in joint meeting. 
 
 There was no lack of excellent material for Governor before the Demo- 
 cratic nominating convention. During the' thx-eo tirst ballots the follow- 
 ing gentlemen were voted for : James S. Rollins, of Boone ; Joseph L. 
 Stephens, of Cooper; Norman J. Colman, of St. Louis; William H. 
 Hatch, of Marion; R. P. C. Wilson, of Platte, and John S. Phelps, of 
 Greene. First ballot : Rollins, 211 ; Hatch, 193 ; Stephens, 173 ; Phelps, 
 172; Colman, 165; Wilson, 82. Whole number of votes cast, 848. 
 Necessary to a choice, 425. On the fourth ballot, while calling the roll 
 of counties was in progress, R. H. Rose, of Jasper, presented the name 
 of Silas Woodson, who was President of the Convention, as a com- 
 promise candidate, and it was received with such enthusiasm that he was 
 nominated substantially by acclamation. 
 
 The first session of the xxviith General Assembly met on January 1st, 
 1873, and consisted of eleven Republicans, twenty Democrats and 
 thi-ee Liberals in the Senate, and ninety-two Democrats and thirty-eight 
 
LOUIS V. BOGY CHOSEN UNITED STATES SENATOR. 475 
 
 BepublLcans in the House. Mortimer Mcllhaney, Democrat, of Audrain, 
 was elected Speaker of the House, the vote being — Mcllhaney, 60; J. B. 
 Harper, Republican, of Putnam, 29. Silas Woodson was inaugurated 
 Governor, who in his inaugural strongly appealed to the Legislature to 
 sink the paitisau in the patriot, and to legislate for the highest interests 
 of the whole people. He took strong grounds against annual sessions 
 of the Legislature, and submitted statistical tables disclosing the great 
 expense attending them. 
 
 More than ordinary interest was exhibited in the election of United 
 States Senator to succeed General Blair, whose term expired March 3, 
 
 1873. The Democratic Senatorial Caucus held several sessions before a 
 nomination could be effected, the gentlemen voted for being F. P. Blair, 
 Louis V. Bogy, John S. Phelps, James H. Birch, Thomas L. Anderson, 
 James S. Rollins, William B. Napton, George P. Dorris, Thomas C. 
 Reynolds, George G. Vest, James O. Broadhead, Silas Woodson, A. W. 
 Slayback, William A. Hal!, James Craig and others. On the seventeenth 
 ballot Mr. Bogy was declared the nominee, the vote being — Bogy, 64 ; 
 Blair, 47.^ On the 15th day of January, the two Houses met in joint 
 Convention, and Mr. Bogy was elected United States Senator for six 
 years, ending March 3, 1879,^^ the vote being — Bogy, 111 ; John B. 
 Henderson, 43. 
 
 The Legislature adjourned March 25th, 1873, and again met in adjourned 
 session on January 7, 1874, adjourning on the 30th of March following. 
 Amono- the laws passed at the adjourned scssioii was one to authorize 
 a vote of the people to be taken at. the general election in November, 
 
 1874, for and against calling a Convention to revise and amend the Con- 
 stitution of the State. 
 
 On July 4th, 1874, the formal opening to the purposes of its construc- 
 tion of the great bridge over the Mississippi River at St. Louis was cele- 
 brated with unexampled pomp and splendor. It was estimated that not 
 less than one hundred and fifty thousand visitors witnessed the imposing 
 ceremonies. 
 
 Durino- the canvass of 1874, the opposition to the Democratic party 
 assumed the form and cognomen of the "People's Party," or "Reform 
 Party," and at its State Convention, composed chiefly of Republicans, 
 
 ' Mr. Bogy died in St. Louis September 20, 1877, and Governor Phelps appointed 
 David H. Armstrong, of St. Louis, to fill the vacancy. 
 
 > Mr. Blair, after his retirement from the Senate, was appointed by Governor Wood- 
 son, Superintendent of the Insurance Department of the State ; and, while an incumbent 
 of the office, died in St. Louis, after a protracted illness, on the 9th of July, 1875. 
 
476 mSTOBY OF MISSOUBI. 
 
 held in Jefferson City, September 3d, nominated William Gentry,, of 
 Pettis, for Governor. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention, which met in Jefferson City on 
 August 26th — WillardP.Hall,of Buchanan,President — nominated Charles 
 H. Hardin, of Audrain, for Governor, on the fourth ballot, by the 
 remarkably small majority of one-sixth of a vote, the ballot being — 
 Hardin, 159 1-6 ; F. M. Cockrell, of Johnson, 156 1-6. AVhole number 
 of votes cast, 317. JSfecessary to a choice, 159. This one-sixth of a 
 vote was fruitful of great results. It not only made Hardin Governor of 
 the State by nominating him in the Democratic convention, but it largely 
 contributed, by defeating Cockrell, in bringing about his nomination by 
 the Democratic caucus, the following winter, for United States Senator, 
 and his consequent election to that office. 
 
 During the three first ballots for Governor, in the caucus which nomi- 
 nated Hardin, Norman J. Colman, of St. Louis, and M. V. L. Mc- 
 Clelland, of Lafayette, were also voted for. The election occurred on 
 November 3d, 1874, and resulted in the choice of the entire Democratic 
 State ticket by a large majority, aud of a Legislature consisting of 
 twenty-eight Democrats and six Republicans in the Senate, and of ninety- 
 one Democrats and forty Republicans in the House. 
 
 The propositioti to call a Convention to revise the Constitution of the 
 State, out of a vote cast for Governor of 261,670, was carried by only two 
 hundred and eighty-three (283) majority. An election for delegates to 
 the Convention was ordered to take place on January 26th, 1875. 
 
 The xxviiith General Assembly met January 6th, 1875, and the 
 House was organized by the election of Banton G. Boone (Democrat), 
 of Henry, as Speaker. Charles P. Johnson, Liberal Republican, aird 
 Lieutenant-Governor, presided over the Senate. On the 12th of January 
 Charles H. Hardin was inaugurated Governor, with the usual for- 
 malities. 
 
 On May 5th, 1875, the Convention to revise the State Constitution 
 assembled at the Capitol, the following being the names of members of 
 that body, classified politically : 
 
 Democrats — J. C. Roberts, Henry Boone, E. H. Norton, D. C. Allen, 
 J. L. Farris, J. A. Holliday, J. B. Hale, J. H. Shaiiklin, C. H. Ham- 
 mond, W. Halliburton, H. M. Porter i, A. M. Alexander, Benjamin R. 
 Dysart, John R. Ripley, William F. Switzler, J. F. Rucker, H. C. Lack- 
 land, L. J. Dryden, N. C. Hardin, H. V. McKee, Levi Wagner, Lewis 
 
 ' Mr. Porter having resigned and removed to Helena, Montana, Thomas Shackelford, 
 of Howard (D.), was elected in his place. 
 
CONSTITUTIONAL COITVENTION CALLED. 477 
 
 F. Cotty, Edward McCabe, William Priest, F. M. Black, William Chris- 
 man, Waldo P. Johnson, E. A. Nickerson, S. R. Crocket, John H. 
 Taylor, H. C. Wallace, W. H. Letcher, B. F. Massey, John Ray, C. B. 
 McAfee, G. W. Bradfield, John W. Ross, T. W. B. Crews, John Hyer, 
 J. H. Maxey, Philip Pipkin, E. V. Conway, J. F. T. Edwards, P. 
 Mabrey, N. W. Watkins, G. W. Carlton, L. H. Davis, J. H. Rider, A. 
 M. Lay, T. J. Kelly i, James P. Ross, Wash Adams, J. O. Broadhead, 
 Albert Todd, Joseph Pulitzer, T. T. Gnatt, A. R. Taylor, H. J. Spauu- 
 horst, jST. J, Mortell, H. C. Brockmeyer, James C. Edwards. 
 
 Republicans— M.. McKellop, T. J. Johnson, C. D. Eitzen, Henry T, 
 Mudd, G. H. Shields. 
 
 Liberals— R. W. Fyan, L. Gottschalk.' 
 
 Whole number of members, 68. Democrats, 60 ; Republicans, 6 ; 
 Liberals, 2. 
 
 As the official journal of proceedings has not been published, but is on 
 file in manuscript in the office of the Secretary of State, it will be quite 
 inconvenient, and perhaps unnecessary, more than to glance at the action 
 of the State Convention. 
 
 As the law authorizing its existence provides, the Secretary of State, 
 Michael K. McGrath, called the Convention to order and presided until 
 a permanent organization was effected. Singularly enough, when nomi- 
 nations for President were in order, none were made, there being no 
 candidates for that office. Finally the roll was called and each member 
 voted for whom he chose, without prompting or suggestion from any 
 source ; and the vote on the first ballot stood : E. H. Norton, 12 ; Waldo 
 P. Johnson, 17 ; Nathaniel W. Watkins, 13 ; W. F. Switzler, 10 ; J. O. 
 Broadhead, 7. Total, 59. 
 
 On the sixth ballot Mr. Johnson was elected President, and Nathaniel 
 W. Watkins,'' of Scott, was then chosen Vice-President by acclamation. 
 The Convention proceeded most earnestly to the work before it, with the 
 view of accomplishing its labors in the most acceptable manner and in 
 the shortest possible time. An examination of its roll of members and 
 of the work they performed will justify the statement that an abler or 
 more industrious body of men never assembled in the State. 
 
 A thorough revision of the entire organic law was made, both in Com- 
 mittee and in Convention. Every department of the State Government 
 passed imder critical review, and many radical changes were made, the 
 
 1 Mr. Kelly having died before the meeting of the Convention, Horace B. Johnson. 
 Eepublican, of Cole, was elected in his ste&d. 
 
 9 Mr. WatMns was a half brother of Henry Clay, and died at his residence in Scott 
 County, March 20th, 1876, aged 81 years. 
 
478 HISTOET OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 wisdom of which is now being subjected to the test of actual experience. 
 Some of the more important of these changes would be indicated here, 
 but the limits of this sketch forbid. They are familiar to every well- 
 informed citizen of the State, and their practical influence on our legis- 
 lation and general prosperity will be carefully noted. 
 
 The bill of rights occupied muoji time, and was a fruitful theme of 
 discussion. The subject of representation, d knotty problem in all 
 similar bodies in all the States, disclosed wide antagonisms of opinion 
 and elicited protracted debate. In the face of all opposition, county 
 representation was maintained. It found a place in the first Constitution 
 of the State, and in all others since adopted by conventions of the people 
 of Missouri. The argument that, to a certain exteut, it perpetuates the 
 representation of sub-divisions of territory, and not population, did not 
 avail to interdict it. New and vitally important provisions were adopted 
 in regard to legislative proceedings. Carefully prepared and stringent 
 limitations on the powers of the General Assembly were engrafted on the 
 new instrimieut. Sessions of the Legislature were made biennial, and 
 the gubernatorial term changed from two to four years. The formation 
 of new counties was made more difiicult, perhaps impossible. The tax- 
 ing and debt-contracting power of the Legislature, and of counties, 
 cities, towns and all other municipalities, was hedged about with limita- 
 tions and safeguards. Extra mileage and perquisites to officials were 
 laid under embargo. Our system of free public schools, embracing a 
 liberal policy for the maintenance of the University of the State, received 
 recognition in the article on education. 
 
 The Convention having completed its labors on August 2d, 1875, the 
 vote was taken by ayes and noes on the final adoption of the Constitution 
 as a whole, and the vote stood — ayes, 60; noes, none; absent, 8. A 
 most remarkable result, and unexampled in the history of Constitutional 
 Conventions. 
 
 On October 30th, 1875, the Constitution was submitted to a vote of 
 the people for ratification or rejection, and the vote stood — for the new 
 Constitution, 91,205 ; against, 14,517. Majority in favor of ratifying 
 it, 76,688 ; and on the 30th of November, 1875, it became the supreme 
 law of the State. 
 
 During the latter part of the year 1875 disclosures were made of a 
 wide-spread conspiracy among United States revenue officers, distillers 
 and others to defraud the Government of its revenue on whiskey. 
 Numerous prosecutions followed, which absorbed the public attention for 
 months. O. V. Babcock, President Grant's Private Secretary, was 
 indicted for complicity in these frauds, tried and acquitted. John A. 
 
THE TYTENTY-NINTH GE^TEEAL ASSEMBLY. 479' 
 
 Joyce, special agent of the Kevenue Service, and John McDonald, 
 Supervisor of Internal Eevemie, St. Louis, were convicted and sent to 
 the penitentiary, and subsequently pardoned by the President. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention met in Jefferson City, July 19, 
 1876, Charles E. Peers, of Warren, President; endorsed the platform 
 and candidates — Tilden and Hendricks — of the National Convention, and 
 the administration of Governor Hardin "as a model one in the history 
 of the State." There were three ballots for candidate for Governor, 
 the last one of which resulted in the choice of John S. Phelps, of Greene, 
 by the following vote : Phelps, 181J ; George G. Vest, of Pettis, 97J ; 
 John A. Hockaday, of Callaway, 19, M. V. L. McClelland, of Lafay- 
 ette, 14. Whole number of votes, 312. Necessary to a choice, 157. 
 A full State ticket was nominated. 
 
 The Republican State Convention assembled at the Capitol on August 
 9th, 1876, Malcomb McMillan, of Cooper, President. A platform was 
 adopted, and Gustavus A. Finkelnburg, of St. Louis, was nominated 
 for Governor by acclamation. A full State ticket was also presented. 
 
 The entire Democratic ticket was elected, and a Legislature politically 
 classified as follows : Senate — Democrats, 28 ; Republicans, 6. House 
 — Democrats, 102 ; Republicans, 41. 
 
 On January 3d, 1877, the xxixth General Assembly convened; Henry 
 C. Brockmeyer, of St. Louis, Lieutenant-Governor, President of the 
 Senate. John F. Williams, of Macon, was elected Speaker of the 
 House. Vote : Williams, Democrat, 101 ; S. P. Twiss, Republican, of 
 Jackson, 38. On Monday, January 8th, John S. Phelps was inaugurated 
 Governor, and in the presence of the two Houses and a large concourse 
 of citizens, delivered his address. 
 
 As this was the first meeting of the Legislature imder the new Consti- 
 tution, its proceedings were of more than ordinary interest and attracted 
 more than usual attention among the people. On the ninety-ninth day 
 of its session, April 30th, it adjourned sine die. 
 
 Among the most notable events in the State during the year 1877 was 
 the destruction, by fire, early on Wednesday morning, April 11th, of the 
 Southern Hotel in St. Louis. It was an appalling disaster, rendered 
 doubly so by the fearful destruction, not only of the magnificent build- 
 ing, but of a large number of human lives. In a very short time the 
 hotel was a mass of blackened ruins. A number of people, guests and 
 employes, were burned to death, or, jumping from windows, were dashed 
 to pieces on the sidewalk. It was one of the most frightful disasters ia 
 the history of the country, and spread a pall of gloom over the whole 
 West. 
 
CHAPTEK XXXIV.* 
 
 D EATH OF SENATOK BOGY.— ELECTIONS OF 1878-"r9.— THE MARSHFIELD CTOLONE.— IMMI- 
 GRATION Movements.— Elections op 1880.— Inauguration op Gov. Crittenden.— 
 Nmw Rallroads.— Kebuilding and Opening op the Southern Hotel. 
 
 Hon. Lewis V. Bogy, United States Senator, died at his residence in 
 St. Louis, September 20, 1877. To fill the vacancy thus occasioned, it 
 became incumbent upon Governor John S. Phelps to appoint a successor, 
 •which he did on the 29th of the same month by naming Colonel David 
 H. Armstrong, of St. Louis. Mr. Armstrong served imder the com- 
 mission thus issued until January 21, 1879, when Hon. James Shields 
 was elected by the Legislature to serve the balance of the term for 
 which Mr. Bogy had been elected — that is, until March 4th of the same 
 year. 
 
 Hon. George G. Vest was the same day (January 21, 1879,) elected 
 to succeed Mr. Shields. 
 
 At the election in November, 1878, Congressmen were chosen as fol- 
 lows : First District, Martin L. Clardy ; Second District, Erastus Wells 
 Third District, Richard G. Frost ; Fourth District, Lowndes H. Davis 
 Fifth District, Richard P. Bland ; Sixth District, James R. Waddill 
 Seventh District, John F. Phillips ; Eighth District, Samuel L. Sawyer 
 Ninth District, Nicholas Ford; Tenth District, Gideon F. Rothwell 
 Eleventh District, John B. Clarke, Jr. ; Twelfth District, William R. 
 Hatch ; Thirteenth District, Aylett H. Buckner. These were all Dem- 
 ocrats except Mr. Ford, from the Ninth District, who was National 
 Republican. 
 
 A misunderstanding among the leaders of the Democratic party in the 
 Eighth District resulted in the nomination of an independent candidate, 
 Hon. Samuel L. Sawyer. Mr. Sawyer was a Democrat, but his great 
 personal popularity secured the enthusiastic support of leading men in 
 toth parties, and he was elected by a handsome majority. 
 
 The Legislature met on January 9, 1879. Lieutenant-Governor H. C. 
 Brockmeyer presiding over the Senate, H. M. Phelan, of St. Louis, was, 
 on the following day, elected President pro tern. Mr. Samuel C. Davis, 
 of Saline, was chosen temporary Speaker, and, on January 10th, Mr. J. 
 Ed. Belch was elected Speaker. 
 
 ♦Prepared by the Editor. 
 
IMMIGKATION MOVEMENTS. 480.« 
 
 A terrible cyclone traversed the soutliwesterii part of tiie State on the 
 afternoon of April 18, 1880, which dGstroyed many lives and ninch prop- 
 erty. The city of Marshtield was literally blown out of existence, with 
 the loss of abont sixty lives. 
 
 On November 21, 1879, there was held a meeting of St. Louis citizens 
 to consider the best practical means of promoting immigration to Mis- 
 souri. At this meeting the St. Louis Immigration Society, now the 
 Missouri Immigration Society, was organized, not in the interest of local 
 immigration alone, bnt to stimulate the organization of similar associa- 
 tions in every county, and, by united eftbrt, to work for the best good of 
 all. The St. Louis society advised and urged the people of each county 
 to organize a home society and to collect, collate aiul summarize, for 
 easy reference, such information as would be of interest to immigrants ; 
 but to present only such facts us would bear the closest scrutLin'. A 
 State Immigration Convention was called, to which each county was 
 requested to send delegates, who would prepare and submit to the Con- 
 vention reports descriptive of their respective counties. In addition, 
 well known citizens of distinguished ability, selected because (;f their 
 special knowledge of and their peculiar fitness to discuss the subjects 
 assigned to them, were invited to prepare papers upon subjects relallng 
 to the social, commercial, manufacturing, mineral ami agricultural 
 resources of the State at large. 
 
 This convention met in the city of St. Louis, April 13th, with four 
 hundred and fifty-seven representative men in attendance, the Governor 
 of the State presiding. Its deliberations lasted three days, and resolu- 
 tions, expressive of the sentiments of the people of Missouri, and 
 extending a welcome hand to the immigrant world, were unanimously 
 adopted. 
 
 This Society has issued a valuable Hand-book of Missouri, and estab- 
 lished several European agencies. The present officers (1881) are, 
 Thomas W. Fitch, President and Secretary; Thomas C. Fletcher, Vice- 
 President; Morrison Renshaw, Secretary. 
 
 The Republican State Convention, to appoint delegates to the Chicago 
 Convention and to nominate Presidential Electors, met at Sedalia on 
 April 24, 1880, and was organized by the choice of Judge David Wagner 
 as temporary Chairman, and his subsequent election as President of the 
 Convention. 
 
4805 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The Democratic Slute Convention, to appoint delegates to the Cincin- 
 nati Convention, met at Moberly on May 26tl), and ^\'as organized the 
 foUowing day, with Mr. John F. Williams, ot Macon, a.s temporary Chair- 
 man, Hon. B. Gratz Brown was elected President of the Convention. 
 
 The Democratic State Convention, to nominate State officers, met pur- 
 suant to the call of the Central Committee at Jefferson City on July 22d, 
 18S0, and was organized by the appointment of Hon. Charles P. John- 
 son, of St. Louis, as temporary Chairman, and the subsequent election 
 of Hon. WiUard P. Hall, of St. Joseph, as President, The Convention 
 nominated the following ticket: For Governor, Thomas T. Crittenden, 
 (if Cas> ; for Lieutenant-Governor, Robert A. Campbell, of St. Louis ; 
 for Supreme Court Judge, K. D. Ray, of Carrdll ; for Secretary of State, 
 M. K. McGrath, of St.. Louis; for Treasurer, Phil. E. Chappell, of 
 Cole ; for Auditor, John Walker, of Howard ; for Attorney General, D. 
 PI. Mclntyre, of Audrain ; Registpr of Lands, Robert T. McCulIach, of 
 Cooper; RMilroad Connnissioner, George C. Pratte, of Boone. The 
 Convention also nominated Presidential Electors. 
 
 The Republican State Convention, to nominate State officers, met at 
 Mercantile Library Hall, in St. Louis, on September 15th, and was 
 organized by tiie appointment of W. J. Tyrrell, of Cass County, as 
 temporary Chairman. Mr. Tyrrell was also elected President of the 
 Convention, which placed in nomination, a full State ticket, headed by 
 Hon. David P. Dyer for Governor. 
 
 At the election in November the Democratic nominees for State officers 
 and for Presidenti.-d Electors were all chosen by handsome majorities. 
 
 Of the thirteen Congressmen elected, the followin2; eight were Demo- 
 ci-.'its : First District, Martin L. Clardy ; Second District, Thomas Allen : 
 Third District, Richard G. Frost; Fonrth District, Lowndes H. Davis; 
 Fifth District, Richard P. Bland ; Eleventh District, John B. Clark, Jr. ; 
 Twelfth District, William H.' Hatch ; Thirteenth District, Aylett H. 
 Bnckner. Groonbackers were elected as follows : Sixth District, Ira S. 
 Hazeltine ; Seventh District, Sheron M. Price ; Ninth District, Nicholas 
 Ford ; Tenth District, J. H. Burroughs. 
 
 The misunderstanding in the Eighth Congressional District became so 
 intense that two Democratic candidates, Hon. John T. Crisp and Hon. 
 D. C. Allen, were nominated. Each claimed for himself to be, and was, 
 supported by his adherents as the regular Democratic nominee. The 
 Republicans nominated Hon. R. T. Van Horn, and he was elected. 
 
NEW RAILROADS. 480c 
 
 The Thu'ty-first General Assembly convened ah the Capital on January 
 5, 1881. Lieutenant-Governor H. C. Brockmeyer presided in the Senate. 
 Hon. T. J. O. Morrison, of New Madrid, was elected President ^j'o tern., 
 and F. E. Nesbit, of St. Clair, was chosen Secretary. 
 
 The House was organized by the election of T. P. Bashaw, of Monroe, 
 as Speaker, and J. H. Hawley, of St. Louis, as Chief Clerk. 
 
 Hon. T. T. Crittenden was inaugurated Governor of Missouri on Tues- 
 day, January 10, 1881. On the same day Hon. K. A. Campbell was 
 introduced to the State Senate as the Lieul-enant-Governor of the State, 
 nnd hence presiding officer of that body. 
 
 "On Tuesday, January 18th, Hon. Francis M. Cockrell was ro-electcd 
 United States Senator, the vote being as follows : 
 
 House. Senate. Total. 
 
 Francis M. Cockrell 24 94 118 
 
 DavidP. D}'er 5 37 42 
 
 G. B. Bemardi 2 4 6 
 
 James O. Broadhead 1 1 
 
 The development and growth of the State is well indicated by the 
 mileage of new railroads built in the years 1880 and 1881. 
 
 The Missouri Pacific Company have built a line from Pleasant Hill 
 south through Cass, Bates, Vernon, Barton and Jasper counties to Car- 
 thage, and another from Tipton to Versailles. The St. Louis and San 
 Francisco Company have built a line fi'om Plymouth south to the State 
 Line, and are carrying it on towards the Gulf; also a line from Joplin 
 to Galena. The Missouri, Ft. Scott & Gulf Eailroad Company have 
 built tracks connecting Joplin and their main line, as well as the coal 
 fields of Bates County and the main line ; also a new line from Godfrey, 
 Kansas, to Springfield, Missouri. The Sedalia, Warsaw & Southern 
 (narrow gauge) extends from Sedalia to Warsaw. 
 
 The Chicago and Alton Company have completed their line from Mex- 
 ico to Kansas City. The St. Louis, Wabash & Western combination 
 have added a line from their former terminus at Pattonsburg to Council 
 Bluffs, and another from Kirksville to Trenton. 
 
 The Tarkeo Valley Railroad extends from Corning north through 
 Atchison County, and the No..^away Valley Railway, from Bidgelow 
 north through Holt and Nodaway counties. 
 
 The St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern Railway have closed the gap 
 between Louisiana and St. Louis. The Crystal City Railway connects 
 
480d HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 the former city with the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway. 
 The St. Joe Lead Mines are also connected with the above railroad by u 
 new line. 
 
 The Cape Girardeau Railway is completed to Lakeville, Stoddard 
 Coiint}'. The new narrow gauge line from New Madrid west to Maiden 
 opens up the cotton fields of Southeast Missouri to a ready market and 
 river connection. 
 
 The Southern Hotel, in St. Louis, the blackened walls of which were 
 for some time constant reminders of the tragic incidents attending its 
 destruction, was rebuilt by Hon. Thomas Allen. In this rebuilding the 
 hotel has been much enlarged and in every way greatly improved. 
 
 The magnitude and beauty of this edifice, "its quasi public character, 
 together with the prominence of those directly connected with its own- 
 ership, building and management, made its grand reopening, on May 11, 
 1881, an event of public importance, which was the occasion of one of 
 the most brilliant social gatherings the State has ever witnessed. The 
 Southern now stands an enduring and beautiful attraction to the city and 
 the pride of the State, and its fire-proof construction renders impossible 
 any loss of life or property by such a catastrophe as <jccurred at its 
 former destruction. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 OLD DUELS. 
 
 1817.— Duel between Colokel Thomas H. Benton and Charles Lucas. 
 
 A correspondent, (" T ") writing from Covington, Kentucky, February 8, 1877, 
 to the Cincinnati Commercial, gives a detailed, apparently correct, and intensely 
 interesting account of three of the most bloody duels that ever occurred in this 
 country, and wliich gave to the island on which East St. Louis is located its san- 
 guinary title, Bloody Island — a name, however, that is now fast becoming merely 
 historical. To this paper we are chiefly indebted for the following history of the 
 duel between Colonel Thomas II. Benton and Charles Lucas. 
 
 Colonel Benton's affray with GeneralJackson, at Nashville, in 1813, and the violent 
 personal animosities it engendered — reiidering his further residence in Tennessee so 
 disagreeable, induced him at the close of his service in the army, in the war of 1812, 
 to remove to Missouri. lie fixed himself in St. Louis and engaged in the practice 
 of law. He also established a newspaper styled the JEnquirer, which he conducted 
 with vigor and ability, but with such carelessness in the use of strong language that 
 he was frequently led into fierce altercations and disputes, and sometimes into per- 
 sonal encountei's. 
 
 Charles Lucas was born near Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1792, and was conse- 
 quently, ten years the junior of Colonel Benton. His father, Hon. John B. C. Lucas, 
 was a native of Normandy, and had immigrated to this country, in 1784, at the in- 
 stance of Dr. Franklin, the American Embassador to France, with whom he had 
 formed a personal acquaintance. He was a lawyer Of high distinction, and at one 
 time represented the Pittsburgh District in Congress^ He removed to St. Louis in 
 1802, and in 1804 was appointed by President Jefierson Chief Justice of the then 
 Territory of Missouri, which he held until 1820. His son Charles was educated at 
 Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in 1811. Upon his return 
 to St. Louis, he began the study of law under the instruction of his father, which 
 he pursued with great assiduity until the breaking out of the war of 1812, when he 
 volunteered in the service of his country, but had to retire on account of ill health. 
 
 In the 'Spring of 1814 he was admitted to the bar, and such were his abilities and 
 character , that he at once entered upon a large and lucrative practice. In the fall of 
 that year he was elected to the Legislature, where his usefulness and prudence 
 attracted general observation. So rapid was his rise that, when barely twenty-four 
 years of age, he received the appointment of United States Attorney for the District 
 of Missouri. This position he held less than a year, when he became involved in 
 his fatal difficulty with Colonel Benton, 
 
 The origin of this difficulty may be best explained by the following memorandum 
 •written on the night preceding their first meeting, and found among Mr. Lucas' 
 papers after his death. It is endorsed: " Origin and State of Differences between 
 Thomas H. Benton and Charles Lucas :" 
 31 
 
482 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 St. Louis, August 11, 1817, ? 
 9 o'clock at night. ^ 
 
 The causes and differences between Thomas H. Benton and myself are these: 
 At the Ootobcr Court of last year, Mr. Benton and I were employed on adverse sides 
 in a case. At the close of the evidence he stated thai the evidence being so and so, 
 the Court should instruct the jury to find accordingly. I stated in reply that there 
 was no such evidence to my remembrance. He replied, ' I contradict you, sir.' I 
 answered, ' I contradict you, sir.' He said, ' If you deny that, you deny the truth.' 
 I replied, ' If yon assert that, you assert that which is not true.' He immediately 
 sent me a challenge, which I declined accepting, for causes stated in my correspon- 
 dence with him. The jury in a few minutes returned a verdict for me, and in 
 opposition to his statement. lie never even moved for a new trial. Since that time 
 we have had no intercourse except on business. 
 
 On the day of the election at St. Louis, 4th of August, 1817, I inquired whether 
 he had paid tax in time to entitle him to vote — he was offering his vote at the time. 
 He applied vehement, abusive and ungentlemanly language to me, I believe some of 
 it behind my back, all of which he declined to recant, or to give me any satisfaction 
 other than by the greatest extremities. This is the state of the dispute between 
 Thos. II. Benton and myself. I make this declaration that, let things eventuate as 
 they may, it may be known how they oi'iginated. 
 
 Chaelks Lucas. 
 
 The reasons of Mr. Lucas for not accepting Colonel Benton's challenge, alluded to 
 in the above memorandum, are contained in the following letter, superinscribed in 
 his own handwriting, which vras also found among his papers after his death : 
 
 St. Louis, Sep. 16, 1817. 
 
 Sir: Your note of this afternoon was received. On proper occasions or for 
 proper causes I w^ould give you the kind of satisfaction you appear to want ; but for 
 such causes as the one you complain of, under all existing circumstances, I would 
 not feel justified in placing myselt in such a situation as to be under the necessity of 
 taking your life or jeopardizing my own. I will itot suffer the free exercise of my 
 rights or the performance of my duties at the bar to be with me a subject of private 
 dispute ; nor will I allow it to others for doing my duty to my clients, more partic- 
 ularly to you in this case, who made the first breach of decorum — if one was made. 
 
 You complain of my having' given you the lie direct. You have as much right 
 to complain of the whole jury, who, on their oaths, found a verdict In direct contra- 
 diction to what yo\i stated to be the evidence. My object was that no misstatement 
 of the testimony should be made in the hearing of the jury without being contra- 
 dicted. This was my duty to my client and myself. 
 
 The verdict of the jury justifies the statement I made of the evidence, and I will 
 not, for supporting that truth, be in any way bound to give theredi-ess or satisfaction 
 you ask for to any person who may feel woituded by such exposure of truth. 
 
 Your?, etc., Charles Lucas. 
 
 Colonel Benton absolutely refusing to retract or apologize for his offensive language 
 at the polls, Mr. Lucas, as soon as lie could arrange his affairs, sent him a challenge, 
 which was accepted. 
 
 The parties met on the 12th day of August, 1817, on Bloody Island. Mr. Lucas 
 was attended to the field by Hon. Joshua Barton, (who fell in a duel near the 
 same spot, a few years later,) and Colonel Clemson, as seconds, and Dr. Quarles as 
 surgeon. Colonel Benton was accompanied by Colonel Luke E. Lawless and Major 
 Joshua Filcher, as seconds, and Dr. B. J. Farrar, as siirgeon. The weapons were 
 pistols, and the distance ten paces. At the first exchange of shots Mr. Lucas was 
 severely wounded in the neck, while Colonel Benton's left leg was touched below 
 the knee, producing aslightcontusion,withoutbreakingtheskin. Mr. Lucas' injury 
 is thus described by his surgeon : 
 
APPENDIX. 483 
 
 " The ball struck obliquely on the left side of the windpipe, in the immediate 
 neighboi'hood of what is called the thyroid cartilage ; it buried itself, and having 
 passed obliquely downwards, came out at about an inch and a quarter from where 
 it entered; in its passage it opened the external jugular vein. As it wag my opin- 
 ion that the wound disabled him from further fighting with equal advantage, I 
 dissuaded him from acccepting another fire. In this opinion I was afterwards con- 
 firmed, for he fainted soon after getting into the boat." 
 
 Colonel Lawless, one of Colonel Benton's seconds, makes the following statement 
 in the Missouri Gazette of September £6, 1817, which will be found important when 
 we come to consider the morality or justifiableness of the subsequent proceedings : 
 
 " When the parties fired I asked by request of Colonel Benton, if Mr. Lucas was 
 satisfied? to which lie answered in the negative. Upon this I was proceeding to 
 reload, when Mr. Barton, a second for Mr. Lucas, informed me that it was the opinion 
 of Dr. Quarles that the woixnd which Mr. Lucas had received was more serious than 
 lie had at first imagined, and that he considered it necessary that he should quit the 
 field. In consequence, I again demanded of Mr. Lucas if he was satisfied, and if he 
 wished for another meeting with Colonel Benton. To this question he replied that 
 he was satisfied, and that fio did not require a second meeting. Having reported the 
 answer to Colonel Benton, he declared aloud that he was not satisfied, and required 
 that Mr. Lucas should continue to fight or pledge himself to come out again as soon 
 as his wound should be in a state to permit him. This promise was accordingly 
 given, and the parties pledged themselves by their seconds to jjerform it." 
 
 In a letter, addressed by Mr. Barton to Judge Lucas, this statement of Colonel 
 Lawless is confirmed. 
 
 In spite of the severity of his wound and the extreme heat of the weather, with 
 skillful surgical attention and careful nursing, Mr. Lucas soon recovered so far as to 
 partially resume his professional occupations. On the 22d of August, feeling 
 entirely able to meet Colonel Benton again, he authorized his friend, Mr. Barton, to 
 notify him of the fact. I transcribe Mr. Barton's statement: 
 
 " It was agreed on the ground at the first meeting that I should inform the friend 
 of Colonel Benton as soon as Mr. Lucas was sufficiently recovered to meet Colonel 
 Benton again. On Friday, the 22d of August, about 8 o'clock in the morning, I 
 waited on Colonel Lawless for that purpose. Colonel Lawless inquired after Mr. 
 Lucas' health, and his state of convalescence, to which I replied that he was then 
 sufficiently recovered to meet Colonel Benton. Colonel Lawless asked when we 
 would be ready to go out, to which I answered the next morning, or at whatever 
 time should be thought best. Colonel Lawless then informed me that he was going 
 that day to Herculaneum on important business of his own, and should not return 
 before the next Sunday evening or Monday morning, and mentioned something of 
 Colonel Benton calling in another friend, in case the meeting took place next morn- 
 ing. I professed my willingness to postpone it until his return, if Colonel Benton 
 was willing. Colonel Lawless not seeming disposed to agree to anything without 
 previous consultation with him. We conversed freely on everything connected with 
 the affair, and particularly on the prospects of peace resulting from an attempt which 
 had been made a few days before to that end. Colonel Lawless did not know, at 
 that time, whether his friend would drop it in the way which had been proposed, 
 but said he (Colonel Lawless) would ' make another trial on him.' We parted with 
 an understanding, as I thought, that Colonel Benton was to be informed of what 
 had passed, who could then either withdraw his demand for a second meeting, call 
 in another friend, or wait Colonel Lawless' return. I was surprised at not hearing 
 from them sooner, and afterward asked Colonel Lawless if he had not informed his 
 friend, before going to Herculaneum, who told me he had called for that purpose, 
 but did not find him at home. I considered that sufficient notice was given." 
 
 I again quote from the published statement of Colonel Lawless, which I may here 
 remark is dated September 18, or nine days before the second meeting : 
 
484 HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 " The earnest representations of Colonel Benton's= friends and his own general 
 disposition had considerably weakened those indignant feelings which, on the 
 ground, liad impelled liim to exact of his antagonist the promise of another interview. 
 His cooler reflection informed him that having wounded the man who had chal- 
 langedhira, and who, notwithstanding his wound, declared himself satisfied, in 
 pursuing Mr. Lucas further his conduct would assume an aspect of vengeance for- 
 eign from his heart, and the sympathies and opinions of his fellow-citzens would 
 probably be raised against him. On these considerations he liad almost determined 
 to withdraw the demand for a second meeting, and he did not conceal these feelings 
 from those persons with whom he was in the habit of intercourse. Colonel Benton, 
 fu tlms yielding to the entreaties of friendship and to the dictates of his conscience, 
 did not imagine that he was furnishing a means of calumny to his enemies, or that 
 the motives of his conduct could possibly be misunderstood. In this idea he found 
 himself disappointed, and was in a very few days assailed by reports of the most 
 olfensive nature to his feelings and reputation. Colonel Benton then saw the neces- 
 sity of disproving those reports either by another meeting or by the explanation of 
 Mr. Lucas, from whom or from whose friends he supposed them to have proceeded. 
 He accordingly determined to await the moment when Mr. Lucas should be 
 sufliciently recovered to come to the field, and then give him an opportunity of 
 justifying or contradicting the reports in circulation. About this time Mr, Barton 
 called on me, whether in the capacity of Mr. Lucas' second or not, I cannot say, and 
 in the course of conversation, in reply to a question of mine, informed me that Mr. 
 Lnoas was sutRciently recovered to meet Col. Benton. 
 
 " At this moment I was on the point of leaving St. Louis for Horculaneum, and 
 therefore deferred conveying the information to Col. Benton until my return, which 
 was two days afterward. 
 
 " On my arrival, I lost no time in stating to Col. Benton the conversation I had 
 with Mr. Barton, and at his request immediately called \ipon the latter gentlemair. 
 As I was one of those who -was of opinion that he should release Mr. Lucas from the 
 pledge that he laad given, I felt considerable regret tliat the generous intentions of 
 my friend should be affected by reports which might have been circulated without 
 the knowledge of Mr. Lucas, and considered it, therefore, my duty to exert myself 
 in every way consistent with the honor of Col. Benton to avert a result which 
 would certainly prove more or less calamitous. 
 
 "With this view I stated to Mr. Barton the motives which have disposed Col. 
 Benton to release Mr. Lucas from his promise to meet him, and the causes that 
 counteracted this disposition. I then proposed that Mr. Lucas should sign a declar- 
 ation disavowing the reports in question. To this proposition Mr. Barton assented, 
 and a declaration to the above effect was drawn up and agreed to by us. The 
 dcclai'ation, which appeared to me sufficiently full, was submitted to Mr. Lucas, who 
 consented to sign it. Col. Benton, however, did not consider it sufficiently explicit, 
 and rejected it. This decision appeared to leave no other alternative than a meeting, 
 Aviiich was accordingly agreed upon by Mr. Barton and me, and was 'fixed for the 
 morning after the rising of the Superior Court, which was then sitting. 
 
 "It may, perhaps, be necessary to state that on Mr. Barton's suggestion that the 
 distance should be shortened, I consented on the part of my friend to any distance 
 from ten paces to five, which latter was mentioned by Mr. Barton as best "calculated 
 to place the parties on equality. 
 
 " In this situation matters_ remained for three or four days, during which time my 
 own reflection and the opinions of honorable and sensible men whom I consulted, 
 convinced me that the cause of the quarrel at present being perhaps ideal, I should 
 omit no effort to prevent the fatal consequences of such a meeting. In their 
 opinion the personal safety of my friend was my least consideration, as upon such 
 occasions it ever has been. 
 
 "With this view I drew up a second declaration, more explicit and full than the 
 former, precluding all possibility of mistake as to the motives or conduct of either 
 party, and, as it appeared to me, consistent with the honor of both. Mr. Barton 
 having examined and approved of it, obtained from Mr. Lucas his consent to sign it. 
 I, on my j)art, stibmitted it to Col. Benton, and, supported by his other friends, suc- 
 ceeded in inducing him to accept it. The terms of the declaration are as follows: 
 
 '' 'In consequence of reports having reached Colonel Benton of declarations com- 
 
APPENDIX. 485 
 
 ing from me respecting the distance at which I iutenclcd to bring him at onr next 
 meeting, I hereby declare that I never said anything on that subjent with a view of 
 its becoming public or of its coming to the Icnowledge of Colonel Benton, and that I 
 have never said or insinuated, or caused to be said or insinuated, that Colmiel Benton 
 was not disposed and ready to meet me at any distance at any time whatsoever. 
 
 " 'Chas. Lucas.' 
 
 " Having now stated the transactions between tliese gentlemen as accurately as I 
 am able without entering into details of minute particulars, or a report of the 
 expressions used by one pai-ty or the other — details which might irritate, without 
 answering any useful purpcse — I submit the whole to the follow citizens of Colonel 
 Benton, in the perfect pursuasiou that if the reports to which I have referred, and 
 which have drawu from me this statement, should have produced an impressiou 
 injurious to the repntation of my friend, the facts which I liave thus detailed will 
 disabuse the public and will convince them that those reports are false and absurd, 
 and that the authors of them, whoever they may be, are deserving of the contempt 
 and execration of every man of generosity or sense of honor. 
 
 " Jj. E. Lawless 
 
 " 'St. Louis, Sept. 18th, t817." 
 
 Colonel Lawless evidently miscalculated the " generous disposition " of his friend, 
 Colonel Benton, for three days after the publication of the above communication, he 
 found himself intrusted with the delivery of the following letter to Mr. Lucas: 
 
 St. Louis, Sept. 23, 1817. 
 
 Sir : When I released you from your engagement to return to Ihe Island, I yielded 
 to a feeling of generosity in my own bosom, and to a sentiment of deference to the 
 judgment of others. From the reports which now fill the country it would seem that 
 yourself and some of your friends have placed my conduct to very ditferent motives. 
 The object of this is to bring these calumnies to an end and to give you an oppor- 
 tunity to ju.stifv the great expectations which have been excited. Colonel Lawless 
 will receive yoiir terms, and X expect your distance not to exceed nine feet. 
 
 " T. II. Bknton." 
 
 " To Chas. Lucas, Esq." 
 
 Mr. Lucas was absent attending the Superior Conrt at Jackson at the date of this 
 message, and did not return until two days afterward. The message was delivered 
 to him within one houi- after his return. He resnonded immediately : 
 
 St. Louis, Sept. 26th, 1817. 
 
 Sir: I received your note of the 23rd inst. this morning on my arrival from below. 
 Although I am conscious that no respectable man can say that he has heard any of these 
 reports from me, and that I think it more than in-obable they have been fabricated 
 by your own friends than circulated by any who call themselves mine; yet, without 
 even knowing what reports you have heard, I shall give you an opportunity to grat- 
 ify your wishes and the wishes of your news-carriers. My friend, Mr. Barton, has 
 ftill authority to act for me. 
 
 " Charles Lucas." 
 
 " T. H. Benton, Esq." 
 
 The parlies met early on the morning following acceptance. The distance Anally 
 agreed upon was ten feet. Both flred at nearly the same time, Benton having a 
 barely perceptible advantage in the quickness of his shot. The ball from his pistol 
 went through the right arm of Mr. Lucas and penetrated his body in the region of 
 the heart. °He fell, and shortly expired. Colonel Benton escaped unhurt. Mr. Bar- 
 ton, Lucas' second, states that " at the last interview he appeared equally cool and 
 deliberate. Both presented and fired so nearly together that I could not distinguish 
 two reports. Others, who stood on the shore state that they heard two echoes. It 
 was remarked that Mr. Lucas raised his weapon in good intention ; hence it is to be 
 
486 HISTOEY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 supposed that the ball of his adversary struck his arm before or at the moment liis 
 pistol exploded, and destroyed the efTect of his shot." 
 
 Benton approached his victim and expressed his sorrow at what had happened, 
 after the etiquette of such occasions, if no better feeling may be supposed, and 
 Lncas replied, " Colonel Benton, you have persecuted and murdered me. 1 do not 
 and can not forgive you." This he repeated, but as his life fast ebbed — for he sur- 
 vived but a few minutes — perhaps thinking that he must forgive if he expected 
 Divine forgiveness, he looked at his slayer and whispered audibly, " I can forgive 
 you ; I do forgive you," and extended his hand. A^ moment more and all was 
 over. 
 
 This I believe to be a correct statement, as far as the facts can now be ascertained, 
 of this atrocious affair. The conduct of Colonel Benton cannot be justified. Even 
 imdor the code he had no right, after the exchange of shots at the first meeting, and 
 while still on the ground, to reverse his relations with his antagonist, and himself 
 assume the right of the challenger. He was there to give satisfaction and not to 
 demand it; nor to exact the promise of another meeting after his challenger had de- 
 clared himself satisfied. lie forced the second meeting against the judgment and 
 advice of his best friends, in defiance of the customs governing such affairs, and in 
 spite of every dictate of humanity and of all moral principle; and this to "justify 
 the great expectations which had been excited," they growing out of certain un- 
 founded reports, in the minds of a class of people ho ouglittohave despised. Little 
 wonder, then, that in after life he was averse to alluding to the due), and that, pre- 
 vious to his death, he destroyed all the papers in his possession relating to it. 
 
 The action of the seconds on either side is entitled to the severest reprehension. 
 They flagrantly violated the rules which it was their business to know, and fairly 
 divide the responsibility of the consequences. Colonel Benton appears to have suc- 
 cessfully bullied them all. 
 
 I will conclude with a tribute to the character of Mr. Lucas, fi'om one who knew 
 him well, and was perfectly acquainted with the circumstances of his untimely tak- 
 ing otf : 
 
 " The courage of Charles Lucas was not an odious compound of invidious ferocity, 
 excited by a sense of superiority of skill over his adversary, bolstered up and stim- 
 iilated by the expectation of occupying a high standing with liis confederates. It 
 was simple, ingenuous, modest, calm and undaunted, even under every possible 
 disadvantage; indeed, it was such as would have enabled him to perform for his 
 country the most heroic acts, had he met with the opportunity. He could not but 
 know that at a ten ieet distance, and with such a skillful adversary, he must be shot 
 down — he could not hojie anj'thing more than to drag to the grave witli him his 
 persecutor — his implacable enemy. As Attorney for the United States for this Ter- 
 ritory he was truly a check upon every officer acting therein, nnder the laws of the 
 United States. Many old practices could not be kept up, continued or overlooked. 
 As a man his character was too pure and irreproachable ; his prospects were too 
 fair; a local faction could not prevent the good people of the territory from appre- 
 ciating his worth ; from making use of his virtues and talents." 
 
 This is his epitaph, as prepared by his father : 
 
 " Charles Lucas, died on the 27th of September, 1817, aged 25 years and 3 days. 
 He was the ornament of his father's family ; he was a precious model to his younger 
 brothers — their ardent friend — their best hope of support when their father would 
 he no more. John B. C. Lucas." 
 
APPENDIX. 487 
 
 1823.— Duel between Thomas C. Rector and Joshua Barton. 
 
 In the Missouri Bepublican of June 25, 1823, there appeared a communication, 
 signed " Philo," which bore severely upon the official conduct of William Rector, 
 Surveyor General of the Territorial District of Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas. 
 The editor of the paper remarked: 
 
 " "We have inserted the communication signed ' Philo' on the principle that men in 
 office are bound to answer to the people for the manner in which they discharge their 
 public duties ; and that if charges are made against them from a respectable and 
 responsible source, and are couched in decorous term"s, the press would defeat the 
 object of its institution if it refused to permit them to come before the public. By 
 this course the innocent cannot be injured, If the charges are untrue, he who utters 
 them is disgraced ; if they are true, the people are interested in knowing it, while 
 the party implicated has nothing to complain of in the development." 
 
 The complaint of the anonymous correspondent was that the Surveyor General 
 indulged in the practice of giving out the largest and best contracts for surveying to 
 his family connections and personal friends, who sub-let them, and, without incur- 
 ring any particular labor, responsibility or risk, were enabled to pocket considerable 
 emoluments, to the injury and demoralization of the public service. These charges 
 had been used against Surveyor General Rector to prevent his reappointment to the 
 office; and prominently so by Senator Barton, of Missouri, when his appointment 
 came up for contirmation. 
 
 In later times such objections to an official would be regarded as trivial, but in 
 those early days the imputation was deemed to be dishonorable. On the appearance 
 of the communication, Mr. Thomas C. Rector, a brother of the Surveyor General, 
 called upon the editor and demanded the name of the writer. Joshua Barton, a 
 brother of Senator Barton, and at the time United States Attorney for the District 
 of ISIissouri, was given as the author. Mr. Rector immediately challenged him. 
 The result may appropriately be given in the subjoined extract from the editorial 
 columns of the Republican of July 2, 1823 : 
 
 " On Monday, 30th ult., a meeting took place between Joshua Barton, Esq., Dis- 
 trict Attorney of the United States, and Thomas C. Rector, in consequence of a 
 communication signed ' Philo,' which appeared in last week's paper. The parties 
 met at 6 p. m., on the island opposite this place. They both fired at the word, when 
 Mr. Barton fell mortally wounded. Mr. Rector escaped unhurt. Mr. Barton 
 expired on the ground. In him Missouri has lost one of her ablest and worthiest 
 citizens." 
 
 Surveyor General Rector, who had been absent in Washington City attending to 
 his imperiled political and personal interests, reached St. Louis on the day following 
 the duel. On the 2d of July, and simultaneously with the above announcement— 
 for it must be borne in mind that the liepublican was only issued as a weekly at that 
 
 time he issued a card in which the public was informed that circumstances had 
 
 occurred which prevented his replying to the publication over the signature of 
 "Philo "and requesting a suspension of opinion until his answer was seen. He 
 accompanied this card with a notification to the editors that he would hold them 
 personally responsible for any communications relating to his official conduct which 
 might appear in their columns without the signature of the writer. To this the 
 ■editorial response was, of course, commendably defiant. 
 
 Surveyor General Rector did not fairly make good his promises. In the next 
 issue of the liepublican he published a short communication, generally denying the 
 
488 PIISTOKY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 truth of the charges made against him, and presenting, as a complete defense, th& 
 fact that in spite of these charges he had been reappointed to office, and confirmed. 
 Tliis he deemed a sufficient answer to the injurious i-eports circulated against him,, 
 and a jnstiflcation of his brother's call of Mr. Bai-ton to the field. 
 
 In the Bepuhllcan of July 16, Edward Bates, Esq., a prominent lawyer and citi- 
 zen of St. Louis, and subsequently of National reputation, felt it his duty to reply, 
 which he did over his own proper signature : 
 
 "I lose no time," said he, "in giving my public pledge to substantiate every 
 material statement in the piece signed 'Philo.' I very nnwilhngly obtrude my 
 name upon the public as a newspaper writer, but the long intimacy and more than 
 brotherly connection between Mr. Barton and me have identified us in the public 
 niind, and caused the people to look to me as the inheritor of his principles and feel" 
 ings for a vindication of his name and character. In this just expectation they shall 
 not be disappointed." 
 
 Senator Barton also published a card, in which he said: 
 
 "I now assert before the public that every material allegation in the article signed 
 'Philo' is true, and that I can prove it in any mode of investigation calculated to 
 admit the truth in evidence and the production of testimony." 
 
 Mr. Bates redeemed his pledge in the most convincing manner. He showed that 
 no less than twelve relatives and connections of Surveyor-General Eector had 
 received from him appointments as deputy surveyors, and had sub-let contracts at 
 enormous profits to themselves. In the year 1822 alone, out of two hundred and 
 flftj'-four townships surveyed, one hundred and ninety-five were given to his own 
 kindred. Among the beneficiaries of this nepotism, if I am not mistaken, was the 
 Kector who laid claim to the Hot Springs of Arkansas, the litigation as to the title of 
 which only recently terminated by a final decision in the United States Supreme 
 Court. Mr. Bates concluded his triumphant exposure in the following sensible and 
 dignified manner : 
 
 "If General Rector should take offense at what I have written, the courts are 
 open to him, and if I have wronged him the laws will aflord him a vindictive rem- 
 edy. If he will venture to take this course, I will justify these statements and prove 
 the facts upon him before a jury." 
 
 Yet, for venturing to utter the actual truth, Joshua Barton sacrificed his life. 
 Nemesis was not asleep, however. Thomas C. Rector, if I am correctly informed,, 
 was killed in a brawl, while his brother, for whose good name he risked his life,, 
 died in poverty and misery, in Illinois, some years after these occurrences. 
 
 1S31. — Duel Between Thomas Biddle and Spencer Pettis. 
 
 This doubly tragical event occurred on Friday, August 27, 18S1. Mr. Pettis was a 
 Representative in Congi-ess and a candidate for re-election. At that time President 
 Jackson was waging his memorable war against the United States Bank. Mr. 
 Nicholas Biddle was at the head of that institution, and in consequence of such rela- 
 tion a very conspicuous figure in the politics of that day. Mr. Pettis was a sup- 
 porter of the Administration. In his canvass of the district (which embraced the 
 whole State of Missouri), he was severe in his opposition to the bank — a fact which 
 it is probable led to the opposition to his election by Major Thomas Biddle, a brother 
 of Nicholas Biddle and a Paymaster of the United States Army, then stationed in 
 
APPENDIX. 489 
 
 St. Louis, where he had recently married the daughter of a prominent and wealthy 
 citizen. During the canvass, an attack was made upon Mr. Pettis by an anonymous 
 writer in one of the St. Louis papers (who signed himself "Missouri"), in which the 
 writer was particularly severe on Mr. Pettis, endeavoring to show that he was unfit 
 to represent Missouri in Congi-ess, ridiculing him in a most extravagant manner; 
 comparing him to a "bowl of skimmed milk," a "plate of dried herrings," and mak- 
 ing many other odious comparisons. 
 
 To these attacks, Mr. Pettis replied over his own signature, charging Major Bid- 
 die with the authorship of the articles. Quoting the disparaging comparisons above 
 mentioned, he said that "all that might be true, but had Major Biddle ever given 
 any evidence to the world of his manhood?" This remark greatly oflfended Major 
 Biddle, who, although esteemed for his urbanity, lost command of himself, and for- 
 got the dignity of his station and pi'ofession. AVithout taking the advice of anyone, 
 he formed the resolution to castigate Mr. Pettis with a cowhide. Armed with this 
 instrument, he sought that gentleman at his lodgings in the City Hotel, of St. Louis. 
 It was very early in the morning. He inquired of a servant to be shown to Mr, 
 Pettis' apartments, which was done without any suspicion as to his motive for call- 
 ing at so unusual an hour. He found Mr. Pettis lying on a mattress spread upon 
 the piazza adjoining his room, in his night clothes and asleep. Stripping him of his 
 covering, he proceeded to administer an unmerciful chastisement. The noise 
 aroused a number of the guests, who interfered and put a stop to the violence. Ma- 
 jor Biddle retired without having uttered a word. 
 
 The occurrence produced extraordinary excitement. Great sympathy was felt for 
 Mr. Pettis, who was personally extremely popular — he was a very young man, and 
 was regarded as the rising politician of the State — and besides was at thS time in 
 feeble health, having recently suffered a bilious attack in which his life was de- 
 spaired. He took no immediate steps toward redressing the outrage, jjreferring to 
 await the result of the pending election and his full restoration to health. He wa» 
 chosen by a triumphant majoi'ity, the assault upon him being regarded as political 
 rather than personal, and bearing no disgrace with it, the most Christian of his sup- 
 porters feeling satisfied that Major Biddle would be "called out" when the proper 
 time came. 
 
 Unfortunately, however, for the memory of Mr. Pettis, immediately preceding 
 the election, feeling apprehensive that he might be attacked by Major Biddle upon 
 the street, who was furious at the abuse he was constantly receiving from a partisan 
 press, and vexatiously disaijpointed at Mr. Pettis' delay in making the usual demand 
 upon him for the unparalelled affront he had given him, he went before a magis- 
 trate and procured the arrest of the Major upon a peace-warrant. Both were pres- 
 ent in Court when the warrant was returned. Mr. Pettis made some demonstra- 
 tion toward Major Biddle with a pistol, as if to attack him, but was restrained by 
 his friends. Thereupon ho, too, was placed under bonds by the magistrate. Dur- 
 ing the altercation Major Biddle remarked that to prevent the recurrence of such 
 unseemly squabbles, if Mr. Pettis would send him a challenge he would promptly 
 accept it, notwithstanding his bonds. The challenge was sent on the following day. 
 
 Major Edward Dobyns, of Fulton, Mo., and in 1831 a citizen of St. Louis, well ac- 
 quainted with all the parties to the duel and the facts relating to it, in a letter to the 
 Cincinnati Commercial, dated Feb. 22, 1877, maintains that this account does Mr. 
 Pettis injustice and offers this correction: 
 
490 HISTOKY OF MISSOUKI. 
 
 It will be remembered that Hon. David Barton, United States Senator from 
 Missouri, who wag a candidate for re-election, had jnst been defeated by Colonel 
 Alexander Buckner. Judge Barton, who was an able statesman and strong sup- 
 porter of Mr. Adams and Mr. Clay, was the Whig candidate in support of the Uni- 
 ted States Bank against Mr. Pettis, who was a candidate for re-election to Congress. 
 It was all important to the friends of General Jackson that Mr. Barton should not be 
 sent back to Congress. The attack of Major Biddle upon Mr. Pettis was made about 
 the 10th of July, and the election was to take place on the first Monday in August. 
 Thatbeing the "case, there would have been no time, if Mr. Pettis had challenged 
 Major Biddle, as he intended to do, and fallen, to put in his place a man to defeat 
 Judge Barton. 
 
 The hotel at which Mr. Pettis was stopping, stood very near the residence of Col- 
 onel Thomas H. Benton. At about daylight Mrs. Benton awoke her husband, and 
 asked if he did not hear a noise at the hotel. Mr. Benton said he did not. Mrs. 
 Benton said that she had heard it distinctly, and would not be surprised if a diffi- 
 culty had occurred between Mr. Pettis and Major Biddle. Mr. Benton immediately 
 arose, and went over to the hotel, and found that Mrs. Benton's surmise was cor- 
 rect. Major Biddle had jnst left; Colonel Benton did not remain with Mr. Pettis 
 more than Ave muintes. These facta I learned from Colonel Benton himself; my 
 long acquaintance with him (having been for many years both personal and polit- 
 ical friends) enables me to say thatin that short interview he said to Mr. Pettis: "If 
 you should challenge Mr. Biddle immediately, as you wish to do, and you should chance 
 to fall, tlio election is so near at hand and tlie 8tate so large (Missouri being entitled 
 to but one member), there would not be time to bring out another candidate and to 
 transmit the news througout the State before the day of election, and consequently 
 Mr. Barton would be elected. Therefore, have Major Biddle arrested, and take all 
 the facts in tlie case and have them printed and circulated throughout the State 
 (which was done), and after the election is over, then, sir, Heave you to vindicate 
 your honor in such manner as you may deem most consistent tuith the principles 
 that govern gentlemen.'" 
 
 Mr. Pettis reluctantly adopted this course, and on the same day had Ivlajor Biddle 
 brought before Judge Peter Ferguson on a peace-warrant. I was present at the 
 trial and saw the parties in Court, and can say that your correspondent is mistaken 
 in his statement that Mr. Pettis made some demonstration towai'd Major Biddle with 
 a pistol, but was restrained by his friends. I sat within a few feet of Mr. Pettis and 
 have no recollection of any demonstration on the part of Mr. Pettis. Major Bjddle 
 intimated that certain satisfaction might be given. 
 
 Your correspondent makes the following statement, for which there is not the 
 least foundation: "During the altercation Major Biddle remarked that, to prevent 
 the recui'ienco of such unseemly squabbles, if Sir. Pettis would send him a challenge 
 he would ])roinjjtlv' accept it, notwithstanding his bonds. The challenge was sent 
 on the following day." The challenge was not sent on the following day, nor was 
 Major Biddle under bonds. It was not sent for nearly two months afterwards, for 
 the reason before stated, of which I shall say more hereafter. 
 
 Judge Ferguson, very reasonably supposing, in view of the outrage on Mr. Pet- 
 tes, that he might commit a breach of the peace by attacking Major Biddle, bound 
 both parties to keep the peace. 
 
 Major Dobyns, says : " After the election, Mr. Pettis returned to St. Louis, but in a 
 few days went down to Ste. Genevieve, and spent some weeks with Dr. Lewis F. Linn 
 (afterwards United States Senator, succeeding Alexander Buckner). About this 
 time Major Biddle left St. Louis on official business, as Paymaster of the United 
 States troops stationed in the West; wsnt to Prairie Du Chion to pay off the troops 
 stationed at that post, arriving in St. Louis a few days before Mr. Pettis returned 
 from Ste. Genevieve, 
 
 " About August 18th, more than a month after he met Major Biddle at Judge Fer- 
 guson's office, Mr. Pettis returned from Dr. Linn's to St. Louis, stopped at the City 
 Hotel, and the next day went up to the residence of Captain Martin Thomas, a 
 retired officer of the United States army, and spent some days with him. He placed 
 himself under Captain Thomas' training, he being a gentleman of experience in 
 dueling, and on August 21st or 22nd (and not on the day after meeting Major Biddle 
 at the Magistrate's office, as your correspondent says), a challenge was borne by 
 Captain Thomas to Major Biddle from Mr. Pettis. 
 
APPENDIX. 491 
 
 " Mr. Biddle, being the challenged party, of course had the right to choose the 
 •weapons, and prescribe the distance and time of rheeting. The weapons were 
 pistols, distance five feet and time 3 o'clock p. m., Friday, August 27th, 1831, 
 
 " No objection ■whatever was urged by Mr. Pettis to the terms. Major Biddle was 
 attended by Major Benjamin O'Fallon as second, and Dr. H. Lane as surgeon ; Mr. 
 Pettis by Captain Martin Thomas as second, and Dr. L. F. Linn. 
 
 " The intelligence of the duel spread through the city, and an immense concourse 
 of people lined the river shore opposite the island to witness it. The windows and 
 the tops of the houses in the vicinity were crowded with spectators. Owing to the 
 near sightedncss of Major Biddle and the deadly nalure of the difficulty, the distance 
 ■was flxed at ^«e /ee<.' Both parties behaved intrepidly and coolly. When they 
 presented their pistols they overlapped ! 
 
 " Both parties stood erect ; Major Biddle's ball passed through the front of Mr. Pet- 
 tis' abdomen; one inch farther to the front would have missed him. Mr. Pettis' ball 
 struck Major Biddle in the center of the hip, passing in and lodging in the center of 
 the opposite hip. Both were mortally wounded. When assured of this fact by the 
 surgeons, like Hamlet and Laertes, thoy exchanged forgiveness, and were borne 
 from the ground. Mr. Pettis died the next forenoon. He was buried on Sunday, 
 the 29th, and old inhabitants yet speak of his funeral as the lai'gest they ever wit- 
 nessed. Major Biddle survived until the following Sunday at b o'clock a. ji. — the 
 very morning of the day of Mr. Pettis' burial. He was bui'ied M'ith the honors of 
 war at Jetlerson Barracks. His widow died in 1851. She was possessed of large 
 wealth, and from the period of her husband's death devoted herself and her fortune 
 to pitblic and private charities. In her w^ill she left i^rovision for a Widows' and 
 Infants' Asylum, a noble benefaction which stands at the corner of Tenth and Biddle 
 streets, in St. Louis. In the grounds of this institution the remains of herself and 
 husband reposed for many years, and until their removal to the new Catholic Ceme- 
 tery in the vicinity of that "city. On the old monument, which I remember to have 
 visited iu 18G4, was this simple but touching inscription: 
 
 ' PEAY FOR THOMAS AND ANN BIDDLE.' 
 
 "Major Biddle had served gallantly in the war of 1812. The annexed tribute 
 
 to his memory is to be found in the old records of Jefferson Barracks, under date of 
 September 4th, 1831: 
 
 " ' AVhereas, A recent melancholy event, deeply to be regretted by the whole com- 
 munity, and particularly by members of the array, both as to i ts origin and its 
 result, has taken from the army a gallant and distinguished officer, and from among 
 us an esteemed and respected friend. 
 
 " ' liesolved, That this meeting deplores the loss of their estimable fellow soldier, 
 the late Major Thomas Biddle, au officer who distinguished himself in the field 
 against the enemies of his country, and whose untimely death now calls forth our 
 profoundest regret and sympathy. 
 
 " 'Brigadier General H. Atkinson, President, 
 " ' H. Smith, Captain Sixth Infantry, Secretary.' 
 
 " Mr. George. N. Lynch, the veteran undertaker of St. Louis, who disinterred 
 Major Biddle's remains, told me that in removing the bones to another coffin, he 
 found the bullet which had cost tne unfortunate gentleman's life. It was lying 
 immediately in rear of the right groin. He presented it to Captain Hastings, a 
 relative of Major Biddle, who still preserves it as a souvenir. T." 
 
492 HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 
 
 MARQUETTE'S REMAINIS DISCOVEBED. 
 
 The site of an old Jesuit Chukch discovered on Point St. Ignace, Mich. — 
 Bones and other relics exhumed. 
 
 The Sheboygan (Wis. ) Free Press, of May 19th, 1877, publishes the following item, 
 which we add as a note to page 149, remarking that its publication in the Free 
 Press was made two hundred years, to a day, after Marquette's death : 
 
 " Like wildfire the news spread through the village this week that the foundation 
 of the old Jesuit Mission, which was established by Father Marquette 200 years ago, 
 had been discovered on the farm of Mr. David Murray, at Point St. Ignace, and 
 that numerous church relics of those days had been unearthed, showing beyond 
 question that this was the place where the mission was erected. Soon after this 
 news was received, the bulletin at the telegraph office announced the fact that the 
 bones of a human being had been found on the grounds, which were undoubtedly 
 the remains of that intrepid missionary. Father Marquette . As the readers of the 
 eai'ly history of Michigan are aware, in 1671 Father Marquette built a log chapel at 
 Point St. Ignace, and named the station St. Ignatius. After this a church was 
 erected, which was subsequently destroyed by fire, and all trace of its location was 
 lost. Efforts have been made at different times to discover the site of the old mis- 
 sion, but heretofore have been of no avail. On the farm of Mr. Murray, about 
 5iOO yards from the main road running through the town, there is a small rise of 
 ground covered over with thick underbrusli, which had not been cleared away. It 
 was here that Mr. Patrick Murray, son of David Murray, one day last week, made 
 the important discovery of the location of the old church. The fbundation, marked 
 by a rise of ground somewhat in the shape of a cross, is clearly traced, as well as 
 the location of the baptisuial font and the place where the church treasures w^ere kept. 
 As soon as the fact was made known of the discovery, mau}^ people gathered on 
 the ground, and in the researches tha were made, was found a number of ancient 
 church relics, such as gold pieces, portions of crosses, window-glass, etc. It is i-e- 
 portcd also that a cross has been found with Father Marquette's name upon it. There 
 is much excitement at the Point in regard to the matter, and a guard is now on duty 
 to protect the place from intrusion until some definite plan of action shall be deter- 
 mined upon by the proper authorities. A rumor is current, with how much truth 
 in it we cannot tell, that large rewards have been offered for the discovery of the old 
 mission site or of the remains of Father Marquette. History tells us that he diedin 
 the vicinity of where now stands the city of Grand Rapids, and was there buried, 
 but that his bones were subsequently taken up and placed in a vault in the cliurch 
 founded by him at the Point., The statements iu regard to the recent discoveries 
 were furnished us by different ones, and Ave give them as reported. 
 
 Hon. David E. Atchison made a speech in Platte County, Mo., of which the Platte 
 Argus, of Nov. 6th, 1854, gives the following report: 
 
 "General Atchison said his mission here to-day was, if possible, to awaken the 
 people of this county to the danger ahead, and to suggest the means to avoid it. 
 The people of Kansas, in their first elections, would decide the question whether or 
 not the slaveholder was to he excluded, and it depended upon a majority of the 
 votes cast at the polls. Now, if a set of fanatics and demagogues a thousand miles 
 off could afford to advance their money and exert every nerve to abolilionize the 
 Territory and exclude the slaveholders when they have not the least personal inter- 
 est, what is your duty? "When you reside in one day's journey of the Territory, 
 and when your peace, your quiet, and your property depends upon your action, 
 you can, without an exertion, send five hundred of your young men who will vote 
 in favor of your institutions. Should each county in the State of Missouri only do 
 its duty, the qnestion will be decided quietly and peaceably at the ballot-box. If 
 we are defeated, then Missouri and the other Southern States will have shown them- 
 selves recreant to their interests, and will deserve their fate." 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 493 
 
 POPULATION OF MISSOtJEI. 
 
 The annexed table shows the population of the State, by Counties, and the Coun- 
 ties in existence at the several periods mentioned : 
 !^" Population of the State in 1810, 20,845. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 1821 
 
 1830 
 
 1840 
 
 1850 
 
 2,342 
 9,433 
 1,648 
 3,506 
 3,467 
 
 1860 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,531 
 
 11,850 
 4,649 
 8,075 
 7,995 
 1,817 
 7,215 
 9,072 
 7,371 
 
 19,486 
 
 23,861 
 2,891 
 5,034 
 
 17,049 
 4,975 
 
 15,547 
 9,763 
 1,235 
 9,794 
 6,637 
 
 12,562 
 5,491 
 
 11,684 
 
 13,023 
 7,748 
 9,697 
 
 17,356 
 5,823 
 7,072 
 5,892 
 9,606 
 5,224 
 5,654 
 2,414 
 5,026 
 
 18,036 
 8,727 
 
 11,980 
 
 13,186 
 7,887 
 
 10,626 
 9,866 
 4,705 
 6,560 
 
 15,946 
 3,169 
 
 11,448 
 
 16,137 
 
 8,440 
 
 12,307 
 
 10,373 
 
 5,087 
 
 15,960 
 
 11,322 
 
 8,162 
 
 20,765 
 
 86,109 
 
 4,298 
 
 11,390 
 
 19,202 
 
 6,108 
 
 17,568 
 
 17,446 
 
 1,456 
 
 19,296 
 
 9,474 
 
 19,135 
 
 6,707 
 
 13,667 
 
 15,564 
 
 14,063 
 
 10,292 
 
 20,692 
 
 7,982 
 
 8,683 
 
 8,383 
 
 14,410 
 
 9,858 
 
 6,357 
 
 3,916 
 
 5,982 
 
 30,098 
 
 10,093 
 
 11,607 
 
 21,649 
 
 10,567 
 
 14,635 
 
 17,401 
 
 6,452 
 
 11,662 
 
 17,238 
 
 4,218 
 
 15,190 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,318 
 
 
 
 
 
 14,665 
 
 
 
 
 1,949 
 4,796 
 
 19,739 
 
 
 
 
 14,424 
 
 
 
 
 10,332 
 
 Batps 
 
 
 
 
 3,669 
 5,016 
 
 26,382 
 
 T^piiton . ...... 
 
 
 
 4,206 
 
 12,398 
 
 
 
 
 11,132 
 
 
 3,692 
 
 8,859 
 
 13,561 
 6,237 
 
 14,979 
 12,976 
 
 1,616 
 
 2,316 
 13,827 
 
 2,338 
 13,912 
 
 5,441 
 
 25,424 
 
 
 49,524 
 
 "Rnflpr 
 
 
 
 6,0U 
 
 Onlflwell 
 
 
 
 1,458 
 11,765 
 
 13,654 
 
 Calla-way 
 
 1,797 
 
 6,102 
 
 23,670 
 7,267 
 
 Cape Girardeau 
 
 7,852 
 
 7,430 
 
 9,369 
 2,433 
 
 20,998 
 23,300 
 
 
 
 
 2,168 
 
 
 
 
 4,693 
 
 6,090 
 3,361 
 7,514 
 
 22,431 
 
 Ppflnr 
 
 
 
 10,747 
 
 Chariton 
 
 1,426 
 
 1,776 
 
 4,746 
 
 25,224 
 9,632 
 
 niQi'V 
 
 
 
 
 2,846 
 8,282 
 2,724 
 9,286 
 10,484 
 3,561 
 
 6,627 
 10,332 
 3,786 
 6,696 
 12,950 
 6,397 
 4,246 
 3,648 
 5,298 
 2,076 
 
 15,031 
 
 Clay . * * • • 
 
 
 5,342 
 
 15,579 
 
 r^linfATi 
 
 
 16,073 
 
 Qole 
 
 1,028 
 3,483 
 
 3,006 
 6,910 
 1,709 
 
 15,519 
 
 Cooper 
 
 21,622 
 10,763 
 
 "PVqHp . . 
 
 
 12,567 
 
 
 
 
 
 9,272 
 
 
 
 
 2,736 
 
 19,174 
 
 
 
 
 13,843 
 
 
 
 
 
 10,647 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.763 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,229 
 
 11,021 
 
 4,996 
 
 4,248 
 
 12,785 
 
 3,006 
 
 2,447 
 
 4,052 
 
 2,329 
 
 3,957 
 
 13,969 
 
 9,604 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Gasconade 
 
 1,928 
 1,174 
 
 3,431 
 
 1,548 
 
 7,616 
 5,330 
 
 26,636 
 11,165 
 
 17,188 
 
 
 
 
 5,372 
 
 28,817 
 
 
 
 
 16,201 
 
 
 
 
 
 20,318 
 
 
 
 
 4,726 
 
 23,914 
 
 
 
 
 7,388 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,510 
 
 Howard , 
 
 Howell 
 
 7,321 
 
 10,314 
 
 13,108 
 
 18,428 
 8,814 
 
494 
 
 HISTOKY OF MISSOUEI. 
 POPULATION OF MISSOURI.— Continded. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Iron 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Jefi'erson 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Knox 
 
 Laclede 
 
 Lafayette (c) . 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Linn 
 
 Livingston 
 
 McDonald 
 
 Macon 
 
 Madison 
 
 Maries 
 
 Marion 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Miller 
 
 Mississippi. ... 
 
 Moniteau 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery . . 
 
 Morgan 
 
 New Madrid. . 
 
 Newton , 
 
 Nodaway 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Osage 
 
 Ozark 
 
 Pemiscot 
 
 Perry 
 
 Pettis 
 
 Plielps 
 
 Pike 
 
 Platte 
 
 Polk 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Ralls 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Ray 
 
 Reynolds 
 
 Ripley 
 
 St. Charles 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 St. Francois.. . . 
 Ste. Genevieve, 
 St. Louis (')••• 
 
 Saline 
 
 Schuyler 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Scott 
 
 Shannon 
 
 1821 
 
 1,838 
 
 1,340 
 l",674 
 
 1,907 
 
 2,032 
 ' 2,444 
 
 1,599 
 ' 2,C77 
 
 1,684 
 1,789 
 
 4,058 
 
 3,181 
 8,190 
 1,176 
 
 1830 
 
 2,822 
 
 2,586 
 
 2,921 
 
 4,060 
 
 2,371 
 4,839 
 
 3,900 
 
 2,351 
 
 3,371 
 ' 6,122 
 
 4,346 
 2,942 
 2,658 
 
 4,822 
 
 2,886 
 
 2,000 
 
 14,909 
 
 2,182 
 
 1840 
 
 7,612 
 
 4,296 
 4,471 
 
 6,816 
 
 6,040 
 7,449 
 2,246 
 4,325 
 
 6,034 
 3,896 
 
 9,623 
 2,282 
 
 1850 
 
 9,505 
 4,371 
 4,407 
 4,554 
 3,790 
 
 5,760 
 2,930 
 
 10,646 
 8,918 
 8,449 
 6,529 
 
 5,670 
 7,198 
 6,663 
 
 13,609 
 
 16,846 
 6,186 
 3,998 
 1,657 
 6,151 
 9,439 
 
 10,358 
 1,849 
 2,830 
 
 11,454 
 3,556 
 4 964 
 5,313 
 104,978 
 8,843 
 3,287 
 3,782 
 3,182 
 1,199 
 
 2,856 
 7,911 
 
 3,211 
 
 3,148 
 
 35,979 
 
 5,258 
 
 2,136 6,974 
 
 14,000 
 4,223 
 6,928 
 7,467 
 2,894 
 2,498 
 
 13,690 
 4,859 
 6,578 
 9,421 
 4,058 
 4,247 
 2,236 
 6,665 
 6,003 
 
 12,230 
 2,691 
 3,834 
 3,123 
 6,004 
 
 10,541 
 5,486 
 4,650 
 5,541 
 4,268 
 2,118 
 1,432 
 6,704 
 2,294 
 
 7,216 
 5,150 
 
 1860 
 
 5,842 
 
 22,896 
 
 6,883 
 
 10,344 
 
 14,644 
 
 8,727 
 
 6,182 
 
 20,098 
 
 8,846 
 
 12,286 
 
 14,210 
 
 9,112 
 
 7,417 
 
 4,038 
 
 14,346 
 
 5,664 
 
 4,901 
 
 18,838 
 
 9,300 
 
 6,812 
 
 4,859 
 
 10,124 
 
 14,785 
 
 9,718 
 
 8,202 
 
 5,654 
 
 9,319 
 
 6,252 
 
 3,009 
 
 7,879 
 
 2,447 
 
 2,962 
 
 9,128 
 
 9,392 
 
 5,714 
 
 18,417 
 
 18,360 
 
 9,995 
 
 3,835 
 
 9,207 
 
 8,692 
 
 11,407 
 
 14,092 
 
 3,173 
 
 3,747 
 
 16,623 
 
 6,812 
 
 4,249 
 
 8,029 
 
 190,524 
 
 14,699 
 
 6,097 
 
 8,873 
 
 5,247 
 
 2,284 
 
 1870 
 
 6,278 
 
 55,041 
 
 14,928 
 
 15,380 
 
 24,648 
 
 10,974 
 
 9,380 
 
 22,623 
 
 13,067 
 
 15,114 
 
 15,960 
 
 16,900 
 
 16,730 
 
 5,226 
 
 23,230 
 
 5,849 
 
 5,916 
 
 23,780 
 
 11,667 
 
 6,616 
 
 4,982 
 
 11,375 
 
 17,149 
 
 10,405 
 
 8,434 
 
 6,357 
 
 12,821 
 
 14,761 
 
 8,287 
 
 10,793 
 
 3,363 
 
 2,059 
 
 9,877 
 
 18,706 
 
 10,506 
 
 23,076 
 
 17,362 
 
 12,445 
 
 4,714 
 
 11,217 
 
 10,510 
 
 15,908 
 
 18,700 
 
 3,766 
 
 3,175 
 
 21,304 
 
 6,742 
 
 9,742 
 
 8,884 
 
 361,189 
 
 21,672 
 
 8,820 
 
 10,670 
 
 7,317 
 
 2,339 
 
 1880 
 
 8,183 
 82,328 
 32,021 
 
 18,736 
 28,177 
 13,047 
 11,524 
 25,731 
 17,685 
 15,925 
 17,443 
 20.01S 
 20,205 
 
 7,816 
 26,223 
 
 8,860 
 
 7,304 
 24,837 
 14,674 
 
 9,807 
 
 9,270 
 14,349 
 19,075 
 16,250 
 10,134 
 
 7,694 
 18,918 
 29,560 
 
 6,791 
 11,824 
 
 5,618 
 
 4,299 
 11,895 
 27,285 
 12,565 
 26,716 
 17,372 
 15,745 
 
 7,250 
 13,566 
 11,838 
 22,761 
 20,193 
 
 5,722 
 
 6,377 
 23,060 
 14,126 
 13,822 
 10,390 
 *382,410 
 29,912 
 10,470 
 12,507 
 
 8,587 
 
 3,441 
 
APPENDIX. 
 POPULATION OF MISSOURI.— CoNTDTDED. 
 
 495 
 
 Counties. 
 
 1821 
 
 1830 
 
 1840 
 
 1850 
 
 1860 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Stoddard 
 
 
 
 8,056 
 3,153 
 
 4,253 
 4,277 
 
 7,301 
 7,877 
 2,400 
 9,198 
 3,676 
 6,067 
 4,850 
 8,339 
 9,723 
 5,629 
 7,099 
 
 10,119 
 8,535 
 3,253 
 
 11,907 
 4,407 
 9,618 
 
 11,247 
 9,673 
 
 11,719 
 6,068 
 
 10,434 
 6,004 
 5,684 
 
 14,024 
 13,482 
 
 4,405 
 16,669 
 
 6,605 
 12,207 
 19,370 
 10,806 
 12,895 
 
 9,097 
 12,175 
 
 8,208 
 
 Stone 
 
 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 
 
 
 2,983 
 4,373 
 2,313 
 
 Taney 
 
 
 
 3,264 
 
 Texas 
 
 
 
 Vernon 
 
 
 
 
 Warren 
 
 
 
 4,253 
 7,213 
 3,403 
 
 5,860 
 8,811 
 5,518 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster 
 
 3,741 
 1,614 
 
 6,779 
 8,264 
 
 Worth 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wright 
 
 
 
 
 3,887 
 
 4,508 
 
 9,733 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 70,647 
 
 140,304 
 
 383,702 
 
 682,043 
 
 1,182,012 
 
 1,603,146 
 
 2,168,804 
 
 (.a.) Firat callea VanBuren. (6.) First called Kiyes, (c.) First called Lillara. 
 
 COUNTIES— WHEN ORGANIZED. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Adair 
 
 Andre-yv 
 
 Atchison 
 
 Audrain 
 
 Barry 
 
 Barton 
 
 Bates 
 
 Benton 
 
 Bollinger 
 
 Boone 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 Butler 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 Callaway 
 
 Camden (') 
 
 Cape Girardeau (2) 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Carter 
 
 Cass (3) 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Chariton 
 
 Christian 
 
 Clark 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Cole 
 
 Cooper 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Dade 
 
 DATE OF ORGANIZA- 
 TION. 
 
 Januarv 29, 1841, 
 January 29, 1841. 
 January 14, 1845. 
 December 17, 1836. 
 January 5, 1835. 
 December 12, 1855. 
 January 29, 1841. 
 January 3, 1835. 
 March 1, 1851. 
 November 16, 1820. 
 February 10, 1839. 
 February 27, 1849. 
 December 26, 1836. 
 Noveniber 25, 1820. 
 January 29, 1841. 
 October 1, 1812. 
 January 3, 1833. 
 March 10, 1859. 
 September 14, 1835. 
 February 14, 1846. 
 November 16, 1820. 
 March 8, 1860. 
 December 15, 1818. 
 January 2, 1822. 
 January 16, 1833. 
 November 16, 1820. 
 December 17, 1818. 
 January 23, 1829. 
 January 29, 1841. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Dallas CO.- 
 Daviess .... 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 Dent 
 
 Douglas... . . 
 Dunklin. .. . 
 Franklin . . . 
 Gasconade.. 
 Gentry.. ^ . . 
 
 Greene 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Harrison. . . 
 Henry Q) . . . 
 Hickory. . .. 
 
 Holt 
 
 Howard. ... 
 Howell. . . . . 
 
 Iron 
 
 Jackson..^ . . 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Jelierson . . . 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Knox 
 
 Laclede 
 
 Lafayette (") 
 Lawrence. . . 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Ljnu 
 
 DATE OF ORGANIZA- 
 TION. 
 
 December 10, 1844. 
 December 29, 1836. 
 February 25, 1845. 
 February 10, 1851. 
 October 19, 1857. 
 February 14, 1845. 
 December 11, 1818. 
 November 25, 1820. 
 February 12, 1841. 
 Januai-y 2, 1833. 
 January 2, 1843. 
 February 14, 1845. 
 December 13, 1834. 
 February 14, 1845. 
 FehiTiary 15, 1841, 
 January 23, 1816. 
 March 2, 1857. 
 February 17, 1857. 
 December 15, 1826. 
 January 29, 1841. 
 December 8, 1818. 
 December 13, 1834, 
 February 14, 1845. 
 February 24, 1849. 
 November 16, 1820. 
 February 25, 1845. 
 January 2, 1833. 
 December 14, 1818, 
 January 7, 1837, 
 
496 
 
 HISTOKY OF MISSOUKI. 
 COUNTIES— WHEN ORGANIZED.— Continued. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 DATE OF ORGANIZA- 
 TION. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 DATE OF ORGANIZA- 
 TION. 
 
 
 January 6, 1837. 
 March 3, 1849. 
 January 6, 1887. 
 December 14, 1818. 
 March 2, 1855. 
 December 23, 1826. 
 February 14, 1845. 
 February 6, 1837. 
 February 14, 1845. 
 February 14, 1845. 
 January 6, 1831. 
 December 14, 1818. 
 January 6, 1833. 
 October 1, 1812. 
 December 31, 1838. 
 February 14, 1845. 
 February 14, 1845. 
 January 29, 1841. 
 January 29, 1841. 
 February 19, 1861. 
 November 16, 1820. 
 January 26, 1833. 
 November 13, 1857. 
 December 14, 1818. 
 December 31, 1838. 
 March 13, 1835. 
 December 15, 1818. 
 February 28, 1845. 
 
 Kails 
 
 November 16, 1820. 
 
 jMcDonald 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Rav 
 
 January 22, 1829. 
 November 16, 1820. 
 
 IVTadifion 
 
 Revnolfls 
 
 February 25, 1845. 
 January 5, 1833. 
 October 1, 1812. 
 
 "M avips . . 
 
 Ripley 
 
 TMarioii 
 
 St. Charles (0 ■ • • • 
 8t Clair 
 
 TVIftrcftr 
 
 January 29, 1841. 
 December 19, 1821. 
 October 1, 1812. 
 October 1, 1812. 
 
 Miller 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Moniteau 
 
 St. Francois 
 
 Ste. Q-enevieve (2) 
 
 St. Louis (0 
 
 Saline 
 
 
 November 26, 1820. 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 February 14, 1845. 
 Jan uarv 29, 1841. 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Sfiott 
 
 New Madrid (-^) . . . 
 
 December 28, 1821. 
 
 
 January 29, 1841. 
 January 2, 1835. 
 January 2, 1835. 
 February 10, 1861. 
 February 16, 1846. 
 January 16, 1837. 
 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Ore^'Oii «... 
 
 Stoddard 
 
 
 
 Ozark . * • 
 
 Sullivan . .>.>... 
 
 
 Taney 
 
 Texas 
 
 
 Februarv 14, 1835. 
 
 Pettis 
 
 Vernon 
 
 February 17, 1851. 
 January 5, 1833. 
 Auo'USt 21, 1813. 
 
 PhelDS 
 
 Warren 
 
 Pike 
 
 "Washington 
 
 "Wfl.vnft . . . . 
 
 Platte 
 
 December 11. 1818. 
 
 Polk 
 
 
 March 3, 1855. 
 
 
 Worth 
 
 Wrio-ht. 
 
 February 8, 1861. 
 January 29, 1841. 
 
 
 
 
 (0 First named Kinderhook; changed to Camden, February 23, 1843. ('^) One of tlie orijjlnal Dietrictfl ; 
 organized as a county on the d.iy mentioned by proclamation of Governor Clark, (a) First named Van 
 Buren; changed to Cass February 19, 18<9. (*) First named Niargua; changed to Dallas December 10, 
 1S44. (5) First named Kivesj changed to Henry February 15, HJ41. (6) First named Lillard; changed to 
 Lafayette February Iti, lb25. 
 
Part III. Physical Geography. 
 
 G^eolo^y, M^^^^? ]VLii:\efkl^, 
 
 WATERS, 
 
 PRAIRIES, TIMBEI[ AND SOILS OF MISSOURI, 
 
 G. C SWALLOW, LL. D., 
 
 Former State Geologist, 
 Now Professor of Agriculture in the State University. 
 
 32 
 

 Rough Weather on the Prairie. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 The stratified rocks of Missouri belong to the following divisions : 
 
 I — Quaternary; II — Tertiary; III — Cretaceous (?) ; IV — Cae- 
 BONiPERous; V — Devonian; VI — Silurian; VII — Azoic. 
 
 The rocks of these divisions will be examined in theii- order from the 
 top, down. 
 
 I — Quaternary. — "When it is remembered that these formations con- 
 tained the entire geological record of all the cycles from the end of the 
 Tertiary period to the present time, and that their economical value is 
 greater than that of all the other formations combined, I shall need no 
 apology for entering somewhat into details in recording the phenomena 
 they present. 
 
 The Quaternary or Post Tertiary system comprises the Drift and all 
 the deposits above it — all the strata included in the Alluvium and Dilu- 
 vium of former authors. There are, within this period, four distinct and 
 well marked formations in this State, which we have thus named in the 
 order of their stratigraphical position : 
 
 Alluvium, 30 feet thick ; Bottom Prairie, 35 feet thick ; Bluff, 200 
 feet thick ; Drift, 155 feet thick. All of the latest deposits — all that 
 have been formed since the present order of things commenced upon our 
 continent — are included in the 
 
 Alluvium. — The deposits observed in the State, belonging to this 
 formation, are. Soils, Pebbles and Sand, Clays, Vegetable Mold or 
 Humus, -Bog Iron Ore, Calcareous Tufa, Stalactites and Stalagmites and 
 Marls. 
 
 Soils are a well known mixture of various comminuted and decom- 
 posed mineral substances, combined and mingled with decayed vegetable 
 and animal remains, all comprising those ingredients peculiarly adapted 
 to the nourishment of the vegetable kingdom. But the soils of Missouri 
 are made up by the mingling of organic matter with the comminuted 
 marls, clays and sands of the Quaternary Deposits, which cover nearly 
 all parts of the State with a vast abundance of the very best materials 
 for their rapid formation. Hence the soils of the State are very deep 
 and wonderfully productive, save in those limited localities where the 
 materials of the Quaternary Strata are imusually coarse, or entirely 
 wanting. 
 
500 PHYSICAL GEOGEAPHT. 
 
 Pebbles and Sand. Many of our streams abound in water-worn 
 pebbles, which constitute their beds, and form bars along their margins 
 and across their channels. These pebbles were derived from the drift 
 and the harder portions of the adjacent rocks. They vary in size 
 Siccovding to the transporting power of the streams in which they are 
 found. 
 
 The economical value of these pebbles for roads and streets, and the 
 obstruction they often present to navigation, as in the Osage, give them 
 ^inusual importance in our geology. The Osage, Gasconade, Niangua, 
 Mai-ais Des Cygnes, Sac and Spring Elvers of the South, and the Salt, 
 S®iith and North Fabius and Chariton of the North, all furnish good and 
 afeundant examples of those deposits which have been formed by the 
 action of those streams. 
 
 Sand is the most abundant material in the alluvial bottoms of the great 
 livers in the State. Vast quantities of it are constantly borne along by 
 the irresistible current of the Missouri. Its whirling, rolling, turbulent 
 waters form of it extensive bars in incredibly short periods, which they 
 again wear awav, often still more rapidly than they were formed. These 
 sand-bars, so common in this stream, frequently extend along its bed 
 several miles, with a breadth varying from one to five or six furlongs, 
 and limited in thickness only by the depth of the water. A slight fall 
 in the river leaves these vast sand-beds dry, when their surfaces are soon 
 covered by a growth of weeds, interspersed with young willows, cotton- 
 wood and sycamores. The fickle stream, however, seldom leaves these 
 sand-beds to a long repose, but returns to its old channel by a rapid 
 removal of their loose materials. 
 
 At high stages of water, both the Missouri and Mississippi overflow 
 their low bottoms, and leave deposits of a grayish-brown, or a grayish- 
 yellow sand, similar to that in the sand-bars mentioned above. The 
 thickness of these beds depends upon the height and continuance of 
 the overflowing waters, varying from a mere perceptible stratum to 
 iseveral feet. 
 
 Glays. These are dark bluish-gray, argillaceous strata, rendered 
 more or less impure by fine silicious, calcareous and decomposed organic 
 matter. When the floods of the Mississippi and the Missouri subside, 
 lagoons, sloughs, and lakes are left full of turbid water. The coarser 
 materials soon settle into a stratum of sand, but the finer particles more 
 gradually subside, and form the silico-calcareous clays of their alluvial 
 l>ottom. Thus, after each flood, new strata of sand and clay are 
 dejjosited, until the lakes and sloughs are silted up. 
 
GEOLOGY. 501 
 
 Then to sustain vegetable life, the decay of the annual growth, and 
 of the foreign matter which falls or floats into these waters, forms * 
 stratum of humus over the beds of clay and sand previously deposited 
 by the floods and still waters ; and each succeeding crop of vegetable 
 matter gives another stratum of humus. In time, these shallow waters 
 became mere marshes, where a rank vegetation rapidly formed thick 
 beds of vegetable mold, for the support of the magnificent forests which 
 now occupy the sites of those ancient lakes and sloughs. Such is the 
 structure of the vast alluvial plains bordering the Missouri and 
 Mississippi Rivers. 
 
 The bottom of the Missouri, from the Iowa line to its mouth, presents 
 an area of 3,500 square miles ; about 2,000 square miles may be set 
 down as alluvium, while the river, "bottom prairies" and lakes, occupy 
 the remainder. The Mississippi bottom in Missouri, occupies about 4,300 
 square miles. Thus the alluvial bottoms of our two great rivers alone, 
 give some 4,000,000 acres of land based upon these strata of sands, 
 clays, marls and humus. And the quantity is constantly increasing by the 
 silting up of the sloughs and lakes, as above described. The soil formed 
 upon these alluvial beds is deep, light and rfoh almost beyond comparison. 
 
 Bottom Prairie. — This important formation, in many respects, 
 resembles that of the alluvial bottoms above described, with which 
 it has usually been confounded by geologists ; though agriculturists 
 have made a distinction. There are, however, important diiferences; 
 1st. The stratification in the prairie is much more uniform, and more 
 regularly extended over wide areas. 2d. In the praiiie formation, the 
 strata are not so distinct, nor are they so purely silicious or argillaceous, 
 3d. It was evidently formed by agencies operating over the entire 
 bottoms, whose action was more uniforni and quiet, and continued 
 uninterrupted through longer periods than those now forming the alluvial 
 deposits in the same bottoms. 4th. Where these two formations meet, 
 one can usually trace out the line of demarcation. Either the strata 
 of the prairie pass under those of the alluvium, or are cut off and 
 replaced by them. 5th. The alluvial bottom is continually increased at 
 the expense of the prairie, through the action of the rivers. The current 
 is constantly cutting away the prairie, forming new channels, and filling 
 up the old ones with drift and silt. 6th. No causes now in operation 
 could, at the present level of the country, produce a formation of such 
 extent and uniform structure as the bottoha prairie. Several facts show 
 it to be distinct from, and newer than, the bluff. Its composition, 
 structure and position, are entirely different, and in many places the 
 
502 PHYSICAIv GEOGKAPHY. 
 
 bottom prairie rests non-conformally upon the bhifF, as at St. Joseph, 
 and the mouth of the Big Nemaha. 
 
 This formation, lilce the last, is made up of sands, clays, vegetable 
 mold, variously interstratified. The sand in the upper part is fine and 
 yellowish-brown, like that of the Missouri sand bars ; but the lower beds 
 are more purely silicious. The clays are usually dark, bluish-brown and 
 marly, with more or less sand and humus intermingled. The humus or 
 vegetable mold has a brownish or black color ; when wet it is somewhat 
 plastic, and slightly tenacious ; when dry, it is brittle, and breaks into 
 angular fragments, and can be easily reduced to an inpalpable powder. 
 These beds of humus were evidently formed by the growth and decay 
 of plants in the localities where they are found. This formation is 
 confined to the bottoms of the Mississippi and Missouri Eivers, and is 
 more abundant and better characterized on the former. The bottom 
 prairie is about half as extensive as the alluvial bottoms above described, 
 and sustains a soil of equal fertility. This estimate will give us aboiit 
 1,500,000 acres of these vastly rich savannas, all prepared by nature for 
 the plow. Their agricultural capacities are scarcely inferior to any lands 
 in the world. The organic remains of the bottom prairie, are numerous 
 and well preserved. All the shells of the bluff, save the Helicina occulta, 
 have been found in it. The remains of the mastodon have been found 
 in it ; and many trees and other plants, all of living species. 
 
 The scenery in the alluvial bottom and the bottom prairie is well 
 represented in Section 2 and Plate 12 of mj' Geological Report. 
 
 Bluff. — This formation rests upon the drift, as is obvious whenever 
 the two formations are well developed. In many places, as at St. Joseph 
 and at the mouth of the Big Nemaha, it is seen dipping beneath the 
 beds of the bottom prairie. The bluff formation rests upon the 
 ridges and river bluffs, and descends along their slopes to the lowest 
 valleys. Thus, while the bottom prairie occupies a higher geological 
 horizon, the bluff is usually several hundred feet above it in the topo- 
 graphical. This formation, when well developed, usually presents a fine 
 pulverulent, obsoletely stratified mass of light-grayish buff, silicious and 
 slightly indurated marl. Its color is usually variegated with deeper 
 br(;wn stains of oxide of iron. The bluff above St. Joseph exhibits an 
 exposure of it 140 feet thick, presenting its usual characteristic features. 
 When but sparingly developed, it generally becomes more argillaceous, 
 and assumes a deeper brown or red color, as on the railroad south of 
 Palmyra, where it is a dark-red tinged with purple. In some places the 
 ferruginous and calcareous matter increases, and we find concretions of 
 
GEOLOGY. 503 
 
 marl and iron-stone, either disseminated through or arranged in hori- 
 zontal belts. At other places, it has more arenaceous matter, and is 
 nauch more decidedly stratified. 
 
 So far as my own observations extend, this formation caps all the 
 bluffs of the Missouri, from Fort Union to its mouth, and those of the 
 Mississippi from Dubuque to the mouth of the Ohio. It forms the 
 upper stratum beneath the soil of all the high lands, both timber and 
 prairie, of all the counties north of the Osage and Missouri, and also 
 St. Louis and the other Mississippi counties on the south. 
 
 Its greatest development in this State, is in the counties on the Mis- 
 souri river from the Iowa line to Boonville ; but thence to St. Louis it 
 is not so thick. In some places it is 200 feet thicli. At St. Joseph it is 
 140; at Boonville, 100; and at St. Louis, in St. George's Quarry, and 
 the Big Mound, it was about 50 feet; while its greatest observed thick- 
 ness in Marion County was only 30 feet. 
 
 The fossils of the bluff are very numerous and interesting. I have 
 collected from it, of the Mammalia, two teeth of the Ulephas primigenius, 
 one of the Mastodon, the jaw bone of the Castor fiber Americana, a 
 molar of a Bison latifrons, and the incisor of a Sqicirrel; of the Mol- 
 lusca, seventeen species of the genus Helix, eight of Limnea, eight of 
 Physa, three of Pupa, four Plaiiorbis, six Succinnea, and one each of 
 the genera Valvata, A/mnicola, Helicina, and Cyclas, besides some 
 others not determined. 
 
 These lacustrine, fluviatile, amphibious and land species indicate a 
 deposit formed in a fresh water lake, surrounded by land and fed by rivers, 
 
 I have been thus minute in my examinations of the bluff, the bottom 
 prairie, and the alluvial formations, both on account of their vast impor- 
 tance to our agricultural interests, and the comparative little attention 
 geologists have given to them. It is to this formation that the central 
 Mississippi and southern Missouri valleys owe their pre-eminence in 
 agriculture. Where it is best developed in western Missouri, the soil is 
 inferior to none in the country. 
 
 The scenery presented by the bluff formation is at once unique and 
 beautiful, and gives character to nearly all the best landscapes on the 
 Lower Missouri. 
 
 Drift. — This formation lies directly beneath the bluff, and rests upon 
 the various members of the Palaeozoic series, as they successively come 
 to the surface. In this formation there appear three distinct deposits : — • 
 
 Altered Drift, as it may be called, frequently appears in the banks of 
 the Missouri river. These strata of sand and pebbles seem to be the 
 
5U4 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 finer materi;\!s of the drift, removed and re-arranged by aqueous agencies 
 subsequent to the Drift period, and prior to the formation of the blulf. 
 The pebbles are from all the varieties of rocks found in the true drift, 
 but are comparatively small. 
 
 The Boulder formation, as it was left distributed by those powerful 
 and widely extended agencies, which formed that deposit of the northern 
 hemisphere. It is a heterogeneous stratum of sand, gravel and boulders, 
 all water-worn fragments of the older rocks. A large part is from the 
 Igneous and Mctamorphio rocks, in place at the north, and the remainder 
 from the Palajozoic strata, upon wliich they rest. The Metamorphic and 
 Igneoxis rocks must have come from the northern localities of those 
 strata, the nearest of which is on the St. Peter's River, about three 
 hundred miles north of St. Joseph. But the Palaeozoic fragments are 
 usually from localities near where thej' rest, as shown by the fossils they 
 contain, and are as completely rounded as those from more distant points. 
 
 Some of these beds, as in St. Louis County, contain scarcely any 
 pebbles from foreign rocks ; but nearly all are rounded portions of the 
 underlying strata. The largest boulders observed in Missouri are five or 
 six feet in diameter. They are usually granite and Metamorphic sand- 
 stone. 
 
 Boulder Olay, — In northern Missouri, the Boulder formation just 
 described often rests upon a bed of bluish or brown sandy cla}', through 
 which pebbles of various sizes, are disseminated in greater or less 
 abundance. In some localities this deposit becomes a pure white pipe- 
 clay. 
 
 The Altered Drift has been observed more frequently in the north- 
 western part of the State, and is often twenty-Hve or thirty feet thick. 
 The Boulder formation abounds in all parts of the State north of the 
 Missouri. Its thickness is very variable, from one to forty-five feet. 
 Its development is greater, the boulders larger, and those of a foreign 
 origin more numerous, towards the north. Its thickness varies from one 
 to fifty feet. The Boulder clay is also most abundant in the northern part 
 of the State, and is, in some places, more than one hundred feet thick. 
 
 I have seen no fossils in this deposit, save a few logs in the Altered 
 Drift of the Missouri. Some of these are still sound, and burn quite 
 well when dry, as we have proved by building our camp fii-es Avith them 
 on seveial occasions. There are other deposits, particularly in the 
 middle and southern parts of the State, which are not genuine drift; 
 and yet they bear a greater resemblance to that than to any other for- 
 mation, and occupy precisely the same stratigraphical position. 
 
GEOLOGY. 505 
 
 II. — Tertiary. — There is a formation miide up of clays, shales, iron 
 ores, sandstone, and a variety of fine and coarse sands, extending 
 along the bluffs, and skirting the bottoms, from Commerce, in Scott 
 County, westward to Stoddard, and thence south to the Chalk Bluffs in 
 Arkansas. 
 
 The iron ore of thesebeds is very abundant, and exceedingly valuable. 
 The Spathic ore has been found in no other locality in south-eastern 
 Missouri, so that the large quantity and excellent quality of these beds 
 will render them very valuable for the various purposes to which this ore 
 is peculiarly adapted. 
 
 The white sand of these beds will be very valuable for glass-making, 
 and for the composition of mortars and cements. The days are well: 
 adiipted to the manufacture of pottery and stonevvare. 
 
 Ill- — Cretaceous (?) — Beneath the Tertiary beds above described 
 in the bluffs of the Mississippi above Commerce, the following strata 
 were observed: No. 1, 13 feet, argillaceous variegated sandstone. No. 2, 
 20 feet, soft bluish-brown sandy slate, containing large quantities of 
 iron p3'rites. No. 3, 25 feet, whitish-brown impure sandstone, banded 
 with purple and pink. No. 4, 45 feet slate, lilte No. 2. No. 5, 45 feet, 
 fine white silicious clay, interstratified with white flint more or less 
 spotted, and banded with pink and purple. No. 6, 10 feet, purple, red 
 and blue clays. The entire thickness is 158 feet. 
 
 These beds are very much disturbed, fractured, upheaved and tilted, 
 so as to form various fiults and axes, anticlinal and synclinal ; while the 
 strata above described as Tertiary, are in their natural position, and rest 
 nonformably upon these beds. 
 
 We have no clue to the age of these rocks, save that they are older 
 than the Tertiary beds above, and newer than the Trenton limestone 
 below. They somewhat resemble some Creticeous beds found in several 
 places on this part of the continent ; and these facts have led me to the 
 inquiry, whether they are Cretaceous. Our future investigation may show 
 their true position. 
 
 We have observed no fossils in these rocks. 
 
 IV. — Carboniferous — This system presents two important divisions : 
 Upper Cakboniferous, or Coal-Measures ; Lower Carboniferous, or 
 Mountain Limestone. 
 
 The Coal-MeasIjRes are made up of numerous strata of sandstone, 
 limestone, shales, clays, marls, spathic iron ores and coals. We have 
 observed about 2,000 feet of these coal-measures, containing numerous 
 beds of iron ore, and at least eight or ten beds of good workable coal. 
 
506 PHYSICAL GEOGKAPHY. 
 
 These rocks, -with the accompanying beds of coal and iron, cover an 
 area of more than twenty-seven thousand square miles in Missouri.' 
 
 The geological map, accompanying, shows the division between the 
 great body of the coal-measures, on the north-west, from the older rocks 
 on the north-east. Besides the large body of coal-measures on the 
 north-east side of this line, there are extensive beds in Cole, Moniteau, 
 St. Charles, St. Louis and Callaway Counties. The common bituminous 
 and cannel coals are the only varieties of this mineral observed. These 
 exist in vast quantities — one might almost say inexhaustible. 
 
 The fossils are numerous and interesting. So far as our observations 
 extend in Missouri, the Fusulina cylindrica, Spififer cameratus, S.plano- 
 convexa, >S. hemplicata, S. Kentuckensis, Productus splendens, -P. 
 (Bquicostatus , P. Nebrascencis , P. Wabashensis, P. Oalhounianus, Chone- 
 tesmesoloha, O. Parva, C. Smithi, Myalina subquadrata, Allorisma 
 regularis, A., terminalis, Leda arata, Pleurotomaria sphozrulata, Cam- 
 pophyllum torquium, and ChoBtetes milleporaceus are confined to and very 
 characteristic of the coal-measures. The discovery of the fact that these 
 fossils are confined to the coal-measures, has enabled us to point out the 
 existence of the coal-measures, and the coal beds contained in them, over 
 an area of many thousand miles, where some geologists had supposed no 
 coal-measures and no coal existed. 
 
 In the Lower Carboniferous rock we have observed Upper Archi- 
 medes Limestone, 200 feet; Ferruginous Sandstone, 195 feet; Middle 
 Archimedes Limestone, 50 feet ; 8t. Louis Limestone, 250 feet ; Oolitic 
 Limestone, 25 feet; Loiver Archimedes Limestone, 350 feet; Encrinital 
 Limestone, 500 feet. 
 
 Tlie Upper Archimedes Limestone is developed in Ste. Genevieve 
 County and contains the following fossils : Productus cora, P. elegans, 
 Spirifer Leidyi, S. incrassatus (9), S. spinosus, S. lineatus (?), 
 Spirigera hirsuta, Athyris subtilita, Atrypa serpentina, Orthis utnbracu- 
 lum ( ?), Fenestella lyra, F. swallvana, F. Meelcana, Pentremites pyrifor- 
 mis, P. sulcatus, Agassizocrinus dactyliformis , and Poteriocrinus occideni- 
 alis. 
 
 The Ferruginous Sandstone is variable in its lithological character. 
 In some portions it is very white and saccharoidal ; in others, fine, impure 
 particles are disseminated through the mass, and the color becomes a 
 
 1 The Missouri coal basin is one of the largest in the known world. Besides the 
 27,000 square miles in Missouri, there are in Nebraska at least 10,000 square miles; in 
 Kansas, 12,000; in Iowa, according to Dr. Owen, 20,000 ; In Illinois, 30,000; making in aU, 
 at least 100,000 square miles. 
 
GEOLOGY. 507 
 
 dirty brown ; and in a few localities, as near Fulton, Callaway County, it 
 is a coarse conglomerate. But generally, when well dereloped, it is a 
 coarse-grained, heavy-bedded friable sandstone, colored with various 
 shades of brown, red, and purple, as it appears in the bluffs near Salt 
 Creek, Sulphur Springs, some two miles west of Osceola; or clouded 
 with yellow and red, as on Turkey Creek, in Cedar County. The upper 
 part is more regularly stratified and finer grained, contains more argilla- 
 ceous matter, and has a light-brown yellowish-gray or cream color. It 
 is very soft when quarried, and may then be dressed for building 
 purposes ; but exposure renders it much harder and more durable. This 
 sandstone contains large quantities of oxides of iron, brown and red 
 hematites, which, in many places, form extensive beds of excellent ore. 
 The large quantities of iron in this sandstone have led me to give it the 
 provisional name, Ferruginous Sandstone. It is found skirting the 
 eastern borders of the coal-measures, from the mouth of the Des Moines 
 to McDonald County. 
 
 The St. Louis Limestone is made up of hard crystalline, and compact, 
 gray and blue, somewhat cherty limestones, interstratified with thin 
 partings of blue shale. Its stratigraphical position is between the Fei-- 
 ruginous Sandstone and the Archimedes limestone, as seen near the Des 
 Moines, and near the first tunnel on the Pacific Raih'oad. It is found in 
 Clark and Lewis Counties, but attains its greatest development in St. 
 Louis, from which the name is derived. The most characteristic fossils 
 yet described, are, Paloechinus muUipora, Lithostrotion Oanadense, Echi- 
 nocrinus Nerei, Poteriocrinus longidactylus, and Atrypa lingulata. 
 
 The Lower Archimedes Limestone. In this formation are included the 
 "^j-ewaceozts bed," the "Warsaw ot: second Archimedes Limestone," the 
 " Magnesian Limestone," the " Geode bed," and the "Keokuh ov Loiver 
 Archimedes Limestone" of Prof. Hall's section, and the lead-bearing 
 rocks of south-western Missouri, which though diff"erent from any of the 
 above beds, are more nearly allied to them than to the Encrinital lime- 
 stone below. All of the above beds are easily recognized in Missouri, 
 save, perhaps, the Warsaw Limestone, which is but imperfectly repre- 
 sented in our north-eastern counties, where the "Keokuk limestone," the 
 "Geode beds" and the Magnesian limestone, are well developed. The 
 most characteristic fossils described, are Fenestella Worthenii (9 ), 
 F. Owenanoe, Agaricocrinus Tuberosus, Actinocrinus Hu?nboMtii, Spiri- 
 ferincrassatus (9), Orthis Swallovi. 
 
 This formation extends from the north-eastern part of the State to the 
 south-west, in an irregular zone, sldrting the eastern border of the 
 
508 PHYSICAL GEOGKAPHY. 
 
 Ferruginous Sandstone. The extensive and rich lead deposits of south- 
 western Missouri are pai-tly in this formation. These mines occupy an 
 area of more than one himdred square miles, in Jasper, Newton and the 
 adjoimug counties. 
 
 The Encrinital Lim.estone is at once the niost extensive and best 
 characterized of the divisions of the Carboniferous limestone. It is 
 made up of brown, buff, gray and white, coarse, crystalline, heavy 
 bedded limestones. The darker colored, impure varieties prevail near 
 the base, while the lighter and more purely calcareous strata abound in 
 the upper part. It everj^vvhere contains globular, ovoid, and lenticular 
 masses of chert, disseminated or arranged in beds parallel to the lines of 
 stratification. These masses of chert are more abundant in the upper 
 beds ; in fact, the upper beds are made up almost exclusively of this 
 mineral. The strata of this formation are frequently intersected by joints 
 resembling the sutures of the cranium. The remains of corals and 
 moUusks are very abundant ; some of the strata arc made up almost 
 entirely of their exuvise, especially of the joints and plates of Grinoi- 
 cZeffl?is, known in England as ">S/:. CuthherVs beads.'' In the south-west, 
 these strata rest upon some 70 or 80 feet of hard, porous and thick- 
 bedded silicious rook, which are included in this formation, as they have 
 more affinities with it than with the Chemimg below. There are nine 
 divisions of this formation in Missouri, which are quite well marked by 
 their fossils" and lithological characters. The Encrinital limestone 
 extends from Marion County to Greene, forming an irregular zone on the 
 east of the Archimedes beds. 
 
 V. — Devonian.— This system contains Chemukg Group, Hamilton 
 Group, Onondaga Limestone, Okiskant Sandstonk. 
 
 The Devonian rocks occupy a small area in Marion, Ralls, Pike, Calla- 
 way, Saline and Ste. Genevieve Counties ; also narrow belts along the 
 carboniferous strata to the south and west. 
 
 The Chejiung Gkoup presents three formations, very distinct in litho- 
 logical characters and fossil remains. They have received the -following 
 provisional names : Chouteau Limestone, 85 feet ; Vermicular Sandstone 
 and S/iales, 75 feet; Lithographic Limestone, 125 feet. 
 
 The Chouteau lAm&stojie, when fully developeql, is in tAvo divisions. 
 
 At the top, immediately under the Encrinital limestone, we find some 
 40 or 50 feet of brownish-gray, earthy, silico-magnesian limestone, in 
 thick beds, which contain disseminated masses of white or limpid 
 calcareous spar. This rock is very miiform in character, and contains 
 but few fossils. Reticulated corals, and Fucoidal markings, like the 
 
GEOLOGY. 509 
 
 Gauda-galli, are most abundant. In the quarry it is quite soft, but 
 becomes very hard on exposure, and forms a very firm and durable 
 building rock. It is also hydraulic and forms a good cement. 
 
 The iipper division passes down into a fine, compact, blue or drab, 
 thin-bedded limestone, whose strata are quite irregular and broken. Its 
 fracture is conchoidal, and its structure somewhat concretionary. Some 
 of the beds are filled with a great profusion of 'most beautiful fossils. In 
 many, the organic substance has been replaced by calcareous spar. The 
 most characteristic are Spirifer Marionensis, Productus Murchisonianus , 
 Choneles ornata, Atrypa gregoria, A. Occidenlalis, A. ObscurapUcata , 
 Leptaina depressa, Avicula Oooperensis, Myiilus elongatns, and several 
 new species of TriJobites. 
 
 In the north-eastern part of the State, the Chouteau limestone is repre- 
 sented by a few feet of coarse, earthy, crystalline, calcareous rock, like 
 the lower division of the Encrinital limestone, as there developed. There 
 is, indeed, in this part of the State, no change of lithological characters 
 as you pass from the Encrinital limestone to this formation ; but the 
 change in the organic remains is both sudden and great. 
 
 The Vermicular Sandstones and Shales. The upper part of this for- 
 mation is usually a bnff, or yellowish-brown, fine-grained, pulverulent, 
 argillo-calcareous sandstone. It is usually perforated in all directions 
 with pores, filled with the same materials more highly colored, and less 
 indm-ated. This portion, when exposed to atmospheric agencies, often 
 disintegrates, and leaves the rook full of winding passages, as if it were 
 worm-eaten. 
 
 This formation contains but few fossils, and those are in the upper 
 portions. Spirifer Marionensis, Productus Murchisonianus, Chonetes 
 ornata, Aviculacircula, the Fucoids, above named, and the cauda-galli, 
 are the most numerous. These beds can always be detected by the 
 lithological characters and its peculiar Fucoids. 
 
 The Lithographic Limestone is a pure, fine, compact, even-textured, 
 silicious limestone, breaking rather easily, with a conchoidal fracture, 
 into sharp, angular fragments. Its color varies from a light drab to the 
 lighter shades of buff and blue. It gives a sharp, ringing soxmd under 
 the hammer, from which it is called " pot-metal ," in some parts of the 
 State. It is regularly stratified in beds varying from 2 to 16 inches in 
 thickness, often presenting, in mural bluffs, all the regularity of masonry, 
 as at Louisiana, on the Jfississippi. The beds are intersected by 
 numerous fractures, leaving surfaces covered with beautiful dendritic 
 markings of oxide of iron or manganese. 
 
510 PITTSICAT. GEOGBAPPnr. 
 
 Ijt has but few fossils. The most abiindant are Spirifer Marionensis 
 Ci/riia cuspidatus, Productus Murdiisonianus, P. minulus, Proteus 
 Missouriensis, Filiutes gracilis, a canidaria, Fucoides caudagalli, (?) and 
 several large-chambered shells. The Chemung rocks extend from Marion 
 County to Greene, along the eastern border of the carboniferous strata. 
 
 The Hamilton Group is made up of some 40 feet of blue shales, and 
 107 feet semi-crystalline limestone, containing Dcdmania OalUteles, Pha- 
 cops bufb, Spirifer mucronatus, S. sculptilis, S. congesta, Ghonetes carin- 
 ata, Favosiles hasaltica. 
 
 Onondaga Limestone. This formation is usually a coarse gray or 
 buff, crystalline, thick-bedded and cherty limestone, abounding in 
 Terehraiula reticularis, Ori/iis resupinaia, Ohoneles nana, Productus 
 subaculeatus , Spirifer euruteines, Phacopsbufo, Cyathophyllumrugosum, 
 Fmmonsia lieinispherica , and a Pentamerus, like galealus. 
 
 No formation in Missouri presents siich variable and -widely different 
 lithological characters as the Onondaga. It is, generally, a coarse, 
 gray, crystalline limestone ; often, a somewhat compact, bluish concre- 
 tionary limestone, containing cavities filled with green matter or calc- 
 spar ; in a few places, a white saccharoidal sandstone ; in two or three 
 localities, a soft, brown sandstone, and, at Louisiana, a pure white oolite. 
 
 The Oriskant Sandstone of Missouri is a light-gray limestone, which 
 contains the Spirifer arenosa , Leptae7ia depressa , and several new species 
 of Spirifer, Ohoneles, Jllcenus and Lichas. 
 
 VI. — Silurian. — Of the Upper Silurian series, we have the following 
 formations : Lower Helderherg, 350 feet ; Niagara Group, 200 feet ; 
 Gape Girardeau Limestone, 60 feet. 
 
 The Lower Helderherg Group is made up of buff, gray and reddish, 
 oherty, and argillaceous limestones, blue shales, and dark graptolite 
 sl&tea, Lalmania tridenlifera, Ghierurus Missouriensis, Galymene rugosa, 
 Orthis hyhrida, O. elegantula, and several species of Platyosioma, are 
 the prevailing fossils. 
 
 Niagara Group.''- The upper part of this formation consists of red, 
 yellow, and ash colored shales, with compact limestones, variegated with 
 bands and nodules of chert. Halysites catenularia, Golumnariainequalis, 
 Galymene BlumenhacMi, and Caryocrinus ornatus, are the most charac- 
 teristic fossils. 
 
 The Gape Girardeau Limestone, ocourruig on the Mississippi about 
 one mile above Cape Girardeau, is a compact, bluish-gray, brittle lime- 
 
 ' I am indebted to Dr. Shnmard for the information possessed respecting the Niagara 
 Lower Helderierg and Cape Girardeau Groups, and the Oriskany Sandstone. 
 
GEOLOGY. 511 
 
 stone, with a smooth fracture, in layers from 2 to 6 inches in thickness, 
 ■with thin argillaceous partings. These strata contain a great many- 
 fossils, principally Trilobites and Crinoides. In a slab, 3 by 3 inches, 
 were found four genera of TrUobites, namely: Cypliaspis, Girardeau- 
 ensia, Acidaspis Halli, Proteus depressus, Asaphus, JSTov. 8p. Notie of 
 the Trilobites have been before mentioned in this country, and, so far as 
 I can ascertain, the species are distinct from European forms. According 
 to Barande, the first three genei-a occur in the greatest number in the 
 Upper Silurian period, and are very sparingly' represented in the Lower 
 Silurian groups. The Crinoids belong mostly to the genera Glypto- 
 crinus, Homocrinus, Tentacuhtes, and PalBeaster ; and the shells to 
 Leptaena, Orthis and Turbo — all being of undescribed species. 
 
 Lower Silurian. — We have thus far obseiwed ten formations belong- 
 ing to this series : Hudson River Group, 220 feet ; Trenton Limestone, 
 360 feet ; Black River and Birds-eye Limestone, 75 feet ; \st Magnesian 
 Limestone, 200 feet; Saccharoidal Sandstone, 125 feet; 2d Magnesian 
 Limestone, 230 feet; 2d Sandstone, 115 feet; Zd Magnesian Limestone, 
 350 feet ; did Sandstone, 60 feet ; 4,th Magnesian Limestone, 300 feet. 
 
 Hudson River Group, — There are three formations, which we have 
 referred to this group. 
 
 1st. Immediately below the Oolite of the Onondaga limestone, in the 
 bluffs both above and below Louisiana, we find some 40 feet of blue, 
 gray and brown, argillaceous, magnesian limestone. The upper part of 
 these shales is in thick beds, presenting a dull, conchoidal fracture, and 
 containing Asaphus megistos, and Oaymene senaria. The lower part of 
 this division becomes more argillaceous, and has several thin beds of 
 bluish-gray, crystalline limestone, intercalated, which contain many 
 fossils of the following species : Leptaena sericea, L. alternata, L. 
 Planumhona, Orthis jugosa, 0. subquadrata, and Rhynconella capax. 
 There are also [strata of calcareo-ai'enaceous slate, in the same position, 
 filled with remains, which I am unable to distinguish from Prof. Hall's 
 Palmophycus virgatus, and another contorted species. There also, beds 
 of slate, similar to those above mentioned, at the base of these shales, 
 whose surfaces are covered with great numbers of the Lingula ancyloidea. 
 
 2d, On the Grassy, 3J miles northwest of Louisiana, about 60 feet of 
 blue and purple shales are exposed below the beds above described. 
 They contain three species of Lingula: Lingula quadrata, L. fragilis, 
 and still another not named. 
 
 3d. Under the 2d division are some twenty feet of argillo-magnesian 
 limestone, similar to that in the 1st division, interstratificd with blue 
 
512 PHVSICAL GEOGEAPHT. 
 
 shales. OrtJiis subquadrata ,0 . jugosa, Leptosna alternata, Rhynconella 
 capax, and A.saphus megistos are abundant. 
 
 These rocks crop ont in Ralls, Pike, Cape Girardeau and Ste. Gene- 
 vieve Counties. On the Grassy, a thickness of 120 feet is exposed; 
 and they extend below the surface to an inikiiown depth. 
 
 Trenton Limestone. — The upper part of this formation is made up of 
 thick beds of hard, compact, bhiish-gray and drab limestone, variegated 
 with irregular cavities, filled with greenish materials; while the beds 
 below are filled with irregular cylindrical portions, which readily 
 decompose on exposure, and leave the rocks perforated with numerous 
 irregular passages that somewhat resemble those made in timber by the 
 Toredo navalis. These beds are exposed between Hannibal and New 
 London, north of Salt River, and near Glencoe, St. Louis County, and 
 are 75 feet thick. Below them are thick strata of impure, coarse, gray 
 and buff, crystalline, magnesian limestone, with many brown, earthy 
 portions, which riipidly disintegrate on exposure to atmospheric influ- 
 ences. This part may be seen in the bluffs of Salt River, 150 feet thick. 
 The lower part is made up of hard, blue and bluish-gray, semi-compact, 
 silico-magnesian limestone, interstratified with light buff and drab, soft 
 and earthy magnesian beds. Fifty feet of these strata crop out at the 
 quarries south of the plank road bridge over Salt River, and on Spencer's 
 Creek in Ralls County. The middle beds sometimes pass into a pui-e 
 white crystalline marble of gi'cat beauty, as at Cape Girardeau and near 
 Glencoe. Fossils are abundant in all parts of the formation, Leptcena 
 deltoidea, L. Sericea, L. alternata, Orthis pectinella, 0. testidudinaria , 
 O. tricenavia, Rhynconella capax, Murohisonia gracilis, M. bellicincta, 
 lieceptaculites sulcata, and Chaetees lycoperdon- are most common. 
 
 Ulaclc River and Bird'' s-Eye Limestones are bluish-gray or dove- 
 colored, compact, brittle limestones, with a smooth conchoidal fracture. 
 The beds vary in thickness from a few inches to several feet. Near the 
 base, the rock is frequently traversed in all directions by vermicular 
 cavities and cells. Gonioceras anceps, Ormoceras tenuifolium, Oy there 
 sublevis are the most abundant fossils. 
 
 The 1st Magnesian limestone is developed in many parts of the State. 
 It is usually a gray or buff, crystalline, cherty, silico-magnesian limestone, 
 filled with small, irregular masses of a soft white or greenish-yellow, sili- 
 cious substance, which rapidly decomposes when exposed, and leaves the 
 rock full of irregular cavities, and covered with rough, projecting points. 
 These rugged, weather-worn strata crop out in the prairies, and cap the 
 picturesque bluffs of the Osage in Benton and the neighboring counties. 
 
GEOLOGY. 513 
 
 These beds often pass into a homogeneous buff oi- gray ciyBtalUne 
 snagnesian limestone, which is frequently clouded with blue or pink, and 
 would make a good fire-rock and building stone. At other places the 
 strata beoome compact, hard and clouded, as above, forming a beautiful 
 and durable marble. 
 
 Some of the upper beds are silicious, preseuting a porous, semi- 
 transparent, vitreous mass, in which are disseminated numerous small, 
 globular, white, enameled oolitic particles. They are sometimes in 
 regular and contiguous strata ; at others, in irregular masses, presenting 
 mammillated and botryoidal and drusy forms of this beautiful mineral. 
 Ill some parts of Benton and the neighboring counties, these masses left 
 by the denuded strata, literally cover the surface, and render the soil 
 almost valueless for ordiuary cultivation. Other sti'ata abound in 
 concretions, or organic forms, which resemble wooden-button molds, 
 with a central aperture and one convex surface. Masses of calcareous 
 spar are quite abundant in the upper beds. The lower part of this 
 formation is made up of thin, regular strata, of a soft, earthy, light- 
 drab or cream-colored silico-argillaceous magnesian limestone, called 
 cotlon-rocJc. 
 
 Above the beds already described, we find, in several places in the 
 State, a succession of hard, silicious, dark, bluish-gray, semi- crystalline 
 limestone, interstratified with grayish-drab, earthy, magnesian varieties, 
 all in regular layers, destitute of chert. StraparoUus laevata, a small 
 variety of Cythere suhlevis, and a large Orlhoceras, have been observed 
 in these rocks. 
 
 The Saccharoidal Sandstone is usually a bed of white friable sand- 
 stone slightly tinged with red and brown, which is made up of globular 
 concretions and angular fragments of limpid quartz. It presents very 
 imperfect strata, but somewhat more distinct lines of deposition, 
 variously inclined to the planes of stratification. 
 
 This interesting formation has a wide range over the State. Its 
 thickness is very variable, from 1 to 125 feet. At times it thickens 
 very rapidly, so much so as to increase 30 or 40 feet in a few hundred 
 yards. In a bluff about 2 miles north-west of Warsaw, is a very striking 
 illustration of this change of thickness. This sandstone crops out along 
 the bluff, between the 1st and 2d Magnesian limestone, and in a few 
 yards decreases in thickness from 20 feet to 1 foot. Where thinnest it 
 is semi -vitreous, and the line of demarcation between it and the 
 limestone is very distinct. A very large Orlhoceras is found in this 
 sandstone. 
 33 
 
514 PHYSICAL GEOGKAPHT. 
 
 The 2d Magnesian Limestone in lithological character, is very much 
 like the let Magnesian limestone, above described. 
 
 The 2d /Sandstone is usually a brown or yellowish-brown, fine-grained 
 sandstone, distinctly stratified in regular beds, varying from 2 to 18 
 inches in thickness. The surfaces are often ripple-marked and mica- 
 ceous. It is sometimes quite friable, though generally sufiiciently 
 indurated for building purposes. The upper part is often made up of 
 thin strata of light, soft and porous, semi-pulverulent, sandy chert or 
 hornstone, whose cavities are usually lined with limpid crystals of quartz. 
 Fragments of these strata are very abundant in the soil and on the 
 ridges, where this sandstone forms the surface of the rock. It some- 
 times becomes a pure white, fine-grained, soft sandstone, as on Cedar 
 Creek, in Washington County, in Franklin, and other localities. 
 
 The 3d Magnesian Limestone is exposed in the high and picturesque 
 bluffs of the Niaugua, in the neighborhood of Bryce's Spring, where the 
 following strata were observed : 
 
 No. 1, 50 feet of the 2d Sandstone ; No. 2, 80 feet of gray and 
 crystalline silico-magnesian limestone, somewhat clouded with flesh- 
 colored spots and bluish bands; No. 3, 50 feet of blue and white 
 ferruginous chert, interstratified with hard, compact and flesh-colored 
 silicious limestone; No. 4, 190 feet like No. 2, save some beds are hard, 
 compact, bufl" or flesh-colored silicious limestone ; No. 5, 20 feet of 
 light-drab, fine grained crystalline silico-magnesian limestone, often 
 slightly tinged with peach-blossom, and beautifully clouded with darker 
 spots and bands of the same hue or flesh-color. It is distinctly stratified 
 in beds of medium thickness ; No. 6, 50 feet like No. 2 ; No. 7, 30 feet 
 of the 3d Sandstone. 
 
 It also covers larsre areas in the south-east mininjr region. It is the 
 great mineral-bearing rock of Missouri. 
 
 The 3d Sandstone is a white, saccharoidal sandstone, made up of 
 slightly-cohering, transparent, globular and angular particles of silex. 
 It shows but little appearance of stratification, yet the well-marked lines 
 of deposition, like those of a Missouri sand-bar, indicate its formation 
 in moving water, on the Niangua and Osage. 
 
 The Ath Magnesian Li^nestone presents more permanent and uniform 
 lithological characters than any other of the Magnesian limestones. It 
 is usually a grayish-buff, coarse-grained, crystalline Magnesian limestone, 
 containing a few crevices filled with less indurated silicious matter. Its 
 thick, uniform beds contain but little chert. The best exposures of this 
 formation are on the Niang;ua and Osage Rivers. 
 
GEOLOGY. 515 
 
 This Mixgnesian Limestone Series is veiy interesting, both in its 
 scientific and economical relations. It covers a large portion of southern 
 and south-eastern Missouri, is remarkable for its extensive caves and 
 springs, and contains nearly all the vast deposits of lead, zinc, copper, 
 cobalt, the limonite ores of iron, and nearly all the marble beds of the 
 State. It indeed contains a large part of all our mineral wealth. 
 
 The lower part of the 1st Magnesian limestohe, the Saccharoidal sand- 
 stone, the 2d Magnesian limestone, the 2d Sandstone, and the upper part 
 of the 3d Magnesian limestone belong, without doubt, to the age of the 
 Calciferous sand-rock ; but the remainder of the series, to the Potsdam 
 sandstone. 
 
 VII, — Azoic Rocks. — Below the Silurian rocks, as above described, 
 we find a series of Silicious and other slates, which contain no remains 
 of organic life. These rocks, therefore, we refer to the so-called Azoic 
 Age. They contain some of the beds of Specular Iron. 
 
 In Pilot Knob we have a good exposition of these Azoic Strata. The 
 lower fossiliferous rocks rest non-conformably on these strata. 
 
 Igneous and Metamoephio Kocks. — There is a series of rounded 
 knobs and hills in St. Francois, Iron, Dent, and the neighboring counties, 
 which are principally made up of granite, porphyry, diorite, and green- 
 stone. These Igneous and Metamorphic rocks contain some of those 
 wonderful beds of Specular Iron, of which Iron and Sheperd Mountains 
 are samples. This iron ore often occurs in regular veins in the porphyry. 
 
 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 
 
 In the short space allotted me, it will be possible to give a mere out- 
 line only of the wonderful events, which transpired during the formation 
 of the rocks above described, and the development of our State into its 
 present physical condition. 
 
 If we o-o back to the time when this continent began to emerge from 
 the primeval ocean, the geological record will inform ns that Pilot Knob, 
 Shepherd Mountain, and some of the neighboring heights, were among 
 the first portions of land that appeared above the waters. When Pilot 
 Knob became an island, there was an unbroken ocean on all sides, save 
 an island to the north-west, the top of the Black Hills, a larger cluster 
 to the north-east, in New York and Canada, and a small cluster to the 
 south-west. 
 . These islands were formed in the Azoic Seas by the eruptions that 
 forced up the porphyry, granite, the azoic slates and iron beds of Pilot 
 Knob, and the neighboring heights. 
 
516 PHYSICAL GEOGEAPHY. 
 
 In the tranquil cycles •which succeeded, the ocean was peopled with 
 innumerable species of Mollusca, Zoophytes, Protozoans, and To-ilohites. 
 Plants too appeared in the waters. But for some reasons these animals 
 were not abmidaut in the waters jibout Pilot Knob. 
 
 This is what we call the Age of Mollushs; and in it were deposited 
 the series of magnesian limestones and sandstones, so largely developed 
 in the southern and eastern portions of the State. In the middle portion 
 of this age, mollusks, with conical shells as large as saw-logs, made their 
 appearance. 
 
 Towards the close of this age the higher portions of South Missouri 
 became dry land, and the surrounding waters were filled with vast num- 
 bers of Corals, Trilobites, bivalve, sjDiral and conical shells. At the end 
 of the Age of Mollusks, the land emerged as high up the Mississippi as 
 Louisiana, and all that portion of the State colored yellow on the map, 
 became dry land ; and the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic were sep- 
 arated by a chain of islands along the line of the Upper Mississippi and 
 the Great Lakes, and the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The next pei'iod, the Age of Fishes, was characterized by tranquil seas 
 filled with coral reefs, around which sported the primeval fishes. Huge 
 Nautili spread their sails over the placid waters, and plants clothed the 
 rising continent in green. At the close of this age the Pacific retired a 
 little to the north-west, and left a narrow belt of Devonian rocks alonsr 
 its sinuous shores. These are colored in green on the map. 
 
 Por many cycles the seas remained tranquil and continued to be filled 
 with numerous fishes, corals, stone lilies, trilobites, star fish and algas, 
 while the vast beds of Carboniferous limestone were deposited. Rep- 
 tiles and insects appeared upon the land. But toward the close of this 
 period turbulent times intervened. Rocks were broken up, rounded to 
 boulders and pebbles, or ground to sand, and drifted to the sea and 
 piled into vast beds, in the central portions of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 St. Louis now rose above the waters and formed a peninsula which 
 had its connection to the South with the older part of the continent. 
 A shallow bay extended around St. Louis to the north and west. It 
 widened out over all the coal regions of Illinois and Kentucky, and out 
 into the Pacific through St. Charles. All north-west Missouri, and the 
 coal regions of Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas and the Indian Terri- 
 tory were covered with warm shallow waters, steaming under the ravs 
 of tropical suns. 
 
 A hot atmosphere filled with vapor and carbonic acid nourished the 
 rapid growth of trees, ferns, lepidodendrous sigillaria, and other plants 
 
GEOLOGY. 517 
 
 in vast forests. Steaming marshes, fens and lagoons abounded. The 
 lauds were many times raised and submerged, and the forests swept 
 away into vast beds, which formed the coal deposits over more than 
 100,000 square miles in the States above named. The turbulent waters 
 deposited the clays and sands intercalated with the coal beds. Clear, 
 tranquil waters returned filled with fishes, mollnsks and corals, and the 
 limestones of the coal-measures were deposited. 
 
 Such changes followed each other in some twenty successive courses, 
 revolving through the vast cycles of the Age of Plants. 
 
 At the close of this period the Pacific had retired westward to Sioux 
 City and Manhattan ; the Gulf of Mexico extended up as high as Capo 
 Girardeau, and a part of Scott County was a large island. 
 
 During the succeeding Age of Reptiles, while the vast saurians, like 
 the Zeuglodon, were sporting in the waters that covered the Lower 
 Mississippi Valley, and the flying Pterodactyli were flapping their wings 
 over the shores of the Pacific, in Wyoming and Colorado, Missouri was 
 quiescent, producing her quota of animal and vegetable life. 
 
 In the succeeding Age of Mammals Missouri remained as before, but 
 the regions bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and those on the Upper 
 Missouri and westward to the Pacific, underwent various depressions and 
 elevations by which several dynasties of wonderful animals were buried 
 in the rocks which now contain their remains. At the close of this vast 
 period the continent assumed its present form, with some unimportant 
 exceptions. The Gulf of Mexico still extended above the mouth of the 
 Ohio. Our large rivers had cut their present channels to depths varying 
 from 100 to 500 feet, and in width from 1 to 10 miles. Mighty waters 
 poured over the solid strata and wore for themselves these vast channels 
 to the sea. 
 
 But a change came over the continent. Some mighty power of water 
 or ice, or both, swept over the surface, grinding the softer rocks to. 
 atoms and rounding the harder into pebbles. Vast boulders were moved 
 hundreds of miles and dropped in strange places. 
 
 Another change, and a large part of the Upper Mississippi and the 
 Lower Mississippi Valleys were covered with a vast fresh water lake 
 The land was covered with forests similar to our own. The land and 
 waters were peopled with many of our present races of animals. The 
 beaver built his dams as now. The squirrel ate the same mast and the 
 deer cropped the same herbage. But the huge elephant and mastodon 
 were then lords of the soil. The Bluff formation was deposited in this 
 lake. Another change and the lake was gradually drained and the 
 
518 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 waters subsided to the channels of the rivers. The currents of the 
 great rivers were sluggish, they were spread from bluff to bluff, and 
 the Bottom Prairie was deposited, covering the valleys of our great 
 rivers. 
 
 Again the level changed, the great rivers became more rapid, and cut 
 their present channels in the Bottom Prairie. 
 
 The alluvial deposits were formed, the Gulf was driven back to its 
 present limits, the swamp country was added to our State, the soil was 
 formed, and Missouri was finished. 
 
 The Age of Man commenced, and the Geological Record gives place 
 to History. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT AND NATURAL SELECTION. 
 
 But in this countless array of animals, whose orders and genera and 
 species have come and gone through the vast cycles since Pilot Knob 
 announced the rising continent, among them all, do we find one species 
 of animal developed from another? JVay, verily. 
 
 Species come without progenitors, maintain their identity for count- 
 less ages, and utterly perish, leaving nothing developed to call them 
 ancestors. 
 
 But have not the species, and genera, and orders, improved by natural 
 selection? Not at all. 
 
 When we examine through their whole existence, they degenerate 
 rather than improve. In some instances they do improve for a time ; 
 but in almost all instances they retrograde again, and finally perish 
 miserably. 
 
 The Trilobite was one of the first animals that appeared in the 
 primeval ocean ; he lived through the entire palaeozoic period. They 
 sometimes impioved and sometimes degenerated ; but finallj^ they 
 dwindled down to a few insignificant species, and utterly perished. 
 
 The Trilobite stood at the head of the primitive orders. He had the 
 world for his field and all time was before him. He perished by no 
 catastrophe ; and yet natm-al selection did not improve him, much less 
 save him from utter extinction. 
 
 At the close of the Age of Mammals, the elephant and mastodon were 
 at the head of the order on this continent. They had space enough, 
 climates enough, time enough, and none to molest or make them afraid, 
 and yet natural selection did not save them. They dwindled away and 
 died out. 
 
MOTES AND USEFUl, MUSTEEALS. 519 
 
 The genus Gyrtia and the species Spirifer cameratus, and a thousand 
 others, might be named to show that natural selection, where it had the 
 widest field, the longest time, and the most favorable circumstances, 
 failed utterly to make new species. Such at least, is the testimony of 
 the rocks of Missouri. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 MINES AND USEFUL MINEKALS. 
 
 There is no territory of equal extent on the continent, which contains 
 so many and such large quantities of the most useful minerals as the 
 State of Missouri. Some good fortune has set the boundaries of this 
 State around a portion of country filled with an unusual amount of the 
 mineral substances useful in the arts and manufactures. Several of those 
 most useful are found in such quantities that the ■supply is virtually 
 inexhaustible. There are some that no demand for home consumption, 
 or for foreign supplies, can exhaust within the time allotted for the rise, 
 progress and decay of nations. 
 
 Only small portions of the precious metals have been discovered in 
 Missouri ; nor is it desirable that there should be more. It is true that 
 deposits of silver and gold concentrate population very rapidly, and yield 
 many large fortunes ; but history does not show that countries yielding 
 silver and gold have been permanently more prosperous. Gold built up 
 California very rapidly, and it is now filled with a great and prosperous 
 people : but gold does not keep them there, nor does it induce the present 
 immigration. The beautiful climate and wonderful agricultural resources 
 are its greatest present attractions. 
 
 The most important mineral resources of the State are Coal, Iron and 
 Lead, but as these have been treated of under distinct heads, in another 
 portion of this volume, the reader is referred to the articles bearing those 
 headings. 
 
 If Missouri will work up her iron and coal, she may become as 
 powerful and rich as England. She has more territory and better soil, 
 more and better iron, and quite as much coal. 
 
520 PHYSiCAIi GEOGKAPHT. 
 
 People who work iron partake of its strong and hardy nature. They 
 move the world and shape its destinies. The region tributary to St. 
 Louis, has more of the very best varieties of iron ore than cau be found 
 available for any other locality in the known world ; and the facilities 
 for working these vast deposits are unsurpassed. The country is well 
 watered ; timber is abundant ; and all is surrounded by inexhaustible 
 coal beds. These facts alone will make St. Louis the great iron mart 
 of the country. 
 
 Copper. — Several varieties of copper ore exist in the Missouri mines. 
 The copper mines of Shannon, Madison and Franklin Counties have 
 been known for a long time. Some of those in Shannon and Franklin 
 were once worked with bright prospects of success, and some in Madison 
 have yielded good results for many years. 
 
 Deposits of copper have been discovered in Dent, Crawford, Benton, 
 Maries, Green, Lawi'ence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, Reynolds and 
 Wi'ight Counties. But the mines in Franklin, Shannon, Madison, 
 Crawford, Dent and Washington give greater promise of yielding profit- 
 able results than any other yet discovered. When capitalists are pre- 
 pared to work these mines in a systematic manner, they may expect 
 good returns for the money invested. 
 
 Zinc— Sulphuret of zinc is very abundant in nearly all the lead mines 
 in south-western Missouri, particularly in the mines of Newton and 
 Jasper, in the mountain limestone. The carbonate and silicate occur in 
 the same localities, though in smaller quantities. Zinc ores are also 
 found in greater or less abundance in all the counties on the A. & P. 
 R. R., but the distance from market and the difficulties in smelting the 
 most abundant of these ores, — the sulphuret — has prevented the miners 
 from appreciating its real vahie. It often occurred in such large masses 
 as to impede very materially the progress of mining operations. For 
 this reason black-jack was no favorite with the miners of the south- 
 west. Many thousand tons had been cast aside with the rubbish as so 
 much worthless matter, but the completion of the A. & P. R. R. has 
 given this ore a market, and converted into valuable merchandise the 
 vast quantities of it which may be so easily obtained in Jasper, Newton, 
 and other counties of the south-west. Considerable quantities of the 
 sulphuret, carbonate and silicate also occur in the eastern lead regions: — 
 at Perry's Mine, at Mount Hope Mine, near Potosi, at Frund Mine,^ 
 Jefferson County, and in other localities. Little has been done to test 
 the value of the ores of zinc in these and other localities in the State, 
 but a beginning has been made with promising results. There is an 
 
MINES AND USEFUL lUN'EEAI.S. 521 
 
 extensive vein of calamine in Taney Connty, which will doubtless prove 
 very valuable. 
 
 Cobalt exists in considerable quantities at Mine liaMotte, It has been 
 found in one other locality. 
 
 Nickel is also worked at Mine LaMotte in considerable quantities. 
 
 Manganese, — The peroxide of manganese has been found in several 
 localities in Ste. Genevieve and other counties. 
 
 Silver occurs in small quantities in nearly all the lead mines in the 
 State, in combination with the lead. 
 
 Gold, though often reported in sundry localities, has never been 
 profitably worked in any part of the State. 
 
 Tin.— Ores said to have large quantities of tin, have attracted much 
 attention, and much money and labor have been spent in efforts to mine 
 and reduce them, but as yet without pecuniary success. 
 
 Platinum has been reported -by some explorers as existing in small 
 quantities in dolerite dykes in Madison County. But I could never 
 detect any in the localities pointed out by those who reported its 
 discovery. 
 
 Marble. — Missouri has numerous and extensive beds of marble of 
 various shades and qualities. Some of them are very valuable, and will 
 become a very important item in the State resources. 
 
 Fort Scott Marble is a hard, black, fine-grained marble, with veins 
 of yellow, buff and brown. It receives a fine polish, and is very 
 beautiful. It belongs to the Coal Measures. I discovered it in several 
 places in Kansas near the Missouri line. It doubtless extends into 
 Missouri. 
 
 There are several beds in the St. Louis limestone, in St. Louis County, 
 which have attracted some attention as fine marbles. Some of them are 
 very beautiful and durable. 
 
 The 4th division of Encrinital Limestone is a white, coarse-grained, 
 crystalline marble of great durability. It crops out in several places in 
 Marion County. One of the best localities is in the bluffs of the 
 Mississippi, between McFarland's Branch and the Fabius. The Litho- 
 graphic Limestone will furnish a fine, hard-grained, bluish-drab marble, 
 that would contrast finely with white varieties, in tessellated pavements 
 for halls and courts. 
 
 The Coop,er marble of the Devonian Limestone, -has numerous pellucid 
 crystals of calcareous spar disseminated through a drab or bluish-drab, 
 fine, compact base. It exists in gteat quantities on La Mine River, in 
 Cooper County, on Lee's Creek, and in some other places in Marion 
 
522 FBTTSICAl, GEOGEAPHT. 
 
 County. It is admirably adapted to many ornamental uses. There are 
 many extensive beds of fine variegated marbles in the upper Silurian 
 limestones of Cape Girardeau County. They crop out in many places 
 extending from Apple Creek, on the northern boundary of the county 
 to Cape Girardeau, and thence along the bluffs facing the swamps to 
 the south-west. Cape Girardeau marble is also a part of the Trenton 
 Limestone located near Cape Girardeau. It is nearly white, strong and 
 durable. This bed is also found near Glencoe, St. Louis County. 
 
 There are several beds of very excellent marble in the Magnesian 
 Limestone series. Near Ironton are several beds of semi-crystalliue, 
 light-colored marbles, beautifully clouded with buff and flesh colors. 
 They receive a fine polish, are durable, and well fitted for many varieties 
 of ornamental work and building purposes. But one of the most 
 desirable of the Missouri marbles is in the ?d Magnesian Limestone on 
 the Niangua. It is a fine-grained, crystalline, silico-magnesian limestone, 
 light-drab, slightly tinged with peach blossom, and beautifully clouded 
 with deep flesh-colored shades. It is 20 feet thick, and crops out in 
 the bluffs of the Niangua for a long distance. This marble is rarely 
 surpassed in the qualities adapted to ornamental architecture. 
 
 There are also several other beds in this and the other magnesian 
 limestones. Some are plain white, others are so clouded as to present 
 the appearance of breccias. The beautiful Ozark marbles ai-e well 
 known. Some of them have been used in ornamenting the Capitol at 
 Washington and for other purposes. Wherever the magnesian lime- 
 stones come near the igneous rocks, we may expect to find them so 
 changed as to present beds of these beautiful variegated marbles. 
 Many of our marbles have been used in St. Louis for various purposes. 
 
 Limestones. — There is a great variety of excellent limestones in all 
 parts of Missouri, which will furnish any quantity of the best materials 
 for that class of building stones. Some of these limestones have been 
 much used, and others will supply the increasing demand, as the means 
 of transportation are extended to interior localities. 
 
 Hydraulic Limes are abundant in numerous localities. Some of 
 them have been tested with good results. The middle beds of the 
 Vermicular Sandstone in Cooper and Marion Counties are hydraulic. 
 The upper beds of the Lithographic Limestone in Marion, Rails and 
 Pike Counties, possess marked hydraulic properties ; and several lime- 
 sto-nes in Cape Girardeau County appear to be hydraulic. 
 
 The upper beds of the Chouteau Limestone in Boone, Cooper, Moni- 
 teau, Pettis and other counties are in the highest degree hydraulic. 
 
JUNJSS AND USEFUL 3IINERALS. 523 
 
 They resemble the hydraulic sti-ata at Louisville. The upper and lower 
 strata of the Hudson River Group have the same properties. The 
 same is true of some portions of the Magnesian Limestone series, as 
 developed in some parts of south Missouri. From these sources vs^e 
 may confidently expect an abundant supply for home consumption and 
 all demands for exportation. 
 
 Gypsuna. — Though no extensive beds of gypsum have been found in 
 Missouri, there are vast beds of the piire white crystalline variety on the 
 line of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, on Kansas River, and on Gypsum 
 Creek. It is also found in several other localities accessible to Missouri 
 by both rail and boat, as at Fort Dodge in Iowa, and on the Republican 
 and Blue Rivers in Kansas. 
 
 Sulphate of Baryta, in its pure white form, is very abundant in 
 Missouri. It occurs in large beds in the mining regions, as the gangue 
 of our lead veins, and as large masses, especially in the magnesian lime- 
 stones of the Lower Silurian rocks. It is largely utilized as a pigment 
 in connection with lead. It may be made valuable for the same purposes 
 in connection with some of our ferruginous and argillaceous paints. Its 
 weight and durability will give these materials more body and stability. 
 
 Quick Lime. — All of the limestone formations in the State, from the 
 co.ll measures to the Fourth Magnesian, have more or less strata of very 
 nearly pure carbonate of lime, which will consequently make good 
 quick lime. 
 
 Clays. — Potters' clay is found in great abundance and worked in 
 many localities in the State. 
 
 Kaolin has been discovered at a few places, and worked at one 
 or two. 
 
 Brick Clays have been found and worked in nearly all the counties 
 where there has been a demand for them. The argillaceous portions 
 of the blu^- formation make good brick, as shown in the brick yards of 
 nearly all , ^e towns on our large rivers. The brick yards of St. Louis 
 are supplied from this source. Some of the tertiary clays will make 
 the very best brick. 
 
 Fire Bricks are manufiictured from the fire-clays of the lower coal 
 series in St. Louis County. These bricks possess fine refractory 
 properties. There are many beds of fire-clay in the Coal Measures. 
 Some beds of the Hudson River Group in Ralls and Pike Counties, of 
 the Hamilton Group in Pike and Marion, and of the Vermicular Sand- 
 stone and Shales on North River, seem to possess all the qualities of the 
 very best fire-clays. The quantity of these clays is great, almost beyond 
 
524 PHYSICAL GEOGEAPHY. 
 
 computation. No possible demand could exhaust it. Good fire-clays 
 exist in all the north-western counties. 
 
 Fire Rock has often been observed. Some of the more silicious beds 
 of the Coal Measures are very refractory. The upper strata of the 
 Ferruginous Sandstones, some arenaceous beds of the Encrinital Lime- 
 stone, the upper part of the Chouteau Limestone, and the fine-grained, 
 impure beds of the Magnesian Limestones, all possess qualities which 
 will enable them to withstand the action of fire. But the Second and 
 Third Limestones, used in the furnaces at Iron Mountain and Pilot 
 Knob, are the most refractory rocks yet examined. 
 
 Paints. — There are sevei-al beds of purple shales in the Coal Measures 
 which possess the properties requisite for paints used in outside work. 
 Yellow and red ochres are found in considerable quantities. Some of 
 these paints have been thoroughly tested, and found fire-proof and 
 durable. There are extensive beds of ferruginous clays, which will make 
 paints of the very best qualities for all the shades of brown and dark 
 red. These ores mixed with baryta and lead will make excellent and 
 beautiful pigments. 
 
 Sandstones, of various shades of buff, red and brown, occur in all 
 the geological sj'stems of the State. Many of them are firm and durable, 
 and they present colors suited to various styles of architecture. They 
 also furnish an abundance of fire-rocks. 
 
 Granite and Diorite of several varieties occur in Missouri. The 
 most abundant is a coarse-grained, red granite of great beauty as a 
 building material for heavy, strong work. Some of the beds of this 
 granite are qviite durable, but the most of it is readily decomposed by 
 atmospheric influences. We also have fine gray granites and diorites, 
 which split and work well, and are the most durable, substantial and 
 desirable of all our building stones. 
 
 Road Materials, — Missouri has a large abvmdanoe of 'f^i-' very best 
 materials for streets and roads. Limestones of the very hardest and 
 most durable kinds occur everywhere. The Green Stone, Trap, and 
 so-called Gray Granites of Madison and adjoining counties, will make 
 most excellent block paving. But the red granite is usually too coarse 
 and brittle, and decomposes too rapidly for paving stones. 
 
 Pebbles and Gravels are also abundant in the Drift and in the beds 
 of many of our streams. These materials in the Drift are of the most 
 durable kinds, and would make better streets than limestone McAdam. 
 There are inexhaustible quantities of this gravel and pebbles in St. Louis 
 and several other counties. 
 
MUTES AlSn USEFUL MTNEKALS. 525 
 
 This brief and general view of the deposits of useful minerals in 
 Missouri, shows that Nature has been lavish of the materials necessary 
 for the growth and stability of a populous State. If, iu connection with 
 these vast and varied mineral products, we take into view the well- 
 known facts that Missouri and the adjacent States possess soils of 
 wonderful fertility, and in varieties suited to all the staple crops and 
 fruits of the temperate zone ; that the whole region is intersected by 
 rivers and creeks, and watered by countless living springs ; that it is 
 supplied with boimdless forests of nearly every variety of the best 
 timber on the continent ; that numerous railroads and thousands of miles 
 of river navigation center here ; that we are in the great highway of the 
 moving populations of both hemispheres, — we shall have more of the 
 -causes and conditions of growth, wealth arid permanence than have ever 
 surrounded any people of ancient or modern times. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 WATERS OF MISSOURI. 
 
 But few portions of the world are so well watered as Missoviri. 
 Springs in vast numbers, great variety, and of all sizes, come welling 
 up to refresh and beautify in all parts of the State. Streams, too, 
 scarcely equaled in size, beauty and variety, water every part of our 
 territory. ^^ 
 
 NavigaK Waters. — The Mississippi washes the entire eastern 
 border of the State, a distance of 500 miles. The Missouri washes the 
 western boundary from the north-east corner southward some 250 miles, 
 to the mouth of the Kansas, and thence south of east, through the heart 
 •of the State, to its junction with the Mississippi. 
 
 Besides, these two mighty rivers have many tributaries within the 
 State, which are more or less navigable for steamboats, keel boats and 
 barges. On the right bank of the Missouri, the Gasconade, the Osage, 
 and La Mine are navigable. The lumber business of the Gasconade 
 makes its navigation a matter of importance. The trade of the towns 
 on the Osage has induced steamers to make regular trips as high as 
 
526 PHYSICAL GEOGEAPHY.- 
 
 Warsaw. Barges and keel boats might pass up as high as the State 
 Line. On the left bank, the Platte, Chariton and Grand Rivers are 
 navigable for keel boats and barges, and even steamboats have made 
 some few trips on their waters. The Des Moines, Salt River and the 
 IMeraraec, the St. Francois and White Rivers have been navigated by 
 boats on a few important occasions. 
 
 Smaller Streams. — There are a vast number of smaller streams, such 
 as are called rivers, creeks and branches. A glance at the map will show 
 how well these are distributed over the entire surface, supplying an 
 abundance of water to all parts of the State. 
 
 Springs. — The State is well supplied with bold springs of pure waters. 
 Out of the bottoms, there is scarcely a section of land but has one or 
 mbre perennial springs of good water. Many of these springs are large, 
 even beyond the conception of those who have not seen the rivers which 
 flow from them and drive the mills and machinery placed upon their 
 waters. One may serve as a sample. Bryce's Spring on the Niangua, 
 drives a large flouring-mill, and flows away a rapid river forty-two yards 
 in width. These vast springs are very numerous in the south part of the 
 State. 
 
 Salt Springs are very abundant in the centi'al part of the State. 
 They discharge vast quantities of brine, in Cooper, Saline, Howard and 
 the adjoining counties. These brines are near the navigable waters of 
 the Missouri, in the midst of an abundance of wood and coal, and mie:ht 
 furnish salt enough to supply all the markets of the continent. Consid- 
 erable salt was made in Cooper and Howard at an early day. 
 
 Sulphur Springs are also numerous throughout the State. The 
 Chouteau Springs in Cooper, the Monagaw Springs in St. Clair, the 
 Elk Springs in Pike, and the Cheltenham Springs in St. Louis County, 
 have acquired considerable reputation as salubrious water's, and have 
 become popular places of resort. There are good sulpL springs in 
 many other counties of the State, and the waters of most of them are 
 similar to the waters of the Chouteau and Elk Springs. 
 
 Chalybeate Springs. — There are a great many springs in the State 
 which are impregnated with some of the salts of iron. T'hose containing 
 carbonates and sulphates are most abundant ; some of these have 
 acquired considerable reputation as medicinal waters. Sweet Springs, 
 ou the Blackwater, and the Chalybeate Spring in the University cam- 
 pus, are perhaps the most popular of the kind in the State. 
 
 Petroleum Springs. — Tar and Oil Springs, as they are called, are 
 found in Carroll, Ray, Randolph, Cass, Lafayette, Bates, Vernon and 
 
WATEKS OF MISSOURI. 527 
 
 other counties of the State. Many of these springs discharge consid- 
 erable quantities of oil. The variety called lubricating oil, is the more 
 common. It is impossible to say with certainty whether peti'oleum 
 will be found in paying quantities in these localities ; but the fact 
 that it has been flowing from springs in such quantities would indicate 
 some abundant source ; and there is scarcely a doubt that there are 
 reservoirs of considerable quantities. "Where these reservoirs are, no 
 one can tell with certainty, and all explorations, as even in the best 
 petroleum regions, must be undertaken in a considerable degree of 
 uncertainty. 
 
 Water Power. — There are numberless streams that might be dammed 
 and made to drive machinery. Such places are most numerous in the 
 southern part of the State, where the streams have rock beds to support 
 the dams and make them permanent. I have noticed excellent localities 
 of the Idnd on the Osage, Niangua, Pomme de Terre, Sac, Spring River, 
 Big River, Castor, Meramec, Bourbeuse, Gasconade, Currant River, 
 White River, Grand River, La Mine, etc. But the most valuable watcr- 
 powers are the large springs which are so abundant throughout nearly 
 all the counties in the southern part of the State. Many of these springs 
 are now used to drive mills of various kinds. They are particularly 
 abundant on the waters of the Meramec, Gasconade, Bourbeuse, Osage, 
 Niangua, Spring, White, Sugar, Big, Currant, Little and Black Rivers. 
 
 No water power can excel that at Bryce's Spring, on the Niangua. 
 It discharges about 11,000,000 cubic feet of water per diem, with no 
 perceptible variation of temperature or quality. The temperature is 
 about 60° Fahrenheit, so warm that no ice forms in it to obstruct the 
 machinery ; and the quantity is so regular that the machinist may know 
 how much power it will exert each hour from the beginning to the end 
 of the year, and can construct his dams and machinery economically, 
 wi<:h just enough strength to meet the necessities of the case; whereas, 
 in streams, the uncertain rise and fall of the water and ice are sources of 
 great loss and annoyance. 
 
 There are hundreds of these springs sufficiently large to drive mills 
 and factories ; and the time is not far distant when these vast limpid 
 fountains will make a thousand burrs and saws whirl to their dashing 
 music. 
 
chaptp:r IV. 
 
 PKAIKIE AND TIMBER. 
 
 Many ai-ticlea have been written to show "How the prairies were 
 made," but the more appropriate question would be, " How the forests 
 were made," since the prairie preceded the forests, and the forests are 
 ■constantly encroaching upon the prairies. 
 
 When the country emerged from the waters which last covered it, the 
 marls of the bluff formation occupied nearly all the surface of the State, 
 and a rank vegetation of grasses and other plants sprung up, forming one 
 vast prairie. Young trees grew with the other vegetation, but the fires 
 Avhich overran the country killed them out of the dryer and richer por- 
 tions. They grew apace where the fires were too weak, by reason of 
 water or a scarcity of vegetation, to destroy them. As the forests 
 increased in size, they .acquired power to withstand and check the fires ; 
 and thus they have gradually encroached upon the prairie, until more 
 thsm one-half of the State is covered by our magnificent forests. 
 
 If a line be drawn from Hannibal to the southwest corner of the State, 
 much of that portion to the northwest of the line will be prairie, and 
 that on the southeast of it will be timber. Large areas of timber skirt 
 the streams and cover portions of the uplands on the prairie side, and 
 long arms of the prairie extend along the divides into the timbered side, 
 as from Macon down along the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern 
 Railway to St. Charles, from Cass eastward along the Pacific Railroad to 
 Cole, and from Newton up along the highlands through Greene to 
 Webster and eastward ; and small patches of it checker the whole 
 timbered region, even to the swamps of the southeast. 
 
 The bottom prairies are level, and often sublime in their vast extent ; 
 while upland prairies are roiling and grand in their endless succession of 
 undulations, like the ocean subsiding from the effects of a storm. 
 
 The following trees of Missouri will show a great variety of the very 
 best kinds- of lumber for domestic, farm and manufacturing purposes : 
 Pine, walnut, cherry, ash, maple, birch, hickory, oak, linden, cotton- 
 wood, poplar, and sweet, black and yellow gvtm, cedar, cypress, syca- 
 more, locust, coffee-tree, elm, pecan, chestnut, tulip tree, (the " white 
 and yellow poplar" of Kentucky and southern Missouri,) beach, 
 willow, hackberry, mulberry, tupelo, catalpa, ironwood, hornbeam and 
 
PBAIRrE AOT5 TIMBER. 529 
 
 bo:?-elder are found in great abundance in the State, and some of them 
 in all their known varieties. There are six species of hickory, three of 
 locust, eighteen of osk, and varieties of other trees in like proportion. 
 All these kinds of trees grow very large in our deep rich soils and our 
 warm climate. The following, selected from the catalogue, will give an 
 idea of the vast size to which these trees grow in our State : Sycamores, 
 130 feet high and 43 feet in circumference ; cjrpress, 130 feet high and 
 29 feet in circumference; walnuts, 110 feet high and 22 feet in 
 circumference. 
 
 But no figures, no descriptions can give an idea of the grandeur and 
 glorious beauty of our forests. Like Niagara, they must be seen, exam- 
 ined from above and below, and re-examined, visited and revisited before 
 they can be fully appreciated. One must walk in the midst of these 
 mighty monarchs of the forest until he feels like a pigmy among giants ; 
 and must admire the grape-vines hanging like; huge cables from their 
 lofty branches, and mingling their purple clusters with the highest foliage, 
 and the large orange flowers of the trumpet-creeper, and the crimson 
 foliage of the American ivy, warming and beautifying their sombre 
 shades ; he must see these glories before he cau appreciate the sublime 
 beauty and grandeur of our forests. 
 
 Here, too, the utilitarian can find woods suitable for all the useful 
 purposes to which they are applied. Millions of these varieties of 
 lumber are destroyed every year in opening farms. Meanwhile we are 
 importing millions in furniture and agricultural implements, and lumber 
 for the various kinds of carpentry. There is poor economy in importing 
 furniture from the Ohio and its tributaries, when we are destroying upon 
 our farms more and better lumber of the same varieties, every year. 
 
 34 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 SOILS. 
 
 In the resources of the State, the soils must stand in the first rank, 
 since they are the great source of national prosperity and power, and the 
 basis of individual wealth and happiness. Adam commenced dressing 
 the soil in Eden , and his sticcessors have ever found its cultivation their 
 most useful and delightful employment. No department of agricultural 
 science is more defective than the classification and nofiaenclature of soils. 
 
 The varieties of soil pass into each other by such minute gradations 
 that it is well nigh impossible to point out any definite lines of separa- 
 tion. In the popular nomenclature we have some very general names, 
 which are very definite when considered in some of their relations, as 
 timbered lands and prairie lands. These names do not indicate the 
 quality of the soils any further than they are produced by these rela- 
 tions. To the same class of names belong bottom lands and uplands, 
 sometimes called bluff lands. These terms, like those named above, 
 point out important natural divisions of our soils, though they have no 
 reference to the fertility of those in either division. Each division con- 
 tains soils of all grades of productiveness, from the best to the poorest. 
 And yet these timbered lands have one advantage over the prairie. If 
 two soils be taken side by side, both based upon the same formation and 
 both subject to the same influences during their formation, save one has 
 produced trees and the other grasses, and the trees have decayed ou the 
 one and the grasses have burned on the other — the former will have more 
 decaying vegetable matter, and will be lighter, warmer, and more kindly 
 in cultivation. But if both be put under the same culture, this differ- 
 ence will gradually disappear, as the vegetable matter will decrease in 
 the one and increase in the other. Tliis difi'ereuoe in these classes of 
 soil, rendered the timber lands much the more popular among the older 
 settlers. 
 
 The Prairie Lands occupy nearly one-half of the entire area of the 
 State. They possess all the varieties of soil found in the timber, and 
 are identical with them, save in the differences above named. The 
 grasses are as diversified and as distinctly mark the varieties of soil on the 
 prairies, as do the trees in the timber. The resin-weed, crow-foot, and 
 wild sorghum, indicate as good soils on the prairies as do the elm, 
 
SOILS. 531 
 
 hickory and Tvalnut in the timber. But, as the trees are more conspicuous 
 and better known, the varieties of soils are best known by the timber 
 they produce. 
 
 These divisions of soils have other natural distinctions well marked 
 by location, as bottom timber and upland timber. The former is in the 
 river bottoms, and the latter in the highlands. So also we have bottom 
 prairie and upland prairie. These lands are still further divided so as 
 to indicate the quality of the soil with a marked degree of certainty by 
 their natural productions, their chemical composition, and by their 
 physical structure. The determination of the qualities of the soils by 
 the natural productions, is best understood by our farmers, as all are 
 well aware that the soil that produces hackberry and elm is much better 
 than the soil that produces black-jack and black hickory : that the former 
 will yield abundant crops, while the latter will produce but a very inferior 
 growth. In this division are those soils marked by the growth of partic- 
 ular trees and shrubs, from which they derive their names. 
 
 Hackberry Lands possess the best upland soils in the State. The 
 growth is hackberry, elm, wild cherry, honey-locust, coffee tree, pignut 
 hickory, chestnut and burr oak, black and white walnut, mulberry, 
 linden and papaw. 
 
 The Crow-foot Lands of the prairie region , have soils very similar in 
 quality to the hackberry lands, and these two soils generally join each 
 other where the timber and prairie lands meet. These soils, covering 
 about 5,500,000 acres, abound in the western counties, from Atchison to 
 Cass, and eastward to Saline and Howard. They also cover small areas 
 in other parts of the State. The productive and durable qualities of 
 these soils are surpassed by none in the country. It has sufficient sand 
 for the water to drain off rapidly in wet weather, and enough of clay, 
 lime, magnesia and humus to retain the moisture in the day. It rests on 
 a bed of fine silicious marls, which will render it perpetually fertile under 
 deep tillage. These productive powers are well illustrated in the gigantic 
 forests and luxuriant grass produced by it. "White oaks grow upon 
 it 29 feet in circumference, and 100 feet high ; linden, 23 feet in circum- 
 ference, and 100 feet high ; burr oak and sycamore grow still larger. 
 Herds of buffalo, elk, and deer were entirely concealed from the hunter 
 by the tall prairie grasses on the crow-foot lands. 
 
 Hemp, tobacco, corn and the cereals grow upon it in great luxuriance, 
 and no soil is better adapted to fruits of all kinds. These 5,500,000 
 acres of the best land on the continent, are capable of feeding and sus- 
 taining 2,000,000 people. A population of 1,000,000 could live on 
 these rich, broad acres in comfort and luxury. 
 
532 PPIYSICAL, GEOGKAPHY. 
 
 JSlm Lands are but little inferior to the hackberry. The name is 
 derived from the American elm, which grows so large and abundant in 
 the magnificent forests of these lands. The principal growth is elm, hack- 
 berry, honey-locust, black walnut, cherry, blue ash, black oak, redbud, 
 and papaw. This soil has about the same properties as the hackberry 
 soils, save that the sand is finer and the clay more abundant, owing to 
 the finer nature of the marls from which it is derived. This,soil abounds, 
 interspersed with hackberry lands, in the region above named ; and in 
 the east, it covers large areas in Marion, Monroe, Boone, Cooper, St. 
 Louis, Greene and many other counties. 
 
 The Resin Weed Lands of the prairie, have about the same quality 
 of soil. This soil occupies an area of about 3,000,000 acres. Its heavy 
 forests and luxuriant prairie grasses, and its chemical properties, clearly 
 indicate its great fertility ; and the marls upon which it is based fully 
 assure its durability. A grape-vine growing on this was 22 inches in 
 circumference, and 180 feet long, and an elm 22 feet in circumference, 
 and 90 feet high. Hemp, tobacco, corn, wheat and other staple crops 
 grow luxuriantly, and all kinds of fruits, adapted to the climate, do well. 
 
 Hickory Lands hold the grade next to the elm lands, and are character- 
 ized by a growth of white and shell-bark hickory, black, scarlet and laurel 
 oaks, sugar maple, persimmon, dogwood, haw, redbud and crab-apple. 
 In the south-east the tulip tree, beech and black gum, grow on soils of 
 about the same quality. This soil is more clayey and not so deep, and 
 has a sub-soil more impervious, and the underlying marls have less sand 
 and lime and more clay. Large areas of prairie in the north-east and 
 south-west have soils of nearly the same quality, often called "mulatto 
 soils" in some parts of the State. There is also a soil based upon the 
 red clays of southern Missouri of about the same quality. It is a highly 
 productive soil, which is greatly improved and rendered more durable 
 by deep culture. Our farmers hold it in high estimation for the culture 
 of corn, wheat and other cereals, and the grasses. Its blue-grass 
 pastures are equal, if not superior, to any in the State. Fruit is culti- 
 vated with marked success. The area is very great in the central and 
 eastern counties north of the Missouri, and in many of those south — 
 6,000,000 acres may be a fair estimate of the area. 
 
 White Oalc Lands occupy ridges Avhere the lighter materials of the 
 soil have been washed away. They sustain a growth of white and black 
 oak, shell-bark and black hickory, dogwood, sassafras, redbud and 
 fragrant sumach. The surface soil is not so rich in humus as the last 
 vanety, but the sub-soil is quite as good, and the imderlying marls not 
 
SOILS 533 
 
 so clayey and impervious. In many places the sub-soil is better than the 
 surface, and the land may be greatly improved by turning it to the 
 surface. The white oak ridges produce superior vcheat, good corn and 
 the finest quality of tobacco. Grapes, peaches, and other fruits yield 
 abundant and sure crops. This soil occupies many of the ridges in the 
 region north of the Missouri and east of the Chariton, and those south 
 of the former river and north of the Osage, as well as south of the 
 Osage and the Missouri — 1,500,000 acres may be a fair estimate. 
 
 Post Oak Lands occupy ridges generally on the south side of the 
 Osage, and produce post and black oak, hickory, sassafras, dogwood and 
 sumach. The growth is about the same as the white oak ridges, sub- 
 stituting the post for white oak. This soills based upon a light-colored 
 marl, with less lime and sand than is found in the marls underlying the 
 white oak ridges ; but it produces good crops of the staples of the 
 country, and has for several years yielded the best tobacco of the West. 
 Fruits of all varieties cultivated in our latitude excel on this soil. Deep 
 culture will render this land more prodvictive and durable. The area 
 covered by post oak lands is very large, but not definitely known — prob 
 ably 3,000,000 acres. 
 
 Blach Jack Lands have few trees, save blackjack and black hickory ; 
 sometimes a few grapes and some sumach. They occupy the high flint 
 ridges which are usually underlaid with hornstone and sandstone, and 
 some strata of magnesian limestone. The sub-soil is usually a lifeless 
 sandy clay, and the soil full of fragments of flint. This is the poorest 
 soil in the State, and will be of little use saVe for pastures and vineyards. 
 The cultivation of grapes on these flint ridges will be more expensive, but 
 the juices may be rich enough to pay the extra expense. They will 
 produce excellent wines, and become profitable grape lands when wines 
 shall be more esteemed for their quality than their quantity. These lands 
 occupy a large portion of the flint and sandstone ridges on the south of 
 the Osage, perhaps 3,000,000 acres. 
 
 Pine Lands have a growth of pine, post, white and black oak, black 
 hickory, dogwood and sassafras. They have an inferior, sand)' soil, and 
 occupy the plateaus, hills and ridges of southern Missouri, which are 
 underlaid by the sandstones of the magnesian limestone series. The 
 area of this soil is not fully determined, but it will not be less than 
 2,000,000 acres. The soil is sandy and thin, and would be greatly 
 benefited by clay and humus ; but plaster and clover, or buckwheat, are 
 the most available means of improvement. 
 
 Other soils are better determined by a consideration of both the trees 
 
534 PHYSICAl, GEOGKAPHY. 
 
 they produce and the rocks from which they are derived. Of thia class 
 are the — 
 
 Magnesian Limestone /Soils, which are based upon and derived from 
 the magnesian limestone or mineral-bearing series of southern Missouri, 
 and produce black and while walnut, black gum, white and wbahoo elms, 
 sugar maple, honey locxist, rock chestnut, scarlet and laurel oaks, blue 
 ash, white and shell-bark hickory, buckeye, hazel, sumach and dogwood. 
 These lands occupy the slopes, hillsides and narrow valleys of the southern 
 and southeastern part of the State, and the northern slopes of the Mis- 
 souri east of Boone County. The soil is dark, light and warm, rich in 
 lime, magnesia and humus. It is very productive and dui'able. The 
 region occupied by it is often so broken as to be inconvenient for ordinary 
 culture in farm crops. It is, however, well adapted to fruit. It covers 
 an area of 10,000,000 acres. 
 
 This large area, extending from the Missoiui River to Arkansas, and 
 from Marshfield to Cape Girardeau, is a table-land varying in the elevation 
 from 500 to 1,500 feet. It is cut by deep winding valleys in the south 
 and north, and broken into knobs and ridges towards the east. Large 
 bold springs of pure, cool waters gush from every hillskle, and fill the 
 valleys with limpid streams. Magnificent forests abound, and wild grapes 
 everywhere mingle their purple clusters with the foliage of the elm and 
 the oak, the mulberry and the buckeye. 
 
 The climate is delightful. The winters are short and mild, the sum- 
 mers long and temperate. Its skies vie with those of Italy, and its 
 fountains and streams, valleys and mountains, equal their favorite proto- 
 types in classic Greece. No soil can surpass this for the grape, and the 
 mild winters and long summers, favored by the warm dry winds of the 
 southwest, are most favorable for maturing its rich juices. 
 
 Such are the soils on the uplands of Missouri. The bottom lands are 
 not less important and interesting. They present the following varie- 
 ties. The whole is divided into Bottom Prairie and Bottom Timber: 
 
 Bottom Prairie has a light, rich, deep, dark and productive soil, 
 clothed with luxuriant native grasses, among which a species of sorghum 
 is conspicuous. Before these savannas were pastured, the grasses grew 
 to a height varying from five to ten feet. 
 
 The bottom prairie soil is rich in all the elements of fertility. It 
 is deep and light, and but slightly affected by excessive wet or dry 
 weather. Hemp, tobacco, and all the staple crops grow on it with great 
 luxuriance. The bottom prairie covers a large portion of the Missouri 
 Bottoms above Glasgow, and some considerable areas in St. Charles, 
 
SOILS. 535 
 
 Marion and the southeastern counties on the Mississippi. Some of 
 these prairies on the Missouri are 20 or 30 miles long, and from 2 to 10 
 miles wide — as the broad Wyaconda and Huppan Cuty. The area of 
 these lands is constantly decreasing by the action of the river and the 
 encroachments of the forest ; but there still remains about 300,000 acres 
 of these rich and beautiful natural meadows. 
 
 The Bottom Timber has several natural divisions, well recognized by 
 the people of the country, and designated as " high bottom," " low 
 bottom," "wet bottom" or " swamp," and " cypress." 
 
 High Bottoms have a deep, porous and rich sandy soil,which produces 
 a gigantic growth of elm, sugar maple, white ash, cherry, locust, linden, 
 sweet gum, buckeye, burr, red, Spanish, swamp and scarlet oaks, thick 
 shell-bark hickory, hackberry, pecan, black walnut, plum and mulberry. 
 Grape-vines, trumpet and Virginia creepers, poison oak, wistaria and 
 stafi-tree climb the highest trees, and mingle their scarlet and purple 
 flowers and fruits with the hisrhest foliage. 
 
 The fertility of this soil is well attested by its chemical properties, and 
 the large trees grown upon it. The following, among other samples, 
 were measured in 1857 : 
 
 Sycamore 43 feet In circumference , 
 
 Catalpa 10 » » 
 
 Cypress 29 " " 
 
 Cottonwoon 30 " " 
 
 Black "Walnut 22 " " 
 
 Spanish Oak 36 " " 
 
 Grape Vine ...33 inches " 
 
 65 feet high. 
 
 90 
 
 4( 
 
 
 130 
 
 4t 
 
 
 125 
 
 U 
 
 
 no 
 
 <( 
 
 
 90 
 
 (( 
 
 
 160 
 
 (I 
 
 loneg. 
 
 This soil covers about 2,000,000 acres, occupying all the bottoms which 
 are above the usual high waters along our rivers. It is very productive, 
 and so deep and porous that the crops are but little affected by dry and 
 wet seasons. Hemp, com, tobacco, and the cereals, are produced in 
 rich abundance. 
 
 Low Bottoms have a soil similar to the high bottoms, but they are so 
 low as to be covered with water at ordinary overflow. Sycamore, cotton- 
 wood, silver maple, box-elder, red birch, buckeye, willow, river and 
 frost grapes and poison ivy, are the most common productions. They 
 grow to vast proportions. The overflows render these lands nearly 
 useless for farming purposes ; but when the floods are kept out by 
 levees, they are the most productive and valuable. There are large 
 areas of these lands in Southeast Missouri — in the State nearly 1,000,000 
 acres. 
 
536 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Swamp and Wet Bottom are terms usually applied to a variety of 
 bottom lands very similar to the two preceding, but different in being so 
 located as to be saturated with or nearly covered with water. This 
 excess of water renders them useless for ordinary culture. They sustain 
 a heavy growth of pin, swamp and red oaks, holly, spice bush, white and 
 black ash, red birch, box-elder, button bush, sycamore, cottonwood, 
 whahoo elm, sweet gum, water locust, white and red maple, poison oak, 
 frost and river grapes. 
 
 Cypress. — This name is given to low bottoms which are covered by 
 standing water for a large part of the year. The decomposition of 
 vegetable matter in these waters adds a new deposit of vegetable mould 
 annually to their rich soil, which sustains a very heavy growth of cypress, 
 tupelo, sour gum, water locust, white and red maple, pin and Spanish 
 oaks. These cypresses are uumeroiis and very extensive in Southeast 
 Missouri. Buffalo Cypress and Honey Cypress are good samples. The 
 central and wettest portions of them usually have deposits of bog ore. 
 These soils are useless for ordinary farming purposes ; but their timber 
 is unique, abundant and valuable. The area of swamp and cypress lands 
 will reach 1,000,000 acres. 
 
 Such are the soils of Missouri, as they are recognized by the people of 
 the State from their natural productions ; and a large range of chemical 
 analyses fully sustain the popular estimate of these lands as to fertility. 
 The area attributed to each has been determined with tolerable accuracy 
 by observations extended over nearly every county of the State for a 
 period of 20 years. 
 
Part iv.— Material Wealth. 
 
 THE 
 
 %^ouf6e^, f^fodudtioii^, ¥o^^ibilitie^, 
 
 — OF — 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 BY ROBERT ALLEN CAMPBELL, C. E., 
 
 Author of "CampbelVi Gazetteer of Missouri,'''' Etc. 
 

 m^! 
 
 The Farmers' Conquest. 
 
Nature Unsubdued. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 "Some Preliminary Observations."— General Description op the State.— Boitoda- 
 RIBS, Distances, Etc. — Table of Counties, their Population, Etc.— Area an» 
 Topography. — Rivers, Caves, Quarries and Natural Curiosities. 
 
 • • 
 
 "And God said to them, * * * fill the earth and subdue it. 
 "Behold, I have given you every herb scattering seed, which is on the 
 "face of all the earth, and eveiy tree in which is the fruit of a tree, 
 " scattering seed, to you shall it be for food ; and to every beast of the 
 " earth and to every fowl of the heavens and to every thing that creeps 
 "on the earth, wherein is a spirit of life, all green herbage for food." 
 
540 MATERIAL WEALTH. 
 
 So man is given for his sustenance every herb scattermg seed ( that is 
 propagated by seed ) , leaving him the choice among them all of such 
 varieties as are suited to his nature, necessities or tastes. To him is 
 also given every fruit tree, and every tree pleasant to the sight, that in 
 like manner he may, from among them all, choose such as he likes best 
 to beautify the landscape, and such as bear fruits most pleasing to his 
 taste, or best adapted to his nourishment. To the animals is assigned 
 all green herbage without distinction. 
 
 This great gift, with the accompanying boon of choice, embodied ia 
 the command, "fill the earth and subdue it," — carried with it the 
 indescribable blessing of Labor. 
 
 Man commenced to subdue the earth by tilling the soil, thus render- 
 ing the herb scattei-ing seed more bountiful in its production, and also 
 developing trees more pleasing to the eye, which likewise produced in 
 greater abundance fruits more nourishing to the body and more luscious 
 to the taste. 
 
 Adam was a gardener, Cain, his first born, was a farmer. Abel, 
 next in age, was a stock-raiser. When these agriculturists required tools 
 with which they could more readily snibdue the earth, and, when their 
 surplus products rendered the supjoort of another class of workers possible, 
 mining for metals and the making of the necessary implements now com- 
 menced, and we hear of Tubal Cain, the first niiuiufacturer. 
 
 If man looks upon the earth, as it is in a state of nature, he finds but 
 little that is ready for his use. But few can live, and^tliat few but 
 scantily and precariously, upon the spontaneous productions of the land. 
 Boundless material, however, and limitless resources are all about him, 
 which, by labor and the skill born of labor, he can call to his service, 
 subduing the earth, causing it to yield an abundance to sustain the life 
 and satisfy the wants of every living creature. 
 
 The mineral treasures, veiled in crude ore, lie hidden below the surface, 
 often deep in the earth, and, when discovered, must be brought to the 
 light by laborious toil ; and are even then valueless until the manufacturer 
 by enlightened and experienced labor, through difficult, tedious and 
 exact processes, fits them for application to man's necessities and service. 
 
 Through the impulse and command to subdue the earth have resulted 
 all the wonderful changes recorded in history. It has developed thought, 
 stimulated invention, quickened the dormant powers of combination, and 
 converted into actual, living realities, the latent possibilities of brain and 
 muscle. The race has been developed from its primitive crudeness of a 
 pair, subsisting upon the natural productions of the earth, to its present 
 
BOUKDAErES, DISTA^S^CES, ETC. 541 
 
 unnumbered millions, with all the comforts and blessings of the highest 
 civilization, by obeying — often it is true unwillingly — the Lord's com- 
 mand to fill the earth and subdue it. 
 
 Out of this labor, too, arises the right of property, the origin and 
 bond of ciTil society. He who from a piece of timber, taken from the 
 common forest, fashions a useful implement, thereby makes it his own, 
 and it cannot be rightfully taken from him, for no one can justly 
 appropriate to his own use, without a fair and satisfactory exchange, the 
 product of another's skill and labor. So, he who originally takes 
 possession of an unappropriated field, and by his own labor prepares it 
 for use, thereby makes it his own, and it cannot rightfully be taken from 
 him. Labor, therefore, expended upon the bounties of nature so as to 
 increase their production or better fit them for the use and benefit of 
 mankind, is the foundation of all rights in property ; and all the blessings 
 of civilization, enlightenment and society are the direct result of 
 obedience to the Divine command and impulse — '• fill the earth and 
 subdue it." 
 
 The elements of wealth in a State, then, must consist of the available 
 bounties of Nature upon which labor can be largely and profitably 
 expended, and of the labor of her citizens which is put foz'th, to fit for 
 and apply to man's use the gifts of Nature to her children. In short, 
 nature's gift and man's labor are the factors of which material wealth is 
 the product. 
 
 The natural advantages of Missouri will be partially understood from 
 the following general description. 
 
 Boundaries, Distances, Etc. — Missouri is bounded, on the north, by 
 Iowa, from which it is separated for about thirty miles by the Des 
 Moines Eiver ; on the east, by the Mississippi River, which separates it 
 from Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee ; on the south, by Arkansas ; and 
 west, by the Indian Territory, Kansas and Nebraska. It lies between the 
 parallels of 36° 30' and 40" 30' North latitude, except the small projection 
 in the extreme southern part of the State between the St. Francis and 
 Mississippi Rivers, which extends south to the 36th parallel. 
 
 The width of the State between its extreme east and west points is 
 nearly 350 miles ; on the northern boundary, along the Iowa line between 
 the Missouri and Des Moines Rivers, is about 210 miles; on the south- 
 ern boundary, between the south-west corner of the State and the 
 Mississippi Eiver, is about 280 miles. A line from St. Louis due west 
 to the Kansas line is about 235 miles, and this is about the average width 
 
542 
 
 MATEEIAL WEALTH. 
 
 of the State. The length of the State, north and south, ( not including 
 the strip between the St. Francis and Mississippi liivers, which is 
 about 34 miles long,) is about 280 miles. From tlio extreme northwest 
 corner to the extreme southeast corner of the State is about 450 miles, 
 and frorh the northeast to the southeast corner about 320 miles. 
 
 Area. — The area of Missouri is 65,350 square miles or 41,824,000 
 acres, and contains 2.28 per cent, of the area of the United States, 
 exclusive of Alaska. It is the largest State except Minnesota, which 
 borders on the Mississippi River, and is in area the eighth State in the 
 Union. Missouri is nearly as large as Illinois, Massachusetts and 
 Connecticut, and is equal to the combined area of Denmark, Holland, 
 Belgium and Switzerland, and is a third larger than England. 
 
 The State is divided into one hundred and fourteen counties. We 
 append a list showing their names, date of organization, area in acres 
 and population according to the United States Census of 1880. 
 
 Adair 
 
 Andrew 
 
 Atchison 
 
 Audrain 
 
 Barrj"- 
 
 Barton 
 
 Bates 
 
 Benton 
 
 Boliing-er 
 
 Boone , 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 Butler 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 Callaway 
 
 Camden , 
 
 Cape Giravdeaul 
 
 CaiToll 
 
 Cavter 
 
 Cass 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Chariton 
 
 Christian 
 
 Clark 2 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Cole 
 
 DATE OP 
 SETTLEMENT 
 
 1828 
 
 1836 
 1839 
 1S30 
 1828 
 
 1824 
 1834 
 1800 
 1812 
 1799 
 1800 
 1830 
 1803 
 1834 
 1794 
 1817 
 
 1880 
 1832 
 1812 
 1822 
 1829 
 1819 
 1830 
 1816 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Jan. 29, 
 Jan. 29, 
 Feb. 14, 
 Dec, 17, 
 Jan. 5, 
 Dec. 12, 
 Jan. 29, 
 Jan. 3, 
 Mar. 1, 
 Nov. 16, 
 Feb. 10, 
 Feb. 27, 
 Dec. 26, 
 Nov. 25, 
 Jan. 29, 
 
 1841. 
 1841. 
 1846. 
 1836. 
 1836. 
 1856. 
 1841. 
 1835. 
 1851. 
 1820. 
 1839. 
 1849. 
 1836. 
 1820. 
 1841. 
 
 Jan. 
 Mar. 
 Feb. 
 
 Nov. 
 Mar. 
 Dec. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Nov. 
 
 3, 1833. 
 
 10, 1859. 
 
 19, 1849. 
 
 1843. 
 
 16, 1820. 
 
 8, 1860. 
 16, 1836. 
 
 2, 1882. 
 
 15, 1833. 
 
 16, 1820. 
 
 AREA 
 ACEES. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 356,420 
 273,025 
 329,751 
 441,927 
 561,760 
 378,100 
 538,638 
 468,432 
 381,081 
 430,600 
 272,329 
 437,935 
 276,480 
 617,736 
 465,209 
 362,460 
 441,535 
 826,406 
 439 606 
 822,000 
 457,397 
 347,620 
 332,000 
 254,423 
 264,623 
 234,466 
 
 15,190 
 16,818 
 14,665 
 19,739 
 14,424 
 10,332 
 25,882 
 12,398 
 11,132 
 26,424 
 49,524 
 
 6,011 
 13,664 
 23,670 
 
 7,267 
 20,998 
 23,300 
 
 2,168 
 22,481 
 10,747 
 25,224 
 
 9,682 
 15,031 
 15,679 
 16,078 
 15,519 
 
 ' Organized under the territoral laws in 1818. 
 ' One of the original districts of Louisiana. 
 
STATISTICS BY COUNTIES. 
 
 543 
 
 DATE OF 
 8BTTLEMENT 
 
 Cooper 1812 
 
 Crawford 1815 
 
 Dade 1833 
 
 Dallas 1838 
 
 Daviess 1831 
 
 DeKalb 1833 
 
 Dent 1828 
 
 Douglass. . . 
 Dunklin. . . . 
 Franklin. . . 
 Gasconade. 
 
 Gentry 
 
 Greene .... 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Harrison.. . 
 
 Henry 
 
 Hickory.... 
 
 Holt 
 
 Howard . . . 
 
 Howell 
 
 Iron 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Jefferson. . . 
 Johnson. . . 
 
 Knox 
 
 Laclede. .. . 
 Lafayette*. 
 Lawrence . 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Lincoln. .. 
 
 Linn 
 
 Livingston. 
 McDonald. 
 
 Macon 
 
 Madison . . 
 
 Maries 
 
 Marion . . . 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Miller 
 
 Mississippi 
 Moniteau . 
 Monroe ... 
 
 Montgomery \ 1800 
 
 Morgan 
 
 New Madrid 
 
 Newton 
 
 Nodaway 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Osage 
 
 Ozark 
 
 Pemiscot ... 
 
 1803 
 
 1812 
 
 1840 
 
 1829 
 
 1834 
 
 1839 
 
 1831 
 
 1837 
 
 1838 
 
 1807 
 
 1838 
 
 1810 
 
 1808 
 
 1832 
 
 1773 
 
 1833 
 
 1832 
 
 1816 
 
 1816 
 
 1831 
 
 1819 
 
 1799 
 
 1832 
 
 1833 
 
 1830 
 
 1831 
 
 1722 
 
 1838 
 
 1800 
 
 1837 
 
 1815 
 
 1800 
 
 1815 
 
 1819 
 
 1780 
 1829 
 1840 
 1816 
 
 1780 
 
 OKOANIZATION 
 
 Dec. 17, 1818. 
 Jan. 23, 1839. 
 Jan. 29, 1841. 
 Dec. 10, 1844. 
 Dec. 29, 1836. 
 Feb. 26, 1845. 
 Feb. 10, 1851. 
 Oct. 19, 1857. 
 Feb. 14, 1845. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1820. 
 Feb. 12, 1841. 
 Jan. 2, 1833. 
 Jan. 2, 1841. 
 Feb. 14, 1845. 
 Dec. 13, 1834. 
 Feb. n, 1845. 
 Feb. 15, 1841. 
 Jan. 23, 1816, 
 
 1867. 
 
 Feb. 17, 1867. 
 Dec. lo, 1826. 
 Jan. 29, 1841. 
 Dec. 8, 1818. 
 Deo. 13, 1834. 
 Feb. 14, 1845. 
 
 Feb. 24, 1849. 
 
 Nov. 16, 1820. 
 
 Feb. 25, 1845. 
 
 1832. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1818. 
 
 Jan. 7, 1837. 
 
 1837. 
 
 Mar. 3, 1849. 
 
 1838. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1818. 
 
 Mar. 2, 1855. 
 
 Dec. 23,1826. 
 
 Feb. 14, 1845. 
 
 Feb. 6, 1837. 
 
 Feb. 14, 1845. 
 
 Feb. 14, 1845. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1831. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1818. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1833. 
 
 DecVsiiisbs'. 
 Feb. 14, 1846. 
 Teb. 14, 1845. 
 Jan. 29, 1841. 
 Jan. 29, 1841. 
 Feb. 19, 1861. 
 
 AKEA 
 AOBES. 
 
 355,172 
 
 465,313 
 •((20,000 
 344,611 
 368,601 
 263,608 
 558,720 
 495,360 
 110,799 
 660,338 
 323,176 
 312,587 
 438,424 
 263,357 
 464,294 
 476,160 
 260,998 
 272,761 
 288,234 
 590,679 
 353,804 
 417,089 
 409,319 
 402,252 
 516,797 
 323,195 
 474,879 
 403,671 
 384,000 
 320,660 
 396,148 
 388,993 
 333,952 
 362,978 
 529,920 
 291,200 
 313,416 
 280,509 
 283,466 
 874,628 
 253,440 
 262,443 
 422,455 
 327,129 
 872,107 
 188,421 
 400,204 
 654,137 
 357,729 
 375,336 
 472,320 
 327,725 
 
 POPTTLATION 
 
 21,622 
 10,763 
 12,657 
 
 9,272 
 19,174 
 13,343 
 10,647 
 
 7,763 
 
 9,604 
 
 26,636 
 
 11,163 
 
 17,188 
 
 28,817 
 
 15,201 
 
 20,318 
 
 23,914 
 
 7,388 
 
 16,610 
 
 18,428 
 
 8,814 
 
 8,183 
 
 82,328 
 
 32,021 
 
 18,736 
 
 28,177 
 
 13,047 
 
 11,624 
 
 25,731 
 
 17,585 
 
 15,925 
 
 17,443 
 
 20,016 
 
 20,205 
 
 7,816 
 
 26,223 
 
 8,860 
 
 7,304 
 
 24,837 
 
 14,674 
 
 9,807 
 
 9,270 
 
 14,349 
 
 19,075 
 
 16,250 
 
 10,134 
 
 7,694 
 
 18,948 
 
 29,560 
 
 5,791 
 
 11,824 
 
 6,613 
 
 4,299 
 
 1 Organized as Lillard County. Changed to Lafayette in 1834. 
 
5U 
 
 MATERIAL WEALTH. 
 
 DATE OP 
 
 SETTLEMENT 
 
 Perrv 
 
 Pettis 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Pike 
 
 Platte 
 
 Polk 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Ralls 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Ray 
 
 Reynolds 
 
 Ripley 
 
 St. Charles.... 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 St. Francois... 
 Ste. Genevieve 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Saline 
 
 Schuyler 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Scott 
 
 Shannon 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Stoddard 
 
 Stone 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Taney 
 
 Texas 
 
 Vernon 
 
 Warren 
 
 "Washington . . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster 
 
 Worth 
 
 Wright 
 
 1796 
 1818 
 
 1826 
 1811 
 1827 
 1820 
 1816 
 1837 
 1811 
 1820 
 1816 
 1812 
 1819 
 1762 
 1835 
 1794 
 1735 
 1764 
 1810 
 1886 
 1833 
 1798 
 1819 
 1830 
 1823 
 1790 
 1836 
 1826 
 1816 
 1820 
 1801 
 1765 
 1800 
 1830 
 1840 
 1832 
 
 OBOANIZATION. 
 
 Nov. 16, 1820. 
 Jan. 26, ,1833. 
 Nov. 13, 1867. 
 Dec. 14, 1818. 
 Dec. 31, 1838. 
 Mar. 13, 1835. 
 Dec. 15, 1818. 
 Feb. 28, 1845. 
 Nov. 16, 1820. 
 Jan. 22, 1829. 
 Nov. 16, 1820. 
 Feb. 25, 1845. 
 Jan. 6, 1833. 
 
 Jan. 29, 1841. 
 Dec. 19, 1821. 
 
 Nov.' 25* 1820. 
 Feb. 24, 1845. 
 Jan. 29, 1841. 
 Dec. 28, 1821. 
 Jan. 29, 1841. 
 Jan. 2, 1835. 
 Jan. 2,1835. 
 
 Feb. 16, 1845. 
 Jan. 6, 1837. 
 Feb. 14, 1845. 
 Feb. 17, 1851. 
 Jan. 5, 1833. 
 Aug. 21, 1813. 
 Dec. 11, 1818. 
 Mar. 3, 1855. 
 Feb. 8, 1861. 
 Jan. 29, 1841. 
 
 ASEA 
 ACOES. 
 
 295,356 
 446,289 
 429,163 
 420,860 
 267,000 
 422,400 
 371,200 
 331,488 
 295,878 
 307,677 
 360,226 
 494,379 
 380,160 
 339,690 
 447,040 
 280,091 
 316,711 
 295,780 
 458,095 
 185,665 
 278,748 
 262,058 
 670,000 
 332,560 
 465,137 
 339,200 
 313,720 
 437,381 
 700,000 
 686,000 
 262,474 
 475,399 
 459,784 
 380,160 
 174,720 
 414,720 
 
 FOFimATIOll 
 
 11,895 
 27,285 
 12,566 
 26,716 
 17,372 
 15,745 
 
 7,250 
 13,566 
 11,838 
 22,751 
 20,193 
 
 6,722 
 
 5,377 
 23,060 
 14,126 
 13,822 
 10,390 
 "382,410 
 29,912 
 10,470 
 12,507 
 
 8,687 
 
 3,441 
 14,024 
 13,432 
 
 4,405 
 16,569 
 
 5,605 
 12,207 
 19,370 
 10,806 
 12,895 
 
 9,097 
 12,175 
 
 8,208 
 
 9,733 
 
 Topography. — Missouri is divided by the Missouri Eiver into two 
 distinct parts, marked by different physical characteristics. The portion 
 of the State north of the Missouri River, although quite rolling, is 
 generally less hilly and broken that most of the country south of the 
 river. 
 
 North of the river there is a beautiful diversity of bluffs, slopes and 
 levels, prairie and timber, generally well watered by numerous rivers 
 and creeks, with an almost uniform course of south or south-west into 
 the Missouri, or south-east into the Mississippi Eiver. 
 
 The general surface of a country is governed by the constituents of the 
 
 underlying rock formations. Where they consist mostly of limestones 
 
 * City and County. 
 
TOPOGRAPHY. 545 
 
 which approach near the surface, we find a rugged tract of country. 
 Where sandstones prevail, the slopes ai'e more gentle. Where clays 
 or shales exist, we have flat land. Alternations of these will present 
 combinations of the foregoing. The coal measures include varieties of 
 all these, and generally alternately arranged. The thickest entire lime- 
 stone group is thirty feet, with shales above and below ; so, of course, 
 our area of broken land is limited. The thickest groups of limestone 
 occur in the lower part of the upper coal measures. Along the line of 
 their outcrops may be occasionally seen rugged and steep hillsides, which 
 characteristics may be observed from Cass County on the south, through 
 Jackson, Platte, Clay, Ray, Caldwell, Daviess, Gentry, Worth and 
 Harrison. Higher in the series are thick shale formations, as seen at 
 Weston and St. Joseph. 
 
 The country northward is flat and rolling, as we find through Gentry 
 and Worth, Platte, Buchanan and DeKalb. Above these are alternations 
 of thick and thin strata of limestone, with sandstones, shales and clays, 
 and the resultant is the undulating and rolling portions of northwest 
 Missouri, lying near and extending west from Platte River. The bluffs 
 of the Missouri, in the region of the upper coal measures, attain an 
 elevation of from 250 to 330 feet above the bottom land, and the ele- 
 vation of the highest ridges inland is but httle, if any more. The 
 summits of the highest ridges in Nodaway County, above One Hundred 
 And Two and Platte Rivers, are but little over 200 feet, and none of the 
 adjacent bluffs exceed 50 feet in height ; the same may also be said of 
 Nodaway River, except near where it joins the Missouri Bluffs, where 
 they measure 250 feet. On North Grand River the immediate bluffs 
 measure from 30 to 120 feet, within the upper coal district. As we 
 descend, the hills recede. Near the base of the upper coal series it is 
 often 200 to 250 feet from the valleys to the top of remote ridges. 
 Lower down, in the middle coal series, we have a great thickness of sand- 
 stones and shales, with long and very gentle slopes, and the bluffs near 
 streams from 25 to 50 feet high, rising to 100 feet at a half mile to a 
 mile distant. We also observe another characteristic near the junction 
 of the upper and middle measures. The upper sandstones, 100 or more 
 feet in thickness, have been mostly denuded, leaving isolated mounds of 
 sandstone, capped by lower limestones, of the upper coal measures. 
 They are generally 80 to 100 feet above the general surface of the lower 
 plains. This enables us to trace out the boundaries between the upper 
 and middle coal series very readily. The mounds near Harrisonville, 
 Cass County, reach to the top of the middle coal series, as also Center 
 35 
 
546 
 
 MATERIAL WEAXTH. 
 
 Knob and knobs north in Johnson County, and Wagon Knob m Lafay- 
 ette County, and are generally cupped with limestones, which occupy the 
 base of the upper coal series. 
 
 In Lafayette County we have a remarkable ridge coming in from the 
 southwest and extending northwardly, just west of the line between 
 tano-es 27 and 28, including a width of about one mile. Gray's Knob, 
 although separated from the main ridge, occupies the northern terminus 
 of it. It is generally cappe'd with limestone, but sometimes the lime- 
 stone has been broken up and worn away, leaving exposed the underlying 
 sandstone. The denudation on the cast side is apparently not so much 
 
 Sniabar Vklley. 
 
 as on the west, but on the west the erosion has been very great, extend- 
 ing to a depth of at least about 100 feet with a width of over twelve 
 miles. This tract includes the beautiful Greenton Valley, Texas Prairie 
 and Sniabar Valleys. 
 
 The various branches of the Sniabar have cut their channels through 
 this valley to a depth of from 40 to 100 feet. Along the Missouri River, in 
 the vicinity of the middle series, the bluffs do not attain the height found 
 in the upper series. They vary in height from 100 to 165 feet. In the 
 lower part of the middle coal measures, we again observe the phenomena 
 of mounds capped with limestone, the base of the mounds extending 
 into the lower measures. We here find evidences of a great denudation, 
 for the mounds are frequently over 100 feet in height, sloping with a long 
 and gentle descent, blending into the wide-stretching intervening plains. 
 
TOPOGJKAPHY. 547 
 
 This is the case along the west line of Missouri from Fort Scott to Cass 
 County ; others occur along the border of Bates and Vernon, and 
 occasionally in Henry. A range of mounds passes north-east from near 
 Clinton to the north-east part of Henry County, and from thence, at 
 intervals northwardly in the east part of Johnson County. The lower coal 
 measures being mainly composed of sandstones and shales with but few 
 limestone beds, we find the country correspondingly flat. The bluffs 
 along the streams are not often over 50 feet in height, and blend into the 
 higher land by gentle slopes. The southern portion of Missouri, includ- 
 ing the Ozark Ridge and most of the State south of the Missouri and 
 Osage Rivers, excepting the two western tiers of counties, is elevated from 
 1,000 to 1,400 feet above the sea, and includes only lower silurian rocks, 
 flanked by lower carboniferous. On the west flank near the State Line, 
 the country is not often over 800 feet above the sea. On the west and 
 north flank of this high land the coal measures commence. On the 
 south side of the Missouri River we find the middle and lower coal not 
 over 800 or 900 feet above the sea. In North Missouri the same forma- 
 tions are about 800 to 1,000 feet above the sea. The elevation of the 
 eastern and southern o^itcrop of the upper coal measures near the base is 
 875 to 990 feet. Toward the north-west part of the State the upper 
 measures are more elevated, and may reach from 1,000 to 1,100 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 Nearly all that portion of the State lying south of the Missouri River 
 is affected in its physical features by tlie Ozark Range, and the various 
 ridges that branch from it. This important rauge of hills is probably a 
 part of that ridge which starts at Long's Peali and passes through Kansas, 
 entering Missouri in Jasper County, and then, traversing the State in a 
 course slightly north of east, passes into Illinois at Grand Tower, and 
 thence into Kentucky opposite Golconda, and finally it merges itself 
 into the Cumberland Mountains. While in Kansas, this ridge divides, 
 and its northern branch passes into Missouri, in Cass County, and soon 
 disappears near the head waters of LaMine. The southern or main 
 branch of this ridge, which, as we have seen, forms the Ozark Range, is 
 the divide between the waters of the Missouii River on its northern slope, 
 and those of iSie Mississippi on its southern ; and in its course through 
 the State it is marked by different characteristics. From Jasper County 
 on the west, until nearly three-fourths of the distance across the State, 
 the Ozark broaden out with a wide arable summit, and are best described 
 as a series of high table lands, possessing none of the essential character- 
 istics of a range of mountains. Their elevation above the Mississippi 
 
54:8 MATERIAL WTIALTH. 
 
 Kiver at St. Louis, varies from 500 to 1,500 feet, the highest points 
 being found in Greene County. 
 
 In the eastern part of Missouri, particularly in the vicinity of Iron and 
 adjoining counties, the ridges are narrow, irregular and precipitous, and 
 often abound in isolated hills from 400 to 850 feet high. 
 
 The traveler in the interior of Missouri is often surprised to see spread 
 out before him a scene in which cliffs and prairies, botttoms and bar- 
 rens, naked hills and heavy forests, rocks and streams all follow each 
 other in rapid succession and wonderful variety, mingled in the most 
 pleasing harmony. 
 
 The rich alluvial bottom lands of the Missouri and Mississippi are con- 
 fined to narrow strips (varying in width from a few feet to several miles) 
 between the several channels of those rivers and the bluffs that line their 
 sides. Only a very small portion of these bottoms above Cape Girardeau 
 are subject to overflow. Below Cape Girardeau these bottom lands 
 become very much more extensive, and embrace several counties. A 
 large part of this area is swampy, and a limited portion is subject to 
 overflow. 
 
 On this low land are to be found some of the most productive farms 
 in the State. The jjortions now swampy and most, if not all, of the 
 overflowed lands are susceptible of drainage, and will, when thus dried, 
 become the garden spot of the State. 
 
 Rivers. — Two of the largest rivers in the United States, if not in the 
 world, give Missouri tlie benefits of their navigation. The Mississippi 
 River flows along the eastern border of the State for a distance (includ- 
 ing its windings) of nearly 540 miles. The Missouri River courses alonf 
 nearly one-half of the western border of the State, separating it from 
 Nebraska and Kansas for a distance of about 250 miles, and then bears 
 off in a direction a little south of east for 436 miles farther, until it 
 reaches its confluence with the Mississippi River. Both of these rivers 
 are navigable by large steamers far beyond the limits of the State. 
 
 The principal tributaries which tlie Missouri River receives within tha 
 State are the following: Nislmabotna, Big Tarkio, Nodaway, One Hun- 
 dred And Two, Platte, Grand and Chariton Rivers, and' Cedar Creek 
 and Loutre River from the north ; and the Blue, Big Sniabar, LaMine, 
 Osage and Gasconade from the south. The Osage — the principal tribu- 
 tary within the Sate — four hundred miles in length — is navigable some 
 two hundred miles from its month for light-draught steamers, and passes 
 through some of the richest lands and most picturesque bluff scenery in 
 
CAVES, 649 
 
 tho State. The principal tributaries received by the Mississippi River 
 north of the Missouri witliin the State are tlie Fox, Wyaconda, North 
 Fabius, South Fabius, North, Salt and Cuivre. 
 
 Soiith of the Missouri the Mississippi receives the Des Peres and Mera- 
 meo llivers, and numerous creeks — among them Establishment, Saline, 
 Apple, and othex-s. Little, Castor, St. Francis and Black Eivers, rise on 
 the south-eastern spurs of the Ozark Hills, and flow southwardly through 
 the low ends of south-east Missouri into Arkansas, and thence into the 
 Mississippi. Current, Eleven Point and the numerous tributaries of 
 White River drain the southern slope of the Ozark, flowing through the 
 latter river into Arkansas and thence into the Mississippi. The numer- 
 ous tributaries of Elk and Spring Rivers drain the south-western part of 
 the State. 
 
 Caves. — There are several very interesting and quite remarkable caves 
 in the State. 
 
 Hannibal Cave, situated one mile below the City of Hannibal and 
 about a quarter of a mile from the Mississippi River, is approached 
 tlirough a broad ravine hemmed in by lofty ridges whicli are at right 
 ansrles with the river. The antechamber is about 8 feet hinrh and 15 feet 
 long ; this descends into the Narrows, thence through Grand Avenue 
 to a spacious hall called Washington Avenue through which the Altar 
 Chamber, which is a ferruginous limestone (lithographic stone) formation, 
 is reached, where crystal quartz, carbonate of lime and sulphate of 
 magnesia abound. 
 
 Stalactites and stalagmites are continually forming by limestone 
 percolations. In Bat Avenue Chamber, the bats may be seen hanging 
 from the ceiling in clusters, like swarms of bees, some of them fifteen 
 inches from tip to tip. Washington Avenu6, over 16 feet high, with 
 louo- corridors of stalactites and stalagmites, is the largest division of 
 the cave. It contains a spring, and a deep pool in which are found the 
 wonderful eyeless fish. 
 
 The Devil's Hall is a spacious chamber with a horizontal ceiling and 
 a level floor. Alligator Rock, Elephant's Head, two natural wells filled 
 with limpid water, Table Rock, twenty feet in height, with regular steps 
 for ascent, are objects of interest, and with a thousand other curiosities 
 and surprises will amply repay tourists for their exploration. 
 
 Murphy's Cave, in Ides Hill, near the center of Hannibal, and Ure's 
 Cave, in the rear of the same hill, are of considerable interest, but not 
 so extensive as the Hannibal Cave. There are several caves of interest 
 in St. Louis County. 
 
550 MATERIAL WEALTH. 
 
 Cliff Cave, or Indian Cave, 13 miles below St. Louis, is one of the 
 most interesting. It is now used by tlie Cliff Cave Wine Company as 
 ■a wine celLu'. 
 
 Tbeie are several caves in Miller Coimty, the largest of which is on 
 the Big Tavern Creek, in the bluff near its confluence Avith the Osage 
 Eiver. The entrance is about 25 feet square, and 30 to 40 feet above 
 the river in a solid limestone bluff, but as yet it has been only partially 
 exi)lored. During the late Civil War it was used as a safe retreat by the 
 "bandit" Crabtree. The staliictio formations are of strange and fantastic 
 appearance, some of them looldng like colossal images of marble, and 
 the whole effect by torch-light is solemn and weird. 
 
 Farther up the stream are two other large caves, but little explored. 
 One is used by a German as a brewery. 
 
 Phelps County contains several interesting caves, the most accessible 
 of which is Friede's Cave, about 9 miles north-west of Holla. Its mouth 
 id 60 feet in width and 35 feet in height. It has been penetrated to a 
 distance of three miles without finding any outlet. The Stalactite 
 'Chamber is a beautiful apartment of 200 yards in length, varying from 
 15 to 30 feet in width and from 5 to oO feet in height. The Bat 
 Chamber contains thousands of wagon loads of guano, which is 
 extensively used by the farmers of the neighborhood. The cave also 
 contains quantities of saltpetre, and during the war large amounts of 
 powder were inanafactured there. 
 
 There are several caves in Christian County. The principal one, which 
 is a favorite resort for picnic parties, is two and a half miles northeast of 
 Ozark. Its entrance is through a rock-arch 50 feet across and 80 feet 
 high. About 400 feet from the entrance, the passage is so contracted that 
 the explorer must crawl through on his hands and knees. A fine stream 
 of water, clear and cold, gurgles down through the cave. Abovit twelve 
 miles south of Ozark, near the Forsyth road, on the top of a very high 
 hill is a small opening, which, about 100 feet from the surface, expands 
 into a hall 30 feet wide and about 400 feet long, the sides and top of 
 which are of rock lined with beautiful stalactites. In Stone County at 
 least twenty-five caves have been explored, and many more discovered. 
 One mile fronr Galena is an extensive cave fi'om which the early settlers 
 procured saltpetre in Lirge quantities. About two and a half miles above 
 this is a smaller one of great beauty. From the ceiling depend glittering 
 stalactites, while the floor sparkles with fragments of gem-like lustre. 
 A pearly wall, of about half an inch in thickness and fifteen inches high, 
 incloses a miniature lake, through whose pellucid waters the wavy stal- 
 agmite bottom of this natural basin can be plainly seen. This fairy-like 
 
NATUBAl, CUKIOSrriES. 551 
 
 bath tub, fit for Venus to lave in, hidden away in the secret recesses of 
 the earth, surprises and gains admiration from all beholders, and the 
 sacred stillness of the vaulted chamber renders its name, "The Baptismal 
 Font," a peculiarly fitting one. A cave about twelve miles from Galena, 
 is becoming well-known among curiosity-seekers in the adjacent country. 
 The entrance chamber is a large dome-shaped roo.m, whose ceiling is very 
 high ; a glittering mound of stalagmites rises in the center of the room, 
 nearly one-third the height of the ceiling; stretching out at right angles 
 from this are long shining halls leading to other grand arched chambers, 
 gorgeous enough for the revels of the Gnome King, and all the genii of 
 tlio subterranean world. One cannot but think of the nether world, as, 
 wandering down a labyrinthian passage, he reaches the verge of an abyss, 
 striking perpendicularly to luiknown and echoless depths. The name, 
 "Bottomless Pit," is well bestowed on this yawning gulf. 
 
 itnox Gave, about seven miles northwest of Springfield, has been 
 explored nearly a mile, and varies from 20 to 70 feet in width and from 
 6 to 30 feet in height, and is 75 or 100 feet below the surface of the 
 ground. For some distance from the mouth it is I'ugged limestone rock, 
 hung with the most beautiful stalactite formations, constantly dripping 
 with water. 
 
 Fisher's Cave, six miles southeast of Springfield, is of similar dimen- 
 sions and has a beautiful stream of water flowing out of it, and several 
 chambers connecting with the main one, as yet unexplored. 
 
 There are a number of saltpetre caves along the banks of the Gasconade 
 which were once profitably worked. Some of the saltpetre was shipped 
 down the river to St. Louis, but the greater portion was used in making 
 gunpowder at a number of manufactories in the State. Some of these 
 caves are large and interesting, consisting frequently of a succession of 
 rooms joined to each other by arched halls of a considerable height, with 
 walls of white limestone, upon which, as well as upon the floors, the 
 saltpetre is deposited, and is generally so pure as to need but one 
 washino- to- prepare it for use or export. When these caves were first 
 discovered it was not unusual to find in them stone-axes and hammers, 
 -which led to the belief that they had formerly been worked for some 
 unknown purpose by the savages. It is doubtful whether these tools 
 were left there by the Indians or by another and more civilized race which 
 preceded them.^ 
 
 There are caves of more or less extent and importance in many of the 
 'bluflfs fronting on the Gasconade. 
 
 1 This subject is fully discussed by Mr. A. J. Conant in the Article on Archaeology. 
 
552 MATERIAL WEALTH. 
 
 There are numerous caves in Perry County, two of which penetrate 
 beneath Perryville, None of these have been fully explored ; but Dr. 
 Shelby penetrated one to the distance of four miles, and believes that 
 beneath this part of the county a cui'ious subterranean world exists. 
 
 Connor's Cave, seven miles southeast of Colnmbi-a, has an entrance 
 twenty feet wide, and eight feet high, and has been partially explored 
 for several miles. 
 
 There are extensive and beautiful caves in Texas, Webster, Lawrence, 
 Laclede, Oregon, and several other counties. 
 
 About 14 miles south-south-west of Marshfield, Webster County, in 
 the neighborhood of some mines known as Snake Lead Diggings, there 
 is a lake of oval shape, covering an area of about two acres. This lake, 
 curious in many respects, is on the top of a hill, and locked in by a 
 sunken wall of limestone, about one hundred feet in height, or more 
 properly depth, for the summit of the hill seems hollowed out and lined 
 with this limestone basin, whose walls stand perpendicularly, inclosing 
 the lake solidly except on the west side, where a gap occurs that one can 
 descend with the aid of two tweuty-feet ladders. This mysterious lake 
 has never been sounded. The crevices of the rocks surrounding the 
 lake are filled with a substance resembling sperm, that burns like a 
 candle, and in the basin are some old cedar logs, though no cedar grows 
 nearer than eight miles to this weird region, whose name of Devil's Den 
 suggests sorcery to the superstitious. 
 
 The "Grand Gulf" is a natural curiosity in the south-western part of 
 Oregon County. In a section where the surface is comparatively level, 
 the traveler suddenly comes upon this "gulf," three-fo\irths of a mile in 
 length, 50 to 100 feet in width, and about 150 feet in depth, and bridged 
 by a rocky formation. 
 
 "Les Mamelles," two and a half miles north-west of St. Charles, six 
 miles from the Mississippi, and one mile from the Missouri, are two 
 smooth mounds, of regular surface, without trees or shrubs, but covered 
 with grass, projecting into the prairie some distance from the main bluffs. 
 These momids have an elevation of about 150 feet, and afford an 
 extensive view of a most beautiful country. 
 
 A clergyman was many years since conducted to Les Mamelles, by the 
 hill route leading through the woods. Emerging from the front, the 
 vista opened, disclosing to his astonished vision a scene of surpassing 
 loveliness. A beautiful level plain spread out before him for miles, east, 
 west and north, dressed in living green, variegated with many-hued 
 
NATUEAL CURIOSITIES. 553 
 
 prairie flowers ; the whole encircled by the iDlufFs of the two rivers, whose 
 crags and peaks, reflecting the rays of the evening sun, presented the 
 appearance of towns and villages and ruined castles. To the nortli lay 
 the Marais Croche Lake, like an immense mirror set in emerald. For 
 a few moments the clergyman stood in mute astonishment. When he 
 recovered his speech, he exclaimed, "I have never before seen anything 
 that gave me a proper conception of the Promised Land." 
 
 The Grand Falls of Shoal Creek, in the north-western part of Newton 
 county, are renowned for their beauty, and are a place of resort for 
 pleasure parties from the vicinity. 
 
 A short distance above Rocheport, Boone County, are high cliffs of 
 rocks, containing Indian hiei-oglyphics and .numerous caves and springs. 
 There is a natural bridge of considerable interest at Rockbridge, or 
 McConathy's Mills, six miles south from Columbia, and in the southern 
 part of the county there are numerous Indian mounds. 
 
 There are in Carroll County several high mounds, rising from one 
 hundred to four hundred and fifty feet above the level of the surrounding 
 country. Bogard, north of the center of the county, is the highest ; the 
 next highest is Stokes ; then Potato Hill Mound, etc. 
 
 The Natural Bridge, five miles south of Springfield, is a great resort 
 for pleasure seekers. Grand Tower, about one mile below the tovm. of 
 Wittenburg, Perry County, on the west side of the river, about sixty feet 
 from the shore, is a tower of solid rock about 75 feet high, from which 
 a fine view of the river, the bluff's and the city of Grand Tower on the 
 opposite bank, may be had. 
 
 The Simmons Iron Mountain, situated about one mile south-west from 
 Salem, is a nearly isolated hill, covering about 30 acres, and about 90 
 feet above the surrounding plateaxi. The main body of the hill seems to 
 be composed of second sandstone. Specular surface ore extends over a 
 lar^e district, increasing in frequency and size towards the summit, 
 where its occurs in boulders several feet in diameter. 
 
 Pilot Knob, 581 feet high, 1118 feet above the level of the Mississippi 
 at St. Louis, is an almost isolated, nearly conical hill, with a perpendicu- 
 lar peak connected at its eastern base with a lower range of hills that 
 gradually slope off to the east. At the height of 440 feet on the south 
 side of the mountain is exposed a stratum of specular iron ore, about 275 
 feet in length, and 19 to 24 feet in thickness. It served as a landmark 
 and guide to the Indians and pioneers : hence its name. 
 
 Shepherd's Mountain, 79 feet higher than, and one-eighth of a mile 
 west of, Pilot ,'Cnob, covers and area of 800 acres, and is rich in 
 magnetic ore. 
 
554 MATEKIAI^ WEAIiTH. 
 
 Cedar Mountain, west of Pilot Knob and considerably less in height, 
 contains a large vein of specular iron ore, discovered by Francis Tunica, 
 then topographical engineer connected with the State geological survey. 
 
 Tlie "Ozark Hills" region of the State abounds in scenery that is by 
 turns beautiful, picturesque and sublime. Scenes like the following in 
 Iron (bounty might be painted by the hundred, without exhausting the 
 beauties nnd interest of that wonderful region. 
 
 The Granite Quarry, aboiit six miles north-west from Ironton ; the 
 Shut In, about two miles south-east; and the Cascade, about ten miles 
 west of the same place. The Granite Quarry is a solid bed of granite 
 60 or 70 feet high, covering from 100 to 200 acres. Scattered over the 
 top of this mountain of stone are huge boulders rounded and worn 
 smooth, some of them 25 feet high, and weighing hundreds of tons. 
 Some of them have but a small base resting upcm the solid ledge, and 
 it seems as if a man could set his shoulder auainst them and send them 
 thundciing to the mountain's b;ise. A trial, however, will prove to the 
 contrary. The granite is of a superior quality, and has been extensively 
 used by the Government in the erection of public building", and 300 
 men ai-e now emploj'ed in the qiiarry. The SliiU In is a cleft-like 
 mountain-pass, at its narrowest point about 100 yards wide, a mile in 
 length, Mud its sides of rock from 30 to 50 feet high. Through this 
 chasm run^^ a liright and sparkling stream that empties into the St. Francis 
 River. The Cascade runs over tiie top of Cascade Mountain, falling 
 down its perpendicular rocky sides about 200 feet to the bottom of a 
 narrow moimtain gorge. Opposite and almost within stone's throw, rises 
 another mountain 300 feet high, and nearly i^erpendicular. In summer, 
 one slaniling at the top of this cascade and looking into the abyss, sees 
 tile foliage and vegetalion at the bottom \vear a funeral blackness ; higher 
 up, the color changes to a dark green, and grows paler as it nears the 
 top, where it is of the hue of summer. The continual rush of water 
 in the spring floods over this precipice, and the continued dropping of 
 the summer stream, have worn in the rock large tanks or cisterns holding 
 from 10 to 200 hogsheads of water. These reservoirs seem to be alwaya 
 full. In Dent Township there is a cavern of wonderful beauty and 
 great extent, that has never been fully explored. Stony Battery is a 
 gorge or canon about three - fourths of a mile long, between the 
 moimtains in the southern part of the county. The stones, which in 
 past ages had fallen into it from the mountain above, have been removed, 
 and it now serves for the bed of a stream and for a road. It opens at 
 the south into a fertile valley of considerable extent. 
 

 Scene in Iron County 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Mineral Eesoorces.— T we Coal Mkasures. — 
 Iron, Lead, Zrxc, Gkanith Quarries, etc. 
 
 Missouri was known its !i couiitiy of mineral jvealth long before it vraa 
 under the control of the United States. The pioneers, who first visited 
 this countiy, ennie in search of minerals and furs, and the region became 
 famous for both about the same time. From that time to the present, 
 the most sanguine enthusiast has not fully measured the magnitude of 
 our mineral wealth, tiie knowledge of which has been increased bj"^ new 
 discoveries, until now, new as is the country, and undeveloped as are our 
 richest deposits, we are in point of mineral productions, the ninth Statu 
 
556 MATERIAL WEALTH. 
 
 in the Union. This rank does not at all represent the rank in the value 
 uf mineral deposits, and hence of possible production, but only the rank 
 in annual production, which can be, and ere long will be, so increased 
 that Missouri will rank in ii-on, coal and building stone, as she now does 
 in lead, the first State in the Union. 
 
 The census of 1870 showed that the mining interest employed 3,423 
 hands, paying $1,938,792 in wages, expending $570,781 for material, 
 using a capital of $3,489,250, and producing ore valued at $3,472,513. 
 Since that time some of the mines then known have been more exten- 
 sively worked, and new discoveries, as well as more thorough develop- 
 ments of known deposits, have largely increased the known mineral 
 wealth of the State. 
 
 For instance, the lead interest of the State is, in the census report of 
 1870, credited with employing a capital of $208,000 ; 457 hands, and 
 producing $201,885 worth of metal. But the single county of Jasper, 
 which, in 1870, employed five hands, and produced $37,500 worth of 
 lead, in 1876 produced over $750,000 worth of lead, almost four times 
 as much as the entire State product in 1870, and more than the entire 
 nation produced that year. While the other mining interests have not 
 all increased in this proportion, this will serve to illustrate the possi- 
 bilities of the future, when Missouri will take the rank her natural 
 advantages render ineviti»ble. 
 
 There is no ^lossible doubt that when Missouri shall by an enlightened 
 and liberal policy secure an exhaustive geological survey and examination 
 of the State, that the mineral deposits will be so clearly defined, their 
 quantity, quality and situation so definitely described that they will invite 
 from eastern states and foreign countries the capital nnd experience 
 which will place her as the leading mining State of the Union. We 
 have had plenty of " glittering generalities ;" what capitalists and prac- 
 tical manufacturers want is metes and bounds, established by reliable 
 surveyors ; qiiautitics, calculated from actual examination and measure- 
 ment; and percentages of ore and metal deduced from careful and 
 repeated analyses by scientific, reliable and responsible chemists and 
 metallnrgista. 
 
 Whenever the State shall decide to determine these facts and employ 
 a force of siifficient number and intelligence to do the work carefully, 
 thoroughly and speedily, then a new era of prosperity will daAvn upon our 
 Commonwealth. A good beginning has been made ; let it be only a 
 beginning which shall be ipeedily and generotisly finished. 
 
THE COAL MEASURES. 557 
 
 Coal. — Whatever may be the mineral resources of any state or country, 
 much of the success in mining, manufacturing and commerce, must largely 
 depend upon the quantity, quality and situation of its mineral coal. Xo 
 veiy great and independent success can be had in any of these depart- 
 ments without a bountiful supply of these "black diamonds." Fuel 
 must be had, for the use of fire is one of the most distinguishing character- 
 istics of man over animal creation. 
 
 Heat must be generated for the thousand avocations of civilized life, 
 and nothing is so available and so reliable, either to warm a room, drive 
 an engine, smelt an ore or generate a power to raise and transport its 
 own latent strength, as coal. These precipitated sunbeams were laid away 
 in ante-diluvian times under the earth, and there stored up for the use, 
 comfort and progress of mankind in these latter glorious days. 
 
 While coal has been for a long time known to exist in some scattered 
 localities, it remained for the geological survey of the State to discover 
 the great area of our coal deposits, and to determine their thickness, 
 situation, availability and boundary. Coal is spoken of as black diamond, 
 the diiference being only one of form and color ; but the difference is 
 vastly in favor of the coal, which is immeasurably more valuable — for the 
 muscular strength of earths' inhabitants from Adam down to the present 
 and continviing on until the Millennium, would scarcely constitute a unit 
 or factor by which to determine or compare the incalculable latent power 
 stored up in the Missouri coal fields. 
 
 In any attempt to calculate the power or appreciate the value of this 
 unmeasured deposit of earths' most bountiful and most available mineral, 
 and its influence on the State at large, as well as upon every inhabitant, 
 we must bear in mind that this almost infinite power is ready to come 
 forth at the touch of man, and may be controlled by his lightest wish. 
 A match can release, and a finger may direct, the force which can minister 
 to the wants of all mankind, by clothing the entire earth in beauty, or 
 which could send the world flying in fragments from the force of the 
 explosion, rendering the earth unfit for man's habitation, even if a man 
 should by a miracle be left to live upon it. We must bear in mind, too, 
 that these coal beds underlie one of the richest agricultural regions on 
 the continent, within a State whose manufacturing and commercial 
 facilities and resources are scarcely inferior to any, and adjacent to the 
 Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and our numerous railroads, and especially 
 that they are near the two great trans-continental lines. 
 
 The coal fields of Missouri not only cover a greater area than any other 
 mineral deposit in the State, but also employ more hands in their working. 
 
ii.iO MATEEIAi WEALTH.^ 
 
 use a larger capital, and produce more wealth, which is more general!}' 
 divided among I lie operatives. 
 
 Another very important fact in relation to our coal fields is, that while 
 it makes comparatively little difiurence to the consumer whether the iron 
 or lead that ho uses is mined in Missouri, Pennsylvania or Sweden, it is 
 of the utmost importance to him whether his coal is mined in his own 
 county or a distant part of the State. Coal in the county, or on the 
 same railway or water-course, within easy distance, means cheap fuel 
 for the household, and a cheap supply of an indispensable element in 
 successful niaiuifact.uring. 
 
 Coal mining requires only a small amount of permanent investment, 
 and none of the expensive appurtenances for reduction which are 
 demanded by iron, lead and zinc ores. Lying, as it does, near the 
 surface, over a large area in this State, it requires only a limited capital 
 for its successful production, and it finds a ready and constant cash 
 market at the mouth of the mine, or in the to'wns along the railway 
 lines or rivers. This speedy and certain return for a moderate outlay 
 will readily explain why coal mining continues to flourish, when other 
 mining interests languish, and why the amount of its volume is only 
 slightly reduced while some other mines are closed altogether. 
 
 •The Missouri coal fields underlie an area of nearly 25,000 Square miles, 
 including about 160 square miles in St. Loitis County, 8 square miles in 
 St. Charles, and some important outliers and pockets, which are mainly 
 canuel coal, in Lincoln, Warren and Callaway Counties. This area 
 includes about 8,400 square miles of upper coal measures, 2,000 square 
 miles of exposed middle, and about 14,600 square miles of exposed 
 lower measures. 
 
 The upper coal measures contain about four feet of coal, including 
 two seams of one foot each iu thickness, the others being thin seams or 
 streaks. 
 
 The middle coal measures contain about seven feet of coal, including 
 two woi'kable seams of twenty-one and twenty-foiu* inches, one other of 
 one foot, that is worked under favorable circumstances, and six thin 
 seams. 
 
 The lower measures contain about five workable seams of coal, varying 
 in thickness from eighteen inches to foux and one-half feet, and thin 
 seams varying from six to eleven inches, and several minor seams and 
 streaks. In all, thirteen feet six inches of coal. We therefore have 
 in Missouri a total aggregate of tAventy-four feet six inches of coal. 
 The thinner seams of coal are not often mined, except in localities 
 distant from railroad transportation. 
 
THE COAL MEASUEES. 551) 
 
 Miners iisuallj' prefer to work in a bed of two feet to two and one-half 
 feet in thickness to even one of greater thickness. 
 
 All beds over eighteen inches thick are workable coals. The aiea 
 where such may be reached within two hundred feet from the surface is 
 about 7,000 square miles. Most of the State underlaid by the coal- 
 measure, is rich farming land. That underlaid by the upper measures 
 includes the richest, and equal to any upon the globe. The southeastern 
 boundary of the coal-measures has been traced from the mouth of the 
 Des Moines, through Clark, Lewis, Scotland, Adair, Macon, Shelby, 
 Monroe, Audrain, Callaway, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, Benton, Henry, 
 St. Clair, Bates, Vernon, Cedar, Dade, Barton and Jasper counties into 
 the Indian Territory, and every county on the north-west of this line is 
 known to contain more or less coal. Great quantities of coal exist in 
 Johnson, Pettis, Lafayette, Cass, Chariton, Howard, Putnam and 
 Audrain. 
 
 Outside of the coal-fields, as given above, the regular coal rocks also 
 exist in Ralls, Montgomery, Warren, St, Charles, Callaway and St. Louis, 
 and local deposits of cannel and bituminous coal in Moniteau, Cole, 
 Morgan, Crawford, Lincoln and Callaway. Prof. Swallow said in 1865, 
 "If the average thickness of workable coal be, one foot only, it will give 
 26,800,000,000 tons for the whole area occupied by coal rock. But in 
 many places the thickness of the workable beds is over 15 feet, and the 
 least estimate that can be made for the whole area is 5 feet. This will 
 o-ive over 134,000,000,000 tons of good available coal in our State." 
 
 And the same authority adds in 1874: "Such were our estimates of 
 the coal in Missouri in 1855, Since then new beds have been opened in 
 the area above designated and large tracts discovered in other parts of the 
 State, alou"' the whole line of the sovith-eastern outcrop of the lower 
 coal strata, from the mouth of the Des Moines to the Indian Territory, 
 Alono- the lines of all the railroads in North Missouri, and along the 
 western end of the Missouri Pacific, active and systematic mining has 
 opened our coal beds in a thousand localities, and developed a series of 
 facts which render it absolutely certain that our former estimate falls far 
 below the real quantity in the State. Prior to 1855 no coal beds had 
 been disovered on the Missouri River between Kansas City and Sioux 
 City, save a few thin beds in the upper coal-measures, and practical men 
 were slow to believe the geologist could detect the existence of coal 
 beneath the surface. But some brave men at Leavenworth City have 
 sunk a shaft to one of the lowest coal beds, 700 feet beneath their city, 
 and more than 500 feet below the Missouri River at that point. The 
 
560 MATERIAX, WEALTH. 
 
 success of this enterprise proves the deductions of science, that our 
 lower coal beds, which crop out along the eastern boundary of our coal- 
 field, from Clark county to Vernon, dip beneath the surface and extend 
 to the west as far, at least, as Leavenworth, or beyond the western 
 boundary of Missouri. 
 
 " This and other similar developments prove that our estimate of the 
 coal in the State at 134,000,000,000, tons is much too small. But since 
 that is enough, we need not make figures. But it is not the coal of 
 Missouri alone, which is tributary to St. Louis. The 12,000 square 
 miles of coal-measures in Kansas, as much more in the Indian Territory 
 and Arkansas, and still larger ai'cas in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and 
 Kentucky, are so located as to form around St. Louis a circle of fuel at 
 once accessible and inexhaustible. " 
 
 And later explorations add still another important area to the known 
 coal-fields of Missouri, by defining the recently-discovered and profitably- 
 worked deposits in Barton and Jasper Counties. 
 
 Lead. — There is probably no .country on the globe so rich in lead 
 deposits as Missouri. The mineral occurs in lodes, veins and disemi- 
 nations, which are as yet only partially determined. The number, extent, 
 dip and thickness of these deposits have not been but partially ascertained, 
 but enough is known to show that their range and nchness exceed any 
 other known Lead-bearinsr region in the world. 
 
 Galena occurs in this State in ferruginous clay that becomes jointed, 
 or, separating in distinct masses, quite regular in form, when taken out 
 and partially dried also in regular cubes, in gravel beds, or with cherty 
 masses in the clays associated with the same. 
 
 These cubes in some localities show the action of attrition, while in 
 others they are entirely unworn. Lead is found in the carboniferous 
 rocks, but perhaps the greater portion is obtained from the magnesian 
 rocks of the lower Silurian, and, in one or two localities, galena has been 
 discovered in the rocks of the Azoic period. At Dugal's, Reynolds 
 County, Lead is found in a disseminated conditon in the porphyry. 
 
 Sooth-East Lead District. — The topographical character of the 
 disseminated belt which, so far as known, occupies about one-half of the 
 northern portion of iMadison and the same amount of land in St. Francois 
 County is a succession of elevations, valleys and in several localities, 
 considerable hills or small mountains. 
 
 The elevations in the region of the Fox Mines, two miles west of 
 Fredericktown, present a dark I'eddish porphyry cropping out from their 
 
THE LEAD DEPOSITS. 561 
 
 summits and scattered along their sides. Further down, and near the 
 bottom of the valleys, also in many places lapping the porphyry s are the 
 second sandstone and third magnesian limestone. Over the greater part 
 of the disseminated lead region indicated, the rocks will be found to 
 carry the same lithological character as those already named, and over 
 none of this region have we observed rocks of a later geological age 
 than the Lower Silurian, but let it not be inferred that these formations 
 are uniform throughout this district, for, at the Fox Mines the second 
 sandstone is entirely wanting, its place being occupied by twelve feet 
 of a hard, brownish, crystalline silico-magnesian limestone. 
 
 Mine LaMotte, discovered about 1720 by LaMotte and Renault. 
 It was not, however, until this territory was ceded to Spain, that any 
 considerable mining for lead was done in this part of Missouri. Mine 
 a Breton, was discovered by M. Le Breton. 
 
 Moses Austin of Virginia, secured from the Spanish Government a 
 large grant of land near Potosi, and sunk the first regular shaft, and 
 after taking ont large quantities of lead, he, in 1789, erected the first 
 reverberatory furnace for the reduction of lead ever built in America. 
 
 In some portions of Ste. Genevieve, Jefi'erson and other south-eastern 
 counties, lead has been found, but not in any considerable quantitj'. 
 
 In all this region, we find crystallized cubes of galena in the tallow 
 <3lay, occurring as float. In Franklin, Washington and Jefferson counties, 
 galena is found in ferruginous clay and coarse gravel, often associated 
 with small masses of brown hematite iron and the sulph'uret of iron ; 
 sometimes lying in small cavities or pockets. The most noted of the 
 Franklin County mines are the Virginia, Mt. Hope, Golconda, Evans, 
 Skevves, Elliott, Darby, Patton, Masscy, Berthold, Gravelly, Enloe and 
 Hamilton. The first mentioned has produced by far the greater portion 
 of lead from this section. 
 
 At the "Webster Mines the silicate and carbonate of zinc are found 
 always accompanying the lead. At the Valle Mines, silicate of zinc 
 and baryta occur as well as hematite iron ore. The great Mammoth 
 Mine was a succession of caves, in which millions of pounds of lead 
 were found adhering to the sides and roof, and on the bottom with clay 
 and baryta. The Sandy, Tarplcy, Edging, Yankee, Miller and many 
 other diggings are well known, though now producing but little lead. 
 
 The Frumet or Einstein Mines are the most productive that have ever 
 been opened in Jefferson County, and are now yielding also large 
 quantities of zinc ore. The Jeuner Mine near by, is perhaps as rich 
 in ore as the Frumet. 
 36 
 
562 MATERIAL WEALTH. 
 
 Dr. Dyer's mine has attracted considerable? attention from the richness 
 of the ore and the presence of silver in the same. The Darby Diggings, 
 on the Benton claim, are valuable mines, but the galena is so mixed 
 with baryta that crushing and separating is necessary to secure the lead 
 iu a condition for reduction. 
 
 In Washington, lead-mining has been carried on for a greater length 
 of time uninterruptedly, and more acres of land have been dug over that 
 have produced lead than in any other county in the State. The galena 
 has been usually found in the gravel and clay overlying the magnesian 
 rocks, and in a few instances assumes a lode form in fissures of the same. 
 
 At the mines of the Memphis Lead Company, southeast of Potosi, are 
 found small cubes of lead disseminated through a hard geodic limestone, 
 in which sulphate of baryta and silicate of zinc are in association. At 
 Mine a Eeed the lead follows a well-defined fissure in the second magne- 
 sian limestone, occurring in flattened masses or depressed cubes with 
 laminar structure ; but all resting upon their edges in the fissure. 
 
 Old Jtines, Cannon, Scott, Bellefontaine, Austin, Burts, Layton, 
 Cook, Elliott, Shore, Old Ditch, Turkey Hill, Richwoods, and more 
 than a hundred other mines need no special description. 
 
 In St. Francois County lead deposits are found in the ferruginous clay 
 and gravel. Though they have produced many millions of pounds in 
 past years, these mines are not now extensively worked. 
 
 Over portions of Madison County considerable lead is found in the 
 clay. 
 
 Several locations in Iron County show a good prospect for lead. 
 
 In "Wayne, Carter, Reynolds and Crawford lead has been found, and 
 in the eastern portion of the last named county considerable was mined a 
 few years ago. 
 
 Ste. Genevieve County has a deposit of lead known as the Avon Mines 
 on Mineral Fork, where mining and smelting has been prosecuted for 
 many years. In this vicinity lead has also been found as "float" in 
 several places. 
 
 Lead exists in the small streams in several places in the western parts 
 of Cape Girardeau County. 
 
 In the region described, at least two thousand square miles are under- 
 laid with lead, upon which territory galena can be found almost anywhere;, 
 either in the clay, gravel openings, or in a disseminated condition. The 
 lead production of this portion of the State, though on the increase, is 
 not one-tenth what it would be could capital and skilled labor be made 
 to understand its galeniferous wealth. 
 
THE LEAD DEPOSITS. 563 
 
 The Central Lead District comprises, as far as known, the counties 
 of Cole, Cooper, Moniteau, Morgan, Miller, Benton, Maries, Camden 
 and Osage, and here, again, a marked difference is observed in formation 
 and association. 
 
 The galena is first discovered in isolated caves scattered through a joint 
 or tallow clay of a yellowish color. 
 
 In two localities, the cotton rock has been found to carry galena in 
 paying quantities. 
 
 At the Pioneer Mines and many other places in the vicinity, galena 
 occurs in the clay, but a few inches below the surface. Large masses of 
 lead in crystallized cubes are found in the clay at a depth of from six to 
 eight feet, sandwiched between masses of cotton rock, sandstone and 
 chert, associated with sulphate of baryta and tallow clay. There is no 
 regularity to the dip, inclination or association, until the regular beds of 
 second magnesian limestone are reached. Here the galena passes into 
 large openings in the rock, and becomes disseminated in the edges of the 
 walls as well as completely mixed with tlie baryta. 
 
 In Cole County the lead is uniformly met with in the joint clays, 
 cherty conglomerate, finally assuming the vein and lode form in the 
 magnesian limestone series. In this region lead is more uniformly found 
 where surface exposures are met with, than in any other part of the 
 State. In shafts that have been sunk nearly one hundred feet in the 
 rock, rich deposits of lead have been found. Near Locust Mound, in 
 the western part of the county, lead is found in magnesian limestone 
 passing down between well defined walls, and held by a gangue of baryta, 
 calc spar, and brown hematite iron in the form of "pipe ore." It is a 
 most singular and interesting formation and association. The galena and 
 baryta are formed into round bale-like masses, with the pieces of pipe 
 iron stuck through them in all directions. The " Old Circle," three or 
 four miles distant, was discovered several years ngo, and more th;iu 
 3,000,000 pounds of lead mined; but the water came in, the war began 
 and operations ceased. 
 
 Recently the lead development of Cole County has been more to the 
 northwestern corner, passing into Moniteau and Cooper Counties. In 
 the former several, valuable mines have been opened. The West Diggings 
 have been extensively developed and proved rich. The mineral is found 
 in connected cubes in limestone rock and lies in lodes and pockets. 
 
 Lead has been found in several places in Cooper County. Near Oltc.r- 
 ville, there are two probably-paying leads. Galena has been found at five 
 places in Osage Comity. Carter's and Hunsuciker s mines, seven miles 
 
564 5IATEEIAL WEALT'H. 
 
 from Shiler's Terry, have yielded considerable galena of excellent quality. 
 'The lead was discovered in a horizontal lode running along the surface 
 of the ground, and resting in an opening in the second magnesian lime- 
 stone. Lead has been found thirteen miles west of Vienna, associated 
 with sulp buret of iron. 
 
 -Many discoveries have recently been made in the vicinity, which have 
 tio'c been fully developed but give promise of great richness. 
 
 Camden possesses considerable deposits of lead, and in the vicinity of 
 Linn Creek a number of mines have been successfully worked, and new 
 developments are yielding large quantities of mineral. Lead has also 
 been found in many localities along the Little and Big Niaiigua, and as 
 the entire northern portion is underlaid with the magnesian limestone 
 formation, it may be discovered in many places where its existence has 
 never been suspected. Miller County is particularly rich in galeniforous 
 ore. 
 
 Paying lead has been found north of the Osage River. On the Gravois, 
 Big Saline, Little Saline, and Bush Creeks, and the Fox, Walker, Mt. 
 Pleasant and Saline Diggings have yielded millions of pounds of lead. 
 Benton County contains a number of lead dei3osits, the most important 
 being the Cole Cany Mines. Lead has been found as a "float" in many 
 localities. 
 
 Morgan County, like Washington, can boast of having lead in every 
 township, either as "clay mineral," " float " or in veins, lodes, pockets 
 :and caves. The magnesian limestone series of Morgan, in which the 
 lead ores now are or have all existed, are the most comjjlete and well 
 defined of any in Missouri. 
 
 Mineral was first found here in the clay and among the loose chert and 
 ■conglomerate covering the surface. Going down to 2d magnesian lime- 
 stone, openings or crevices were found filled with clay, baryta and lead 
 in irregularly-formed cubes of masses. These lodes are quite regular, 
 and give more and richer ore as they are followed down into the 3d 
 ■magnesian limestone. There seems to be a region here, representing 
 'more than a thousand acres where lead is everywhere found bv dio-o-inor 
 :a few feet. 
 
 The most extensive deposits of lead in Morgan have been found south 
 'of the center of the county, yet in the north-western part are several 
 well known lodes. 
 
 We cannot even name the hundreds of places in this county where 
 lead is found in paying quantities. There seems to be a region, coverino' 
 two hundred square miles, entirely underlaid by lead. These wonderful 
 deposits are as yet but partially worked. 
 
THE LEAD DEPOSITS. 565 
 
 Wheu deeper mining is done, the region will probably be found much 
 richer than is now anticipated. 
 
 The Southern Lead Regioic of the State comprises the counties 
 of Pulaski, Laclede, Texas, Wright, "Webster, Douglas, Ozark and 
 Christian. The mineral deposits of this region are as yet undeveloped > 
 very little practical mining having been done. 
 
 In Pulaski County, lead has been discovered in several localities. 
 Laclede County has a number of lead deposits : one about eleven miles- 
 from Lebanon, where the ore is found in a disseminated condition, in the 
 soft magnesian limestone. 
 
 In the south-western portion of Texas County, along the head water* 
 of the Gasconade River, there are considerable deposits of lead ore. 
 
 Wright has a number of lead mines almost unworked, which are- 
 located in the southeastern portion of the county, and are a continuation 
 of the deposits in Texas County. 
 
 In Douglas County, near the eastern line, and near Swan Creek, are- 
 considerable deposits of galena. 
 
 Ozark and Christian have a number of lead deposits, zinc being invari- 
 ably found in connection. 
 
 The Western Lead District comprises Hickory, Dallas, Polk,. 
 St. Clair, Cedar and Dade Counties. 
 
 In Hickory County, quite extensive mining has been carried on, the 
 largest deposits having been found near Hermitage. In the northern 
 portion of the county and along the Pomme de Terre River, lead occurs, 
 as "float" and in the rock formation. The more prominent lodes are 
 found in the second magnesian limestone, with a deposit occurring in the 
 third. The lead deposits of Hickory County are richer and more fully 
 developed than any other in this district. 
 
 Dallas County has a few deposits of lead, but no developments have 
 been made sufficient to determine their extent. 
 
 Float lead has been found in various localities in Polk County. 
 
 In St. Clair County, the galeniferous deposits are in the second sand- 
 stone, and in the ferruginous clay, with chert, conglomerate and gravel. 
 
 Cedar County presents a deposit of lead, copper and antimony. 
 Galena is found in the clay and gravel. 
 
 In Dade, a considerable quantity of galena has been found in the 
 south-eastern corner of the county. 
 
 The South- West Lead District of Missouri comprises the counties 
 of Jasper, Newton, Lawrence, Stone, Barry and McDonald. The two 
 counties first named, produced more than one-half of the pig lead of 
 
566 MATERIA!. WEALTH. 
 
 Missouri, and may well be proud of their immense deposits of gale- 
 iiiferous wealth. 
 
 The lead mining resources of Jasper and Newton Counties are simply 
 inexhaustible. The Granby Mines, discovered in 1855, yielded, up to the 
 commencement of the war, 35,414,014 lbs. of lead ; and since that time 
 to May 1873, 19,675,205 lbs., in addition to large amounts of which no 
 account was kept. The yield is now larger than ever, and eleven 
 furnaces, which run night and day, are barely sufficient to smelt the ore. 
 These mines are in and around the town of Granby. Other mines — the 
 Cornwall, township 26, i-ange, 33 ; and the Thurman, township 27, 
 range 33 — -have been and are now yielding largely. The Mosely, Cedar 
 Creek, Bowman, Seneca, and other mines, have produced more or less, 
 and new and wonderful deposits are continually being found. Lead ore 
 seems to have been obtained here from the earliest recollection, and 
 furnished supplies to the Indians during their occupation. Formerly, 
 smelted lead, merchandise and "spirits" were the principal return to the 
 miner for his labor, as the distance from market and general condition 
 of the country precluded enlarged capital and enterprise. Since the 
 war, capital has developed the hidden wealth, and systematized labor and 
 rendered it remunerative. This, with the additional railroad facilities, 
 has brought the county prominently and rapidly before the public, as 
 one of the wonderful mining districts of the world. 
 
 Among the public-spirited men whose enterprise and energy most 
 largely contributed to the development of the lead region, the late Peter 
 E. Blow and his brother, the Hon. Henry T. Blow, stood foremost. 
 Before the civil war, the former had established mininsr and smeltino- 
 works in Newton County. These Avere destroyed by the contending 
 forces which early in the struggle overran that portion of the State. 
 But when the tread of armies had ceased, the works were re-constructed, 
 and operations renewed with increased energy and large reinforcements 
 of capital. The success which followed their undertaking, and the 
 abundant returns on their investment, led manj^ others to embark in 
 similar ventures ; population poured in, and the fame of the lead deposits 
 spread to all points of the compass. 
 
 New mineral lands are constantly being thrown open to miners, and 
 developed, and it is reasonable to predict that the future production of 
 lead will greatly exceed that of the past. Nearly all the companies have 
 control of large tracts of land which they wish developed, and liberal 
 inducements are offered to miners who wish to secure claims. Zinc 
 
THE IRON ORES. 567 
 
 mining is also becoming an important interest ; the ore, large quantities 
 of which are shipped to La Salle, Illinois, sells at $10 per ton. 
 
 The total production of lead in Jasper County for the Centennial year, 
 was, according to the estimates of the best authorities, over half 
 the entire lead production of the State, more than the entire lead pro- 
 duction of any other State in the Union. Then, all hail to Jasper, the 
 banner lead county of the world, that all the world will know as such. 
 But all the world will not know that this, the greatest lead-producing 
 county of the greatest lead-producing State, does every year raise from 
 her forms, products of more value than has ever been in any one year 
 dug in lead from her mines. 
 
 Iron. — Missouri is one of the richest States in iron ores on the 
 American Continent. These ores are, however, very unequally dis- 
 tributed over the State. The districts covered by the coal measures, 
 although containing clay ores and carbonates of iron, do not contain 
 them in such quantities and in such positions as to make them workable. 
 These ores in the coal measures occur either as single nodules or as thin 
 beds, and lie from twenty to sixty feet below the surface, and not close 
 enough to the coal beds to be mined conjointly with them. These ores 
 are, besides, not very rich in themselves. The only point where the 
 region of workable iron ore reaches north of the Missouri Eiver is in 
 Callaway County, where red, earthy hematite occurs. 
 
 South of the Missouri River, and between it and the fortieth township 
 line, there are valuable deposits, mostly of limonite, in Franklin, Osage, 
 Morgan and Benton Counties. This kind of ore also occurs nearly over 
 the whole central and southern part of the State. In the southern part, 
 = the counties of Stoddard, Bollinger, Waj^ne, Ozark, Douglass, Christian 
 and Greene, contain considerable deposits of it. But by far the richest 
 portion of the State in iron ores is that zone lying between the Missis- 
 sippi in the east, and the Upper Osage River in the west. Limonite 
 banks are scattered over the whole of this region, being, however, con- 
 centrated in three districts. The most eastern of these districts is 
 composed of Bollinger, Wayiae and the southern part of Madison Counties ; 
 the second, but smaller concentration, is in the southeastern part of 
 Franklin County ; while the third and most important one of this ore 
 is found in the middle Osage Eiver, between "Warsaw and Tnscumbia, 
 in Benton, Morgan, Camden and Miller Counties. This latter district 
 ■extends also to the Upper Osage, above Warsaw, into St. Clair and Henry 
 Counties. The Upper Osage also contains good deposits of red hem- 
 atites. 
 
668 MATEBIAi WEALTH. 
 
 The specular ores are much more concentrated than either the limonitea 
 or the carboniferous hematites, and also occur in much larger masses. 
 There are two important specular ore districts, different by their geogra- 
 phical positions, different entirely by the mode of occurrence, and the 
 geological position of their ores ; but quite similar, on the other hand, 
 in the mineralogical character and the chemical composition of these 
 ores. The one of these districts is the Iron Mountain District in the 
 east, extending only over a small area in southern St. Francois and 
 northern Iron Counties, but containing two enormous deposits, besides 
 numerous smaller ones. The ore is here in veins, beds and other less 
 regular forms in the porphyry. The second specular ore district lies 
 more towards the center of the State, yet mainly in the eastern half. 
 Its principal deposits, as far as known, are concentrated in the three 
 Counties of Crawford, Phelps and Dent. The occurrence of the specular 
 ores, however, extends somewhat into the surrounding Counties of 
 Washington, Franklin, Maries, Miller, Camden, Pulaski and Shannon. 
 Many of these deposits are disturbed and broken and altered in regard 
 to their position and contents. 
 
 We infer, then, that there are three piinoipal and impoi'tant iron 
 regions in Missouri, namely : — 
 
 I. The eastern region, composed of the south-eastern limonite district, 
 and the Iron Mountain specular ore district. This region has its natural 
 outlet, at present, over the Iron Mountain Hailroad. 
 
 II. The central region, containing principally specular ores, and 
 having its commercial outlet over the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock 
 and the St. Louis & San Francisfto, formerly Atlantic & Pacific railroads. 
 
 III. The western or Osage region, with its limonites and red hema- 
 tites. This region will ere long establish an iron industry of its own. 
 It is remote from the present ore markets, and near the coal fields on the 
 west. Its present connection with these markets is down the Osage 
 River to Osage City, and from there either over the Missouri Pacific 
 Railroad, or down the Missouri River. 
 
 These three principal regions combined form a broad ore-belt runnino- 
 across the State from the Mississippi to the Osage, in a direction 
 about parallel to the course of the Missouri River, from south-east to- 
 north-west, between tlie thirtieth and fortieth township lines. The spec- 
 ular ores occupy the middle portion of this belt, the limonites both enda 
 of it. The latter are besides spread over the whole southern half of the 
 State, while the subcarboniferous hematites occur only along the southern, 
 border of the North Missoiiri coal field, having thus an independent 
 
THE mON OBES. 56& 
 
 distribution, and being principally represented in Callaway, St, Clair and 
 Henry Counties. 
 
 Iron Mountain is the greatest exposure of specular iron yet discovered. 
 It is the result of igneous action, and is the purest mass or body of ore 
 known. The work of years has only just UDCOVered the massive 
 columns of specular ore that seems to pass down through the porphyry 
 and granites, to the source of its existence. The region about, so 
 covered with the ore debris, is being cleaned up, and the specular ore 
 chips that are being shipped by thousands of tons, will last many years 
 longer. The broken masses have the same general color and quality as 
 the vein ore of Iron Mountain. The fresh fracture presents a light gray, 
 tinged distinctly with blue. The crystallization is often coarse, presenting 
 an irregular fracture. All the ore is more or less magnetic : the streak 
 is a bright cherry red, and possesses the hardness of 6. Analysis shows 
 it to contain from 65 to 69 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 The ore of Shepherd Mountain is called a magnetite. In some por- 
 tions of the veins, it shows itself to be granular, brown in color, and to 
 have a clear black streak. Other portions present all the qualities of 
 a specular ore. In portions of the specular, as well as magnetite, beau- 
 tiful crystals of micaceous ore are found. The streak of the specular 
 and micaceous is a dark red; the hardness about 5, with 64 to 67 per 
 cent, of metallic iron. The magnetic qualities of this ore are quite 
 variable, usually the strongest at or near the surface, but this is not the 
 case in all the veins. The ore of Shepherd Mountain is superior to any 
 yet developed* in Missouri, not quite as rich as that of Iron Mountain, 
 but so uniform in character, and devoid of sulphur and phosphoric acid, 
 that it may be classed as superior to that, or any other ore that we have. 
 
 The ore of Pilot Knob is fine-grained, very light bluish gray in color, 
 and with a hardness representing 6, with a luster sub-metallic. There 
 is a most undoubted stratification to the deposition, occurring as before 
 indicated. The ore of Pilot Knob gives 53 to 60 per cent, metallic iron, 
 and is almost free from all deleterious substances. The ore below the 
 slate seam is much the best, containing only about 5 to 12 per cent, of 
 silica, while the poorer ores show sometimes as high as 40 per cent. 
 There have been more than 200,000 surface feet of ore determined to 
 exist here ; the depth of the deposit has probably not yet been reached . 
 
 The Scotia Iron Banks, located on the Meramec Eiver, in Crawford 
 County, are moat remarkable formations. They have been worked a 
 number of years, supplying the Scotia Iron Works with ore and also 
 shipping quantities to the East. Here the specular ore is a deep, steel- 
 
570 AIATEEIAL WEALTH. 
 
 gray color, and with a metallic luster. The crystals are fine and quite 
 regular in uniformity. This ore is found in the shape of small to 
 immense boulders, resting in soft red hematites, that have been produced 
 by the disintegration of the specular ores. These boulders contain a 
 great number of small cavities in which the ore has assumed botryoidal 
 forms; and upon these, peroxide iron crystallizations are so formed, that 
 a most gorgeous show of prismatic colors is presented. The hardness 
 of this ore is about 6 ; the soft red ore in which it occurs not more 
 than 2J. 
 
 In these banks, there are some carbonates and ochraceous ores, but not 
 in any quantity to deteriorate or materially change the character of the 
 other ores. Many of the boulders present a soft, red mass with a blue 
 specular kernel in the center. This ore is found to be slightly magnetic, 
 and gives 58 to 69 per cent, metallic iron. 
 
 The Iron Ridge ores, in Crawford County, which have been worked for 
 a number of years, are very much of the same character as those of 
 Scotia. Specular boulders, imbedded in soft red hematite, make up the 
 deposit. Some portions of the specular ore masses are remarkably 
 metallic in luster, while others are a dull, dark, grayish-red. These 
 boulders are very uniform in character, showing about sixty per cent, of 
 metallic iron. 
 
 Lewis Mountain Iron bank, situated in Iron County, near Arcadia, is 
 a vein of hard, blue specular iron ore, about four feet thick, in porphyry. 
 It has not been worked sufBciently to determine its extent. 
 
 Buford Mountain, Iron County, contains an extensive bed of decom- 
 posed specular ore, that possesses highly manganiferous qualities, which 
 can be economically worked. 
 
 In the mines of Hog an Mountain the ore, which is specular, of mica- 
 ceous structure, of good quality, coarsely crystalline and giving 50 to 60 
 per cent, metallic ore, is found in pockets or chambers, many of which 
 have been developed. 
 
 The Shut-in, Russell, Ackhurst, Culberston and Big Bogy Mountain 
 banks are located in Iron County. These ores exist in porphyry and 
 are all specular ; those of Ackhurst's bank are also manganiferous. 
 
 Cedar Hill ore is a grayish, hard specular, without any magnetic 
 qualities, and with a sub-metallic luster. It contains silica in about the 
 proportion that Pilot Knob ore does, and lies in porphyry that is clearly 
 stratified. It has not been sufficiently developed to determine its extent. 
 It gives 65 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 The Meramec bank is six miles south of St. James, Phelps Coimty. 
 
THE mON OBES. 571 
 
 The ores are specular and red hematite which occur in the second sand- 
 stone, and yield 62 per cent, metallic iron. This bank has been worlced 
 for more than twenty years, and the ore yield is yet liberal in supply. 
 
 The Benton Greek bank is situated in Crawford County, on a creek 
 of that name. The hill, on which this bank is located, shows a great 
 amount of brown hematite and specular boulders upon the outside. The 
 ores are also very much brolcen up, but compacted by the central dip 
 of the hill. Across the elevation there is a large dyke of excellent spec- 
 ular ore. The center of this elevation is probably a mass of specular 
 ore. 
 
 Si'mmons Mountain, one-half mile south of Salem, Dent Connty, is 
 about 100 feet high, and covers nearly 40 acres. The second sandstone 
 is the country rock, and at the summit is uncovered, and mixed with spec- 
 ular and brown ores. Down the elevation larger masses of ore are met 
 with, that have the appearance of being drifts from the main deposit 
 higher up. Shafts have been sunk in this elevation, determining more 
 than 30 feet of solid ore. The ore is a splendid close, compact, brilliant 
 specular, very hard and free froin deleterious substances. The ores of 
 this mountain do not show near as much metamorphism as many of the 
 other banks in the second sandstone of this region. The ore is quite 
 strongly magnetic, and gives a bright red streak. Pretty extensive 
 mining operations are now being carried on this deposit. It is one uf 
 the largest specular iron deposits (Iron Mountain alone excepted,) that 
 is known in the State. 
 
 The Taylor bank, about 8 miles north of Salem, has an extensive 
 deposit of brown hematite ; at or near the foot of the elevation the 
 specular ores present themselves in considerable quantity. 
 
 The Pomeroy bank is about 3 miles north of Salem ; the ore is first 
 discovered upon the west side of an elevation 140 feet high. The ore is 
 first found in clay and chert, and like the Taylor, has brown ore high up 
 the elevation. Farther down the hill the second sandstone is in place, 
 and the center of the elevation is probably an immense storehouse of 
 
 specular ore. 
 
 Beaver Greek bank is situated about 5^ miles south-west of EoUa, 
 in Phelps County. The body of ore seems to be immense, and the work 
 already done fully confirms the highest anticipations of its owners. The 
 ore is a heavy specular, changing to a red hematite. 
 
 The Thurmond bank north and east of Stanton, lies pretty well upon 
 the south side of a sharp hill, with hematite and red ore down almost 
 to a ravine to the south. A number of holes have been dug, in all of 
 
572 MATEKIAL WEALTH. 
 
 which brown and red, specular and ochraceous ores are found. A shaft, 
 was sunk here a number of years ago for copper, and nearly 40 feet of 
 red hematite, oxide and specular ore was passed through, indicating a 
 large deposit. 
 
 The Cherry Valley banks, east of Steelville, are considerable deposits 
 of specular ore, large quantities of which cover several hundred feet of 
 the hills upon the surface and occupy the center of the elevations. The 
 banks seem to be entirely undisturbed, and are probably importaut 
 deposits. 
 
 Steelville bank, two miles west of Steelville, is a very disturbed 
 deposit. The ore is presented in the shape of soft red hematite, with 
 masses of specular ore, in no regular beds or formation. 
 
 The Arnold bank, near Benton Creek, Dent County, has large 
 quantities of specular ore scattered over the hill. Shafts sunk to gain 
 an intelligence of the extent of the bank, have struck ore at the foot of 
 the elevation. 
 
 The Orchard bank, at Salem, shows the hill to be made up of yellow 
 and red sandstones impregnated with iron, the ore being found in small 
 fragments in considerable quantity. 
 
 Santee & Clark's bank, is situated on the east side of Dry Fork 
 River, about four miles from St. James, in Phelps County. 
 
 The ore is specular and red hematite, and is found veiy irregular in 
 a high elevation. 
 
 The BucMand bank, in Phelps County, shows considerable soft red 
 hematite and specular ore. 
 
 Kelley banks No. 1 and No. 2 are in Phelps County. No. 1 is in 
 second sandstone. The ore is a heavy, pure specular of good qualit}'. 
 No. 2 is also in sandstone, with clay chert and carbonate of iron. The 
 dej)osit is very irregular ; up the elevation a large mass of brown ore is 
 found; while farther down, the specidar ore rests in beds of debris. 
 
 At Taylor's bank, near Eolla, the ore is found in clay and sandstone. 
 The soft red ore is found in a bed almost isolated from the specular, and 
 with it, as well as with specular boulders, the carbonate of iron is found 
 in considerable quantity. The main body of this deposit has probably 
 not yet been reached. 
 
 The Fitzwater bank in Dent County, Anderson, Carson, Eeuben Smith 
 and Ganter, situated in Crawford County, are very miich the same in 
 character. The ores are specular boulders that overlie the sandstones, 
 and very probably will be found to occupy irregular beds in the 
 elevations, and possibly pass down through the sandstones. 
 
THE mOK OEES. 573 
 
 Ferguson bank in Crawford County, presents fully eight feet of depth 
 in specular and red ores, the surface covered with specular boulders. 
 
 At /Smith's banks, 1 and 2, Phelps County, the elevations are covered 
 with a great quantity of small masses of specular ore, and shafts sunk 
 •disclose red paint ore with the specular boulders. In No. 1, the ore in 
 many places has crystallized in the pipe form. The true body of ore 
 in both these banks has probably not yet been struck. 
 
 At Primrose bank, in Washington County, a number of shafts sunk 
 failed to reach the main body of ore that the surface boulders indicate is 
 there, from their occurrence in a depression on the elevation. 
 
 The Jameson bank, 3 miles south of Salem, is upon a high elevation, 
 where sunken places show considerable quantities of specular ore. Upon 
 the eastern slope of the elevation, a great quantity of ore is scattered 
 upon the surface. 
 
 The Zeigler bank, east of Salem, shows specular ore upon the surface 
 and gives promise of good results. 
 
 There are also several other important banks in Crawford County, 
 among which we may name BucMand, Dovey, Isabella, Glarh and Card 
 banks. 
 
 Some of the most extensive red hematite banks in the State are located 
 in Franklin County. Along the Bourbeuse, upon the lands of General 
 L. B. Parsons, there are 13 exposures of fine I'ed hematite iron ore. In 
 another place there is presented a large deposit of red hematite, 
 undeveloped, but probably quite extensive. 
 
 Near Dry Branch Station, is an elevation, capped at the summit with 
 saccharoidal sandstone, beneath which there is a large body of red and 
 specular ore. The red hematite, however, predominates, and is remark- 
 ably pure and free from sulphur or other deleterious substances. The 
 sinkino- of a number of shafts upon this hill reaches the deposits in 
 several places, in all of which the red hematite shows itself to be the 
 prevailing ore. This ore will be found to work well with the hard 
 specular and ores of the silicious character, like Pilot Knob. 
 
 The Kerr bank, situated two and one-half miles northwest of St. Clair 
 Station, is a large deposit of brown and red ore. A number of shafts 
 have been sunk upon the hill occupying 60 or 60 acres, and ore struck in 
 most of them. A drift has been run in at the base of the hill, and 
 several feet in thickness of red hematite exposed. Here has been found 
 a large deposit of spathic ore in most beautiful crystallization. 
 
 Adjoining this on the west, is a bank where shafts sunk 38 feet, have 
 o-one down all the way in solid red hematite, with boulders of blue 
 specular ore. 
 
574 liIATERIAL WEAiTH. 
 
 Ill the vicinity of Stanton, aro 13 exposures of red hematite iron ore. 
 
 In Gasconade County, 3 miles west of Japan Post Office, there is a 
 considerable deposit of red hematite. Masses of ore are found over 
 the surface mixed with boulders of sHCobaroidal sandstone. 
 
 The Shaft Hill bank, in Callaway County, is a quite extensive red 
 hematite deposit. The ore occurs all around a considerable elevation 
 upon the surface, in the form of loose boulders. The ore in the hill, 
 where it has been struck by shafts sunk, shows complete lines of stratifi- 
 cation, and is about four feet thick. 
 
 The Dun, Knight, Henderson sniA Bloomfield banks, Callaway County, 
 are all of like character. 
 
 The Parker, Brown and Miller banks in Henry County, and the Mar- 
 maduke, Gover and Collins banks in St. Clair County, are all exposures 
 that have not been developed. They lie in sandstone, much of which 
 is highly impregnated with iron. 
 
 In Miller, Maries, Cole and Camden Counties, there are a number of 
 red hematite banks of considerable promise. 
 
 The Ohenoz bank, in Wayne County, is a very large deposit of red 
 hematite ; within a circuit of five miles there are a number of very 
 promising exposures. 
 
 In Bollinger, Stoddard and Butler Counties, along the line of the 
 St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, there are a number of 
 red hematite banks of considerable promise. 
 
 In the northern portion of Texas and Wright Counties, are some half 
 dozen promising red ore banks. There ai-e banks of red hematite in 
 Moro'an, Benton, Cedar and Laclede Counties. 
 
 At the Loufey bank, one mile from Castorville, there are more than 
 two thousand tons of fine brown hematite ore in sight from the top of 
 the hill to its base. The masses that will weigh ten to twenty tons 
 partly exposed, while the whole hill is so ferruginous that vegetation has 
 scarcely secured a foothold upon it. 
 
 At Cornwall Station, the Ford bank is a very large bank of limonite, 
 and has furnished a large amount of good ore. 
 
 The Lutz, Francis, Bess and many other banks in Bollinger County 
 are of the same character. 
 
 In Wayne County there are over seventy different limonite ore banks : 
 the Crane, Ford, Clarkson, Williamson and Hulse being fair represent- 
 atives. 
 
 In Miller, Maries, Camden, Cole, Moniteau and Callaway Counties, there 
 are very extensive limonite banks. In Morgan, Benton, St. Clair, Cedar,. 
 
THE ZINC MINES. 575 
 
 Hickory and Vernon Counties, considerable brown hematite has been 
 found. In Franklin, Gasconade, Phelps, Crawford, Laclede, Christian, 
 Webster and Green Counties, large limonite beds have been found. In 
 the Moselle region very large deposits have been opened and worked for 
 many years. In Osage County there are a number of promising brown 
 ore banks, as well as fine specular and red hematite. 
 
 Zinc. — The ores of zinc ni Missouri are almost as numerous as those 
 of lead. They are distributed throughout nearly all the geological 
 strata and scattered through nearly every mineral district; but the 
 principal supply of the metal for commercial purposes is obtained from a 
 very few ores, the more important of which are zinc blende (sulphuret 
 of zinc) , the carbonate of zinc and the silicate of zinc ; and furnished by 
 a comparatively few localities. 
 
 In reference to their geological position, the ores are in two classes. 
 The first class includes all zinc ores which occur in the regular veins of 
 the older rocks and hence associated with other metalliferous ores. The 
 second mode of occurrence, and the ore by far of paramount importance 
 in Missouri is that of the Third Magnesian Limestone of the Lower 
 Silurian series, where it usually occurs in association with galena in the 
 cave formation. The localities where the ore is principally worked are 
 the Granby, Joplin and Valle Mines districts. 
 
 Zinc blende (33.10 parts of sulphur and 66.90 of zinc) is frequently 
 found in beautiful crystals, especially in the southwest part of the State. 
 When pure it is transparent, white or honey-color, with a resinous lustre. 
 It usually, however, contains more or less iron and is then opaque and 
 dark brown or black, under which form it is known to miners as black- 
 jack. Although widely diffused and abundantly found, this form of ore, 
 on account of the necessarily long and careful roasting required in its 
 reduction is not economically or generally smelted. 
 
 Silicate of zinc is certainly the most abundant and valuable zinc ore in 
 Missouri, and furnishes a large percentage of the zinc produced in the 
 State. It is known among the miners as "dry bone" and usually occurs 
 crystallized, associated with the lead ores in the cave formation, usually 
 colorless but occasionally passing into different shades of yellow and gray 
 — transparent with a glassy lustre. It has, through heating, acquired 
 polarity — the positive pole being at the upper end and the negative at the 
 lower end of the prismatic crystals which are found very small and fine, 
 fixed on the inner walls of cavities, whose incrustations are found to be 
 of the same material. 
 
576 MATERIAI. WEALTH. 
 
 Carbonate of zinc— zinc spar — smithsonite, and like the above also 
 called "dry bone" by the miners, is very similar in general appearance to 
 the silicate. Its crystallization is hexagonal (the silicate is prismatic.) 
 It is softer than silicate, less brilliant and heavier. It is easily tested by 
 the application of muriatic acid, when the carbonic acid which it contains 
 will eifervesce. Before the blow-pipe the carbonic acid iu discharged, 
 when it acts like oxide of zinc. The carbonate is, in Missouri, always 
 associated with the silicate, though not so abundant as the latter. It is 
 also usually found with the sulphuret of zinc, from which some claim it 
 is mainly produced, as it is often found joined with sulphuret at the 
 inner surfaces and with a sulphuret nucleus in the interior and still of an 
 unchanged structure. 
 
 There are three zinc-reducing works in the State, all located at; Caron- 
 delet. They have an aggregate capacity of reducing about forty-five 
 tons of ore, producing about sixteen tons of spelter daily. These three 
 establishments use about two-thirds of the ore produced in the State, the 
 balance being shipped to other points. Owing to the low price of and 
 limited demand for spelter, the production of ore and its reduction has 
 been limited. A revival of business will, however, call into immediate 
 activity the miners and smelters of zinc. 
 
Manufactures o^' Hha Olden Times. 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 The State of Missouri presents every facility for successful ana 
 extensive manufacturing : — abundant timber of the best quality ; exhaust- 
 less deposits of coiU, iron, lead, zinc, marble and granite; unmeasurec 
 water-power, distributed over the State ; a home market among an indus- 
 trious and ■wealth-accumulating people, and a system of navigable rivers, 
 and railway trunk lines and branches, that permeate, not only the State, 
 but reach out in direct lines from gulf to lake, and from ocean to ocean. 
 
 The Centennial year showed Missouri as containing 14,245 manufac- 
 turing establishments, using 1,965 steam engines, representing 58,101 
 horse power; 465 water wheels, equalling 7,972 horsepower, and em- 
 ploying about 80,000 hands. The capital employed in manufacturing 
 was about $100,000,000 ; the material used in 1876 amounted to about 
 $140,000,000, the wages paid were $40,000,000, and the value of the 
 products put upon the market was over $250,000,000. 
 37 
 
578 MATERIAL WEALTH. 
 
 t 
 
 Of the 'manufacturing in Missouri, over three-quarters of the whole 
 is done in St. Louis, which jjroduced in the Centennial year nearly 
 $200,000,000 worth of manufactured ai-ticlcs, thus clearly placing her as 
 the third manufacturing city in the Union, leaving a largo gap between 
 herself and Boston and Chicago, each of which manufactures a little 
 over one-half as much as St. Louis, and are nearly tied as to third place. 
 
 The leading manufacturing counties of the State are St. Louis, about 
 $200,000,000 ; Jackson, $1,250,000 ; Buchanan, $6,000,000 ; St. Charles, 
 $4,000,000; Marion, $3,000,000; Franklin, $2,750,000; Greene, 
 $1,250,000; Cape Girardeau, $1,200,000; Platte, $1,100,000; Boone, 
 $1,000,000; Lafayette, $1,000,000; followed by Macon, Clay, Phelps, 
 St. Francois, Washington, and Lewis. 
 
 The products of the different lines of nianufacturing interests are 
 as follows: Flouring mills, $38,194,000; carpentering, $18,673,000; 
 meat-packing, $16,679,000; tobacco, $12,496,000; iron and castings, 
 $12,000,000; liquors, $11,245,000; clothing, $10,022,000; lumber, 
 $8,652,000; bagging and bags, $6,914,000: saddlery and harness, $6,- 
 508,000; oil, $5,520,000; machinery, $5,400,000; printing and publish- 
 ing, $5,123,000; molasses, $4,968,000 ; boots and shoes, $4,920,000 ; 
 furniture, $4,800,000 ; paints and painting, $4,320,000 ; carriages and 
 wagons, $4,300,000; marble, stone-work and masonry, $3,874,000; 
 bakery products, $3,792,000; brick, $3,780,000; tin, copper, and 
 sheet-iron, $3,600,000; sash, doors and blinds, $3,120,000; cooperage, 
 $3,000,000; blacksmithing, $2,712,000; bridge building, $2,400,000; 
 agricultural implements, $2,400,000 ; patent medicine, $2,400,000 ; soap 
 and candles, $2,400,000; plumbing and gas-fitting, $1,800,000. For 
 more extended notices of the manufacturing interests of the State see 
 notice of different industries and manufactories in the several cities. 
 
Our Greatest Wealth. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Agriculture.— Comparative Value op the Minieral and Agricui.tuiul I'roducts of 
 
 Missouri Acreage and Value of Farms.— Classikicatiox of Soils.— Timceu and 
 
 Prairies. — Staple Products, Eic. 
 
 " The Farmers are tlie founders of civilization." 
 
 Agriculture is the original, most constant, most certain, and only never- failing source 
 of independence and wealth. Mining, manufacturing and couimeioc llourish when 
 agriculture gives hountifnl returns, and when the latter langnishcs, tliey die. They may 
 well be termed the younger sLsters, who at all times look to their older sister. Agriculture, 
 for their supplies, and who in every emergency call upon her for defense. 
 
 The mining intei'ests of Missouri arc so vast, it being the ninth State 
 in the Union in that department, and so much has been written on that 
 subject, that many are apt to think of and spoaii of our mineral wealth 
 as though it overshadowed all other interests. Missom-i is, however. 
 the seventh State in the Union on the basis of agricultural production. 
 
 We have elsewhere spoken of and somewhat described our luitold 
 mineral wealth, which fullj' merits all the glowing encomiums ever 
 bestowed upon that department by the most enthusiastic writer. Con- 
 ceding all that may be said about the magnitude and importance of the 
 
580 JIATEEIAlv WEALTH. 
 
 mineral and manufacturing interests of the State, we think the least 
 examination of the statistics must convince any one of the snpei"ior 
 ningnitude and importance of the ngrioultiiral interests of the State; and 
 the more extensive the examination, the more apparent the difference and 
 the greater prominence, is given to the overwhehming importance of 
 tilling the soil. The census of 1870, wliich is the latest we have, and 
 taken at a time when mining and mannfactui'ing and agricultiire were 
 less productive than at present, and far from being perfect, is never- 
 theless the best source of statistics we have. While the figures are 
 undoubtedly too small for the Centennial year, they are probably 
 l^roportionably more correct than can be compiled. 
 
 So that if any one, by ci-itical examination, increases any single item, 
 it is only fair to assume that similar care will, in like manner and nearly 
 in like proportion, increase aii^- other item. We therefoi'e present the 
 fcjllowing figures from that census to show the magnitude of our mining 
 and manufacturing interests, and then to cxhihit the immensely greater 
 importance of our agricultural resources : 
 
 HANBS EMPLOYED. OAPITAL. PKODUCTS. 
 
 Milling 3,423 $ 3,489,250 $ 3,472,513 
 
 Manufacturing 65,354 80,251,244 206,213,429 
 
 Agriculture 263,918 492,789,746 103,035,759 
 
 For convenience of reference we give the above imjjortant figures in 
 another form : 
 
 AUHlCCTLTirRE. MINING. MANUFACTUKING. 
 
 Hands Employed 263,918 3,423 65,354 
 
 Capital $492,789,746 $8,489,250 $80,257,244 
 
 Value of Products 103,035,759 3,472,513 206,213,429 
 
 The value of farm products is mainly the not result of the capital and 
 the labor emplo^'ed, while in manufactures it represents the same items, 
 with the addition of the material used and the depreciation by wear of 
 the machineiy employed. After making these allowances in such manner 
 as to give, net, the increased value of the manufactured articles over 
 material used and wear of implements en}ployed, the result, instead of 
 $206,213,429, would be, as near as we can estimate, about $50,000,000. 
 
 Another and a very important item in the valuation of these three great 
 Ijiilars of all prosperity, must be borne in mind: that,, whereas the value 
 of raining property must lessen as the ore is taken away and thereby the 
 quantity diminished; and whereas, all property and machinery used in 
 manufacturing must depreciate in value by wear and tear; that, on the 
 
AGRICTJLTUKE. 581 
 
 the contrary, farms increase in value as they are tilled, and the more 
 thorough the tillage the more rapid the increase in value. 
 
 We speak here simply of the intrinsic value, not calculating the 
 naturally increasing value of all real estate, which will affect all classes 
 of real estate in nearly the same proportion, and hence need not be 
 considered in a comparative statement. 
 
 Taking our vast mining interest as a unit of measurement, we see that 
 our agricultural interest employs nearly eighty times as many men, and 
 one hundred and forty-one times as much capital. 
 
 Again, the value of the agricultural products of St. Louis County is 
 each year equal to or exceeds the entire annual mineral products of the 
 ■whole State. The annual agricultural products of Saline, Franklin and 
 Johnson counties each exceed in value two-thirds of the annual mineral 
 products of the State. 
 
 The counties of Pike, Clay, Cooper, Lafayette, Platte and St. Charles 
 each produce yearly from their farms more than one-half the value of 
 all the annual mineral product of the State. 
 
 The greatest mineral product of any one county, except St. Louis, in 
 Missouri for 1876, was valued at $750,000, while there were in 1870 
 fifty-six counties (and probably seventy-five counties in 1876) which 
 exceeded this in value of agricultural products, while eleven counties 
 in farm products each more than doubled that amount. 
 
 And while we all hear of Joplin as the wonderful "Lead Center," and 
 while Granby has a world-wide reputation as a mining town, the fact is 
 that, even in the palmiest days of mining, the counties of Newton and 
 Jasper, in which these famous mining districts are situated, produce 
 each year more value from their farms than has ever been in one year 
 dug from their mines* 
 
 Afain, taking the annual mineral production of the State as a unit, 
 we have corn equal to ten; slaughtered animals equal to six; wheat, 
 to four; hay to one; tobacco, about one; and butter, about ihree- 
 quarlers. 
 
 In considering the agricultural capacity of the State, we must also 
 bear in mind that while there are 41,824,000 acres of land in the State, 
 that only 9,130,615 are under cultivation in any shape. This number 
 of acres cultivated may easily be quadrupled, and the average yield per 
 acre nearly as largely increased, so that ten times the present amount 
 of yield is no fanciful or even exaggerated estimate of the agricultural 
 possibilities of Missouri. It is only a fair anticipation of our future, 
 that the time will come when Missouri will produce by tilling the soil 
 
682 JIATEEML -(VEALTH. 
 
 one-half as much as is now raised hi the entire United States. Then 
 we may say with the poet, 
 
 " Let her glad valleys smile with wavy corn, 
 Let fleecy flocks her rising hills adorn." 
 
 The census of 1870 shows tliat Missouri contains 148,328 farms, of 
 which 691 contained less than 3 acres, 10,113 between 3 and 10 acres, 
 17,431 between 10 and 20 acres, 55,988 between 20 and 50 acres, 38,595 
 between 50 and 100 acres; 24,898 between 100 and 500 acres, 614 
 between 500 and 1,000 acres, and 9 containing 1,000 acres or more. The 
 average size of Missouri farms was 146 acres. The total value of Mis- 
 souri farms was $392,908,047 ; the value of live stock on farms, $84,- 
 285,273 ; the value of farming implements and machinery, $15,596,426; 
 total value of all agricultural property, $492,789,746. 
 
 The average value of each farm in Missouri was $2,648 ; of live stock 
 upon each farm, $568 ; of farming implements and machinery upon each 
 farm, $105. The average value of each farm, including live stock and the 
 farming implements and machinery thereon was $3,321. The total value 
 of all agricultural products of the State was $103,035,759 ; thp average 
 value produced annually upon each farm, about $700.00 ; and the ave- 
 rage value produced in each county, $903,822. St. Louis County is not 
 only the commercial and manufacturing center, but, including the stone 
 quarries, is also the greatest mining county in the State, and, strange as 
 it may seem, also leads in agricultural productions, with an annual result 
 of $3,556,476.1 Next in order comes Saline, $2,695,617 ; Franklin, 
 $2,551,092; Johnson, $2,417,873; Pike, $2,052,574 ; Clay, $2,032,770, 
 followed in order by St. Charles, Cooper, Platte, Lafayette, Lincoln, 
 Callaway, Cass, Jackson, Pettis, Macon, Andrew, Audrain, Greene, 
 Monroe, Lawrence, Ray, Chariton, Howard, Warren, Carroll, Buchanan, 
 Sullivan, Flenry, Lewis, Livingston, Harrison, Boone, Bates, Clinton, 
 Perry, Caldwell, Jefl'erson, Linn, Knox, Nodaway, Atchison, Holt, 
 Davies, Gentry and Randolph. 
 
 Some of the leading agricultural productions of the State were as 
 follows: Corn, 66,034,075 bushels ; winter wheat, 13,222,021 bushels ; 
 spring wheat, 1,093,905 bushels ; wheat, total, 14,315,926 bushels ; oats, 
 16,578,313 bushels; rye, 559,532 bushels; barley, 269,240 bushels; 
 Irish potatoes, 4,238,361 bushels; sweet potatoes, 241,253 bushels; 
 cotton, 1,246 bales, wool, 3,649,390 pounds; honey, 1,156,444 pounds; 
 
 ' The vegetable market of St. Louis is an important element in this item. 
 
AGRICULTURE. 
 
 583 
 
 hay, 615,611 tons; wine, 326,173 gallons ; sorghum molasses, 1,730,171 
 gallons. 
 
 Missouri seems to be the combined result of the oradual risinnr of the 
 great sedimentary basin of the Mississippi, together Avith the volcanic 
 upheaval of many different portions at different ages of the pre-historio 
 times. 
 
 The whole area of the State is excellently drained by the complete 
 system of large rivers, and their innumerable tributaries. Tlie hills and 
 projecting ridges, with the channels worn by fhese various streams, are 
 important features of the State's topography. 
 
 Besides tiro broader and deeper valleys along the larger water-courses, 
 which present vast alluvial deposits of inexhaustible fertility, there 
 
 
 HS:. 
 
 "t. 
 
 
 ,'<-*; 
 
 !*;>'■*. 
 
 ,VLS. 
 
 F..*» 
 
 ft 
 
 Mountain Scenery. 
 
 are an infinite number and variety of lesser extent, especially in the 
 central part of the State, among swelling hills and sloping ravines, 
 where precipitous bluffs and rugged gorges add to the picturesque effect 
 of the landscape. 
 
 The State contains nearly all classes of soil. Argillaceous, calcareous 
 and silicious soils, arenaceous and alluvial loams, are represented by 
 turns in the different geological formations, of the State, often blended 
 with each other in such minute gradations as to make their classification 
 a task of some difficulty. 
 
584 MATEEIAL WEALTH. 
 
 Missouri may be practically divided into two sections by an irregular 
 line running from Hannibal to the south-west corner of the State. "West 
 of this line will be found nearly all the prairies of the State, while east 
 of it lies the great bulk of its best timber land. To this general division 
 numerous exceptions occur. Many prairies, of greater or less extent, 
 are found in the timbered portion of the State, while timber is frequently 
 found, in considerable quantity and excellent quality, west of the line 
 drawn, and groves of forest trees invariably skirt the streams flowing 
 through the prairies. ' 
 
 In this beautiful domain, so vast in extent and varied in feature, with 
 pleasing contrasts of hill, slope and vale, meadow and table land, bottoms 
 and sandy heights, timber land and prairie, the climate is so charmingly 
 tempered between the extremes of heat and cold, and the soils are so 
 varied in composition, exposure to the sun, and in the capacity for 
 receiving and retaining moisture, tliut not only a fair, but an abundant 
 crop of everything belonging to this latitude, may be readily, economic- 
 ally and successfully cultivated. 
 
 A volume interesting and profitable might, and wc trust will some day 
 soon, be written upon the soils of Missouri, We have space for only 
 a few general observations. 
 
 The character and quality of soil depends largely upon the underlying 
 geological formations. Where sandstones jyevail, the soils over them 
 need frequent rains, else the crops suffer from drouth. A sub-stratum 
 of clay with a little lime, devoid of sand and poor in humus will retain 
 too much moistxire at the surface, and in dry seasons the clays become 
 too hard for profitable cultivation. Where limestone underlies, the soils 
 are dark, usually deep and productive. The soils having decomposed 
 limestone are black, warm, productive and reliable. Iron in this 
 soil imparts a red or warm color, and indicates fertility and long 
 endurance. 
 
 Missouri may be divided into five districts : 
 
 First. What we mny call the real prairie land of the State, is almost 
 synonymous with the upper coal measures lying west of a line which 
 leaves the Iowa boundai-y near northern line of Mercer County, and then 
 running a little east of south into Chariton, near Salisbury, thence 
 south westward ly through the southern parts "of Saline and Lafayette, 
 the central part of Johnson, southwestwardly through the southern part 
 of Cass, and the western part of Bates, and leaving the State near the 
 northwestern corner of Vernon County. This district will include rnuch 
 of the richest farming land of the State. There are, of course, occasional 
 
AGKICULTURE. 
 
 585 
 
 tracts of inferior land included with these limits, but the soil is generally 
 of uncommon fertility. This soil is generally based on a deep bluff 
 deposit or on limestone, and is for the most part calcareous. It is 
 generally at least a foot thick and quite black, yielding good crops of 
 corn, grass, pumpkins, squashes, potatoes and tui'nips ; and lands that 
 have been in cultivation thirty years, yield as abundantly as when fii'st 
 cultivated. Blue grass grows well when the prairies have been grazed 
 down, and is probably for wheat about equal to the lands in eastern 
 Missouri. 
 
 
 
 -*1 "% .' - % 
 
 Scene in Lafayette County. 
 
 As an evidence of the desirableness of this part of the State for 
 farmino- purposes, although it is the most recently settled part of 
 Missouri, it is now the most populous. The counties in this district 
 south of the Missouri River, had become almost entirely depopulated at 
 the close of the war in 1865, but now are as thickly settled as any 
 counties in the State. 
 
 The Second District lies just east and south of the above, bounded on 
 the south and east by a line leaving the Kansas line near the south-west 
 
586 JIATEEIAL WEALTH. 
 
 cornel- of Bai'ton Comity, piissiiig into the westecn part of Cedar, througli 
 St; Clair, Benton, the north-west jaart of Morgan, through the southern 
 part of Cooper, the southern parts of Boone and Callaway, along the 
 bluffs north of the Missouri River into St. Cliarles County, and thence 
 south along the line of the Mississippi Bottoms to the Iowa line. Several 
 counties lying south of the Missouri may 3'Ct bo shown as properly 
 belonging to this district. This district is mainly underlaid by the lower 
 coal measures, and the better portion is based upon limestone. The soil 
 near the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers is the rich mellow soil based 
 on loose bluif formations, while in the interior the foundations are stiffer 
 clays and the soil not quite so rich and warm. There are several well 
 marked varieties among the soils of this district. That in the west and 
 northern portion consists chiefly of prairie, often spreading out in North 
 Missouri, into flat prairies. That in the south-west is rolling country 
 with generally a sandy soil. The corn yield is generally good. The 
 timbered lands in Eastern Mis.souri and in the counties along the 
 Mississippi River produce very fine crops of wheat. A fine variety of 
 tobacco is also produced on the thinner timbered lands. The hills near 
 the Missouri River yield good crops of fruit nearly every year — the 
 peach rarely failing, the grape alwaj^s fine. 
 
 This divi.sion of the State includes some extensive tracts of our best 
 land. Such may be found in Howard, Boone, Callaway, Marion, Ralls, 
 Pike, Lincoln, St. Charles and St. Louis. 
 
 In the counties of North Missouri, and in St. Louis County, blue grass 
 grows as fiiue as in the famous Kentucky blue grass region. 
 
 The Thied Distmcx occurs mainly in Southwest Missouri, and is 
 generally a strip lying along the border of the last described portion. 
 It includes a strip in McDonald, Barry, Lawrence, Christian, Greene, 
 Polk, Dade, Jasper, Barton, Cedar, Hickory, St. Clair, Benton, Morgan, 
 Cole, Moniteau, Osage, Gasconade, Franklin, St. Louis and Jefferson, 
 and thence passing southwardly. 
 
 The soil is generally somewhat gravelly, and often mingled with red 
 clay. Good crops of wheat and corn and fine crops of fniit are pro- 
 duced, especially in those counties along the Missouri River, whose 
 hills yield fine peaoli and grape crops every yeai'. 
 
 The Fourth District embraces all that portion of Southern 
 Missouri not included in the above described sections, nor in the bottom 
 and swamp lands. It constitutes an extensi\'e tract, elevated higher 
 than other parts of the State, it being from 1200 to 1500 feet above the 
 eea. It is underlaid by sandstones and limestones, with an occasional 
 
AGlllCULTUK]?. 
 
 587 
 
 elevation of porphyry or griinite in the tiasteni part. The country ia 
 broken by stream chiinnels, cutting down two huiidrGd to throe hundred 
 feet below the tops of the blufls, with valleys often as much as four 
 hundred feet below the main distant ridge. = 
 
 Near the streams it is generally very rugged, with either abrupt or 
 steep ascent to the hills. When the main streams are wide apart the 
 country spreads back into a flat land, with light-colored soil, supporting 
 chiefly a growth of post oak. When a little more hilly, black oak and 
 black hickory are common. 
 
 Scene near St. Charles. 
 
 There are extensive tracts within this district where the soil is either 
 too thin or too rocky to admit of present cultivation. But all these 
 lands will grow the grape. 
 
 "When those parts of Jlissouri that contiiin the richer soils are entirely 
 settled up, and the land costs too miich foi' careless farming or for men of 
 moderate means to purchase, attention will then be turned to this extensive 
 district, where, by jiroper economy and thrift, good crops can be 
 produced. There are frequently very rich valleys in this district which 
 yield equal to any of the richer lands of the Slate. The valleys along 
 the streams, near the south line, produce fine crops of corn and cotton. 
 
 In the Fifth District will be found the bottom lands of the State, 
 which are composed of finely-divided and thoroughly mixed sand, clay 
 and humns in varying proportion, and are readily again divided into 
 Bottom Praivie and Bottom Timber land. 
 
 The Bottom Prairie has a rich, deep, dark, light, warm, productive 
 soil of varying depth, which, both in a state of natui'e and when 
 cultivated, yields immense growths of vegetation. 
 
588 MATEEIAX WEALTH. 
 
 The bottom prairies, when underlaid with porous sub-soil, are but 
 little affected by excessive rains or drouth, while those (mainly in 
 the north and west,) based upon clays are productive, and reliable when 
 ditched or drained so as to carry off the spring freshets. 
 
 The bottom prairie occupies a great part of the Missouri Bottom ; 
 the largest areas being near AVyaconda, Huppan City, above Glasgow 
 and near St. Charles. Some of these prairies contain from 20,000 
 to 50,000 acres. 
 
 The Bottom Timber land is in character verj' similar to the above, 
 but ranges in all grades from high, dry, arable, productive land, bearing 
 almost an upland growth and variety of timber, throiigb the low bottom, 
 wet bottom and swamp or cypress swamp. 
 
 The radical difference in these varieties of Timberland Bottom is the 
 amount of water in the soil or above the surface, and this varies from 
 the best amount for production purposes, through the spongy bottom 
 witb constant saturation and occasional overflow, to the swamp, where 
 water stands most of the year or constantly covers the surface, with 
 varying depths depending on local rains or the height of the rivers. 
 All these bottoms are valuable now for their timber. The higher bottoms 
 yield bountiful crops. The swamp regions are mainly in the southeast 
 part of the State, embracing most of the counties of Pemiscot, Dunklin, 
 New Madrid, Mississippi, Scott, Stoddard, and parts of Butler and Cape 
 Girardeau. These lands arc surpassingly rich, and large areas are still 
 covered with swamps, but the time will come, and that before many 
 years, when these swamps will be drained, and these reclaimed lands will 
 then compete in productiveness with the richest lands in the world. 
 Fine crops of cotton are annually raised in this part of Missouri, and 
 these 1,000,000 acres now given up to waste and water will yet be tilled 
 until " the wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them, and 
 the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose." 
 
 Timber. — "The groves were God's first temples." No description can 
 adequately portray the beauty, grandeur and sublimity of our native 
 forests. They are indeed — 
 
 "Majestic woods of ev'ry vigorous green, 
 Stage above stage, high waving o'er the hills 
 Or to the horizon wide diifused, 
 A boundless, deep immensity of shade." 
 
 A few spots yet remain untouched h}' the leveling axe of the ever- 
 advancing pioneer, but they are rapidly becoming less in extent and 
 
TIMBER. 
 
 589 
 
 fewer in number, and a decade more will leave thorn only in the memories 
 of those fortunate enough to have seen them, or in the words which the 
 poet, inspired by their presence, has given to those less favored with 
 genius and opportunity. In the rich warm soils of tlie river bottoms, 
 especially in the southeastern part of the State, walnut trees 110 feet 
 high and 22 feet in circumference, oak trees 125 feet high and 20 feet in 
 circumference, and sycamores 130 feet high and 12 feet in diameter, are 
 
 recorded from actual measureAreut. These monarchs of the forest, 
 holding aloft their spreading branches, from wiiich are beautifully fes- 
 tooned the scarlet flower, the wild grape and other graceful drapery, will 
 be recorded in scientific reports, sung in the nation's songs, or preserved 
 in fact or picture as monuments of antique greatness, while their less 
 prominent, but equally valuable, companions will be worked up for 
 man's comfort, convenience and use. 
 
 In many places within the State, various species of wood adapted to 
 the mechanic arts are still found growing in great abundance. Ash, 
 
590 MATEKFAL WEALTH. 
 
 wtilmit, birch, chcvYj , pojndus Canadensis orcotfeni wood, cedar, cypress, 
 several varieties of oak, hickory and maple, mulberry, beech, chestnut, 
 elm, locust, collee tree, catalpa, tiilii) tree, and many other useful trees 
 and shrubs, grow on tl;c uplands as well as in the valleys. Large bodies 
 of yellow pine cover several connlies in the south and southeast. 
 A portion of these lands is still hold by Government, subject to entry. 
 
 The preservation and rene\\'al of tind)er is a question of vital impoi't- 
 ance, not only to our State, but to the nation. The certain scarcity and 
 consequent high price of tinil>er, from the thoughtless waste and wanton 
 destruction oi' our forests, now so frequently — we might almost say 
 generall)' — in practice, demands the attention of intelligent and practical 
 rhen. Fully one-half the full-grown tlnd.ior of Missouri has been re- 
 moTed, much of it uselessly destroyed, within forty years. Shoidd this 
 wholesale destruction increase or even continue, we may well stand 
 appalled at the impending ruin of such an essential element of comfort, 
 necessity and prosperity'. 
 
 Prairies. — The prairies over the greater part of Western Missouri, 
 do not exhibit the level and dreary uniformity common to some neigh- 
 boring States; they are, on the contrary, rolling in successive, wave- 
 like ridges, and broken mounds, meandered by numerous streams, the 
 irregular grooves skirting which diversify the scenery, and give a very 
 picturesque effect. These fertile fields produce luxuriant growths of 
 native grasses, almost equaling in nutritious properties the cultured 
 varieties. 
 
 In the spring and early summer, these beautiful prairies, clothed with 
 their grassy carpets, and studded with innumerable flowers of vario\i3 
 sizes and brilliant hues, present a scene of unsurpassed loveliness. 
 
 " These are the Gardens of the Desert, these 
 The unshorn fields, boundless and beautiful, 
 For whiuh the spoooh of England has no name — 
 
 * * * si< 
 
 Man hath no jiart in all this glorious work : 
 
 The hand that built the lirniament hath heaved 
 
 And smoothed these verdant swells, and sown their slopes 
 
 With herbage; planted them with island groves. 
 
 And hedged them in with forests. Fitting iloor 
 
 For this raaguifieent temple of the sky — 
 
 With flowers whose glory and whose multitude 
 
 Kival the constellations ! The great he.avens 
 
 Seem to stoop down upon the scene in love. — - 
 
 A nearer vault, and of a tenderer blue, 
 
 Than that which bends above tlie eastern hills." 
 
PBAIEIES. 591 
 
 With the exception of a very few localities of unimportant extent, this 
 immense area of prairie is not only tillable, but even of surpassing 
 fertility, producing, ■vvith comparative!}' little labor, immense crops, 
 especially of wheat, corn and other grain. 
 
 In some of the southern counties, especially in the overflowed and 
 swampy region of the soiith-east, extensive areas are covered by "cane- 
 brakes," the dense foliage of which affords, during the entire year, 
 shelter and food for stock, and a cover for numerous wild animals. This 
 land is nearly all susceptible of drainage, when some of it will be the 
 richest soil in the State. 
 
 Corn far exceeds in value any other product of the State. It is in 
 fact equal in value to one-fourth of all the agricultural products of the 
 Commonwealth . 
 
 The semi-tropical temperature of our summers, the arenaceous and 
 clay loams of our uplands, and the alluvikl and sandy loams of the 
 bottoms, point to Indian corn as the great staple of the Mississippi 
 Valley. 
 
 Corn is a native of America, has been cultivated in Mexico and in Peru 
 from time immemorial, and, next to rice, furnishes food for the greater 
 number of the human race. It is the most valuable gift of the New 
 World to the Old. 
 
 A deficiency in this crop directly raises the price of beef, pork and 
 butter, and indirectly affects the price of all other breadstuffs. It is 
 one of the surest crops, and a total failure pf this staple seems almost 
 beyond the reach of possibility. No crop is so easily worked, so little 
 liable to damage by variation of climate, or to injury in the field or 
 granary, or yields so largo an increase, — often a thousand-fold. 
 
 Corn is profitably raised in every county in the State : Saline carrying 
 the banner with over 2,000,000 bushels ; Johnson, Clay, Cass, Lafayette, 
 Jackson, Platte, Holt, Atchison, Nodaway, Eay, Cooper, Carroll, Henry, 
 Clinton, Boone, Andrew, Buchanan, St. Louis, Callaway, St. Charles, 
 Pettis, Chariton, Howard, Bates, following in the order named, with 
 from 2,000,000 to 1,000,000 bushels each. The product of the State for 
 1876 M'as about 75,000,000 bushels. 
 
 To fully appreciate the importance and beauty of this Queen of cereals, 
 it must be seen as it covers the deep, porous alluvium bottoms of a west- 
 ern river ; its millions of stalks clothed in majestic and richest green, 
 wavino- their feathery plumes and swaying their pendant and silky tassels 
 
592 iiATEEiAi \v:eai,th. 
 
 in the summer breeze, beneatli the gleaming, glittering, life-giving 
 radiance of a July sun. Well may the poet sing : 
 
 "A song for the plant of my own native West, 
 
 Wliere nature and freedom reside. 
 By plenty still crowned, and by peace ever blest, 
 
 To the corn ! the green corn of her pride ! 
 In climes of the East has the olive been sung. 
 
 And the grape been the theme of their lays, 
 But for thee shall a harp of the backwoods be strung. 
 
 Thou bright, ever beautiful maize. 
 
 "With spring-time and culture, in martial array 
 
 It waves its gi'een broadswords on high. 
 And fights with the gale, in a fluttering fray. 
 
 And the sunbeams, which fall from the sky; 
 It strikes its green blades at the zephyrs at noon. 
 
 And at night at the swift-flying fays. 
 Who ride through the darkness, the beams of the moon. 
 
 Through the spears and the flags of the maize, 
 
 "When summer is fierce still, its banners are green. 
 
 Each warrior's long beard groweth red. 
 His eroerald-bright sword is sharp-pointed and keen. 
 
 And golden his tassel-plumed head. 
 As a host of armed knights set a monarch at naught, 
 
 Tliey defy the day-god to his gaze, 
 And, revived every morn from the battle that's fought, 
 
 Fresh stands the green ranks of the maize. 
 
 "But brown grows the autumn, and sere grows the com, 
 
 And the hills are all mellowed in haze, 
 And dry gi'ovv tlie leaves which protecting infold 
 
 The ears of the well-ripened maize. 
 At length, Indian Summer the lovely, doth come. 
 
 With its blue frosty nights, and still days. 
 While Fall, creeping on like a monk 'neath his hood, 
 
 Plucks the thick-rustling wealth of the maize. 
 
 " And the heavy loads creak to the barn large and gray, 
 
 Where the ti'easure securely* we hold. 
 Housed safe from the tempest, dry-sheltered away, 
 
 Our blessing more precious than gold I 
 And long, for this manna that springs from the sod 
 
 Shall we gratefully give Him the praise. 
 The source of all bounty. Our Father and God, 
 
 Who sent us from heaven the maize ! " 
 
LIVE STOCK. 59; 
 
 Live Stock. — Next to the com crop, and very largely dependen 
 upon it, is the value of live stock, which aggregates nearly $100,000,000 
 the 3'early product being about $25,000,000. Nearly half this value ii 
 imparted by the corn fed to animals intended for slaughter. Missour 
 very happily unites the most desirable requisites for successful stock 
 raising. Occupying a middle place betwieen her Northern and Southeri 
 sisters, she suiFers neither from the long-continued and excessive hea 
 of the one, nor from the fierce frosts and interminable winters of th( 
 other. Within her boundaries there are something over 67,000 squan 
 miles of country rarely blessed with hill and valley, and plain oi 
 unequaled fertility, watered by the innumerable tributaries of the Mis 
 eonri and Mississippi, and suited to the successful cultivation of th« 
 products which supply the daily wants of man and beast. In nearl] 
 every section of the State, blue grass, the husbandman's staunches 
 friend, grows spontaneously and luxuriantly. Its solid sod affordi 
 pasture for horses and cattle for nine months in the year, and even on th( 
 bare hills of the mining counties, fine range may be found for flocki 
 such as might have been the pride of Job in his latter and better days 
 
 With an abundant supply of water in every section ; with extensiv( 
 ranges of prairie and timber land ; together with the abimdant crops oi 
 corn, oats and hay for vnnter consumption, there is no reason whj 
 Missouri should not be the great stock-raising State of the Union. 
 
 Saline leads in this element of wealth, followed in order by Audrain 
 Platte, Clay, Clinton, Cass, Andrew, Boone, Lafayette, Callaway 
 Johnson, Cooper, Pike, Howard, Atchison, Lincoln and Pettis. 
 
 Wheat may be a native of Africa or Asia, and it matters little which 
 for we accept it, not on nativity, but on the sounder basis of character 
 While wheat is third on the list of agricultural productions in point oJ 
 value, it confessedly and deservedly stands at the head in importance as 
 an article of human food. The flour made from wheat, especially wher 
 not too finely bolted, contains more nutrition of a better kind than if 
 given by any other cultivated cereal. 
 
 Except in a few of the northern counties, spring wheat is but litth 
 grown, the main attention being bestowed on the winter varieties, whicl 
 are especially a favorite crop upon the loess and clay loams and whitt 
 oak uplands of the State. The fact that Missouri flour ^ carries th< 
 
 1 The Medal of Merit at the World's Exposition at Vienna, in 1873, for the best flour ii 
 the world, was awarded to Coloitei, Gbokoe C. Thii,enius, of Cape Girardeau. Thii 
 flour was manufactured at the Cape City MiUs, from wheat grown in Cape Girardeai 
 County, in 1872. 
 38 
 
j94 
 
 matekiaTj wealth. 
 
 Vienna premiums, is alike the glory of our farmers and millers, and 
 gives our State just cause for congratulation. 
 
 The average yield and certahity of the crop has been materially 
 increased by the use of the drill in seeding. The drill saves seed, and 
 deposits it in regular quantity and at any required uniform depth, thus 
 protecting the roots from alternate frosts and thaws, a consideration of 
 the utmost importance on sandy or thin clay soils, in our opeu winters. 
 
 St. Charles County leads in this valuable staple, producing nearly 
 1,000,000 bushels annually. Franklin raises nearly three-fourths as 
 much, and is followed in order by Johnson, St. Louis, Pike, Lafayette, 
 Howard, Saline, Cooper and Lincoln. 
 
 Farm Scene in Northern Missouri. 
 
 Oats. — The oat is of all gramineous plants the easiest of culture, 
 growing on any soil that admits of plowing and harrowing. Althouo-h 
 better adapted to a more northern climate, whore it grows to greater 
 perfection, both in quantity and quality, it is still an important crop in 
 Missouri, where the yield is annually of more value than the yearly 
 product of all the mines in the State. While the oat crop is an important 
 one, it does not figure very largely in our market, as it is mainly for 
 home consumijtion. 
 
TOBACCO AJSTD COTTON. 595 
 
 Tobacco. — The variety of tobacco generally cultivated in America is 
 a native of Mexico or the West Indies, and is an annual, belonging to 
 the iSolanum family, which also includes the potato, tomato and some 
 other important plants. Missouri ranks sixth among the tobacco- 
 producing States. While the late civil war exercised a depressing 
 influence upon tobacco culture, it still forms one of our most important 
 agricultural interests. Missouri tobacco enjoys a fine reputation for 
 excellence, and the State, no doubt, embraces some of the best tobacco 
 lands in the country. Careful and improved methods of cultivation and 
 curing will no doul)t increase the quantity produced, and ere long give 
 la quality equal to any grown in the same latitude. It is a staple in every 
 county in the State, Chariton leading off with an annual production of 
 3,000,000 pounds, followed by Callaway, Lincoln, Howard, Franklin, 
 Randolph and Pike producing nearly 1,000,000 pounds each. 
 
 Cotton. — Thi'S textile plant is probably- indigenous to both hemi- 
 spheres. Herodotus of old described it as a tree "having for its fruit 
 fleeces more delicate and beautiful than wool." The variety raised in 
 Missouri is known as common or upland cotton, Oossypium Uerbaceum. 
 Only the southern part of the State comes within the isothermal line 
 which incloses the cotton belt of the United States. It is only wilhin 
 this belt that we find the required mean summer temperature, and the 
 necessary length of the growing season to render cotton profitable as 
 a general crop. 
 
 The principal cotton-growing counties of Missouri are, Stoddard, 
 leading off with a yield of about 500 bales, followed by Scott, Pemiscot, 
 Butler, New Madrid, Lawrence and Mississippi ; while some thirty 
 counties yield difl'erent amounts down to a single bale, besides important 
 ""■arden patches" used in home consumption and not baled or reported. 
 From this we readily see that while Missouri cannot hope to rank among 
 the leading cotton States of the Unions and that while this greatest of 
 all textile plants must in a measure ever remain as a leading staple to 
 latitudes lower than our own, still its cultivation can be made sufficiently 
 remunerative to very materially augment our agricultural production. 
 All the southern counties will certainly give increased attention to its 
 cultivation, and as the southeastern bottom lands are drained, the 
 production of this in«,portant staple will d<iubtless be largely increased. 
 
 Hay and Grass.— This very important crop is receiving more atten- 
 tion, and as the State is more closely cultivated, the annual yield will be 
 laro-ely increased in amount and very grantly improved in quality. The 
 quality and quantity of live stock is so intimately connected with the 
 
596 ]VIATEEIAL ' "WEALTH. 
 
 gi-asses of the State, that this product will merit and receive the increased 
 attention which its magnitude demands. Although our winters are short 
 and onr hay crop almost exclusively used for home consumption, still, its 
 value equals in amount the entire mineral production of the State. 
 
 Potato. — This most valuable esculent is a native of South America, 
 and was unknown in Europe imtil 1586, when it was introduced into 
 England. It is the healthiest, most nutritious, most productive and 
 cheapest edible plant grown. Although some parts of Missouri present 
 too \varm a soil and too ti-opical a climate to raise the best grade of 
 potatoes, still the crop is a general one and the quality good, while the 
 quiiiitity is suiEcient for home consumption with a considerable surplus 
 for the southern market. 
 
 The Swket Potato is a member of the Morning Glory family and a 
 native of the East Indies, and was known to civilization as a delicacy and 
 an important edible long before "The Potato." It delights in a sandy 
 lo.uu and a semi-tropical climate, is one of our surest and most profitable 
 crops, and fills the same place in the Southern States that the Irish 
 Potjito does in the north. 
 
 Wool. — The soil and climate of Missouri ai^e peculiarly well adapted 
 to sheep-raising. With adequate protection against dogs and for the 
 exiinction of wolves, sheep-farming will be greatly increased, and become 
 higlily profitable. 
 
 SoKGHUM, which was so largely cultivated during the war, is still 
 raised in considerable quantities for local consumption. 
 
 HiiooM CoKN, Buckwheat, Castor Beans, White Beans, Peas and 
 Iloi>s are successfully grown in limited quantities. 
 
 (iAKDBN Vegetables are an important article both of food and com- 
 in.'ico. I'eas, beans, turnips, onions, tomatoes, cabbage, and many 
 •)tti '(• economic plants suited to our soils and climate, are found in our 
 DKirkots at -ill seasons; and in St. Louis County this department of 
 iiilu ,t,ry yields about $500,000 annually. 
 
 :;CHAi(i> Products. — The management of an orchard is among the 
 irii>';- deli.'iifnl as well us most certain and remunerative occupations in 
 i rhole ^ iige of agriculture. 
 
 •Hits () »'V(>r\ kind and variety usual to the temperate zone flourish 
 
 ' ssouri. and di-play their delicate luxuries in our orchards and upon 
 
 iibic in greMt profusion. The golden apple, the juicy pear, the 
 
 ■ , v-c :< ked peiK:h, attract by their beauty and delicious taste, and 
 : i M althful and important ai-ticle of consumption and domestic 
 .'■my. (vliillsand fever, the stumbling block of the physician, may 
 
APPLES, PEAE, PEACH AND GHERKTES. 597 
 
 be greatly controlled, if not entirely prevented by a liberal and general 
 use of the fruit raised where the malaria exists. 
 
 Apples. — The soil of Missouri is favorable to the Apple, and it attains 
 its highest perfection on our numerous bluflfs and ridges of moderate 
 elevation. The fruit matures daring a long succession of months, and is 
 found in our markets in abundance and at reasonable prices nearly all 
 the year round. Apple orchards of greater or lesser size are met with in 
 every pari of the State, and the products are shipped South and "West in 
 considerable quantities. 
 
 Scene in Pemiscot County 
 
 The Pbab. — In the cultivation of this fruit a deep, well-drained, 
 moderately fertile soil is indispensable to success. Our pears, while not 
 so showy or highly colored as the varieties grown in California, surpass 
 them in juiciness and delicate flavor. The most serious impediment to 
 profitable pear culture is the scourge known to pomologists as the Frozen 
 Sap or fire blight, for which no certain remedy has as yet been found. 
 It prevails with more or less intensity throughout every State situated 
 east of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The Peach is often chary of its delightful favors in the northern part 
 of the State, but under the milder and more genial clime of the South 
 and Center, peaches of the most excellent quality are produced in plenty. 
 The consumption of peaches is confined mainly to home use and the 
 St. Louis market. 
 
 Cheeries of the acid Morrello type, abound in great plenty and bear 
 constant crops. Duke, Bigarreau and other varieties of the sweet cherry 
 are not entirely hardy, and are grown only in a limited way. Plums, 
 
598 MATERIAL WEALTH. 
 
 Apricots and Nectarines succeed well, but their culture is neglected on 
 account of the repeated and annually — recurring destruction of the 
 unripe fruit by several insects belonging to the family of OurculionidcB . 
 
 Small Feuit. — Various kinds of cultivated berries come in during 
 the summer, supplying the eye and the palate with a variety of fragrant 
 and delicious dainties ; while their pleasantly-acidulated juices exert a 
 wholesome influence upon the human system at this approach of warm 
 weather. Great progress has been made in small fiiiit culture and a 
 much wider area is now devoted to their cultivation than formerly. 
 
 Strawberries, Gooseberries, Currant, Raspberries and Blackberries 
 yield satisfactory returns for the capital and labor invested. 
 
 Grape-Geowing has promised wonderful results for the State, but so 
 far the promise has not been fully realized, and just now many are raising 
 the vital question, "Will grape-growing and wine-making in Missouri 
 pay in the future?" This question is one of vast importance, not only to 
 those who have invested time and money in the vine, but also to the 
 future prosperity of the State : for it is asserted, by those who ought to 
 know, that Missouri contains more acres of land adapted to grape culture 
 than is occupied by all the vinej'ards of France. 
 
 There is no doubt that many who have entered into grape-growing 
 with visions of luscious grapes, excellent wines, and plethoric purses, 
 have not realized their anticipations. As a few engaged in viticulture 
 and wine-making have been uniformily successful, while the many do 
 not make it pay, there must be good reason for both results. The 
 causes of failure will be found in ignorance of the cultivation required 
 for the grape, or of the manipulation necessary in making the wine, or in 
 the neglect to use these fundamental and vital elements of success. 
 
 From innumerable interviews with all classes of grape-growers and 
 vintners, it seems certain that, in this department, disappointment and 
 failure wait upon ignorance and neglect, while paying success just as 
 certainly follows intelligent culture and scientific wine-making. 
 
 Grape vines will grow anywhere, and produce grapes in almost any 
 situation, but it is very foolish to suppose that every soil and situation 
 will yield grapes, either of fair quality or in such quantities as to make 
 it pay. There is a great difference in the quality and quantity of the 
 same variety of grape, on different soils. This is fully appreciated in all 
 grape-growing countries, and Missouri will not be any exception. 
 
 Only careful study and large experience can fully determine how the 
 peculiar character and excellence of each variety of grape can be best 
 developed, by giving it the required soil, necessary situation, best 
 exposure to sun, breeze and climatic influence. 
 
GKAPE-GEOWING. 599 
 
 Certain localities will ere long become as noted for their wonderful 
 products of certain varieties of grapes and flavor of wine, as the famous 
 districts of the Old World. Only intelligent, careful and persistent 
 experiment can determine the locality, the varietj', or the result. 
 
 The localities selected must be properly prepared, and when the 
 variety best suited to that location and the desired result, has been 
 properly planted, the cultivation and attention must be careful, intelli- 
 gent and thorough. Grafting of the tiner varieties on the hardier roots, 
 may, and probably will, prove the panacea for many ills. 
 
 If the grapes are to be marketed, take only good evenly ripened 
 bunches ; pick out all unripe, decayed, dried or broken berries ; handle 
 carefull}', pack in shallow boxes or baskets, send them to market in the 
 freshest and most perfect condition possible, and they will, as they 
 always do, bring twice the price that can be obtained if they are roughly 
 picked, thrown promiscuously into large boxes or baskets, with the 
 unripe and imperfect beriies, hauled in lumber wagons, over rough roads, 
 and presented in the market buised, broken, beaten into a jelly. 
 
 Good wine can only be made from good grapes, by those who under- 
 stand the business and have the facilities. To obtain the best results, 
 the vintner must know what is required from the grape, and what from 
 the treatment. He must be able to analyze the grape, and have the 
 instruments and appliances to perform this operation, thus determining 
 the proportions of sugar, acid, flavor, etc., and must know how to assist 
 Nature by adding what she has not supplied, as well as by diluting 
 whatever may be in excess. Each variety will require peculiar bundling 
 during the several stages of pressing, racking and keeping the wines. 
 He must have the necessary casks, cellars, buildings, all of which 
 requires much capital. 
 
 It requires but little thought to see that the best results will be nttained 
 here as it is in most wine-growing countries, when the many raise the 
 grape, while a few in each locality who have skill, experience and capital, 
 manufacture the wines. This division of labor is already adopted in 
 most br.inches of combined agricultural and manufacturing industries. 
 One class raises the grain, cattle, cotton, tobacco, while another clas.s 
 manufactures the flour, packs the meat, spins the cloth, or prepares the 
 fine-cut or kinnikinnick. 
 
 In addition to the Concord, and Norton's Virginia, our grape-growers, 
 are o-iving attention to the Martha, an attractive market grape, a healthy 
 and hardy variety. The Herbemont, needing a southern exposure and 
 warm light soil, is very productive, and makes a delicate wine. The 
 
600 MATEKIAL WEALTH. 
 
 Goethe, doing best in a sandy soil, needing severe pruning, and ripening 
 late, is very productive, a splendid table and market grape, and makes 
 a good wine. The Massasoii delights in a sandy soil, considerable care 
 in pruning, is an excellent grape, very productive, of beautiful color, 
 and early. It is a favorite in the market, and makes an excellent 
 white wine. The Rulander and the Louisiana are superior grapes and 
 yield very fine wines. The Gynihiana is hardy, healthy and productive, 
 and adapted to general culture. It yields the choice red wine, which 
 received the Golden Medal at the Vienna Exposition, thus giving it 
 a world-wide reputation. 
 
 To show what is thought of Missouri wines abroad, we quote from 
 a letter written by Mr. Dougsset, of Montpellier, France, and received 
 by one of our most successful and reliable vintners. He writes : "I duly 
 received the two boxes of wines sent by you. They were exhibited by 
 me before the International Congress of Viticulture just held at 
 Montpellier, and tested by a committee of thirty members, officially 
 appointed for that pxii'pose. They were about the best connoisseurs of 
 France. Norton's Virginia a-nd Cynthiana, as red wines ; Martha, 
 Goethe, and above all, Hermann and Eulauder, were highly praised ; 
 and the general opinion is that after We have re-stocked our vineyards 
 with American vines, we will not regard the loss of our own very much. 
 As to Concord, Ives, Wilder, North Carolina, Clinton, Herbemont and 
 Cunningham, they will very likely become the vines for general cul- 
 tivation in our arenaceous and in our black soils." 
 
 This flattering verdict from such a critical and rival source should 
 stimulate our wine-growers to renewed exertions, and fill them with the 
 brightest hopes for the future of ready sales and good p.rices for first- 
 class wines. 
 
 Missouri needs only faithful, careful grape culture to become one of the 
 greatest wine-producing countries o-n the face of the earth. 
 
 Floriculture — Which is an industry attaining its greatest growth 
 in a commtiuity of taste, intelligence and wealth, is already a large 
 factor not only in the development of the refinement and love of nature 
 which is the constant result of the study and cultivation of flowers, but 
 is likewise an interest of considerable material value. It employs in 
 St. Louis County alone about $250,000 of capital and 250 hands, with a 
 constantly increasing volume. 
 
 Shaw's Garden, the foremost botanical collection in the country, i3 
 an object of pride to every citizen of the State, and of interest to every 
 visitor, and has done and is constantly doing a most valuable work in 
 
PLORICULTUBE. 
 
 601 
 
 bringing to notice the great beauty of flowers and illustrating the 
 methods of their cultivation. It was established in 1837, and has 
 been ever since under the able and intelligent management of its founder, 
 Mr. Henry Shaw. Within its hundred acres are collected an unbounded 
 variety of native and exotic trees, shrubs, plants and flowers, in the 
 propagation and improvement of which is brought to bear every advan- 
 tage of nature and every appliance of scientific cultivation. 
 
 With such a park of floral magnificence, where all are invited and 
 welcomed, the knowledge of and interest in floriculture, both ideal and 
 material, must ever increase. And we will probably find this beautiful 
 industry doubled within the next decade. 
 
 wild Flowcn.