p fnOi-TRTY OF ' c. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM A.H.'Jripiit Date Due '0 J ^ iXin i - "t-~T5CTHl~-l PRINTED IN U. S. A. (M^ CAT. NO. 23233 Cornell University Library F 254 M821882 School historv of North Carojiria, from 1 3 1924 028 788 176 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028788176 SCHOOL HISTORY NORTH CAROLINA, FROM 1584 TO THE PRESENT TIME. BY JOHN M^. MOORE. REVISED AND ENLARGED. NEW YORK . : ■ CINCINNATI • : - CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY I I V I < d "<' A7^r A y. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by ALFRED WILLIAMS & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. w. j>. 6 PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION. In the publication of a fourteenth edition it seems proper that something should be said as to changes made in this work. At a session of the North Carolina Board of Education, held November 23d, 1881, it was resolved that "the Board expressly reserve to itself the right to require further revisions" in Moore's School History of North Carolina, the second edition of which was then adopted for use in the' public schools. Conforining to this requirement of the State Board of Education, the author has diligently sought aid and counsel in the effort to perfect this work. To Mrs. C. P. Spencer, E. J. Hale, Esq., of New York, and Hon. Montford MoGehee, Commissioner of Agriculture, the work is indebted for many valuable suggestions, but still more largely to Col. W. L. Saunders, Secretary of State, who has aided assiduously not only in its revision, but in its progress through the press. The teacher of North Carolina History will be greatly aided in the work by having a wall map of North Carolina before the class, and to this end the publishers have prepared a good and accurate school map, which will be furnished at a special low price. COI^TENTS. CHAPTER. PAGE. I. Physical Description of North Carolina 1 II. Physical Description — Continned 5 III. Geological Characteristics 9 IV. The Indians 13 V. Sir Walter Raleigh 17 VI. Discovery of North Carolina 21 VII. Governor Lane's Colony 26 VIII. Governor White's Colony 30 IX. The Fate of Raleigh 35 X. Charles II. and the Lords Proprietors 39 XI. Governor Drummond and Sir John Yeamans 44 XII. Governor Stephens and the Fundamental Constitutions.... 48 XIII. Early Governors and their Troubles 52 XIV. Lord Carteret adds a New Trouble 65 XV. Thomas Carey and the Tuscarora War 59 XVI. Governor Eden and Black-Beard 64 XVII. Governor Gabriel Johnston 68 XVIIL The Pirates and Other Enemies 72 XIX. Governor Arthur Dobbs 76 XX. Governor Tryon and the Stamp Act 80 XXI. Governor Tryon and the Regulators 86 XXII. Governor Martin and the Revolution 91 XXIII. First Provincial Congress 94 XXIV. Second Provincial Congress 98 XXV. The Conuress at Hillsboro 102 XXVL Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge 106 XXVII. Fourth Provincial Congress Declares Independence 110 XXVIII. Adoption of a State Constitution 115 XXIX. The War Continued 118 XXX. Stony Point and Charleston 121 XXXI. Ramsour's Mill and Camden Court House 125 CONTENTS. V CHAPTER. PAGE. XXXII. Battle of King's Mountain 128 XXXIII, Cornwallis's Last Invasion ., 132 XXXIV. Battle of Guilford Court House 187 XXXV. Fanning and his Brutalities 141 XXXVI. Peace and Independence 146 XXXVII. The State of Franklin 150 XXXVni. Formation of the Union 154 XXXIX. France and America 158 XL. The Federalists and the Republicans 161 XLI. Closing of the Eighteenth Century 168 XLII. Growth and Expansion 170 XLIII. Second War with Great Britain 174 XLIV. After the Storm 178 XLV. The Whigs and the Democrats 181 XLVL The Condition of the State • 185 XLVIL The Courts and the Bar 189 XLVIIL Origin of the Public Schools 193 XLIX. Slavery and Social Development 198 L. The ilexiean War 201 LI. The North Carolina Railway and the Asylums 205 LII. A Spectre of the Past Re-appears 208 Lin. The Social and Political Status 212 LIV. President Lincoln and the War 217 LV. The War Between the States 223 LVL The Combat Deepens 226 LVn. The War Continues 231 LVIIL War and its Horrors 235 LIX. The Death Wound at Gettysburg 238 LX. General Grant and his Campaign 242 LXI. North Carolina and Peace-making... 248 LXn. The War Draws to a Close 252 LXIIL Concluding Scenes of the War 255 LXrV. Refitting the Wreck 261 LXV. Governor Worth and President Johnson 264 LXVI. Results of Reconstruction 288 LXVII. Results of Reconstruction — Continued 274 LXVIII. Impeachment of Governor Holden 278 VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER. FAOE. LXIX. Eesumption of Self-Government , 282 LXX. The Cotton Trade and Factories 285 LXXI. Progress of Material Development 289 LXXII. The Eailroads and New Towns 294 LXXIII. Literature and Authors 299 LXXIV. The Colleges and Schools 304 LXXV. Conclusion 337 APPENDIX. Constitution of North Carolina 317 Questions on the Constitution...., 345 HINTS TO TEACHERS. It is well known that any subject can be more thoroughly taught when both the eye and the mind of the pupil are used as mediums for imparting the knowledge; and the teacher of "North Carolina History" will find a valuable help in a wall map of the 8tate hung in convenient position for reference while the history class is reciting. Require the pupils to go to the map and point out localities when men- tioned, also places adjoining ; trace the courses of the rivers which have a historical interest, and name important towns upon their banks. A good, reliable wall map of North Carolina can he procured at a moderate price from the publishers of this work. It has been deemed proper to make the chaptera short, that each may form one lesson. At the close of each chapter will be found questions upon the main points of the lesson. These will furaish thought for many other questions Which will suggest themselves to the teacher. There are many small matters of local State history which can be given with interest to the class, from timfe to time, as appropriate periods are reached. These minor facts could not be included in the compass of a school book, but a teacher will be helped by referring occasionally to " Moore's Library History of North Carolina." Inspire your pupils with a spirit of patriotism and love for their native State. A little effort in this direction will show you how easily it can be done. In every boy and girl is a latent feeling of pride in whatever per- tains to the welfare of their native State, and this feeling should be culti- vated and enlarged, and thus the children make better citizens when grown. The history of our State is filled with events which, told to the young, will Vni HINTS TO TEACHEES. fix their attention, and awaken a desire to know more of the troubles and noble deeds of the people who laid the foundation of this Commonwealth. The Appendix contains the present " Constitution of North Carolina." Then follows a series of "Questions on the Constitution," prepared expressly for this work by Hon. Kemp P. Battle, LL. D., President of the University of North Carolina. This is an entirely new and valuable feature in a school book, and contains an analysis of our State government. This is just the information that every citizen of North Carolina ought to possess, and teachers should require all their students of this history to read and study the Constitution aad endeavor to answer the questions thereon. No State in the Union possesses a record of nobler achievements than North Carolina. Her people have always loved liberty for themselves, and they offered the same priceless boon to all who came within her borders ; and it was a full knowledge of this trait of our people which made Ban- croft say " North Carolina was settled by the freest of the free." HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF NORTH CAROLINA. The State of North Carolina is included between the paral- lels 34° and 36|-° north latitude, and between the meridians 75J° and 84|-° west longitude. Its western boundary is the crest of the Smoky Mountains, which, with the Blue Ridge, forms a part of the great Appalachian system, extending almost fcom the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico; its eastern is the Atlantic Ocean. Its mean breadth from north to south is about one hundred miles; its extreme breadth is one hundred and eighty-eight miles. The extreme length of the State- from east to west is five hundred miles. The area embraced within its boundaries is fifty-two thousand two hun- dred and eighty-six square miles. 2. The climate of North Carolina is mild and equable. This is due in part to its geographical position ; midway, as it were, between the northern and southern limits of the Union. Two other causes concur to modify it; the one, the lofty Appalachian chain, which forms, to some extent, a shield from the bleak winds of the north-west; the other, the soften- ing influence of the Gulf Stream, the current of which sweeps along near its shores. 3. The result of these combined causes is shown in the character of the seasons. Fogs are almost unknown; frosts 2 HISTORY or KOETH CAROLINA. occur not until the middle of October; ice rarely forms of a sufficient thickness to be gathered; snows are light, seldom remaining on the ground more than two or three days. The average rain-fall is about fifty-three inches, which is pretty uniformly distributed throughout the year. The climate is eminently favorable to health and longevity. 4. The State falls naturally into three divisions or sections — the Western or Mountain section, the Middle or Piedmont section, and the Eastern or Tide-water section. The first con- sists of mountains, many of them rising to towering heights, the highest, indeed, east of the Rocky Mountains. It is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge and on the west by the Smoky Mountains. The section . inclosed within these limits is in shape somewhat like an ellipse. Its length is about one hundred and eighty rniles; its average breadth from twenty to fifty miles. It is a high plateau, from the plane of which many lofty mountains everywhere rise, and on its bor- der the culminating points of the Appalachian system — the Roan, the Grandfather and the Black — lift their heads to the sky. Between the mountains are fertile valleys, plentifully watered by streams, many of them remarkable for their beauty. The mountains themselves are wooded, except a few which have prairies on their summits, locally distinguished as "balds." This section has long been one of the favorite resorts of the tourist and the painter. 5. The Middle section lies between the Blue Ridge and the falls where the rivers make their descent into the great plain which- forms the Eastern section of the State. Its area com- prises nearly one-half of the territory of the State. Through- out the greater part it presents an endless succession of hills and dales, though the surface near the mountains is of a bolder PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION. 6 and sometimes of a rugged cast. The scenery of this section is as remarkable for quiet, picturesque beauty, as that of the Western is for sublimity and grandeur. 6. The Eastern section is a champaign country; relieved, however, by gentle undulations. Its breadth is about one hundred miles. Its principal beauty lies in its river scenery and extensive water prospects. 7. The cultivated productions of the Mountain section are corn, wheat, oats, barley, hay, tobaccOj fruits and vegetables Cattle are also reared quite extensively for market. In th{ Middle section are found all the productions of the former, and over the southern half cotton appears as the staple pro- duct. In the Eastern section cotton, corn, oats and rice art staple crops, and the "trucking business" (growing fruits and vegetables for the Northern markets), constitutes a flourishing industry. The lumber business, and the various industries to which the long-leaf pine gives rise, tar, pitch and turpentine, have long been, and still continue to be, great resources of wealth for this section. Of the crops produced in the United States all are grown in North Carolina except sugar and some ?emi-tropical fruits, as the orange, the lemon and the banana. The wine grapes of America may be said to have their home in North Carolina; four of them, the Catawba, Isabella, Lin- coln and Scuppernong, originated here. 8. The physical characteristics of the State will be better understood by picturing to the mind its surface as spread out upon a vast declivity, sloping down from the summits of the Smoky Mountains, an altitude of near seven thousand feet, to the ocean level. Through the range of elevation thus afforded, the plants and trees (or what is comprehended under the term fiora) vary from those peculiar to Alpine regions to those peculiar to semi-tropical regionc. 4 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 9. The variety of trees is most marked, including all those which yield timber employed in the useful and many of those employed in the. ornamental arts. Indeed, nearly all the spe- cies found in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains? are found in North Carolina. Her wealth in this respect will be appreciated when the striking fact is mentioned that there are more species of oaks in North Carolina than in all the States north of us, and only one less than in all the Southern States east of the Mississippi. This range of elevation affords also a great variety of medicinal herbs. In fact, the moun- tains of North Carolina are the store-house of the United States for plants of this description. QUESTIONS. 1. Of wli.1t does this chapter treat? Give the latitude and longitude of North Carolina. What are its eastern and western boundaries? Give Its dimensions. 2. What is said of the climate of North Carolina? Name the causes,, of this miidneps of climate. 3. What is said of the seasons? Of fogs, snow and ice? Of the rain- fall? 4. Into how many natural divisions is the State formed ? Najn« them. Desciihe the Mountain section. Point it out on the map. 5. Give a description of tlie Middle or Piedmont section. Locate this section on the map. 6. What is said of the Eastern or 'Tide-water section? Point it out on the niiTp. 7. What are some of the productions of the Mountain section? Of the Piedmont? Of the Tide-water? What is saiil of the grapes of North Carolina? 8. How m.ay the physical characteristics of the State be easily under- stood ? 9. What is said of the plants and 11. How long was Governor White away from Roanoke? What did he find on liis return ? What is supposed to have been the meaning of the word " Croatan" ? What did Governor White find ? 12. Where is " Croatan" ? Can you locate it on the map? Did Gov- ernor White go to this place to seek his people ? Was any settlement on Roanoke at this time? What eflxjrt did Raleigh make to find these people ? CHAPTER IX. THE FATE OF EALEIQH. A. D. 1590 TO 1G53. The story of the attempted settlement on Roanoke Island is the story of one of the world's tragedies. Misfortune seemed to be the doom, not only of the colonists, but of many gallant men who sought to aid Sir Walter Raleigh in his enterprise. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, with two of his ships, was the first to perish at sea; Sir Francis Drake and his compeer, Sir John Hawkins, both died of pestilence in the West Indies; and, to the baffled and broken-hearted originator of the scheme, the coming years were black with disaster and death. 2. With the loss of Governor White's colony, Raleigh found that his expenditures had greatly impaired his wealth. He had lost more than two hundred thousand dollars (£40,000 Note. — It must also be remembered that money in the sixteenth century was worth at least five times, more than at present. Forty thousand pounds expended by Sir Walter Raleigh would, at that time, purchase about what one million dollars would now command in Kngland or the United States. 36 HISTOEY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. sterling), and, do longer able to fit out costly and fruitless expe- ditious, was forced to solicit aid from others, joining them in the rights and privileges granted him by the queen in his charter. 1603. 3. But Kaleigh found his greatest disaster in the death of Elizabeth. After ruling England so wisely and well for more than fifty yearg, she died on March 24th, 1603, This great queen left her throne to one of the most paltry and contemptible of men. 4. King James I. was an ungainly Scotch pedant, who was incapable of appreciating heroism and manliness in others, because of his own deficiency in all such qualities. He lavished favors and titles on unworthy favorites, and incurred the con- tempt of wise men for his follies and vices. 1618. 5. Sir Walter Raleigh had long treated the Span- iards as the enemies of his country. The King of Spain hated him on that account, and King James, to please His Catholic Majesty and secure the marriage of Prince Charles to a Spanish princess, caused the great lawyer, Sir Edward Coke, to procure the wrongful conviction of Raleigh, his greatest subject. After lying in prison for twelve years under this conviction, Raleigh was released by King James, and 'although not pardoned, was put in command of an expedition to the coast of Guiana. The expedition was unsuccessful, and on his return, to satisfy the Note. — Sir Walter Raleigh occupied the twelve years of his imprison-, ment in writing a "History of the World." This work gave great offence to King James, who endeavored to snpprejs its circnlation. When Baleigh was carried to execulion, while on the scaffold, he asked to see the axe. He closely examined its bright, keen edge, and said, with a smile : "This is a sharp medicine, Jjut a sound cure for all diseases." He then laid his head composedly on the block, moved his lipa as if in prayer, and gave the Bignal for the blow, THE FATE OF RALEIGH. 37 King of Spain, James signed the warrant for Raleigh's execu- tion upon his former sentence. Accordingly, Raleigh was beheaded, at the age of sixty-five^ as a traitor to the land for whose good he had accomplished more than any one else in all its limits. 6. Thus suffered and died the man who first sent ships and men to the soil of North Carolina. That he failed in what he desired to accomplish should not detract from the gratitude and reverence due to his memory. If incompetent and un- worthy agents, and the accidents of fortune, thwarted him in his designs, the fault is not his. He was the greatest and most illustrious man connected with our annals as a State, and should ever receive the applause and remembrance of our people. 7. After the death of Sir "Walter Raleigh no -more efforts were made to plant a colo'ny at Roanoke. The spot was never favorable for sucii a purpose. 'No coast in the world is much more dangerous to ships than that of North Carolina. Cape Hatteras is even now the dread of all mariners. It is visited by many storms, and sends its deadly sand-bars for fifteen miles out into the ocean to surprise and wreck 'the ill-fated vessel that has approached too near the coast. 8. Governor Lane, while at Roanoke, discovered the broad, deep inlet and safe anchorage at Hampton Roads, within the present limits of Virginia. This port lies but little to the north of that inlet which Amadas and Barlowe entered on the first English visit to Carolina. Into Hampton Roads, in 1607, went another colony, sent over by meu_who had succeeded the unfortunate Raleigh in the royal, permission to plant settle- ments in Ara(*rica. To the genius and bravery of the leader, Captain John Smith, was due the permanence of the settle- 38 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. ment at Jamestown. The name of "Virginia," which had been applied to all the territory claimed by England under the discoveries of Gilbert and Raleigh, was then confined to the colony on James River. 9. In the course of a few years many places on the Atlantic coast were occupied by expeditioDS sent out from Engfand and other countries of Europe. Those of England, at Plymouth, of the Dutch, at New Amsterdam, and of the Swedes, in New Jersey, were speedily seen, while yet roamed the Tuscarora in undisturbed possession of North Carolina. 10. As Virginia grew more populous there were hardships ' and troubles concerning religion. Men and women were per- secuted on account of their religious practices. If people did not conform to the "English" or Episcopal Church they were punished by fine and imprisonment. Sometimes cruel whipping became" the portion of men who were found preach- ing Quaker and Baptist doctrines. 11. Sir William Berkeley, who was Governor of Virginia, had no authority over meii who dwelt in the region south of a line a few miles below where the ships approached the inland waters of Virginia. When this became known many people around the Nansemond River and adjacent localities went southward, towards the Albemarle Sound, seeking homes where the tyrant of Virginia had no jurisdiction. 1663. 12. For this cause Roger Green, a clergyman, in 1653, led a considerable colony to the banks of the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers; but even before this, there were proba- bly scattered settlements over most all the region north of the Albemarle Sound, of which we haveuio reliable as than the privileges of Englishmen would satisfy thera. 12. The "Navigation Act" was intended to destroy their commerce and manufactures, and the " Fundamental Consti- tutions," if submitted to, would have put an end to their horae rule. They waged a long opposition to these two things, and a century went by before, in the blood of the Revolution, American commerce became free. They were denounced as unruly subjects, but they were, in all truth, wise and resolute patriots. They were protecting not only themselves, but the generations of the future. QUESTIONS. I. Who succeeded Governor Dnimmond as Governor of Albemarle? What kind of a man was Governor Stephens? 2t In what did the government consist at that time? 3. What is said of the Grand Assembly ? Where did the General Assembly usually meet? 4. Mention some of the earliest laws. 6. What law wiis enacted concerning marriage? 6. How was Albemarle divided ? How far had the settlement extended ? 7. What trouble came to Governor Stephens? 8. What kind of trade was carried on between Carolina and New England ? 9. What was determined by the Lords Proprietors ? What old law was revived ? How did the people receive the orders from Governor Stephens ? 10. What two celebrated Englishmen prepared a form of govecnment for Carolina? What was this system called? State its nature. II. What was resolved by the colonists concerning the Grand Model? 12. What was the intent of the Navigation Act? Of the Fundamental Constitutions ? 62 HISTORY OF UOBTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER XIII. EARLY GOVERNORS AND THEIR TROUBLES. A. D. 1674 TO 1680. 1674. Samuel Stephens, upon his death in 1674, was succeeded by George Carteret as Governor of Albeniarle. The oldest member of the council was entitled by law to the place, but the members of the House of Assembly succeeded in obtaining the position for their speaker. Governor Car- teret found many difficulties in the oflBce he had assumed; and becoming disgusted with the continueressioii, and large expenditures, both in money and heart- wearing efforts, were undergone, as the dangerous and alarm- ing years went by; but these men of the woods never wavered in their determination to be free. QUESTIONS. 1. Who was sent frorn England to succeed John Culpepper m (iovernor of Carolina? Who followed Governor Harvey in office? What was the condition of affairs in the colony under these Governors? 2. Who became Governor in 1681? Who was Seth Sothel, and why was he selected ? 3. What befell Sothel o:i his way to Carolina? What kind of man was (iovernor Sothel? What did the people do? 4. Who next took charge of Carolina? What important thing _wae accomplished under this administration? 5. Who was Governor in 1696? Who had charge' of all the settle;- menta? 6. What two Governors are next mentioned? 7. Whose agent was Governor Daniel? What law was passed by ihi Assembly? 8. What two religious sects were strongest opposers of the act? What was provided for in the statute? 9. What complaint was made by the Baptists and Quakers? 10. Who was sent to London in the interest of the Presbyterians? ■What man from Albemarle? What was the success of the mission to London ? J 11. What was the almost constant struggle of the people of Carolina? THOMAS CAEEY AND THE TU80ABOKA WAR. 59 CHAPTER XV. THOMAS CARET AND THE TVSCAROBA WAS, A. D. 1704 TO 1712. Thomas Carey, who had already reached the positions of Speaker of the House of Assembly and Lieutenant-Governor, was promoted to be Governor in 1 705. He had been a leader in opposition to Governor Daniel's church scheme, and for that reason John Archdale and the Quakers had procured his elevation to the latter position.. It may be imagined what was their disgust and surprise when it was found that Carey had changed sides and become the willing tool of Lord Carteret. 1706. 2. In 170§ the town of Bath, in Beaufort cpuuty", was settled, and this was the first incorporated town in North Carolina. One of the oldest churches in the State is at Bath. The bHcks used in the building were brought from England. The edifice is still in a good condition, and is regularly used for public worship. 8. When the General Assembly met. Governor Carey announced that, under English laws, none but members of the English or Episcopal Church could be allowed to take the oaths necessary to qualification for a seat in either House. John Porter was thereupon sent to London to make known this fresh outrage and betrayal of the people. 4. He was soon back with orders for Carey's removal; and the General Assembly elected AVilliam Gloyer by the votes of John Porter and the men he influenced. It is sickening to add that Glover also immediately deceived the men who were his sup|)orters, and was found acting and talking exactly as 60 HISTORY OP NORTH CAROLINA. Carey had done. The next thing seen was the pacification of Carey and the Quakers, and their re-election of him as Gov- ernor. 5. Two rival governments were thus at open rupture, each claiming to be the local government in Albemarle. They both took up arms, and it seemed that bloodtihed must ensue. A General Assembly was called to decide the question of authority. Meml)ers were present with certificates of election signed by Glover, and another set whose certificates were issued by Carey. Glover and Carey, with their. adherents, occupied separate rooms in the same building, and great confusion and bitterness prevailed. Finally the members of Glover's council were compelled to seek refuge in Virginia. 6. In such a state of affairs, Edward Hyde arrived from England with papers directing Edward Tynte, the Governor of both South and North Carolina, to commission him as Governor of North Carolina. In the meantirne Carey, hav- ing heard of Governor Tynte's death, refused to acknowledge Hyde's claims, and proceeded to arm and equip his followers. 1711. 7. The cruel and crafty Tuscaroras now resolved to avail themselves of the divisions among the white people. They i)rocured the Meherrins, Corees, Mattamuskeets and other tribes to unite with them in an effort to murder all they could of the settlers. They kept the secret so well that on the night of the 11th of September, 1711, according to the calendar of that day, more than two hundred whites were butchered. The Tuscaroras mustered in their ranks a strong force, which was increased by their allies to .'jixteen hundred warriors. The Indians continued this tirrible slaughter for three days, and only ceased when fatigue and drunkenness rendered them, incapable of further continuance. THOMA3 CAREY AND THE TUSCABORA WAR. 61 8. The Baron de GraffenreLd, a nobleman from Bern, had just established (m 1710) a flourishing colony, comprising about six hundred persons, Germans and Sweden, at New Bern, at the confluence of the Neuse and Trent Rivers. De Graffen- reid and John Lavvson, the surveyor-general, while on an exploring voyage up the Neuse River, a few days before the massacre of September 1 1th, were seized by the Indians. The war council decided that both tlie men should be put to death. De Grafifenreid made claim that he was king of the Swiss set- tlement just established, and eHca|)ed death by promising that no more land should be taken from the Indians without their consent. The unfortunate Lawson and a negro servant were put to death by the most horrible cruelties. 9. Baron de Graffenreid was held a captive for several weeks, and was set at liberty upon apj)lication of Governor Spottswood. On his return to his settlement he found it in a condition of almost desolation. He became so disheartened at the prospect that he soon sold'his interest in Carolina and returned to Switzerland. 1712. 10. Tiie South Carolina militia and near a thousand Yemassee Indians, under Colonel John Barnwell, came as swiftly as they could to the rescue, and inflicted a stunning blow upon the savages. They were attacked in a fort near New Bern, and more than three hundred of the Indians wera killed and a hundred made prisoners. 'I'hinking the league crushed, Colonel Barnwell went home with his forces, after making a treaty with the Indians, which was quickly broken. 11. In this terrible emerfjt!iicy, which threatened the destruc- tion of so many settlers. Governor Spottswood, of Virginia, did nothing to aid the colony except keep the Five Nations and Tom Blount's Tuscaroras neutral in the war. The g.-eat 62 HISTOBY OF NOETH CAEOLINA. danger was in the possible adhesion of the New York Iroquois to the savage league. With Albemarle divided, and conse- quently in a measure helpless, it was seen that it would be impossible to meet the Five Nations in battle. 12. When the next spring had opened, some hundreds of men in North Carolina were joined by Colonel James Moore, from South Carolina, with another force of a hundred and fift}' of his white neighbors and the Yemassees, who again were willing to make war upon their hated enemies, the Tuscaroras. 13. Another bloody attack upon a fort made of earth-works and palisades resulted in such slaughter of the Indians tLat Handcock, their chief, who had boldly led them before, was so disheartened at the loss of his braves that, with his tribe, tie abandoned Carolina and rejoined hiti brethren in the lake country of New York, who were from that time known as the Six Nations. They ventured no more among the men who had so fearfully broken their strength and power as belligerents. The fort occupied by Handcock and liis force was situated where the village of Snow Hill, Greene county, now stands, and was called by the Indians "Nahucke." Tlie siege began March 20th, and in a few days the fort, with eight hundred prisonei's, was taken by storm. Colonel • Moore's loss was twenty white men and ihirty-six Indians killed and about one hundred wounded. 1 4. In the midst of the danger, in this second year of the war, yellow fever was seen for th€ first time in Albemarle. Governor -Hyde fell a victim to its virulence. He died Sep- tember 8, 1712, and was succeeded by Thomas Pollock, who had long been known as one of the richest and most influential of the settlers. Pollock and Edward Moseley, who was the THOMAS CAEEY AND THE TUSCARORA WAR. 63 leading lawyer and ablest man in Albemarle, were in deadly enmity concerning the quarrels between the contending Gov- ernors. 15. During this turbulent period among their rulers the people of Albemarle were giving their principal attention to growing corn and other farm products. They were improv- :ng their settlements and reaping the full reward of industry and perseverance In 1 704 the manufacture of tar began, and it was soon discovered that this native article was destined to become a very valuable commodity, both at home and in foreign conntrie.s. 16. Duringthe years justeonsidered North Carolina received large accessions to her population. As early as 1690 French Protestant refugees purchased lands and began to form settle- ments in Pamlico. In 1707 another body of French emigrants, under the guidance of their clergymen, Phillipe de Riche- bourg, located in the same section. A good number of French Huguenots, also, had formed thrifty settlements in the Pamlico region and along the banks of the Neuse and Trent Rivers. QUESTIONS. 1. How did Thomas Carey become Governor of Albemarle? How did he disappoint the people who elected him ? 2. Where was the first town incorporated in the State? 3. What announcement was made by Carey at the meeting of the Assembly? How was this received by the people? 4. What orders were brought by Porter? Who was elected as- Carey's successor? How were the people disappointed in Governor Glover? 5. What was the condition of affairs? 6. Who arrived from England, and for what purpose? How did Carey receive Governor Hyde's demand? 7. How were the Tuscaroras acting during this public trouble? What calamity befell the colony ? 64 HISTORY OF NOETH CABOLINA. 8. What befell taron de Graffenreid and John Lawson ? 9. What further is said of de Grafienreid ? 10. What aid came from South Carolina? Describe the battle. 11. How did Governor Spottswood, of Virginia, act during this trouble? What was specially feared bv the people? 12. How was the colony preparing for war? 13. Describe the second battle and the result. 14. What terrible sickness visited Carolina in 17]2 ? Who was one of the victims? Who succeeded Governor Hyde? What is said of Governor Pollock? 16. How were the people of Albemarle occupying themselves during these troublesome times ? 16. Give some account of ths growth of the settlements in North Carolina. CHAPTER XVI. GOVERNOR EDEN AND BLACK-BEARD. A. D, 1712 TO 1722. With the conquest of the Tuscaroras and their allies, a great danger was removed from the settlements in Carolina. Tom Blount and his people were assigned a tract of land as a token of the gratitude of the whites for their refusal to join in the war. This reservation was first located south of Albemarle Sound, but was afterwards changed to the region still known as the " Indian Woods," in Bertie county. 1713. 2. In 1713, Colonel Pollock was relieved of his office as Governor by the arrival of Charles Eden, with full powers from the Duke of Beaufort, who was then Palatine. Governor Eden was instructed by the Proprietors to discourage GOVEHNOB EDEN AND BLACK-BEABD. 65 much expansion of the settlements. He became popular with a large portion of the people. He lived s^nie years at Queen Annie's Creek, which town was called Edenton, as a coinjili- ment to him. He afterwards bought a place on Salmon Creek, in Bertie county, and dwelt there. This place is still known as " Eden House." 1715. 3. In 1715 tne same Yemassee Indians who had po signally aided in the overthrow of the Tuscaroras, repeated, in South Carolina, the bloody work of their old enemies in Albemarle. They were aided by other tribes, and murdered many white people. The Indians in the Bath precinct also, taking advantage of the alarm caused by this outbreak in the southern province, raised the war cry and murdered several white people on the Pamlico plantations before they could be checked. 4. At the request of the Governor of South Carolina, Gov- ernor Eden immediately sent a strong force of both cavalry and infantry to aid the South Carolinians. Colonel Maurice Moore, who was the brother of Colonel James Moore, the late commander against the Tuscaroras, and had become a resident of Albemarle, was in command. 5. The oldest statutes of which we have copies were enacted in 1715, at the house of Captain Richard Sanderson, in Perquimans. Edward Moseley was Speaker of the House of Assembly ^nd differed with Governor Eden in many matters of provincial policy. Through all his life as a public man he was intensely devoted to the interest of the colony; and though warmly attached to the English or Episcopal Church, was resolute in his advocacy of complete religious liberty. He formed a strong party of men, who regarded the Governor as simply the agent of the Lords Proprietors; and therefore, to 66 HISTOEY OF ITOETH CAEOLINA. be vigilantly watched and checked in any innovation upoD establi^ed privileges. 6. There had been, for years, many crimes committed by pirates upon the ocean just along the North Carolina Coast. They sonaetimes extended their infamous practices to the sounds and rivers. One Edward Teach, who was also called "Black- Beard," was the chief of these bloody rol)bers. He had a fleet of armed vessels, the largest of which was called Queen Anne's Revenge. This formidable craft carried a crew of one hundred men, and forty cannon. 7. Edward Moseley and others were clamorous for the arrest and punishment of such horrid offenders against the law, and denouncetl Governor Eden as their accomplice. It was brought to the knowledge of Capt. Ellis Brand, who came in com- mand of a British squadron in Hampton Roads, that Teach v/as to be found near Ocracoke. 8. Lieutenant Robert Maynard was ordered to go to that point and capture the outlaws. He found_ the pirates, who saluted him with so deadly a broadside that a large portion of the royal men were slain. Maynard unfortunately got his ship aground in the action, and his deck was terribly raked by his antagonists' fire. His case seemed well nigh hopeless, when ho lesorted to a stratagem. All of his men were ordered to go below, and soon the pirates saw nothing but dead men upon the deck. They hastened to board what they thought was another prize. 9. But Maynard and his men met them as they crowded upon the deck, and after a bloody struggle, captured nine men, who were the survivors of the prolonged and desperate conflict. Among these was a gigantic negro, who was on the point of blowing up the pirate vessel when arrested in his desperate purpose. GOVERNOR EDEN AND BLACK-BEARD. 67 ,T07^Black-Beard was slain during the battle, and Maynard sailed away from the scene of his victory with the corsair's head fixed upon his bowsprit. The captured oifenders were carried to Williamsburg, Virginia, and there tried and execu- ted, as they deserved to be. 11. In the early portion of the eighteenth century the whole Atlantic coast of America was more or less infested by these buccaneers. In some quarters they congregated in great num- bers and made expeditions in which they laid cities under contribution, and endangered all legitimate commerce in the new w6r]{ rare military genius, and as such had been singled out by General Washington to occupy an important place. 12. General Greene soon proved himself a great com- mander. He was gentle, unselfish and true, and loved the cause for which he fought better than his own life. He was brave, cautious and quick to seize upon all the faults of his opponent. He could patiently wait until battle was proper, and even in apparent defeat was really more dangerous than less competent commanders with a foe beaten and in full flight. 132 HISTOEY OF JiTOETH CAEOLINA. QUESTIONS. 1. What mmber of troops did General Nash raise towara the defence of North Carolina? 2. What generals were put in command ? Where was Colonel Davie? 3. What move did Cornwallis make? To what place was Colonel Fer- gusonsent? Whatissaidof him as a commander? 4. Where was Colonel Davie? Relate the exploit of Colonel Davie and Major Joseph Graham at Charlotte. 6. What vere the movements of Cornwallis ana Ferguson? 6. What preparations were made towards attacking Fergason? Who was put in command of the troops, and why ? 7. What was the strength of the command? vVhere did they find the enemy? When did the battle begin? 8. Describe the battle of King's Mountain. 9. Mention some of the losses. 10. How did the victory affect Cornwallis ? 11. What officer was sent to take the place of General Gates in the South? 12. What was General Greenes military abilrty? CHAPTER XXXIIi. COBNWALLIS'S LaST INVASION. A. D. 1781. General Greeue soon became aware that his great trouble would be in obtaining food in sufficient quantities to feed an army large enough to meet the British in open field. Generals Gregory and Jones were ordered back to their homes, and their brigades were disbanded because of this poverty of CDHKWALLIS'S LAST INVASION. 133 resources in that section of the country. General Morgan was sent west of the Catawba River; another camp was establislied at Cheraw, and the militia of Rowan and Mecklenburg, under General Davidson, were allowed to await at their homes for nny call that might become necessary. 1781. 2. Such was the state of affairs in General Greene's command when Lord Cornwallis was re-inforced by the arrival of another division of troops under the command of Major- (Jeneral Leslie. On January 17th, Lieutenant-Colonel Tarle- ton, with his famons Legion and the first battalion of tha Seventy-first Regiment, assailed General Morgan at Cowpens. These men had so often cut to pieces such American forces that they expected an easy victory on this occasion. 3. Tliey were received by the Americans with the ntmost coolness and self-possession. Their deadly fire emptied so many British saddles that the boldest riders were thrown into confusion. Like a thunderbolt, then came a charge of the American light-horse, under Lieutenant-Colonel William Washington, They rode down and sabred the terrified Britons, chasing them many miles from the field. 4. In lass than an hour the eleven hundred British were so thoroucrhly routed that they lost five hundred and two prisoners, three hundred killed and wounded, with all their artillery and stores. General Morgan had hot eight hundred men, and though flushed with victory, he remembered that the main army of the enemy was at Turkey Creek, only twenty-five miles away. He therefore prudently burned his captured stores and leaving his and the enemy's woundfed under pro- tection of a flag, at once began his retreat through North Carolina, 5. He well knew that Lord Cornwallis would be enraged at Tarleton's disaster and would seek the recapture of his 134 HISTOEY OF NOETH CAROLINA. prisoners. D-uring twelve days the victors fled from the scene of their glory, while the British were pushing on close behind them. At the expiration of that time, as the day was closing in, and General Morgan had just safely crossed the Catawba River, at the Island Ford, he looked back and saw the British vanguard on the other bank of the stream. 6. The exultant pursuers had overcome the twenty-five miles of start, and feeling sure of their prey, they encamped that night with the qtmost confidence that on the next day they could easily overtake the fugitives. But they were doomed to disappointment. Soon a heavy rain began falling, and when tlie night was past the river had become a great and impassa- ble flood. 7. The baffled foe was compelled to halt, for the passage of the stream was impossible. The liigh water remained in the river for forty-eight hours, during which time the British were unable to effect a crossing. General Morgan sent his militia with the prisoners on to Virginia, and with his Continentals kept down the left bank of the river and joined General Greene at Sherrill's Ford. There they unhappily disagreed as to future operations, and General Morgan left the service. 8. During the two days that Lord Cornwallis was stopped by the rise in the Catawba River, General Greene made arrangements to dispute its passage. This was attempted at Cowan's Ford, and the British, after some loss, forced a passage. Unfortunately, brave General Davidson, who was in command of the militia, was killed, and upon his fall his men retreHted, from the field. They were surprised by Tarle- ton at Torrence's Tavern, six miles away in the direction of Salisbury. 9. The chase was now renewed and General Greene wai again in great danger. When he reached Salisbury he waa sfr CORNWALLK'S LAST INTASION. 135 dejected at the condition of affairs that a good woman named Mrs. Elizabeth Steele sought to cheer him by words of hope. He explained to her his almost desperate condition, and that though in command of the Southern army, he was wholly without friends and without money. She generously pressed upon him a purse of gold, and, with hope revived by 9uch an exhibition of womanly sympathy and generous patriotism, he resumed his retreat. 10. A rise in the waters of the Yadkin Eiver, after the Americans had crossed, repeated the scenes witnessed on the Catawba; and thus, while General Gi-eene was enabled to reach the forces from Cheraw that had been ordered to meet him at Guilford Court House, Lord Cornwallis was compelled to make a wide detour up the river to get across. 11. Again, in a few days, the Americans, still retreating, found their enemies once more close up in the rear. For several days on long stretches in the road, the two armies could see each other. 12. General Greene was so hotly pursued that he found it aecessary to check the enemy in some way, and the galldJit Colonel Oiho H. Williams, of Maryland, with a corps of light troops numbering seven hundred men, was detailed to cover the retreat. This detachment most faithfully performed its duty. Taking but one meal each day, and six hours' sleep in Note. — While General Greene was in the house of Mrs. Steele, at Salis- bury, he caught sight of a picture of King George III. hanging upon the wall. The picture recalled many unpleasant memories and hardships to the General. He took it from the wall, and, with a piece of chalk, wrote upon the back : "O, George, hide thy face and mourn." He then replaced the picture with its face to the wall and rode away. This picture, with the writing on the back still visible, is now thought to be in the possession of ;.Irs. Governor Swain. iUumpl^s History of Bowan County. "^ 136 HISTORY OP NORTH CAROLINA. forty-eight, they retarded the progress of the enemy so much, by frequent collisions, that Greene was enabled to considerably increase the distance between the two armies. 13. At last, on February 13th, Dan River was reached, and Lord Cornwallis came up only in time to see the last boat-loads of the Americans safely landing on the other side of the wide stream which was too deep for the British to ford. Thus ended this famous retreat, extending more than two hundred miles. It gave General Greene great reputation, and the struggling Americans took fresh heart, for they knew they had at last a general in command who could provide wisely and well amid all the dangers so thickly environing him. QUESTIONS. 1. What great trouble did General Greene foresee? How did he dis- pose of the forces? 2. At what place were the Americans attacked ? 3. Describe the battle of Camden. Where is Camden? 4. What were the British losses? What was done by General Morgan? 5» Describe the events of the next twelve days. 6. What occurred during the night while the two armies were encamped on opposite sides of the river ? 7. How did the rise in the river benefit the Americana? Find the Catawba Eiver on the map. What occurred at Sherrill's Ford ? 8» Give an account of the engagement at Cowan's Ford. 9. What happened to General Greene at Salisbury ? 10. What river was next crossed ? 11. Describe the retreat further, 12. What did General Greene find it necessary to do to cover bis retreat? Who commanded this detachment? 13. What river -was crossed on February 13th, 1781 ? How many miles had Greene been pursued by Cornwallis? Can yon go to the map and trace the course of this famous retreat? BATTLE OF GUILPOED COURT HOUSE. 137 CHAPTER XXXIY, BATTLE OF OUILFOBD COURT HOUSE. A. B. 1781. When the British commander found that General Greene was completely beyond his reach, he marched to Hillsboro and there erected the Royal standard. In consequence of his proclamations and the retreat of General Greene across Dan River, several hundred Tories collected under Colonel John Pyle and started to join Lord Cornwallis. General Greene sent Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lee across Dan River to observe them. 2. Pyle and his Tories supposing Lee's force to be British troops, drew near, uttering cheers for King George. Suddenly the bugles of the light-horse sounded a charge, and Pyle and his men were furiously assailed. In five minutes ninety lay dead upon the ground, and nearly all the others were prisoners of war. This bloody affair has been called " Pyle's Hacking Match." 3. Mfyor Joseph Graham, with his mounted force, had just before captured a picket of twenty-five men a mile and a half away from Hillsboro. General Polk's militia were also in the same vicinity, and soon General Greene, having received re-inforcements, recrossed the Dan and assumed a position on the Reedy Fork, a confluent of Haw River. 4. Cornwallis hearing of Pyle's disaster, left Hillsboro and moved westward to protect any Tories that might seek to reach him. The first time the two armies again saw anything of each other was at Whitsell's Mill. At that pbce Colond 138 HISTORY OF NOETH CAROLINA. Otho H. Williams was posted with a body of light troops, which Lord Cornwallis attempted to cut off from the main body. He failed in so doing, but both armies were filled with admiration at a display of personal gallantry. 5. Colonel Williams had posted sharp-,shooters in and around the mill-house. These discovered a British officer approaching a ford below them, and saw that he was leading men and trying to cross the stream. Many deadly rifles were soon hurling their missiles around him, but slowly, and as if unconscious of being under fire, he crossed in safety.- This intrepid man was Lieutenant-Colonel William Webster, then a brigade commander under Cornwallis. 6. On March 15th, 1781, General Greene being at the court- house of Guilford county, learned that the British army was approaching on the Salisbury road. He posted his men in three lines and awaited the enemy's arrival, who came on in fine style, but the first American line, composed of militia, giving ground, only the men of the gallant Captain Forbis, of the > Hawfields, gained credit for their conduct. The British found stubborn resistance in the second and third lines, where the Continentals were posted. 7. It was a furious and bloody conflict, and such havoc was wrought in the British ranks by a charge of Colonels Howard and Washington, that Lord Cornwallis opened fire with his artillery upon his friends and foes alike, and thus checked this dangerous American movement. General Greene at length gave orders for retreat, and the field was left in the possession of the British. 8. British valor was never more splendidly exhibited than upon this hard-fought field. With less than half of Greene's force, they won the field, but the victory was too costly. At BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURT HOUSE. 139 least one-fourth of the British force was dead and disabled, including the gallant Webster, the hero of Whitsell's Mill. General Greene, having halted close by the scene of conflict, returned three days later to again offer battle, but Lord Corn- wallis was flying towards Wilmington for safety. He who had so long sought to bring on an engagement was now the fugitive. 9. General Greene followed in pursuit, but failing to over- take his foe, he turned his course and marched against Lord Eawdon, iu South Carolina. He had redeemed North Caro- lina from the grasp of her foes, and went to confer upon the two other Southern commonwealths a similar blessing. No more British armies were to bring ruin and terror to any portion of North Carolina. 10. Lord Cornwallis hurried to Wilmington. His stay was short there, for turning north in the month of April, 1781, he marched his army, by way of Halifax, to Virginia. There, ere long, this great soldier was> to close his career in America. He had, with a small portion of the British force under the command of Sir Henry Clinton accomplished more than all compatriots. 11. On September the 8th a brilliant battle took place at Eutaw Springs, in South Carolina, between General Greene's army and the British under Colonel Stewart. It was the hardest fought and best conducted action of the war. The three North Carolina Continental regiments, led by General Sumner, bore the brunt of the conflict, and were greatly praised for their gallantry. About two thousand men each was the strength of the armies, and they lost twelve hundred in killed and wounded. This battle resulted in the retreat of the British to Charleston. 140 HISTOEY OF NOETH CAEOL,INA. 12. Governor Nash's term of office haviog expired, Thomas Biirke, of Orange, became his successor. Burke was an Irishman by birth, of good family, well educated, and with fine abilities. He had been conspicuous in public affairs and had shown a warm devotion to the American cause. His home was in HiJlsboro, which was then the capita! of the State. QUESTIONS. 1. Where did Cornwallis next go? What recruits were raised; and who was put in command ? Whom had General Greene appointed to watch (he enemy ? 2. Describe the surprise and defeat of Colonel Pyle and his men. 3. Mention the movementa of Major Joseph Graham. Of General Greene. 4. Give an account of the affair at Whitsell's Mill. 6. What special act of bravery is related ? 6. What occurred on March 15th, 1781 ? Give somF account of the battle of Guilford Court House? 7. How did the engagement terminate ? 8. What is said of the British victory ? What did Genera? Green«>^'= three days later? 9. Where did he then go ? 10. Where did CornwaUis carry his army? 11. Give an account of the battle of Eutaw Springs ? 12. Who succeeded Governor Nash, and what is said of him ? FANNING AND HIS BRUTALITIES. 141 CHAPTEK XXXV. FANNIN(* AND SIS BRUTALITIES— OAPTUBE OF GOVERNOR BURKE, A. B. 1781. When Lord Cornwallis left Wilmington, on his way to Virginia, there were no British troops left in North Carolina except about four hundred regulars and some Tory recruits, which constituted the garrison of Wilmington. Major James H. Craig was in command there, having captured the place in the preceding January. 2. He had been trained to arms, and when General Bur- goyne surrendered at Saratoga, was his Adjutant-General. He was skillful as a soldier, but utterly unscrupulous as to the means he used to carry out his objects. Seeing the British driven from almost all the State, he determined to ruin a peo- ple he could not subdue, and began to stir up a warfare of neighborhoods. 3. He found in David Fanning, of Chatham county, a powerful aid in his inhuman scheme. JFanning was a man of low birth, ignorant and unscrupulous. He was a good partisan guerrilla leader, being brave, enterprising and swift to execute. Associating with himself a small band of Tories, whose sole objects were plunder and revenge, he was for a time the terror of Chatham and Orange counties. Well mounted and well armed, and continually on the alert, these marauders made havoc of the Whig settlements, murdering, burning and ■I'iSS HISTOBY OP NOBTH CAEOLINA. destroying, unrestrained by any authority and with no sense of buraanity. They did not spare even their own neighbors, many of whom they shot down or hanged at their own doors, 4. Many stories are told of Fanning's exploits, of his audacity, his cruelty, his arrogance, and his wonderful suc- cesses and hairbreadth escapes. Such a state of aflPairs existed at one time in the counties ravaged by his band that even the pitiless Colonel Tarleton deplored its continuance. Fanning was born in Johnston county about the year 1754, and was the vilest and bloodiest wretch ever seen in our limits, most richly deserving the punishment of the gallows. He con- tinued his criminal courses as long as he lived, and was par- doned for a capital felony committed on the Island of Cape Breton not long before his departure from this world. 5. Fanning began his military operations by surprising a court-martial in Chatham. His prisoners were disposed of by parole or sent to Wilmington. This was in July, 1781. His attack upon the house of Colonel Philip Alston, a few days later, was a more serious matter, for he encountered stubborn resistance and some loss before compelling the surrender of a force almost as large as his own, and protected by the walls of a large house. Four of the Whigs were killed, and those who remained alive were spared from butchery by Fanning only at the earnest appeals of Mrs. Alstoji. 6. Fanning's movements called for resistance, and Colonel Thomas Wade collected a force of more than three hundred men at McFall's Mill, in Cumberland county. These were speedily attacked and utterly driven from that portion of the country. It was afterwards learned by the victors that Colonel Dudley's Chatham regiment of cavalry was disbanded, and Fanning immediately pushed on to Hillsboro. On the morn- FANNING AND HIS BRUTALITIES. 143 ing of September 12th, his force entered the town, and succeeded in capturing Governor Burke and several other prominent persons.* 7. The bold marauders who had thus seized the Governor and capital of the State, at once started with their prisoners for Wilmington; but tidings of this exploit had reached a body of men wlio hastened to Lindley's Mill, on Cane Creek, to receive them. The Whigs, nominally commanded by Gen- eral John Butler, were really directed by Major Robert Mebane in their brave and bloody reception of the Tories. 8. The Tory Colonel, Hector McNeil, leading the attack, was slain, and his followers driven back in confusion. It seemed that Governor Burke would be rescued and the whole Tory column captured^ when Fanning, ever fertile in expe- dients, discovered a ford in Cane Creek, and having crossed with ,a portion of his command, attacked the Whigs in the rear. This soon ended the battle, which was a bloody one to both sides. 9. About the same time with the capture of Hillsboro, a most gallant and successful attack was made upon the Tory stronghold at Elizabethtown, in Bladen county. There sixty Whigs, in the favoring darkness of night, fell upon and drove out a largely superior force commanded by Colonel John ♦David Fanning gives the account of this afl'air as follows : " We received several shots from different houses; however, we lost none and suffered no damage, except one man wounded. We killed fifteen of the rebels and woi ded twenty, and took upwards of two hundred prisoners; amongst them was the Governor, his council, and part of the Continental colonels, several captains and subalterns, and seventy-one Continental sJoldiers out of a church. We proceeded to the gaol and released thirty Loyalists and British soldiers." 144 niGTOEY OF NOETH CAEOLINA. SHngsbj?. He and mauy of his men were slain, and Major Craig was thus confined in his fortifications in Wilmington. 10. When Fanning captured Governor Burke at Hillsboro, the Chief-Magistracy of the State devolved upon Colonel Alexander Martin, of Guilford. This latter gentleman had seen some service in the field aa an officer of the Continentals. Governor Burke was treated, from the hour of his capture, with extraordinary harshness. He was compelled to march all the way to Wilmington, and, after some delay, was sent thence by ship to Charleston. 11. General Leslie, who commanded the British army in South Carolina, placed the captive Governor upon an island near Charleston, where the deadly malaria was supplemented by danger of assassination from eertait> Tories, who were loud in their threats of executing such a purpose. Burke made repeated applications for a change of quarters, or fur exchange as a prisoner, but was told that he was kept as a liostage to be executed in case of the capture and punishment of David Fanning. 12. After months of torture from such treatment, Governor Burke, feeling that he was justified in disregarding his parole, effected his escape and returned to North Carolina. He resumed his office for the short interval between his return and the meeting of the Legislature. To. his great discomfiture, he '>7as defeated at the next election for Governor by Alexander l/Iartin. The members of the General Assembly could not forgive this breach of his parole, and he regarded their act as evidence of public condemnation. His sensitive spirit brooded over this. His domestic relations were not such as to soothe and sustain his wounded mind, and the life that opened with such brilliant promise soon closed in gloom. Governor Burke FANNING AND HIS BRUTALITIES 145 died and was buried on his farm near Hillsboro. No stone has ever marked the spot. He left ne child, a daughter, who died unmarried. 13. General Griffith Rutherford had been a prisoner since the battle of Camden. Upon his exchange, he at once renewed liis efforts to deliver North Carolina from her foes. He soon collected a body of Mecklenburg and Rowan mili*-ia and marched for Wilmington. 14. On nearing the city he received news of Lord Corn- wallis's surrender at Yorktown, on October 19, 1781. He pushed on his lines, and arriving in Wilmington he found that Major Craig had taken ship and was flying from the land he had so scourged by his presence. 1 5. The number of men enlisted from North Carolina in the Continental army during the Revolutionary war was: In 1775, 2,OoO; 1776,4,134; 1777,1,281; 1778, 1,287; 1779, 4,930; 178G, 3,0'00; 1781, 3,545; 1782, 1,105; 1783, 697. The Stata famished, in Continental troops and militia, 22,910 men. QUESTIONS. 1. What British forces were in North Carolina after toe departure of CiornwaHis? Who was in commanf} at Wilmington ? 2. Can you tell something of Major Craig? 3. Tell something of the character of David Fanning. 4. Give further description of his traits. Mention the horrible concU- tion of the State nnder Farming's exploits. 5. Relate Fanning's attack on the Chatham court-martial. Whci occurred at Colonel Alston's house? 6. What officer went to attack Fanning 1" What was the memorablb exploit of Fannicg on September 12th, 1781 ? 7. What preparations were made for a fight at Lindley'a Mill? 8. Describe tb? engagement. 9. What occurred at Elizabethtown ? 7 148 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROlilNA. lOf Who became Governor after Governor Burke's capture? How wm Governor Burke treated ? 11. What further account is given of his treatment ? 12. Mention the concluding events of his life. 13. What was done by General Butherford upon his exchange? 14. What did he find upon his arrival at Wilmington ? 16. State the number of men enlisted in North Carolina during the Kevolation. CHAPTER XXXVI. PEACE AND INDEPENDENCE. A. B. 1781 TO 1784. On the 19th of October, 1781, as has been previously stated, Lord Cornwallis surrendered himself and his army to General Washington, at Yorktown, in Virginia. The timely arrival of the friendly French fleet under Count Eochambeau enabled Washington to lay siepre to Cornwallis and fDrce him to surrender. '2. The English commander, who was a skillful soldier, complained that he had been forced, by the orders of his superior ofiBoer and against his own judgment, into a position from which he could not escape. General La Fayette, how- ever, doubtless bad at least an equal share in bringing about the result, for it was his skillful manoeuvring of an inferior force that held Cornwallis checked so that Washington was enabled to bring his troops to their appointed places at the appointed times and cut off all hope of escape. 3. But a glorious day it was for the colonies, for it virtually PEACE AND INDEPENDENCE. 147 put an end to the war, and everybody knew it. The only real questions henceforth were as to the terms of the peace. Independence and peace were now assured. 1782. 4. V/hen the news reached England of Cornwallis's surrender, Lord North, the British Prime Minister exclaimed: "Oh, God! it is all over." He well knew that the stubborn King had exhausted the patience of the English people. They, and not the King and his ministers, at last put a stop to the blood- shed between the two countries. On November 30th, 1782, a treaty was signed in Paris by which American independence was acknowledged. 5. The war was over at last. The seven years of deadly conflict were ended. Thanks to their ])atient endurance, their undaunted courage and their untiring perseverance, the Ameri- .can colonies had at last achieved their independence. North Carolina was at last a free and independent State, owing neither allegiance or fealty to any prince or power in the world. 6. Of course there was great joy at the coming of peace, with the full recognition of the colonies as independent States. But there were still more difficulties to be overcome before the full tide of peace and prosperity could set in. 7. The agricultural interest of the State was doubtless affected by the war less than any other, owing to the employ- ment of slave labor. But the soldiers had returned and wanted homes. Homes were not to be provided in a day, nor the implements of husbandry, rude though they were at that time. Cattle and horses, too; were to be obtained before the soldier became a farmer. 8. The finances of the country were in a wretched condition. There was no money to pay the current expenses of the govern- ment, and none even to pay the troops. In educational matters 148 HISTORY Oi' KOHTH CAEOLINA. the condition was no better. There TTore only two cfiartered schools in the State, one at New Bern and one at Charlotte. The Constitution had, indeed, enjoined the establishment of schools and colleges, but with North Carolinians of that day it was freedom first and education afterwards. 9. The population, however, had increased steadily during the war, so that in spite of its casualties, the State was stronger in numbers in 1782 than in IT^S. The Legislature met at its appointed times and places, and so did the iiourts, and civil law had resumed its sway. But swords are not turned into pruning-hooks in a moment, nor are the feuds of a long, bitter civil war to be settled or forgotten in an hour. 10. Naturally, the Whigs bitterly remembered how much they had suffered at the hands of the Tories during the long and deadly struggle. Many of these latter had fled from the. province, but now desired to return and be restored to citizen- ship, or at least to receive possession of their former homes. But the people resolved that this should not be so, for they wanted no Tories among them. Accordingly, when Tories who had left their homes desired to return to them after the peace, permission was refused them. 11. But it was necessary to reward the Whigs as well as to punish the Tories. A broad, fertile land, watered by great navigable rivers, and abounding in every possible resource for pleasure, wealth and prosperity, was secured to us by their courage and endurance. But if our brave soldiers desired reward, how much more did they deserve their pay, which was still largely in arrears. 12. Commissioners, therefore, were appointed to sell the lands of refugee Tories, and from that and other sources to pay up the arrears due the North Carolina soldiers. Furthermore, PEACE AND INDEPENDENCE. 149 the land now known as Tennessee, then a part of our State, was also to be largely devoted to the same patriotic purpose. General Greene was given twenty-five thousand acres; one- half that quantity to brigadier-generals, and so in a descend- ing scale to the private soldiers. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the surrender of Cornwallis? 2. Of what did the English commander complain? What credit is due La Fayette ? 3. How were the colotiies considfering the question of peace and inde- pendence ? 4. What was the effect, in England, of the news of Cornwallia's sur- render? When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? 5. What had North Carolina gained by the war? 6. How did onr people enjoy peace ? 7. What is said of the agricultural interest of the State? 8. What was the financial condition ? The educational ? 9. What is said of the population ? 10. What party was victor in the great struggle ? What is said of the Tories ? 11. What was deemed necessary ? 12. What plan was adopted towards paying off the soldiers ? Mention some payments that were made to commanding oBBcers. 150 HieroRY of north caeolina. CHAPTER XXXVII. TEE STATE OF FBANKLUL A. D. 1784 TO 1787. During the years that followed upon the close of the Bevo- lution the people of North Carolina were busied with the restoration of their ravaged fields aud the development of the new system of self-rule inaugurated by the Convention of Halifax in 1776. There were many good and wise men isi America who had no confidence in the perpetuity or efi^ctive- nes8 of a polity which rested upon the wisdom and virtue of the masses for its enforcement. 2. Samuel Johnston and the leading lawyers of that day were full of apprehension as to the result, where the protec- tion of life, liberty and property rested upon the ballots of ' men who were, as a general thing, poor and unlettered. The Halifai: Constitution sought to provide for the education of Ihe yeople, and had recommended the establishment of a uni- versity, but no steps had been taken by the Legislature to carry out this wise and beneficent ordinance. 3. The Rev. Drs. David Caldwell and Samuel E. McCorkle v;ere conducting schools on their own responsibility in Guil- ford and Mecklenburg, in which many young men were receiving sound and useful preparation for life; and there were similar academies in Wilmington, New Bern, Edeutoa and Charlotte; but as a general thing, education was almost entirely neglected. 4. Under the terms of the "Articles of Confederation " the General Congress continued to assemble, but its sessions THji STATE OH- *KANKLIN. 15l resulted in little good to America. The governinent was continually embarrassed by the public debt contracted in the Revolution. It could only pay such liabilities by calling upon the several States for their proportions. These were regulated by the value of the real estate. 5. North Carolina, thus witnessing the helplessness of the general government to meet its pecuniary liabilities, was moved to the noble resolution of ceding the great body of land then belonging to the State west of the Alleghany Mountains. This princely domain, now constituting the great State of Tennessee, was at that period only .settled in part by white people, and many millions of acres of fertile lands could be sold to settlers. 6. Such a resource would have brought a great fund to the State for education and other useful purposes; but with unex- ampled devotion to the general good, it was determiiied by the Legislature of 1784 that the Governor should tender to the Federal government, as a free gift, all the lands not already granted to soldiers and actual settlers. 1786. To an embarrassed government, unable to meet its most solemn engagements, such a boon, it seems, would have been gladly received ; but so great was the selfishness of certain States which were then struggling to secure for them- selves such bodies of western lands, that the intended bounty of North Carolina proved a failure. The General Congress having failed to accept the offer, the act authorizing th^ ces- sion was repealed. 8. The story of (his patriotic munificence on the part of North Carolina ends not here. When it became known among the western settlers that their country had thus been offered to the general government much excitement followed. Col- 152 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. onel John Sevier, of King's Mountain fame, was a leader among the people of the territory in question. He had been a gallant soldier in the Revolution, and was trusted and beloved by his neighbors. He persuaded thera that North Carolina, in thus offering to surrender her claims to their alle- giance, had forfeited all right to further control their destinies. 9, He procured the support of many others, who elected members to a convention. This body met at Greenville, in November, 1785, and framed a government of a State which they called "Franklin," in honor of the illustrious statesman, Benjamin Franklin. Colonel Sevier was elected Governor, and judges and other officers were also chosen. 10. Richard Caswell had again been made Governor of North Carolina, when it became known that such things were being done in the West. He issued a proclamation forbidding the whole movement and denouncing it as revolutionary and unlawful. He was supported by a party there headed by Colonel John Tipton. 1787. '11. It often seemed that bloody civil war would ensue between the men who sided respectively with Sevier and Tipton, but happily there was little bloodshed amid so much brawling. There were many arrests and complaints, until finally, in October, 1788, Colonel Sevier was captured by the Note. — There was no money in circulation in the "State of Franklin," and the following curious statement, taken from the old records, shows how payment was to be made to the public officers : " Be it enacted by the Gen- eral Assembly of the 8tate of Franklin, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, that the salaries of the officers of this common- wealth shall be as follows: His Excellency, the Governor, per annum, one thousand deer skins ; His Honor, the Chief-Justice, five hundred deer skins, or five hundred raccoon skins ; the Treasurer of the State, four hundred and fifty raccoon skins; Clerk of the House of Commons, two hundred raccoon skins ; members of Assembly, per diem, three raccoon skins." THE STATE OB" F^RANKLIN. 153 forces of Tipton, and brought to jail at Morganton, in Burke county. He was allowed to escape, and, in memory of his services as a soldier, his offences were forgiven. That there were no more serious results was greatly due to the influence of Richard Caswell. Sevier was afterwards in the Senate of North Carolina, and, after Tennessee became a State, received all the honors a grateful people could' confer. 12. It was thus that the abortive State of Franklin arose and disappeared. The State of Vermont originated in the same way; and it is fortunate that such precedents have long since ceased in America. Thefe is some limit to the doctrine of the people's right to self-government, just as liberty is not to be found in mere license. QUESTIONS. 1. What matters occupied the attention of the people in Norttl Carolina after the Eevnlution ? How were some men disposed to view the new plan of government? 2. What was the opinion of Samuel Johnston? What had been pro- vided for in the Halifax Constitution? 3> What private schools were in operation, and where were they? 4. How was the General Congress greatly embarrassed? 5. To what extent did North Carolina sympathize with the general government? What is the present name of that great territory? 6. What was done by the Legislature of 1784? 7. Why was this a very valuable and timely gift to the government? flow did the offer succeed ? 8. What excitement was created in the west by this donation? Who was the leader of the people? What was Colonel Sevier's opinion of the matter ? 9. What was done in 1785? What name was given to the new State, and why ? 10. What proclamation was issued by Governor Caswell ? Who was the western leader of Governor Caswell's- cause? 11. How did the whole matter end? What position did Colonel Sevier afterwards occupy ? 12. What other State In the Union originated in this way^ 154 HISTORY OP NORTH CAHOLmA. CHAPTER XXXVIII. FORMATION OF TSE UNION. A. D. 1787 TO 1790. The new State of North Carolina now became divided and excited as to her position in the confederation of States. Each day was demonstrating more clearly the failure of the con- federation. Its poverty and weakness were exciting the con- temjjt of all civilized nations, and the General Congress amounted to little more than an arena for the display of jealousy and selfishness on the part of the individual States. 2. In North Carolina, as elsewhere, tlie people were divided as to \yhat should be done to retnedy tiiis great need of a cen- tral and general government. Many were opposed to any change. Others were for creating a strong and overpowering central government that should overawe and control all of the States. These latter men were called the " Federalists." 3. Another, and a larger portion of the people of the State, were in favor of adding to the powers of the general government; but at the same time for going no further in that direction than was necessary for the general safety as against foreign nations, and for the execution of such regula- tions as pertained to all the States. These "Republicans," or " Democrats," were willing to empower the new government to carry the mails, control commerce, carry on war, make treaties, and coin money ; but they insisted that all other powers should be retained by the States themselves. 4. In 1787, in consequence of the action of the General Congress, a convention of all tiie States was ordered to meet in Philadelphia to prepare a new Constitution. FORMATION OP THE UHION, 155 5. The Legislature of North Carolina selected Governor Richard Caswell, Colonel W. R. Davie, ex-Governor Alex- ander Martin, Willie Jones and Eichard Dobbs Spaight as delegates to that body. Governor Caswell and Willie Jones declined the honor, and Dr. Hugh Williamson and William Blount were appointed in their places. 1788. 6. Genera! Washington was chosen as President of the Convention, and in 1788 the result of their deliberations was submitted for the ratification of the several States. It was provided by the Convention framing the Constitution that nine States should ratify the new Constitution before it should go into operation, and that it should then be binding only upon those tlius acceding to it. 7. A convention for North Carolina was called and met at Hiiisboro, July 21st, 1788, to consider the proposed Constitu- tion. Samuel Johnston, who had been Moderator of several Provincial Congresses, and who had also succeeded Governor Caswell as Chief-Magistrate of (he Stale, was chosen to pre- side. He and Judge James Iredell, Colonel Davie and Archibald MaClaine wore earnest advocates of instant and unconditional ratification on the part of North Carolina. 8. Willie Jones, of Halifax, who had so long controlled much of the legislation and government of the State, was the leader of those who opposed such action. They favored the addition of numerous amendments before committing the for- tunes of North Carolina to such control. They insisted that without further specification, the powers reserved to the several States would not be sufficiently guarded ; and the Convention, by a great majority, took the same view of the matter. The result was that while declining to ratify absolutely the Consti- tution as it then stood, the hope was held out that upon the adoption oL proper amendments it would be ratified. 156 HISTOKY OF NORTH CAEOLINA 9. There was great excitement in the State upon North Carolina's thus failing to join the new government. Political animosities ran high, and renewed efforts were made to over- come the popular objections. The people becanve restless at the position they were occupying, being thus, with New York and Rhode Island, strangers to the great compact of their sister States. 1789. 10^ The new government of the United States weni, into operation in the Spring of 1789, and General Washington tool^ the oaths of office ou March 4th as the first President of the"^Ilepublic. In November the Legislature and a new Convention both met at Fayetteville, and on the 21st the Constitution of the United States was speedily ratified, and North Carolina was enrolled as.a member of the new confed- eracy, which was to astonish all nations by the vigor of its rule and the splendor and rapidity of its growth as a nation. Before this, however, the first ten amendments to the Consti- tution had been proposed to the Legislatures of the several States for ratification, thereby allaying tlve apurehensions that had been feTt at Hillsboro the year before. 1790. 11. Two important matters were also settled at this period. The Convention at Hillsboro limited the seat of the State government to some point in Wake county. The capital had been migrating from town to town for nearly the whole period of North Carolina's existence. The Legislature also passed a bill creating the University of North Carolina, and Note. — The State Convention of 1788 was commissioned to seieci a place for the seat of goverament, which had l)een migratory since the earliest days of the Carolina colony. The place selected for the capital was the farm of Isaac Hunter, at Wake Court House, or some other place within ten miles of that locality, to be determined by the General Assembly. FORMATION OF THE UNIONo 157 the terms of the Halifax Constitution, as to popular educa- tion, were thus first put into some shape of accomplishment. Both of these measures were highly needed. QUESTIONS. la What question vras exciting, the people of North Carolina at thin period? What was thonght of the Confederation? 2. How were the people of the State divided upon this great question ? 3a What other party was formed ? What were they called, and Whst powers did they propose to give to the general government? 4. What convention was 4o meet in 1787 ? 5. Who were chosen to represent North Carolina in that body? 6. Who was chosen President of the Convention ? How was the new Constitution to be submitted to the people? 7. What convention met in Hillsboro in 1788? How did some of the prominent members view the question ? 8. What different opinion was held by other leading lUen ? What did the Convention do with the Constitution ? 9. What was the efiect pnn the State? What other States also failed to ratify? 10» When did the new government go into operation? Who was chosen first President of the -United States? When and where did North Carolina ratify tl-.e Constitution and become a member of the united government ? 11. What two important matters were settled at this period? ^^S^ 15» HISTOEY OF NOETH CAEOLLNA. CHAPTER XXXIX FRANCE AND AMERICA. A, D. 1790 TO 1794. When North Carolina had thus taken her place in the Federal Union, and the whole system of State and National polity became perfected in America, many hearts beat with gratitude to God for the promises of a glorious future. The magnificent realm won by the blood of heroes was at last guarded by a system of laws so wise and effective that peace and prosperity were soon to malie it one of the greatest of civilized lands. 2. This example of freedom achieved in the wilds of America was speedily felt in Europe. General Washington had been in the discharge of his duties as President about a month, when the States-General of Prance met in the famous convention which was to pull down the ancient French iiuinarchy and engulf all Europe in seas of blood. The over- taxed and excitable Frenchmen were maddened by the contrast affbrdud in their sufferings and the blessings achieved by their late allies on the other side of the Atlantic. 3. Governor Caswell, while in tlio discharge of his duties as a member of the State Senate, died at Fayetteville, in the month of December, 1789. He was ishortly followed in death by William Hooper and Archibald Maclaine. Willie Jones had retired from public life; and thus, four most conspicuous leaders almost simultaneously disappeared from public life. 4. Colonel William R. Davie, of Halifax, Joho Haywood, of the came county, and Alfred Moore, of Brunswick, were FRANCE AND AMERICA. 159 greatly influential, and were worthy successors of the older servants of the public who had been thus removed from the arena of their former usefulness. Governor Johnston having been elected United States Senator, was succeeded as .Governor by Alexander Martin. 1793. 5. It was during this second tefm of Governor Martin's rule that Raleigh was selected for the State capital. A large tract of land at Wake Court House had been bought of Colonel Joel Lane, and apon it a city was laid off and the public buildings erected. Before that time, since Governor Tryon's palace at New Bern had beea burned, the main ques- tion to be determined by every General Assembly was what town should be selected for the holding of the next session. 6. Fayetteville, Hillsboro, New Bern and Tarboro were sure to,get up an exciteraentand contest as to which of them should be next favored with the presence of the State officers and the General Assembly. The Governor and his assistants had been dwelling wherever it best suited them, and the public records had thus been continually migrating over the State, 7. There was little church organization in America until after the Revolution. There was not a single Bishop of the Episcopal Church in all America before the RevolHtion, and not until 1789 was an effort made to supply such a prelate for the Church in North Carolina. The Rev. Charles Pettigrew was then elected Bishop of the Diocese by a Convention at Tarboro, but he died before consecration. 8. The Baptists had united their churches in this State and southern Virginia, in 1765, in a body which was called the "Kehukee Association." In 1770 the Presbyterians had formed the Presbytery of Orange; and in 1788 they setoff the Synode -^f the Carolinas. The Quakers and Moravians were 160 HISTORY OF NORTH CAKOLINA. flourishing in cei-tain sections, but as yet the Methodist mis- sionaries had effected but little in the way of planting churches in North Carolina. 9. Richard Dobbs Spaight, in 1792, became Governor, and was the first native North Carolinian to fill that distinguished office. He possessed much ability and was familiar with the conduct of public affairs. He found that great excitement and division existed among the people as to the French Revolu- tion. Because aid had been sent from that country to the struggling American colonists, many men insisted that it was the duty of America to. take sides with France in the war then raging in Europe. 1794. 10. General Washington and other wise men resisted this dangerous opinion, and held that America should take no part in the affairs of foreign nations. The great struggle went on, with Napoleon Bonaparte rapidly growing more formidable to the allied kings. 11. The French had acquired a thirst for freedom from America, but they in turn exerted an influence upon the religious creeds of our people. French books and modes of thought and French fashions became popular, and the country debating clubs were heard repeating the doubts and sneers of Voltaire, Diderot and other French infidels. 12. The world's creeds were on trial. Kings and priests were as keenly criticised as in the sixteenth century, but out of all the turmoil and bloodshed a larger measure of liberty was to be won. Constitutional kings and purified churches were the outgrowth and result of the most prodigious uproar yet witnessed among civilized nations. THE FEDERALISTS AND THE EEPUBLICANS. 161 QUESTIONS. 1. What was the feeling in North Carolina after the Slate liad ioined the Union ? 2. How were the effects of American freedom felt in Europe? 3. What great leg,ders disappeared from North Carolina's councils at this time ? 4. What tTien were fast rising to influence? Wlio became Governor? 5. When was' Raleigh selected as the capital ? Why was locating the capital of great good to the State? Go to the map. and point out the city of Raleigh. 6. What contest would generally arise at meetings of the Assembly ? 7. What mention is made of religious matters? 8. How were the Baptists, Presbyterians and other Christian bodies extending theii- fields of usefulness ? O. Who became Governor in 1792? Wliat is said of him? What cjuestions did Governor Spaight find agitating the people when he came into oflice? 10. How was this matter considered by General Washington and others? 11. How were the works of celebrated French writers afl'ecting the people of America? 12. What was to be the conclusion of all these troubles? CHAPTER XL. THE FEDERALISTS AND THE BEPUBLWANS. A. D. 1794 TO 1800. In the last days of the eighteenth century men became more and more plainly divided into two political parties. Thomas JefiFerson, of Virginia, a man of decided genius and consum- mate ability, was the leader of those who maintained that the 162 HISTORY OF NOETH CABOLINA. government of the United States should be strictly limited to the powers 'expressly granted in the Federal Constitution and prohibited from the use of any of those reserved to the indi- vidual States. 2. Alexander Hamilton, of New York, another very able and patriotic statesman, took an entirely different view. He did uot consider the people capable of ruling the country, and wished to subordinate the State governments to Federal authority. The "Federalists" were those who followed his views, while the "Republicans" were no less strenuous in upholding Mr. Jefferson and his policy. 3. The Superior Courts of this State, after the resignation of Judge Iredell, were held, as in old provincial times, at t!ie six favored villages, by Judges Samuel Ashe, Samuel Spencer and John Taylor. In the year 1794, Judge Spencer came to his death in a singular manner. He was in extreuie old age, and had suffered with a long and wasting illness. One warm evening he was carried out and laid upon the grass, beneath a tree in his yard. While lying there the red flannel of his shirt infuriated a large turkey-gobbler, which attacked him with great violence. When Judge Spencer's feeble cries attracted attention, he had been so injured that he saon after died of nervous exhaustion. 4. In accordance with the law of 1790, the provisions of the Constitution of 1776 were first seen in process of fulfill- ment when the trustees, after mature deliberation, selected Chapel Hill, in Orange county, as tl^e site of the State Uni- versity. Here, upon one of a long range of great hills tra- versing that region, they secured several hundred acres on the crest of a noble elevation that overlooks the surrounding country. THE FEDEEALISTS AND THE KBPUBMCANS. 163 5. In 1793 the corner-stone of the East Building was laid for the University at Chapel Hill. Colonel Davie, as Grand Master of the Masons in the State, officiated ; as did also Rev. Dr. McCorkle, who deliverefl an eloquent address to the citi- zens who had assembled from all parts of the State to do honor to the occasion. 1795. 6. In 1795, the buildings and facility having been made ready, the institution was regularly opened for the recep- tion of students. The Rev. David Kerr and Samuel A. Holmes eonstitute What was the nature of these frauds? O. Give some account of the trial of these offenders. 10. What was the condition of affairs throughout the United States at this period? 11. What was the effect of the "Alien and Sedition Laws" ? 12. What was done by Virginia and Kentucky ? What were the reso- lutions of 1798-'99? What party came into power in 1800? 13. What is said of the " Federalisto" ? 166 HISTORY OF NOETH CAROLINA. CHAPTER XLI. CLOSINO OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. A. D. 1800 TO 1802. General Davie ceased to be Governor to become one of three Commissioners to Paris. He had been appointed Major-Gen- eral to command North Carolina's contingent, when it seemed that war with France was inevitable; but that danger had happily passed, and he was sent over to arrange the vexed questions growing out of the Berlin and Milan decrees.* 2. Among the members sent from North Carolina to Con- gress, Nathaniel Macon, of Warren, soon became conspicuous for his virtue and weight of character. Perhaps no other member of Congress ever wielded so lasting and powerful an influence. His unquestioned sagacity, integrity and inflexible adhesion to what he believed to be right, and his unselfish devotion to the public good, made his opposition to any meas- ure almost necessarily fatal to its passage in the House to which he belonged. 3. There was grief in the last hours of the century, when it became known that General Washington had died in his retirement at Mt. Vernon. Judge James Iredell had also died about the same time. He had been one of the Associate Juc- tices of the Supreme Court of the United States by the appoint- *Tliese decrees were Napoleons efforts to retaliate for British blockade measures against France. Tlie great conqneror forbade all Europe from commercial intercourse with his English enemies. CLOSING OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 167 ment of General Wasliingtou, and fell a victim to the enor- mous labors incurred in riding tiie great distances involved in attending his different Circuit Courts. 1800. 4. This was, perhaps, the golden age of social enjoyments in North.Carolina. The Quakers were Abolition- ists, as were also many other good peo|)le; but the question had not been agitated, and there was nothing to give uneasi- ness to masters or false liopes to the slaves. These latter- shared largely in the festivities of the white pei)ple, and were free for many years to come to conduct their religious services in any way that seemed best to their wild and fantastic notions. 6. The President had appointed Alfred Moore as the suc- cessor of Judge Iredell on the Supreme Court Bench. He was also a great lawyer. Judge Haywood had left North Carolina and was a citizen of Tennessee, but from William Gaston, Archibald Henderson and Archibald D. Murphy the Bar received fresh honors; while John Stanly, David Stone, Joshua G. Wright and Peter Browne had begun attendance upon the courts, in which they were to win great reputations. 6. There had been considerable change effected in the courts. By the statute of 1779 four ridings were establisheil. The Judges, after riding these circuits, were required to meet in Raleigh to try appeals. The sheriffs were no longer obliged to march with drawn swords before the Judges as they went to and from the court-houses, nor were the lawyers compelled to appear arrayed in gowns in the trial of cases. 1803. 7. Governor Benjamin M'^illiams had succeeded General Davie. Among Williams's last official acts was the pardoning of John Stanly for killing ex-Governor Spaight in a duel. This had occurred on Sunday, September 5th, 1802, and was the outgrowth of a bitter political controversy. 168 HISTORY OF NOKTH CAKOLINA. Spaight was a Republican, and had warmly opposed the elec- tion of the able and impulsive young leader. of the Federalists. 8. In the same year occurred the exodus cf ihe remnant of the Tuscaroras from Bertie couijty. The reservation on Roanoke River, which had been granted them for good con- duct in the Indian war of 1711, was sold by them to private parties, and they emigrated to New York where the other parts of the tribe iiad long been located. 9. Among the laws of the Legislature of 1802 was a statute providing for the payment, to the patentees of the cotton-gin, of a given sum for every saw used in each machine. This implement had been recently invented by Eli Whitney, who was a young man from New England, engaged in teaching schoitl in Georgia. 10. Before this time only small patches of cotton had been seen in the Soutiiern States. The lint was picked from the seed only by hand, and so slow was the process that a shoe full of the seed cotton was a task usually given to be done between supper and bed-time. Whitney's invention was soon to affect the agriculture and commerce of the world. The cotton-gin has greatly aided the development of all civilized nations. It has built cities, freighted mighty fleets, and given employment to many millions of the human race. 1 1 . Attention has already been called to the effects of French atheism upon the United States. The tide of unbelief rolled on until many religious people trembled for the creed and morals of American people. Its terrible influence was seen and felt in almost every department and employment of Hfe. 12. In 1802 a mighty religious movement began in Ken- tucky, and spread over a large portion of the Republic. Vast fisserablages of the people were seen at the canip-meelings. For CLOSIXG OF THK EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 169 weeks together the ordinary avocations of life were abandoned by multitudes in order to engage in religious worship; and, in the end, the churches were re-inforced by many thousands of new members. QUESTIONS. 1. Wliat honors were conferred upon Governor Davie? 2. Who was North Carolina's most able representative in Congress? Tell something of the character of Nathaniel Macon. 3. What great grief came upon the nation at this period? What prominent man died in North Carolina at this time? Can you state some- thing of his life? 4. What is this period called in the history of North Carolina? What was the condition of the slaves? 6. What is said of prominent lawyers? 6. Mention some changes which were made in the court system. 7. Who had succeeded Governor Davie aa Chief-Magistrate? What was one of his last official acts? Give an account of the duel? 8. To what place did the Tiiscaroras emigrate in 1802? 9. What law was passed by the Legislature in favor of the inventor of the cotton-gin ? Who was the inventor ? 10. Give an account of the preparation of the cotton for use both before and after this great invention. 11. What was the religious condition of the country ? 12. Give an account of the great religious revival of 1802. eI3)fC 170 HISTORY OF NOBTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER XLII. GROWTH AND EXPANSTON. A. D 1802 TO 1812. The Republic of Amerina wafs wisely ruled during the eight years of Mr. Jefferson's administration as President. He was not only the greatest f)f political philosophers, but a consum- mate party leader. Under his management the Federalists were so completely won over that even ex-President John A^ams was found among the electors who voted for Jeffer- son's re-election. 2. Vermont, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee were added to the list of States, and the vast territory known as "Louisiana" was purchased from France and made a portion of the Ameri- can Union. For this magnificent territory the United States paid fifteen million dollars. But with all this evidence of internal advancement, there was unnecessarv and ever-grow- iilg trouble with foreign powers. 1804. 3. Great Britain had not only failed to carry out the conditions of the treaty of Paris, but continual trouble and war with the western Indians were traced to the plotting of British agents. In Europe, on the high seas, American ships were frequently subjected to wrong and indignity by British cruisers, which seized their cargoes or crews on vari- ous pretexts. These maddening interferences, were fast bring- ing the people of the United States to a determination to vin- dicate, by arms, their claims as a free and independent people. Europe was still convulsed by war. Napoleon Bonaparte had been crowned Emperor, and in the mightj' struggle the claims of the aggrieved public wele overlooked or despised. GROWTH AND EXPANSION. 171 4. The people of North Carolina were Jtill in gi-cat.waut of general educat-on. The University, at Chapel Hill, was sending out graduates who had already conferred honor upon that seat of learning, but the jM-eparatory schools, so neces- sary as feeders to such an establishment, were few and far between. 5. Rev. William Bingham had begun a school in the east- ern part of the State. He removed temporarily to Pittsboro, but finally settled at Hillsboro and established the academy which is even at this day continued near by, at Mebaneviile, under the management of one of his descendants. This school, dating from 1793, was, even in its infancy, of marked excel- lence, and has won more reputation than any similar institu- tion in the Southern Stales. Rev. Dr. David Caldwell's school in Guilford, Rev. J. O. Freeman's in Murfreesboro, and a few academies in the villages, however meritorious, produced but slight effect upon the great mass of the people. 6. There had not been opened a single free school in all the State. Occasionally there could be found neighborhoods where a few citizens joined in employing a man to' teach the elementary branches of English education, but these were generally attended for ouly a few months, and were not very admirable either for discipline or in the matters taught. 1806. 7. The people of the interior and west were becom- ing anxious for some means of conveyance and travel to the outer world. The crops raised were generally too bulky to pay for expensive transportation over long distances, and for this I'eason were available to feed only the community in which they were grown. Tobacco from all the counties in the northern portion of the State was conveyed to market by rolling the hogsheads containing it along the roads, to markets at Petersburg, in Virginia, and Fayetteville. 172 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 8. In the regions of the long-leaf pine much attention was given to the preparation of turpentine and tar. Indeed, so large a trade grew up in these articles, that some people abroad came to think that North Carolina produced little else. There were no turpentine distilleries to be found, at this time, in North Carolina; and the crude product of the tree was shipped from our ports to be manufactured in other States. 9. In 1805, during the sessions of the Legislature, General James Wellborn, of Wilkes, introduced a proposition to build, at the State's expense, a turnpike from Beaufort Harbor to the mountains; but this and all other such improvements were neglected for some time to come. 1810. 10. The canal through the Dismal Swamp was to prove very beneficial to eastern counties ; but this work, though authorized long before, was yet unfinished. Vessels to New York or Baltimore still passed out to sea by the dangers of Cape Hatteras, and not unfrequently both cargo and crew were engulfed amid its cruel sands. 11. There was, at this period of our history, a brisk trade between the West Indies and several of the eastern towns. Wilmington, New Bern, Washington and Edenton were all largely engaged in the shipment of staves and provisions; importing salt and tropical stores in return. This, and all other foreign trade, was ruthlessly stopped by the embargo laid by Congress. 12. This embargo was the result of an act of Congress which forbade the exportation of all goods from the United States to Great Britain or her dependencies. It was very similar to the expedient resorted to by the Second Continental Congress for a like purpose, but was not enforced by any voluntary associations of the people, as it was in 1775. GROWTH AND EXPANSION. 173 1812. 13. This extreme measure failed to bring Gfeat Britain to a surrender of lier claim to search American ships ; and on the 19th of June, for this and other just causes, war was declared against her. Mr. Madison would have tempo- rized and still deferred the dreadful expedient, hut the Ameri- can people were resolved upon indemnity for the past and security for the future; and thus two kindred nations were to waste hlood and treasure in an unnecessary quarrel. QUESTI 1. Who was President of the United States at this period? What is said of Jefforson's rule? 2. What States were added to the Union? What great territory was piircliased ? 3. How had Great Britain kept tlie treaty of Paris ? What indignities were offered to the American people? flow were these things affecting the people? 4. What is said of educational matters? 5. What mention is made of the Bingham school ? What other schools are mentioned ? 6. What was the condition of free education ? 7. In what things were the people of the interior and west becoming specially iffterested? 8. What is said of the production of turpentine and tar ? 9. What was proposed by General James Wellborn to the Legislature of 1805? 10. Give a general description of coast navigation at this time. 11. Giv» some particulars concerning trade. 12. Explain the embargo act. 13. What war was declared in 1812? 174 HISTORY OF NORTH OAROLINA. CHAPTER XLIII. SECOND WAR WITH GEE AT BRITAIN. A. D. 1812 TO 1815. James Turner, of Warreu; Nathaniel Alexander, of Meck- lenburg; David Stone, of Bertie, and Benjamin Smith, of Brunswick, had served in turn as Governors of North Caro- lina during the years of growth and ex|)ansion described in the last chapters. William Hawkins, of Granville, was chosen to he same high office in 1812, and, as Commander-in-Chief of all the State's forces, felt unusual i-e^ponsibility in prospect of war even then begun between Great Britain and the United States. 1813. 2. It was the purpose of the American government to seize Canada and carry on hostilities, as much as possible, in that portion of America. As no great ami}- was assembled at any one point, no call was made upon North Carolina for troops to be sent outside of her borders, except to Norfolk, in Virginia. At that place Major-General Thomas Brown, of Bladen, was in command of a division sent from North Caro- lina. 3. General Brown was a veteran of the Revolution, and had rendered heroic service at Elizabethtown and elsewhere during that long and arduous struggle. Plis brigade com- manders were General Thomas Davis, of Fayettevilie, and General James F. Dickinson, of Murfreesboro. 4. Camps were also established and troops held for action at other points. The western levies were collected at Wadesboro, under General Alexander Gray, and were drilled and kept irt SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 175 readiness to be marched to the relief of either Wihnington or Cliarleston. Colonel Manriee Moore, at Wilmington, and Lieutenant-Colonel John Roberts, at Beaufort, commanded garrisons tor the defence of these sea-ports. 1814. 5. In the American army on the northern frontier, where Winfield Scott, of Virginia, was winning laurels, were two North Carolina officers who were also rising to distinction. These were William Gibbs McNeill, of Bladen, and William McRee, of Wilmington. Both became Colonels in the corps of engineers. Amid the frequent disasters and exhibitions of incompetency on the part of other officers in that department, these gallant men were of great credit to America and to North Ca-olina. 6. On the sea, where che mighty fleets of Great Britain had at such fearful disadvantage the few cruisers of their opponents, were also to be found brilliant representatives of this Common- wealth. Captain Johnston Biakeley, of Wilmington, had been reared by Colonel Edward Jones, the Solicitor- General of Noith' Carolina. He had already made reputation in the Mediter- ranean Sea under Commodore Preble. 7. Early in 1S14 he went to sea in the United States sloop- of-wav Wasp, and captured, with great eclat, the British sloop- of-war Reindeer. Having burned this prize for fear of its recapture, he refitted in a French port, and in August encoun- tered another British ship, the Avon. The British vessel had struck her colors, when a fleet of the enemy came upon the scene and the victorious Wasp was forced to fly. In a few days Biakeley, thus cruising over the crowded seas surrounding England, captured fifteen merchant vessels. On one of these, the brig Atlanta, he put a prize crew and sent her to the United States. 176 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 8. This is the last that is known of this gallant and ill- fated officer. He perished in some unknown manner at sea, but has left an imperishable name to our keeping. 9. Captain Otway Burns, of Beaufort, was the commander of a cruiser known as the Snap- Drar/on. With this privateer he long roamed the seas, and was victorious in many well- fought actions. He survived the war and was aftewards a member of the Legislature. The village of Biirnsville was named in his honor. 10. In addition to the troops already mentioned, a regiment commanded by Colonel Joseph Graham, so highly distin- guished in the Revolution, was sent against Billy Weathers- ford and his Creek warriors, who had massacred nearly three hundred white; people in Fort Mimms, on the Alabama River. Another North Carolinian by birth, General Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, was in command of the force sent to avenge this outrage of the red men.* 11. So swiftly and completely had Jackson done his work, that when the North Carolina regiment arrived there was nothing left to do; for, as Weathersford declared, his braves ■were all dead, and the war ended. The Indians were required, as a preliminary to peace, to bring in their fugitive chief, Weathersford. That bold and able half-breed did not wait for arrest upon hearing these terms, but rode into General Jackson's camp, and'in surrendering himself, boldly announced that he did so because he no longer had warriors to continue the struggle. " I have nothing to ask for myself," said he, " but I want peace for my people." *General Andrew Jackson was born in Mecklenburg county, on tlie 15th day of March, 1767, SECOND WAB WITH GEEAT BRITAIN. 177 1816. 12. Peace was soon made between the United States and Great Britain, and the two nations, after struggling for each other's injury for three years, agreed to stop without settling a single one of the causes of the war. England did not even agree to cease impressing men from the United States navy, but this was no more practiced. The treaty of peace was ratified by the United States Senate, February 7th, 1815. QUESTIONS. 1. What Governors had served in North Carolina dnring the years just considered? Who was Governor at the beginning of the year 1812? 2. How had the United States proposed to conduct the campaign? What troops did North Carolina furnish ? Who was in command ? 3. What is said of Genral Brown's past record ? Who were his brigade commanders ? 4. What military preparations were made in North Carolina? 6. What two North Carolina officers were winning distinction under General Winfield Scott? In what branch of the army were they serving? 6. What is said of affairs on the seas? What North Carolina naval officer was distinguishing himself? 7> Give an account of some of his bold and heroic exploits. How many English vessels did he capture? 8. What is known of him after this? 9. What other seaman was distinguishing himself for his bravery ? How is his name commemorated in the State? 10. Who was sent against the Indians? What great general was in command of all this force? 11. What was the success of General Jackson's expedition ? 12. What is said of the end of the war of 18127 178 HISTORY OF NOEtH CAROLINA. CHAPTER XLIV. AFTER THE STORM. A. 1). 1816 TO 1821. When hostilities ceased it seemed a great thing to the j>eo()i6 of North Carolina once more to enjoy the full benefits of tradfe and commerce. British cruisers had made all foreign com- modities very scarce and costly. Salt had been made on the sea-coast in limited quantities, but of inferior quality. It was, therefore, gratifying to the people to see the stores again filled with goods of every description. 2. When this period of its l^istory had been reached, the State was divided into sixty-twc ^unties. Each of these sent annually to the General Assembly one Senator and two mem- bers of the House of Commons. Edenton, New Bern, Wil- mington, Fayetteville, Hillsboro, Halifax and Salisbury were called "borough towns"; and, by virtue of this superior dig- nity, each sent, in addition to the county members, a repre- sentative to the lower House of Assembly. 3. The Moravian settlement at Salem had prospered, and though no great numbers of that sect had come over from Europe, yet much wisdom and thrift were seen in the afiairs of Wachovia. A female seminary of real excellence and great popularity had been founded in 1804, and young ladies from all the Southern States M'ere receiving a good education in this retired and healthful region. 3. Raleigh then contained about eight hundred people: Fayetteville twice as many. Wilmington and New Bern were the largest and most inipnrtant towns in the State, but were AFTKR THE STORM, 179 still limited in population and trade. Edenton and Halifa-x had each lost importance, and many villages were surpassing them both in number of inhabitants and in extent of trade. 1819. 5. Dr. Joseph Caldwell had been, for many years, President of the University. He came from New Jersey to make North Carolina his'fuEiire home, and gave the State of hi.s adoption so laborfous and useful a devotion that his iiame will be cherished in iis limits so long as learning and patriotism are valued He was not only making the college famous for the excellence of its appointments, but internal improvement was advocated by him so intelligently ana zealously that the general apathy on the two great sulijects of education and intercom rnunication was passing away. 6. The churches were likewise providing for increased effect among the jjcople. The Methodist conference was each year adding to the number of its churches and itinerant preachers. The Baptists had added the ''Chowan" as a coadjutor to similar bodies known as " Sandy Creek " and " Keliukee " Associations. 7. The Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina, in 1816, per- fected its- organization by the election and consecration of Bishop John Stark Ravenscroft. He was a man of strong character and eminent piety and usefulness. As a preacher, he Note. — In 1827, Dr. Caldwell delivered an exceedingly- able address before the Legislature, on the subject of railways, and a coriKiderable inter- est was awakened. The first railway in tlje ljnileggle, Mr. Clay, as the last service of a long and illustrious life, procured the passage of the cnmproniise of 1850, in which the only concession by Northern men was the "Fugitive Slave Fvaw." 10. -This statute provided that Federal courts and officers should arrest and return to their owners such slaves as should be found absconding in the different States of the Union, whether free or slave-holding. It was greeted by a prodigious outcry from the Northern press and people. They determined that this nati()nal law should not be executed, and the different legislatures of tlie free States began their enactment of personal liberty laws, which made i( penal to aid in carrying out the law of Congress. 1851. 11. The peojjle of the South were both exasperated and disheartened at such manifestations, and in view of such palpable violations of their plain constitutional rights, began serious!} to consider whether in a union with the Northern States the arbitrary will of the people of those States was not to be the rule of government rather than the Constitution solemnly agreed upon between their forefathers. If this were to be so. the di'eam of liberty, regulated by law in the Federal Union, was at an end. QUESTIONS. 1. What ednoational institutions arc mentioned ? 2. Who wad Governor in 1818 y What two men were distinguished in the United States Senate ? 3. Wlio were the representative men in the Honso ? 4. Wlio RMcceeded Governor Graham in 1849? Wliat propoaition was agitating the people? 5. Who sneeeeded Mr Polk as President of the United States? Wliat is said of President Polk .' Oi Whet evenlh were oeciuTing in tlic West? 212 HISTORY OF NOETH CAROLINA. 7. What spectre of the past re-appears ? Relate eircumstanees. 8. In what condition was tlie question now seen ? 9. What is taid of the " VVilraot Proviso " and " Fugitive Slave Law"' 10. What was the " Fugitive Slave Law " ? How did the North legis' late against this law of Congress ? 11. How was the Sonth affected hy these troubles? CHAPTER LIII. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATUS. A. D. 1852 TO 1869. The election of General Franklin Pierce to the Presidency, in 1852, was considered by many as a rebuke to those who had been so clamorous in the North against the compromise of 1850. He was a warm supporter of the rights of the indi- vidual States, and the knowledge of this fact bronght repose to the minds of Southern men. 2. North Carolina had just entered upon a career of rapid development in her mineral resources. The incorporation of a clause extending the right of suffrage in the State Constitu- tion, the completion of the great central railway, the opening of the asylums and the large addition to the number of schools, were evidences of progress and wide-spread prosperity. Capi- talists, for the first time, began to invest tiieir wealth in cotton and woolen factories. 1853. 3. The creation of the office of Superintendent of Common Schools, in 1853, and the appointment of Calvin H. Wiley, of Guilford, to that position, marked an extraordinary THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATUS. 213 advance iu the matter of popular education. Mr. Wiley soon evinced so much discretion and devotion to his duties that his propositions of improvement were adopted, and his views and wishes soon became those of the State governineut. The same year was further signalized by the Normal School, under charge of Mr. Craven, being empowered by the I^egislature to grant literary degrees and the assumption of the full dignities of a college. After nearly thirty years of usefulness, this institu- tion, now known as Trinity College, is still accomplishing great good under the auspices of the Methodists of the State. 4. With the new lines of railway and the restoration of the old routes, there was a large advance in the value of real estate and in the amount of productions sent abroad. Tlie use of Peruvian" Guano and other concentrated fertilizers was just being introduced, and the example of Edgecombe county in the use of compost heaps was being followed in every direc- tion and adding immensely to the yield of exhausted fields. 5. It was a notable thing in the political history of the country, that in the Presidential con-test of 1852 the candi- dates for Vice-President, of both the Whig and Democratic parties, were born in North Carolina and educated at Chapel Hill. Ex-Governor William R. King, Democrat, then , of Alabama, was chosen over ex-Governor Graham, who had been Secretary of the Navy iu the Cabinet of President Fillmore. 6. The churches were prospering under their increased atten- tions .J education. A larger culture was coming to those who filled the pulpits at home, and devoted men like Dr. Matthew T. Yates were going to heathen lands to spend their lives'for the good of other races. The Episco|)al Church had abundant compensatiou iff the wisdom and virtues of Bishop Atkinson for the loss of Bishop Ives, upon his leaviog that communion 214 HISTORY OP NOETH CAROLINA. for the Church of Rome. The great slavery pontroversy was bringing trouble and division to the Ba[)tists and Methodists, and thus, not only statesmen and politicians, but ministers of the Gospel, were also set at variance. 1834. 7. From Massachusetts was sent, at this period, a new and startling impulse to the Northern pulpits and hustings. It had been the peculiar glory of the American people that they were the originators of the great doctrine and practice of religious liberty. A new party, calling tiiemsel ves the " Know- Nothings," had carried that State and were proclaiming their opposition to all Roman Catholics as public officers. The " Know-Nothings" were also called the "American Party," and their motto was "America for Americans." 8. This was to prove a short-lived and pernicious move- ment. It not only contravened the noblest American prece- dents, but at once combined all the ends and fragments of parties which had previously opposed the great organization that had been led by Jtfferson and Jackson. Besides their hostility to the Roman Catholic religion, they inculcated one other principle; this was opposition to the naturalization of foreign immigrants until after a residence of twenty-one years within the borders of the United States. The success of this new party ended in the Virginia campaign between Governor Wise and T. S. Flournoy. 1855. 9. About this time another party began to be prom- inent in the Northern States. It was cjilled the " Rcpnbli- ciiu Party," and was the outgrowth of the notorious contro- versy over the ])assage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress. This statute was, in effect, but a confiuuanc^e of the legislation in regard to California, and amounted to little beyond transferring tho question of slave or free territory THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATUS. 215 from Congress to the new States. The North, however, was fanatically bent on the destruction of slavery everywhere within the Unitei! States, and' would not consent that each new State should settle the question for itself On the contrary, it was determined to prohibit the spread of slavery whether the people in the new States and Territories desn-ed it or not. 10. it was soon seen, therefore, in the bloody conflicts between the settlers from the North and those from theSnuth, especially in Kansas, (hat "Squatter Sovereignty" would neither afford protection to Southern immigrants in removing with their projjcrty there, nor any piospect of a fair solution of a vexed question. 1857. 11. On June 27th, 1857, an event occurred jn North Carolina which brought sadness to the whole State. Eev. Elisha Mitchell, D. D., while mdking researches and surveys upon Black Mountain, in the darkness of night; lost his way and fell ov^r a very steep precipice and water-fall, and was killed. His remains were found, eleven days after the accident, in a pool of clear water al; the foot of the water- fall. They arc now resting on the highest jjoint of the moun- tain, and the spot is known as " Mitchell's Peak." Dr. Mitchell found, by measurement, that the Black Mountain was the highest point of land east of the Rocky Mountains. " Mitchell's Peak" is 6,672 feet above the level of the sea, and 244 feet higher than Mount Washington', in New Hamp- shire. 12. After the defeat of Charles Manly by David S. Reid, of Rockingham, for Governor in 1852, the Democrats con- tinned to gain in strength in each succeeding electi(*n. In 1854, Governor Bragg was elected to succeed Governor Reid, by an increased majority, over Hon. John A. Gilmer, the Whig 2<16 HISTOEY OF NOBTH OABOLINA, candidate. Messrs. Mangum and Ba(Jger were succeeded by Governor Reid and Colonel Asa Biggs, of Martin, as United States Senators; and when, in 1858, another Governor was to be chosen, both Judge John W. Ellis, of Rowan, and his competitor, Duncan K. MacRae, of Cumberland, claimed to be defenders of the Democratic faith. The differences be- tween the North and the South were fast bringing the people of North Carolina to one mind. QUESTIONS. I. Of what does tlitu cha ter treat ? How was the election of President Pierce considered ? 3. What is said of internal improvements? 3. What educational progress was being made ? 4. How was the value of lands increasing? 6. What is said of the Presidential campaign of .1852 ?, 6,. In what condition were religious matters? How was the question of slavery affecting some of the religious denominations? 7. What new party was organized in Massachusetts? What was the main policy of the "Know-Nothings"? 8. What is said of this new party? O. What parly next originated? 10. How was the South affected by "Squatter Sovereignty"? II. What fatal acciderjt befell Dr. Elisha Mitchell in 1857 ? 12. What changes in the government of the State are now mentioned? PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND THE WAR. 217 CHAPTER LIV. PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND ^THE WAR. A. D. 1860 TO 18G1. 1860. After Seventy years of party struggles toucliing the relations of tlie General Government to the individual States, the Presidential contest of 1860 opened with such notes of violence and j)ul)lic confusion, that it was at once seen that at last the supreme crisis, had come. 2. The only issue apparently before the American people WHS that of slavery in the Territories. The Democrats were divided into two fragments. Those supporting Judge Doug- las for the Presidency advocated " Squatter Sovereignty." The Breckinridge men said that tiie question of slavery should only be settled as to the new States at their constitu- tional conventions ; wiiiie Republicans supporting Abraham Lincoln, proclaimed that only the enactment of the " Wilmot Proviso" would satisfy them. The Whig candidates, i^Iessrs. Bell and Everett, and the Whig party, were silent on all these stormy differences, and were not of much significance in the general upheaval. 3. Back of this question, however, about slavery in the Territories, and involved in it, was the real issue between the Republican and Democratic parties, and that was whether the P^ederal Constitution should be the supreme law of the land. The right of property in slaves was guaranteed by that Con- stitution, and if the Republican party could thus destroy that riirht it niisiht, when it so pleased, destroy any and all other riglitH. The DomixTatfi hold thut the Constitution waw supreme; JO 218 HISTORY OF NORTH CAEOLISA. * the fiepublicans held that there was a still higher law unwrit- ten and undefined. One was certainty, the other chaos. 4. It was seen at an early period of the contest, that the bulk of the Southern people would be found supporting Breckinridge and Lane.* Tt was generally held in all the slave-holding States that the election of Mr. Lincoln would be significant of a purpose among Northern men to disregard their rights, and that the iuauguratipn of the abolition policy by the Federal officers would compel and justify the secession of the Southern States from the Union. 5. When, in November, .1860, it was known that the Republicans had triumphed in the national election, and that Abraham Lincoln would be chosen President of the United States by a majority of the electors in the different State electoral colleges, then it was realized that the extreme Southern States would, at an early period, sever their connec- tion with the government at Washington. 1861. 6. South Carolina and others said that protection of their property would now be impossible in the Union, and therefore, before the inauguration of President Lincoln, on March 4th, 1861, seven States had assembled conventions, and by their ordinances declared the ties formerly binding them to the Re|)ublic of the United States null and void. 7. On the 1st of .January, 186), the Legislature then in regular session passed, by a large rnkjoi-itji in each House, an act declaring that in its opinion the condition of the conntry was so perilous "that the sovereign people of the State should ■^.Joseph Lane was bi>rn in IJmieombe county in tliix Stale, and was tlie cousin of Colonel Joel Lane, who once owned the lands upon which Ral- eifjli wa^ built. He iiad served gallantly as a Brigadier Meneral in Mexico, aflei wards in Congiess, and as Governor of Oregon. PRESIDENT UN{ the State were slain, tiie Fourth Regiment, under Colonel George B. Anderson, lost four hundred and .sixty-two men, out of five huudred and twenty. 14. In the last days of June nearly all of the North Caro- lina regiments and many Southern troops were concentrated around Richmond, under the comuiand of General Robert E. Lee, in place of General Johnston, who had been wounded at Seven Pines. In the week of battle which euded in the over- throw of the great investing army of General McClellan, they lost thousands of their bravest and best. Ninety-two regi- ments constituted the divisions of Jackson, Longsfreet, D. H. Hill and A. P. Hill. These were the forces that drove the Federals to their ships; aud forty-six of these regiments belong to North Carolina. It may be safely asserted that more than half tlie men actively engaged and disabled during that terrible week were citizens of North Carolina. QUESTIONS. I, What is Haiti of Xorlli (jarolina'i* foru'ea in the wai-fl ? 22. What ia said of tliis condition of afl'aira? 3. Wliat furce was sent to defend Albeiuarlo Soiinii ? 4. Can you tell of Burnside'a allaul^ ; 5. What was the conclusion of the engagement t THE WAR CONTINUES. 231 6. What is said of this battle ? 7. To wliat point was attention next directed? What oiBcer was in command? When was the Federal attack made? 8. What composed General Branch's command? 9. Describe the battle. 10. What is said of the fall of New Bern ? What fort was next sur- rendered? Where is Fort Macon ? 11. What military movements were made 'in Virginia? 12. What is said of the gallant charge of the Fifth Regiment at Wil- liamsburg? 13. What regiments are specially mentioned as participants at Win- chester and Sev.en Pines? 14. What is said of the events at this period ? CHAPTER LVII. THE WAR CONTINUES. A. D. 1862. Amid the exultatiou that filled the hearts of the people of Nortii Carolina for the victories around Richmond, there was grief in many families for heroes fallen in the discharge of duty. Colonels Stokes, Meares, Campbell and C. C. Lee, like a great host of their compatriots, were gone to come no more. It seemed that the superior numbers and resources of the United States forces were to prove powerless before the fiery onsets of the Confederate troops. 2. In the month of August, 1862, Zebulon B. Vance, of Buncombe, then Colonel of the Twenty-sixth Regiment, was chosen Governor of North Carolina over William Johnston, 232 HISTOKY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. of Charlotte, wtio had beeu of late Commissary-General of the State. By an ordinance of tiie Convention, Colonel Vance entered upon his duties as Chief-Magistrate on September 8tb, 1862. He was to evince great zeal in the discharge of his official duties. 3. The first Maryland campaign, which occurred in the fall of the year, was the next event of general interest. In the battles fought in that memorable campaigu the North Carolina regiments won great reputation, but a terrible loss of life. General Branch was killed and General Anderson received wounds at Sharpsburg of which he soon died, and left grief in many hearts for their untimely end. Colonel C. C. Tew also fell in the same great battle, and increased the grief of his people at the loss by the mystery of his fate. He disappeared amid the storm of conflict, but exactly how and when was never known. 4. In North Carolina there had been comparative quiet through the spring and summer months. The Federal garri- sons at Plymouth and New Bern were watched by small bodies of Confederates, but no fighting occurred except in Plymouth, which town was taken and held for a few hours by Colonel Martin, with the Seventeenth Regiment, and then abandoned because of the Federal gun-boats. 6. On Blackwater River, just below Franklin, in Virginia, there was a gallant conflict of a few cavalrymen under Lieuten- ant Thomas Ruffin, of the Fourth Cavalry, and a Federal double-ender. The crew were all driven from deck and the ship lay at the mercy of the assailants until her consorts came up the stream from below and shelled the victors from their prey. 6. By the 1st of December the Federal army, this time ,under command of General Burnside, was confronting Generiil THE WAK CONTINUES. 233 Lee at Fredericksburg, Virginia. On the 13th, Burnside attempted to carry our lines, but after repeated and desperate assaults and terrible slaughter, withdrew his trooops. It was in this battle that Marye's Heights won its bloody fame. The gallantry of the enemy, especially of Meagher's Irish Brigade, was magnificent. 7. Simultaneously with the attack of General Burnside upon the army of General Lee at Fredericksburg, the South Caro- lina Brigade of General Evans, then stationed at Kinston, Worth Carolina, was surprised to see a few mounted Federal soldiers make an attack upon the position then held by them. The Federals were driven back and pursued in the direction of New Bern. Suddenly the South Carolinians found them- selves confronted by more than twenty thousand foes. 8. In the speedy retreat that ensued. General Evans was unable to burn the bridges across the river, and effected his escape with some less. He was, the next day, re-inforced, and awaited General Foster's approach on the road leading to Goldsboro. But the Federals were seeking to intervene between that place and the one occupied by Evans. All of Tuesday morning (December 16th) the masses of the Union troops were seeking to cross Neuse River at White Hall, but they were bravely met there by General Beverly H. Robinson, who, with the Eleventh, Thirty-first, Fifty-ninth and Sixty- third Regiments, and Battery B, Third North Carolina Bat- talion, withstood all their attacks and inflicted severe loss upon the baffled invaders. The contest lasted for eight hours, during which General Foster persisted in his efforts to drive off the Confederates, so that pontoons could be laid for a bridge across the stream, in place of the one burned the night l)efore. 234 HISTORY OF NORTH CAEOUNA. 9. Failing to cross Jfeuse River at White Hall, General Foster marched in the evening for Goldsboro, and, having reached the bridge of the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, succeeded in burning it, in spite of the gallant efforts of Gen- eral Cliugman and his brigade to prevent. 10. General Foster retired in great precipitation to New Bern, and the burned bridge was his only trophy in an expe- dition which seemed so threatening at its inception. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the feeling concerning the victories around Kiohmond? 2. Who was chosen Governor in 1862 ? When did Colonel Vance enter npon the duties of Chief-Magistrate? 3. What losses had North Carolina sustained in the battle of Sharps, burg? What increased the grief of Colonel Tew's people? 4. What was the state of affairs in North Carolina during the spring and summer of 1862 ? 5. Describe tlie engagement on Blackwater Elver? 6. Where was the Federal army confronting General Lee od peceiuber 1st? What occurred on the 13tli ? 7. Can you tell of the surprise at Kinston? 8. What was the further result of this affair '.' 9. What is said of the conclusion of this matter? 10. Where did General Foster go? WAR AIID IIG HORRORS. 235 CHAPTER LVII WAB AND TTS HORRORS. A. D. 1863. 1863. When the year 1863 had come upon tiie Araoncan States in their bloody and wasting quarrel, there was nothing to indicate any solution of tiie great controversy. Many bloody battles had been fought, thousands of homes were saddened in the loss of brave and true men, and yet both sides wore as intent as ever upon carrying on indefinitely the terrible and costly struggle. 2. Mr. Lincoln and the government at Washington sfid there should be no peace until the seceded Statess returned to their allegiance. Mr. Davis and the government at Rich- mond said, on the other hand, that the seceded States were, of right, free and independent States that had rightfully resumed their delegated powers, and owed no allegiance to the Federal government 3. It was hoped that England and France would recognize the independence of the Confederate States; bnt beyond extending to the Southern government the rights of belliger- ents, this trust proved utterly fallacious. Confederate agents were received and armed vessels- allowed to enter their ports, but no aid was extended to the Southern cause. The arrest of the Confederate Commissioners, Messrs. Mason and Slidell, on a British mail steamer, by a United States war vessel, was resented by England and war seemed probable; but these Southern envoys were released, and no aid came from abroad 236 HISTOBY OF NOETH CAEOLINA, except in the ships that were bought of private persons for tlie purpose of cruising against vessels belonging to citizens of the United States. 4. Among the earliest measures adopted by the Federal government was the blockade of the Southern sea-ports. Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile and Galveston were all watched by armed ships that sougiit to exclude the vessels of all countries from entering these harbors. Cruisers swarmed along the whole Southern coast, and it became a mat- ter of great peril and difficulty to send out or bring in any, commodity by way of the ocean. 5. This soon led to a scarcity of salt, sugar, coffee, molasses and everything which had been formerly imported from Europe or bought of Northern merchants. Prices continually advanced as such things became more scarce iu the South. Wilmington is so situated that an effective blockade there was almost impossible. There were two inlets, and, therefore, two blockade fleets were necessary, and even with this added diffi- culty the blockading squadron could not prevent, on dark nights, the passage of swift steamers that swept in and out of the Cape Fear River and brought from Nassau and Bermuda what was most needed for the armies and people. 6. Soon after his inauguration. Governor Vance, at General Martin's suggestion, sent Colonel Thomas M. Crossan to Eng- land for the purpose of procuring a ship to supply the wants of North Carolina. Crossan had been a naval officer in the service of the United States, and had judgment enough in such matters to select one of the swiftest ships in the world. It was called the Lord Clyde abroad, but that name was changed to the Ad- Vance, apd the vessel made many successful voyages before she was captured. WAR AND ITS HOEEOES. 237 7. In the superior clothing and equipments of the North Carolina troops were the wisdom and activity of the Statj government manifested. And, too, not only were the neces- sities of our own soldiers supplied, but large aid was extended to the troops of other States. Besides this, cotton and woolen cards and many other necessaries were brought in and dis- tributed to the different sections of the State. Salt was the raost important of all the domestic supplies excluded by the blockade. To procure this indispensable article, private fac- tories on the sea-coast were supplemented by others under State management; but these proved insufficient to meet popu- lar wants, and arrangements were made to procure additions I supplies from the salt wells of south-western Virginia. 8. It was early foreseen that in so great a struggle enormous expenditures would become necessary ; and to meet sueb liabilities, it would be necessary for the Confederacy and the individual States to use their credit in procuring supplies on the faith of future payments. Many millions of dollars were to be expended, and only Confederate and State obligations would be available to meet such purchases. 9. Unhappily, the great supply of cot 31 242 HISTORY OF NOKTH CAKOLINA. CHATER LX. GENERAL GRANT AND HIS CAMPAIGN. A. D. 1864 1864. The fourth year of the great war opened on North Carolina with grief in almost every family; still, with diminished hopes and increased exertions for the general defence, they looked forward to a campaign which they well understood was to be decisive of their fortunes. Perhaps not even General Washington was so trusted and beloved by the American people in the Revolution as was General Robert E. Lee by those of the South in the closing years of the struggle. 2. In his genius and capacity they felt sure they had the very highest human leadership, and in his splendid career and spotless renown they all took pride as cotrferring reflected credit upon themselves. So noble, unselfish and wise, he had become the idol of his own people and the admiration of his foes. At the outbreak of the war he had declined the com- mand of the Federal armies, because he believed it was his duty to take part with his own people. 3. Ex-Governor Thomas Bragg had been for some time in the Cabinet of President Davis, as Attorney-G«neral. He resigned the position and was no more in public life. Since 1854, when he had left the Bar -to becotne the Governor of North Carolina, he had been continually growing in public favor, and now returned to the leadership of his profession. No lawyer in our an nals has been more respected or successful. In the Confederate States Senate the polished and eloquent GENERA li GHANT AND HIS CAMPAIGN. 243 George Davis, of Wilmington, and W. W. Avery, of Burke, had served until the latter was succeeded, in 1862, by W. T. Dortch, of Wayne; and, a year later, Mr. Davis was suc- ceeded by ex -Governor Graham ; and later still, Mr. Dortch was succeeded by Thomas 8. Ashe, of Anson, who did not take his seat by reason of the dissolution of the Confederate government. 4. In the midst of the great struggle there was, of course, a great diminution of attention to matters of education. Gov- ernor Swain, with a remnant of the faculty, remained at Chapel Hill, and, with a few boys too young for service, yet retained the name and semblance of the University. Professors Hubbard, James and Charles Phillips, Hepburn, Smith, Fetter and Judge Battle were still on duty at their old posts, but Professor Martin was Colonel of the Eleventh Regiment, and almost all the students were enrolled as soldiers of the Con- federate army. The sectarian colleges, male and female, were nearly all closed, and even in the common schools there was small interest manifested amid the blood and excitement of the time. 5. Many of the ablest ministers of the gospel left their churches and were faithful chaplains in the army. Great religious interest was awakened by them among the men who were so bravely battling in Virginia, and many thousands were converted and added to the churches during the revivals in the camps. 6. The re-capture of Plymouth, in Washington county, on April 20th, 1864, was one of the most brilliant and successful affairs of the war. The youthful and gallant Brigadier- General R. F. Hoke was sent by General Lee, in command of a division, with which ho eurrounded the strong fortifications 2-14 HISTOBY OP KOETH OAROLHIA. and took them by assault^ capturing more than three thousand prisoners. The help of the iron-clad Albemarle was very efiGcacious on this occasion, and her combat at the mouth of Roanoke River, a few days later, was one of the most stub- born naval engagements on record. Single-handed, Captain Cook fought and defeated a strong fleet of double-enders, add drove them, routed, from the scene. This expedition of Gen- eral Hoke secured his promotion, and was io marked contrast with that of General Pickett against New Bern a few weeks before; the only incident of which, creditable to the Confed-^ erates, was General Martin's well-fought battle at Shepards- ville. 7. When the spring opened, tidings came from the Wilder- ness of fresh battles in that region, wliieh had been made famous the year before. General U. S. Grant had been made Commander-in-Chief of all the Federal armies, to assume the direction of affairs in Virginia. With the vast numbers at bis command, he resolved upon such strategy as fell with foarful results upon bis army, but it weakened the reduced ranks of the Confederates at the same time. General Grant lost more men in his march from the Rapidan to the James River than General Lee had confronting him, bat it mattered not, for still fresh Federal thousands poured in to fill the places of those who fell at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor and the minor combats. On our side, however, there were none to take the places of those who were killed. 8. In this terrible campaign, which was not ended even when General Grant began the siege of Petersburg, the North Carolina regiments were fearfully reduced. Generals Ram- seur, Daniel and Godwin, together with Colonels Andrews, Garrett, Brabble, Wood, Spear, Blacknall, C. M. Avery, Jones, GENEBA.L GRANT AND HIS CAMPAIGN. 245 Barbour and Moore were among those who sealed their faith with their blood. 9. No battle of the war was more brilliant in its particulars and results than that of Reams' Station, fought on August 24th, 1864. General W. S. Hancock, of the Federal army, had seized and fortified a position, from which General Lee ordered Lieutenant-General.A. P. Hill to dislodge him. So atern.was Hancock's resistance that two bloody assaults had been repelled, when the privates of Cooke's, MacRae's and Lane's North Carolina brigades demanded to be led to the attack in which their comrades had failed; Their officers complied; and, with seventeen hundred and fifty mtiskets in the charge, tiiey took the works and captured twenty-one hun- dred prisoners and thirteen pieces of artillery,* 10. In the steady depreciation of Confederate and State money was the greatest calamity of all. The cry of distress from famishing women and children was increasing in volume, and the State and county authorities were finding it more and more impossible to meet, by public charity, the pressing wants of their people. 11. The pay of Confederate soldiers in the ranks was $15 and $17 per month, in "Confederate money." During the latter days of the war flour sold for $800 per barrel; meat $3 per pound; chickens $15 each ; shoes (brogans) $300 per pair; coffee $50 per pound; tallow candles $15 per pound. It may be easily imagined how great was the suffering in the South when it is remembered that numbers of soldiers' wives were almost entirely dependent upon the pay of their husbands ♦The North Carolina cavalry regiments were also greatly applauded by General Hampton for service on the same occasion. 246 fflSTOBY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. for support. There were relief cottiraittees throughout the State, but the great scarcity of provisions raade them almost helpless. 12. Almost all the white men in North Carolina weio in the ranks of the different regiments and battalions ^mastered into the Confederate service. Their families were largely dependent upon the pay they received as soldiers. When the Confederate money became worthless, want and suffering appeared in every section, and unhappy wives were clamorous for their husbands' return to avert starvation at home. 13. The suffering families were ever in the minds of the dauntless men who were away facing the enemy, for a direr foe was thinning the blood and blanching the cheeks of wife and child. Therefore, many a hero turned his back on the scenes of his glory and incurred personal ignominy, and sometimes the punishment of death, for desertion. 14. The case of Edward Cooper was in point. He was tried by court-martial for desertion. He declined the aid of a lawyer to defend him, and, as his only defence, handed the presiding judge of the court the following letter, which he had received from his wife: "My Deab Edwaed: — I have always been proud of you, and since your connection with the Confederate army I have been prouder of you than ever before. I would not have you do anything wrong for the world, but before God, Edward, unless you come home, we must die. Last night I was aroused by little Eddie's crying. I called and said, " What' is the matter, Eddie 7 " And he said, "O mamma, I am so hungry.'' And Lucy, Edward, your darling Lucy, she never complains, but she is growing thiji- ner and thinner every day. And before God, Edward, unless you come home, wa must die. Your Mabt." 1&. General Cullen Battle and his associate members ot the court were melted to tears. Although the prisoner had vol- OENKRAL GBANT AND HBS CAMPAIGN. 247 Hntarily returned to his command, they found him guilty, and sentenced him to death, but recommended mercy. General Lee, in reviewing the casey approved the finding but pardoned the unhappy artilleryman, who was afterwards seen by Gen- eral Battle, standing, pale and bloody, as he fired his last round into the retreating Federals. He then fell dead at his post in battle. QUESTIONS. 1. What year of the war have we now reached ? What is said of North Carolina's hopes? 2. What tribute is paid to General Robert E. Lee ? 3. What is said of ez-Governor Bragg? What clianges were made in the Confederate States Senate ? 4. What is said of educational matters at this period ? 6, How were the ministers of the gospel faithfully performing their duties ? 6. Can you describe the capture of Plymouth by General R. F. Hoke's command 7 7. Where was the principal fighting in the spring of 1864 7 What is said of Grant's campaign 7 5. What losses had North Carolina snstained in this campaign 7 O. Describe the battle of Reams' Station. What North Carolina troops captured General Hancock's position ? 10. What is said of the depreciation of the Confederate currency? How was it affecting the people? 11. What was the pay of Confederate soldiers 7 Mention the prices of ::ome of the necessaries of life. 12. How were the soldiers' families suffering? 13. What is said of the terrible struggle of the women and children 7 14. Can you mention the case of Edward Cooper? 16. What was the verdict of the court-martial? What was the ending of this sad case 7 248 HISTORY OF KOETH CAROLINA. CHAPTER LXI. NORTH CAROLINA AND PEAOE-MAKINO. A. B. 1864 TO 1865. In 1864 Colonel Vance was re-elected Governor of North Carolina. At his first election he was personally very popu- lar, was a soldier in the field, had been in actual battle, had been by no means a strong "Union " man in the earlier por- tions of the year 1861, and, indeed, in May of that year, was in camp at the head of his company. Mr. Johnston, his opponent, was a secessionist, but neither popular nor a soldier, and comparatively but little known to the mass of the people, except in his own immediate section of the State. Everybody of every shade of opinion had the fullest confidence that Colonel Vance would do his whole duty. There was no expectation that Mr. Johnston would be elected, nor any seri- ous effort made in his behalf. 2. In his course as Grovernor such strenuous support was given to the Confederate States that when his term of service approached conclusion, and a new election was to be held, a few men who had been among his most zealous friends two years before, but who now opposed the determined attitude of the Confederacy and of North Carolina, were found opposing his continuance as Governor. 3. These comprised a small fragment of the people, and William W. Holden, of Wake, was their candidate, and this was all the opposition Governor Vance had. Mr. Holden was the editor of the Standard, a newspaper that had, in years past, been extreme in Southern proclivities, and he had adva- NORTH CAEOIJNA AND PBACE-M AKIKG . 249 cated and signed the Ordinance of Secession, but of late he had advocated North Carolina's withdrawal from the Confederacy and the making of separate terttis with the powers at Wash- ington. 4. Governor Vance and the people, except the handfur.of Holden's followers, both in and out of the army, opposed this project as dishonorable and unjust to their compatriot^ of other States. They held that Nortli Carolina's fortunes were inseparable from those of the other Southern States, and that she must share their fate, whatever that might be. 5. About this time several propositions looking to overtures to Mr. Lincoln for pea6e were communicated to Governor Vdnce from certain members of the Confe.derate Congress from other States, but he refused to take any part in such a scheme. He was re-elected by an overwhelming majority, after a thorough exposition of his views by many addresses both to the people at home and to the North Carolina soldiers in their camps. 6. As General Grant day by day massed fresh thousands of troops before Petersburg, and the Confederate resistance grew more feeble in the Shenandoah Valley, the conference which took place at Old Point Comfort was arranged to bo purpose. After a mighty struggle, the South, in utter exhaus- tion, was soon to lay down the arras that had been so bravely wielded. 7. The importance of Wilmington to the waning fortunes of the Confederacy had long been evident in the closing of other sea-ports by blockade. General Whiting was an able and experienced engineer, and his main defence, Fort Fisher, on New Inlet, was pronounced by General Beauregard as almost impregnable. Forts Caswell and Holmeg, at the mouth 260 HTSTOEY OF NOETH CAROLINA. of Cape Fear River, and the numerous works fringing both banks of the stream from Wilmington to the ocean, had apparently rendered hostile approach from that direction a thing almost impossible to any naval expedition. 8. On December 25th the same General Butler who had been at the capture of Fort Hatteras in 1861, came with an army which was borne in a great fleet commanded by Admiral I).. D. Porter. This vast armada, carrying six hundred of the heaviest cannon modern science has been able to construct, opened fire upon. Fort Fisher, 9. The fort was reinforced by a few companies from other portions of General Whiting's command, and later, the divis- ion of General Hoke arrived from Petersburg and took posi- tion in the intrenched camp at Sugar Loaf, four miles distant up the river. General Braxton Bragg had been for some time in command of the department and was present on this occa- sion .- 10. AU day, on that Christmas Sabbath, a fiery storm of shot and shell was rained upon the fort, which answered slowly and deliberately from its different batteries. In the midst of the bombardment, Greueral Butler landed his army on the peninsula above the land-face of the work, but upon inspection of its strength he grew hopeless of his undertaking, and on the night of December 26th, having re-embarked his force, the fleet returned to Beaufort 1865. 11. There was much joy and relief in this evideni Federal confirmation of the reported impregnability of the great work, and congratulations went around among the Con- federates over this defeat of the costly undertaking of the invaders. General Bragg withdrew Hoke's Division and all the force at Sugar Loaf, escept Adams' light battery and the NOBTH CAEOIilNA AND PEACE-MAKING. 251 cavalry, with the intention of attacking the garrison of ^ew Bern. 12. He was signally interrupted in this undertaking, when, on the night of the 12th of January, 1865, Colonel William Lamb telegrapiied from Fort Fisher that the fleet had returned and the troops were disembarking for a renewal of the attack. General Bragg hurried Hoke's and ail other available com- mands back to the rescue, but found the Federal army in complete possession of the ground between the fort and intrenched camp. Upon a recimnoissance, the enemy were found too strongly posted to be assailed. 13. The great fleet opened fire ujion the land-face, and hav- ing dismounted all but one of the twenty-two heavy guns defending that flank, ou the evening of the 15th, General Terry, by signal, changed the fire of the fleet to the sea-face batteries. The three Federal brigades that had worked their way close up, sprang forward in a charge that resulted in the capture of seven traverses and four hundred prisoners. The assailants lost their, three commanders and five hundred men. It was a fatal blow. The Federals could not be dislodged, and, after brave and unavailing combat within the works, Fort Fisher was taken ; and its garrison, numbering two thou- sand men, became prisoners of war. General Whiting and Colonel Lamb were both badly wounded, and the former soon died of his injuries. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the re election of Governor Vance in 1864? 2. What course had Governor Vance pursued? What is Raid of the approaching election? 3. Who was Governor Vance's opponent ? What measnres were leing advocated by Mr, Holden and bis followers? 4. How did Governor Vance and the people consider these measuree? 252 HISTORY OF SrOKTH CAROLINA. 5, What proposition had certain members of the CJonfederate Congress communicated to Governor Vance, and how had he received them ? What was the result of the election? 6. Where was General Grant placing fresh troops? What was the result ? T. What is said of Wilmington and its defences? 8. What occurred on December 25th, 1864.? S>. Describe the attack on Fort Fisher. 10. What was the conclusion of the attack? 11. How did the State receive the news of this Federal failure? What forces were removed from Fort Fisher ? 13. Describe the preparations for renevsal of attack on January 12th. 13. Give an account of the engagement. What was the sad result? CHAPTER LXII. THE WAR DBA WS TO A CLOSE. A. D. 1865. With the fall of Fort Fisher the fate of Wilmington was sealed. With the Federal troops in such a position the port was most effectually closed. The last connection of the beleaguered Confederacy with the outer world was thus broken, and North Carolina, with beating heart, listened to the approaching footsteps of countless in.vaders. General Leej who had been made General-in-Chief of all the Southern armies, selected General Joseph E. Johnston to command in North Carolina. 2. General Bragg's forces having retired from WilmingtoD, met the corps of Mnjor-General Schofleld in an ineffectual engagement at Kinston on March 8th, and retired upon THE WAS DRAWS TO A CLOSE. 263 Goldsboro. This command, with the troops lately in Charles- tnu and Savannah, the remnant of the Army of Tennessee and Hampton's Division from Virginia, soon made an army of twenty-five thousand men, under the command of General Johnston. 3. Against him were coming, from South Carolina, the great army under General W. T. Sherman; frora Wilming- ton, the corps of General Terry, and from Kinston, the army of General Schofield. In addition to these overwhelming forces, another column was approaching from the v/est, under General Stoneman. 4. As this great array gathered toward Raleigh as a com- mon focus, the first conflict was between the division com- manded by General Hardee and the army of General Sherman at the haml&t of Averasboro. After a stubborn fight, Hardee withdrew, and, having joined General Johnston, the latter collected fifteen thousand men at Bentonsville, in Johnston county, on Marcli 19th, and awaited Sherman's approach. 5. General Sherman, on that day, made six successive attacks upon Johnston's left, composed of Hoke's and Cheat- ham's divisions and the late garrisons on the Cape Fear. The Federal assaults were all repelled, and, at the order for our troops to advance, three lines of the enemy's field v/orks were carried and esveral batteries raptured. This success, however, was not bloodlessly effected. 6. General Sherman withdrew to Goklsboro to meet Scho- field and Terry, and Johnston halted near Smithfield to await developments. "With such a force it seemed impossible that he would be able to meet the combined strength of the three armies assembling at Goldsboro, but the result at Bentonsville had greatly elated his troops, and they resolutely awaited General Sherman's return to the shock of arms. 254 HISTOKY OP NORTH CAROLINA. 7. After so much bloodshed the end of hostilities, however, was near at hand. General Sheridan, with heavy cavalry re-iuforcements, having assailed the right flank of General Lee's defences at Petersburg, after hard fighting, succeeded in winning a decisive battle at Five Forks on the 28th of March. The loss of the six thousand Confederates made prisoners on that day was fatal to longer hold on the thinly-manned lines around the city that had been so long and iiobly defended. 8. On the morning of the 2nd of April, in the general assault, General Lee's lines were pierced in three places. General A. P. Hill was slain, and, at nightfall the doomed Army of Northern Virginia began its famous retreat. After incredible hardships, having fought their way to Appomattox Court House, the small remnant of the heroes who had for four years so dauntlessly held their ground against all comers, were enveloped in tlie masses of pursuing hosts, and, on April 9th, at the command of their beloved leader, they there laid down their arms. 9. General Lee was never greater or more loved or more reverenced than in the hour of his fall. He had not taken part in the struggle to gratify ambition or for love of war,- but in the ' eonscieutkjus discharge of sacred duty. Into that struggle North Carolina had sent more than a hundred and fifty thousand of her sons, and to them all he was ever the ideal of the soldier, the gentleman and the Christian. At his command they laid down their arms, returned to their homes and in time renewed tlieir allegiance to the United States. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the effect of the fall of Fort Fisher? 2. What occurred at Kinstoii? What was the size of General Jolin- aton'fl army ? ' 3. What great forces were marchingjigainst JohnBton 7 CONOLTJUING SCENES OF THE WAB. 255 4. Where was the first conflict between these armies? When was the battle of. Bentonsville fought 1 Point out Averasboro on the map. Ben- tonsville. 5< Can you tell something of the fight at Bentonsville? 6. What was done bv the Federal and Confederate commanders after this battle? 7. What occurred at Petersburg ? 8. How did the battle result ? What took place at Appomattox » 9. What is said of the great General Lee ? CHAPTER LXIII. CONCLUDING SCENES OF TEE WAS. A. D. 1865. When General Johnston oecame aware of General Lee's retreat, he was informed that his next duty would be to effect a junction of his forces with those withdrawn from Peters- burg. Id accordance with this object a movement was begun at Raleigh, April 10th. The army. Governor Vance accom- panying it, having passed the capital, ex-Governors Graham and Swain, accompanied by Surgeon-General Warren, met General Sherman at the head of his vast array a few miles from Raleigh and asked him to protect the city. 2. General Sherman and his accumulated army of more than a hundred thousand men entered the capital city on April 13th, and encamped near it. As the advance, under Gen- eral Kilpatrick, moved up Fayetteville street, a Con- federate cavalryman, Lieutenant "Walsh, of Texas, before his flight, halted near the State House and fired several times 256 HISTOEY OF NOETH CAEOLINA. at Kilpatrick and liis staff. His horse falling in his effort to escape, he was captured and taken before Kilpatrick, who ordered him to be immediately hanged. This outrageous order for the murder of a Confederate prisoner of war was speedily obeyed. 3. General Johnston was soon apprised of General Lee'a capitulation, and, after conference with President Davis at Greensboro, he resolved to end the war by surrender of his army. To this end, having communicated with General Sher- man, they met on April 18th, at the house of a Mr. Bennett, near Durham, and agreed upon conditions' of surrender, sub- ject to the approval of President Lincoln. Most unhappily for the Southern people, Mr. Lincoln never had an opportunity to express his opinion concerning this military convention; for he having just been assassinated at Washington by John Wilkes Booth, Andrew Johnson, the Vice-President, had become President in his place. 4. Mr. Johnson was a North Carolinian by birth. He had lived in Raleigh until he reached manhood and then emigrated to Tennessee, where he became a very prominent citizen. When the war came on he adhered to the Fede'ral side, and was very bitter and harsh in his hostility to the South. He was rewarded for his course by election to the Vice-Presidency of the United States in 1864. In the violent excitement which follov7ed upon the killing of President Lincoln, Mr. Johnson would not sanction the liberal terms of surrender which General Sherman had granted to General Johnston, although General Sherman had been in conference with the deceased statesman just previous to his death, and was follow- ing his directions as to the treatment of the conquered South. 5. Notwithstanding this refusal of the President of the United States to carry out the agreement of the military com- CONCl.rDING SCENES OF THE WAR. 257 missiohers, the army of General Johnston was surrendered at Greensboro on April 26th, 1865, and sent home on parole on like terms with the Confederate troops at Appomattox, 6. General Schofield was made military Governor of North Carolina, and his first ofiScial act was a proclamation declar- ing freedom to the slaves in the State. After two centuries of servitude, these people were at last delivered from their bondage. It is difBcult at this day to say who were the more blessed in this deliverance — the slaves or their masters. 7. It was a hard thing for men who had been reared in the South to realize that their principal property, guaranteed to/thera-, as it was, in the fundamental law of the land, was founded in injustice; and still harder was it to accept poverty on the strength of a sentiment. Human nature is selfish in all regions, and, that Southern men should have clung to their property is no more than what their opponents would have done had the circumstances been exchanged. It will be diffi- cult for posterity to understand what a mighty revolution in the domestic life of the people was involved in this single act of an army officer. Note.— In the State election of 1860 the total vote polled waa 112,586-- the largest that had ever been polled. North Carolina furnished to the Confederacy over 150,000 men, or quite as many soldiers as she had voters, during the four years of the war. The total number of troops furnished by all the States of the Confederacy was about 600,000, and it will be seen that North Carolina furnished one-fourth of the entire force raised by the Confederate government during the war. At Appomattox North Carolina surrendered twice as many muskets as did any other State, and at Greens- boro more of her soldiers were among the paroled than from any of her sister States. North Carolina's losses by the casualties of the war were largely over 30,000 men, — Our Living and Our Dead. 258 HISTORY OF NOETH CAROLINA. 8. The slaves had been h)oking forward with hope, since the beginning of the war, that freedom might be in store for them, yet alrao'-t all of them had remained in qniet subjection at their homes vhile the war was progressing. It seemed hard for them to realize, for some time, that they were at last the masters of their own movements. As a general thing, they continued qiiietly at labor on the farms of their former owners until the crops that were growing were complete in their tillage, or, as they expressed it, " laid by." 9. Governor Vance was soon arrested and imprisoned in the "old capitol" at Washington. President Davis was also captured and imprisoned. Mr. Johnson appointed Vance's late political antagonist, W. W. Holdon, Provisional Gover- nor, and, at the same time, removed from office every State and county official in North Carolira. For some weeks no officer with civil powers was to be seen, and to the commanders of the many Federal posts alone could the peaceful have looked for protection against violence and fraud. 10. No man ever had so great an opportunity for fixing himself in the esteem and afiection of the people as Governor Holden had during his administration as Provisional Gover- nor, and DO man ever so completely threw golden opportuni- ties away. Had he risen to the full height of a patriot, his name would to-day be a loving household word iq every sec- tion of the State. But he did. not, and such opportunities rarely occur twice to any man. 11. Hiscareer had not been an uneventful one. Of humble origin, he had, by dint of his own work and his own brains, carried himself to the control of the Democratic party in the State. He was not satisfied with th'e position of the editor of the chief organ of the dominant party, and the pecuniary profits CONCLUDING SCENES OF THE WAR. 259 that then resulted from such a position, but desired to lie made Governor of the State. He was defeated for the nomination by Judge Ellis before the Democratic State Convention at Charlotte, and from that period dates his downward career. He advocated the Douglas movement, and then supported Breckinridge and Lane. He voted for and signed the Ordi- nance of Secession, declaring he intended to preserve as an heirloom in his family the pen with which he attached his name to the ordinance ; and then he became the head and front of the Union element in the State during the war. At the close of the war, as we have seen, he was made Provisional Governor by President Johnson. 12. No man knew better than Governor Holden that on our side the war was entirely at an end when the troops laid down their arms, and that when the people of North Carolina renewed their allegiance to the Federal government, they intended to stand to it honestly and faithfully. None better than he knew that they desired nothing so much as to set themselves to the task of rebuilding their fallen fortunes. He knew, too, that they were well aware that before this could be done, civil government, with all its varied machinery, must be re-established, and that in all that was right and proper for a people so situated, they were ready to aid him in doing this. The returned soldiers, too, especially felt that of them some recognition was due for the honorable terms and respectful treatment accorded to them at Appomattox and Greensboro. 13. In sucli mood it would have been an easy task for a ruler who was both patriot and statesman to re-establish Fed- eral authority in North Carolina. It was simply impossible to punish all who had fought against the Federal government. It was quite as impossible to expect the many who had fought against it to take part in punishing the few. Amnesty and 260 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. oblivion on one side, renev/ed allegiance and strict observance of the laws on the other, plainly constituted the true solution of the problem. Unfortunately, the partisan prevailed over the patriot. Instead of granting amnesty and oblivion, treason was to be made odious and traitors to be punished. Instead of making the path easy back to the Union, it was constantly blocked up in. every possible way by both State and Federal authority. Of course an era of bitterness began, which the long imprisonment of Mr. Davis, the judicial murders of Mrs. Surratt and Henry Wirz, the protracted exclusion of the Southern States from all participation in the general govern- ment, and the harsh policy of reconstruction, daily served to intensify. QUESTIONS. 1. What movement did General Johnston attempt after the surrender of General Lee? What men met General Sherman's army in behalf of the city of Raleigh 1 2. When did Sherman's army reach Baleigh ? What event is men- tioned ? 3. What was done by Johnston after learning of Lee's surrender? What occurred at Washington City ? 4c. What is said of President Andrew Johnson ? How did he act con- cerning Johnston's surrender? S. When and where did General Johnston surrender ? ©. Who became military Governor of North Carolina? What was his first official act? What is said of the freedom of the slaves? 7. How is the question of slavery further considered ? 8. How had the slaves acted during the war ? How did they receive the news of freedom ? 9. What befell Governor Vance? To what office was W. W. Holden appointed ? What was the condition of civil affairs in North Carolina? 10. What is said of Governor Holden? U. Can you tell something of his life? 12o How should Governor Holden have viewed the situation ? 13.. What would have been the proper course to pursue towards North Carolina? EEPITTING THE T7KECBr. 281 CHAPTER LXIV. BEFITTING THE WRECK. A. D. 1865 TO 1867. When the bulk of the vast armies that had effected the overthrow of the Confederacy was marched northward and disbanded, the full extent of the ruin that had been wrought was at last realized. So many Federal troops had been col- lected in North Carolina that their subsistence and depreda- tions had consumed nearly all the food in the State, and the utmost scarcity was disclosed in broad districts contiguous to the line of march and occupation by General Sherman's great armies. 2. Grief for the ruined South, the desolated homes and slain kinsmen was further supplemented by the pangs of want and hunger. Famishing men and women were forced to solicit rations of the Federal officers. Aid was given gener- ally to needy applicants, upon their taking the oath of allegi- ance to the United States. 3. In the liberation of the slaves ruin was brought upon the banks and other fiscal corporations of ffie State, and, as a consequence, the endowments of the University and the col- leges were, to a great extent, forever lost. Even the large Literary Fund, by which the whole system of common schools was sustained, being invested in similar securities, also disap- peared in the general bankruptcy. 4. When the Provisional Governor had entered upon the discharge of his official duties, North Carolina was reduced to a small supply of cotton as the sum of her available means to 262 HISTOEY OF NOETH CAROLINA. discharge the current expenses of the new government, e.vA even that was seized by the agents of the United States, and to Governor Holden's appeals for its release, the Secretary of the Treasury and President Johnson proved deaf and inex- orable. 6. Judges Pearson and Battle were re-instated in their places of Supreme Court Justices, but Judge M. E. Manly was replaced by Edwin G. Reade, of Person. By orders from Washington, a proclamation was issued for an election of a Convention to restore the State to its former relations. This body met October 2nd, 1865, and selected Judge Reade as its president. Ordinances were passed repealing and declaring null and void the secession ordinances of May 20th, 1861, abolishing slavery and invalidating all contracts made in fur- tlierance of the late war, 1866. 6. In the same election, Jonathan Worth, of Ran- dolph, was chosen over Governor Holden as Chief- Magistrate. The State was apparently resuming its self-government, and was soon to show that some spirit was left in the people. They refused to ratify the ordinances of the late Convention by a decided majority; and, while accepting the situation and sub- mitting in all quietude to the authorities imposed, they were yet resolved to take no part in these constrained reformations. 7. The general government had been for four years declar- ing the Ordinances of Secession, passed- by the several States, null and void. It had been repeatedly announced that no State could thus sever her connection with the Union; but when the legally elected Senators and Representatives from North Carolina reached Washington, they found that this doctrine was reversed, and were told that they could not take part in national legislation until Congress should restore the Southern States to their lost privileges. BEFITTING THE WBECK. 26.'$ 8. In the Southern elections that were held, every man was required to take oaths of allegiance and for the support of the amended Federal Constitution. Some refused to attend the polls and a few left the country for foreign lands. A. vast majority were resolved to support the Union in good faith, but, unhappily, this was not so understood by the men who controlled at Ealeigh and Washington. They were impressed with the belief that only hostile sentiments actuated Southern white men, and, therefore, the proper policy was to confer political power upon the negroes, and in that way establish a new system of rule and social life in the Southern States lately in revolt. 1867. 9' This was a great and cruel mistake in policy. It was not only impossible of execution, but necessarily entailed trouble and suffering on both races thus put in antag- onism. It could not be expected that white people would quietly submit to the domination of negroes who had so recently been their slaves, even if such rulers had been equally intelligent and socially respected. When the race feeling was added to the late subjection and present iguorance of the negroes, it was the most futile and abortive scheme ever pro- posed in America, and was at war with all the precedents and spirit of the great Republic. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the condition of the State after the departure of Fedeml troops? 2. How were the people enduring mental and bodily 8uffering.7v 3. What had become of the various educational funds 7 4. What was the only means by which North Carolina could meet Ihe expenses of the State government ? What became of the email supply of ootton 7 B. What changes did Governor Holden make in the Supreme Court ? What orders did the Governor receive from Washington 7 What was ti'« work of the Convention ? 264 HISTOSY OF NORTH CAKOLINA. 6. Wha was chosen to succeed Governor Holden? What politicai opinions were expressed by the people in their votes? 7« What inconsistencies were observed in the management of affairs at Washington ? 8. How did the men of the South feel concerning the laws of Congress ? 9« How are the events of this period considered ? CHAPTER LXV, OOVERrtOR WORTH AND PRESIDENT JOHNSON. A. ». 1867 TO 1868. President Andrew Johnson, as has already been stated, was born and reared in the city of Ealeigh. He went to Ten- nessee after reaching manhood, and, though blessed with small advantages as to early culture, devoted himself to political life. He is said to have mastered the rudiments of education with his wife's help. His native ability soon gave hira posi- tion as a politician and eventually great popularity and control over the Tennessee people. 2. He soon relaxed in the severity of his feelings toward the late Confederates, and thereby incurred the resentment of the leaders in the party which had elected him Vice-Presi- dent. In the bitterness of the.mutual recriminations, between him and his late friends in Congress, there was, unhappily, evil to result to North Carolina and the South; for to the old resentments against the South was added a desire iu many men to thwart the President who had become their ally. 3. Governor Worth had ever been marked as a public man by the utmost devotion to the Federal Union. He bad coH' GOVBRNOB WOETH AND PEESIDENT JOHNSON. 26£ stantly opposed the doctrine and necessity of secession. He was now to show his wisdom and attachment for the State of his birth. As Governor, he was continually pressed to secure legal proteetion for the people against the interference of mili- tary commanders and courts-martial, which were constantly intruding upon the jurisdiction of the State courts. 4. The whole system of education in the common schools had perished in the loss of the Literary Fund. The Univer- sity still continued its ministrations, but with a diminished faculty and patronage. The colleges, male and female, belong- ing to the different religious denominations, were re-opened and generally were slowly regaining their former eiBciency. 5. Among the first enactments by the Legislature after the w^r, was the law allowing negroes to testify against or for white parties in courts of justice. This was a great change in our law, but was now necessary for their proteetion, as they no longer had masters to care for them. 6. The agriculture of the period was rapidly advancing in the perfection of its details. Concentrated fertilizers were coming into general use and tTie area of cotton culture was immensely expanding. The farms were about equally divided as to the style of their management. The best farmers still hired their "hands" and superintended the details of opera- tion in person, but many leased their lands to laborers and furnished the teams and supplies needed by the tenants. 7. Under the sensible and moderate rule then seen in the State, prosperity ffcemed rapidly returning, but as the United States Congress still refused to allow any representation in that body, there was great and increasing uneasiness as to the terms that would be finally exacted from the South in the proiposed reconstruction measures. 12 266 HISTORY OF NOETH CAROLINA. 1868. 8. Early in the year 1868 a convention, so-called, was held to frame a new Constitution under the Reconstruc- tion Act of Congress. The election for the delegates was held under General Canby's orders, and the returns were sent to him at Charleston. Upon his order the Convention met, and upon his order its delegates were seated and unseated. 9. In the latter part of April the Constitution thus framed was submitted to such of the people as were allawed to vote, at an election held as before, under General Canby's order, and by him, in Charleston, South Carolina, the returns having been sent to him there, declared to have been adopted. It is now generally known as the "Canby Constitution." In June, by order by te'egram from General Canby, Governor Worth, who had been elected Governor by the people in 1866, was turned out of his office and Governor Holdeii put in his place. The only authority for this and other outrages was the might of Federal bayonets. 10. The Legislature elected under the recently adopted Con- stitution met on the 1st of July, 1868. It was comprised largely of negroes and of men from the North who had lately come to North Carolina. These latter were popularly known as "carpet-baggers," and as a class were mere birds of prey who came here for plunder. As might have been expected, the legislation of such a body was both corrupt and injurious. Ignorant of the rfesources of the State, of its people and their necessities, it would have been a miracle almost, no matter how honest, had their legislation not been harmful. Unfortunately, there was added to gross ignorance the most unblushing cor- ruption and wanton extravagance. Many millions of debt, in the shppe of " Special Tax Bonds," as they were called, were attempted to be fastene of railroads, and cotton and other factories ■ were constantly being added. 3. Just previous to the outbreak of the late war the Masonic Grand Lodge of North Carolina had reared at Oxford a large and costly building, which was called "St. John's College," and was intended for the education of young men. In 1872 this building was devoted, by the fraternity that had erected it, to the education of the orphan children of North Carolina. This noble-charity was placed in the care of John H. Mills, who has abundantly justified the wisdom of those who were parties to his being chosen for so responsible a place. 4. This school, which educates so many who would other- wise grow up in ignorance and vice, is aided now by an annual RESUMPTION OP SELF-GOVERNMENT. 28.4 appropriation from the State and another from the Grand Lodge of Masons, but on individual contributions of the chari- table it is mainly dependent for its support. Perhaps no other charity ever so much enlisted popular sympathy in North Carolina, and none ever more richly repaid the unselfish con- tributions of the people. 5. At the period now reached the University had ceased to be attended as a college. Rev. Solomon Pool still remained its President, but the buildings were silent, and the famons seat of learning no longer held its proud position among American institutions. Meanwhile, the denominational col- leges were vigorously at work, and were receiving a larger patronage than formerly. 6. Among the female seminaries of the State a new and formidable rival for popular favor arose — Peace Institute, at Raleigh. This institution, like- the Orphan Asylum, had originated before the war^ but, during the years of strife the building was used as a hospital. It is controlled by the Pres- byterians, and under their excellent raanagemeat it has become one of the best appointed and most popular institutions in all the State. 7. In the nomination and re-election of General Grant as President of the United States in 1873, there were many inci- dents to show the alteration in Southern sentiment. The white men of the South, as a general thing, voted in thatcontest for Horace Greeley, of New York. He had been long identiiied with all the movements that were specially obnoxious to Southern people, and yet, after so many bitter differences in the fifty years past, the old leader of the Abolitionists became the nominee of the Democrats and received their votes for the Presidency. 284 HISTORY OF NOHTH CAEOLINA. 8. This strange course was said by tiiose who pursued it to be dictated by the desire on their parts to show that they did not harbor resentment toward old enemies, and were not now dis- affected toward the Union, but were willing for "the dead past to bury its dead," and vi^ell might they pursue such a course. With the close of the war had passed all reason for the exist- ence of another Republic. In the abolitit)n of slavery the States had become uniform in interest, and it was soon patent that it ought to need only a little, time to heal the breaches of tiie war and restore concord to the two great sections of the mighty American Commonwealth. 9. Unfortunately, however, the men who swayed the desti- nies of the country were more partisans than patriots, and sought to perpetuate the domination of their party more than the restoriitioo of peace and concord. 10. In the sober, second thought of the American people it is to be hoped that patriotism will prevail. That hatred and malevolence can continue indefinitely in the relations of the two grand divisions of the Republic, is as impossible as it would be unwise and wicked. Their destiny is too grand for the people of America to think of marring it by a continuance of strife. Year by year the traces of bjood disappear from the face of the land, and more closely grow the bands that make us a free and united people. QUESTIONS. 1. To wUat period had the people of North Carolina been looking for- ward since the close of the war? What acts had somewhat prevented the arrival of this state of a0airs? 2. What is said of political animosities and the general Drosperity of the State? Of towns and factories ? THE COTTON TRADE AND FACTOEIES. 285 3. What charitable institution had been opened by the Masons? Who was put in charge ? 4. What is said of the Ojrphan Asylum ? 6. In what condition was the University? What is said of other col- leges ? 6. Wh^t female school is now mentioned? 7. What political changes were seen in the Presidential campaign of 1872? 8. What was said to have dictated this course? What was the general position of the people since the close of the war? 9. What was the cause of sectional prejudices continuing to exist? 10. In what characteristics do the American people stand high ? Why should all sectional animosities be speedily removed ? CHAPTER LXX. THE COTTON TRADE AND FACTORIES, A. D. 1873. 1873. Previous to the introduction of Whitney's cotton- gins there had been much attention bestowed by the people of the State upon the cultivation of flax. This crop was never reared for exportation, but for family use at home. Few of the ancient spinning-wheels can now be found, but they were once abundant and the manufacture of home-made iinen was common in North Carolina. This was €ven more the case than is now the preparation of woolen fabrics upon the hand- looms of the families. 2. So soon as the lint cotton was«heaply separated from its seed, the great question of its universal use was solved. It 286 HISTORY OF NORTH CAEOlirNA, could be so easily produced that no wooien or linen faV cios could hope to compete with it in the markets of the worlc*. The good women of the State soon learned the economy ^f buying the cotton wai-p of the cloth wove at the farrn-hotiBef;, but it was long before even this common domestic neceeeity was prepared for use in the South. 3. The cotton-yarns were, until about 1840, almost all epuiQ in New England and bought by the merchants in the large cities when laying in their semi-annual supplies of goods for the retail trade. The purchase of slaves and the cultivation of cotton so completely absorl)ed the energies of our people that no one invested capital in anything else, except, perhapsi, some who preferred real estate for such a purpose. 4. But even before the civil war and the liberation of tht slaves there were wise men who urged the propriety and profit of cotton mills in the South. Since the war there has been an immense development of this industry, and now the sound of the loom and spindle may be heard throughout the State, Hundreds of persons are employed in a single one of the cot- ton miUs. n this way not only the wealth but the popula- tion of the section is increased by bringing in new settlers. The railways fmd added employment, and in some cases pri- vate residences are seen that are rural paradises in the beauty and comfort of their a|)pointments. There is, in some of the western counties, large capital invested in mills for the manu- facture of woolen yarns and cloth, from which satisfactory profits are realized. Another one of the important industries of the Stat^ is the manufacture of paper. The daily and weekly newspapers of North Carolina are now largely supplied with printing [lapers by the mills of the State. The first paper mill in North Carolina was erected near Hillsboro, in THE COTTON TRADE AND FACTOEIEa 287 1778; the second one was built at Salem, in 1789, by Gotleib Shober. 5. North Carolina haaever been slow to change in thehabits of her people. The ways of their forefathers always seem best to most of them until abundant exahiple has shown the wisdom of an innovation. Steam,however, is usurping a plaee in every species of labor and nmtion. The great seines of Albemarle Sound, the prinling-press, the cotton-gin and nearly everything else is now obedient to the tireless energies of this great motor. 6. When Nortli Carolina shall have developed her system of transportation so that the coal and iron mines ?hall be more largely worked, and when, as now in Vermont, not only cot- ton but woolen factories shall be found in every section where such staples are produced; then, and not until then, will the civilization of the State be complete. They who merely pro- duce raw material will ever be "hewers of wood and drawers of Water" to others who prepare such things for market. 7. Second alone in importance to the State at large, after the cotton factories, are those devoted to the handling and preparation of tobacco for the market. The western powers of Europe had, for many years, realized immense revenues by means of their imports and monopolies of the Virginia weed, before the government of the United States ever realized a dollar from all the vast production of ihisorop in the different States. So, too, in North Carolina, enterprise and capital had remained almost completely blind to the possibilities of the situation 8. Though great quantities of tobacco had been grown in many of the counties, and the soil and climate were suited to the production oF the finest and costliest grades, yet the farm 288 HISTORY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. ers were content to raise such as commanded bnt humble prices, and but a small proportion of this was prepared for use in the vicinity of its prodaction. In a few villages and on some of the farms were to be found small factories, which, with the rudest appliances, converted into plugs of chewing tobacco such portions of the crop of the neighborhood as could be probably sold from itinerant wagons. 9. These vehicles were sent to the eastern counties and even to portions of South Carolina and Georgia, to supply the farms and country stores. This traffic continued until the strong arm of the Federal government, by means of "Internal Rev- enue Laws," was interposed between the peddlers and their ancient profits. The bulk of the crop was sent, before this, to be manufactured at Richmond, Lynchburg and Danville, in Virginia. The fine brands of plug and all smoking tobacco used in North Carolina ^vere received from these cities. 10. If he who adds to the number of grass blades is a public benefactor, then the creators of new industries and towns may well claim consideration along with the warrior and statesman. In many towns and vast productions are modern States enabled to sustain the great and costly appliances of our new civilization. With the railroad and factory come popula- tion and those advantages that can never be enjoj'ed by the people who lack numbers and wealth. QUESTIONS. 1. What was a principle crop in North Carolina befure the cotton-gin was invsuited ? What 18 eaid of the cultivation of flax? 2. Why did the production of cotton so rapidly take the place of flax? 3. How did the people invest nearly all their means? 4. What can you tell of thoTarious cotton factories? 6. Why have not oiir people entered more largely into .this class of industry ? PROGRESS OF MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT. 289 6. What better future prosperity is yet to be attained by the State ? 7. What other great industry is now considered? 8. What had been the prodnotion in North Carolina? 9. What is said of the tobacco peddlers ? 10. What sentiment animates Ine people of Nortn Carolina? CHAPTER LXXI. PROGRESS OF MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT. A. B. 1876 TO 1878. 1876. In this state of advancement as to her n>aterial interests, North Carolina again became excited in 1876 over the choice of new men for Chief-Magistrates, both of the Republic and of the State. 2. After eight years of service as President of the United States, General Grant was retired to private life, and Gover- nor Brogden, who had succeeded Governor Caldwell upon the death of the latter in 1874, was also near the end of his ser- vice as Governor of North Carolina. No Gubernatorial elec- tion was ever more exciting to the State. It resulted in the choice of ex-Governor Z. B. Vance over Judge Thomas Settle of the Supreme Court. 1877. 3. In the complications which resulted in the seat- ing of Governor Hayes as President of the United States, there was such a change effected that the Federal army was no longer employed to uphold the reconstructed officials in Louisiana and South Carolina, and the people of those States, at last, were left to the management of their own affairs, 13 'AdO HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. With this consummation, so long and devoutly wished, came that peace and contentment to all sections which had been un- known since 1861. 4. The enormous increase in the amount and quality of cotton grown in North Carolina since the late war has been depend- ent upon the use of various fertilizers and other appliances of a better cultivation of the soil. The old habit of educated men, in committing their plantations and slaves to the manage^ ment of overseers, has been almost whoHy abandoned. Many individuals of the largest culture are now devoting their time and skill to the discovery of improved methods in agriculture, and North Carolina is .reaping a golden harvest thereby. 1878. 5. No employment, except agricnlture, exceeds in importance that of the merchant. North Carolina is shut off from foreign commerce by the sand barriers on the coast. Only at Beaufort, on Old Topsail Inlet, can be found such an entrance to internal waters as promises safety to the mariner who would approach with his deep-laden vessel. But, while this has precluded the possibility o^ great commercial activity in North Carolina, there has not been a lack of men, at any period of our history, to illustrate the dignity and importance of legitimate traffic. Cornelius Harnett and Joseph Hewes were as conspicuous for financial success as thtey were for patriotism during the Revolution. 6. With the return of peace to the belligerent States, North Carolina was commercially prostrate. The merchants and the banks were almost all ruined in the general impoverishment of their debtors. The supply of cotton which remained on hand at the cessation of hostilities was about all that had been left, in the general wrecks upon which trade could be again com- menced with parties at a distance. ' PROGRESS OF MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT. 291 7. Raleigh 'nad never been recognized as a trade centre. A few stores on Fayetteville street, between the State House and where the Federal building now stands, were the representa- tives of their class in the city. Cotton was very little grown in that region of the State, and no market for its sale had ever existed nearer than Norfolk and Petersburg. 8. But this state of things was not to continue. Numbers of young men, combining great energy and judgment with small capital, came to the city and began the work of expand- ing its trade and resources. It has not, like Durham, risen up in a few years from almost nothing, but so great a change has been wrought, that the story of its growth is one of the most striking incidents in the State's history. The extension of the railway lines has opened up new custom in many counties that had never previously dealt with merchants of the place. 9. The development of commerce and manufacture is the great hope of the " Old North State." The enterprise and capital of this and other communities are seeking opportunities of investment, and the day is fast coming when North Caro- lina will rival Pennsylvania in the varietj^ and excellence of her manufactures. The " Cotton Exchange " of Raleigh is aiding very largely in building up the business of the city to vast proportions. The quantity of cotton sold in Raleigh has been rapidly increasing annually since the war, and the receipts for the year 1880 amounted to over seventy-six thousand bakf=. In 1869 the entire product of the State was onlv one hundred and forty-five thousand bales. 10. In the towns and cities of North Carolina may be found a considerable number of Israelites engaged in the various branches of trade; and this class of our citizens has added no 292 HISTORY OP NOHTH CAEOLrNA. little to the general growth and material prosperity of the State. They have synagogues at Wilmington, Charlotte, Raleigh, Goldsboro and New Bern. 11. About the year 1878 the example of the Federal gov- ernment and that of certain Northern States induced the State Commissioner of Agriculture to establish a fish hatchery at the mouth of Salmon Creek in Bertie county. This establish- ment has hatched and liberated a very large number of shad and other varieties of fish, and valuable returns are seen in some of the rivers that have been in this manner replenished with this savory and abundant source of food. It has been satisfactorily demonstrated by Seth Green, of New York, and other naturalists, that fish which are spawned in fresh water and reared at sea almost invariably seek the place of their birth in the spring, when they reach maturity. 12. In addition to this artificial increase of the supply of fish, there have been large additions made to the means of their capture. The use of st^am in the handling of the long seines and the great weirs known as "Dutch Nets" have opened the way to an indefinite increase of the amount taken, while the use of ice and rapid transportation make it possible to deliver the fish fresh in the markets of the Northern and Western cities. 13. This trade is also supplemented in the same region by much attention to the growth and sale of vegetables. All the requirements as to position, soil and cli.-nate are abundantly filled by the counties with alluvial soils along the sea-coast. Heavy crops of Irish potatoes and garden peas are reared on the same land which, later in the year, supplies a second crop of cotton and corn. 14. In the same eastern counties the products of the farms have been increased by a large aod rapidly extending area PROGRESS OF MATERIAL, DEVELOPMENT. 293 devoted to the production of peanuts and highland rice. AVith the exception of a limited supply of the former article, grown above Wilmington, there was seen in other communities only a few small patches for the use of the family, but with no design of sale or shipment. In many eastern counties the fields of peanuts are, of late years, almost as numerous as those of cotton. The same history belongs to the highland rice. This great staple of human diet is rapidly becoming a favorite crop, and mills for its preparation are fast making their appear- ance in different localities. 15. Nowhere else in the State has there been so great an increase in trade as in the city of Wilmington. Many ships from foreign ports began to visit Cape Fear River, and, from different cities in other States, regular lines of steam packets w ere established, which greatly facilitated the means of com- n/.unication. 16. Repeated appropriations," but never in sufficient amount, were made from time to time by the United States Congress f(ir the improvement of Cape Fear and other water-courses in North Carolina. The closing of New Inlet is believed to be entirely efficacious in the effort to deepen the approach by way of the river's mouth. A stone barrier of great length and stability shuts off the flow of water, except past Fort Caswell, and the happiest results are already realized. 17. In the city of New Bern another shipping point of importance had been largely developed in the years since the ciose of the war. There, too, is the terminus of prosperous freight lines, employing many large steam vessels that yet ply regularly between Neuse River and cities beyond the borders of the State. A great trade in lumber and garden produce is improved by cotton and other factories, that add largely to the population and means of the city. 294 HISTOKY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. QUESTIONS; 1. How was the State excited in 1876 ? 2. What was the result of this election ? 3> What is said of the events of the past few years ? 4. How have the agricultural pursuits of the State been benefited? 6. What are the most important employments in a State? What are some of North Carolina's commercial advantages ? 6. What was the financial condition of the people at the close of the war? 7i What is said of Kaleigh as a trade centre ? 5, In what way did trade matters begin to improve at the capital ? 9. What else is said of North Carolina's commercial prospects? What advantage has Ealeigh derived from the Cotton Exchange? 10. What is said of the Israelites ? 11. What new enterprise was inaugurated in 1878? What have been the results of the hatchery ? What fact has been proven concerning fish ? 12. What is said of the improvement in the means of catching fish? 13. What other species of trade is found in the eastern counUes ? 14. What is said of the production of pea-niits? 15. Can you tell something of the growth and trade of Wilmington? 16. How has the navigation of the Cape Fear River been improved ? 17. What other sea-port city is now mentioned ? What is said of its commercial interetb ?- CHATTER LXXII. THE RAILROADS AND NEW TOWNS. A. 9. 1879. 1879. The Raleigh & Gastbn Railroad originally connected the two places that gave name to the route. It was necessary in reaching Raleigh from the Albemarle region to go to Wel- don, and then, by the Petersburg Railroad, the junction in Greenville county, Virginia, gave access by a shorJ liine to THE BAII'BOAI>S AND NEW TOWS8. 295 Gaston. It was not until about 185^ tfiflt the Haleigh & Gas- ton route was extended directly down the Roanoke River to Weldou. This was a great facility to both trade and tfft?el on this important line, yet twenty years elapsed in the progress of internal communication before this short link could be added. 2. A great trunk-line, extending east and west tErottgirtlre whole length of the State, has long been a favorite scheme of many statesmen in the effort to build up a sea- port at Beaufi;irt. But in the progress of the late war it became all-important to the Confederate government to tap the North Carolina Road at Greensboro, in order that troops and military freights might be speedily conveyed to Petersburg and Richmond by way of Danville. 3. The completion of the lines leading from Charlotte to Wilmington, from Charlotte to Statesville, from Baleigh to Hamlet, the Cape Fiear & Yadkin Valley from Fayetteville to Greensboro* and the Western North Carolina Roadf from Salisbury to Asheville, and the Paint Rock branch, have enor- mously increased the facilities for travel in the Staje.i lu addition to these lines, new routes from Jamesville to Wash- ington, from Rocky Mount to Tarboro, from Norfolk to Eliz- abeth City and Edenton, from Durham to Chapel, Hill^from Henderson to Oxford, from Goldsboro to Smithfield,*^ have also been recently added to. the railway system. 4. The road from Winston to Greensboro has resulted in the creation of a city alongside of ancient Salem which is in every respect thecompeer of Durham in the swiftness of its growth and the amount of its trade and manufactures. Winston, Durham 'and Reidsville have arisen almost like magic, and are expanding into such importance that Charlotte, Salisbury and 296 HISTORY OF NOHTH OABOLINA. Greensboro have all felt the consequences of their growth in trade and population, 5. The oily of 'Charlotte has greatly prospered and has beconae important f(ir its large trade and railway interests. Perhaps* nowhere else in the State have the citizens of a city shown greater enterprise. Its merchants, lawyers and editors have all won the respect and admiration of other communities, and have raised their city to such prosperity that it is now rapidly becoming a rival of Wilmington and Raleigh, and taking place in the front rank among North Carolina's empo- riums. 6. One of the most remarkable scenes ever witnessed in North Carolina was the famous centennial anniversary of the signing of the Mecklenburg Declaration, It filled Charlotte with thousands of visitors, among whom were the Governors of several States and many other distinguished American citizens. Ex-Governor W. A. Graham, Judge John Kerr, Governor Brogden and others delivered orations, and the citizen-soldiers of the State were gathered to do honor to an event " that had made Charlotte forever sacred to iiistory and song." Thia occurrence was, of course, on May 20th, 1875, and just one hundred years later, than the concourse ordered by Colonel Thomas Polk. 7. Fayetteville, Asheville and Statesville have also afforded remarkable instances of thrift and expansion in the busy latter years of our State's history. Asheville, besides being a favorite resort as a watering-place, supplements its sumiiler festivities with large numbers of visitors avoiding the rigors of winter months elsewhere. It is becoming a railway centre and is fast developing a large and lucrative trade. 8. The tendency toward the erection of manufactories and the recent influx of foreign immigrants are happy auguries for THE EAILROADS AND NEW TOWNS, 297 the eontinued prosperity and growth of towns in the State. The wondrous diversity of products of the soil, the extent of the forests and the richness of the mines, all combine to demon- strate the ease with whicli the success of other American States can be rivalled in our own. 9. Already the mountains have l)een pierced by the railway from Salisbury. Other lines from Virginia, South Carolina and Tennessee are being constructed, so that every portion even of the mountainous region will soon be within easy reach of the markets of the world. The Cranberry Iron ores, the matchless Mica quarries and the Corundum deposits are all being made available to commerce, and will realize valuable returns for the capital employed upon them. 10. Not the least remarkable among the new industries of the western counties is the collection and shipment of Ginseng and other valuable medicinal roots and herbs. A firm in StateS- ville have been, for years past, employing large capital in this business, which seems capable of indefinite extension. The preparation of dried fruits is another lucrative addition to the resources of the same region. 11. Years ago, attention was called to the fact that at certain elevations in the mountains there was no frost to be seen at any period of the year; and this immunity has been turned to valuable accountby the fruit growers, and now great orchards are found in many parts of the western counties, and ship- ments of very fine apples show the cultivation giveu to them. 12. North Carolina is not only the original habitation of the Scqppernon^ grape, but also of the luscious Catawba. This latter fine fruit, which has proven so valuable to the nurseries of Cincinnati, is at home in this latitude. IS. Yadkin county was, before 1860, famous for the pro- duction of a stronger beverage, derived from rye and corn. i!98 HIBTOBY OF NORTH CAROLINA. Since the war many distillertes have been carried on in the State, in spite of the governmenj: regulations that carry so many men as culprits to the Federal prisons. The offenders, known as " Moonshiners," are those who make and sell whisky without paying the United States for a license in the trade. These transgressors of the law have for years been hunted like Italian bandits or ferocious wild beasts, and. not unfrequently blood has been shed in defence of the hidden distilleries and quite as often in attacking them and their owners. 14. In February of this year the Secretary of State, Joseph A. Engelhard, died, after a brief illness. In the death of Major Engelhard, the State sustained a great loss. As a sol- dier he was faithful, capable and brave. At onee made a con- spicuous leader in the fierce struggles that followed the war by his control of a prominent journal, he proved ever courageous, far-seeing and of rare judgment. And to him, for the happy termination of those terrible struggles, the State owes a deep debt of gratitude that now, uphappily, she can repay only in honorable remembrance. QUESTIONS. 1. What is tlie subject of. this, lesson ,? What is said of the extenaion of the Raleigh & Gaston Bailroad? Go to the map and point out this road. 2. What favorite trunk-line har long been desired ? What rosd was specially important to the Confederate government ? Point out this road on the map. 3. What roads are^inentioned as having been recently completed? Point out these on the map. 4. What towns are now mentionedj ani wBatis said of their growth ? Locate them on the map. 5t What is said of the prosperity of the city of Charlotte ? 6. What is said of the centennial celebration at Charlotte? Whao did it occur 7 lilTBEATUBB AND ATTTHOES. 299 7. What mention is made of Fayetteville, Asheville and Statesville? Find these towns on the map. 8. What have been the causes of the rapid growth of the tov7na Ir . e Stqte? 9. What further prosperity is noticed? 10. What other industry is described ? Can you tell anything of this valuable production? (Teacher will explain). 11. What is said of the western fruit-growers? 12. What excellent varieties of grape are natives of North Caroihlii? What is said of the Catawba grape ? 13. What mention is made of the manufacture of stronger liquors? 14. What iitiils oScer died at this period? What is said of Ma^jtr Bngelhprc ? CHAPTER LXXin. MTEBATUBE AND AUTHORS. A. D. 1880. 1880. It would seem natural that the connection of Sir Walter Ealeigh with the history of North Carolina should have added to the. literary tendencies of a people blessed with SDOh a god-father. He was so full of genius and devotioc to letters that a special impetus ought thereby to have been given to the cultivation of a similar spirit among those who were lO inhabit the land of his love. But, though Hariot, Lawson, and quaint Dr. Brickell were moved by such a spirit, {}ie muses have not made the Old North State very remarkable in this respect. 2. North Carolina has always been, since its settlement, the home of some highly cultivated people, but all the while the 300 HISTORY OF KORTH CAROLINA. H^ass of the population Has possessed but little ktiowledge bt books. This fact has been a great discouragement to the pro- duction of authors. Professions are not eagerly sought when not encouraged by the sympathy and support of the public. 3. In the period just preceding the revolt from British rule Edward Moseley and Samuel Swann had been succeeded b_v men who possessed better literary opportunities and were more devoted to general culture than had been these two able and accomplished lawyers. Moseley, with every requirement, could never bring to any of his many controversies with Gov- ernor Poliok and others such flowers of rhetoric as Jijdge Maurice Moore lavished upon his famous " Atticus Letter." 4. That production was just such an attack upon Governor Tryon, for his conduct toward the Regulators, as, a few years, later, immortalized the English writer who is to this day only known by his signature, "Junius." When Judge Moore and his compeer, Cornelius Harnett, were growing old, William Hooper, Archibald Maelaine and the first James Iredell were young lawyersj who travelled to all the Superior Courts in the State and mingled belles-lettres largely with their inspections of Coke and the new lectures of Dr. Blackstone. 6. No man or woman then in North Carolina wrote bookif, as a profession, but the copious correspondence of that day, which yet survives, and upon which fifty cents, were paid as postage for each letter, proves that what was called " polite literature" engaged.much of their-attention^ They made fine speeches, and Judge Iredell wrote a law book and frequent dissertations fur the newspapers; but, beyond this and an occasional pamphlet, no literary tasks were undertaken. 6. Dr. Hugh Williamson was a man of similar habits. He was uot only a skillful physician, but served with credit as a LITERATUBB AND AUTHOES. 301 college professor and a member of the Convention at Phila- delphia which formed the Federal Constitution, and he was also a member of the United States Congress. After ceasing to be a citizen of this State, he undertook to write its history. but achieved very moderate success as an author. ,7. In the lapse of years, this task was again undertaken by Judge Francois Xavier Martin. He came from France when a boy, and practiced law for seventeen years at New Bern. His compilation of the statutes and history of North Carolina were invaluable labors, and will ever render him memorable io our annals. His dry statement of facts was generally cor- rect, and he fell into very few errors, considering that he Was the first to attempt anything like a full record of the State's history; and this was accomplished in his new home in Louisiana. 8. Joseph Seawell Jones was a remarkable man in many respects. He was brilliant in social life, and became well- known to the literary and fashionable circles of New York and Washington. His love for North Carolina was intense, and the "Defence of the Revolutionary History of the State of North Carolina" that he wrote exhibits both talent and research. His infirmities of temper impaired his judgment, hut his memory should ever be cherished in his native State for the services he rendered. After the gay scenes of his early manhood, he spent many years on a Mississippi plalitation. His last book was entitled "My Log Cabin in the Prairie." 9. Early in the present bentury the literary aspects of the State were brightened by men who had attended as students on Dr. Joseph Caldwell's ministrations at Chapel Hill. His tendencies were all so practical that scientific and mechanical development was more encouraged than lighter subjects, but 302 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. Hardy B. Croom, Joseph A. Hill, Judge A. D. Murphey and Rev. Drs. William Hooper and Francis L. Hawks were early distinguished for the elegance of their literary acquirements^ 10. Judge William Gaston left just enough literary memo- rials to cause us to regret. that he did not attempt more things of the kind. His ode to Carolina, and certain oratjons, will never be forgotten. Judge Robert Strange was also possessed of similar gifts. Pliilo Henderson, Walker Anderson and Abraham F. Morehead were largely gifted in poetic power. Each of them, at rare intervals, indulged in compositions that sliow what might have been accomplished had they been authors by profession and not mere literary amateurs. The State, while possessing a number of excellent musicians, has not produced many musical compositions of special merit; but the two songs, the "Old North State," by Hon. William Gaston, and "Ho! for Carolina," by Rev. William B. Har.- rell, will ever remain favorites with our people. 11. Colonel John H. Wheeler and Rev. Dr. Calvin H. Wiley have both executed tasks that will render their names household words for ages to come. The historical contribu- tions of the former are of the greatest possible value and are highly prized in every portion of the State. Rev. Drs. Hub- bard, Foote, Hawks and Carutliers, and e^i-Governors Graham and Swain have each been large contributors to the same cause. Rev. Dr. Charles F. Deems, Theo. H. Hill and the lamented Edwin W. Fuller added much to the fame of our writers. Professors Richard Sterling, William Bingham and Brantley York have contributed excellent educational text- books, which do great credit to the talentcl authors. The recent "History of Rowan County," by Rev. Jethro Rumple, is both pleasing and valuable as a tribute to our local tra- ditions. LITERATURE AND AUTHOSS. 803 12. In addition to the authors mentioned, there have been members of the Bar of North Carolina who have produced legal wotks of very great importance and value, not only to our own practitioners, but also to lawyers of other States. The most prominent writers of this class of literature were James Iredell, Edward Oantwell, Benjamin Swaim, William Eaton, Jr.,B. F. Moore, S. P. Olds, William H. Battle and Quentin Busbee, of former years; followed, in later times, by William H. Bailey and Fabius H. Busbee. These law books have been chiefly digests, revisals and manuals of practice. 13. Gifted women have not been wanting amid these liter- ary people. Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, Mrs. Cicero W. Harris, Mrs.- Mary Mason and Mrs. Mary Bayard Clarke have made valuable contributions to the literature of their era. In ffie case of Miss Frances Fisher, under the asstfmed name of "Christian Reid," a most signal success is to be chronicled. She has given to the press many excellent stories and estab- lished a national fame as a novelist. 14. North Carolina has produced many able newspaper editors. Joseph Gales and his two sons, Edward J. Hale, ex- Governor W. Yi. Holden, Joseph A. Engelhard, William J. Yates, P. M. Hale, William L. Saunders, S, A. Ashe, T. B. Kingsbury, R. B. Creecy, Dossey Battle, C. W. Harris and other gifted men have wielded a wide influence on the people of this State. QUESTIONS. Of wITat does this lesson treat ? 1. Who is the first literary man known to North Carolina? What is said of him ? What others are mentioned in this connection ? 2. What has been the general condition of literary matters in the State? Why have so few professional authors been seen ? 3. What is said of Samuel Swan*! and Edward Moseley? >. ho was author of the "Atticus Letter?" 304 HISTORY OP KORTH CAROLINA, 4. What mention is made of the " AtticHs" Letter ? " Who were the literary men of that period ? 5. What is said of the correspondence of that day ? What was th« extent of Judge Iredell's literary efforts ? 6. What is said of the attainments of Dr. Hugh Williamson? 7. What other historians are mentioned, and what is said of thera ? 8. Tell something of the labors of Joseph Seawall Jones. 9. What produced an improvement in literary affairs early in the ji/esent century? 10. What is said of the ode to Carolina and its author? What writers ax similar gifts are named ? What is said of musical compositions? 11. What is said of the literary efforts of Colonel Wheeler and Dr. Wiley? What other historical writers are mentioned' Who have con' tributed to the State valuable series of school books? 12. What members of the Bar have produced legal works of greai value ? 13. Can you tell something of the gifted women of the State? 14. What prominent editors has the State furnislied ? CHAPTEE LXXIV THE COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS. A. ». 1880. As was intended by the men who framed the Constitution of North Carolina at Halifax in 1776, the University of th'e State has long held the leadership of such institutions in the Commonwealth. The unfortunate and inexcusable interference rnf politicians with its management during the years of recon- struction only resulted in its temporary eclipse. The public refused it patronage when the new managers had installed a strange faculty in the seats of Governor Swain and his long- THE COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS. 305 honored coadjutors; but since the restoration of the ancient order of things, prosperity has returned both to the University and the beautiful village in which it is situated. 2. Many useful reforms have been accomplished in its cur- riculum and management. Perhaps never before wias seen such devotion to study and. compliance with the rules on the part of the students. The President, Dr. Kemp P. Battle, had been much identified with the institution, before assuming charge of its fortunes. His learning, combined with public experience, made' him a wise ruler of the literary community over which he was called to preside; and the excellence of the hew faculty is becoming every day more evident in the scholarship and bearing of the young men who are sent out from its halls. 3. Wake Forest College is the oldest of the sectarian col- leges of the State, and has long vindicated its usefulness among the Baptist churches. Its first intended end was the educatioo of young men for the ministry, but this has been largely augmented by the successes of its graduates in every other branch of human usefulness in our midst. The councils of the State, and the learned professions, have been greatly illustrated by men who laid the foundations of their success by diligent applieatioji to their duties while attending as students at Wake Forest. 4. In the recent death of Rev. Dr. W. M. Wingate, the iustitution lost a president who had given long and signal service; but, in his successor. Rev. Dr. T. H. Pritchard, perhaps even higher executive qualities are seen. Wake Forest catalogue has latterly contained about two hundred names of students, and, through the munificence of certain friends, the college has received haudsome additions ta the buildings and appliances. 306 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. ■5. Davidson College has also immensely developed in the last few years. Not only in increased patronage, bnt in the grade of scholarship a great advance has been achieved, so that few institutions in America afford higher and more thor- ough instruction than is now enjoyed by the young men who avail themselves of the advantages here oflFered. 6. The same things may be said of Trinity College, under the direction of Rev. Dr. B. Craven. The pulpits of the Methodist churches in North Carolina have long borne evi- dence of the literary and moral excellence imparted to the graduates, and in many respects the whole State has been benefited and elevated by contact with such men. 7. The female seminaries at Salem, Greensboro, Raleigh, Murfreesboro, Thomasville, Wilson, Kittrell, Oxford and Louisburg have also prospered in this era of general advance- ment among the North Carolina schools. Large numbers of young ladies from other States are sent to them for education, and, in the noble emulation thus evolved, admirable instruc- tion is obtained. 8. Among preparatory schools, that of Major Robei't Bing- ham, at Mebaneville, in Alamance county, is, by common consent, supreme in North Carolina, and perhaps in the South, not only in number of students, but in the excellence of tui- tion, discipline and drill. On the catalogue of this institu- tion will be found the names of young men from almost every State in the Union, and even some foreign countries are rep- resented. 9. Other similar institutions nave long flourished at Raleigh, Oxford, Greensboro, Kinston, LaGrange, Oak Ridge and elsewhere, and all of them are having a large influence for good upon the young men of the State. The Normal Schools THE COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS, 307 at Chapel Hill and other towns have been largely attended by teachers, and great. interest is also manifested in the graded schools. At no previous period has so much attention been bestowed upon matters of this kind by the people of North Carolina. 10. One of the most prominent of the graded schools in the State was organized at Raleigh in 1876, through the eiforts of Capt. John E. Dugger, and named the "Centennial Graded School." The great success of this institution has led the citizens of other towns in the State to establish schools of like character. There are now to be found flourishing graded schools at Salisbury, Fayetteville, Goldsboro, Wilson, Greens- boro, Charlotte, Wilmington, New Bern, Rocky Mount and Franklinton. Several towns also contain excellent schools of this- description for the colored people, and their effective- ness is rapidly becoming apparent. 11. Soon after the conclusion of the late war — in the month of December, 1865 — a colored school for both sexes was founded through the exertions of the Rev. H. M. Tupper, at the State capital, and called the "Raleigh Institute." On account of large donations from Elijah Shaw, of Massachusetts, and Jacob Estey, of Vermont, it was, in 1875, changed in name; the male school then became "Shaw University," and thefemale department was called " Estey Seminary." Spacious and well-built edifices were reared on diiferent portions of the grounds, and hundreds of colored pupils have been in attend- ance since its foundation. 12. In a different section of the city exists another seminary of similar character for the colored people, founded in 1867, by the Rev. Dr. James Brinton Smith. This is called "St. Augustine Normal School and Collegiate Institute." It has 308 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. been for some years under the charge of Rev. John E. C. Hmedes, and is under Episcopal patronage. Though not so largely attended as Shaw University, it is still of great benefit to the race it was intended to educate, and in this way is also a blessing to the community at large. Another excellent school for the colored people is located at Fayetteville, and others are to be found in various sections of the State. 13. Ever since the close of the late war, the colored people of North Carolina have shown a remarkable unanimity in their efforts to procure education for themselves and their children. In this desire they have been nobly aided by the v?hite men and women, and their progress has been rapid. It is the belief of all that only in enlightened public sentiment can sufety be found for our peace and liberties; and thus the State is doing all that can be effected for the culture and mental im- provement of all classes of its population. QUESTIONS. li What is this lesson about? What was the intent of the Halifax Con- ntitution concerning the University? What is said of this institution during the years of reconstructon ? When was it re-established? 2. How lias the University been benefited by its new managemant? 3. What is said of the success of Wake Forest College? 4:. Tell something of its management. 5, Give an account of the progress of Davidson College. a. What is said of Trinity College and its work ? 7. What female seminaries are now mentioned? What has beet) the rrault of their labors? 8. What have been the peculiar successes of the Bingham School? 9. Where are other fine schools for boys to be found ? What other snhools are mentioned ? 10. What is said of the graded schools? 11. Give an account of the Raleigh Institute for colored people? By what name is this institution now known ? CONCLUSION. 309 12. What is said of the St. Augustine Normal School ? Where are other excellent schools for the colored people to be found ? 13. What is said of the efforts of the colored people to secure education 7 How have they been aided in their efforts ? CHAPTER LXXV. CONCLUSION. A. D. 1881. In the financial prostration consequent upon the late war, a large debt was due from North Carolina to creditors who held the bonds of the State. That portion of these bonds which had been issued before the war was considered an hon- orable burden, that should be discharged by such payment as Drught be fixed by agreement between the State and the bond- holders. 2. In this way a compromise was effected, and new bonds have been issued, which embrace a large portion of what was honestly due from the State to her creditors. For those which were made in defiance of the terms of the Constitution, and appropriated almost entirely by dishonest officials, no provision has been made, and doubtless, will never be. 3. When, in 1876, the great quadrennial contest for the Presidency of the Union again recurred, it was rightly con- sidered one of the most momentous crises that had yet occurred ia American history. The great issue was as to the continuance of State governmentsi The recent h&bits of General Grant in his dealing with Southern Commonwealths had virtually 310 HISTORY OF NOBTH CAROLINA. ignored their separate existence. In tne strange and unprece- dented action of Congress that resulted in the seating of Gov- ernor Hayes as President, the Federal troops were withdrawn, and the people of the States left to administer their own affairs, and State governments were recognized. 4. Ex-Governor Vance was this year elected over Judge Thomas Settle to the Chief-Magistracy, as has already been stated. General M. W. Ransom and ex-Judge A. S. Merri- mon were sent to the United States Senate, in the place of John Pool and General J. C. Abbott. Through the efforts of our Congressmen, many needed appropriations by Congress have been secured to North Carolina, and their result is spe- cially noticeable in the great improvement of the ship chan- nels of the Cape Fear and other rivers. 5. Upon the election of Governor Vance to the United States Senate, February 8th, 1879, he was succeeded by Lieu- tenant-Governor T. J. Jarvis. The latter had served as a captain in the Eighth North Carolina Regiment in the late war, and subsequently, as Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives. Chief-Justice Pearson died in 1878, on his way to attend the session of the Supreme Court at Raleigh. W, N. H. Smith was appointed by Governor Vance as Chief- Justice in the place of Judge Pearson. At the next election by the people, Judge Smith, with John H. Dillard and Thomas S. Ashe as Associate Justices, was elected without opposition. Judge Dillard having resigned in 1881, Judge Thomas Ruffin was appointed his successor. 6. The public charities of the State have been enlarged and elevated in. their ministrations. The recent adoption of the. Orphan Asylum at Oxford as a recipient of the State's bounty, the erection of a colored Deaf and Dumb Asylum, the erec- CONCLUSION. 311 tion of an hospital for the insane of (he colored race, and the great building at Morganton for additional accommodation to white lunatics, are only a portion of the recent humanities inaugurated by the General A&'jembly. 7. Perhaps in no other resnect is so much physical improve- ment possible as in the development of the mining interests of the State. Capital from abroad is flowing Id, and from many counties fresh discoveries of minerail deposits are lead- ing to the establishment of companies and firms for the pur- pose of working such mines. No other State of the Union presents such a variety of these rich and beautiful gifts of nature. The recent discovery, in the western part of the State, of a new gem, called the " Hiddeiiite," is attracting gen- eral attention and increasing the influx of visitors to the romantic scenery of the mountains. 8. For years past, it has been evident to intelligent obser- vers that no bar exists to illimitable progression, both to North Carolina and the great American Republic, except in the senseless and cruel sectional hostilities. If the people, North and South, could only be induced to surrender .their mutual distrust and aversion, thereby would disappear the last dan- ger left to the American people. 1881. 9. God has blessed them year by year with over- flowing barns. They are already one of the most numerous and wealthy of all nations; and yet, with so many blessings, sectional hatred had become the ruling emotion in countless breasts. Amid such a state of afiairs, General James A. Gar- field became President of the United States. On the 2d day of July he waa shot down in Washingfam by an assassin. The news of this crime, when flashed over the electric wires, carried sorrow to the whole civilized world — and of all the 312 HISTORY OF KOETH CAROLTNA. cities of the Union, Raleigh was the first to express, by public meeting, the indignation of her people at the deed. In the weeks of the President's subsequent 'agony,as he lay battling with death, the hearts of the American people were strangely drawn together in the presence of this common national calamity. 10. When, on September 19th, it was announced thai; the long^ and painful struggle was ended, and the smitten states- man was at last eased of his agony by death, such grief was seen in all America as had never before been witnessed. In the presence of such a death all dries of dissension ceased to be heard, and every party md race united in the general mourning. ] 1. The people of North Carolina, with one accord, desire that such a spirit may continue to animate the American people. As they were the first of all the States to urge the independence of America, so may they ever be found sus- taining the Constitution and the Union that guarantee its perpetuity. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the State at this period ? Wiiat portion of this deUl was considered an honorable burden ? 2. How was a compromise effected in 1879? How does the State con- sider the unconstitntional debts ? 3. What is said of the Presidential contest of 1876 ? What was the great issue ? How had General Grant acted towards the Southern Com- monwealths? What followed the seating of Governor Hayes ?s President ? 4. V/hat changes h.ad been made in 1876 in North Carolina public officers? What appropriations from Congress has North Carolina received through efforts of her Senators? 6. Who succeeded Governor Vance.' Who became Supreme Couft Judges ? fi. What mention k made of the public charities ' CX3NCLTJSION. 31i! 7. What tends greatly to the physical improvement of the State ? What io laid of North Carolina's mineral wealth ? S. What has retarded the State's progress? 9. What was the condition of this sectional feeling during the late Frei-idential campaign? What calamity befell the country on July 2d, JS81 ? How did the news of this event affect the whole world? lOr When did President Gar&eld die? What are the concluding reflec- tions upon this great national calamity ? Ho What is the sincere desire of every true' North Carolina patriot? 14 APPENDIX. REMARKS. The Constitution of North Carolina is an important instru- ment to the people of the State. It contains all the funda- mental principles of our State government, and ought to be carefully read and studied by every citizen of North Carolina. In order that the boys and girls who study this history may more thoroughly understand the meaning and provisions of the State Constitution, a series of " Questions " has been prepared with great care by a distinguished citizen of the Commonwealth who is well acquainted with the subject. The pupils will become better informed on this subject if only short lessons are given to them for preparation. About one page of the text will be sufficient for a lesson if properly studied, and by this means a much greater amount of infor- mation will be retained than if larger space is rapidly pass«d CONSTITUTION STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. PREAMBLE. We, the people of ths State of North Carolina, grateful to AlraighHy God, the Sovereign Ruler of nations, for the preservation of the American Union, and the existence of our civil, political and religious liberties, and acknowledging our dependence upon Him for the continuance of those blessings to us and our posterity, do, for the more certain security thereof, and for the better government of this State, ordain and establish this Con- stitution : ARTICLE I. DECLARATION OP BIGHTS. That the great, general and essential principles of liberty and free goV" ernment may be recognized and established, and that the relations of this State to the Union and govternment of the United States, and those of the people of this State to the rest of the American people may be defined and affirmed, we do declare: Section 1. That we hold it to be self-evident that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pursuit of happiness. Sec. 2. That all political power is vested in, and derived from, the peo- ple ; all government of right originates from the people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of the whole. Sec. 3. That the people of this State have the inherent, sole and exclu- sive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, and of altering and atiolishing their Constitution and form of government when- ever it may be necessary for their safety and happiness; but every such right should be exercised in pursuance of law Snd consistently with the Cbi.atitution of the United States. ' 318 APPENDIX. Sec. 4. That this State shall ever remain a member of the American Union ; that the people thereof are part of the American nation ; that there is no right on the part of the State to secede, and that all attempts, from whatever source or npon whatever pretext, to dissolve said Union, or to sever said nStion, ought to be resisted with the whole power of the State. Sec. 5. That every citizen of the State owes paramoiint allegiance to the Constitution and government of the United Slates, and that no law or ordi- nance of the State in contravention or subversion thereof can have anv binding force. Seo. 6. The State shall never assume or pay, or authorize the collection of any debt or obligation, express or implied, incurred in aid of insurrec- tion or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; nor shall the General Assembly assume or pay, or authorize the collection of any tax to pay either directly or indi- rectly, expressed or implied, any debt or bond incurred, or issued, by authority of the Convention of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, nor any debt or bond incurred, or issued, by the Legislature of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, either at its special session of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, or at itc regular sessions of the years one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight and one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine and one thousand eight hundred and seventy, except the bonds issued to fund th6 interest on the old debt of the State, unle6.9 the proposing to pay the same shall have first been submitted to the people, and by them ratified by the vote of ~ majority of all the qualified voters of the State, at a regular election held for that purpose. Sec. 7. No man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or separate emolu- ments or privileges from the comfiiunity but in consideration of public services. Sec. 8. The legislative, executive and supreme judicial powers of the government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other. Sec. 9. All power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without the consent of the representatives of the people, is inju- rious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised. Sec. 10. All elections ought to be free. Sec. 11. In all criminal prosecutions every man has the right to be informed of the accusation against him and to confront the accusers and witnesses with other testimony, and to have counsel for hia defence, and CONSTITUTION OF NORTH CAROLINA. 319 not be compelled to give evidence against himself, or to pay coats, jnil fees or necessary witness fees of the defence, unless found gnilty. Sec. 12. No person shall be pnt to answer any criminal charge, except as hereinafter allowed but by indictment, presentment or imjieachraent. Sec. 13. No person shall be convicted of any crime but by the unani- mous verdict of a jury of good and lawful men in open court. The Legis- lature may, however, provide other means of trial for petty misdemeanors, with the right of appeal. Sec. 14. Excessive bail should not be required, nor excessives fines im- posed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted. Sec, 15. General warrants, whereby any oflBcer or messenger may be commanded to search suspected places, without evidence of tlie act com- mitted, or to seize any person or persons not named, whose offence is not particularly described and supported by evidence, are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be granted. Sec. 16. There shall be no imprisonment for debt in tliis State, except iu cases of fraud. Sec. 17. No person ought to be taken, imprisoned or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed or exiled, or in any manner deprived of his life, liberty or property but by the law of the land. Sec. 18. Every person restrained of his liberty is entitled to a remedy to inquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to remove the same, if unlawful ; and such remedy ought not to be denied or delayed. Sec. 19. In all controversies at law respecting property, the ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the best securities of the rights of the people, and ought to remain sacred and inviolable. Sec. 20. The freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of lib- erty, and therefore ought never to be restrained, biit every individual shall be held responsible for the abuse of the same. ^ Sec. 21. Tlie privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended. Sec. 22. As political rights and privileges are not dependent upon, or modified by property, therefore no property qualification ought to affect the right to vote or hold office. Sec. 23. The people of the State ought not to be taxed, or made subject to the payment of any impost or duty, without the consent of themselves, or their representatives in General Assembly, freely given, 320 APPENDIX. Sec. 24. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arras shall not be infringed; and, as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to lib- erty, they ought not to be kept up, and the military should be kept under Strict subordination to, and governed by, tlie civil power. Nothing herein contained sliall justify the practice of carrying concealed weapons, or pre- vent the Legislature from enacting penal statutes against said practice. Sec. 2-5. The people have a right to assemble together to consult for their common good, to instruct their representatives, and to apply to the Legis- lature for redress of grievance. But secret political societies are danger- ous to the liberties of a free people, and should not be tolerated. Sec. 26. All men have a natural and unalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences, and no human authority should, in any case -whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience. Sec. 27. The people have the right to the privilege of education, and it is the duty of the State to guard and maintain that right. Sec. 28. For redress of grievances, and for amending and strengthening the laws, elections should be often held. Sec. 29. A frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is absolutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty. Sec. 30. No hereditary emoluments, privileges or honors ought to be granted or conferred in this State. Sec. 31. Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free State, and ought not to be allowed. Sec. 32. Retrospective laws, punishing acts committed befoce the exist- ence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are oppressive' unjust and incompatible with liberty, wher.efore no ex post jaclo law ought to be made. No law taxing retrospectively sales, purchases, or other acts previously done, ought to be passed. Sec. 33. Slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than for crime whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and are hereby, forever prohibited within the State. Sec. 34. The limits and boundaries of the State shall be and remain as they now are. Sec. 35. All courts shall be open; and every person for an injury done liitn in his lands, gpods, person or reputation, shall have remedy ty due courseof law,and rightandjusticr administered without sale, denial or delay. 0UN9T1TUTION OF NORTH OAROIjINA. 321 8ec. 36. Nff soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house Mrithoiit the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war bnt in a manner pre- scribed by law. Seo. 37. This enumeration of rights shall not be constrned to impair or deny others retained by the people; and all powers not herein delegated remain with the people. ARTICLE 11. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Section 1.- The legislative authority shall be vested in two distinct branches, both dependent on the people, to-wit; A Senate and a House of Eeprcsentativea. Sec. 2. The Senate and Honse of Representatives shall meet biennially on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January next after their election; and when assembled shall Be denominated the General Assembly. Neither Hottse shall proceed upon public business unless a majority of all the members are actually present. Sec. 3. The Senate shall be composed of fifty Senators, biennially chosen by ballot. Sec. 4. The Senate Districts shall be so altered by the General Assembly, at the first session after the return of every enumeration by order of Con- gress, that each Senate District shall contain, as near as may be, an equal number of inhabitants, excluding aliens and Indians not taxed, and shaH remain unaltered until the return of another enumeration, and shall at all times consist of contiguous territory; and no county shall be divided in the formation of a Senate District, unless such county shall be equitably entitled to two or more Senators. Sec. 5. The House of Representatives shSll be composed of one hundred and twenty Representatives, biennially chosen by ballot, to be elected by the counties respectively, according to their population, and each cotinty shall have at least one Representative iji the House of ReprcsentativeSj although it may not contain the requisite ratio of representation ; this apportionmefit shall be n::-.de by the General Assembly at the respective times and periods when the districts for the Senate are hereinbefore directed to be laid off. 322 APPENDIX. Sec. 6^ In making Ihe^apportionment in the House of Bepresentati^es, the ratio of representation shall be ascertained by dividing the amount of the population of the State, exclusive of that comprehended within those counties which do not severally contain the one hundred and twentieth part of the population of the State, by the number of Representatives, less the numtier assigned to such counties ; and ia ascertaining the Dumt>er of the population of the State, aliens and Indians not taxed shall not be included. To each county containing the said ratio, and not twice the said ratio, there shall be assigned one Representative; to each county con- taining twice but not three times the said ratio, there shall be assigned two Representatives, and so on progressively, and then tlie remaining Repre- sentatives shall be assigned severally to. the counties having the largest fractions. Sec. 7. Each member of the Senate shall not be lesn than twenty-five years of age, shall have resided in the State as a citizen two years, and shall have usually resided in the district for which he is chosen one year immediately preceding his election. Sec. 8. Each member of the House of Representatives shall be a qnali- iied elector of the State, and shall have resided in the county for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election. Sec. 9. In the election of all officers, whose appointment shall be con- ferred upon the General Assembly by the Coostitutidb, the vote shall be viva voce Sec. 10. The General Assembly shall have power to pass general laws regulating divorce and alimony, but shall not havje power to grant a divorce or secure alimony in any individual case. Sec. 11. The General Assembly shall not have powerto pass any private law to alter the name of any person or to legitimate any person not born in lawful wedlock, or to restore to the rights of citizenship any 'person con- victed of an infamous crime, but shall have power to pass general laws regulating the same. Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall not pass any private law, nnless it shall be made to appear thirty days' notice of application to pass such a law shall have been given, under such directions and in each mannet-as shall be provided by law. Sec. 13. If vacancies shall occur in the General Assembly by death, resignation or otherwise, writs of election shall be issued by the Governor under euch regulations as may be prescribed by law. CONSTITUTION OF NORTH CAROLINA. 323 Sec. 14. Nn law shall be passed to raise money on the credit of the State, or to pledge the faith of the State, directly or indirectly, for the pay- ment of any debt, or to impose any tax upon the people of the State, or to allow the counties, cities or towns to do so, unless the bill for the purpose shall have been read three several times in each House of the General Assembly, and passed three several readings, which readings shall have been on three different days, and agreed to by each House respectively, and unless the yeas and nays on the second and third reading of the bill shall have been entered on the journal. Sec. 15. The General Assembly shall regulate entails in such manner as to prevent, perpetuities. Sec. 16. Each House shall keep a journal *f its proceedings, which shall be printed and made public immediately after the adjournment of the General Assembly. Sec. 17. Any member of either House may dissent from, and protest against, any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the public, or any individual, and have the reason of his dissent entered on the journal. Sec. 18. The House of Representatives shall choose their own Speaker and other officers. Sec. 19, The Lieutenant-Governor shall preside in the Senate, but shall have no vote unless it may be equally divided. Sec. 20. The Senate shall choose its other officers, and also a Speaker (pro tempore) in the absence of the Lieutenant-Governor, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor. Sec. 21. The style of the acts shall be: "The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact." Sec. 22. Each House shall be judge of the qualifications arid elections of its own members, shall sit upon its own adjournments from day to day, prepare bills to be passed into laws; and the two Houses may also jointly adjourn to any future day, or other place. Sec. 23. All bills and resolutions of a legislative nature shall be read three times in each House, before they pass into laws; and shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses. Sec. 24. Each member of the General Assembly, before taking his seat, shall take an oath or affirmation, that he will support the Constitution and laws of the United Stales, and the Constitution of the State of North Cam- Una, and will faithfully discharge his duty «s a member of the Senate or House of Representatives, 324 APPENDIX. Sec. 25. The ter^ms of office for Senators and members of the House of Representatives shall commence at the time-of their election. Sec. 26. Upon motion made and seconded in either House, by one-fifth of the members present, the yeas and nays upon any question shall be taken and entered upon the journals Sec. 27. The election for members of the Gep«ral Assembly shall be held for the respective districts and coiinties, nt the places where they are now held, or may be directed hereafter to be held, in such manner as may be prescribed by law, on the first Tliursday in August in the year one thuusund eight hundred and seventy, and every two years thereafter. But the General Assembly may cha:nge the time of holding the elections. Sec. 28. The members of the General Assembly for the term for which (hey have been elected, shall receive as a compensation for their services the sum of/our dollars per day for each day of their session, for a period not exceeding sixty days; and should they remain longer in session, they shall serve without compensation. They shall also be entitled to receive ten cents per mile, both while coming to the seat of government arid while returning home, the said distance to be computed by the nearest line or rente of public travel. The compensation of the presiding officers of the two Houses shall be six dollars per day and mileage. Should an extra session of the General Assembly be called, the members and presiding officers shall receive a like rate of compensation for a period not exceedins; Iwentv days. ARTICLE 111. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Section 1. The Executive Department shall consist of a. Garernor, iu whom shall bo vested the supreme executive power of the Stale, a Lien- tenant Governor, a Secretary of State, an Auditor, a Treasurer, a Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, and an Attorney-General, who shall be elected for a term of four years, by the qualified electors of the State, at tUe same time and place, and in the same manner as members of the Gen> e'ul Assembly are elected. Their term of office shall commence on the fi/r«t day of January next after their election, and continue until their sue- OONBTITUTrOir OF MORTJH CAROLINA. 325 oesBore Bre elected and qualified: Provided, that the officers firet elected shall assume the duties of their office ten days after the approval of this CoDstitution by the Congress of the United States, and shall hold their ofiSces four years from after the first day of January. Seo. 2. No person shall be eligible as Governor or Lieutenant-Governor, unless he shall have attained the age of thirty years, shall have been a citizen of the United States five years, and shall have been «. resident-of this iState for two years next before the election ; nor shall the person elected to either of these two offices be eligible to the same oSice more than four years ia any term t»f eight years, unless the office shall have been cast upon him as Lieutenant-Governor or President of the Senate. Sec. 3. The return of every election for officers of the Executive Depart- ment shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government by the returning officers, directed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who shall open and publish the same in the presence of a majority ef tlie members of both Houses of the General Assembly. The persons having the highest number of votes respectively shall be declared duly elected; but if two or more be equal and highest in vole for the same office, then one of them shall be chosen by joint ballot of both Houses of the General Assembly. Contested elections shall be determined by a joint ballot of both Houses of the General Assembly, in such manner as shall be pre- scribed'by law. Seo. 4. The' Governor, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall, in the presence of the members of both branches of the General Assembly, or before any Justice of the Supreme Court, take an oath or affirmation that be will support the Constitution and laws of the United States, and of the State of North Carolina, and that he will faithfully per- form the dttties appertaining to tlie office of Governor to which he has been elected. Sec. 5. The Governor eball reside at the seat of government of this State, and be shall, from time to lime, give the General Assembly informa- tion of the affairs of the State, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient. Sec. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, after conviction, for all offences (except in case of impeach- ment), upon such conditions !is he may think proper, subject to such regu- lations as may be provided by law relative to the manner of applying for pardons. He shall biennially communicate to the General Assembly each 326 APPENDIX. case of reprieve, commutation or pardon granted, stating the name of each convict, the crime for which he was convicted, tlie sentence and its date, the date of conjnjutation, pardon or reprieve, and the reasons therefor. Sec. 7. The officers of the Executive Department and of the public institutions of the Stale shall, at least five days previous to each regular session of the General Assemblj, severallj report to the Governor, who shall transmit such reports, with his message, to the General Assembly; and the Governor may, at any time, require information in writing from the officers in the Executive Department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and shall take care that the laws he faith- fully executed. Sec. 8. The Governor shall be Coniniander-in-C'hief of the militia of the State, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States. Sec. 9. The Governor shall have power, ou extraordinary occasions, by and with the advice of the Council of State, to convene the General Assem- b>y in extra session by his proclamation, stating therein the purpose or p'"irposes for which they are thus convened. Bec. 10. The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and ctinsent of a majority of the Senators elect, appoint all officers, whose oWces are established by this Constitution, and whose appointments are not otherwise provided for. Sec. 11. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be President of the Sen'ate, but shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally divided. He shall, whilst acting as President of the Senate, re.ceive for his services the same pay which shall, for the same period, be allowed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives; and he shall receive no other compensation except when he is acting as Governor. Sec. 12. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, his failure to qualify, his absence from the State, his inability to discharge the duties of his office, or, in case the office of Governor shall in anywise become vacant, the powers, duties and emoluments of the offi^ce shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor until the disabilities shall cease, or a new Gov- einor shall be elected and qualified. In every case in which the Lieu- IfrJiant-Governor shall be unable to preside over the Senate, the Senators sk-all elect one of their own number President of their body, and the powers, duties and emoluments of the office of Governor shall devolve upon him whenever the Lieutenant-Governor shall, for any reason, be pre- CONSTITUTION OF NORTH CABOLINA. 327 vented from discharging the dirties of such office as above provided, and he shall continue asacting-Governor until the disabilities are removed, or a new Governor or Lieutenant-Governor shall be elected and qualified. Whenever, during the recess of the General Assembly, it shall become necessary for the President of the Senate to administer the government, the Secretary of State shall convene the Senate, that they may elect such President. Sec. 13. The respective duties of the Secretary of State, Auditor, Treas- urer, Superintendent of Public Instruction and Attorney General shall be prescribed by law. If the office of any of the officers shall be vacated by death, resignation or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint another until the disability be removed or his successor be elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after the vacancy has lak«n place, and the person chosen shall hold the office for the remaindei of the unexpired term fixed in the first section of this Article. Seo- 14. The Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction shall constitute, ex officio, the Council of State, who shall advise tiie Governor in the execution of his office, and three of whom shall constitute a quorum ; their advice and proceedings in this capacity shall be entered in a journal to be kept for this purpose exclusively, and signed by the members present, from any part of which any member may enter his dissent ; and such journal shall be placed before the General Assembly when called for by either House. The Attorney-General shall be, ex officio, the legal adviser of the Executive Department. Sec. 15. The officers mentioned in this Article shall, at stated periods, receive for their services a compensation to be established by law, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the time for which they shall have been elected, and the said officers shall receive no other emolu- ment or allowance. Sec. 16. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him, as oceaeion may require, and shall be called i' the Great Seal of the State of North Carolina." All grants and commis- sions shall be entered in the name and by the authority of the State of North Carolina, sealed with the " Great Seal of the State,'' signed by the Governor -and countersigned by the Secretary of State Sec. 17. The General As,sembly shall establish a Department of Agri- GvUure, Immigration and Statistics, under such regulations as may hmt 328 APPEKDIX. promote the agilciiltiiial interests of the State, and shall enact laws for the adequate protection and encouragement of sheep hmhandry. ARTIC£E IV, .TtJDICIAL DEPAETMI.NT. Section 1. The distinctions between actions at law and snits in eqnity, and the forms of all snoh actions and snits, shall be abolished; and there shall be in this State but one form of action for the enforcement or protec- tion of private rights or the redress of private wrongs, which shall be denominated a civil action ; and every action prosecuted by the people of the State as a party, against a person charged with a pnblic offence, for the punishment of the same, sJiall be termed a criminal action. Feigned issues shall also be abolished, and tlio fact at issue tried by order of Court before a jury. Sec. 2. The judicial power of the State shall be vested in a Court for the trial of Impeachments, a Supreme Court, Superior Courts, Courts of Jus- tices of tlie Peace, and such other courts inferior to the Supreme Court as may be established by law. Sec. 3. The Court for tlie trial of Impeachments snail be the Senate. A majority of the members shall be necessary to a quorum, and tlie jndginenl shall not extend beyond removal fror-i and disqualification to hold office in this Stale ; but the party shall be liable to indictnient and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The House of Representatives solely snail liave the power of impeaching. Ko person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two- thirds of the Senators present. When the Governor is impeached, the Chief-Juslice shall preside. Sec. 5. Treason against tlie State shall consist only in levying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and. comfort. Nopeisnn shall be convicled of treason unless on tlie testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Ko conviction of trea- son or attainder shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture. Seh. C. The Supremi Court shall consist of a C'hief-Jnstiee ati»' two Associate Justices. CONSTrrUTION Of NORTH CAROLINA. 329 Sec. 7. The terms of the Supreme Court shall be "held in the city of Baleigh, as now, until otherwise provided by the General Assembly. Sec. 8. The Supreme Ck>nrt shall have jurisdiction to review, upon appeal, any decision of the court's below, upon any matter of law or legal inference. And the jurisdiction of said Court over "issues of fact" and "questions of fact " shall be the same exercised by it before the adoption of the Constitution of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eightj and the Court shall have the power to issue any remedial writs necessary to give it a general supervision and control over the proceedings of the inferior courts. Sec. 9. The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction to hear claims against the State, but its decisions' shall be merely recommendatory ; no process in the nature of execution shall issue thereon ; they shall be reported to the nejit session of the General Assembly for its action. Sec. 10. The State shall be divided into nine judicial districts, for each of which a Judge shall be chosen; and there shall be held a Superior Court in each -county at least twice in each year, to continue for such time in each county as may be ' prescribed by law. But the General Assembly may reduce or increase the number of districts. Sec. 11. Every Judge pf the Superior Court shall reside in the district for which he is elected. The Judges shall preside in the Courts of the diSerent districts successively, but no Judge shall hold the Courts in the same district oftener than once in four years; but in the case of the pro- J:racted illness of the Judge assigned to preside ^'n any district, or of any other unavoidable accident to him by reason ofwhich he shall be unable to preside, the Governor may require ^ny Judge to* bold one or more speci- fied terms in said districts, in lieu of the Judge assigned to hold the Courts of the said' districts. Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall hpve no prower to deprive the Judicial Department of any power or jurisdictibn which rightfully per- tains to it as a co-ordinate department of the government; but the General Assembly shall allot and distribute that portion of this power and jurisdic- tion, which does not pertain to the Supreme Court, among the other courts prescribed .in this Constitution or which may be established by law, in such manner as it may deem best ; provide also a proper system of appeals ; and regulate by law, when necessary, the methods of proceeding in the exer- cise of their powers, of all the courts below the Suprenje Court, so far as the same may be done without conflict with, o^ber provisions of this Cun- stitutioD. J:;30 A.PPENDIX. Sec. 13. In all issues of fact, joined In any court, the parties may waive tlie right to have the same deterniinerl by a jnry ; in whicli case the find- ing of the Judge upon the fads shall have the force and effect of a verdic' by a jury. Sec. 14. The General Assembly shall provide for the establishment of Special Courts, for the trial of misdemeanors, in cities and towns where the same may be necessary. Sec. 15. The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the Court, and shall hold his office for eight years. Sec. 16. a Clerk of the Superior Court for each county shall be elected by the qualifiea voters thereof, at the time and in the manner prescribed by law for the election of members of the General Assembly. Sec. 17. Clerks of the Superior Courts shall hold their offices for four years. Sec. 18. The General Assembly shall prescribe and regulate the fees, salaries and emoluments of all officers provided for in this Article; but the salaries of the Judges shall not be diminished during their continu- ance in office. Sec. 19. The laws of North Carolina, not repugnant to this Constitution, or the Constitution and laws of the United States, shall be in force until l*wfully altered. Sec. 20. Actions at law, and suits in equity, pending when this l^onsli- tDtion shall go into effect, shall be transferred to the courts having jurisdic- tion thereof, without iprejudice by reason of the change; and all such actions and suits coniFiienced before, and pending at the adoption by the General Assembly of the rules of practice and procedure herein provided for, shall be heard and determined according to the practice now in use, unless otherwise provided for by safid rules. Sec. 21. The Justices of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the quali. fied voters of the State, as is provided for the election of members of the General Assembly. They shall hold their offices for eight years. The Judges of the Superior Courts, elected at the first election under this amendment, shall be elected in like manner as is provided for Justices of the Supreme Court, and shall hold their offices for eight years. The Gen- eral Assembly may, from time to time, provide by law that the Judges of the Superior Courts, chosen at succeeding elections, instead of being elected by the voters of the whole State, as is herein provided for, shall be elected by the voters of their respective districts. CON8TITCTION OF NOETH CAKOLTNA. 331 Sec. 22. The Superior Courts shall be, at all times, open for the transac- tion of all business within their jurisdiction, except the trial of issues of fact requiring a jury. Sec. 23. A Solicitor shall be elected for each Judicial District by the qualified voters thereof, as is prescribed for members of the General Assembly, who shall hold office for the term of four years, and prosecute on behalf of the State, in all criminal actions in the Superior Courts, and advise the officers of justice in his district. Sec. 24. In each county a Sheriff and Coroner shall be elected by the qualified voters thereof, as is prescribed for members of the General Assem- bly, and shall hold their offices for two years. In each township there shall be a Constable elected in like manner by the voters thereof, who shall hold his office for two years. When there is no Coroner in the county, the Clerk of the Superior Court for the county may appoint one for special cases. In case of a vacancy existing for any cause in any of the offices created by this section, the -Commissioners for the county may appoint to tach office for the unexpired term. Sec. 25. All vacancies occurring in the offices provided for by this Article of the Constitution shall be filled by tbe appointments of the Gov- ernor, nnless otherwise provided for, and the appointees shall hold their places until the next regular election for members of the General Assem- bly, when elections shall beheld to fill such -offices. If any person, elected or appointed to any of said offices, shall neglect and fail to qualify, such office shall be appointed to, held and filled as provided in case of vacancies occurring therein. All incumbents .of said offices shall hold until their successors are qualified. Sec. 26. The officers elected at the first election held under this Consti- intion shall hold their offices for the terms prescribed for them respectively, next ensuing after the next regular election for members of the General Assembly. But their terms shall begin upon the approval of this Consti- tution by the Congress of the United States. Sec. 27.. The several Justices of the Peace shall have jurisdiction, under «uch regulations as the General Assembly shall prescribe, of civil actions founded on contract, wherein the sum demanded shall not exceed two hun- dred dollars, and wherein the title to real estate shall not be in contro- versy ; and of all criminal matters arising within their counties where the punishment cannot exceed a fine of fifty dollars, or imprisonment for thirty ^ays. And the General Assembly may give to Ju.stic«b of the Peace juria- 332 APPENDIX^, diction of other civil actions wherein the value of the property in contro- versy floes not exceed 6fty dollars. When an issue of fact may be joined before a Justice, on demand of either party thereto, he shall cause a jury of six men to be summoned, who shall try the same. Tlie party against whom judgment shall be rendered in any civil action may appeal to the Superior Court from the same. In all cases of a criminal nature, the party against whom judgment is given may appeal to the Superior Court, where the matter shall be heard anew. In all cases brought before a Justice, he shall make a record of the proceedings, and file *he same with the Clerk of the Superior Court for his county. Sec. 28. When the ofBce of Justice of the Peace shall become vacant otherwise than by expiration of the term, and in ca.se of a failure by the voters of any district to elect, the Clerk of the Superior Court for the county shall appoint to fill the vacancy for the unexpired term. Sec. 29. In case the office of Clerk of a Superior Court for a county shall become vacant otherwise than by the expiration of tho term, and in case of a failure by the people to elect, the Judge of the Superior Court for the county shall appoint to fill the vacancy until an electioo can be regularly held. Sec. 30. In case the General Assembly shall establish, «ther courts infe- rior to the Supreme Court, the presidirig oflScers and clerts thereof shall be elected in such manner as the General Assembly may from time to time prescribe, and they shall hold their offices for a terra not exceeding eight years. Sec. 31. Any Judge of the Supreme Court, or of the Su*erior Courts, and the presiding officers of such courts inferior to the Supreme Court,' as may be established by law, may be removed from office for mental or physi- cal inability, upon a concurrent resolution of two thirds of both Houses of the General Assembly. The Judge or presiding officer against whom the General Assembly may be about to proceed, shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least twenty days before the day on which either House of the General Assem- bly shall act thereon. Sec. 32. -Any Clerk of the Supreme Court, or of the Superior Courts, or of such courts inferior to the Supreme Court as ludy he established by law, may be removed from office for mental or physi'-al inability: the Clerk of the Supreme Court by the Judges of said courts, the Clerks of the Superior Courts by the Judge riding the district, and the Clerks of CONSTITUTION* OF NORTH CAROLINA. 333 aoch courts inferior to the Sapreme Court as may be established by law, by the presiding officers of said courts. The Clerk against whom pro- ceedings are instituted shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least ten days before the day appointed to act thereon, and tlie Clerk shall be entitled to an appeal to the next term of the Superior Court, and thence to the Supreme Court, as pro- vided in other cases of appeals. Sj!C. 33. The amendments made to the Constitution of North Carolina by this Convention Shall not have the effect to vacate any office or term of office now existing under the Constitution of the State, and filled, or held, by virtue of any election or appointment under the said Coiistitution, aad the >aws of the State made in pursuance thereof. AETICLE V. REVENUE AUD TAXATION. Section 1. The General Assembly shall levy a capitation tax on every ir-ile inhabitant of the State over twenty-one and under fifty years of age, which shall be equal on each to the tas on property valued at three hun- dred dollars in cash. The commissioners of the several counties may exempt from capitation tax in special cases, on account of poverty and infirmity, and the State and county capitation tax combined shall never exceed two dollars on the head. Sec. 2. The proceeds of the State and county capitation tax shall be applied to the purposes of education and the support of the poor, but in no one year shall more than twenty-five per cent thereof be appropriated to the latter purpose. Sec. 3. Laws shall be passed taxing, by u uniform rule, all moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stoclts, joint-stock companies, or otherwise; and, also, all real and personal property, according to its true value in money. The General Assembly may also tax trades, professions, franchises and incomes, provided that no income shall be taxed when the property fuom which the income is derived is taxed. Sec. 4. Until the bonds of the St:;te shall be at par, the General Assem- bly shall have no power to contract any new debt or pecuniary obligation in behalf of the State, except to supply a casual deficit, or for suppressing 334 APPEND rx. invasion or insurrection, unless it shall in the s.ime bill levy a special tax to pay the interest annually. And the General Assembly shall have no power to give or lend the credit of the Stale in aid of any person, associa- tion or corporation, except to aid in the completion of such railroads as may be unfinished at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, or in which the State has a direct pecuniary interest, unless the subject be pub' mitted to a direct vote of the people of the State, and be approved by a majority of those who shall vote thereon. Sec. 5. Property belonging to the State or to municipal corporatiohs shall be exempt from taxation. The General Assembly may exempt cemeteries, and property held for educational, scientific, literary, charitable or religious purposes; also wearing apparel, arms for muster, household and kitchen furniture, the mechanical and agricultural implements ot mechanics and farmers; libraries and scientific instruments, or any other personal property, to a value not exceeding three hundred dollars. Sec. 6. The taxes levied by the commissioners of the several counties for county purposes shall be levied in like manner with the State taxes, and shall never exceed the double of the State taxes,- except for a special purpose, and with the special approval of the General Assembly. Sec. 7. Every act of the General Assembly levying a tax shall state the special object to which it is to be applied, and it shall be applied to no other purpose. ARTICLE VI. SUrFBAQE AND ELIGIBILITY TO OFFICE. Section 1. Every male person born in the United States, and every mate person who has been naturalized, twenty-one years old or upward, who shall have resided in the State twelve months next preceding the election) and ninety days in the county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed an elector. But no person, who, upon conviction or confession in open court, shall be adjudged guilty of felony, or any other crime infamous by ^he laws of this State, and hereafter committed, shall be deemed an elector, unless such person shall be restored to the rights of citizenship in a raan^ ner prescribed by law. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide, from time to time, for the registration of all electors ; and no person shall be CONSTITUTION OF NORTH CAROLINA, 335 allowed to vote Without registfation, or to regiBter, without first taking an oath or affirmation to support and maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution "and laws of North Carolina not inconsistent therewith, Seo. 3. All elections by the people shall be by ballot, and all eleclions by the General Assembly shall be viva voce. Seo. 4. Every voter, except as hereinafter provided, shall be eligible to office ; but before entering upon the discharge of the duties of his office, he shall take and sdbsoribe the following oath : " I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and maintain the Constituiioji and laws of the United States, and the Constitution and laws of North Carolina not inconsistent therewith, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my office. So help me, God." Sec. 5. The following classes of persons shall be disqualified for office : First, All persons who siiall deny the being of Almighty God. Second, All persons who shall have been convicted of treason, perjury, or of any other infamous crime, since becoming citizens of the United States, or of corruption, or malpractice in office, unless such person shall have been legally restored to the rights of citizenship. AETICLE VII. MUNICIPAL COKPORATIONS. Section 1. In each county, there shall be elected biennially by the quali- fied voters thereof, as provided for the election of members of the General Assembly, the following officers: a Treasurer, Register of Deeds, Surveyor and five Commissioners. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the Commissioners to exercise a general supervision and control of the penal and charitable institutions, schools, roads, bridges, levying of taxes and finances of the county, as may be pre- scribed by law The Begister of Deeds shall be, ex officio, Clerk of. the Board of Commissioners. Seo. 3. It shalt be the duty 6f the Commissioners first elected in each oouaty to divide the same into ooDvenient districts, to determine the boundaries and preaoriba ths name of the said districts, and to report the 336 APPENDIX. same to the General Assembly before the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine. Sec. 4. Upon the approval of tlie reports provided for in the foregoing section, by the General Assembly, the said districts shall have corporate powers for the necessary purposes of local government, and shall be known as townships. Sec. 5. In each township there shall be biennially ejected, by the quali- fied voters thereof, a Clerk and two Justices of the Peace, who shall con- stitute a Board of Trustees, and shall, under the supervision of the County Commissioners, have control of the taxes and finances, roads and bridges of the townships, as may be prsceribed by law. The General Assembly may provide for the election of a larger number of the Justices of the Peace in cities and towns, and in those townships in Which cities and towus are situated. In every township there shall also be biennially elected a School Committee, consisting of three persons, whose duty shall be pre^ scribed by law. Seo. 6. The Township Board of Trustees shall assess the taxable prop- erty of their townships and make return to the County Commissioners for revision, as may be prescribed by law. The Clerk shall be, ex offioio, Treasurer of the township. Sec. 7. No county, city, town or other municipal corporation shall con- tract any debt, pledge its faitli, or loan its credit, nor shall any tax be levied, or collected by any officers of the same, except for the necessary expenses thereof, unless by a vote of a majority of the qualified voters therein. Sec. 8. No money shall be drawn from any county or township treasury except by authority of law. Sec. 9. All taxes levied by any county, city, town, or township, shall be uniform and ad valorem, upon all property in the same, except property exempted by this Constitution. Sec. 10. The county officers first elected under the provisions of thig Article shall enter upon their duties ten days after the approval of this Constitution by the Congress of the United States. Seo. 11. The Governor shall appoint a sufficient number of Justices of the Peace in each county, who shall hold their places until sections four, five and six of this Article shall have been carried into efiTect. Sec. 12. All charters, ordinances and provisions relating to municipal, corporations shall remain in force until legally changed, unless inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution. CON8TITTTTION OP NORTH CAROLINA. 337 Sec. 13. No county, city, town or othei- municipal corporation shall as- sume to pay, nor shall any tax be levied or collected for the payment of any debt, or the interest upon any debt, contracted dil^ectly or indirectly in aid or support of the rebellion. Sec. 14. The General Assembly shall have full power by statute to modify, change, or abridge any and all of the provisions of this Article, and substitute others in their place, except sections seven, nine and thirteen. ARTICLE VIII. CORPORATIONS OTHER THAN MUNIGIPAL. SeoTiON 1. Corporations may be formed nnder general laws ; but shall not be created -by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment^of the Legislature, the object of the corporations cannot be attained undo:- general laws. All general laws and special acts, passed pursuant to this section, may be altered fi*om time to time, or repealed. Sec. 2. Dues irora corporations shall be secured by such individual" lia- bilities of the corporation and other means, as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 3. The term corporation, as used iu this Article, shall be construed to include all association .ind joint-stock companies, having any of the powers and privileges of corporations, not possessed by individuals or part- nerships. And all corporations shall have the right to sue, and shall be subject to bo sued in all courts, in like cases as natural persons. Sec. 4. It ehall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for the organi- zation of cities, towns and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credits, so as to prevent abuses in assessment and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations. ABTICLE IX. BDUCAl'ION. Section 1. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary .to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means Of edu- cation shall forever be encouraged. 15 338 APPENDIX. Sbo. 2. The General Assembly, at the first session .under this Constitu- tion, ^hall provide by taxation and otherwise, for a general and uniforta system of public schools, wherein tuition shall be free of charge to all the children of the State between the ages of six and twenty-one years. And the children of the whiter race and the children of the colored race shall be taught in separate public schools; but there shall be no discrimination in favor of, or to the prejudice of either race. Seo. 3. Each county of the State shall be divided into a convenient num- ber of districts, in which one or more public schools shall be maintained at least four months in every year; and if the Ckjnimissioners of any county shall fail to comply with the aforesaid requirements of this sectiun they shall be liable to indictment. Seo. 4. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to this State, and not otherwise appropriate"! by this State orthe United States; also, all moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property, now belonging to any State fund for purposes of education; also, the net proceeds of all sales of the swamp lands belonging to the State, and all other grants, gifts or devises that ha' e been or hereafter may be made to the State, and not otherwise appropriated by the State, or by the term of the grant, gift or devise, shall be paid into tl.e State treasury ; and, together with so much of the ordinary revenue of the State as may be by law set apart fof that purpose, shall be faithfully appropriated for .establish- ing and maintaining in this State a system of free public schools, and for no other uses or purposes whatsoever. Sec. 5. All moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property, belonging to a county school fund ; also, the net proceeds from the sale of estrays ; also, the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures, and of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal or military laws of the State; and all moneys which shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, shall belong to and remain in the several counties, and shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintain- ing free public schools in the several counties of this State; Provided, That the amount collected in each county shall he annually reported to the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Seo. 6. The General Assembly shall have power to provide for the elec- tion of Trustees of the University of North Carolina, in whom, when chosen, shall be vested all the privileges, rights, franchises and endow- ments thereof, in anywise granted to or conferred upon the Trustees of said University ; and the General Assembly may make such provisions, laws CONSTITUTION OF NOKTH CAROLINA. 339 aud regulations from time to time, as may be necessary and expedient for the maintenance and management of said University. Sec. 7. The General Assembly shall provide that the benefits of the University, as far as practicable, be extended to the youth of the State free of expense for tuition; also, that all the property which has heretofore accrued to the State, or shall hereafter accrue, from escheats, unclaimed dividends, or distributive shares of the estates of deceased persons, shall be appropriated to the use of the University. Seo. 8. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Treas- urer, Auditor, Superintendent of Public Instruction and Attorney-General shall constitute a State Board of Education. Sbc. 9. The Governor shall be President, and the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be Secretary of the Board of Education. Sec. 10. The Board of Education shall succeed to all the powers and trusts of the President and Directors of the Literary Fund of North Caro- .Hna, and shall have full power to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to free public schools and the educational fund oi the State; but all acts, rules and regulations of said Board may be altered, amended or repealed by the General Assembly, and when so altered amended or repealed, they shall not be re-enacted ly the Board. Sec. 11. The first session of the Board of Education shall be held at the Capitol of the State, within fifteen days after the organization of the State government under this Constitution ; the time of future meetings may be determined by the Board. Sec. 12. A majority of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. SeC. 13. The contingent expenses of the Board shall be provided by the General Assembly. Sec. 14. As soon as practicable after the adoption of this Constitution, the General Assembly shall establish &nd maintain, in connection with the University, a Department of Agricnlture, of Mcehanies, of Mining, and of Normal Instruction. Sec. 15. The General Assembly is hereby empowered to enact that every child, pf sufficient mental and physical ability, shall attend the pnblic schools during the period between the ages of six and eighteen years for a term not less than sixteen months, unless educated by other means. 340 APPENDIX. ARTICLE X. HOKESTEAD AND EXEMPTIONS. fjECTiON 1. The personnl property of any resident of this State, to the value of five hundred doUarci, to be selected by snch resident, shall be, and is hereby exempted from sale under eseoution, or other final process of any court issued for the collection of any debt. Sec. 2. Every homestead, and the dwellings and buildings used there, with, not exceeding in value one thoueand dollars, to be selected by the owner thereof, or in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in a city, town or village, with the dwellings and buildings used thereon, owned and occupied by any resident of this State, and not exceeding the value of one thousand dollars, shall be exempt from sale under execution, or other final process obtained on any debt. But no property shall be exempt from C3le for taxes, or for payment of o'jligationa contracted for the purchase of caid premises. Sec. 3. The homestead, after the death of the owner thereof, shall bee:^- empl from the payment of any debt during the minority of his children or any one of them. Sec. 4. The provisions of sections one and two of this Article shall not be so construed as to prevent a laborer's lien for work done and performed for the person claiming such exemption, or a mechanic's lien for work done on the premises. Sec. 6. If the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow, but no chil- dren, the same shall be exempt from the debts of her husband, and the rents and profits thereof shall inure to her benefit during her widowhood, unless she be the owner of a homestead in her ewa right. Sec. 6. The real and personal property of any female in tliis Statei acquired before marriagej and all property, real and personal, to wfaicli she may, after marriage, become in any manner entitled, shall be and remain the cole and separate estate and property of sucli female, and shall not be liable for any debts, obligations or engagements of her husband, and may be devised and bequeathed, and, with the written consent of her husband, conveyed by her as if she was unmarried. Sec. 7. The husband may insure his own life for the sole use and benefit of his wife and children, and in the csez of the death of the husband, the amount thus insured shall be paid otcI* to his wife and children, or to (be CONSraTtlTION OF NORTH CAROLINA. 341 guardian, if under age, for her, or their own use, free from all the 'claims of the representatives of her husband, or any of his creditors. Sec. 8. Nothing contained in the foregoing sections of this Article shall operate to prevent the owner of a homestead from disposing of the same by deed ; but no deed made by the owner of a homestead shall be valid with- out the voluntary signature and assent of his wife, signified on her private examination according to law. ARTICLE XL PUNISHMENTS, PENAL IKSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC CHAEITIES. Section 1. The following punishments only shall be known to the laws of this State, viz.: death, imprisonment, with or without hard labor, fines, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under this State. The foregoing provisions for im- prisonment with hard labor shall be construed to authorize the employment of such convict labor on public works, or highways, Or other labor for pub- lic benefit, and the farming out thereof, where, and in such manner as may be provided by law ; but^no convict shall be farmed out who has been sen- 'enced on a charge of murder, manslaughter, rape, attempt to commit rape, or arson : Provided, That no convict whose labor may be farmed out, shall be punished fur any failure of duty as a laborer, except by a responsible officer of the State; but the convicts so farmed out shall be at all times under the supervision and control, as to their government . and discipline, of the Penitentiary Board or some officer of this State. Sec. 2. The object of punishments being not only to satisfy justice, but also to reform the offender, and thus preventcrime, murder, arson, burglary, and rape, and these only, may be punishable with death, if the General Assembly shall so enact. Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall, at ils first meeting, make provision for the erection and conduct of a State's Prison or Penitentiary, at some central and accessible point within the State. Sec. 4. The General Assembly may provide for the erection of Houses of Correction, where vagrants and persons guilty of misdemeanors shall be restrained and usefully employed. Sec. 5. A House, or Houses of Refuge, may be established whenever the public interest may require it, for the correction and instruction of other classes of offenders. 342 APPENDIX. S£o. 6. It shall be required, by competent legislation, that tlie structure and superintendence of penal institntions of the State, the county jails, and city police prisons, secure the health and~oomfort of the prisoners, and that male and female prisoners %e never confined in the same room or cell. Sec. 7. Beneficent provisions for the poor, the unfortunate and orphan being one of the first duties of a civilized and Christian State, the General Assembly shall, at its first session, appoint and define the duties of a Board Of Public Charities, to whom shall be entrusted the supervision of all charitable and penal State institutions, and who shall annually report to the Governor upon their condition, OTth suggestions for their improvement. Sexi. 8. There shall also, as soon as practicable, be measures devised by the State, for the establishment of one or more Orphan Houses, where des- titute orphans may be cared for, educated and taught some business or trade. Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as practicable, to devise means for the education of idiots and inebriates. Sec. 10. The General Assembly may provide .that the indigent deaf mutes, blind and insane of the State shall be cared for at the charge of the Slate. Sec. 11. It shall be steadily kept in view by the Legislature, and the Board of Public Charities, that all penal and charitable institutions should be made as nearly self-supporting as is consistent with the purposes of their creation. ARTICLE XII. Section 1. All able-bodied male citizens of the State of North Carolina, between the ages of twenty-one and forty years, Vvho are citizens of the United States, shall be liable to duty in the militia; Provided, That all persons who may be averse to bearing arms, from religious scruples, shall be exempt therefrom. Sec. 2. The General Assembly shall provide for the organization, arm- ing, equipping and discipline of the militia, and for paying the same wh«n called into active service. Sec. 3. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief, and shall have power to call out the militia to execute the law, suppress riots or insurrec- tional, and to repel invasion. CONSTITUTION OJ NOKTH CAROLINA. 343 Seo. 4. The General Assembly shall have power to make snob exenrp- tions as may be deemed necessary, and to eni.rt laws that may Le expedient for the government of the milkia. ARTICLE XIII. AMENDMENTS. Section 1. No Convention of the people of this State shall ever be called by tho General Assembly, unless by the conciirronce of two-thirds of all the members of each House of the General Aesembly, and except the proposi- tion "Convention" or "No Convention " be first submitted to the qualified voters of the whole State, at the next general election, in u manner to be prescribed l>y law. And should a majority of the votes cast be in favor of said Convention, it shall assemble on such a day as may be prtsoribed by the General Assembly. Seo. 2. No jiart of li\e Constitution of this State shall be altered, unless a bill to alter the same shall have been agreed to by three-fifths of each House of the General Assembly. And the amendment or amendments so agreed to shall be eubmittea- at the next general election to the qualified voters of the whole dtate, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. And in the event of tlieir adoption by a majority of the votes cast, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of the Constitution of this State. ARTICLE XIV. MlaOELI-ANEODS. Section 1. All indictments which shall have been found, or may here- after be found, for any crime or offence committed before this Constitution takes effect, may be proceeded npon in the proper courts, but no punish- ment shall be inflicted which is forbidden by this Constitution. Seo. 2. No person who shall hereafter' fight a duel, or assist in the same as a second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry a challenge therefor, or agree to go out of the State to fight a duel, shall hold any office in this State. 344 APPENDIX. Sec. 3. No money shall be drawn from the treasury hut in consequence of appropriations made by law-; and an accurate account of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be annually published. Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall provide, by proper legislation, for givirtg to mechanics and laborers an adequate lien on the subject matter of their labor. Sec. 6. In the absence of any contrary provision, all officers of this State, whether heretofore elected or appointed by the Governor, shall hold their positions only until other appointments are made by the Governor, or if the officers are elective, until their successors shall have been chosen and duly qualified according to the provisions of this Constitution. Seo. 6. The seat of government of this State shall remain at the City of Raleigh. Sec. 7. No person, who shall hold any office or place of trust or profit under the United States or any departmej.t thtreof, or under this State, or under any other State, or government, shall hold or exercise any other office or place of trust or profit under the authority of this State, or be eligible to a seat in either Honse of the General Assembly: Provided, that nothing herein contained shall extend to officers in the militia, Justices of the Peace, Commissioners of Public Charities, or commissioners fcr special purposes. Sec. 8. All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the third generatiop inclu- sive, ars hereby forever prohibited. QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION OF NORTH CAROLINA, PREPARED BY HON. KEMP P. BATTLE, LL. D. PEEeiDENT OF THE UNIVKBSITY OP NOHTH CAROLINA. PRELIMINAEY QUESTIONS. 1. When was the 6rst Constitntiim of North Caralinn adopted ? Ansmer. — On December 18, 1776. 2. When was it first amended ? Answer. — In 1835. 3. When was it again amended ? Answer,— In 1854, 1861 and 1865. 4. When was a new Constitution adopted? Answer. — In 1868. &. Was there not a Constitution adopted In 1866 ? Answer. — A new Constitution was adopted in 1866 by the Convention of 1865i-'66, but the people voted it down. 6. ITas the Constitution of 1868 been amended ? Answer. — Yes, it was partially amended in 1874, and greatly amended by the Convention of 1875. The. people adopted these amendments in 1876 — a hundred years after the adoption of the first Constitution. 7. Is there further amendment ? Answer. — Yes ; in 1880. 8. What is a Constitution ? Answer. — " The principle* or fundamental laws which govern a State." Another definition is: "The body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised." 0. Is the Constitution of North Carolina the highest lawf Answer. — No; the Constitution of (he United States, and the laws of the United States passed in pursuance thereto, are the supreme law. 346 APPENDIX. 10. Is the Constiliitioa of North Carolina higher than the Acts passed b/ the General Assembly ? Aniswer.— Yes; acts contrary to tne Consulution are null and void. 11. Who decides whether acts are constitutional and binding or not? Answer. — The Courts. 13. Give a simple explanation of the Constitution of North Carolina. Answer.— It is a written document in which the people of North Caro- lina have laid down their t)lan of government of the SiAte. It designates what officers are to make the laws, what officers are to interpret the laws, and what officers ars to enforca the laws. It lays down laws for the guid- ance of these officers. If any officer acts contrary to it he is liable to pun- ishmenti It is the organic or fundamental law — the foundation stone on which our State government rests. It guards and enforces the liberties of the people. If officers are allowed to disobey it, our liberties will be in danger. Hence every citizen should understand it, so that he may watch the officers and hold them to their duties. 13. Can it be changed ? Answer. — Yes ; the people of the State can change or amend it. The manner in which the people can change it is prescribed in the Constitution itself, 36 will be seen hereafter. 14. Can it be changed in any other way ? Amwer. — Yes ; if an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, contrary to any provision of the State Constitution, is made according to law. the latter must vield. PREAMBLE. 1. Who made the Constitution? 2. For what purpose was it made ? 3. Is there recognition of God in it? 4. For. what blessings is gratitude to God expressed? ABTICLE I. DECLAEATION OF EIGHTS. 1. For what purpose is this declaration made? 2. What fundamental truths are declared? Section!.* *NoTE. — Most of the language of this section is taken from the Deeloratioli of Inde- pendeDCe. QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 347 3. In whom is political power vested ? Section 2. 4. For what good is government inatituted? Section 2. 5. Who has the right to regulate the State governu'ient? Section 3. 6a Under what circumstances con the people change the form of gov- erninent ? Section 3. 7. Are the people under any restrictions in changing the form of gov- ernment ? If so, what? Section 3. 8. Has tlie State the right to secede from the Union ? Section 4. 9. Is the American Union a confederacy of States, or a nation of the people of the Slates 7 Section 4. 10. Is this State bound to prevent other States from seceding from the Union? Section 4. 11. Is our allegiance first due to the United States or to North Caro- lina? Section 5. 13. CSn the General Assembly or a Convetilit)n of the people releaie us from our primary allegiance to the United States? Section 5. 13. Can the State pay a debt incnrred in rebellion against the United States ? Section 6. 14. Can such a debt be collected in our courts? Section 6. 15. Dues this prohibition apply to past as well as future debts 7 Sec- tion 6. 16. Can the Stale pay for emancipated slaves? Section 6. 17. What debts are forbidden to he paid or assumed in any way unless by a vote of the people ? Section 6. 18. What majority must be had to sanction such payment or assuniji- lioo? Section 6. 19. la-there nft exception to this? Section 6. 20. Can this vote be taken at a special election ? ' Section 6. 31. By what name are most of the iwnds mentioned in the answer to juestion 17 known? Anaver. — Special Tax bonds. 22. Was this prohibition in the Constitution of liJ76 ? J^ngwer. No; it was inserted by amendment submitted to the i)eiiple by the General Assembly of 1879, and adoi)ted by the people in 18S0. 23. What provision in regard to exclusive emoluments and privileges? Section 7. 34. What provision in regard to the legislative, executive and jmlicinl branches? Section 8 348 APPENDIX. 25. Can the Governor or Jndges suspend laws ? Section 9, 26. Wlio can suspend laws ? Section 9. 27. What provision about election? Section 10. 28. What rights has one who is charged with a crime? Section 11. 29. If acquitted, does he pay the costs of his own witnesses, &c. ? Sec- tion 11. 30. What modes of prosecution are prescribed ? Section 12. 31. By whom must conviction be made ? Section 13. 32. Where must the verdict be rendered? Section 13. 33. What right has the Legislature in regard to petty misdemeanors ? Section 14. 34. Can those accused of petty misdemeanors be utterly deprived of right (if trial by jiiry ? Section 13. Answer. — No ; ihey must have right of appeal and thus getting a jury. 35. What provision about bail? About finesand punishment? Sec- tion 14. 36. What are " general warrants" ? Section 15. 37. Are they allowed ? If not, why not? Section 15. 38. What provision about imprisonment for debt? Section 16. 39. Repeat the section guarding the life, liberty and property of citi- Ken.'s. Section 17. 40. Kroui what great historical document is this section taken ? Answer. — From Magna Cliarta — wrested from King .John, A. D. 1215. 41. W^hat rights has one restrained of his liberty? Section 18. 42. Should he, have a speedy trial ? Section 18. 43. In law snits about property, what kind of a trial is declared best? Section 19. 44. What is said about trial ny jury in controversies about property ? Section 19. 45. What is declared about freedom of the press ? Section 20. 46. Can the press be lawfully used for libelous and immoral publica- tions ? Section 20. 47. What provision about the writ of Habeas Corpus? Section 21. 48. What do you mean by the " privileges of the writ of Wabeas Corpus " f Answer. — The right of one restrained of his liberty to be brought before ii Jud^e in order that the cause of imprisonment may be imjuiiecl into and he dealt with, according to law. QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION, 349 49. Mnat a man own property in order lo vote or hold oflSce ? Sec- tion 22. 50. Why not? Section 22, 61. What safeguard against improper taxation '>. Section 23. 62. Did the people claim this when we achieved onr independence of Great Britain ? Answer. — Yes; the denial of this right was one of the chief causes of the Revolutionary war. 63. Is the right to bear arms secured? Section 24. 64. What reason is gi*en why the' people should have this right? Section 24. 55. Are standing armies allowed ? Section 24. . 56. Why should they not be allowed? Section 24. 67. Which should be superior, the civil or military power? Section 24. 58. Can the practice of carrying concealed weapono be prohibited, and how ? Section 24. 69. For what purposes may the people assemble together? Section 25. 60. What is said of secret societies? Section 25. 61. What provision securing religious liberty ? Section 26. 62. What provision about education ? Section 27. 63. Why should elections be often held ? Section 28. 64. What is necessary lo preserve the blessings of liberty ? Section 29„ 65. What provision in regard to hereditary privileges, &c.? Section 30, 66. About perpetuities and monopolies. Section 31. (See Article II section 15). 67. What are ea;-/)os< /acio laws? Section 32. 68. Are they proper? Section 32. 69. What retrospective laws are forbidden '! Section 32. 70. Are all slavery and involuntary servitude abolished? Section 33 71. What not abolished ? Section 33. 72. What provision about the State boundaries? Section 34. 73. What provision about the courts? Section 35 and section 17. 74. What redress for injuries? Section 35 and section 17. . 75. How shall justice be administered?* Section 35. 76. How are householders protected from quartering of soldiers? Sec- lion 36. ■'KoTs — These words are from Magna Chai*ta. 350 APPENDIX. 77. Does the Declaration of Bights enumerate all the rights possessed by the people? Sectioa 37. 78. Who have the powers not delegated in the Constitntion ? Section '37, ARTICLE II. LEGISLATIVE DEPAETMENT. 1. How iu the legislative authority vested? Section 1. 2. VVh«D these two bodies meet according to law what is their joint rime? Section 2. 3. When is their regular meeting? Section 2. 4. How many members required in order to proceed to public business? Section 2. 5. What name is given to this maiority ? Answer. — Quorum. 6. How many Senators ? Section 3. 7. How chosen ? Section 3. 8. How often chosen? Section 3. 9. How are the Senate districts formed ? Section 4. 10. Who are excluded from the count ? Section 4. 11. When can a county be divided in forming a Senatiirial district? Section 4. 12. How are the members of the House of Bepresentotives chosen 'j Section 5. 13. What is the rule as to.countied not having a hundred-and-twentieth part of the population ? Section 5. 14. How is the apportionment of Representatives made ? Section 6. 15. What are the qualifications of a Senator? Section 7. 16. What of members of the House? Section 8. 17. How does the General Assembly elect officers ? Section 9 ; and Aitticle VI, section 3. 18. How do the people vote for Senators and members of the House? Sections 3 and 5 ; and Article VI, section 3. 19. What is the provision about divorce and alimony ? >Section 10, 20. What legislation is prohibited to the General Assembly? Sec. tion 11. (See Article V, section 1). QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTIOH. 351 21. How can the General Assembly paea private laws other than those tnentioned in sections 10 and 11 ? Section 12. 22. How are vacancies in the General Assembly filled ? Section 13. 23. What laws must be read three times in each House, on three sep- arate days? Section 14. (See Article V, section 6). 24. Must the names of the members voting be entered on the journal when these laws are passed 1 Section 14. 26. How must entails be regulated? Section 15. (See Article I, sec- tion 31). 26. What must be done with the journals of each House ? Section 16. 27. When can a member have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journal ? Section 17. 28. Who chooses the Speaker and other oflBcers of the Honse of Rep- reiientatives ? Section 18. 29. Who presides in the Senate ordinarily ? Section 16. 30. When has the Lieutenant-Governor the right to vole? Section 19. S%, What power has the Senate, independent of the House of Rep- resentatives ? Sections 20 and 22. (See Article IV, section 3). 32. When does the Senate choose a Speaker ? Section 20. In Article II, section 12, he is called President. 33. What is the style of the acts of Assembly ? Section 21. 34. What powers has each House- by itself? Section 22. 35. Can one House by itself adjourn to any future day, or other place? Section 22. 36> How often must hills he read before becoming laws ? Section 23. 37. What else must be read three times? Section 23. 38. Who signs these bills and resolutions ? Section 23. They must be signed in the presence of the Houses. 39. What are bills called after such signatures ? Sections 21 and 23. 40. What oath orafiSrmatioo must each member take? Section ?3. 41. When must he take this oath or affirmation ? Section- 24, 42. When do the terms of office begin ? Section 25. 43. When must the names of the members be entered on the journal ? Sections 14 and 24. 44. What is this proceeding termed ? Answer. — " Calling the yeas and nays." 45. What time is designated in the Constitution for holding the election of members ? Section 27; 352 APPENDIX. 46. Can the General Assembly change this ? Section 27. 47. Has the change been made ? Anewer—^YeB; to the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 48. What authority determines the places of voting ? Section 27. 49. What compensation do members receive, and how long? Sec- tion 28. 50. What mileage? Section 28. 51. What do the presiding officers receive? Section 28. 52. What provision about compensation daring extra session? Sec- lion 28, ARTICLE III. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 1. In whom is the supreme execntive power? Section 1. 2. Who. constitute the Executive Department? Section 1. 3. Who chooses these officers? Section 1. 4. How long do they serve? Section 1. 5. At what times and ptaces are the elections held ? Section 1. 6. When does their term of office begin? Section 1. 7. How long do they serve ? Section 1. 8. What are the qualifications for the offices of Governor and Lieuten- ant-Governor? Section 2, 8. Can they ever serve two tarms in succession ? Section 2. lO.. To whom are aH the returns of election sent? Section 3. H. To what post-office? Section 3. 12. Before whom are they opened and published ? Section 3. 13. Who must be declared elected ? Section 8. 14. What is done in case of a tie ? Section 3. 15. In such case liow do the Houses vote ? Section 3. 16. What must be done about contested elections ? Section 3, 17. Wivat oath does the Governor take ? Section 4. 18. Before whom taken ? Section 4. 19. Where must the Governor reside ? Sections. 20. What duties has he to perform in regard to the General Assembly? Section 5. QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 363 21. In what case can the Governor grant pardons, &c.? Section 0. 22. Can he pardon before the offender is convicted? Section 6. 23. Can he pardon one impeached ? Section 6. 24. What is tho Governor's duty in regard to pardons, &i-., after granted ? Section 6. 26. What officers report to the Governor ? Section 7. 26. What is done with these reports ? Section 7. 2T. Supposing the Governor desires information regarding tlie duties of officers of the Executive Department, what can he require? Section 7. 28. What is the greatest duty of the Governor? Section 7. 29. Who is commander-in-chief of the militia? Section 8. 30. Can the militia ever pass ont of his authority ? Section 8. 31. Under what circnmstanees can an extra session of the General Assembly be called ? Section 9. 32. Who nominates officers not otherwise provided for in the Constitu- tion? Section 10. 33. To what body are the nominations sent? Section 10. 34. Can the Senate reject the nominations. Section 10. 35. What duty has the Lieutenant-Governor in regard to the Senate? Section 11 ; and Article II, section 19. 36. Is he a Senator ? Answer. —No. 37. What is his compensation ? Section 11; and Article II, section 28. 38. Under v;hat circumstances does the Lieutenant-Governor assume the powers, &c., of the Governor? Section 12. 39. What is-done when the Lieutenant-Governor cannot preside in the Senate? Section 12. 40. Who succeeds the Lieutenant-Governor, and under what circum- stances? Section 12. 41. What is done if the Lieutenant-Governor loses the office of Gov- ernor during the recess of the General Assembly ? Section 12. 42. Who prescribes the duties of the officers of the Executive Depart- ment? Section 13. 43. What is donjB in case of a vacancy? Seetion 13. 44. TIow long does the officer so appointed hold his office? Section 13. 46. Who constityte the Council of State? Section 14. 46. What is done with their proceedings? Section 14. 47. Who is the legal adviser of the Executive Department? Section 14. 354 APPENDIX. AS, \yho establishes the compensation of these officers ? Section 15. 49. How is (tiieir independence secured? Section 15. 50. VVbat is the seal of the State called ? Section 16. 51. Who has charge of it ? Section 16, 53. In what name are grants of lands, Ac, issued, and how are they authenticated 1 Section 16. 53. In what n^anner are commissions to (ifBcers, &c., authenticated? Section 16. 54. What department besides those heretofore named must be estab- lished by the General Assembly ? Section 17. 55. What laws must be enacted 7 Section 17. AJJTICLE IV. JDDICIAI, DEPABTILENT. 1. What is done in regard to distinctions between actions at law and siiitt in equity ? Section 1. 2. Do the old forms of actions and suits remain ? Section 1. 3. What is the name of the form of actions in use? Section 1. 4. What is the name of the actions prosecuted by the State for a public offence ? Section 1. 5. What is done with feigned issues ? Section 1. 6. How is the fact at issne tried ? Section 1. 7. In what courts is the judicial power vested 7 Section 2. S. Can the General Assembly establish any courts ? Section 2. 9. What ia the court for trial of impeachments? Sections. 10. How many Senators must be present ? Section 3. 11. Who presides when the Governor is impeached? Section 4. 12. What sentence can the Senate inflict 7 Section 3. 13. Does the impeachment for a crime indictable in the courts prevent prosecution in the courts 7 Section 3. 14. Can n less number than thirty-four Senators convict on impeach- ment ? Section 4. 15. What is the least number which can possibly convict? Answer. — Two-thirds of a bare quorum — eighteen Senators. QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 355 10. What is treason against tlie State? Section 5. 17. Id what modes can traitors be eonpicled? Section 5. 18. Can the punishment be made to extend to forfeiture of land or giiods ? Section 5. 19. Can it extend to corruption of blood ? Section 6. 30. What officers constitute the Supreme Court ? Section 6. 21. Are they called Judges? Section 6, hut see sections 18 and 31. 22. Where are the terms of the Supreme Court held? Section 7. 23. What is the jurisdiction of this Court on appeals? Section 8. 24. What jurisdiction over issues and questions of fact ? Sections. 25. Over what courts has it control ? Section 8. 26. WhaS writs may it issue to effectuate this control ? Section 8. 27. What are some of these writs ciUed ? Answer. — Mandamus, Procedendo, Certiorari, Becordari, &c. 28. What original jurisdiction has the Supreme Court? Section 9. 29. Can the Court issne execution against the State? Section 9. 30. What is done with the decisions of the Court in such cases ? Sec- tion 9. 31. Is the General Assembly hound lo carry out the decision of the Court? Section 9; and Article I, section 8. 32. Into how many districts is the State divided by the Constitution if Section 10. 33. What chief town or towns in First District? Answer. — Elizabeth City, Edenton. In Second District ? Raleigh, Ne«v Bern. In Third District ? Wilmington, Goldsboro. In Fourth District? Fayetteville. In Fifth District? Greensboro, Durham. In Sixth District? Charlotte, Monroe. In Seventh District? Winston, Salisbuiy. In Eighth District ? Statesville, Morganlon. In Ninth District?. Asheville. 34. Can the General Assembly change the number of districts? See- lion 30. 35. How often in each county must the Superior Court be held ? Sec- tion 10. 36. Where shall be the residence of the Judge? Section 11. 37. Do the Judges preside always in the same district? Section 11. 356 APPENDIX. 38. How often can a Judge preside in the same district? Section 1 39. Is ihcre any exception to this? Section 11. 40. Can the General Assembly deprive the Judicial Department of i rightful powers, &c 1 Section 12; and Article I, section 8. 41. What is allowable for the General Assembly to do ? Section 12. 42. Does this power extend to the .Supreme Court? Section 12. 43. Can the General Assembly regulate appeals ? Section 12. 44. What power lias the General Assembly in regard to methods c proceedings ? Section 12. 45. Are parties in a law suit bolind to submit issues of fact to the jury Section 13. 46. What effect has the finding of the Judge in such case upon 8h fads? Section 13. 47. What dnty has the General Assembly in regard to courts for citie and towns? Section 14. 48. Can these courts be allowed to try capital cases and other felonies Section 14. 49. Who appoints the Clerk of the Supreme Court ? Section 15. 50. What is his term of office ? Section 15. 51. How is ihe Clerk of a Superior Court appointed? Section 16. 52. When is the election ? Section 16. 63. What is the term of office? Section 17. 64. Who prescribes the salaries, fees, &c., of Judges, Clerks, &c. Section 18. 66v How is the independence of the Judges secured ? Section 18. 56. What laws of North Carolina are in force ? Section 19. 57. Where may these laws be found ? Atishit. — Some may be found in the acts of Assembly, State Codes, &c. but bfesides these we have the " Common Law," inherited from our ances tors, not found in any statute book. 58. Where are the priacipJea of tlsfa " Common Law" to be looked for Answer. — In the reports of judicial decisions, writings of eminent law yers, &c. 59. Who can alter these laws? Article II, section 1. 60. What was done with actions and suits panding when the Conslitu tion went into effect ? Section 20. 61o How were these old suits to belie^rd and determined ? Section 20 ©So Wiio appoiotB the Justices of the Supreme Court? Section 21. QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 357 63. When does the voting take place ? Section 21. 64. What is the term of office ? Section 21. 65. How are Judges of the Superior Courts elected ? Section 21. 66. What is their term of office? Section 21. 67. Are they necessarily elected by all the voters of the State ? Sec- tion 21. 68. When are the Superior Courts open ? Section 22. 69. Is there exception to this ? Section 22. 70. Who elects the Solicitors of the Judicial Districts ? Section 23. 71. What is their term of office? Section 23. 72. What are their duties? Section 23. 73. Can a Justice of the Peace call on the Solicitor for legal advice? Section 23. 74. How are Sheriffs and Coroners chosen ? Section 24. 75. What is the term of office? Section 24. 76. Who elects Constables ? Section 24. 77. What are their terms of office ? Section 24. '78. Suppose there is no Coroner and one is needed, what is done? Section 24. 79. Who may fill vacancies in the oftice-s of Sheriff, Coroner and Con- stable? Section 24. 80. Who fills vacancies in offices created under this Article not spe- edily provided for ? Section 25. 81. How long do Judges, &c., so appointed, hold office ? Section 25. 82. Suppose no election is held for such offices ? Section 25. 83. Suppose those elected refuse to qualify ? Section 25. 84. Suppose successors do not qualify ? Section 25. 86. Is section 26 obsolete ? 86. What jurisdiction have Justices of the Peace over civil actions? Section 27. 87. Suppose the title to land is m question ? Section 27. 88. Suppose the action is not founded on contract, where is it to be tried? Section 27. 89. Of what criminal matters have they jurisdiction ? Section 27. 90. Who has power to regulate the fines and imprisonments ? Answer. — The General Assembly. 91. Can the General Assembly give jurisdiction to Justices of the Peace over any other mattere whatever ? Section 27. 358 APPENDIX. 93. Suppose an issue of fact is joined before a justice, can he decide it? Section 27. 93. Suppose either party demands a jury ? Section 27. 94. Is not this provision for a jury of six violating Article I, section 19? Answer. — N,o ; right of appeal is allowed,- Section 27. 95. Is appeal allowed in criminal cases also ? Section 27. 96. Must the Justice write down the proceedings? Section 27. 97. What must he do with the record? Section 27. 98. Who fills vacancies in the office of Justice of the Peace ? Sec- tion 28. 99. Who fills vacancies in the office of the Superior Court Clerk ? Section 29 100. Supposing the General Assembly to establish other courts, who chooses the Judges and other officers ? Section SO. 101. What is their term of office? Section 30. 102. For what may Judges be removed ? Section 31. 103. What vote is necessary ? Section 31. 104. What notice tnusit be given ? Section 31. 105. Supposing two-thirds of one House, and a majority not two-thirds oO'the other House, vote for removal, what is the result? Section 31 106. For what can Clerks of Courts be removed ? Section 31 107. Who have the power of removal ? Section 3' 108. What notice must Clerks have of proceedings against them? Sec- >ion 31. 109. Can the Clerks of the Courts inferior to ttie Supreme Court appeal? Section 32. 110. Is section 33 obsolete ? AETICLE V. BEVENITE AND TAXATION. 1. What IB another name for "capitation tax" ? Amwcr.—" Poll tax," 2, la the General AMenibly bound to levy anoli tax? Section 1. So On whom must It be levied ? Bection 1. QUESTIONS ON THE) OOHSfrTOTIOF. 359 4. To what amoQDt tnuel it be equal ? Section 1. & What is the masimum oapitation t&s uadea this section 7 Section 1- ©. What iu the masiiuuin property tas 7 ^Tisioe)-, — Sixty-six and two-thirds centa on tiie one hundred dollars valu- ation. 7. What is the object of the " eqnation of taxes " 7 ATistner. — To protect property from excessive taxation by thoss ««wniiig no property, and vice versa. 8. Who can exempt from capitation tax, and for what reaaoa ? Sec- tion 1. 9. To what purpose must the capitation tax be applied 7 Section 2- 10. What is the maximum amount which can he-applied to the support of the poor 7 Section 2. 11. How. must property be taxed '! Section 3. 12. What has the General Assembly power, to tax v/ithoui being com- pelled to do BO 7 Section 3. 13. Can the income of a farmer from his lands be taxed 7 Hection 3. lie What provisions in regard to contracting new debts 7 Section 4. 15. Is the special tax to be levied when the bonds of the State are at par 7 Section 4. IG. Supposing the bonds are not at par, in what cases are the bpecial taxes not required 7 Section 4. 17. What is necessary before the General Assembly can give t-r lend the credit of the State to individuals or corporations 7 Section 4. 18. What exception to the general rule 7 Section 4. lO. Does it require a majority of all the qualified voters to sanction such loan? Section 4. SO. Can the General Assembly take stock in a corporation and pay fur tlie same by bonds of the State actepted at par ? Section 4. (The Supreme Court tsavB they cannot). 31, What property the General Assembly cannot tiix 7 Section 5. 22. What property does the General Assembly have power to exempt loan unlimited extent? Section 5. 23» What property to a limited iimount only 7 Section ■'5. 24. What is the limit 7 .Section 5. 25, In what mode are county taxes to be levied 7 Section 5. 36. What in the limit of„coiiniy liixatiim for general purposes? Sec- tion 6, 360 APPENDIX. 27. Supposing the county desires to exceed this limit for a special pur- pose ? Section 6. 2S. What must be observed in levying tax acts, i. e., "Revenue Acts "7 Section 7. 29, Can tax money raised for one purpose be used for another ? Sec- tion 7. ARTICLE Vr. SUFFRAGE AND ELIGIBILITY TO OFFICE. 1. State the qualifications of an elector, i. e., a voter. Section 1. 2. What exception to this rule? Section 1. 3. Does the mere commission of an infamous crime disqualify ? Sec- ti(m 1. 4. What authority lays down the rule for restoration to rights of citi- zenship? Section 1. 5. What step is requisite preliminary to voting? Section 2. €>. What oath is necessary to registration ? ' Section 2. 7. What authority provides rules for registration ? Section 2, S. How do the people vote? Section 3. 9. How do members of the General Assembly vote in elections of offi- cers ? Section 3; and Article II, section 9. 10. What is the general rule as to qualifications for holding office? Section 4. 11. What oath does the officer take? Section 4. 12. What persons are disqualified ? Section 4. 13. Does mere disbelief in an Almighty God disqualify, if such disbe- lief be not expressed? Answer. — No ; the word " deny " is held to mean assertion of disbelief by word, writing or otherwise. (See Article I, section 26)- QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 361 AETICLE VII. MUNICIPAL CORPOBATIONS. [Note.— By authority conferred in section 14 of this Article the General Assembly has materially changed its provisions (Laws of 1876-'77, chapter 141). The attention of the pupil will be called to the moat important of these changes.] 1. What county officers are to be elected? Section 1. By act of 1876-'77, chaper 141, section 5, the Justices of the Peace elect three, four or five County Commisaioners. The Justices may abolish the office bf County Treasurer, and then the Sheriff takes his place. 2. How often and when does the election take place ? Section 1. 3. What are the duties of the County Commissioners by the Constitu- tion? Section 2. 4. How is this changed by act of 1 876-77, chapter 141? Answer. — By this act, section 5, the Commissioners cannot levy taxes, purchase land, remove or designate new sites for county buildings, con- tract or repair bridges, if the cost maylbe over $500, or borrow money, or alter, or make additional townships, without the concurrence of a majority of the Justices of the Peace sitting with them Moreover, by the same act the Board of County Commissioners have the powers of the Township Trustees. Section 6. 5. Who is Clerk of the Board of Commissioners? Section 2. 6. What duty did the Commissioners of 1868 have? Sectiop 3. 7. Wh*dt is the name of the districts £0 formed? Section 4. 8« What powers did they have, and for what purpose? Section 4. By act of 1876-77, chapter 141, section 3, these powers are to be under supervision of the Board of County Commissioners ; and the said Board can alter boundaries of said townships and create additional ones. 9. Who constituted the Board of Trustees of the Township by the Con- stitution, and by whom and when were they to Be chosen ? Section 5. 10. How is this by act of 1876-77, chapter 141? Afiewer. — By act of 1876-77, chapter 141, the General Assembly appoints threp Justices for each township, who are divided in three classes and hold their offices for two, fonr and six years, but the successors of each cla.ies of Peterman's Elements of Civil Government will be sent prepaid to any address^ on receipt of the price, by the Publishers: American Book Company New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago Pupils' Outline Studies IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES BY FRANCIS H. WHITE, A.M. Paper, Square Octavo, 128 pages - - Price, 30 cents This is a book of Outline Studies, Maps and Blanks, intended for use in connection with the study of United States History. It contains an original and systematic combination of devices consisting of outline maps, graphic charts, and blanks for historical tables and summaries, for the reproduction of pictures, for biographical sketches, for studies in civil government, etc. It also contains valuable suggestions to teachers and pupils, and carefully selected lists of historical books and authorities for collateral reading and reference. Its use will encourage the pupil to observe closely, to select the leading and salient facts of history, to classify his knowledge, to investigate for himself, and to carry his inves- tigations up to recognized authorities and even to original sources. It also furnishes opportunity and material for the best exercises and training in English Composition. The book is conveniently arranged for either class or individual instruction and may be used in connection with any text-book on United States History. Copies of Whitens Pupils^ Outline Studies will be sent prepaid to any address, on receipt of the price, by the Publishers; American Book Company New York ♦ Cincinnati « Chicago (28) 250 *^j.l. * 4» i-tKi ^.M